JQO CANADIAN \RCHIVES. 
 
 NOTE E. , 
 
 MEMORANDUM UPON THE CABOT MAP. 
 
 The map following is a photo-lithograph from a negative made at 
 Paris by order of the Minister of Agriculture. It properly tinds a place 
 here for it contains what may be called the tirst entry in the volume of 
 our history— practically to the effect that prior to the discovery of the 
 mainland of the western contine ♦■ by Spain the Christian cross and the 
 banners of England and Venice h;. ' been planted on the shore of a pro- 
 vince now forming part of the BritiMi dominioiis in America. 
 
 The map has been the occasion of much controversy, and it is inex- 
 pedient to renew discussion in these pages; but, :tt the request of the 
 Ai'chivist, I append a few notes of explanatory introduction. 
 
 The old writers contain many notices of maps by the Cabots, and 
 more especially of certain maps by Sebastian Cabot ; of which last very 
 many copies were extant in England between the years 1550 and liIOO. 
 There were even several editions printed between these periods of one of 
 these maps differing in date and to a slight extent in the wording of the 
 legends; whether they di tie red also in any minor or major geographical 
 features is not positively known. All of the copies iiowever of whatever 
 date and ail maps of any kind made by either Cabot utterly disappeared 
 for an indefinite time — probably two hundred years. 
 
 In the year 1843 a copy of one of the editions of the map above 
 mentioned was discovered in the house of a curate in Bavaria. It was 
 found by Yon Martins and its great importance being recognized it was 
 speedily deposited in the National Library at Paris. The piiotographic 
 facsimile appended is very nearly one-half the size of the original. The 
 original was printed from an engraved plate and on either side there is 
 a strip, printed from tj-pe and attached to the map, containing informa- 
 tion of a geographical, antiquarian, or historical nature explanatory of 
 tiie map itself These strips have been proved to be contemporaneous 
 with the ma]) and in fact they are identified with it by cross reference 
 numbers engraved on the plate. 
 
 An inspection of the mup shows it to be a map of the world on an 
 elliptical projection drawn from all sources of information then existing. 
 Authors of all periods oven as early as Pliny have been cited in the 
 printed legends and many extravagant beliefs current at the time of its 
 publication are recorded and fabulous monsters are not only described 
 but portrayed. The map contains many errors — not only current errors 
 of the period but inconsistencies, errors of the engraver and errors of 
 transcription by the comjtiler from the materials used. It bears date 
 
NOTE E. — MEMORANDUM UPON THE CABOi MAP. 103 
 
 A.D. 15-14. At that time Sebastian Cabot was livinir at Seville, holding 
 office as Grand Pilot of Spain. The map was not however printed in 
 Spain. It bears the [mperial arms and was printed in one of the German 
 Imperial cities or in one of the hereditary possessions of Charles V, in 
 Northern Kurope. It is the almost unanimous opinion of scholars that it 
 was printed at Antwerp or Brussels. The proofs were not read in Spain, nor 
 by a Spaniard, as is demonstrated by the existence of many typographical 
 triors. Nor was the compiler or engraver familiar with French for 
 Cartier's names in the Gulf and Eiver St. Lawrence are not only changed 
 by translation into Spanish, but by errors in reading or copying the 
 French originals. 
 
 Noverlheiess it is tow universally conceded that Sebastian Cabot 
 contributed information to tlie compiler of this map. It is the extent of 
 his contribution which is keenly disputed among scholars. It contains 
 information which could not possibly be known by any other man than 
 him and references are made to him citing his authority, but in the 
 third pei'son and in a strain of fulsome t-ommendation not likely to have 
 been employed by Cabot himself. One main item of such special informa- 
 tion is the mention of John Cabot's name as the discoverer — a fact which 
 had almost comjiletely dropped out of knowledge for, up to the date of 
 discovery of tliis map, the records showed no intimation by Sebastian 
 Cabot of his father's agency in the matter. The character of the younger 
 Cabot for truthfulness and filial duty has sutfered in consequence and 
 has also been the suliject of keen controversy. 
 
 In consetiuence of the reduced scale some of the geogiaiihical names 
 :ue difficult to make out, and, iherofoi'e, to assist the readier, a copy of 
 a facsimile on a larger scale of the Amoitcau portion of the map, taken 
 from Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, has also been given. 
 By the aid of this the Canadian geography can be traced. It will bo 
 seen to extend as far as the present Montreal — as far in short as Jacques 
 Cartier wenl — and no farther. 
 
 The interest of this map centres in Icgerid No. S, an<l especially at the 
 tongue of land on the map marked prima tierr,t v>-$ta (first land seen) be- 
 cause that was the landfall according to Sebastia: Cabot. That tongue of 
 land will bo recognized at once as the extreme northeastern point of the 
 island of Cape Breton, and as on the Atlantic coast. It is disputed 
 whether the tongue of laml is Capo North the northernmost point, or 
 Cape Breton the northeasternmost point. There are also some who 
 attack the personal character of Sebastian Cabot, and stigmatize the 
 map as a fraudulent attempt to curry favour with the king of England — 
 all of which with the answers thereto is set forth at length in many 
 a.'-ticles and jiapers published in the Transactions of the Koyal Society 
 ol Canada and elsewhere. 
 
 Another difficulty arises in the legend No. 8. The discovery is 
 stated to have *^een made on June 24lh, 1494. It is however now 
 universally admitted that the year was, In reality, 1497. That is 
 
104 OAXADIAN AncinvKS. 
 
 absolutely certain from existing records in tlie English Archives, an<l 
 from recently di.scovered documents in the archives of Venice and 
 Milan, The conflict which raged round the date has now ceased. It 
 has already been observed that there were several e<lition8 of the map, 
 the present copy is unique, and is dated 154-4. Other copies certainlj- 
 existed bearing date 1549. Thi^ copy gives the year of discovery at 
 14't4, Cabot's map hanging up in the Queen's Gallery about 1582-lGOO 
 (according to llaUluyt) gave the date as 1497. Mr. Major suggested tliat 
 the error arose from the engraver making MCCCCXCYII into 
 MCCCCXCIIII by simply straightening the Y into II. This is ingenious 
 and probable but that the mistake exists is proved by the documentarj- 
 evidence above referred to. 
 
 Much interest attaches to these legends. They are in Spanish and 
 Latin and, on this copy, seventeen are in both languages and live are in 
 Spanish only. The late Dr. Charles Peane of Boston, who contributed 
 the chapter on the Cabot voyages to Winsor's History made a special 
 study of the map and had photographic facsimiles made for twelve great 
 libraries in the United States. He also had translations made of the 
 legends by persons skilled in Latin and Spanish. These were published 
 in vol. 6 of the second series of the Transactions of the Massachusetts 
 Historical .Society. This work is not generally accessible and in order to 
 place the information within reach of the public the transcriptions 
 and translations are reprinted herewith. An}' attempt to improve on 
 work so faithfully done wouid bo unsatisfactory. The following sen- 
 tence vvill show the methods of the translators : — 
 
 In the tnuislatiiiii, « onls wliii.-li iiii' in tiic Sitauish voi-.siou l)ut not in the Latin art- 
 )iriute(l in italics. Tiie iKhlitinns of the Latin version are uiven in the footnotes. Mr. 
 I>eiiiie apparently eniphned two diti'erent persons to eopy tlie inseriptions. Tlie 
 copyist of the Spanisii version found his text ])ut upon tlie nia|) in sueli a liunjilin;; 
 nuinner. in respect to the se]iaration of syllables and tiie running togctiier of VTinls 
 und in ()tlier wiys, that he wi'ote out the" ahUreviations and eorreeted the spellini;. 
 in order to_ render the meaning intelligilile. His eopy has, tiierefore, been eaiefulfy 
 followed Tlie Litin version was in a better state, but it eontained a reat nund.er (if 
 abbreviations wliieli could not be easily re))resenteil by modern type : i.nd thoniih these 
 abbreviations were preserveil by the Latin eoi)yist, they iiave been spelled out in print- 
 ing, to conform to the rule adopted w ith regard to the S))anish version. 
 
 The above explanations are necessary lest some one may take a 
 glass and make imaginary discoveries which may be sources of new dis- 
 cussions and much waste of time. 
 
 It will as.sist the reader in tracing the references of the marginal 
 legends to their pr')per places on the map to give the following index 
 from Dr. Deane's paper : — 
 
 The references in the body of tiie map to the leL'ends at the side.s are placed a.s 
 lollow-s : — ■■ ^ 
 
 Xo. 1, between the Rernuula Islands and the West Indies. 
 \o. 2, north of the Islan<l of Antigua. 
 No. 3, o|)posite to tlie west coast of Mexico. 
 No. 4, opposite to the Strait of Magellan. 
 No. ."), at the Molucca Islands. 
 No. (i, ofiposite to the coast of I'eru. 
 No. 7, at the nioutii of the Rio de la Plata. 
 No. S, in Hudson Bay. 
 No. 9, opposite to Iceland. 
 No. 10, in the northern part of Russia. 
 
XOTK E. — MKMOHANDIM ri'ON Till: CAIHiT MAP. 105 
 
 Xi). II, in tlif iKirlhfii^toni piirt of Asia, wlicif tlic refficiiLi' i- iiiioi nttlv uivcn 
 to Tal.liL'. Xo. •_'. ' " 
 
 Xo. I'J, in the noitJuTn part of As^iii, 
 
 Xo. l."{, in tlio niidilK' of Afiica. 
 
 Xo. 14, in Hinilo.stan. witliniu a nunKiii.al loftrcncf, '.\it it is imlieati il Ky the 
 l)ictiii'e of a woman sin roniiiliil Ky llanie.-'. 
 
 Xo. l."i. iioith <if .Ia]ian. 
 
 Xo. 1((, ncai' .'^lMllatIa. 
 
 Xo. 17, on tl;c castL-ni siile of tlio niap, jii.>t soutli •)f the tiniiitof. 
 
 Xo. IS. nciitli of Kniojio 'Mill .\sia. 
 
 Xo. 1!(, in tiif Inilian Ocean, ncaily scjntli of Himlostan. 
 
 Xo. Lit, iliriitly liilow tlie |irec<;(ling reference. 
 
 Xo. 21, in till" Iniiian Ocean, nortliwest from Xo. I!l. 
 
 Xo. 22, near Ceylon. 
 
 U will plainly appear thoief'oro that legend No. 8 never was intended 
 to apply to the place of lanrttall, but to the whole region of northeastern 
 America. Much discussion has turned upon this point. There is more- 
 over a controversy relative to the island of St. John indicated on the 
 map. Some contend that it is the present Prince Edward Island and 
 that it wasdi.'-covercd by Cabot; while others argue from its position and 
 from Cartiei'.- voyages and from the unanimous testimony of all other 
 maps that it is a agglomoiation of the Magdalen group and is moreover 
 identified by the attendant islets as well as by the direction of its axis 
 from northeast to gouthwest. 
 
 The controversy- concerning these voyages has been carried on with 
 intermitting activity ever since the 3'ear 1833. Much that was obscure 
 has been cleared up but man}' points remain still indistinct. It is 
 unlike!}' that absolute certainty will ever be attained. If however a high 
 degree of probaiiility be reached this question will be in no worse position 
 than many historical and political theories on which human action is 
 continually l)ased. The existing materials have been very thoroughly 
 threshed out and unless some new map or document be brought forward 
 it is altogether improbable that anything will be elicited which has 
 escaped the notice of the large number of scholars who have taken part 
 in thi« very keen controversy. 
 
 S. E. DAWSOX. 
 
106 
 
 CANADIAN ARCHIVES. 
 
 LECxENDS IN LATIN AND SPANISH AS ON THE MAP. 
 
 TAliULA PRIMA. 
 
 Del almirante. 
 
 N° 1. El almirante Don Christoyal Co- 
 Ion, (le nacion ginovez, so ofrcsoio a los 
 Catholicos Reyes, de gloriosa niemoria, 
 ((ue (lescubriria las islas y t.erra. firme de 
 las Imlias, poi- el oocidente, si para ello le 
 diesen sutiioiente armada y favor, y avioii- 
 dole, arniado tres caravelas, cl anno de 
 149'i passo a desciibrirlas ; y dcmle en 
 adeluite otras imiclias pcrsonas an prose- 
 guido el dioho dcsciibriinieMto, sei,'iin que 
 por la presente discrecion [descripcionj so 
 manifesta. 
 
 N' •-'. Ell la isla Espanola ay mucho oro 
 de uasuiniiento, y azul nmy tino, y nuiclio 
 azui;ar y canatistola, e infinito ganado de 
 toda suerte. Los pnercoa der^ta isla dan a 
 los flolieates, como ai.a en nuestras partes 
 caniero. Tiene esta dicha isla muclios 
 piiL'itosy nmy biienos, y ol princi|jnl<kllos 
 as b cibilad de Sant Doniuij;o, que es una 
 cilidad nuiy buena y de niuclio tracto ; y 
 todos los otros son lugares edilieados y 
 pueblados por Ir.s Espafioles. Y en la isla 
 de Cuba, y de S^iut Joan, y en todas las 
 otras islas & tiirra firme. Be balla muelio 
 oro de nasciiniento : V en la ciljdad de 
 .Sant I)oiniii!,'o tiene su ma<,'estad su elini>- 
 celleria Real, y en todos los otros nueblos 
 y ])rci\iiicia9 goliernadorcs j' regidores (|Ue 
 los gobiernan y rigeii con inui-lia JHSticia. 
 Y eada Jia se van descubriendo niievas 
 tierras y provincias muy ricas, por donde 
 miestra s^mcta fe catliolicn cs,%' sera, uiuy 
 aunientada ; y cstos Reynusde C'astilla ban 
 grandescidos de nmy gloriosa fama y ri- 
 (juezas. 
 
 N' H. PiSta ticrra tirnie, que los Espa- 
 noles Uamaro la nueva l'".s[)ana, conquistula 
 el may illustre cavallero don Fernando 
 Corte.s, Marques de! Valle de Ouaxaeon. 
 Ay en esta tierra provincias y cib.lades 
 iiinumcral>les ; la principal dellas us la 
 cibdad de Mexico, la qual ticnc mas do 
 ciuqueiita mil vezinos ; est:i en una la;,'nna 
 salada que cnge (juareiita letiuas. Ay en 
 liicha cibdad, y en todas las otras provin- 
 cias mucbo oro, j)lata de nasciniieuto y de 
 todo genero de piidras preciosas : y criase 
 eii la dicha tierra y provincias inuclia seda 
 y muy buena, y algodon y alumbre, or- 
 cliilla, y pastel, grana, y azafiaii, y azucar, 
 y de todo lo suso diclio uuicba caiitid.ad, 
 de lo qual muchas naos vietien oarpidas ;i 
 cstos Keynos do Espana. Los naturales 
 desta tierra son muy avisados en todo 
 
 N* 1. Architalassus Dominus Christo- 
 phorus Colon, natioue Ligur, aperituruni 
 so occidentalea Indoruni Insulus & conti- 
 nent em Regibus Catliolicis fel-cis memoriiu 
 pollicitus est, si ad banc piovinciam capes- 
 sendani, necessaria sibi abunde impende- 
 rint ; quippe qui triuni navium, regio 
 apparatu, & copiis omnibus, sutfultiini 
 emiserunt, anno ab orbe rcdempto 14i)2 ; 
 post eum plurinii succedentes has provin- 
 cias nobis clausas aporuerunt, pro ut in 
 pncsenti descrii)tione patet. 
 
 N° 2. Hi.-pania li;ec Insula innuiiicri 
 prwdives pecoris & armentorum est. I'lu- 
 rimo inde extracto abundat auro, Saccuro 
 & Cassia fistula ; perinultic navium Stallo- 
 nes, ac tutissimi insunt portus. I'r;ecipuus 
 auteni omnium est sancti Dominici, i|u:e 
 civitaa insignis esse perliil)etur, multique 
 conimercii, reliqu:L" si<|uidem Coloniai due- 
 tit ab Hispani.s ifc condita; sunt, Cuba' ac 
 divi .(o; nnis c.i.teris(|ue omnibus Insulis, 
 necnon c'piiliiie?iti, auri fodinse innunienc 
 passim clVodiiintur. H;vc loca omnia fre- 
 queiiliinis iiicolis babitantur. Celebri divi 
 ')oiniiiici liibe, reginm forum pneest, Ini- 
 peiatoris cdicto, in aliis vero oppidis, viUis 
 & insulis, ejus gubernatorcs & populos 
 reirunt, ratiouc & legum sinceritate potiua 
 ijuaiii aniiiii allectibus. Incognitie sen 
 ignotie nobis Indorum regione.s indies ape- 
 riunliir, expuunantnrqiie, quo fides catbo- 
 lica felix ac faustum capit incremeiituin. 
 Hispauia vero congestis undique opilms 
 ditior evadit. 
 
