IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /> ^ w^ "^ 1.0 I.I ;f iiM iiM «- IIM mil 2.2 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 J4 ^ 6" — ^ % ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREk-T WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 k 7¥ %> ip % C/j \ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. m Canadian Institute for Historicai IVIicroroproductions institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas 1980 d. Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D □ D n Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculde I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maos/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppldmentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a it6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m6thode normale de filmaqe sont indiquds ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es Pages restored and/oi Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxe( Pages d^color^es, tachet6es ou piqu6es Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es I I Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ I I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ □ Pages detached/ I "7j Showthrough/ —I Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ D Quality indgale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 filmdes d nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. IPX 14X 18X 22X I \ \ \ \ \ \ I \ n TT 26X 30X 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, o: the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. L'exemplaire filmi fut reproduit grfice A la gAnirositA de: La bibliothdque des Archives publiques du Canada Les images suivantes ont M reproduites avec le plus ^rand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la netteti de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimie sont filmte en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmto en conimenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s A des taux de rMuction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 I I THE WORKS OF HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT •v I -.c THE WORKS OF HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT VOLUME XXV HISTORY OF NEVADA, COLORADO, AND WYOMING 1540-1888 SAN FRANCISCO THE HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1890 ISntered according to Act of Congross In tho Vear 1889. by HUBERT H. BANCROFT, U. the Office of tUe Librarian of CougrenH, at Washington. All liiy/Us Ikstrvtd, PREFACE. T.v tliis voliimo I have grroupcil to.rrotlier the Iiistory of wliat arc fomnionly torinod tl.o silver aiul cont(>..- nial states, includi.ijj: also the partially interveni.i.r tcrntory of Wyoming, which, with Utah and soutl" «Tn Itlalio, whose annals are jclated elsewhere, f(,rni the central division of our Pacific coast domain, extend- ing eastward from Calif,)rn;a to the limits of the field oer'upic-d l,y this series. Here is a region full of natu- ral wonders, with a climate and configuration, a moun- tam, lake, and river system, a fauna and fiora a geology and mineralogy, all of them peculiar and distinct. As the discovery of gold peopled the state of Cali- fornia, so did that of tlic Comstock mines draw popu- lation to Nevada. Virginia City and a nu.nher of smaller towns in this vicinity sprang up almost in a liight. Year by year the output of the great lode increased, eclipsing even the glories of Potosi, and so r. uuemg the value of silver that men began to say it would soon be ranked among the base metals. After the advent of the railroad the heaviest machinery in the world was liere erected, and with the develop- ment of two immense bonanzas, the total yield swelK-d into the hundreds of millions. Elsewhere in Nevada ospecially in the Pioche aud P:ureka districts, rich' mineral deposits have been unearthed, but none of r vi PIIEFACE. tlicin ai)i)roat'hiiig tliu inarvelloua treasures of Coin- stock. Next to lior mini)),i; iiitorcsts conifs stock-ralsinnr, tloc-ksand lu^rds thrivini>- on the nutritious buiicli-grass conunon to the entire reLjion between tlie Sierra No- vjula and tlie Rocky Mountains. Thou<,di witli an avera!j!,(' rainfall of little more than five inches a year, ill places the soil i;. fertile, and the climate favorable to the j»roduction of cereals and fruits, a yield of ;30 or 40 bushels to the acre of wluiat or barlev beinely in excess of ex- penditure, a sur[)lus in the treasury amounting, at the close of 1888, to about $1,250,000, and a school fund of e(jual amount invested in state and national bonds. In the same year that witnessed the discovery of the Comstock lode occurred the ijreat miu;ration to Pike peak, wdien, in the summer of 18.59, an army ;)f 150,000 men traversed the j)lains between the Missouri and the base of the Rockv Mountains. Of these at least one third turned back, discouraged by evil reports, and of those who arrived on the ground probably less than 20,000 remained as permanent set- tlers. But here was the nucleus of a population, and that of the best material for empire-building — men I'UKFACE. vu )f Com- -raisiunr, L'h -grass ;rra Ne- witli an i a year, iivoral)lo 1(1 of no L'V beinyf )U farms jr 2,000, ble land, tical an- an okler ly is she [)[)ort of so, is of s of ox- til ig, at a scliot)! national :)vcry of ation to In army ien the ins. Of mod by ground lent set- Ion, and -men resolute of will, inured to hardship, and with all the tiicrgy and ndaptahility of the typical jyioiieci'. As- suredly then' was no laek of resources in this ofeat and goodly region, with its magniHeent soil and cli- mate, its majestic canon and river systems, its series of natural parks, its gardens of the gods, its virgin foi-ests, and its untold mineral wealth. Much attention has been jjfiven to irrigation, several tl d miles of < ith I) )f iti lonsand miles ot canal, witli hrancliesot mucii gi-catir leuuth distributing their waters over the thirsty eaith. And yet not ten per cent of all the irrigable land in ( 'ol- oiado is under cultivation. Within recent years stock- raising has attained to the second rank among her- industries, ami is i)rv)bably destined erelong to sur[)ass even mining in aggregate value. In manufactures a i»egiiming has been mad(% and in this direction also the outlook is of the brightest. The public institutions of the centeimial state, and especially her public scjiools, are second to none, and in this respect the young commonwealth is worthy of all commi.'udation. No less remarkable is the character of her legislation and her [)ublic men, the former never being disgr-aced by the misappropriation of the peo})le's funds or the latter by deeds of violence. In Wyoming, with the awe-inspiring grandeur of her scenery, with her rare geologic formations, her mountain peaks, among the highest on the continent, lier magnificent plateaux and rolling plains, her gvy- sers and volcanoes, and her water-shed, dividing the streams tliat flow toward the Atlantic and J^icitic, we have a veritable wonderland. Here, as elsewhere, the trapper was followed by the gold-hunter, and the lat- ter by the farmer and stock-raiser, causing this region viU IMlKFArR to bloom forth Into civilization like u flower in tlif wililorncss. Almost lK'ti)ro tlu; world was awaro of its existence, there was established here a Hourisiiin^*' conunonwealth — full-tleditted amoiiiif the sisterhood of states. In prcpariniLif the material for this volume, I have consulted, in addition to all the printi'd books, period- icals, and public documents bearin; all classes of people, fiom the pioneers to those who now control the affairs of state or the chaimels of trade and industry. PI m CONTKXTS OF TTITS A'OLrMi:. IIISTOIJY OF NEVADA. ClIArTKR I. TMK CKI'.Vr IIASIN. ,.^,.^ riaiii of Evapnnition, or Klovati'd Sink — Its Situation — Prominent f'liar- iictoristics — I'lit! Name (irciit Ha.siii InM|)[>r(ii>riati' — A (irouji .'uaratiiiii, and Scuiii'ry— Ilaiii-fail and 'rcnijK'ra- turc-Ciiangi- of StMsons Altitildu and (ii-ologii.: Formation Me •■ tain SyHtem — Lakes and Sinks — RiviTs — Si>rin);s — Donerts— I'lauts anil Animals Hini- ind Kislics Minerals and Metals — Sod and Agriculture .N«.u.i,i.v lature 1 C II APT K 11 II. KAKI.IHUT EXIM.OIiA'riONS. 1.540 i.s:a Near Ajiproach of C'oronado's Expedition, and Especially of Pcilro do Tohar — Party of Spaniards under Anza — WandtTinijs of Katlier Francisco ers from the Xortli Tiio Wolfskill Exiied.ition- I'artii's under Nidever, Frajip, and W'yatt— Encounter with the Savages .loseph Walker's Visit to California and Ketiirn — lU-treatinent of Indians- Meck's Statement- Something of Carson and lieckwourtii -f> CHAPTER III. PASHACIK OF TllK KMIHUANTS. lS:?t 184(). Trapping Becomes fJcncral — Opening of the Emigration Epoch— The Road to California — Progress of the Hartleson ( 'ompany throur'i Nevada — 5^dHeIl, Henshaw, and Nye— Belden, Riekman, Chiles, and Welier (ix) f I I contj;nt.s. it - Wiiat tlioy Severally Sail' of It- Searcli for Ogdeii liivcr - They Aliamlnii tluMf Wagdii:! Friendly Iiitercoiirse witii the Slio.sliones — Varieil Ailveiitiires — l>i:4seii.siiiii — Search for a l\iss--()ver theSierra -Hastings and liis ISotik — t'liiles over a New li'nute— Walker (Juides a I'arty into ( 'alifornia over his Uetiiru Koute of ISIil — First \Vai;oiis to Traverse the Entire C\>untry — Fremont's Kxpeditions-- l'',lisha St(!vens or the Murphy Company — Snyder, Swasey, l{laeUI)nrn, and 'I'odd Company — Siihlette from St Louis Walker, Carson, Talbot, and Kern- -Expedition of Scott and the Apjdegates from Oregon. . . 4il I I CHAPTER IV. SKTTl.KMr.Nl'. 1S47 18()(). Cessii I from Mexieo- Advent of the Mormons — Colonization— Mormon Station — Tratlie with Emigrants Intercourse with California (iov- ernment Assumed — Land Claims Made and Recorded- Cattle Trade, Farminif, and Huihling — First Settlers- Petition for Annexation to California — Movements toward a Territorial Clovernnient — ('ontliets with the Latter-day Saints — Political and Judicial tiu ClIAPTEll V. TIIK, COMSl'OCK I.UDK. lS4i» KSCO. t'lintifMiration — Placer Cold — Early Minini; intlold C.inon Silver Found l»y tiie (Jroscii Brothers — Death of tlie I >ise(A ereis Comstoek, Old Virginia, and Associates —Johntown and (JoM Hill Claiiiisainl Loca- tion.- ()[)hir. Silver City, or N'irginia Town 1 lisei:vi;i.oi'.MK.Nis on tiik luMsrorK. 1800-1888. f^peculation and Litigation Fight hetween the Djihir and Huriiing Mos- cow A'iolenl. Fluctuations of Su|(posiil N'aiue.s Mining Laws- State tif Society- Wild E.xtravaganee San Fiaiicisco Stocli-hoanl For- tunes Made and Lost — Miner's Life — Association and Ohli.gations — • Yields and Dividends — The Honai /a Firm, Mackay, Fair, Flood, and ()'l5iien -Manipulations— Tl>c Sutro Tunnel— (li'ology of the Com- Btock Lode 121 CONTENTS. 3ri CHAITKU VII. TKKIUI'DKIAl. OIKiAM/AlION, is,v.»-is.;4. r,,,. Till' N.iinc Noviula — Area ami Limits — Tlio ti^uoation f>f Houiulary- ('imiiiiid.sious :iiul Surveys — DitHcultii-s with (.'aliinrnia- Tiriiimial Olliccrs — UoviTiior ISyc — First Logislatiiro — (.'(kIc of Laws .iiid C'liiirso (if Legislation — County Oi'Ljaiiizations and Oiru-crs Capital — Juilicial I'istriets and Judiciary — State oi Society — Educational — Ncwsjiai.er Truss — Corruption of Lawyera aud Judges I JO CHAI'TKK VI 11. STATIC (lOVKliNMKNT. 18li4-KS8I. Legislation — Movcnieiits toward State Organization— The Uninn Tarty — Union Sentiments — Military Companies (iovernor Hlasdel First State Lei;i.slature — Finances — Taxation — Strugi^les for SenatorshipH -Money All-powerful — (Jovernor Kradley (Jovenior Kinkcad — Tolities of the IV'riiid Monopoly and I'olitieal Coiruptiun Silver in Congress — Tulilic Institutions ITli CIIATTKR IX. 1 Mil AN WAliS. I84'.i KSSl'. California Kniii:rants of hS4Sl — Suhseqiient ])eeds of Violence — Wiiine- nnieca antl the Tah Utes — Outld'cak of 1S(J0- Attitude of Vcuiig Winncmiiiea 'llie Shoshoiies— Attach on Williams' Station ()r- ga'ii/.atioii ot I'orees -iiatlle of Tyramid Lake Death of Ormsliy Movements ef Troops Further Finhtin;^ Continued TrouMes - The (ioih L'te War — Treaties and Keservations '-'0."> CHAI'TKK X. iMATKUrAI, liKSOriiCKS ASH IIKVKl.Ol'MKNT. I.SH> ISSli. (,i>uestionaiile Value of Mines Traiispoii ition Roads aud Railroads - Mail Routes and Telegraphs Stiiges Tony Fxpiess Steamliiiafs l''islieries- Metals I'.oiik Keviews Amieiillure Climate Whirl winds and K irtlnniakes I'Mora au in.srovKitiEs. 18.53 lS.-)<). Mythological Mines — Men from (ieorgia — The Chcrokees — Hicks and Russell — The Lawrence Party — Other Companies — Auraria versus Pi'Mvir -Tiie Town Builders —Early Merchants and Manufaet\irers First (luidc Books and .TournaLs — G-old Discoveries on Uoulder Creek and Clear Creek — Russell and Gregory — Central City and Fair Play — Piozieor Biography 303 CHAPTER IV. PUOOUE.SS OF SKTTLEMENT. 18.59-1860. The .Arkansas Valley— Road into South Par). -El Pasvi Claim Club- Colorado City Company — Irrigation — Tlie Fighting Farmers oi Fon- CONTENTS. taino City— Cafton City— Clear Creek — Pueblo — California f!ulch — Pioneers in the .Several Lmalities— Oro City— Leadvillo— Frying Pan (liili;li—Koa(l-inal;ing- Mining l>oveloi)munts — Freigiiting — Mail Facilities — I'ony Exiiress— Stage Cunipaniea 387 CIIAITER V. OKdANIZATION OK (iOVK.KN MENT. 1S5S-1801. Bleeding Kansas — Representative from Arapahoe County — Provisional Governniunt — T>'rritory or State of Jetl'erson — Elections ami Conven- tions— (Jovernor Steele — Divers (Governments — Popular Trihunal-s — Tlie Turkey War — Squatters — The Name Colorado — Territorial Organization — (Jilpin, Governor — Boundaries — Condition of the Country — Seal— Mint — Legislative Proceedings — (Jilpin's Military Operations — The Colorado Regiments in the Civil War 401 323 338 ■rs drv iiid 3C3 CHAPTER VI. POLITICAL AFFAIKS. 18(il-188«, Gilpin'a Heroic Successes — Superseded by .loJni Evans — Wold atid E11)ert ■ — Legislative Action — Coinage — Bennett — Failr.re to Estahli.ih State (iovernment — Further Efforts and Final Success — Current Terri- torial Afl'airs— Organic Law— Governor Cummings- Bradford - Cliil- cott — Hunt, McCook, and Elbert- Governor Routt — Cliatfee — Postal Routes — Patterson, Boone, and Brotnwell — Tiie Judiciary — Politics und(?r State Organization — Teller — Population and Lands — (lovern- ors Pitkin, Grant, and Ea ton— Senators Hill and Boweu 42'> CIIAI'TER VII. INDIAN WAKS. 18()0-1SS0. Tribes and Treaties — Aboriginal Brigan9-18S6. Survey — Denver Lands— Municipal Organization — Tlie Queston of Capi- tal—Post-office and Assay Office— Railways-Telegraphs — Street Railways— Pul)lic Buildings— Schools and Churches— Style of Archi- tecture-Water System and Drainage — Manufactures — Smelters— Ciiand)cr of Commerce— Exposition (Grounds and Buildings — Bank- ing — Society and Culture— Biography 543 CHAPTER XII. COUNTIE.S OF COLORADO. 1859-1886. Bent County— Industries, Towns, and People— Boulder County— Early Settlers— Quartz Mining — Coal and Iron — Chaffee County— Discov- CONTENTS. XV PAOK 482 erieg and Devolopmeut— I'lear Creuk County— Earliest Smelting .Sta:ni) Milli— Conejos County — Costilla -Custer— Men ami Towns ^-Miuiny— Delta, Dolores, Douglis, Eagle, Elbert, El Paso, ami Fremont Counties— Tlie (ireat Kailroail War— Caiion City and its Institutions •"■* 504 CHAPTER XIII. COrNTlE.S OF COLORADO CONCl IPED. ISo'J-ISSG. (iarfielil County— Its (ireat Possibilities— Cilpin County and Central City — Exjiiess, TelegraiJJi, Ne\vspa[)ers, Banks, .Schools, ami (liurelies, Lil>rary, Fire Deiiartmt'iits, Military ami IJcnevoleiit Institutions- IJiograidiy- (iniiul County — (lunnison ami lliuTtano Counties - N a- riety of Products in .IcH'erson County — iiolilen, Lake, and La I'lata Counties — Biograi)liy — Larimer, Las Animas, Mesa, Montrose, Ou- ray, Park, Pitkin, Pueldo, Kio tirande, Ko\itt, .Saguaelie, San Juan, tSan Miguel, 8amuiit, and Weld Counties — Society — Retrospect. . . . GOO CHAPTER XIV. LATKU KVKNTS. 188() 18SS. Elements of (Jreatncss — Mining versus Agriculture — Land and Water Monopoly— Material Progress — Railroads — Development of Denver --Election Cami>aign— Legislation — Excellence of .Statutory, Insti- tutional, and Social Regulations — Character of Public Men — Bio- graphical ti-13 HISTORY OF WYOMING. CHAPTER I. MIYSICAL FKATIUES. Boundaries and Surf-.-o — Tho Hills and Plains of Laramie — (Jeologio History The River Platte— Black Hills- Deserts Wiiicli are not Deserts— Mountainous Eormations and Upheavals — Minerals and Metals— Eontana, the Land of Rivers- Rolling Plain of the Nortii- west — Forests and Lakes Falls of the Yellowstone — Scenes of Beauty and (irandeur Atlantic and Pacific Creeks, and Two-Ocean and Other Passes- Specimens of World Forgings and Weldings — • leyser Basins -Mud and Water Volcanoes— Paint I'ots Sul[>hur Mountain — Subterraneaii Rundjlings — Climate — Animated Nature . . ti.")9 xvi CONTENTS. CUAITER II. EABLY EXPLORATIONS. 1050- 1850. PAOK Unfounded Rumors of Spanish Occupation— Pre-historic Aboriginal In- liabitants — Westward Exploration — Vereudrye, Lewis and Clarke, Lisa, and Williams — Missouri Fur Company — Henry Fort — Long's Expedition — Ashley on Utah Lake — Other Trappers ami Traders- ~ I'Wt Bridgcr — Missionaries of Oregon — The Gallant Pathtinder — Battalion of Mounted Volunteers — Forts Lctavenworth, Kearny, and Laramie — Scott and his Blutt's — The Pathway of the Nations 672 CHAPTER TIL SE'rrLEMENT AiNU (iOLU-HUNTING. 