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Lea diagrammes suivanta illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 "V 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKROCOPV nSOWTION TtST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) J /APPLIED INA^GE teSJ East ktain StrmI Roch,rtt«r, New York 14609 USA ("6) 482 - O300-Phoo« ^16) 2M-5M9 -Fa« . * DOMINION OF CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS Sep 81Q VO FARM BUSINESS IN QUEBEC During the Year ending March 31. 1920 A Preliminary Agricultural Survey in One District Each of Six Counties in Quebec Province Made by J. A. STE. MARIE. B.SA. of the Division of Animal Husbandry n 630. U C212 Exp. Fanns Service Bui. BULLETIN No. 96 The Honourable The Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa. Sir,— I have the honour to transmit herewith the manuscript of Bulletin 96 of the regular Experimental Farms series, entitled, Farm Business: "A PreUm- inary Survey, " and prepared by Mr. J. A. Ste. Marie, of the Division of Animal xlusbandry. The manuscript contains the results of the first systematic farm survey work undertaken by this branch. The farms for survey were chosen, as far as possible, among those grouped round some (6) Illustration Stations in the dis- tncts visited. The data have been collected and summarized with the greatest care. Little space has been taken up with deductions therefrom. The figures themselves indicate even to the casual reader, the main causes why one farm is profitable and another with equal or better advantages, is conducted at a loss, and, jr indicating these causes, also point out the remedy. It is hoped to carry on and extend this survey work as opportunity permit I have the honour to be, air, Your obedient servant, Ottawa, May 7, 1920. E. S. ARCHIBALD, Director Dominion Experimental Farms. FARM BUSINESS IN QUEBEC. A PRELIMINARY A^.RICULTURAL SURVEY. During these days of recuperation in our national life, we find that the last few years have greatly upset the old order of things, leaving behind them a state of uneasiness, which no particular class carcd to shoulder and passes to its neigh- bour. As a great deal of criticism has been, and is, directed against the farmers in this period of unrest, it was thought that a survey of this kind might help to clear any misconception which some might entertain towards the farming element of our population; and to represent the actual situation as clearly as possible for the benefit of the farmers, who are the producers of the greatest part of the necessities of Ufe and to the general public who are the consumers. Method of Study. The methods of conducting this survey were by no means original. Some- what similar methods of study, forms used, methods of calculation and of present- ing the summaries therefrom, etc., etc., have been found the most satisfactory after several years trial in many of the States to the south and elsewhere. In the present bulletin the best known and tested of these methods were adopted with variations suitable to the province of Quebec and the immediate localities surrounding our IUu=tration Stations, where the investigation was carried on. To obtain information in various parts of th -ovince, this preliminary survey was made in six counties. A representative a trict in each county was chosen, in each of which districts twenty-five representative farms were surveyed. To collect all the desired information, special forms were used and with their aid a fairly accurate a»d complete inventory of each