>^^.

!!i-

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

11.25

lalM 12.5

|50 "^^ ■■■

^ L& |2.0

PhotDgraphic

Sciences
Corporation

' lift

23 WIST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. I4S80

(716) 872-4S03

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHIVl/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques

The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checked below.

Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur

I I Covers damaged/

Couverture endommagte

Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaurie et/ou peiiiculAe

I I Cover title missing/

Le titre de couverture manque

I I Coloured maps/

Cartes giographiques en couleur

Coloured init (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bieue ou noire)

I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/

Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

Bound with other material/
Reli6 avec d'autres documents

□ Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/

La re liure ssrr6e peut causer de i'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de la marge intArieure

Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte.
mais. lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas 6t6 fiimdes.

Additional comments:/
Commentaires suppl6mentaires;

L'Institut a microfilm^ le mellleur exemplaire
qu'il iui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du
point de vue bibliographique. qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la mithode normale de filmage
sont indiquAs ci-dessous.

D
D
D

Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur

Pages damaged/
Pages endommagies

Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul6es

Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
Pages d6coior6es. tachet6es ou piqu^es

Pages detached/
Pages d^tachdes

rri Showthrough/

Transparence

Quality of prir

Quality in^gaie de i'impression

Includes supplementary materif
Comprend du materiel supplimentaire

I I Quality of print varies/

I I Includes supplementary material/

Only edition available/
Seuie Edition disponible

Pages wholly or partially obsc> red by errata
slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partieliement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont 6t6 fiimies d nouveau de fapon d
obtenir la meilleure image possible.

This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/

Ce document est fiimd au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous.

10X

14X

18X

22X

26X

30X

12X

16X

20X

24X

28X

32X

lira

details
uas du

modifiar
gar una

filmaga

Tha copy filmad hara has baan raproducad thanks
to tha ganarosity of:

Library of tha Public
Archivas of Canada

Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast quality
possibia considaring tha condition and lagibility
of tha original copy and in Itaaping with tha
filming contract spacif ications.

L'axamplaira fiimA fut raproduit grica A la
gAnirositA da:

La bibliothAqua das Archivas
publiques du Canada

Las imagas suivantas ont 6ti raproduitas avac la
plus grand soin. compts tanu da la condition at
da la nattatA da l'axamplaira film*, at an
conformity avac las conditions du contrat da
filmaga.

i6es

Original copiaf n printad papar covara ara filmad
baginning with tha front covar and anding on
tha last paga with a printad or illustratad impraa-
sion, or tha back covar whan arvropriata. All
othar original copias ara filmad baginning on tha
first paga with a printad or illustratad impraa-
sion, and and^rg on tha last paga with a printad
or illustratad imi;>rassion.

Las axamplairas originaux dont la couvartura an
papiar ast imprimia sont filmte an commandant
par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la
darnlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta
d'imprassion ou d'illustration, soit par la sacond
plat, salon la cas. Tous las autras axamplairas
originaux sont filmte an commandant par la
pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta
d'imprassion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par
la darniAra paga qui comporta una talla
amprainta.

Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha
shall contain tha symbol — ^ (moaning "CON-
TINUED"), or tha symbol Y (moaning "END"),
whichavar applias.

Un das symbolas suivants apparattra sur la
darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la
cas: la symbols — ► signifia "A SUIVRE", la
symbols V signifia "FIN".

Ira

Maps, platas, charts, ate, may ba filmad at
diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba
antiraly inciudad in ona axposura ara filmad
baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar, laft to
right and top to bottom, as many frames aa
raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha
mathod:

Las cartas, planchas, tableaux, ate, pauvant Atra
filmte A das taux da rMuction diff^rants.
Lorsqua la document ast trop grand pour §tra
reproduit en un seul clichA, il est film6 A partir
de I'angia supArieur gauche, de gauche i droite,
et de haut an bas, en prenant la nombre
d'imagas nAcessaira. Las diagremmes suivants
illustrant la mAthoda.

ly errata
Bd to

ne pelure,

ipon d

1 2 3

32X

t' :

>: [. A ( '. AB A , y li { )M 1 \ y,\ ,n\y

'!«

I ^

Title *n/*i«

.'AltJBV

-N;*!*'?''

.Ir

<#r

'nt.

•«»»?

.0-

THE

NORTHERN TRAVELLER;

r^-'.^i

CONTAINING THE ROUTEt TO

THE SPRINGS, NIAGARA, QUEBEC,

AND

THE COAL MINES;

i
t

WITH

THE TOUR OF NEW-ENGLANDJ

AND

A BRIEF GUIDE TO THE VIRGINIA SPRINGS, AND SOUTHERN AND
WESTERN R9UTES.

BY THEODORE DWIGHT, Jr.

SIXTH EDITION.
WITH EIGHTEEN MAPS, AND NINE LANDSCAPES.

•^

JOHN P. HAVEN,

BOOKSELLER. PUBLISHER, AND STATIONER,

1 99 B roadway.

^4.

Entered nocordiiig to Act of Congress, in the year 1841, by
John P. nAVP:N,
/' lu the Clerk's Omcc of the ?outhe:-n District of New- York.

PREFACE.

This Sixth Edition of the Northern Traveller is pub-
lished when the previous editions have been for some time
out of print; so that it seemed to be urgently demanded.
The work has undergone a most thorough revision, as the
numerous and important changes in the country required.

The traveller will find in it a larger amount of informa-
tion than at any former period, as the matter hns been
much condensed, almost every page has received some ad-
dition or abridgement, and large portions have been wril-
te 1 anew, i'erfect accuracy is hardly to be expected in a
work comprising such a number and variety of details,
many of which are of a changeable nature: but exertions
have been made to render it accurate, as well as replete
with information and suggestions best adapted to the
convenience, gratification and improvement of the mass
of intelligent travellers.

Notices of pla^'es or objects* appropriate to the sphere
of this work, tn»nsmitted by pe''sons in any part of the
country, will be attended to in future editions of the

PREFACE.

Northern Traveller ; fis the author has reaumod his ori^i-
nal intention, formed after travelling abroad, of furnishing
a Guide Book for the principal routes in his own country,
keeping pace with the progress of society and public im-
provements.

i} >

lis ongi-
irnishing
country,
ublic ivcx"

»•

.HfX?4YlL.y-%.\

..«

•A'. ,,y

\i J f'nmi'

iiy/,„jj

..y.

^♦j

' I

GENERAL INDEX.

City of New York,

• • *

Route up the Hudson,

• • •

" to Niagara,

• • •

Routes to Ohio, &c.

r, 221

Route from Albany to the Springs,

31,74

*' to Lake George,

• * ■

" to CanMb,

• • •

104

Tour of NetJKngland,

141

Route up Co™ecticut River,

m • *

145

" from New York to Boston,

• • >

166

" " Boston to the White Mountains,

186

" " Boston to Maine,

• • i

203

PJnladelphia, ....

• •

. 223

Route to the Pennsylvania Coal Mines,

. 227

Baltimore J ....

• •

. 220

Washington, ....

• • i

215

Route to the Virginia Springs.

• • 1

239

Routes from New-Orleans to Neto-

York, .

. 241

1^'

li-:

VII. US FROM NATURt:.

1. Frontispiece, View of Niagnni from below

Table Rock.
5. Scenery on Mohawk River, fusing pngri

3. Ballston Springs

4. Saratoora Springs

5. Lake Genrcjo ....

6. Piiins of Ticonderocn from the east

7. The same from Mount Independence

8. Southerly view from Mount Holyokc

9. The Notch House, White Mountains

l^AGiJ

82
84

100
104
156
195

MAPS

Of the Roads, Canals, Railroads, ^c.

PAGE

General Map of the Routes in the Northern States,

No. 1. Hudson River, from the mouth to Croton

River,

No. 2. " " to Kmgston

No. 3. " " to Albany

No. 4. Mohawk River to Utica, with a Profile of

the Erie Canal

No. 5. " " to Syracuse

No. 6. Thence to Cayug:a Lake .

No. 7. Thence to Canandaigua

No. 8. Thence to Rochester and Batavia

No. 9. Thence to Niagara .

No. 10. Buffalo and its vicinity, with a Profile of
the Welland Canal

Noll. To Glenn's Falls, with Saratoga Springs
and Battle Ground, Schenectady and Pro-
file of the Champlain Canal

No. 12. Lake George

No. 13. Do. Northern part and Lake Champlain

No. 14. Lake Champlain, northern part

No. 15. St. John's, Montreal, &c. . ,

No. 16. Montreal Island

Connecticut River, lower part . .

14
16
21

32
32
44
45
46
48

30
88
98
108
110
118
145

a pi

the I

dene

steal

Non

the

ands

Sprii

cut 1

bany

pecte

wher

boat

Fo
city 1

Ot
lyn t(
Bost(
tend(

Tb
Albai

ty, P
bush
the ^
Cline

THfi

NORTHERN TRAVELLER.

THE CITY OF NEW-YORK.

Remarks to the Travtller at New- York.

It is recommended to such travellers as have not formed
a plan for their journeys, to turn to the general map o(
the routes, page 1. He may go to Boston by the Provi-
dence steamboats and railroad, or by the Stonington
steamboats and railroad through Providence, or by the
Norwich steamboat and railroad through Worcester, or by
the New-Haven steamboat, the railroad to Hartford,
and stagecoach to Worcester, or steamboat or stagecoach to
Springfield railroad. Those who wish to see Connecti-
cut river may take a steamboat to Hartford. For Al-
bany, take a steamboat. Before 1342, a railroad is ex-*
pected to be in use from Bridgeport, Con. to Albany^
when that route may be preferred by some. A steam*
boat goes to Bridgeport.

For Philadelphia, take the railroad line from Jersey
city by crossing the Hudson from Barclay-street.

Other rail-roads are to be made : one from South Brook*
lyn to Greenport, east end of Long Island, to cross to the
Boston railroads. The Harlem railroad is to be ex*
tended to Albany, 140 miles.

The proposed route of a railroad from New-York to
Albany, (147 3-4 miles,) runs through Westchester coun-
ty, Putnam, Dutchess and Columbia counties to Green-
bush opposite Albany, and on to Troy. It passes along
the valleys of the Bronx, Croton, Ten m. r. Ancram,
Cline, and a branch of Kinderhook. It is nearly straight^

,' '

■• . !

« »

THE CITT or NKW-TORK.

except where it approaches Hudson, and is from 15 tio»
25 miles east of the river. This route avoids the High-
lands, except at a poir... where they arc only 769 feet
above tide : that is, 50 miles northeast of West Point.
Maximum gratle 30 feet, and locomotives can pass at 12'
miles an hour.

The stranger is advised to purchase a pocket map of
New-York and oiher cities as ho visits them.

The principal objects worthy of attention will be here
mentioned in order, as they present themselves to a per-
son proceeding north from the southern point of the city.

The Battery, perhaps the finest public walk in the
Union, is the favourite retreat in warm weather. It is ex-
posed to the sea breeze, and affords an agreeable shade^.
and a view of the inner harbour, with part of Long Island,
on the left, Governor's Island with its fort and castle,
the Narrows, and Staten Island below, Bedlow's and Gib-
bet Islandf, and New-Jersey beyond them, with Jersey
City and Hoboken village. Castle Garden is a place of
refreshment, formed of a fort, where music and fireworks
are often provided in warm evenings. A fort was built
on the Battery in 1623, which included all the houses.
It was afterwards enlarged.

Southeast of the Battery is Whitehall Slip, where are
the steam-boat ferries for Staten Island (12 cents,) and
South Brooklyn, (4 cents.) Washington and Greenwich-
streets begin at northwest corner, extending about two
miles north. There are the steamboats of the Philadelphia
railroad line, and those for Providence.

Broadway begins at the Bowling Green, an oval piece
of ground, 140 feet by 220. Here are the Atlantic and
Adelphi Hotels, and many hotels and fashionable board-
ing houses above. Grace Church, on the left, stands on
the corner of Rector-street, which leads to the Havre
packets. Trinity Church is rebuilding. Wall-street is
opposite, and has most of the banks and brokers' offices.
The new U. S. Custom-house, corner of Nassau-street, is
of white marble, 89 feet by 177, on the model of the Par-
thenon of Athens, with two facades with Doric columnSf
32 feet high, a central ball, and a dome 62 feet in diame-
tier. It will cost half a million.

The New-York Exchange, entirely of Quincy Si«-^

Tilt

THE CITY OF NEW-yORK.

liite, three stories high, and a basement, covers a block,
ber.wecn four streets, unci is 197 feot 7 inches on Wall-
street, 144 on one sid«^, and 170 oa thu other, with a
large dome abo.e, 100 feet high. This covers the circu-
lar exchange room, 05 feet high, and 80 in diameter. In
front is a row of 12 Ionic columns, with G more at the
door. The shafts are single stones, 132 feet 8 inches long,
and from 4 feet to 4 feet 4 inches in diamntor at the base,
those on the wings weighing about 33 tons, and the
others 35. Each cost about $5,000. The building, which
is nearly complete, contains Mr. Gilpin's News Room
and Packet Otfice, several insurance and other offices.
The Telegraph is to be kept on the top to communicato
with that on Staten Island. The great tire, in 1835. des-
troyed the former Exchange, but did not cross Wall-
street. It swept down to Old Slip.

Proceeding up Broadway, you pass Cedar and Court-
landt-streets, which lead on the left to some of the
Albany steam-boats, and the ferry to Jersey City, 6 cents.
(Thence the railroads lead to Newark, 25 cents, EH-
zabethtown, Rahway and New-Brunswick to Philadel-
phia; also to Paterson. Fulton-street leads (right) to
Fulton Market, Brooklyn Ferry, (3 cents,) the Connecti-
cut and Flushing steamboats, some of the Liverpool pac-
kets, &c.

At the corner of Vesey-street is St. Paul's Church,
with an epitaph in front to Gen. Montgomery, whose re-
mains were brought there from Quebec in 1818. Oppo-
site is the American Museum with four stories filled with
stuffed animals, &c. Ann-street leads to the rooms of
the Reformed Dutch Church Missionary Society, Episco-
pal Sabbath School Society; American Bible Society ; De-
pository and Printing Office ; Clinton Hall, where are the
Mercantile Library, (20,000 vols.) reading and lecture
room, and exhibition room of the National Academy of
Design; American Tract Society ; American Sunday School
Union Depository ; and American Board of Foreign Mis
sions.

In Chatham Row are the Park Theatre and the Brick
Church. The Park, (10 3-4 acres,) contains the City
Hall, (216 feet by 105,) of white marble, and rear of free-
stone, cost $538,734, with roonas for courts, commoa

f ir

TH^ CITY or KIW-TORK.

council, mayor, governor, &c. and several portraits, and
Mechanics' Institute in the basement. The alarm-bell is
hung above, and the cupola commands a general view of
the city. The New City Hali contains the Americau
Institute of Manufactures, which holds a splendid fair and
exhibition at Niblo's in September.

In Chambers-street are the Savings Bank, the Arcade
Baths, and the Reservoir of the Manhattan Company,
which supplies some of the streets with water.

Returning down Broadway to Park Place, we find Co-
lumbia College, founded in 1750 as King's College, —
President Duer. Behind it is the Grammar School,
Professor Anthon. Above the Park, Duane-street leads
on the ri^ht to the Halls of Justice, the City Prison,
built of Sienito in the Egyptian style. Gothic Hall is.
near Pearl-street, opposite which is the City Hospital,
founded in 1769. The Society Library, comer of Leon-
ard-s*reet, 1754. Franklin-stieet leads on the left to the
Opera House and French Church, originally in Pine-;
street, 1704.

(Hudson Park is some distance north wegt from tlaa
spot, 4 acres, with St. John's Church, 240 feet.)

In White-street, (right from Broadway,) is the City
Dispensary, 1790, with the Eye and Ear Infirmaries,
1820. Canal-street has a sewer underground, and on the
right from Broadway are the Gas Light Company's works,
pipes, 26 miles long, and a Jews' Synagogue. There are
10 or 11 other Synagogues, most of them recently formed
by emigrants from Bavaria, &c. The Manhattan Gas
Works are at the foot of Eighteenthnstreet.

Above are the Circus and Tattersalls' ; above Springs
street Niblo's Garden. Opposite, the New-York Lyceum
of Natural History with a fine collection. The Stuyve-
sandt Institute is several streets above, with the Library
of the Historical Society. In Crosby-street behind Nib-
lo's, are the Apprentices' Library, 1820, with 20,000 vol-
umes, the School of the Mechanics' Society, a Synagogue,
and the College of Physicians and Surgeons.

Fourth-street leads to Washington Square, 9 3-4 acres.

The New York University fronts it, 1831, Chancellor
Frelinghuysen. It has a large grammar school. The

de
fii
di
w

raits, and
irm-bell is
il view of
Americau
id fair and

he Arcade
Company,

e find Co-
College, —
ir School,
;reet leadg
ty Prison,
ic Hall is.

Hostpital,
r of Leon-

left to the
jr in Pine-!

from this

the City

ntirmaries,

and on the

ly's works,

rhere are

y formed

Eittan Gas

e Spring-;
i Lyceum
Stuyve-
e Library
hind Nib-
0.000 vol-
ynagogue,

3-4 acres,
hancellor
ol. The

tHK CITY OF NKW-YORIC.

Presbytorian Theological Seminary is above, and has the
library of Leiirider Van Ess.

The Marble Cemetery is in Great Jones-street, east of
Broadway. The City Reservoir is in Thirteenlh-^feet.
Water is raised by a steam engine from a well IV2 feet
deep, and conveyed to the south in pipes, to extinguish
fires without the use of fire engines. The Croton Aque-
duct, 45 miles long, to supply drinkable water to the
whole city, is partly made, inrt will cost 45 millions.

The Retreat for Juvenile Delinquent:* is at the end of
Broadway; the Deaf and Dsimb Asylum, 1817, Fiftieth-
street, near the Harlem railroad, Mr. Peet principal.
The Blind Asylum, 1831, Sixth Avenue near Thirty-se-
cond street, Mr. Jones. The General Episcopal Theolo-
gical Seminary, 1819, Ninth Avenue and Twenty-tirst
street. The Lunatic Hospital is six miles noith. The
Almshouse is on the East river, and hcyond is Blarkwell's
Island, with the Penitentiary and Lunatic Asylum, and
the Poor House Farm opposite, with the School. The
Orphan Asylum, Half Orphan Asylum, Institution for
Aged Indigent Females, and 17 Public Schools.

Hudson river was discc^'jred in 1609, by Henry Hud-
son. First settlement by the Dutch, near Alhany, 1610,
to trade with the Indians in furs. (This trace yielded
above $50,000 in 1632.) First fort in New-York la
1612, near the corner of Broadway and Garden-street.
In 1623, a large fort on the Battery, enclosing the village,
the island having been purchased. Captured by the En-
glish in 1664, retaken 1673, restored 1674. First post-
rider to Boston, 1673, going once in three weeks. First
stagecoach to Boston, 17:23, once a month. 1765 a Con-
gress of delegates met. January 1776, the American
army began to assemble for the defence of the city.
August 26th, the Battle of Long Island, after which the
British army occupied the city till eiid of the war. Sep-
tember 21st, 492 houses burnt. Evacuated by the Bri-
tish army and entered by Washington, November 25th,
1783. All the churches except one had been burnt or
occupied by soldiers.

1785 Congress met in the old City Hall, whore the
new Custom House is. 1789 VVashini^ton inaugurated
President there. Free School Society incorporated 1805.

THE CITY OF fJEVV-TORK.

> m

The Great Firo Decern 10, 1835, loss about eighicew
millions. The latiluao ho City Hall is 40° 42' 40"

N. Longitude 74-* 1' 8" Vy.tVom Greenwich.

Excursions. Numerous pleasant excursions may be
made from New-York in variout) directions. Manhattan
Island affords several agreeable rides ; and also Long I»U
and and the neighbouring parts of New-Jersey.

Brooklyn, on Long Island, opposite New-York, is the
second city for size in the state, containing about 40,000
inhabitants. It enjoys a fine situation, good air, pure wa-
ter, retirement, and shady streets. Th^ stranger should
visit it. Carriages will take him from the ferries to any
part. The view of New-York from Columbia-street, on
the heights, is the finest to be found.

The Lyceum, Washington-street, contains a fine lecture
room, the collection of the Natural History Society, City
Library, and Savings Dank. The Navy Yard, one mile
northeast from it, is worthy of a visit. There is the Na--
val Lyceum, with a fine collection of natural history, &c.

Greenwood Cemetery, two miles south of Brooklyn, is
shady and picturesque, with sylvan lake, and a fine view
from Mount Washington. You pass Gowannis Cove, the
scene of most bloodshed in the battle of Long Island in
1776.

The Jamaica railroad begins at the South ferry. Fort
Hamilton is four miles south of Brooklyn. Fort Lafayette
is on a small island below it. Opposite is Staten Island^
commanding fine views.

Prince's Linn^ean Garpen at Flushing. The excur-^
sion to this beautiful garden and nursery is very pleasant.
The steamboat leaves Fulton-street slip at four o'clock
in the afternoon eveiy day, and affords a view of the
most interesting pans of the East river, including the
famous rapids at Hell Gate. The village is small, bull
pleasant. The garden of Mr. Prince will supply strangers
of taste and science with rare seeds, plants, flowers and
trees, and has already done much to introduce useful and
beautiful varieties into this country. It was first esta-
blished about the middle of the last century.

The four hothouses contain about 20,000 plants in pots t
and the garden covers about thirty acres. The species
und varieties of trees and plants amount to about 8000/

THZ HUDSON RIVER.

lit eighteen
QO 42' 40"

inn may be

Manhattan

lo Lung Ittl''

Ifork, 19 the
30ut 49,000
ir, pure wa-
nger should
jrries to any
ia-^tieet, on

I fine lecture
Society, City
rd, one mile
e i» the Na-'
listory, &c<
Brooklyn, is
i a fine view
is Cove, the
ng Island in

ferry. Fort
jrt Lafayette
aten Island,

The excur-'
iry pleasant.
Ifour o'clock
view of the
Including the
small, but)
ily strangers
flowers and
le useful and
13 first esta"

ints in pots f

[The species

about 8000^

which Is considered the most numerous collection in Ame-
rica. Tlio proj)riotor exert:* hinisclf to obtain all the na-
tive productions, us well as all interesiing exotics, and for
j«pccimens forwarded to him he otl'ers Ui make satisfactory
returns from his own collection. Thompson's History of
Long Island, and the Picture of Now-Vork will bo inte-
resting to trovellers of taste.

Hath, Uockaway, and Gravesend, on Long Island,
and L()N(J Branch, in New-Jersey, fine situations on the
Beacoast, arc among the most attractive for buihing, &c.

Orangk Springs, near Newark, and Scholey's
Mountain, are resorts during the warm seasons, particu-
larly fi)r visiters from New-York. The situations are very
pleasant, in variegated tracts of country, and afford a most
agreeable retreat, with fine air and good accommodations.

PASSAGE UP THE HUDSON RIVER.

On leaving New-York, the traveller finds himself in
the midst of a fine and varied scene. The battery lies
behind him, with Governor's Island and Castle Williams
projecting beyond ; still more distant opens the p ..sage
called the Narrows, with Stalen Island on the right, lead-
ing to Sandy Hook and the Atlantic Ocean, which is 22
miles from the city. On the west side of the bay are
Bedlow and Gibbet Islands, with fortifications ; the point
at the mouth of the Hudson is Powles' Hook, on which
stands a neat town in New-Jersey called Jersey City ;
and the village of Hoboken is seen a mile or more up the
river. The hills of Wehawken appear beyond: as the
boat moves rapidly on, it passes the crowded line of build-
ings in Washington-street, the Ep scopal Seminary, and,
at a greater distance, the Blind Institution.

At Wehawken, under a ledge oi rocks facing the river,
and about the distance of three miles from the city, is the
spot where General Alexander Hamilton fell in a duel with
Colonel Burr. This v as the common duelling ground for
combatants from this city, and many lives were afterwards
lost on the fatal spot.

The Pal IS ado Ks — a remarkable range of precipices
of trap rock, which begin near this place, extend up the
rirer on the west side twenty miles, to Tappan, and form

FORT WASHIKdTOlt.

.1' i

n 8in<^u1ar, and in muny places an impaflsablc boundary.
In some placns an old red aands^tone foundation is seen
bolow : but the great mass of the rocks presents the mu-
ral precipices of the trap formation, and rises fn)m thte
heijifht of 15 or 20 feet to 500 or 550. On the opposite side li
Yorkville, and the route of the tmfinished Croion Aqueduct.

The Lunatic Asylum, about seven miles from the city,
is a larj^e building of hewn stone, occupying a command-
ing situation.

Harlkm Heights are a short distance further. They
form an elevated ridg^o across Manhattan Island, on which
a line of fortifications was thrown up during the Revolu-
tion and the late war, quite over to the East river.

Fort Lee, on the west side of the river, is situated on
the brow of the Palisadoes, more than 300 feet above the
river. A village of the same name is near.

Fort Washington was a fortress on the top of a high
rounded hill, on the east side of the river, 12 miles from
New-York. In October, 1776, when Gen. Washington
had evacuated the city, and, subsequently to the battle
of While Plains, (for which see just beyond,) had drawn
off his army to Fort Lee, Fort Washington was kept gar-
risoned, contrary to his advice, and was attacked in four
divisions. The Hessians and Waldeckers, under Gen.
Knyphausen, went up the hill on the north side; Gen.
Matthews on the east, with the English light infantry and
guards, intended against the intrenchmenta, which reach-
ed almost to the East river. Col. Sterling made a feint of
crossing that river lower down, while Lord Percy with a
very strong corps was to operate against the western flank.

The Hessians suffered much from the riflemen in pass-
ing a swamp, but succeeded, with the other divisions, in
driving the Americans into this fort, where they all sur-
rendered, to the number of 2C00 men, including militia.
They had lost very few; but the British lost about 800.

Fort Lee was immediately evacuated ; but the British
crossed so speedily at Dobbs's Ferry, that they took the
artillery, military stores, baggage, and tents of the Ameri-
can army.

Battlk of Whitb Plains. In October, 1776, soon
after the American troops had evacuated New-York, while
General Washington had his army assembled at Kingi-

ible boundary,
dntion h seen
psonts the mu-
'ises from ihte
ijppMsitesideis
Hon Aqueduct.
I from the city,
g a cornmatid-

unher. They
and, on which
ig the Revolu-

river.

is situated on
feet above the

top of a high

12 miles from

Washington

to the battle

,) had drawn

vas kept gar-

icked in four

under Gen.

side; Gen.

infantry and

which reach -

de a feint of

Vrcy with a

'Stern flank.

len in pass-

ivisions, in

ley ail sur-

"ng militia.

)ut 800.

the British

y took the

the Ameri-

776, soon

ork, while

at Kingf-

861

i r

HEW-YORK TO ALBANY.

bridge, and the British were in possession of the island up
as far as Harlem, General Howe went up the East river,
with an intention of surrounding the Americans. He left
his German corps at New-Rochello, and marched for the
high ground at White Plains, several miles east of the
Hudson, to seize the interior road between the city and
Connecticut.

Washington penetrated his design, and entrenche i him-
fielf on the west side of the small river Bronx, with his
right on Valentine's hill, and his left on White Plains.
He had garrison? near Harlem, at Kingsbridge, and Fort
Washington. Skirmishes were kept up till th'3 British
approached very near ; when Washington assembled all
his troops in a strong camp on the heights near the plains,
with the Bronx in front and on the right flank, and a
mountainous region in the rear. I'he right was more ac-
cessible; and General M'Dougal was sent to entrench
himself on a mountain about a mile in front.

On the morning of October 28th, the Biitish advanced
in two columns : the right led by Clinton, and the left by
Gen. Heister. The former took post on the Mamaroneck
road, and the latter on the Bronx,— ^the armies h «ing a mile
distant. Col. Ralle, with a Hessian regiment, fell u^on
Gen. M'Dougal in flank, while Leslie attacked him in front
with a brigade. The miiiiia soon fled, but the regular
troops resisted until overpowered. Washington, therefore,
retired to North Castle ; and soon after, securing the bridge
over the Croton, and Peekskill, crossed the Hudson.

Fort Independence, on the east side. Opposite, the
Palisadoes are of still greater height.

Dobb's Ferry, 10 miles farther Tappan Bay is from
three to five miles wide, eight or nine in length. Haver-
straw Bay, still larger, lies just above.

Tappan, 25 miles from New-York. Here Major An-
dre was executed, after a short imprisonment. Here
will begin the New-York and Erie Railroad, which is to
extend through Goshen, Deposit, Binghampton, Owego,
Elmira, Corning, Hornellsville, and Clean, to Dunkirk
on Lake Erie, 457 miles. It is thought that the whole
distance from New York to Dunkirk, by a branch from
the Harlem railroad, will be only 475 miles, and that it
will cost but $6,000,000. Two branches are in operation,

!? »

i.V

f i

»:■

. I E. J

■■■■' i

Fl I I

;^; il

STATE PRISON AT SINGS ING.

-viz. the Ithaca and Owego railroad, 29 miles ; and the
Corning and Blossburg, Pennsylvania, railroad, 40 miles.

Tarrytown, three and one half miles. This is the
place where Major Andre was stopped, returning from
his visit to Gen. Arnold, and on his way to the British
lines. The place was then neutral ground, as the Ameri-
cans and English lay encamped above and below. The
tree was recently standing under which his captors search-
ed him, and the bank near by concealed thent from his
view as he approached them.

The State PrUon at Singsing is in a quadrangle of
nearly 44 by 480ft. on the eastern shore, 33 miles from
New-York. It has a double stack of cells built back to
l)ack, four tiers high and 200 on each tier: in all 800.
J^ine feet distance is the outer wall, which supports a
gallery running all around; size of ttie cells, three feet six
inches by seven feet, and two feet door way. The whole
work was done by convicts, and a great pirt is of hewn
stone. The system is that of the Auburn prison.

The convicts are employed in quarrying marble from
the hill, and in other kinds of labour.

The Entrance of the Highlands, is a short distance
beyond this place, and 40 miles from New York This
is a region no less remarkable for the important military
events of which it has been the theatre, than for the
grandeur and nobleness of its natural scenery.

Stony Point The little rough promontory on the
left, nearly a mile below the entrance of the Highlands,
•was a fortified position during the American war. The
British took it from Gen. Wayne in 1778, but lost it again
the same year.

Verplanck's Point, on the opposite side, was also the
site of a fort.

FOHT MONTGOMERY AND FORT CLINTON,

five miles further, on the west.

These forts were taken by Sir Henry Clinton, or the
sixth of October, 1777. His object was to co-operate
with Gen Burgoyne, at that time closely watched by Gen.
Gates near Se-^toga, and to afford him an opportunity to
force his way to Hudson river, by effecting adiversicm in
im favour. For this purpose Sir H. Clinton had left New*

'->

JVi-r/ft

3 ; and thft
i, 40 miles.
fhis ia the
irning from
the British
the Ameri-
elow. The
(tors search-
jm from hi*

aadrangle of

miles from
uilt back to

in all 800.

supports a

hree feet six

The whole

is of hewn
on.
marble from

[lort distance
kfork This
ant military
ban for the

tory on the
Highlands,
war. The
lost it again

fSiS also the

JNTON,

iton, or the
co-operate

|hed by Gen.
)ortunity to
I i version in
left New-

//... ;,.

^ il

'W^

KEW-TORK TO ALBANY. Iv

York with 3 or 4,000 troops, embarked in the fleet, and
landed at Verphinck's Point. The next morning a detach-
ment was sent to Stony Point, and marched ronnd in
the rear of these forts, then under the command of Gen.
Putnam, and garrisoned by 1000 continental troops, part
of whom were unfit for duty, and a small number of
militia.

Gen. Putnam, apprised of the landing made at Vep-
planck's Point, and supposing the object of the expedition
to be Fort Independence, had crosised the river, and made
preparations to oppose them. He did not discover their
real intentions until he had heard the firing at forts Mont-
gomery and Clinton, which are near each other, and were
attacked at the same moment. The fighting began be-
tween four and five o'clock in the afternoon, and lasted-
til) dark, when the Americans having lost about 250 men,-
the forts were surrendered ; but all the garrison who were
able, about 450, effected their escape, with the governor
and his brother, len. James Clinton. The British pro-
ceeded to West Point, removed' the chain which had been
stretched across the river to prevent the passage of their
ships; and a part of the fleet, under Sir James Wallace,
went up to Kingston, with Gen. Vaughan and his troops.
Although they found the village defenceless, the officer's
ordered it to be burnt, on the l^lh of October. The Bri-
tish proceeded no further than that pi' ce ; for the news
of Burgoyne's surrender being received a few days after-
wards> the fleet returned to Nev/ York.

Anthony's Nose. This mountain (which has a pro-
file resembling the human face,) rises 1228 feet from the
river, directly opposite the mouth of Montgomery Creek,
looking down upon forts Montgomery and Clinton. Be-
hind the latt*'r is Bloody Pond, where the bodies of those
were thrown who were killed in the defence.

As the steamboat proceeds up the river, West Point
makes its appearance on the left hand, with the ruins of
Fort Putnam elevated on a commanding eminence, a little
beyond, 598 feet above the water level. Thi' view it com-
mands over this wild and mountainous neighbourhood, as
well as its connexion with our history, will render it wor-
thy of a visit. Therp are still three or four subterraneous
rooms to be seen, and the place is so often visited,, that

NEW-YORK TO ALBANY.

the path is plain, and leads to most of the principal objects
within it. This fortress commanded at once the river
above and below West Point, and the passage into a defi. .
which opens through the mountains westward. That de-
file was farther defended by numerous little batteries and
redoubts on the peaks around it.

Kosciusko's Retreat is near this place, and the spot
is still shown where he cultivated his little garden. A
monument erected to him, will be seen on the rocks.

West Point. This was a military position of great
consequence in the Revolutionary war. A battery was
erected on the extremity of the point, just over the river,
to command the channel, while a strong iron chain was
stretched across from the shore below, to the opposite
side. On the east side of the river is Cold Spring ,
behind it is the West Point Foundry. There is a tine
hotel on the point.

The Military Academy of the United States
is at West Point ; and a more delightful situation for
such an institution could hardly have been selected. It is
designed for the instruction of young men destined for the
army ; and secondarily for maintaining the military science
of the country. The Academy was established in 1802,
by Gen. Williams, and extends only to the instruction of
Cadets The number of pupils is confined to 250 ; and in
choosing from the applicants, the sons of revolutionary
officers are allowed the first claim, and those children of
officers of the last war whose fathers are dead, the next.
The law prohibits admission under 14 years of age.

The level on which the buildings of this institution are
erected, is 188 feet above the river, though it has the ap-
pearance of having once formed a part of its bed. The libra-
ry consists of a large and valuable collection of books, on
the various branches of military science, which have been
obtained with great assiduity and no small expense from
Europe.

The buildings belonging to the institution are five ; all
large, and built of stone. There are, besides, brick build-
ings for the officers and professors ; near the water, some
old military store houses, which contain arms, &c. used
in the revolution.
The course of study is completed in four years, each

being
c em

WEST POINT.

incipal objects
)nce the river
^e into a defi. >
ird. That de-
e batteries and

, and the spot
le garden. A
;he rocks,
ition of great
L battery was
ver the river,
on chain was
the opposite
yoid Spring,
lere is a line

TED States

situation for

lected. It is

3tined for the

litary science

led in 1802,

nstruction of

250 ; and in

evolutionary

B children of

d, the next.

age.

stifution are
has the ap-
. The libra-
3f books, on
h have been
pense from

tre five ; all
brick build-
k^ater, some
&c. used

^earS; each

being devoted to a c^ass; and inchidcs the French lan-
guage, drawing, natural and experimental philosophy,
c lemistry and mineralogy, geography, history, ethics, and
national law, mathematics in the highest branches, and
lastly, artillery and engineering.

Study concludes each day at four P. M. and is sue*
ceeded by the parade, wh^ch lasts till sunset.

Arnold's Treachery. In September, 1780, while
the British hold possession of Hudson river up to the bor-
ders of the Highlands, and Gen Arnold was in command
here, a correspondence was carried on by him with the
British officers, on the subject of surrendering his post
into their hands. To bring their designs to a conclusion,
it was determined that a meeting should be h'^id.

Andre was sent under cover of the night from the sloop
of war Vulture, which was then lying in Haverstraw Bay,
to a place which had been appointed for the conference,
A man by the name of Smith had been sent on board by
Arnold, under the pretence of negotiating about an ho-
nourable treaty with Great Britain; and he accompanied
Andre to the foot of a mountain called the Long Clove,
on the west side of the river. Here they found Gen. Ar-
nold in a dark grove of evergreen trees, according to ap-
pointment.

Daylight put it ou'„ of the power of Major Andre to-
pass in safety the posts at Verplanck's and Stony Points.
He was therefore obliged to retire to Smith's hoube,
and change his dress for a disguise.

Arrest of Major Andre. General Arnold had fur-
nished him with a pass under the name of John Anderson }
and on the following evening he set out by land, accom-
panied by Smith as a guide. They rode that night to
McKoy's after going eight or nine miles } and the next he
spent at Pine's Bridge, over Croton river. Here he
parted with Smith, and proceeded alone six miles, when,
as he had passed the American lines, and was approaching
those of the British, he was discovered by three men, wha
were concealed from him behind a bank ; and one of them
suddenly stepping from under a tree by the road side,
seized his horse by the bridle. They found in his boots a
description of the works at West Point, with returns of

NiW-TORK TO ALBANY.

all tho forcos of the garrison, in the hand- writing" of
Arnold.

This happened on the 23d of September. A messenger
was immediately sent to General Washington ; and, at
A.idre's request, Lieut. Col. Jamieson sent to Arnold
to inform him that Anderson was taken. The lat-
ter messenger arrived first ; and Arnold, as soon as ho
learned the truth, rushed down a very steep hank, sprang
into his boat, and ordered the rowers to take him on board
the Vulture.

His Execution. On the 29th of September a board of
officers was appointed for the trial of Major Andre, and
sentenced him to suffer death as a spy. Objections were
made to this sentence, on the ground that Andre had beer^
introduced into the American ramp under the passport of
one of our officers ; but the delivery of Arnold being mado
the condition of his release, and that being refused by
the British, he was kept in prison until the 2d of October,
when he was hung at the town of Tappan, where his body
was afterwards inteiTed.

A few years since the British government sent to this
country to obtain his remains, which were removed to
England, and placed in the family vault of the then Prince
Regent. In 1827, the corporation of New-York erected
a monument over the grave of Paolding, one of his captors.

At leaving West Point, the traveller will observe several
remarkably high mountains on both sidej of the river, for
which he is referred to the map. Putnam's Rock weis-
rolled from the top of Butter Hill, June 1778, by a party
of soldiers directed by Gen. Putnam.

Newburgh. This is a town of considerable &ize, six
miles beyond the Highlands, with some handsome build-
ings.

Newburgh is advantageously situated for the eye of one
approaching it, as it stands on the declivity of a hill which
slopes handsomely to the shore. Half a mile south of
the village is seen the old stone house in which Gen.
Washington had his head quarters when the celebrated'
" Newburgh Letters " were published.

Matteawan Factory, Fishkill. It stands near the-
river, and directly opposite Newburgh.

-writing of

. messenger
1 ', and, at
to A mold
The lat-
soon a» ho
ink, sprang
im on board

p a board of

Andre, and

'ctions were

re had beer^

passport of

being made

refused by

of October,

re his body

sent to this

removed to

then Prince

rk erected

his captors.

rve several

e river, for

Rock was

by a party

le aize, six
fome build-
eye of one
hill which
|e south of
/hich Gen.
celebrated'

Is near the'

CATSKILL MOUNTAINS.

.lollllSlllWII

1''0UGHKEEPSIE is a placfi of considerable importancp,
and is sifuiilod two miles east of \ho. river.

KrNOSTON. Here begins the Delaware md Hudson
canal, opened in 1827.

Saugerti£S. Here is a large manufacturing place es-
tablished by Henry BarcUlay, Ksq. of New York. By a
large stone dam on Ksopus creek is obtained a supply of
■water at a fall of nearly 50 feet, which may be twice used
on great wheels.

The Catskill Mountains. As the traveller proceeds,
he observe*! the distant ridge of the Catskill mountains.
They nowhere approach nearer to the river than eight
miles, and in some places retire 15 and even 20.

An excursion, to the summit of these mouritains may
very properly be ranged among the principal objects in
the great tour which we are just commencing. The visit
may be accomplished in one day, though two or three
may be agreeably spent in examining, at leisure, the grand
■and beautiful scenery of that romantic neighbourhood.
There is a large and commodious house of entertainment
erected at the Pine Orchard, one of the peaks of the moun-
tain, about 3,000 feet above the river. It is visible from
the steamboat, and the ascent to it is performed without
fatigue, in private carriages or a stagecoach.

The place to land for this excursion is Catskill, where
begins a turnpike road to Ithaca. Taking the stage-
coach here, you proceed towards the Pine Orchard, pass-
ing an inn at the distance of seven miles, and then begin-
ning the ascent, which is surmounted by a winding road,
that affords much wild scenery, and many a glimpse at
the surrounding country.* Five milet of such travelling
l)rings th '. visiter to

The Pine Oochard. This is a small plain, 3,000 feet
above the river, scattered with forest trees, and furnished
with an elegant house of great size, built for the accom-
modation of visiters. The Hudson is seen winding from
afar through its verdant valley, its margin adorned with
villages, and its surface enlivened with vessels of various
descriptions. Immediately below is seen a region of un-

* The forests of this mountainous region furnish immRnse
quantities of the bark used iu tanning leather; and many tan-
>ueries are in operation in this couotj.

r-i-

!-|

•! I !

18 THR CATSKILL MOUNTAINS.

cultivated monntaina, which is strikingly contrnstod with
tho charming nsprct of rnrtiiiiy that reigns boyond, and
presents uU ihc variety of hill and vale, town, hamlet and
cottage.

The Round Top is a summit of greater elevation to-
wards the south, from which the view is more extensive.
It is 3,718 feet above tho ocean.

Ojj the west side of the river is seen part of the counties
of Albany, (Tioene, Ulster and Orange; and on the ea^t,
part of Putnam county, and all of Dutchess, Columbia
and Rensselaer. The distant high land in the east be-
longs partly to TaughkannUc and Saddle Mountains in
Mussachusetts, and perhaps partly to the Green Moun-
tains in Vermont. Lower down is discovered a range of
hills in tho western counties of Connecticut. The eye
embraces a tract of country about 100 miles in length,
and 50 in breadth ; and a large part of it is supposed, by
geologists, to have formed the bed of a great lake in some
long past age, when the Hudson was thrown back by the
barrier presented at the Highlands, before tho present
chasm had been cut for its passage.

Nearly opposite is seen tl.ci old Livingston Manor,
which is one of the few great aristocratical estates exist-
ing in this part of the country. It originally contained
Clermont, (14,000 acres,) the Manor (146,000) and East
Camp or Palatine, (6,000.) This last was settled by
exiles from the Palatinate in the reign of Queen Anne.

The Cascades. West from the Mountain House a
path leads through the woods to the cascades, passing
near two small lakes, from wh'ch the supply of water is
derived.

The stream flows through the woods to where the level
termin ites, very abruptly, at a high and shelving preci-
pice, descending into a tremendous gorge between ridges
of gloomy mountains. The first fall is 175 feet, and the
second 80 : both perpendicular, without a single protrud-
ing rock to break the snow-white sheet.

A building is erected where refreshments may be ob-
tained ; and on the right is a steep path by which even
ladies may descend in safety to the foot of the falls.

Thelre is a cavern under the first cataract, where the
shelving rock shelters the stranger from the spray, and

1 ,

CITY OF AtnAItY.

throws ft (lark shiidn nrnund him, which sctii off, in the
most, bofiutifiil mannf'r, iho wild scenery below. The
cavern i;* f'onned by the wearing away of the sandstone
rocks, while the stratum of grawacke remains unim-
pair(>d.

At a little distance the stream takes its second leap
into a dark abys^ ; and from a rock at that place, it is
seen runhing tiimultuously along over a steep and focky
channel, winding between the bases of the mountains
iintil it gradually sweeps away toward the south, and dia*
appears among the rude scenery that surrounds it.

After gratifying his curiosity and taste with scenes
like those, the traveller will return to Catskill to take
the next steamboat; and by making the necessary ar-
rangements, he can proceed up the river with very little
delay.

The City or Hudson, .5J miles above Catskill. This
is one of the largest and most important towns on the
river, and occupies a commanding eminence on the east-
ern bank, with several ranges of large stores built near
the water's level. On the brow of the ascent from
the water is a favourite promenade, from which a
charming view is enjoyed of the river and the opposite
Catskill mountains. The western shore is variegated
and beautiful, and contains the village of Athens.

The railroad leads from Hudson to West Stockbridge,
Mass.

The Union road to New-Lebanon is a good one, and
passes tlirough a varied, well cultivated and agreeable
tra't of country.

There are extensive manufactories in this vicinity.

Claverack is a pleasant village a few miles from Hud-
son.

The Great Falls is a romantic cascade about nine miles
from Hudson, near the old post route.

ALBANY, 145 miles from New-York.

Routes from Albany. Stagecoaches run daily
towards all the four cardinal points ; and six or eight fre-
quently set off in the same direction. Indeed the num-
ber is often much greater than this when the full crowd

LKBANON SPUlNGfl.

, ■■ii

■\

of travellers is pressi.g towards this city. By steady
travelling, you may go to Bufiulo in three days, 296
miles. Two or three steamboats go daily to New-York ;
and boats go on the canal. The circuit and delays occa-
sioned by the locks, make the passage to Schenectady
consume a whole day The freight boats of the Trans-
portation Companies are very numerous, and have been
fitted up very comfortably for passengers, and convey
them at a less price than the regular packets. For the
route to Niagara, see page 32. For other routes, &c.
see itidex.

The Capitol, or State House, occupies a commanding;
position at the head of State-street, and contains the
Assembly and Senate Chambers, the Supreme Court, the
County Court, &c. &c. It is 115 feet in length, 90 in
breadth, and 50 high. On the opposite side of the river
is Greenbush, famous for more than a century as a canton-
ment ; and the deserted lines of eutrenchment are clearly
seen from the State House. This is the tirstpoint worthy
of notice, connected with the colonial wars against Can-
ada. At Greenbush, the troops supplied in quotas by the
eastern colonies, used to meet those of New Yoik; and
hence they proceeded, under commanders appointed by
the British government, against their enemies m the
north.

The Academy and Female Institute are large in-
Btitutions for the higher branches of education.

LEBANON SPRINGS, 26 miles east from Albany.

New-Lebanon Springs is one of the most delightful
resoits for strangers, in point of situation, being in this
respect incomparably superior to either of the great
watering places, Saratoga and Ballston. Among all the
places which might have been selected for an agreeable
residence in the warm seasons, and calculated to please
a taste for the softer beauties of nature, none perhaps
could have been found more eligible than that we are
about to describe.

The village of New-Lebanon is situated in a little
valley, surrounded by fine hills, or rather spurs from
two ranges of high ground, descending with a rich and

LEBANON 8PRIKGS.

By steady
I days, 296

New-York ;
deluys occa-
Schenectady
r the Trans-
d have been
and convey
,8. For the

routes, &c*

3onimanding

contains the

e Court, the

length, 90 in

5 of the river

as a canton-

t are clearly

point worthy

against Can-

uotas by the

V Yoik; and

ppointed by

nies in the

•e large in*

n Albany.

jt delightful
3ing in this

the great
long all the
n agreeable
d to please
ne perhaps

at we are

in a little
[spurs from
la rich and

graceful slope on every side to its borders. The valley is
almost a perfect level, which contrasts agreeably with the
bold sides of the uplands, son^e of which are divested
of their forests, and ornamented with cultivated fields and
farms, preswiting a rich variety to the eye wherever it
turns.

On the side of a hill about two miles east fi*om the
village, and about half way to the summit of the ridge,
issues out a Spring of clear warm water, which, although
pO;ses3ed of no strong mineral qualities, has given the
place its celebrity ; and there stands a fine and spacious
hotel, to which the visiter will direct his course.

In corning from the west, the Shaker Village opens
just beyond the last turnpike gate ; and on approaching
the hotel, it is better to take the road which turns off to
the right, as the direct road up the hill is very steep and
laborious

A little arbour will be observed on the acclivity of the
hill above the house, the path to which lies through the
garden ; and there an uninterrupted view will be enjoyed
over the surrounding landscape. A still more exten-
sive one may be obtained from the summit of the hill,
by following the road for a considerable distance up, and
then turning off into the fields. But the former point
of view will be most frequently taken by visiters, on
account of the facility of access. On the southeast is
the road to Northampton; southwest, the most exten-
sive scene, and the road to the Shaker Village ; west,
villaffe of New-Lebanon, and road to Albany and Troy;
northwest, the side of a fine sloping hill, well cultivated,
and near at hand.

Distances. — To Albany, 26 miles ; Troy, 27. To Hart-
ford, 69, Hudson, 28.

The waters of the Spring are abundant, and much
esteemed for bathing, always keeping the temperature
of 72^ Fahrenheit, although they cannot be supposed to
possess any mineral virtues, as may be inferred from an
examination of the following analysis given by Dr. Meade,
and quoted by Professor Silliman: Two quarts of the
Lebanon water contain

■ : ( •

tEBANON SfftlNOJ.

'II

':|

Mariatc of Hmo, 1 grain.
Muriate of soda, 1^
Sulphate of limo, 1^
Carbonate of do. ^

Of Aeriform Pluids*

Nitrogen gas, 13 cubic itit
Atmospheric air, 8 do.

5 grains. 21

The Lebanon water is therefore purer than most natU'
ral waters, and purer than those in the vicinity, which
flow from the same hill. It resembles very much the
Buxton water in England, though it is not quite so
Warm; and the Bristol water is another example of tepid
water almost entirely without mineral qualities. Pro^
fessor Silliman compares the scenefy about Lebanon
Springs to that of Bath in England.

The liouse at the Springs is very large, commodious
and elegant ; and has accommodated 300 persons at one
time. It stands close by the spring, and is furnished
With baths supplied with the water. The old house mea-
sures 90 feet, and the new one 120 feet long. They stand
in the form of an L, with a fine piazza runs along them
both, measuring 220 feet.

From New-Leban'»n Springs to Troy, there is a very
good road, through a variegated country. Distances as
follows: to Nassau, 16 miles; thence to Troy, 11.

From the Springs to Hudson is 28 miles, and a stage-
coach goes thither. The following is a table of distances
on the road to Boston :

Pittsfield 7 miles, Hinsdale 9, Peru 4, Worthington 6,
Chesterfield 6, Northampton 13, Hadley 3, Amherst
4, Belchertovvn 7, Ware 6, Western 8, Brookfield 6,
Spencer 7, Leicester 11, Worcester 6, Framingham 10,
Boston 21 — 134.

The Shaker Village, a few miles from the Springs,
is an an object of attention to most visiters. The village
itself presents a scene of great neatness and beauty, as
it is situated on a beautiful level, and laid out with the
utmost regularity Ihe fields are divided by right lines,
fenced with the most substantial materials, and cultivated
with great faithfulness and skill. It is a leading principle
with the society, to allow of no private property ; all the
possessions of those who join them are thrown into the
common stocky and submitted at onco to their peculiar

CITY OF ALBANY.

i cubic Wi
i do.

most natU"
iniiy, which
y much the
ot quite so
I pie of tepid
lities. Pro^
tut Lebanon

commodious
rsons at one
is furnished
\ house mea-
They stand
, along them

?re is a very
istances a»
11.

nd a stage-
of distances

)rthington 6,

3, Amherst

irookfield 6,

lingham 10,

the Springs,
The village
beauty, as

lut with the
right lines,

[d cultivated

|ng principle
;rty ; all the
'11 into the

leir peculiar

«ystem of life and government. Celibacy they insist upon
as indispensable ; and they profess to banish the love of
wealth and ambition, as well as luxury in all its degrees,
from all their territories.

The founder of their sect was Ann Lee, who came from
England some years ago, and established a small *' fam-
ily," as they call it, which has been suixeeded by
various similar institutions in different parts of the
country. They regard that woman as nearly equal to
the Saviour of the world ; and themselves as the only
persons who have received that spiritual light which is ne-
cessary to understand and practise the duty of man, that
is, to renounce the pleasures of the world, and, by a life
of self-denial, present a living testimony against error and
wickedness. Their dress is ])lain, and their worship con-
sists principally in a strange and disagreeable kind of
dancing, whence they have their name, accompanied with
a monotonous song.

Some of their most experienced and perfect members,
pretend to ** speak with tongues," heal diseases with
a touch of the hand, and perform other miracles like
the apostles. They consider the marriage contract as
dissolved on joining the society.

They pay great attention to the raising of garden seeds
in most of their villages, as well as to several of the neat-
er branches of manufacture, and derive from both a very
handsome income, by making sales at home and in differ-
ent parts of the country. Whoever has an opportunity to
see this singular people, will probably feel gratified with
their neatness, industry, and economy, but will perhaps
leave the place with pity for some, and suspicion of others.

The original settlement or family, is at Niscayuna, above
Albany.

ALBANY.

The Albany Basin. The northern and western ca-
nals unite at the distance of 8| miles from Albany, and
terminate here, at a large basin, 4000 feet long. It has
two or three handsome bridges, one with a draw to allow
a passage for sloops, which leads from the foot of State-
street. The pier which encloses the basin on the river
fiide, is built of logs, and wide enough for a spacious

l%:.l

.mi k 1

ROUTES FROM ALBANT.

li-

streot. It is a place of depo3it for vast quantities of
lumber.

NORTH ROUTE FROM ALBANY.

,'if

. .: '

From Albany to Ballston and Saratoga Springs, the
traveller may take the railroad route throuo^h Schenecta-
dy, or ride to Troy, and take the railroad thence through
•Lansingburgh nnd Waterford, which joins the latter at
Bullston. For Luke Champlain, take a canal packet at
Trf)y.

For the west, a series of railroads to Buffalo is partly
finished as far as Cariandaigua, 250^ miles. These are
under different companies. At the other extremity of
the line the Buffalo and Rochester railroad is in use to Ba-
tavia, 32 miles.

Description of a Canal Packet Boat, The length is
60 or 70 feet, a large part of which is devoted to the din-
ing room, where two rows of tables are set. At night,
mattresses are s?pread on the seats each side, and another
row above them on cots suspended from the roof. The
ladies are accommodated with berths in the cabin, which
is usually carpeted, hung with curtains, and in other re-
spects more handsomely furnished.

A small library, a number of newspapers, &c. will
serve to make the time pass agreeably, even if the travel-
ler be a stranger, or the weather not inviting. In many
places, the view from the deck is highly interesting ; but
it cannot be too often recommended to the stranger to be-
ware of standing on deck when approaching a bridge, and
never to expose the head or hands out of a window.

Rensselaerwyck. a fine estate with its respectable old
mansion house, about a mile north of t!je centre of Albany
is worthy of particular observation, as the seat of the late
Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer ; who bore the respected old
Dutch title of Patroon of Albany. The estate is of im-
mense value, extending ten miles along ihe river, and
double that distance east and west ; emoracing besides,
a fine tract on the Black river, &c. It was formerly en-
tailed, and secured by law to the oldest son of the family.

U. States Arsenal, 5 | miles, at Watervleit.

The i^round occupied by the arsenal extends from the

•,5

TROT.

2»

uantities of

Springs, the
Schetiecta-
nce through
he latter at
al packet at

lo is partly

These are

extremity of

in use to Ba-

rhe length is
■d to the din-
t. At night,

and another
! roof. The
cahin, which

in other re-

&c. will
if the travel-
In many
resting ; but
anger to be-
bridsje, and
ndow.
pectable old
e of Albany
It of the late
espected old
e is of im-
) river, and
;ing besides,
brmerly en-

the family,
eit.

s from the

•S

road near the river, back to the tow path of the canal.
The muskets are partly pucked in boxes, and partly ran<;od
upright, with fixed hnyrinets, in compact order ; and pre-
sent an appearance truly formidable. Thousands of pistols
are hun^ over head ; those in the alternate linos standing
different ways ; and swords with metallic scabbards are
disposed horizontally on wire hooks. The walls bear
several devices formed of swords, pistols, &c. inge-
niously arranged. This is the principal depot of arms and
equipments in the northern states.

The pajsngps and staircases are hung with drums, &c.
On the ground floor are a few pieces of artillery, ^.nd va-
rious sizes of shot, shells, &c. &c.

In the yard are two ranges of buildings. That on the
north is devoted to work shops for the repair of arms,
manufacturing locks, &c. The buildings on the south side
are occupied by smiths and curpei.tcrs. Behind these is
a handsome flower and fruit gaiden : the kitchen garden
being on the north side of the grounds.

lu the yard are a number of cannon, &c. There are 4
medium 12 pounders, one 24, and one howitzer, all taken
at Saratoga; 4 medium 12 pounders and one howitzer,
taken at Yorktown; two long antique pieces and one 8
inch mortar, taken at Stony Point ; two old I' rench 4
ponnders and 14 guns, sent by King Louis to the Conti-
nental Congress in the revolution. These are nil of bra^s
and most of them highly ornamented. The Firnch guns
presented by the king, bera each an individual name for-
"w ird, and the inscription •" Ultima ratio regum^^ — (the
]&L-i argument of kings.)

There are also 3 or 4 howitzers cast in New York and Phi-
iddelphiain the revolution, some of the oldest specimens of
Buch manufacture in this country. They bear the letters
U. C. for United Colonies.

Troy. On the opposite side of the river, is a very
handsome town, with fine hills in the rear, the most pro-
minent of which has received the name of Mount Ida, to-
correspond with the classic appellation of the place. —
There is a good horse ferry, which helps to render the town^
a great thoroughfare during tjie travelling season. The
Dam, Basin and Viaducts at Troy are expensive works.-
The railroad to Baiiston meets the Schenectady and.
Saratoga railroad.

■^i^W

■lif

TROT.

Sandy Lake is 10 miles southwest, Nassau 8 i.iore, vil
lagp of New-Lebanon 12 miles further, and Lebanon
Springs 2 moie.

On Mount Ida, tho hill east of Troy, is a fine succes-
sion of water falls, on two streams, the Poestenkill and
the Wynantskill. One of them has cut its way in some
places to a great depth, and takes three or four perpen-
dicular leaps at short intervals of only a few yards. The
road to New^Lebanon Springs leads near the place, which
is worthy of attention for its picturesque character.

Mount Ida. The view from the top of this hill, and
still more from the mountain behind it, is very extensive
and beautiful.

The Academy for young ladies Is a very respectable
institution — long directed by Mrs. Emma Willard.

Troy. Very fine packet boats ply on the canal from Troy
to Whitehall, letting out early in the morning, and arriv-
ing before night. This mode of travelling is recommend-
ed on account of convenience, and the good opportunity it
affords of viewing the battle-ground of Saratoga or
Behmis's Heights, the field of surrender, &c.

Hydroatatie Lock, In order to prevent fraud in the
collection of toll, one of these works has been constructed
at Troy. They are commonly called weigh-locks.

The chamber is on the same level with the canal, and
is filled from it by a paddle gate. On a level below the
chamber is a receptacle, into which the chamber can be
emptied ; and from this the water can be discharged.

After an empty boat has been once weighed, she \»
numbered, and her weight is registered at the several
hydrostatic locks.

The opportunity for looking around on every side is
much better enjoyed in a canal boat than in a stage-
coach, or even a private carriage, although it sometime*
happens, that the road commands more extensive views
than the canal. The immediate scene from the latter,
however, will usually be found the most agreeable ; for
a smooth sheet of water, with level and often grassy
banks, is a more pleasant sight than a long stretch of a
muddy or sandy highway. Besides, it is always free
from the inconvenience of dust, which frequently renders
the roadsin this part of the country extremely ur rcmfortable.

The Double Locks just below the junction of the iiOTrh''

REMARKS ON THE C4NAL.

' i.iore, vil
[ Lebanon

ne succes-
enkill and
ly in some
ur perpen-
irds. The
ace, which
ter.

is hill, and
^ extensive

•espectable
ird.

from Troy

and arriv-

ecommend-

portunity it

iratoga or

aud in the
:;on8tructed
cks.

canal, and
below the
iber can be
irged.

led, she is-
he several

ery side is
n a stage-
sometimes
isive views
the latter,
cable ; for
ten grassy
tretch of a;
ways free
tly renders
ymfortable.
i the norths

ern and western canals, arc built of marble from Westches*
ter county.

The Junction, 8^ miles from Albany, is where the
Northern and Western Canals meet and unite. To this
spot the canal has been of a greater width than either of
the branches will be found to be. The Northern Canal
runs to Whitehall, Lake Champlain, with locks, a dis-
tance of 63i miJes, passing through Waterford, Half-
moon, Stillwater, near Behmis's Heights, (14 miles from
Waterford,) with the battle-grounds of General Bur-
goyne, Fort Hardy, where he surrendered. Fort Miller,.
Fort Edward, and Fort Anne.

The Erie or Western Canal extends to Buffalo, on
Lake Erie, a distance of 362 miles. It has 8*) locks,
which raise and lower the water 688 feet in all. The-
principal points where the most labour and expense were
required, are the following:

The Basin at Albany, — the Dam and Basin at Troy, —
the Locks at the Cohoes Falls, — the two Aqueducts on
which the canal twice crosses the Mohawk, — the long
Stone Wall and Locks at Little Falls, together with the
beautiful Aqueduct for the Feeder at that place, — the
long stretch through the Onondaga Swamp, — the great
Embankment at Victor, where for two miles the boats
pass 72 feet above the level, — the Aqueduct over the Ge-
nesee at Rochester, — the five double combined locks at
Lockport,. and the long pier at Black Rock.

At the nine Locks, the road to Waterford leaves the
Erie Canal on the west, and the Champlain Canal on
the east ; and crosses the Mohawk River below the Co-
hoes Falls. There is a very fine view of the locks, the riv-
er, and the falls, from the road which runs along the south
bank of the river, 140 feet high, between it and the canal.

CoHoEs Falls. This is the great Cataract of the Mo-
hawk River. The height of the fall is 62 feet. The
banks are mere walls Qi stratified rock, rough, and some-
times hollowed out benoath, rising about 140 feet above th&
river for a great distance below the falls. At first view
the cataract appears almost as regular as a mill-dam ; but
on a nearer approach, the ledge of rocks over which the
water is precipitated is found extremely irregular and
broken, Many fine fish are caught at the br uom.

SCHINICTADY.

v;r

.;•

..l!

ScHENECTADt is One of the oldest settlements In the
state, having been occufiied as a little frontier fortress
before the year 1665, when it Was attacked by a party of
French and Indians from Canada, and burnt, and many
of the inhabitants murdered. This party was designed!
against the Five Nations ; but being much worn down with
travelling in the winter, they fell on Schenectady.

Union College is conspicuously situated a little out of
town. Dr Nott is president of this highly respectable
institution.

The traveller now enters a region of peculiar interest m
the history of the state, and indeed of the country. The
first settlement of Albany by the Dutch, (in 1610',) was
made with the intention of trading with the Iroquois, or
Five Nations of Indiars, who occupied the territory west
of it. These were stationed in the following order : the
Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, Onondagas and Senecas or
Onondowachwas as they called themselves. The French
in Canada often endeavoured to detach these tribes from
the Dutch, and subsequently from the English, but with-
out success.

They carried on a trade with the Dutch and the En-
glish, very valuable to the latter. In the French wars in
the first half of the last century, and stiU later, they aided
the English with scouts and soldiers, and' often suffered
severely for their faithfulness. In the Revolution, the
Americans wished to persuade them to remain neutral:
but some of them were drawn off to the British interest
by Sir John Johnson, who resided at Johnstown ; and thus
the region between Schenectady and the most distant part
of the state at that time settled by white men was, for
several years, ravaged by war. Bodies of Indians, led by
British officers, frequently came from Canada by forced
marches, and falling by surprise upon the settlements,
burned the buildings, carried off or destroyed' the pro-
perty, and killed* or captured the inhabitants. A line of
scattered villages then lying on and near the route of the
present railroads, roads and canals, several times suffered
in this manner; and the enemy often crossed that line,
and penetrated more than once as far as the Valley of
Wyoming in Pennsylvania.

Among the most melancholy eventi caused by war in-

lents in the
tier fortread
y a party of
, and many
as designed
down with
Iv.

little out of
respectable

r interest in

jntry. The

1610,) was

Iroquois, or

rritory west

order : the

Senecas or

rhe French

tribes front

1, but with-

,nd the En-
ich wars in
they aided
en suffered
lution, the
in neutral;
ish interest
I ; and thus
listant part

n was, for
ans, led by

by forced
5ttlement!»,
i' the pro-

A line of
)ute of the
33 suffered

that line,

Valley of

by war in*

. 1 si. ■■ < '

■im n

r»» ,1 t

.'»

)

l»y m
ants
furnisi
tliey
midiui
Alban]
the rnl
SchI
sideral
railri
may
this pi

ri*—iihwm.»i . III!

ROUTS TO NIAOARA.

tlw'9 part of the Union was the destruction of Scheneftndy
l>y the French and Indians m the yt'ar 1665. The inhabit^
ants were disatfectcd t»)ward8 the troops, who had beea
furnished them for protection, and were so secure that
they disreganiod all precautions, and, being attacked at
midnight, were easily overcome. Many of them tied to
Albany in great distress over the inhospitable plain which
the railroad crosses.

Schenectady, 15 miles from Albany, is a town of con-*
siderable size, at a point where the Krie Canal and the
railroad meet ihe Mohawk. Those who have leisure
may be pleased with the canal route between Albany and
this place, as it twice crosses the river on aqueducts, and
passes the Cohoes Falls, (70 feet high,) and a tine display
of nine double locks below it.

FROM SCHKNECTADY '.O VTICA.

By the Canal, 79^^ miles.
Rotterdam Flats - - 3 miles.

Flint Hill ... 8

Fort Hunter - - - 10

North of the canal, and on the bank of the Mohawk, is
the place where this little fort formerly stood. Like
most of the places of defence built in this state during the
revolution and the French wars, it was small, and fi;ted
only for resisting such little bands of enemies as used to
approach the settlements on this frontier.

Near this place is the site of an old fort of the Mohawk
Indians ; and there is still to be seen a chapel built by
Queen Anne, near the beginning of the last century, for
the use of that nation. It is known by the name of
Queen Anne's Chapel.

Tribe's Hill, (called by the corruption of the German
neighbours, Tripe's Hill,) is a fine eminence crossed by the
stage-road. On its summit was formerly the principal
fort and village of the Mohawks. This tribe, being tho
iTjiost eastern of* the Five Nations," was most known by
the Indians of New-England, whose bitter enemies they
■were. At the time when Massachusetts was first settled,
they governed the country as far east as Connecticut
Rivejr. The fort on this hill was once taken by surprise
by the French. The railroad lies at its base,

' \l

■' .t

lit

I J

!
I it

: ;

ill

SCHOHARIE CKEXK.

Schoharie Creek. 1 mile. Here is a collection of
several very interesting works, formed for the convenient
passage of boats across a broad and rapid stream. A
guard lock preserves the water in the canal from rising or
falling, and the current of the creek is set back by a dam
a little below, nearly to the same level. The dam is con-
structed in a manner best calculated to resist the pressure
of the current in floods, and when increased by the ice.
It has a bioad foundation and a narrow top ; and it is
built so as to present a-i angle against the middle of the
current. An ingenious invention has been devised for
drawing boats across the creek by machinery. A wheel
turned by a horbc moves a rope, which is stretched double
across, and is carried round a wheel on the other side;
a line attached to this draws the boats, they being kept in
their cou. c by another line, which slides upon a long rope
stretched cross the creek on the other side of the boats.

Ca!;(^hnawaga, 4§ miles. The village of Johnstown
is situated at the distance of four miles north of the
canal.** The railroad passes it.

* At Johnstown, on the road, are two f.ne houses, built of stone,
standing at the distance ofa mile from each oihei. They were
erected hy Sir VV illiam Joltnson and his family, as this tract
of country whs the place of his residence, and formed a part
•of his va.^t and valuable estate. There was originally a tliird
house, sintilariy built, aiul at the interval of another mile: but that
was consumed by ^rc. Cot. Guy Johnson, and Col. John Johnson,
(sons of Sir WMJam,) inh&liited two of them until the revolution-
ary war ; when, having attached themselves to the British inte-
rest, they removed into Canada, and their estates wereconfiscated.
Colonel John afterwards came down with a party of French and
Indians, attacked the town., and made prisoners many of his old
friends and neighbours.