1847-18G3. Pathway to the Pacific — Coming of the Latter-day Saints — Military Men — Prospecting for (told — An Angry Englishman — Bridger and his Fort — Mormon War — The Latter-day Saints Abandon Wyo- ming — Movements of Army Forces — (Jovornmeut Expedition — ■ Roads Ordered Opened — Placer Gold Discovered — The Morrisitea — Indian Hostilities — Military Men ami Frontiersmen — Legends of the Wind River Mountains — Swift Petrifactions 0U4 CHAPTER IV. INDIAN WARS. 1S41-18()8. Emigrant Parties— Cheyennea antl Sioux — Force at Fort Laramie- Fleming's Attack — fJrattan's Defeat— A Bloody War — Life at Fort Laramie— Movements of the Cheyennes and Arapahoes — Efl'ect of Colorado Lnmigration and Civil W^ar — Continued Depred.itions — Peace Proposals — (iold-hunting on the Bighorn — Carrington's Expe- dition — Futterman's Defeat — Atl'airs at the Forts — Continued Hostil- ities — Treaty Commission TOO CHAPTER V. POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AKFAIHS. 1867-1888. (itild Discovery— Soutli Pass City Organi7.ei't ii[)oii tliu I'rodiiutiim .>f tlic I'ruciouit Mc-tulii in the United Status. U'asiiin^toa, 1881 ut bocj. liiirko (.lohn), Dictation. M.S. Burton (llicliard K.), Ti»o City of the Saiiitti. Lomloii, 18(il; Nlvv York, 18ti-_'. Byurs (Win N.), TLo Cuntunnial Stato. MS.; History of Colorado. MS.; liitiTviuw with. MS.; Tiie Ncwspaiu'r I'rcs-t of I'cilitrado. MS.; Tho Sand Crcuit Atl'air. .MS,; In l)(tail .NIimi's (iiilcii. .MS.; ('iirrus]Minih!iiue with .Mrs. Jai'ksoii, in N'. Y. Trihiiiic, Fob. ."), '2'2, and March 3, 1880; also ill Out Wo.it, Oct. 187:}. Cadwallailcr (.Mien). Map and Guide to tho White Pine Mines. Sau Fran- cisco, IStt!». Caliill (Luiit), Kccollectioiis of Kit Carson. MS. (,!,ilif(iriiia Sciiatj and As.sonihly Journals. 18r)() ct sccj. Statutes. 1850 et scli)riiilt>. MS MS. I>.^iivur, imi. Dciivor, I SSI, 1883. MS. <'i)iist Roview. Sail Fraiicincr>, 1S7I et hi'h. ('i)i'liiMii {{'. H.), Hixtory . ( 'oldrado, Hi.Hti)ry of. Cliicajjo. ISSO. (-'oliira lo Historical .Society, Kxtrauts from Karly UccoriU. t'lilorado Mining C'aiii[iM. .NIS. Ciilorailo Mining l)iri;ctory, ISS.S. ( 'iilciraili) Xottn. .MS. t'olorado I'tx'ket (iiiide. Denver, n. d. <'oliirado I'ress and I'uoplo. MS. ( 'dliirailo 11 gistcr. (.'olorado Uuiniiiisoiiiico!!. MS. (Colorado. Tiiu Legend of hair Play. MS. i 'olorado Mincii and Settler's (liiiile, etc. Denver, 1880. Colorado State and Territorial iJocuiiieiit.s; .loiirnaUof tlio Legislature; Gov- ernor's .Messages; Reports of Secretary of State; Treasurer; Ainlitor; State ( leoliigist; State Hoanl of Agriculture; Penitentiary; Mute an 1 Blind Institute; Sup't of Instruction; State Hoard of Health; Liws; (General Seliool Kleetioii, Stock, and Mining Laws; (/ode of Civil I'ro- eotlure; Constitution of State; (,'ontesteil Election, etc. Colorado; Treaties with the Indians. M.S. ( 'omo (Xev.) Sentinel. Congressional (ilol)e. Washington, IS.'ili et seci. Congressional llecord (continuation of Cong, (ilolie). Contrilditor. .Salt Lake (.'ity, 187!) et sei|. Cook (D. .r. ), Hands [][> I 1 or Twenty Years of Detective Life. No imp. Corhett (Tlios IJ. ), Colorado Directory of Mines. Denver, 187!); Legislative Manual. Deliver, 1877. (;orbett(W. W.), The Ftmnding of Cheyenne. MS. Corhin (H. H.), Dictation. .M.S. Corregan (R. A.), and D. F. Lingaiie, Colorado Mining Directory, I88:J. Denver. Coyner (David H.), The Lost Trapper. Cincinnati, 1850 and 1859. (Jarter ((ieoige K.), Biography. MS. Craillel)(Uigli (W. M.), Nevada Biography. MS. Crofutt ((ieorge A.), Crovutt's (Jrip Sack (tnide. 1881. Crowell (B. F.), Farming in Colorado. MS. Culver (Win K.), Land Frauds in ' 'est Los Anima'-,. M.S. Cushman (S. 11.) and J. P. Watei lan, The Gold Mines of Gilpin County, (-'olorado. Central City, 187n Cutler, The Maxwell Dynasty. I ^ Dailey, Early Times in Colorado. S. Daly ((,'harles P.), Annual Aildre.ss American Geographical Society's Re- port, 1 873. Darrow ((ieorge G.), Biographical SI cch. M.S. Dartt (Xiary), On the Plains and Air, ig the Peaks. Philadelphia, 1879. Davidson (Win A.). Indian .\dventiiies in California, and Mining and Agri- culture in Colorado. M.S. Divis (C. C), History of Colorailo. MS. Davis {J. C), Dictation. M.S. : AUTHORITIKS CONSULTED. XXIU Dayton (Ncv.) Lyon County Sentinol. Heail MciiH (iiilcli, and Otlnr SkutohcH. MS. I»f « (iiiFHi-y (M. L. ), fnni.son (CiiarkM), Koeky .Monntain Health Kcaorts. MenviT National .^lillin^ Kx[)ositiou 1884, Catalogue. Ih-nver .Municipal Ueports. Ih-iiver University, Circular 1884. I)unver Newspiip.Ti: Colorado Farmer; Oazette; (Jrcat West; Inter-Ocean; .lournal of Coninierce; Oiiinion; Kepulilicaii; Uocky .Mountuin Herald; llocky Mountain News; Triltuiie; V'idetto. jienver and UioCrandeU. U., First Annual Report. I'hilatlelphia, 1873. Descriptive Aini'rica. Dilke (Cliarlcs W.), IJre.-itcr llritain. Pliiladelphia, 18()9. IMxon (William H.), .New America. 1'hiladelphia, I8(i7. Dolihins (.laine.s S. ), Mining, Siock-ruising, and Indian Adventures in Colo- rado. .MS. Diicuinento.i Historicos Muxicauos. MS. !.'> vols. Dollotl'l.lolin W.), Biography. MS. Dominguux y Kscalaiite, Diario y Durrutero, etc., in Doc. Hist. Mex., 'Jd series, i. .S7."> .")88. Dotson (I'eter K.). Doings. MS. Dow (T. K.), A Tour in America. Melbourne, 1884. |)ownif\-illo (Cal.) .Mountain MesseiiKcr. Dunhar (.Mrs .S. ,J.), The Health Resorts of Colorado Springs an,'s, n. d. Du),'gan (Martin), The Marshalship of Leadville. .M.S. Dunraven (Karl of), The iJreat Divide. New York, J870. Durango (Colo), Democrat; Herald. Kurle (Frank), Solidad, in CliafTee County. C(dor!ido Springs, 1884. Earhart (W. R.). Tiie Climatic IiiHuenco of Colorado. MS. Katon (H. C. ), Cunnison, Yesterday and To-day. MS. Edwards (Melvin), Letter to E. 1'. Newkirk. MS. EUinger(\V. H.), Statement. M.S. Elbert (.Samuel H. ), I'ublic Men and Measures. M.S. Speech before the Con- vention of Trans-Missouri States. Denver, 1873. Elich (John, Jr), Statement. MS. VAko (Nev.) Independent. Elliott (Ezra T.), Statement. MS. Elliott (Wallace W. & Co.), History of Arizona Territory. San Francisco, 1884. El P.aso County, As It H.is Been and Is. MS. El/.el ((Jabriel), Statement. MS. Ernest (T. P.), Statement. M.S. Esmeralda (Nev.) Herald. Eureka (Nev.), Leader; Sentinel. Evans (AUiert C), White Pine, Its Geographical Location, Topography, etc. San Francisco, 1809. Evans (Gov. .John), Interview with. MS. Evanston (Wyo.), Age; Chieftain; Times; Uinta County Argus. Everett (Win R.), Statement. MS. Extract from Early Records. MS. II XXIV AUTHORITIi!.cs CONSULTED. Faitliful (Emily), Three Viaits to America. New York, 1884. Farayiu (M. E. (}.), Exploration Miiieralogique, 1801). Farmer (E. .).), Ku.soiircea of tlie Rooky Mountains. Cleveland, 18S.3. Farnliain (Tlioinas J. ), Travels in the Great Weateru Prairies. Poughkcep- Hie, 1841. Farrell (N. E.), Colorado as It Is. Chicago, 1868. Faurot (C. S.), Farming in Colorado. MS. Fisher (I. U.). Camping in the Rocky Mountains. New York, 1880. Fisher (John), Statement. MS. Fisher (L. P.), Newspaper List. Flowers (.laco!)), Dictation. MS. Fohr (Franz), Smelting in Colorado. MS. Folsom (Cal. ) Telegraph. Folwell (J. A.), Eirly Experiences. MS. B\)nda ((tcorgo F. ), Statement. MS. Font (Pedro), Journal. MS. Fort Collins ((,'olo). Courier; Express. Fossett (Frank), Colorado. Denver, 1878; Colorado: Its Gold and Silver Mines. New York, 1880. Fowler (Warren R.), Around Colorado. MS. Fowler (W. R.), A VVoman's Experiences in Colorado. MS.; Around Colo- rado. MS. Fox (J. J.), Mason Valley Settlers. MS. Fox (M. P.), Coal Mines . Colorado. MS. France (Cyrus W.), Biographical .Sketch. MS. Fremont (John C. ), Exploring Expedition. New York, 1849; Washington, 1845. Foebel (Julius), Central America. London, 1859. Galaxy, The. New York, 1872 et seq. Galveston (Texas) News. (Jarces (Francisco), Diario y Derrotero, etc., in Doc. Hist. Hex., series ii,, torn, i., '2"25-374. Gazlay's Pacific Monthly. New York, 18C5. Genoa (Nov.), Scorpion; Territorial Euterijriae. Georgetown (Colo) Colorado Miner. Gibbons (General), Lecture on the Wonders of Yellowstone Park, in Helena Gazette, Sept. 29, 1872. Gilpin (William), Notes on Colorado. London, n. d. Gilpin (Wm), Pioneer of 1842. MS. Goddard (F. B.), Where to Emigrate and Why. New York, 1869. Gold Hill (Nov.), Message; News. Golden (Colo), The Transcript; Golden Globe; Golden Eagle. Gordon (S. Anna), Camping in Colorado. New York, 1879. Govo (Aaron), Education in Denver. MS. Governor's Message, in Western Mountaineer, Nov. 22, 1800. Gratf (J. F.), Gray beard's Colorado. Pliiladelphia, 1882. Graham (J. C.) & Co., Utah Directory, 1883-4. Salt Lake City, u. d. (irand Junction (Colo) News. Grass Valley (Cal.) Union. Greeley ( Horace), Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco. New York, 1860. Green River (Wyo.) Sweetwater Gizetto. Greeidiow (Robert), History of Oi-egon and California. New York, 184.'>; Boston, 1844, 184.'), 1847; London, 1844. Runnison (Colo), News; Press; Roview; News-Democrat; Review- Press; Sun. (lunnison (Almon), Rambles Overland. Boston, 1884. Gunnison's Journal, in Pacific Railroad Reports, Vol. II. Hague (James D.), Mining Industry. Washington, 1870. AUTIiORniES CONSULTED. ^83. oughkcep- nd Silver mid Colo- ishiugton, scries ii., 1 Helena Hall (Edward H.), Ouide to the Oreat West. New York, 1SG5-6. Hall (Frank), Annual Report of tbe Denver Chamber of t'oiiiiiieiee. Denver, lhS4. Hall (Win H.), Report ou tiie ProMenis of Irrigation. Sacramento, 1884. H lUett (Mosus), Colorado Courts, Law, ami Litigation. M.-S. Jlallipwull i.Iolin K.), Cuniiison Colorado's Bonanza County. Denver, 1883. Hansen (1*. N), .Mining aliout Eureka. iMS. Harper's New -Moutlily .Magazine. New York, 1850 et seq. Hart(H. Martym), Boy-Education. Denver, n. d. Hastings ( Lanst'ord \V.), Orajion and California. Cincinnati, 1845, 1849. Hiwes (.li'S:U. Kelly (William), An Excursion to California, etc. London, 1851, 2 vols. Kelso (\Vm F.), Statement. MS. Kennedy's Uictatiiin. MS. Kent (L. A.), Leadville in Your Pocket. Denver, 1880. King (Clarence), Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada. Boston, 1874, 1882. Kinkead (.), Oil Districts of Colorado. MS. .Mixoii (Frank), Statement. MS. Motlatt (1>. H.). Sketches on Banking. MS. .Molinclli & Co., Eureka and its Resources. Montana Historical Society Contributions. Montana ('ouneil .lournal. Virginia City and Helena, 1806 et seq. .Montgomery (A. \V.), Statement. MS. Moore (.Tolin C. ), Early Days in Denver. MS. Moore (.M. R.), Press and People of Colorado. MS. .Morrison (R. S.), and Jacob Fillins, Mining Rights in Colorado. Denver, 1875 and 1881. Mullan (John), Report on the Construction of a Military Road, etc. Wash- ington, 1803. Munkers((;. W.), Statement. MS. Murphy (Jolin A.), Climate and Agriculture in Colorado. MS. Nagles (H. M.), Dictation. MS. National Almanac, l>S(i4. Philadelphia, 1864. Nelson (W. H.), Stock-raising in Colorado. MS. Nevada Constitutional Convention, Debates and Proceeedings. San Fran- cisco, 1800. Nevada, Senate, Assenddy, Council, and House .Journals; Governor's Mes- sages and Reports; Laws and Statutes; Stati; Controllers' Reports; Attornies-general's Reports; State Treasurers' Reports; Secretaries of State's Reports. Nevada Silver Convention, 1885, Proceedings. Nevada City (( 'al. ) DemocnJt. Nevers (Samuel A.), Novaila Pioneers. MS. New Mexico, Pointers on the Southvvest. Topeka,[1883. New Mexico Revista Catolica. Las Veyai^, 1870. New York Financier; Herald; Mining News; Times; Tribune; World. Newland (Win), Statement. MS. Xewlin (J. W.), Proposed Indian Policy. Philadelphia, 1881. Xidever (Ceorge), Life and Adventures. MS. Niles' Register. Baltimore and Philadeljdiia, 1811 et seq. Nims (F. C.), Across the Continent by the Scenic Route. Chicago, n. d. Ni.sbet (Robert C), Cohirado Climate and AttricuUnre. MS. Norris (P. W.), Fifth Annual Reiiortof the Yellowstone National Park, 1881. Nortli American Review. Boston, 1811) et seij. p AUTHORITIES COXSULTIID. ■'V m\ North Pacific Review. San Francisco, 18()'2. Norton (II. 1). VV'onderlanil Illustrated, Virginia, Mont., 1873. Ohinertz (Millie), Female Pioneering. MS. Old (K, O. ), Statement. MS. Olymitia (Wash.) Pioneer. Omaha (Xeh. ), Kei»nl)lican. Oregon City (Or.) Eiicerprise. O.sborii (\Vm B. ), Politics in Gilpin and Ijariiner Counties, Colorado. MS. Oswald (A. F.), Californien und Seine Verhaltnisse. Leipzig, 1S4'J. Ouray (Colo), Times; Solid Muldoou. Out West, Dec-Jan. 1S73-4. Outcalt (John B. ), Grazing in Gunnison. MS. Overland Monthly. Owyhee Avalanche. Pahor (W. E.), Colorado us an Agricultural State. New York, 188.3. Pabor (Wm E. ), Farmers' (Juide to Northern Colorado. Denver, 1S82. Pacific Coast Annual Mining Review and Stuck Ledger. San Frauciiico, 187S. Pacific Coast Directories. Pacific Coa-it Mines. San Francisco, 187C. Pacific Railroad Reports. Was.'iington, 1.3 vols. Packard (D. C. ), Insurance in Colorado. MS. Painter (Ciiarles F. ), Statement. MS. Parker's Letter-hook. MS. Parker (Samuel J.), The Northwest. MS. Parsons (C. S.), Biography. MS. Parsons (George H.), Colorado Springs. MS. Parton (.la^nes), Tlie Discovery of' Pike's Peak. MS. Patterson (A. H.), Statement. MS. Petaluini (Cil.) .\rgu3. Peter (De Witt C), Life and Adventures of Kit Carson. New York, 18.")y. Peterson (.\.), Irrigation, etc. MS. Peto (S'r S. Morton, Bart), Resources and Prospects of America, etc. Lon- don and New York, ISiiG. Petteiigdl's Newspaper Directory, 1S7S. New York, 1878. Phil;ideli)hiv Press. Pliillips (( r. W. ), Climate and Irrigation in Colorado. MS. Phillips (.J. Arthur), Mining and Metallurgy of (.iold and Silver. London, 1853. Pierce (.John), Report in U. S. Mess, and Doc. Interior Dept, 18()(i-7. Pike (Z. M.l, An Account of an Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi, etc., 18i)."i-7. Philadelphia, 1810. Pike's Peili Discovery. MS. Piociie (Nev. ) Record. Pitkin (F. W.), Political Views. MS. Pitkin (Coh*;. Independent; Mining News. Placerville (Cal.), American; Mountain Democrat; Observer. Playcr-Frowd (J. G. ), .Six Months in California. Loudon, 1872. Poore's Congressional Directory. Poore's Railroad Manual. Porter (Rol)ert P.), The West; Census of 1880. Portland (Or.), Oregonian; West Shore. Potosi Mine, Annual Report, 1881. Potosi Mining and Smelting Co., Prospectus. San Francisco, n. d. Powell (Nevada), Tiie Land of Silver. San Francisco, 187t). Powell (J. W.), Exploiatiuu of Colorado River, etc., 18GS)-72. Washington, Al'TII./RlTi::S CONSULTED. XXIX irailo. MS. 41). 883. 188-2. Fraucisco, ork, 18.5U. etc. Lcm- London, shington, Prelile (neorj;c II ), Hi.story of tlie Origin ami Devclopmuut of Steam Navi- gutiim. riiilii>lul]iliia, 188.'{. rcuti.s-i i()\v(,'iii, .Statement. MS. I' I're.icdtt (Ariz. V V M. ICO ( ti, 1 riioiiia*), Through Cafion tie .''-hca. MS. Sir Hii.so Laniliert, Bart), Tiie Two Anierieas, etc. Pliilaiklpia, 1877. rriai'i' (Ilir.'iiiK f'llorado Kxiierienues. MS. I'rcu'oi'ilini!' l""ir.('ord; Record-Union; Union; Transcript. Safford (A. K. P.), Narrative. MS. SBB XXX AUTHORITinS CONSULTED. Salida (Colo), Mountain Mail; Sentinel Newa. iS;ilt Liiku (Utali), Herald; Tribune. iSan Francisco (L'al.) Ne\vsj)ai)er.s: Alta; Bulletin; Cal. courier; C'al. Farmer; Call; Ciironicle; Courier lie San Francisco; Examiner; (ioMeu Era; Herald; Mercantile (iazette and Prices Current; Mining Review and Stock Ledger; News Letter; I'ost; Report; Stock Exchange; Stock Re- ])ort; Times. San Jo.ie Archives. MS. San Jo.sii (Cal.), Mercury; Pioneer. San .luan and Other Sketches. MS. San Rafael (Cal.) Journal. Santa Fti Trail. Saunders (William), Through the Light Continent. London, 1879. Scenes in tiie Rocky Mountains. Philadelphia, 1846. Schell (H. S.), History of Fort Laramie. MS. Scihird ((Jeorge A.), Biography. -MS. Scott (Charles H.), Report of the County Clerk. Scribner's Monthly Magazine and Century Magazine. New York, 1871 et seq. Seely (VV. L. ), The Nichols Mining Company. MS. Selig (Joseph), Dictation. MS. Seliguian (Henry), Short Biography of Jesse Seligman. MS. Sheldon (M.), South Pueblo. MS. Sheridan ((Jen.), in Secretary of War's Re[)ort, 41 st Congress, 2d Session. Sliinn (Charles H.), Mining Camps. New York, 1885. Silver (Sanmel D.), The Mines of Cororado. MS. Silver City (Nev.), Times. Silver Cliff (Colo), Miner; Prospector; Tribune. Silversmitli (Julius \ Practical Hand-book for Mines. New Y'oi'k, 1866. Silverton (Colo), Democrat; Herald; Miner. Simonin (L.), in Revue des Deux Moiides, Nov. 1875, 305-12. Simpson (James H.), Exploration of the (Jreat Ba.sin. Washington, 1876. Slater (M. H.), Indian Troubles in tiie E;irly Days of Colorado. MS Slaughter (.John), Life in Cr)lorado and Wyoming. MS. Slaughter (Wm M.), Early Experiences in Colorado. MS. Smith, Report on Development of Colorado, 1881-2, in State Geologist'.