farm surveyed was made. True, very few farmers keep complete records of their operations, but most of them keep accounts of the principal items of revenue and expenditure and with the aid of the enumerator, the questionnaire or form was filled out in a most satisfactory way. Determination of the Labour Income. The receipts from the various sources were itemized and when totalled together constitute the gross revenue of the farm. The expenditure of the farm was recorded under several items and the total of them constitutes the gross expenditure. The same approximate value was credited to labour performed by the farmers' sons who were fourteen years of age or over as would have been paid for hired help, so that all might be treated alike in the determination of the labour income. Annual depreciation of 10 per cent was charged on machinery and live stock and 5 per cent on the farm buildings. Interest on total capital invested was rated at 6 per cent. By deducting the total expenditure from the total receipts, the balance is termed the " labour income," or the salary for the farmer and his wife for the management of the farm and the work they perform thereon. 3432— li 3 DEFINITION OF TERMS At.™ with 24.5 anim.'i uS;,'i^l7th*«Tma"fet'hoS' 'li "''i'.T^I?- 8 he,fer» 4 calve,, 5 hog,, 14 sheep and 50 heM or itJl^ui™S ' ' " '' for cS "^ " ° """""^ """ "'«' '" *»'«""<' '« "OV that are sold directly ff ?h7-^; -r A?-aSr£^ri SS'^-'*^^^^ bro„[Kde°rT„;«Sir.'"'"' "' """ "' '"■«' "" " '""> ""■* "« <" ~uld bo pastS;°Lp irtake*' '"^'^'. "' ''"' "' '"'' <""•' "'"-'' « oWvated or a 9 o o z o 85 •< at < b C u ti il I + 1 go « n m emK aa -■ - " -■ " ++ 1 U < sS i! i? S= - ^ " "' 1 + 1 ■A n — M •*?'* JSM W —' C* ^ ^4 — I + I =S»§ss2|-l''l==*^^^=5a§P.^!-sS5S IsESi « M «• M ^4 I + I s= -■ - "■ ~ " I +T -s--[isSgs-'S'i-=«-^-S?is2£^Bs-H sl5 '. 3 ■ « •^ i - _ S.5S.S.7.2 2 2 •a'^ «?■« s ? "i I. >■ i"? I lis S s0.s^.s^ I £& 8-|2|-S- g Sa -2 S 8^ g-3 §3 f.5 g h g-f- 1^5 2 &S^ :3g2g 8 a a S o tt &' 2Sc>SS Z a-5 fas 2 § 8,6 L:^ ^u g.;C< j:^oX«aoxe,H Ju.u"j^ &£ •22 II I o P o <^ '- !: ■- 4; Ci 4ii)6; 4'®®S,£.£,S,I Qjo^^a^^a^aicicioioov Z<-««««« ---^^^ tt4)4)VV^VttOO0'&' ^^^^^^||||||||our income U a iXufnthC^V''"^. °° **»«'' ^^^l e-tate? predominance of farms from theL two^E* k """''^ '" whatever groupH a m the findingH are cause.! ^^hiXTouUllLlT^u'' **• P»^"* *° "Pix^r. Hlt-rations ance with other survey, of this khid Thl t m'*'?^ '**'!;" very mu<;h in accird- cxplanat.on and will en'nble ""'to Sy th^e flrm'^Nstii"""" IT^" -uppoA Tws y im larm husmess accordmg to districts. ng forth sinttiHt U! in th« ndingH n oycil ill in!e for >f farm- (i in the estate, roups a rations »ccord- trt this Btricts. mm M «"' *i t« »»•" ♦ » i •• !• » t1 S8aa855it!i§*22ys::ssgs5g,?«55ggflgj?s «ao "• •" M <* n •« « m -• asa2338S2i««s85asxi255"=ags|gs|n ^ M» oe c^ f »■* ■ • ■ • " __? ^ ' A««i M •« r» ■• •• »■ I aR22g§Rg-g«|2as8ss|g£385sg=agg§ « I as - - «■ - - •• -^ .3 Q lo « M e «>oc« aisss|s|2s«^s?t;22 jjsgig I aggsasfs |J? «^»«»e?*6«'*6?*»t^44'^l^ *•**•*'•*•**•'•*'**•* ■S e I*"" «" ""^ i O 2gl is a! u S is g.^^* ^S S-J &2 5-Sj< 8^'^s-^ •s a S-s al gi g g'*-^ «-/5«a5* fe „ :a ^§2 -m M "I, —1, gg '^ HH JU *• ^ 3 5.wi s.^ ao a^s^^-i^N.;'/:-^ /; ■ no o > > « III O «; 01 > ;► > «a3 , s o :3 e 3^1 sis j<^ 5 aaj lllll O' a^ o ^ u > > > > > ii i it I-- u g C •* — * t; 4^ W to* S3 4i - o -la ^ 3 a s a i o « S 2"H'§ ^ « as 4-0.2 M 4) ■3— * •aw aJ u-S ►^ 3 :s § S5| *= a> M *; iST; "^ ft •c S-^ •2 "S a TS o S - 0) a 5 .a U 4) X -a a u 3 «^ S3 CO ^ _2 " fl a ai » 5 £^ is ^^a« Qj m G j3 i a ® 1= s: o 8 OB 02 < < s I 8 S •a j3 ,0 a. •n S I 8S!S|§R|»§-SSaRS{:28SSj5!5"»gS2g ggj •M •< « -: I $SS||S§2|«5_SS5i8gSSg|S-t|Sa gsg — 53 — -. 