 X' 3. Hanc contincntein Hispani d -suo 
 nomine novam Tlispaniam denominave- 
 runt, quam illiistris dominus Fernaiidua 
 Cortc.-iiis, Vallis & ( luaxace .\Iarchio expu- 
 guavit ; ejus pluriuKc insuiit provinci:e, 
 urbesque innumercu babitantur, quaruiii 
 in>ignior Mexicuin nuncupatur, Imloruiii 
 nomine. Hac sitjuidem nuniero quingcnta 
 iiicfloram niillia e.xceilit, eam()ue Lacus 
 quiiUun salsus circuit, qiiadraginta para- 
 sangis ; inde extracta maxima auri fi 
 argcnti copia, ac preciosis lapillis, cum 
 reli(|na: alia- liujus provincia' urbes, turn 
 ipsa -Mexicuin |>rax'i]m^ almndat, plurimus 
 hie Ixinibix <'c gossipium, alumen, crocuni, 
 glastiim, aliiquc ad inticiciidum colores 
 producuiitiir. Prasertim saccaruni, sen 
 arundiiieus succus, adeo pa.ssim prodit, ut 
 omnos Hispanorum naves annuatim ad 
 
NOTE E. — LK<iENI)« I\ LATIN AM) SPANISH ON THE MAP. 
 
 101 
 
 tracto de nicrcaduiiiis ; nsan en lunar ile 
 moneiln unaHaiiiieiiilras ijiirtidas por uucUo 
 que ellos llauiaii racao, o cacaiiirlnatc, 
 barlinra diciou. J'icm ii umicIki iii_'<), y 
 cevada, y otiaa miiclias »i;Miilla«, y vifms y 
 niuclias frui-tas do diversa.s .suertes. Ks 
 tierra do iiuicIkis aiiiiiialos ; cieivos, pucr- 
 cos nioiiti'se.-*. Ifiiiits, pardos, tygres y otru 
 muclia ca/a, asi ile avea como de aniinales 
 teiifstres. Ks jjoiite imiy abil eu coutra- 
 lia/cr al natural i|iial(|uioia tiguia de l(ullo 
 y en debuxar |)iiiluras. Lasniiij;eies coniii- 
 nemctite se adornan con piedras preciosaa 
 y perlas de valor. Ui^an esto Indies eierta 
 especie de papel en el qual deliuxan con 
 fiyuias todo lo ijue (|uieien ilezir, en lugar 
 de letras. N'unca tu\ ieron |iaz entre tllos, 
 antes los unos peoeguiavan a los otms con 
 batallas oontiniias, en las ((Ualcs, los que 
 eran pie.sos de una [)arte y de otia los 
 encniigos los sacrilicavan a sus dioscs, 
 euyos tucrpos iiuuitos eran nianteniinien- 
 tos piil)lici)s a la luicste. Eran ydolatras y 
 ailoraAan 1" que se les antojava, eran niuy 
 aniigos ile conier carne Inirnaiia ; puesto 
 que al puseute se despiqaron do a<iiieilas 
 tieras y crudes costuinlires, y se vislieron 
 de .lesii Christo, creyendo de l)uen corazon 
 nuistra sancta ley Kvaugelica, y oliodes- 
 cieudo ;i la sancta niadie yglesia y d BUS 
 niaiidaniiclilus sauctisiliKjS. 
 
 X 4. Esteestrecliode todossanctos des- 
 cuKiiii Henianilo de Magallancs. Capital! 
 de una ai niiula que niandu lia/cr la S. c. c. 
 ni. del Inqicrator Don Carlos y Hey, nues- 
 tro sennor para el desciilirindento de las 
 islas Maluco. Ay en este e>tre:.'lio li<>nd)res 
 lie tin grande estatura (|Ue parer-cen (ii- 
 L'auics. Ks tierra iniiy dcsicrla ; y vistense 
 de pielos de aninialcs. 
 
 N^ .">. Estas islas de Maluco fneron des- 
 culiiertas por Fernando de Magallaiies, 
 Capital! de una arniada f|ue su inagistad 
 niando lia/.er para el desculirinuento de las 
 diclias islas, y por .loan Siliastian tlel 
 ('anno : es ;i saber, (|Ue el dicho Fernando 
 de Magallanes desculiriii el estrtclio ile 
 tixlos sanctos, el qual est.i en Lll giadns y 
 medio liazia el polo Aiitartico ; y despues 
 lie aver passailo el diciio yio estredio syn' 
 [estreelio, y no sin] grandi^inio traliajo y 
 peligro, prosiguid su viaje liazia las diclias 
 yslas por espacio de inuclios dias, [y] llegd 
 ii Unas yslas de las rpialcs le meridional 
 dellas esta en XII grados ; y fior ser la 
 geiite della tan buliciosa, y porque les liur- 
 taron el batel de una nao, la pusieron 
 
 n.itldcaiii Hispalim onercntiir, indeque ad 
 
 ouiiits |)rc)vincias, iiujus iiicohe ad com- 
 iiHitandas omiiiniodas merces callidissiini 
 sunt. Pro numis eiuicleatis mediis aniig- 
 dalis utiiiitur, (|nod iniiiiorum gtnus Cacao, 
 sen Cacangiiato liarliaro Iiidorum nomine 
 a|jpellaiit ; iritico, mdeo, aliis((ue semiiii- 
 bus, uvis \, ca'teris tructiluis pluiin;um 
 abundat ; inr.uiiieia teirestriuni auimaliiim 
 genera, precipue Cer\oriiin, Aproriiin, 
 Leoniim, Pardoriim, Tigriduin jiassim 
 vagantur, aviuuHnie volatilium inciliausta 
 propemotlmn miiltitiido, (jua' (luiilem loca 
 omnia venationis plena. Ea gens doctia. 
 sima & appriim"' studiosa est, tain ad for- 
 inandas qualescuiique res sculpendi arte, 
 quam ad ertigii-ndas ([uasvis exacte tiguras 
 grapliice. Eorum mulieies geniinis unioni- 
 biis & i)reciosi8 lapillisadoinantur. Papyri 
 quodain genere Indi utuntur, in quo tignris 
 quibu.sdain dcliniant quacunijuc volueiint 
 pro Uteris. Xiiiujuaiu miituo pacem inie- 
 runt concordi fieilera, qiiininio se inviniu 
 insequebantur bellis assiduis ac detestan- 
 dis. Qui vero ex utraque acie victi cai)ie- 
 baiitur, hi ceu victima diis patriis jiro 
 victoria litabantur, (|uoruin cada\era ]iro 
 publicis dapibiis exercitui apparabanti'r 
 Ea gens Idoloruin cultrix erat, carnia 
 liominuni avidissinia, adoiabarr|ue omnia 
 quibus animus ejus ((uotidie atliciebatur. 
 Ktsi tempestate nostra feriuis illis antiipiia 
 mnribus exuta &. Cliristiim Dominum nos- 
 trum se inducns, eum lido corde profifi;a- 
 tur, veneretur, & colat : Euangelic:e fidei, 
 Clirisiicola(|Ue religioni tinniter credens, 
 sacra' sanctaM|ue Catliolic;e orthodoxnruin 
 Ecc'esi.e synceris monitis diviiiis(|ue pri'- 
 ceptis obtiMui>( rans. 
 
 X" 4. Eietiiiii hoc Oiunimn Sanctorum 
 Frrnandus Magallianus apcruit, queiii 
 classis regi;c Hi^pauorum ad a).i'ricnilum 
 expugnaiiduiiniue .Malucarum Insulas S. 
 c. c. Majcstas Caioli liiqieratoris invicti^. 
 siiMiipie Uegis Domini iiostri, liujus noiiii- 
 nis ipiinti. ducein prat\;i.'cn>t. Qui hoc 
 frcto ■legunt, ( ligantes potius terrigenes- 
 i|ue iioiiiines esse traduntur, horum regin 
 aiiiplissiina, vasta .solitudine, ac rare liabi- 
 tatore colitur. hi lioininuiii soils aiiimaliiiiii 
 prililms iiiduunt'ir. 
 
 X" ."). Has MaliUMiiini Insulas Fcrnan- 
 dus Magallianus din nostratilius clausas 
 apcruit. necnon Joannes ."^cbastianus ilel 
 Caiino ejus successor, i|iiem inquani Fer- 
 niuilum ad opulent issimas lias ludfirum 
 Insulas apcriendas S. c. c. Majcstas Caroli 
 Iiiq)eratoris domini iiostri hujus nomine 
 qiiiiiti, sua- rcgia' Hi.-'|(aiioruin cla.ssi diicem 
 \ gubernaloreni luafeccrut, (puc quidem 
 classis e portu Hispalis insignis ci\ itatis 
 P.etice provinciic nauticum solvit. Is 
 itaijue priino fretum Oniiiiu'ii .'-ianctornin 
 apcruit, (]Uod ab e(|uinootiali ad Antarcti- 
 cuni vergens .")2. gra<libus cum dimidio 
 distat ; cunuiue supradictas Insulas pctena 
 hand sine maxiino sui periculo suorinuque 
 labore intolerabili, ulterius navigare per- 
 
108 
 
 CA\AI»rA\ A!riIIVf>. 
 
 nniiil.r.-, la isb (If los liulroiics ; y cl.' iiy 
 lii-..si;.!iiendo su viaje, i^omo rfii-ho fs, ilfs- 
 nilirin una isla, que le imsieroii nixnlire la 
 A-'ua.la, porque ay tDinanm agua ; y ile 
 ,iv adelante dosoiibritTon ntra, (jvie se dize 
 li'iiihani, V Ai-eilani, y otia. i|iie so dizu 
 Ciil.U, en {aqual ysla niurio ol diciio Ca 
 j.itan, Hernando de Ma^'iillanes, en i.na 
 
 »■.-. aramuza (|ue uvo con 
 
 los naturiles 
 
 (1. !la ; y la gonte que (nied.l de la diciva 
 nrinada"eligieron JoanSeliastian del Caniio 
 ])ur Capitan della : el qua! dtsimes descu- 
 li:i(S la ysla de Ik-iidanao, en la nual ay 
 nuicho oro de nasciniiento y canela niuy 
 tiiia ; y asy mismo desculuid ji la ysla de 
 I'l.loan, V a la de Brunay, y d la de (iilolo. 
 y .1 la ysla de Tridori, y li la de Teren' , 
 y Motd. y otraa muclias, en las quali ■ a" 
 iiHicho oro, y elavo, y nuez nioscada, y o' 
 g'liero de cspeceria y <ln>gucria. O 
 tl dicho Sebastian del Caiino dos naos, (ji.? 
 Us avia qnedado de cinco que llevaron, de 
 cl ivo en la dicha ysla de Tidori, porque en 
 el'n, y en la dicha ysla de Terenati, diz.n 
 nu>cer el dicho clavo, y no en otra alguna ; 
 V assi iiiisino truxo inucha canela y nuez 
 iiiMScada. Y venit-ndo la buelta del cabo 
 lie liuena esperanza jior el mar Indico ade- 
 liuite. para venir a Espaua, una nao le fue 
 forzado lie arriliar y tornar a la y.-:la de 
 Tidori, de donde se parti'i, por la nnicha 
 ii-na que liazia ; y el dicho Capitan Joan 
 s. bastian del Canno, con su nao, nond)rada 
 S;uicta Maria de la victoria, vino a estos 
 I'.i ynos de Castilla, a la cibdad dc Sevilla, 
 Anno de M. D. XXII, l)or el cabo de lnuiia 
 e.»|ieranza. Dc niaiiera que claraniente pa- 
 rcsce aver dado el dicho Joan Sebastian 
 liil Canno una buelta a todo lo univeiso ; 
 pur quanto fue tanto por occidente, aunque 
 i\'< por un parallelo. que bolviii por el 
 micnte al lugar 02cideutal de donde se 
 purtio. 
 
 X* 6. Estas provincias fueron descubier- 
 t;is por el honrailo y niuy etl'orzado caval- 
 1< 10, Francisco Pizarro, el qiial fue gover- 
 nador dellas durante su vida : en las quales 
 ay infinito oro y phxa. de nasciniiento, y 
 niinas lie esmeraldas niuy tinas. El pan 
 ijue tienen hazenlo de niaiz, y el vino 
 •■cniejanteniente ; tienen niucho trigo y 
 otras seniillas. Es gente bellicosa ; usan 
 en sus guerras arcos, y hondas, y lanzas ; 
 SMS arniaduras son de oro y plata. Ay 
 en las dichas provincias nnas ovejas de 
 li'chura de pequennos caruelos ; tienen la 
 1.1 iia muy tina. Son gentes idolatras y de 
 1 luy sotil ingenio ; y en toda la ribera de 
 la mar, con mas de veinte leguas dentro di» 
 la tierra, no llueve. Es tierra muy sana. 
 
 giiet. Taiiilrtii loii;;ii po>t tenijiore qui. 
 biisdani appulii Insuli.s, e quil>us a Polo 
 Ari tii'i), qua' niagis ad meiiilietn expectat 
 duoileoini ab a ipiatnre gradibut seniota 
 est, cujus bouiines agilitate a|ijirimeeallldj 
 sunt, quorum latrociniis. ijiiia eynibnla 
 quaviani classis, e consiicilu nar.tarurn 
 Hispanorum evanuit, ea loci, latroniim 
 Inaulas dinnminaverunt. Ilinc deinceps 
 ulterior! naviijatiniio aperuit (|uandam 
 Insulam, ciu Laguada nomen indidit quo- 
 ni: 1 (odem aquatum ire illi contigit : 
 Aperiiit & alias liunliam sriliiet, Aceliani 
 & Acubu, quarum ultim* dictus Fernan- 
 dus M.- I'^'ilianus congiessu (|Uoda'n Indo- 
 njT iUi vita functus est, cui Joannes 
 
 .>is del Cafio totius classis suflr a- 
 jtisque omnium electus fcliciter sue- 
 .It, qui iiostea seijUcntes lusidas I>imIc- 
 rao, Apolnam. Brun:ii, (lilolu, Atidoii, 
 Tcrrcnati, Motil, aliani|iie (|Main pluriinas 
 Insulas ])rospcii' aperuit <|uibu» niaxiina 
 auri copia exoritur, (iariophilorum, Cina- 
 momi, nucisipie niiristice, ac omnium aro- 
 matuni & mcioium, adeo ut ipse classiarius 
 Joannes Seliastianus d(d C'ano duas naves 
 ex quinque, quas e naufrngio cieperat inco- 
 lumes, Tidori Insula Cario|)hillis oneravit. 
 In ilia siinndcm ac Terenati tantuni, in 
 alliis vero Insulis nusijuani |ir<iiluci aiunt : 
 Abundat itidiin Cinamomum, ac nuces 
 miristice Ijenihiiao legantur, (|uaniui etiam 
 maximam copiam inde alistulit. Dumque 
 is ad Hispanuim ]>er marc Imliiiim rcdiret, 
 ac bona- s])ei iiromnntin ium insinuare pro- 
 pcrat, altera naviuni sentinam exantlare 
 hand facile valens. ne iluctilius obrucretur, 
 Tidori Insidam itcruin petere coactus fuit, 
 unde mare metiri ciepcrat : Joannes vero 
 Scbastianus del Canno bona; spei ))romon- 
 torium (lertransiens, navi, (|Ua xehebatur 
 cui nomen diva victrix Maria, Hispalim 
 eivitatem Betirie rogionis luto adirc poti- 
 tus est, unile ])rimum navigare inchoave- 
 rat, Anno ii nativitate red inptoris l.VJ'J. 
 Ex quo satis constat Joaniiem Sebastia- 
 num del Canno lotum orbeiii circulariter 
 naviiiasse, utpote qui a<leo occidentalem 
 plagam usque pcrmeavit, ut earn transiens 
 ad occidentem iterum rediret, unde pii- 
 mum iter co-perat. 
 
 N° (i. Has provincias nobis aperuerunt 
 expugnaverunt((ue magnanind equites 
 Franciscus Pizarro ife Almagro, qui incjiiam 
 Franciscus Pizarro has dum vixcrit guber- 
 navit ; copiose inde extractis divitiis. 
 Abundant enim aunfodinis & preciosis 
 Smaragdis. Pains eoruin ()Uo vcscuntur, 
 & vinum i|Uod bibnnt, ex quadam spica 
 priBgrandi tit, qu:e Indorum idiomate 
 Maiz appellatur. Ea gens belligera est, 
 acri ingenio, idolorunK|ue ctdtrix, utitur- 
 (|ue in bello fundi?, arcu it iaculis. Arma- 
 tune eoruni aurea,- sunt & argentea;. (ienus 
 quoddam ovium illic nascitur parvoruni 
 Camelorum simile, quarum lana mollis ac 
 subtilissima est ; ad viginti parasangas & 
 anipliua, tota litoralis ora nunquani pluvia 
 
NOTK E. LI:i:I:N1)S in I.ATIV AND SI'AMMI ON Till; MAP. 
 
 109 
 
 Los l"liris;iaiios tii'iien hoolio en cllii niu- 
 C'liOA [luclilos, y L'ada ilia van auiiitiitnn- 
 (lolo-i. 
 