-* Report. Smitii (.1. Alden), and M. Beshoar, Coal and Iron Lands near Trinidad, Col- orado. Print and MS. Smith (Jas P.), Statement. MS. Smith (Sanmel T. ), Dictation. MS. Smithsonian Annual Reports. Washington, 1853 et seq. Snider (Oeorge W. ), Discovery of the Cave of the Winds and Manitou Grand Caverns. MS. Snyder (A. C), Dictation. MS. Solly (S. Edwin), Colorado for Invalids. Colorado Springs, 1880. Sonoma (Cal.) Democrat. Sopris (Richard), Settlement of Denver. MS. Spence (Thomas), The Settlers' Guide in the Unitad States. Nev York, 1862. Stallcup (John C), Statement. MS. Standart (Stephen H.), Live Stock in Colorado. MS. Stanley (Edwin I.), Rambles in Wonderland, etc. Now York, 1878. Stansbury (Howard), Expedition to the Valley of Groat Salt Lake. Phila- delphia, 1855. .Stanton (I. N.), Statement. MS. lOiid (J. H), Town Building in Colorado. MS. HC^hbins (T. C. ), Statement. MS. S',o(!" (Alden H.), W'ith the RiHe Regiment. MS. lb rt wart (.Fames (i.), Stttlements in Colorado. MS. iStowiii't (Wm M.), Speech on Courts in Nevada. Washington, 18C5. AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. XXXI Cal. Farmer; (JoMiiu Era; Kuview and c; Stock lie- 79. , 1871 et 8oq. (I Session. k, 1866. toil, 1876. MS Geologist's iuidad, Col- iiitou Grand Nov; York, 78. ke. Phila- Stewart (Wrn M.), Lecture on Mineral Resources. New York, 18C5. Stewart (Wni M.i, The Silver Quttstion. San Francisco 1885, also MS. Stockton (Gal.), Eveninj^ Mail; Inilependent. Stoddard (Wni), Bi()grai)hy. MS. Stone (\V. F. ), General View of ('olorado. MS.; Land Grants. MS.; Inter- view witii W. F. Stone. MS. Storey ( 'ounty Records. MS. Story (^\'^l), Biographical Sketch. MS. Strahiirn (Roht E.), (Jr.nnison and San Juan. Omaha, 1881; Hand-hook of Wyoming. Gheyennr, 1877; Montana and Yellowstone Park. Kansa.s City, 1881; Resources of Montana Territory. Helena, I87!>; To tlie Rockies and Beyond. Chicago, 1881. Strait (\V. W.), Tile Pueblos. MS. Stuart (Granville), Montana as It Is. New York, 1805. Sturgis (Tiionias), The Ute War of 1870. CiieytJiine, 1879; Common Sense View of the Sioux War. Cheyenne, n. d. Summering in Colorado. Denver, 1874. Sutro(.\.), Advantage, etc., of Deep Drain Tunnel. San Francisco, ISO,!; Mineral Resources of the United States. Baltimore, 1808; Tlie Sutro Tunnel. Sutro (Nov.) Independent. Sutro Tunnel, Bank of Cal. against Sutro Tunnel, Argument and Statement of Facts. Sutro Tunnel and Railway to the Comstock Lode, 1873. Sutro Tniniel Company, Superintendeut's Report, 1872; Annual Reports, 1880-82. Sweetwater Miner. Syracuse (N. Y.) Journal. Tabor (Mrs), Cabin Life in Colorado. MS. Tabor (H. A. W.), Early Days in Colorado. MS. Tarryall (Colo) Miner's Record. Taylor (W. S.), Stotement. MS. Tclluride (Colo) Journal. Tenney (E. P.), Colorado and Homes in the New West. Texas Prairie Flower, 1885. Tiiomas (.lohn J.), Colorailo Cavalry in the Civil War. Thomas (L. R.), Biograpliical Sketcli. MS. Thombs (P. R.), Mexican Colorado. MS. Thompson (Ciiarles I.), Progress in Colorado. MS. Thompson (.Julius), Statement. -MS, Tlnmipson and West, History of Nevada. Oakland, Cal., 1881. Thornton (J. Q.), Oreg.in and California in 1848. New York, 1849. Tice (,). H.), Over tiio Plains and on the Mountains, 1872. Toft (B. A.), Biography. MS. Toml)stone (Ariz.) Epitaph. Tourists' Hand-Book of Colorado. New Mexico and Utah. n. ])., 1885. Townscnd (F. T.), Ten Tliou.sand Miles of Travel. Londcui, iSGii. Travis (Wni), Tiie Ben Butler Mine. MS. Treaties witii Indians. MS. Tucson (.Ariz.) El Fronterizo. Tucker (S(d.len H.), Statement. MS. Tidliduo (E. VV.), History of Salt Lake City. Salt Lake City, n. d. Boston, 1880. MS. 1C5. 'I'uscarora (Xev. ) Times-Review, ^Iwain (Mark), Rougliing It. Hartford, 1874. Tyler (Daniel), History of the Mormon Battalion. Salt Lake City, 1881. Unionville (Nev.), Gazette; Hnmboldt Register; Silver State. United States Geolog. Explo. of 4Uth Parallel by Clarence King. Washing- ton, 1870. xxxii AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. Uniteil Oco^'. Surveys West of the 100th Meri; Bulleiiii; liepoi'ts ami Various l'ul>liuatioii». WtiHhington 1874, et M-q. Unitfil .Milter tioveniiiieiit Uouuinuiitj: Accouiits; Aet.i ami Ue-tolutious; At;ricultaii-; Army Kegulatiua.i; Anriy MutisiinJogical Uugistt-r; li-iiik't; Hiiretii >>i vSi.ati^tic.s; CVasus; Charters ami (.'oiistitiitKiiiit; Cuiiiiiierce ami N.ivijatMii; ('Diriiiieruial liclatioiis; Coiigrossional Directory; E'iuca- tioii; Eiisi ii('('r<; Finance; Indian AtFairs; ilnuse Executive Dncii'iient.*; HoiHe l-Muiiul; House Mi.scL'Uaueous Oocuinents; Hou.i'! ('oiiiiniltee Rfjiort-i; Interior; Laiiil-ottice; l,a\vs ami Treaties; .Me<.-<;ig^- an(L.), ."^.ateiiieiit. MS. Weis ('i.l, .*^.ock-rai-ing in the Northwest. MS. Wells (iJenr ;e), IJook of Deeds of the White and Murphy Ground. M.S. W:i:i (.S.iiieoii), Mining Developments. MS. West Las A.iimas (Coin) Leader. Western .M.cilhly. Chicago, 1809. West-Ill (Eu:,' 111 I, The Colorado Mines. MS. Wheeler (Conrizc M.), Geographical Surveys West of the 100th Meridian; Biilkii . :, R'lioits, etc. Washington. 1874, et seq. Wheeler (Vv'ni 11), Law in Colorado in S. F. Chronicle. Wheeloek (11.), (uiiile and Map of Reese River, etc. San Francisco, I8G4. White (Fre.;.), Tiie .Mclvina Mine. MS. Whittaker'i .'.i.lwaukec .Monthly Magazine. Milwaukee, 1872. Williams ('.leiiry F.), I'acilic Tourist and Guide. New York, 1876. Willia lis ( T:!.i:iia>), Dictation. MS. Wilson (P. S ). Dictation. MS. Winnemii'ci X'V.) .S.lver State. Winscr (H. .1. i, Tiie Great Northwest. New York, 188.S. Withidw (Cl.a.e). Central City, Colorado, in 1800. MS. Wnlie (.1. .M I, .M'M'cintde Guide, (ta/.ettei^r, etc. Omaha, 1878. Wood Brotii'-rs L;ve Stock Movement. Chicago, 1S84. '. WTiecIerh 1874, et Htq. Ue.-w>lutloiiii; *ter; IS^iik-); iiiiiiercc aiitl iry; E-iuca- l>i>cii'iieiit<; < ■iiiiiiiiittee tf-s.-ig" aii'l I'a.itic Kail- artt.Tiiia-iUT- I>ifUiiifiit.-«; ; (.'ifUiDiittee (ler County, St Louis, )rise; Union. ng the Mor- M.S. 1. MS. Meridian; CO, 1864. ■6, '#•' HISTORY OF NEVADA. CHAPTEK I. THE GREAT BASIN. Plain op Evaporattov, or Elevated Sink— Its SrnrATioN— Prominent CnARACTERISTIC«--THE NaME GREAT BaSIN INAPPROPRIATE— A GrOCP OP Basins— Wonders of the Region — A Trapper's Stort— Caves- Climate— Atmosphere— Aridity — Sand— Storms and Clocd-bursts — The Mirage— Soil, Conpiouration, and Scenery — Rain-fall and Temperature — Change of Seasons — Altitude and Geologic Forma- tion — Mountain System — Lakes and Sinks — Rivers — Springs — Deserts — Plants and Animals — Birds and Fishes — Minerals and Metals— Soil and Agriculture — Nomenclature. About midway between the Panamd Isthmus and the Arctic Ocean, and midway between the great Cordillera and the Pacific, lies a broad Plain of Evapo- ration, or following the popular idea an elevated sink, the Great Basin it has been called, being almost wholly rimmed by mountains, though not always and alto- gether concave, and whose waters have no visible outlet to the sea. From three to five thousand feet above the level of the ocean, it extends irregularly over some nine degrees of latitude and nine of longi- tude, that is to say from the 34th to the 43d parallel, and from the 111th to the 120th meridian, the Wah- satch and Nevada ranges standing as its eastern and western bounds, narrowing oflf between the ranges north of Salt Lake and the Humboldt River toward the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and narrowing likewise in the south toward the Colorado plateau. Nearly all of Nevada comes within this compass, and a large (1) Il 9 THE GREAT BASIN. part of ITtali, together with smaller portions of Ore- gon and California, The eastern rim extends through Utah, which lies between latitude 37° and 42°, and longitude 109° and 104°, and divides the area almost equally into two natural sections, one being the dis- trict of the great basin, and the other the region drained by the Colorado and its tributaries. One of the most prominent features of the great basin is that it is so little like a basin. To call it a platter, a gridiron, or a well-filled cullender, or a basket of chips would be to ap})ly a more character- istic designation. When Fremont gave to the region this name he had seen the Wahsatch and Nevada ranges, the two great sides, and he knew something of the Blue Mountains; but the interior of this vast circle ho had not visited. He was not aware that his basin was full of mountains, some of them as high as the rim, completely filling the dish, so that in truth there is little dish left. It makes no great difference, however, what we call a thing, so long as we under- stand what is meant by the name. Far more appropriately we might cut up the inte- rior and enumerate a series of basins, rather than call it all one basin. There are the two great ranges, how- ever, which border so great a portion of the area, the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, so far ex- ceeding in length the minor divides, as to give and leave the impression of oneness, notwithstanding the dis- tinctiveness of the Great Salt Lake basin, whose low- est point is 4,170 feet above the sea; of Lake Sevier basin, 4, GOO feet; of Humboldt River basin, 4,147 feet; of Carson River basin, with an altitude at Carson Lake of 3,840 feet; of Walker River basin, its lowest point above the sea being 4,072 feet; of Mojave River basin, 1,150 feet, and so on. But call it what we may, and we may as well call it great basin as any other name, the country is full of peculiarities — I would say wonders, were it true that one part of the universe is more wonderful than i M ? of Ore- i through 42°, and 3a ahnost the dis- le region :he great ro call it dcr, or a ;haractcr- he region I Nevada omething this vast e that his IS high as b in truth difference, we under- I the inte- than call ijxes, how- area, the 30 far ex- and leave the dis- hose low- ke Sevier 5in, 4,147 titude at ver basin, I feet; of well call try IS full I re it true 3rful than ■WONDERS OF THE REGION. 8 another. Its altitude and distance from the ocean, the aridity of the soil where there is so much water, the succession of desert and oasis, of mountain and plain — iiimuneral>lel)Jisins within basins — and all well sprinkled with niotuls; of streams fringed with green foliage, willows, alder, and Cottonwood, of salt-water lakes and those that are fresh, or nearly so, of hot and cold sprij)gs, of siidvs and swamps and mud-flats, of lonely biittes and rocky chasms, of sulphurous valleys and delightful sun-bathed summits, not to mention foot- prints of laces and sjK'cies long gone by, men and beasts, land animals and sea animals, of which we talk much and know little. There are elevations of life and do])ressions of death, one of the latter literally so called, ])eatli A'alley, one of the dry sand-lakes com- mon in the region through which passes the old trail from Salt Lake to Los Angeles, a spot seemingly accursed, forty miles long by twenty broad, and sur- rounded except at two points by steep momitains. Wonderful things are said of it, namely, that it is far below the level of the sea; that it never rains there and is totally devoid of moisture; that nothing grows there, not even sage-brush; that it is inhabited only by horned rattlesnakes and scorpions, and that the shadow of a bird or wild beast never darkens its white glaring sands. The quietude of death nmst indeed be present, if it be true as stated, that the wagon-tracks of a l)arty which perished there in 1848 are ap[)arently as fresh and distinct now as the day they were made. JSTany strange stories the old trapper James Bridger used to tell; for instance, how in the winter of 1830 it began to snow in the valley of the Great Salt J^ake, and the snow fell for seventy days, until the whole country was white-coated to the thickness of seventy feet. Vast herds of buffaloes were caught by this snow, caught and pinched to death, and the ejucasses preserved; and finally, when spring came, all Bridger had to do was to tumble them into Salt Lake, and have pickled buffalo enough to feed <■; M 4 THE GREAT BASIN. himself and the whole Uto nation clown to the time of their extermination. And thia in why there have been no buftaloes in that region since. Anotlier plienomenon, witnessed only by this keen observer and most truthful narrator, is that since his arrival in the country, Bridger Butte has changed consider- ably its locality. Caves are more remarkable than crags, I suppose, because there are fewer of them in the world; and for the same reason we notice specially stone trees when we pay but little attention to trees of wood. I carmot enumerate all the crags in the great cullender, nor all the natural trees, but I can mention a cave or two, and tell of a petrified forest. What has been regarded a rival to the great cave of Kentucky, and called the mammoth cave of Nevada, and sometimes Mormon Cave, by reason of historic pretensions given elsewhere, is situated in the White Mountains, some twenty miles from Patterson. Through a low open- ing, requiring a man to stoop to enter it, the visitor passes twenty feet to a rapidly widening vault, and thence to a succession of immense chambers with limestone pendants, or having a roof so high that the torch-light fails to discover it. He may go a great distance in this way and still not find his progress barred. There is a cave near Fort Ruby which dis- charges quite a stream; another in the Shell Creek range, one of whose apartments is sixty by eighty feet in area, and which likewise figures somewhat in history; another in the mountaiT'^, east of Carson River; and yet another near Rush Lake. On the plain, thirty miles or so from the Blackrock Moun- tains, is a petrified forest, the stumps of solid rock standing alone amidst the stunted sage brush. The climate is likewise distinctive. The air is light and dry, the sun bold and brazen-faced, yet harmless and kind. There would be moisture enough were it not so quickly absorbed. The atmosphere, which CLIMATE. the time lere have Another observer is arrival consider- '. suppose, orld; and one trees wood. I cullender, a cave or has been ucky, and lometimes ons given tins, some low open- [he visitor rault, and bers with 1 that the 3 a great progress vhich dis- lell Creek )y eighty lOmewhat )f Carson On the ;k Moun- lolid rock h. lir is light harmless fh were it :e, which may be called Asiatic, is so light, elastic, and porous that water seems never to satisfy it; and what the air does not secure the soil stands ready to absorb. There are sand-clouds and sand-storms at regular seasons, and in the southern and western parts of Nevada 'frequent cloud-bursts. There is a westerly wind which prevails in the spring and autumn with disastrous effect; it is equivalent to the north wind of California; and so full is the warm air of those saline particles whicli floating in it make the mirage, that often on the deserts and by the salt lakes this hallucination presents itself. In the valleys, and especially round the great lakes, every variety of soil presents itself; likewise through- out the whole region there is infinite variety of con- figuration and scenery. But although anomalous, the climate is very uniform. Though barred by the Sierra from the sea, the country is nevertheless near enough to the ocean to feel the general ameliorating effect of Pacific currents, and yet so isolated and inland as to share some of the qualities possessed by the climates beyond the Rocky Mountains which those west of the Sierra do not enjoy. There is a marked individ- uality in the atmosphere about Salt Lake, which so rapid evaporation tinges with a blue haze, while almost everywhere else in this region the air is exceedingly pure and transparent. It is in the spring that the atmosphere u most fully charged with moisture, the winters being cold and drier, though the temperature seldom reaches zero. The average rain-fall of Utah is twenty inches for the year, four tenths of which comes in the spring, one tenth in summer, three tenths in autumn, and two tenths during winter. The summers of Nevada are generally hot, and except in the more sheltered spots the winters are cold. But in the several deep valleys, though the wind is sometimes strong, and there is frost everywhere, the fall of snow is light, and the temperature generally mild. Thus we have here 6 TflE GREAT BASIN. what may properly be called a wet and a dry season, but the former is not so pronounced as in Calilbrnia, nor is thu dry season wholly dry. Climatic changes are not so abrupt here as in many other localities. Seasons glide one into another al- most imperceptibly. Due warning is given of the approach of winter by the masses of dark clouds which come moving slowly over the plains, and which hover in the mountains about the higher peaks. An increasing wind is significant of a gathering storm, and the winds are often busied several days in sweeping up a storm, after which they assume some degree of regularity. Spring comes in March, often with snow or cold rains and wind. April drops some showers, and even May spurts thunder and lightning between her smiles. Then comes summer settled and serene. Over the central, northern, and western portions of Nevada, the temperature is at 90° at midday, rising sometimes to 100° to fall at night to 70°. Toward autumn the heated air becomes giddy, and sends the dust dancing in whirlwinds over the plains. Thunder storms are frequent in eastern Nevada from midsum- mer till autumn. The basins proper are for the most part ranged round the edge of the so-called great basin, and are lower than the central area, whose valleys will average an altitude of 5,500 feet, while many interior ranges of mountains assume great height; hence the bottom of the basin should be pictured in the mind as raised in the centre ; that is as not being of basin-shape at all, as we have seen; and while around the base of the rim of the still so-called basin there may be a land of lakes and sinks and streams, the middle interior is high-ribbed with compact ranges and narrow valleys. As to geological formations, the mountains between Utah Lake and the Kobah Valley may be called of carboniferous origin; thence to the Sierra Nevada, and over the desert to the Goshute region, the ground ■H GEOLOGY. 