Sir William Johnson, who make.s so conspicuous a figure in the
history of the state about the time of the French war, was born in
Ireland, in 1714, and in 1734 came to America, at the solicitation
of hirt uncle. Sir Peter Warren, who had acquired a large fstate
here through his wife Sir William became well acquainted with
the Indian language and manners, and acquired a greater influ-
<!nce over them than any other white man ever possessed He
rose from the station of a private soldier to the rank of a General
and commanded at Lake George in 1755. although, as will hereaf-
ter be seen, the title which he there received was redly merited
by Gen. Lyman. July 25, 1759, he tonk Fort Niagara, nnd iu
1769 went to join (ren. Amherst at Oswego, and assisted in the
•capture of Moutreal. He died aad was buried at bis seat July 7,

.Si,

■1 Jiit-!'{ >MS'

.-1 '<■ w!» -, ;»'

ilir^

' n ll

i r.

1 I

( '

'i''

ROUTE TO WIAOiRA*

Aktkopty's Nose, 7| milrs. This is a high and pro-
mitteiil hill, riding abruptly on the southern bank of the
river. On the top is a remarkable cavern, wh'oh extends
downwards to a great depth, with several apartments of
considerable size. Thia hill is represented in one of the
plates; but the view is taken from a spot west of it.
The spot is quite picturesque, and presents a remarkable
assemblage of interesting objects: t'le Mohawk River,
winding through a narrow valley, with the turnpike on
the north side, the canal and a country road on the south;
the whole enclosed bv rough and elevated hills.

There is every appearance of a rent m the hills having
been made by a strong current of water; and geologists
consider them as having originally been a barrier to a
great lake which was thus gradually drained.

Canajoharie Crkek and Village, 5 miles.

Fort Plain, 4 miles. Here is a sfnall village, belong-
ing to a town inhabited by the descendants of Germans.
It occupies the site of Old Fort Plain. The German lan-
guaijo, much corrupted, is spoken here.

This little fort was surprised by captain Butler in the
revolutionary war, on his returning from burning Cherr/
Valley ; and here he committed similar atrocities.

Dam on the River ^ and. Feeder for the Canals 4 miles.

The Mouth op East Canada Creek, on the opposite
side of the Mohawk. Near that place, Capt. Butler met
a violent death, soon after leaving Fort Plain, on his way
back to Oneida Lake and the Oswego. He had crossed
the river stimewheri below, and while lingering a little in
the rear of his troops, was overtaken near the mouth o(
the creek, by two Oneida Indians, in friendship with the
Americans Seeing them preparing to kill him, he begged
for his life; hut they only replied ^* Sherry Valley!''^ and
tomahawked Uim on the spot.

1T74, at the age of 60, very rich, in consequence of the inerAssad
Value of his exteusiv*' estate after the French war. This budd-
ing was erectRd in 1773, and stouds nearly a iliilo westward from
tha viliaga. Itii called the Hail.

7' ■' v'

tITTtX FA,LL9.

Mohawk Castle, 2 miles. This was the principal
defensive position of that famous nation of Indians, noW
entirely scattered and lost. Here is an old chapel erected
for their use.

Little Falls. The country presents a varied sur-
face, and increases in interest on approaching Little Falls,
which is the most romantic scene on the course of the
Erie Canal. On reachmg a little open me^'^dow surround'-
^\ by hills, where the views open upon cultivated fields
and a few farm houses, the Mohawk will be found flowing
below, on tlie right; while on the oppo'*te side, at the
foot of the hills and on the verge of the f>v est that covers
them, the great road is seen, after having been lost to the
view for a long lime. The road, river, canal, and railroad
meet again at the head of the valley ; for there is butone
passage, and that so narrow as hardly to afford room for
them all. This is a deep cut through a cham of lime-
stone and granite hills, doubtless torn away in some
former age by the force of water. If the chain were
again filled up it would throw the water back, and form
an immen^se lake, such as is supposed to have once ex^
isted west of this place, and which, by overflowing its
bounds, in process of time wore away the litncsrone stra-
ta> and cut deep into the hard granite, until a mere river
succeeded, and the fine alluvial plains above, called the
German Flats, were left dry.

The stranger should, by no means, neglect the view of
this place. If he reaches it early or late in a pleasant
day, particularly near the rising of the sun, the beauty of
the scene will be redoubled. On the north bank of the
rive-, the road climbs along the side of the rocks, where
there is baroly room for its passage A great part of the
way it is almost overhung by rocks and trees on one side,
while on the other is a precipice of granite, cut down by
the force of the water in perpendicular shafts, originally
formed by drills, made by loose stones whirled round in
the current. The same appearance e.xtends to the islands
and rocks in the channels, many of which appear quite
inaccessible, with their ragged and perpendicular sides
overhung by dark evergreens, whose shade seems the more
intense from its contrast with the white rapids and cas-

ROUTK TO NIAGARA.

principal
ms, noW
I erected

ried sur*
tie Falls,
36 of the
urround*
,ed fiplds
i flowing
le, at the
at covers
)st to the
j railroad
s butone
room for
of lime-
in some
lain were
and form
once ex-
iwing its
one stra-
lere river
silled the

B view of
pleasant
jeauty of
k of the
8, where
ft of the
>ne side,
own by
riginally
ound in
islands
r quite
|ar sides
be more
nd cas-

tades below. In some places the road is protected by
immende natural battlements, formed of massy rock-
which have been loosened from above, and planted them-
selves on the brow of the precipice.

On the south side of the river runs the canal, support^
cd by a wall 20 or 30 feet high, constructed at great ex-
pense, and rising from the very channel of the Mohawk.
The wildness of the surrounding scenery contrasts no
less with the artificial beauty of this noble work, than the
violence and tumult of the Mohawk, with the placid and
silent surface of the canal, or the calmness and security
with which the boats glide along the side of the moun-
tains.

The traveller in a boat may step on shore and walk
along the tow paths, as there are five more locks a
mile above. 7 he wishes to stop a few hours to view the
scene more at leisure, the village of Little Falls is only
half a mile from that place, where is a large and comfort-
able inn, with cars, boats and coaches passing very
frequently. If he intends to stay but a few hours, it is
recommended to him to have his baggage left at a little
tavern on the canal, where it can be readily transferred to
another vehicle.

The Aqueduct across the Mohawk is near the Glosks \
end is considered the most finished specimen of mason
work on the Ime of the canal, though much inferior in
size to that over the Genesee at Rochester. It conducts
a supply of water from the old canal, formerly built for
boats to pass the falls, and communicates also with a
large basin on the north bank. It passes the narrow
channel of the river with hree beautiful arches, which
are covered with a calcareous cement roughened by little
stalactites, formed by the water that continually drips
through the stones. Stones, twigs of trees, &c. on which
the water falls, are soon found incrusted with a similar
substance. The channel here shows part of the old lime-
stone strata, with the more durable granite rocks laid bare
below.

This neighbourhood is interesting to the geologist,
abounding in organic remains, &c. but the ordinary tra-
veller will be more pleased with specimens of the beauti-

^m'

r-.9 i } f

VttCk,

'! ,i;

^• i-

fill little rock-crystals, (quartz,) which are foand on (h«
hills about a mile distant from the village. They are per'
feet in thsir fornix terminating with two pyramids ; and
are so loosely imbedded in a sandy rock, aa to be washed
uut by the rains in considerable numbers.

There are mills of various kinds at this place.

On leaving Litilc Falls, the canal enterA upon a beau"
tiful meadow of hne soil, and a smooth surface; through
which the Mohawk winds in a placid and gentle current,
enclosed on each side by sloping hills. At the distance
of three miles we are in the level region called the Ger-'
man Flats, famous for its fertility. The inhabitants, wha
are almost all of German extraction, still preserve their
language, and many of the customs of their ancestors ;
and though often laborious and provident farmers, are
httle inclined to those improvements in learning or the
useful arts, which distinguish so large a portion of the
state. T^^e scenes presented along this part of the canal,
bear a resemblance to some of the meadows of the Con-
necticut, although of inferior size, and of more recent
settlement.

HiSHKiMBR. This village is situated about 7^ mile»
beyond, and a mile north of the canal, on a semicircular
plain ; the circumference of which is traced by the Mo-
hawk, and the diameter by the railroad. It derives it»
name from Gen. Herkimer, of whom there wiH be more to
say at Home.

The traveller may take a carriage here, to visit Trenton
Falls, and join the canal at Utica ; or go first from Utica<

The Long Level begins at Lock No 63, nearly six
miles west of Herkimer It is the longest reach on the
canal without any interruption by locks, extending to Sa-
lina, a distance of 69|| miles, 400 feet above tide.

Utica* This is one of the largest and most important
of the western towns Hotels , Bagg's, Canal Coffee-
House, Franklin, City Hotel, National. Public buildingSf
&c. 3 Batiks, 16 Churches, Female Institute, High
School, Academy, Reading Room, and Lilirary of the
Y. Men's Association, (open to strangers.) Lyceum, &c.

The streets are broad, straight and commodious ; and
the principal ones well built, with rows of brick stores^

ROUTE TO NIAGAi.*.

ire per-
ls ; and
washed

current,
iistance
he Ger^
Us, wha
ve their
cestors ;
lers, are
g or the
n of the
le canaly
.he Con-
i recent

f^ miles
icircular
the Mo-
;Fives it9
I more to

Trenton

Utica<

!aily six

|h on the

ig toSa«

iportant
Coffee-
lildingSf
le, High
|y of the
&c.
s; and
storear

•cwBlejrant dwelling houses. The bridge over the Mo-
hawk, is at the end of the street.

Hamilton College is situated near the village of
Clint )n, 9 miles from Utica.

Trenton Falls. This most interesting vicinity is
•well worthy the attention of every person of taste, being
justly considered, one of the finest natural scenes in this
part of the country.

From this house yoia descend a long stair case down
the steep bank of ihe West Canada Creek, which has cut
a frightful chasm through a rocky range, m some places
150 feet deep, and is seen gliding swiftly by throuj;\j a
declining channel below. The chasm continues for four
miles, and presents the greatest variety of cascades and
rapids, boiling ^ools and eddies. The passage or chasm
between the rocks is everywhere very narrow, and in
some places barely of sufficient breadth tti permit the
stream to pass; while the rocks rise perpendicularly on
each side, or sometimes even project a considerable dis-
tance over heaid, so that it has been often necessary to
form an artificial path by means of gunpowder. These
places appear dangerous, but only require a little caution
and presence of mind to insure \he safety of the visiter,
as strong iron chains are hxed into the rock to offer him
security. There are four principal cataracts, between
the staircase by which you first descend and the usual
limit of an excursion, 'A'hich is about a mile and a quar-
ter up the stream. The first of these you discover soon
after the first turning, and is about 40 feet high; with the
greatest fall towards the west The top of the rock on
the right side is 150 feet high by line measurement. The
second is a regular fall, much like a milldam, about 8
feet high; the third a remarkably striking and beautiful
one; and the fourth rather a succession of cascades, but
presents many most agreeable varieties.

Near the foot of this a melancholy accident occurred in
1827. A lady from New -York was drowned by slipping
from a low bank ; unseen, although her friends and parents
were near her. The ear is stunned by the foils, the rocks
■are slippery and great caution is recommended.

About a mile and a quarter from the house, is a small

FORT STANWIX.

building erected for the supply of refreshment ji. A singu-
lar species of tree is found in this neighbourhood, called
the white cedar, with drooping branches, which often
grow to such a length aa to descend far below the root,
towa,rds the water. The rocks here are all a dark lime-
stone, of p. very slaty structure, and contam at^tonishing
quantities of petrified marine shells and other animals of
an antediluvian date, such as Dilobitos, Trilobites, &c.

There are several other cataiacts besides those already
mentioned, both above and below ; and a stranger might
spend some time here very agreeably in observing them
fiit leisure, and in catching the fine trout with which the
creek abounds. The house is commodious, and has the
reputation of furnishing one of the best tables in this part
of the state.

From Utica to Syracuse, by the canal, 63| miles,
Whitestown 4, Oriskany village 7, Rome on the right 8,
Feeder from Wood Creek, and the old U. S. Arsenal 1,
Oneida Creek, 14, Lock 54, end of the long level 29, Sy-
racuse |. These places are noted in succession.

Whitestown is one of the most beautiful villages in this
part of the state, as well as the oldest settlement. All
this trac^ of country was a perfect wilderness in 1785,
when Mr. White, from Middletown, in Connecticut, first
took up his abode hero and lifted an axe against the forest.
The traveller may keep this in mind as he pursues his
journey, and the progress of civilization will appear more
astonishing.

Siege of Fort Stanwix. On the road from Whites-
town to Rome, is the spot where Gen. Herkimer sat down
under a tree after receiving his mortal wound. In 1777,
Gen. Burgoyne sent between 1500 and 1800 men, many of
them savages, under Baron St. Leger, from Montreal, by
Lake Ontario, to attack Fort Stanwix ; and then to go down
the Mohawk jto Albany. Early in August they arrived at
Fort Stanwix. Gen. Herkimer, commander ot the mihtia
of Tryon county, was sent against them with 800 men.
His men insisted on going on, to meet a detachment under
Sir J. Johnson, sent ont by St. Leger; but at the first shot
they fled. A few remained and fought, and Gen. H. wa»
mortally wounded. Congress voted a monument to hit
mtmory, but it has never been erected. Tho America^

ROUTE TO NIAGARA.

called
I often
le root,
I limc-
nishing
lals of

&c.
already

might
r thorn
lich the
has tho
his part

[ miles,

right 8,

jenal 1,

29, Sy-

s in thif
nt. All
n 1785,
ut, first
forest,
lues his
IT moT&

Whites-
at down
1777,
nany of
real, by
o down
rived at
mihtia
^ men.
it under
rst shot
H. wa»
to hi»
.ericftl;^

lost 160 killed, and 240 wounded and prisoners. [Two
miles below Fort Stnnwix the canal commences between
the Mohawk and Wood Creek.]

Fort Stanwix stood 60 or 80 rods N. E of the centre off
the village of Rome, with a deep ditch, three rows of pali-
sades, and a block house in the middle. It was drfended
against St. Leger, by Col. Ganzevoort Lieut. Col. Willet
drove him off by a sortie, and plundered the camp. He
was intercepted on his return, but cut his way through,
and returned without the loss of a man. VVhen Sir J.
Johnson returned from the battle with Gen. Herkimer,
the fortress was summoned, but refused to surrender ; and
Col. Willet and Lieut. Stockton left the fort to inform
the people towards Albany, of its situation. They crept
through the enemy's camp, and got to Gen. Schuyler's
head qtiarters nt Stillwater. Gen. Arnold volunteered to
relieve it; and frightened the besiegers by means of 'wo
emissaries, an Indian and a white man, who told such sto-
ries of the force of the Americans, that they left their
baggage and fled precipitately to Oneida Lake.

Onetda Castle. This is a village on the confines of
a tract of reserved land belonging to the Indians of the
Oneida nation. The principal residences of must of the
Indians in this part of the country were formerly fortified
iii a manner corresponding with their ideas of warfare,
end hence the name of castle attached to this village, ag
well as to several others, which we may have occasion to
apeak of further on.

The Oneidas were one of the original Five Nations,
which form so conspicuous a figure in the history of this
state, and whose power and influence, at the time of the
settlement of New- York and New-England, were extended
far and wide. They held the Dalawares in subjection in
Pennsylvania and Delaware; the Cherokees in South Ca-
rolina sought their friendship ; and all the country betweeti
the Hudson and Connecticut rivers was tributary to them.
They must have been at that time extremely numerous.
But since then their decreasie has been great ; for besides
the losses they have sustained in wars, and the diseases
brought upon them by civilized vices, many of their youn^
men have left their native country to go and join the tribe*

A
^1

inn

1 * V - j

4*?

SYRACUSE. SALT WORKS.

who Hf ill preserve some portion of their original habits and'
independence.

A mile east of Oneida Creek, r.. i' by the road sidci is
the ancient Council Ghove, wht all the public busi-
ness of the nation was for mi j years, transacted.
It is formed of fine butternut trees, which, in the summer
season, from a little dij»tance, present a beautiful and re-
gular mass of verdune. Towards the southeast from this
place is seen the Episcopal church, a building erected for
the use of the Indiana,

Syracuse. This place is no less remarkable for the
rapidity of its growth^ than for the peculiar advantages of
its situation. The great Salt Spring is only a mile and a
half distant ; and the water is raised 85 feet, and brought
in hollow logs to the salt vats, and at a very triflinff ex-
pense. These vats cover 400 acres at the western side of
the village, and are well worthy of a day's delay, as well
as the works at Salina,. Liverpool, and Geddesburgh.—
The vats are large pans made of wood, three or four inches
deep, raised a little from the ground, and placed in long
ranges, with a very gradual descent, to permit the salt wa-
ter to flow slowly along from one end to the other. Each
range of vats is supplied by a hollow log placed perpen-
dicularly in the ground ; and the constant action of the sun
evaporates the water, and leaves the salt to be deposited in
small cubical crystals at the bottom. The water is at first a
little thick, butgradually deposits its impurities; and the
lower vats always show a beautiful white crust, like the
purest snow.. Within 7 miles are 180 salt works.

Light wooden roofs are kept ready to slide over the
vats when the weather requires it ; and the salt is taken out
once in two or three diays, to be deposited in the store-
houses, which are built at regular distances.

Thence it is easily removgd to the canal, and then is
ready for transportation to any part of the country.

The Oswego Canal leaves the Erie canal at this place,,
and opens a direct communication with Lake Ontario.

The bank is used as a tow path a considerable distance.
The shores rise gradually to a height of 100 feet, with few
inhabitants and little cultivation. The locks and other
works are of the boat description,, and. very admiiabls
workmanship.

g .*i

Sal
})lace,
but coil
tween
by ma;
canal,
is that
clear id
or eighl
rows,
about tl
a large
quires (
The w?
of the b
and dep
A hollov
opening!
filling ih
boiling c
and is
but the
appcarar
room jus
There
in reserv
air passii
plied wit
in large
crystalliz
ether mo
The V;
rishing aj
it on th(
warmer s
hood is rr
terrible s
of many j
have beer
been grea
The bri
plied to

ROUTK TO NIAGARA.

Sai.ina is situated a mile and a half north from this
place, and should not be passed by unnoticed. A small
but convenient little packet-boat is continually plying be-
tween the two places, drawn by a single horse, and passes
by many salt manufactories, built on both sides of the
canal. The mode of evaporation generally adopted here,
is that of boiling ; and a brief description will convi^y a
clear idea of the process. Kach building contains sixteen
or eighteen large iron kettles, which are placed in two
rows, forming what is called ** a block. They stand
about three feet higher than the floor ; and under them is
a large furnace, which is heated with pine wood, and re-
quires constant attention to keep the water always boiling.
The water is drawn from a large reservoir at one end
of the building, after having been allowed to stand awhilo
and depo**it the impurities it has brought along with it.
A hollow log, with a pump at one end, and furnished with
openings against the kettles, is the only machine used in
filling them. The firstdeposit made by the water after tho
boiling commences, is a compound of several substances,
and is thrown away, under the name of " Bittern ;"
but the pure white salt, which soon after makes its
appearance, is carefully removed, and placed in a store-
room just at hand, ready for barrelling and the market.

There are large manufactories here, where salt is made
in reservoirs of an immense size, and evaporated by hot
air passing through them in large pipes. The pipe is sup-
plied with heat by a furnace below, and the salt is formed
in large loose masses, resembling half-thawed ice. The
crystallization also is different from that produced by the
ether modes, at least in secondary forms.

The Village of Salina is of considerable size and a flou-
rishing appearance. The extensive marshes which bound
it on the west are extremely unwholsome during the
warmer seasons of the year, and the whole neighbour-
hood is more or less infected with the fever and ague, that
terrible scourge, which has retarded so much the settlement
of many parts of the western country. Since the marshes
have been partiahy cleared and drained, the disease has
been greatly diminished.

The branch canal which runs through this village, is ap-
plied to other valuable purposes beside those of transpor-

SALINA. SALT WORKS.

tation. A sluice which draws off* a portion of the water
towards the marshos and the lake, is mado to turn sovoral
mill wlicc'ls in its course A forcing pump raises the wa-
ter of the «alt spring destined to supply the mannfactories
here and at Syracuse ; and a large open frame building
shows the spot from which all the kettles and the
pans of both these places derive their supplies : that
for the lattor being elevated to the height of 85 feet.

The Salt Spring itself will be viewed as a curiosity,
but in its present state presents no very remarkable ap-
pearance, as there is little commotion visible on the sur-
face, and the source would seem by no means equal to the
great draughts which are continually made upon it.

The Lake will be seen at the distance of about a mile.
It is six miles long and two broad, and must receive a con-
siderable quantity of salt water from the draining of the
marshes, as its banks are covered with saline plants. The
valley is surrounded by limestone hills, with petrifactions,
and gypsum is found in great quantities.

" The American Salt Formation" says Dr. Van
Rensselaer in his * Essay,' " extends over the continent
from the Alleghanies to the Pacific, between 31° and 45°
North Latitude. In this immense tract, rock salt has
been occasionally found ; but its locality is more generally
pointed out by brine springs." The salt springs in this state
are in the counties of Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Ontario,
Niagara, Genesee, Tompkins, Wayne, and Oneida, but this
is the most valuable on various accounts. During the year
ending August 1823, 606,463 bushels were manufactured
here. In 1800 there were only 42,754.

45 gallons of water makes a bushel of salt. At Nan-
tucket 350 gallons of sea water are required.

The foll/wing approximated analysis of the water of
this spring is given by Dr. Noyes of Hamilton College.
40 gallons, or 355 lbs. contain 56 lbs. of saline extract.

Pure Muriate of Soda, 51 lb. Carb. Lime, coloured by
oxyde ofiron, 6|J oz. Sulph. Lime, 2'lb. 4 oz. Muriate
Lime. 1 lb. 12| oz. and probably muriate magnesia, and
•ulph. soda.

From Syracuse to Rochester. Railroad.

By the canal, 99 miles. Weed's Basin 26 miles. —
A coach to Auburn, 8 miles for 50 cents. Urn. Monte*

he water
n several
I the wa-
ifactories
building
and the
ies: that
;et.

curiosity,
cuhle ap-
1 the sur-
uai to the
it.

t a mile,
ive a con-
ing of the
Its. The
rifactions,

Dr. Van

continent
p and 450
salt has

generally

this state
Ontario,
, but this
the year

ufactured

At Nan-
water of
Colleg©.

xtract.

>loured by
Muriate

lesia, and

lad.

miles. —
, Monte*

'/Hi' >

'.nn

i P- ^

( ir.v

. r- 1

N-'rth

't »

n .y '/'./ /.' / ()

spring

ROUTB TO NIAGARA.

zuma Salt Works. Here begin the Cayuga Marshes.
The canal across the marshes was constructed at a vast
expense. 35 m. Palmyra. Coach to Canandaigua, 13 m.
for 75 cents. The Great Embankment, 72 feet high,
extending 2 m.

Antiquities. In the towns of Onondaga, Camillua,
and Pompey, are the remains of ancient villages and forts,
of which a description will be found in Yates and Moul-
ton's History of the State, vol. I. p. 13. In Pompey
the form of a triangular enclosure is visible, with the
remains of something like circular or elliptical forts at
the corners, 8 miles apart, the whole including more
than 500 acres. De Witt Cj'ir.t'^n. tho laie Governor of
this state, in his memoir, read in 1817, before the Lit.
and Phil. Society, thinks the place was stormed on the
north line.

In Camillus is an elliptical fort on a high hiil, three
acres in extent, with a covered way, 10 rods long, to a
spring on the west and a gate towards the east. Another
is on a less elevation half a mile off, and half as large.
Sculls, pottery, and bits of brick have been picked up in
these placea. (There is a bed of Coal in Onondaga.)

'I . ^v

,j i'itt

ROCHESTER

Is the largest and most flourishing place in this part of
the state, being indeed the fourth in the state in point of
numbers. It is situated on the west side of Genesee
river, at the upper falls, where it is crossed by the canal;
and enjoys the finest advantages for water mills of all kinds,
from the convenient and abundant supply obtained from
the falls.

Hotels. Rochester House, Eagle, Mansion, Monroe,
Clinton and Arcade.

Rochester was first surveyed into lots in the year 1811,
the first settlement made in 1812, and it was not until the
latter part of the year 1814, that any considerable addition
was made to the number of inhabitants.

In the museum may be seen the remains of mammoths
dug up in this town and vicinity.

There are many fine dwellings, the court house. Arcade,
Athenaeum and Pagoda, gaol, market, 20 large flour milU

ROCHESTEK.

of Stone. There are three bridges over the Genescpf
eight canal basins, two dry docks, &c. The Broadway
bridge, 600 feet long, is a few yards above the aqueduct.

The water power belonging to this village and the
vicinity is equal to the power of 38,400 horses ; or, 1,920
steam engines of 20 horse power each. Therefore the
water power is worth (computing the cost of such en-
gines, as in England, at $8,880 each ; and the annual
expense of working at 222 dollars for each horse power,)
almost ten millions annually. The whole river supplies
20,000 cubic feet a minute ; and the combined height of
the falls at Rochester and Carthage is about 280 feet. A
fall of 12i cubic feet of water in a minute 20 feet, is equal
to the power of one horse.

The Aqueduct over the Genesee is one of the finest
works on the course of the canal, and is no less remark-
able fok' its usefulness than for its architectural beauty
and strength. It is borne across the river's channel, on
ten arches of hewn stone. The river dashes rapidly
along beneath, while boats, with goods and passengers,
glide safely above.

A feeder enters the canal on the east side of the river,
where sluices are also constructed for the supply of the
nurrorous manufactories built on the bank. Other
sluices are also dug on the west side^ where many other
mills are to be seen. The streets of the town are hand-
somely and regularly laid out, and seve-^1 of them are
very well built with store and dwelling houses of brick
and stone, and well flagged on the side-walks.

Falls. There is a fall in the Genesee of about 90
feet, near the northern extremity of the town, another
near it ; and a fine one at Carthage, which, with the
truly impressive scenery of the banks, is worthy of par-
ticulur attention. To vary the ride, it is recommended
to the stranger to go down on one side of the river, and
after viewing the cataract, cross the bridge a little above,
and return on the other.

Carthage. The fall here is very sudden, though not
in a single precipice. The descent is 70 feet in a few
yards. The cataract i.as evidently been retiring for ages»
as the deep gulf below tlie falls, with its high, perpen-
dicular and ragged banks, is sufficient testimony ; ami

Other
other
hand-

huni

been a

Hei

ROUTX TO NIlGARi.

the seclusion of the place, the solemn and sublime effect
of the scenery, redoubled by the roaring of the cataract,
combine to render it one of the most impressive scenes
in this part of the country. The precipices are walls of
secondary rocks, presenting their natural stratification,
and descending from the surrounding level, to a depth
of about tvi^o hundred feet. A singular vein of whitish
stone will be observed, cutting them horizontally, and
disappearing at the brink of the falls, which it has kept
at their present position ; its superior hardness, evident*
ly resisting the action of the water, for a much longer
time; and probably rendering the descent more perpendi*
cular than it would otherwise be. The rocks are over-
hung with thick forest trees, which, in some places, have
been able to find a narrow footing along the sides.

Here are the hutments of a bridge thrown over a few
years ago. It was 400 feet in length, and 250 above the
water: but stood only a short time, and then fell with a
tremendous crash, by its own weight. Foriunately no
person wp ^ crossing it at the time-— a lady and gentleman
had just bbfore passed, and safely reached the other side.

On account of the obstructions at the falls, navigation
is entirely interrupted here ; and all the communication
between the banks of the Genesee, as well as the canal,
and Lak« Ontario, is through Carthage. Merchandise is
raised up the bank, or lowered down, by means of an
inclined plane, very steep, where the descending weight
is made to raise a lighter one by its superior gravity.

Road from Rochester to Niagara Falls, 87 miles.

To Lockport, and thence a tcuilroad to the Falls,
To Carthage Falls

- 2 To Gaines
Parma - * - - - 9
Clarkson - . - - 7
Hartland - - - - 14
Sandy Creek - - - 7

... - 8

Oak Orchard - - - 7

Cambria - - - - - 11

Lewiston - - - - 15

Niagara Falls - - - 7

The principal objects on this road, are the Ridge, Lew-
iston on Niagara River, and the Tuscarora Village. Ni-
agara Village will bo seen if you do not cross into Cana-
da at Lewiston ; and Queenstown if you do. Lockport
may also be seen by leaving the stage road at Hartland,

L0CK?0R7.

54 mileB from Rochester, where a vehicle awaits th« arr '
rival of the coach, to lake travellera to Lockport, 7 miles.
It will be proper, however, to pay your passage only to
th?8 plice, if you determine to stop here.

Instead of going by land from Rochester^ it may be more
convenient to take passage in the canal boat to Lcckport ;
and there take the railroad.

The Ridge is a remarkable elevation, of little height,
and for the most part very narrow, extending a great
part of the distance from Rochester to Lewiston. It is
often perfectly level for several miles, and affords an ad-
mirable found.it on for the road, which has, in conse-
quence, b "m*} along its top.

The gro ' , \ p t •;ents a slope on esch side of the path,
peculiarly W; I'i ada.V'd for home log, gardens, and or-
chards; and the frequency and facility of transportation
give the inhabitants very manifest advantages. Somf*
well built, and even handsome houses will be observed,
which are still few indeed, but show that a good style ha«
actually been introduced.

Lockport. This is one of the interesting places on the
canal. Here is the noblest display of locks, two ranges,
made of fine hewn stone, being constructed against the
brow of the Mountain Ridge, where the foaming of the
waste water, the noise of mills, and the bustle of occupa-
tion excite many lively feelings. Above the locks the
Deep Cut offers a singular passage between high walls of
rocks.

Lockport is one of the most advantageous sites for
machinery on the canal, as all the water passes down
the mountain ridge, which the canal requires, for an ex-
tent of 135 miles : Tonawanta Creek being the only
feeder from Buffalo to the Seneca River. It is
down by passing round the double locks, and falls
feet into a large natural basin. The rocks are blasted out
to a depth of 60 feet. Within a few years, the spot has
heen changed from a wilderness to a village of several
hundred houses. It is 65 miles to Rochester, and 27 to
Buffalo.

Minerals,. The rocky stratum is a carbonate of lime,
containing organic remains: encrinites, enthrocites, &c.
&c. crystala of carb. lime, rhomboidal, dog-tooth spar,

brought
55

<-*

th« fff »

r miles.

only to

be more
Kjkport ;

; height^
a great
1. It is
s an ad-
n conse-

,he path,
and or-
jortation
Som^
)b8erved,
style ha«

es on the
3 ranges,
linst the
ig of the

occupa-
ocks the

walls of

8ites for

es down

or an ex-

le onlv

brought

falls 55

isted out

pot has

several

d 27 to

oflime,
les, &c.
;h spar,

'■?^

■t ) ,

!2 9R

of lini

8ul[)lll

•chttHCi

Tho
land
grated
last c(
wem
which
Thoy
many }
by the I
cuhiva

It vv

at this

of Niag

haps it

To tho

rccoinrr

ferenco

tish sifJ

both pi

hour of

a (iolla

and up

the falls

furnish

the cats

son. D

places 5

coa'',hes

To su

in this 1

to proce

thiit sid(

rally ac

The visi

Goat Is

Table Ji

ROUTE TO NIAGARA.

! 2 sided ; flu!\to of limo; boaiitiful crystals of siilphatr'
of lime ; -^'dph. of stroiitiaii ; pyiitc!*; .siilpliurot of zinc;
gul[»huret of lead. Colloclious of niiiiLTals may be pur-
■chased hore.

Tho TuscAUORA Rkskiivation is an oblonij tract of
land reaching within a niilo of Lcwiston. Thoy emi-
grated from North Caroliiia, near tho boginnini^ of tho
ladt century, at an inviiaiion from the Five Nalionn, and
were admitted on equal trrnis into thiiir confederacy,
whicli ha- since received tho name of tho Six Nations.
They have had a clergyman settled amont^ them for
many years, and Ciiristianity has biH^n voluntarily ad()j)ted
by liiem. Their village has some haiulsome and weK
cultivated farms, and a house built for pul)lic worship.

Hints to the Traveller at Lewiston.

It will be the intention of many strangers who arrive
at this place, to devote several days to viewing tlie Fall»
of Niagara, the battle grounds m the vicinity, and per-
haps in making short excursions in dift'erent directions.
To those who have leisure, such a course may well ho
recommended ; and it may be almost a matter of indif-
ference whether they first visit the American or the Bri-
tish side. Tho public accommodations are excellent at
both places, and the river may bo safely crossed at any
hour of the day, by a ferry, at the expense of about haif
a dollar, including tho transportation of luggage down
and up the steep banks. Staircases are erected near
the falls, on the Ijritish as well as the American side, to
furnish a convenient mode of descending to the foot of
the cataract, where the (charge is 25 cents for each per-
son. Durmg the pleasant seasons of tlie year, both
places are the resort of great throngs of visiters. Stage
coa'',hes also pass up and down on both sides every day.

To such^ however, as have but a short time to spend
in this neighbourhood, it may be strongly recommended
to proceed directly to the British side. The cataract on
that side is higher, broader, more unbroken, and gene-
rally acknowledged to be the noblest part of the scene.
The visiter may indeed see it to great advantage from
Goat Island, on the American side, but the view from
Table Rock, ono-ht by no means to be neglected. Th«

■io

fkLtS Of NIAGARA.

finest views from tho Icvol of the water below arc now af-
forded on l)Oth sides.

THK FALLS OF NIAGARA— /rom^Ac American tide.

The Iss or Hotel is n large building, and very well
kept and commodious.

On the American side a bridge crosses a frightful part
of the rapi(U to Bnth Island, juuI another thence to Goat
Island. I'art of a bridge rnimains, which extended to Ter-
rapin Rooks, and beyotul to the brow of tho cataract. By
it you may reach tlie Stone Tower, to the top of which a
winding staircase leads, aflording a most impressive view
of the awful scene below.

The Biddle Staircase, erected at the expense of Nicho-
las Biddle, Ksq. of rhiladelphia, leads from Iris Island to
tho bottom of the preripicc. You descend first stone
steps 40 feet, between stone walls, then by 88 steps under
a wooden cover, which brings you to three pathways with
stone steps, which conduct to the water's edge, whence
the view upward is most imposing.

Several picturesque and romantic avenues and rocky
recesses are to be seen at different parts of the river's
banks.

The height of the fall on this side is IGO feet perpen-
dicular, but somewhat broken in several places by the
projecting rocks. It extends 300 yards to a rock which
interrupts it on the brow of the precipice. A narrow
sheet appears beyond it, and then comes Goat Island,
with a mural precipice. Between this and the other
shore is the Grand Crescent, for which see a few pages
beyond. Tho long bridge to the island, which com*
mands many fine views of the falls, rests on wooden
piers sunk with stones.

The staircase conducts safely to the bottom of the pre-
cipice ; and boats may row up near to the cataract.

About two miles below the Falls, is a mineral sprinff,
said to contain sulphuric and muriatic acids, lime and
magnesia.

There is a ferry at Lewiston, which is about half a
mile across; but the current is strong on this side, and
Ihe eddy sets up with such force on the other, that a

hoat m
over,
is much
pools :
to niiina
vantage
rippli's n
ance ver
The ri
of a mor
ring ever
tho foot (

QUKEN

small tov

natural si

been the

The L

between

while Ge

he forme

before da;

barked hi"

under covi

coast were

some strei

lofty and \

Two or tl

brow, the

ing was efi

Americans

Gen. Broc

hastened t

was killed

in possessi

obliged to

The M

the British

of Gen. Bi

feet ; and i

sive, being

the eye em

of Lewistoi

DATTLE OP QUKENSTOWff.

now af*

an aide,
rcry well

tful part
to Goat

1 to Ter-

ict. By
which a

ivo view

)f Nicho-
[sland to
•St 8tone
p3 under
r'ays with
, whence

id rocky
lo river's

perpen-
\ by the
.k which
narrow
island,
le other
IV pages
;h corn-
wooden

jthe pre-

sprinff,
|me and

half a

|de, and

that a

hnat moves moro than double that (li-stnnro in goinij
over. The pussiigo is not dun^erous, akhcmjjh the water
is much agitated by counter cunt'iits and clum^inf; whirl-
pools : for the ferryrneu ur«.! iauijlit by their expcrierx'o
to niiuia^'e the boat with cavo, and not only to take ad-
vantage of the eurronts, Imt to avoid all the rough places,
rippleri and whirlpool.-.. Tlio banks liere liavo an ap[)ear-
ance very wild and striking.

The rocks nvo a dark red sandstone, with thin strata
of a more clay(!y character and a lighter colour, occur-
ring every few feet. The river is 104 feet lower than at
the foot of the falls.

QuEKNsTovvN, on liie Canada side of the river, is a
small town, uninterestini;, except so far as regards its
natural situation, and some martial events of which it has
been the theatre.

The Battle of Queeyisfoirn. During the last war
between the United States and Great Britain, in 1812,
while Gen. Van Rensselaer was stationed at Lewiston,
he formed the bold design of taking Que(?nstovvn ; and,
before daylight in the morning of October 13tn, he em-
barked his troo])s at the ferry, and passed over the river
under cover of a battery. As the accessible points on tho
coast were strictly watched, and defendtnl by butteries of
some strength, the plac" selected for the attack was the
lofty and precipitous bank jiisi above, about 300 feet high.
Two or three small I atteries bad been erected on the
brow, the remains of which are still visible ; but the land-
ing was eflected, the heights were surmounted, and the
Americans commenced a brisk action on the summit.
Gen. Brock, who was at a distance, hearing the guns,
hastened to the spot; but under a tree near the precipice
was killed by a chance stmt. The Americans remained
in possession of the heights a few hours, but were then
obliged to re-cross the river.

The Monvrnent to General Brock was raised by
the British government in the year 18l;24 ; and the remains
of Gen. Brock v M'e deposited there. Its height was 12G
feet; and the vir . from the base is very fine and exten-
sive, being 350 feet above the river. In clear weather
the eye embraces not only the river below, and the towns
0? Lewiston and Queenstown, but those of Newark and

I'S

i'tS

111

i'i

^ffl

Wml

Rivl

iy:

I-

i -

FALLS or NIAGARA.

Fort Niagara, at the entrance of Lake Ontario, Toronto
harbour, Youngstown, part of the route of the Welland
Canal, a vast level tract of country covered with an uni-
form forest, and the horizon formed by the distant lake
itself.

It has been lately blown up with gunpowder by some
unknown person. ,,

From Queenstown to Niagara Falls is seven miles,
over a level, sandy road.

The country between Niagara and Toronto, U. C. is con-
sidered the most beautiful, most fertile, and best culti-
vated part of the province.

The Whirlpool, sometimes called the Devij's Hole,
cannot be seen without leaving the road and going to
the bank. The rocks are about 300 feet above the wa-
ter; and during the late war 50 Americans were driven
off by a party of Indians, in the night, mistaking the
trees for the verge of a wood. One was saved by falUng
into a cedar.

A loiaurely walk the whole distance, near the river,
may please the admirer of nature; as the high and rocky
cliffs which form the banks on both sides present a con-
tinued succession of slrikmo: scenes.

Although the surface of the ground frequently indicates
the passage of water in some long past period, the whole
road is much elevated above the river, and owing to this
circumstance the traveller is disappointed at not getting a
sight of a cataract from a distance, as it remains conceal-
ed by the banks, until he has approached very near. It
frequently happens, also, that the roar of the cataract is
not perceived before reaching the inn, for the mtervening
bank intercepts the sound so much that the noise of the
wheels is sometimes sufficient to drown )t entirely. Yet,
strange as it may appear, the inhabitants declare, that at
the same time it may very piobably be heard on the shore
of Lake Ontario.

THE FALLS OF mAGARA— From the British side.

There are large Tnng and Hotels on the Canadian side
of the river, situated as near the falls as could be
desired. One stands on what ought strictly to be called

the upj
formed
gallerie
of the (
the rapi
Folio
syth's, I
of the 5
suddeni

TABr

tar p St, V
ocene.
vievv. '

174 feet
foam pre
a distp.n
from Ta
Island di
isolated
breadth !
the dista
ing rock
necfs Go
this spot
It ma
place as
bouring j
a differer
be seen,
that time
from the
beauty.

Dr. D^
vels, of t
of Niagai
and on ar
I'uns six 1
miles, the
more than
it to be 6,
would be

TADLE ROCK.

Toronto
kVelland
! an uni-
int Jake

by some

n miles,

'2. is con-
!St culti-

's Hole,
going to
the wa«
'e driven
king the
ay falling

the river,
nd rocky
it a con-
indicates
he whole
ig to this
getting a
conceal-
near. It
alaract is
ervening
se of the
Yet,
p, that at
the shore

tish side.

dian side
:ould be
be called

the upper bank, for that elevation appears to have once
formed the river's shore. This is the lar^'er house; the
galleries and windows in the rear command a fine view
of the cataract, although not an entire one, and overlook
the rapids and river for S3veral miles above.

Following a footpath thr*. jgh the pasture beliind For-
syth's, the stranger soo., finds himself on the steep brow
of the second hank, and the mighty cataract of Niagara
suddenly opens henealh him.

Tab' ;•- Rock is a projection a few yards from the ca-
tarP'.t, which commands a fmo view of this magnificent
ocene. Indeed it is usually considered the finest |)oint of
view. The height of the fall on this side is said to be
174 feet perpendicular; and this height the vast sheet of
foam preserves unbroken, quite round the Grand Crescent,
a distance, it is estimated of 700 yards. The distance
from Table Rock lo Termination Rock is 153 feet Goat
Island divides the ".at'Aract, and just beyond it stands an
isolated rock. ". c fall on the American side is in
breadth 900 feet, ti... height 160, and about two thirds
the distance to the bottom the sheet is broken by project-
ing rocks. A bridge built from the American side con-
nects Goat Island and the main land, though invisible from
this spot.

It may be recommended to the traveller to visit this
place as often as he can, and to view it from every neigh-
bouring point; as every change of light exhibits it under
a differetit and interesting aspect. The rainbows are to
be seen, from this side, only in the afternoon ; but at
that time the cloudj of mist, which are continually rising
from the gulf below, often present them in the utmost
beauty.

Dr. Dwight gives the following estimates, m his Tra-
vels, of the quantity of water which passes the cataract
of Niagara. The river at the ferry is 7 furlongs wide,
and on an average 25 feet deep. The current probably
I'uns six miles an hour; but supposing it to be only 5
miles, the quantity that passes the falls in an hour, is
more than 85 millions of tons avoirdupois ; if we suppose
it to be 6, it will be more than 102 millions ; and in a day
would be 2400 millions ol tons. The noise, it is said, is

mmv^^

>r'

tlAPlDS.

r r

[Mi: I

;^i

i:\

sometimes'heard at Toronto, 50 miles.^ Table Rock is 66
fed below the level of Lake Eric.

The Rapids begin about half a mile above the ca-
taract. The inhabitants of the neighbourhood regard it
as certain death to get once involved in them. Instances
are on record of persons being carried down by the
stream ; but no one is known to have ever s\irvived. In-
deed, it is very rare that the bodies are found. Wild
ducks, geese, &c. are frequently precipitated over the ca-
taract, and generally reappear cither dead or with their
legs or wingo broken.

The most sublime scene is presented to the observer
when he views the cataract from below; and there he
may have an opportunity of going under the cataract.
This scene is represented in the plate. To render the
descent practicable, a spiral staircase has been formed a
little way from Tab!? Rock, supported by a tall mast; and
the strancjer descends without fear, because his view is
confined. On reaching the bottom, a rough path among
the rocks winds alongat the foot of the precipice, although
the heaps of loose stones which have fallen down, keep it
at a considerable height al ove ihe water. A large rock
lies on the very brink of tht river, about 15 feet longr and
8 feet thick, which yon may climb up by means of a lad-
der, and enjoy the best central vitwof the falls anywhere
to be found. This rock was formerly a part of the pro-
jection above, and fell about 20 years ago, with a tremen-
dous ro?.r.

In proceeding nearer to the sheet of falling water, the
path leads far under the excavated bank, which in one
place forms a roof that overhangs about 40 feet. The
vast column of water continually pouring over the preci-
pice, produces violent whirls in the air; and the spray is
driven out with such force, that no one can approach to
the edcre of the cataract, or even stand a few moments
near it, without being dreriched to the skin. It is also
very difficult to breathe there, bo that persons with weak
lungs would act prudently to content themselves with a
distant view, and by no means to attempt to go under
the cataract. The celebrated navigator captain Basil
Hall, on a visit here in 1837, found that the air under

the cat

gusts
witness
tremen(
steps.

In tl
Michiga
rapids, v
of persf
number
deck, cc
ed the f
at the 3C
an instai
her awaj
the shoK
her nppe
the catar
ments th
ments, w
the only
The'E
falls, ancj
ver, is a
is warm,
gen gas,
ground,
barrel is
per tube,
of it, the
bright fla
While
vary ""'s t
Chippew{
ing the la
two sharf:

tish and
Ripley or
Chippewa

VALLS or NIAGARA.

the cataract is notjcompressed : but he considered the
gusts of wind more violent than any gab he had ever
witnessed. Those who are devsirous of exploring this
tremendous cavern, should attend very carefully to their
steps.

In the summer of 1827, an old schooner called the
Michigan, jWas lowed by a row Itoat to the margin of the
rapids, where she was abandoned to her fate. Thousands
of persons had assembled to witness the descent. A
number of wild animals had been inhumanly placed on her
deck, confined, to pass the cataract, with her. She pass-
ed the first fall of the rapide in safety, but struck a rock
at the second and lost her masts. There she remained
an instant, until the current turned her round and bore
her away. A bear here leaped overboard and swam to
the shore. The vessel soon filled and sank, so that only
her upper works were afterwards visible. She went over
the cataract almost without being seen, and in a few mo-
ments the basin was perceived all scattered with her frag-
ments, which were very small A cat and a goose were
the only animals found alive below.

The Burning Spring. About half a mile above the
falls, and within a few feet of the rapids in Niagara Ri-
ver, is a remarkable Burning Sprmg. The water, which
is warm, turbid, and surcharged with sul[)hiirated hydro-
gen gas, rises in a barrel which has been placed in the
ground, and is constantly in a state of ebullition. The
barrel is covered, and the gas escapes only through a cop-
per tube. On bringing a candle within a little distance
of it, the gas takes fire, and continues to burn with a
bright flame until blown out.

While on the Canada side of the falls, the visiter mav
vary ""^s time very agreeably, by visiting the village of
Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, in this vicinity ; which, dur-
ing the late war with Great Britain, were the scenes of
two sharp contests.

The Battle of Chippewa. In July, 1814, the Bri-
tish and American armies being near each other. General
Kipley ordered General Scott to make an advance on
Chippewa, on the 3d of July, with Captain Towton's di-

'Mil »''>'«• I

MmmM

'•'if

BAITLK OF CHiri'KVVA.

Mit

vision of artillery ; and the enemy's pickets

forct,.' to retire acn js the bridge. General J

up in tue afternoon and encamped with General Sc^i t'?

advance.

The stranger may be gratified by examining the field of
these operations, by gomg to Chippewa Village, about
two miles above Forsyth's. The American encampment
of July 23d, is in the rear of a tavern near the road, about
a mile beyond Chippewa,

On the 5th, after some sharp shooting, the Indians
were discovered almost in the rear of the American camp.
At this moment General Porter arrived with his volunteers*
arid Indians. General Brown immediately directed them
to enter the woods and effectually scour them. Gens.
Brown, Scott, and Kipley were at the white house, in
advance, reconnoitering. General!^ ter's corps had al-
most debouched from the woods opposite Chippewa, when
the whole British force had crossed the Chippewa Bridge,
ard General Scott advanced, and Gen. Kipley was in
readiness to support. In a few minutes the British tine
was discovered formed and rapidly advancing — their ri^ht
(the Royal Scots) upon the woods, and their left the
Prince Regent's) on the river, with the king's own for
their reserve. Their object was to gain the bridge across
the creek in front of tiie encampment, which would have
compelled the Americans to retire. Gen. Brown, fearing
a flank movement of the unemy through the woods on the
left, di-ected General Ripley not to advance until he gave
him orders. Meanwhile Qe r''al Scott, under a most
tremendous fire from the euerr ''a artillery, crossed the
bridge, and formed his line. The British orders were to
give one volley at a distance, and immediately charge.
But such was the warmth of our musquetry that they
could not withi^tand it. At this moment General Brown
sent orders to General Ripley to make a movement
through the woods upon the enemy's right flank. With
the 2l6t regiment he passed a ravine in hi? front, where
the men had to wado up to their chins, and advanced as
rapidly as possible. But before he commenced filing from
the woods into the open land under the enemy's batteries,

'^mmM

RATTLE a? !'. re iDGK WATER.

ield of

about

pment

, about

ndians
, camp,
jnteers*
d thetn
Gens.
(Use, in
had al-
i, when
Bridge,
was in
ish line
sir riuht
?ft the
twn for
' across
Id have
fearing
on ihe
He gave
most
ed the
were to
charge.
at they
Brown
vement
With
where
iced as
\g from
itteries,

ihry hs:! been completely broken by General Scott's bri-
gade, and threw themselves across the Chipp;.v. n linage,
which they broke down.

Although the Americans were not able to cross the
creek, the British thought proper to evacuate Chippewa
very precipitately, and to retreat towards Queenstown.

In this affair the British loss, in killed, wounded and
missing, was 514, and the American loss 328.

Nothing of importance occurred after this until the
2.3th of the same month, the date of

Tlie Battle of Bripgewatkr, or Lundy's Lane.
The principal scene of this hard-fought and bloody action
is about a mile from the Falls of Niagara, at an obscure
road, called Lundy'ii Lane. Since their retreat from
Chippewa, the enemy had received reinforcements of \
troops from Lord Wellmfrton's army in Spain ; and on
the *5th of July encamped on a hill, with the desiga of
attacking the American camp the next morning. At 6
in the evening, General Brown ordered General Scott to
advance and attack them, which was immediately done ;
and in conjunction with Genrral Ripley the attack was
commenced in an hour. The British were much surpris-
ed at seeing the approach of their enemy at this hour,
not having discovered them until they left the woods
and began to march across the open level fields seen
from Forsyth's Hotel, and about a quarter of a mile to the
left.

The following letter, written by a surgeon of one of
the American regin.ents, the day after the engagement,
contains some interesting particulars:

'* The enemy had collected their whole force in the
peninsula, and were reinforced by troops fron» Lord Wel-
lington's army, just landed from Kingston. For two
hours the two hostile lines were within twenty yards of
each other, and so frequently intermingled, that often an
officer would order an enemy's platoon. The moon shcne
bright ; but part of our men being dressed like the Glen-
garian regiment caused the deception. They frequently
charged, and were as often driven back Our regiment,
under Colonel Miller, was ordered to storm the British
battery. We charged, and took every piece of the ene-

-> ^"^ i

WKI.LAND CANAL.

t .

i,k

my's cannon. We kept possession of the grouna nnd
oannori until 12 o'clock at night, when we all fell )ack
more than two miles. This was done to secure our c imp,
which might otherwise have been attacked in the rear.
Our horses being most of them killed, and there oeing
no ropes to the pieces, vve got olf but two or three The
men wvire so excessively fatigued they could rot drag
them. We lost one piece of cannon, vvhitih v\as too
much advanced, every man being shot that had charge of
it, but two Several of our caissons were bk wt.^ ^'P hy
their rockets, which did some injury, and deprived our
cannon of ammunition. The lines were so near that can-
non could not be used wirh advaniage."

The British lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners,
878; and the Americans 860.

The VVelland canal begins near the mouth of Grand
River, Upper Canada, empties itself into Lake Erie,
about 10 miles from Niag-ara. It will admit the largest
ves>5els on the lakes, viz. those of 125 tons. Here is

Po7-i MaitUind, which is capable of receiving a number
of vessels such as navigate the Lake, for which the Canal
is calculated.

Grand River serves as a part of the navigable line for
a distance of 128 chains ; and then Broad Creek for 70
chains. The excavations theic commence, and the Canal
enters the

Maiiifiect Marsh. This is a tract of swnmpy land,
elevated only about 8 feet above the level of Lake Erie,
and extending from its shore to Wei land or Chippewa
River. The canal passps it by a thorough cut ten miles
long and varying from 10 to IG feet in depth, communi-
cating with many ponds and pools. It is a fact well esta-
blished by scientific surveyors, that only a narrow ledge
of rocks occurs between the two lakes, and that, if this
were removed, the soil is generally of so loose a nature,
that a oprrent of water might soon wear away a deep
channel (irain otT Lake Erie, and cause a tremendous
in-'ndatio!.. This barrier will be eeon at the Mountain
Ridge, ^m tho northern part of the Canal, where the de-
scent is above 300 feet. From Lake Erie to that place
the stranger will observe that he proceeds on an almost
uiiinter. '^pted level. The continuation of tlie Mountain

rXU.n OF NIAGARA.

"•_d

yc^

^«.

%'^

v*^

>"t»;

•k*

1 V-

U V.

, .*i

oeing
The

deep

PJdgc forms the Falls of Niagara, and the elevation
of ground at Lockport, surmounted by the noble
works at that place. It runs for many miles, presenting
towards the east an irreguLir line of precipice, with sali-
ent and re-entering angles, like an immense fortification.
Most of the streams which fall over it pour dov^^n the
favines thus formed.

The Wclland River, a very sluggish stream, is used
for 10 miles, benig entered by a lock of 8 feet lift, a tow-
ing path being formed along its bank.

On leaving Welliind iliver, the boats pass a ravine 66
chains in length, where the excavations arc 8 or 10 feet
deep.

The Deep Cut. Wo approach a part of the canal in
which the greatest labour and expense were required.
It extends 1 j miles, and required the excavation of 1,477,-
700 cubic yards of earth. The excavation is to an aver-
age depth of 4.5 feet. The ground is undulating, and the
greatest depth is 56 feet.

The Mountain Ridge. Within the extent of a mile
and 55 chains arc 17 locks of 22 feet by iOO, which over-
come nearly the whole elevation of Lake Erie above On-
tario. The canal winds along the face of the descent,
being on the left and right, to give room for reservoirs
between the locks, necessary for a convenient supply of
water. None of the locks are less than 30 yards apart.
This is the only part of the route where rocks were to be
excavated, and the amount of rock I'cmoved here was
70,000 cubic yards.

At the foot of this long and steep descent the canal en-
ters a ravine, which extends 2| miles through 12 lock:*,
between high banks, to

St. Catherine's. The descent from the top of the
ridge to this place is 322 feet. To Lake Ontario from
this place, 5 miles, there are 4 locks, -52 feet by J "''5, and
one of 10 feet lift. The route runs chietiy along the val-
ley of the principal branch of the Twelve Mile Creek.

Port Dalhousic, the harbcur of the Welland Canal on
Lake Ontario, is protected by two fine piers, run out 200
or 350 yards, nearly at tho angle of gtorra, which ii about
80 degrees weal.

'*•

[: i'^';

THE WESTERN LAKES.

i ■

■|'

Tlio locks arc of wood, butbiiilt on the most approved
prinriplcs. Tho ronirnon dimensions arc 100 foot loi,^',
22 widf and 8 derj) ; and arc calculated for vessels of
from lUO to 12.3 tons hurt lion.

Toronto, the capital of Upper Canada, is n place of cor-
siderablo sr/e. The public buildir'i,''^ inake little figure.
The hai)our is very line, prorcctcvl by d<'fensive works 07i
Gibraltar I'oint. Kind's C<tllcire is of recent institution,
and bears the style and privileges of a university.

The traveller has nowe.ntered the grs?at valley of tho St.
Lawrence, whicli embraces tlu* live great lakes ; Supe-
rior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario, as well as
Chtimplain anrl its benutiful tributary. Lake George. Its
length is nearly 1000 miles, and areaa!)out halt a million,
of vvhicli about 73,000 are water. Here were the scenes
of the early French discoveries, and the Jesuit missions
among tho Lidians, many of whom, with the idolatry of
Rome, W'M-e taught imf)l;icable hatrt'd against the protest-
ants of New-Kngland and New-York. Here were the
scenes of most of the battles fought between the French
and English, and here may be seen traces of many of their
fortresses. Here alsowei-e the scenes of manyof thela*er
military operations between the English and our own
countrymen. Tho traveller will more highly enjoy a jour-
ney in any part of this region, if he prepares himself by a
recurrence to some book of history relating to it.

The French excited and led the Indians against the
English colonies, and committed numerous depredations,
fir miuiy years: but, after many unsuccessful attempts,
were finally subdued in 1759, by Gen. Wolfe. In 1775
the Americans took Montreal from the English, and some
other paits of Lower Canada : but they were obliged to
evacuate the country the next year. In the war of .1812,
they made a similar attempt, but without success.

IHE Western Lakes. Ontario is 180 miles long, 40
miles wide, 500 feet deep ; and its surface is computed at
218 feet above the elevation of tide water at Three Ri-
vers, 270 miles below Cape Vincent. It is 330 feet below
Lake Erie.

Erie is 270 miles long, 60 miles wide, 200 feet deep;
and its surface is 565 feet abore tide water at Albany.

BATTLE or ERIE.

Huron is 250 miles long-, 100 miles average broadtli, 900
fpct deo]> ; and ita surface is m>arly 595 feel above the
lide wiiter.

Michigan is 400 miles long-, 50 wide, depth unknown;
elevation the same as Huron.

Green Bay is about 105 miles long-, 20 miles wide,
depth unknown ; elevation the same as Huron and Mi-
chit,^an.

Lake Superior is 459 miles long", 109 miles average
width, 900 feet deep; and its surface 1048 feet above the
tide water

Hence the bottom of Lake Erie is not as low as the foot
of Niagara Falls ; but the bottom of each of the other lakes
it will be observed, is lower than the surface of the ocean.

Lake Superior is the head fountain, the grand reservoir
of the mighty volume. After making a semicircle of five
degrees to the south, accommodating and enriching one of
the most fertile and interesting sections of the globe, it
meets the tide a distance of 2000 miles from its source,
and 5000 from the extreme point of its estuary, on the At-
lantic coast.

The lakes arc said to have a periodical rise once in
twelve year'^. It occurred in 1815 and 1827.

The Ferry across Niagara river is about half a mile be-
low the Falls, and may be crossed at any hour in the day,
without danger, notwithstanding the rapidity of the current.
The descent from the bank is so steep, that it has been
necessary to build a staircase.

To Bvjfnlo, on the Canada side, 28^ miles, to Chip-
pewa 2, Waterloo (Fort Erie) 16, (over the ferry to Black
Kock, 25 cents each passenger,) to Buffalo 2^.

Opposite Buffalo, in Waterloo, are the remains of Fort
Eric, a fortress of great consequence in the late war. —
There was a strong wall, surrounded with entrenchments
rear.hing to the lake. The remains of the British camp
are also seen, and the trees are still wounded with shot.

Battle of Erie. On the 17th of September, 1814, a
severe action was fought at a little distance from Fort Erie,
when a part of the American garrison, 1000 regulars and
3000 militia, made a sortie, and took the British works,
about 500 yards in front of their line. The British had
two batteries on their left, which annoyed the fort, and

>ij

>'2 V

■:i\>Vi

H wmM

BAtTLl ol» RRIE.

lO ■

>ver© about openinc: a third. Their camp was about twn
miles distant, shcltorcdhy n wood J tlieir works wore «;:ar''
riaoncd with one third of their infantry, from 12 to 1500
men, and a detachinrnt of artillfry.

Gen. Porter with the vohmteors, Col. Gibson with the
riflemen, and Maj. Brooks with the 23d and 21st lijjht
infantry, and a fcnv dismounted dragoons, were sent from
the extreme loft of the American position, by a passage
cut through the woods, towards the enemy's right ; and
Gen. Miller wa^ stationed in the nivinc between the fort
and the enemy's batteries; while Gen. Kipley had a re-
serve under the bastions.

A little before 3 P. M. the left columns commenced
their attack on the enemy's right, and Gen. Miller at the
same time pushed forward between Nos. 2 p.nd 3 of the
batteries, broke their line, and took their two block
houses. Battery No. 1 was soon aft.'r deserted, the
gung were spiked, and the magazine of No. 3 was blown
Up. Gen, Ripley was wounded, and Col. Gibson killed.
The action lasted about an hour, which gave time for the
remaining two-thirds of the enemy's force to march from
their camp and partake in it The Americans at length
retired with prisoners, having succeeded in their object.
The B'-itish suffered so much, that Lieut. Gen. Dr'im-
tnond broke up his camp on the 2l3t, and retired to his
intrenchments behind the Chippewa River.

To Bvjfalo, on the American side, 30 1 miles. Tona-
Wanta Creek, where the canal passes, 11 miles; Black
Rock, 10 miles; Buffalo, 2^ miles.

To Fort George, 14 miles. Queenstown, 7 miles;
Fort George, 7 miles.

[The route from Niagara to Albany and the Springs
will be taken up after tho route to Montreal.] — See p. 66,

ROUTE FROM NIAGARA TO MONTREAL,

392 miles.

Those who have never travelled through the state of
New-York, and have leisure to make so circuitous a
route, will prefer to go to Buffalo, Lockport, or Roches-
ter, and take the lino of the railroad or Erie Canal, the
Spring*, Lake George, and Lake Champlain, in their way

re par'
1500

•ith tlic
»l ligVil
nt fronii
passago
It ; niid
the tort
ad a re*

imrnccd
^r at the
3 of the
L) block
ted, the
is blown
n killed,
c for the
rch from
It length
r ol)ject.
l)i tni-
ed to his

Tona-
; Black

'^ miles ;

Springs
ee p. 66»

:al,

state
luitous

Roches*
[anal, the
Iheir way

K^i

r.'.

^ \^ ^.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

I^|2j8 |25

■so ^^ III^H

£f ISA

£ U° 12.0

L25 III 1.4

1.6

^^>.

"V^""

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STRUT

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) S72-4S03

■^

ril

to Mon
direct
Ontari(
rican I
ing tow
cipal p
;,<:eor a
the boui
out of s
From
boats, 4
boat on
74; Gre
bour, 4(
burgh, J
30; sta£
du Lac,
to Lach
Do. I
Lcwistor
U. C. 3(
Gananoq
Port (
River, is
torn hou
county,
gently w
iVew-Yor
mouth, t<
and perp
eluding I
coaches
Carthage
Great
fiuccessioi
three isla
hay, only
good road
Oswegt
of Osweg(
water.

The

ROUTE FROM NIAGARA TO MONTREAL.

to Montreal. Many, however, will prefer to take the more
direct route, which is by the steamboats throus^h Lake
Ontario, and is performed in about two days. The Ame-
rican boats go from Fort Niagara to Ogdensburgh, keep-
ing towards the southern shore, and touching at the prin-
cipal ports. The British boats make a few stops, but
Acer a course very near the middle of the lake, which is
the boundary between the two countries : they are usually
out of sight of land about twelve hours.

From Niagara to Montreal in the American steam-
boats, 414 miles ; stagecoach to Lewiston, 7 m. ; steam-
boat on liake Ontario to Fort Niagara, 7 ;* Genesee river,
74; Great Sodus Bay, 35; Oswego, 28; Sackett's Har-
bour, 40 ; Cape Vincent, 20 ; Morristown, 50 ; Ogdens-
burgh, 12 ; Prescott, U. C, 1 ; Dickinson's Landing,
30; stagecoach to Cornwall, 12; steamboat to Coteau
du Lac, 41; stagecoach to the Cascades, 16; steamboat
to Lachine, 24 ; stagecoach to Montreal, 9.

Do. British steamboats, 449 miles; stagecoach to
Lewiston, 7 ; steamboat to Fort George, 7 ; Torcmto,
U. C. 30; Port Hope, 65; Coburg, 7; Kingston, 105;
Gananoque, 24 ; Brockville, 32 ; Prescotr, 12. See above.

Port Genesee, 72 miles at the mouth of the Geneseo
River, is a port of entry and delivery. Here are a cus-
tom house, and the village of Charlotte, in Monroe
county. This river rises in Pennsylvania, and runs a
gently winding course about 125 miles in the state of
jN'ew-York. It is navigable only four miles from its
mouth, to Carthage, where the banks are high, rocky,
and perpendicular; and there is a fine fall (104 feet, in-
cluding the rapids, &c.) about half a mile above. Stage-
coaches are in waiting for Rochester, 6 miles. See
Carthage, page 46.

Great Sodus Bay, 35 m. Here are three bays in
succession : Sodus, East, and Port Bays. There are
three islands, and Port Glascow is at the head of the
bay, only 10^ miles from Clyde, on the canal, with a
good road to it.

Oswego, 28 m. This village is situated at the mouth
of Oswego River, and has a good harbour, with 10 feet
water. Navigation on the river ends half a mile above,

• The old French fort Frontenac, destroyed in 1758.

PORT oswiao.

'r.

tH:

except for boats, which go 12 miles farther. A very
large button-wood tree, 35^ feet in circumference, is
seen a mile from the village near the road.

This place had a rapid growth. The Oswego Canal
joins the Crie Canal at Salina, and will afford an interest-
ing excursion either way. From the hrnd of the falls to
the village, it leads along the river's bnnk, prosnrving the
elevated level almost to the brow of the hill over tho
lake, and then descends by lot^ks. For :he distance of a
mile, the interval between the canal and the river utibrds
the most advantageous situations for manufactories of vari-
ous descriptions. Lake vessels can lie on one side of the
manufactories and canal boats on the other; and Congress
have appropriated money for protecting the harbour with
piers. The lake is 70 miles wide opposite Oswego.

Fort Oswkoo, so famous in the history of the Frenc
and revolutionary wars, stands on the east side of the
river. The situation was very advantageous for the
command of a large extent of country, as this river is
the common outlet of all the interior 1' kes of the state.
While this post was held alternately by the French and
English, they could command a great part of the trade
with the Five Nations of Indians, who inhabited the
country with which it communicated.

Fort Oswego is elevated only about 50 feet from the
level of the water; and being overlooked by the emi-
nence on which Fort Ontario was afterwards erected,
was fit only for a defence in early times. A trading
house was built here in 1722, and a fort five years after.
This was extended in the beginning of the French war
of 1755, when Fort Ontario was built. On the follow-
ing year, General Montcalm came from Canada, and
besieged the fortresses with 3,000 troops, and two vessels.
Fort Ontario was evacuated after one attack ; and on
the fc' lowing day, August 14th, Fort Oswego surren-
dered to the French, with a large quantity of stores
brought at great expense through the wilderness, and 21
cannon, 14 mortars, &c. also two sloops, and about 200
boats. The captors, however, did not think proper to
hold the position, but immediately abandoned it.

Col. St. Leger attempted to approach Albany by this
route in 1777, in order to co-operate with Gen. Bur-

Coyne ;

Wiilet,
In n

place, ai

uf it, bui
Sacki
late war,
creased >
on Iloun:
narrow pi
in.q-.

MORRJ

Ogdensbi

breadth, j

is a numb

the gentle

a great de

General

Ogdens

end of the

village is j

on conside

i3 Prescot

ruins of Fc

be traced.

~'b-proo

The Th<

the naviga

of forms,

They mig

George.

Gallop

lawrence

rent places

some conse

on his wr.y

St. Reg

"iiine have

Lachiwe

Mo.fTRiy

^i/i. :'i :}

•I! .;' .

ROUTE FROM NIAGARA TO MOWTREAL.

A very
ice, is

Canal
nterest-

fal'.s to
nng the
ivcr the
ncc of a
r atibrJ:^
i of vari-
le of the
Uongresa
our with
ego.
e Frenc
Ae of the

for the
J river is
the state,
rench and

the trade
bitcd the

from the
the emi-

1 erected,
trading

ears after,
rench war
je follow-
lada, and
o vessels.
, and on
o surren-
of stores
|s, and 21
about 200
proper to

Iny by this
iGen. Bm-

royne; but he was repulsed at Fort Stanwix by Col.
Willet, and obliged to return.

In 1814, on the 6th of May, the British attacked the
place, and, after a loss of about 100 men, got possession
of it, but evacuated it the next day.

Sackett's Harbour, 40 m. Settled in 1801. In the
late war, it became an important naval station, and in-
creased very rapidly It is 8 miles distant from the lake,
on Hounslow Bay. The harbour is divided into two by a
narrow point, and offers great advantages for ship build-

in,-:

MoRRisTOWN. This is a small village, 10 miles from
Ogdensburgh. The river is a little more than a mile in
breadth, and on the opposite side is Brockville. There
is a number of rocky islands in the St. Lawrence, and
the gentle slope of the land on the New-York shore, adds
a great degree of beauty to the scene.