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CO H en •81 XI o >H.d d d > o *^ °5 ^ •ti d is ni in B a •< "« 9 00 s S-^ o d OS o d as i^* d S ,^ is 3 « -** v v^ d^ §.!S WTJ o S.£ « o^ bc.S «g g 5 6c d t- s-t;;»-§'ffi c e 2 "Ci" o 3 03 -r* fee ^ .5 Z^ ^ (u 5 ^ •- =0 to i^-^M to 9JW- a g .S -e u >« o 5 o « s > CO r- •-• eo •« O c 5S 'S^Se s o o c3 d OS Z V o V o wis ejc: S-^ do L. « 5 ^ d 3 V 03 S bO P..2 05 o gp-S^^ ^.: ^ .2 ^ "O OD .»« « 01 OS ^ on g 03 . r^ « t^ eo d> t- « « I ."" o 00 m •- n 00 « *o -^ I a i M-4 as 5.»! b V QQ 5 2 S^ « > «! *" as ly "^ •£ oCjC;S s c3 s! « 2 >> , B 0> CO O CO ^ Si rss -^i^r^oQ d 03 :3 u> OS >> 1 aj M a^ , o d a 2 0.5 I - w « OJ ^^ «J3.2 3 o!i*3 « d > 2 2 § *5"5 s-s a W <»« >i g +a a-o dg:a£.2a s S; 2 " 8js 2 ftl a d f 0) a> o _, o fl^ d -"ge.a-ssl'o"? h w s^g£ & 3 2 r.t««C4io ** «*^« -+ 9 «3tO n RS s; o»ffi»2 . SSe«*ioSa>5 ."" o e«i o« ei M - « OC4CQ "■-> ■'33l42«.2<*'^ 0*3 'ffl as s I* ^ a M««i *8 ■** oi^S' r Sicc ;cocoa>p - h> a» t« C4 c^ I Cfl w «o •^ ' ^ t-4 CO . aO W CO ^ C» ^ - •a S's S"^ S"S o S"St3 s * Sb^i^^^feS .a o S « O'^rtugP.flo aS^EM" S'o^«« d''' § « « 2 £ -S « P d £ 2 « a "^ d -S 2 ^ a 5,2-3 3i< S.2-S^ a "-- ."7 d d M -. o— 2— aj g a « & ii fc* >* a^ CD ^j ■S.2 a 2 Co30aj?dt,*-'aj '^ P4 • ; . X - o S S I u & . J 64" J eg a ~ t. u u ^ & U CJ c> > > > > I. M S o j; e e C ^ 5 E 9 5 u (-• i-> I- 3J CJ O <^ > > > > a^l.^'si^J S S.§3 22 g^*^ d o j= „ 43 tn 03-O t! d O) llllllll -til'p ill-Mi V ■3.-S.= .2 fc- ^— -f • i' SPECIALIZED OR GENERAL FARMING. To ascertain what type of farming brings the highest labour income, thre^ groupS"bf twenty-five farms each were surveyed from the three districts tha* were nearest alike. Each of these districts supplied a certain number of farms to each group. The first group, "Dairy farming plus a cash crop", includes farms that were marketing their milk either as cheese or butter, and 70 per cent of the cash crop sold consisted of fruits, grass and clover seed, potatoes, maple sugar, tobacco and vegetables, which were not marketed through the live stock. The second group, ' 'General Dairy farms, " includes farms which marketed their milk through the cheese factory or creamery and 70 per cent of the cash crop sold consisted of hay and grain. The third group, "Dairy Farming for City trade", includes farms producing and selling their milk for city trade and their cash crop was similar to either of the preceding groups. TABLE IV.— SPECIALIZED OR GENERAL FARMING. Number o'. farms Averaife site Average crop acres Average total capital Average capital in real estate Average per cent Capital in real estate Average ("apital in Buildings Acerage per cent Capital in Buildings Average Capital in Machinery Average per cent Capital in Machinery Average capital in Live Stock Average per cent Capital in Live Stock Average Crop Acres per Man Average Crop Acres per horse Average Animal Unit Average Live Stock Index Average Crop Index Average Crop Sold Average Stock sold Average Butter, Cheese or Milk sold Average Swine sold Average Sheep or Wool sold Average Poultry sold Average Total Revenue Average I.abour Average Feed bought Average Current Expensen Average Depreciation on Uuildings.Live Stock and Machinery Average Interest on Capital Average Labour Income Ac. Ac. Ac. t % '/c $ % s % $ % Ac. Ac. A.U. No. No. Dairy Farming pluH a Cash Crop. + 25 158 141 20610 14680 71-2 1788 8-7 1366 6-6 2776 13-5 40 61 240 103-5 125-8 1108 270 1060 465 30 45 2S78 488 238 194 504 1234 320 General I Jairy Farms. 