7 ■shows signs of igneous action ; while about the Hum- boldt Mountains the characteristics of the Devonian af'e appear. The strata of the sand-stone and siliceous limestones around the porphyritic and other igneous rocks composing the Champlin Range seem to have been much disturbed when these mountains were made. From this point toward the north and toward the south-west ashy elevations are seen, dark, scorched, and vitreous, as if the fashioning-fires had not been long extinguished. Here and there throughout the whole region post-pliocene formations appear. Lime- stone predominates in the mountains of Nevada, then granite, sienite, serpentine, and slate, all marked by overflows of basaltic trap-rock and trachytic lavas. Over the blue walls of the Wahsatch toward the east, outside of the great basin though still in Utah, we have the great valley of the Colorado and Green rivers, with the usual mountains, plains, and valleys, and the more unusual buttes, lines of cliffs, outlying masses of high angular stratified rocks, and deep nar- row gorges, to whose escarpments the strata of shales and limestone give a terraced and buttressed appear- ance. The region drained by Bear River is for the most part rugged and sterile; some of the ranges of hills which divide the country into a succession of parallel valleys are bare, or covered only with grass, while over the low mountains are scattered dwarfish pines and cedars. Here are wide areas void of vegeta- tion, dreary wastes of rock, with here and there clay baked by the sun until it resembles stone rather than soil. Volcanic action is everywhere apparent, lava and scoriated basalt prevailing, with bituminous limestone, trap, and calcareous tufa. The lava forma- tions west of Soda Springs, in whose vicinity rise sev- eral extinct volcanoes . - ) worthy of special attention. In south-eastern Nevada is a volcano basin covered with lava and scoriae, and having withal a crater-rim two hundred feet broad and eighty feet deep. Not ■l\\ '8 THE GREAT BASIN. far from the sink of the Humboldt is another crater, i North and east of the Carson Lake country are high mountains and intervening plains; south of the same region, after passing some distance, a gradual depression occurs, which terminates in Death Val- ley, four hundred and sixty-four feet below the sur- face of the ocean. The Uintah Mountains are a branch of the Wah- satch, stretching off toward the east. At the junc- tion of the Wahsatch and Uintah ranges the gulches of the summits are high, and filled with never melting snow; thence the latter range gradually declines toward the eastern end, where it breaks into little ridges and hills. Through the Uintah Mountains, cutting for itself a channel slowly as the mountains uprose, and which now appears as a series of canons, runs Green River. North of the Uintah, Green River continues through a deep narrow valley or canon about a thousand feet below the open plain of country yet farther north. All the watercourses are eroded, and the rocks, com- posed of hard limestone, laminated shales, and sand- stones, appear to be the sediments of a lake. To the west is a stretch of buff mauvaises terres, with rocks of shales and sandstone so soft as to be easily rounded into beautiful forms by the wind and water. South of the Uintah are many isolated ranges, trend- ing for the most part to the north-east and the north- west. There is a district here of low rounded eleva- tions called the Yellow Hills, whose rocks are yellow clays and shales, some of the latter of a slate color, and others pink. " Looking at it from an eminence," says Powell, " and in the light of the midday sun, it appears like a billowy sea of molten gold." South of this is a stretch of bituminous bad-lands, and then a series of canons and cliffs. The mountain system comprising this region may MOUNTAIN SYSTEM. I another untry are ith of the a, gradual eath Val- the sur- bhe Wah- the junc- e gulches r melting declines nto little ountains, lountains f canons, ; through sand feet ;r north, ks, com- ad sand- To the th rocks rounded s, trend- north- eleva- 3 yellow color, inence," J sun, it South nd then be likened in form to a gridiron. Enclosed within the rim are ranges lising abruptly from the plain, being at the base from one to twelve miles wide, and all trending off toward the north, almost always con- fining their variations between the true and the mag- netic north. And their distance apart is scarcely greater than their breadth of base; so that this re- gion called plains is in truth more a succession of minor mountains and valleys, the tops of the eleva- tions alone being anywhere near upon a level. The length of these ranges is from fifty to one hundred and fifty miles, and their height two or three thou- sand fe five '. six thousand feet above the plain, or ten or elo^oii thousand above the sea. Floyd, the highest peak of the Oquirrh Range, is 4,214 above the plain and 9,074 above the sea. The pass through the Ungoweah Range is 8,140 feet above the sea. The Wahsatch Mountains are the meteorological monarch of Utah, dividing the state into two un- equal parts, the greater being the eastern. Rising in the Bear River region, they curve gently toward the east, passing the eastern borders of Great Salt and Utah lakes, then sweep round south-west to the Rio Virgen. Next stretching southward from the southern end of the Great Salt Lake, in the order given, are the paralli 1 id rges, the Oquirrh, the Onaqui, and the Lakes;de and (\^dar mountains. Then comes the Great Amet.car? jCcscrL After that, entering Nevada, we have tl:«i i 'oo^ j Creek, Toano, Antelope, Snake, Cedar, and Mormon line of elevations; next west the Peoquop, Shell Creek, Ely, Highland, and Valley ranges; then the Goshute, East Humboldt, East Ruby, Eagon, Butte, White Pine, and Hiko line, and so on through eight or ten other lines and lateral ridges unt'^ the entire state is covered and the great Sierra No ; da reached. The mountain ^f Nevada are made mostly of granite, limestone, .ate, sienite, and porphyry, dome- fl' ;''■ ' '■ i M 10 THE GREAT BASIN. shaped or with otherwise rounded contour, but ^iome- times shooting up in pyramidal spires. The first explorers of this country, namely the fur-hunters and emigrants, were warned by the natives to avoid alike the entanglements of the deep canons leading northward from the river discovered by Og- den, and the heart of the arid desert which no man had yet dared to penetrate. Both the savages and the emigrants were right in bending their trail to the course of the Humboldt, as subsequent surveys proved, though not altogether for the reason named. Besides waterless plains there ai /- -^ minor ridges running north and south which muc passed over or round by one travelling straight ac^ ^ss from Utah Lake to Carson Lake. Were there fewer mountains there would be more deserts; for besides breaking withering blasts, the mountains act as reservoirs, holding about their sum- mits masses of snow, enough to fill a hundred lakes and rivers, portions of which are slowly melted during summer, and distributed over the parched plains. There are many places in both Nevada and Utah which show sisfns of having been once the beds of vast bodies of water. One of these is the region round Truckee Meadows and Steamboat Valley, including Washoe and Carson valleys, where there is to-day nmch good arable land which may be watered through- out the season from the Truckee and other streams. At Great Salt Lake, Stanbury counted on the slope of the ridge thirteen benches, one above the other, each of which had been successively the border and level of the lake. The highest of these water-marks is two hundred feet above the valley, which is itself now well above the lake. Here then was an inland ocean, whose islands are now mountain tops. Thus as this whole vast mountainous interior was once beneath the surface of one body of water, so we may GREAT SALT LAKE. 11 but fiome- me\y the he natives ep canons id by Og- h no man vages and rail to the ys proved, ,. Besides }s running r or round h Lake to d be more ulasts, the their sum- dred lakes [ly melted parched and Utah ids of vast ion round including is to-day 1 through- r streams. the slope the other, order and ter-marks !h is itself an inland Thus was once io we may safely conclude that later there were many inland seas and lakes now dead. Great Salt Lake is in several respects one of the most remarkable bodies of water in the world. Its equal, approached perhaps in Asia, is found nowhere in America. It is in form an irregular parallelogram, some seventy miles in length, and from twenty to thirty in width. Stanbury calls it three hundred leagues in circumference and thirty in breadth. It contains twenty-two per cent of solid matter, that is to say 20.196 common salt, and 1.804 sulphate of soda; i^ is six and a half times derser than the ocean. Where the water has been and reti.-eJ wagon loads of dry salt may be shovelled up. The surface is ordina- rily quite motionless, though at times it is stirred into briny foam. It is not inhabited by fish. The shores are bare and forbidding ; its airs lack the invigorating qualities of ocjan breezes. It receives the waters of Bear River and some smaller streams at the northern end, and several from the east and south. The lake has periods of rising and receding, being ruled some- what by the rain-fall in the regions whose drainage it receives. On the whole its area seems to be increasing rather than diminishing, owmg perhaps to increased moisture in the atmosphere caused by civilized occu- pation, and resulting at once in greater falls of rain and less evaporation. A promontory, fifteen hundred or two thousand feet in height, juts into the lake from the north. It is some ten miles in length, the northern end being com- posed of sandstone, shales, and limestone; while at the southern end, instead of limestone, there is a sur- face rock of conglomerate, with bowlders of serpentine and porphyry. All along the base of the promontory the water springs forth, sometimes pure and fresh, but often highly impregnated with salt and sulphur. The rivulets scarcely reach the lake, however, before they sink into the intervening sand and mud-flat, which is Ii i 12 THE GREAT BASIN. about two miles in width, and wholly void of vegeta- tion. Several islands break the surface of the dense water. The largest, Antelope Island, is a long rocky eminence, three thousand feet above the water, six- teen miles long, and from three to five wide. It is connected with the mainland by a sand-flat which is usually dry in summer. On Castle Island, sometimes called Fremont Island, eight or nine hundred feet high, and fourteen miles in circumference, is a place where through the argillace- ous schist three holes have been worn, and upon the summit stands like a ruined castle an oblong rock whence the island derives its name. There are no trees or water upon this island, but on its sides grows grass in which the blue heron lays its eggs; and the wild onion and parsnip are found there in profusion; also a highly nutritiou ; bulbous root the natives use, called sego. Sage near the summit attains remarkable size, being sometimes eight feet high, while the stalk is six inches in diameter. Then there are Stanbury, Carrington, Gunnison, and Hat islands which were explored and named by Stanbury, the first after him- self, the second in honor of his Mormon friend, and the third after his lieutenant. Hat Island was named by his men by acclamation. Utah Lake is a magnificent body of water, all the more acceptable in this arid and salt-stricken region from being fresh, having an outlet through the River Jordan into the Great Salt Lake. After the Great Salt Lake, in size and importance, come Pyramid Lake and Walker Lake, the first lying near the eastern rim, and the other two near the western. Indeed, most of the great lakes are at the base of the two great ranges of mountains. The size, shape, and relative positions of Pyramid and Walker lakes are noticeable, the former being thirty- two by nine and a half miles, and the latter thirty miles in length by about nine in width. The shore of Pyramid Lake is in places rocky, elsewhere pre- LAKE SYSTEM. IS of vegeta- the dense long rocky water, six- ide. It is t which is mt Island, in miles in ! argillace- upon the ►long rock ire are no des grows j; and the profusion; itives use, 3markable the stalk Stanbury, lich were ifter him- 'iend, and '^as named jr, all the in region ihe River portance, irst lying near the re at the ns. The mid and g thirty- er thirty he shore lere pre- senting a beach like the sea. The large granite bowlders which lie scattered about the border have a calcareous coating from an inch to a foot in thick- ness. There are precipices on the side next the Sierra, which rises precipitously in places three thou- sand feet above the surface. During winter the lake is sometimes almost obscured by storms of snow, which raise the waves six feet high and send them in foaming surf along the narrow beach, in good imita- tion of the ocean. Not a single lake in the great basin has a visible outlet. Pyramid and Walker lakes are called fresh- water sheets, though the former at least holds in solution a little salt. The waters of Carson Lake are slightly alkaline. Tahoe, a picturesque sheet thirty miles long, and from eight to fifteen wide, though partially in Nevada is not within the basin proper, but rather perched upon the rim, a mile and a quarter above the ocean level ; its waters are purely fresh, very deep, and exceedingly clear, and have out- let by way of the Truckee River into Pyramid Lake. The small streams flowing into Tahoe would not be suf- ficient to sustain the volume of water throughout the year without the aid of the springs hidden beneath the surface. Three varieties of trout here make their home, some of which attain a weight of nearly thirty pounds. Lake Winnemucca is a shallow basin stretched be- side Pyramid Lake ; at times it is nearly dry, like the mud-lakes to the north which during the dry season are mere alkali flats. Walker Lake is an irregular fresh-water sheet, fed by Walker River, and containing fish. To the south- west in California is Lake Mono, and a little beyond a salt pond about twelve miles across, in which fish cannot live. The borders of Columbus, Fish, and Teal lakes, now nearly dry, are bordered by marshes. Indeed we must not too closely follow the map in estimating the areas covered by water in Utah and Nevada, as many of the spots so represented are mere I 1 i -i 1 ' i ! ■: k. 14 THE GREAT BASIN. mud-flats, and covered only occasionally if at all. The term mud lake cornea in this wise. Over many of the valleys and plains of Nevada is spread an im- pervious surface of stiif clay. This surface is in places level, and again plate-shaped, and in the de- pressions water gathers during the rains to the depth perhaps of a foot or two, to be evaporated when the sun comes out. Evaporation accomplished, a thin argillaceous deposit is left, beneath which the groun«l is usually miry. Then there are lakes like tlie Hum- boldt and Carson whose waters rise during the rains and overspread a wide area, receding during the sul>- sequent evaporation leaving the same result, namely, mud-flats. Round some of the lakes and along some of the rivers, notably the Humboldt, are what were originally tule lands, which being readily drained are converted into rich meadows. The term sink was applied by the early immigrants, who followed the Humboldt River to its end, where, as they supposed, it sank into the ground; so that Humboldt Lake was first called the sink of the Hum- boldt, or rather of Ogden River. The part played by evaporation was not at first fully considered. There is still the sink of the Carson, which takes the waters of Carson River after a rest at Carson Lake. Both Humboldt and Carson lakes are shallow; the former is fifteen miles long and eight or ten wide, and the latter is ten miles in diameter. The waters of both contain salt and alkali. The sink of the Carson is surrounded by sloughs, tule swamps, and sandy wastes, wide over which the brackish water spreads in winter, contracting again during summer. The waters of Washoe Lake are alkaline ; they spring from beneath, and have an outlet into the Truckee. The rivers of Nevada are not large, but they are many and serviceable; and though as a rule swift running there are few important water-falls. They all send their waters in the end to some lake or so- RIVER SYSTEM. IS if at all. )ver many L'ad an ini- faee is in in the de- the depth when the d, a thin tie ground the Huni- the rains J the .sul>- t, namely, ong some diat were rained are migrants, id, where, ; so that ;hc Hum- clayed 1)V There le waters Both e former and the of both arson is y wastes, 1 winter, aters of jeneath. called sink. Among the more notable rivers hero and in Utah are the Humboldt, three hundred miles in length; Bear River, two hundred and fifty miles long; Sevier, Spanish, Jordan, Timpanogos, Malade, ancT Weber, springing from the Wahsatch range, and the Carson, Truckee, Walker, Owen, and Mojavo having their source in the Nevada range. These are from thirty -five to one hundred and twenty-five miles in length, from four to forty yards in width, and from one to twenty feet in depth, varying with locality and the season. Precipices and canons mark the course of many of them, even of the smaller streams — instance Pumbar Creek. The water flowing through Carson Lake outlet, loading into the sink of the Carson, fifty feet wide and three or four deep, although of a suspicious milky cast, is nevertheless pronounced good. Walker River, one hundred yards wide and five or ten feet deep, is of a yellow color, something like that of the Missouri; to the taste the water is soft and palatable. The banks in places are grassy, besides growing willows and cot- tonwoods. The Timpanogos is a bold, dashing stream, from thirty to a hundred feet in width, and two feet deep. The water is beautifully clear and pure, and no wonder the trout delight in it. Of the same character is Weber River, twenty or thirty yards wide, with its thickets of willow, and its groves of cottonwood and maple. In the progress of westward-marching empire few streams on the North American continent have played a more important part than the Humboldt River of Nevada. Among the watercourses of the world it can lay claim neither to great beauty nor to remark- able utility. Its great work was to open a way, first for the cattle train and then for the steam train, through a wilderness of mountains, througli ranges which otherwise would run straight across its course. It is the largest river of this region, and the only one hereabout running from east to west. Most of ihe 1 1 1 1 1 < 11 J ' ! 