General Wilkinson embarked at this place in 1813.

Ogdensburgh, formerly Oswegatchie. This is the
end of the navigation, and here the steamboat stops. The
village is pretty, contains some large stores, and carries
on considerable business. On the other side of the river
13 Prescott, where the British steamboat stops. The
ruins of Fort Oswegatchie, or Fort Presentation, may still
be traced. It was not very large, and contained only a

--'b-proof, tvvo buildings of stone, barracks, &c.

The Thousand Islands are a most beautiful part of
the navigation, presenting themselves in every variety
of forms, though never rising to any great elevation.—
They might be compared with the islands of Lake
George.

Gallop Islands, 5 m. Here the rapids of the St.
lawrence begin. A number of mills will be seen at diffe-
rent places on the shore. On Stony Island was a fort of
some consequence, which was taken by General Amherst
on his way to Montreal, in the year 1760.

St. Regis, 54 m. The Indian tribe which bears this
niiine have a reservation of land here 11 miles by 3,

Lachine, 53 m. (See Index.)

MoNTRiAL, 9 m. (See do.)

'V'kaiii

nUFFALO.

ROUTE FROM NIAGARA TO ALBANY.

Railroad to Buffalo or to Lockport.

Black Rock is a pleasant village situated on the mar-
gin of Niagara Hiver, a little way from its head, and op-
posite Squaw Island, at the mouth of Lake Erie. It
was burnt by the British during the war in 1814, but has
sines been rebuilt and increased to a much greater size.
Black Rock long disputed with Butfalo the privilege of
having the Basin of the Canal built in her harbour, and at
last obtained it. A pier about two miles in length was
built to secure the boats and vessels from the waves of
the lake, as well as to raise the water for the supply of
the canal to Genesee River. But the swiftness of the
current in the river, and the heaping up of ttie ice on the
shore, proved great obstacles to the navigation.

BUFFALO— 3 miles from Black Rock.

In\s. The Eagle Tavern, Buffalo House, American
and City Hotels.

The situation of this town is remarkably convenient
and agreeable, occupying a long hill of a gentle ascent,
rising from the immediate vicinity of the lake. The
principal street runs along the ridge of the hill, looking
out upon Lake Erie to the horizon, and is ornamented
with several fine blocks of brick stores and handsome
dwelling houses, together with several public buildings,
all erected since the burning of the village by the British
in 1814, as well as the builduigs in the other streets,
which are fast increasing every year. In April, 1814,
only one house was standing in the village, that of a wi-
dow in the upper part of the street. A walk has also
been laid out on the brow of the hill towards the lake.
This is called the Terrace, and affords a charming view
upon the lake, the harbour, and the canal, to Black
Rock.

The harbour of Buffalo is singularly fitted by nature
for the junction of the two kinds of navigation which are

here b

shclte;

and th

afford i

goods.

con nee

of a b{

the cai

land I]

steam b

The

above t

The I

Lake.

'A'here i

which s

a mile f

jalf-dr-c

six feet,

and logj

of the V

matter, J

ncss.

some

by the

VOY/

At Bi
are dispt
little to
would re
ride ovei
cnce.s h(
comrnodi
menfs.

Weste
troit, Ml
passing (
gett's Po

WESTERN KOL'TKS.

«r

here brought together : the entrance from ihe lake being
sheltered by the point on which the light house is erected,
and the two small rivers which here unite their waters^,
affordiwg every convenience for landing and leshippmg
goods. The shores of these are very bold, and they are
connected by a natural channel, which serves the purposes
of a basin, as well as of an easy communication ; and as
the canal to Black Hock commences close by it, the in-
land transportation be.ains without more ado. Fine
steamboats are constantly plying on the lake.

The water of the creek is brought into the village from
above the falls, by a canal 3 miles long.

The Canal to Black Rock is dug near the shore jf the
Lake. The first part of it is through a low, sandy level,
'A'here the excavations were much impeded by the water
which soaked through in great abundance. About half
a mile from Buffalo, the workmen hit upon a bed of old
jalf-df'cayed trees, which was dug into to the depth of
six feet, and extended about half a mile. Many branches
and logs were discovered, which preserved all the grain
of the wood ; but the greater part was a black niass of
matter, which, «m being dried, burned with great readi-
ness. In some places, ashes and coals were found ; and
some of the logs appeared to have been washed and rolled
by the water of the lake before they were buried.

VOYAGE UP LAKE ERIE, AND WESTERN

ROUTES.

At Buffalo op-^ns a very extensive route, for those who
are disposed to travel still farther westward. There is
little to be seen along either shore of the Lake, which
would reward a common traveller for the tedium of a long
ride over a counirv generally level, or for the inconveni-
ences he would experience from the want of public ac-
commodations, and even the frequent absence of settle-
ments.

Western Routes. Two steamboats start daily for De-
troit, Michigan, 311 miles, and arrive in about 36 hours,
passing Cattaraugus, 20, Dunkirk 13, Portland, 18, Bur-
gelt's Point, 18, Erie, 17, Aehtabula, Ohio, 39, Fairpoxt,

•'I

iiS

>VEaTEUN no U IKS,

i \'

32, Cleaveland, 30. (Here begins tlie Ohio and Erie
Canal *) Sa:)diisky 54, ('unningham's Island, 12, North
Bass Inlands, 10, Middle Sister Island, 10, Amhcrstburgh,
Upper Canada, 20, to Detroit. 18. (For the routes west
from Detroit, see beyond.)

From Detroit to Chicago. Railroad to Ypsilanli, 33
miles, and either steamboat on Lake Michigan to St. Jo-
seph's, 169, (or by land through Jonesville, 35, Cold-
water, 20, Sturges' Prairie, 25, Mollville 17, St. Jo-
seph's, 40 )

Or, by steamboat on Lake Huron, River St. Clair, 40,
Palmer,' 17, Fort Gratiot, 14, While Rock, 40, Thunder
Island, 70, Middle Island, 2i), Presque Isle, 65, Macki-
naw, 58, Isle Brule, 75, Fort Howard, 100, Milwaukie,
310, Chicago, 90.

Or, by steamboat, railroad and stage coaches, by steam-
boat to Toledo, 71, railroad to Adrian, 33, stagecoach to
Tecumseh, 10 Niles, 100, Michigan city, Indiana, 40,
steamboat to Chicago, Illinois, 55.

The following are the stopping places on the passage
to Detroit, with their distances ; and steamboats run al-
most every day. (See Ohio Canal, Inde.'t.)

From Buffalo to Erie, 90 miles, Erie to Grand River,
75, Grand River to Cleaveland, 30, Cleaveland to San-
dusky, 60, Sandusky to Detroit, 75, total 330.

* The Ohio and Erie Canal, 307 miles lonp, extends to Ports-
rnculh. It ims ilie breadth anil dapth of the New -York Erie Ca-
iiul, and il85 lockage. From Cleuveland it pusres 37 miles along
C'iyaiioga river, !lcro^s Tortage summit, down Tuscara *as river
up Tonioka creek, up Licking river down the Sciota thruugh Cir-
cleville, nearChiliicuthc to iho Oliio to Portsmouth.

Distances Cleaveland to Cuyahoga Aqueduct 22 miles. Old
Portage, 12, Now Portage, D. Clinton, 11, Bethlehem, 17, Bolivar,
9, Dover. 10, Newcomer's Town, 26, Coshocton, 17, Irville, 26,
Newark, 13, Hebron, 10, 'iicking Summit, 5, Lrmcaster, 11. (Here
ii 9. branch to Columbus, 18.) Bloomfield, 8, Circieville, 9, Chilli-
cothe,25, Piketon, 2.'{, Lucusville. 14. Portsmoutli, 13.

Steamboat Route down the Ohio and Mississippi to Neto-Or-
Jeans. Portsmouth to Vancel)urgh, Kentucky, 20, Manchester,
Ohio. 16, Muysviile, Kentucky, 11, Charleston, Ky, 4, Ripley,
Ohio, 6. Augusta, Ky. 8, Neville, Ohio, 7, Moscow,7, Port Pleasant,
4, N. Richmond, 7,^Colunibia, 15, Fulton, 6, Cincinnati, 2, Louis-
villfl, Kentucky, 143, Mississippi River, 366, New-Orleana, 1284.

Tl
of th

An
wnrdj
ing rt
the ro
form f
from t
Erie, i
See tl
have J

&C, CO

Catara
to the ]
creeks
tant fro
distanc
said to I
tion.

Sene

and vah

and the

The Sell

of the F

rank in

most nu

periorlt}

Schuylei

spicuous

Bata

lage, anc

the Holl

ings. It

road rou

p.'ace, 9]

Lero^

Tho \|

4000 acn

fhp hankc

;WI

nOT:TK3 FROM IflAGARA TO ALDAXT.

Eiie

^orth

argh,

v\eat

Li, 33
t. Jo-
Cold-
X. Jo-

ir, 40,
lunder
^acki-
'aukie,

steatn-
)ach to
na, 40,

)asaage
run al-

River,
San-

to Ports-
iho Ga-
les along
as river
lugh Cir-

les. Old
Bolivar,
Mile, 2G,
|l. (Here
), Chilli -
^euJ-Or-
Ir.cliester,
Ripley,
Measant,
Louis-
. 1284.

Tho United States government have improved several
of these harbours.

Ancient Fortifications. — On Buffalo Creek, and to-
wards Geno^cc River also, are several laige and interest-
ing remnants of ancient fortilications: bin as they lie ofV
the road, lew travellers will visit them. They appear to
form part of a great chain of detbiisivo workb, exiouding'
from the eastern pjirt of Lake Ontario, along that Lake and
Erie, down tho Ohio ond Mississippi Rivers to Mexico.
See the books of Mr. Delatield and Mr. Atwater, who
have published some very interesting details, drawings,
&c. connected with rhem. A line of old forls extends from
Cataraiigiis Creek ') miles, along the shore of Lake Erie,
to the line of Penn ^ivania. They are on the borders of
creeks and old bays, although now from 2 to 5 miles dis-
tant from the Lake, which ir, supposed to have retired that
distance since they were built. Another similar line is
said to exist in the rear of them, on another parallel eleva-
tion.

Seneca Castle. — The Seneca nation possess a large
and valuable tract of land adjoining Buttalo on the east,
and they have two vill'iges 3 and 5 miles on the road.
The Senecas are the westernmost tribe in the confederacy
of the Five Nations, and have always held a conspicuous
rank in their history. They were formerly considered the
most numerous and powerful tribe, and preserved this su-
periority until the fatal defeat they received from General
Schuyler, in 177 8, since which they have made a less con-
spicuous figure.

Road from Buffalo to Caxandaioua.

Batavia, 40 miles from Buffalo, is a very handsome vil-
lage, and contains the residence of the former Agents of
tho Holland Land Company, as well as the county build-
ings. It is 873 feet above tide. The sum.nilt of the rail-
road route between Buflialo and Albany, is just w«!St of this
p)ace, 912 feet.

Leroy, 10 miles.

Tho Wadsworth Farm, at Geneseo, contains about
4000 acres, about 1700 of which are rich alluvial land on
the banks of Genesee river.

I'll

r«-'

'*mEI

1.1

nURNINO SPRINGS.

•J .

The Genosen moarlows aro tho wlioftt rrgion of tlie state,
GO mil«*s UiUf^, and I or '2 iniliM wide, and composed of
limestone and sand. Tliey were formerly the rei^idence of
a liiri;e trilie of Indians of the Seneca nation ; and when
Gen. Sullivan reaclK^d this place in his mrirch ihrouph the
country, he fomid and hurnt a village of 120 lo:r houses,
on the second bank, wliich had been deserted at his ap-
proach.

The remains of a Mammoth were dui( up about lialf a
mile from thi" village of G.meseo in 18"25. There were 8
teeth and i^rinders, parts of a tusk, a thiiih bone .3 feet long,
the lower bone of the leg, 3 fijet 6 inches, (fcc. They lay
between strata of vegetable mould and sand.

West Bloomfikld, beyond the Genesee River, is one
of the finest agricultuial townships in the state, nnd pre-
sents a succession of beautiful farms, tilled with care and
yielding the finest crops. Fcuit thrives remarkably well
in all this western country. The prevailing winds are south
west, and the climate rnild and uniform. Wheat some-
times yields 52 bushels to the acre.

East Bloomfield is the next village.

Canandaksua. This is one of the finest western towns,
nnd its principal street runs along the ridge ofacommand-
ing hill, rising from the north end of Canandaigua Lake.
It is wide, and contains an Academy, and many handsome
houses. Tho road in passing Canandaigua Lake, com-
mands a finer view than on any of theotht^r lakes it passes,
except Skeneateles. The banks are high and vari(^gnted,
and at the distance of two or three miles, rise to an imposing
height, and add a great degree of beauty to the scene. A
number of gentlemen's seats are seen along the western
bank ; and a little way oif in the lake on the same side, is
a small rocky island, where the Seneca Lidians carried all
their women, children, and old men, when Gen. Sullivan
appeared against them.

Railroad cars go to Rochester and to Batavia every day.

Burning Springs. Springs of water, charged with
inflammable gas, are quite common in Bristol, Middlesex,
and Canandaigua.

The gas from the former rises through fissures of the
^late., from both the margin and the bed of the brook.

Their places are known by little hillocks of a few feet

iff

ROUTE VROM NlAf.ARA TO ALBAWr.

I Btatc,

^P(l of

ciicc iif
I when
jpli the

|l()llSC3,

his ap-

; )mlf a

wero 8

;ot long,

.'hey lay

r, is one
nnd pre-
pare and
ihly wi^U
re south
at some-

rn towns,
Dmmand-
i Lake,
andsome
ve, com-
t paA3er<,

n«^g:ited,
imposing
:cne. A
western
c side, is
arriod all
, Sullivan

ivery day .
ffcd with

ddlesex.

res of the
ook.
few feet

Jn diameter, and a few inches hip;h, formed of a dark bitu-
minous mould, throu<;h which il linds its way to the sur-
face, in one or more currents These currents of pus may
he 8(!t on lire, and will hum with a steady llarne. In win-
ter tliey form openiii^rs throuizii the siu)w, and being set
on fire, exhibit the novel and interesting phenomenon of u
steady and lively flame in contact with nothing but snow.
In very cold weather, it is said, tubes of ice are formed
round these curnuits of gas, ([)rohably from the freezing
of the water contained in it,) which sometimes rise to the
height of two or three tV-et, th(» gas is>»uing from their
tops; the whole wlum lighted in a still evening, present-
ing an appearance even more bi'uutiful than the former.

From a pit which was sunk in one of the hillocU^i, the gas
was conducted through bored logs, to the kit<!hen of a
dwelling. The novelty of the spectacle attracted a con-
course of visiters, so great that the proprietors found it
expedient to convert their dwelling into a public inn.

The > oad between Carnindaigua and Geneva pa-ses over
a singular tract of country. I'he ground gradually rises
by large natural terraces, or steps, for about half the dis*
tance, and di^scends in the same manner on the other side
to Seneca Lake. They appear to have been formed by
those strong currents of water of which geologists speak,
which at some ancient period of time have evidently
passed over many tracts o^ country in diflerent parts of
the world. The ridges and channels thus formed here
stretch north and south, frerpiently to a considerable dis-
tance, correspiinding both in form and direction with the
numerous lakes which are found in this part of the state.
Several ancient fortifications have been traced here.— -
From the middle ridge the view is extensive, but the sur-
rounding country is of too uniform a surface to present
any remarkakle variety of scenery.

Geneva. This town occupies a charming situation
at the foot of Seneca Lake, and for a mile along its
western bank, which rises to a considerable elevation
above the surftice, and aftords room for v broad and level
street. The buildings in this village are remarkably neat
and handsome, and it has a college.

Seneca Lake is 1)5 miles long, and about 3 or 4 wide.
Tts d»»pth is nnn^ually great, and the water rlcjir and vory

'■1

7*^

7'Z

Avnvns.

I •

Y-

r.dld. to which U atrrihiitod tljp srnrcify of fisli. There 19
u r(Mnfirl\iiI>!ii ji'icnoTnt'iion lotiij; ()l)sr»vc(l hy those who
rnsido nonrit, wliich him never Ixmmi sati^fiietoiily u' count-
v(\ for. Th(? water h;is a re^uliir ri><e and fall every seven
yearn. This is pcn^eptihh' aloiii^ the shore, i)Ut more prac-
licnlly establishrd in tiic experience of the ho;itnieii.

Cavuoa Lakf. is 40 miles in length, and tjenerally
about two in hrea(hli. A fine hridi^e is huilt across it near
the northern end, wIkm-o it is a miU' wide.

A liltU^ ht'fore arrivmi: at fhi' head of the lake, in a steam-
boat, a beautiful Wnl.rrJ'tdl is seen on the left hand, where
a stream Hows over a very hi^h precipice into a deep
glen, and foicos its way alon/j, turning several vnlnablc
mills in its course. The landing place is about three
miles t>om the village of Ithaca.

The village of Itliaca is neat and flourishing. IJero
centre the roads to CntsJii/l, Newburgh and New- York.
The first leads nearly in a direct line to the Hudson River,
ihe second passes the (ireat Bend of the Delaware, and
the lliird furnishes daily the shortest route to New-York.

The Cascade. This beautiful and romantic scene is
about three miles from the village.

Auburn is another beautiful village, ard merits the
name it has borrowed from Goldsmith's charming poetry.
It is unfortunately placed at some distance from Oswego
Lake, and therefore is deprived of the picturesque charac-
ter which it might have enjoyed. There is a Presbyte-
rian Theological Seminary in Auburn, and several hand-
some public buildings in this place, but the most important
is the

Statk Prison. This institution, having been managed
by iMr. Lynds, and the first established on his system so
excellent, so celebrated, and with remarkable success,
merits particular notice. Many of the new prisons in the
United States are built after this general plan, which is
also much approved in Europe.

" The old Auburn prison was built in 1817, and cost
about $300,000. It was constructed upon the plan of a
hollow square, enclosed by a wall of 2000 feet in extent,
being 500 feet on each side, and, for the most part, 35 feet
in height.

** The new one, designed to contain 400 cells, covers only
206 by 46 feet of ground. Thtpre are fivo itorites df cells,

TIOUTE PROM NlAOAnA TO ALHANT.

r-nrh rontainin* eighty in two piirallol linos, divulrd in tlio
mitHlo by a wiill two feet thick. Tho wulU boLwron tho
cells jin* OIK* foot thick. Tho colls aro seven foot lonsj,
fln'cM hi:,'li, nrid throe nnd a half wide, intended to rrceivo
ouly Olio convict in each. Euch coll has a veiitihitor ex-
tendin:^ to tho roof, and is so coti'^trnctod in front, timt the
prisoners cart noilher converse or make si£;ns to each
other. Tho area around lh(> colls is 10 feet wide and
open to tho roof, which (hovers the jinllories ol the several
stories. Besides the moral l)one(it arising from k(vping
the prisoners f^fpara'e, it nnites thnt of economy and secu-
rity. From tho construction of tho prison, five small
stoves, six large and twelve small lamp-s, all out of reach
of the convicts, afford heat and light to 5.35 celU ; and one
centin(d is sulficiontlo 'lOi) prisoners."

Ancient Fortiji cations. There aro some remains of
ancient tortitlcations in tho vicinity of this plac«\ as well
as in tho neighbouring towns of Camillus, Onondaga, and
Pompey.

FiioM AuBiTRS TO Syracuse. /??/ the Canal, Similes.
(Stagecoach to Weed's Basin,) 8 miles; .Ionian Village,
in Camillas township, () ; Canton, (h;ilf-vvay village be-
tween Buflalo and Albany, 179 miles from tho former,
and 183 from the latter,) G ; Gcddes Village, (with salt
works,) 12; Syracuse, 2.

By the Road, 28 miles. Skeneateles, 8 ; Marccllus,
6; Onondaga, 10; Syracuse, 4.

Syracuse. For a description of this plac?, as well as
of Salina, the Salt Spring, and Salt Manufactories, see
page 42, &c. Abcnit 3,000,000 bushels of salt made yearly.

From Syracusk to IItica. Bt/ the Canal, 61 miles.
Manlius Landing,* 9 miles; Chitteningo Creek, 8 ; Canas-
tota Village and basin, 8 ; Oneida Creek, 5 ; Wood Creek,
13; Rome, 3 ; Oriskany Village, 8; Whitesborough, 3;
Utica, 4.

By the Road, 48 miles. Dome, 3 miles ; Manlius, 3 ;
Sullivan, 9 ; Vernon, 11; Westmoreland, 6 ; New Hart-
ford, 7 ; Utica, 4.

For Uticay Hamilton College, and Trenton Falls,
see page 38.

* About 20 yards from the cnnnl, Gypsum (plaster of Paris) is
obtained in niassQB of from I to 100 tons.

*:\

STILLWATER.

I-

From Uliea to Schenectady, by the Canal 7D^ miles '
Itock, No. 53, (end of the long level, which begins weTJt*
ward atSalina, and extends to this place, 69^ miles, with-
out a lock,) 9 miles; Bridge over the Mohawk, and Her-
kimer Village, 5; Little Falls, 8j Fall Hill, a mountain
on the right, 518 feet higher than the canal, 712 above
h'gh water in the Hudson River, and about 145 above
Lake Erie, 1; Old Mohawk Castle, 5; Fort Plain, \)\ ';
Canajoharie, 4 ; a railway has been proposed to run hence
to Catskill, 60; Anthony's Nose, 5 ; (this scene is repre-
sented in the plate from this side — the bluff on the right
i«» Anthony's Nose, on the top of which » remarkable
cavern opens, extending further down than it has ever
been explored) J Schoharie Creek, 11; Amsterdam Vil-
Ip.ge, (across the river,) 5; Flint Hill, 6 ; Rotterdam Flats?
8 ; Schenectady, 3.

Road to Albany^ \h\ miles.

ROUTE FROM ALBANY tO THE SPRINGS.

IVatcrford is situated on the west side of the Hudson-
ncross which is a bridge. Lansinghurgh stands oppo.siuv
and is a place of considerable size. The streets of Water-
ford are wide, regular, and handsomely built. Some oi
tho private houses are remarkable for their neatness.
There are numerous rocky islands with precipitoos sidos,
at the mouth of the Mohawk River, which are seen at a
little distance below the bridge. To these, the American
Army, under Gen Schuyler, retreated in 1777, before Gen.
Burgoyne, and before the battle of Saratoga. The bonl:*
on the Champlain Canal enter the Mohawk in full view
of them, through guard locks, and are poled across, the
current being stopped by a dam. Waterford is 21^ rniloi?
from Ballston Springs, and 24 to Saratoga, hy raiiroari.

Stillwatlr is Hi miles above Wateiforcl ; and 4
miles beyond that place is Smithes Tavern, where those
vi\\\ stop who visii the battle ground, at Behniis's
Heights.

Although the great crowd of travellers on this road
will take the road to Ballston or Saratoga, yet as tlvey
will tiud few objects of any interest, it may be })roper to

introdu
Gon. B
known
within i

Stiih
quietne

The

gives ai

the Fiv(

Canada

gunpow

ization.

sequent

Canada,

frequent

war witl

upon in

Thei

revolutic

ratoga, c

appro acli

"ICG

Arnold I

self wit!

and that

my coun

for her ir

should tl

of N«?w-

patrioiisr

water, or

examinee

with ard

and rapti

impossib

troversy

iiappines

and of it

fl umber t

ROUTE TO THE SPRINGS.

, with"
I Her^
►untain
above
above
in, OJ •;
I hence
I repre-
le right
arkable
as ever
im Vil-
li Flats :>

NGS,

)pposiu>
f Water-
Some of
leatncss,
ns aifles,
K-en at «
Uiieiican
ore Gen/
'he bnnt;*
full vie\r
rnss, the
11^ Tnilo.9
ilroan.
; and 4
re those
jehmis's

hrs r(>ad
as tlvey
iroper to

introduce, in this place, an account of the expedition of
Gen. Burgoyne, and the battle ol Behrnis's Heights, often
known by le name of the battle of Saratoga, as we are
within a low mil'^s of the field.

vStillwaier takes ita name from the smoothness and
quietness of the Hudson.

The first battle within this region, of which history
gives any account, was fought between the French and
the Five Nations of Indians, soon after the settlement of
Canada, when the latter first learned the terrible eti'ect of
gunpowder, and began to flee from the approach of civil-
ization. In the numerous expeditions which at sub-
sequent periods were undertaken by the British against
Canada, this route was taken in the attack, and not un-
frequently m the retreat. The revolution and the last
war with England, produced scenes which will be touched
upon in their places.

The first period to which we shall refer, is that of the
revolution ; and the first scene that of the battle of Sa-
ratoga, or Behrnis's Heights, towards which wc are ia.st
approaching.

** I could here," says Dr. Dwight, " almost forget that
Arnold became a traitor to his country, and satisfy my-
self with recollecting, that to his invincible gallantry,
and that of the brave officers and soldiers whom he led,
my country was, under God, indebted In a,primo degree,
for her independence, and ail its consequent blessings. I
should think that an American, peculiarly an inhabitant
of N«?w-Englandor New-York, little to be envied, whose
patriotism did not gain force upon the heights of Still-
water, or the plains of Saratoga. These scenes I have
examined: the former with solemnity and awe, the latter
with ardour and admiration, and both with enthusiasm
and rapture. Here I have remembered ; and here it was
impossible not to remember, that on this very spot a con-
troversy was decided upon which hung the liberty and
ss of a nation destined one day to fill a continent ;

happi

and of its descendants, who will probably hereafter out-
number the inhabitants of Europe."

BVRQOTNE S EIPEDITIOII.

f!;t

BcROoTNE'a Expedition. General Burgoyne* rrso
appointed Governor of Canada in 1777, lo succeed Sir

* Oeneral Burgoyne — (From an Engliah Work.)~'U is eurioiiA^
thrt a man o( such celebrity as a writer, a senator, and an oifi-
cer, ai the tate Lieut Joha Burgoyne, should be found among tiH>
number of those of whose youthful days no memorial has been
preserved. Neither the lime, place, nur circumstances of his liirtb
are known. Even his parentage is doubtful. He is said, but upon
what authority it does not appear, to have been a naturui son of
that Lord Bingly, who died at an advani^ed aire in 1774. 1 hat he
had the advantage of a libnrah education and early intercourse
with polished society, is sufficiently evident trom his writings ; and
it is probable that he was enrly devoted to the profession of arms^
for on the 10th of May, 1759, he was raised to the rank of Lieut.
Colonel, and in August of the ensuing year, he was ai>puinted
Lieut. Col. CommnndHnt of the 16th Light Dragoons. Ilis afler
services at different periods, in Spain, Portugal, and America, are
all well known, especially the unfortunate terminatioit of his mi-
litnry career at Saratoga, which, though it tarnished not bis ho-
nour, cast a shade over his brow, ever afterward conspicuous to the
physiogoomica) eye. He made, on certain oecasion»<, no ordinary
ti^'ure in P&rlian>ent. Ho moved in the first circles, and married
liudy Charlotte Stanley, a daughter of the Earl of Derby ; and
yet we know not who and what he originally was. He was the
author of four successful dramas : the Maid of the Oak, the Lord
of the Mauor, Richard Cceur de Lion, and the comedy of the
Jieiress ; and yet the curiosity of his biographer, even in thiv
aiiecdote-dealii)g and meraolr-sifting age, cannot trace his origin
o. the scenes of his education. IMie lale of the Lord of the Ma-
lior s^'oms, in some degree, to have been disguised in the inoiiifica-
tioii of the character and circunidtaiices by the incident of his own
^iintrimonial connexion : for his was a clandestine and unauthoriz-
ed marriage, at a lime when he held only RBiiiiallenrs commission
in the army ; and hi said to have excited at first the resentment of
the lady's father to aiich a degree, that he declared his resolution
sever to admit the offenders into his presence, though in process^
Iff time, the anger of the Earl subsided, a reconciliation was effect-
ed, and was succeeded by a warm and lasting attachment. It i»
prubable, also, that the memory of his lady, who died in 177U, aS
Konsington Palace, during his absence in America, is ombalmeti
hy the affectionate regrets of the General, in thai beautiful air f^
hia composition :

'* Encompassed in an angePs frame,

An angel's virtues lay f
Too soon did heaven assert the claim.

And call its own away.

My Anna's worth, my Anna's charms,

Must never more return '
What now shall fill theso widow'd arms t

Ah me I ray Anna's urn !"

>> ' \.-^ '

'1 • L ' '

eed Sir

I eurioun^
d an offi-
»(in{,' tiu>
lias lieen
hia hirtb
bui upon
ul son of
T hat he
tercourse
inps; and
I ofaruis^
of Lieut.
i:))puinted
His after
oerica, are
of his mi-
nt bis ho-
lous to the
3 ordinary
d married
erby; and
ie wa* the
, the Lord
dy of the
en in thiir
his origin
)f the Ma-
) ino4lifica-
of bis own
aauthoriz-
oniiniission
.nimciit of
resolution
n process
was efFuct-
icnt. It i»
|in 1771), as
emb^ilmetS
tifulaw f^~

EOUTK TO THE SPRINGS. #7

Guy Carlton. He arrived at Quebec in May, and reach-
ed Crown Point, June 20ih. General Phillips was sent
to Ticonderoga with the British right wing; and the out-
posts and the fort were successively abandoned by the
Americans The news of the evacuation of this place
was a most disheartening piece of intelligence to the
country.

During his delay, General Schuyler obstructed the
channel of Wood Creek, retnoved every thing valuable
from the country, and took the si ores from Fort George
to Fort Edward ; sending for regular troops, and calling
for the militia of the neighbouring states, both which
were supplied. General Arnold and Colonel Morgan
joined him with a body of riflemen, and General Lincoln
with the New-England militia; and he fell back to Sara-
toga, to Stillwater, and finally to the islands at the mouth
of the Mohawk.

Battle op Bbnnington. Being in want of provi-
sions. General Burgoyne had despatched Lt. Col. Baum
with his Hessians, to seize the public stores at Benning-
ton. He was supported by Lt. Col. Brechman, who
stopped at Baton Kill. Brig. Gen. Stark with the New-
Hampshire troips, joined by Col. Warner, attacked Col.
Banm at the Wallotnsack River, where they were en-
camped, July I6th, (1777,) and in two hours, forced their
works, and completely defeated them. Colonel Warner
began the attack on Col. Brechman, wounded him mor-
tally, took him prisoner, and put his troops to flight.

226 of the British troops were killed at the battle of
Bennington, or rather the battle of Hoosac, as it was
fought in that town. 700 soldiers were taken prisoners,
and 36 officers.

Gen. Gates now received the command of the American
troops, which had been greatly re-enforced ; and took a
position on Behmis's Heights, a ridge of elevated ground,
beginning on the left, about a quarter of a mile from the ri-
ver, and stretching off towards the northwest, which of-
fered great advantages for the defence of the road.

Gen. Gates' Camp was about half a milo from the road
on the loft, and his quarters were in a house which was yet
3 landing when the author visited tho spot. A bj^-i-oad

> ■>.,:

it >

' .

i ''

-fii

'mm

BATTLE OF SAP.ATOrfA.

leads to the place, and the old intrcnchments, and after-
wards you may proceed along the hoii,^htd, which were oc-
cupied by the American troops. By making u considerable
circuit, by a road in some places rodgh, you may ride over
the encampment and the scenes ot the two battles, and
then come back to the river at Smith's little tavern, 3
miles above this place, or cross over to the Springs. The
space between the river and the hill was crossed by a deep
intrenchment defended with artillery, and almost impracti-
cable.

The American Lines, three-quarters of a mile long,
were furnished with a breast work of logs, (the hills being
almo;^t entirely a forest,) and the left terminated opposite
the enemy's right. From the left almost to the centre, the
ground is level, and was paily cleared, yet much enciim-
l)ered with fallen and girdled trees. An opening, left of
the centre, had a battery — thence a ravine ran to the right.
The British Lines, stretched from a hill opposite the
American left, in a straight line across the meadow to the
Hudson River. The enemy moved forward, and encamp-
ed in two lines, about two miles from Gen. Gates ; his left
on the river, and his right extending at right angles to it,
across the low grounds about six hundred yards, to the
lofty heights occupied by his elite, having a creek or gal-
ley in his front, mode by a rivulet which issued from a
great ravine, formed by the hills, which ran in a direction
nearly parallel to the river, until within half a mile of the
American camp.

The Northern or Champlain canal, and the coach road,
now cross the ground occupied by the American right, and
soon afterwards that occupied by the British lines.

The Battle Ground is on an elevated plain, about
two miles above General Gates' camp, and the same dis-
tance west from Smith's tavern. It may be taken in the
way from the Springs, hot it is better to go first to Smith's
for a guide, and to take or prepare for refreshment. From
Smith's to the battle ground, the road is quite romantic,
along the south side of Cumminskill, with a steep bank on
each side for a part of the distance. Here Burgoyne
marched up to extend his right, and turn the Americao left.
The open ground at th© end is the field of battle.

(■;

llOl'TE VO THE Sr KINGS.

after'
re oc-
erable
e over
s, and
em, 3
The
a deep
ipracti-

G long,
Is being
)pposito
itre, the
enciim-
>, left of
he rights
osite the
w to the
encamp-
; his left
jles to it,
Is, to the
k or gul-
from a
direction
tie of the

Itch road,
^ght, and

in, about
iame dis-
jn in the
Smith's
It. From
Jomantic,
bank on
lurgoyne
ticanleft.

The most severe fighting in the first battle, was at a lit-
tle knoll, in a field on the south.

Battle of Sept. 19th. — In the morning, it was re-
ported by Col. Colburn, who was watching the enemy, that
they were beginning to ascend the hill towards the Ameri-^
can left. Gen. Gates sent Col. Morgan to oppose them,
and the firing began about noon* '1 he action extended,
and in three hours was general, and continued without in*
terruption till dark. The American troops engaged
amounted to 3000 ; the British to 3500. The following
account is from General Wilkinson.

" This battle was perfectly accidental ; Burgoyne's move-
ment being merply to take ground on the heights in front
of the great ravine, and on our side, the defences of our
camp being not half completed, and re-enforcements daily
arriving, it was not General Gates' policy to court an ac-
tion. The misconception of the adverse chiefs put them
on the defensive, and confined them to the ground they
casually occupied at the beginning of the action, and pre-
vented a single manoeuvre, during one of the longest,
warmest, and most obstinate battles fought in America.
Gen. Gates believed that his antagonist intended to attack
him, and circumstances appeared to justify the like con-
clusion on the part of Burgoyne ; and as the thickness and
depth of the intervening wood concealed the position and
movements of either army from its adversary, sound cau-
tion obliged the respective commanders to guard every as-
sailable point; thus the flower of the British army, the
grenadiers and light infantry, one thousand five hundred
strong, were posted on an eminence to cover its right, and
stood by their arms, inactive spectators of the conflict, un-
til near sunset ; while Gen. Gates was obliged to keep his
right wing on post, to prevent the enemy from forcing that
flank, by the plain bordering on the river. Had either of
the generals been properly apprised of the dispositions of
his antagonist, a serious blow might have he'^ \ struck on
our left, or the enemy's right ; but although noining is more
common, it is as illiberal as it is unjust, to determine the
merits of military operations by events exclusively. It was
not without experience that the Romans erected temples
to Fortune. Later times might aflbrd motives for edifices,
in which Genius or Wisdom would havo no voiarics."

■^H

IHni

^^19

M^ f.^V^^Wi*-^!

w* ' ■< Jtl^Hf-SaljWl

Ml iK^H^Iml

w Wmr^

3wS' 1

i fmwl

mmwM

m |fiii-yll'v^

ml'«^F

vivl

Wr-il

'- llH^Bm'

'Ew»'''-^ '

'.ItimI

HolLvM

r^f '

i'M

t^ '

t'^

1 ^k

! «

BLlB' '

^ivB

^UiiS *

m^BVi

m-%

I^Ib '

Iwflj?^

' iSvitt *'

^^M, 1

aiM||^ i

BM«k4Kw 1

* "i n '

Wmt

•■ ,|l

f lir^' ^

' mi^M

'"Hi
It

BATTLK OF SARATOGA-

ixi ". r

Battle of October ^th. Gene: al Wilkinson gives the
following description of this battle : —

" The enemy were formed across u. now cultivated field,
their grenadiers with several field pie res on the left, bor-
dt.'ilng on a wood, and a small ravine formed by the rivu-
let before alluded to ; their light infantry on the right,
covered by a worm fence at the foot of the hill before
mentioned, thickly covered with wood ; their centre com-
posed of British and German battalions. Col. Morgan,
with his u?v.al sagacity, proposed to make a circuit with
his corps by our left, and under covei of the wood to gain
the height on the right of the enemy, and from thenco
commence his attack, so soon as our fire should be opened
against their left ; the plan was the best which could be
devised, and no doubt contributed essentially to the
prompt and decisive victory we gained."

" This proposition was approved by the General, and it
was concerted thra time should be allowed the Colonel to
make the proposed circuit, and gain his station on the
enemy^3 rif^ht before the attack should be made on their
left: Poor's brigade was ordered for this service, and the
attack was commenced in due season on the flank and
front of the British grenadiers, by the New-Hampshiro
and New-York troops. True to his purpose, Morgan, at
this critical moment, poured down like a torrent from the
hill, and attacked the right of the enemy in front and flank.
Dearborn, at the moment when the enemy's light infantry
were attempting to change front, pressed forward with
ardour, and delivered a close fire ; then leaped the fence,
shouted, charged, and gallantly forced them to retire in
disorder; yet headed by that intrepid soldier the Earl of
Balcarras, ihey were immediately rallied, and re-formed
behind a fence in rear of their first position ; but being
now attacked with great audacity in front and flanks by
superior numbers, resistance became vain, and the whole
line, commanded by Burgoyne in person, gave way, and
made a precipitate and disorderly retreat to his camp,
leaving 2 twelve, and 6 six pounders on the field, with
the lossof nore than 400 officers and men, killed, wound-
ed, and captured, and, among them, the flower of his offi-
cers, viz : — Brigadier General Frazer, Major Ackland,.
comiiianding the grenadiers, Sir Francis Claik, his first

\^/

^ S.lu

ri-

j8 the

1 field,
ft, bor-
e rivu-

right,

before
rc com-
'i organ,
jit with
to gain

ihenco

opened
ould be

to the

il, and it
olonel to
n on the
on their
, and the
;iank and
impshiro
organ, at
from the
nd flank.
; infantry
rd with
|he fence,
retire in
Earl of
k-formed
lut being
lanks by
le whole
/ay, and
^s camp,
»ld, with
[y wound-
bis offi-
^cklandr
I his fivst

i:!''

//...■,'

II I n» m i in

artillc
and n
by the
liorrot
fifteen
death,
two o
ppeecJ

my, pa

exr'air

my eye

tliirteej

a wour

Inquiri

comma

Major .

this pla

corps, u

the live

Qua,

stands I

is a spo

the rive:

apj/ie ti

canal.

oflT, on

battle, t

ground £

Smith's,

roness ]

were its

were her

cers. A

her child

net Ackl

British G

* Gener
the road s
iJuarked by

irv-'-.i

ROUTE TO THE srHlNGS.

aid-dc-camp, Major Williams, commanding officer oftho
artillery, Captain Money, deputy qunrtermaster general,
and many others.** The ground which hud heon occupied
hy the British grenadiers presented a scone of complicated
horror and exultation. In the square space of twelve or
fifteen yards lay eighteen grenadiers in the agonies of
death, and three officers propt up against stumps of trees,
two of them mortally wounded, bleeding, and almost
speechless.

" With the troops I pursued the hard pressed flying ene-
my, passing over killed and wounded until 1 heard one
exr'aim, *' protect me, Sir, against this boy." Turning
my eyes, it was my fortune to arrest the purpose of a lad
thirteen or fourteen years old, in the act of taking aim at
a wounded officer who lay in the angle of a worm fence.
Inquiring his rank, he answered, '* I had the honour to
command the grenadiers;" of course, I knew him to bo
Major Ackland, who had been brought from the field to
this place, on the back of a captain Shrimpton of his own
corps, under a heas y fire, and was here deposited, to save
the lives of both."

Quarters of General Burgoyne. The house now
stands by the road side, but the place where it then was
is a spot at the foot of the hill, and about 200 yards from
the river. The cellar is still to be seen, in a held near an
ap|<ie tree, a little north of the road that crosses the
canal. Willard's mountain is an eminence a few miles
off, on the opposite side of the river. During the last
battle, the Americans had a few cannon on the rising
ground above the eastern shore, a quarter of a mile above
Smith's, and thence proceeded the shot of which the Ba-
roness Reidesel speaks. Several ladies of distinction
were its inmates at the time when the British troops
were here, being the wives of some of its principal offi-
cers. Among these were the Baroness Reidesel, with
her children, wife of General Reidesel, and Lady Har-
riet Ackland, wife of Major Ackland, commander of the
British Gr«. -"adiers. The former published an account of

* General Frazer was shot in the meadow, near the fence by
the road side, just south of ilie blacktmitli's shop. The spot u
ijuarked by the third tree in a row of poplars.

ii'

BALi.s'row spni:s(.^.

.It

'II *<

whfit slie saw during this trying and dftngertnis contrsf,
after her return to Europe. The house was convrrU'd

to an hospital during the second battle, and Gen. Fru-
died on tlie 8th of October in what is now the oar
lu .1. His grave is on the hill.

Ballston Springs. This village is situated in a little
valley surrounded by hilU, which have the aspect of hav-
ing once been the bed of a small lake. The high ground
enclosing it, gives an air of seclusion to the place, at the
.same time that it furnishes a variety of pleasant scenery.
The Kaydurosseros brook flows through the valley, in
sotno places overhung by forest tre«^*s. Railroads lead
to Saratoga Springs, Troy and Schenectady.

The Sans Souci Hotel is the principal house in the
place. It has a fine piazza opening upon the streets,
and presents a front of 156 feet long, with a wing extend-
ing back from each end 150 feet, all of them three
Rtories high, and containing in all lodging for nearly 150
persons.

The variety of scenery in the neighbourhood is sufficient
to attract many of those who resort to this place of health
and pl(.?a.sure.

The Washington Spring was opened in 1827, by
boring 237 feet deep, through blue slate rock, near the Old
Spring. It has a tube sunk the whole distance, made
partly of iron and partly of tin, and affords a most delight-
ful sparkling water, which boils over the top. In August
of that year, several months after it was opened, the
water was forced into the air to the height of 12 or 14
feet, without any perceptible cause, in a constant jet, fur
about half an hour. The water then disappeared, and was
afterwards di.scovered slowly rising till it again overflowed.
It was for a time flat and turbid ; but soon recovered all
its clearness, gaseous pungency and sparkling.

Thk Lafayette Spring, which yields a fine and
sparkling chalybeate water, was discovered early in the
summer of 1825. It is supposed by many to be in fact
identical with the "Old Spring." It is very cold and
highly charged with oxyde of iron and carbonic acid gas,
which have given it a high reputation.

The Old Spring, which is in the middle of the street,
was the Ih'i^t di-icoverod in all this oart of the countrv. It

1 I

i'li

:ontr:vr,
ivorU'd
n. Fr«-
the bar

a little
of hav-

ground

ftl the
scenery.
lUey, in
ids lead

BO in the
streets,
r extend-
tn three
'arly 150

sufficient
of health

827, by
^r the Old
e, made
it delight-
(n August
ncd, the
|12 or 14
t jet, for
I, and Nvua
rflowod,
ivered all

Ifine and
ly in llie
je in fact
;old and
\cid gas,

le street,

^itTV. It

ii I

^V-J

►Vifif - m".lli

mi-.

SAUATOfSA.

Ufwi'l lliaf tlip inhH))itant^ wero infliirrd to triMt. to its pc-
•fiilinr virtiM's by tlu» «*Xiimi»l(» of the doer of thr* forraf,
which hii'l resorted to it in such numhrra as to form hciitpri
jmths from every direction to the spot. In 17yS2 there
was notn houso within two miles of this spot.

The Old Sprina^ huH l(»st much of its original excellence,
which uppeursj to be in a good degree transferred to the
new ones.

The Saline, or United States Spring is nenr the bath-
ing house connected with the Sans Souci. It was disco-
vered about 18 years since, and contains a larn;e (piantity
of oxyde of iron, togetlier with glauber atxl other salts, go
that it is at once a sirotig saline, and clialybeate water.

The New Spring is near the Sans Si)uci hotel. It was
obtained in 1827 by boring to the depth of about 300 feet,
and is full of gas, very sparkling, ai;d considered both
saline and chalybeate.

The neighbouring cotmtry was almo«t a perfect wilder-
ness at tlin close of the revolutionary war; for the natural
military route between Canada and the United States lay
through it, to the Five Nations of Indians, and war par-
ties were frequently passing over it.

For some years the only place where visiters could find
shelter here, was in a log house, near the Old Spring,
which was for some time the only object of notice.

SARATOGA SPRINGS.

Saratoga Springs arc 7 miles from Ballston Springs
bv the railroad.

Saratoga is quite concualed until you are within a short
distance, and then the clusters of frail board buildings
which spring up among the stumps of trees lately felled in
the skirts of the pine forest, show what an unnatural sur-
plus of population the place contains during the visiting
season, which is principally in July and August.

From the brow of a hill which descends into the village,
the street lies in full view, with all the principal houses.
On the right is Congress Hall three etories high with a
row of 17 columns, rising from the ground to the eavos ;
opposite is Union Hall with a row of 10 similar columns;
over which aro scon the brick wallg of the United States

•i

THE STRINGS.

Hotel ; an(1 still beyond, and on the other side, the roof
of the PaviUon. From this view the village is represented
in the accnnnpanying print, which was taken on the spot.

At the foot of the hill, the Congress Spring, the great
attraction of the place, is seen at a short distance on the
right, usually surrounded with a throng of people.

Congress Hall has an impos*ing appearance. It is 19G
feet long on the street, with two wings of 60 feet rnnning
back, and containslodging for 150. The first floor in front
is divided in the following manner : a dining room in the
middle, capable of containing tables for all the house can
accommodaio ; next the dancing hall, about 80 feet long }
and south ihe ladies' private parlour. The price of board
is $ 1 per week.

The United Stales Hall is a fine building of brick,
three stories high, with a colonnade.

The Pavilion, Those who wish to drink often of the
Flat Rock water, will prefer it, as that Spring is only a
few steps from it in the rear. There is a fine Bathing
House connected with it, and a shady little wood not far
beyond by the road side, on the way to the Kound Rock
•Spring.

Union Hall is the resort of those who wish to have the
most convenient access to the waters of the Congress
Spring, or to participate more moderately in the amuse-
ments of the place, and to avoid the inconveniences of
gaiety and mirth, produced by the continued rotmd of balls
and dances in the other principal houses.

The Congress Spring, which is the great source from
which this place derives its celebrity and its show of weiilth
and importance, was discovered by Mr. Putnam, He built
the first house near it for the accommodation of invalids,
which was subsequently enlarged to the present Union
Hall, now kept by his son.

The Congress Spring was long conctaled by the neigh-
bouring brook which formerly passed over it ; but its valua-
ble qualities being discovered, it has attracted universal
attention, and the benefits of its waters are annually dis-
pensed to thousands.

Mr. Silliman gives the following analysis ; half a gal-
lon contains 320 grains of salt, 26 lime and magneaia,
w ith a slight trace of iron.

;• w

B TOf/f

»eiited
spot.
grent
m the

i3l9G
nnning
n front
in the
ase can
t long r
f boarc\

' brick;

I of the
\ only a
Bathing
I not far
ad Rock

lave the
'ongrcsft
( amuse-
mces of
of balla

rce from
wenlth
iHe built
Invalids,
It Union

le noigh-

|t» vaUia-

inivcr*al

illy dis-

If a gol-
iRgneaia,

ill

i'li I

'ii i,

: fill.

'}MMmm.

':l|liii':;ii; ■ . ii|iili'i!i I'll''-'!
III' 111 ;■/'■■ ; ' '■', 'l 'II ■

It,:. W'

!'i!''l' ■ II

"-«

iiiii

''a

iii: I

Ji i !

'I'l III,

'■■ ■;!■ I

;fci|i"..

i;iil"i';ii '■'

it,iii;M'
|iP' i'liiPliii

y.'^

Pi'

■,•»'.!

'> ••

^ .»*" ^

■' L' tit ■■ »( ' "k "• •

8tro(
T
ns a
mucl
Sara
the d
feebl(
vvatei
cal fc
inche
at the
ers of
Ihn
ping <
top, ig
rouo^h
times
niattei
similai
It is
liam J
known
report
years f
a Jarge
The
Mill
scienti
I)rogrei
teres tir
in diffei
there
Marcel
springs
i*;iy, anc
ties. «
The pe
are ass
accomp
tries, i
Iron, j

THE SPRINGS.

The Flat Rock Spring is near the upper end of the?
street, and in the rear of the Pavilion.

The Round Rock Spring is worthy of a visit merely
n3 a natural curiosity ; the water, although for a time
much celebrated, and indeed the only attraction of which
Saratoga could boast, having gone into disrepute, since
the discovery of the sources already mentioned. It is a
feeble chalybeate with little taste and little effect. The
water rises in a small rock of calcareous tufa, of a coni-
cal form, with a circular hole in the middle, about five
inches in diameter. The rock is about five feet through
at the base, and has evidently been produced by the lay-
ers of lime deposited by the water.

Ihat part of the rock which is most exposed to the drip-
ping of water taken out in cups through the hole in the
top, is always smooth and even, while other parts arc
rough and broken. Fractures made by visiters are some-
times found half obliterated bv a recent coat of calcareoos
matter formed in this manner. A horizontal rock, of
similar formation, extends under ground.

It is said that the Round Rock was shown to Sir Wil-
liam Johnson by an Indian, before which time it was un-
known to white men. The water, according to common
report, formerly flowed over the top, but has for many
years found its way below, through a crevice produced by
a large forest tree which fell and cracked the rock.

The Iodine Spring is near the Round Rock.

Mineral Springs and Minerals of New-York. A
scientific survey of the state of New-York < has been in
progress several years, the reports of which are highly in-
teresting. Numerous springs of almost all sorts are found
in different counties. Besides those mentioned in this book,
there are petrifying springs at Watervliet, Chiiteningo^
Marcellus, Governeur, St. Lawrence, Ithaca, &c. Brine
springs in Cortlandt county, York, Lenox, Vernon, Mur-
ray, and elsewhere in Orleans, Wayne and Oswego coun-
ties. Sulphureous and chalybeate are most n- incrous.—
The petrified shells, &c. fouikl in many of the rocKy strata,
are associated with petrified plants of the same species as
accompany them in Europe. Specimens from both coun-
tries, if accidentally mixed, could not be discriminated.
Iron, lea'l. coj>psr, zinc, pl'imbajo and other mine*

;*;H

.%:

?)<S

SARATOQA.

^ntl beds are numerous. The Rossie lead minr> St. Law-
fence county, is remarkably rich and valuable, and aboundi
in a variety of beautiful minerals.

Education. This state has made most creditable progress
in public education. A small sum is annually paid out of the
Nchool fund to common school districts, which have expend-
ed an equal amount on schools regularly conducted ; and
the system is now frt^neral. The share of the surplus reve-
luie has been appopriated to the purchase of district libra-
ries; and about 10,000 libraries of 50 volumes each, are
now gratuitously open to the children and adults, under the
charge of the teachers. The colleges and about 80 acada-
nies are under the superintendence of the Regents of the
University, and aided with money from the literature fund.
Scientific observations are made at the academics, and
full reports annually returned.

Saratoga Lake. An excursion to this beautiful piece
of water, is one of the most agreeable that can be made in
nny direction. It is 6| miles distant, in a southeasterly
direction, and is frequently visited by parties from Saratoga.

The lake extends seven miles in length and is two in
breadth. The shores are bold and varied, gently descend-
ing with a smooth slope to the margin, or rising in rugged
crag's trom the water's eAg^.\ sometimes sofiened and
beautified by the hand of cultivation, and sometimes aban-
doned to all their native wildness.

The Reading Room. Strangers will find newspapers
from diflieient parts of the country.

A record will also be found at the same place, into
which the arrivals and departures of visiters are copied,
once a day> from the books of the principal houses.

The Battle Ground. The defeat of General Burgoync
in the year 1777, took place a few miles east from the
Springs. See page 78.

Remarks on the Routes. North* Three great routes
from the Springs towards the north may be particularized,
although they run almost side by side, and all unite on
ai riving at Lake Champlain. 1st, The fashionable route,
to Caldwell on Lake George. 2d, The road to White-
hall. 3d. By stagecoach and canal to Whitehall.*

i. ^1.

* Tliera also are two stage routes to Montreal, one on each
side of Lake Champlain.

are

lapers

\goync
the

I routes
irized,
lite on
I route,
^lute-

in each

THE SPRLNGi.

The first of these is usually travelled by strangers of
taste and leisure, as it conducts directly to the fine scenery
of Lake George, and the battle grounds in its vicinity ;
and passes near several other spots of high interest for
their historical associations. Even if a journey to Mon-
treal is intenaed, it can hardly be too urgently pressed
upon the stranger to devote a leisure day or two to Lake
George on his way, as he will find himself most amply
rewarded and can join the great route with facility at
Ticonderoga.

The traveller should stop at Ticonderoga to see the
ruins of the old fortress. If he can visit Lake George,
he may take the beautiful scenery, and interesting sites of
that attractive region in his way. If he has not time for
that, he may land at Ticonderoga, where a steamboat
wharf has just been built, and a commodious house fitted
up this season, and devote at least one day to a rnmble
about that picturesque and celebrated point.

The second route is the road to Whitehall, which is
furnished with public carriages from the Springs during
the warm season, and like the canal passes near some of
the interesting places to be mentioned hereafter. From
Whitehall the traveller may proceed down Lake Cham-
plain in the daily steamboats, or by land in the mail
coach.

East. Travellers wishing to go to any part of the
country in this direction, may take their choice of several
routes. Lin^ 8 of stagecoaches run to Connecticut River,
from Burlington, Middlebury, Castleton, and Gr'^nville,
as well as from Troy and Albany, in various directions —
to Hanover, Brattleborough, Greenfield, Northampton,
Springfield, Hartford ; and there subdividing into nume-
rous ramifications, oifer the means of conveyance to every
part of New- England.

The most interesting route that can be chosen by a man
of taste, from the Springs to Boston, is through Vermont
to the White Mountains, and Winnipiseogee Lake in
New-Hampshire. He may take what road he pleases to
Connecticut River; and then proceed to Bath on it.«*
eastern shore, pursuing the course of the Lower Am-
monoosuc River to the White Mountains.

1 1'

Vtii

n--

If't

' i:

'js;i

^■n

sU' t*\l aim

EXCURSION TO LAKE GEORGE.

EXCURSION TO LAKE GEORGE, 27 miles.

This is by far the most delightful, as well us fashiona-
ble excursion which can be made from the Springs in any
direction, as it abounds with some of the finest scenery in
the United States, and in numerous sites •'nd objects inti-
mately c'»nnected with the history of the country.

For Lake George, 27 m. a stagecoach starts daily, after
the arrival of the Albany train of cars, with six horses,
and passing through Glenn's Falls, arrives by daylight.
The beautiful and commodious steamboat Wm. Caldwell,
Capt. Larrabee, plies on the lake daily (Sundays excepted.)
The lino is complete, rapid and convenient on this roilte
to Lake Champlain, as coaches await the boat at the
end of the lake, and go on to Ticonderoga. The boat
waits 3i hours, which is sufficient time to see Ticonde-
roga, dine and return. There the traveller finds a good
hotel ; and, after reviewing the interesting ruins and
scenery, may go back to Lake George, or pass down Lake
Champlain to Canada.

The splendid steampacket Burlington, Capt. R. W.
Sherman, and the Whitehall, Capt. Lyons, touch daily at
the new dock at Ticonderoga Point, which has been con-
fetructed for their convenience by Mr. Pell, proprietor of
the place. The ruins remain in the same state of careful
preservation in which they were kept by the late Alfred
H. Pell, Esq. to whose taste and intelligence visiters to this
interesting spot will be indebted for much gratification.
The fine and extensive garden, enriched by him with
some curious exotics, is worthy of attention. There will
be found, in luxuriant growth, several plants rarely found
-.in so cold a climate: the cork tree, French willow, Euro-
pean vines, &c.

From the time of the earliest wars between the British
colonies and the French in Canada, to that of 1755, the
tract over which part of our route lies was the high road
of war. It was traversed by many a hostile expedition,
in which the splendour and power of European arms
mingled with the fierce tactics of savage warriors: the
rums of fortresses are still to be traced in several places,
and tradition points to many a spot that has been sprin-
kled with lilood. During the revolution, also, some of

:y^--N

<niof,i,^q

'■x?^

..^iMl">,t>*J

hiona-

in any
lery in
ts inti-

j, after
horses,
lylight.
ildwell,
epted.)
Id rovlte
at the
he boat
!"iconde-
, a good
in3 and
vn Lake

R. W.

daily at
een con-
rietor of
careful
e Alfred
rs to this
lification.
im with
lere will
ily found
|w, Euro-
British
[755, the
ligh road
Ipedition,
m arms
lors: the
il places,
|en sprin-
Bome of

I'l

: >

t )l

i. I

the impo

neighbou

The h

Wilton, /

off eastwi

Haifa

a rich pli

is now di

while the

spire, anc

the moLin

French

which mo

further to

Glenn

Hudson a

descent of

which has

the curren

two Jarg^

sheets.

On the
plain Cam
Cavern
the north,
is just lar^
is cut witi
25 feet,
most inte
Last of th
About h
convoy of
their way
Nearly
and a litth
them pasi
west, a ra
east, the

Near th
the east sii
advanced
Fort Edw

., »

CI INN S FALLS.

the important events in our histoiy took place in this
neighbourhood.

7^he Road from Saratoga to Glenn's Falls, 18 miles.
Wilton, 7 m. Thirteen miles beyond, tiie road branches
off eastward for Sandy Hill.

Haifa mile bel'oro reaching the village, the road enters
a rich plain, probably once overflown by the river, which
is now discovered on the left, dividing it in its course,
while the village appears in front, with a handsome chnrcii
spire, and a number of neat white houses, all backed by
the mountains, which here stretch off towards the north.

French Mountain is the most prominent eminence, of
which more anon A more distant range is likewise seen
further to the right.

Glenn's Falls. From the bridge, the falls m the
Hudson are in full view. The river here makes a sudden
descent of 37 feet, over a rock of dark blue limestone,
which has been worn into so many forms as to break up
the current in a very singular manner. The projection of
two largiB masses of rock divides the water into three
sheets.

On the north side of the river is a feeder to the Cham-
plain Canal.

Caverns. The mouths of two caverns are found facing
the north, in different places among the rocks. The first
is just large enough to permit the passage o^ a man, and
is cut with surprising regularity for a distance of about
25 feet. This place is made the scene of son>e of the
most interesting chapters of Mr. Cooper's novel of the
Last of the Mohicans.

About half way between this place and Sandy Hill, a
convoy of wagons was attacked in the French war, on
their way to Lake George.

Nearly north of Glenn's Falls, is Luzerne Mounfain ;
and a little to the right of it, French Mountain. Between
them passes the road to Lake George. Towards the
west, a range of high hills encloses the view, and in the
east, the Vermont Mountains make a fine appearance.

Near the foot of French Mountain is a small bowse, on
the east side of the road ; and near this place Gen. Dieskau's
advanced guard struck the route from Glenn's Falls and
Fort Edward to Fort William Henry. The valley through

h:L*'n

■ -n

"il

J)0

i.xKi: r.Koiuif..

which we pass is narrow for some distance boyond i and
after about half an hour's ri(l(\ a little circular pond is
discovered on tho oast side, and close by thf5 road. It ig
usually almost concealed with water plants.

This was near the place of action between Col. Wil-
liams and Gen. Dieskau. The latter had extended his
troops across the path, and advanced his wings some dis-
tance in front, the left wing occup}in^ the rising groinid
on the west side of the road near this place. A small
cleared spot may be noticed on the other side, a little
beyond the pond, (in 1825 a hut stood upon it,) tliat is
sa'd to have been the principal scene of action ; and a
singular rock near by is pointed out by tradition as the
mark of Col. Williams's grave.

The little pond above mentioned was the place where
most of the dead were thrown, and it bears the name of
Bloody Pond to this day. It is probably much smaller
than formerly. In 1825 the skeleton of a man was dug
up from a depth of 1^ feet, near the pond, with a marble
pipe, and some silver eyed buttons bearing the royal stamp.
This pond is nearly circular, and is covered, in their sea-
son, with the Pond Lily, (Nymphea Alba.)

LAKE GEORGE.

Lake George. Coming to the brow of a high hill, tho
prospect opens, and the lake appears, enclosed by moun-
tains, many of which, at this distance, are of a deep blue.
The side of French Mountain is t ear at hand on the east,
covered with thick trees to the summit; while the smooth-
ness of the lake, the beauty of its nearest shore, with the
neat white buildings of Caldwell, communicate to the
scene a decree of beauty and seclusion, which can hardly
be found in any other spot. Directly at the south end
are the remains of Forts George and William Henry.

Caldwell* The village of Caldwell is the place at
which the visiter will stop to take a view of this charming
lake, and from which he will make his excursions across
its beautiful waters. The village stands at the south end
of the lake, and on its shore, commanding a fine view of
the neighbouring sheet of water, and the mountains by
which it is almost enclosedv The inn to which strangers

i'KV.

t\i and
potul is

,. It 13

ol. Wil-
ded his
jme did-
f ground
A small
, a litlle
) tliat, is
t; and a
n aa the

ce where
name of

1 smaller
was dug

a marble

al stamp.

their sea-

hill, the
[by moun-
[oop blue,
the east,
smooth-
with the
10 the
m hardly
south end
Henry.
I place at
Icharming
]ns across
iouth end
\f) view of
itains by
[strangers

f .jHWl

^ Ik

1
1

r- i 'It,. .;

■»'\4! 'i iL^' »

;., S;

itWf

< t.

• :J

».■!»' rll

V ■'

rnsn
taste
view
mort
Statr
light

to tit'

and i

4. J

Ine ^

markt

the de

by spri

botton

deer ir

to Lak

The la

Tho

place n

^ahbatl

The la!

ward.

This
bonnde(
places
and in
great h(
a charri
weather
new an<
vation w
able; ar
is often
and tho
can dvv(

The
that of
country,
them io(
slope de

T.iK£ ntuuriK.

ri'sort ot'ciipicft a spot ppciilinrly fiutvl td ^rntify tlio oyo of
taste, U3 it ovcM'looks tin* lake tor ••I'vcral rnilos, and the
view is not interrupted by any neighbouring obstacle. A
more (leliglufui place can hardly he found in the United
States, for tlie temporary residence of one who takes do-
light in scenery of this descrijition, and loves to recur
to deeds long past, and to exploits great in themselves
and important in their results even to the present day.

Lake (ieorge i^ 34 miles long, and its greatest breadth
4. At the south end it is only about one mile broad.
The greatest depth is sixty fathoms. The water is re-
markable for its purity — a fish or a stone may be seen at
the depth of 20 or 30 feet. It is undoubtedly supplied
by sprmgs from below, as the water is coldest near the
bottom. It contains trout, bass, and perch. There arc
deer in the neighbouring forest. The outlet which Icada
to Lake Champlain contains three large falls and rapida.
The lake never rises more than two feet.

The three best points of view are at Fort George, a
place north of Shelving Rock, 14 miles, and another at
Sabbath Day Point, 21 miles from the head of the lake.
The last view is taken southward, the other two north-
ward.

This beautiful basin with its pure crystal water, is
bounded by two ranges of mountains, which, in some
places rising with a bold and haAty ascent from the water,
and in others de^jcending with a graceful sweep from a
great height to a broad and level margin, furnish it with
a charming variety of scenery, which every change of
weather, as well as every change of position, presents in
new and countless beauties. The intermixture of culti-
vation with the wild scenes of nature is extremely agree-
able; and ihe undulating surface of the well-tilled farm
is often contrasted with the deep shade of the native forest,
aud the naked, weather-beaten cliffs, where no vegetation
can dwell.

The situation ol the Hotel is delightful, surpassing
that of almost every other to be found in this part of the
country, and tho apartments are so arranged that half of
them look out upon the lake. A green and handsome
slope descends about 200 yards to the very margin.

1 H
^4 H

■ > '•

i. ■■<■,; i■^, ?";

f^ '* ;^ mm
'!•• mm.:'

iu:?;

Of>

TLA ISl.AAD.

There is the wharf, at which the steamboat receives and
lands her passengers. The discharge of a gun makes
fifie echoes among the mountains in a clear night

The lake is here about three-quarters of a mile wide,
and the range of munntains opposite, which are high and
uninterrupted, is quite uncultivated with the exception
of a few farms near the shore ; the other parts being co-
vered with trees almost to the water.

On the right is seen the south end of the lake, which
is formed of low land for some distance back, Aucceedcd
by French Mouniam in the rear On a little point,
half covered with trees, and rising only about 25 feet
above the water, is the site of Fort William Henry ; and
about a mile towards the southeast from it, on a con-
siderable elevation, are the ruins of Fort George. See
page 93.

Excursions on thb Lake Boats are kept at the
wharf to convey passengers to any part of the neighbour-
ing shores and islands. Fine perch, or black bass, (Perca
Franklinia,) are caught in abundance almost everywhere j
and trout, at the mouth of a small stream near the south
end. Fishing rods and tackle may be obtained at the ho-
tel ; and a variety of other fish are to be found.

Diamond Island is a few miles down the lake, and
is famous for aboundmg in crystals of quartz, which are
found in a loose rock by digging a little under the sur-
face They are found, however, in equal numbers in
several of the other islands ; and it is easy to purchase
them.

Tea Island, about 2 miles down the lake, is another
favourite retreat. The little bay in which the boats land
is remarkably retired and beautiful, and there is an old
hut standing which affords something of a shelter.

Long Island contains about 100 acres, and has been
inhabited and cultivated Beside these, there are many
other islands on the neighbouring parts of the lake ; and
those who are fond of such excursions, would be highly
pleased with devoting several days to visit them. 'I he
finest cluster is in the Narrows, about 12 miles distant.

West of the village is a remarkable conical eminence,
called Rattlesnakes* CobblCf or Prospect Hill. This, as

sent
ing O
the Os
Ontari
Gem
ed to
able
rick,
take
was 9P
the bo
reachij
Lyman
cut off
nadians
which
to man
iSund

LAKE GEORGE.

esand
makes

wide,
gh and
:eption
ing co-

, which
;ceeded
3 point,
25 feet
iry ; and
a con-
re. See

it at the
}ighbour-
s, (/Vra
ry where;
I he south
jit the ho-

lake, and
which are

the 8ur-
ndbers in

purchase

is another
)oat3 land
an old
er.

haa been

are many

ake; and

be highly

cm. '1 he

distant.

e:ninence,

This, as

well as the mountains beyond it, is the habitation t?f bears
and deer, and much infested with rattlesnakes. The
view from the top is very fine.

The French Approaches. The village of Caldwell
is of recent date. In the French war, during the siege
of Fort William Henry, the ground which it now occu-
pies WAP crossed by the trenches and batteries with which
Montcalm finally succeeded in forcing the capitulation of
that little fortress.

The place where he landed with his army is the little
cove juKt behind the new stone building, a few steps north
of the hotel. He erected his battery near the shore, and
ran his first trench across the street into the fields in front
of the hotel. The remains may siill be traced, as well as
the marks of a &mall mortar battery, near the bars of a
fence leading to a bmall house. Another line runs to the
bank of the lake, on this side of the brook, where was
also a battery ; and another boriiers the swamp to the
right, and another turns southward along the high ground.
Behind this, m a pine wood, are the graves of about 1000
French soldiers, who died in the fort.

Battle op Lake George In 1755, the year after
the commencement of the French War^ 3000 men were
sent out from France to Quebec, for the purpose of tak-
ing Oswego Fort. This was situated at the mouth of
the Oswego or Onundago River, and on the shore of Lake
Ontario

General Johnson, (afterwards Sir William,) also march-
ed to the south end of Lake George with a consider-
able number of mea, joined by the famous Capt. Hend-
rick, with many Indians of the Five Nations, intending to
take Fort Frederick, now Crown Point. Gon. Dieskau
was sent to oppose him, with 3000 men, principally from
the body of French troops mentioned at Quebec. On
reaching South Buy, and learning the situation of Fort
Lyman (now Fort Elvvard,) he wished to attack it and
cutoff the retreat of Gen. Johnson. The Indians and Ca-
nadians, however, were in dr:»ad of the cannon with
which it was supposed to be defended, and he was obliged
to march against Johnson.