25 134 113 16319 10768 660 1912 11 7 1123 6-9 2515 15-4 31 53 221 100-2 108-5 324 402 910 333 1 18 1988 311 139 162 455 981 - 60 Dairy Farming (or City Trade. 25 146 129 19402 13141 67-7 1852 95 1248 6-4 3161 16-3 34 64 26-4 116-5 108-3 225 498 1676 65 31 27 2523 381 352 163 533 1164 70 13 TABLE IVA. -SPECIALIZED OR GEXERAL FARMING. Number of (arma Average totol rspital Avetace sise of farms (crop acrm) Averace Animal Unit Average Live 8toclc Index Average Crop Index Average per cent Grogs Return Average Return ner Animal Unit Average return of Cash Crop per acie Average per cent Cost of Total Expenditure Average Labour Income No. t Ac. A.U. No. No. t 1 Dairy Farming plus a Cash Crop. 35 30010 14. 240 I03'S 12A'8 14-4 81-2 7-88 120 + 320 Dairy General Farming Dairy for Farms. City Trarfe. '5 i'5 16310 19403 113 129 221 264 100-2 116-5 108S ll« 3 122 13-0 75-2 870 2-87 1-74 12 6 134 - 60 - 70 The results obtained in the above tables (Tables IV & IVA) for these three groups of farnw are quite self-explanatory. We will at once note that only one group, Dairy Farmiiuj plm a Cash Crop, has made a plus labour income, while the two other groups are just about breaking even. The average size of farms varies slightly with each group, but as the capital invested p«r acre is very nearly constant for all groups, the difference in the aver- age size of the farms cannot be the responsible factor, as grouo 2 is obtaining about the same result as group 3. The per cent cost of total expenditure, although shghtly higher for group 3 cannot be the only responsible factor, as ;?roup 2 has the lowest per cent cost and makes no labour incorue. Therefore ve have to conclude that group one is obtaining a higher average labour income by making an average gross return of 1 .4 and 2.2 percent more than groups 2 and 3; difference made up by getting fair revenue from its animal units, supple- mented by a cash crop return per acre exceeding the two other groups The farms of group 3, "Dairying for City Trade", have more live stock. ma.uly cows, of higher quality than either group 1 and 2 as illustrated by the live stock index and returns per animal unit. But despite high quality stock the side lines, mcluding cash crops, hogs and sheep, being neglected, an'average per cent gross return is made that does not eq-.al the average per cent of total expen- diturg, leaving a minus labour income. This indicates that specialization in the production of milk for city trade as practised is not the most remunerative type of farming. The farms of group 2, "General Dairy Farms", can be termed the inter- mediate type and are the type that prevails in most districts. As indicated bv the live stock index and animal unit returns, the live stock kept is of a lower quality. But by selling hay as the principal cash crop, fewer cf ttle kept less labour is required, less concentrated feed is bought, all tending to re. the' cost of operation, and although these far\ns are obtaining a lower aveia per cent gross return than the other groups, they are getting about the same final results as group 3 but are falhng behind group one, which is the only successful group Ihese three types ot farming further demonstrate bv the above tables that an average gross return of 14 or more per cent must be made on the total capi - alization of the farms beforj a plus labour income can be expected. The Sibk and the Quality of our