1 1 ! 1 i 1 !| 1 i ) , J 2 ' ! 1!^ I 16 THE GREAT BASIN. others are with the mountains, north and south. The source of the Humboldt is in the Goose Creek range seven thousand feet above the ocean, and it follows a south-westerly course to Humboldt Lake where it ends. After leaving the Humboldt, the Truckee River proved the next best assistant to the emigrant, direct- ing him as it did by the best route over the steep Sierra. It was rugged and difficult enough, but it was the best. Carson River, coming in from the south-west, has served a good purpose in floating wood down to treeless districts below. Next in size to the Truckee of Nevada are Walker, Quin, and Amargoso rivers, which pursue their tortuous courses for a hun- dred or a hundred and fifty miles, the latter disappear- ing in Death Valley. Las Vegas and Rio Virgen are tributaries of the Rio Colorado. The drainage of Utah is divided by the Wahsatch Mountains, the Colorado drainage being on the east side, and the desert drainage on the west. Green River in many places flows over a narrow bed be- tween walls of white and red sandstone. From its mouth the Colorado cuts for its waters a canon to the ocean. Deep Creek, on the west side, and which sinks at Curlew, is an important stream for purposes of irrigation. The Jordan, called also the Utah, car- ries the waters of Utah Lake rapidly down the in- cline to Great Salt Lake, nearly losing itself, however, before reaching its destination. The little streams of melted snow coming down from the mountains are subject to considerable fluctuations, consequent upon the quantity of snow and the progress of its melting. The hot and cold springs are almost innumerable. The rattlesnake chooses as a resort those in Round Prairie, in the vicinity of Rattlesnake Creek. In one of these springs the thermometer marks a tem- perature of 109° 50'. Time was when the snakes held full possession of this watering-place. The springs of SPRINGS AND DESERXa 17 uth. The sek range it follows where it ee River it, direct- the steep :h, but it from the iing wood ze to the Lmargoso 3r a hun- isappear- irgen are Vahsatch the east Green bed be- rrom its m to the 1 which purposes ah, car- the in- owever, streams ains are it upon nelting. Boar r.ivcr arc many of them impregnated with divers minerals. Twenty Wells a valley is called having cold springs from half a foot to several feet in diameter, in wiricli the water rises to the surface of the ground as fast as it is drawn out. From several large crev- ices in a low mound a mile long, and seven hundrod feet in length, emerges the sulphuric vapor which gives the name to Steamboat Springs, the surgings of the boiling water being heard below. Sixty columns of steam may be counted on a clear cool morning, rising to a height of fifty feet. There are also Steamboat Springs in Utah, on Bear River, and hot springs all along the western base of the Wahsatch Mountains. In most of these waters are found sulphate of mag- nesia, carbonate of lime, chloride of sodium, and sul- phate of lime. Near Walker River is a spring having a temperature of 165° at the surface. From a basin ten feet in diameter within another basin ninety feet in diameter, near Pyramid Lake, comes with sulphuric smell a thick dark hot fluid which looks like tar. The rocks lying within the outer basin are covered to the thickness of nearly a foot with a black resinous substance. There are deserts and deserts, not to mention dry valleys, alkaline valleys, and the like. There are the Smoke Creek desert, the Granite Creek desert, the Black Rock desert, and the Sage desert of northern Nevada, and the large deserts in the south. West and south of Great Salt Lake stretches the Great American desert for a distance of a hundred miles, a flat surface, declining slightly northward toward the lake, and broken occasionally by isolated mountains. It is a spot shunned alike by man and beast; even the birds seem loath to fly over it. Whatever of soil there may be is of an argillo-calcareo-arenaceous char- acter, in which appears a small growth only of arte- misia and greasewood. Near the lake the lower and yet more level and salt-covered ground, which was Hut. Nkv. 3 18 THE GREAT BASIN. once part of the lake bottom, is little more than a mud-flat, on which wagons cannot safely venture. Indeed, there is little doubt that this whole desert area was at one time submerged. Indigenous plants and animals are few, not how- over from lack of possibilities. Mark the prophecy : the valleys of this whole region will one day be rich fields and gardens, supporting flourishing populations. At some seasons of the year the flora of Nevada appears to be little else than sage-brush and grease- wood; at other seasons hills and plains are brilliant with flowering herbage. Large tracts are wholly destitute of vegetation. Among things man may eat, besides insects in abundance and some reptiles, are pine-nuts, currants, and gooseberries. Then there is a sugar coming from a kind of cane growing in the tule swamps about Humboldt and Carson lakes, while in the neighboring hills flax and tobacco are sometimes met with. In the south there are the cactus and mezquite. On most of the mountain ridges of Utah are dwarf cedars; mahogany is likewise frequent, that is to say mountain mahogany as the people call it, and also pine, balsam, and ash. At a distance the mahogany of these mountains looks like an appletree with a live- oak leaf. Along the Timpanogos and its tributaries are found box-elder, Cottonwood, and oak; willow, sugar-maple, and birch; in the mountains are pine, fir, and juniper, and in the valleys are red and black currants, service-berries, and a blue berry called the mount? in grape. The rolling highlands between Weber River and Salt Lake are heavily timbered, and support in places a dense undergrowth. The Sevier district also abounds in timber. Along the Colorado as it leaves Utah are low and stunted pines on river banks so high that the Spaniards who were first there fancied themselves amidst the clouds; even during summer the cold wind sometimes sweeps in from the north in a manner most uncomfortable. The streams * FLORA AND FAUNA. 10 ■)re than a y venture, lole desert not how- prophecy : ay be rich apulations. y£ Nevada nd grease- e brilliant e wholly ,n may eat, ptilcs, are in there is ing in the ikes, while sometimes ;actus and are dwarf it is to say r, and also mahogany v'ith a live- tributaries k; willow, I are pine, and black called the 3 between bered, and 'he Sevier 3 Colorado 3S on river first there en during 1 from the iie streams 3 of Nevada arc bordered by cottonwood, willow, birch, and wild cherry, with hero and there a mixture of wild vines, and rose and berry bushes. On the hills of Nevada are two kinds of bunch grass, which may be distinguished as coarse and fine, the tormer being in smaller and more scattered bunches and seeking the lc»wer levels. Both are very nutri- tious, the finer variety bearing an oat-shaped seed. Clover is sometimes found on the river banks. Washoe valley is a natural meadow ; so is Mountain IMcadow, the latter a plateau seven or eight thousand feet liigh, walled by mountains, watered by melted snow, and carpeted with luxuriant grass. Utah pre- sents a great variety of grasses. Into the arms of the connnonwealth in some way should be twined the artemisia, or . wild sage, so abundant is it everywhere throughout this region. Beside it i)lace some greasewood and lynogris, under ' icli last let a rabbit be seen. This aromatic shrub hcs the land in gray, which mingling with the gioen of the greasewood bronzes all nature. Among mammals may be mentioned the bighorn, or Rocky Mountain sheep, the great-tailed fox, the mink, ermine, badger, wolverene, and muskrat. There are sage-hens and hares to shoot; a few coyotes may be heard on the hills. In the reptile line, besides rattlesnakes there is not much to boast of but horned toads and spotted lizards. Curlews, pelicans, and ducks frequent the region round Carson Lake. Myriads of geese and ducks, with swans, cover the surface of the Great Salt Lake at certain seasons, there shrieking their discordant notes, while at other times and places there is the stillness of the grave, a dead sea indeed. There are also on the lake blue herons, white brant, cormorants, and gulls, which lay their eggs in the crevices on the islands. Other birds might be mentioned as frequent- ing these and other parts of the great basin, such as the hawk, and burrowing owl, the long-winged blue- 20 THE r,RKA7 BASIN. i ,1: I bird, the tltniouso, lark, snow-bird, finch, woodpecker, kill-doer, sajifo-oock, crane, bittern, and so on. Fine larij^e trout abound in the fVesli- water lakes; in C^irson Jjake are lish of a smaller kind, notably chubs and nudlets. In Keese River trout are I'ounil two and a halt'})0unds in weight. Of four-leijij^ed rep- tiles, and insects, there is present the usual variety. In that section of Nevada of which Carson Lake is the centre, the mineral deposits arc the wonder of the world. Not to mention the silver veins of the Comstock lodt*, whoso history i>i a sense and duriiiij an epoch is the history of Nevada, there are salt marshes, borax beds, and chalk, soda, and sulphur beds almost without end. The waters of North Soda Lake which cover an area of 400 acres to a depth of 1270 I'eet contain thirty-three per cent of soda, (^oal is likewise there, aiul |)eat beds, and (piicksilver. The sulphur and cinnabirr deposits of Steamboat SpriuiiS have attracted nuich atieution. In A'eatch canon is majj^nesia; in the Kuby lvanij;e are mica mines; south-east IVom IMne Grove is a valley of salt; east of the Kio Virgen are salt blulfs; in the IVavine district is cojijx'r; a mineral wax in southern Utah is mentioned; Utah has also copper, bismuth, graphite, al. 'u, and gypsum. Coal has been found in the vicinity of tlie Tim|>a- nogos River where there is a stream called Coal Creek; and on Weber River iron, coal, chalk, and gold exist in quantities. Then there are the scoi'es of districts on either sitleof the river .Ionian, between Great Salt and Utah lakes, containinur names world- I'amous, and signilicant of precious metals; and in the regions of Green and Bear rivers, in the Juab A'alley, and all along down the Wahsatch Range to the Se- vier country are vast coal Jields, anil on to the south- west, 'vhich region is thickly studded with cedar ami bullion cities, sulphur s|)rings, salt lakes, coal canons, and granite, iron, and silver mountains. There is iron and other mineral wealth south of MINERAL AND ALLU\'IAL L.\XT>S. 91 oodpeckcr, 11. iter lakos; (I, iu)t;il)ly arc i'ouiul al variety. VHow l^ako woiuk-r of ins of the iiul durinjjf l; are salt d sul|)hur of North iiores to a )r cent of bods, and leposits of atieution. Kanu(! are s a valU\y s; in the southern bismuth, Tinipa- K'd Coal lidk, and w scores between es world- nd in the b Valley, ) the St^- le south- edar ami canons. Fil the Elko disti lead, S :* d south of j'llmore; ni tne Elko district are gold, silver, lead, nntiniony, coal, and mineral soap; in the Esmeralda rei,non silver, ujold, l)orax, salt; the Eureka district lias its Sulphur range and Diamond range of moun- tains, and its mines, mining companies, and mills with- out end. To the !iorth agriculture has somcwliat usurped the place of mining. Wheat, barley, oats, ryo, and pota- toes grow abundantly, as well as berries and fruit. There are good grazing lands, and stock-raising has assumed considerable proportions. Antimony and sulphur have attracted attention, and many gold and silver mines have bein worked. (Jold, silver, pper, lead, and antimony are found in the Battle Mtuuitain country, and in the Piocho district are many famous mines. Hound Pyramid Lake mines have i)een ope'ied, an|)toe, Anteloj)e, and Crosman, portions of whicji are good for cultivation. The altitude of Steptoe Valley is (',14(5 feet, while the lower part of Carson A'alley is '{.S40 feet above the sea. The higher vjdK'Vs grow roots, cereals, and tin' more hardy plants, while in Carson \'alli'y and in the region of (ireat Salt Lake, and elsewlnM-e, garden vegetables tlourish. And when I see so much of this earth which was at first j lo- nouiiced worthless for man afterward placed uiidei- tribute, and made to bloom and bring forth, 1 hesitate iM'tnie J wholly condemn any portion of it. Water transforms the sage-ct)vered alkaline soil into an Eden, THE GREAT BASIN. ! I and water abounds on every side if only it may be utilized. Nevertheless, there are here some desert spots which will never be reclaimed — instance the region between Carson Lake and the Sedaye Moun- tains, and that extending from Simpson Springs in the Champlin Mountains to Sulphur Springs at the eastern base of the Goshute Mountains. One cause of the barrenness of certain tracts in Utah and Nevada is the rapidity with which water is absorbed after it comes down from the mountains. I have observed that the lakes and rivers are gen- erally at the base of mountains, where likewise, of course, are found the fertile spots, while the deserts are somewhat removed from high elevations. As a rule the mountain streams disappear before finding another stream; the thirsty earth drinks them up; and thus are irrigatea patches along the foothills, which are oases, as compared with the un watered plain, growing coarse grain and shrubs. Significant names are White Valley and Alkali Valley; but these in reality are scarcely more efflor- escent than the margins of Steptoe and Meadow creeks, and of Reese and Walker rivers. At a little distance the appearance there is as if the ground was covered with pure snow, which, bordering the gen- erally bronzed aspect, produces a new scenic effect. It is said that the alkali poisons vegetation and ren- ders worthless the soil ; but to this an antidote may yet be found. It does not seem to injure the water of running streams, though wells dug under it are often worthless. There is, nevertheless, much good agricultural land along Walker River, as well as on the banks of the Truckee and Quin. As in much of the water, so in most of the soil, there is a little salt, this being the result of universal confinement. Often it is found, as at the Malade River, that the lowlands are rich and moist, while the higher plains are dry and gravelly. Then again there are large tracts like that westward from the Malade, AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES. 23 T it may be some desert nstance the daye Moun- Springs in •ings at the in tracts in vhich water mountains, jrs are gen- likewise, of the deserts ons. As a fore finding J them up; e foothills, unwatered and Alkali nore eflBor- d Meadow At a little ground was X the gen- 3nic effect, n and ren- idote may the water der it are luch good v^ell as on ' the soil, universal 3 Malade while the fain there ) Malade, f where the land is poor