Sunday, Sept. 7th, at midnight, a scout brought John-

iv!^

BATTLK OF LAKE GEORGE.

Jmlm

m^H

MM»'B

Mflrolm

'^Htfi

son intclHgenco that Dieskau was coming; who s»;ntl200
men out in the morning, under the command of Col.
Ephraim Williams. The enemy were in ambush at Rocky
Brook, drawn up in a semicircle, into which the English
entered before they knew it. A heavy fire from three
sides first showed the position of their enemies. The En-
glish stood their ground valiantly ; but Cols. Williams and
Hendrick being both shot down, together with many others,
they were obliged to begin their retreat,wliich was conduct-
ed by Col. Whiting with the greatest coolness and success.
The centre of the English army was posted on the hill
where the ruins of Fort George now are ; and the French
were discovered by them at half past 11. Dieskau halted
at the sight of his enemies, probably entertaining some
mistaken idea of the strength of their position, and gave
them time to recover from their panic. The ground on
both sides of the English camp was marshy and covered
with trees, and Dieskau sent his Indians out on the right
flank and the Canadians on the left to surround them.
Col. Pomeroy, however, soon put the former to flight with
a few cannon shots. Dieskau then brought up his troops
in front, and made them fire by platoons, with very little
effect. Gen. Johnson (happily for his own troops,) was
slightly wounded in the thigh, and had to walk back to
his tent, leaving the command with Gen. Lyman. He
directed the defence for five hours, aided by Capt. Eyre's
artillery ; when the French turned upon the English right,
which consisted of Ruggles's, Pomeroy's and Tittlecomb's
regiments, and extended from the road to where Fort
William Henry was afterwards built. Here they fought
an hour, but the English and Indians charging them, they
took to flight and many were killed. Gen. Dieskau him-
self was found leaning against a stump wounded — a sol-
dier approaching saw him put his hand to his waist, io take
ouL his watch, which he intended to offer to him, and sup-
posing he was drawing a pistol, shot him through the
thigh. He was carried to the fort by eight men in a
blanket, and it is said deterred .Johnson from ordering a
pursuit, by saying he had a strong force near at hand.
Gen. Lyman urged to follow up their victory ; but that
was probably a sufficient reason for its being refused by a
superior officer, who looked upon his great talents with

jealot

derive

peculi

Gen.

made

povert

even t

The

96 wo

1000-

were a

der of

ino the

by Capi

York t

French

Gen.

delayed

roga am

But
the moR
veller h
tory of 1
shed h(
The
In 1757
in Amei
Louisbi
the Frci
calm, h
On the
hian's
the wesi
and the
Monroe
relief fj
Vvard
largest
out wit
protect!
He

MASSACRE AT roRT WILLIAM HKRRY.

jealousy { rtml) in spite of the advjintagp the country had
derived from his serviros, at a lime when they where
peculiiirly valuable, did not even mention the name of
Gpn. Lyman in his account of the battle! — Johnson was
made a Baronet, and Lyman lingered out a few years in
poverty and disappointment, and died without receiving
even the notice of the British government.

The F^nglish are said to have lost only 216 in killed and
96 woundt'd. Gen. Diesknu es<timated his own loss at
1000— I he English railed it much less. The principal
were a Major General, nnd M. de St. Pierre the comman-
der of the Indians. The French lost their baggage dur*
ing the action, left two miles in their rear, it being attacked
by Captains Folsom and McGinnies with about 100 New-
York troops ; who then lay in wait for the retreating
French, and killed great numbers of them.

Gen* Johnson might have taken Crown Point; but he
delayed it so long, that the French advanced to Ticonde-
roga and there fortified themselves securely.

But the Battle of Lake George is not the only nor
the most sanguinary scene of former times which the tra-
veller has to trace on this sadly interesting spot. The his-
tory of the French war recites a melancholy tale of blood-
shed here, only two years afterwards, in 1757.

The Capture and Mansacre of Fort William Henry 4
In 1757, the Earl of Loudon, British Commander in Chief
in America, made an unsuci-essful attempt by sea against
Louisburg; and before his return to New-York in August,
the French from Ticonderoga under the Marquis de Mont-
calm, hud made three attacks on Fort William Henry.
On the 1st of Aug. they set out again, and landed at French-
man's Point. On the evening of the 2d, ihey crossed to
the west side of Lake George, within two miles of the fort,
and the next morning sent in their summons. Colonel
Monroe defended himself resolutely for six days, hoping'
relief from Col. Webb and his 6000 men at Fort Ed-
ward ; but having waited in vain and burst ten of his
largest cannon, he was obliged to surrender, and marched
out with the honours of war and an assurance of being
protected from the Indians in Montcalm's army.

He had gone but a little wav, however, when the sa

' «-^j

U'i '■
H"

il
i *

ATTACK ON KORT TlCOSDEtloGA!

\a.giiA fell upon his troops and butchered about 1500 meti;
women, and children.

Gen. Webb s conduct was most inhuman. The pro-
vincial troops were kepi under arms for one whole day
after the news of the siege arrived at Fort Edward, and
Sir William Jobnson was very desirous to march with
them to its relief j but Webb ordered them back to their
quarters, and sent a messenger to Col. Monroe advising
him to surrender.

Attack on Fort Ticondcroga. The south end of Lake
Georg-e was the scene of a splendid embarkation on the
4th of July of the following yenr, (1758,) when 10,000
provincial troops, and 6 or 7000 regulars assembled at
this place to proceed against Ticonderoga.* 10JJ5 boats
were drawn up to the shore one clear delightful summer
morning, and v/ere speedily filled with this powerful army,
excepting only a small body left with the baggage. Suc-
cess was confidently expected, and the appearance of the
train was more like that of a triumphant return from war.
The boats were decorated with gaudy streamers, and the
oars moved to martial music.

The traveller will follow their route in the steamboat^
for which see below*

I'hey landed at the north endof the lake on the following
morning, and were ordered to march on in four columns.
The obstructions of the forest however soon broke their
ranks ; when Lord Howe with his centre column, falling in
with the enemy's advance guard, who were on their re-
treat and bewildered, was attacked with a sudden war
whoop and immediately killed. The provincials were
accustomed to the woods, and drove back their enemies,
killing «bout 300, and taking 148 prisoners, and all re-
turned to the landing. In the morning, Col. Bradstreet
took possession of ihe mill at the great falls on the river,
and the army were soon brought to the French lines,
which were thrown up across the isthmus and not finished.
This intrenchment is still to be seen in tolerable preserva-

* Lord Howe, who accompanied this expedition, was a young"
nobloinan of amiable dis])osition and the most prepossessing man-
ners, and was almost idolized by the army, as well as admired
aud loved by the vouuiry.

LAltK GKoKofi.

tioti. It had two redoubts and a deop abattis, and is said
to have been 8 or 9 feet high. The attack was vigorous,
and the defence obstinate. The battle continued for four
hours, during which llie English were repulsed three
times. The Highland regiment distinguished itself, and
suffered severely The English loss, in all, was 1944,
principally regulars; the French very trifling, although
they are said not to have imagined the defence possible*
Their force is differently stated from 1200 to 6000. Not-
withstanding his superiority of force, Al)ercrombie shame-
fully ordered a retreat ; and thus terminated the opera-
tions of the year.

Voyage down Lake George^ Leaving Caldwell, the
steamboat passes Tea island. Diamond, Long, and other
Islands, particularly the Two Sisters ; and then the lake
becomes wider, and the surface more uninterrupted, the
course of the boat being directly towards Tongue Mouit"
tain. That which partly shuts it in from this direction
on the right, is Shelving Rock ; and Black Mountain
shows its rounded summit beyond it, a little to the right.
This last is supposed to be about 2200 feet high, and is
considered the highest mountain on the lake.

Twelve Mile Island is seen just ahead. It is of a
singularly rounded form, covered with trees, with the
utmost regularity.

The Narrows. The lake is very much contracted
where it passes between the mountains just mentioned^
and their surface is for several miles broken by innumer-
able islands. These are of various sizes, but generally
very small, and of little elevation. A few of them are
named* as Green, Bass, Lonetree Islands.

Some of them are covered with trees, others with shrubs J
some show little lawns or spots of grass, heaps of bar-
ren rocks, or gentle sloping shores; and mcst of them
are ornamented with graceful pines, hemlocks, and other
tall trees, collected in groups, or standing alone, and
disposed with most charming variety.

After passing the Narrows, the lake widens again, and
the retrospect is, for several miles, through that passage,
with Tongue Mountain on the west, and Black Mountain
opposite, the Luzerne range appearing at a great distance
between them. The mountains in view have generally

nOQERS* StADt.

rounded summitft; but the ?* 3arc in many places hrdken
by precipitous led^psv They ate inhabited by wolvet,
deer, rattlesnakes, &c.

Sabbath Day Point. — This is a low neck of land,
stretching into the lake from the western shorei and con-
taining the little vilhige of Hague. That on the opposite
shore \* Putmnn.

On Sabbath Day Point, Lord Amherst, with his nume-
rous host, stopped for refreshment upon the morning ot'
the Sabbath, and gave this beautiful point the name by
which it is now known. It is a charming spot and sua*
ceptible of the greatest embellishment.

Rogers' Rock and Anthony's Nose.— These are two
mountains at whii-h the lake contracts itself again to pass
between them. Anthony's Nose presents a precipice, on
the eastern shore, as we enter the strait, and the firing of
a gun produces a fine echo. Rogers^ Rock or Rogers^
Slide is a still more formidable one, on the other hand, a
little further on» The last retrospect up the lake is still
very fine, even Irom this point— Black Mountain being yet
clearly to be seen.

Rogers^ Slide has its name from Capt. Rogers, a parti-
Ran officer who distinguished himself in the French war
by his boldness, activity, and success. He commanded
an expedition which left Ciown Point, in the year 1756
against the Canadian frontiers, and cut off the Indian vil-
lage of St. Francis, afterwards returning with the severest
hardships, by the way of Connecticut River. Tradition
pays, that he was at another time closely pursued by a par-
ty of Indians, and forced to retreat to the verge of this
mountain. Finding no other way to escape, he descended
half down by the ravine which opens towards the south,
and then by a sudden turn came to the east side, where is
is a precipice about 200 feet high, of smooth rock, and
nearly perpendicular, down which he slipped upon his
snow shoes to the lake, escaping upon the ice. This seems
almost incredible; and other accounts have been given of
it. Some say, that the Indians supposed he had fallen off
the verge and perished, and others, that he threw off his
pack that way to fiivour that belief. The wat^r is deep
at the bottom, and fine trout are caught there with a lonj
line. loterostiny mineriils are found hcrvr

/:/

North

)lVe»;

land,
I con-
posite

name*
ling o\
me by

i SU3-

re two
^o pass
ice, on
[ring of
logers^
[land, a
is still
jing yet

a parti-
ich war
manded
1756
lan vil-
everest
adition
y a par*
of this
cended
south,
vhere is
ck, and
pon his
s seems
ven of
^llen off
off his
is deep
a long

if:

■;

'Mi'

FORTRESS OF TICONDEROGA.

The lake here assumes the apponrance of a narrow
pond for three or four milos, and seems closed at both
ends. The ground is still elevated on both sides, but hills
have succeeded to mountains, and some of these are at
length overtopped by Black Mountain, which, although at
such a distance, at length makes its appearance again, and
continues in sight.

The lake at length diminishes to a very narrow stream,
and the bottom becomes gradually covered with weeds.

Lord Howe's Landing is iust behind an island of 3
acres, on the left hand at the entrance of the creek. Here
is the spot were the unfortunate-expedition of Abercrombie
effected their landing, and on the island they esl.ablished
their hospital, on their way to the attack of Ticonderoga.

The steamboat passes on some distance beyond this
place, and lands her passengctS on the other side, where
carriages are found in waiting to convey them to Ticon-
deroga, three miles, over a rough road. The boat waits 3i
hours for the return of the coaches.

Abercrombie's army passed for some part of the way
along the route we travel. Passing the Upper Falls, vhich
are the highest, he forded the creek above the second.
At the falls near the bridge which we pass, just above the
saw mills, was a stone block house ; and there was a re-
doubt on the north side of the stream near the bridge,
where, as in several other places, there was some fighting
to carry the French out-posts.

At the Upper Falls are several valuable saw mills and
forges, and the scenery is highly picturesque.

The Fortress of Ticonderoga. — This famous old
fortress, or rather its remains, are distinctly seen from
Lake Champlain, though from the direction by which we
approach it they are not discovered until we approach
near them. An elevated piece of land, gently sloping to-
wards the south, and ending abruptly over a bend of the
lake, appears partially covered with trees, and crowned
near its extremity with a cluster of broken walls and chim-
neys. There is a meadow on the eastern side, running to
the base of the ridge, and across this is a foot path from
the ferry to the fort, by the nearest way ; a carriage road
also leads from the ferry to the ridge, and thence down to
the same place.

The Old French Lin'Es, where General Abercrombie

i> *

100

RUINS or THE PORT.

was dofpatod in 1758, are the only part of the fortification
which was ev««r the scene of a hattle. They commenced
on tlie east sitlo, at a haltery of heavy cannon on the i«hore,
tthoiit a (inaner of a mile south of the ferry. The rennains
of the breast work can yet be seen. The lines wrre drawn
in a zig-zag; first stretching off to the right, along the side
of mar^ihy ground, to a cluster of bushes, where was a bat-
tery ; atid then to the left to the verge of a wood, where
was another.

Their course may be distinctly traced in this manner,
across the ridge of land at its highest elevation, over to the
brow of a steep bank looking towards the outlet of Lake
George. The woods which now so much interrupt the
Bight, have grown since the evacuation of the fortress,
after the revolutionary war.

There is a fine spring of water near the western part
of the French lines, where a bloody engagement occurred
between two hostile parties during the battle. Bodies of
men have been dug up hereabouts within a few years, and
shot were formerly very freqnen:ly found in old timber

Mount Hope is a hill about a mile north from this
place. It was occupied by Gen. Burg«>yne's British line,
which formed the right wing on his approach to Ticon-
deroga, on the 2(1 of June, 1777 ; and on the following
morning, while they were approacliing through the woods
unsuspicious and undiscovered, one of their soldiers was
observed and fired upon from a salient angle of tiie lines.
This alarmed the British, who fired; and the Americans
were so muc^h excited that they returned three volleys,
without orders from their officers. Strange as it may
seem not a man was killed on either side, and the enemy
retired without attempting any thing further there, for they
succeeded in capluri.ig the fortress in a few days, by gaining
the top of Mount Defiance with their cannon.

In proceeding from the French lines south towards the
fortress, by a gentle descent, before arriving there, at the
distance of about 120 yards, you pass an old intrench-
ment ; and about 150 yards further bring you to the edge
of the outer ditch or counterscarp, where there was a row
of palisadoes. Five steps more bring you to the walled
Bide of the ditch, which is still eight feet deep in some
places, and therefore impassable except where it has been
partly filled up. Its breadth is g^enerally about 8 or 9

nans.

VOIURfcSS OF rXCONDLKO(;A.

101

yards, and the wall of the fortress ca the othei side in
some yilaces 20 or 25 feet high

The fortress is of nn angular form, and emhraces a largo
tract >f ground, being divided into parts by deep ditches,
which were defended by cannon and musketry, and added
very much to the security of th<! place. The communi-
cation between the.«e difliTei.t parts was kept up by stone
staircases, placed in convenient positions of the angles,
all so calculated as to moke the descent into the d ches,
and the ascent, circuitous and intricate; and open to \ho
cannon and small arms. A glance at some of those which
remain will show the plan. The walls were originally
much higher than at present, being raised by superstruc-
tures of logs filled m with earth.

The liarracks formed an oblong, and the walls still re-
main of all except those on the eastern side ; their form is
plainly distinguishable. The parade, is about 52^ yards
long, and 3 in breadth. The barracks, &c. the walls
of which remain on the nvjrth, south, and west sides, aie
built of the rough blue limestone of which the neighbouring
rocks are formed, two stories high ; and these with the
chimneys, several of which are standing, are the principal
objects seen from a distance. The entrances to this court
yard or parade, are between the buildings, and quite nar-
row. By the southern entrance, Ethan Allen entered with
his 83 raw soldiers when he surprised the fortress on the
18th May, 1775 ; and on reaching the court yard and
calling on the commander to surrender, the British officer,
Capt. Depiace, made his appearance at a window and
submitted, delivering up 3 officers and 44 rank and file.
In consequence of this coupde main, this important place
was in the hands of the Americans until the arrival of Bur-
goyne in 1777.

The troops in the garrison had become loose disciplina-
rians. A body of men had been dispatched from Con-
necticut to surprise the place, and approached upon the
opposite shore, but were unprovided with a conveyance
to the intended point of theii enterprise. A countryman,
who had been in the habit of frequently visiting the fort,
was made acquainted with their views, crossed the lake
by day light, went carefully into the fort, and observed in
what part of the parado ground the arms were stacked.

i«

,.lr\.

uvz

Mil. PKLL 3 (.ARDKX.

Being almost domiciliiitcd hy tho IVrtjucncy of hi:* previous
visits, lio loun^^rcl I'wiiy hi;i lime iintil ni^'ht aporoachnd.
Ho th(?n possessed himself of a lar;^c bateau owned by tho
garrison, and rerr«t-<sed thi^ lake. Allen having joined
the han(i embarked, effeeted a landing about one mile
north of the fort, and proceeded arross tho meadows,
shrouded by thct night, and made good their daring enter*
prise, by threatening the sentry and taking immediate
possession of the fire arms, as pointed out by their avant
courier.

Tho battlements of Ticonderoga first bore the flag of
independence This circumstance should of itself render
this ruin, go fine in other associations, interesting to the
traveller.

At each corner was a bastion or a demi-bastion ; and
under that in the northeastern one is a subterranean
magazine. The cellars south of this, which belonged to
the demolished buildings, and are aluj^^st fil'ed up, have a
room or two with fire places still distirguishable.

The Grenadiers' Battery, is situated on a rocky
point towards the east from the main fortress. They
were connected by a covered way, the traces of which are
distinctly visible.

Still in advance of the Grenadiers' Batter}* is a small
work of earth, which might have contained 5 or 6 guns;
while in front of it, and on the extreme point, two or three
more guns appear to have been placed between- the rocks,
to fire down upon the water, about 40 feet below. The
shrubs and trees which have grown up since the evacua-
tion of the place, with the ivy which hangs everywhere
among the rocks, give the spot a very romantic appear-
ance ; and if the visiters have furnished themselves with
refreshments, they will not find a more delightful place to
regale themselves. A little further east, and under the
bank, is an old stone house, formerly a store belonging to
the fort. Near tliisis the Hotel, See p. 88 & 99.

On a spot formerly occupied as the King^s Garden,
Mr. Pell has a fine garden, abounding in the choicest fruits
imported from Europe, and transported from the celebrat-
ed nurseries of Long Island. Mr. Pell has been a very
successful propagator of the locust tree, {Robinia Pseudo
«caiia of Linnueus,) thousands of which arc growing on

' ¥

rOHTRf.3S or TICONDEKOOA.

lOJ

5V10U3
ichod.
by tho
joined
? mile
idows,
enter-
lediato
• avant

flaj^ of

vender

to the

m ; and
rraneau
nged to
, have a

a rocky
, They
rhich are

\Garden,
;esttriiit3
I celebrat-
?n a very
Pseudo

[owing ou

theso grounds in the most flourishing manner: here is aUo
the Magnolia Grandijlora, never hetore cuhivaied in so
high a latitude; the hor^e chesnut {Castanea Equinua,)
and upwards of 70 varieties of the poosc^herry from Eu-
rope. Hero also wo find the beautiful Cafalpa, and the
Liriodendron tulipcfcra. If it is the intention of the
traveller to cross the lake, to the neighbouring Vermont
shore, where are still some slight remams of Burgoyne'g
intrcnchments, ho will be much pleased with a walk across
the meadows to the upper ferry, a distance of about 3-4 of
a mile. This will remind him, if he has been abroad, of
the pnik scenery of England; and the view of the ruins
from those meadows is strikingly beautiful : the clumps of
trees, tho circuitous route, the view of I^ake Champluin on
the right, and an amphitheatre of wood on the left, make
this a most beautiful and interesting route.

Between I'le Grenadiers' Battery and the fortress, tho
shore retains traces of many little terraces, breastworks,
and buildings, such as were probably workshops, barracks,
s tores, &c.

From the more elevated parts of the works the visiter
enjoys, in fine weather, a delightful view of the lake and
the surrounding country. On the right is the outlet of
Lake George, winding through a dark and narrow valley,
and spreading out to embrace an island of the brightest
verdure; while more immediately under the eye lies a
fertile little meadow, interspersed with a few trees and
clusters of shrubs, and after the hay has been made and
stacked, sometimes enlivened by a herd of horses or
cattle.

Mount Defiance, about 800 feet high, on the summit
of which Gen. Burgoyne's troops showed themselves on
the morning of July 4th, 1777, with a battery of heavy
cannon, which they had drawn up along the ridge by night,
and planted in that commanding position, whence they
could count the men in the fort. The distance to the sum-
mit in a straight line is about a mile, so that the defence
of Ticonderoga would have been impossible ; and on tho
firing of a few shots by the British upon a vessel in the
lake, which proved the range of their guns, the Americans
made preparations to evacuate the place, and efllbcted their
retreat to the opposite shore during the night.

1'* w
I** '•m

iiiXmm]

mkm

' *.' " ' !♦■■ 4' I

>.^

Y.aKK CHAMI'LAK^.

Mount Independence is a hill of comparatively sm.-iil
^elevation cast of Mount Detiam-e, and rieparatcd fi'om it
()y the lake, which has here reduced its size to that of a
«mall river. On a bank, just above the water, are the re-
mains of a zig-zag battery for about 40 or 50 guns, running
across a little corn field behind a liouse, and making five or
six angles. The Horse Shoe Battery is traceable on an
elevation about a quarter of a miie in the renr. A bridge
once connected Ticonderoga with Mount Defiance, tlie
buttresses of whicli arc retnuining, to the great annoyatxe
of the navigat(jrs of the lake ; the steamboat passes to the
south of them. On the west shore, (near the stone store
house,) Arnold, when pursued by the British, caused his
•flotilla to he run on shore. These hn'.ks remain almost as
f!ound as when first stranded. A forty-two pounder is said
to have ranged from the Horse Shoe over this channel,
(now marked by a buoy,) and the fortress.

After the Revolutionary war. about 500 cannon wero
lying about the fortress, lines, &c. many of them as left
by the English, with their trunnions knocked oflT. A twen-
ty-four pounder was taken to the forge at Fair-Haven,
some few years ago, and discharged by the heat, after
lying loaded for above twenty years, and r considerable
time at the bottom of the lake.

The mountainous region on the west side of the lake
abounds with deer, and considerable numbers are killed
every season.

The E*assage from Ticonderoga down Lake Champlain
is very pleasant, abounding, the greater part of the way
to Canada, with fine natural scenes.

Five Mile Point. The lake is narrow at this place,
which is remarkable as thr* landing place of Gen. Bur-
goyne's expedition, as mentioned on p. 100. Mountains
appear in the west and northwest, with occasional iiiter-
vals all the way up to Crown Point; while in the north, is
a lofty and imposing range, with two or three peaks al-
most bald from the height of their elevation. Summits
multiply as ve proceed, and distant mountains urise also
in the northeast ; while Mount Defiance and other emi-
nences towards the south bound the view in that direc-
tion. There are scattering farms and houses on both
shores.

¥.

■'■«*?

tid^

i*»

!X-;

I- i<

w-"!!.*;

"1..

. •' -in

■r r.

^^'-^

KOUTE TO CA.S'ADA.

105

The shores are in this part strewed with the fragments-
of blue limestone rock with organic remains.

The immediate &hore^ are generally low all the way tc
Crown Point, where the lake suddenly tarn.s to the west
at a right angk?^ and at the distance of a mile as suddenly
to the north again. A low stretch of land covered with a
young forest on t\ie left, conceals the approach to this an-
cient fortress, v'hich, for position, as wv.W as appearance
and history, may be called the twin sister of Ticonderoga..

Chimn ey Point, where the steamboat often receives and
lands passengers, is on the north side of the lake, with w
large public house in a pleasant situation ; and here is the-
place to stop if ihe traveller intends tf> visit Crown Point,
which is opposite, across a ferry 3-4 of a mile.

The Fortress op Crown Point, — There are several
old works thrown up along the shore, with little bays be-
tween them. The easternmost one is called the Grena-
diers' Battery, the middle one is the original old French
fort of 1731, and now encloses a garden ; and that further
west is an outvvoi*k to a bastion of the fortress. The
ground on which the old fortifications stand, is owned by
Major.!. Churchill of the U.S. Army.

The fortress is situated about a quarter of a mile back
fron» the shore, and appear^ much like Ticonderoga from
a distance, showing the walls and chimneys of the old
barracks, and walls of earth surrcunding them. In regard
to its plan, however, it is materially different. The for-
tress of Crown Point was a star work, being in the form
of a pentagon, with bastions a: the angles,, and a strong re-
doubt at the distance of 250 or 300 yards in advance of
each of them. The fortrer^s is surrounded by a ditch,
walled in with stone, except where it has been blasted
into the solid rock of blue limestone, (as is the case in
many parts, from live to twenty-five feet,) and even inta
quartz rock which underlays it. Univalve shells are
found in the limestone rock, frequently four inches in di-
ameter. The walls are about 20 or 25 feet high, and
there is a convenient path running entirely round upon the
top, interrupted only by the gates at the north and south
sides. Although much shaded by tall sumacs, some fine-
views are enjoyed in making the circuit, which is not far
.short of half a mile.

Y 1 I*.' ■ .1. 'I

tr-; 'jr f. - -I

■it.. My^-' ' ■

106

FORTRESS OF CROWN POINT.

Opposite the north gate is a small ledge of rocks ; and
close by, the remains of a covered or a subterraneous way
to the liike shore. On entering the fortress, the stranger
finds h'mselfina level, spacious area, bounded on the left,
and in front, by long ruinous buildings of stone two
stories high, and the first 220 feet long, while the ruins of
similar ones are seen on two sides on the right. This
parade is about .500 feet in length. The place was sur-
prised by Col. Warner in 1775.

The view from tliP walls towards the north is very fine :
looking down the lake, wb h widens at the distance of two
or three miles, you have Chimney Point on the right,
and two other points projecting beyond the distant peak,
called CamcVs Hump. A range of mountains on the west-
ern shore, beginning at the distance of 18 miles, including
Bald Peak, gradually approach till they form a near and
bold boundary to the lake on the left, scattered with cleared
farms and houses, and then stretching away to the south,
terminate in the mountain behind. This elevation, although
it seems almost as well calculated to command Crown
Point as Mount Defiance does Ticonderoga, is not less than
four miles distant.

Every thing a!)out this old fortress bears the marks of
ruin. Two magazines were blown up ; the timbers in
the south barracks are burnt black ; a portion of the
shingled roof v/hich remains serves to cover a little hay
mow and the nests of robins ; while some of the entrances
and other parts are fenced up for a sheep fold. The
ground around it is much covered with fragments of
blasted rocks, and particularly at the south, with the ruins
of old buildings The trees which are seen, have grown
since the evacuation of the place : and on one of the angles
is an inscription of the date of the fortress, 1756, when it
was constructed on a greatly enlarged plan, by Gen. Am-
herst, at an expense of two millions of pounds sterling.

In 1777, the British had a fleet on Lake Champlain,
composed of the following vessels : ship Inflexible, Capt.
Pringle, carrying 18 twelve pounders ; two schooners, one
with 14 the other with 12 six pounders ; a flat-bottomed
radeau with six twenty-fours and six twelves ; and 20
small craft, each carrying a gun from nine to twenty-four
pounders, and several long boats, beside boats for baggage,
>i)tores, vfcc.

ROUTi: TO CANADA.

107

The Americans had only two brigs, one corvette, odp
sloop, three galleys, and eight gondolas, the largpst vessel
carrying only 12 six and four poimdors. These were
under the command of Arnold, who drew them up betweei>
the island of Valincourt and the western shore, where
they were attacked. They fought four hours, and the
British at last retreated ; but while making his way to-
wards Crown Point, Arnold was overtaken, and nearly all
the squadron (led up the lake, passing this place which
was evacuated. Arnold remained fighting as long as pos-
sible, and did not leave his vessel until she had taken
fire.

Proceeding down the lake, the breadth of it soon in-
cretises, and at the two islands on the right it is about li-
miles acros*. A little further is

Fut-in-Bay, on the eastern shore, with an island of the
same name.

Sloop Island, 17 miles from Burlington, is- low in the
middle, and contains several trees, which look not unlike
masts. It was mistaken for a sloop in a mist}' day, in the
Revolutionary or French war, and fired upon by a vessel,
whence its name.

At Hartford the lake suddenly opens to the breadth of
several m^les, and a new scene is presented to view. On.
the west side is a rounded island covered with pine trees,
like much of the shore previously seen, and separated from
the main land only by a narrow rent of about fifteen feet.
Apparently ju?it v.'iihin this aperture is a rude arch of rock,
like the remains of an ancient bridi^e.

B TRLiNGTO'N, 75 miles from Whitehall, This is the-
largest town on Lake Champlain, and is situnt.ed in aj
comn anding as well as a delightful position. The lake
suddenly widens as you approach it from the south, and m
fine semicircular bay puts up to it from il^ east, sur^
rounded by a crescent of high ground, under the shelter of
which the town is situated. The University of Vermont
is 330 feet above the lake. The view from the top »)f the^
hills is truly admirable ; embracing in the foreground the
elegant gardens of some of the wealthier inhabitants,
the College, Vv-ith the streets of Burlington below, the curv-
ing form of the bay, the whole breadth of the lake, her©
tea miles across, and a noble ehaiu of di.slant blue m«uu-

10«

•i;'^

103

PLAlTsBURGtt.

tains on the opposite side. The road to Windsor by the
Gulf is very good and interesting-. A steamboat goes to
Phittsburgh and returns daily.

Port Kent, 10 miles, is a small village on the western
shore, sixteen miles from T3urlineton. It serves as a port
to the iron works established a little back in the country,
where there is a vast quantity of ore.

The Walled Rocks , and the Falls of the An Sable >
These are natural curiosities of a superior kind, although,
from their secluded situation, they have not yet attracted
general attention. To visit them, the traveller may land
at Port Kent, take a carriage in waiting to Keeseville,
4 m. a village where an active business is carried on in
lumber anu iron. There are saw-mills at a fall in the
river. A guide will be desirable. First, 1| m. northeast,
passing through a fine wood near the road, you reach the
brow of a rock, and have a view of Watson's Falls.
This is a charming object. A letter to the editor of the
'• Northern Traveller" describes it as offering a " striking
resemblance to a magnificent chandelier of three tiers, 60
feet high, the drops of water sparkling like diamonds in
inotion, and prismatic colours, like those of the rainbow,
floating over the whole."

You next pass a cluster of iron works, called Bitming-
ham, amidst a series of waterfalls ; and then, crossing the
stream, and proceeding some distance through the woods,
alight and walk to the Walled Rocks. These are preci-
pices of stratified rocks, about 100 feet high, overhanging
the stream, two of which are so uniform, and separated so
precisely by deep and narrow channels cut down almost to
the water's level, that they seem ready to fall every in-
stant. When viewed directly endwise, they appear like
tail chimneys, only a few feel in width ; while, at the same
lime, they lean very perceptibly beyond their narrow
bases. Between them is a staircase, built by some of tha
lovers of nature in the neighbouring village of Keeseville,
for the accommodation of visiters. By this you may de-
scend to the bottom : and there the scene is highly impres-
sive and peculiar, while the spectator sees with dread,
that the point of view on the summit is on a thin project-
ing shelf of rock.

Plattsburgh, eight miles. This is a town of consi*

l*oi

' the
;9 to

stern
port
intry,

tablet
ough,
•acted

land
eville,

on in
in the
ihraat,
vM the

Falls.

of the
triking
ers, 60
ond3 in
linbow,

irming*
ing the
woods,

preci-
langing
•ated so
[most to
very in*
lear like
lie same

narrow

|e of tiiG
iseville,

|may de-

impres-

dread,

Iproject-

If consi*

:vv J-- . 5;.' '■■

• i f^kM '*'. * * 'Z 91*1

wmm

I I.

vvj

hot
nnc
Hot
rou

sum

127;
P.

(lurii
T,
static
Cana
read^
tion c
river
a nurr
nough
squad
with
tal Isl
fought
vesse
minute
Capt.
hull, a
battle
part of
McI
Head
sist3 of
lature

Cha,
country
country
appear?

UOtTE TO CANADA.

ion

^[icrable importance, situated on the banks of the Saranac,
find just behind the high and steep bank of the lake, on
which is a line of forts erected for the defence of the place.
The town commands a fine view.

The St. Lawrence and Cluimplain railroad route has
been sin-veyed from Plattsburgh to Ogdonsburgh, 120 m.
and the oxpenst? estimated at about one and a half mil-
lions, crossing Chateaugay river cast of Malone. Another
route has been sin*veyod up the north bank of Au Sable
river across the highlands and down Racket river. The
summit of the former near the Chateaugay is 1733 feet
tibove tide ; and that of the latter, on the highlands, only
1277. The lake here is 87, and at Whitehall 93.

Plattsburgh was the scene of a land and naval battle
during the late war with Great Britain.

The Battle of Plnttshurgh, When Gen. Macomb vv^as
stationed at Plattsburgh, Sir George Prevost came from.
Canada with an army, and occupying the village, stood
ready to attack the American troops, who were in posi-
tion on the elevated ground, between the east bank of the
river Saranac and the precipitous shore of the lake, where
a number of forts, &jc. are still to be seen. Com. McDo*
nough was at that time on the lake with the American
squadron ; and hearing of the approach of Capt. Downie
with the British ships, extended his line between Hospi-
tal Island and Cumberland Head, where he received and
fought the enemy with such success as to capture all his
vessels. The action continued two hours and twenty
minutes, and was performed in full sight of the armies.
Capt. Downie's ship, the Confiance, had 105 shot in her
hull, and the Saratoga 59, and was twice on fire. This
battle caused the retreat of Prevost, and relieved that
part of the country from being overrun.

McDonough's Farm lies on that part of Cumberland
Head which is opposite the scene of his battle, and con-
sists of 200 acres. It was presented tohmi by the Legis-
lature of Vermont, in gratitude for his victory.

Chazy, 15 miles, — Rouse's Point, 12 miles. The
country hereabouts is very uninteresting: for the level
country has begun which extends far into Canada. The
appearance of the banks is quite uniform ; they being low,

P^A:' *

v^■^

4^:

4^1

..■fifiikii

■ m

110

ST. JOHN '3.

V7V 1<I

and in mr^ny places almost overflown by the waters of tho
lake.

There i» a io' -^ wall and battery on the south side, with
angles. The cl jHcI is on the east siiie, and very nar-
row, faced for a considerable distance by another battery.
Sentries are ported in different places. The shipyard
succeeiis, and the officers' quarters, generally neat, one<
story bu'ldings, with little gardens tastefi lly laid out.

The expedition against Canada in 1776, consisted of
two divisions; one of 3000 Ncw-Er.gland and New-York
soldiers, under Generals Schuyler and Montgoinery, pro-
ceeded down Lake Champlain in rafts, from Ticondcroga
and Crown Point, and took position at I&le aux Noix.
Tlie other, which was planned and despatched subse-
quently, consisted of a large body, under General Arnold,
and proceeded through the wildemess, in the district of
Maine, for Quebec. The forrner dlvi^ion, after a liitie
■tlelay, proceeded to St. John's. They afterwards formed
'^t thi^ place a chevaux de frieze in the river.

Beyoud, the shores continue low and uninteresting,
•with hurnerous cabins of aetthirs near the water, the
forest «ncroachincr to within a short distance behind.

St, John's, {Lower Canada^) 10 miles.

Here the «4eamboat stops, at the head of the rapids,
atvd at the end of navigation. A railroad leads to iV.on-
treal : (3 6 miles by land, and 9 by water on the St. Law-
rence, in a steamboat. )

The village presents nothing worthy of particular atten-
tion, except as the scene of some military deeds, con-
nected with the expedition of Gen. Montgomery against
this country. Wlulc the continental troops were sta-
tioned at isle aux Noix in 1775, Generals Montgomery
and Schuyler invested the fort, which conlaitied a garri-
son of 5 or 600 troops, beside 200 Canadians, and was
commanded by Major Pre.ston. The siege lasted b weeks,
and they diil no^ capitulate till some time after the ;«ur-
render of Chambly, nor till the Americans had brought
their trenches to the walls of the fort. They then ob-

L-i

f,r.ti>ni^'/ifn

/Of)

/. . U'lulie ••

^/ ,..',. I

I./3

^H^I^B^^f

^^^^^^Hj

BirSI

<4i^

^^1-.

same
floor,
facing!
of a si

Fence
might
over t[
by a SI
except
Roehel
The I
foreiirr
languaj
have nl

ROUTE TO CANADA.

Ill

tained possession of 17 brass pieces, 22 iron, 7 mortars,
with halls, bombs, &.c. <Stc.

The Canadian juioney is different from that of the
United States; but m consequence of the continual in-
tercourse, the latter passes currently. Nino sous or cop-
pers, (which are of various and sometimes curious
stamps,) equal six cents. Two sous nearly Id. and 20
cents a shilling.

A pleasant road from St. John's to Montreal, is by
'^'hambly and Longueil, (for which, see Index.)

The River Kiciielieu sometimes takes the names of
St. John's and Sorel, in consequence of its running by
those towns. Several mountains are in sight, as Bclceil,
Boucherville, &c.

The Rapids may be regarded as a specimen, on a small
scale, of the numerous rapids in the St. Lawrence, which
will hereafter excite the interest, if not the apprehension
of the stranger. The bed of the Richelieu has a rapid
descent in several places, where it comes immediately
under observation, and becomes so shallow as to be iu\s-
sable for the flattest boats only during the floods. In the
summer it is generally only a few inches deep, ard the
surface broken by numerous stones of all sizes, and here
and there by little waterfalls near the shore. At the
same time the banks are low and flat ; the houses of one
floor, whitewashed, and built at nearly equal distances,
facing the river; and, in short, the general character
of a scene on the St. Lawrence, may be imagined from
a view here, by making allowance for superior size and
fertility.

It has been proposed to make a canal to the St. Law-
rence ; but it is said that the channel of the St. John's
might be improved by stonewalls to confine the water
over these rapids. The Chambly rapids might be passed
by a short canal; and the only remaining obstructions
except those at the mouth are at St. Theresa and Mille
Roches.

The inhabitants, out of the towns, have the aspect of
foreigners, m dress, countenance, manners, customs, and
language. Their fashions are antique, and many of them
have not been changed for ages : the men wear the Ca-

-1 • ■ ; •I

J 12

RAILROAD TO LAPRAIRIE.

iM^nm

nadian jaclvet, cap, or hat, red sash, and moccasin of
rough leather The women work in the held, and all of
them fpeak French, generally without knowing a word of
any other language. The farms will be observed, laid
out in strips of 1 or 200 acr<;s, flat, broad, and 1, 2, or
evcin 3 miles in length ; and the system of farming is ex-
tremely bad, as will bo discovered at once, by the acres
that are consigned to the useless and destructive litile
Canada thisile. There is no such thing known here as
the doctrine of a rotation of crops, and land is recovered
to fertility by lying fallow, except that lately the use of
manure has begun to be resorted to in a small degree.
The horses are of a small breed, well known in the north-
ern stales, by the name of the country. They are small
and slow, but powerful and hardy. Many of them are
driven across the line, and large horses introduced iriio
the towns in return. The value of a common Canadian
horse is about $40 ; and of a ,'^ood one, $00.

There is very little to be -en on this road to interest
the travell'^r. Ti'e landscape id unvarying; the inhabit-
ants as well as tl soil are poor, and there is nothing that
deserves even the name of a village. We pass a house
now and then, dignified by a tall pole or mast raised in
front of it, which is a singular mark of distinct on con-
ceded to officers of militia, and usually adopted by those
ot' ihe lowest grades

The people have healthy countenances, inclining to
round faces and thick lips. Many of them show the up-
per front teeth vvhen silent; and their aspect denotes a
want of education, which is the real cause of the hack-
ward condition of society in Canada. They are all Pa-
pists ; and the churches seen here and there upon the
road, are devoted to the service of the Komish church.

One of the most singular traits in tho domestic ar-
rani^ements of the Canadians, is building tlie oven not
only out of doors, like the Dutch, but directly over the
pig sty.

The mountain from which the city of Montreal derived
its name, and which rises imtncdiately behind it, may be
discovored at a grta' di^ilance; and the hou^e of Mr.

McT
distal
So
tensi^
then I
La
boats
the C;
speak
and nc
ceptiuj
curiou
tries ;
and Qi
nearly
a high
care of
The
The cit
its thic
and ov(
metal,
chard s ;
tified is
and sev
seen the
shores
which,
of tires(
forinity
voyage
The
ly near
but tho
lively p(
facility
ing, anc
ever, foi
borne ra
of the
the rock

lloLTE TU CANADA.

113

sin of
all of
ord of
1, laid
,2, or
is ex-
I acres
e litile
lere as
overed
use of
iegree.
! norlh-
e small
lem are
;ed irilo
anadiau

interest
inhabit-
ing liiat
a house
raised in
on con-
[)y those

ning

the up-
euoies a
le back-
e all Pa-
)pon the

lurch,
eslic ar-
)veri not
over the

I derived
may be
e of Mr.

McTavish may be perceived, like a white spot, a little
distance up its side.

Some timo before reaching the river, you pass an ex-
tensive common, lying on the south side of the road, and
then the town of

Laprairib. This is a large town, from which steam-
boats cross to Montreal, 9 miles. The place is built after
the Canadian fa.«»hion ; and very few of the inhabitants
speak English. The streets are narrow, the houses low,
and nothing is to be seen worthy of particular notice, ex-
cepting a nunnery and the church, both which may seem
curious to persons who are not familiar with Popish coun-
tries ; though of inferior interest to those of Montreal
and Quebec. The nuns possess a large tract of land,
nearly in the centre of the town, which !s surrounded by
a high wall : and they devote some of their time to the
care of the sick, and the education of girls.

The view of Montreal from the wharf is uninterrupted.
The city is distinguished at the distance of 9 miles, by
its thick mass of buildmjrs, roofed with sheets of tin,
and overtopped by chjrch spires, shining with the same
metal. Behind it rises a fine mountain, spotted with or-
chards ; on the right, down the St. Lawrence, is the for-
tified island of St. Helen; and on the left. Nuns' Island,
and several smaller ones at a distance, through which are
seen the sheets of white foam caused by the rapids The
shores are low and perfectly flat m every direction ;
which, with the wide expanse of water, gives an aspect
of tiresome monotony and extension to the scene. Uni-
formity will be found characteristic of almost the whole
voyage to Quebec.

The current of the river is extremely rapid, particular-
ly near those parts where the surface is broken by rocks ;
but the steamboats are supplied with engines compara-
tively powerful, and arc able to eflfect the passage with
facility and in safety. An hour is generally spent in go-
ing, and from 1^ to 3 in returning. It is impossible, how-
ever, for any boat to go through the current without being
borne rapidly down in some places ; ar.d there is a part
of the river near the middle, where the wiiter is clear, and
the rocks are easily seen on the bottom, as the boatsglide

4 T*.^>'^f^.

■f\i ''•■'. .' [ill'-. „ .

114

8T. JOHNS.

; r

t^ ii

on above them. In returning, the boats sometimes pass
between two rocks, near the rapids, that on the east be-
ing under water. Here the river is much agitated, and
sometimes throws the water on deck, but without any
danger.

A large tinned roof on the left, with a small steeple,
belongs to the convent of Gray Nuns ; further back is
the RecoUet Church; then the French Parish Church,
near which is seen the Great Cathedral. The English
Episcopal church has a tall pyramidal spire ; and that
•which rises farther to the right, and near the shore, is the
church of Bon-secours From some places may be seen
the lop of Nelson's monument, with several other remark-
able objects, particularly the barracks, on the right, behind
the remnant of the old city wall.

MOxNTREAL.

The landing place is unpleasant, and the stranger may
be struck with the narrowness of the streets, the lowness,
and heavy aspect of the houses, which are of stone or plas-
tered to resemble it: but all '^iis is in conformity with the
iashion of the country ; and Montreal contains some fine
buildings, and other objects worthy of notice, together
v/ith a vicinity which in the warm season of the year is
truly agreeable.

Those who remain but a short time in this city, may
easily pay a hasty visit to the principal objects of cu-
riosity ; and are recommended to take a walk through the
two principal streets, and to notice the following build-
ings and })laces.

At the north end of St. Taul's-street are the barracks.
Just above the Masonic Hall, is the French Church of
Bon-seoours, which, like the other Canadian religious
buildings generally, is formed much on the plan of those
in Franof. The roofs are, however, generally covered
with tin. This is near the northern limit of Montreal;
beyond which begins the Quebec suburb.

Masonic Hall, on the the eastern side of the street.

Theatre, adjoining the Masonic Hall.

Market Place and Nelson^s Monument. Then fol-
lows a double row of shops. On the east side are seve*

ral, wl
These,
ries, if
The
long st(
from J
wings :
One of
chapel,
apart mc
make a
There i
and tha
square i
This
worthy
institutii
influence
ed by t
on a m(
supporte
ed by a
foster ig
have bee
grading
ing the
The
in North
Place 6
partly c(
13th, 14
style the
of ornan
as that o

It is
wide,
ers, eac
at each
towers,
five pub
and four
10,000

MONTREAL

115

ral, which show articles of Indian manufacture for sale.
These, however, had better be bought at the nunne-
ries, if it is intended to visit them.

The Hotel Dieu, or Convent of Black Nuns, is a
long stone building, on the west side of St. Paul's-street
from John Baptist to St. Joseph' s-street. It has three
wings: one on St. Joseph's-street being the hospital.
One of the doors on St. Paul's-street leads into the public
chapel, and another into the nunnery, that is, the few
apartments which are accessible to visiters. The nuns
make a vow on taking the veil, never to leave the walls.
There is a large garden in the rear. This convent,
and that of the congregational nuns occupy the whole
square extending to Notre Dame-street.

This building, and others like it in Canada, are un-
worthy of a traveller's attention, except as specimens of
institutions which have exerted a powerful and unfriendly
influence on all nations who have tolerated them. Found-
ed by the superstition which they perpetuate, framed
on a model borrowed from the heathenism of Egypt,
supported by fanaticism, tolerated by ignorance, govern-
ed by a power as distant as Rome, and used by it to
foster ignorance, and to sustain its authority, convents
have been, and probably always will be, engines for de-
grading the mind, corrupting the manners, and enslav-
ing the people.

The New Cathedral is probably the largest church
in North America, except Mexico. This edifice is on the
Place dj'Armes. It was commenced in 1825, and is
partly copied from some of the European models of the
13th, 14th and 15th centuries. It is of the plainest
style that can bear the name of Gothic : an exuberance
of ornament being inconsistent with a climate so severe
as that of Canada.

It is 255 feet long from west to east, and 134 feet
wide. It was designed to have six quadrangular tow-
ers, each 200 feet high: three on each flank, and two
at each end. The curtain, or space between the front
towers, is 73 feet by 119, and has parapets. There are
five public entrances and three private to the first floor,
and four to the galleries. The building can contain
10,000 persons, which number may rssemble and dis-

I .4 I. ♦ I- V"> -' ■

116-

THE COLLEGZ.

tl'

t *^

I '

perse in a few minutes. The eastern vrindow over tBcr
high altar is 32 by 64 feet, and is to be divided by
shafts and mullions for stained glass. The ceiling is 80
feet high, groined and partly supported by a double
range of grouped columns, intersected by rails.

There are seven altars for the nuns. The floor rises
gradually from the entrance to the high altar. The
house is to be warmed by heated air from stoves under
the floor. The exterior is faced with hewn stone from
the mountain.

Gray Nitns^ Convent, a large stone building, about
410 feet in length, is in the south eastern part of the city.
These nuns have a large number of orphans under their
charge, and are not forbidden to go out, so that they may
be seen in the streets dressed in gray hooded cloaks.

The Seminary (La Seminaire) is an antique build-
ing, and contains a library of about 6,00Q volumes.

The College is a large building of stone, three sto-
ries high, erected in 1819 out of the funds of the Semi-
nary. It has a front of about 150 feet, with wings
projecting in front and rear, which make the whole
length about 220 feet. It has a spacious yard on the
south side, for a play ground, succeeded by a fine gar-
den. In order to guard against fire, large iron doors
are hung in the passages, in such a manner that by
shutting them the vhole building may be divided into
three parts, each fire proof.

It contains aA)out 300 students, who are divided into
eight classes, to each of which is devoted a year, with
the exception of the two last, which occupy but six
months apiece, so that the whole course of instruction
is finished in seven years. Many of the pupils, however,
leave the institution before completing the course.

The Chapel is in the south wing ; and the rest of the
building is divided into recitation rooms, and bed rooms,
the former of which are hung with maps and pictures of
saints, and the latter supplied with crosses and fonts.
The price of instruction is about eighty dollars per
yv'^ar, and some of the pupils have allowances made them^
paicicularly those designed for the church, who assist ir^
instruction by day, and- study by night. There is a prepay-

MONTREAL.

117

»tory school connected with the college. One of the in-
•structers always oversees the boys in their recreations.

Returning to the square, and entering another princi-
pal street running parallel to St. Paul's, you pass nume-
rous respectable and some elegant dwellings, leaving
the Parish Church and the new Cathedral on the east.

The Wesleyan Chapel, the American Congregational,
and the English Episcopal Churches are in this part
of the town.

The Parade, a handsome piece of ground, with a
walk, where the troops are drilled every morning, gene-
rally at 10 o'clock.

Island of St. Helen, or OranVs Island. This is
held by the British government, for a military position
and depot. It is principally covered with trees ; but has
a beautiful gardtii behind the quarters of the officers ; and
a fine road winding round from the landing place, on the
south end, (where are some remains of old works, and a
new battery,) to a rocky eminence over the arsenal, which
is opposite the northern quarter of the town. This rock
is about eleven feet higher than the most elevated parts
of the city; and the view from it is handsome, with a wild
ravine just below.

1 he arsenal and storehouses form three buildings, with
a narrow yard between them, about 125 feet in length.
The batteries range on the river and town, and are fur-
nished with neat barracks, a magazine, &c.

The Mountain of Moritreal offers an extensive and
delightful view, and should by no means be forgotten by
those who have an opportunity to undertake the excur-
sion. It is better calculated to afford an idea of the country,
as well as to delight the eye, than any other point to which
an excursion can be made. Yet it is recommended, if the
traveller stays long enough, to take a ride or two in differ-
ent directions, after having visited this favourite spot.

There are different ways of reaching the summit of the
mountain ; on foot, by an intricate route from the southern
part of the city ; on horseback, or in a carriage, to the
ridge ; or round the north end to the rear. There is also
a foot path up the north end.

The country spread out to view on arriving at this com-
ioaanding height, is a plain of such vast extent a* to aj»-

'■■••* ■'■■■''Vl

A ■ *^ Ir.

f mmM\

t . i-y: :'>'■l■

1 it!-? • li'-^V,-'?]

in**.- Is- f*fi

'i -kM

118

MONTREAL MOUNTAIN.

pear in many directions quite boundless. In fact, it stretch-
es much farther than would bn imagined; for all the way
to Quebec, the river's banks present the same appearanctt.

The spectator faces the east. The side of the moun-
tain, almost precipitous, is thickly covered with trees,
which soon give place below to a smooth descent, declining
to the base, chiefly devoted to pasturage, on the eleva-
tion of which stands M'Tavish's house. A beautiful
display of cultivated fields succeeds on the level, divided
by high palings, and scattered with a few houses. Below
a moderate descent, which appears like an old bank of the
river, gardens and dwellings begin to increase ; and
behind a succeeding one, of a similar description are
•uburbs of thR city.

Eastf on the horizon is Boucherville Mountain ; and
over it is seen more indistinctly, Beloeil Mountain. The
plain country between the Sorel and St. Lawrence is
divided into innumerable fields, with scattering houses.
In the same direction is seen St. Helen's, or Grant's
Island ; and in a direction with the south end of it, the
steeple of Bon-aecour church. North of this are the Que-
bec suburbs, beginning near the barracks ; the Waterworks,
and Baths. Nearer, are seen St. Louis and St. Lawrence
suburbs.

S. S. East, on the opposite shore. La Traiiie; and
nearly over it, the site of St. John's, which is not distin-
guishable. In a range with them, are Nuns' Island, and
Nuns' Farm, the latter on this shore. The river is 3 J
miles wide. The suburbs on the south side of the city,
are St. Antoine, Ricolet, St. Anne's, and St. Joseph'^.

North. Bout de I'Isle, the extremity of Montreal
Island, Pointe aux Trembles, and the village of Bouclier-
ville ; opposite which is Longueil, and further down, Va-
rennes, with a two steepled church.

JV. East, the view is boundless, with a succession of
cultivated fields, which in the distance become quite un-
distinguishable. The same appearance, it will hereafter
be seen, extends along the river's banks quite to Quebec.

Road round the Mountain. The road near the north
end of the mountain is ornamented with many beautiful
seats, and there are also some extensive manufactories.
Behind it is a fine extent of cultivated ground.

stretch-
Lhe way
jarancn.
} moun-
h trees,
ieclining
e eleva-
aeautiiul
, divided
Below
ik of the
se ; and
tion are

Eiin ; and
in. The
^rence is
r houses.
Grant's
)f it, the
the Que-
terworks,
L.awrence

iiie; and
ot distin-
and, and
ver is 3J
the city,
seph's'.
Vlonlreal
Boucher-
own, Va-

ePf>ion of
quite un-
hereafter
) Quebec,
the north
beautil'ul
factories.

Routes in Canada.

1V!>

OTthkr Excursions. To Lachine, 9 mileSjOrSleagues^
The river road is the plcasantest ; giving a view of the
Hapids, Nuns' and Heron Islands, the I idian village of
Caughnawaga opposite, and crossing the Lachine Cav^K

To Pointt aux Trembles and Bout de VIsle.

The southern road to the Mountain, which crosses it ut
the less elevated part of the ridge, near the middle, leads
through St. .Joseph's suburbs, and afterward passes a
number of fine country seats. The most remarkable arc
those of Mr. M'Gillivray, and the late Mr. Gregor}-,
members of the old North West Company, which was
converted into the Hudson^s Bay Company. It engrossed
the Indian trade for a vast distance up the lakes, and en-
tiched many individuals.

The Priests^ Farm lies westo .h^ city near the base of
the mountain ; and is a large tract ' land, with an old
building in the ancient Europea styie, preserving many of
the features of feudal days, with its projecting square
towers, small windows, pointed t "^ofs, and weather-beaten
walls. The barns connected with it are very spacious,
and seem capable of contairi .g a large part of the pro-
ducts of the farm. The only wonder seems to be what a
few old men can do with such vast stores, as well as
with their receipts from various other quarters.

The whole island of Montreal is a Seigneurie, in whicW
the monks of Ricolet, as Seigneurs, have the right of a
tax on every farm, on every purchase and sale of real
estate, and many other privileges, vested in them by the
king of France on the first settlement of the place. Cir-
cumstances have conspired to reduce and destroy many of
these privileges, so that the annual income of the priests,
from this rich and valuable Seigneurie, though large, is
very trivial, in comparison with its extent and fertility.

Col. Allen, with his detachment for the surprise of
Montreal, in 1776, crossed the river from Longueil; but
Major Brown, not being able to land above the city as was
intended, the former was taken prisoner by Gov. Carlton,
nfter a sharp engagement, loaded with irons, and sent to
England. Col. Warner afterwards erected batteries on
the shore at Longueil, by which he drove back the go-
vernor when he attempted to land on his way to relieve
St. John's.

11*

.fr I ' ill jt

i ,

it' *•'

^v'OfiHT 1

J20

RIVER ST. LAWnEfiCK.

t i

ROUTE FROM MONTREAL TO QUEBEC.
Road to Quebec.

Notwithstanding the common prejudices against tra-
velling by land in Canada, which are entertained by
many persons not acquainted with the country, it is re*
commended to those who may find it convenient, to make
arrangements for performing a part of the journey in i\m
manner, either going or returning.

The country is indeed a dead level, but it is entirely re-
duced to cultivation, thickly populated, and with good
roads. The way lies along the very margin of the Si.
Lawrence, passing an almost uninterrupted succession of
dwellings, and supplied with many comfortable and some
good inns.

Steamboat to Qi^ebec.

Leaving Montreal in the steamboat, you pass under the
fort on St. Helen's Island, the steeples and cupolas of the
city being seen nearly in the following order beginning at
the south end; Gray Nuns', Ricolet Church, Black Nuns',
then the Old Cathedral, Episcopal Church, Nelson's Mon-
ument, Bon-secour Church. Near the last, on the shore,
are the Barrnrks, Water works, and Baths, the begin-
^ng of the Quebec suburbs, the residences of Judge Reed
and Mr. M.ilson, with terraced gardens towards the river,
&c. A little below is Malson's Brewei7, and Sir John
Johnson's residence.

The Rapids or St. Mary are between the island and
these last mentioned objects, and run with such rapidity
that steamboats are sametime» obliged to be drawn up by
cattle.

Long2ieil, just he\ow St. Hoien's.

Longuc Pointe, 6 miles (2 leagues) from Montreal.

Vercheres, on the east side.

Varennes has a church with a double spire.

Point aux Trembles^ 9 miles, (3 leagues.) Here is a
nunnery, in which is a school for girls.

Bout de VIsle. Here is no village, but only a
fen-y.

Confrecfsvr, on the east.

Hepentignijf a pretty village.

:c.

nst tra-
ined by
it 18 re-
to make
y in this

tirely re-
ith good
■ the St.
3s»ion of
md some

inder ibe
las of the
[inning at
ck Nuns',
jn'sMon-
he shore,
ne begin-

ge Reed
the river,

Sir J ohn

and »nd
rapitlity
wn up by

.^'

\\'\

treah

Here is a
It only a

? '

. * .'

U '♦.^

m..

lu->

hi V

• ■.I

^) .

t=^T LAWRIK.Vir;,;

tmiu
J/O. \'T/tK a to qt 'F.ilIU

region p
and fert
narrow s
river's b
to such I
crops, a
move, in
scape.

Navig

Steam
river, foi
expediti(
ance to (
employe(
fitted to
freiglit,
principal
deal of
then shij
great nui
shelter tl
singuhir i
fleet of 8
estiniatec

The F,

DS.7'/iroo;i .!•,

ROUTI: To Ql/F.nEC.

121

At this placo it U rocommentled to the traveller by lanti,
to mak«» a deviation from iho ilin^ct rond uUmg the river, \t
he finds it convenient, tostee the delightful country between
it nnd the town of Assomption. There is a beautiful road
on each bank, varied with houses and trees. Ileturn so as
to strike the road near St. Sulpiie.

St, Sulpice, 24 miles (8 leagues) from Montreal.

La Moraye.

Berthier.

Machiche is a pretty town, at the month of the RivierJ?
du Loup.

Many French customs are still preserved by the unmixed
inhabitants of the St. Lawrence, some of which are agreea-*
ble and interesting.

There is very little variety to be discovered in the na-
tural surface of the ground, but the jouniey throuj^h this
region presents almost an unvarying scene of cultivation
and fertility. For a great part of the distance, there is a
narrow strip of com or potatoes between the road and the
river's bank, to correspond with the fields which stretch off
to such a distance on the other band ; and the variety of
crops, and the occasional rows and cliimps (?f trees, re-
move, in u good degree, the natural sumcne&s of the land-
scape.

Navigation and Trade of the St. Lawrence, &c/

Steamboats are of the utmost importance on this great
river, for they contribute extremely to the convenience and
expedition of travelling, and render most valuable assist-
ance to commerce. Thore are many steamboats constantly
employed between Montreal and Quebec, most of them
fitted to accommodate passengers, as well as to carry
freight, and all provided with powerful engines. Ther
principal article of export frum Canada is lumber, a greuS
deal of which is carried to Quebec in immense rafts, and
then shipped for England. These rafts have usually a
great number of sails to hoist in a fair wind, with huts to
shelter the men from the weather, so that they have a very
singular appearance, and at a little distance look like a
fleet of sail boats. The population of Lower Canada i>>
estimated at about 200,000.

The French Canadiai)s uie umiaWo, cheerful; ; 1 gny^

■ >i

•I,
it

ll'

I •

\m&J

>.^^

sent?..

and theii* backwardness in improvements is attributal)lft to
the system under which they live. They are g^enerally
brought up in great ignorance, and they are taught to dis"
like and avoid not only the Protestant principles, but Pro*
testants themselves. In New-England, as is well known,
the law provides for the instruction of evefy child, without
exception : and every child is actually instructed. Books
iand newspapers, however, lose their effect as well as their
value among these people. Among those regions wb;jro
English {i,nd Scotch have settled, instruction is gaining
ground; and in Montreal, the public schools are rising in
importance : but it is to be feared that the Romish priests
will long continue to oppose the extension of real know*
ledge, and that while they retain their influence, the cha-
racter of the people will remain depressed.

The " Proceditrc^'' of Canada is founded on the edict
of Louis 14th, of 16G7, and is the basis of the Civil
Code. There were no lawyers before the Conquest in
1759, when they were created? and martial law pre-
vailed from that time till 1774. The trial by Jury was
introduced in 1785 ; and the Constitutional Charter in
1791.

The houses are generally of one story, and are built of
wood or stone, according to the nature of the country.
Some of them are formed of squared timbers, and even
of round logs ; but the latter are usually employed for the
itonstraction of barns only> which are often covered with
thaich. The houses and barns are frequently compos-*
?-d of several small buildings, erected at different pe-
riods, according to the capacity or necessities of the pro-
prietors.

William Henry, or Sorel,

45 mileSi, or 15 Itagues from Monti ^al

" This town, though quite small, is one of the principal
places between the two capitals. It is on the south side
cf the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Sorel, ot
Richelieu, in a very sandy situation; and contains no-
thing worthy of notice, except a little old church, a
palisadued fort, and a neat square^ at the distance of

a shorii;
houses,
The U
gardens

The
a mile i
barracki
and reti

On tl
batteriei
and floa
with th
to escBfi
treal. j
night; t
ricani*.

Bert
ibut out (
of the si
is a ferry

ter, the i
'ipon th£
pears lik
miles.

Point
ern shon
the lake,
following

Oppos
Rivers,
a French
founded

Thrk
is the lar
96 miles
streets a;
narrow ;
one or tw
being pri
those of
and seve

ttlil;

liable t»
enerally
t to dis*
but Pro*

known,

without

Books

as their
IS whijro

J, dining
rising in
h priests
,1 know*
the cha-"

:he edict
he Civil
iquest in
law pre-
ury was
larter in

I built of
country,
ind even
d for the
red with
compos*
rent pe-
the pro-

principal
)uth side
sorel, ot
ains no*
harch, a
ance oC

P.3UTE TO QUKBJEC.

123

shorts walk,

rounded with several pretty white

a snort waiK, sar/ounded witn sev<

houses, a church, &c. a little in the New-England style.

The fences are generally low, and afford the sight of

gardens.

The Government House stands about three quarters of
a mile beyond the town It is a large red building, with
barracks near it. The boat turns round on leaving Sorel,
and returns to the St. Lawrence.

On the opposite point, General Montgomery erected
batteries on taking the place, in 1775, and prepared rafts
and floating batteries, which maintained an engagement
with the ships in which Governor Carleton attempted
to escape to Quebec, and drove him back towards Mon-
treal. He afterwards passed ihem in an open boat at
night; but his vessels fell into the hands of the Ame-
rican?.

Berthibr is on the opposite side of the St. Lawrence,
ibut out of sight, being behind several low islands. Some
of the steamboats stop there instead of at Soicl. There
is a ferry across.

Lake St. Peter. Op entering this large tract of wa-
ter, the shores at the opposite end appear like mere lines
upon the horizon, and a vessel at the opposite end ap-
pears like a mere speck, the length of the lake being 20
miles.

Point du Lac, or Woodlands, is seen on the north-
ern shore, when nearly across ; ^>ut it is situated beyond
the lake. A ridge of high land continues on the north,
following the course of the river.

Opposite Woodlands is Nicolet, 9 miles from Three
Rivers. The place is large, and contains an English and
a French church, together with a nunnery, and a college,
founded by a Romish bishop of Quebec.

Thrkf: Rivers, (Trois Rivieres,] Half Way. This
is the largest town between Montreal and Quebec, and is
96 miles from the foimer, and 84 from the latter. The
streets are generally straight, and regularly built, though
narrow ; and the houses, although neat, are generally only
one or two stories high, with windows in the roofs, and,
being principally plasier'^d, have rather a dark aspect, like
those of Montreal. It contains shops of various sorts,
and several inns of a decent appearance.

' i r , y* . % It i

f^.

"i^^

• V.

^^1

\m ,

• !• .,,*i

i24

THE RIVER ST. LAWRENCE.

The Nunnery is in tho east part of the town, and has
extensive grounds connected with it.

The Parish Church is in tho south part of the town.
Two large buildings, formerly ihe Court Ho"se and Jail,
with the Nunnery, are the principal objects.

While the American forces were on the retreat from
Quebec, in 1775, General Sullivan sent General Thomp-
son down from Sorel to attack this place. He went down
tho right bank of Lake St. Peter, and landed 9 mites from
the town; but being discovered and misled, be found
General Frazer drawn up in order of battle, while Gen.
Nesbit was sent to cut off his retreat ; and the battle,
which immediately commenced, was short and disastrous
to the assailants, who lost their commander, and many
offi.'iers and soldiers, as prisoners, although they had few
killed. After several hours we approach

Le BiGNKUx, a village on the south side of the river,
known by its double-spired church. It stands on a steep
bank, about 60 feet high, and marks the commeneement
of tho Richelieu rapids.

The river here winds between broken banks, and the
number of cottages is so great as to make the scene more
animating. A few blue, but not lofty mountains, are seen
down the river.

Rapids of Richelieu. The river, which is about two
miles wide, here runs with great velocity, particularly the
first three miles; but the water is deep, and the surface
unbroken, except near the shores, which are lined with in-
numerable loose round stones and rocks, extremely dan-
gerous to vessels when they get among them. These
rocks seem placed with much regularity, forming two
ranges. Although the navigation of this part of the St.
Lawrence requires great skill and caution in other vessels,
steamboats pass with security; yet, on account of the
force of the current at ebb tide, even they are obliged to
vary their hours of leaving Quebec, in such a way as to
have the flood through the rapids. Vessels are often seen
waiting at the bottom of the rapids for a change of tide,
or for a steamboat to tow them up. The rapids extend
about 9 miles.

St. a >?toine, on the south bank, is 18 miles, (6 leagues)

and has

le town,
and Jail,

eat from
Thorap-
jntdown
ilea from
iO found
lile Gen.
e battle,
isastrous
nd many
had few

the river,
n a steep
meement

I, and the
ene more
I, are seen

ibout two
ularly the
e surface
id with in-
nely dan-
. These
ming two
Df the St.
3r vessels,
jnt of the
obliged to
way as to
Dften seen
je of tide,
ds extend

6 leagues)

ROUTE m 0A5ADA.

»7.

'■iJ

from Quebec. The mountain seen towards the north-
east is that of Lorette, and the bank on that side makes
a beautiful slope to the river, agreeably varied by culti-
vated fields, interrupted by occasional patches of wood-
land ; on the side of the ridge, about midway from
the water to the top, passes the road. The south shore,
on the contrary, continues high and abrupt and nearly
perpendicular, with innumerable cottages peeping over the
brow.

PoiNTE Aux Trembles, a village on the north shore.
The river is about the same breadth all along here, viz.
about two miles, although it appears much narrower ; the
depth is about 5 fathoms, and the tide rises 14 or 15 feet-
Notwithstanding the thickness of the population on the
shores, the country is a wilderness only about four miles
back, beingf comprehended in what is called the King^s
Hunting Ground^ which extends from Three Rivers, 40
or 60 miles below this place.

Jacques Cartier, 30 miles from Quebec. This is a
village on the north side, situated at the mouth of the
river of the same name, which is likewise distinguished
by the name of the first explorer of the river St. Law-
rence. Here are the remains of the first church in Ca-
nada.

Carouoe CREEk, on the north side. Here a pretty
view opens, for a few minutes, into the interior, on the
north shore, showing the Indian village of Lorette, at the
distance of three or four miles, with an extent of beau-
tiful land, and a range of fine mountains in the rear.