 N ■ 7. Mamaii his Iiidios a cste ^raii Uio, 
 cl liio liiiruai, eii caslcllaiio, el l'»ic) ile la 
 jilata. Tijiiiaii cstt^ iiimilire ilcl Hio liuiuai, 
 el i(iial es iiii Rio iiiiiy cauilaloso, (|Ue mtni 
 en el sran Rio do. Parana. Deseulirinl) 
 Joan l*i:>z de Soils, )>il()to iiiavoi' il(^ lo.s 
 '•atliiilieus rcycM de gloriosa nieinoria ; y 
 deseulirid hasta una i^da, que el diclio Joan 
 1 )iaz ])uso noinbre la isla de Martin tiaicia, 
 liortjue en ella entierr(j un niaiineio, c|ue 
 se decia Murtin (iarcia ; la ([Ual diclia isla 
 ( std olira de treynta leguas aiiilja de la 
 'iQoa dcste Rio ; y costele l>ifn caro el 
 dicho desculiiiiidciito, ponjuc Ids Yndioa 
 lie la diclia tierra lo inataidn y locouiieron. 
 V de>pues passados nuudios annos lo bol- 
 vici a liallar Seliastian Ciilioto, Capitan y 
 I'iloto mayor de S. e. o. ni. del Imperador 
 don Carlos, (jiiinlo deste notnUre y Itiy, 
 nuestio seiinor, ol qiial yva por Capltan 
 general de una armada (jue su majestad 
 mandi'i liazir )iara el deseulirlndento de 
 Tar^is, y Otir y C'atayo oriental ; el qual 
 liielio capltan SeUastiaii ("alniti) vino a este 
 Rio por cafo furtiiito, pori|Ue la uao eapi- 
 tana, en (jiie yva, se le perdii'i, y vlstn que 
 no podia seuulr el diclio su vlaje, acordo 
 de de-icuWrlr eon la j/ente que Ueviva el 
 dielii) lllo, vista la grandislma relaelon ijue 
 los Iiidioa de la tierra ledieion de la gran- 
 dislma rlqueza de oro y plata, que en la 
 diclia tierra avia ; y no sin grandlslmo 
 traliajo y liamlire y judl^'iDS, asi de su jici- 
 sona colli" de los cpie con el ivaii. Y pro- 
 curu el dIcho capitaii de liazir cerca del 
 dicho rio al<,'iiiias pulilacioiics de la geiite 
 ipie llcvd de Kspafia. Kste Uio es mayor 
 i|Ue nyiiguno de quantos aca se r;onoscen ; 
 tiene de aiicho en la entrada, (pie eiitra en 
 la in;ir, veliite y cinco lii-uas, y trc/.le'itas 
 leguas arriba de la diclia entraila tIene dos 
 leguas en anclio. La cnusa cle scr tan 
 grande y podiMos<i es (pie entian en el otros 
 iiiuchos rios, jirandes y caud.ilosos Es rio 
 de intinitislmo pescado y el iiicjor que ay 
 en el niumlo. La gciite en Urtrando a 
 a(|uella tierra quiso eonoscer si era fertll, 
 y aparejada ])aia lalnar y llcvar pan ; y 
 senViraron en el mes dc seticmljie LII gra- 
 nos de trigo, cjue no se hallil mas en las 
 naos, y cogleron luego eu el iiies de de- 
 zlembre ciiiquenta y dos mill granos de 
 trigo, que esta misiiia fcrtllldad se liallo 
 en toilas las otras semlllas. Los que en 
 aquella tierra biven dizen, que no lexos 
 de ay en la tl.rra adentro, (|Ue ay uiuui 
 grandes sierras de doude sacan intinltisinio 
 oro, y que mas adelante en las mismas sier- 
 ras sacan infinita plata. Ay en esta tierra 
 Unas ovejas grandes conio asnos coiniities, 
 do tigura de camelos, salvo tpie tienen la 
 laiia tan tina conio seda ; y otras muy di- 
 versas animulcs. La geute de la diclia 
 
 n;ade«cct. Christicolro plurimas ilhic dii- 
 cant colonias, indiesiiue eas augere stu- 
 dent. 
 
 N^ 7. Va.stum flunien hoc Indoruiii lin- 
 gua Vruai, HIspano vero Idloiiiate \ii" de 
 la plata nunciqiiitur, cul allUiit li aliuR 
 iluvius Parana nomine ; hoc auteni Joan- 
 nes l)ias lit Srdls liivlctissliiiorum catholl- 
 coruiiique regiiiii Feniiiiaiidl & Kllzalieth 
 archigubernlus primus iperult, Insuhe 
 tenua, (piam ii nomine cujiisilam naut:e 
 su;e classis ibi scpulti, Insulam Martini 
 rjarthe denominavit, qum menioratiiin 
 intra flumcn ab ejus hostils quadraglnta 
 parasangis distat. Hanc slqiiidein jiep 
 varios casus ])er tot (iiscriiidna rertiiu, 
 dum clausum si Is ap<-flt, exiJiignatijue, ab 
 India o])prissus oceisusipie -levoratiir. 
 Klapsis autom postea miihls annls .Seb.is- 
 tiarius Cabotus iia'Igandi arte astroiuniqiie 
 porltlssliiius, dux ..V arclduubcrnlus Caroli 
 Liipcratoris, liiijus noiiiiiiis qulnti reglsijuc 
 potentissiiiii, dinuo noliis aperult ch.sse 
 regia, cul Ipse Inqi'iator diiccm pritfec;e- 
 rat ad apeiiindum iiisulis Tarsis, Ulir, 
 Clapaiigu fc Knicatal, (|ul Inijuam archi_'U- 
 btiiiliis obiter tinmen hoc Intravit, in cau- 
 sa fult, quia navium eiiis ductrix naufia- 
 gium fcciiat, ]iicictllo>H obiuta fluctllii-i, 
 quo cursuni sibi destliiatum cum so.lia 
 nilnime contlnuare potuit, cunniue his 
 naiitls. qui marl receiitl ad. rant, Huiiien 
 apirire aggrci^sus est hand sine magno .-^lii 
 l>erlciilo suorumipie hibdie intolera'.lll, 
 fame ac reruiii oiiiniiim pemnia, ii nonmil- 
 1I.S Indorum antea ccrtlor factus, region, iii 
 islam auro it ari.'iiito oninliiin iqiulenti -^l- 
 mim esse, <pio sniertlsslmus dux & arciil- 
 giilHinlus motiis ducere colimlas co'pit ; 
 prope tluiiien iioiinullos arces ac piopu.'iia- 
 cula condere diligcnter iiiiavit, (juil.us 
 Hispani iiicol.i' facile tueientur, i'- v'ln 
 lioslium Indorum Imie pr.)j)clleienl. }l.ic 
 flnmeii majus est <>niiiibus nidils cogniiis, 
 cujus ostia mare adlliiintia latltudhu- vi- 
 giiiti (lulnqiie parasangis protcnduntiir. 
 Reliqiiiim liiijiis supra trcceiitas ab o^tiis 
 latltuiline duobus parasangis dimetitiir, 
 cujus vasta profunilitas causatur ex multo- 
 ruin contluxu iiigeiitium tluviorum ; multis 
 abundat & optimis plscilnis omnium cjuas 
 mare nutrlt. (lens nostra cum priiiium 
 his appullt oris, an culta tellus ilia fertllis 
 es>et i aptisslma latas ferre segetes jicri- 
 culum fecit, colkctis iiuimjuaginta dui)lm3 
 tritici graiiis, quie in tola eoruin classc In- 
 veiicrant nieiise Septembri terne mandavit. 
 Deceinlni vero duo niillla supra (]uiiiqua- 
 ginta meiisiiit, ' alioruiii seniimun ac Icgu- 
 iiilmum eadem est fcrtilitas. Hujus regi- 
 onls incola.^ non procul inde celsos quos- 
 dani nioiites inesse aiunt, e quibus iiiu'cn- 
 teni auri copliiiii extrahere solont, nee iiiul- 
 to longlori inter valio alios asseruut innu- 
 mero abunilare argento, & alia cum visii 
 tuni dictu Inuumerabilia enarrantur, quai 
 
 1 Should be ■' me.'^suit." 
 
110 
 
 CANAIHAV AliCHIVKS. 
 
 tievra es iniiv diferftitc eiitie si, pnniuc los 
 .,11. ')ivtii cii las> al Uis tie las sierras son 
 M. , lions CMiiio iidxiinis, y los que estaii 
 liazia la riliim <lel lio son iiiDnuiis. A1>,'U- 
 ii(;s (Ifllos ili/iii i|iie en las iliclias sierras 
 (iv lioiiiliri's i|iie tiiiieii el rostro conio de 
 in rni, y olros de la rcidilla aliaxo coino de 
 Aliestriiz, y que estos son sraudes traliaja- 
 .lures y ijue cogen iiiiulio mays, de <jue 
 l:i/.cu fiaii, y \iiio del. l»lias niuclias cosas 
 lii/tiide nijuella tierra que no se jioiie aquy 
 pur no ser prolixas. 
 
 N" 8. l^sta tierra fue descubierta por 
 Joan Calioto Venecinno y Seliastian Caboto 
 ^^u liijo, anno del nasciniieiito de nuestro 
 Salvador Jesii C'liristo de M. rc'cc. xciiii, 
 a viinte y (piatro de Junio por la nianna- 
 iia : ii la qual pusieron noiubre prima tierra 
 vista, y .'i una isla grande, que esta par de 
 la diciia tierra, le j)ii?itron nombre sant 
 .loan, por aver sido descubierta el inismo 
 dia. Ln, gente della andan vestidos de 
 pieles de animales ; usan en sus guerras 
 areos y llechas, lanzas, y dardos, y unas 
 porras de palo, y hondas. Es tierra muy 
 sterii ; aj- en ella niuelios orsos blancos, y 
 ciervos muy grandes ^omo cavallos, y otras 
 muclias animales ; y scniejantemeiite ay 
 peseado infinito, soUos, salmones, lengua- 
 dos muy grandes de vara en largo, y otras 
 nuichas diversidades de pe.'scados, y la 
 mayor multitud dellos se dizen haocallaos ; 
 y asi mis nio ay en la diclia tierra halcones, 
 prietDS como cuervos, aguillas, perdices, 
 pardillas, y otras mucbas aves de diversas 
 maneras. 
 
 X' 9. En esta ysla de Islanda ay gran- 
 disiina multitud de peseado ; tomanlo en 
 el yvieino. y seeanlo con el grande frio 
 que liaze all;i porquc esta dicha isla esta 
 deiitro del circulo Artico ; y en el veraiio 
 van allii de nuiclias partes, y niercan del 
 diclio peseado asi seco a truecjue do liarina 
 y oervesa ; y este diebo peseado es tan 
 seeo y duro, que jiava conicrlo lo baten con 
 unos luartillos de liicrro encima de unas 
 piedras duras coino inarmol, y despues le 
 ]ioncn a reiiiojar un dia o dos, y asy lo 
 eoinen despues, cozido con nianteca de va- 
 cas. Y en toda esta mar setentrional ay 
 grandisiiiia multitud de pcscatbi, y muelios 
 dellds giandes y de monslruosa forma ; an 
 visto l(;s que en esta mar navigan niorenas 
 grundisinias, que parescen graniles sierpes, 
 y ai<;nuter a los navios ])ara eomerse los 
 navigantes. Los naturales de la dicba isla 
 hi mayor parte dellos liazen sus casas de- 
 buxo de tierra, y las paredes de liuesos de 
 pescados ; no ticuen leiiina salvo unos 
 
 pro (orum prolixitate ni- fastidiant an<moa 
 Eileiitio trailuiitur. }ii bomiiies proui 
 sunt ad laborem, ac tei ra' cultus atmliosis- 
 simi, umlu miiltum \ iiii A: pauis confioiunt 
 ex ea spiua, (JU.^nl lu.li Niaiz appellant, 
 (,>ii(idilam genus oviiiiii bic iiiagno corpoic 
 adist parvorum cauulorum instar, (|uaruiii 
 veller'i periiiolli 'ic tenuissima lana, ecu 
 bombiee cxoiii: ntur simtijue alia (juani 
 plurima diver«ornni animaliuni genera, 
 llujus regionis boniiiies, tin ma & colore 
 i.iter se 1 iiige diflTeruut sii|uiileni qui in 
 montibus digunt, aibi e<"lore & nobis simi- 
 les sunt : qui vero lliniiinis ripas iiiddunt, 
 hi fusco it tctro eoloie iiijrent. Nonnulli 
 corum enuiiiani f.icieni lial"ie pciliil.entur, 
 quidam aiitiin jiedcs .V liliias ad strutiio- 
 canieloruni siniilitudineiii liabent. 
 
 N" S. Terram liaiio olini nobis clausam 
 ajiertiit Joannes {."aliotus \'iiiitus, neonon 
 ^ebastiaiius Cabotiis ejus tilius, auiio ab 
 orbe redempto 1194. die vero 'J4. Julii, ' 
 bora 5. sub diluculo, quaiu terram prinium 
 visam appellarunt, !c Insulaiii (|uandam 
 magnam ei opjiositam, Iiisulam divi Joan- 
 nis nominanuit, quijipe (jua- solenni die 
 festo divi Joannis aperta fuit. Hujus 
 terra; inuobe jiellibus aninialium imliiun- 
 tur, arou in bello, sagittis, luistis, spieulis, 
 clavis ligneis, & fundis utuntur : sterilis 
 incultaqiie tellus fuit, leoiiiljus, ursis all)is, 
 j)roeeris(iue cervis, pisciljus innumeris, 
 fiipis scilicet, salmonibns & ingentibus 
 soleis unius ubue longitndiue, aliisque 
 diversis pisciiim generibusabuudat, boium 
 autein maxima copia est, quos viilgus 
 Bacallios appellat ; ad h.ic iusunt accijii- 
 tres nigri corvorum similes, aijuiliE, perdi- 
 cesque fusco colore, aliu;que diversse volu- 
 cres. 
 
 N° 9. Hieo Insula innumera piscium 
 niultitudine abundat, quos ejus incola; 
 byeme ca|)iunt & IJoreali borriferoijue fri- 
 gore desiccant, utixite incjue sub Arcti sita 
 circulo, penetrabile frigus con-'tringit de- 
 siccando. Ineunte autem vere Angli, Ger- 
 mani, aliuruinque diversarum regionum 
 incola' hue adnavigant, pisces lios frigore 
 desiccatos einptnri, cervisiiu & farime coni- 
 iiiutatione. Estque hoc piscium genus 
 adeo iluruin, ut malleis ferreis superlapi- 
 dem pertundere necesse sit, postea vero 
 uijiia biduo molire, quo tandem butyro 
 coiidientes comedant. Xec solum h:vc In- 
 sula iugeiitem piscium coiiiam alit, sed 
 etiam totum mare Scytbicum, quorum 
 nonnuUi adeo vasto eorpore emerguiit, ut 
 nionstra potius marina (juani pisces videan- 
 tur. Fertur a quibusdam hoc mare navi- 
 gantibus adeo hie iiigentcs murenas pros- 
 pici, serpentibus similes ut naves ipsas in- 
 vadere audeant, (juo nautas & vectores 
 an ipientes devorent. Insulse hujus incolae 
 
 1 In Chytrteus it reads "1594 die vero 24 
 Junn. 
 
NOTK K. — I.E(1E\I>S I\ I, A I IN AM) SPANISH ON THE MAP. 
 
 II 
 
 pc'|iioiios arliolczitiis y ili«ti)M iiniy po.-no, y 
 
 til |)llil)S lllL'illt''*. M:l> «1 I'iclVl'eillil' du 
 
 tiiil.is las C0811S lo provtc <-ni\,\ aiilup, i^wc Ic 
 vioiie j>or la iii;ir, i\c li.izi.i his fKiiU's .Mtili- 
 tiiniiales (le la diclia isla, iniiy ^.Tandisiiiia 
 niiiltitiul lie Hilxilcs lie ilivirsas suurtos y 
 givnilezas, romo oosa de luiiifragio, tians- 
 poitailos (In futidsos viditos Kcptciitrio- 
 naU'S d la cnstM <le la <li(lia ihUi ; dc li>s 
 i|iialis los iiat iiialci se pri)Vi'cn. y ^'astaii 
 para toilo lo i cllo-i iii'ifsari,.. Y liizvii 
 (iiie muc'lias vczcs oyn liahlar KpiritiiH, y 
 llamarse jior sus ndinbrus, y paiisc^er a 
 jHTsiiiius vivas, y dc/irlcs (niien son, y en 
 ciertas partes de la iliilia i><l.i sulin linos 
 fiR:_'ii8 in\iy lidi'iilili's, y otriis iiiiulias tiia- 
 ni villas dizrn Ioh imtuiiilesdLata diclia is.'a 
 ipie ay en ellu. 
 