and with no water but a few brackish springs. East of Utah Lake is a strip of f,^ood land i'roni three to ten miles wide; and over the mountains broad i'ortile tracts are found along the borders of Green Kiver and its tributaries. In the valleys about the Carson sink is much good land, while the foothills bordering the deserts afford food ior numerous herds. Washoe and Steamboat valleys offer great advantages to the farmer and stock-raiser. Combined with agriculture in this section are the mining and timber interests. The Jordan A'alley is low, yielding but little water, though most of it may be irrigated from the Jordan lUver. Wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, and the vine grow well here. At the northern end, near the great lake, are extensive saleratus flats, and on the border of the valley many springs of brackish water. The land in Tuilla Valley is much of it too strongly impregnated with alkali to permit production. Apples grcnv in the valley of the Great Salt Lake, and also peaches, apricots, and melons; but wheat is the great staple, from ibrty to seventy bushels to the acre being sometimes ])roduced. It is only in the warmer valleys that corn is raised, but barley and oats thrive elsewhere. There would be great pas- toral possibilities but for lack of means for the pres- ervation of stock in winter; such at all events is the complaint, but in more rigorous climates than this large hertls are frecjuently raised. In regard to nomenclature, I will mention here the origin of a lew names, leaving that of others to ai)pear during the ])rogress of this Jiistory. The ori- gin of the word Utah I have given in a note at the end of the second chapter of the Uistorii of Utah. The word Nevada, in Sj)anish signifying 'covered with snow,' 'white as snow,' 'snow-fall,' is borrowed ofcour.se for the naming of this state from the moun- tain range upon its western border. Skull Valley, in i i : 1 ■' 1 I 1 i 94 THE GREAT BASIN. the Great Salt Lake desert, was so called from the skulls of Goshutes whose bodies had been buried in springs, according to their custom. Captain Simpson named a valley after George H. Crosman, deputy quartermaster-general; a peak in the Oquirrli Moun- tains, Floyd, in honor of the secretary of war; Bean, and Reese, from whom comes Beeso River, at first called New River, were long residents, and served as guides for Simpson and others; Shell Valley was so called from being covered with shale. Simpson named a stream alter Lieutenant Marmaduke, of the United States army, a stream and caiion after Lieu- tenant J. L. Kirby Smith, his assistant, a valley after Captain I. C. Woodruff, a creek for Lieutenant Putnam; a pass, creek, and canon he called Gibral- tar. He named Dryflat Valley, Alkali Valley, Black Mountains, Edward, Clay, McCVirthy, and Dodge creeks, Fountain, Lee, and Barr springs, Phelps Val- ley, and many others, mostly after his men, com- paratively few of which names have been retained. Steptoe Valley is from Colonel Steptoc, of the United States army; while all that is Carson comes of cou^'se from Kit Carson, the famous frontiersman. There was a class of path and pass tinders, such as Hastings, Beckwourth, and others, whom the readers of this history will well know. The aboriginal names will be easily recognized. In the northern part of Rush Valley is a small lake filled with rushes which gave the place the name. Mount Davidson was called Sun peak by the early settlers, who thereby fixed in the imagination a high point t»)urhed by the sun's rays. J^ater the njinie of an eminent scienti.st was very [>r()i)erly substituted. The name and naming of Lake Tahoe have first and last caused no little discussion. In his report of 184.')-G Fremont calls this sheet Mountain Lake, but on his map of 1848 he lays it down as Lake Bonpland. There were those who thought to do John Biglcr further honor than making him governor of Califor- from the buried in » Simpson 11, deputy rli Moun- ar; Bean, r, at tirst id served alley was Simpson :e, of the ter Lieu- a valley eutenant 1 Gibral- ^y, Black I Dodge 3lp.s Val- 3n, corn- retained. ) United )f cou.'^se There Hastings, of this i will be lall lake ■ name, le early a high ianie of uted. k^e first port of ke, but ipland. Bigler >alifor- NOMENCLATURE, 25 nia, by setting on foot the name Lake Bigler. Noth- ing could have been in worse taste — particularly when wo consider that only a portion of the lake belongs to California— than in applying to a liquid so beautifully clear and cool the name of one who so detested water. A legislature might make the name legal, but no stat- ute-book could render the proceeding reputable. The Indian name, always the most appropriate, in this in- stance the most beautiful and most applicable that could be devised — Tahoe, 'big water —the lalie has been fortunate enough finally to secure. f;: i i 1 ! CHAPTER II. EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS. 1540-1833. NXAR AlTROACn OF CORONADO'3 EXPHDITION, AND ESPECIALLY OP PeDEO DE ToBAR — Party of Spaniards unokr Anza — Wanderings of Father Francisco Garces — Peter Font's Journal and Map- Mythical Streams — Other Ancient Maps — Approach ok Domin- OUEZ AND KhcALANTE TO NEVADA — PeTER SkEEN OgDEN FOR THE Hudson's Hay Company — Discovery of Mary or Ooden River — Advent ok Free Trappers — Henry, Ashley, Bridoer, and Green — Expedition to California of Jedediah S. Smith— Nevada Trav- ersed from West to East — Influx ok Trappers from the North — The Wolfskill Expedition — Parties under Nidever, Frapp, AND Wyatt — Encounter with the Savages — Joseph Walker's Visit to California and Return — Ill-treatment of Indians — Meek's Statement — Something of Carson and Beckwourth. In my History of Utah and clse\vhere I make men- tion of the visit of Pedro de Tobar, of Coronado's expedition of 1540, to the Moqui villages, then called Tusayan, where he heard of a large river to the north and west. I have told how, when Tobar returned to Cibola, or Zuni, where the army rested, Captain Garcia Lopez de Cdrdenas set out with twelve men to explore said river. Some say the direction he took from Moqui was westerly; some intimate it was to the north of west; I am inclined to the latter view. In either event it is not probable that the territory now called Nevada was entered, or that any portion of it was seen by the members of that expedition, though such discovery is possible. There may have been expeditions into the country of the Yutas from Cibola, or Zuni, from Moqui, or from the country of the Mojaves, of which there is no (30) CORONADO AND CARDENA& H record. After the occupation of New Mexico by the Spaniards, excursions in every direction were com- mon; so that it is unsafe to say of any one of them that it was the first. It is true that in making and placini^ upon record an expedition of any considerable in)[)()rtance, any other important excursion then known to have taken place at some former period would bo likely to receive mention; and, indeed, was often mentioned. Pbobablk Route of Cardenas. The first European to enter within the present limits of Nevada of whom we now have knowledge, and without dt)ubt in ray mind absolutely the first to (;nter, was Father Francisco Garcds, of the order of St Francis, who set out from Sonora in 1775 with a party under Colonel Anza for California, and who stopped at the junction of the Colorado and Gila to •jxplore for a mission site. Of the expedition to Cali- fornia was Father Pedro Font who wrote a narrative of it, and drew a map which included not only his 28 EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS. own wanflerintjfs but thc^se of Garcds.* If Garces is ri^lit in his reckoning, and Font's map is correct, tlie friar was in Nevada at the time. The month of January 1776 was occupied in estab- lishiiiga residence on the spot where later stoia. ' Kstc gran rio rjue cone li los 3(>' jMiedc ser el (jnc cntra al puerto do ^^an Francisco en la California, 6 al bi-azo del rio Colombia.' Diario, in Doe. Ilist. Alex:, Biirie ii. toui. i. *JU7. I SOME OLD MAPS. 31 n to Father lio do San icia por el of the San 3s: "I wa."> ) tlio nortli ? 4 Vlll.ul Mn«i 3.A jnnectuiir nd one of ■ing into San uf thuColiiiii' > al pucrtu do iario, iu iJoc. tlio hranclies flowinj^ toward the north. They gave mo to uiultrstand tliat the first was three times larj^er than the other. They wanted inc to go and see it, savint; that all along tlie way were good people. This 1 Lrreatly desinjd to do. They estimated the distance t(» lit; from thirty-five to forty leagues, a trip of seven (lavs, as they march slowly on account of their fre- (jiuiit hathing and unprotected f»;et. I concluded not to go, having no present to give. Here runs the Sicira San Marcos" to the north-west, and hetween Granata ]Nova. this sierra and that of the San Luis can be soon vast jilains which without doubt are the tulares mentioned hy Father Font in his diary and map; this Sierra of San Marcos being the one seen by him at the distance of forty leagues, white with snow, and east of the tulares; and although the distance is not so great, the mountains open gradually, so that farthest away can be seen only the Sierra of San Marcos."^ •On Font's map the mountains north of the 'Rio de quien se vienc noticia por (1 V. (iarcOs' are called the Sierra Nevadii, and south of that stream and duwii to tlie 'Rio de San Phelipe' the Sierra dc San Marcos. ' ' Dijunuunie tanibieu, '^ue sictc dios de caniiuu ul uurte habia una agua ^ 32 EARLIEST KXPLOUATIOXS. I! TIkto nro many curious <»M maps sliowinij tli«^ J?cn- oral (■(>ii('('|»ti»)ii ot' the country aliout that time, or rallieisliowiiiLj the ahility ot" n»a|)-niakers for drawiuj; oil llieir ima;4;iiiatioii, whidi I iiiij^Hit reproduce; and, indeed, many ot" then» have l)een ^iven in various vohunes ot" this historical series, n(»tahly in tlie Ilis- torij iif tin' Noi'tlnrcst Cott.sf, in connection with an ohicidation ot" the ^^reat Nortliern Mystery. A map drawn hy Jolin Harris in IGOf) seems to ^ivo tiie name Quivira to a vast region wliich ond>races Ne- Utah and Nevada, 1795. rio muy gramlc, quo corria del nordeste y se jiintaba con el de San Felipe, porquc Oste, oonio irque conHideraIja de distaneia hasta treinta y einco 6 cuarentu leguas, pues auii([ue ellos reputaban neccsarios aietc dias, es ponjue anilau poco A cauna du que se ItaiWtn niuclio y no tieuen defensa en lom pic^s. I'or lUtiiuu no me »letermii'«5, asi iionjue no tenia que regalar conio por lo (jue dije anilijv de Sebastian y los jnmajiibs: por aqui corre la sierra de San Mar- cos at norueste, y entre ella y lade Sun Luis se ven unos llanos dilatadiMimos, que sin duda son los tulares de que liacrn inencinu en su d'ario y niapa el padre Font, sieiido esta sierra de San Miircos la que eomo A distaucia de cua- renta leguas vcia uevada al orientc de los tulares; y aunquo aqui no hay esta distancia, se van abriendo las sierras, dc modo que d lo ultimo solo r.e v6 la de San Mdrcos: 2 leguas.' iiiario, Doc. Jiut. Mtx., serie ii., torn. i. 207-8. \ J FROM WIXTEUnOTIIAM. 33 vadn in roninion witli otlior undcfiiKHl countries. From til.' Uixtoiir ^'iilrcrsr/le des Jndes Orn'nf((/rs, J>,'ul.res«!nts little historical siLriiifiiaiM'c, The work from which it is taken |>ur- i..7rt-> to contain an acc(»unt of the " ilescoviurte, ii,iMi.ration, situation, et conciuete, faicte taut par les r.)rtiii;ais (pie par les ( astillans, Ensemhle leurs iiKiins ot 1^ lij^ion." A Latin poem of twenty-four lines introtluces the general history, which begins ^ / Y'«jH.«i.n«t',V/ri'.:v. #^?w^^ Rectok's Map, 1818. witli comments on the ancient costnographers and tlic , or Utah Lake, as one chooses; thence it takt's up a direct course for San Francisco Bay. Fi(»m Lake Timpanogos, the original Lake Ashley, or I'tali Lake, but now greatly enlarged and ])laced iioilh of Salt Lake, if indeed Timpanogos be not itself (ireat Salt Lake, How directly to the ocean the rivers Timpanogos and Los Mongos, the former finding the Escalante's Routb. sea bclov,' Cape Mendocino, and the latter just south of ( 'ape Orford. Alll.ough th(! San Felipe was purely an imaginary str..jrn, Friar Garces' branch of it lunning toward the north was a reality, being none otlur than the San .bta(|uin. From the Colorado Garces proceeded east- waid and visited the Aloqui tcAvns, returning to the N aiiia jabs after a month's absence. Then he descen«led llie ( 'oiorado. Next to enter Nevada, or at least to touch its S0 EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS. border, following the roconl, were the two friars, Francisco Atanasio Dominguez and Silvcstre Yelez de Escalante, who were near Nevada, on or not far distant from the path later called the old Spanish trail between Great Salt Lake and Los Angeles when they determined to abandon their purpose of going to Monterey, and turned eastward from the eastern line of Nevada, near its junction with the southern bound- ary of Utah, crossing the Colorado in latitude 37^ An account of this expedition, which is of primary importance to the history of Utah, is given at length in the volume of this series relating to that subject. We come now to more defined discoveries. In the spring of 1825, while prej)arations were in progress for the transfer of the metropolitan post of the Pacific from Astoria, or Fort George, to Fort Vancouver on the Columbia, Peter Skeen Ogden,'^ then in the ser- vice of the Hudson's Bay Company, set out fiom head-quarters with a party of tra[)pers for the region round the head-waters of Stiake River, or the Lewis Ijrancli of the Columbia, Passing by the country of the Walla Wallas, they set their traps, working their way southward up the stream until they reached the ]>oint whc.e later was built Fort Boise. Thence they struck to the west of south, followed up the Owyhee, and alter some exploration of its tributaries at length ilropped down upon the Humboldt, now first beheld by Europeans. It was now mid-summer, and one of the party b«.'coming enamored of a damsel native to that region, he married, that is to say bought, her, thereby secur- • Ho wa« a son of Chief JuBtice Ogilen of Qv»e?)r'j, and prior to tliis time Imil Krrvc4. See U'lxt. Unyoii, i. 3'2, this series; AjijiUtjaO'^ ]'itux, MS., llii Altan'6 liem., MS., 9. ;i i two friars, /estre Velez ri or not flir ^punish trail s wlion thoy )f goiiijr to eastern lino lern l>ound- ititiule 37'. of primary !U at lenorth lat subject. es. In the in profrro.ss the Pacific ncouvcr on in the ser- ; out from the region the Lewis country of 'king th<'ir ached the lence tliey 3 Owyliee, i at length rst beheld he party at region, ihy secur- r to this time f'st Coiiipaiiy. Fort Viiiicou- 1, ami iiiikt'il 1 t'xi'oediiijrly I K''t'«t fii\H>r- iKt. On yon, i, MARY CK OODEN RIVER. 87 in", with the greater safety of the party, wife, ser- vant, and beast of burden. This was the way the British fur-hunters managed the business, in strong coni:r?!st to which we shall presently see how the first band of trappers from the United States beb v d toward thesj same Shoshones. To the native woman thus honored was given the name Marie, or Mary, who ill turn gave her newly acquired appellation to the stream, which T r a time was called Mary River. But as usual in such cases the wife Mary was soon dropped; and then the river dropped the name Mary, having no claim to it on aboriginal grounds, and took on the more appropriate one of Ogden, from its enter- j)rising and humane discoverer, which name by right it should bear to-day, instead of that of Humboldt, b}' which it is generally known.^" During this same summer of 1825 free trappers from the United States percolated through the hills from the Bear River region, where Henry and Ashley were in camp the previous winter, and came down into north-eastern Nevada. In the History of Utah I have told how James Bridger discovered the Great Salt Lake while endeavoring to determine the course (»f Bear River on which a wager had been laid. After reporting his discovery to his comrades at the rendez- vous in Cache Valley, Bridger with a few others sot their traps on the western side of the great lake, and gradually working their way westward, before the season was over they came upon Ogden and his party. And thus met in this isolated sterile wilderness, com- ing from such widely different quarters, these Euro- peans — French, Scotch, Irish, and English — s«nne by way of Canada and the Columbia Riv'er, others by wav of the United States and the River Platte, but all animated by the same lofty sentiment, all aiming at the same nol o bject, During the following seasons there were many more '"See Wnrren, in Par. P. RepL, xi. .16. The name Humboldt was con- fcrrcil liy FrOiiiuut witliout a shuduw uf right ur rcunou. i '' i 'i f. M 88 EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS. American trappers who found their way into Nevada, so much so as to render the Ogden River region les.s attractive to the people of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany, ^or while Bridger was trapping and exploring to the west of Great Salt Lake, William H. Ashley was bringing his company of one hundred and twenty njcn i'roni St Louis, and was building Fort Ashley on Utah Lake. Thence in 1826 many Americans penetrated the wilds of Nevada: so that soon the fur- bearing parts were well known to mountain men, among the most prominent of whom was Mr Green, who gave his name to Green River. In August of the year last named, Jedediah S. Smith set out from Great Salt Lake with fifteen men, and journeying southward past Utah Lake, turned south-westwardly, and following the old Spanish trail from the great lakes to Los Angeles, crossed the south-eastern corner of Nevada, and reached San Ga- briel Mission in December. After divers adventures and misadventures in southern California, he pusheronounced arid and witliout game. For two days he was wholly without water, working his weary way over a plain which yielded no vegetation. Afterward he came upon some s})rings, gathered round which were hordes of natives, whom he pronounced the most miserable wretches on earth. When he reached Utah he had but o cviilcnoo sec //m/. ('alijhrnia, ami //■ . A'orlh' VI .y ' 'luisf, tlii.i serict. It in posfiihli! thut In; niiidu tliiti possugo without dia- cu\ L'liiig lluiiibulUt liivct-, tliougJi it u uut pi-ubablu. I I p ! 