Chaudiere River is a little below, with a rock on
the lower side, at its mouth.

Looking down the St. Lawrence, part of Point Levi
is seen, covered with white buildings one of which is
the church. It is opposite Quebec, which remains for a
considerable distance invisible. The banks rise to a
greater and greater height, and present every variety of
surface.

Sillery Cove is a mile below, above which was fought
the final battle between the English and French in 1759,
pf'.er the capture of Quebec by General Wolfe, which
completed the conquest of Canada.

•Mi-- ¥m

^ \

; > I-. .,

t-.

1*1

( .

128

qTIEBEC

■•' H<S

lV<3//(?'« Cot'fl i3 beliind the next [;oint. ThU is tho
place where Wolfe landed in the nii^ht, and up the preci-
pitous bank he climbed with his trocps, afterwards draw-
iner up his cannon. Here Gen. Arnold afterwards took
up his troops, in 1775. There is a remarkable rock pro-
jecting from the bank, at the head of the cove, a little
to the right of which is seen a road running up the
hill, at the place where the troops went up, when there
was nothing but 8 foot path.

Cape Diamond \s the abrupt bluff in which terminates
the high land on the north, and under the opposite side
of which Quebec is «' ^ted. It is 348 feet high ; and the
fortified lines on its urow belong to the city walls, and the
citadel, which is included by them. The telegraph is
raised on the Cavaliers' Battery, and the round buildings
on the ridge are Martello towers, which serve as advanced
works to the fortress. The mountains of St. Anne and
Tourmentc appear many miles down the river.

General Montgomery was kilU d just at the base of
Cape Diamond, in attacking a bd^ck house on the shore,
in 1775.

Quebec. The Lower Town of Quebec begins near
ibis spot, and stretches alon^^ at the foot of the rock, while
th>^ Upper Town soon begins to -spen to view above, though
the principal part of it is on the vop and the opposite side.

The Castle of St. Louis, cv the Governor's House,
•overhung this precipice, being built on supporters ; and
made r --'gpicuous appearance, interrupting the city
wall, v; J > encloses the Upper Town. It has been burnt.

But the current is too swift to allow much time for
observation before arriving at the wharf, where the travel-
ler will find servants in waiting from the principal public
Jiouses in the city: these are all in the Upper Town, the
ascent to which is intricate as well as steep and labori-
*iU3, so that the stranger will want their assistance as
guides.

The Lower Town is crowded and dirty, and contains
no decent public houses. After three or four turns, you
begin to ascend Mountain-street, which is very steep and
laborious, and leads to a gate in the city wall, which is
Very massive, built in the old European style, of solid
stone, very thick, with narrow passage ways for carriages

and fool
for musl
a batter
to the It

A wa]
city, by
ing, as i
finest of

It is I
pleasant
morency
particula
much be
the morr

The w
and a Hi
space is

The 1
public sc
one side,
the who
pictures
are a H(
Tongues

The (
ing out
consider?
They ma
black go
stitutions

The i
left from
pictures,
hand nea
tended b;
picture o
the Bapt
on the Ic
Saviour,
picture, t
and over
scending

} is tho
e preci-
3 draw-
ds took
ick pro-
a little
up the
;n there

minates
site side
and the
and the
jraph is
iiildings
[Ivanced
nne and

base of
e shore,

ns near
k, while
, though
e side.
House,
;rs; and
the city
n burnt,
ime for
travel-
il public
)wn, the
i Jabori-
ance as

contains
rns, you
eep and
which is
of solid
arriages

QUEBEC.

12'/

and fooliaen, and a guard chamber abnve, n'ith loophoi i
Tor musketeers. On the ri^uht, after passing this gate, is
a battery of heavy guns. The street which opens a little
to the left leads into the midst of the city.

A walk to tho Esplanade, in the highest part of the
city, by the wall, is very delightful at morning or even*
ing, as it commands a fine view : but Capo Diamond the
finest of all.

It is recommended to the stranger to seize the first
pleasant dayfj to make excursions to the Falls of Mont*
morency, the village of Lorette, &c. which will be more
particularly spoken of hereafter; and it will be found
much better, on several accounts, to set out as early in
the morning as possible.

The walls of Quebec enclose the upper part of the hill,
and a little of its declivity on the north side ; but the
space is so small that the buildings are extremely crowded*

The French Parish Church stands at one end of tho
public square, facing the barracks, with the seminary on
one side. The Church contains little that is remarkable^
the whole interior appearing rather ordinary, and the
pictures having little to boast of: the principal of them
are a Holy Family, an Ascension, Crucifixion, Descent of
Tongues, and Last Supper.

The College, which stands a little to the right in com-
ing out of the church, is a large stone building in -<. Kich c
considerable number of youth are educated by »^x : ^^ts.
They may be distinguished in the city by wearing • long
black gown, sash, and cornered cap, common to ^ ich in-
stitutions in Popish countries.

The Chapel of the Seminary, which standri a liulc
left from the principal gate, contain the best colie.j'on o(
pictures, it is said, in all Canada: beginning on the righc
hand near the door, is a picture of the Virgin Mary at*
tended by angels, &c. in the first chapel on that side is a
picture of the Crucifixion, over the altar ; on the right,
tho Haptism of the Ethiopian, John's Baptism. T . John ;
on the left, a porti-uit, St. Peter receiving the . infant
Saviour, Devotees, &c. on the church wall, x\c^„ .a a good
picture, then the Ascension, and Interment of the Saviour,
and over the high altar, a Holy Family, and Dove de-
scending; what appears to be some priest's dream ; on the

'if

i \

*.»•

¥^^■'4

I..

f,':

( .

5«i

!' ■ -.. ■ ' 4.

128

PLACE D ARMES.

!l-'l

S'm-

left side, 13 the Descent of Tongues, and an Angel vi-iitin^
a saint in prison, ,',^ood ; over the altar in the remaining
chapel, is the Bapti-^m in the Wilderness, with a number
of poor pictures ; ii!id in the church are an EvangeHst,
Wise Men presenting Gifts, &c.

In two gilt boxes, one on each side of the high altar,
are two sculls, with several human bones, placed against
red silk, which are regarded with superstitious reverence,
as holy and perhaps miraculous relics ; a lamp is kept
constantly burning under that on the left hand.

The Barracks arc in a large stone building opposite
the church, which was formerly the Jesuits' College : it
is three and four stories high, forming an angle like an
L, each side of which is about 200 feet long. Here are
quartered the troops which garrison the city. Here were
imprisoned the Americans captured in the attack on the
city, in 1775.

Convents. There arc two convents in Quebec ; one of
them has about 40 Ursulines, who have a large convent
and church near the prison, in the west part of the city,
and keep a large school for girls. The other convent is
lower down, and contains a hospital for diseases of the
lighter kinds ; while the most serious and severe are treat-
ed at the nunnery near the St. Charles's River, about 1^
miles above the town. These institutions, however, are
not now open to visiters as they formerly were; at least it
is generally impossible to gain access Lo them.

The Arsenal is near the Palace gate, and contains
about 100,000 stand of arms, arranged with great regu-
larity.

The Place d^Armes is a small square on an elevated
position, on which stood the Castle of St. Louis, the
Governor's residence, which was burnt in 1834. Here is
a building containing the Museum of the Society for pro-
moting Literature, Science, Arts, and Historical Research
in Canada. Here is also the Monument to Generals
Wolfe and Montcalm, who fell in the battle on the Heights
of Abraham. It is 65 feet high.

The street beyond commands a fine view ; and there
are several beautiful terraced gardens formed on the steep
side of the rock, almost overhanging the buildings in the
lower town.

irH

- ■- ::^\:

QUF.nEC.

129

visitin*
mnining
number
ingelirit,

!;h altar,

I against

vcrence,

is kept

opposite
Uegc : it
like an
Hero aro
ere were
ik on the

^ 1

one

; convent
' the city,
:;onvent is
3es of the
are treat-
about 14
ever, arc
at least it

contains
reat regu-

elevated
.ouis, the
Here is
ty for pro-
Research
Generals
,e Heights

and there

the steep

njrs in the

Tlie fortifications of the city on the land side are strong-,
and worthy of particular attention.

St. Louisas Gate is the highest of the city gates, and
the street of the same name conducts to it; this leads tu
the famous plains of Abraham.

The Esplajiade Battery lies between St. Louis and St.
John's gates, and contains 12 cannon and 4 mortars, with
magazines built where they could not be injured by an
enemy's shot. The ground slopes in such a manner as to
expose a large extent of country to view : the fine fertile
})lain beyond St. Charles' River, the beautiful ridge of
lands beyond, with the villages of Lorette, Charlebourg
and others; the St. Lawrence on the right, with Point Le-
vi, the Isle of Orleans, and the fine ranges of distant moun-
tains. The mouth of the Montmorency can easily be dis-
cerned, on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, about 9 miles
from the city. That is the spot where the falls are to bo
seen, and the battle ground where Gen. Wolfe made an
unsuccessful attack on the French General Montcalm, be-
fore the capture of the city.

Mounting to the parapet near the gate of St. Louis, the
plan of the defences may be in part discerned, even by an
unpractised eye ; and by descending and passing through
the gate, the strength of the place will be better under-
stood. The walls of the city, the bastions, and other
works, are from 20 to 30 feet in height, and formed of
stone. The path is made to turn several abrupt angles, in
order to expose the approach to raking fires. The gate
is of very heavy and durable masonry, and the passage
through it is a dark arched way, about 55 feet long ; it is
closed by two heavy doors, with wickets so placed as not
to face each other.

Near the Hospital is part of the old French wall, about
50 feet high, which contains gentlemen's gardens.

The Citadel, on Cape Diamond, i' designed for a place
of impregnable strength. It has been gradually progress-
ing for a number of years, and is expected to be soon
completed. Admission may be usually obtained by appli-
cation to the proper officers, and necessary information can
be gained at the hotels. The British government intend-
tri to devote £5000 per annum on these works; but as tho

130

TUB CITADKL.

money was sometimes delayed, they were occasionally ex
jiosed to some interruptions. This citadel renders the city
defensible against a large force.

Most of the works are new, though some parts of the
old have been made to serve. They include five or six
acres, on the very summit of Cape Diamond, and extend to
the verge of the precipice, IJ48 feet above the St. Law-
rence. There arc four bastions and one demi-bastion, a
ravelin, in advance of the western bastion, and other out-
works. The wails are about 40 feet high, and built per
pendicularly, of fine he "n stone; the ditch being blasted
out of the solid rock, and about 50 feet wide.

The Casemates. Entering the gates and passing be-
hind the wall, a continued line of large rooms is discovered
following the wall, built of substantial brick work, and
arched over head with such strength as to be bomb proof.
These rooms, which are known by the technical name of
Casemates, are about 50 feet long, 20 wide, and 16 or 18
high, each with a door and two small windows, looking in-
ward, and pierced at the other side, with five loop holes
each, for musketry. These loop holes are on the new
plan, narrow inside, and opening with steps faced with
iron, to prevent musket shot from glancing in. There
are about 40 casemates all towards the land side : the
natural defence of the precipice over the water being
sufficiently strong to prevent the attempts of an enemy
in that direction. The casemates commnnicate with
each other by folding doors, which may be thrown open
the whole length of the bomb-proofs, and will then fur-
nish space for the whole garrison, (from »000 to 5000
men,) to parade at once.

The Suhtcrra7iean Passar^e leads from a iittle staircase
in the bastion next east of the gate, under the diich, to a
small outwork with two or three casemated rooms. The
stairs are narrow and spiral. At the corner next the river and
town, is the old Cavaliers' Battery, a very heavy stone build-
ing, originally erected for the palace of the French governors
of Quebec : below it, at the water's edge. Gen. Mont-
gomery was killed. It has dark vaults, the walls are six
feet thick, near the ground, and from the Telegraph on tho
top is one of the finest vieA^s that can be imagined: the

!•

(iUKBEC.

131

lallvcx
the c\ty

9 of the
re or six
ixtt'nd to
5t. Law-
[istion, a
ther out-
milt per
J blasted

ssing be-
scovered
>rk, and
nb proof,
name of
16 or 18
oking in-
)op holes
the new
ced with
, There
de : the
Br being
n enemy
ate with
)wn open
then fur-
to 5000

staircase

itch, to a

Ins. The

river and
one build -
governors
n. Mont-

9 are six
ph on the
ined: the

l)r')Iid surface of tlio St. Lawrence liesbelow, and strctchefl
«)ir far to the ri-^ht and left < the whole city of Quebec is
crowded together almodt beneath you, while Point Lovi<
with its white buildings^ is seen opposite, with a long
stretch of lofty ahoros. Turning the eye in the opposite
direciionj the beautiful ridge of land, which begins many
miles down the river on the northern side, and rises with
II gentle swell from the shore, covered with the richest and
most varied display of cultivation, oilers a most delightful
view over an extensive and fertile region, beautiful inform,
divided into innumerable portions, cultivated by a dense
and industrious population, and scattered with their dus^
tered dwellings. On the left, appears, among other vil-*
luges, that of Lorette, with the Montreal road for nine
miles, almost lined with houses} and on the light that of
Beaufort, occupying the ridge of the high ground, while v.
little beyond it, is the chasm into which the River Mont-
morency plunges, with its famous cataract, just before it
joins the St. Lawrence ; all the horizon in that direction,
and indeed from the west to the north, and quite to the
cast, is bt'oken by ranges of line mountains, some of them
near and bold, and in other places, between them, distant
blue ridges are disclosed, three, four, or five in succession*
Tsononthuan Moimtain, which has two summits and 13
2000 feet high in the northwest, is the southern extreme
of the granite range teaching from the Labrador coast to
Lake Superior. In the south and southwest, where an
aperture is left, is a distant and lower range, scattered
AVith ctittagos. It may, perhaps, not be hazarding too
mucii 10 say, that no scene in Canada, or the United States,
can boust of a combination of objects, comparable in va-*
riety and magniiicence to those here presented to view.

Thei'e is a long staircase o^ many stepg, leading from
this elevated position down to the Lower Town, by
which it was originally intended to draw up heavy arti*
cles.

The PlainU of Abra'ham;-^T\)\% interesting tract of
ground, the field where Gen. Wolfe succeeded, by a bold
and decisive blow in capturing the city of Quebec in 1759,
lies at only about the distance of a mile, and should not be
Indeed it would be found amply to repay the

fteglectcd.

^■•1

. ''<!

V ■ «

'^- -?•.

'■ "%

12^

• U

fi'. -ri'l'i

l%| 'IS

t\ •■■

»l

132

KEtGHtS or AfiItAHAM»

trouble, to mako a rrmcli lonji^prexoursion in tlirif dlrcctlotl,
as tho rojid is fine and the country inKMi'stin^.*

Passing out at St. Louis's Gato, you obsprve a nunnbrr
of handsome dwellings and gardens by the road side,
until you get some distilncc beyond tho towers, when you
turn into tho Rare Course on the left side of the road.
The foundation of a monument to Wolfe and Montcalm
was laid in lui27. Tlie spot where Gen Wolfe fell is
near the corner of the fenced field, oil' toward:* the riveri
A little east of the place, is tho remnant of a breast work
"with several angles, and comman<ling a fine view. Tho
British line was first formed across the phtin, and the bat*
tie was fought principally on that ground.

The Plains of Abraham ate about a quarter of a mile
in breadth, extending a great distance towards the west,
with a gentle slope on each aide, and so smooth as to oflef
an admirable field for the mancuuvering and display of
troops.

Wolfe''s Cove is about rt mile further west*

* AAer the battio of Montmorency, while the English fleet lay up
thH river, at one o'clock in the night of S.^ptember liith, 1759. Gen.
Wolfe quietly transporter! his troops from the fleet into the boats,
and cautiously passed down the river. He intended to bind two or
three miles aliove Cape Diamond, and get possession of the Heights
of Abraham : but was drifted down so rapidly that he passed the
place without discovering it, and then resolved to attempt a land-
ing at Wolfe's Cove, just above the city, The shore is bold and thd
rocks so high and steep, that only a few sentinels were posted
nlong the precipices and the margin. This dt-spcrate enterprise
however did not iliscourage the leader or his troops ; but an hour
before day break they had etfeeted their landing, und commenced
the arduous ascent by a narrow, broken path, at the top of which
was stationed a captaiji's guard. As fast as the English reached
the sinnmit they lormed on ihe level lain.

At ten o'clock Alonicalm arrived from above, and a battle was
fought, which decided the fate of Canada. Montcalm stationed
1500 sharp shooters in front, hut the British coolly stood their
ground till the French were within 40 yards, when they opened
their fire, and soon afterwards terminated the engagement with
Iheir bayonets. Tho place where the greatest carnajre was made,
is near the nver*s bai k, where tho English left was clo.seIy en-
gaged with the Froncli right. The action lasted two hours, and
in it both chiefs received their mortal wonnds. Gen. Wolfe was
isbot in two or three places^ When hardly any signs of life re*
roained, news was brought that the day had declared for ibe BrJ-
IJah, '♦ Tlie«^" said ho) " I die contentV'

recti oti,

rl side,
ion you
e road.
)ntcalm
fell is
10 river.
at work
1. Tho
the bat-

f a mile
le wo9t,
\ to otVer
splay of

eetlay up

"VoO.Gen.

llic boats^

tid two or

e Heights

assed thd

jt a land-

and thd

re posted

nterprise

It an hour

niinenced

of which

I reached

lattle waB
stationed
ood Iheif
ey opened
nent with
ivas made/
losely en-
inurs, and
Volfe was
)f life re*
the Bri-

StEdK otQuEnKC. In 1775, soon after th

133

)fth

the C(

il C(

commence
ress i)renf

TTient

nil expediiicjii ai^aiiist Coiiiiilu It consisted of two divi"
?ion3 : one under (ien. Montiiomerv came down Lake
Champluin and took St. John's, Chambly, Sorel, Three
llivers, and then proceeded down the St. Lawrence to'
this place. The other, under Gen. Arnold, took tho route
throULjIi the wilderness of Mtiino for Qiicl)ec.

Arnold had 10 companies of infantry, besides 3 of rille-*
men, and one of artillery, with a few volunteers. They
proceeded up tho Kennebeck, but suffered so much from
fatigue anil scarcity that many fell sick, and one division
returned. Tlie remaiiuh^r, however, reached Point Levi
on the Dth of Novenjbcr, and alarmed the city. The
batteaux had been removed, and the strong wind detail Ki
them from crossing, after they had been supplied by the
Canadians. The English frigate Lizard and several
other vessels were also in the river. lie iit length, how-«
ever, effected a landing a little above Wolfe's Cove, and
marching down the shore climbed up the rocks at that
place, and surrounded the city without effect. He then
retired 20 miles to Pointe aux Trembles, and waited fot
Gen. Montgomery, who arrived, after great trials, Dec<
1st, wnh about 300 men.

The two generals afterwards marched to Quebec, and
planting their mortarj on the snow and ice, fired into the
town with little effect. The small pox broke out, and the
cold was severe ; but the town was attacked at four poi
at onco, in a snow storm, without success. Montgomery
\vas killed, one detachiiient was taken, and Arnold retired
three miles and intrenched himself.

The Falls of Montmorkncy. Hire a coach, a gig/
ti. caleche, or a srlddle horse, and set out, if possible, early
in the morning. In a caleche, you will have the advantage
of a guide in yoi ;• driver. Pass through the Palace gate'
and a vdlage divided from Quebec only by tho wall, cross
the bridge over St. Charles' river^ which forms a regular
serpentine, and enter the beautiful cultivated plain beyond*
A Convent and Hospital are seen about a mile on the left,
and a handsome succession of fields is observed on both
sides, divided by low palings. At the distance of a mile
and a half tlw road passes scYsral country houses/

,) ■■'

.( I

i' i'VA

» i

m ■'

^:l:j

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

1.0

I.I

130

IM 12.5

■ 2.2

1^ Bat ll^

US
lU

1*0

11-25 III 1.4

12.0

'^>

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

?3 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

134

rALLS OP MONTMOItENCV.

Rifling' down the coast, nt a considerable elovaticni
from the river, many fine views are presented of the oppa»
site hanks, the isle of Orleans, the mountains of St Anno
and Tourmente down the rirer. The dwellings are small,
and the inhabitants po<jr and numerous.

Beaufort is a village principally composed of such
buildings, stretching for a great distance along the road.

On approaching tiio Montmorency, the road crosses an
extensive, smooth and gradual ascent, part of which was
the field of a bloody slaughter, suffered by a division of
Gen. Wolfe's army in 1759, a shoi't time previous to his
battle on the Heights of Abraham.

The French lines were bounded by the neater bank, as
the remains of their intrenchments on the left still testify }
and the British came up from the shore of the St. Law*
rence on the right, to attack two of their nearest batteries
before the second of which they were cut to pieces.

Dismounting in a little wood and fastening the horses,
you may proceed along the precipitous bank of the Mont-
morency) by a foot path, to see the falls from this side*
As it is a difficult way, and the view more fine and unob-
structed from the opposite side, it is hardly worth the trou-
ble, unless you have plenty of time. You have to clamber
rocks, pass down a long ladder, and stand on the verge of
an abyss into which the cataract dashes. Water is drawn
off here in a wooden race, for the supply of Mr. Patter^
son's great Saw*mill3, which 'ire worthy of being visited*

It is better therefore to follow the road on foot, to cross*
the bridge, and entering the fields on the right, follow
down the course of the river. There are several fine
I>oints of view, from which the falls appear to great ad-
vantagCi

On the fine elevated point formed by the junction of the
two rivers, and commanding an unobstructed view upon
the St. Lawrence for many miles up and down, with
several lofty mountains below, the Isle of Orleans oppo-
site, Quebec above, and the cataract close at hand, the
British here iojk a strong position in July, 1759 ; and
from this place made a bold, but unsuccessful attempt
against their enemies on the opposite side. The remains
of their intrenchments are plainly visible under our feet*

The best view of the cataract is to be ei\joyed from the

spur of t
but the 8]
coat of gr
The hi
banks on
ful prcci|
«iaty rock
the perpei
low walei
caution, w
the tide ri
Battle
came to o
his army c
aded the p
ton was se
there, whe
the River
the Marqui
troops at tl
of July 31i
east of th<
The Fren(
and on the
to ford the
works. S(
I^evi in cro
ensued ; hi
the beach
however, t(
with 200 A
wait or to f
but marche
hili in amai
back from
deserted,
them, whic
obliged tore
back to the
terrupted b)
The ViLi

QUEBEC.

135

spur of the rodi, which projects from the eastern shore ;
but the spray, which keeps the surface covered with a
coat of green, will drench the clothes in a few minutes.

The height of the fall is said to be 240 feet ; and the
banks on both sides below forms a precipitous and fright-
ful precipice, of rather a curving form, of bare, sharp,
slaty rock, v uose strata incline from north to south, and
the perpendicular veins run nearly N. W and S. E. At
low water the Montmorency may be forded, with some
caution, where it was passed by the British troops ; but
the tide rises faat and high.

Battle of Montmorency. When General Wolfe
came to operate against Quebec in June, 1759, he posted
his army on vhe island of Orleans while the fleet block-
aded the port. At the end of that month General Moiick-
ton was sent over to Point Levi, and established himself
there, whence he was able to fire upon the city. Above
the River Montmorency, the landing was protected by
the Marquis de Montcalm. General Wolfe landed his
troops at the mouth of the Montnicrcncy during the night
of July 31st, and erscti'd a battery on the precipice north-
east of the falls, the remains of which are to bo seen.
The French were intrenched along the opposite bank ;
and on the 31st of July, General Wolfe sent his troops
to ford the Montmorency below the falls, to storm their
works. Some of General Monckton's force from Point
Levi in crossing with boats got aground, and difficulty
ensued ; hut the landing was made in the afternoon on
the beach to the right of the saw mills. They came,
however, too late ; for the thirteen grenadier companies
with 200 Americans, who had landed before, refused to
wait or to form, as had been intended in four columns,
but marched tumultuously round the rock, and rushed up
hill in a mass towards the French works, at some distance
back from the old redoubt on the point, which had been
deserted. A warm fire, however, was directed against
them, which cut down about 500 men, and they were
obliged to retreat to the redoubt, whence they were ordered
back to the beach to form. The enterprise was then in-
terrupted by a severe storm, and finally abandoned.

The Village of Lorette may be taken in the way

i.«*

13G

LAKE CHAMPLAIN.

returning from Montmorency, if there should be time
enough lemairiing, (which is barely possible,) and the
rule along the higli ridge leading in that direction, will be
found delightful. Lorette is an Indian village, with a
church, and the stranger may furnish himself with m )cca-
sins, belts, pipes, &c.

Land Route from Quebec to Montreal.

Upper Road.

(The pleasanter.) 1st post, Lorette 16 miles, 2d
Jacques Carlier 16, 3d Descharnbeaux 16, 4th St. Anne
16, 5th BatiscampS, 6th Champlain 9, 7th Aux Cayes 8,
8th Trois Rivieres 6.

Lower Road.

1st post, Cape Rouge 9 miles, 2d St. Augustine 9, 3d
Pointe aux Trembles 8, 4th Ecureil 9, 6th Cape Sante 9.

(Garneau's inn, called " The Three Sisters" is ex-
cellent.)

6th Descharnbeaux, &c. 8.

ROUTES FROM QUEBEC.

Steamboat. Leaving the dock, you pass under Cape
Diamond, nearly at the foot of which General Mont-
gomery was killed in 1775.

Wolfe''s Cove is about a mile beyond. See page 132.

Rapids of Richelieu, p"ge 124. Three Rivers, page
123, Lake St. Peter. William Henry or Sorel, page
122. Montreal, page 114.

From Montreal to Lake Champlain, and thb
United States.

Passage from 3t. John's to Whilehnll. Isle aux Noix
10 miles. Rouse's Point 11, Chazy 12, Plattsburgh 15,
Port Kent 8, Burlington 10, Charlotte. Essex 15, Poit

ROUTE FROM CAXAUA.

i3r

Clinton 10, Dalliba's Works, Port Henry 9, Chimney
Point 12, Ticonderoga 15, Whitehall 25.

On leaving Ticonderoga, the lake soon becomes much
narrower.

The Four Channels. Fourteen miles from White-
hall, the lake suddenly contracts itself into four narrow
passages, between two ranges of mountains, which in
some places present perpendicular precipices ; and its bed,
at low water, appears almost entirely occupied by a little
meadow of the brightest green, through which the chan-
nels wind with beautiful turnings.

A succession of beautiful little turnings are passed,
with ragged precipices, and many little patches of level
ground on the margin of the water ; while, on the eastern
side, the tow path accon)panies the bank.

South Bay opens to the south, and runs down five
miles between high mountains. General Dieskau took
this route with his army, in going towards Fort Edward,
in 1755.

The Devil's Pulpit is a singular cavity in the face of
a bare precipice on the eastern side of the creek.

The Elbow is a narrow part of the creek, with two
very short turns, through which the passage requires a very
exact helm.

East Bay l "kes off at the first bend, and makes up
five miles, along a romantic country. A sugar loaf hill
will be observed at a little distance on the right, which
rises above Whitehall, and makes the approach to that
place quite picturesque.

Whitehall. On the top of a rock over the harbour
was formerly a battery, and in the town a block house.
Numerous boa >) and great quantities of lumber arc usually
seen here, as the Champlain or Northern Canal begins at
the bridge, where are two locks, with a sluiceway, and a
rocky channel.

The heights at this place were occupied by Burgoyne's
right wing, while he was preparing to march towards Sa-
ratoga ; his centre was formed by General Frazer; the
Brunswickers on the left, rested on the river of Castleton;
and the Hessians were at tbe head of East Day.

' /I

):-;lI-r

138

IlaUTE FROM CANADA.

To Albany, by canal packet or stagecoach, 68 m*
Fort Anne, 12; Fort Edward, 9; here a coach passes to
Saratoga Springs ; Fort Miller, 8 ; Schuylersville, fi ;
British Lines, 7 ; (see page 78) ; Passirrg Behmis'a
Heights, Stillwater, 8 ; Borough, 3 ; VVaterford,* 8^,
Hence railroads lead to Ballston and Troy.

The road accompanies the course of Wood Creek,
which is dammed and used for a canal, to which its nar-
rowness and depth give it a strong resemblance. This
creek is famous in the history of the operations in thi»
region during the revolutionary and French wars; and
after repeated exertions to clear it of the logs, &c. by
which it was obstructed, it bore the troops sent against
Canada, &c. which often passed by thir route, from the
days of Queen Anne. The scenery is agreeable, though
rough ; and there is little cultivation off the road.

Half a mile north of the village of Fort Anne, Wood
Creek makes an elbow to a ledge of rocks, so near that
there is but little space for the road between. Here
Col. Sterry was overtaken, in the retreat from Ticonde
roga, in 1777, by Burgoyne's troops, and an engagement
took place, memorials of which are occasionally found in
the soil to this day. A little south, on the brow of the
hill, a quarter of a mile from the stagehouse, stood Fort
Anne, in the revolution.

The old fort of the same name, built many years pre-
viously, and known in the French wars, was about half
a mile south of the village, on a gentle eminence a little
east of the road, where some remains of the old in-
trenchments are still to be seen.

The remains of Burgoyne's Road begin about two
miles south of Fort Anne, at the foot of a hill, and are
traced about three fourths of a mile, near the present
road to a wood. It was formed of logs, and found ne-
cessary to render the country passable with his cannon
and baggage wagons. The labour necessary for its f )r-
mation, superadded to that of clearing Wcwd Creek of
the obstructions which Qen. Schuyler had thrown into

* Saddle Mountain, whose lody ridge will be seen from almoiit
every point in this Vicinity, is 2,800 I'oet liigher than the site ot
Williams' College. It derives its name from its rc^scmliiance to
a riding saddle.

it after the
cause of the
the road— a
some their
resources, a
mis's Heigh
French JV
a succession
Bay, Lake C
About hal
where was j
The Mun
the village o\
young man i
having attacl
their forces
command in
of the Amer
were approa
Edward to b
secure her s
with her sa\
Anne ; and 1
stopped to d
way side ; ar
Indians desp
last attemptc
others, being
her to a tree
her dead wi
borne to her 1
what they cr
This story
ported that
mitted the
charge ; and
the least ki
chargeable
bringing trib(
could never 1
Fort Ed>
bourhood of

FORT EDWARD.

130

it after the retreat of the Americans, was one great
cause of the delay of the British army, on this part of
the road — a delay which allowed the people time to re-
sume their spirits, and the officers to lay plans, ob'ain
resources, and prepare for the sanguinary scones at Beh-
mis's Heights, and the surrender at Saratoga.

French Mountain opens to view a little beyond, with
a succession of high grounds in the direction of South
Bay, Lake George, &c.

About half a mile above Fort Edward, if? the place
where was perpetrated

The Murder of Miss McCrea. Miss McCrea lived in
the village of Fort Edward. In the revolutionary war, a
young man named Jones, to whom she was betrothed,
having attached himself to the English cause, and joined
their forces in Canada, was invested with a captain's
command in Gen. Burgoyne's army. After the retreat
of the Americans from the lake, and while the British
were approaching, he sent a party of Indians to Fort
Edward to bring his intended bride to him, that he might
secure her safety. She was very unwilling to proceed
with her savage conductors on the road towards Fort
Anne ; and had gone only half a mile when the Indians
stopped to drink at a spring which still flows by the
way side ; and while here were met by another party of
Indians despatched to hasten them on. Those who came
last attempted to take her under their charge ; but the
others, being determined not to give her up alive, bound
her to a tree that is yet standing near the spring, and shot
her dead with their muskets. Locks of her hair were
borne to her lover to prove that tho Indians had performed
what they considered their duty to their employer.

This story rang through the country} and it was re-
ported that Gen. Burgoyne encouraged or at least per-
mitted the murder. In indignant terms he denied the
charge ; and there appears no probability that he had
the least knowledge of it. He, however, was justly
chargeable with a great offence against humanity, in
bringing tribes of savages in his train, whose barbarity he
could never be sure of restraining.

Fort Edward. This village was built in the neigh*
bourhood of a fort raised during the war of 1755, for the

^'i:.'i

* A
J: •( -.I

Font MltLlR.

<ipfence of this point of tbo rivor. It uas first called Fort
Lyman, after Gon. Lyman, of whom we have alrondy had
occasion to make honourable mention at Lake Geor^'e.
This spot was formerly called the First Carryinfj Place,
being the point where, in the expeditions against Canada,
the troops, stores, &c. were landed and taken to Wood
Creek, a distance of twelve miles, where they were again
embarked.

Bakcr^s Talls^ at Sandy Hill, arc worthy ofpartini-
hir attention, and are seen to great advantage from ionio
parts of the bank. The whole descent of the river at
this place is about 75 feet.

Fort Miller. The village still retains ihe name of a
fort erected on the west side of the river, in former times.
It was a work of insignificant size, situated on the bank
and near

Miller^s Falls. The descent of rhe river here is rapid,
and over a broken channel. The falls were formerly con-
sidered impassable with safety, until Gen. Putnam per-
formed it while stationed at Fort Miller, in the French
war.

The Great Dam. Above Fcrt Edward, a large and
expensive dam 900 feet long, has been built across the
river, and a canal cut along the bank to open a passage for
boats. [For places on any route selected by the traveller,
see the Index.]

TOUR OF NEW-ENGLAND.

To Travellers going Eastward from New- York,

It is recommended to the stranger who is travelling
eastward to see the country, to determine on some plan for
his journey before setting out. Steamboats go from New-
York to the following places on the northern shore of Long
Island Sound : Greenwich, Norwalk, Stamford, Bridge-
port,** Stratford, New-Haven, Connecticut River, (and up
that to Hartford,) New-London, (and Norwich,) Newport,
(and Providence.)

* The Housntonic Railroad^ from Bridgeport, Conn., to mpettiie
Berkshire Railroad on the Macsaciiusetts line, is already coi^plete

Leaving

the travel!

tur size in

ful.

The Na
The Ra
The/»e

beyond.

Poor Hou

the north
From ]

seen the

to New Mili
miles from 1
will co.^neci
bridge. Be^
and a tunnc
ture 1000 I
miles— to /

The roa
Island, W<
and Rye, ii
Darien, Nc
Orange in (

In the to^
hill descciK
once effect(
during rhe
drove hia
road, and
his pursuer

In the to
before rea(
right hand
trahle swai
of a l)lood>
and terribi
their couai
of their foi
or taken c
guished tl
cleared in
confirm th

Thisplj
an inland I
un action

ToLR OF NE\V-£NGLA»D.

141

EAST RIVER.

Leaving New-York in anyof tljc Eost River steamboats,
the traveller has Brooklyn on the right, nov/ the second city
tor size in thu state, elevatocl, well built, shady and health-
ful.

The Navy Yard, just beyond.

The Railway, for ships, is above, on the west side.

The Penitentiary, and the Fever Hospital, are a little
beyond. The Penitentiary on Black .veil's Island, the
Poor House Farm opposite, and the Lunatic Hospital on
the north end of it.

From Hell Gate, on the distant ligh ground, west, is
Been the Lunatic Asylum ; and a amber of handsome

to New MilforJ, 35 miles, and is to bn flDi8hed;iD 1841. It'will be 73
miles from the Sound to Masbachiiaetts. The Berkshire Railroad
will co..nect it with the Greiit Western Railroad, at West Stork-
bridge. Begun 1837, estimated cost, a million — has an embankment
and a tunnel, maximum'frrade 40 feet per mile, a minimum curva-
ture 1000 feet radius. From Bridgeport to West Stockbridge, 95
miles— to Albany 133.

The road to New-Hoven passes t!irough Harlem on Manhattan
Island, West Chester, East Chester, New-F ochelle, Miimaronec,
and Rye, in the State of New-York; and Greenwich, Stamford,
Darien, Norwalk, Fairfield, Bridgeport. Stratford, Milford, and
Orange in Connecticut

In the town of Greenwich, 33 miles from New-York, is a steep
hill descending towartis the north, down which General Putnam
once effected his escape from several British officers and soldiers
during the revolutionury war, when returning from a scout. Ha
drove his horse hastily down the rocky hill side, a little east of the
road, and near the fence, and saved so much distance as to elude
his pursuers.

In the town of Fairfield, 53 miles from New- York, a mile or two
before reaching the village, is a low, level piece of ground on tho
right hand side of the road, which was formerly an almost impene-
trable swamp, and, at an early period of our history, was the scene
of a hloody slaughter. It was hither that the remains of a powerful
and terrible nation of Indians, called Pequods, having fled from
their country ahout New-London and Groton, after the destructioit
of their fort at Mystic by C^pt. Mason, in lfi36, were cither killed
or taken captive. This was their last and total defeat, and extin-
guished their nar^e as a nation. Much of the ground has beea
cleared in modern times ; and some reliques have been found to
confirm the traditions of the neighbourhood.

This place was burnt by the British in the revolution. Danbury,
an inland town, was also burnt, with extensive public storei, and
uii actioa was fought in which Gen. Wooster fell.

142

NEW-HAVEM.

■t

country houses along- the groen shore on the left. The
surface is broken by several rocks, and by the agitation of
the water, particularly at tho whirl called the Great Pot,
a little north cfthe point, and the rapid current on the oppo-
site shore, known by the name of the Hog's Back. In coming
from the north, almost the first view of New-York is here
presented, between tho western shore and BlackwcU's Isl-
and, with a shot tower on the right.

Nkw-Haven. — This is decidedly one of the most beau-
tiful towns in the United States. The soil is not very good,
and the situation is low ; tho city is laid out in squares,
with straight and broad streets, and the elevated ground
in the neighbourhood renders the approach very fine from
almost every direction. It stands at the head of a spa-
cious bay, with a light house on the eastern point, a small
battery on tho shore, and two Bluffs, called^East and West
Rocks, 2 or 3 miles behind the town. A more distant
peak is seen between them, which is Mount Carmel. The
Long wharf is three quarters of a mile in length. The
steamboats stop at the bridge, where Railroad cars for
Hartford, and carriages will be found in waiting to take
travellers to the centre of the town, which is more than
a mile distant.

Near the bridge, is the Steamboat Hotel. The streets
are regular and pleasant, forming squares, one of which is
a green surrounded by rows of elms, with three churches
and the State House in the middle, and the College build-
ings, occupying the western side, presenting a scene pro-
bably not equalled by any town of this size in the United
States. The abundance of fine trees, the neatness and
beauty of the dwellings, the good society of the place, and
the distinguished position it holds as a seat of learning,
render New- Haven the resort of a great number of stran-
gers during the travelling season, and the temporary resi-
dence of not a few.

There is a Hopkins Grammar School in the town, and
a number of Boarding Schools for young ladies.

Yale College. This institution, however, is the prin-
cipal object whicii will attract the attenlion of the stran-
ger. It was founded in 1701, commenced at Killing-
worth, then removed to Saybrook, and after a few years
permanently fixed in this town. The first building was of

wo'/d, and
Bti'cets.

contummg
chamber a
ro»)m3 and
turo Galiei
the splendi
finest coUe
from the li
buildin''- is
man delive
500 schola
Next no
Day, and
town.

The Mei
street.

The Nk
Medical In
partly plan
ber of beat
one of the
The Oi.i
green, in ti
be seen tv
whicii are i
gicido jud
gome doub
The Fai
the wharf
up from t
large and <
part of the
on the nor
is crossed
the canal p
opens tovvi
Rocks J a«
passes thi
TJews of 1
Tbcre

TOUR or NEW-KMGLANT).

wof7(l, and stood near tho corner of CoUogo and Chapel*
8ti'oot«. There are now four huililirii^s for studt'iita, each
C(»ntaining 32 rooms, a Cha{)cl, wiih a riuh»»ophicrtl
chamber and apparatus, arnl a Lyceum, with recitation
rooms and the hbrary. In tho rear are the Trumbull Pic*
ture Gallery, tho Common'* Hall, in a small building with
the splendid Mineralogical Cabinet above, which is tho
finest collection of tlifC kind in the United States, purchasedt
from the late Colonel Gibbs, of New-York. In another
buildinjO' is tho Chemical Laboratory, where rroCi»««9or Silli''
man delivers bis lectures. The institution contains above
500 scholars.

Next north of the Collofre ts the house of rrosidont
Day, and tho professors have pleasant residences in the
town.

The Medical Institution is at the north end of College*
street.

The Nkw Buryino GroWnd is situated opposite the
Medical Institution, and occupies a large extent of land,
partly planted with poplars, and containing a great num-
ber of beautiful monuments, of different designs. It \s
one of the most beautiful cemeteries in this country.

The Old Buryino Ground was in the middle of thd
green, in the rear of the Centre Church, and there are to
be seefi two ancient stone monuments, of a small size/
which are aupposed to mark the graves of two of the re-
gicido judges, Whalley and Oixwell, although there ia
some doubt on the subjpct. (See Stiles^ Judges.)

The Farmington Canal, commencing near the head of
the wharf in this city, is crossed by the traveller in going
up from the steamboat, near the market. The basin i»
large and commodiojis; and the canal, passing through a
part of the city, and bending round along the outskirts,^
on the north side, intersects several streets, by which it
is crossed on handsome bridges. With a gradual ascent^
the canal passes somewhat circnitously up the valley which
opens towards Mount Carmel, between East and Wes£
Rocks \ and one of the stage roads to Hartford, which
passes through Cheshire and Farmrngton, affords man/
Tiews of it in different places.

There are pleasant rides in various directions frorn

13*

-'••'' 1 III ^ ' I

^■^

i>i

KKW-ItAVIfr.

New-Haven, the roads being numerous, and the fnce of
the country favourable. The two mountains command
extensive views, and though the access is rather fatiguing,
the excursion is recommended to those who arc fond of
such enterprises.

The JuDOEs' Cavb is on the summit of West Rock,
about a mile north of the bluff; and the way to it leads
near I3eavcr Pond and Pine Rock, (on the south side of
which id a small cave,) then between Pine and West
llocks. You here turn off the roud to the left, by a path
across a brook; and a guide may usually be obtained at
a small house just beyond, who can show a horse path to
the summit.

The cave is formed by the crevices between seven large
rocks, apparently thrown together by some convulsion.
It ii small, and entirely above ground, with a rude rock,
like a cobunn, on each hand. That on the right contains
this inscrinlion-^

'*Oppoiitioa to TyranM ii obedience to God,'*

to remind the visiter that the place once afforded shelter
to Goffe and Whallcy, two of the judges of King Charles
the First, who escaped to the colonies and secreted them*
selves for some time in this solitary place. They were
supplied with food by a family which resided near the
foot of the mountain, and a little boy ^as despatched for
them every day, who left a basket of provisions on a
rock, without knowing what cause he was subijerving.
The place commands an extensive view upon the coun"
try he low, with a large tract of Long Island, and the
Sound.

The Manufactory op Muskets is 2 miles north of
New-Ha'-en, on the road to Hartford by Meriden, and at
the foot o( East Rock. It was established by Mr. Whit-
ney, the well-known inventor of the Cotton Jin.

Tkc New-Have7i and, Hartford Railroad^ 40 miles
long, begins at the steamboat wharf, avoids the city,
crosses Quinnepiack river, and passes through the town-
ships of North Haven, W^allingford, Meriden, Berlin and
Wethersfield.

J^-^

-"'"'y i

f >tt

iV 1^

^/r^

U^/>

f^Lrrr.

V^i

U^P]

i >

/^•j'

^i^

■> *■*'',

• V 1

V 't

V ,^

.» ♦}?.

'. Hi

!j^

Jk4A

tt pursui
foad," the
ven and Hi
was oritjin
most of th(
veller who
road, throu
those place

Beyond
ter of islan
tions of the
resort of C
solid 2oId,
where herei

We shal
Connecticu
for an acci
subjects an
wich, the
Stoninglon
port, Provi

Saybro(
first settlen
It was doi
rightful prG
been despc
enemies, th
histories ui
plication tc
obtain settl
land enoug
the benefil
considered
1635, whei
nation to &
their own,
Boston by
Indians, ar
Their haste
after their
ing up to I

^ i «U.

tOUK OP NE\V-SNOLA!fD.

145

tt pursues the general course of ** the old colonial
foad," the route taken in early time? between New- Ha*
ven and Hartford, which v le independent colonies. It
was originally an Indian trail. It unfortunately avoids
niost of the villages in its neighbourhood, so that the tra-
veller who wishes to seu them should take some other
road, through either Middletown or Farminglon. (For
those places see Index.)

Beyond New-Haven in Long Island Sound lies a clus-
ter of islands called the Thimbles, famous m the tradi-
tions of the neighbouring Connecticut coast, as the ancient
resort of Capt. Kidd, a notable pirate, whose treasures of
solid gold, it is still believed by some, are concealed some-
where herealjouts.

We shall here leave Long Island Sound to proceed up
Connecticut River, and only refer the reader to the Index
for an account of the coast beyotid, and the following
subjects and places : New-London, the Thames, Nor-
wich, the Mohegans, the Pequods, Saccacus's Fort,
Stonington, Mystic Fort, the Narragansett shore, New-
port, Providence, &c.

Saybrooc, Connecticut. At this place was the
first settlement made by Europeans on Connecticut river.
It was done at the earnest solicitation of many of the
rightful proprietors of the country tin its banks, who had
been despoiled of their possessions by their formidable
enemies, the Pequods. The River Indians, as our old
histories usually denominate the former, twice made ap-
plication tc the English at Plymouth and at Boston, to
obtain settlers from their native soil, offering to give them
land enough, and to pay 200 beaver skins annually for
the benefit of their society. Bui the undertaking was
considered too hazardous, and it was not until the year
1635, when the Dutch at New- York shewed a determi-
nation to seize upon the country, which they claimed as
their own, that a small detachment of men was sent from
Boston by water to prepare for opening a trade with the
Indians, and to build a fort at the mouth of the river.
Their haste was soon justified by events: for immediately
after their landing, a Dutch vessel entered, and proceed-
ing up to Hartford, landed a body of men, who seen cflta-

)Li lit- nf " *

r. ■;■♦}!. J

CONNECTICUT RIVER.

blished themselves in a fort they called Good Hope, on
a spot they obtained from Pequod usurpers.

The settlement of Saybrook was begun under a grant
made to Lord Say nnd Seal, Lord Brook, and others, by
George Fenwick, Esq. who fled to this country with his
family. The old fort stood near the present fort hill,
upon an eminence which has since been destroyed by the
waves; and the ground immediately behind it was after*
wards occupied by the fields and habitations of th^^ colo-
nists. It was expected from the iiret^ that the situation
would render the place a great city ; and after the fear of
the Indians had subsided, the whole peninsula, which
bears the name of Saybrook Point, was laid out with the
greatest regularity into fields of an equal size, except sue h
parts as were reserved for the erection of public buildings.
Many emigrants w^re once collected in England, and
prepared for a voyage to this place. Some persons of
high rank and importance were among them, and it is a
well-authenticated fact, that Oliver Cromwell had deter-
mined to embark in the enterprise, and was once on the
very eve of quitting Englan'l for ever, when some un-
foreseen occurrence prevented him.

The want o( a harbour, and the obstacles presented to
a free navigation by a large sand bar at the mouth of the
river, have efTectually prevented the expectations of the
settlers of Saybrook from being realized; and no remains
of their works can now be discovered, except in the rec-
tangular forms of the fields, and the cellars of some of
their dwetlingA, just beyond the burying ground, the
foundation stones of which have since been employed in
building the neighbouring fences. One of the largest
excavations is said to have been the cellar of the old col-
lege building. The soldiers were frequently attacked
within a short distance of the fert by the Pequods, but
they afterwards ran a palisade across the isthmus which
leads from the mam land. Yale College was placed
here for a time.

CoNNRCTici/T RtvBR. The shorcs present a con-
tinued succession of hilly and picturesque country, with
few interruptions of level land, from a little above Say-
brook as far aa Middlctown. The loughnoss atui locU^f

I I

nature of
tainous tri
siderable
of rocky i
of cultiva
the river,
ly pictures

Essex,
paug, is a
mit of a h
Great Bri
came up t
by surpris

East I
mountaino
portion of
Champion
much to t
famous for
which wer
They gave
have cease
dus Noisei
beryls are
minerals in

Haddai
which app(
descending
orchards,
manding h

HlOOEN

ous along t
Middle
village, str
house lots
It is about
The Ni
west, and
divided at
every reas
above was
this place,

TOUR OP NEW-ENGLIND.

147

nature of the soil prevent the cultivation of many moun-
tainous tracts : yet there are farms enough to give a con-
siderable degree of softness to the scenery. The variety
of rocky and wooded banks, mingling with little patches
of cultivated ground, and the habitations scattered along
the river, is very agreeable, and often affords sceiics high-
ly picturesque and delightful.

Essex, 7 miles from Say brooks formerly (.ailed Petti-
paug, is a small village, situated on the ascent and sum-
mit of a handsome elevation. During the late war with
Great Britain, this place was taken by the enemy, who
came up the river in launches, and taking the iahabitants
by surprise, occupied the town for a few hours.

East Haddam. The landing place hero is rocky,
mountainous and wild, and a good specimen of a large
portion of the town to which it belongs. The late Gen.
Champion's house, built among the rocks above, udds
much to the appearance of the place. This region is
famous for a kind of earthquakes and subterranean soundst
which were formerly common for a short distance round.
They gave occasion to many superstitious reports, but
have ceased within a few years. They were called Moo-
dus Noises, after the Indian name of the place. Large
beryls are found in the neighbourhood, and many other
minerals interesting to the scientific traveller.

Haddam is built on an eminence 50 or 60 feet high,
which appears like the remains of an old bank of the river,
descending to a little meadow which is covered with
orchards, grazing ground, &c. while a range of com-
manding hills rise beyond.

HiGOENUM is one of the little landing places so numer-
ous along the river's course, 2 miles above Haddam.

. Middle Haddam, 2 miles* This is a pleasant country
village, stretching along a hill covered with orchards and
house lots, and backed by higher and wilder eminences*
It is about 6 miles below Middletown.

The Narrows. Here the river turns abruptly to the
west, and flows between two lofty hills, which it has
divided at some long past period, before which, there is
every reason to believe, the country for a great distance
above was covered by a lake. A mile or two eastward of
this place; theie is the appearance of an old channel.

> *

. ' ..-■4..

■■<»

148

MIDDLKTOWN.

where the water probably ran, at a great height above its
present level.

The Lead Mine is a short distance from the southern
bank of the river, near two or three old houses. (See a
Utile beyond.)

Fort Hill is the last elevated part of the southern bank.
It was formerly a little fortress belonging to Souheag, un
Indian chief, whose dominion extended over the present
towns of Middletown, Chatham, and Wetherslield, The
large buildings on the hill in Middletown belong to the
Wesleyan University.

Middletown is beautifully situated on the western
bank of the river, where the water is spread out to a con-
siderable breadth, and disappears so sudd'^nly at the Nar-
rows that from many points of view, it has the appearance
of a small lake, with high, sloping, and cultivated shqres.
This is a most agreeable residence.

The Wesley tm University has a building 150 feet
long, 50 broad, and 4 stories high, with rooms for scholars ;
a chapel with recitation rooms above, both of stone ; and
an eating hall of brick, 120 feet long, with a piazza.

The Quarries of Freestone^ on the opposite shore,
liave furnished a valuable building mettarial for some years
and have been worked to a considerable extent.

There are various pleasant rides in this neighbourhood,
particularly to two picturesque waterfalls in Middleiield.
In the direction of one of them is Laurel Grove, where
the road is shaded for near half a mile with those shrubs,
which, in the season, are covered with flowers. The en-
virons of this place afford other agreeable rides. There
are various manufactures carried on here.

The Lead. Mine is about two miles below the town on
the south shore of the river, accessible only on foot or in
a boat, where are several old shafts, which were sunk in
the revolutionary war, in a slate rock. The ore is sulphu-
ret of lead, in veins of quartz, partly crystallized, and af-
fording a few specimens of fluate of lime, and other mine-
rals.

The Cobalt Mine is about five miles east, in Chatham,
at tho foot of Rattle Snake Hill. It is not worth work-
ing, at the usual price of the metal. Specimens of peach-
bluom of Cobalt may be picko<l up among the rubbitiih.

TOUR OF iCEW-ENfiLAND.

149

.««■'.

Just southerly from it is a very pretty waterfall, about
thirty feet high.

Wethersfield, 3 miles from Hartford. This place
has a fine light soil, on an extensive level, probably once
the bottom of a lake since drained by the deepening of
the river's channel. It is peculiarly favourable to the cul-
ture of onions, which are exported in great quantities to
various parts of the country, the West Indies, &c.

Wethersfield was the second settlement made by white
men in Connecticut. In 1635, three or four men came to
this place and spent the winter.

The Connecticut State Prison. The situation of this
inslitution is healthy, retired, and convenient to the water
and the great road. It was completed in 1817. What
have heretofore been regarded as the necessary evils of
prisons, will here be found greatly reduced ; and, in many
respects, even with regard to the prisoners, converted into
benefits.

Here the Auburn system has been established with
some few deviations.

The whole is under the direction of Mr. Pilsbury, a
man of firmness, judgment and humanity. The men are
brought out to their work at signals given by the bell.
They lodge in solitary cells, and are not permitted to con-
verse together while at work. They take their food in
their cells, and when going to and from work or prayers,
are obliged to nmrch with the lock step. No blows are
allowed to be given by the officers except in self-defence.

The Smiths' fires are supplied with Lehigh (Pennsyl-
vania) coal for fuel ; and part of the. heat is conducted
away in pipes to warm the apartments. The cells are
furnished with comfortable beds and bed clothes, and a
bible for each. They are ranged in rows, and the keepers
can look into them through grated doors ; at the same
time the prisoners are not able to converse with each
other. The effects of evil communication, so much and r.i
banefuUy cherished in our old prisons, are thus effectually
prevented. Neither officers nor convicts are allowed to
use ardent spirits.

Hartford. Inns. The City Hotel, Coffee House,
&c.

This is the semi-capital of the state, and a place of con-
siderable business.

y-'-

150

HARTrOKD.

The Charier Oak. In the lower part of the tc-vn, irr
the street which runs east from the south church, n the

and

'table seat of the Wyllis family,

ancient

were among the early settlers ot Hartford, and have made
a conspicuous figure in the history of ilje state, as well
as of the town, by supplying the Secretary's office for a
long course of time. This place is now owned by Mr.
Bulkley, and has undergone considerable changes. The
principal object of curiosity here is, howcvtsr, the fir.» old
oak, which stands on the street in front. It is said to
have been a forest tree before the land was cleared, yet
it appears as firm and vigorous as ever. In a hole in its
trunk was hidden the charter of the colony, when Sir
Edmund Andross sent to demand it in 1687 ; and there it
remained for some years.

This interesting document is i*ill preserved in the office
of the Secretary of the state.

The Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb
is about a mile west of the Jown, on Tower Hill. It was
the earliest institution of the kind in America.

The principal building is large, ornamented with pilas-
ters, and surrounded by a garden and pleasant grounds.
The house of the superintendent is near by, and the whole
enjoys a fine situation with a commanding prospect and a
healthy neighbourhood.

The number of scholars is about 130. Some of them
are supported by a fund belonging to the institution, and
others by the states of Massachusetts, New-Hampshire,
&c. Similar institutions exist in New- York, Philadelphia,
and Kentucky.

The Retreat for the Insane is a little south of th©
city, and makes a handsome appearance, being a stone
building 150 feet long and 50 wide, the wings having
three stories, and the main building four. It is capable
of containing about fifty patients, and is warmed by flues.
The grounds connected with the institution include about
seventeen acres.

Washington College is situated west of the main street,
in the south part of the town. It is an Episcopal insti-
tution, and has two stone buildings, one for the students,
150 feet long, four stories high, with accommodations for
36 pupils \ and a chapel^ wUch lias also rooms for recita-

tion, the
the institu
with its gr
Little K\\
See also i
\^Monte\
joys a chai
ward.]

tlemarJi

leads to N

onward.

river; nor

to New-H

to the latti

sie; and n(

The trav

route up

wealthy, an

by the wav

we propose

as he pleas(

volume is a

The fertil

ley is almos

seen of its 1

learn with g

of the cultiv

northward.

neat and be

few miles ; ;

versal educa

accommodai

able, and sc

scenery is e^

of interest in

from many ]

on the east

peculiarly fi

bank, which

and formed i

The west€

red ; but as l

ROUTE UP COMNECTICUT RIVEH.

151

office

tion, the library, &c. Fourteen acres of land belong to
the institution, part of which are devoted to the garden
with its greenhouse. There is a fine stone bridge across
Little River, and a wooden one over the Connecticut.
See also the Statehouse, and Young Men's Institute.

{^Montevideo, the seat of Daniel Wads worth, Esq. en-
joys a charming situation on a mountaia nine miles west-
ward.]

Remarks to ike Traveller at Hartford. A railroad
leads to New-Haven, and steamboats to Springfield and
onward. Stagecoaches run on each side of Connecticut
river ; northeast, to Boston ; east, to Providence ; south,
to New-Haven and New-York, (besides the steamboats
to the latter place;) west, to Litchfield and Poughkeep-
sie; and northwesft, to Albany.

The traveller in New-England is advised to take the
route up Connecticut River, which is the most fertile,
wealthy, and beautiful tract of the country ; and to return
by the way of Boston and Providence. This is the route
we propose to pursue ; but the traveller can vary from it
as he pleases. He will find such information as this little
volume is able to afford him by referring to the index.

The fertility of the meadows in the Connecticut Val-
ley is almost proverbial ; and after what the stranger has
seen of its banks at Middletown and Hartford, he will
learn with gratification that neither the soil nor the beauty
of the cultivation degenerates for several hundred miles
northward. The whole country is thickly populated •
neat and beautiful villages are met with at intervals of a
few miles ; and the general intelligence derived from uni-
versal education gives an elevated aspect to society. The
accommodations for travellers are generally very comfort-
able, and sometimes uncommonly good and elegant ; the
scenery is ever new and varying ; many places have traits
of interest in their history ; and the communication is easy,
from many points of the route, with the principal places
on the east and west. Besides all this, the roads are
peculiarly fine, for they generally run along the river's
bank, which is almost without exception level and pleasant^
and formed of a soil well fitted to the purpose.

The western side of the river is generally to be prefer-
red ; but as there are good roads on both sides^ and some

«(|

.1:-

rl-;

■: -^

]5f

ROUTE OP CONNECTICUT lllVBR,

villa^^es and other objects worthy of equal notice on inir
eastern shfi'e, and good ferries or bridges are to be met
■with every few miles, it will be agreeable occusionally
to cross and re-cross. Those who travel along :he course
of the Connecticut twice, would do well to go U|* on onw
side and return on the other. This is the most direct
route to the W hilo Hills or White Mountains of New-
Hampshire. Those who go to Boston will take il>«
Worcester railr»)ad at Springfield.

Worcester is one of the finest villages \ > New-En-
gland. The country around it is rich and variegated, and
the dwellings have an air of elegance which does great
credit to the taste as well as the wealth of its inhabitants.
Brick is extensively used in building. The court house,
bank, &c. stand on the principal streetf and cast ef it the
county house and the building of the

American Historical Society. This is an institution
formed for the truW important purpose of preserving
every thing relating to the history, traditions, &c. of the
country. The State Lunatic Asylum, conducted on the
humane system of moral treatment, is highly successful.
Number of inmates in the year 1840, 391, of whom 16fl
were admitted, 155 discharged, 82 recovered, 29 im-
proved, 29 hfrmless, and 15 died.

The railroad leads east to Boston, and west to Spring-
fiald, meeting that to Norwich. The Blackstonp Canal
leads to Providence.

Watchusett Hills, 16 miles W. N. W. of Worcester,
and 52 W. by N. of Boston, are estimated at nearly 3C0O
feet above the sea, and ascended by an easy path. The
spectator looks down on a surrounding scene of wooded
mountains, below which are ponds and farms, and a view
over cultivated and inhabited regions.

Route up Connecticut River,

Leaving Hartford in the steamboat for Springfield.

[East Hartford, opposite Hartford, has e sandy soil,
but the street as well as that of East Windsor, next north
of it, is shaded with rows of fine elms. The roud crosses
Podunk Brook by a small bridge, about four miles from
Kartford, on the north bank of which, on the left h-nd,
was onoe the fort of the powerful tribe of Podunk Indians,
who had their settlements on this winding stream, anc\

some of the
the soil.!

Winds 01

arter the h\

Dutch garri

it, expectin,

place thev

returned wi

East VV

river, has n

Prosbyteria

The seat

stands in \

miles abov(

and surroun

Enfield

SlJFFIELE

the river, ai
vicinity, wh
pany. The
and beautifu
both sides,
wards the 1
elegant.

Svffield
street is a n

Springfi
of a high 1
buildings, tl
ants, and tl^
This establ
commands «
shops for rai
&c. are sur
men require
on the busiri
muskets are
factories on
various and

The town
trees ; and
was origina

ROUTE VV CONNECTICUT RIVER.

feme of their broken implemonts aro occasionally found in
the soil."!

Windsor was settled as early as 1035. A few months
otter the building of the fort, (probably a blockhouse,) the
Dutch garrison at Hartford made a secret march against
it, expectin«5 ^^ ^^^^- ^^ hy surprise ; but on arriving at tho
place they found reason to give up their enterprise, and
returned without firina: a jrun.

East Windsor, on the opposite side of Connecticut
river, has a commnnding situation, and is the site of a
I'rosbyterian Theolog 'al Seminary.

The seat of the late Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth
Btands in Windsor, on the cast side of the street, nine
miles above Hartford. It is distinguished by columns,
and surrounded by trees. He was born in a house opposite.

Enfield. A Canal of 6 miles passes the falls.

SiJFFiELD is a very pleasant town about a mile west of
the I'iver, and has a good inn, and a mineral spring in iis
vicinity, which has been the resort of considerable com-
pany. The village jjtreet runs along the ridge of a long
and beautiful hill, with neat houses and white fences on
both sides, and the home lots sloping east and west to-
wards the low grouml. Some of tho houses are large and
elegant.

Suffield Springs. About a mile southwest of the
street is a mineral spring of slightly sulphureous qualities.
Springfield is a flourishing town, standing at the foot
of a high hill, the side of which is ornamented with fine
buildings, the residences of some of the wealthier inhabit-
ants, and the top occupied by the United States Armory.
This establishment occupies a large space of ground, and
commands a fine view. The buildings containing the work-
shops for manufacturing small urms, the arsenal, barracks,
&c. are surrounded by a high wall. The number of work-
men required, which is about 260, has a favourable effect
on the business and prosperity of the place. About 13000
muskets are made here annually, or 60 a day. The manu-
factories on Mill River, a little south of the armory, are
various and well worthy of observation.

The town is ornamented with many fine elms and other
trees ; and there are two very handsome churches. It
was originally considered within the limits of Connecticut

-> ■ •''

'f.' ,

154

FKMALB SEMINARY.

colony, but at ' Tlh incorporated with Mu8sar,hus»»tts.
A tribo of Intliai vcd for some years on Kort Hill ; but
being won over tt» . .ing Philip's party, in 1675, they as-
sumed a hostile air, fired upon some of the inhabitants
who were going to their fort, and burnt a part of the
town.

In 1786, during the rebellion of Shays, he attacked the
armory, at tb<3 head of a strong party of undisciplined men.
General Shepard, whohad command at the place, attempted
to dissuade them from their attempt, and finally drove them
off by firing twice. The first shut, over their heads, dis-
persed the raw troops, and the second drove off the re-
mainder, who, being about two hundred revolutionary sol-
diers, did not desist until they had lost a few of their men.
This was the first check the insurrection received, which
"was put down without much subsequent trouble.

Wilbraham, 7 or 8 miles west from Springfield, con-
tains a Weslfiyan Academy.

West Springfield has a fine street, shaded with large
elms* and containing some handsomg houses. It is 26
miltjs from Hartford, and about 17 miles from Northamp-
ton. There is a fine view from the road on the brow of a hill
a little north of the town, near a church, which overlooks
the river and an extent of country on each side, with
Mounts Tom and Holyoke in front.

South Hadley Falls. The village and locks are on
the east side of the river.

The whole fall of the river at South Hadley is 52 feet,
but at the lower falls only 32. There is a canal 2\ miles
long on the east side of the river, cut through a slate rock
for a considerable distance, and in some places very deep.
The dam is 3 feet high. There are five locks near the
tavern, and one above. There is a ferry here, which is
safe, but the water runs very swiftly.

South Hadley. The Mount Holyoke Female Semi-
nary, gives a practical domestic education with intellec-
tual instruction.

For several miles before reaching Mount Tom, the road
runs along the bank of the liver. The river makes an
abrupt turn some miles above, running between Mount
Tom on the south and Mount Holyoke on the north ; and
when the scene opens again, it discl jses a charming and

f^Xtcn&ive

^ank, am

>vater wa

This plrtjr

sive and I

NorUu

plain, a n

sort for tr

New-]!:ngi

country, i

mands a '

but some

also orna

of congidi

farms.

Round
town.

On the (
the Stoddii
great talen
King-3treei
the house
dent Edwa
Brainerd d
south of t
Strong.

The Lee
miles from
Mount
and there i
way up. "V
Souikeai
generally
distance, pt
ly below,
under the
South Hadl
field. The
are two ver
and West I
Northeaa
»hire.

H'^VTE UP CONNECTICUT niVEH.

155

are on

le road

kefl an

Mount

and

ig antl

«Xlcn&ive plain, formad of tho moadows on tho river'sj
f»ank, and evidently once tho site of a large lake, when tho
■water was restrained by the barrier betwc^en the mountain:*.
This plain U one of the riclu'^t, and by far the most exteu'-
sivo and beautiful on the river.

Northampton is situated at tho western side of iho
plain, a mile from the river, and is a favourite ])lace of re-
sort for trnveliert* ; as it is one of the most beautiful of tho
New-Kngland villages, and is surrounded by a charming
country, and lies near to Mount Ilolyokc, which com-
mands a view of the whole. The stn^ets are irregular,
hut some of them shady and delightful in summer, being
also ornamented with many neat houses. It is a place
of considerable business ; and the soil makes valuable
farms.

Round Hill is a beautiful eminence just west of the
town.

On the eastern declivity of the hill stands the house of
tho Stoddard family, an ancestor of which was a man of
great talents and influence in this part of the country. In
King-street, towards the northeast from that spot, stood
the house in which President Edwards, Sen. lived, Presi-
dent Edwards, Jun. and Dr. Dwight were bos and David
Brainerd died. On the east side of the mair street, just
south of the brook, is tho house of the late Governor
Strong.

The Lead Mine. In Southampton, at the distance of 8
miles from this place, is a lead mine.

Mount Holyoke. — The height is said to be 8G0 feet ;
and there is a good carriage road the greater part of tho
way up. View from the top :

Southeast. The country is undulating, and the soil
generally poor; yet seven.! villages are discovered at a
distance, particularly Sotith t.adley, which lies immediate-
ly below. Southwardly is seen Connecticut river, retiring
under tho shade of MoiUnt Tom, whitened below by the
South Hadley Falls ; beyond which is the hill at Spring-
field. The river makes several turns, and on the horizon
are two very distant peaks, which are supposed to be East
and West Rocks at New-Haven, about 70 miles distant.

Northeait is 9een Monadnoc Mountain, in New-Hamp-
shire.

14*

f...

■IT "... . . ./♦.'

■t ;,

It4

!«(^

" u

ir>6

TIKW rnoM MOUlfT HOLYOKE.

Sorthy you lookup the charming valley of the Connecti-
cut; hoifliTcd by distant runges of liilis and mountfiins,
varied by a few iriolated peaks, covered with the richest
coat of vegetation, and scattered with villages and innu-
merable farm hou.ses. The river makes a beautiful serpi'n-
tino course ; from where it first appears at the foot of Su-
gar Loaf Mountain, and Mount Toby, until it reaches the
village of Iladley, which lies in full view, and then taking
a bold sweep to the west, and flowing 4^ miles, it returns
to the end of that village, only a mile distant from where
it first meets it. The whole peninsula is rich and fertile,
and covered with cultivated fields of wheat, corn, grass,
&.C. without being disfigured by fences, according to the
custom prevalent hereabouts ', and is the richest sight upon
the river, particularly when viewed in connexion with the
Hcene immediately below, where the river flows on, almost
imder our feet, and the western shore presents the exten-
sive Northampton Meadows, a mile wide. Following the
current with the eye, in the

West-soulh-west, it forms a still more remorkable penin-
sula, although one of inferior size : the Hockanum Bendf
being a turn measuring 34 miles in circuit, while the isth-
mus was only 4G rods across, or 150 yards. This has been
cut through by a flood. In the compass of this view, from
the north to the west and south, nuniorous village spire»
are seen, with level fields, orchards, and gardens, almost
•without number ; and the whole scene is bounded with
mountainous ridges.