 N* 10. Los honibres qtie habitan en esta 
 region son salvajes ; caiescen de pan y de 
 vino ; aniansan ciervos y cavaltjan en ellos ; 
 y pelean con otta gente, qu' <\ii nias ado- 
 lantc hazia el seteiitriciii, ipu- idliis Hainan 
 noctiirnos, ponjue van de noclie y hazen 
 BUS haziendas conio aca de dia ; y esto 
 pi mine losdiasalld, de.<(le.\llll,de setii-inhre 
 liasta X de inarzo, son tan iieijiu'iios <|Uo 
 non ay una hcra de diiiiiad. Son iniij' 
 mala gentes, alteadorcs ; roban a tndos Ins 
 qnt" passan por ay ceica ; naviu niiigiina 
 no osa estar surto d la costa por iniedo 
 dtstos lionilires nocturnos, ponpie iiiatan 
 y roban a todos qiiantos jiucdi'ii aver .i las 
 nianos. Y uu poco adelaute destos noctur- 
 ne. , iiazia el sudneste, dizcn aver uiio.s 
 n)f)nstruos que ticiien todo ol ciieijio ccmio 
 de persona huniana, salvo la cabi-/,a, que 
 tienen como de piierco, y que gruneiulo se 
 entiendeu como puercoa. 
 
 sul>tirr:uM:i domieilia silii coiistruunt, qno- 
 riicii pariites pixciuMi ossilnis erigiini 
 lijjnonim autein pennria liihcrant. ))erex' 
 giia si(juidpiii avhu.sc'ul I raraijue liic pulhl 
 lant, fed siiiiiiiius ilir gull rriator his ueces- 
 Hiiiia annual III! satis e(jpi>i>i> laigitur ex 
 Sipti iiti iiiiidi plaga, (|uani iilmiina- voria-- 
 qiic aij piiiijcra- arlioics, turlpine ventoruiii 
 eradicata: inunaniqiic apiiitate procuUa 
 his liltnriliMs, naiifrau'ii instar iniixUun- 
 tur, iiuiliiis iiK'ohi' abiiiiiie utiintur. Aiiint 
 pia'torea persiepe hie atldiro .epiritiis Re 
 iniittto alloipicntes, pro|iriisi|ue noniinibus 
 so iiiviifin a])pellaiitcs, fc vivis iiominibus 
 nnninini|iiaiii ,'i|>par('nt('.s, quibiis se ac sua 
 ii'iniina, inuf siut indioare ))erhibontur, & 
 c|iiibiis(laiii cjuscleni Insuho locis, ignis, 
 visii liorribilis pir se exuutitiir & procul 
 jaitalui-, r()tatiiri|ue. Kt pliira alia ouni 
 vi.-ii tiini auditti iniral>ilia liiiJKs Insuht- 
 iiie.s.se asserunt ([iia; brevitatis causa omit- 
 tnntur. 
 
 N° 10. Hujus rcgionis incobe ferinis mo- 
 ril>us imbuti, solitudiiieni incobint sylves- 
 tn'sinie oiiinino sunt, pane & vino penitus 
 caront, cervos cicures ac mites reddeutes, 
 horuin dor.sis invehuntur. Cunique hi.i 
 linniiiiilius niagi.s ad .So, tentrioiiem ver- 
 gt'ntil)U3 bolla scnijier ineiint Nocturnis 
 iioinino appeilatis, ([uia suaa ipsoruni res 
 tain |iublicasquaiii privatas iioctu, qiiomad 
 iiioduni apiid nos diu nostratos peraguut, 
 (is (pioqup hoc cvi'iiit, (juia e decinio quarto 
 .Soptoiidiiis die, u.s<juc ad ileciinuin Martii, 
 adeo bic\ iter dies eoruni semper evolut, 
 ut vix unius bora' spatiuin contineat ; ea 
 gens pcssinia est, ca^satrixque & omuimodo 
 latrociniis de<litissi na, adeo ut nullua via- 
 tor oa loca adeat, quin ab oisdcm Noctur- 
 nis occi<bitiir spolictiirque. Paulo ante ulte- 
 rius a Nocturnis Aphricuinversus moustra 
 qua'daiii inosse aiuiit, qu;e quidem toto 
 corpiiro hoiiiinibus, capite vcro porcis simi- 
 lia .-lint, & gruniiiontt'S porcorum instar se 
 nuitu(j iutelligunt. 
 
 TABULA SECUXDA. 
 
 N° IL Los que habitan en esta Region, 
 Rlgunos adoran el .Sol, otros la juiiiieia 
 co-^a que veen por la niannana i|uanilo so 
 levantan, otros adoran un pcdai;o do pauii 
 Colorado quo poncii onciina do una laiic^v, 
 y asy cada uiu) adora lo i|iio .so lo antoja ; 
 est an doliaxo dol jxidor dol gran Can, Ini- 
 peiador do lo.s Tartaios. 
 
 N" 12. A(|ui ay nioiistruos semejantos a 
 hoibbres, (|ue tionen las oiojas tan gramb's 
 quo Ics cubre todo el ouorpo ; y mas ado- 
 lauto, hazia orionto, dizon (pio ay unos 
 hoinbres quo no tionen coyontura ninguna 
 hazia las Rodillas ny en los pios : Kstaii 
 dcbaxo del poder del gran Can. En la 
 provincia de Balor, la qual tione cin- 
 qiuiita dias de andadura, .son homljios sil- 
 vestrea ; babitau en los moutos y llorostas. 
 
 N" 11. Eorum qui bac regione degunt, 
 quiihim .Sulem adorant : Alii vero exur- 
 gontos bote quic.juid primum viderint : 
 Alii item frustum ))aniii rubri hasta affi- 
 L'oiitos vonerantur nuininis instar. 
 
 N" 12. Sunt hie monstra hominibus si- 
 milia, qua' adeo domissas pragrandesque 
 balu'iit auros, ut his totiim corpus oj)eriant. 
 Ulloriusciuo oriontom vorsu.s ijuo'^dani ho- 
 mines iiios.so jiorhibontur, (piorum genua 
 it |)odos junctura caront, doguntque sub 
 ditiono magni Caiiis. in ilia provincia, 
 (juom IJalor oorum nomine dicitur, hrec 
 (|uin(|Uagi:ita diorum iter continet. Hi 
 bomiiios sylvestros omniuo sunt, moutiutn 
 iioinorumque cultures. 
 
112 
 
 CAXADIAX AliCHIVE.S. 
 
 X° 1.1. Aqui habita aciucl pnderoso Rey 
 de Aziiiiiiba y Auxania, (jUf al,L'uiiu.s llaiiuui 
 Picste Joan, al qiml se?tnta Reyes le dan 
 obeilitiicia ; es abunil.inlisimo de toda ri- 
 (|ueza, y nunca se lialla que fuese vencido 
 en batalla alguna, mas nnichas vezes bolvii3 
 del medio dia, de losiJiieblosThrogloditas, 
 trente niida y uegru, con gloriosa victoria ; 
 fa qual gente llega hasta el cabo de bueua 
 esiR-ranea. I'.nti-e la qual gente ay una 
 nacion qr-? no hablan, mas sifllando se 
 entienden. Y este no es el Freste Joan, 
 porque el Preste Joan tenia su sennoriaeii 
 la Yndia oriental y meridional, fasta que 
 Chenghis, primero'Rey de los Tartaros, lo 
 vencio y supercS en una may cniel batalla, 
 en la qual murio ; y el diclio Chcnchis le 
 tonio todor? sus Reynosy sennorias, y dexo 
 bivir lo.» ('hristianosen su ley, y les dio 
 Rey Clii'istiano que los regiese y gober- 
 nase ; el qual Rey se llamava Jorge, y 
 despues aca todos ios reyes quesuceden se 
 llaman Jorge, como lo dize Marco Polo 
 mas largamente a los xlii y a los xlviii ca- 
 piculos de su libro. 
 
 N° 14. El Rey dc8ta provincia y Rcyno 
 de Bengala es muy poderoso seiior y tiene 
 deliaxo de su sennoria muchas cibdades, y 
 muj' grandes y de inucho tracto. Ay en 
 estu provincia y Reyno mucha caiicla, cla- 
 vo, geugibre, piniienta, sandalo.s, lacar y 
 seda en nnicha cantidad. Tienen por cos- 
 tumbre en este Reyno y provincia. despues 
 que nnieren, de quemar los cuerpos ; y 
 quando el marido nuiere priinero que la 
 nuiger, quemase la niuger biva con el ma- 
 rido, diziendo que va a gozar con el en el 
 otro mundo ; y es desta nianera ; (jue mu- 
 riendo el marido la niuger haze un gran 
 combite y se viste de los mas ricos vestidos 
 que tiene ; al qual condjite vienen toilos 
 sus parientes y del marido, y despues de 
 aver comido, va ella con to'la la gente d 
 uu lugar dunde estu iiecho un graiidisimo 
 fuego, cantando y buylando fasta Ikgar al 
 diclio fuego ; y dwjiues liechan el cuerpo 
 muerto del marido dentro, y luego ella se 
 despide de sus parientes y amigos, y se 
 lauca en el fuego ; y atjuella que mas 
 liberalmente se liecha en el fuego, acjuella 
 da honra a su linage, ilas ya esta cos- 
 tumbre no se usa como solia, despues que 
 los Portugueses tractaron con ellos, y le 
 dieron a entender que Dios nuestro sennor 
 uo era servidu de tal cosa. 
 
 N° 13. Hie potentis^innis ille gum 
 degit, .Aziiiiidiit' AuvaiiiMM|ue civitatilius 
 Iniperans, quem vulgus Preste Joannein 
 appellant, cujus ministerio astrincti sexa- 
 ginta Reges versan'ur, quominvis poten- 
 tissimorum Regum felicissimam sort em 
 divitiissuisexuparans.quippeqni nvnijuani 
 bello ut uilis pr. " ; ' victns recessit, sed 
 sa>pe Throgloditii ado nigroijue corpnie 
 populis meridiei maxima cum victoria tri- 
 umphans rediit, qui cum proniontorio bi.me 
 spei (ut fertur) conterminat, inter qnos 
 genus quoddani horum honiinum non lonui- 
 tur, sed sibilis tantuni se inviceni perci- 
 pere solent. Hunc itaque baud Priste 
 Joanneni ilium esse, facile constat, cum is 
 Eois, ac nieridioiialibus Indis imperaict, 
 do7iec Clienchis primus Tartarorum r. \, 
 crudelis bellico congressu quo<lam cum 
 superans fcliciter prostravit ejusi|iie inqe- 
 riuni armata iiianu usiirpavit. Christi. o- 
 lisque (quoscuncjue ibi inveiierat) inipinie 
 religione sua uti clemens concessit, i])sis 
 Regeni statuit ejusdein fidei, (jui Miitis.<init. 
 eos regeret, ac benigni eos tractans gu- 
 bernaret, Geiirgius nomine, cujus dein-eps 
 successores idem nonien sibi vendii'abaut, 
 quemadmodum Marcus Polus libri sui 
 quadragesimi, secundo & tertio capite 
 copiosiiis refert. 
 
 X° 14. Hujus provinciit' regnique Reii- 
 gobe potenlissinius rex est, pluribus ingen- 
 tibus ac insignibus & maxinii eomnurcii 
 civitatibus douiiiiatur, estque incrediliili 
 propcniodiim conjunctus necessitudine 
 cum invictissimo Lusitani;e Rege, (juoeuin 
 pcrpetuo fu'dere pacem inivit undi- ingens 
 ei copia provenit Cinanionii, liariopbilo- 
 runi, Zinziberis, Piperisijue, Sandalorum 
 it Bomiiicis. Horum moris fuisse aiunt 
 cadavera cremare, & si uxoratus aliqui-: ex 
 vivis decessisset, cnm eo vivam ejus n^n- 
 jugem in rogo niariti roniliurere, creileiitca 
 illani ad aliuiii oi'beni migranleni eo ijiso 
 usque frui, cum quo bic vitam egerat. 
 Cujus ics liujusiiioiii erat, conjuge mortuo 
 uxor ejus c(invi\ ium vi\ is solenne parabat, 
 defunctocpie parentalia, induebatuniue 
 auro k pcplo preciocissimo, omnium (juai 
 possidebat, & ad lautas epulas ilia/ oniiies 
 ctmfostim tarn sui quani niariti aflines & 
 aniioi properantes eonvivabantur, quibus 
 post(juam exenipta fames epulis, nuiis:e- 
 que remotiv, tunc ilia convivis omnibus & 
 funcrali pompa stipata ad pyrani accide- 
 bat, exiihaiis(iiie canebit & tripudiabat, 
 quo ubi pervcnerat, niariti cadaveia in 
 ignem dejecta, ipsa deinceps in rogum de- 
 siliebat, extremum vale omnibus dieens, it 
 qu;e hilariori vultu in tlaninias se pr(>ji> ii-- 
 bat, niajori se suoscpie oiiines lionore alfi- 
 ciebat. Enimvero vaniis ille ritiis & detes- 
 tauda religio evanuit, ex (|uo gens Lusita- 
 uia eorum commercio ntitur, quippe qiuB 
 diu eos adironens pessimuin facinus illud 
 
 1 So on the map; but in Chytra^us it is " uut 
 u'.lis lira'iiis." 
 
NOTK K. — LKr.ENDS IV LATIN' \.\I) SPANISH ON IIIE MAI', 
 
 113 
 
 X° L"). El gran Can, Iinpenxlor de los 
 'riirtaros ea miiy grandisimo senor y imiy 
 |M>ilfioso ; entitulase Rey de loa Reyes y 
 Seniinr fie log seniiores ; tiene por cos- 
 tiiinli.e (le dar asiis Varones vestidos treze 
 vozes eti el anno, en trezo gran>lisiinas 
 tiLStas que haze en cada iin anno, y e.stas 
 vesti<luias son de mayor o nienor valor, 
 seLiun la cali<lad dc laa personas ii (juien se 
 da ; y a caita iino dan una cinta, y calzas, 
 sonbiero f;iiariiescido de oro y pcrlas y 
 piidras preciosas, acgun la grani'iozii de las 
 pii'simHS ; J' estaa ve.stidiiras <|ue da el di- 
 oiio gian Can en cada un anno son ci.vi. 
 M : y esto haze por ei;rande?cer y niagni- 
 ficar sus fieRtas. V i|Uando niuere Uevanlo 
 a 1 iiterrar ii un iimnte que se dize Alcay, 
 (londe se enlit.Tran los gran Canes, Iiiipera- 
 dores de tos Tartaros ; y los que lo Uevan 
 ii enteirar luatan ;i todos loa (pie hallan, 
 ilizitndiples ; id a -irvira nuistro sennor 
 en el otro niuml' ; y assi niisrno niatan 
 todos sus I'avallos, caiiielo y azeniilas <|ne 
 tieiien, treyeiglo <(Ue van a servir ii su 
 Sennor. Quando nuiri6 Mongui Can, Im- 
 pcrador de los Tartaros, fueron niuertos 
 trezientos null honiljres. (jne eue<jntraron 
 en el eainino afiuellos (|ue lo ilevavan 
 a enterrar. segun dize Marco IVilo en su 
 libro, lapitulo xi.ll. Pogio Flurenlino, 
 Se.!retari(i del I'apa Kugenio (juarto, acorca 
 del Iin de su segun<l(i lil>ro, (jue escriviil (U- 
 la variaoion y mudauza de lafortnna, hacc 
 tnuclio para la contirniaciou de lo que el 
 tlicho Mareo Polo escrivio en su libro. 
 
 N" l*i. Diversa' opinioncs ay ipial sea la 
 'rra|K)vana, despups qu« los Kspaiioles y 
 i'ormguese.'' navpirarini el niar I. diet' : de 
 la nianei>u ipie ol I'tolcnieo la tiene situa- 
 d.i, por grados de lof.gitud y latitud, creo 
 (|ue ii t'xlus fea notorio. Algiinoa de los 
 iModcrnos dcsoubradores tienen que la isla 
 de Cuislan es la Trap(ivaua : otTos tienen 
 que es la isla do C'amatra. Plinio cseri\e 
 lie la Trapov.mi en su se-^to libro, eapitulo 
 xxij, y dize (pie fue un tienqx) (jue tuvie- 
 nui opinion (pic la Trapovana fuese otro 
 niundo. y que se llaniava Antiihtono ; y 
 f|Ue Alexaiidro file el priiiiero que nos dii'i 
 nolieia aquella scr isla ; y que Oneseclirito, 
 almiraiit^; de su armada [tlijo] que en la 
 dieha isla de Trapovana ay mayores 
 elephantes y mas WUiccsos que en la 
 India ; y que Magasaene pone su longura 
 siete mill estados, y de anchnra cinco mill ; 
 que no ay en ella ciudad cercada, salvo 
 setc cientos villages ; y (pie en cl principio 
 de Claudio vinieron einbaxadores de la 
 dicha isla a Roma. Desta mauera : el li- 
 
 dedocuit, qufe omnia Deo displicere l-uilfe 
 nunc persuadentur. 
 