40 EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS. the westward. Nidover's destination was Ogdcn River, which he then called Mary River, "a small stream about south-west of Salt Lake." Frapp's com- pany were mostly Canadians and half-breeds. For some distance the route of the three bands was the same, and they continued together. Their first camp was fifteen miles from the rendezvous. Next morn- ing on starting they discovered a band of four hun- dred war-painted Blackfeet coming down upon them fierce for tight. Hastily throwing up a breastwork of their packs, they despatched a boy on one of their fleet- est horses back to the rendezvous to notify the assem- bled trappers, and then turned to receive the enemy. As soon as the savages were within range shooting set in on both sides. Spreading out in a long line the Blackfeet attempted to surround the trappers. Con- spicuous among the savages was a tall and well-built chief, arrayed in a bright scarlet coat and mounted on a mao:nificent horse Wishing to be regarded a jjreater and braver man than his companions, he rode some distance in advance of them, intimating that he would fight single-handed any one of the trappers, or all of them together. Presently one of Wyatt's men, Godin, a Canadian, advanced to meet the chief. Godin was also well mounted, and carried a short rifle concealed from view. The antagonists continued slowly to ad- vance until they were separated by less than fifty yards, when quick as a flash Godin raised his gun and fired. The proud chieftain fell dead to the ground. In an instant Godin was upon him; the scarlet coat was stripped from the fallen hero; and before the savages could arrest him, he flew back under heavy fire to his comrades, whom he reached in safety with his trophy. Reenforcements from the rendezvous ar- riving the Blackfeet retired. A council of war was held and William Sublette chosen leader. The sav- ages were well posted in some timber near by; never- theless the trappers determined on immediate attack. In the encounter which followed William Sinclair, i I ! i WALKER'S EXPEDITION. 41 as Ogden , "a small app's coni- eds. For Is was thu first camp i3xt morn- four hun- pon them stwork of their fleet- he asscm- le enemy. shooting g line the rs. Con- well-built ounted on a greater ode some he woulfl or all of n, Godin, odin was ioncealed y to ad- an fifty gun and ground, rlet coat bre the heavy ty with v^ous ar- var was he sav- never- attack, linclair, Phrlps, Sublette, and others were wounded and fifty Black t'l'et killed. Hastening forward from that hostile region the three conijianies soon parted, and Nidever set his traps on OjL^nleti River, where ho remained with fair success till October, when he returned to the eastern slope for t!ie w inter, and came again the following spring to Green River." It may have been this expedition that cau.sed one writer to make the somewhat ludi- crous mistake of sending Nathaniel Wyeth with Sub- lette to trap on Ogden River in 1832. It is scarcely necessary to say that Wyeth was never on Ogden River. Josejih Walker was of Bonneville's expedition which encamped on Salmon River during the winter of 1832-3, and in the spring divided into trapping j)arties, taking various directions from the Green River rendezvous. With thirty-five or forty" men Walker set out as Irving says to trap beaver on the northern and western sides of Great Salt Lake, in- tending to pass entirely round th.')t brat^kish sheet before the season was over; but finding the country along the north-western border desolate and void of water, the party turned about and trapped toward the nortii and west. Nidever, however, who accompanied the expedition, and who was fully aware of Bonneville's purpose, and the intentions of the party before leaving the rendez- vous, says nothing of any intended survey of the lake, and that idea probably arose in the mind of Bonne- ville while reciting his adventures to Irving." " XiJever's Life and Adv., MS., 49-55. " Xiilever, Life and Adv., MS., 58, says 36; Bonnevilln 40. "Oil the other haud Nidever, L\f'e and Adv., MS., 58, distinctly states: * In the spring tiiere were a large uuinlxir of trappers gatiiered at the rendez- vous in Clreen River Valley, and among them C'apt. Walker and company IkiuikI for California. We joined him, making a party in all of 'M. V\M>n i\\v linakingun of the rendezvous we started southward, intending to trap a sill lit time on tlie Mary's River.' A party of 15 free trappers under .Sinclair is niintioned hy Irving, Adveii. Bonmt'ille, 72-.1, as present at the rendezvous of \H',1'2, and taking part in sulNie<|Uent events, but not as part of Walker's cuniiuiuy. Geo. Nidever watt one of the 15, and be relates in hia L{/'t atul ; l! Ilii ill t 42 EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS. But whether originally impelled by the Salt Lake survey or the Calit'ornia expedition, they had not pro- ceeded far before the barreiniess of the country and the absence of water turned their attention toward the snowy mountains seen in the north-west. There they would be sure to find cooling streams, and doubt- less multitudes of beavers; so striking out in that direction they soon came upon a little hnnik, which increased in size as they followed it towani the mountains, until it disappeared in a lake to which there was no outlet. On the way they found the Shoshones exceedingly troublesome. They stole the traps and com|K.lled the white men to keep a constant guard to prevent attack. Finally they offered to permit the strangers to pa.s8 through their country if they would give up their horses and })rovisions.*'' This the white nieii refu.; and after some stray shots on both sides, one of which struck a man named Frazier, further attempts at traj>ping were abandoned, and both sides pref»ared for battle. Nevertheless the white men continued their march, doubling their guard, and making a de- tour from the trail when necessary to avoid ambus- cade when passing through narrow defiles and thickly woixled places. One day in passing a thick and quite extended growth of willows, from which as usual they had turned aside to avoid surprise, four hundred Shoshones eniertrod and formed into several distinct bands ac- to the villages to which they belonged. cordinut 44) stmng in May 18>tO. It included many men afterward wxdl kuon-n in California, which country they entered at dillercnt times and W ditfereut mutes. Such were liralmm, Naile, Nidever, W^ihiams, I'rice, LecHe, and I»yc. Their adventures ai"c related at some lengtli hy botli Nidever and I)j'e down to the time that the party was divided in New Mexico in the spring of 1H.'{|, and tile later adventures of the mrty of l.'> that went north to<>m.-n River liy Nidever, who says that Uraliam, Naile, and Price were still with him. '"They 8|>oke the Snake tongue, a language wbioh most ot oor men vex* familiar with.' A'idevir's Li/e anilAde., MS., 58. BATTLE WITH THE SHOSHOXES. 43 10 rera rrosontly thirty-four of the enemy advanced, and fit'tt'cn wliite men stepped forth to meet them. The litter ])ermitted tlic savages to approach quite near \)v\\>vv making a move; but when they did fire, if we iii.iv hcliove one who was present, it was with sueli t ( lliiig effect that but one of the number escaped alive During this march there were many dastardly deeds counnitted which Mr Nidever fails to reniember, such as shooting down the unoffending of either sex or any age, and that without provocation.*' As to the way by which they left the sink of the Humboldt, and crossed the desert and the Sierra into ( aliCornia, there is much uncertainty. Said Bonne- ville, "they struck directly westward, across the great chain of Californian mountains. For three and twenty days they were entangled among these mountains, the ])eaks and ridges of which are in many places covered with perpetual snow. For a part of the tinio they were nearly starved. At length they made their way '".VfV/ewr'* Life and Adv., MS., 59-60. " Tlic- tirst publishcil uarrative of this expedition was in tho Jonishoroii;ih, Ti'ini. Si')itlnel of Marclt 8, 1837, a brief account from the statcnient nf .stt'phou Meek wlio had rctumuil to Tcnuesace, and reprinted in A'iUs' lii'(j- ixh I- (if Maruh *2.")th, vol. lii. 50. Meek aava that on Sept. 9th tlioy Wfie Biirnitiinlcil luid attacked by a largo body of natives witli a losa of live nicii uoiiiiditl, uiid one — Wm. SmuU— billed, the natives Ijeiug rcpuLsi-d witli a In.ss (if 'J7 killed. On Sept. IGth the hunters attacked l.'iO luttivcH, scattd uiid einiikiii^', killed 18, and took 5 captives, who were beaten uiul ivKaseil. litiniiL'villo represents that the natives wore i)e«ceful and timid, kei'iiiii^ nioiif by day but pilfering somewhat at night. A trap|M:r having lo.st liiti traps vuw'cd to shoot tho tirst Digger ho saw, and did so. SuliHcijuently guilty cuuHuienuo led tho party to imagine themselves in a hostile cuiiiitry, and nt a furd farther down the river they attacked a crowd of inotrcn.sive ]ii'(i|iK', »h(xitiug 'I'i, and meeting no resistance. Irving paints this outiaj^u in viviil coliirs. Nidever by way of excuse says that the natives were inciras- ingly bold and hostile from tho llrst, stealing all they could lay their iiainlH (III, and attempting to shoot Frazier while setting his traps. It was iicctH- saiy to give up trapping almost entirely, and only by the greatest )>ii can- ticins did tho comimny escape annihilation. Finally tliey turned iisidt- fiuni tliL'ir trail Just in time to avoid an ambush, and were attacked by sonio liuiulreds of savages, of whom 33 were killed. Nidever adniiticl-u treacherously murdered poinetinie before, tinuly Joseph M'jck, according to ViHur'^ I'irir of i fie ^^V■'^ Ud, admits that the attack— in which 7."» savages fell, but Meek exag- gerates everything, stating that Walker had 118 men — was unmovoked e.\- •:'.'\>t by the thefts and constantly increasing numbers of the Indians; but he detenils the act as a necestiity, though it did not seem so to Bonneville, who was not an cxpcrien«».>d ludiou-lighter. li !| ! I I ' u EARUEST EXPLORATIONS. throujrh them, and came down upon the plains of New California. They now turnecil toward the south, and arrived at the S])ani8h village and pOHt of Mon- terey." Stephen Meek tells us " they travelled now four days across the salt plains, when they struck the Californian Mountains, crossing which took fif- teen days, and in fourteen days iLore they reached the two Laries" — Tulares; "killed a horse, and sub- sisting on the same eleven days came to the Spanish settlements." Joseph Meek is represented as giving the route somewhat definitely westward to Pyramid Lake, up the Truckee River, and a'^ross the moun- tains — by the i)resent railroad line very nearly — into the Sacramento Valley, and thence southward. This authority also states that they met a company of soldiers out hunting for cattle-thieves in the San Jose Valley, and were taken as prisoners to Mon- terey — a dramatic ending to the long journey em- anating probably from the trapper's imagination." Finally, a newspaper version, founded on Walker's own statements, and corroborated to some extent by that of Nidever, gives what I suppose to have been the correct route from th*) sink, south-westward by way of what are now Carson Lake and Walker lake and river, over the Sierra near the head-waters of the Merced, and down into the San Joaquin Valley.*^ Bonneville had been quite lavish in fitting out this expedition ; and when Walker and the men returned, and the captain learned that such of his property as had not been consumed in the desert had been s(juan- '" Yet Sebastian Pomlta with a party of veeino$ from Saa Jot6 did meet early in Novemlicr a coinnany of Bo-called French trappera bound to Mun> ten-y. San Jo»i, Arrh., MS., v. 27. " Uiograpliical elcetcliea of Cant. Joa. R. Walker, in Sonoma Drmorrat, Nov. 2.">, 187G; and in Snii Joa6 I'ioiuer. Sept. 1, 1877. Mr ThompHon, of tiio lifjitocriit, yuan well acquainted with Walker; and the article in tho J'ioucer was founded on an interview. One account sayo he saw Mono I^ke, an ni:rK\VOl'KTH. 4.T I dried ill ( 'ulifin'niii, toj>;('tlM'r with the furs wliirh tlicy ^ liad Ljiitlii'ied, he wns very aii;Lfry. I. hus Ix'oii stutfd tliat (Miiistoplior Carson and .liii irs I'. H('«kw other year; indeed, Carson was there in that vear; they were traj)|>ers, i^uides or lndian-iii|i.iiiy anil live otliiirs to tin; lieail- waters of Oyilen river, uml followeil it to the sink. Theiiee McKay proeeeileil to Walla Walla, ami I'arson to Kort Mall. iMiriiig \S'M ii Carson traiipeil on tho Vellowstoiie ainl I'latte.aml tho lolliiwiiii; year went to (lent fort, where for eight years lie wan official linnter lor the |iost. In ISf'.' he visited the L'niteil .States, met Krt'mont onasteam- lioit. ainI engiigeil to act as his guide. I'lttiri Lih' of Oirmn, and AUmiCs l.j'r ij' i'lirniii, jiassiin. I I I { ; CHAPTER III. PASSAC.K OF THK KMKHIAXTS. TRAriMNd Bkcomes Okneuai,— Opkmno or tiik Kmioration Kr«x"ii— Tiik KiiAli TO CaI.IKOHMa— I'UiHJUK.HS «iK TIIK HvilTI.KSOS <'ciMr.\NV THIltH'CII KkVADA — 1{|1>\VK1.I., Hk>S11\W, AM) NyK. IlKl.DKS, Ku KM AN, ( 11 II.K^, AND Webku- What Thky Skvkrai.i.y Said or It— Skaiu ii kuk Oimikn IllVKIl— 'I'llKV AllANlMiN TICK.lll \V AliONS— FlllK.M.I.Y InTKKCoI IISK, WITH TIIK SlIiisIKiNKS — VaKIKIi AIiVKNTIUKS — DlSSKN.sIliN — SKAUfll KUK \ 1'ASS— OVKK TIIK SiKKKA — llASIIXliS AND HIS ItooK— t 'llll.KS OVKK A Nkw Uoitk Wai.kkh Ks a I'auty inio (^ai.ikoknia hvkk his IvKTius |{iiitk ok 1S.H4- Kik.>t \Va(;i>>s To Tuavkksk ihk Kmiki Col ntky — Fiikjiont's Kxi'Ki'iTioNH Ki.irjiiA Stkvknsou tiik MruiMi\ CoM> ANY — SSVDKU, SWASKY, 111 ACKIll UN, AND ToDD t'oMIANY Si li i.K'iTK FUoM St l-oi is— Wai.kkk, C::xon, Tai.iiot, and Kekn- Kxi-k- DiTioN or Scott and the Ai'1'i,e<;ate.s ki.mm ()kk(H)N. Aftfk tho roturn of WalkT in IH.'U tr{H)piii«^ j)ar- tios ill NovjkIji were f're<|U(jnt until ^tiniu lu'canu* Hoiirc'o. As one was very like anotlur, and all unin- teresting in detail, it is not necessary to report them further. I'resfiitly a fV*!sh impetus was irivcn to westward-manhing empire along the line of border Hcttlenients. It was no longer furs that most tilh-d men's minds, but broad fertile lands of easy tillage, temperate airs, and a near markt;t. Wh- re tluii- wore so many blessings provided by nature without price, as j)resented themselves to the settler in the then soM'alled western states, it is no \vo:>dtT that lie became discontented and demanderi;t' Irnni Missouri to ( 'alit'oniia in IHll; also faniilirs or ii.irtiis iintltr •losiali Itrldm, Hohert liicknian, tFolin llaiil'soM, .loscpli H. Chili's, and CliarK-.s W»'h«'i', .snnit finu's iMiitini,' in lar;^«T conipanics, son;*' i»ound for ()r<'j(on and sonj*' for California. Tlu'n* was jtrcs- t nt ono woman, Mrs liiiijainin Kcls* y, an«l lur chiM. 