Northampton is seen about west northwest, with
Round Hill; and towards the right, the top of Saddle
Mountain, in the distance. There are also others still
further north, particularly Haystack and Bare Mountain.

More than 30 church steeples may be counted here by
taking advantage of different kinds of weather.

In point of history, that part of the Connecticut Valley
immediately under the eye, belongs to the third division
of settlements, calling Plymouth and Massachusetta Bay
the first ; Windsor, Hartford, Wcthersfield, &c. the se-
cond. Northampton, Hadloy,and Hatfield, were settled
in 1653, and remained the frontier posts in this direction
till after Philip's war, during which they suffered severely
from constant alarms,, and the losa of inhabitants, Thr

{< I

loTinectf
)UiitHin(i|
3 ric\ie8t
ncl innu-
i Hcrpi'n-
ot of Sii-
v:he9 the
on taking
it returns
im wlicre
1(1 fertile,
rn, grass,
ing to the
iight upon
I with the
)n, almost
the exten-
owing the

ible penin-
urn Bend,
le the isth-
is has oecn
view, from
luge 9pire»
ns, almost
nded with

est, with
of Saddle
thers still
Vlountain.
A hereby

cut Valley
d division
iisetla Bay

C. the 66-

ere settled

s direction

d severely

Indians

built, h{

tance ol

were su

excited

ferent ti

edly. I

Indians

Tom, an

were cbi

signatina

brought I

scalped.

Hadlej

ants we

hands, wl

appearan(

to repel t

he was, o

that he v

was aecre

whom w(

Haven.

discovere(

near the

by one of

HATFIti

river, is
on the ne
fine, and
ance of t
agricultur
fatted.

Amher
Had ley ;

Amher
in New-E
ings is pie
view, part
with mour
»een in di

ROUTE UP CONNECTICUT RIVEK«

157

Indians who had sold the lands on which the towns were
built, had each a spot assigned them within a short dis-
tance of the palisades with which the new settlements
were surrounded, and lived in peace and good faith until
excited by Philip; after which all the towns were at dif-
ferent times attacked by them, and some of them repeat-
edly. During the French wars, on May 13th, 1704, the
Indians fell upon a little settlement at the foot of Mount
Tom, and killed 20 persons, more than half of whom
were children ; and a tradition states, though without de-
signating ihe precise time, that a captive woman was once
brought to the top of the mountain where we stand, and
scalped.

Hadley was attacked by the Indians while the inhabit-
ants were at church, and was near falling into their
hands, when a stranger, a venerable old man, made his
appearance, and by his active resistance, encouraged them
to repel the enemy. It was not known at the time who
he was, or whither he went ; but there is now little doubt
that he was Goffe, one of King Charles's judges, who
was secreted for a length of time 'n this town, and of
whom we have already had occasion to spoak at New-
Haven. The remains of his coffin, it is believed, were
discovered a few years since, m the cellar wall of a house
near the present academy, which was formerly inhabited
by one of his friends.

Hatfield, one mile further, on the west side of the
river, is much devoted to the wintering of cattle raised
on the neighbourmg hilly country. The grass is very
fine, and the barns are large ; which, with the appear-
ance of the houses, give the place an air of substantiaj
agricultural wealth. The cattle are bought, stabled, and
fatted.

Amherst is situated on elevated ground, 5 miles frora
Hadley ; and off the river towards the northeast.

Amherst College ranks among the most respectable
ifi New-England. The situation occupied by the build-
ings is pleasant, commanding a rich, extensive and varied
view, partly over the meadows of Connecticut River,
with mountains particularly mentioned a few pages back.
Been in different directions. The retii .d situation ia

> I

•>■,

4'L-: '

r>£EIlPlEliO»

highly favourable to study and good order, as its elevation
and pure air arc conducive to health. The number of
Btudents in 1840 was about 250. The president, Dr.
Humphries, is also professor of menial and moral Philo*
Bophy and Divinity. There are six other professors, and
a teacher of French and Spanish, a teacher of mathema'
tics, and a tutor of Latin and Greek.

The SuoAR Loaf is an isolated hill of a conical form,
rising in front as we proceed. Deerficld lies north of it
about 3 miles ; and the way by which we approach it, lies
nearly along the old road which led thither through the
wilderness, in 1675, when it was deserted by the settlers;
and Capt. Lothrop was despatched, with a body of 80
soldiers and wagoners, to bring off the grain. At the
foot of this mountain is the small village of Bloody Brook,
and near the spot where a bridge crosses the stream, Capt.
Lothrop was ambushed by about 800 Indians. The place
was then a marshy piece of ground ; and some traces of
the road, which was formed of logb, are still to be seen,
running through the fields without crossing at the bridge.
The conwy halted at this place; and the soldiers were
generally engaged in gathering grapes from the vines
which ran on the trees, having left their muskets on the
ground, when the Indians fired upon them. Capt. Lo-
throp gave orders that the men should disperse, and fire
from behind the trees ; but they were all cut oflf except 8
or 10, This massacre was one of the most calamitous
which ever occurred in New England, taken into view
with the small number of inhabitants at the time : as the
company consisted of young men, from the principal fa-
milies in the eastern towns.

That part of the meadow we pass through in approach-
ing Dnerfield was the scene of several skirmishes with
the Indians at different times, as the place was a fron-
tier for many years, although it was twicr lurned and de-
serted.

Deerfield. In 1704, which v^ras the period of its last
destruction, a large body of Indians, led on by a few
Frenchmen from Canada, came upon the town before
daylight. It was winter, and the snow crust was strong
enough to bear them ; they had secreted themselves on a

hill nortl
houses V
captives,
of the ho
church.

A hou
men; anc
was take
Most of t
Mr. W. I
chief, and
Indians at
Some r
rear of th
appearanc
have sinci
covered.

East fro
the hill, oi
tection of
Greenf
a road fror
picturesqu

[TURN£

three mile
driven froi
English se
Capt. Chu
with some
held a pos
river. H(
ner. Tho
their capti
asleep, so
panic, and
such haste,
ried over t
v':;nemies w
from the is
about ten
dug up nea

'■'" f

ROUTE UP CONNECTICUT RIVER.

159

its last

a few

before

strong

Ires on a

hill northwest from Deerfield, and sent in a scout. The
houses were all entered but one, the inhabitants made
captives, and all, except a few, taken off to Canada. One
of the houses is standing at this day, a little north of the
church.

A house next this was valiantly defended by seven
men; and the dwelling of Mr. Williams, the minister,
was taken, and he and his family carried to Canada.
Most of the people were ransomed ; but a daughter of
Mr. W. became attached to the savage life, married a
chief, and left children. Mr. Williams, missionary to the
Indians at Green Bay, was one of her descendants.

Some marks of the old picquet may be traced in the
rear of the house, which is supposed to present the same
appearance as in old time, excepting that the kitchen, &c.
have since been built, and the front and rear have been
covered. There is an academy in this town.

East from this place are several spurs projecting from
the hill, on one of which was formerly a fort, for the pro-
tection of the Deerfield Indians against the Mohawks.

Greenfield, 3 miles. Here the stagecoach passes on
a road from Boston to Albany. The country west is highly
picturesque.

[Turner's Falls are on Connecticut river, two or
three miles east from Greenfield. Philip, having been
driven from the seacoast and the neighbourliood of the
English settlements, in 1676, by the active operations of
Capt. Church, Capt. Moseley, Capt. Wheeler, &c. retired
with some of his followers to the Northfield Indians, who
held a position on a sandy hill, on the north bank of the
river. Here he was attacked in the night by Capt. Tur-
ner. Tho Indians had held a feast that night, as some of
their captives afterwards reported, and were generally
asleep, so that the attack of the white men gave them a
panic, and they fled to their boats, which tht y launched in
such haste, that many forgot their paddles, and were car-
ried over the falls. The rest, however, rallied before their
(enemies were out of their reach, and being joined by some
from the island below the falls, pursued and harassed them
about ten miles, to Deerfield. Bones are occasionally
dug up near the spot, and a few years ago the remains of

M-^

: • ■ > .. .« . ■? ■ .

'it-.--*

«i.;'"^'

•!■• r ■ • .

^^■A^^y

1 1), II '■ w- >

I<oO

bellows' falls.

an old mucket, a few silver coins, Sec. were discovered
&mon^ the rocks.

This was the last and mpst severe blow Philip received
before he returned to his native country in Rhode Island,
where he soon after terminated his dang^erous life, and the
war, which brought so many calamities upon New-England.

The Canal. A dam of great height is built at the falls,
to supply a canal, which extends two or three miles for
boats and rafts. Some mills are also established on the
river's bank. The fall is divided by two rude rocks, be-
tween which the water rushes in separate cataracts ; and
the scenery below is wild, and not a little imposing. There
is, however, no inn nearer than Greenfield.

Vernon. Within the limits of this township, which i-»
the first in Vermont, was once Fort Dummer, one of a
chain of forts, built for the protection of the country
against the Canadian Indians. The place for some years
was known on the river, by the name of Number One, be-
ing the first of four townships.

Passing- through a pretty village, with several mills,
after a few miles, we approach Battleborough, south of
which, east of the road, is a quarry, which furnishes a
large quantity of slate ; where may be seen the mode of
quarrying, splitting, shaping, and packing it for transpor-
tation.

Brattleborough is a very pleasant village, situated on
an elevated plain above the river, which, since the draining
of the old lake in this place, has made Lwo or three suc-
cessive arches north of the town, as it has gradually low-
ered its channel to the present level. At the bridge,
over a small stream, are several manufactories; and in
the village is a large and comtbrtable stage /ouse, whence
coaches go to Boston, as well as west, north, and south.

Westminster. This is on a fine, extensive level ; and
on the high land, on the opposite side of the river, is

Walpole. Connecticut River being the dividing line
between the two adjacent states, Walpole is in New-
Hampshire. The situation is very commanding, and the
summit of the hill, above the village, affords a view of un-
usual extent and beauty.

Bellows' Falls. The height of this fall is incon-

siderable,

rounded I

on the ea

mented b

houses an

the falls,

of the mc

The ro

but are n

places ho

two or thr

feet deep,

stones by

largement

of the roc

of Indian

below the

at sculptui

and from (

have suffer

seem as if

cimens of

sents consi

Charle

lageg in N€

with trees,

This w£

the defenc

rising grou

runs. It V

1747, agai

though rep

persisted ir

themselves

succeeded

sword for

Jarvis's

of the rive

large bulk

pally of br

The roa(

hills appro

Route up conkecticut river.

ivered

:eived
sland,
id the
gland.
3 falls,
les for
on the
ks, be-
s ; and
There

hich i«»
le of II
country
e years
»ne, be-

l mills,
outh of
ishes a
node of
•anspor-

lated on
Iraining
ree suc-
lly low-
bridge,
and in
whence
south,
el ', and
is

ing lir.9
New-
and the
w of un-

3 incon*

»<lderabliB, but it is on the whole a striking object; sur*
rounded by rocky banks, and having an abrupt mountain
on the eastern side. The place has also been much orna-*
mented by art : for, besides the village, with its neat white
houses and handsome church, a canal has been dug round
the falls, a bridge thrown over them, and the rugged side
of the mountain decorated with a handsome country seat.

The rocks are of the most lirm and solid grny granite^
but are much cut by the force of the current. In some
places holes have been bored into them perpendicularly,
two or three feet in diameter, and twelve or even eighteen
feet deep. This is done by the motion given to loose
stones by the eddies of the stream, and the gradual en-
largement of the boro sometimes breaks off great masses
of the rock. These falls were once the favourite resort
of Indians during the fishing season. On the rock just
below the bridge, are some remains of their rude attempts
at sculpture^ which represent the form of human faces ;
and from one on the end of the Rtone, which appears to
have suffered less from the attrition of the floods it would
seem as if they might once have been more finished spe-
cimens of sculpture than they now appear, as that pre-
sents considerable prominency and beauty of e^ecution.|ii

Charlestown, This is one of the prettiest little vil-
lages in New-England : havin^ a wide street, partly shaded
with trees, and lined with neat houses.

This was called township No. 4. The fort, built for
the defence of the place in 1743, stood on the gently
rising ground a little south of the church, where the street
runs. It was most gallantly defended by Capt. Stevens, in
1747, against a large number of French and Indians : al-
though repeatedly called upon to surrender, the garrison
persisted in the defence, digging into the ground to shelter
themselves from the enemy's fire, and, after several days,
succeeded in driving them away. Captain S. received a
sword for his bravery.

Jarvis's Farm at Wethersfield Bow, on the west side
of the river, is very extensive, and contains a number of
large buildings for dwellingsf barns, stables, &c. princi-
pally of brick.

The road beyond affords some romantic scenes. Tli©
hills approach the river very nearly, and several view*

;'r

"■■■ ^

'•'■**.*^.''

j«:.i-:

/ '1

ROYALTON*

are cauc^ht between them, of the mountain behind Wind-
r5or, wliicli is about 2,000 feet in height, and divided into
?;hree peaks, whence, it is said, it derived the name o''
Ascutney, which, in the Indian language, means Three
Brothers.

Windsor is a fine and flourishing town, in a verv pic-
turesque situation, particularly when viewed from the
opposite side of the river 5 and contains a good stagehouse,
a number of stores, some elegant houses, two or three
handsome churches, and the State Prison.

Mount Ascutney. A great part of the way up this
mountain a road has been cut, and the traveller will be
richly rewarded for the labour of the ascent.

The Gulf Road. Those who are going westward
from this part of the river, are counselled to take the
Gulf Road to Burlington, on Lake Champlain, to which a
stagecoach runs. Although the route is through the chain
of the Green Mountains, the way is remarkably smooth
and easy, following the courses of the White and Onion
Rivers, which have cut deep channels through the rocks.
You have, however, first to go sixteen miles along the
western bank of the Connecticut to

^#Vhite River. Here great quantities of lumber are
brought down, sawed on the stream, and sent by the Con-
necticut in rafts to the country below. Dartmouth Col-
lege, at Hanover, is five miles north, and those who are
going to the White Mountains, vt'il) o course pursue that
route ; (see p. 164 ;) but the following deviation is made
for those who are going to Lake Champlain.

The road up the White River lies along the north
bank, and passes through several beautiful and flourish-
ing villages. This was one of the courses formerly chosen
by the Indians of the north in their commerce with those
on the borders of that river, before the arrival of Euro-
peans ; and, with the exception of a short portage, between
the White and Onion Rivers, they brought their furs from
Canada, by water. During the Indian and French wars,
this route was frequently used for more hostile purposes ;
and captives were taken frotn these settlements so late as
the revolutionary war. The scenery is interesting and
vax-ious all along the route.

Roy ALTON, a pretty village. This place was burnt,

ilOtJTE Up CONWECtlCUT RirEii.

Oct. 16th, 1781, by 300 men, principally Indians, who
came down from Canada. They killed two men and took
away six prisoners to Monircal.

Randolph is considered one of the most beautiful
towns in Vermont, and a stagecoach likewise passes that
way.

Gulf. The entrance of this remarkable passage from
the east, is under the brow of an abrupt mountain, where
a branch of White River Hows along by the road in a
gentle current.

The Gulf road extends six miles, and the ground is so
level that it has been proposed to make it the course of
a canal. On the height of land is a pond, from which
flows a stream into the valley. Part of it joins the White
River, and part the Onion River.

MoNTPELiEli is the capital of Vermont, and a very
pretty town. It contains the State House, a Court House,
an Academyt and other public buildings *

From Montpelier to Burlington, the road pursues the
course of Onion River nearly the whole distance, and
affords a succession of hilly and mountainous scenery,
such as is characteristic of the state.

On the rocd from Montpelier are two remarkable
waterfalls, in the Onion River* They are so near the

* HistoRY or THE STATE.-1-The first discovery of Vormout,
Wad mad^ in 1609, by Samuel Champlain, who, after establishing
a colony at Quebec, proceeding up the rivers St. Lawrence and
Sorel, explored and gave his own name to the lake which washes
the western part of the state. In 1724, the government of Massa-
chusetts erected Fort Dummer, in the town of Brattleborough, on
Connecticut river. The first settlement in the western part of the
state was commenced by the French in 1731, in the town of Addi-
son, and at the same time they erected a fort at Crown Point.
The government of New-Hampshire liegan to make grants of
townships within the present limits of Vermont in 174D, ut which
time the settlement of Bennington was commenced, aud at the
Same time a violent controversy ensued between the Nev»'-Hamp-
shiro grants, and the province of New- York. The first conven-
tion of the state met at Dorset, in 1776, and the first constitution
was adopted by a convention assembled at Windsor in July, 1777,
but the organization of the government did not take place until
March, 1778.

The difficulties between Vermont and New-York were amicably
FRttled in 1 790, and the next year she wu admitted jnto the con-
federacy of tbe states.

r t

t.:,

■■*u

V ft. i 1

f!<,

ini

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE.

» •

road tlmt thoy will be hotird in passing-, and seen by tffk
tnp: a ftnv stops.

JiuRLiNGTON is a large and beautiful town, and en-
joys one of the fmest situations on Lake Champlain.
The ridge of tl.\o hill, on the declivity of which it is built,
commands an extensive viev/ upon the lake, with the
numerou? mountains which border its western shores,
and a large expanse of water on the right and left. Im-
mediately below is the bay, bounded by high land: and
the elegant dwellings and beautifid gardens of the more
wealthy inhabitants, ornament the foreground.

The Steamboats stop here on their way to Whitehall
and St. John's (the nmte to Montreal;) and the traveller
is referred to pages 107 and 103, 99, and 137 for the oljects
on the lake in those directions. [^Returning to the Con-
necticut river.']

Hanover. This village, 21 miles above Windsor, is
remarkable as the seat of Dartmouth College, an institu-
tion which holds a very respectable rank for learning and
influence, the number of its pupils, and the ability of its
officers. It was founded for the education of Indians, and
was named after William, Earl of Dartmouth. It posses*
ses a large tract of land, v.hich was long unproductive ;
and the college building, which is large and inhabited by
the students, has a fine aspect. Several of the houses
about the green are very neat, and the ground bein^ elevat-
ed, the place is very pleasant.

The Medical Institution, is a brick building, a little
north from the square.

The road between Hanover and Haverhill, 18 miles,
presents few objects of much interest; the country not
being thickly populated, and no villages intervening, ex-
cept one, which has several very neat houses.

The Strafford Copperas Works are nine miles north of
Norwich. One of the buildings is 2G7 feet long. The ore
is pyrites, taken from a stratum in a hill, overlaid by a
crust of a ferruginous earth containing petrified leaves,
»^c. The ore is broken and thrown into heaps, for about
two months, when it gradually undergoes a chemical
change, emitting a spontaneous fire ^uA fumes of sulphur.
It is then leached in tubs, and the water, after boilingi
yields crystals of copperaa, of a rhombic form and a beau-

tiful greei
10,000 tor

Havkki
the northe
where ther
and overloi
scenery is
several otl
duction tc
pro aching

On the (
a Sulphur
for baths.

The Gr
acres, lyinj
and in the
able ; but
meadow, r

From B
roads, one
Breton W(
bourn and

Such is
little more
in many p
the logs V
the remair
rect and n
through Lj
view of tl
mountains
amphitheai

Franco
mountains,
extent. It
about half
hillock— 2(

The Ha
posed for a
not recorni
Washingto
iurn3 off fi

ROUTE UP CONNECTICUT RIVER.

1C5

by tak

and on-
LTTiplain.
is built,
ath the
ahoros,
ft. Im-
nd: and
he moro

Whitehall
traveller
e ol.jects
'he Cou'

ndsor, is
1 institu-
ning and
tv of it3
ians, and
t posses*
:)ductive ;
abited by
houses
1^ elevat-

, a little

8 miles,
mtry not
ining, ex-

8 north of
The ore
aid by a
leaves,
for about
chemical
sulphur.
• boiling,
d a beau-

tiful green colour. The manufactories produce about
10,000 tons annually.

Haverhill. There are three villages in this town, but
the northern one is where the Boston road comes in, and
where there are two good inns. The situation is elevated
and overlooks the meadows for some distance. The distant
scenery is here very fine, as Moosehillock Mountam and
several others are in plain view, and serve as an intro-
duction to the White Mountains, which we are ap-
proaching.

On the opposite side of the river is Piermont, where is
a Sulphur Spring of some local celebrity, with a building*
for baths.

The Great Ox-bow is a meadow containing about 500
acres, lying in the town of Piermont on the western bank,
and in the form of a crescent. The soil is fine and valu-
able ; but from the comparatively small extent of the
meadow, it cannot be compared with that of Hadley.

From Bath to the White Mountains, there are two
roads, one of which turns off through Lisbon, Bethlehem,
Breton Woods, Nash and Sawyer's Patent, and Shad-
bourn and Hart's Patent. \_See Index.']

Such is the wildness of the country, that we can do
little more than enumerate the places. The road is new,
in many places rocky, and in others rough, on account of
the logs which have been laid down to support it, and
the remains of the stumps of trees. But it is more di-
rect and much less mountainous, than that which passes
through Lancaster. It does not however afford that fine
view of the Connecticut Valley, nor of the ranges of
mountains which there surround it, like a magnificent
amphitheatre.

Franconia. This is a secluded village among the
mountains, where iron is manufactured to a considerable
extent. It is at the foot of Haystack Mountain, which is
about half way between Mount Washington and Moose-
hillock — 20 miles from each.

The Haystack may be ascended by any traveller dis-
posed for arduous enterprises of this description : but it is
not recommended in preference to the ascent of Mount
Washington, which is rather less difficult. A foot path
turns off from the road about 6 miles from Franconia,

■iM

t '

IGG

KfiW'LONDON.

which conducts to the summit, 3 miles. The first two
miles are through thick hemh)ck3, hacmetac, .spruce, iLc.
then ^ mile stunted trceo, and the rest bare rocka. Near
the spot where the path begins is a remarkable Lusua
Natura, formed by a rock on the side of a mountain
which bears a resem))lanco to the human face in profile.
The forest shrubbery extends to the margin of the bare
rocks much in the proportion of the bust of a man. It
is called the ** Old Man of the Mountain.'''' The preci-
pice is 600 or 1000 feet high, and rises from the side of a
pond, which is a source of the Pemigewasset river. The
neighbouring region is so mountainous, that more than
tifty peaks, it is said, may be counted from the top of tlio
Haystack. Indeed the view from that eminen-.-e embraces
nothing but mountains, with here and there a cleared spot
on the Plymouth road, and numerous marks of slides or
avalanches made by the inundation in 18'26.

Lancaster is a very pleasant town, and the last on the
river which merits that name. The surrounding moun-
tains form a noble scene, superior to every other of this
nature along its course.

The Canada line is only 40 miles north, and lies along
the Pomicotiunt. The following are the towns : North-
umberland, Stratford, Columbia, Colebrook, and, the last
stage, Stewartstown.

[Having now completed the route up Connecticut River,
we return to Long Island Sound. For other routes and
places, see Index.]

NEW-LONDON, CONNECTICUT.

Entering New-London Harbour, (in a New-York steam-
boat,) on the left is the Light House.

Fort Trumbull occupies a point beyond, and is garri-
soned by the United States. It was taken in the revolu-
tionary war, as well as the town, and Fort Griswold,
which stands on the high hill opposite. Looking up the
River Thames, the prospect is handsome, the banks be-
ing high and cultivated, and backed by Horton's Hill
several miles distant, in the Mohegan country.

Steamboats touch here daily for New-York and Nor»
wich. At Norwich you take the railroad. See p, 169.

The Ha

te8!*il)le, «;n
hear the O
land, and I
to the whni
New-Loi
number of
pally at th<
appearance
some, and
the hill.

There is
Norwich, (
teresting, s
ever, aflord
neat and in
Fort Gr
by a fevV co
lution, whei
tion of the
a British fu;
men on eac
Fort Trumt
manded the
wards Fort
manded a si
But befo
fort, and ga
teers from
advanced u
but the Am
beating off
when resist;
enemy had
the spot; "
and Major ]
ever, a mass
the deepest
men being t
lies. Man)
barbarous it
the hill just

ROfTK FROM NEW- YORK TO COSTON'.

JC7

The Harhonr of NVw-London id nno nf ilio mojit ac*
Ue8sil)l(», snt'L> unci ctumiiodioiis in tlio United Statos, lyinjy
hear the Occun and the ?>(nuid, almost surrniindrd l)y hi^h
land, and having vvairr cnouf^h for nhip.-* of war (|nii«^ up
to the wharvOi*, with a line sandy hultoni near the shores.

New-London is the third town in Connecticut for the
number of inhabitants. It is situated irreirulnrly, princi"
pally at the foot of a hill facing: the east, and wears an
appearance of decline ; but sotuo of th(» houses are hand-
some, and there are several line «ituation3 near the top of
the hill.

There is a road hence to Providence, and another from
Norwich, (13 miles up the Thames,) both equally unin-
teresting, and nearly of eqtuil lei^g^lh. The river, how-
ever, afllbrds some very pretty scenes, and Norwich is a
neat and interesting town.

Fort Gri.swold, opposite New-London, was garrisoned
by a few continental troops in the year 1781, in the revo-
lution, when Benedict Arnold, after his treacherous deser-
tion of the American cause, appeared f)ft' the harbour with
a British force on the 6th of September; and landing 800
men on each point of the harbour, marched up and took
Fort Trumbull, and burnt the town. Col. Eyre, who com-
manded the troops on the eastern shore, proceeded to-
wards Fort Griswold, and sending in a flag of truce, de-
manded a surrender.

But before this time. Col. Ledyard had entered the
fort, and garrisoned it with 120 men, chiefly militia volun-
teers from the neighbourhood. The British troops had
advanced under cover of a wood, and invested the fort ;
but the Americans defended themselves for some time,
beating off their enemies once, and finally surrendered,
when resistance would have been entirely useless. The
enemy had lost 41 officers and men, who were buried near
the spot; with Col. Eyre, the commander, wounded,
and Major Montgomery killed. After the surrender, how-
ever, a massacre of the prisoners look place, which ca«t
the deepest disgrace on the expedition : 70 officers and
men being the victims, most of whom were heads of fami-
lies. Many of the wounded were also treated in a most
barbarous manner, being placed in a cart, and rolled down
the hill just south of the present road to the fort. The

15*

1 •-■:■ :;-L

ins

STOKINQTON.

event liaa been conimomorated by building by subscription
a inorniment on tho spot.

Fort Hill is a coiniimmliiiff cininoMcc, nhout 4 milc!*
cast from N. London, and dorivo.s its name from Rpequod
fort, which formerly occupied its summit. Tho road
crosses it near tho southern limit of the fort, and a small
church stands a quarter of a milo above, within tho exien*
Bive space cice enclosed by thiit palisaded work. It was
tho great fortress of the terrible Pequod nation, which
makes a very conspicuous fiL-^ure in the early history of
tVie eastern colonies* They had fou^^it their way frt)m tho
interior, and seated themselves in tho present limits of
Groton, where the fcvv poor remains of their descendants
Btill are found. On tho arrival of tho English, they had
extended their conquests a considerable distance up Con"
necticut river, and the eastern and western Nehantics on
the coast were subject to them.

In consequence of the murders they had committed,
and the attack with which they threatened the infant set-
tlements at Hartford, Windsor, and Wetliersfield, the
inhabitants formed an expedition in the spring of 1637,
led by Capt. Mason, attacked their other fort on the
Mystic, burnt it, and killed about 600 persons : after
which the nation fled from their country ; and having suf-
fered another terrible slaughter m the owamp at Fairfield,
(see that place,) were reduced to slavery, and ceased
from that time to be au object of terror.

This hill commands an extensive and delightful view,
being almost entirely clear of obstructions, and being supe-
rior in height to the neighbouring hills. A considerable
extent of Long Island and the Sound are overlooked from
the summit, with various islands, bays, and points on the
Connecticut coast. At the time of the burning of Mystic
Fort, it was occupied by the chief Sachem, Sassacus, who
hastened to the relief of his subjects, but arrived too late
to render them any assistance. On his return here, he
burnt tho weekwams and palisadoes, and immediately fled
for refuge to the Mohawks, by whom he was beheaded.

Mystic, 7^ miles.

Stonington. Steamboats go daily to New-York. The
Providence and Stonington Railroad^ 47 miles, leaves
the shore of J^ong Island Sound at the steamboat whaif in

Stonington
Uivcr into
man's i'on
and across
ton and P
millions '«
miles near
480.

On dcsr
Porter's R
road on tht
Capt. Ma>
of May 2(3
«e3sful attu
the top of

HOPKIN'
TUEVILLE,

StcamJ\

A little a
the east sid
have landn(
The Moheg
Horton^s 1
something (
ing position
ing the la
United Sta
moored hei
drawn up b
above the 1

Trauin(
some little
derived its
here betwe
the Sachen
descent, bu
English bt
donee wets

ROUTE FROM NE\V-YoRK TO ROSTOlf.

Stonington, passet tlirough the town, rrossoa Pauraturt
River into Rhode iHlaiKl, up Chnrliv- River V^illoy to Slier-
mtin's I'ond in South Kin^ston^ north to Kiist Greenwich^
tind across a steam f«Mry to Providctico, to meet tlie Bos-
ton and Providence Railroad. Finished in 18:57 for two
millions; summit 302 feet, maximum j^rado 33 feet, 14
milea nearly level, minimum radius 1037 foot, in one spot
480.

On dcscendin«^ the liill which leads into this villaco*
Porter's Rock, 30 or 40 feet hi;zh, is seen a little off the
road on the ric^ht hand. Under the chelter of it, it is said^
Capt. Mason encamped with his little army on the night
of May 26, 1637, old style, a few hours hefore his suc-
«c3sfid attack on the second Pequod fort, which was on
the top of a hill ahout two miles south of this place.

Hoi'KiNToN, 11 miles; West Gukenwich, 15; Cew
TiiEViLLE, 2; Pkovidknce, 11. {8 ce Index.)

THE RIVER THAMES.

Steamboat Route from Neto-London to Noridick,

A little above New-London, there is a singular rock, on!
the east side, v/here the explorers of the river are said W
have landed, and to have been attacked by the Pequods.
The Mohegan country lies above, on the west side, with
Horton's Hill, on the top of which Uncas had a fort,
something of which still remains. It is a very command-*
ing position, and overlooks the surrounding country. Dur-
ing the late war, the government ships Macedonian,-
United States, and Hornet, which were in the river, lay
moored here for a length of time, and their guns were
drawn up by oxen to the top of the hill on the east shore/
above the little cove*

Trauino Coye, 1 mile above Kiah's Cove, is a hand-
some little bay, making up into the Indian country, and
derived its name from the barter formerly carried on
here between the white men and the Mohegans. Uncas,
the Sachem of Mohegan, was believed to be of Pequod
descent, but in a state of successful revolt at the time the
English became acquainted with him. His chief resi-
dence was neuiF th?6 cove, now iIk) centre of the Indian

¥..

170

Nonwicrt.

Reservation ; but tlie burying ground of the royftl family
was near Norwich Landing, (which is in sight from this
place.) Ho had conquered the country as far north a»
about the present Massachusetts lino, but became an early
friend of the whites, and rendered them important ser^-
vices, particularly in war, as well as his successors, tlie
later Mohegan cliiefs.

Before this p:irt of the state was settled, Uncas waa
once 90 closely besieged by his enemies the Pequods,
that he suffered extremely from a scarcity of provisions,
and was relieved only by the care of a man named Lef-
lingwell, who was despatched from Connecticut with a
boat loaded with provisions. In gratitude, Uncas gave
liim a large part of the present town of Norwich for this
important service. There is a I'ock still pointed out on
the shore, and called Uncas' Chair, where the Sachem is
said to have sat and watched the arrival of hi? friends.

On the south side. Trading Cove is bounded by Cooper's
Hill ; beyond is Fort Hill, which derived its name from a
little place of strength erected in old times by the Indians,
as a protection against other nations small like themselves.
The poor remains of this tribe reside on the lands secured
to them by the state government, and live in all the igno-
rance, idleness, and thriftlessness common to Indians in
this part of the country : melancholy testimonies of the
degradation to which the most active human minds may
sink when every customary impulse to exertion has been
stifled, and no new incitement extended.

Worcester and Norwich Railroad, 58^ miles. Leaves
Norwich Landing, passes up the valley of Quinnebaug
road, near Jewett's city, and many manufactories, through
Westfield, Pomfret, Oxford, &c. to Worcester, where it
meets the railroads to Boston and to Springfield. Opened
in 1840 ; cost 1 million ; maximum grade 20 feet.

Norwich has three villages, of which Chelsea Landing is
the principal, and is remarkable for its singular situation;
as well as for its appearance of business, which is much
favoured by the numerous manufactories in the neighbour-
ing country. The Plain is about a mile north, and a very
pleasant place.

On the way thither is seen the Cove, at the upper end
of which_aro the Fulls of Yantic, a stream which pours

over a 1
several
pictures(
the stre
once pn
gans.

Thel
bank noi
There ai
bers of
of them
extinct.

Uncas
He and
found ar
to rende
of extrac
he refusi
died a fri

This p
Mohegan

The m
mouth of
the sum (

Sache
Norwich,
which a 1
900 Nan
500 or (
Miantoni
to the E
an army;
him on tl

Uncas
alone, an
single-ha
while his
falling d
charged
gansetts
tured Mi
jiot ask i

a»

ROUTE PROM NEW'YOHK TO ROSTOW.

171

over a ledge of granite about 40 feet high, and supplies
several manufactories with water. The place is highly
picturesque. A rock, 70 or SO feet in height, overhangs
the stream, whence a number of Narragansett Indians
once precipitated themselves when pursued by the Mohe-
gans.

The Burying Ground of the Uncases is on the elevated
bank north of the Cove, on the grounds of Judge Goddard,
There are stones marking the graves of numerous mem-
bers of the royal family of the Mohegans, and a few
of them bear English inscriptions. The family is now
extinct.

Uncas, the old friend of the Pilgrims, is buried here.
He and his nation were the only steady allies they ever
found among the Indians, steady and powerful enough
to render them very essential service. He was a man
of extraordinary talent, ond withal extremely politic ; but
he refused to join the Indians against the English, and
died a friend of the white men.

This plain was the principal summer residence of the
Mohegans.

The manufacturing village is under the bank and at the
mouth of the Yantic. The position is well selected, and
the sum expended in buildings and machinery very great.

Sachem's Field. At the distance of 1^ miles from
Norwich, is Sachem's Field, a small elevated plain, on
which a battle was fought in the year 1643, between about
900 Narragansetts, (who inhabited Rhode Island,) and
500 or 600 Mohegans. The Sachem of the former,
Miantonimo, intending to chastise Uncas for his adherence
to the English, secretly advanced into his country with
an army; but Uncas was aware of his approach, and met
him on this plain, where both parties halted.

Uncas resorted to a stratagem. He stepped forward
alone, and challenged Miantonimo to decide the quarrel
single-handed. This, as he expected, was refused; and
while his enemies were not prepared, he gave a signal by
falling down, when his men instantly set up a yell, dis-
charged their arrows, and rushed forward. The Narra-
gansetts fled, and many of them were killed. Uncas cap-
tured Miantonimo himself, but the haughty Indian would
not ask for quarter nor speak a word. lie was taken to

1^'^

JK.

III I ..i' k"^

'■'■■<' ax

im^M

«(»-•.

172

NEWPORT.

Hartford, and after a trial, was delivered to Uncas for
execution. He was brought back to this place, and while
marching across the field, was tomahawked on a spot a
little east of the road, where a heap of stones for many
years marked the place of his burial.

Newport, Rhode Island. This place possesses one of
the best harbours in the United States. The entrance is
guarded by Fort Adams; and the scenery about it is
agreeable.

Fort Adams on Brenton's Point embraces an extent
of 130 acres. A range of guns lines the shore towards
the west, and the casements, &c. are very strong.

Newport extends about a mile along the shore, but pre-
sents the aspect of decay, as the commerce has been re-
moved to Providence. The situation has many advan-
tages ; and this, with the cheapness of rent will probably
render it the temporary abode of many strangers during
the warm season.

The houses of the town are thickly clustered about the
margin, but make rather a gloomy appearance on account
of the want of repair ; the place having experienced a
gradual declension caused by the success of Providence,
thirty miles further up.

The beach behind the town, like the whole circuit of
the city on the land side, was defended by a line of troops,
batteries, &c. during the possession of it by the Knglish
in the revolutionary war; and the opposite high grounds
were occupied by the American army, whose head quar-
ters were on Taumony Hill, a mile and a half, or there-
abouts, from the town: an elevation which affords an
extensive view on every side. Gen. Prescott was taken
h*^re during the war, by a bold party of men under Col,
Barton, who landed secretly from a boat in the night,
went to the British head quarters, and conveyed their
captive away before the land or naval forces, then in the
harbour, could prevent them. The place was blockaded
by the British fleet.

During the possession of the place by the enemy, the
trees were cut down for fuel ; and although the soil is
admirably calculated for the growth of fruit trees, and
was, before that period, quite covered with the finest or-
chards, it is now 30 divested of trees of every descrijh

tl(5h, as to
an Americ
excellence
and preci
regularly «
agricultun
The island
tained in 1

Mount
of the Nar
of King r
a few mile
rises in W
view of it i
Prudence ]
presents th
as that of ]
those of Pc
size. Des]
island of h
from Provi

Rhode J
thracite, or
since near
two miles
used, howe

Providj
in populati
well as adv
on the rive

The Bos
India Wha
and, passin
Walpole, 1
in 1835, cc
radius, 571
Sharon, 25(
nite in Can
over Nepoi
and excava

Taunton
to Taunton

SIOUTE FROM NEW- YORK TO BOSTON.

173

llcti, as to appear remarkably naked and monotonous for
an American scene. The fen i lily of the ground, and the
excellence of the crops, however, as well as the neatness
and precision with which the fields are cultivated, and
regularly divided by fine stone walls, present a picture of
agricultural beauty rarely paralleled in the United States.
The island, fourteen miles lonff, and not three widcf con-
tained in 1827 more than 30,000 sheep.

Mount Hope, famous as the ancient royal residence
of the Narragansett Indians, and particularly as the abode
of King Philip, and the scene of his death, is seen from
a few miles beyond Newport, towards the northwest. It
rises in Warren, on the shore of an arm of the bay. The
view of it is soon afterwards cut off by the intervention of
Prudence Island, which is about five miles in length, and
presents the same fertile soil and gently swelling surface
as that of Rhode Island. The inhabitants are few, as are
those of Patience and Hope, islands of a much smaller
size. Despair is a cluster of rocks on the left, near the
island of Hope, the north end of which is twenty miles
from Providence.

Rhode Island Coal Mine. An extensive mine of An-
thracite, or incombustible coal, was operTed a few years
since near the end of the island, in Portsmouth, about
two miles from Bristol Ferry. It was not extensively
used, however, and the work was speedily abandoned.

Providence is the second city in New-England, both
in population, wealth and beauty. It is beautifully as
well as advantageously situated at the head of navigation,
on the river of the same name.

The Boston and Providence Railroad, 41m. begins at
India Wharf in Providence, near the steamboat landing;
and, passing through the town, leads through Foxboro',
Walpole, Dedham, Roxbury and other towns. Opened
in 1835, cost nearly two millions, curvatures gentle, least
radius, 5730 feet; highest grade, 37 J| feet; summit in
Sharon, 256 feet above tide. There is a viaduct of gra-
nite in Canton, 700 feet long, and above sixty feet high,
over Neponset Valley. There are many embankments
and excavations in rock.

Taunton Branch railroad from Mansfield leads southeast
to Taunton, 11m. and New-Bedford 24 m. more.

«i.

W.'.fH

f?*.'

■1 't i,^' ■'•■*■

>r : '

174

£>EDHA!ll;

The Milbiiry Branch leaves the Boston and Providence
railroad at Grafton for Milbury, 3 m.

Brown Univkrsity, the greatest institution of learn-
ing in the state, is built on the summit of a high hill, the
ascent to wliich is not very easy, although it is laid out in
streets decorated with some of the finest houses in this
part of the country ) dispersed among spacious gardens,
and mingling the delights of the country with the splen-
dour of a city. Dr. Wayland is the president.

The town was settled by Roger Williams, who left the
old colonies in consequence of a disagreement in religious
doctrines. lie built his house on the shoie, near the pre-
sent Episcopal church. Many of the society of Quakers
ot Friends afterwards joined him, whose descendants
form a large share of the population of the state.

The Academy is a large institution, near the College,
established by the Friends or Quakers.

[TaunIon, 32 miles from Boston, next above Digh*
ton. A great quantity of cotton is manufactured here,
and there are extensive works in iron.

Blackstone Canal. This canal, which reaches to
Worcester, MassachusettSj runs along the course of the
Blackstone River for seveial miles. It is 45 miles long«
18 feet wide at the bottom, and 34 feet at the surface.
There are 48 locks, all built of stone, which overcome a
rise and fall of 450 feet. The size of tbe locks is 83
feet in length, and 10 in breadth ; and the cost of the
whole work was about $500,000. The water is chiefly
derived from the Blackstone river; but there are large
ponds at different parts of the route which can be drawn
upon at any time. The whole work was completed
about 1828.

Pawtucket is one of the largest manufacturing places
in this part of the couj.i,ry. Thr banks of the river are
Varied and somewhat romantic ; while the fall, which is
under the bridge, furnishes a most valuable water power.
Cotton is principally manufactured here, though there is
machinery devoted to other purposes.

Dedham, 10 mites from Boston, is a large and beautiful
village, with regular and well built streets, and some quite
elegant houses.

i Blue 1
from the c:
summer se
braces, in
and the "V
wide exterj
all Boston
These hi
miles soutl
Quincy .
which was
miles long,
vigable wat
The quarri(

ROXBUR

seen the
General W
up in the to
where Gen
command
try. The
American
the east are
ington, whi(
and forced l
here in thcii
soon after ei

Hotels.
rough Hotel

From Be
Portsmouth,
to Portland,
and Nashua
Andover, 7|
shire, 46^ fr
through Br(
Norwich rai
ing New-Y

'*/ ■ «■»

BosTo:f.

17&

Blue H i lls. This is a pleasant retreat, about 7 miles
from the city of Boston, and much resorted to in the
summer season. On the northern side, the view em-
braces, in a clear day, the Green Mountains in Vermont,
and the White Mountains in New-Hampshire, with a
wide extent of country between : Nahant, and in general,
all Boston Bay, are seen eastwardly, and near at hand.

These hills are seen on the right from the road, a few
mileH south of Boston.

Quincy Railway. This is the first work of the kind
which was constructed in the United States. It is three
miles long, and leads from the quarries of granite to na-
vigable water, for the transportation of stone to Boston.
The quarries will be founts worthy of a visit.

RoxBURT. On the Neck which leads to Boston, arc
seen the remains of the intrenchments thrown up by
General Washington, in 1776, to shut the British troops
up in the town ; and a little beyond them is the place
where General Gage previously drew his lir.e across, to
command the communication between it and the coun-
try. The country on both sides retains marks of the
American forts, redoubts, &c. and Dorchester Heights on
the east are crowned with the works thrown up by Wash-
ington, which commanded Boston and the anchorage ;
and forced the enemy to evacuate the place. Embarking
here in their fleet, they went around to Long Island, and
soon after entered New-York.

THE CITY OF BOSTON,

Hotels. The Tremont House, Exchange, Marlbo-
rough Hotel, &:c.

From Boston railroads run in several directions: to
Portsmouth, New-Hampshire, 65i'miles, to be extended
to Portland, Maine, 58 miles further ; to Lowell 26^ miles,
and Nashua, New-Hampshire, 16 miles. A branch to
Andover,7| miles, from Boston; and Exeter, New-Hamp-
shire, 46^ from Boston. To Worcester, 44^ miles, and
through Brookfield to Springfield, 64 miles more, while
Norwich railroad goes from Worcester, 58^ miles, meet-
ing New- York ilenmboats. To Providence, 41 miles,

% ' ':■:

175

THE a.then.«um:.

meeting New- York steamboats, and also the Sloninaton,
Connecticut railroad, 47 miles, which also meetd New*
York steamboats. (For particulars of these roads see
farther on.)

Boston contains an uncommon proportion of fine build«
ings, particularly private residences. The finest build-
ings are of whitish granite, brought from the shores of the
Merrimack River, and Qiiincy.

The Market is of granite, and has a centre buildinTj
744 feet by 55, with wings, extending in all 636 feet,
with a fine facade at each end, with granite columns of
single pieces, 21 feet high, and weighing each 14 or 15
tons. A row of granite buildings on each side, 4 stories
high, for stores, is more than 500 feet.

The CoMiMON is a fine piece of ground, of about 50
acres, on the southwestern side of the city, and one of
its greatest ornaments. The surface is agreeably varicul
by a few gentle undulations, and it is decorated with
rows of handsome dwelling houses on two sides, while
on the third, it is bounded by the bay of Charles River,
and affords an extensive view in that direction, embracing
a tract of cultivated hilly country. Here are Crescent
Pond and the great Elm.

Th« State House is the principal object seen in ap-
proaching the city, and stands on a considerable eminence
at the north side of the common. It has a large dome on
the top, aflJbrding the most extensive view of Boston and
the surrounding country which is to be found.

Chantrey^s Statue of Washington. In this beautiful
specimen of the skill of the greatest British Sculptor,
Boston possesses a treasure. It was finished and sent to
America in 1827, and a new apartment was constructed
for its reception, adjoining the Doric Hall in the State
House. The total expense of the statue and building
amounted to about $16,000.

Faneuil Hall is an old building, which was used for
public meetings before the revolutioni and where the spirit
of liberty was early excited and cherished.

The AthetKBum, at the south '^nd of Pearl-street, i»
open daily to strangers introduced by members, and con-
tains a valuable library of about 35,000 vols, and about

14,000 coi
the rear, v
cal CoUe^
Society's
seum in C
setts Gene

At Chai
improved
dry dock.

The hill
Charle8to^
which pro
regular an
House ; ar
tion, almo!
and water
glance, to
adopted di
capture of

Gen. Ga
neck, whic
land comr
then contir
which exa
Contributi(
the colonie

On the J
repaired tc
at Cambri
tachments
ments havi
ferior emii
the ground
to occupy
larly on th
three attac
success wi
the regulai
country, ai
fighting a
name of E

td New-
ads sec

le build-
it build-
es of the

DuildinjT,
36 feet,
urnns of
4 or 15
4 stories

ibout 50
one of
y varidd
:ed with
Ds, while
s River,
iibracing
iJrescent

m in ap-
minence
dome on
3lon and

jeautiful
Iculptor,
j sent to
structed
e State
building

jsed for
he spirit

treet, is
ind con-
d about

B0ST05.

177

14,000 coins and medals, with the Gallery of Fine Arts in
the rear, with a collection of statues, paintings, &c. Medi-
cal College in Mason-street; Massachusetts Historical
Society's Library in Franklin-street; New-England Mu-
seum in Court-street; Eye and Ear Infirmary ; Massachu-
setts General Hospital.

At Charlestown are the State Prison, conducted on the
improved plan, and the U. S. Navy Yard, with ship houses,
dry dock, &c. Also, the Insane Hospital.

The hills at Dorchester, Roxbury, Brighton, Cambridge,
Charlestown, &c. together with the numerous islands
which protect the harbour, form an amphitheatre, very
regular and beautiful, when seen from the top of the State
House; and the villages which are seen in every direc-
tion, almost entirely line the shore. The mingling of land
and water in this scene is very fine ; and it is easy, at a
glance, to comprehend the plan of the various measures
adopted during the revolutionary war, for the defence and
capture of the place.

Gen. Gage, in 1775, ran a breastwork across Roxbury
neck, which is very narrow, in order to command the only
land communication with the neighbouring country, and
then continued those acts of oppression upon the people,
which exasperated the colonies so much against him.
Contributions were sent in for their relief from all parts of
the colonies.

On the 17th of June, 1775, while the forces which had
repaired to this threatened scene, had their head quarters
at Cambridge, a body of men, principally formed of de-
tachments from Massachusetts and New-Hampshire regi-
ments having fortified themselves on Breed's Hill, (an in-
ferior eminence behind Charlestown,) manfully disputed
the ground with the British troops, sent over from Boston
to occupy it. The loss was great on both sides, particu-
larly on that of the assailants, who were driven back in
three attacks. The boldness of these raw troops, and the
success with which they so long withstood the charges of
the regulars, were of the utmost use, by encouraging the
country, and by convincing the English that thoy were
fighting a powerful foe. The battle usually goes by the
name of Bunker's Hill ; but should, in strict propriety, be

<»

til "r

'f.

178

DORCHESTER HEIGHTS.

called after Breed's Hill, as the latter is a distinct emi-
nence, although, perhaps, a spur from the former.

The British landed near a point, just beyond where
the navy yard is now seen ; and the American defences
consisted of a small earth redoubt on the top of Breed's
Hill, (where the great monument is now seen, half finish-
ed,) and a double rail fence, stuffed with new hay, ex-
tending from it to the water. A British sloop of war
lay, during the action, in Mystic River, beyond the navy
yard, and kept up a cross fire upon the low neck, which
connects the peninsula of Charlestown with the main land.

On the 17th of June, 1825, the fiftieth anniversary of
this battle, the corner stone of the monument was laid in
an angle of the old redoubt on Breed's Hill.

The base, (a mass of 14,000 tons weight,) is laid 13
feet deep, and has six courses of stone to the surface —
the first of which is 50 feet on each side. Above this a
pyramidal obelisk, 30 feet square, is to rise tapering, 213
feet 4 inches on the ground, and to be 15 at the top. It
will be composed of 80 courses of stone, each 2 feet 8
inches thick. A winding stone staircase in the inside
will lead to the summit, whence the view will be fine and
highly interesting. The whole is to be built of granite
from Q,uincy. The largest block in it iti said to be of the
following dimensions : 1 1 feet long, 2 broad, 2 fee", 8 inches
high, with a weight of 10 tons.

After the battle of Bunker's hill, the Continental troops
were drawn in a more complete line around the town of
Boston ; and numerous intrenchments may still be traced
out on most of the hills in the vicinity ; but it was not till
Gen. Washington had succeeded in occupying Dorchester
Heights, which command the harbour and town from the
southeast, that the British forces embarked in their ships,
and evacuated the place.

Dorchester Heights were occupied on the night of
March 4, 1776. Eight hundred men formed the van;
then followed carriages, and 1200 pioneers under General
Thomas, 300 carts of fascines and gabions, and guns in
the rear. Two forts were formed by 10 at night, one to-
wards the city, and the other towards Castle Island. Pre*
parations were made for an attack by the British, and

for defence
the designs
they embar
and 1500 h
17th : amm

Bridges
neighhourhc
it to various
pal ones, be
they have b
great, and t
of making
milldam bri

Public S
which were
the Latin,
schools com
years of ag(
pense incur
$54,000 am

A monun
Franklin's \
an obelisk 2
granite, eacl

Village:
sion of villn
in the Unite
a number of
seasons, au<
The ground
and highly c
should fail t
There are
vicinity, an
vard Univer
town, shou

Nahant
vourite resn
ation, optiri
and furnish
of visiters,
thither intl

NAHANT.

17a

lor defence hy the Amoricansj but the weather prevented
the desi;[,'-n.s of the former, who consisted of 10,000, and
they emhiirkod for New-York. The town was pillaged,,
and 1500 loyalists removed. It was evacuated on March
17th: ammunition, &c. heing left by the British.

Bridges. Some of the most striking objects in the
neighbourhood (vf Boston, are the bridges which lead fromi
it to various points. There are noles?< than seven princi-
pal ones, beside several branches. The expense at which
they have been constructed and are kept in repair is very
great, and they furnish great facilities for strangers desirous
of making excursions to the surrounding country. The
milldam bridge is two miles long.

Public Schooh. There are seven grammar schools, in
which were about 500 pupils. There were 200 boys in
the Latin, and 140 m the Hi^h 8cho«)l. The primary
schools contained almost 3000 children between 4 and 7
years of age, taught by females, &c. &c. The public ex'
pense incurred in instructing nearly 75,000 children, i*
$54,000 annually.

A monument has been laid over the graves of Dr-
Franklin's parents, in the Granary burying ground. It is
an obelisk 25 feet high, formed of seven blocks of Quincy
granite, each weighing about six tons.

Villages. The vicmity of Boston presents a succes-
sion of villages, probably not to be paralleled for beauty
in the United State*. They are generally the residence of
a number of the roost opulent citizens during the pleasant
seasons, and many of the buildings are fine and expensive.
The grounds are also frequently laid out with great taste,,
and highly cultivated ; so that no stranger, who has leisure,
should fail to take a circuit through them, for a few milese
There are several manufacturing establishments in this
vicinity, among which Waltham is conspicuous. Har-
vard University and Mount Auburn Cemetery, near Charles-
town, should be visited. Also, Fresh Pond.

Nahant, 14 miles. This is a very pleasant and fa-
vourite resort, during the warm months : being a fine situ-
ation, optiu to the sea, of easy access by land and water^
and furnished with several houses for the accommodatioi*
of visiters, particularly a large hotel. A steamboat runs
thither in the summer, and there is a fine road which pas*cs»

(■;•.■.■••(

lift

rtYMoUTll.

found the bay, throuo:h the shoe-making town of Lyrttl>
filoiiff Lynn ])cuch, and then turns ofV to the promontcnv of
Nahant, which is a point of roiif^h rocks of consi(U^ral)lo
elevation. You may cross Charlestown bridge, and visit
Bunker's Hill at setting out.

The passage in the steamboat affords a fine view of
Boston hay, with the city; Dorchester Heights on the
south, Bunker and Breed's Hills on the northwest, and
many other interesting objects. Among the islands which
form the defence of the harbour, is that which contains
Castle Williams, and one or two other fortified onest
Rainsford Island has the Marine Hospital, part of it quite
elevated, but containing only a few acres, and another on
*which is the Fatm School, an interesting institution for
boys. Salt is made in Boston Bay, and windmills are
sometimes used to pump the water.

The ground near the hotel at Nahant lias been laid out
and ornamented with taste* The cupola on the top com*
mands a fine water scene ; and during a strong wind
from the sea, the waves are high and magnificent, breaking
wildly against the rocks.

The Baths are at a little distance from the hotel, and
quite commodious, furnishing one of the chief attractions
of the place.

The SyrerCs Grotto is a remarkable cavity in the
tocks, about a quarter of a mile from the hotel. It
has been curiously worn out by the waves ; and there are
several other caverns of a similar character, produced in
the course of ages, by the constant attrition of the water.
The Spouting Horn is a hole in the rocks, on the oppo*
site side, where the water is thrown up in the air at par^*
ticular times of tide. The rocks are of granite^ porphyry,
epidote, &c. and furnish pebbles of jasper, &c. Pulpit
Rock, on the south, is a singular object ; its top is almost
inaccessible. The rude shores and the smooth beach cart
be best examined at low tide ; but those who are fond of
sublime scenes, should omit no opportunity to visit them
when the wind is high, particularly in a moonlight night.

Plymouth, 36 miles S. S. E. from Boston.-^This place
is highly interesting on account of its history, being the
site of the first settlement made by the New-England Pil*
^rims in 1620, on the 22d of December. Amass of granite

pi J

vock is B
landed,
buried no:
upper pan

A hand
which the
brations ot
try. Bur)
where a sr
the graves
banks of tl
first confe
Indian chi
quently th
a proraont
small islan
the pilgriir
after havin

The you
here, from
were unpre
region,) ai
assistance <
served thei

Routes \
in so man;
tween a gr
for a tour t
York.

In the fii
may be tal
the Spring!
scribed rot
•choose a n
road throu*
cord and E
its branche

Besides
through til
Bloody Bi
Lebanon;)

Those V

tOUn OP KBVV-XNQLJLND.

fock is Btill Bhown on wliich those stepped who first
landed. It has been divided, and a part of it remains
buried nraar the shore in its natural location, wljilc the
tipper part is removed into the centre of the village.

A handsome building was erectsd here in 1020, in
Nvhich the Nevv^England Society hold iheir annual cele-
brations of that interesting era in the history of the coun*-
try. Burying Hill, which rises near at hand, is the spot
where a small fort was erected by the 8ettl»_'rs, and where
the graves of several of them are still to be found. The
banks of the brook so'Uh of tlie hill were the scene of the
first conference with Massasoit, a friendly and faithful
Indian chief, from whom the name of the Bay, and subse-
quently that of the state was derived. Manumet point is
a promontory on the south side of the harbour ; and a
small island on the opposite side of it was the sprit where
the pilgrims first placed their feet on shore in this vicinity,
after having previously landed on Cape Cod.

The young and feeble colony suffered extreme distresses
here, from the severity of the climate, (against which they
were unprepared, as they had sailed for a more southern
region,) and the want of provisions. Nothing but tbe
assistance of Massasoit, under the providence of God, pre^
served them from extinction.

Routes from jBo«^oto.— -Railroad cars and coaches go
in so many directions, that a choice may be made be*
tween a great many, all of tliem pleasant, in setting out
for a tour to the westward^ or towards the city of New-
York.

In the first place, the noble scenery of the White HiUs
may be taken in the way to Lake Champlain, Canada,
the Springs, or Niagara ; or in making the more circum-
scribed route of Connecticut River. Next, those who
■choose a more direct way, may avail themselves of the
road through Concord, Plymouth, and Haverhill; or Con-
cord and Hanover; or Concord, Keene, and Windsor; or
its branches to Chariestown or Walpole.

Besides these, are the roads to Albany or the Springs,
through the following different places; Brattleborough,
Bloody Brook, Greenfield, Northampton, (and New-
Lebanon;) Springfield and Hartford.

Those who desire t« travel rapidly will take the Wor-

lH:

W-v. " :

4 •■

■^m

182

R0UTK9 rnoM BOSTOlf.

cester Railroad. To strangers, it will be proper to remark
once morn, that the route of Connecticut River presents at
once a scene of fertility, population, good habits, and in-
telligence, on the whole, superior to any other tvutt of
country, of equal extent, in the United States ; with cor-
respondent aoconmmodations for travellers. The scenery
is rich and varying, and cannot fail to please, wherever it
is seen ; hut those who can first pass through l\\e Notch
in the White Mountains, will find its beauties greatly
enhanced by the contrast.

East of Boston, the country is of a diflferent, and too
often of an opposite character, presenting few objects of
importance, except the sea ports through whicli the road
passes.

There is a line of steamboats to Maine and New-
Brunswick.

The ro:>d to Portland, and through the most populous
part of the state of Maine, will be given towards the end
of the volunoe.

The Boston and Lowell Railroad, northwest, 26 J m.
Crosses Charlestown road on a viaduct, and passes in view
of the ruins of the Charlestown Nunnery on Mount Bene-
dict, which was burned by a mob 8 or 9 years ago, on a
charge of the ill treatment of some of the nuns. At Wil-
mington a branch leads off to Andover, 7| m. Haverhill
10, and Exeter, N. H. 20 m.

Near Lowell is a long and deep cut, ;J m. long, 47
foet deep, and 80 feet wide, through a mass of gneiss rock,
where granite and other rocks are singularly intermingled*
Summit, 125 foet; maximum grade, 10 feet per mile;
least radius, 3000 feet. More than half is straight. Opened
June, 18.35

This road is extended to Nashua, N. H. 15- m. Opened
1838. It is to reach to Concord.

The Boston and Worcester Railroad, 44g miles.
Extends from the shore of Boston harbour, under Wash-
ington-street, aooss the city by a viaduct, over Charles
river, on an emhankraent 680 feet long, and through a
cut through grnnile 500 feet long and 30 feet deep, along
Charles river, through Brighton to Needham, and through
Natick, Framingham, Westborough, and Grafton, to Wor-
cester, 5 miles ea.^t of which is the summit, 550 foet above

tide. Th<
than I m
feet; leas
road is

The (
cester to
Brookfielc
7n a year
m. further
and able
miles an
flour will
barrel.

The Bo
tends fron
a tunnel u
port, (40 n
to be cont
bunk Por
further.

From E

by the Wh

and Nashi

Amoskeag

Outlet, 17

corner of

Old Craw

Notch Me

tleton, 18

From 1

Concord

25; Broo

Moretowr

Willston,

From .

the Gulf

Chelmsfo

mack, 7 ;

9 ; Hillsb

{on Conn

14; (the

TOUR OF IfEW-KNGLAND.

183

tide. There is a cut through slato 37 ftiot deep. Less
than I in. on this route is level: maximum grade, 30
feet ; loa3t radius, 954 feet. The continuation of this
road is

Tfic Great Western Railroad^ open from Wor-
cester to Springfield, 54 m. through Charlton, South
Brookficld, Palmer, and Wilhraham ; and is to he finished
Jn a year to West Stockbridge, on the New-York line, G2
in. further. Engines can travel here weighing 14 tons,
and ahle to draw a train with 1000 barrels of flour, 10
miles an hour. When the lino is complete to Albany,
flour will probably go thenco to Boston for 35 cents a
barrel.

The Boston and PortsriOuth, or Eastern Railroad ex-
tends from East Boston through Lynn, Salem, (there is
a tunnel under part of the town,) Ipswich and Newbury-
port, (40 m.) ; to Portsmouth, N. H. 15^ m. It !•» probably
to be continued tr> Portland, Me. through Wells, Kenne-
bunk Port, and baco; and thence to Bangor, 132 miles
further.

From Boston to Burlington, Vt. on Lake Cham plain,
by the White Hills, 274 m. Railroad to Lowell, 25 m.
and Nashua, N. H. 15 ; Merrimack, 6 ; Piscatnqua, 10 ;
Amoskeag, 2 ; Hooksct, 7 ; Concord, 8 ; Winnipiscogee
Outlet, 17; Guildford, 11; Centre Harbour, (northwest
corner of the lake,) 13; Conway, 35; Bartlett, 10; the
Old Crawford Farm, 7 ; Notch House, 6 ; Notch, and
Notch Meadov/ Tavern, 2; Ethan A. Crawford's, 4; Lit-
tleton, 18; Montpelier, 40 ; Burlington, 38.

From Boston to Burlington, short route, 206 m. To
Concord as above, then to Hanover, 55 m ; Randolph,
25; Brookfield, 12; Williamstown, 8; Montpelier, 10;
Moretown, 7 ; Waterbury, 4 ; Bolton, 8 ; Richmond, 2 ;
Willston, 9 ; Burlington, 8.

From Boston to Burlington through Windsor, Vt. by
the Gulf Road, 20G m^ to Woburn, 10 m; Billerica, 9;
Chelmsford, 4 ; Tyngsborough, 7 ; Dunstable, G ; Merri-
mack, 7 ; Amherst, 3; Mount Vernon, 6; Francistown,
9 ; Hillsboro', 9 ; Washington, 9 ; Sumpter, 7 ; Claremont,
{on Connecticut river,) 12; Windsor, Vt. 9 ; Woodstock^
14 ; (the rest as above.)

;

iPi

!ii"**|!

'''.4>\

''" ■ >

ji i>i;

r;r

184

BROOKFIEID.

To Albany^ through Worcester, Northampton and

Lebanon Springs*

Watertown, like almost all the villages in the vici-
ni»y of Boston, presents many neat country seats and an
aspect of rural beauty and fertility.

Framingham, 20 miles from Boston.

Worcester, 20 m. Leicester, 6 m. Spencer, 6 m.

Brookfield. This was one of the towns earliest set-
tled in this part of the country, dating as far back as
Nov. 10, 1665 ; end for several years the only towns on
the west were Hadley, Northampton, &c. while there
>/yas no white settlement between it and Canada. The
stagecoach passes over a long hi'.l in West Brookfield,
which commands an extensive prospect; and this was
the place where the settlement began. A few yards
west of a white house on the north side of the road, was
a house built for defence, and though of little strength,
was called the Fort. In August, 1675, this place was
suddenly beset by several hundred savages. The in-
habiinnts had been imposed upon by the appearance of
triendlincss shown by the Hassenemesit Indians, and on
thei way to their fort, a few miles distant, were ambush-
ed, a;)d pursued, so that they barely escaped. The house
in which they all assembled, was besieged, and was seve-
ral times in imminent danger. On one occasion a cart,
loaded with liemp, &c. and set on fire, was pushed up to
the house with long poles, when a sudden shower came
up, in time to extinguish the flames. The fortunate arri-
val of Capt. Mosely, with a small troop of horsemen, de-
livered the inhabitants, and drove away the savages. All
the houses having been burnt, and the war soon begin-
ning to rage with violence, the settlement was evacuated.

The old well still remains which belonged to the fort,
or block house ; and there is a rock in a wall, on the oppo-
site side of the road, from behind which an Indian shot
one of the men, who came out to draw water during the
siege.

The present village is at the bottom of the hill, and is
pleasantly situated, with several ponds in the neighboiir-
hoodj which, with th« fish and fowl they furnished, were

the princi
numerous
to the Qi
miles, take
cut at Spri

Ware
The rocks
fall.

Belchi

AmHER;

ampton do
Hadle^

ROU'll

The firs

both in Nc

Lowell.

There

are stagec

ing ihem.

The firs

University,

The seci

on the Me

The thii

The disl

Several

Lexinq'

blood was

April, 177

ton, to sei

the colony

sign, by a

ren. The

ing, they ^

themselvef

their appe

step, with

alarm gun

tiamen as

on and

the vici-
and an

;r, 6 m.

liest set-
back as
owns on
le there
Bi. The
ookfieW,
his was
w yards
ad, was
strength,
ace was
The in-
rance of
and on
imbush-
le house
as seve-
a cart,
id up to
sr came
ite arri-
»en, de-
8. All
I begin-
cuated.
he fort,
? oppo-
m shot
ing the

and is
[■hbour-
l, were

TOUR or NE\t-£N GLAND.

185

the principal attraction of the savages, who were very
numerous in this tract of country. These ponds give rise
to the Quabai'j River, which, after a course of some
miles, takes the name of Chicopee, and joins the Con::ecti
cut at Springfield.

Ware Factory Village is situated in a little valley.
The rocks and woods give an aitof wildness to the water-
fall.

Belchertown, nine miles.

Amherst, seven miles. The shortest road to North-
ampton does not pass the College. (See Index.)

Hadlet, five miles.

ROUTE FROM BOSTON TO THE WHITE
MOUNTAINS.

The first day's journey may be to Concord or Dover,
both in New-Hampshire ; or you may take the railroad to
Lowell.

There are three road? to Concord, on all which there
are stagecoaches. (All necessary information concern-
ing them, can be readily obtained at the hotels.)

The first is through Cambridge, (where is Harvard
University,) and Lexington.

The second is through Charlestown, and joins the other
on the Merrimack.

The third is through Andover and Haverhill, Mnss.

The distance is from 68 to 70 miles.

Several places on these roads will be particularized.

Lexington is remarkable as the place where the first
blood was shed in the revolution«.ry war. On the 1 9th of
April, 1776, Gen. Gage sent a body of troops from Bos-
ton, to seize a powder house at Concord, belonging to
the colony ; and the inhabitants were warned of his de-
sign, by an express despatched by the Hon. Joseph War-
ren. The militia were called out, but, the alarm subsid-
ing, they were dismissed, with orders, however, to hold
themselves in readiness. The enemy unexpectedly made
iheir appearance at half past four, coming on at a quick
step, within a mile and a quarter of the church. The
alarm guns were fired, drums beat, and fifty or sixty mili-
tiamen assembled on the parade. The British brigade

^<1 1,

)''.'• '■'■1 '1

' i!:^ii "'Pr I

185

AN DOVER.

halted about 120 yards from the church to load, and then
passing the east end of the building, discovered the Ame-
ricans, who were ordered at the moment, by their corn-'
mander, Capt. Parker, to " disperse, and take care of
themselves," but "not to fire." As some of them loiter-
ed, the British troops rushed towards them, huzzaing.
Major Pitcairn fired a pistol at them, when about thirty
yards distant after they had been called " rebels," and
ordered them to lay down their arms and disperse. An-
other officer, who was within a few yards of them, then
brandished his sword, and ordered the troops to " fire,"
which was obeyed at the second order ; and the fire being
returned, it was kept up on the dispersing men until they
had all disappeared. Eight were killed and ten wounded.
(Gvin. Gage falsely stated that the British were first fired
Upon.)

Aftor the regulars had fired a volley, from the green
behind the church, and given three cheers, they proceed-
ed to Concord. On their return, being hard pressed by
sharp shooters, they burnt three houses, a shop, and a
barn, killed three more men, and wounded one.