 N" 15. Pr'nceps ille Tartarorum, ipiein 
 vulgo magnum Can noiuiiiant, locuplctissi- 
 mus potentissiimisque ease perhibctiir, 
 jul)et(|iie superbissinia nomenclatura .se 
 regem rtguni ao potentium oinnium prin- 
 eipem appellari. Huic moreiii esse aiuiit, 
 iis viris omnibus, (jui in ejus aula suo mi- 
 nisterio astrieti versantur, tredecini diebua 
 festis, (pios sumino honore peeuliari ritu 
 quotannis celebrat, roctntes preciosasque 
 vestea procujusque mcritis dare, doiiatipie 
 his omnibus festis etiain siugulas zoiiiiS 
 singulis singuhique tibialia, caligulas, ga- 
 leros vel uuibellas, auro, margaritis. ao 
 preciosis geuimis eircuiuseiitas, ut ciijusvis 
 nierita sunt. Vestium autem numeriis 
 quas singulis annis Uirgitur, sex milliuin 
 supra centum quin(|uaginta proditur, (pias 
 omnia k sua festa colendi, ae extoUcndi, 
 & proprii nomiiiis celebrandi gratia dili- 
 geiitissimi fieri curat. Qui mortuus in 
 moiitem, ciii Alcai norncn inditum, tumu- 
 landus effertur, porro efferentea quotquot 
 inter eundum obvios habent pro viutiinis 
 oceidiint. Aiunt 8i(iuidein, par esse, eos 
 principem suuni comitari, aut alio orbe 
 debita servitutia obsequia sint prsstanda : 
 martant etiain equos omnes, camelos ac 
 mulos, (piibus vivens utebatur, [lersiiasiim 
 halientes, ea omnia suo Priiicipi post mor- 
 tem servitura. Mortuo Mongui horum 
 Tartarorum Principe, quern magnum Can 
 appellari diximus, trt«enta hominuni milia 
 in itinere, cum in moutem (ut diximus) 
 deferretur ab etrerentibus reperta, auctore 
 Marco Polio libro quarto capite 24. c.i-aa 
 sunt a.sserit h' c idem Florentinus Pogius, 
 qui ii .secretis fiiit P^ugenii PapiE quarti 
 libro secundo de fortunie mutatione. <)ui 
 noil ihibia cpuc .\ Polio scripta sunt, apor- 
 tis:.iMic deiuoiistrant. 
 
 N^ IG. 'J'arpovana qu.enam sit. ac nbi 
 terrariiiu »rta, varie auctores seiitiunt, ex 
 quo ab incolis Hetica' rcgionis, iiecnon 
 Lusitani.e mare Iiidicum navigari c(e[itiiin 
 est. Ut(|ue ii Plolcniico secundum latitu- 
 dinein graduum ac longitudinem ejus des- 
 cribitur, iieminem latere cenaeo. Non- 
 niilli \ ero neotericorum, (jui incognita loca 
 nobis iiota tnididere, Ceilam insulam 
 Taprobanaui esse uno ore a.sserunt : Alii 
 eaui Camatram esse contenduiit. Plinius 
 libro (i. capite 22. liujua nieniinit, dicens : 
 Taprobaua alter orl)is esse, seiitentia omni- 
 um hiibebatur, unde Antichton ab eis nnn- 
 ciipiibatur. Alexandrum autem traduiit 
 priiiiuin extitisse, qui earn in.sulain esse, 
 non orbeni indicaverit, utque Onosecritus 
 classis ejus Architalassus refert. Hiec 
 insula majores pugnatioresque habet ele- 
 phantes omnibus, quos tota India enutrit, 
 cujnn insulii' Magastes longitudinem sep- 
 teni inilibus stadiorum, quinque vero mili- 
 bus latitudinein nietitur, nullaque civit.as 
 tnuenibus vallatur, leptingenta tamen 
 
 86 — HH 
 
114 
 
 CAXAKI.VN AliCllIVKS. 
 
 beito Diinio Plooainin, el (|iial avia iiier- 
 
 caiio lit la ri|)iil»lii-a la reiita lUl mar vt-r- 
 
 iiiejo, y navegando al reJedor de Arabia, 
 
 fuc dal vieiito setentrional transpoitado 
 
 de nianera, que al ijuintodeciino dia entro 
 
 en un piierto de la dioha isla, el qual se 
 
 dezia Hipiio ; y que fue del Rey liberali- 
 
 siinamentc rescebido y tractado. Y que, 
 
 despues de aver estadoen la dicha isla seis 
 
 meses, apicudiii la lengua, y que un dia, 
 
 hablando con el Rey, le dixo, (jue los Ro- 
 
 nianos y su Iniperador eran de inaudita 
 
 justicia, y que el Rey niirando la moneda, 
 
 que el dicho libcrto tenia, eran de ygual 
 
 peso aunque las yinagines demonstravan 
 
 ser de diversos Imperadores, uiovido desto, 
 
 einbio enibaxadores a Roma ; el primero 
 
 fue liachia, a coneiliar amicitia con Clau- 
 
 dio. De los (|uales embaxadores entendio 
 
 que en la dicha isla avia ccccc ciudades, y 
 
 (|ue estos diclios embaxadores se maravilla- 
 
 ron de ver en este nuestro cielo Setcntrion 
 
 y las Vergilias, como cosa nueva y a ellos 
 
 incognita ; y que dezian que en ' i dicha 
 
 isla no veian la luna sobre la tiiiia, si no 
 
 del octavo dia fasta el quintodecinio ; y 
 
 maximamente se maravillavau que las 
 
 sombras yvan liazia el nuestro cielo y no 
 
 hazia el suyo, y que el sol s^liese d la 
 
 diestra y se pusiese a la siniestra ; por las 
 
 quales susodiclias razones jjaresce, que en 
 
 la dicha isla, donde el dicho liberto aportd, 
 
 no parescc la estrella de Norte, la qual 
 
 paresce en la Trapovana isla. Por donde 
 
 se podria dezir, atento de donde se partiii 
 
 el dicho liberto Uanio Proclainio, y al ca- 
 
 mino que podria hazer con furioso viento 
 
 setentrional, (jue la isla, donde el aporto, 
 
 fue la isla de Sant Lorenco y no la Trapu- 
 
 bana. Y que el Rey de la dicha isla es 
 
 elegiilo, por el comun, hombro viejo y cle- 
 
 ineiite y sin hijos ; y si despues de elegido 
 
 engendrase alguno, luego lo descomponen ; 
 
 y (juando lo eligen, le dan treynta conse- 
 
 jeros ; y que el dicho Rey no pueda conde- 
 
 nar A uidie, si la mayor parte de los dichos 
 
 sus treynta consejeroa no sean de consenti- 
 
 niiento con el ; y que despues, el dicho 
 
 condeuado puede apelar para el pueblo, el 
 
 (|ual luego eligen setenta Juezes, los quales 
 
 niiran su causa ; y si hallan que fue mal 
 
 sentenciado, danlo por libre, y aquellos 
 
 consejeros, que fueron en condenarlo, 
 
 ?[Uedan privados de sus oficios y por in- 
 ames para siempre jamas. 
 
 vilbe ejus provinci.e annumerantur. At 
 h;e_' sub ilitiune Claudii circa primam sui 
 Imperii gubernationem hujus Insula; ora- 
 tores Romani petiere hac decausa&ratione, 
 Libertus Damius Plocamius k Romania 
 vcatigalia & proventum maris rubri rcde- 
 mit, dunKjue Arabian! obnavigat, Septen- 
 trionalis ventus euni adeo procul disjece- 
 rat, ut quindecim elapsis diebus cuidam 
 hujus Insula; jiortui appulerit, cui nomen 
 Hippurus, i cujus rege benigno hospitio 
 susceptus est. Post(juam sex menses, cum 
 ejus idionia satis apprime addicisset, ac 
 Inngo serri ne regem alloqueretur, maxi- 
 iiiam Roll loruiu justitiani, summamijue 
 eorum Im])tiatoris rectitudinem enarrabat, 
 cumque Rex diversuni moneta3 genus 
 Roinanorum diu circunispiceret, quod 
 Libertus secum attulerat, varia Imperato- 
 rum imagineni ' imprcssos nummos, pon- 
 dus vero icque omnium idem animadver- 
 tens, maxime admiratus est, unde confes- 
 tim ad Roinanorum Imperatorem Oratores 
 legavit, qui perpetuo cum eo pacis foeilus 
 inirent ; cui cum sociis Rachias oratorum 
 ejus celeberrimus Claudium conciliavit, ex 
 quibus Iniperator quingentas huic insube 
 civitates inesse facile percepit. Inque ."ua 
 ca'li plaga Septentrionaleni arctuni & ver- 
 giliarum ortum minimfe videri, quibus 
 conspeotis admirabantur, siquidem haec 
 sidera sua regione incognita esse & nun- 
 quam apparere asserebant. Prceterea 
 Lunam ab octavo ad quintnmdecimum 
 usque diem tantuin jirospici aiebant. Illud 
 omnium maxime eos admiratione afficiebat, 
 quod umbr;e dextrorsuiii ad nostrum polum 
 vergerent, cum sua ipsorum regione sinis- 
 tras ire semper intuerentur, solemque 
 dextra exoriri, leva vero occidi, qu!bus de 
 causis & rationibus constat, arctum hac 
 insula, cui Libertus aj)pulit, nunquam vi- 
 deri. quod(jue Libertus insulam sancti 
 Laurentii, non autem Taprobanam adiit. 
 Siiiuidcm ex Liberti cursu <fe navigatione, 
 enarrationeque oratorum ad Tiberiuni, ut 
 dictum est. insula, cui ipse Libertus Da- 
 mius Plocamius appulit, baud Taprobana 
 fuit, sed potius insula divi Laurentii. Huic 
 insula' inoris ease aiunt regem e senioribus 
 eligere comunibus omnium suffragiis, (jui 
 dementia, comitate, ac ingenuianimi l>eni- 
 gnitate binge omnes superaret, quique sine 
 lilx^iis ac prole sit. Hie itaque sceptro jam 
 potitus, si interim liberos adeptus fuerit, 
 confestim regia potestate privari solet. 
 Tempore autem quo is eligitur, triginta 
 coiisiliarii, qui regi assistant decernuntur. 
 Hie autem neminem moiti adjudicare 
 potestatem habet, ni prius major eorum 
 Humerus ipsi smfTragetur, ad ha'c jure reo 
 permittitur, qui a rege & ejus consiliariis 
 niorti adjudicatus est, pf)pulum in sui de- 
 fensionem provocare, liic protinus septua- 
 ginta legum peritissimos ac justissinios 
 judices deligit, qui ejus causuni diligeuter 
 
 I Should be " iiuagioe.' 
 
NOTE E. — LErJEXDS IV LATIN' AXU SPAXISH OX TIIK MAP. 
 
 115 
 
 exaniinant, hi si reum mort is inique con- 
 deiniiatuni conimuni onipium consensu 
 coinpererint, eum ilic6 vinculis solvunt, 
 ac pristinae libertati restituunt, consiliarios 
 vero qui reum inoriturum censuerunt in- 
 justissimfe regio privant munere, ac perpe- 
 tua ignoininia a'liciuntur. 
 
 Rttvlo del iwfnr ron ciertaf ra zones de la 
 variark" qiie haze el aijuja del mnrear 
 con la t.Mrtlla del Norte. 
 
 N" 17. Sebastian Calxito, capitan y pi- 
 loto a'ayor de la S. c. c. m. del Imperador 
 don Carlos, quinto deste nonibre, y Rey, 
 nue.stro seniior, hizo esta figura, exiensa 
 en piano, anno del nasciniiento de nuestro 
 fijilvador Jusu Christo de mpxliiii annos, 
 tirada por grados de latitud y longitud, 
 . cr>n sus vicntos, como carta de niarear ; 
 'iinitando en parte al Ptolonico y en parte 
 a los niodernos descubridores, asi Espan- 
 noles como Portugueses, y parte por su 
 padre y por el descubierto, por donde po- 
 dras iiavegar coino por carta de marejfr 
 tenicndo respecto d la variacion que haze 
 el aguja del marear con la estrc^Ja del 
 Norte ; verbi gratia, tu te quieres partir 
 del cabo de Sant Vincente para ir a tomar 
 el cabo de Finistcrra ; mandaras governar 
 tu navio al Norte por tu aguja de niarear 
 y yras 4 dar dcntro del dicho cabo, mas tu 
 verdadero camino, qui.' tu navio hizo, fue 
 al Norte quarta del Nordeste, porque tu 
 aguja de marear te Nordostca una (|uarta 
 en el dicho cabo de Sant Vincente, de ma- 
 nera que, mandando governar tu navio al 
 Norte por tu aguja de marear, tu camino 
 sera al Norte, quarta del Nordeste ; y asi 
 mismo, partieudote de Sahnedina, que es 
 una baxa d la salida de San Lucar de Bar- 
 rameda, para yr d la punta de Naga de la 
 isla de Tenerife, mandaras governar al 
 Sudueste por tu aguja y yras d tomar la 
 dicha punta de Naga por lo que estd si^i'.: 
 da en la carta de marear, mas tu camino 
 no sera al Sudueste, por quanto tu aguja 
 de marear te Nordestea en Salmedina una 
 quarta larga, mas serd tu camino al Su- 
 dueste, quarta del Sur largo ; asy que po- 
 dras dezir que, partieudote del cabo de 
 San Vincente al Norte, tu camino serd 
 Norte, quarta de Nordeste, y partieudote 
 de Salmedina al Sudueste, tu camino sera 
 al Sudueste, quarta del Sur ; y asi per 
 consiguiente haras en toda otra parte deste 
 universo, mirando la variacion que te haze 
 la dicha aguja de marear con la estrella 
 del Norte. Porque la dicha aguja no se 
 buelve ny ostd en todo lugar al Norte, 
 como el comun vulgo piensa ; porque la 
 piedra yman, segun paresce, no tiene vir- 
 tud para hazerla buelver al Norte en todo 
 lugar, niiis, segun por experiencia se vee y 
 aicanoa, tiene solamcnte virtud de hazerla 
 estar stabil y fixa en un lugar, por donde 
 a de monstrar forcado por linea recta por 
 
 EpilogiM, in quo A xictor hvjvri Chartce red- 
 dit certas rationes, variaiionin acus buxu- 
 loi nauticcB ad stellam Folarem. 
 
 N° 17. Sebastianus Cabotus Dux & archi- 
 gubernius S. c. c. m. donnni Carol! Impe- 
 ratoris, hujus nominis quiiiti, & Regis His- 
 pani;i; domini nostri, summam mihi manum 
 imposuit, & ad fornuim hanc protrahens, 
 plana figura me deliniavit, anno ab orbe 
 redempto, nativitate Domini nostri Jesu 
 Christi 1544. qui me juxta graduum lon- 
 gitudinem ac latitudinem, ventorumque 
 situm, cum docte turn fideliter, navigato- 
 ria; Chartse instar descripsit, Geographi 
 Ptolcmaei auctoritatem, peritiorumque om- 
 nium neotericorum loca clausa nobis ape- 
 rientium tarn Hispanorum quam Lusitano- 
 runi fidem sequutus, necnon ex usu ac in- 
 dustria longae navigationis integerrimi viri 
 Joaunis Caboti natione Vcneti, atque 
 Sebastian! astrorum peritia navigandique 
 arte omnium doctissimi, ejus iilii auctoris- 
 que mei, qui aliijuantam orbis partem diu 
 nostratibus clausam aperuerunt, ()ua prop- 
 ter me fida doctissimaque niagistra, ceu 
 Hydrographica charta utens, quocunque 
 est animus mare metiri pcteris, acus nau- 
 ticce variationem observans, qua ad Arc- 
 tutn vertitur. Cujus roi arguinentum est : 
 Sic ex sacro promontorio nauticum solve- 
 ris, Celticura promonlorium petiturus, 
 navem licet protinus ad Arctum dirigere 
 jubeaa, Hydrographica acu, quo cursu 
 recto tramite Finis terrte appuIcriB pro- 
 montorio, "ter tamen quod vere navis tu» 
 pc-egerat, non recta ad Arctum, sed Arc- 
 tum versus ad quart*m CiEtire fuit. Navi- 
 gatoria siquidem acus & si recta linea k 
 tsacro promontorio ad oram Finis terrse 
 cursum demoustret, ad Arctum nihilonii- 
 uus tamen quarta parte ab Arcto ad Cteci- 
 am distare certum est, Quapropter cum 
 navcm acu nautica aa Arctum regere jus- 
 seris, erit navigatio tua per quartani Sep- 
 tenlrionis Ciuciam versus. Eandem navi- 
 gationis consider.'-.tiouem observaberis, 
 cum e Salmedina brevi scopulosoque mari, 
 in exitu portus saucti Lucie ad Nagce oram 
 Tenerifia; Insula navigare decreveris, tunc 
 siquidem licet ad Liben seu Aphricum 
 naveni regere studeas Hydrographicffl 
 chartse observatione, rectus tamen itineris 
 cursus nauticse acus probabiliore fide per 
 Aphricum quarta & eo ainplius Austrum 
 versus procul dubio erit, Salmedinaa nempe 
 ad Nagam navigatio quarta longe minui 
 quam Hydiographica charta indicat, nau- 
 tica acus demonstrat. Unde pro comperto 
 
 86— mii 
 
116 
 
 CANADIAV AI!( HIVES. 
 
 qiialquier vlent>> qsic fueres. }• no pcir cir- 
 cular, y aessa causa haze la dicha varia- 
 cion, Que si le dicha aguja se buelviese al 
 Norte, cada y quando y en todo lugar, no 
 haria variacion ninguna porque yria por 
 linea circular, porque siempre estariaa en 
 un parallelo, qual no puede ser yendo por 
 linea recta en un redondo. Y as de notar 
 ijuu i|uanto mas te apartares del rneridiano 
 que la aguja te esta derechaniente al Norte, 
 hazia el Occidenteo hazia elOriente, tanto 
 nvis se apartar.-l tu aguja do Norte, es d 
 salicr la ilor de lis dcUa, la qual est;i senna- 
 limda por el Norte : por donde paresce 
 claramente que la dicha aguja muestra por 
 linea recta y no por circidar ; y as de saber 
 quo el rneridiano donde la flor de lis del 
 aguja esta derechaniente al Norte es obra 
 de treynta y cinco leguas de la isla de 
 Flores, la ultima isla de los Aoores hazia 
 el occidente, segun la opinion de algunos 
 expertos, por la nmeha experiencia que 
 deilo tieiien, d causa de la quotidiana na- 
 vpgacion que hazen al Occidente 6, las 
 Indias del mar Oceano. El dicho Sel)a3- 
 tiiin Caboto navegando hazia el occidente 
 se hallo en parte donde el Nordeste quarta 
 <icl Norte le esta vaderechamenteal Norte ; 
 por las quales susodichas experiencias, 
 paresce claramente ser verdad los defoctos 
 y variacion que la dicha aguja de marcar 
 l?aze con la estrella del Norte. 
 