Cows. Much has been and is being said and written on the importance of usinir pure-bred sires of quality to head our various classes of live stock, if we wish this stock to be profitable. In order to test the value of this policy, all the dairy herds included in this survey have been divided into three groups as follows : Groun 1 comprises herds having a few or all . ,re-bred cows, headed by a pure-bred sire Group 2 compnses grade and high grade cows headed by a pure-bred sire. Groun thefMnrtS. "''"''" "^^"^ ^'' "" '"'"^ ''''■ '^^' '''''^'' "^'^ ^^'^"d'^d in 14 a 5 S ^ s ,2.2 a—' ■^ "S fc * *= a $ 2 fisf ® -s 8" S '-' s° u,:s^ Cog g c8 aS « § « .1 I, ?> Q c 'a a b — "S c -« "^ o o -c «o o o _ j3 2 08 ° MOJ oq „ ^ " i ea D, (I) u « s. is « §1 c 3 O bC « g ^ 5 3 S.a &« §„- 6C" fO °ji -Cs * " feS 5 oj o -^ c. « « g«© o be « 03 . . c 2«.S ^ ® 2 .fl a gz; o ^ s ;!!5 «r">-s ^ 8 fe 8.13t) 9? ".9 *.i^ 3 ~ __ aj -^ t> ->_ •"-•g -w,o B.^ 5 §tol"-^-C u ■= -w 3 c > 2 *j oj ea rt 3 .a -g *1 «- O' >>-o ^ >- c (- U.2 > *Jm w w cj qj c >h •S iP-o 8 gSg 3 ."^ i £-;-«!j-° SS.SS:S 15 - INrLUENCCorsiRc ON M.LK RETURNS OrCOWS - GENERAL SUMMARY, and to keep expenditure within thta Sunt °° '""' '^P''"' '"vcted, c„„|i™,?l:^L™i:rtu°,^°„ri9i^ unit kept, and be supplemented with rcSh^mp^iuE^ '"' '""" '™™' «uSJX'othrLTsre™^^?!e:;ii-^^^^^^^^ »ott:i\rtr ;sr^^xt™eo?i:;Kri;rk°e'p? ''-^ "-' -"' .nd'Jp'?n'|™7Sr« »„>:'■■' ""»"' '""™ «- "■= '«™^ with . live stock by ' pu^lISd"";^;:" f ^uigty""' '"'* '"*" '"""-Wy hav" fcir h.rd, headed 1. JurTn^Se™' "'"■ ° '"' ""* '■"!« »' !«« »' -ore, as a rule ,-eturn a plus 100,'in^aSibr^eru"!; I Su^ZS'lZZ!"'^ •"■' ' "™ ""'^ "<">« Wow »blete /altaS'oJ Set I'tSing"' " """ '''™ " ""' ""^ "»'>' '«*<" "-Pon- ™c'?Je.SL':iSeSS?ro^,%s«^--*=^^^^^^^^ de^' Jt;.'!r^i'/^t';[-'-^^^^^^ 'armi„g and further as what is done in other distS ' '° ""' "■"» *'"«' as weU FamiJgtl'l;'tyTmde'"'do''l;yh'''°' "°?T' °'''y f»™i"e" and "Dairv plus a eLh crop "! ''° ""' """"^ "» satisfactory results as ' 'Daio. FarmhiB usid'aS'tM tr^l^KetSSnAlH'" '=°'" ™'^ "'«> "« O-^y »' «ire Quebec of „,e, .n,347,6Kd?n'et''conJe?Xe"i't!rt:? "" ^'""°» °' 16 FOOD FOR THOUGHT. Have you ever made an inventory of your farm T What is the total capital invested ? ^ow much capital is invested in Farm Buildings, Real Esti s, Horses, Cattle, Hogs, Sheep, Poultry, Machinery, Home Conveniences? What classes of stock bring the highest per cent return on the caoital mvested 7 *^ Has the crop index of your farm increased during the last five years ? Has the profit per animal unit increased during the last five years ? Are you practising winter dairying ? If not, what use is made of your available labour ? Are you controlling the milk production of your cows by keeping milk records to enable you to practise selection 7 Are you availing yourself of the Experimental Farm Publications ? Are you awan! that you can obtain milk record forms free from the Dairy Division, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa 7 ~ Are you making it a point to visit .. < ir nearest Experimental Farm annually. Do you receive an agricultural paper ? Do you belong to an agricultural club ? Do you belong n an agricultural society and do you take an active part in it? Is your herd of cows headed by a pure-bred sire of quality ? Is your farm divided so as to permit the practice of a systematic rotation ? I J the environment of your home made interesting for your children, your wife, your neighbour and your country ? Yesterday is gone, tomorrow may never come, act now ?