Andov2R is a small village, situated on high ground,
twenty miles from Boston, remarkable for the Philips
Academy and Theological Seminary, which are three
fourths of a mile east from it, on the summit of the ascent.
There are three large brick buildings belonging to the
seminary, which make a conspicuous figure from different
parts of the surrounding country, and command a view of
great extent bounded on the west by the Temple Hills in
New-Hampshire, backed by the Monadnoc, alout sixty
miles off; and in the south by the Blue Hills. A little
elevation near by affords a view of the Atlantic Ocean,
from about Newburyport to Cape Ann, with part of Sa-
lem ; and northwest is a distant peak, which is supposed
to be Ascutney, in Vermont.

The academical birildings are distinguished by the
names of Philips Hall, Bartlett Hall, and the Chapel. In
the upper part of the latter is a library. The profea •
sors' houses are opposite, with a spacious green interven-
ing between the seminary and the street ; and there is also
a large ina. The academy and seminary are not con-
nected, although they are under the superintendence of tho

Bftme bojBi]
braces thi
LowEi
This is
United St
of growth
tory was
Larger or
the Merr
chase of
high.
3,500 spii
of a large
Haver
on the no
for some
slope to t
boat runs
Chelm
Great
miles abo
Nashu.
from Con
five feet,
Dover,
state, and
supply of
About I
is a villag
CoifCO]
very fine
the travel
tains, and
The to
i« of a g
many rea
riraack, v
The S
near the
street, ai
ing an ai
and is a

and then
he Ame-
icir corn-'
care of
m loiter-
luzzaing.
mt thirty
Js," and
se. An-
em, then

ire

ire being
mtil they
k^ounded.
irst fired

he green
proceed-
essed by
p, and a

ground,

Philips
re three
; aecent.
g to the
different
. view of

Hills in
)ut sixty

A little

Ocean,

t of Sa-

upposed

by the
sel. In

profeg'
nterven-
3 is also
lot con-
e of tho

*
-^

5^ i

HOUTK To THE WHITE MOUNTAINS.

187

«ftme board. The term of instractv^n in the latter em-
braces three years.

Lowell, twelve miles frciTi Boston, by a railroad.
This is one of the greatest manufacturing places in the
United States, and one of the most astonishing rapidity
of growth. No longer agot'ian 1313, the firdt cotton fac-
tory was erected here, which cost only about $3,000<
Larger ones were founded in 1818 ; and two years after
the Merrimack " Manufacturing Company" made a pur-
chase of buildings and ground. The falls are thirty feet
high. There is power enough for fifty factories with
3,500 spindles each. The place now presents the aspect
of a large and busy town.

Haverhill is a small town, but pleaiantly situated,
on the north bank of the Merrimack, the shores of which,
for some distance below, present a beautiful and fertile
slope to the water. A bridge crosses the river. A steam-
boat runs to Newburyport, and railroad cars to Boston.

Chelmsford is a manufacturing place.

Great JFalls Village is a manufacturing village, five
miles above Dover.

Nashua Village, in Dunstable, thirty-three miles
from Concord. The fall in the Nashua river is sixty-
five feet, and the power equal to about 65,000 spindles.

Dover. This is one of the principal towns in the
state, and contains several manufactories, although the
supply of water is by no means abundant at all seasons.

About five miles above Dover, at Salmon River Falls,
is a village, containing manufactories.

Concord is the capital of New*Hampshire, and a
very fine and flourishing town. It is nmch the largest
the traveller will see before reaching the White Moun-
tains, and for a great distance beyond them.

The town is situated principally on one street, which
is of a great length and very convenient breadth, with
many respectable houses ; and runs parallel with the Mer-
rimack , which is at only a short distance on the east.

The State House occupies a conspicuous situation
near the middle of the town, a little removed from the
street, and surroimded by a handsome stone wall, enclos-
ing an area. It is built of hewn granite from the quarry,
and is a neat edifice; 100 feet long, with a large hall on

: ■•• • \

m T1. .

4u\

W ^:

188

CONCORD,

the first floor, and on the second the Senate and Repre-
sentatives' Chambers, with the committee rooms, state
offices, &c. &c. The view from the top {5 extensive, but
embraces a tract of country too little cultivated to be
rich, und too unvaried to be picturesque. At the north-
ward are seen two or three distinct peaks, which may
serve as an earnest of the magnificent scenery to be pre-
sented to the traveller in that direction.

The Statk Prison is built t a short distance from
the State House, and bears a still greater appearance of
solidity and strength.

There is an academy in Concord, with several churches.
Several newspapers are printed here, and gazettes from
distant places may be found at the inns.

The Merrimack River has been rendered navigable,
by various improvements, from Concord to Chelmsford,
whore the Middlesex Canal opens a communication di-
rectly to Boston, 28 miles. Small manufacturing villages
succeed each other along the banks wherever the canals
round the falls and rapids afford water-power.

Roads. Several lines of stagecoache? meet in this
town, from Boston, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Haverhin*,
Burlington, by the way of Windsor and Conway, on the
road to the Notch in the Mountains.

From Plymouth a coach goes through Franconia Notch
to Littleton. The road follows the Pemigewasset^ through
line, mrgnifiicent scenery.

There is a road oa each side of the lake towards Con-
way. The eastern meets the lake steamboats at the S,
E. corner. The traveJler should spend a day at Centre-
Harbour, to which the road is pleasant and the country
agreeable, although there are but few villages on the way.

Two roads from Concord lead to Meredith Bridge Vil-
lage, 24 miles distant : one by Sandbornton bridge, 15
miles' — the other by the Shaker village, 12 miles.

From M. B. Village, delightfully situated between two
hays, and on a beautiful river that never freeze^ , it is
nine miles to the shore of the Lake at Meredith Cove,
and 13 to Centre Harbour.

For some miles before reaching that place, the country
begins to as&unie the featuies of bold and mountaiii

scenery.
is varied v
to such a
proceeds;
sloping hi
contrast,

WiNNI]

the islandi
jects of pi
multitude
single roc
farms.

CfiN'^fl

rewardtu,

day to ma

Red N

feet in hei

the way i

out som(

roughness

for half a

mountain,

his horse i

The trav(

notch he '

where a c

the house

and foUov

An ear

improved

ral accoai

Thefo

the spot,

North,

pond lyin

tains bob

0U3 dark

and enve

mits, whi

yond the

mistaken

ns, state"
isivc, but
rd to be
10 north-
hich mav
o be pre •

nee from
araiicc of

churches,
ttes from

lavigable,
elms ford,
nation di-
g villages
hs canals

t in this
laverhili,
y, on the

lia Notch
; through

ids Con-
at the S-
t Centre-
country
the way.
idge Vil-
ridge, 15

veen two

sec , it is
t»i Cove,

country
lountain

aOUTE TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS.

IQS

scenery. Even before arriving at the lake, the prospect
is varied with many of those noble elevations which rise
to such a height of grandeur and sublimity as the traveller
proceeds; and the frequent glimpses afforded between the
sloping hills, over the beautiful lake below, by a happy
contrast, increase the effect.

WiNNipismoGEE Lake. The number and diversity of
the islands with which the lake is spangled, will be ob-
jects of paiticular admiration. They are countless for
multitude, and in size preaent all gradations between a
single rock and a surface sufficient for several extensive
farms. Gunstock Mountain lies south of the lake.

Cen'^!IB Harbour. Here the traveller will be amply
revvardbi., if the weather be fine, by stopping at least a
day to make an excursion to the top of

Red Mountain. This eminence may be about 1500
feet in height, and is accessible for about two-thirds of
the way in a carriage or on horseback, though not with-
out some dirlculty, on account of the steepness and
roughness of the road. Indeed the path is very rocky
for half a mile or more before reaching the base of the
mountain, and the hardy pedestrian will prefer to leave
his horse at the main road, before turning off by the brook.
The traveller should direct his course towards a little
notch he will see about three quarters of the distance up,
where a cultivated field and a fence are visible. From
the house situated there, ho must turn towards the left,
and follow a path o the summit.

An early visit is recommended, as the scene is much
improved by an oblique light, and the morning is on seve-
ral accounts to be preferred.

The foll'^wing sketch of the scene was noted down on
the spot, and maybe taken as generally correct.

Nor Ik, the eastern end of Squam Lake, and part of a
pond lying near it, with the range of the Sandwich Moun-
tains behind, stretching off towards the east, with numer-
ous dark brown peaks, partly cultivated about their bases,
and enveloped above with forests, excepting their sum-
mits, which are generally divested of verdure. Far be-
yond these appear several loftier peaks, which might be
mistaken for the White Mountains, were they visible fr-oa

y';..::"'fM!

"i.i.

^ 1'- ''I

, :'ir, •-III

j (.;■

100

TIEW FROM RED MOTJNTAIIf.

this point. An intermediate peak with rocky precipices
may be While-faced Mountain.

East-Northeast. The eye ranges up the spacious val-
ley through which lies the way to the White Mountains,
and the road which is to condact the traveller seems di-
minished to the dimensions of a garden walk. Chocaway^
or, as it is familiarly called, Corroway Peakj rises on the
left; while the ncble ridge of the Ossipee Mountains be
gins nearer at hand on the right, and almost overshadows
the observer with its enormous size. The sides of these
mountains show ? beautiful display of farms, interspersed
with wood-lots and dwelKmgs, which in many places have
encroached far towards the summits, and in others pursue
the slope of the fertile uplands to the valley at their feet.
Numerous elevations appear at a greater distance, and
range themselves in lines to complete the perspective of
a most magnificent vista, which finally closes at a ridge,
whose shade is reduced by its remoteness to the colour
of a cloud. A prominent and remarkable mountain,
which appears scarcely less distant, is called Pickwaket
Mountain, and rises by the Saco River, near the place
where Capt. Lovel fought his well-known battle with the
Indians ; and the fine valley between is the country pass-
ed over in that fatal expedition, in both the approach and
the retreat.

East. The view abuts upon the Ossipee Mountains,
and no variety is afforded until we turn to the

South- Southeast. In that direction, and farther to the
right, the whole surface of Winnipiseogee Lake lies
charmingly spread out to view, varied by numerous points
and headlands, and interspersed with beautiful islands
which man despairs to number. Several distant eleva-
tions appear, on this side of which the sloping land just
mentioned extends for several miles along the shore, with
a well-cultivated surface spotted in all directions with
large barns and farm-houses, to the very margin of the
lake. There numerous points run out far into the water,
to complete the labyrinths formed by the islands. Gun-
stock Mountain rises one point east of south, just on the
left of which opens the entrance of Merry-meeting Bay.
The elerated island on the right of that is Rattlesnake

Island, na
abounds ;
by west
richness o

The Sc
wood lots
surface, w
quite to th
of tall bu
pear two
almost los
several ric
as the eye
near the
mountains

Long Po
between t
sheets of v
of the hills

Winnipl
Harbour tc
meeting Bt
and contaii
only two
taxes. Sc
and Moon
Islands, 6n
although tt
tion is paid
children ir
surveys mi
the ocean.

Squaml
Winuipise(
in fish of ti
here in gr(
of the oth
vary from
Lake are I:
of nearly <
The trout

EOUTE TO THE WHITE MOUNTAIXS.

131

Island, named from the vcnemous reptiles with which it
abounds ; over this the distant land appears high. South
by west rises a high hill resembling the Ossipee in the
richness of its slopes.

The Southwest and West is agreeably varied with
wood lots and cleared fields, scattered over an undulated
surface, which extends for many miles, in some places
quite to the horizon, and in others to the broken boundary
of tall but distant mountains. In the southwest ap-
pear two or three peaks, so far removed iY A they are
almost lost in the blue of the sky. Nearly west are seen
several ridges of inferior magnitude, which, approaching
as the eye slowly moves towards the left, at length come
near the lake, and disappear behind the neighbouring
mountains.

Long Pond may be distinguished by its shining surface
between the west and south, with several other little
sheets of water, which lie in tranquillity under the shelter
<5f the hills.

Winnipiseogce Lake is 19 miles in length, from Centre
Harbour to Alton, at the southeastern extremity. Merry-
meeting Bay lies beyond. Several of the islands are large,
and contain good farms and wealthy inhabitants, although
only two or three of them belong to any town, or pay any
taxes. Some of their names are Rattlesnake, Cow , Bear,
and Moon Island ; also. Half Mile, One Mile, Two Mile
Islands, &c. &c. None of them contain churches ; and
although they have no school houses, yet sufficient atten-
tion is paid to the rudiments of education to render the
children intelligent. Winnipiseogee Lake, according to
surveys made by Mr. Baldwin in 1825, is 501 feet above
the ocean.

Squam Lake lies west from Red Mountain, and like
Winnipiseogee Lake, abounds not only in islands, but
in fish of the finest descriptions. Fine trout are caught
here in great abundance, and of a size superior to those
of the other lake. The trout of Winnipiseogee Lake
vary from 1 to 4 pounds in weight, while those of Squam
Lake are between 4 and 10. They are sometimes caught
of nearly double this size ; but that is very uncommon.
The trout fishery is chiefly carried on during the winter,

17*

JV:

■I*-;

*iu'.\ :

102

CONWAT,

when great qwantities arc salted for the Boston market.
Perch also abound very much in these waters, and are ro-
markab'y fine.

The hue of the shrubbery in autumn has given the
inountain its name. The summit is strewed with loose
fragments ; and rausquetoes and black jiita often abound
there.

A few days may be spent at Centre Harbour very
agreeably, in making excursions in the neighbourhood, or
in sailing upon the lake, which abounds in the most inter-
esting variety of scenes. On leaving this place by water,
at the distance of five miles, the VVhite Mountains rise
into view above the intermediate peaks, and continue in
sight quite across the lake.

From Centre Harbour to Conway. Proceeding north-
east from Centre Harbour, you enter the valley between
the two chains of mountains seen from the top of Red
Mountain, and pass through Moultonboro' and Tamworth.
The surface is irregular, and much of the land uncleared ;
but settlement.*) have extended far up the sides of some
of the mountains, and farms are occasionally discovered
quite at the top. The features of the scenery are bold
and striking.

Eaton Meeting House. Two miles northwardly from
this, Ossipee Lake may be seen by leaving the road.

Conway, six miles. The view of the White Moun-
tains is very fine from this place, presenting a succession
of lofty ridges, the most distant of^which are the peaks of
Meunts Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe,
and Quincy. The most prominent elevation on the right,
with two summits, is Kearsearge, or Pickwaket : a level
meadow lies in the foreground with an isolated, woody
hill in the middle, and the Saco River, which rises on
Mount Washington, and flows down a narrow valley, with
many meanderings.

The shortest road from Conway to the mountains leads
directly to Bartlett : but the most travelled as well as the
most agreeable route is by the way of Fryeburgh, where
will be seen the beautiful tract of level country through
which meanders the Saco River; and the great Pick-
waket Mountain, which rises from its border. That was
the beautiful and favourite residence of the nation of Pick-

waket '.
fought
troops fi

The
mountai
the chur
three mi
Ellis's .
the cour
the high
in Adam
miles to

Fryei
tent of a
valley, 8<
range ol
Mount \
White t
finds the
turning i
meadowi
of no les
townshij:

The I
side of tl
valloy si:

LoVEI

east fron

one of tl

partizan

TheP

pond, an

place of

north sh(

LoveV

took a St

the Pick

French,

tier, so t

d one 1:

any co

accuston

I «< ... ' 1

FRTEDURnH.

103

markets
1 are ro'

^en the
,h loose

I abound

am very
hood, or
8t inter-
y water,
kins rise
itinue in

\g north-
between
of Red
mworth.
icleared ;
of some
scovered
are bold

dly from
ad.

;6 Moun-
iccession
peaks of
Monroe,
he right,
a level
1, woodv
rises on
ey, with

ns leads

II as the
, where
through

bt Pick-
hat was
of Pick-

i' i

waket Indians, and on the bank of Lovcl's Pond wa?
fought a bloody battle between them and a company of
troops from Massachusetts, in the yenr 1725

The Chalybeate Spring in Conway ia in a volley, with
mountains on every sidv. except the southeast. From near
the church, the White Mountains arc in sight. Two or
three miles above, the Saco valley bends to the left, and
Ellis's River comes down a narrow vale in front. Up
the course of this stream was formerly a route by which
the highest peaks were ascended. A foot path leaves it
in Adams, and goes on to Shelburne, &c. It is seven
miles to Bartlett.

Fryeburgh. The township of Fryeburgh, in its ex-
tent of six square miles, embraces a rich and beautiful
valley, secluded on every side by a wild and mountainous
range of country. The Saco river, taking its rise on
Mount Washington, and flowing through the Notch in the
White Hills, passes down the valley to Conway, where it
finds the termination of the southern range ; and then
turning abruptly to the east, soon enters the charming
meadows of Fryeburgh, and performs a serpentine course
of no less than thirty-six miles within the limits of the
township.

The Indian Fort was on a gentle bill at the western
side of the village, which commands a view of the Saco
valloy six miles up its course, and six miles down.

Lovel's Pond is on an isthmus, about one mile south-
east from the village, and is memorable as the scene of
one of the most severe and disastrous battles in the old
partizan warfare against the Indians.

The Portland road passes along the western side of the
pond, and affords a view of its north end. This was the
place of the action. Another road runs very near the
north shore ; and it is a pleasant ride to the place.

LoveVs Expedition, In 1725, Captain Lovel under-
took a secret expedition through the wilderness against
the Pickwaket tribe of Indians, who, instigated by the
French, had committed many depredations on the fron-
tier, so that the general court of Massachusetts had offer-
d one hundred pounds each for their scalps. His com-
any consisted of thirty or forty men, many of them
accustomed to the life of hardy hur^tpr^ ^nd settlers, with

vrfil

f:^^'- •ill

.!n'!',ft

ti^! :

"•'..•, I

l!|:i

'i^.\

194

THK I5UNDATI0II OF 1826.

yoiinc: ^fi". Fryo for thcii .;haplain, whoso history was
somewhat romantic, and troin whom this town received
its name.

They pas^^ed up Winnip'soogco Lake, O^sipee Pond,
the Saco, and encamped at the mouth of Mill Brook at the
northwest corner of Lovel's I'ond. It happened that the
Indians had gone down the Saco River, and on their re-
turn, discovering tracks, pursued them towards Lovel's
Tond ; and, having discovered the encampment, and the
way they had gone, removed their packs, and forming an
ambush around the place fired upon them on their re-
turn, and killed eight men. The white men retreated to
the northeast corner of the pond, where is a narrow strip
of land, and defended themselves till right ; and the re-
mains of the unfortunate expedition returned through the
forest, suffering from hunger and fatigue, and some of
them from wounds.

A tremendous catastrophe occurred among the White
Mountains on the night of Aug. 28th, 1826. A storm
of rain, unprecedented within the memory of the oldest
inhabitants, deluged the principal peaks of the moun-
tains, and poured such an inundation upon the valleys and
plains below, that it is commonly attributed to the " burst-
ing of a cloud;" although that expression is a very ill
defined one. The effects produced by the flood will re-
main for centuries; and as many of these lie exposed to
the eye, the route will offer many new objects interesting
to an intelligent traveller.

The inundation was so great and so sudden, that the
channels of the streams were totally insufficient to admit
of the passage of tlia water, which consequendy over-
flowed the little level valleys at the feet of the mountains.
Innumerable torrents immediately formed on all sides ;
and such deep trenches were cut by the rushing water,
that vast bodies of earth and stones fell from the moun-
tains, bearing with them the forests that had covered
them for ages. Some of these *' slides," as they are here
popularly denominated, (known among the Alps as " ava^
lanches de terre,^^) are supposed to have been half a
mile in breadth, and from one to five miles in length.
Scarcely any natural ocuurrenco can be imagined more
sublime ; and among the devustation which it has left to

^ll

tofttify
filled w
arc con
Tho
titles of
ed, wl
ponds
down,
they w(
with d(
passed
tains ;
places,
was bur
rai feet,

The

try, was

tirely A

upon it

cost on

river rai

The ]

was the

above ni

rai days

mountai

alarm, v

occupie(

woman

cation i

had a i

time ini

eleven.

the stoi

avalanc

in their

ty, but

One o(

feet of

overwh

for son

sides, 1

!'.. ■«..!

•I

pill' I

THE WHITI MOUNTAINS.

195

trfttify the power of the olomptits, the traveller will bo
tilled with awe at the thought of that Being, by whom they
arc controlled and directed.

Tho streams brought away with them immense quan-
tities of ea''lh and sand, which the turbid water deposit-
ed, when any obstacle threw it back, in temporary
ponds and laKca. The forest trees were also lloiited
down, frequent! ' several miles from the places where
they were rooted up. The timber was often marked
with deep grooves and trenches made by the rocks which
passed over them during their descent from tho moun-
tains ; and great heaps of trees were deposited in some
places, while in others, the soil of the little meadows
was buried with earth, sand, or rocks, to the depth of seve-
ral feet.

The turnpike road leading through this romantic coun-
try, was twenty miles in length, but was almost en-
tirely destroyed. Twenty-one of the twenty-three bridges
upon it were demolished; one of them, built with stone,
cost one thousand dollars. In some places, the Saco
river ran along the road, and cut down deep channels.

The Notch House, (which is represented in the print,)
was the Bcene of a most melancholy tragedy on the night
above mentioned, when this inundation occurred. Seve-
ral days previously a large " slide" cam'^ down from the
mountains behind it, and passed so near as to cause great
alarm, without any injury to the inmates. The house was
occupied by Mr. Calvin Willey, whose wife wr.s a young
woman of a very interesting character, and of an edu-
cation not to be looked for in so wild a region. They
had a number of young children, and their family at the
time included several other persons, amounting in all to
eleven. They were waked in the night by the noise of
the storm, or more probably, by the second descent of
avalanches from the neighbouring mountains : and fled
in their night clothes from the house to seek their safe-
ty, but thus threw themselves in the way of destruction.
One of the slides, 100 feet high, stopped within three
feet of the house. Another took away the barn, and
overwhelmed the family. Nothing was found of tliem
for some time : their clothes were lying at their bed-
sides, the house had been started on its foundation, by

it *tr I.' t

%' '' ' * 'I

/-•J

•I

:i, !>■

•rl

■ r • i ■ * ■ -.

n m

196

Crawford's farm.

an immense heap of earth and timber, which had shd
down and stopped as soon as it touched it; and they
had all been crushed on laaviiig tho door, or borne
away with the water that overflowed the meadow. The
bodies of several of thcin were never found. A catastro-
phe so melancholy, and at the same time so singular in
its circumstances, has hardly ever occurred. It will al-
ways furnish the traveller with a melancholy subject of
reflection.

Bartlett is a comfortable village, situated in a rich
valley, or interval, of about 300 pxres, where the view is
bounded on every side by near and lofty mountains. There
is another interval among th? mountains westward, which,
although it contains as much good cleared land, has been
converted into a common, in consequence of the difficulty
of making a good road to it. Pursuing still the course of
the naiTow valley, against the curreni^ of the Saco, the
country is found uncleared, except t * o or three pretty
little meadows; and destirite of inhabitants, excepting
only three or four poor fami os, until arriving at

Crawford's Farm, seven and a half miles south of
the Notch. Here the traveller will, be comfortably enter-
tained. The water rose in this house two feet in the flood
of 1826. This is the place from which visiters formerly
began their excursions to the summit of the mountains.

Prospect Mountain, one of the principal peaks, pre-
sents itself to view a little before arriving at the first
Crawford's, with its smooth rounded summit of brown
moss, rising several hundred feet above the region of
vegetation, and offering an aspect which distinguishes
these from the other elevations.

The climate in this narrow valley is still so warm as to
favour the growth of various trees which are scarcely to be
found a few miles further north. The forests are here
formed of spruce, ash, beech, maple, sugar maple, and
Indian corn grows well, which will not come to maturity
beyond. The orchard contains hundreds of apple trees.

This is one of the principal stopping places for the
sleighs, which pass the mountains in great number during
the winter, for Portland, Boston, &c.

Nancy^s Hill is a small elevation a few miles north of
tliis place. In 1773 a young woraan of respectable con-

;

bad slid
nd they
borne
V. The
latastro-
igular in
will al-
ibject of

ti a rich

view is

. There

, which,

las been

ifficulty

;ourse of

aco, the

e pretty

tcepting

south of
y enter-
:he flood
formerly
tains,
ks, pre-
Lhe first
f brown
gion of
iguishes

*m as to
3ly to be
ire here
)le, and
naturity
e trees,
for the
: during

lorth of
Ao con-

THZ WHITE MOUNTAINS,

197

nexions, who accompanied a family of settlers to Dart-
mouth, (now Jefferson,) set out in the winter to return to
Portsmouth, alone and on foot, her lover having promised
to meet her there and marry her. There was then no
house nearer than Bartlett, 30 miles. Nancy was found
by some travellers in this spot, frozen and covered with
ice, under a shelter formed of branches of trees, which
was the only shelter to be found on the way.

The Notch House is situated in a secluded little valley,
about 5 miles north of Crawford's, and is the only build-
ing seen in a distance of 12 miles. It has sometimes been
uninhabited during the summer season, though open to all
comers : in the winter a family occupies it to keep a nre,
lodgings, and a little food, provided for the travellers and
wagoners, who might otherwise perish for want of the
necessaries of life. See page 135.

Tho climate is so cold, that the land was not worth culti-
vating ; and although the place had been occupied by
several tenants, no one will keep the house in repair, even
rent free. There are no good uplands, the soil there be-
ing all gravel : and the climate is sensibly colder than at
the last stopping place.

Then3 is a place near the Notch, where the road suffer-
ed severe injury. It had been built up against the side of
a mountain, on a wall 40 or 50 feet high, and about 30
yards in extent, at the expense of $500. This whole
fabric was swept away by a mass of earth, rocks and trees,
which came from a half a mile up the side of the moun-
tain, and, rushing down at an angle of about 45 deg. pre-
cipitated itself into the bed of the Saco, which is nearly
300 feet below.

In repairing this road in the winter, the workmen had
great difficulty in getting over the obstructions. They ex-
pected to find but little daylight at that late season of the
year ; but they found that the summits of the mountains
received very early intelligence of morning, and the snows
reflected it into the valleys and ravines.

The road rises with a steep ascent for a considerable
distance before it reaches the Notch, and the traveller ob-
serves two cataracts, one pouring down a p-ecipitous
mountain at a distance on the west side of the valley, and
the other, which is called

1 ' ■ "vi if 11

lifiii-' .■,

■ . Y. ' ■■•■■ '■: i\

V 4

198

Mount washinotow.

The Flume, rushing down on the right hand, and
crossing the road under a bridge. The scenery is sub-
lime and impressive beyond description. Just beyond is
another Flume.

About 150 yards beyond is the first great slide seen in
coming from the Notch.

The Notch is so narrow as to allow only room enough
for the path and the Saco, which is here a mere brook
only four feet in breadth. It is remarkable that the Saco
end the Ammonoosuc spring from fountains on Mount
"Washington, within, perhaps, 60 yards of each other,
though the former empties into the Atlantic, and the latter
joins Connecticut River. Another branch of the Ammo-
noosuc approaches the Saco in one place, within about
€00 yards. They are both crossed beyond the Notch.
The head waters of the Merrimack rise within about a
mile and a half of this place ; and run down a long ravine,
little less remarkable than that of the Saco.

A road was first made through the Notch in 1785. It
was 50 or 60 feet higher than the pres nt turnpike, and so
steep that it was necessary to draw horses and wagons up
with ropes. The assessment for the turnpike was made
in 1806.

Two rocks stand at the sides of this remarkable pas-
sage, one 20, and the other about 30 feet, in perpendicu-
lar height. They arc about 20 feet asunder, at 6 or 7
yards from the north end ; where they open to 30 feet.
The part which appears to have been cut through is about
120 feet long. A little meadow opens beyond ; where is
an inn, at which the traveller is advised to stop.

This is the place where those who meditate the ascent
of Mount Washington, will stop for a day or more. The
master of the house will furnish a guide.

Mount Washington. The ascent of the mountain was
formerly a most arduous undertaking, and was very rarely
performed, but several ladies have lately been enumerated
mong those who have gained the summit The whole
way lies through a perfect forest. The first four miles are
over a surface comparatively level; but the last two miles
and a quarter are up an ascent not differing much from
an angle of forty-five degrees.

The tin
feion may

To the
thence to
returning
the inn, 1

The str
be crossec
tion of 18

The C
produced,
travellers
dish of fin
little stref
encampm

The ast
most ard
pummit, \
deems it
a new an
way is th
suddenly
trees, 10
broad ; w
place to 8
moss, not
rocks whi
the surfac
gling spic
ure the oi
feet.

The fo
different ]
at Lancai

Washu
Madison,

Mount
feet abovi

In a cl
boundless
and soutl
road has

■u,r

■

THE WIIITB MOUNTAINS

199

*rhe time to perform the diflbrcnt parts of this excur-
sion may be estimated as follows :

To the base of Mount Washington, 4 miles, 1 hour ;
thence to the summit, 2 miles and 93 rods, 2 or 2 5 hours ;
returning from the summit to the base, 1^ hours ; thence to
the inn, 1 hour.

The streams of the Ammonoosuc River, which are to
be crossed seven times, show the ravages of the inunda-
tion of 1826.

The Camp. — Here provisions of different kinds will be
produced, and even cooked by a cheerful fire ; and if the
travellers are sportsmen, and the season is favourable, a
dish of fine troi]t may soon be obtained from the romantic
little stream which dashes by within twenty yards of the
encampment.

The ascent of Mount Washington is laborious, and the
most arduous exertion will be necessary to attain the
Fummit, which seems to fly before the stranger when he
deems it just attained, and to look down in derision from
a new and more hopeless height. The first part of the
way is through a thick forest of heavy timber, which id
suddenly succeeded by a girdle of dwarf and gnarled fir
trees, 10 or 15 feet high, and 80 rods, or about 450 yards
broad ; which, ending as suddenly as they began, give
place to a kind of short bushes, and finally a thin bed of
moss, not half sufficient to conceal the immense granite
rocks which deform the surface. For more than a mile,
the surface is entirely destitute of trees. A few strag-
gling spiders, and several species of little flowering plants,
are the only objects that attract the attention, under the
feet.

The following heights are stated to be those of the
different peaks, above the level of the Connecticut River
at Lancaster :

Washmgton, 5,350 ; Jefferson, 5,261 ; Adams, 5,183 ;
Madison, 5,039 ; Monroe, 4,932 ; Quincy, 4,470.

Mount Washington is believed to be more than 6,400
feet above the ocean.

In a clear atmosphere the view is sublime, and almost
boundless. The finest part of it is towards tlie southeast
and south. Looking down the valley, through which the
road has conducted us, a fine succession of mountainous

i «r'

U ;! 1. i

■**;■ ■:!■

-i- , ■• ,1.

!'5

r'M..*'

;!••'

■V. # <

[!] \k

\V-A\>^^^

200

VIEW KROM MOUNT WASHINGTON.

summits appear for many miles, extending below the bright
surface of Winipiseogee Lake.

Towards the southeast also, the eye ranges over an ex-
tent of surface, which quite bewilders the mind. Moun-
tains, hills, and valleys, farm-houses, villages, and towns,
add their variety to the natural features of the country ;
and the ocean may be discovered at the horizon with the
help of a telescope, although the sharpest sight perhaps
has never been able to distinguish it without such assist-
ance. In that direction lies Portland, the capital of
Mamc ; and nearer, LoveVs Pond.

On the northeast is seen the valley of the Androscog-
gin River, which abounds in wild and romantic scenery,
and was the usual passage by which the Indians, in their
hostile incursions from Canada, used to approach the
eastern frontier settlements of Massachusetts and New-
Hampshire. Beyond, are the Ktardin Hills, near the
extremity of Maine.

North, the country is more wild and uncultivated }
and Umbagog Lake is seen, from which flows the An-
droscoggin.

West, the nearer view is over a mountainous region,
covered with a thick forest, through which only an occa*
sional opening is perceived, formed by the farms (or
clearings) of the hardy inhabitants. Beyond, the hills are
seen to rise from the opposite shore of Connecticut River,
the surface of which is everywhere hidden from view,
and the summits, rising higher and higher, terminate in
the ridges of the Green Mountains in Vermont.

South-westerly is seen the Grand Monad nock.

The Indians knew the White Mountains by the namei
of Agiocochook, and regarded them as inaccessible, or at
least represented them so to white men.

The Lake of the Clouds is a little pond, near the
summit of Mount Monroe, of beautiful clear water ; and
supplies \he head stream of the Ammonoosuc River. This
little current immediately begins its descent, and dashes
in a headlong course of several thousand feet> into the
valley near the encampment.

Loose fragments of granite are everywhere scattered
over the mountain, with some specimens of gneiss. Tlie
granite is generally gray, and at first fine-gruined, but

grows c(
with sm
a little b
On the
red, altl:
ens, dan
spersed
coarse
as very
in its or
moval ;
the nort
the mou
Gene'
will be (
sive scei
Altho
in Main
Washin«
with litt
now see
est elev
of the R
climate
ment ; s
lonely a
creased
derness
The (
of the n
gle fami
the inte
few veg
of grow
the shoi
of keep
support
fare, wV
Populal
regions
cannot
coldnei

le bright

!r an ex-
Mnun-
1 towns,
"ountry ;
with the
perhaps
h assist*
ipital of

droscog"
scenery,
in their
ach the
d New-
lear the

tivatcd }
the An-

region,
an occa«
•ms (or
hills are
t River,
n view,
inate in

e name
e, or at

2ar the
sr; and
r. This
dashes
nto the

lattered
. The
3d, but

THK WHITE MOUNTAINS.

201

grows coarser as we accend, and is occasionally sprinkled
with small garnets. At the summit it frequently contains
a little black tourmaline, sometimes in crossing crystals.
On the summit, also, some of the granite is tinged with
red, although much of it is coloured bright green by lich-
ens, dampened by the humidity of the clouds, and inter-
spersed with thick and soft gray moss. The grain of the
coarse granite is elongated ; and what strikes the visiter
as very singular, is, that not a single rock is to be found
in its original place — every thing bears the ma»'k of re-
moval ; and this, taken into view with the precipice on
the northern side, seems to indicate that the summit of
the mountain has fallen down and disappeared.

General Remarks. — All travellers of taste and leisure
will be desirous of spending some time among the impres-
sive scenery of these stupendous mountains.

Although the peaks of Ktardin and Speckled Mountain,
in Maine, have been, by some, compared with Mount
Washington, it has been done on mere conjecture, and
with little appearance of probability. The general belief
now seems to Se, that the lofty peak above us is the high-
est elevation in North America, except Mexico, and some
of the Rocky Mountains. The inhospitable nature of the
climate is such as to forbid all hopes of future improve-
ment ; so that the feeling of sublimity, produced by the
lonely and desolate character of this desert region, is in-
creased by the reflection, that it is destined to be a wil-
derness for ever.

The only places susceptible of cultivation in the heart
of the mountains, are the little meadows inhabited by sin-
gle families, and that at the ** Notch House ;^' and there
the interval of warm weather is so short in the year, that
few vegetables can arrive at maturity, with all the rapidity
of growth which distinguishes such cold regions. Indeed,
the shortness and uncertainty of crops, with the expense
of keeping stock, &c. would scarcely allow the farmer a
support, without the advantages afforded by the thorough-
fare, which is particularly great during the winter season.
Population, therefore, may extend to the borders of these
regions, and increase, as it does, on every side; but it
cannot pass the limit, because it cannot contend with their
coldness and sterility.

"i'.u ^ i tj

^ •'.;!•

:■ -4^ .. :"

::i*

. ^!

1''

■y

• 'IH 1

202

ROADS.

Various kinds of wild birds and game are to be found
in the woods, besides bear.><, wild cats, and deer. Tho
moose and buffalo were formerly abundant among the
mountains ; and it is scarcely thirty years since they were
killed in great numbers, merely for their hides and tallow;
as the latter still are in the deserts beyond tho Mississippi.
Deer are common in the woods, and frec^uently are killed
by tho hunters. Sometimes they come boldly down into
the little meadow before Ethan Crawford's house, and
quietly graze with the cattle. Black bears are occasion-
ally seen in the more unfrequented places, bat they will
always endeavour to avoid a man A large species of
elk, here known by the name of the Cariboo, has made
its appearance in the White Mountains within a few
years, but they are still very scarce in this part of the
country.

The weather is liable to frequent changes in the moun-
tainous region, which is partly owing to the vicinity of tha
Notch, through which the wind blows, almost without
ceasing, even when the air is perfectly still at only a short
distance from it From the situation of the mountains,
it is impossible that the direction of the wirKi should vary
materially in the valley ; and it is therefore, of course, al-
ways north or south. During the winter it is often very
violent, so that not only the snow is prevented from lying
on the path at the Notch ; but the surface is swept of
every thing that a strong wind can remove.

The summits of the mountains are frequently invested
with mist, when the sky is clear ; and those only who in-
habit the vicinity, are able to tell whether the day is to be
favourable for the ascent. The mists sometimes collect
in the valleys, and then present some of the most singular
and beautiful appearances.

Roads. There are two roads hence to Connecticut Ri
ver; one over Cherry Mountain (quite laborious) to Lan-
caster; the other shorter, through Breton Woods, Beth-
lehem and Littleton, (rough and stony,) to Bath, 34 miless*
[See Index ]

Steam
Bath, Ea
direction
Salem 6
Kingstot
14. Yo
Saco 10,

Do. by
6, Salem
Boar's H
bunk 12,
land 10.

The b(
*he shore
merous h
coast.

Theie
morning
to take a
at least a
would be
place, pai

Lynn,
making i
ported,
little sho]
employ t

The I
made, is
able rett
excellent
The bay
famous s

The c
but the r

Bevei
apparent
through

tYNX.

203

ROUTE FROM BOSTON TO MAINE.

,«

Steam Navigation extends from Boston to Portland,
Bath, Eastport, and about 40 miles to Augusta in another
direction, 128 miles. Railroad(144 m.) through Lynn 10,
Salem 5, Beverly 2, Rowley 13, Newburyport 3, East
Kingston, N.H. 11. Stagecoaches to Exeter 4, Portsmouth
14. York, (Maine) 9, Wells 16, Kennebunk Point 6,
Saco 10, Portland 16.

Do. by Steamboats^ 126 m. Nahant 10, Marblehead
6, Salem 3, Gloucester 8, Cape Ann, 10, Newbury 16,
Boar's Head Point 7, Portsmouth 12, York 6, Kenne-
bunk 12, Fletcher's Neck 12, Cape Elizabeth 13, Port-
land 10.

The boats go about 100 miles a day, and pass so near
*he shore as to afford many interesting views of the nu-
merous islands, points, and bays, which abound along the
coast.

Theie are coaches going to Salem every hour in the
morning and forenoon ; and it may, perhaps, be convtnient
to take a seat in one of them, as Salem is well worthy of
at least a day's delay. Indeed, if convenient, the stranger
would be gratified with several rides in the vicinity of that
place, particularly to Marblehead.

Lynn, 9 miles from Boston, This town is devoted to
making shoes ; great numbers of which are annually ex-
ported. Each house, almost without exception, has a
little shop connected with it, in which the men and boys
employ themselves in this manufacture.

The Lynn Beach, of which mention has before been
made, is in this town, and lies on the way to the fashion-
able retreat at Nahant It is of hard sand, offering an
excellent natural road, but is impassable at high water.
The bay on which it looks is one of the places where the
famous sea serpent was eeen several years ago.

The country beyond is rather hilly and uninteresting ;
but the road is good.

Beverly is a town which joins Salem so closely, as
apparently to form a part of it. It has a long street
through which we pass, nearly at the foot of a high, bar-

18*

! • V

'it^'*!';

ir'i ':

204

SALEM.

ren hill. This eminence is retTiarkabln in the history of
witchcraft ; as it is the spot where numerous persona con-
demned for that crime, in Salem, were executed.

Salkm. This is one of the most populous, wealthy,
and beautiful towns in New-England. It was one of
the earliest settlements made in Masjiachusetts Bay ; and
the planting of tiie colony is annually celebrated. Go«
vernor Endicott, one of the most distinguished indivi-
duals l)\ the early history of this part of the cour>try, re-
j>. " i' h.-^re.

' *alfc;i, was for many yea's engaged in an extensive and
luc:ative .\ nimerce, particularly with China ; and thtfi
appearance of the town is sufficient to show that it still
contains a great deal of wealth. The harbour is fine, and
the wharves still well supplied with scores. The streets
are generally too narrow ; but the banks, insnranco offices,
and churches, are many of them handsome buildings. Tiie
Square is a large and beautiful tract of ground, near the
centre of the town. About it are seen many of the finest
private buildings in the place.

The Marine Museum is an institution highly creditable
to the town, under an association of respectable nautical
and commercial individuals, formed for the purpose of
making useful observations, and collecting curiosities
from all quarters of the world. No one can become a
member who has not doubled Cape Horn, or the Cape of
Good Hope, either as master or supercargo of a vessel ;
and each of them is supplied with a journal, in which he
is to note down such remarks as he thinks important,
during his voyages. These are submitted to the inspec-
tion of a committee; and the curiosities brought home
are deposited in a handsome building belonging to the
society, which is well worthy the particular attention of
strangers.

Access is readily gained by application to any of the
members ; this extensive and highly interesting cabinet
being closed only for the purpose of security, and no fee
being required for admission. The room is large, well
lighted, and filled with curiosities from all quarters of the
world, and many specimens belonging to all the branches
of natural history. The arrangement is made with great

I.'

FROM BOSTON TO MAINE.

1205

taste, and several honra, or indeed days, will hardly be
sufficient for an exuinination of all itconiains.

Tiie following lines were written after a visit to this in-
ereating Institu'ion, by Beltrami, a diatinguished wcientific
traveller, in the year 1827.

*' Siste Viator! Siste, mirare ! est Orhis in urbe,
" Et pracbet pulchruni cuncia miranda Salem. —
*'C)b3tupui, hic Superum, hnic hommum prodigia vidi,
•'Pontus, Magna Parens, Ignis et Ipse favent. —
*' Oh America : Oh, felix toUus, populusquc beatus !
" Quum nobis toiiunt dant tibi i'uta viccm. —

<il.ii ■' ■*K'lM
' • •< » i

#; V

■d • »

MAKBLEHEA.D. Thofo is a good road \o » is town,
which stands at the end of a rocky promc tory, 4 miles
southeast from Salom. It is principally inhabited by
fishermen, whose miinner of life precludes, ^n a great de-
gree, the intellectual improvement gener-illy so character-
istic of New-England. The harbour is small bay, pro-
tected by barren rocks, and atibrds shelter to the numer-
ous fishinj^r s*chooner3 employed in the Cod fishery. The
men and boys are absent from home a great part of the
year; as each vessel usually makes three fishing voyages,
or ** fares " as they are here called, every season. They
lie on the Banks untd they have caught a load of fish,
which are opened and salted as soon as taken. The ves-
sels then return, and the fish are spread to dry on wooden
frames, called flakes ; great numbers of which will be seen
on the shore. A few vessels still go to the Labrador
coast for fish. There is a fort at the extremity of the
town, which commands the entrance to the harbour, and
affords a view of many miles over the neighbouring sheets
of water. The islands at the entrance of Salem are wild
and rocky ; and the sea breaks over them with violence in
an easterly storm. Towards the south are seen several
headlands of this iron-bound coast ; which, for a great
extent, even down to the extremity of Massachusetts,
must have appeared one of the most inhospitable to the
pilgrims, who began their settlements on this part of New-
England.

Nkwburyport. Stage House, or Merrimack Hotel,
on the hill. Tiiis is a lar^e, and to a considerable extent,

'It*'

:• *i

i«K<

^'. ' ?''

i'l

Mi : •

206

AMESnURY.

a regularly built town, 38 miles from Boston. TIjc p'cnlrr
port of it lies in squares, and the best streets are entirely
of brick. What is commonly called Newburyport, how-
ever, is composed of two distinct towns. The onginal
township of Newbury includes that part, which reaches
to within about a quarter of a mile of the shore; and tho
rest is all which is properly speaking called Newbury-
port.

The harbour is fine, and the place once enjoyed n brisk
and lucrative commerce.

The bridge over the Merrimack, is a most beautiful
structure. Its length is 1000 feet; and it has four arches
and a drawbridge, on the side towards the town. The
arches are supported by twelve chains, carried over four
towers in the form of ])yramids, 31 feet above high water
mark The bases of these towers are of hewn stone, 40
by 30 feet, built on limber, each with a breakwater up the
stream. The chains, separately, are strong enough to
bear 22 tons. The bridge, with the road to Newburyport,
cost $«G,000.

Hampton, 10 miles. At Hampton Beach is a good
hotel, which commands an ngreeable view upon the ocean,
and the shore about the Boar's Head.

Portsmouth, 62 miles from Boston, 58 from Portland.
The environs of the town show many neat and pleasant
houses of wood ; and the middle part of it is principally
of brick, with some handsome public buildings, although
the streets are generally too narrow. It has been a place
of much commerce. The Navy Yard, on an island op-
posite the town, contains two large ship buildings, one for
frigates and the other ior line-of-battle ships.

The bridge across the Piscataqua, leads into the state
of Maine, which was, until within twenty years, a dis-
trict of Massachusetts. The current is very strong. The
navy yard is seen on the east, with the ship houses, &c.

Amesbury is a manufacturing place on the PowoW
river, 3 miles from Newburyport. The river is made to
drain several ponds by an arched tunnel made through a
hill about a century ago.

The country on this road is of a gently rolling form,
generally very poor, without trees, and changing only
from sand to rookie

le state

a dig-

The

rnoM nosTON to Maine.

207

York. Tlioro aro somo pleasant fields about tlii^ little
place, hut its size is iiisi^nififaut, when contrasted with thu
anticipations formed of its destiny at the time of its first
settlement: fi)r the irronnd was laid out for a r\t\, and tho
divisions of tlie hind still retain much of the rceulur form
given it hy the lirst survt^yors.

The Nubble is a rocky j»oint, 4^ miles from York,
with a cluster of miserable huts in the rear, culled, ia
derision, the city, or nu^tropohs of Cape Neildock, from
a point of tluit name still further on.

While travelling- along this dreary countrv near tho
road passes the site of an old fort or bloc!, liouse, built
before I'liilip's war.

Tho Agamenticus Hills form a range some distance
west.

LowKH Welles. There is a little harbour here, de-
fended by a sand bar, with a narrow entrance under a
rock ; but it is almost dry at low water.

Welles. The sea often breaks beautifully on the
iSeach, in front of the tavern. Porpoise Point is just dis-
tinguishable in the northeast ; and the view of the sea is
fine and refreshing.

Three miles beyond is Breakneck Hill, over which falls
a small stream, from the height of 30 feet, about 40 yards
from the path.

The Fort was half a mile beyond, or a quarter of a mile
north from the church.

This little fortress was once attacked by 500 Indians,
who at first supposed, as was the fact, that the men were
absent from home. The ])lace was, however, very brave-
ly and successfully defended by five women, who put on
their husbands' clothes.-

• Kennebunk, li5 miles from Portland, is a small place,
which once carried on a considerable lumber trade with
the West Indies.

Saco, fifteen miles from Portland. Just south of this
village is the mouth of the Saco, which rises on Mount
Washington. Cutts's Island of 75 acres divides the stream,
just at the falls.

Portland, 15 miles. The situation of this place is
remarkably fine, occupying the ridge and side of a high
point of land with a haadisome, though shallow bay, ou one

'*'! ;

! <-|»ll i

(

i ■

■•9

1- '• »^'«

J f

^' ■ :

■!* if

Y'l

• VI

Hi'

208

PORTLAND.

|sf <

side, and the harbour on tho other. The anchorage in
protected on every side by land, the water is d(«ep, and tho
communication with the himi direct and convenient. Con-
gress-street run? along tho riilge of the hill, nnd contains
a number of very elegant piivute houses. There is also
the Town Hall, with tho market below, and a beautiful
new church, with granite columns. Tho steps are fino
blocks of granite, G feet by 9, brought from the quarry at
Brunswick, 22 miles distant.

From the Observatory, south and southwest, are se-
veral distant endtK nce8 : among others, tho Agamenticus
Hills ; northwest are seen, in clear weather, the lofty
ridges and peaks of the White Hills in New-Hampshire,
which are discovered at sea, often before the nearer land
appears in sight.

Cape Elizabeth is tho high land on the south side of
the harbour; and the islands, which nearly close its en-
trance, are called Bangs's and House Islands. Fort
Preble stands on the former, and Fort Scammel, only a
block house, on the latter. Due east is Seguin Light
House, which is visible in clear weather, 32 miles distant,
at the mouth of the Kennebec. Nearer, and in the same
quarter, lie numerous islands of various forms.

Tho intrenchments on the hill, west of the Observatory,
belong to Fort Sumner, and part of them were made in
the Revolutionary war. Under the bluff, on the water's
edge, is Fort Burroughs.

Portland (the former name was Falmouth) was burnt
in the Revolutionary war by Capt. Mowatt, in the British
sloop of War Canceau, on the 18ih of October, 1775, on
the refusal of the inhabitants to deliver up their arms.
About 130 houses, three quarters of all the place con-
tained, were consumed, some being set on fire with brands,
after a cannonade and bombardment of nine hours. The
old church is among the buildings saved, and has tho
mark of a cannon shot in it. A small part of Mitchell's
hotel belonged to one of the houses not destroyed.

There are some fine stores and dwelling houses in the
middle of the town, and the shore is lined with wharves
and shipping. There is a small Museum.

Remarks to the Traveller at Portland, Bostoa
coaches leave here every morning.

: "~

.«■•

ROITRS IN MAINE.

202

:>rago i»
unci tho
. Con-
contains
i is also
jcautiful
are fino
uarry at

are 8e-
nenticus
he lofty
Tipshire,
rer land

I side of
I its en-
Fort
, only a
n Light
distant,
he same

rvatory,

made in

water's

as burnt
British
775, on
r arms.
,ce con-
brands,
N. The
has tho
itchell's

s in the
.vharves

Bostoii

The communiouion with Dover, Concord, Sec. is easy,
ttnd tho travcllci* goitif^ in that diri'rtiofi is n'lorrofj to the
index for tho?o and other places in liis way. He may
take tho route to the White Mills by Kryeburgh ; the road
leads through a wild and thinly populated country, but is

not devoid oi' mtorest. The stagecoach readies Conway
in a day by this route, passing through Gorham, Standish,
Baldwin, Hiram, and Fryt^burgli.

The eastern and noriheasiern routes only, remain to
be spoken of. The road along the sea coast is more un-
interesting, passing over a rocky soil, and is recommended
in going from Portland. The upper road leads through
a considerablp extent of fertile country, indeed the garden
of Maine, and shows several pleasant and flouriBhing vil-
lages, by which it may be more agreeable to return.

Remarks on the Country Northeast from Portland.
In consequence of the position, the climate, and soil of
Maine, the improvement of the country has been much
retarded. Settlements were made on the coast as early
as 1G07, and several others not long afterwards ; but
they sufT'ered severely in the Indian wars ; and their vi-
cinity to the French mission^i, which embraced all the
eastern part of the present state, exposed them to immi-
nent dani,er. In later times the population was princi-
pally confined to the sea coast, for the convenience of
fishing and commerce ; and thus the good land, which lies
some distance back in the country, was almost entirely
neglected. After the Revolutionary war, this extensive
region remained in the condition of a district belonging to
Massachusetts. In 1820, it was received into the Union
us a separate state; and agriculture having been intro-
duced, the etnigration from the neighbouring states has
rapidly swelled its population.

Tn travelling in Maine, the stranger observes the same
ord n- of things as in the interior of New-York, Ohio, and
other parts of the country, which are fast improving. It
is but a few years since agriculture was almost unknown
here, and now the interior region between the Kennebec
and Penobscot rivers is well peopled, and presents a scene
of rural cultivation and prosperity rarely equalled. That
is of course the most attractive route for the traveller ;
and the road from Portland lies through Augusta and

|; ".

i ' ' .

>? :' ■

•»' •

, 1. >

•! i

'* •

\.:t

r.' ■;■!.
'■ ilii '111

II- .

'r '

210

STEAMBOATS.

IlnllowelL Tlinso wlio arc ffoing to New-Brunswick/
<^(\ aro advised lo tnko thir^ route, ivnlci^s they prefer th«
less fatiguina: mode of travelling!: in the sr.-ainboat.

Most persons going- eastward from Portland, will wish
to return; and the brief tour which we i^hall give will bo
planned for their convenience and pleasure, by proceeding
first along the sea coast, and then rcturnng through the
fine tract of country in the interior.

It may be proper here to mention, that two roads have
been projected to Quebec ; one by the river Kennebec,
and the other by the Penobscot. At present there are no
roads through the northern wilderness, though a commu-
nication has been kept up that way for several years, and
herds of cattle are occasionnlly driven into Canada. The
hardy and enterprising traveller may, perhaps, be wiliincr
to encounter the inconvenience of lodging in the open air,
and such fare as the wilderness affords ; but few will at-
tempt the route for pleasure, until the intended improve-
ments shall have been made.

The distances of the principal places on the routes
from Portland are as follov.'s :

Routes from Portland. To Boston, see page 203. To
the White Hills and Connecticut river, by daily stage-
coaches, \Vostbrook, Gorham, Standish, Baldwin, Hiram,
Brownsfield, Fryeburgh, Conway, (from Portland 62 m.)
Bartlett, Hart's Location, Old Crawford's Notch House,
Notch, Notch Meadow, E. A. Crawford's. Thence two
roads ; one to Lancaster, and the other through Nash and
Sawyer's Location, by Rosebrook's, in Britton Woods,
and through Littleton to Bethlehem, 48 miles from Con-
way.

From Portland to Quebec, 258 miles. N. Yarmoii<^h,
12 ; Freeport, G ; Brunswick, 9 ; Bowdoinham, 13 ; Gard-
ner, 11; Hallowell, 4; Augusta, 3; Sidney, 12: Water
ville, 5 ; Norridgcwock, 16 ; Solon, 20 ; Moscow, 13 ;
Kennebec river, 17 ; Monumet, 48 ; St. Joseph, 54 ; St.
Henry, 28; Quebec, 12.

From Portland to Eascport, 23.' miles. Brunswick,
(as above,) 27; Bath, 7; Wiscasset, 15; Waldoborough,
18 ; Warren, 9 ; Thomaston, 4; Camden, 11 ; Belfast, 18 ;
Castiiie, (in a boat,) 9; Bluehill, 10; Ellsworth, 14 j

^\^,

prefer thw

will wish

ve will be

roceeding

rough the

oads havp
Kennebec,
ere are no
a com mil-
years, and
ida. The
be willing
open air,
;w will at*
L improve-

tlic routes

203. To
lily stage-
in, Hiram,
nd 62 m.)
ch House,
lence two
Nash and
n Woods,
Tom Con-

Yarmoiith,
13 ; Gard-
l: Water
cow, 13 ;
54; St.

5 runs wick,
oborough,
.^Itast, 18 ;
'orth, 14 ;

ROUTES O MAIKE.

211

Franklin, 12 ; Cherryfield, 20 ; Columbia, 12 ; Machias,
15 ; Whiting, 15 ; Eastport, 15.

Travelling rend to the head of Casco Bay, you pass
through North larmouth and Freeport, and arrive at
Brunswick, 2G miles. This is the site of Bowdoin Col-
lego, the principal institution of the state.

There is a fill on the Androscoggin river at this pla«e;
below which booms are extended across to keep together
the lumljer which is brought down every season in great
quantities.

The whole road from Portland to Bath, thirty-four
miles, lies along the coast, where the soil is rocky and
poor,

Bath is a town of considerable trade, situated on the
Kennebec, at the distance of sixteen miles from the sea.
Here -e several public buildings, and among the rest
two h. :!,?:.

Woolwich is opposite Bath.

WisCASSfiT, 14 miles from Bath. This is one of the
principal ports oi the state, and has an excellent harbour
at the mouth of the Sheepscot River.

Stagecoaches run north to Bangor, on the Penobscot.
They pass through Newcastle, Nobleborough, Waldobo-
rough, Union, Appleton, Searsmont, and Belmont. There
are two branch lines: one to Ihomastown through War-
ren; and another to Hamden, through Camden, Lincoln-
shire, Northport, Belfast, Swanville, and Frankfort.

From Wiscasset to Damascotta is rough and rocky ;
but the ride presents many interesting views, as the land-
scape is continually changing, and is often varied by the
sight of Damascotta River, and several beautiful little
lakes or ponds.

Booth Bay lies off the road from Wiscasget to Dama-
scotta. It has a commodious harbour, with a number of
islands in the vicinity ; and the neighbouring high ground
affords a very fine and extensive view. The hill, on the
eastern side of the bay, was surveyed for a city in the
early part of the last century, which was to have borne
the name of Townsend, but the building of it was never
begun. The harbour has been considered a good site for
a naval depot.

Antiquities, Two or three miles off the road, between

IP'

*i'j .. ; '

:!!'

■■■■ .•■■;. J.* ■•!

■t

i:'i2

WALDOBOROUaH.

Linniken'g Bay and Damascotta River, where was for-
merly an Indian carrying place, the remains of cellar
walls and chimneys are found, as also broken kettles,
wedges, &c. At the head of the bay are the hulks of
two or three large vessels sunk in the water ; and on the
shore, the ruins of an old grist mill, where the present
one stands. On the islands opposite the town, are other
ruins, the history of which is unknown, as well as that of
those already mentioned. The only fact which seems to
afford any guide to their origin, is, that Sir John Popham
made an attempt to build a town at the mouth of the Ken-
nebec, in the year 1607.

VValdoborough, 10 miles; Warren, 7 miles; Thomas-
towi', Central Village, 6 miles. Here are quarries of
rnarbic^ a.;d limestone, from the latter of which about
100,000 bprrels of lime are made every year for exporta-
tion. '1 tie marble is also wrought in considerable quanti-
ties. A visit to the workshops may be interesting, as the
operation of polishing is performed by machinery nioved
by water. There is a cotton manufactory on Mill River.
The village is fifteen miles from the sea.

The State Prison stands in a commanding and plea-
sant situation. It has solitary cells, built of granite, in
blocks from four to six feet in length, and two in thick-
ness. Each cell has an opening at the top, with small
holes in the walls for the admission of fresh air, which,
during the winter season, is warmed before it is admitted.
The warden's house is also built of granite, and is two
stories high, placed in the middle, with a row of cells on
each side. The prison yard is surrounded by a circular
M'ooden paling, and encloses nearly three acres, in which
is a lime quarry. Several workshops on the ground serve
the purposes of the convicts, who are employed in burning
lime and other manufactures.

The Knox Estate. About half a mile from the State
Prison is the ancient residence of the late General Knox.

From Thomastoivn to Belfast, (thirty miles, j the road
is hard, and commands many views of Penobscot Br^,
with a few islands on the right, and a partially cultivated
country on the loft, with some mountainous scenes. Bel-
fast is a flourishing port, pleasantly situated on the side
of a hill. The road hence to Castine, round the bay, i?

^■"^■^

was for*

of cellar
1 kettles,

hulks of

nd on the

e present

are other

as that of

seems to
I Popham
f the Ken-

1 Thomas-
larries of
ich about
r exporta-
)le quanti-
ng, as the
ry moved
[ill River.

and plea-
jranite, in

in thick-
ith small
ir, which,
admitted,
.nd is two
)f cells on
a circular

in which
und serve
n burning

the State
ill Knox,
the road
cot Bfy,
ultivated
es. Bel-
the side
le bay^ ii?

ROUTZ 15 MAINE,

213

thirty«five miles, passing through Prospect, Buckport,
Orland rnd Penobscot.

Castine was taken during the late war by a fleet, and
the British inirenchments are to be seen on the hili
above.

Eastport is important as the frontier post of the Unit-
ed States on the sea coast towards the British possessions.
It is on the southeastern part of Moose Island, in Passa-
maquoddy Bay, and connected with the main land by a
bridge. The spot was almost uninhabited thirty years
ago ; but now it contains three places of worship. There
are fortifications and a few troops. A line of steamboats
is established between this place and Boston, touching at
Portland, &,c.

Lubec is situated nearihe entrance of the Bay, opposite
Campobello.

Perry, the village of the Passamaquoddy Indians, lies
northward from Eastport

On the Schoodic River the land is high, and the scenes
striking. Robbinston stands at its mouth ; and Calais
twelve miles above, at the head of navigation. The coun-
try north and west of this place is said to be very valuable
for grazing, being undulating, with a good soil and climate,
and at present well wooded, with conveniences for trans-
portation by sea.

The road from Belfast to Bangor lies along the course
of the Penobscot River.

Bangor is a very flourishing village, newly risen into
importance, in consequence of having taken a good deal of
the interior trade from Belfast. It occupies a command-
ing position for this object, and is undoubtedly destined
to experience a great and rapid increase, proportioned to
the extension of settlements in the upper country. The
scenery here begins to assume much of that mountain-
ous character, which prevails so extensively through a
large part of the interior. A very conspicuous and noble
eminence is observed at a distance in the north, called
Ktardin Mountain, the elevation of which has never, it
is believed, been accurately ascertained. It is considered
the highest land in the state, and has been compared for
altitude with Mount Washington in New-Hampshire.
In the vear 1825. the land atrents visited a tract of

i '■■' ■ ■■<■

i r

!.;.

* ^i

■•':

■ i

-.*>

■

( ■!;

i'ii

#•••. '

214

PEGIPSCOT Fi-LLS.

country inhabited by about two thou and pcracns, who
had been before unknown as belonging to the state, hav-
ing never been represented in the legislature, or included
in any census. They are partly descendants of refugees,
and partly half-pay officers, Irish and Scotch. 7'he vast
tract of wilderness intervening between them and the
lower country had prevented intercourse. Tht ir country
is rich and beautiful, on the St. .Tohn's River, near the
boundary of New Brunswick ; and many of them desired
^-■^ be received into the jurisdiction of the State Govern-
lent. The question has since caused much excite-
tnent.

From Bangor we begin our return to Portland, taking
the route through the finest part of the state of Maine.
The road to Augusta and Hallowell on the Kennebec,
lies through a region rapidly improving under the ma-
nagement of an active, industrious, and increasing popu-
lation.

Augusta is the capital of the state, a considerable town,
and very flourishing. It is situated at the falls of the
Kennebec, where the water on the descent of the channel
is sufficient to set in motion several hundred wheels.

At the mouth of this river, at Georgetown, berj'ls
have been found, in a ridge of granite countryo Some
are fifteen inches long and six thick. They are associ-
ated with schorl.

Pegifscot FaUs-. Near Lewistown, on the Andros-
coggin River, is n r 'viarkable cataract, where the cur-
rent breaks through a range of mountains, and pours
over a broken ledge of rocks. The scene is wild and
striking, and derives an additional interest, from its con-
nexiou with the history of a tribe of Indians long since
extinct.

According to a tradition current in the neighbourhood,
the upper parts of this stream were formerly the resi-
dence of the Rockmego Indians, who inhabited a fine
and fertile plain through which the river winds. The
situation was remote, and they had never engaged in
any hostilities with the whites, but devoted themselves
to hunting and fishing. The ground still contains many
remain, of their weapons, utensils, &c. They were,
however, at length persuaded to engage in a hostile in-

WASTimaroM, d. c.

Sin

ens, who
Late, hav-

included
refugees,
The vast

and the
r country
near the
n desired
! Govern-
h excite-

id, taking
»f Maine.
Cennebcc,
the ma-
ing popu-

ible town,
lis of the
e channel
eels.

n, beryls

Some

?e associ-

Andros-

the cur-

id pours

wild and

its con-

)na; since

ourhood,
the resi-
d a fine
:s. The
gaged in
emselves
ins many
;y were,
astile in-

' -5
1

cursion against Brunswick, at that time an exposed
frontier settlement; and the whole tribe cml)arked in
their canoes to accomplish the enterprise. The stream
flows gently on for a great distance, until it approaches
very near to the falls ; and this was the spot apponitcd for
the night encampment Night set in before their arrival j
and they sent two men forward to make fires upon lh«
banks a little above the cataract. For some unknown
reason, the fires were kindled below the falls ; and ihu
Indians, being thus deceived concerning their situation,
did not bring up their canoes to the shore in season, and
were carried over the rocks, and the tribe all destroyed
together.

We now close the northern tours, and proceed to

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Washington, the seat of Government of tlM3 Tlnited
States, is situated between the Potomac River and its
eastern branch, about a mile and a half above their junc-
tion. It is divided into three distinct parts, which aro
built about the Navy Yard, the Capitol Hill, and the
Pennsylvania Avenue. The Capitol is an immense build-
ing with two wings, surrounded by an open piece of
ground, terraced in front, and occupying an elevation,
which renders it a conspicuous object for several miles.

The original plan of the city was very extensive J the
principal streets meeting from all points of the compass
at the Capitol, and bearing the names of the older state*
of the union. Some of the minor streets are known by
the names of the letters of the Alphabet; and tracts of
ground were reserved for public squares. As Washing-
ton, however, is chicHy dependent on the government
for its support, the original scheme has been but faintly
realized, and many of the streets have not even beer'
opened.

During the sessions of Congress, the place is throng
with strangers from all parts of the country; and the se^;-
sions of the Senate and Representatives, the proceedings of
the Supreme Court, the Levees at the President's House,
tlio parties at the foreign ministers', &c. arl'ord ample op-
r)o tunities for amusements of various kinds, At other

19*

k .

■' I
It} '« I

■■•j

.!1

216

THE DEPARTMENTS.

in
■a

seasons, however, there is little to interest the th3 stranger
except the public buildings and the Navy Yard.

The Capitol presents specimens of various styles of
architecture. On entering the south wing severjvl columns
are seen, where carvings of Indian-corn stalks are substi-
tuted for (lutings and filletings ; while the capitals are
made of the ears of corn half stripped, and disposed so as
in some degree to resemble the Corinthian or Composite
order.

The Representatives' Chamber is a fine semi-circu-
lar apartment, with columns of a dark bluish siliceous
pudding stone, hard and highly polished. It is lighted
from above. The gallery is open during the debates, as
well as the Senate Chamber, which is a much smaller
apartment.

The Library of Congress is in another part of the
building; and the Great Hall contains the four national
pictures, painted for the government by Col. Trumbull:
the Declaration of Independence, the Surrender at Sara-
toga and Yorktown, and Washington resigning his Com-
mission ^ each 12 feet by 18.

A fine view is enjojod from the top of the Capitol. You
look along the Pennsylvania Avenue westward to the
President's House, with Georgetown and the Potomac
beyond ; the General Post Office, &c. on the right ; the
Navy-Yard towards the southeast ; GreenleaPs Point
nearly soufh ; and southwest the bridge over th» Poto-
raac, with the road to Alexandria and Mount Vernon.
The canal begins south of the President's House, and
terminates at the East Branch.

The President's House is a large building of white
marble, with Grecian fronts, about a mile west of the
Capitol, and near the public offices. It is surrounded by a
wall, but without any other defence. The entram'e hall
le-ids into the drawing room, where the President's lady
receives visiters at her levees. Two other apartments are
thrown rpen on those occasions ; all handsomely furnished,
and freely accessible, even to strangers.

The Patent Offi.cc is well worthy of a visit, on account
of the numerous curious models which it contains, relating
Co all branches of the arts.

The Treasury, Navy, War, and Land OffAces, are all in

stranger

stylos of
columns
'e substi-
)iials are
ied 90 as
omposite

mi-circu-
siliceous
s lighted
bates, as
I smaller

t of the
' national
rumbull :
at Sara-
his Com-

pL You
to the
Potomac
igbt; the

s Point
h« Poto-

Vernon.
use, and

Df white
: of the
ded by a
ni'e hall
It's lady
lents are
irnished,

account
relating

re all in

GEORGETOWN.

$117

Cnc vicinity of the President's House; as are the resi*
dejices of the Foreign Ministers. The members of Con-
p^ross, as well as the numerous strangers who resort hither
during- the sessions, find lodgings in the hotels and board-
ing houses in difTerent parts of the city, or in Georgetown.

Georgetown is a considerable place, whicVi by it3
proximity to Washington, seems almost a part of that city.
The country around it is variegated, and the situation of
the Romish College, a little way west, is picturesque.
Still further in the same direction, there is a very pleasant
ride along the bank of the Potomac, where Mason's Island
is at first seen, near the mouth of the river, and afterwards
the Nunnery upon tbe elevated banks.

Whoever v/ould under-»tand convents should travel in
Europe. This institution flourishes in consequence of the
ignorance of many of our coimtrymen, with respect to
the nature of convents, their over-estimation of certain
branches, and their light esteem for the principles and
blessings of the Reformation. Accompanying those are the
proselyting spririt of the Jesuits, and tbe secret designs
of the popes against the freedom of th(; United States,
so actively seconded by the government of Austria.

Some of the advocates of convents have professed to
court public attention and investigation for them. It
would be well. We should find in them some of the
images and pictures which are publicly worshipped in
Romish countries.