 Plinio en el segundo h'bro, Capitulo Izxi'x 
 escrive, 
 
 N° 18. Que de la ciudad de Cadiz y de 
 las colunnas de Heicules, con el circuitu 
 de la Espanna y de la Galia, se navego 
 todo poniente. El Oceano Set«ntrional se 
 navego la mayor parte en el tiempo de 
 Augusto, passando todo la Gennania hasta 
 el cabo de Cimbri, y desde ay fasta Scithia. 
 y de Orient« navego por el mar Indico 
 
 habcbis, cum h Sacro proinontorio oram 
 solveris Septentriones petiturut', ((uod iter 
 tuum erit per quartani Arcti Cieciain ver- 
 sus. Eodeni mode si e Salniedinii ail 
 Nagan Teneriiiie Insula' adnaviguveris ad 
 Aphrioum, navis tu;e cursus erit jjer (juar- 
 tam Austri. Eadem ratione sigillutini uti 
 poteris in qnavis luijus di.scretionis parte 
 acus inagnttiu fricatie variationein obser- 
 vans, qua cum Arcti sidere vario oper.',tnr, 
 quipp6 qua; non assiduc necjue ex omnil^us 
 locis Septentrioneni expetat (uti plebs 
 indocta ccnset) cum .Magnes lapis ille (ut 
 ])atet) nullam habet vim dirigendi navitra- 
 toriam acuni ex omni parte ad Arcturu, 
 quin potius (ut experientia constat) cali- 
 bcm volubilem immotum reddere recta 
 linea, non autem circulari ad quern vis ven- 
 torum Arcto proximum, & hac de causa 
 acus uautica usque variatur, nam si eadem 
 acus assidue ex omnibus locis vertcretur 
 ad Arctum, nulla tieret ejus variatio, 
 utpote qu:B per circularem liuoam senqjer 
 viam demoMstraret, ex qno sequeretur, 
 eundem ;equedistantem seu parallelum 
 fretiuentiire, quod nullo niodo continget 
 recta linea circularem formam adeunti. 
 Porr6 unum hoc adnotabis, candide lector, 
 quo magis ad Solem ortum vel ocoasum U 
 linea meridional! secedes, ubi acus nau- 
 ficse depictum Lilium ad Arctum direct^ 
 ostendit, eo magis ab Arcto te distare pro 
 comperto habebis, nude satis liquet, acum 
 nauticam recte linea non autem circulari 
 viam demonstrare. At notanduni igitur 
 est, quod linea meridionalis, (juam nauticie 
 acus lilium rectissinife Septentriones osten- 
 dit, distat k Florum Insula triginta para- 
 sangis, quae quidem ultima accipitruni 
 InsuLi e«t occidentem v«rsu8, juxt* peri- 
 ti^*simorura omnium navium gubernato- 
 rum consensum, opinionemque, necnon ex 
 eorum solerti experientia, quam diutina 
 assiduaque navigatione ruo jure profiten- 
 tur, siquidem Alhlanticum mare & Indi- 
 cum indies remetiri assuescunt. Ad lia-c 
 Sebastianus Cabotus mens auctor, occiden- 
 talem Oceanum adnavigans, ad «quor 
 quoddam derenit & plagan^, ubi quarta 
 parte Septentrionum juxta ('aeciam ventus 
 acus navigatoriae Lilium illi rectissimi; 
 Arctum ostenderet, quibus de causis & 
 rationibus & tutissima navigandi experen- 
 tia apcrtissimfe constat defectus &, varia- 
 tioiies acus nauticae crebro fieri cum Arcti 
 observatione. 
 
XOTK E. LEf.KXOS IN LATIN AND SPANISH ON THE M \ P. 
 
 117 
 
 haz'a Setentrion, fasta tcner el mar Caspio 
 111 Sur, la armada de Macedonia, ea el 
 tiempo que Seleucio y Antiocho reyaavan ; 
 y mandaron que aquella region se llaniaae 
 Seleuchida y Antiouliida. Y al Septon- 
 trion del mar Caspio muclias partes se an 
 navegado ; de miineia que poco (|ueda que 
 todo el mar Se})tentrioiial no le ayan nave- 
 gado. Y asi niisino <lize en el mitimo ca- 
 pitnlo, que Coinclio Nipote escrive que A 
 l^uinto Metello Celeio, el qual fue consul 
 con Afianio y entoncos era Proconsul en 
 la Galia, le fueron inibiaiios ciertos Indios 
 del Rey de Suevi, los quales eraii partidos 
 del niar Indico, con fortuna truusportadoa 
 en Uertnania. 
 
 N° 19. En estas islas Rocos ay aves de 
 tal grandeza (segun di/en) y fuerca, que 
 toman un boy [buey] y lo traien volando 
 para comer ; y mas dizen, que toman un 
 Ijatel por grando que sea, y lo levantan en 
 grande altura, y dcspues lo dexan cacr y 
 couiense los liombres. Y el Petrarcha 
 scmejanteniente lo dize en su libro de pros- 
 pera y adveraa fortuna. 
 
 [.S. E. Quadrant of map.] 
 
 His Rocorum insulis in.«unt quicdain 
 venatorire aves ac rapin<e dedita; adeo pro- 
 cero et ingenti corpore ut humi petentes 
 bovem sursum abstralientes piaedani suis 
 nidis afl'erant devoratune ; eoc(ue unguihus 
 pra'pollent ut scaplium seu cynibani ((uan- 
 tunivis maximam arri()ientes ac in subli- 
 meni toUcntes inde rursum deturbere sole- 
 ant deorsum ; gaudent pr.-eterea vesci 
 carne houiinum quemadinodum Petrarca 
 refert libro qui de prospera et adversa 
 fortuna inscribitur. 
 
 En Romance ve d tabla 2» N" 19. 
 
 N° 20. Ay en la ysla de los de Calen- 
 guan leones, tigres, honcas, ciervos y otras 
 nuiolias diversidades de animales ; asi mis- 
 mo ay aguilas y papagayos blancos, que 
 liatilan tan claro como personas lo que 
 a olios les es enseniiado, y otras muchas 
 aves syn numero de diversas faciones. La 
 gente de la diclia isla son ydolatras ; 
 conien carne iiuniana. 
 
 Hac insula innumeii leones, tigrides, 
 panthene, corvi' aliorumque diversoruin 
 animalium species, armentorum instar, 
 depascunt : pneterea aquila;, psitaci albi, 
 niultaque variarum avium genera turma- 
 tim convolant. Hx'o gens idola colit et 
 carne houiinum avide vescit. 
 
 En Romance ve i tabla 2* N» 2C. 
 
 N° 21. Hallo esta isla dn Mamorare una 
 niii) de Candjayo, y dizen aver tanto oro en 
 ella (jue .lo cargaron otra cosa, scguudizeu 
 los I'ortugueses. 
 
 N ' 22. En esta isla de Ceilan ay canela 
 de uasciniiento y rubies, y iacintos, y ojos 
 de gato y otros generos de piedras precio- 
 sas. 
 
 [\. \V. Quadrant of Map. 18 of Chy- 
 traeus.] 
 
 Ciapangu es una isla grande situada en 
 alti) mar, la c|ual esta en l.")(Mt uiilla iiptir- 
 tad.i de la tierra lirma ikd gran Can hazia 
 ori' lite. Son ydolatras y geiite de buena 
 tiMKLTa y liermosa ; tiene rey projirio, 
 liluc, que ;i ninguno es tributario ; tiene 
 niiudio oro de nasciunento, lo qual nunoa 
 se saoa fuera de la diclia isla a causa que 
 no aportan navios a ella por estar tan apar- 
 tadii [y] fuera de camino. El rey desta 
 
 Hanc Hemorare insulam aperuit quse- 
 dam (ut fertur) Cabierum navis, quam tot 
 aurifodinis abundare perhibet ut navem 
 ipsam solo auro oneraverint. 
 
 En Romance ve d tabla 2* N" 21. 
 
 [N. E. Quadrant of map.] 
 
 Hac Ceilani insula ingens cinnami inde 
 extracta provenit copia. Pluribus lapidi- 
 bus, lunaribus, piropis, hiacintis, aliisque 
 preciosis lapillis abundat. 
 
 En Romance ve d tabla 2» N" 22. 
 
 1 Should be " cerri." 
 
118 
 
 CANADIAN Al;ril VKS. 
 
 isia ticne un palatio miiy L'r.iinlc y iiiuy 
 rnariivilloso, todo ciibierto tie oro liecho (ie 
 pasta, de grosiira de dos reales ; y las veii- 
 tanas y colunnas deste palutio son todaa 
 de oro. Tienen piedras preciosas y perlas 
 en niucha caiititad. El gran Can, oyda la 
 fama de la riquesa destadicha isla. quisnla 
 conijuistary embioaella una grandc arma- 
 da y nunca la pudo soyuzoar [sojiizgar], 
 segiin Marco Polo mas largamente lo 
 cuenta y dize en su libro, capitulo ciento 
 y seis. 
 
 [The Latin of this is not on the map.] 
 
 [S. W. Quadrant of Map. Not in Cliy- 
 tra!U.s. ] 
 
 En esta tigiira estense en piano se con- 
 tienen totlas las tierras, isla.s, piiertos, 
 rios, anglas, baxos, <|ue hasta oy dia se han 
 descubierto ; y con sus nombres y (juien 
 fiieron los de8cubri<lores dellas, como por 
 las tablaa dcsta dicha figura mas clara- 
 mente consta ; con todo lo domas (|ue antes 
 fue conoscido, y todo lo ([ue por I'tliohjuieo 
 ha zido escripto, como son : provincias, 
 regiones, '^iudades, montes, rios, dimas y 
 parallclos, por sus grailos de longitud y 
 latitud, assS de Euiopa como de Assia y 
 Aphrica. 
 
 Y as de notar que la tierra estd situada 
 conforme d la variacion (|ue haze el agiija 
 del marear con la cstretla del norte ; la 
 razon de lo qiial podras ver en la tal)la 
 segunda del nuim'ro diez y sicte. 
 
 [The Latin of tliis is immediately above 
 it on tiie map.] 
 
 In hac protrahens in planum figura con- 
 tinetur totus terra- glolms. iiisida', portus, 
 flumina, sinus, syrte.s, et brevia (lU-Te hac- 
 tetuis aneotericis adaperta sunt, eorumqne 
 nomina et qui <ea loca aperuere ut eisdcm 
 hujus figur;e tabulis li((uidius patet ; ad 
 hajc omnium qua- a majoribus cognita sunt, 
 necnon qute a Ftholomeo referuntur ; re- 
 gionum, sciliscet provinciarum, urbium, 
 montium, fluviorum. climatum, parallelo- 
 rutnque, tain Europa' (piam Asi^, et 
 Aphricai exaota descriptio. .-Vnnotabis 
 tanieu, candide lector, situm liunc orbis 
 terrarum dcpictum esse juxta variationem 
 qua acus navatica utitur ad arctuni septen- 
 trionalis, ob.«ervatioiiiscujus racionem per- 
 legere poteris, tabula .■■ecuudadecinii septi- 
 mi nunieri. 
 
 [S. E. Quailrant of Map. S. of Africa. 
 Xot in Chytrieus.] 
 
 Del pescado qiie detiene. niia nao. 
 
 Plinio escrive en el su noveuo libro, ca- 
 pitulo veinte y cinco, de un pescado que se 
 dize Xichio, el (|ual dise ser como redon<lo 
 y que pegandose a una nao la tiene aiuKiue 
 baya i la vela. Et Petrarca, en el prohemio 
 del segundo libro de prospera y adversa 
 fortuna, dize que el echenis o remora, pez 
 de grar.dcza de medio pie deticne una nao 
 aunqne sea muy grande y que los bitntos 
 y ondas y remos y velas le ayden a yr ; el 
 solo fuerca la fuerca de los elemeutos y 
 hombres, no con otra obra ninguna, sino 
 pegandose a las tablas del navio, ni con 
 otra fuerca alguna, si no con sola su uatu- 
 ralcza ; el qual pece es como limo' o cieno 
 placandolo [y sacandolo] del agua pienle 
 la fuerza. Hallase ".o suso dicho en mui 
 Claras escripturas. las quales aqui no se 
 ponen por no ser prolixo. 
 
 [No Latin on the map.] 
 
 I Limazon, a snail ? 
 2 
 
XOTE i;.~E\'a.ISII TI;\NSI..\ri'tN OF LK' K\I)S. H9 
 
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE LEGENDS. 
 
 FIRST TA15LE. 
 
 0/ the Admiral 
 
 "S" 1. The admiral Don Cristoval Colon, a Genoese by birth, offered to their 
 Catliolic Majesties of glorious memory to discover the islands and mainland of the 
 Indies,' bj- the west, provided they gave iiim for this purpose a sutUcient Jleet and 
 favor ; ' and having it, and having titled out three caravels in the year 1492, he pro- 
 ceeded to discover them, and from that time on many other persons have continued 
 tlie said discovery, as is sliown by the present description. 
 
 N° 2. In the island Espanoia there is much virgin gold and i-ery Jine lapislazuli 
 [li/iif ropper ore ?] and much sugar and cassia fistula, and an infinite numV)er of cattle' 
 of all kinds.* The sivine of this island they (jive to the -tick, as here in our parts thty 
 ijive mutton. This said island contains many harbors," and very good onts, and the 
 chief one of them is the city of Santo Domingo, which is a very good city and of much 
 trade, and all the otliers are places built and settled by the Spaniards; and in tlie 
 island of Cuba and of San Juan, and in all the other islands, and on the mainland 
 virgin gold is found ;° and in the city of Santo Domingo his Majesty has his royal 
 chancery, and in all the other towns" and jirovinees governors and rulers who govern 
 and rule them' with much justice ; and every day are discovered" new lands and pro- 
 vinces, very rich, by means of which our Holy Catholic Faith is, and will be, much 
 increased, and these kingdoms of Castile have become great with much 'jlorious fame 
 and riches. 
 
 X° 3. This mainland which the Spaniards named New Spain, the most illustrious 
 gentleman, Don Fernando Cortez, marquis del Valle de (luaxacon, conquered. There 
 are, in this land provinces and cities innumerable : the chief of them is the city of 
 Mexico,'" which contains more than fifty thousand inliabitants ; it is in a salt lake 
 whicii extends over forty leagues. There is in the said city, and in all the other pro- 
 vinces, much gold, virgin silver, and all kinds of precious stones ; and there is pio- 
 duced in the said land and provinces much very good silk, and cotton, alum, orchil, 
 dyewood, cochineal, and satFron, and sugar, " of all the aforesaid great quantities, 
 with wliicli many ships come loadeil to these kingdoms nf Spain. ^'^ Tlie natives of this 
 land arc very expert in all that relates to trade ; instead ot coins, they make use of 
 certain kernels, split in halves, which they call cacao, or cacanghnate, a baibarous 
 expression." They have much wheat and barley, and many other grains, and vines, 
 and many fraits of different kinds. It i.s a land of many animals, deer, mountain 
 boars, lions, leopards, tigers, and much other gaiTie, botli birds and land animals. It 
 if a people'* very skilful in moulding any object after nature, and in painting pictures. 
 The women usually adorn themselves with precious stones and valualile pearls. These 
 Indians use a certain kind of ]iaper, on whicli they draw what they wish to express 
 witii figures []>ictures] instead of letters. They never had ])eace among them.selves ; 
 on the contrary, .some persecuted others in continuous fights in whicli the prisoners on 
 either .side were sacrificed by tlieir enemies to their gols. and their dead bodies were 
 given to the ainiy, as publii- ban(|Uets. They were idolaters, and adored whatever 
 took tiu;ir fancy ; they were very fond of eating human Hesli. whereas now they have 
 laid aside these fierce and cruel customs, and have cl.iil tluriiselvcs in Jf sus Christ, 
 believing heartily in our holy evangelical faith," and obeying inir niost holy muther" 
 church and its most holy precepts. 
 
 1 the western isl.'imls ami iiiaiiilainl "f llie Tinlios. 
 
 2 if they proviileil him siillioiently with the lliiiijr.-' needful to him. 
 
 3 and (locks. 
 
 4 [In the liatiu ver.<i(iu the List clause df this sei.lencc • mcs first.] 
 
 5 nnd ports. • 
 ti all tliese pl.iees are filled with luaiiy iiiljaljitants. 
 
 7 cities and isLuids. 
 
 8 r.Tthcr by the reason and integrity of the law.= than by arbitrary will. 
 it .ind conqiierrti. 
 
 Irt i« calleil .Mcticfrbv the name of the Indians. 
 
 11 or juice t thi' cane. 14 very learned and. 
 
 12 to Seville of .\nd,ilu.'ia. ].5 and the religion nf the (Christians. 
 
 13 by the barbarous Indian name. 16 orthodox C tholic. 
 
120 
 
 CANAUIAN AlifllliES. 
 
 N° 4. Tliis strait of All Saints was discovered l\v Hernando de Magallanes, cap- 
 fain of an expedition which his .Sucred (Vsarean Catholic Majesty,' the emperor and 
 kill" Don Carlos, our lord, ordered to be niaile to discover the Muliico islands. There 
 are "in this strait men of siicli great stature that they seem giants ; it is a very desolate 
 land," and tliey dresfs themselves in tlie skins of animals." 
 
 'n° 5. These islands of Mahico* were discovered by Fernando de Mapallaiies, 
 commander of » an expedition which his" -Majesty ordered to be made to di.siover 
 the" said islands, and hy Juan Scba.stian del Canno;" that is to say, the Raid Fer- 
 natiilo de iMai;a!lancs discoved tlie strait of All .Saints, which" is in .V2.J deuree.s 
 towards the Antarctic pole; and'" after htiring paxfrd the -aid -itrait, [and not] 
 without very great labor and dani,'er, lie continued liis journey towards the said 
 islands ; after many days he arrived at certain islands of wliich the .southern one is 
 situati'd in 12 degrees," and because the people were so turbulent, and because they 
 stole fi'MU liim the boat of one of his sliii>s, tliey gave it the name of the isle ot thieves 
 (de los Ladroufcs) ; and thence continuing his journey, as lias lieen said, they disco- 
 vered an island, which they called la Aguada, because they took in water there ; and 
 from thence on they discovered another, v hich is called Lunhain, and Aceilani, ami 
 ioiother, whicii is called Cubu. in wliich islan<l dieil the said Captain Hernando de 
 Magallanes, in a skirmish wliicli took place with the natives thereijf. and the survivors 
 of the said expedition chose Juan .Seba.stian del Canno as commander of it, who after 
 wards discovered the island of Ijcndanao, in irhich there ii much rinjiii. gold, and ctrti 
 fine cinnamon ; and in the nanu nxi;/ he di^corcnd tlie island of I'nloan, and that of 
 nruuay, and that of (Jilolo. and the island of Tridore, and that of Terenati, and Motil, 
 anil many others in which there is much gold, and cloves, and nutmeg, and other 
 kinds of spices and drugs, 'i'lie .said .Sebastian del Canno loaded two sliips which ' - 
 remained to him out of live which they took with them, with cloves in the said island 
 of Tidori, for in it, and in the .said island of Terenati, the said cloves are said to grow, 
 and not in any other, and in tlie same way he took much cinnamon and nutmeg ;'" and 
 coming on through th'j Indian Ocean, ' * in the direction of the Cape of Cood Hope, one 
 ship was forced to put hack and return to the said island of Tidori, from which it had 
 set out, on account of the great amount of water which it was making, and the said 
 Captain .luan .Sebastian del Canno with his ship, called St. Mary of Victory (.Sancta 
 Maria de la Victoria), came to the.se kingdoms of Castile, to the city of .Seville, in the 
 year ]')2'2, liy the Cape of Good Hope ; so that it clearly appears that the said Juan 
 Sebastian del Canno sailed round the whole universe," because he proceeded only 
 towards the West, althovgh not on one parallel, through the East to the jilace in the 
 West whence he set out. 
 
 N° 6. These provinces were discovered" by the honored and valiant gentleman," 
 Francisco Pizarro, who" was governor of them during his life ; in which there is 
 infinite gold and virgin silver and mines of very fine emeralds. The bread which they 
 have they make of" maize, and the wine likewise ; they have much wheat and other 
 grain. It is a warlike race ; they use in their wars bows and slings and lances ; their 
 arms are of gold and silver. There are in the said provinces certain sheep of the form 
 of small camels; they have very fine wool. They are an idolatrous people, and of 
 very subtle mind ; ^^ and on all the sea-coast, and I'or more than twenty miles inland 
 it never rains. It U a very healthy land. The Clirist'ans have made many settlements 
 ill it, and continually keep increasing them. 
 
 N° 7. The Indians call this great river the river Huruai, in Spanish the river of 
 silver (Rio de la Plata). They take this name from the river Huruai, w liich is a very 
 
 1 fifth of the name. 
 
 2 and with few inhabitants. 
 
 3 only. 
 
 4 long clo.oed to us. 
 
 5 his ro.val .*»|innish fleet. 
 
 6 Ilis Sacred Oi-arean Catholic .Mi.i..'st.v tlie Emperor Charles, fifth nf the name. 
 
 7 these ver.v rich islands of the Indies. 
 
 8 which said expedition set sail trom the port of .Seville, a famed city of the province of 
 Andalusia. 
 
 9 raeasurins from the Iviuator to the Autarctio. 
 
 10 seekiiijT the aforesaid islands. 
 
 11 north latitude. 
 
 12 which lie had saved from sliipwreck. 
 
 13 mucii cinnamon and nutmeg is collected in Rendanao, of which likewise, he took thence 
 great qnantities. 
 
 14 to .Spain, and hastening to double the Cape. 
 
 15 in a circle. 
 
 1^ .and conquered. 
 
 IT knights Francisco Pizarro and Almagro. 
 18 that is, Francisco Pizarro. 
 
 i9 very larce corn, which, in the language of tlie Indian,*, is called maiie 
 ■ 1 .! ."i, ^ ^"''" version the statement that " They are an idolatrous people, and of very subtle 
 mind, follows immediately alter "It is a warlike race."] t».j. ouui..o 
 
NCTE E. — ENi.Msn Tit ANSI.ATIOX OF I.Ei.ENDS. 121 
 
 mi'^hty river' wliioli runs into tlio i;rc;it river I'.uami. Jiiaii Dia/ dc S■)ll^. jiiloim ijor 
 of liieir'-' Ciitliolio Maji'Htic.s' of ijluriijus memory, di.scovi'rfil it, uml lie fxiilort-il it aa 
 fur as an island, to wliicli tlia said .Tikiu Diaz gave tlic name of tlit- ishind, uf Martin 
 (iarcia, because in it he liuried a sailor who was ealled Martin (iaroia, which said island 
 is about thirty loai^uis above the mouth of this river and the sail Jisirirerij cent him 
 veri/d'-ar, for the Indians of the said land slew him and ale him ; and after many years 
 harl j^one by it was uL'iin discovered by -Sebastian Cabot, (.'ajilain and i'ilot-major* of 
 hii Sarred Citsareau Catholic Maji.stii iflie Emporor Don Carlos Fifth of the name, and 
 kinj,', our lord, who was commiindcr of an ex|)e<litioii which his Majesty ordered should 
 be made to discover 'I'arsis and Ophir' and Oriental Cathay ; which said Captain 
 Sebastian Cabot came to tliis river by chance, for tin; connnander's ship, in whicli he 
 was, was lost," and seeing that he could not continue his said voyage, he determined 
 to explore with the (leople he had with him the ."aid river, by reason of the very great 
 
 a )unt which the Indians of the laml gave him of the very great wealth in gold and 
 
 silver which there was in thi^ laud, and not without very great labor and luiuiier, and 
 dangers both of his own person and of those who were with hinu" And" the said* 
 Captain endeavored to make near the said river certain settlements oj" the peo/tle tritom 
 hf lirtuijlit Jnini S/iain.'" This river is largei' than any that is known up to the |)resent 
 time Jts br(Mdth at the mouth where it enteis the sea is tliirlytive' ' leagues, and 
 three hunihed leagues above the said mouth it is two leagues in brea'lth. The cause 
 of its being so great and iniglity ii that there run into it many other ami mighty riv(!ra. 
 It is a river inlinilely full ol fish and of the best there is in the world. The people, on 
 arriving in that land, wished to learn if it were fertile and til to )d(jugh and raise 
 bread ; and they jdanted in the month of September lifly-two grains of wheat, — for 
 there was no more in tlie ship.s, — auil they gathered sonn in the mcjuth of Deceudier 
 fifty-two thou.sand grains of wheat ; and this same fertility was found in all ;lie other 
 seeds.'' Those who live in that laud say that not far from there, in tlie country 
 inland, there are certain great mountainranges from wliich they take iulinite gold, 
 and further on in the same mountains they take iutinite silver. There are in this land 
 certain sheep large as ordiiiary asses, of the shape of camels, except that the wool they 
 bear is fine aa silk, ami other animals of ditferent kinds. The people of the country 
 differ very much ; for those who live on the slopes of the mountains are white like us, 
 and those who are near the banks of the river are dark. Some say that in the -iaid 
 mountains there are men who have faces like dogs, and others are from the knee down 
 like ostrichea, and that these are great workers, and that they raise much maize, of 
 wliieh they make broad and wine. Many other things they say of that land, which are 
 not put down here lest bliey be tedious. ' ' 
 
 N° 8. This land was discovered by .Jiiin Caljot, a Venetian, and by Sebastian 
 Cabot, Ilia son, in the year of the biilh of our .Saviour .lesus ("hrist 1494, on the 24th 
 of June,'* in the morning, to which they gave the name of " tir.st land seen " (i)rima 
 tierra inxta) ; and to a large island which is situated along the said land they gave the 
 name San Juau, because it had been discovered the same day. ' '^ The people of it are 
 dressed in the skins of animals. They use in their wars bow.-; and arrows, lances and 
 darts, and certain clubs of wood, and slings. It is a very sterile land. There are in 
 it many" white bears, and very large stags like Uortex, and nnany other animals ; an<i 
 likewise there is infinite fish, — sturgeons, salmon, very large soles a yanl in length, 
 and many other kinds of fish, — and tht; greale>t i|mintity of them is called (barcallaot) 
 Dodtish ; " and likewise there are in the same land hawks black as crows, eagles, par- 
 tridges," linnets, and many other kinds of birds of different species. 
 
 I into which run?. 2 comuerinir hihI. 3 Fercliiiiin<l and Isabel. 
 4 most skilful in the art of navigatinu ami iit'a.-tri)nomy, 
 
 ^ Ciapangu and Eoioat.ii. ii being buried in the .storiny waves. 
 
 7 [In the Latin version tlic last dau.sc, beginning " and not without very great labor," pre- 
 cedes the clause beginning " by reason ol'.''] 
 
 8 ■\Vhercfiire. 9 most eneriretic. 
 
 10 and to build certain citadels and torts bywbuli the Spanish inhabitants could easily ba 
 protected and could thence repel the attacks of their Indian enemies. 
 
 II twenty-live. 
 
 n This extraordinary .statement ns to the jiroiluctiveness of a gr.iin of wheat in the country of 
 the iSi Plata is repe;ited in the Latin version ot this section. It is pnli.ibly an inadvertence. Kden, 
 who copied this sei-tion from Cabot',-i map, in the free Knslisb vcr-^i'-n, iiiin his " Decades id' the 
 New World," London, ].>>'). pp. .317-,'il<l, corrects the err"'-, but on what aiuliurity, exee|it his own 
 knowledge of natural nistory, wc do not know. !!■ inakos the text readthiis: " Takine, there- 
 fore, fifty grains of wheat and coanniiting tb'- same ><i the earth in the nmntli '>( September they 
 gathered thereof' two thousanil and fifty at l>ecuinber next t'ollnwing." Ivlen tli.-n proeeels: 
 " Wherein some beins deceived and mistaking the thing, have written in the stead oliwo thousand 
 and fifty, fifty thousand and two."— iVo^p /jy .)/;■. /;.<(/!»■. 
 
 I.'? [In the Latin version the last sentence fuib-ws immediately after " infinite silver." and is 
 itself followed by the clause beginning " anil that these are great workers,"] 
 
 U '24 July, at the fifth hour, about daybreak. 
 
 lo on the solemn festival of St. ,]obu. li> lions. 
 
 1" by the common people. l.S dark. 
 
]22 ( ^SAOIAN AH( HIVKS. 
 
 N'!l 111 this same islaml of Iceland (I^lanila) there is a great quantity of fish. 
 Tliev take it in winter, ami ilry it 1)V means of the very great cohl which there is there, 
 lieLiiii.He thi.M sai.l inland is within tlie Arctic circle, and in auninier men' go there from 
 many parts and barter for this tish, tlins dri. .1, in exchange for meal and Leer ; and 
 this said H-sh is so dry and hard, tliat to eat it they heat it with certain hammers „f 
 iron <in certain stones hard as marl)le, ami then they put it to soak a day or two, and 
 thus they eat it-, stewed with Initter. Ami in all this Northern sea there is a very 
 great (luantity of tish, (ind many of (hem large ami of monstrous shape ; those who sail 
 in these seas have seen very large lampreys, which resemhle great serpents and [have 
 seen them] attack ships, ia order to eat the Siiilors. The natives of the said island 
 most of them huild their houses underground, and the walls of tish-hones. They have 
 no wood, except some extremely small trees, and of those very few ami in few places ; 
 hut the IVovider of all things provides every year that there comes to them by sea, on 
 the northern parts of the said island, a very gieat (|uantity of trees of diH'erent kinds 
 and sizes, as driftwood, borne by furious north wimls to the coast of the said island, 
 witli which the natives provide themselves, and make use of it for all that is needful to 
 them. And they say that c'tcn they hear spirits speak and call each other by name, 
 and take the form of living persons, and tell them who they are ; and in certain parts 
 of the said island there rise up» certain very dreadful tires, and other wonders" the 
 natives of the said island say there are in it.* 
 
 X^ 10. Tiie men who dwell in this region are savages," they are destitute of bieail 
 and wine, they tame deer and riile upim them, ami they tight with another people 
 which is situated farther to the north, and which tliey call the Noclurn.il people, fur 
 they go about in the night and perform their busines.s as here [we do] in the d.iy, and 
 this because the days there from the 14th of September to tlie Idlh of March are .so 
 short that there is not an hour of light. They are a very wicked people, quaiielsome, 
 they rob all those who pass [through their country] no that no skipilarct to riUt- at 
 niir/ior iiiar the. i-'ijast Jor/iar n/ t/ieM tn'i/ht pfo/t/r. be<!ause they slay and rob all who 
 fall into their hands ; and a little beyond these night people towaid the southeast they 
 say there are certain monsters which have bodies like tiiose of human beings exce[>t; 
 the head, which is like that of a pig, and that they understand one another, grunting 
 like pigs. 
 
 Nil. Those who inhabit this region, some adore the sun, otiiers the first thing 
 they see in the morning, others adore a piece of colored cloth which they place on a 
 iiince, and thiui each troivhips u-hat he prc/ers : they are umhr the sway of the great 
 Khan, aiipt'rnr oj the Tartars. 
 
 N^ VX. Here there are monsters like unto men who h-ave ears so large that they cover 
 the whole body, and thoy s.ay that farther on towards the East there are certain men 
 who have no joints whatever at the knees nor in the feet : they are under the sway of 
 the grand Khan. In the province of Balor, which ia fifty days' journey in extent, 
 there are wild men ; they live in the mountains and forests. 
 
 N° l.'i. Here dwells that mighty king of Aziumba and Auxaina whom some call 
 I'rester .lohn, to whom sixty kings yield obedience ; he is very wealthy in all riches," 
 and there is no record that he was ever defeated in any battle, but often as he come 
 b.iek witli glorious victory from the south from the Throglodyte people, a race nake(l 
 and lilack, which people extends as far as the Cape of (iood Hofie. .\niong wliitli 
 people there is a race which does not speak but they uniler.stand each other by whistl- 
 ing ; and this is not Vrester .John,' b';cau.«e I'rester John had his emiiire in eastern 
 and .southern India until Genghis Khan, first king of the Tartars, defeated and over- 
 came him in a very cruel battle, in which he iHeil and the said tiengiiis took from him 
 all his kingdoms and lordships, and allowed tlie Christians to live in their own faith, 
 and gave tlii'in a Cliristian king to rule and govern them, whi( li king w.is cilled 
 (ieorge, and from that time till now all tlie kings who succeed him are called (ieorge, 
 as Marco I'olo relates more at large in thi .y.'iii/ and //S/h rhaplcrs of his hool.: " 
 
 N° 14. The king of this province and K nguom of iJcngal is a very niighiy lord, 
 and l-.as under his rule many cities, very la .ge and of gre.it trade. ° Thirti is in this 
 hiiiijdiini and prorince much ciniuuiion, cloves, ginger, jiepper, sandalwood, lai-(juii; 
 iiwl silk in great quantities. They are wont'" in this province and kingdom to burn 
 
 1 EnKlishmpn, Oermans, and the inhabitanis of various other rcclona. 
 
 2 tiie, drcailfiil to be seen, rises of itself, and is thrown up and whirled iiwnv to a distiince. 
 5 >.""! to be .=een and he.ird. 4 wliieb for the sake of brevity are ouiiiied. 
 .:) live in the ilesert and aro entirely wild. 
 