It is pretended that the education they afford, especially
to females, is superior to any which American Protestants
can give. Let its superiority ihen be thoroughly known ;
and, lei laws be passed, opening all schools, without dis
tinction, to the thorough inspection of public officers at
their pleasure. Let Congress, or any State Legistature
or the people of any town where a conventual hool exists,
set the example ; and it will probably become general.
Then if the advantages are so great, let the system be uni-
Tcrsally adopted, even in our common schools ; and, if
necessary import from fifty to a hundred thousand fo-
reign teachers. Friars, and nuns, black, white and gray,
might be obtained from Spain, and Jesuits in any numbers
might be found lurking in secret, and under various name's
in many a corner, since they have been expelled with de-

ill

• • " f «

';'** I

r ii'i ■■

• .(

tit'

U'^

v\.

I . .^ I

t: '

•;t

218

Mount TERi^oir.

«•

tpstfilion {"vara almost every country in the world exce{>t
the Unittnl Stales. One of the most tlistinguished and
virtuous statesmen of Colombia, on u visit to this counirv
exclaimed with astonishment, when ho heard that the edu-
cation of any of our youth was committed to Jesuits, ** Do
you not know that the'y ore the bitterest enemies of human
liberty ? They are not tolerated in South America, nor even
in Spain." Tina and the following memorable remark shoultl
be wr. ten on the dooi of every convent i "If the liberties
of the United Stales are ever overthrown, it will be by
Jesuit priests."— L^/f^^c/^e.

Alexandria. This is a large city and port, six miles
from Washini^ton, and contains- some tine buildings, both
public and private. The road vvliich leads to it is good;
in the pleasant reason, although the couniry is little inha-
bited, and the soil is impoverished by the cultivation of
tobacco. This city is in the District of Columbia.

Mount Vernon, the estate of the Washington family^
is nine miles south from Alexandria, and is remarkable ag.
containing the tomb of Gen. Washington. The road is
somewhat intricate, and has but few uilii*biiants } so that
the stranger unleas he g-oes in a steamboat, will need tD
make careful inquiries. The house stands on an emi-
nence, looking down upon the I'otomac. The buildings-
which project from each end;, are the offices ftnd habita-
tions of the negroes.

The key of the Bastile of Paris is hung up in the hall }
and a miniature portrait of Washington, from an eartbf i
pitcher, is preserved, which is con.sidered by the fsriii y
the best likeness of him ever made. A beautiful lawi.y
partly shaded by trees, extends from the froTit of the man'
sion to the verge of the precipice,^ which overhangs the Po-
tomac, and affords a delightful view upon the riTer and a
tract of hilly country above and below.

This is the place to which Washington retired after he
had accomplished the independence of his country,- and
again when he had presided at the consolidation of the
government ; voluntarily resigning the stations he had
consented to accept, and the power he hatl exercised only
for the good of his country. To an American, this place
is interesting, in a degree which no language can either
heighten or describe.^ Whoever appreciates the vaJ.ue of

i except
hed and

I country

the edu-
tr., •' Do
i" humari
nor even
'k »houIil
Irberlies

II bo by

\x miles
ig3, both
is goocl^
Ltle inha-
vation of

n family/
rkabJe vrn/
i road is
. so that
need to
an emi-
bujldingg-
d hablta-

the hall }

eartbp >

fariii y

ul la Why

the man-

s the Po-

er asd a

after he-
try^ and
of the

he had
sed only
lis place
n either

value ot*

ROUTK TO VIRGINIA STRINGS.

219

private and social virtue, will rejoice to find it associated
with the traits ofa j)ersonagn so distinguinhed and iniiuen-
tial ; the consistent politician will rejoice torelloct that his
J)rinciplcs of natural freedom woro not restricted to any
portion of the world, or any part of the human race; vvhilo
«ny one, who can duly esliniale the extent of the blessings
he has conferred on his country, and the inlluenco of his
actions on the ha])pines3 of the world, v/ill wish that his
history may ever be cherished, as a model of sincere and
disinterested patriotism.

Wasklngtuti's Tomb was until lately in a little grove of
cedars a shorr, distance southward from the house, and
near the brow of the precipitous shore. It is ncnv at a
short distance from thai spot, a new f imily tomb having been
erected. The great man, who had rendered tolas country
the most important military and civil services she ever re-
ceived, left his mortal remains to be de[)osited in this
humble cemetery ; and that country has never yet expressed
its gratitude by erecting a monument to his memory,
though to her he devoted his life, and to her he has be-
queathed a character, on which no successful attempt has
ever yet been made to discover a shadow or to iix a stain.

Virginia Springs. Warm Spring 213 miles, IVhite
Sulphux 256 m., &c.

These are now annually visited by many persons from
the north, as well as from other parts of the country ; and
the variety of scenery recommends them to the attention
of every traveller of taste, no less than their medicinal
properLies to the invalid.

From Washington stagecoaches depart daily, passing
through Alexandria 9 miles. Fairfax Court-house 15,
CenlrevUle S. Bull Run 3, Buckland Mills II, New-
Baltimore 4, Warrenton 6, Lee's Sulphur Spring 6, Jef-
ferson 3, Fairfax 12, Cedar Mountain 6, Rapidan 6,
Oratige Court-house 7,* Gordonsville 8, Monlicello 16,
Charlottesville 3,t York 19, Waynesboro' G, Staunton

* MontpelJRr, the sent of President MaJisoa, is 5 railes from this
place. The JS'atural Bridge is \a Rockbridge couuty, 12 miles S.
\V. from Lexington It i« about 200 feet hiph.

t At Charlottrsviile is the University founded by Thomas JefTer-
sou^ udorned with beautiful murblc col«uuades, &c. His seat ie oua
lk>'ll 2 miicfl distaat.

» :»|

!■ ■ I

!. ;!; ^ '

fe'

;i|! I

* ^(.

if 1

. 1 ''■' 'f <

220

DALTIMonr.

12, Jennings' North Mountain 17, Clovcrdalc 12, Green
Valley 11, Warm Sprinfra 13, Hot Springs 5, Jackson
Jlivfr 9, White Sulphur SpririiTs 29, Sweet Sulphur, do.
2S, Salt Sulphur, do. 1. (Distance from Washington
285 miles.)

Baltimore is the third city, for size, in the United
States, and carries on an extennive commerce.

The harbour in the Patapsco River, has a narrow ,)i-
trance, and is well protected by high ground. On the
side opposite the city is an abrupt elevation of consider-
able size, where is a fort, and whence a commanding view
is enjoyed.

Fdl^s Point is a part of the city, about a mile below,
where most of the stores and shipping are found. Many
of the streets of Baltimore are broad, cross at right angles,
and are ornamented with fine buildings both public and
private.

The Washington Monument. This is a large column
of marble in a commanding position, at the head of
(yharles-street, rising to the height of 1G3 feet. It is 14
feet m diameter at the top, and 20 below, with a base 23
feet in height, and 50 square. It is one of the finest mo-
numents in the IJnitud States, and the only one worthy
the memory of the great man to whom it is erected.

The Battle Monument was recently erected, in memory
of those who fell in the defence of the city in Septem-
ber, 1814.

The Public Fountain is a fine spring of water in the
western part of the city, surrounded by a public square,
laid out in walks and shaded with trees.

Tho environs of Baltimore afford some , leasant rides ;
and the communication with diiferent places is easy, by
various modes of conveyance. Steamboats go to Nor-
folk, in Virginia, but the passage is uninteresting; and
those who wish to see V^ashingion, (38 miles distant,)
will go by the railroad.

Battle of Baltimore. Thib battle took place at Long
Point, in September, 1814. Nearly 40 sail of British
vessels at the mouth of the Patapsco, on the 12th landed
between 7000 and 8000 men on Long Point, 14 miles
from the city Sixteen bomb vessels in the m»an time

noUTES To OHIO.

, Green
Jnckson
tiur, do.
shinjiton

United

row ..»i-

On the

onsider-

ing view

» below,

Many

tangles,

iblic and

I column
head of
It is 14
I base 23
lest mo -
J worthy
;ed.

ineriiory
Septem-

r in the
square,

it rides ;
easy, by
to Nor-
ng ; and
distant,)

at Long
British
landed
4 miles
;in time

went up the river, and anchored about 2^ miles from Fort
McHeriry. General Strieker took position at the two
I'oads leading to North F'oint, his ritrht on IJear Creek,
and his left on a marsh. I'lie enemy joined in a general
battle. After an hour And twenty nuiuiles the 5 1st regi-
ment gave way, and General Strieker retired to his re-
serve, whither the enemy did not follow. He lost about
150 killed and wounded in this action, in which the citi-
zens of Baltimore distinguished thcrnsclvis. The British
was computed at COO or 700 ; and among them was their
commander, Gen. Ross.

The bomb vessels which attacked Fort McHenry were
unsuccessful, being met with a manly resistance; and the
troops rc-embarked and relinquished the enterprise.

Baltimore had 101,378 inhabitants m 1840. The bar.
hour has 18 feet water. Fort Mcllcnry If. miles below, at
the mouth of Patapsco river, was bombarded by the Bri-
tish in 1814.

Washington Monument is 163 feet, with a colossal
statue.

Ellicott's Mills 13 miles, is a romantic spot. The rail-
road crosses a fine viaduct; and there are many stone
factories and mills for cotton, woollen, flour, iron, &.c. &c.

The Baltimore and Ohio Rnilroad, in ui^e to Harper's
Ferry, 81 miles, runs southwest to I'atapsco river, at Elk-
ridge Landing, up that stream down Bush Creek, and
the Moiiocacy, up the Potomac to Harper's Ferry. It is
partly finished to Wheeling, 280 miles from Baltimore.
The summit is 2500 feet above tide. A oranch J3jJ miles
long, leads to Fredericktown.

The Washington Railroad is a branch of the Baltimore
and Ohio railroad, leaving it 8 miles from Baltimore, and
has a very long and lofty embankment and a fine viaduct.
It leads through Bladensbrg, and ends in Pennsylvania
Avenue, ^ mile from the Capitol, m Washington. It
meets, 18 miles from Baltimore with

The Annapolis and Elkridge Railroad, 30 miles, which
fcads southeast to Annapolis.

OHIO.
This new and flourishing state will be visited by tra-
vellers of intelligence, dispof^ed to witness the aspect of

'■'1 1 T,

! 15 J

I'lj*- E i

■ 'M'

■i.i '

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

^^4v

1.0

I.I

■so ■^~ H^H

m m 12.2

IIS

12.0

1-25 IIU III 1.6

►

^;.

Hiotographic

Sdences

Corporation

33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) •72-4S03

CINCINNATI.

a country which has been the theatre of a most rapid im-
provement.

The following may be rpcommended as a general tour.
First proceed to Wheeling ; down the Ohio river to
Cincinnati ; across the country to Sandusky Bay by the
western route in good stage coaches ; thence by steam-
boat to Detroit, ana if desired onward to the western
lakes. — Returning, by steam, land at Cleaveland, and
make an excursion on the canal, (which, although about
350 miles long, is not very interesting.) Then tako
steamboat to Buffalo, whence the traveller may take what
route he prefers.

Pittsburgh. This is more like a manufacturing town
in England, than any other in the United Stales. It
would surpass our limits to enumerate all the manufac-
tories here.

The great steamboat, Missouri, built at Pittsburgh, in
1841, is 233 feet by 59 (including guards,) and of 60&
tons. It plies between New-Orleans and St. Louis.

The extensive coal mines in this vicinity are 329 fept
above the Ohio, and 643 feet above Lake Erie.

The appearance of the country along the Ohio at
Wheeling, is remarkably beautilul; and it has thence de-
rived the name of Belmont. The land is undulating, and
rises gradually for a distance back, affording many fine
retrospects to a traveller in that direction, over a well cul-
tivated region. Considerabk quantities of tobacco are
now raised here.

Cincinnati. The streets cross each other at right an-
glas, and those parallel to the Ohio, are numbered 1st, 2d
3d, &c. except the two next the shore. The Miami canal
passes through three of the streets. The principal build-
ings are the Court-house, Jail, Post-office, Hospital, Col-
lege, Medical College, Mechanics' Institute, Council
Chamber, Churches, Theatre, Amphitheatre, &c. Capital
employed in manufactures in 1841, 14^ millions ; pro-
duct of mechanical labour 17 i millions. There are 130
different branches of manufacture, employing 1000 mas-
ter employers, and 10,000 working people. There are a
Commercial Hospital, Lunatic Asylum, Medical College^.
and the Weitern Museum,

ROUT

^roii
Amboy
to Am
Borden
Burlin

Do.
clay-sti
Newarl
13, Tr(

Phila
States ;
which, J
are of e

It wil
the strcf
coim/, Ti
the banli
at the
east and
and alle'

The :
ings in t
fish itiar
Broad-si
convenit

The J
Post-ofli
busses,)

The i
tween F
form of
eight fin
out bas«

PHILADELPHIA.

; rapid im^

neral tour,
o river to
jay by the
by steam-
e western
ijland, and
)ugh about
rhen tako
^ take what

Liring town
States. It
e manufac-

isburgh, in
and of 60a
Louis,
re 329 fer*.

•

le Ohio at
s thence de-
jlating, and
J many fine
a well cul-
obacco are

at right an-
red 1st, 2d
iami canal
cipal build-
)8pital, Col-
Council
c. Capita)
ions ; pro-
ere are 130
1000 mas-
here are a
al College,

ROUTE PROM N. YORK TO PHILADELPHIA.

^ro:n New-York to Philadelphia, by the Camden and
Amboy Railroad 85 miles The boat from the Battery
to Amboy, New-J'^isey 23 m. railroad, to Hightstown 20,
Bordentown 14, Steamboat to Bristol, Pennsylvania 9,
Burlington, New-Jersey 1, Philadelphia 18.

Do. by Railroad, through Newark, &c. From Bar-
clay-street Ferry to Jersey city, New-Jersey, I mile,
Newark S, Elizabethtown 6, Rahway 6, New-Brunswick
13, Trenton 26, Bristol 11, Philadelphia 17.

THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA.

Philadelphia is the (second city, for size, in tho United
States ; and is remarkable for the regularity of its streets,
which, almost without exception, run at right angles, and
are of equal and convenient breadth.

It will lie convenient to the stranger to recollect that
the streets running north and suuth are named Firsts SC'
condy Thirds &c. beginning on both sides of the city on
the banks of the Delaware and Schuylkill, until they meet
at the square near the centre. The streets which run
east and west, are generally named after trees ; the lanes
and alleys, after shrubs, &c.

The Market. This consists of a succession of build-
ings in the middle of Market-street, extending from the
fish market on the river's bank to Eighth- street, and from
Broad-street to Schuylkill, 5th-street, affording room for a
convenient display of articles.

The Exchange is on Third and Dock-streets, with th«
Post-office in the basement, (here is a stand for orani-
busscs,) Blind Institution in Race-street.

The Bank of the United States, in Chesnut-slreet, be-
tween Fourth and Fifth, is built of white marble in the
form of a temple, with two fronts, each ornamented with
eight fine Doiic columns, of the ancient proportions with-
out bases.

t 1
W 3

'''it

Mi' , *,

224

THU ACADlfMY OP ART5.

Girard Bank, in Third, facing Dock-strtM't, is alotr
of marble, and presents a beautiful low of six Corintliian
columns.

The Bank of Pennsylvania^ opposite, bus two fronts',
on Second and Dock-streets, each with six Ionic columns.

The State House, in Chesnut-street, between Fifth and
Sixth-streets, is a large brick building, with court rooms,
&c. at either end. In the front room, east of the main
entrance, the old Continental Congress held their sessions;
and there the Declaration of Independence was signed,
July 4th, 1776.

The Athenceum is adjoining, open all d^^y to strangers.

The Philosophical Society^ s Library and Cabinet.

Independence Square is a fine shaded piece of ground
behind the Slate House.

City Library, Fifth-street, open to the public from 2,
P. M. See Franklin's apparatus, and Cromwell's clock.

Tho University contains a medical department and the
Wistar Museum, with a library, garden, &c.

The Arcade, in Chesnut-street, is a fine building of
stone. The Philadelphia Museum of Mr. Peale in tho
northern part. It contains a large collection of curiosi-
ties of various descriptions. The huge skeleton of a mam-
moth is represented entire ; for the parts which were defi-
cient on one side, have been supplied by imitations of
those on the other.

Washington Square is on the other side of Sixth-
street, with a handsome church on the southern side, with
a range of wooden columns.

The Pennsylvania Hospital is a large and admira-
ble institution, in the next street, where great numbers
of sick are attended. Twenty-five cents will secure ad-
mission to the building and garden?, and also to the top.

West's Celebrated Picture of Christ healing the sick,.
is exhibited in a neat little building on tke opposite side
of the street.

The Theatre, in Chesnut-street, between Sixth and
Seventh-streets, has a marble front.

The Masonic Hall is a little beyond, and somewhat
in the Gothic style, with a small court yard in front.

The Academy of Arts, Chesnut-street, between Tenth
and Eleventh, contains a collection of statues, busts, &;c.

rn m?
from

'««!

PHILADELPHIA.

5*>5

, is ah(y
i)rint]iibtn

/o front!*,
columns^
Fifth nnd
t rooms,
the main
session?;
) signed,

langers.
abinei.
)f ground

z from 2,
s clock,
t and the

lilding of
le in the
f curiofji-
a mam-
ero defi-
ations of

f Sixth-
de, with

admira-
numbers
cure ad-
the top.
he sick,
site side

cth and

mevvhat
It.

I Tenth
its, &c.

tn -marhle and plaster, ranged in an apartment lighted
from the lop ; and beyond, a gallery of pictures with
many specimens of the works of American artists.

The Orphans' and the Widows' Asyiums are in t'n«
western part of the city.

Academy of Natural Sciences, Penn's House, Letitia
Court, United States Mint, «fec. &c.

There are two modical institutions in this city, where
lectures are delrvered to great numbers of students.

The Deaf and Dumb Asylum is a valuable institu-
tion ; as is the Friends^ Alms House in Walnut-street,
between Third and Fourth, where poor families are
placed in separate houses, among small gardens, and
furnished with employment.

Girard College ^ founded by the late Stephen Girard,
is on the Ridge Road, a little out of the city. The main
building is of three stories, 169 feefc in length, and 111
■wide, with an elegant portico with marble columns.

The banks of the Schuylkill are well formed for the
•display of the large public edifices which will be per-
ceived ranged along their eminences for two or three miles,
to the honour of Philadelphia, and the ornament of its
environs.

Mr. PratVs Garden is about three miles northwest
from theccitT^ of the city, and worthy of a visit. The
situation is agreeable and commanding, on a little cape or
promontory on the Schuylkill ; and from the gravelled
walks, the visiter enjoys a view down the river, of the
basin, ♦^he dam, the Water Works^ below which are the
State Prison, House of Refuge, Hospital, the two bridges,
and on the opposite side a handsome seat called •' Wood-
lands." The Western Railroad leads through it.

The Schuylkill Water Works, There is a large stone
building of chaste architecture, containing five large water
wheels, which are capal)le of raising seven millions of gal-
lons in twenty-four hours. They are turned by a current
from the dam above. The reservoirs are on the hill
above, whiith is higher than any part of the city, which it
fiupplies. They both contain eleven millions of gallons.

Penifenliary, This is a large and singular construc-
tion. The prisoners are kept in solitary confinement.
I'he wall is forty fret high, built of granite, and en-

.J:i!

>'<i

■ *!■ "' '

\
I

• ,

:i('l

226

MINERALS IN PENNSYLVANIA.

feet

ich

'he cells

closes a square, 6
formed in seven long stone galleries, an octngon in the
centre. The entrances to the cells are through little yards
from the outside, and each has a wicket door in the gal-
lery. A centinel in the octagon, by turning on his heel,
can look through all the galleries ; and the arched roofs
reverberate every sound, so that he can hear a very slight
noise.

The Naval Hospital is situated about two miles south-
west from ^he centre of the city. The expense is defray-
ed by funds contributed by the officers and seamen of
the U. S. navy, out of their pay. The building is on
an eminence, commands an extensive view, and makes
a fine appearance from a distance. The fron.t is 386 feet
in length, three stories high, and it is large enough to
lodge 300 or 400 persons. The first story is of granite,
and the second and third of marble, both of which kinds
of stone are found in abundance in the vicinity of Phi la-
delphia.

The Navy Yard^ (on the banks of the Delaware.)
Here, as in most of the principal navy yards of the U.
States, ships of war are built under the shelter of im-
mense buildings, which protect the workmen and the
timber from exposure to the weather. The line of battle
ship Pennsylvania, the** Franklin" and'* North Carolina,"
and the frigates United States and Guerriere were built
at this place.

The north sid« of the navy yard is devoted to brick
buildings for the residence of officers, ship timber, &c.
while at the south end are the workshops. The Marine
Barracks are on the western side ; and the area of the
yard, which is walled with brick, is about twelve acres.

The extensive meadows south of Philadelphia present
a beautiful scene of fertility and cultivation. A ride in
that direction at morning or evening is recommended.

Geology of Pennsylvania. A geological survey of
this state has been in prog:re8s five years at the direction
of the Legislature, by Professor Rogers. Serpentine,
asbestos, and many interesting minerals, are found in
the southeastern part at Chestnut Hill. Bituminous coal
beds exist west of the AUeghanies in many places, (becom-
ing more bituminous as you go north,) and anthracite

ROL'TKS TO THE COAL MINES.

007

cells arc
in the
le yards
the gai-
ns heel,
;d roofs
ry slight

s south-
defray-
amen of
g is on
makes
J86 feet
ough to
granite,
h kinds
Phila-

nware.)
r the U.
of im-
ind the
f battle
rolina,"
ire built

brick
Jr, &c.
Marine
L of the
) acres,
present
ride in
d.

•vey of
rection
entine,
und in
as coal
jecom-
hrucite

«.U of them. The purest Lehigh coal contains 88| per
KQ'nt of carbon, and Schuylkill, 92 ; Bituminous, 87.
There are numerous veins of brown oxide and compact
carbonate of iron : the latter occurring with both kind:*
\Tf coal. Some of the ores yield about 70 per cent of
iron. Magnetic oxide is found in the southeastern part
of the state. Silicate of zinc, yielding 50,40 of metal,
is found in Nortbumborland county.

The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is intended for
sloops of the largest class, antl schooners : tlic locks being
100 by 22 feet, and the canal 60 feet wide at the water
line.

The principal objects are the harbour on the Dela-
ware, the adjoining emb«Tnkment on St. George's Marsh,
the Deep Cut, and the Summit Bridge.

The Harbour on the Delaware is at Delaware City.
It is formed by two piers running into the water: one
500 feet long, and the other COO, with a return pier of
100 feet.

The Pennsylvania. Canals. Under this general
name is comprehended a groat and extensive system of
internal improvements, for sevora' years designed, and
partly accomplished, by the Legislature of this state.

ROUTES TO THE COAL MINES.

In consequence of the opening of the vast beds of coal
between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, at a distance
of about 80 or 100 miles north of Philadelphia, that re-
gion has become an object of great interest.

In the tract of country noith from Philadelphia, are
found inexhaustible quantities of coal, in elevated ridges
and mountains of the Alleghany range, which are sup-
posed to be connected with those which are known on the
western side of the range, although they are of difi'erent
characteristics. The western coal is easily combustible,
and resembles that imported from Liverpool, &c. while
the former is hard, very difficult to kindle, and burns with
very little flame. It is, however, of great purity, being of
that sort known to geologists by the name of Anthiticilo,
and is now very extensively used for fuel in Philadelphin,
New-York, and* dilfereut parts of the countrv. The variu-

20*

■;■ ' n

irV

228

• CHUYLKILL N aVIC.ATIOM.

tieg of this coal come down in a kind of riulo sqimi'o b(jat*<>
called arks, drawing only 12 or 15 inolics of water, bui
containing about 250 bushels each, which may usually be
seen on the shores of the Schuylkill, and at the wharves in
the Delaware. It is only a few years since this coal waa
supposed to be entirely worthless ; and now the demand is
enormous.

The wliole length of the line of navigation, undertaken
by the Schuylkill company, is 108 miles ; and the work waa
considered the greatest ever performed in this country bv
a company. U commences at the Lancaster Schuylkill
bridge, and ends at Mount Carbon ; 62 miles of it are by
canals, and 46 by pools in the river.

The obstacles which the surface of the country presents
to works of such a nnture in this state, are unusually great,
as may be supposed, when it is remarked, that eight ranges
of mountains pass through Pennsylvania from northeast to
southwest, and that the height of land is supposed to be 8 or
900 feet in the lowest place, so that the rivers descend very
much in their courses. It has been necessary to make
more lockages on the Schuylkill line, than on the whole
Erie canal in New-York. Beside this, the country is of
the transition formation, with sloping strata, which cause
much leaking.

Route to the Lehigh Coal Mines at Mauch Chunk.

There are three routes from Philndelphia by which
Mauch Chunk may be reached : Ist. By the way of Beth-
lehem. 2d. By the whv of Easton through Doylestown—
and 3d. By the way of Bristol ; also through Easton. By
either route you reach the village in a day and a half.

Canal Route to the Schuylkill Coal Mines at

Mount Carbon.

Manatunk is a large manufacturing village, furnished
•with water by a canal 3 miles in length, through which the
boat will pass.

Plymouth Lockv. The marble quarries are in this vi-
cinity.

U I

ROUTES TO THK CoAT, MINES.

OOf)

NoKRiSTOWN contains somo fine houses, as well as a
court house, jail, lud two churches, one in the (lothic
style, which stand.'* in a con-<picuou3 suiiat'on.

Rkadino, 54 miles from l'hila(lel|»hiu, is a place of
consitieruhle importance, inhahitod hy Germans, and con-
tains* some handsome puhlic l)uildin,s(s. The Union Canal
begins 2 miles below Reading, passes up the western sliore
ofther'vcr to the valley of the Tulpehocken ; and then
follows that valley till within 5 miles of L''banon, where
l)egins the summit level. In all this distance it rises 311
feet, by numerous locks of 4 \.\m\ 8 feet lift. The car)al is
24 feet wide at bottom, 4 deep and "?6 on the surface. —
On this part of the cana! is the 7 nel ; an excavation
bored through a hill for a distance ot 729 feet, the face of
the hill having Seen cut away at the entrance 25 feet. This
dark and gloomy passage is 18 feet in breadth and 14 feet
high.

We return to the Schuylkill Navigation. Frcm
Reading, the road passes for some distance near the river,
and affords an opportunity to see the canals, dams, &c.
made to assist the navigation.

The road to Hamburgh from Reading, lies through the
Great Limestone Valley of Pennsylvania ; which has the
Kittatinny chain of mountains on the north, and the Blue
Ridge on the south. The surface is beautifully varied by
the natural undulations of the surface.

Hamburgh is a small village with nearly a hundred
houses, ''ith a church situated in a romantic position, at
the entrance of the

Schuylkill Water Gap. This is a narrow gorge,
through which the river runs over a steep and rocky chan-
nel for 4 or 5 miles; leaving no room upon its banks,
which rise abruptly on each side to the height of
several hundred feet. The road has been cut out along
the face of one of these ranges, at a great elevation ;
where the surface is in many places of such a declivity,
as to require it to be supported by walls of :^tone. The
views which are here afforded to the traveller, are roman-
tic and varied in a high degree.

The Little Schuylkill River, a branch of the principal
stream, ru.is through a valley of the same general deacrip-
tion ; and here lies the road to Mount Carbon.

■;■ »..

230

ROL'TiS TO THE COAT. MINES.

1 1

'I'ho Tunnel. This is a placo wlirrn a hill Ims been
bored fliroiii^h '67 o yunU for a cunul, about 3 miles from
Orwifjsburijh.

M(M)NT Carbon, 8 miles, is in bight of several coal
minrs.

The cnal coimtry in this region begins in Luzerne, on the
upper part of tho Lrickawaiia rivor, following its course to
the SHsquehiinna. and along that stream, principally on the
eastern bariU, to 18 miles beyond VV^ilkesbarro It runs
south to tho Lehigh rivor, and thcnco southwest, through
Schuylkill county.

It is estimated to extend about 100 miles ; and about the
middle of the range is 8 or 9 miles wide, growing narrower
towards each end. At Mount Carbon the coal occurs in
beds 4 or 5 feet in thickness, generally running east and
west; and dipping to the south at 45^, with a slate rock
immediately over it, and strata of sandstone and earth
above. The slate, as usual, in the vicmity of coal, pre-
sents the impressions of organized substances, at some an-
cinnt period imbedded in its substance: such as the leaves
of laurel, fern, »&.c.

In coni^equence of the inclination of the coal veins into
tho earth, the miners have, in some places, sunk shafts to
the depth of 150 feet, with lateral excavations, east and
west, of various lengths to 300. Two small carriages
called Trams, are used in a sloping shaft to bring the coal
out, being made to descend by turns ; but in the horizontal
one, which has been carried in several hundred feet, they
et.iploy wheelbarrows. Some of the veins run perpendicu-
larly.

The mammoth coal mine of Messrs. Stees and Oliver,
near Pinegrove, took fire in Maroh, 1841, and continued
to burn. Beyond Newcastle, Pa. is a mine which has
been burning several months, and formed several openings
or craters on the top of a mountain.

Road to the Lehigh Coal Mines at Mauch Chunk.

Philadelphia to Rising Sun, 4 miles ; Branchtown,
(Child's Tavern,) 4: Shoemakertown, 8 ; Jenkintown, 10;
Abington, 12; Willowgrove, 14; Horsham, 16; Graham
park, 22; Newville; Doylestown, 26; Danville, 29; Ro-
derick's tavern, ; Tohicken bridge ; Easton, 5 ; Mauch
Chunk.

ROUTltS TO THK COAL MINE.'?.

231

as been
eg from

ral coal

e, on the
Durse to
ly on the
It runs
through

bout tho
arrower
ccurs in
inst and
ite rock
id earth
lal, pre-
lonie an-
e leaves

ins into
hafts to
ast and
arriages
the coal
rizontal
et, they
endicu-

Oliver,
uinued
ich has
penings

)hunk.

htown,
vn, 10;

rah am
19 ; Ro-
Mauch

New Hope is in a romantic situation ; and Goat Hill
rises opposite to the height of 500 feet, its top atl'ordmg a
fine view.

Delatoare Water Gap. The scenery at this spot is
beautiful. The course of the river appears at a little dis-
tance as if arrested by two opjiosile mountains, between
which it flows in a narrow channel, suddenly contra«'ling
itself to a furlong's breadth from a broad, smooth, and un-
broken sheet, like a lake of considerable extents

Eaaton is a village of some size, and a central point from
which numerous roads diverge, and stage coaches run in
various directions. It is situated in a rich valley, enclosed
by the South and Blue Mountains. It is about 52 miles
from Philadelphia and contains many inhabitants. Ex-
cellent slates are made here. Within a compass of a
mile and a half are 18 mills.

The following is a list of distances from Easton on the
different stage routes. New-York, 70 miles ; Schooley's
Mountain, 23; Morristown, 41; New-Brunswick, 45;
Bethlehem, 12; Mauch Chunk, 34; Nnzareth, 7; Dela-
ware Wind Gap, 12 ; Water Gap, 20; Stroudsburgh, 27;
Wilkesbarre, 52 ; Belvidere, 12 ; Reading, 52 ; Newtown,
(Sussex county,) 40.

The Delaware and Hudson Canal. It commences
at Kingston on the Hudson river, and runs over to the
Delaware river, through the valley of the Neversink creek,
thence up the valley of the Delaware to the Lackawaxen
creek, and up that creek to the foot of the railway. This
is a contmuous canal of 1 17 miles in length. The railway
commences at the termination of the canal, and runs over
Moosick mountain to the coal mines at Carbondale on the
Lackawana creek, 16 1-2 miles, overcoming an elevation
of 858 feet.

At Easton will be seen the Dam over the Delaware, at
the termination of the works for improving the navigation
of Lehigh river, from Mauch Chunk to this place.

The road to Mauch Chunk leads through BethleherHy
12 miles. This is a neatly built place in a romantic and
delightful situation, along the course of a swift running
brook. It is inhabited by Germans, and little English will
be heard spoken in the place. There is an old church and

i I

n I

i' I

«ih.

I'fl!

. m

S '

1 1

MAtlCH CHUNK.

»n nradomy lor tho education of girls, under the manage*
»/U'nt of the Moravians.

The works on tho I,o}ii2;h river nro on a largo scale.
The river descends 3(55 fi'of, and requires r)2 locks and
til dijin-^. Tlio locks are intended for steumhoats capable
of (MMryin.s: 150 tons of coal, 100 feet long and 30 wide.

The Lehiirk Water Gap, 25 miles from I^aston and 11
from Lchiffhlon, C miles from Mauch Chunk. Here is a
bridge. The tirrft objects that attract attention near the
viliaj^e of Mauch Chunk, are the lock in the river, and the
chute or inclined plane, at the end of tho railway, down
which tho loadeil coal curs slide to the wharf on the river,
where they load the boats and arks. The loiter carry about
10 tons. The train of cars coming down the railway
will «»fu'n bo heard rumbling as the traveller approaches
the village.

Mauch Chunk, 90 miles from New-York and 70 from
Philiulelphia. There is a spacious hotel in this young and
llourisliing villn.'>-e, which has been well kept, and serves
as the rende'/vous for numerous parties of visiters every
season. There are few places where a stranger will find
more to gratify him than here. The village is shut in by
rude mountains, of such height that the sun is invisible to
many of tho inhabitants during tho short days. The hotel
commands a view of some parts of

The Railway, which leads from near the coal mines to
the Lehigh River. This was the second ever constructed
in the United States — the Quincy Railway, in Mas-^achu-
setts, being the first. It extends a distance of nine miles,
along the side of a mountain.

The sleepers, on which the railway rests, are of wood.
The rails are also of wood, 4 by 6 inches, and covered with
an iron plate 2 of an inch thick.

The coal mine lies o little on the opposite side of the
mountain; and the coal cars are first drawn by horses to
the beginning of the railway up an acclivity of 5-8th3 of a
mile. The summit is 982 feet above the river.

Pleasure wagons, like dearborns, are occasionally used
to carry strangers up and down the railway ; but they often
go up in the returning cars. The average rise of the way
is 18 inches in 100 feet, which is scarcely perceptible to the
eye, and permits a single horse to draw up three empty

rnrs.
rnrri'
In 1

'illl

nOUTES TO THE COAI. MlNt.*.

^ATf^. In coming down, liowover, by tlioir own grnvily, r)ui
cnrrinffcs would, it'pj'rniittrd, move with imrnrnsr rnindity.
In 1C27 they wore rosfrictrd to a into not j'xrrrdin;; ii
niile» nil hour. It is snid that they hud prrviously pone 15
nnd oven 20. The roiid jj^etierally jiiisses ulnnt; u narrow
shelf, which it* alarming to u strniim'r, pnrtiruhirly in de-
acendinc: ; srinie of the precipices bcine; 500 or 000 feet.

The Tunnel is seen in poinjr up, al)out 400 feet above
the road. It is 12 feet high, 20 wide, and ahout 800 long.
It was cut through the mountain in 1826, to obtain a short
passage to a bed of coal sujiposed to lie on the other side.
A shaft was sunk sixty-four feet from the summit of tho
hill without finding coal ; five hundred feet beyond this
shaft towards the north, a hole has been bored to tho
depth of one hundred and ten feet; coal was found at eighty
feet, and the auger continued in coal to the extremity of
the borr. The Company, however, were disappointed ;
but they have an inexhaustible supply of this useful article,
as their land extends 14 miles back from tho river, and
along the road ; and 10 or 12 miles are underlaid by bedi
of anthracite coal.

The cars arc made of strong oak timbers, and planked
up on three sides, with a swinging door in the rear.
Some liave been constructed, in which stout sheet iron
has been substituted for plank. They are six feet four
inches long, three feet wide at top, and two feet at bot-
tom, and about three feet in depth, resting en wheels with
cast iron rims or fellies two feet in diameter, one inch
thick, and about four inches in breadth, with a strong
edge or flanch, one inch in thickness, and about twa
inches wide, which prevents them from slipping off' the
rails.

The cars may be stopped immediately by a long lever,
which brings strong bearers against two of the wheels,
and causes great friction. The guide to every brigade of
eleven cars holds a rope attached to all the levers.

A curious machine, called the Brake, is also used.

There is generally a stop to be made in the midst of
the course, to wait for other cars passing, and to oil tho
wheels.

Several ingenious experiments have been resorted to in
different parts of the railroad, to avoid some inconvc

r:.

H\l

If.

'.II

.'I

IM'

' Jot

■;^I

t w: '

^34

ROUTES rnoM PHILADELPHIA.

niencies which might otherwise be causetl by sudden turns^
right angles, cros? roads, bridges, &c. The railway is in
several parts supported by a stone wall at the side. Cross
roads are not intercepted by it, for the rails are inter-
rupted so as to correspond with the ruts; at the short
turns, one rail is raised in a curve of a few inches to give
the car a new direction ; and at a right angle, like those
at the mine and at the chute abo-'e the Lehigh, revolving
platforms are placed which turn the cars round) forty-five
degrees.

The cars themselves weigh about 1500 lbs. each, and
run on wheels two feet in diameter. Strangers often make
an excursion in them for the novelty of the mode of tra-
velling. Several hundreds oi such cars are in use. They
carry the coal to the Chute nbove the river, down which
they are sent 315 feet.

At the end of the railroad is a platform on the bank
of the Lehigh river, down which the coal is let over one
of the rails on an inclined plane of 750 feet, (200 feet
perpendicular height,) to the stone houses, the wharf,
and the boats. Each loaded car is connected to an empty
one, which it draws up, by a rope that passes round a
large cylinder or drum. A car goes down in about one
minute and twenty seconds. The noise of the cars on the
railway is perceptible at a great distance.

The Mine, or quarry, op?ng upon the road by passages
cut in the earth. These conduct into an area formed
with great regularity, by the removal o*" coal, which has
been dug out in such a manner as to kee.p the surface on
an inclined plane, where the carts drive in, load, and then
pass out at the other passage. The coal is very hard,
pure and black, with a beautiful conchoidal fracture, and
perfectly clean in handling.

The surface of the ground was covered with a coat of
sand two feet thick, interspersed with sandstone; under
that was eight feet of black pulverized coal; and then
came the coal itself.

Routes from Philadelphia to Baltimore and Pitts*

burgh.

From Philadelphia to Baltimore, through Frenchlown,
115 mileg by steamboat and railroad: steamboat to Fort

long,

FROM PHILADELPHIA TO REW-yoRK.

235

and

Mifflin, 8 mil ■;; Chester, 10; Marcus Hook, 4; Christia-
na Creelc, Delaware, 8 ; New-Castle, 5 ; Railroad to
Frenchtown, Maryland, 16 ; Steamboat to Turkey Point,
13 ; Pool's Island, 22 ; Mil r's Island, 8 ; North Point,
8 ; Fort McIIenry, 10 ; Baltimore, 3.

Do. through Wilmington, 94 miles by railroad. To
Wilmington, 28 miles; Elkton, 18; Port Deposit, 11;
Havre de Grace, 5 ; (Here you cross the Susquehannah
near the lower falls in a steamboat) ; Bush River Viaduct,
13 ; Gunpowder River Viaduct, (a mile long, a striking
scene,) 8; Baltimore, 11.

From Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, 391 miles. The
railroad (from Vine and Broad-streets,) leads through
Pratt's Garden, and crosses Schuylkill river above Fair-
mount, on a viaduct 1045 feet long, 30 above the water.
It passes Buck Tavern, 1 1 miles from Philadelphia,
Paoli, 10; Valley Creek, 8; Coatesville, 11; Gap, 11 J
Mill Creek, 6 ; Lancaster, 12 ; Mountjoy, 12; Middletown,
15 ; Harrishurgh, 9 ; Canal to the Gap of the Blue Ridge,
5; Duncan's Island, 12 ; Newport, 10; Thompsontown,
11; Mifflintown, 11; Lewistown, 14; Waynesburgh, 14;
Huntingdon, 29; Alexandria, 14; Williamsburgh, 12;
Hollidaysburgh, 13. The Portage railroad, 37 miles
long, crosses the Alleghany mountains to Johnstown,
rising 1398 feet, and descending 1172. by five inclined
planes on each side. On the top is the tunnel, 870 feet long,
and 20 high. A canal to Laurel Hill, 7 ; (passing a tun-
nel of 917 feet under a farm and a well \) Lockport, 10;
Blainsville, 13 ; Saltzburgh, 16 ; Warrentown, 12 ; Leech-
burgh, 10; Alleghany Aqueduct, 3; Logan's Ferry, 15;
Pittsburgh, 18.

From Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, railroad and stage
route, 305 miles, about 3^ days ; railroad to Harrisburgh,
105; Chambersburgh, 51; stagecoaches to McConnels-
town, 19; Bedford, 31; Shellsburgh, 9; Stoystown, 19 J
Laughlintown, 16 ; Greensburgh, 23 ; Pittsburgh, 32.

ROUTE FROM PHILADELi HIA TO NEW-YORK.

Leaving Philadelphia for New-York, the ship house, in
the navy yard, is seen over the little island in the river.
Near the upper part of the city are the ship yards ; and

236

EATtLE Ol!' THENTOW.

beyond, threo glass houses near the water, with wliite
walls and black ruof^. Steeples and shot towers are the
principal objects rising above the great mass of houses
in the city.

The banks of the Delaware are low, and present an uni-
formiry quite unfriendly to the picturesque. The towns
are, however, interesting in the history of the revolution,
Qs will be seen a little beyond.

Burlington in New -Jersey, 18 miles from Philadel-
phia, presents a handsome appearance ; with a row of
fine residences facing the river, in front of which is a street
with a beautiful sloping bank.

Bristol, a little above, dnd on the opposite side, has
also a number of gentlemen's seats ; and handsome
flower gardens on the bank, ornamented with fine wil-
lows, &c.

BoRDENTowN, 28 miles from Philadelphia, and 7 be-
low Trenton, stands on a steep sand bank, through which
a road is cut to the water. Just north of the village is the
late residence of .Tosoph Bonaparte, the Count de Survil-
liers, once King of Spain.

Trknton, 33 m. from Philadelphia. This town, at the
falls of the river, is the capital of the state of New Jer-
sey. Trenton is a town of considerable size, with a great
number of stores and the aspect of business. The bridge
across the Delaware has 5 arches, and is a handsome
structure.

Lamberton is a village where the coach offices are, and
apparently tbrms a part of Trenton.

The State Prison is situated a little south of the town.

In Dec. 1776, the English had 4000 men on the east
side of the Delaware, in Trenton, Bordentown, Black-
horse, and Burlington, with strong detachments at Prince-
ton and New-Brunswick, with their magazines.

On Christmas night, three divisions of the American
troops attempted to cross the Delaware : one at Bristol
for Burlington ; one a mile below Trenton ; and one nine
miles above, under Washington and Greene. This was
the largest, but principally militia; it approached Trenton
by two roads, attacking it at 8, A. M. very unexpectedly,
and putting the English and German troops (about 150Q)
to the rout. 500 escaped j the rest surrendered, being

his
wall
on
eng^

7 be-
which

is the
Survil-

and

town.

e east

Jlack-

[rince-

prican
iristol
nine
was
jftton

Miyt

|50a)
}cing

FROM PHILADELPHIA TO NEW-YORK.

237

the regiments ofRalle, Anspach,and Knyphausen. Rallo
■was killed in resisting. The other divisions could not
cross on account of the ice, and Washington returned with
his captives and six pieces of artiller}'. This successful
stroke greatly encouraged the countiy, as it was the first
victory over those German mercenaries.

Washington soon after recrossed the river, and posted
his army at Trenton. On the 2d of Jan. 1777, Lord Corn-
wallis reached Trenton ; and Washington fortified himself
on the Assumsick. But he was too weak to hazard an
engagement; and the Delaware was filled with ice.

Being hardly pressed, Washington had formed the plan
of a retreat, expecting to be unable to remove any thing
but the soldiers and what they could carry, as the soil
was so unfavourable, and the weather so mild and wet,
that wagons could not pass. Cornwallis had sent to
Princeton for a regiment to join him, that he might attack
th« Americans immediately. In the night, however,
General Greene reported that the weather had suddenly
become cold ; and at midnight, Washidgtun was able to
begin his march, with all his baggage and artillery. This
was done, and all the fires left burning. T he British had
no intimation of their depar:ure until they heard the guns
firing at Princeton.

Princeton, 10 miles. This village is situated on an
elevated ridge of land, which, on several sides, rises with
a long and easy slope, and commands a prospect of con-
siderable extent.

In approaching it from the west, the Theological Aca-
demy, which is of stone and 4 stories high, is seen on the
right ; and Nassau Hall in the centre of the town, oppo-
site the stage house. The college yard is large and
shaded with trees ; and the burying ground contains the
ashes of the presidents of the institution : Aaron Buir,
Jonathan Edwards, Samuel Davis, Samuel Finlcy, John
Witherspoon, and Samuel S. Smith

Washington met at Stony Brook, north of the pre-
sent road, a little way from Princeton, and defeated the
British regiment. Ho then marched north to the high
grounds at Morristown.

During the battle of Princeton, it is related that a can-

iii

^i\^\

'/■

090

BAT OP NEW-YORK.

non shot entered the chapel, and tore away the head from
a portrait of George III.

New-Bkunswick. Here steamboats as well as the rail-
road communicate with New-York.

The view is pretty from the hill above ; whence the
public buildings appear to good advantage, particularly
the Theological Seminary, which is under the synod of
the Dutch Reformed Church. The banks below are pic-
ture«que, but afterwards are low and little varied.

In the spring of 1777, Washington advanced from near
Morristown to Middlebrook, where he intrenched himself
on the heights, in full view of New- Brunswick. The Bri-
tish tried various stratagems to decoy him from this com-
manding position, and once succeeded ; but discovering
their intentions to surround him, he quickly regamed it,
and they were soon after obliged to give up all hopes of
penetrating in thi's direction, and devoted their attention
toco-operating wi.h Gen. Burgoyne, who was coining
down towards Albany.

Perth Amboy, 13 miles. Here is usually some ship-
ping ; but the place has little to attract observation.

Elizabethtown Point, 15 miles from New-York.
The village is partly seen about 2 miles inland.

Staten Island is large and elevated, with but few in-
habitants, and a small cluster of houses.

On entering New-York Bay, Fort Lafayette is seen in
the Narrows, between Staten and Long Islands, which is
the passage to the sea. The city presents a close mass
of houses, with Castle Williams on Governor's Island,
seen near it on the right ; and Kllis's and Bedlow's Isl-
ands on the left with ihoir fortifications. On approach-
ing, the prominentobjects are the tall steeples of numerous
churches, the dome of the City Hall, and other prominent
buildings. The clusters of trees observed on the shore m
front of the city, are on the Battery : a place once fortified,
but now the principal public square ; and Castle Clinton
just west of it has been converted into a place of amuse-
ment for summer evenings.

VinciMA.

239

nOUTE TO THE VIRGINIA SPRINGS.

The Virginia Springs. Mineral springs of different
kinds} are found in altno!;t every county in this state west of
the Blue Ridge ; and some of them are much resorted to
in late years by invalids and travellers for pleasure from a
distance, not a few of whom come from the nortlierii states.
The accommodations are various. At some the visiter
fares well ; at others, ftimilies find it necessary to take
servants and some furniture with them, if they wish to be
comfortable, as they will find no habitations provided, ex-
cept small ones, chiefly log houses, while a common table
is set in the hall of a jiavilion.

The Hot Springs, in Bath county, are considered use-
ful in rheumatic cases, and resorted to chiefly in July and
August. The water oi one is at 96^, and another as high
as 112°, Fahrenheit

The Sweet Springs are in Monroe county, and are at
times much frequented by a variety of company.

The Natural Bridge is one of the greatest natural cu-
riosities in the United States. It is so well formed, so
safe and so conveniently situated, that it is crossed by a
public road. The traveller, however, might easily pass it
without observing it ; as it is 60 feet broad, and partly over-
grown with trees. To see it a stop must be made, and
the traveller must walk to the brow of the precipice. The
finest view is from below; and to enjoy it he must descend
to the level of Cedar creek, which flows there The
banks are almost perpendicular for an extent of about 80
yards, and almost 200 feet in height, where they are con-
nected by the bridge, which forms a fine arch from side lo
side, surprisingly regular for a work of nature. The dis-
tance between the banks at the water's level is 45 feet,
and 90 above. The bridge consists of a solid rock, fill" g
the upper part of this chasm, and of about the folluA'ing
dimensions : length 90 feet, breath GO, and thickness 40.

Wier^s Cave. This is one of the most beautiful ca-
verns in the world, and is well worthy of a visit. It is also
in Rockingham county. It is under the charge of a man
whose care and attentions may be relied on by strangers.
Ho will funii:jh specimens of the beautiful spar with

^vA

r I

,'1

-U.-

240

WIER'S CAVK.

which it abounds, and pack them for transportation. Every
visiter hero and at other mineral h)calities, should procjre
specimens, if not l.. entire suite of specimens, for himself,
his friends, or some scientific institution or association.

Wier's Cave extends about 800 yards, and is divided
into several apartments of different sizes. Torches must
be carried the whole distance ; and those who wish to ex*
amine it at leisure should take in some refreshments. The
guides will illuminate some parts by planting lights in se-
veral places. The walls are formed of the most beautiful
crystallized carbonate of lime, or calcareous spar. The
crystals are of various forms, size and colour, and reflect the
Jight with a most brilliant sparkling. In some places are
thin sheets of the same incrustations, which have the ap-
pearance of richly flowing drapery ; and from the lofty
ro.)''of one of the halls is one which appears as if floating
in tne air. It has received the name of Elijah's Mantle.
Numerous stalactites hang from the roof like icicles *, others
form beautiful colonnades, extending to the floor. Many
stalagmites stand on the ground, several feet high. In the
** Organ Room" are rows of these, which are not only
small, hollow, and often transparent, but so slender as to
vibrate when touched, and give musical sounds of various
pitches, like the notes of an instrument.

Other particulars, equally interesting, we have not room
to give.

Madison's Cave, in the same county, though only 300
feet in extent, is somewhat similar to Wier's Cave; and
another in Frederick county, near the North Mountain.
The Blowing Cave is situated in the Alleghany Moun-
tains, and another in the Cumberland ridge.

In other psirls of the United States are many caves,
most of which however lie out of the principal routes of
travellers. Of these, the great Kentucky Cavern is the
principal, which is probably the largest in the world,
being ten miles or more in extent, with halls covering
several acres, in the north, caves of considerable inter-
est are found on the Swatara river, Pennsylvania, Water-
town and Rhinebeck, New-York, besides several in Ver-
mont, in Derby, Dorset and Clarendon. Most of these are
in limestone regions, and have probably been formed by the
washing of sui-terranean currents of water.

rOUTES fROM NEW-ORLKANS «ORTH.

241

Richmond, the capital of Virginia, is on the eastern
t'\de of James River, about 150 miles from its mouth.
Fine steamboats go up to the city, but ships stop a short
distance beU>wr. The falls forbid navigation above, ex-
cept to boats. There is a canal for boats round the falls,
32 miles long. The principal streets are broad and straight.
The Capitol is a tine building on an eminence on the
model of a Grecian temple. Mines of inferior bituminous
coal in the vicinity furnish much of the fuel. There are
some pleasant rides in the neighbourhood.

Norfolk, the principal seaport of Virginia, is situated
at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, on a part of that exten-
sive level, sandy, pine bearing region, which forms the
eastern coast of the United States, from New-Jersey south-
ward. There is nothing interesting in the scenery ; and
but little to attract a traveller. The United States Navy
Yard is opposite.

The Dismal Swamp Canal extends into North Caro-
lina i) Albemarle sound, 23 miles.

Old Point Comfort, on the Chesapeake, is the posi-
tion of one of the strongest fortresses in the Union. The
situation is low, sandy and solitary, and scarcely discerni-
ble from the steamboat in passing.

SOUTHERN ROUTES AND DISTANCES.

''!

From New-Orleans to Charleston, by land and watef*
Mobile 114 miles, Steamboat to St. Joseph's 215, Steam-
boat to St. Mark's 85, Railroad to Tallahassee 31, stage-
coach to Brunswick, Georgia, 210, Steamboat to Charles-
ton 160.

Or, from Mobile by stagecoaches to Montgomery, Ala-
bama, Columbus, Indian J>prings, Georgia, Greensboro',
and by railroad to Charleston.

Railroad from Charleston to Augusta 136 miles, 12
hours. The country, most of the way is nearly level, and
sandy, with few objects of interest. To Woodstock 15
miles, Summersville 7, Branchville 40, Midway 10, Blakes-
ville 18, Aiken 30. Here is the summit, 510 feet above
tide water, 360 above Augusta.

Here are two other railroads from Augusta : one to

Iji

042

IrrOM CHARLESTON TO NKW-YORK.

Athens, Gf^orgia, 114 miles northeast; one east to
Greensbarough iOO. A railroad there to Knoxville, Ten-
nessee 97, is to bo made.

From Charleston to Savannah, by Steamboats 11 inile^^,
Fort Moultrie 4, Coffin Land R, Stony Inlet 11, S. Edia-
to Inlet 27, St. Helena Sound 3, Tiuncard's Inlet 21,
Hilton Head 4, Bloody Point 18, Savannah 17.

By land 1 18 miles, Asliley Kiver 6, Grt^en'a Tavern 8,
Hick's, do. 10, Jackson Borough 10, Tompon Post-office
3, Thompson's Tavern 11, Saliketcher Cnnrch 9, Pocota-
Jigo 7, Coosawhalchee G, Beck's Ferry 23, Savannah 25.

From Savannah a railroad is oarlly fir.;:>hed northeast
to Macon, 210.

From Charleston to New- York by ship, 670 miles.

To Cape Fear 120 miles, Cape Look Out 75, Cape
Hatteras 78, Cape.s of Virginia 140, Cape May 120, Bar-
negat 70, Now- York Be.r 45, Sandy Hook 3, Narrows
11, New- York 8.

From Charleston to New- York, by land and water.
Steamboat to Wilmington, North Carolina, daily, Hhours,
Railroad to Weldon, through Waynesboro' and Enfield,
10 hours, Railroad to Portsmouth, 77 miles up the Ches-
apeake Bay. Steamboat to James River 6, Old Pjint
Comfort 20, New Point Comfort 10, Rappahannock river,
65, St. Mary's Outlet 42, Port Tobacco 38, Mouth of
Potomac 16, Mount Vernon 30, Alexandria 9, Washing-
ton city 6. Railroad to Baltimore, through Bladens-
burgh.

Or, from Norfolk to Baltimore by Steamboat 197
miles. Or from Norfolk to Richmond by Steamboat 117,
passing Jamestown 24, the first settlement in Virginia,
(I60i^)

Or, from Weldon, North Carolina, to Washington,
through Petersburgh, 204 miles. Railroad to Petersburgh,
Virginia 60, Richmond 22. Fredericksbuigh 64, Belle-
plaine 11. Steamboat to Washington, as before, 47.

■/

REFLECTIONS, &C.

243

Re.Jlcctions of the Traveller at the termination of '^

his Journey.

An intelligent and virtuous traveller cannot fail to have
made many aseful ol)s<;rvation3, and experienced many
feelings ot an interesting nature, which he will wish to
lay up in his memory, and recur to in future. In such a
person, travelling tends to foster patriotism of the best
kind. We know the beauty of that inheritance, which
we have received from our ancestors, when we have seen
it; and intercou. ,0 with our most estimable countrymen
leads us to place a proper value on. our national institu-
tions and national union.

On returning to the enjoyments of home and friends,
with becoming feelings of gratitude to Him, whose hand
has guided and protected us, how natural is the in-
quiry, *' how may I act for the improvement of society
around me ?" If we have learned any lessons of disinter-
estedness, let us endeavour to bring them into habitual
practice. If we have acquired any knowledge which
might be useful to agriculture, arts or sciences in our
neighbourhood, let us impart it to those who know how
to apply it. Popular lectures, libraries and literary and
ficientific asso"ations will merit patronage.

One of the most important subjects which now occupy
the attention of our countrymen, is jiublic education; and
in several of the states, especially tnat of New-York, the
traveller may have seen most valuable plans of improve-
ment in operation. No man can be too much engrossed
in business, or in too obscure a situation, to exert some
useful influence in favour of the common schools of his
state, county, town, or district. He may excite that in-
terest in others which he feels himself, impart to them simi-
lar views, assist in procuring better methods of instruc-
tion or discipline, found a district library, or in some other
way promote the diffusion of the sound knowledge, habits,
taste, and sentiments, which the country »o much needs,
for her happiness and security.

... 11

i \

\\\

APPENDIX.

Extract of a letter from the Baroness Reidescl, refcrrei

to oil page 81.

"But severe trials awaited us, and on the 7th of Octo-
ber, our misfortunes begun. I was at breakfast with my
husband, and heard that something was intended. On the
same day I expected Generals Burgoyne, Phillips and
Frazer to dine with us. I saw a great movement among
the troops ; my husband told me, it was merely a recon-
naissance, which gave me no concern, as it often happened.
I walked out of the house and met several Indians in their
war drosses, with guns in their hands. When I asked
them where they were going, they cried out War ! War !
(meaning they were goirur to battle.) This filled me with
apprehension, and I scarcely got home before I heard re-
ports of cannon and musketry, which grew louder by de-
grees, till at last the noise became excessive. About 4
o'clock in the afternoon, instead of the guests whom I ex-
pected. General Frazer was brought on a litter mortally
wounded. The table which was already set, was instantly
removed, and a bed placed in its stead for the wounded
General. I sat trembling in a comer ; the noise grew
louder and the alarm increased ; the thought that my hus-
band might perhaps be brought in, wounded in the same
way, was terrible to me, and distressed me exceedingly.
General Frazer said to the surgeon, * tell me if my wound
is mortal,. do not flatter me.'' The ball had passed through
his body, and unhappily for the General, he had eaten a
very hearty breakfast, by which the stomach was distended,
and the ball, as the surgeon said, had passed through it. I
heard him often exclaim with u sigh, * Oh fatal ambition !
Poor General Burgoyne ! Oh my poor wife !' He was asked
if. he had any request to make, to which he replied, that

ArrEM)i}c.

215

In a

|ed,
I
n!
ed
ut

' If OonOral Biirgoyno would prrniit it, lie uliould Vike to
ha buried at six o'clock in the evening on the top of a
mountain, in a redoubt which had hern built there.' I did
not know which way to turn, all the other rooms were full
of sick. Towards evening I snw my husband coming,
then I forgot all my sorrows and thanked God that he was
spared to me. He ato in great ha^te with me and his aid-
<le-camp, behind the house. We had been told that wo
had the advantage of the enemy, but the sorrowful faces I
behold told a different talc, and before my husband went
away, he took me (Uie side, and said every thing was going
very bad, that I must keep myself in readiness to leave
the place, but not to mention it to any one. I made thrt
pretence that I would move the next morning Into my new
house, and had every thing packed up ready.

" Lady H. Ackland had a tent not far from our house;
in this she slept, and the rest of the day she was in the
camp. All of a sudden a man came to tell her that her
husband was itiortally wounded and taken prisoner; on
hearing this she became very miserable ; we comforted het
by telling her, that the wound was only slight, and at the
same time advised her to go over to her husband, to do
which she would certainly obtain permisf'^n, ftnd then she
could attend him herself; she was a char ning woman and
very fond of him. I spent much of the night in comforting
her, and then went again to my children whom I had put
to bed. I could not go to sleep, as I had General Frazer
and all the other wounded gentlemen in my room, and I
was sadly afraid my children would awake, and by their
crying disturb the dying man in his last moments, who
often addressed me and apologized 'for the trouble he
gaveme.^ About three o'clock in the morning I was told
he could not hold out rtiuch longer ; I had desired to bo
informed of the near a];proach of this sad crisis, and I
then wrapped up my children in their clothes, and went
with them into the room below. About 8 o'clock in the
morning he died. After he was laid out and his corpse
wrapped up in a sheet, we came ag'ain into the room, and
had this sonowful sight before us the whole day, and to
add to this melancholy scene, almost every moment some
officer of my acquaintance was brought in woundedV The
cannonade commenced again ; a retreat was spoken of^

246

appendix:

but not the imallcst motion was made towanln it. About
4 o'clock in the afternoon I saw the house which had just
been built for mo in flames, and the enemy was now not far
off. Wo knew that General Burgoyne would not refuse
the last request of General fVazer, though by hisncceding
to it, an unnecessary delay was occasioned, by which tho
inconvenience of the army was much increased. At G
o'clock th<*, corpse was brought out, and we saw all tho
Generals attend it to the mountain; ihe chaplain, Mr.
Brundell, performed the funeral service, rendered unusually
solemn and awful, from its being accompanied by constant
peals from the enemy's artillery. Many cannon balls flew
close by me, but I had my eyes directed towards the
mountain, where my husband was standing, amidst the
fire of the enemy, and of course, I could not think of my
own danger. General Gates afterwards said, that if he
had known it had been a funeral he would not have per-
mitted It to be fired on."

Lady Harriet Ackland went to the American camp
after the action, to take care of her husband before tho
surrender, and the Baroness Reidesel afterwards. They
were both received with the greatest kindness and deli-
cacy, epecially by General Schuyler.

dation according to the Census

of 1830 and 11

1830

1840

Maine,

399,955

501,798

New-Hampshire,

269,328

284,481

Vermont, -

280,652

291,818

Massachusetts, -

610,408

737,784

Rhode Island,

97,199

108,837

Connecticut,

297,665

310.131

New-York,

1,915,608

2,432,835

New-Jersey,

320,823

373,276

Pennsylvania,

1,348,233

l,850,00a

Delaware,

76,748

78,120

Maryland,

447,040

467,567

Ohio,

937,903

1,515,703

eding

INDEX.

Albnnv 23, 27

Alexandria (D. C.) 218

AmlieiHt IT)?

Andre's Gravp 13

Cnpiiire and Fxec'n 1!)

Andovcr 10(3

AnthonyV Nose, Hud'

son Itiver 17

oil Erie Canal 35

Lake George 90

Antiquities 143, 45,09, 73

Aquedin',t

at Little Falls 37

Rochester 40

Arnold's Treachory 19
Arsenals

Troy 28

Quebec 120

Springfield 153

Ascutney Mountain 102

Auburn 72

Ballston Springs 82

Baltimore 220

Bangor 213

Batavia 69

Bath {Maine) 211

(iV. H.) 165

(iV. Y.) 13

Battle of Behmis's

Heights 75, 7«

Bennington 77

Bloody Brook 158
Bridgewatcr, or Lun*

dy's Lane 57

Bu5iker's Hill 177

Cliippijwtt 5;f
Krio C I
Groton 167
Luke George f^3
Jicxington 185
Montmorency 135
Tequod 141, 168
riaiti^burgh 109
Qu.>l)ec 132
Do. in 1775 133
Qiieension 51
JSarutoga 75, 78
Tic(jndei'oga 96
Turt.cr's Kails 159
White Plains 14
Bellows' Falla 100
Black Rock GO
Bloody Brook 158
Pond 90
Ploomfitld 70
Blue Hills 175
Boston 175
Brattleborough 100
Bridgeport 140
Brock's Monument 51
Brookfield 184
Brooklyn (N. Y.) 12
Buffalo' 60
Bunkei'sHill 177
Burgoyne's {Gen.) Ex-
pedition 79
Battle Ground 77
Quarters 81
Burlington (T7.) 107, 164
Cilia u ell 90

o<i

P48

INDEX.

Canada, General Rc'

Falls.

marks on

Au Sable

lOS

Canals.

Baker's

140

Blackstone Canal

174

Bellows

160

Erie

Carthage

Farmington

143

Catsk'U

Ohio

Glenn's

WeJland

Cohoea

Canal Boat, Descrip-

Little

tion of

Miller's

140

Canandaigua

Montmorency

133

Cape Diamond

129

Niagara

Carthage

Rochester

Catskill

South Hadley

154

Mountains

Trenton

Caughnawage

Turner's

159

Cemeteries (AT. Y.) 11

, 12

FishkiU

" Mt. Auburn

179

Flushing

Charlestown (Mass.)

\77

Franconia

165

(N. H.)

161

Forts*

Coal Minea

227

Adams

172

Cincinnati

222

Anne

138

Cleaveland

Clinton

Cohoes Falls

Crown Point

105

Colleges.

Edward

139

Amherst

157

George

Brown

174

Griswold

167

Hamilton

Herkimer

Union

Lee

Washington

150

Miller

140

Yale

142

Montgomery

Connecticut River

145

Niagara

Dedham

174

Oswego

Deerfield

158

Erie

Dobb's Ferry

Putnam

Dorchester Heights

178

Say brook

145

East Canada Creek

Stanwix

East Hartford

152

Ticonderoga

East River

141

Trumbull

166

Education in N» York

Washington

Essex (Conn,)

147

William Henry

Fairfield

141

Gates' (Gen.) Camp

IKDEX.

24<

10&

140

160

140

133

154

159

165

172

138
16

105

139
93

167
38
14

140
16
63
64
61
17

145
40
99

166
14
95

Gcnesfio G9

Geneva 71

Glenn's Falls 89

Gravesend 13

Greenfield 159

Greenwich 141
Gulf Road 162-3

Haddam 147

Hadley 157

Hantipton 205

Hanover 164

Harlem 14

Hartford (Conn.) 149

Hatfield 157

Haverhill (N. H.) 165

Herkimer 38

Highlands 16
History of N. York 11, 32

Vermont 163
Mass. 177, 180

Hudson 23

HydrostaUc Locks 30
Indians.
Mohegans 169, 171

Pequods 168

Senecas 69

Tuscaroras 49

Jacques Cnrtier 125
Johnson (Sir Wm.) 34

Johnstown 34

Junction 31

Kennebunk 207

Kingston 21

Kosciusko's Retreat 18

Lachine 119
Lakes*
Cayuga
Champlain
Erie
George
Ontaiio
Saratoga
•Seneca

Western 60
Lancaster 166
Laprairie 113
Lebanon Springs 24
Lewision 49
Lexington 185
Little Falls 36
Lock port 48
Long Branch 13
Lorette 135
Lowell 187
M'Crea's Murder 139
Murblehead 205
Middletown 148
Military Academy-
West Point 18
Minerals of New-York 85
Conn. 143
Mohawk river 31
Montpelier 163
Montreal 114
i.iount Holyoke 155
iiope 172
Vernon 218
Nahant 179
Newburgh 20
Newburyport 205
New- Haven 142
New-Lebanon Springs 24
New-London 166
Newport 172
Niagara Falls from Ame-

rican side
Canada side

Northampton

Ogdensburgh

Ohio

Oneida

Orange Springs

Oswego
Canul

Ox Bow

50
53

155
C

221
41
13
64
42

1G5

INDEX.

Palisadoes 13

Pawtucket 174

Pino Orchard 21

Pittsburgh 222

Plains of Abraham 131

Plattsburgh 108

Plymouth 180

Port Kent 108

Portland 207

Portsmouth 206

Poughkeepsie 21
Prisons, (State)

Connecticut 149

New-York 76, 72

Providence 173

Quebec 126

Queenstown 51

Rapids of Niagara 54
Richelieu 124

Rensselaerwyck 28

Ridi^e Road 48

Rockaway 13

Saco 207

Sackett's Harbour ' 65

St. John's 110
St. Lawrence 113, 121

Salem 204

Salina 43

Salt Spring" 44

Saratoga 83

Saugertics 21

Say brook 145
Schenectady 32, 33

Schoharie Creek 34
Schooley's Mountain

Springs 13

Shaker Village 26

Sin-^ Sing 16

Sorel Village 122

South Hadiey 154
Springs.

Ballston 82

Burning

55, 70

New Lebanon

New-York

Orange

Saratoga

Sullield

153

Stillwater

Stonington

168

Stony Point

Syracuse

Table Rock

Tappan

Tarrytown

Thames River

169

Three Rivers

123

Toronto

60 . i

Route to Saratoga

Troy

29 j

Utica

Valley of St. Lawrence 60

Verplanck's Point

Virginia Springs

219

Walpole (N. H)

160

Washington

215

Waterford

' Wehawken

Welland Canal

Welles

206

West Point

17, 18

Wethersfield (Con.

) 149

Whirlpool

Whitehall

137

White River

162

William Henry

122

Windsor 'Con.)

153

vVer.)

162

W'iscasset

211

Wolfe's Cove

132

Worcester

15-2

York (Maine)

207

55, 70

inon

153

168

169

123

atoga

Lawrence 60

Point

ngs

219

160

215

208

17, 18

;Con.)

149

137

162

122

153

162

211

132

152

■

207