 « surtiaf'iiip by hi.« wealth the most fortiin.ito lot of these most powerful kings. 
 I It is easy to prove that this one is hardlv the real Prester John. 
 
 8 in the second and third chapters of his fortieth liook. 
 
 9 and he is bound with extremely close bonds with the ever Ticlorious kinsr of Pnrtnjr.Tl with 
 r"',,f*' made a perpetual treaty of peace, by means of which he receives immense quun- 
 
 10 Were wont, they say. 
 
NOTi; K. — EN'il.ISI? THANHLATION OK I,K';i:M>s. 123 
 
 boilicx Hfter death, and when the hunliand dies before tlie wife, tlie wife luirns herself 
 alive with her husbanil, saying that «he iit guinn to l)e happy with him in the other 
 w<irid, and it is done in this way, that, ihe hiLshand <]ying, the wife gives a great 
 entertainment and dresses herself in the richest garments she has, to which entertain- 
 ment come all )ier relatives and those of her hus)>and, and after having eaten, she goes 
 with all the [leople to a place where a very great tire has been built, singing and dancing 
 until she reaches the said tire, and then tliey throw in the dead bo'ly of the husband, 
 and at once she bids farewell to her relatives ami friends and Icjips into the fire, and 
 she who most nobly throws herself into the tire brings mo.st lionor upon her family . 
 but even now this enstom is not ol)served as it used to be, since the Portuguese have 
 traded with them and given them to understand that Our Lord God is not served by 
 such a pnictice. 
 
 N li"). The grand Khan of the Tartars is a very great lord and very mighty, he is 
 called King of Kings and Lord of Lords : he is wont to give to i is li('i;emen garments 
 thirteen times a year, at 'hirtcen very great feasts which he holds each year ; and 
 these garments are of greater or less value according to the ((uality of the person to 
 whom they are given, and to each one is given a' belt and h'ggings, a liat adorned with 
 gold and pearls and precious stones according to the greatness of the personage, and 
 these garments which the said grand Khan gives each year are loC.fKX) ; and this he 
 does to give greatness and magnilicenee to his feasts, ami when he dies they bear him 
 to be buried to u mountain which is called Ahay, wtic are burred tlie grand Khans, 
 Emperors of the Tartars, and those who bear liim to burial slay all those they tind, 
 saying to them go and serve our master in the other world ; aiul in the same way they 
 slay all his horses, camels, and baggagen.ulcs which they have, thinking that they will 
 go to serve their loi<l. Win ii Mawjui Khan, Hmjieror of the Tartars, died, there were 
 slain three hundred lhoiis;iiid u.en. « horn those who bore him to burial met on the way 
 as Marco Polo says in his book, cli.ipter \-.'' I'oggio the Florentine, secretary of Pope 
 Kugenius IV, toimnl-' l/u: end o/liis second book, whiili he wrote on the variation and 
 changes of Fortune, does much to contirm what the said Marco Polo wrote in his book. 
 
 \" 1(1. There are various opinions as to what is Trapovana,' since the Spaniards 
 and Portuguese have navigated tlic Imlian Oct^an. How Ptolemy places it in degrees 
 of latitude and longitude I think is well known to all. Some modern explorers hold 
 that the island of ('lylon is 'I'rapovana ; others iioM that it is the island (f Sumatra.* 
 Pliny writes of Trapovana in ids sixth liook, clia))ter 'I'l, and says there was a time 
 wlien tlie oj)iidon was held that Trap<jvanii was another world, ami that it was called 
 Antichton, au<l that Alexander wns the tiistt<j inform us that it was an island, and 
 that Oni^sechritus, admiral of his tlctt, [s.i.ys| tliat in tlic said isl uid of Trapovana there 
 ail' larger and niori- warlike elephants than in India, and that .Magasaeiie gives as its 
 hiiL,'th seven tliousan<l stadia, and as its widlli li\e thousand ; that there is no walled 
 city in it, but seven hundred \ illages, and that in Claudius' reign'"' aiuliassadors came 
 from tlie said island to Koine. In this way: the freedman l>aiiiius Ploeamius, who 
 had bought of the republir" the taxes of the Red Sea and sailing around Arabia was 
 carried by the nortli w ind in such a way that on the tifteentb day he entered a port of 
 the said island called Hipniis," and was very generously received and treated by the 
 kinu'. ami that after having leni.iined intht said island six UKpnlhs he learnc<l the 
 laiiL'iiage, and that one day talking with the king he told hini that the Romans and 
 their F,iii|ieior were incicdilily ju.-t, and that the king, seeing that the coins which the 
 paid freedman had were of ei|iial wei:;lit although the stamp showed that lliey were of 
 ditlerent eiiipeiors, moxed by this, sent andiassadors to Rome, the chief of whom was 
 Ilaehia. to make' frien Isliip with Clandins, from which andiassadots he heard that in 
 the .saiil island there were live hundred cities, and that the said ambassadors were 
 astonisheil to see in these heavens of ours tlu' nortli star and the PIciafles as .something 
 new and to them unknown, and that they said that in the said island they only saw 
 the moon ab i\e the e.ii th from the eighth day to the tifteenth, and they were especially 
 astonisheil that shadows turned- towards our sky and not' towards theirs, and that 
 the sun rose on \)\v rii^dit and set on the left, from which aforesaid reasons it seems 
 that in the said island where the .-"lid freedman made haibor the north star is not seen, 
 w lii( h is seen in the island Trapo\ ana. whence it might be said, considering whence 
 the said ifeedman l>amius Proclainiiis standi and the course he might have made with 
 a raging north ndiid. '" that the islaml where he made harbor was the island of San 
 Lorenzo and not Trapubana. .-^nd that as king of the said island an old and mild man 
 
 1 lielt-'. lejrjiiiiK-, ?he("s, helnict.s or shade lials [cf. JIarco Polo.] 
 
 2 ill tlic twonty-foiirlli chapter of liis fourth bonk. A and wliorc it is situated. 
 
 4 rW'liat follows is not taken from the text of Pliny, but is translated directly from th« 
 Spiini.'^li.] 
 
 ■"> iiliout the bcginniniT of his government. 6 the Roman?. 
 
 7 llipiiurus [cf. Pliny]. S to the rielit towards our pole. 
 
 '.I wlu-'ii in their country they paw them always go the left. 
 lU and the narration of the envoys to Tiberius. 
 
JOJ fANAKIAN Mil lllv l.s. 
 
 ^Mtllnllt .li l.lmi i-. usmUly electf.l, iimi it after U-iiiK clfcled lu' should Iw^et iiiiy, at 
 „„.<■ tlu'V il.l"'-' liiiii ; •■">'' w'"^^" '•»■>• f''''' liim they L;iy<' him thirty (■oiiii.^ollors ; au.l 
 
 /,...•,//.//(.» <i^' '/ic anilioririth rrrtain f<fi^ni,i for the inriatinn which the ih'idle ■■/ 'In 
 cuiniKix* tiKthii ir'tlh the north star. 
 
 X" J7. ^;^lu^^li:lll Cahot, I'.iptiiiii ;inil (lilut in;! j'lr of his Safinl rM-siiiiaii Catholii: 
 Maifstv, the KtnitLim- l»(iii Cath's, fifth of tho liaiiii', and Kiiij;,' our loril, maili'-' lliis 
 liLMirc project. il on a plane in tlie year of the hirtli of our Saviour .lesiis Clirist l.'itl, 
 .Irawn hy .le;;ree.s of latitude an.non;;itude. with its winds,' as a iiaviyatinj; ehart, 
 indtitin'- in part Ptolemy* anil in part tlie modorn disenvcrors both S/ianish and I'or- 
 tni;ne.-<e,"ind ■ partly diseovere.l l>y his father and partly hy himself, hy whieh you 
 may naviu'ato as liy a naviuatiiii,' chiirt, hcarini.' in mind the variation which the neiMllo 
 of tlie coirii)ass niakcH with tlie north star. For evample. yon wish to v.t out from 
 C'a|ic St. N'incent in order to make Cape Kiiiislt rre : you will j,'ive order.s to steer your 
 ship to the north aecordin;: to the needle of the compass, and you will .«trike within 
 the said cape, Imt y>>ur real course, which your .ship made, was to the north, (piarter 
 northeast because yoLir ctiiiipass needle northeasts you a quarter at the said Cape of 
 St. Vincent, so that, commandinj,' your ship to lie steered north by the compass-needle, 
 your course will he north, (piarter iiortlieajt ; and in the .same way sailing; from Salme- 
 dinii, M-tiich is a shoal as you i,'o out of Saii Luear ilr. liarrtiiiinln, to go to the point of 
 Naga on the island of Tenerille you will give orders to steer southwest by the needle 
 atKlyoiiwill make the said jioint of Xaga becau.se it is situated on the iiavigaliiig 
 chart, but your course will not be to the southwest inasmuch as your compass-neediii 
 northeasts you a wide quarter point at Salme<lina, hut your course will bo southwest, 
 a wi<le (piarter south ; so that you may say that sailing fr'un St. Vincent to the north 
 your course will be north, quarter northeast, and sailing from Salmedina to the south- 
 west your cour.se will be southwest, (piarter south, and so consequently you will do in 
 every' other part of this universe, watching the variation which the said needle of the 
 jonipass makes with the north star, for the said needle does not tura or stay fixed to 
 t4\e north in every place, as the vulgar think, since the magnet-stone, as it appears, 
 ha» not the power to make it turn to the north in every place, but, as is seen ami 
 acijuired by experience, it has only the power to make it remain stable and fixed in oiio 
 place, wherefore it must point necessarily in a straight line whatever wind you may 
 liave, and not in a curved line, and this cause brings about the said variation ; for if 
 the neeilie were to turn to the north alwaj-s and in every place, there would be no 
 variation, for then it would follow a curved line, bccatise you would always l>e on one 
 parallel, which cannot be when you go in a straight line on a sphere ; and you must 
 notice thi;t the further you move from the meridian on which the needle points directly 
 north, towards tlic west or east, -so much the more will your compass move from the 
 north, that is, from the flower-de-luce in it which marks the north : wherefore it clearly 
 appears that the said needle points along a straight line and not a. curved line ; and 
 you must know that the meridian where the flower-de-luce of the needle points directly 
 north is about thirty-five" leagues from Flores, the last island of the Azores toward.s 
 the west, according to the opinion of certain experts, because of the great experience 
 which they have of this, on account of the daily ua\ ii,'ation which is made toward the 
 We.st, to the Indies of the Ocean. The said Sebastian Cabot,' .sailing towards the 
 west, found himself in a place" wheie northeast (piarter north [of the oompa.ss] stood 
 directly north, on account of which observations aforesaid it a])pears clearly that defect.s 
 and variations which the said needle of the compass makes with the north star really 
 exist. 
 
 Pliny in the .itcoud tiook, chajiler 79,'' vrites : — 
 
 N° 18. That from Cadiz and the columns of Hercules, sailing around Spain and 
 Gaul, the whole west was sailed over. 'I'lie greater ].art of the northern ocean was 
 
 1 of Spain. 2 laid tlie last touch to me (thi.« map). 
 
 .3 so wisely, fo exactly. 4 the (icnKraiilier. 
 
 -5 and likewise the experience and liilior? of thi' Ichir nautical life of the most honest mar. .lolin 
 Cabot, a Venetian by hirth ; and the knowledire of the snr.« and of the art of navistntion ol Sehas- 
 tiaa his most learned son and my author, who discovered some part of the world which had long 
 been unknown to us. 
 
 5 '!'jr'>'- ., _ _, T my author. 8 came to a sc. and shore. 
 
 . |1 liny, lib. l!. cap. 67. There is no I/itin for this on the map. In Chytncus, where it is num- 
 bered 19, the Latin is copied directly from Pliny, I. c, and not translated from the Spanish.] 
 
XOTK K. — KX(.1.I.S|I TIIAXSLATION OK LE<iK\US. 1S5 
 
 Bi\i'»'i1 over in the time of Augustus, paosing bv hU Germany as far as tlifi Ciinlirian 
 ( aiir, iiiid llieiice as far as Scylliiii. Ami from tlif Ka.>t the llitt nf Miiccildiiiii sailed 
 along tliu Iiiilian Occun towanls tliu iiurtli until the (Xspian Sea wna U> the south of 
 thciri, in till' time that Seleiicus and Antiothiis reigned, and they ordered that that 
 renion -ilioiild lie calltul ,Seleiii:liida and Antiochida. And to the north of the Caspian 
 many parts have been sailed over, so tliat the nortl'.crn soa has Incn nearly all sailed 
 over : anil ho likewise says, in tlio same chapter, that (,'oineliiis Xcpos writes tliat to 
 • .•uintus Metellus Celer, who luid been consul with Afraiiius, and wlio was then pro- 
 consul in (laul, there were sent certain Indians by the king of the Suevi, who, staiting 
 from the Indian Ocean, iiad without inisi'hancc beiu carried to (iermany. 
 
 N'' 111.' In these Rocos islands there are birds of sucli sii-.o (as they say) and 
 strength thiit they take up an ox and bear it in their llighf-' in order to eat it, and slill 
 more, thfii >ft//' that they take a vessel, no matter how great it may be, and raise it to 
 a great height and then let it drop, and they eat the men. Petrarcii likewise says so 
 in his l)ook of Prosperous and Adverse iMjrtune. 
 
 N'"J(>. There are in the \Ax\.\\t\ of tin- /i, njile of Calengnnv lions, tigers, panthers, 
 deer, and many other did'erenl kinds of animals ; likewise there aie eagles, anil white 
 paridls irlio ■</iiiilc ai clearly u.i /lUiiiaii linm/.-f irli/if in tunijht f/n in, nni\ many other 
 lonnlliss liirds of various kinds. The people of the island are idolaters; they eat 
 human tlcsh. 
 
 N'Jl. .A. shi|) from Canibaya discovered this island of Mamorare, and it is said 
 there was so much gold in it that they loaded it with nothing else nrcordiixj to what the 
 Port >ii fill ■■<'' xai). 
 
 N'J'i.* 'i'hcro are in this island of Ceylon native cinnanniu, and rubies and 
 hyacinths and cats' eyes an<i other kinds of precious stones. 
 
 Ciajiangu is a large island lying in tlu- high sciis, w liich island is one thousand live 
 bundrccl miles distant from the maiidaml of tlie (Iraud Khan towanls the east. They 
 are idolaters, and a gentle and handsome race. It has an inilcpcndent king of its own, 
 who is tributary to no one. It contains much virgin gold, which is never taken away 
 from the said island, because shi])s never touch there, as it is so distant and out of the 
 way. 'i'lie kirig of this island has a very great and very wonderful jjalace, all made of 
 goM in ingots of tiie thickni'ss of two reals, and the windows ainl colunms of the palace 
 are all of gold. It [the island] contains precious stoni's and ])earls in great quantities. 
 The (irand Khan, having heard the fame of tlic riches of this said island, desired to 
 con<|uer it, and sent to it a great tleet, ancl could never c'ini|uer it, as Marco Polo more 
 amply relates and tulls in his book, chapter l(Hi. 
 
 [S. W. (Quadrant of Map.] 
 
 In this tignre, jirojectcd on a plane, are contained all the lands, islands, ports, 
 rivers, waters, bays, which have been discovered to the present day, and their names, 
 and wlio were the discoverers of them, as is made more manifest bj" the inscriptions 
 I tables] of this .said figure, — with all the rest that was known before, and all that has 
 liecn written by Ptolemy, such as provinces, regions, cities, mountains, rivers, climates, 
 and parallels, according to their degrees of longitude and latitude, both of Europe and 
 of Asia and Africa. 
 
 And you must note that the land is situated according to the variation which the 
 needle of the compass makes with the north star, for the reason of which you may look 
 in the 8ecou<l table of No. 17. 
 
 [S. E. Quadrant of Map.] 
 
 Of the fish u-hich stops a ship. 
 
 Pliny writes in his ninth book, chapter twenty-live, of a fish which is called 
 Xichio, which he describes as being round, and that attaching itself to a ship it holds 
 it even though it be under sail. And Petrarch, in the preface to the second book of 
 I'-osperous and Adverse Fortune, says that the echenis or remora, a fish of half a foot 
 in length, stops a ship, though it be vi ry large, and winds and waves and oars and 
 sails aid its course ; it alone overpowers the power of the elements and of man, with 
 no other agency save attaching itself to the planks of the ship, and with no other force 
 iban its own nature ; which tish is like mud or mire, and taking it out of the water it 
 lo.scs its power. The aforesaid is found in very distinguished writings, which are not 
 quoted here lest it take too much space. 
 
 1 [The Latin of Nos. 19, 20, and 21 is in the S. E. quadrant of the map. It ends in each caie 
 with a reference in Spanish to the Spanish of the tables.] 
 
 2 to their nests. 
 
 3 their talons are so strong. 
 
 4 Latin in N. £. quadrant of map. 
 
^v 
 
/V; 
 
 N'ollTH AmKUH AN I'dinillN OK 
 
 I UK C\H(>T M.M' <ll 154 » (hllDM WiSSOK, NaKK. AXI> OrIT. HisT., 
 
 Vol.. •^, V. •-'•ji.