'ro<4ttli»'r came the two tiniiLrrations l»y th»' usual rouft'. n|i the IMatto and throu^di the So»ith Pass to luar l{iv«r Valley, and wlu'H n.t ar Soda Sprini^s tli.v partrd «'onij>any, thost; tor On-Ljon, and with tJH'in somr wln> had ori;,nnally intruded to <;o to Cal- ifiTiiia. pro«'ctdiniLj northward to Foit Hall, whilo tlif otlii IS diitcted their steps to thi> south, and pass- in-^ down into T'tah turned toward X«'vada ahout ti-n miles north of (Jrt'at Salt J^ako. Later emigrants passed round or just touehetl the north-west corntT of I'tah. Notliint; was k' own of this r<\pers had repo )rted: none wei-o known to I lavc passed across tlu^ country from ami to California .save tlie parties un direction to explore by themselves, and sec if they couhl find any such river, any water running west. After waiting there several days these men cauje lack and reported that the}' had found a small stream of water that seemed to bo running westward, and they thought that might j)erhaj)8 be the head- waters or some branch of the Mary's River that we wisJied to find. After they returned, we raised camp, and under their direction, as near as we could foHow it, wo travelled two or three days I think, and struck this little stream they had spoken of We followed it down and found it trended westvarvl, *hough vary- ing its course, and it proved to be the south fork of Mary's Rive,". We followed it nW the way down to tile sink of it." It was the 1 Hh of September when after a hot day they passed through a gap in a ridge of mountains uiul ent-red upoA a high plain. "It was painfully c\ itient," writes J idwell, '* that wo must make greater jii'ogress or wintc r would set in before we could reach the Pacific coast That night we determined to leavo niir wagons. S< early the next morning we set to work making pack-saddles for our animals. We had Bin. Nkv. I PASSAGE OF THE EMIGRANTS. to pack mules, horses, and the oxen. On the after- noon of the second day we were ready to start. No one of us had seen horses packed . . . the packs would turn and get down into the dirt. Old mules that wero almost skeletons would run and kick at the packs. The work oxen would jump and bellow and try to throw off their loads." The night before they had cooked supper with fires made from some of the wagons broken up for that purpose; and as they were about to start a Sho- wnone sage appeared, sent thither from the mountains as he said by the great spirit, who had told him that on the plain below he would find a strange people who would give him many things." There were, indeed, many articles which could not be carried in the ab- sence of the wagons, and the good savage might as well be placed in possession in due form. " The first thing given him," says Bidwell, " was a pair of panta- loons. He immediately turned toward the sun, and commenced a long and eloquent harangue. As ho was perfectly naked he was shown how to wear the pants. As article after article was given him during the day, he turned toward the sun and gave thanks in a long speech. As the day wore on and he had many things given him his talks grew shorter, but for each he made somewhat of a speech. The first two addresses must each have been fully half an hour long. We called him the Persian." It was late in the day before all were ready. Be- fore them was a range of mountains, in crossing which the company were scattered and some of the animals lost. All were suffering for water. Dawson and Bidwell were Bcnt in search of the cattle, but tiio former soon returned leaving the latter to proceed alone. The cattle fell into an Indian trail which led into a grassy country where was water. Observiii«» Indian tracks mingled with those of the cattle Bid- *Bidfceir» Cnliforvm, 1841-8, MS., 36-7; BidmlVt Journey to CaL, 1841, 18; Uildtn't Statement, MS., DOWN THE HUMBOLDT. n' well prepared himself a« well as possible against sur- prist!," and continued the search until he found the oxen \yuig side by side with their packs undisturlied. Meanwhile the company had moved forward, and Bidwell, unable to follow, and fearing to approach any of the numerous Shoshones to the west, hid hinmelf till morning. Even then his situation was not greatly iinpif)ved. On his north wer'^ mountains, and on the soutii a plain of hard indurated clay, which yielded no impression to the foot of man or beast. Tying his oxen to a willow bush, in the absence of trees, Bid- u< 11 rotle hither end thither not knowing what to do. ]*reHently he saw horsemen approaching from the south, and supposing them to be Indians he hastt^ned toward the oxen to u-e them for a breastwork in case of attack; but suddenly his horse sank into a slough, tilling its very eyes and ears with mud. Thereup«>n the iiorsemen came up, proving themselves to be hia friends Cook and Thorne. Following a yLfath- westerly course along the base of mountain ranges for several days ** we canie to a dry desert region, without grass or water, and with few or no hills to the south. Being obliged to camp without water it was the opinion of all that we hud come to the borders of that desert spoken of at Fort Hall. The only remedy was to go north and cross a mountain chain which was in sight. The first I'amp after crossing the divide was on a small spring branch whicli had trout in it." Indians appeared from time to time in some numbers, but as the strangers were weak they were respectful, and no troui>le ensued. The trout stream which they followed soon sank into the ground, leaving the foot-sore animals on the dry, rocky bed, between banks impossible to scale. The * ' I examined my arms, which consisted of a flitit-iock riflo and a pair of (lrn|j;ooii pistols also flint-lock. All our comiiany lia' your flint you can easily pick up a atone tliat will take its place.'" BidueWt Caiifornia, 1841-8, MS., 40. n PASSAGE OF THE EMIGRANTS. course was northerly, and the travellers began to fear that they were in one of those frightful cations spoken of at Fort Hall, and which would lead them to the Columbia. Their hearts were tilled with joy, there- fore, as they emerged into an open country on the 20th, and came upon a stream which they felt satis- fied was Ogden River. Its course was at first north- west, and this troubled them, for " according to the map Mary's River ran w. s. w.," to which course it presently changed. There had been 8on»e antelope, but now they had to kill their oxen for food. On the 2 1st they came to some boiling hot springs, twenty within the circumference of a mile, and exceedingly beautiful and transparent. The white sediment and the rocks which walled the water gave to it a variety of brilliant colors, blue, green, and red. One spring in particular was of striking btmuty; "it was about four feet in diameter, round as a circle, and deeper than we could see ; the cavity looked like a well cut in a solid rock." The natives were becoming moro numerous. '* From signs the valley contained thou- sands." All the misfortunes of the journey were as nothing in comparison with that which now befell them. It was ascertained one day as they followed down the Ogden that the party were out of tobacco. Some had consumed their supply, and one man, William Belty, had lost his that morning. He swore the Ind- ians had stolen it, and was ready to shoot the first savage ho saw in consequence. Some cut out their old pockets and chewed them. Belty offered his mule to ride to anv one who would give him tobacco to chew for the day. It was now the beginning of October; and at the Humboldt Mountains Bartleson determined to press forward and cross the Sierra, leaving thoso to follow who could. With Bartleson were seven of the com- pany, who killed an ox, and taking a double share of the meat started off. Those in charge of the cattle 4 OVER THK MOUNTAINS. S8 wvre unable to follow, which caused much ill-feeling. ( )f the advance party was Charles Hopper, thought to l)c' the best mountaineer and guide in the company. "All had confidence in his ability to find the best route through the mountains. As long as we could — • about one day — we therefore followed their tracks. Tlio Humboldt River was extremely dry that year, and as we approached the sink it ceased to run, anwed the west branch of this rivt-r, I think, up into the mountains. Wlion we Htruck that river, however, after following it for some distance and cut- ting into the neighborhood of the mountains, without tinding any deprcssuni, or any ])lace wht-re it seemed possible to cross, there was some division ttf opinion among the memlMirs of th^ company. ()ur provisions had given out before, while we were travelling down Mary's Kiver, and then we commenced killing tiie cattle we had with ua and eating tlicm. At the sink of the Huni- bohlt Jiiver a portion of the comimny who had tie Iwst uinmals, aliout ninu of them, parted from the others, and said they were going to travel fast4>r, and get in lH>forc thcv became exhausted. The balance went on, and uh I said, got to Walker's Kiver. When we reached there, there was a ditferencc of opinion ulMtiit whether wu should attempt crcssing the mountains, or give iip the ox|)fdition then, and turn back, and try to get Iwck to Fort. Hull. .While wu were stopping there, one day two others and n)vself left the party, and went up to some of the liighur {leaks of the mountains to explore and hcc if we coidd tind any place where we could cross. We returned and reportcil .that we could see no oiMining in the mountains, that so far as wu could scu, the mountains Heemed rather higher l>eyond than lower, and there was nn apitearance of any enS*> we decided to tiavd on. Tim uuxt morning we were packing up to start into the luouutaius, and iu loukiug CHILES' SECOND ADVENTURE. ing, from obably as fallen and nuts and oysl" ex- as he sat m by his ouri fared that 8put The as- bters was iro out of tanislaus, into the lb river, we 1 to abandon ir horses niul ituling ill tlie itaiiis, which oiiy opening tnick south, Ve then fol- lius. VVlit'ii ice and pt- " deprcsHKiii, division of d given out couimenci'd of thn Iluiii- , uliout ninu •uvel fu8t)T, )n, and uh 1 u ilitrerciR'*! ins, or trivo Fort Hull, t the party, lore and Hnt nd reportni u could see, lere was no anco to get whether wr and try to ting shfuil 08 that wi- IT take (iiir •I on. 'I'Iki In 1842 L. W. Hafitings led a company of one hundred and sixty to Oregon. The following year Hastings passed with a small party into California. In 1845 he ftublished at Cincinnati The Emiymnt's O'uide to Onyon and California, copies of which wore found distributed along the road the following year. Joseph B. Chiles, of the Bartleson company of 1841 , having returned tu tlie States, organized a company which in 1843 followed the usual route to Fort Hall, where they divided, some of the men proceeding by a new route by way of Fort Boise and the Malheur and Pit rivt'rs to the Sacramento Valley, leaving the wagons and families in charge of Joe Walker, acting as guide, to \h} taken to California by a southern route, through Walker pass and by Owen Peak, the one by which he hud returned from California to Great Salt Lake in 1H.')4. This they accomplished, following down the Humboldt to the sink, then to Walker Lake, and over the Sierra; theirs being the first wagons to cross the state, as Bartleson's had been the first to enter Nevada. When Frdmont returned from Oregon in the winter «)f 1843, he kept along the eastern case of the Caa- <-ade and Nevada ranges, entering Nevada late in December. Snow and siige brush v(' uaitcd to see wliat it was; and presently wu saw the nine men wli > haefore with the idea of going ahead, coming n\> on our trail, Miy hungry iuhI forlorn -liMtking. W\> ha«l a iiuarter of \iouf left from the LiHt nniinitl w*; had killed, and gave tlieni sometliiug to e^t. They had nuule II kind of I ircle, and reached our camp, having stnick onr trail. \\'v then all M> lit on t4>^ether. \\v workcii tmr way mto tlie inuuntains with a givat de»il of •litKciilty anil hunlMhip. The way wan vcr\ mugh, and unc day in wind Uiti niund tlie side nf n mountain we hwt four of our anniiaK t\liii misMxl then footing and rollisd down the mountain. Wc tinally i-tvulicd ti'c >uni- iiiit with great hilxir and ditiicultv, and after getting a little U>y<>nd th« Minimit on the other s^de, we stnick a little ntreani of watt^^r that mH-nied Ut I nil wtiHtwaril, and wv judged that we lioil ^»t itvcr tin divide, and thought tliiit liy followini^ thu strtmni tut veil as we cmihl, it Mould lead w down the Mi'ttt-rly b1o|mi ot thv mountiun. Meantime we had cat(>UTK, 1843^. made canip. Next day they saw a stream enter a canon which they could not f(»llow, but doubted not it flowed into Mury Lake. "On both sides tiu* nioun- taiiiH sIiowikI oftun stupendous and curious-lldt, though at every turn they still expected to conie u|K>n the great Buenaventura. The IGth they continued their jour- ney along the l>eautiful Truckee, which they called Salmon Trout Kiver; on their right was the great snow-enshrouded Sierra, while at their feet tlowetl tlu; limpid stream in places almost hidden by large cotton- woods. Carson searched everywhere for beaver cut- tings, which he maintained would be found only on streams (lowing into the ocean, and failing to find sueli signs he Ix'came convinced that the waters thereabout had no outlet from the great interior. They then crossed to Carson Kiver. Smoke-signal ■< rose on every siile; vet the natives being unmolested gave no trouble, and even brought pine-nuts to trudi . The shoes of horses and men were becoming w«)rri out, and the conmiauder determined at this juucturu THE MUEPHY COMPANY. ou^h at ir jour- eulKil o great ivetl tint cotton- er cut- only oil rul Kiich ruubouL sij^nnls olcHtt'll > truth . worn lacturu in pass over tho mountains into California, which, iil'tcr prooeuding south wuril up tho eastern branch of Walker Kiver for some distance and returning, ho ai-cDinplished under the guidance of natives near where ^^'alkur, Hartleson, and others had crossed before him, and Htill searching for his Hueimventura." Fremont next entered Nevada from southern Cali- roMiia by way of Tehuchapi pass in April 1844. The \ie\v of the great basin eastward from this point was )i(»t pleasing. White and glistening, under a h(»t mist, lay an apparently illimitable desert, with blistering Iiiittes and isolated black ridges. A spur of the Sierra, stretching ea.sterly son»o fifty miles, showed peaks of snow pronounced by the natives perpetual. 1 )eMrending the eastern slone the partv followed tho Santa Fe trail, over which the caravan had not passed this year, so that at the camping-grounds was found good grass. They were troubled occasionally by tho nalives, through whom they lost one man, and one by accident. They were joined by Walker at Las Vegas, and on reaching the Rio Vfrgen they ascended that stream and arrived at Utah Lake the latter i>art of May. Thence they proceeded by way of the Uintah liiver and Three Paries to the Kansas. A party under Elisha Stevens, sometimes railed tlu! M^urphy company, passed though Nevada in 1844, bv the usual route down the Humboldt to the sink, n their way from the Missouri River to California, riie names of the party, who were the first to trav- erse the entire distance in wagons, are given in my Ilislorff of Cnlifornia. There were one or two women |ii('sent; and save the fact that the party under wcMit sonu! suffering at the sink of the Ilumboldt, where ' Krrinont'ii report ahowi that in tliia oxnniUtinii ho hn<{ not ■oen, or did lint ciiit' to uivit htHid to, tlie nruvioiiily piihliHliud hiHt4>ry and map of tliu t'x- jilnnitionii of lionnuville; for niid hu done so lit< would prohuhly not hikvi- U-eu l< •! into thu tirrur tu which h< .ttril>ut«d a uri-at duul of hiu hurdHliipH, nf eon- Ktaiit'y IfNikinu for tliu liyiMitiititivul river o7 Itueniiventura, which, um lie Hup- jHiMcl, tukin;< lt« riiie in the Uucky Mountain* emptied itaulf into the hay ol •Sun i'Vuncivcu, aud n|H>n which he oxiHivted tu wiuter. o 'I' # IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I ;ff iiM iiM 2.0 1.8 1-25 1.4 III 16 «« 6" ► Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. MS80 (716) 872-4503 .:*' .4r W / Z6 ^ 6^ a I ! bU I'AiSSSAUlU UJ*' lllJtU JJiMiUKAJN 19. they arrived about the first of November and re- mained a month, later narrowly escaping the thrilling adventures afterward involving the Donner party, there is nothing of special interest to mark their pro- gress through Nevada. It was common for part of the Oregon immigration to branch off at Fort Hall and go to California. Among the first so to do in 1845 was a party of twelve young men, among whom were Jacob R. Sny- der, William F. Swasey, Blackburn, and Todd, who with pack-animals preceded the wagons. Following these was a party of fifteen under Sublette from St Louis; and next the Grigsby-Ide company. As the emigrants merely passed through the country by a well beaten road, on their way to California, seeing nothing new, doing nothing in particular, making no stay in Nevada, and leaving no mark, there is little to be said of them in this place. Speaking of their journey along the Humboldt Mrs Healy, who was of the party, says: " None of our company were killed by the Indians; but John Greenwood, son of the pilot, slio J down an Indian by the roadside, and afterward boasted of it." And Thmnr'^ Knight in his manuscript Statement writes: " W it Independ- ence in April 1845. After we had loai ned about this country from Col. Joe Walker, George McDougall, Snyder, Blackburn, and myself determined to come here if possible, as we did not like the idea of going to Oregon. We came on to Fort Bridger, in the Snake Indian country. There we fell in with hunters from whom we got more information, and we crossed the Bear River, and went north to Fort Hall, not the Salt Lake route, for that was not known till the j'^ear afterwards. We got a book written by Hastings, extolling the country highly, and depicting it in glow- ing colors. We read it with great interest. We met Hastings on the way. At Fort Hall we camped some time, and recruited our animals, which had bo- NOMENCLATURE AGAIN. 6l> come very much jaded at that time, feed being scarce. There the party divided, and those of us who were bound for Cahfornia joined some others, and a new party was made up, with about 15 wagors. We started, and went down and struck the head of Mary's River, at that place only three or four feet wide. The Indians killed some of our cattle, and some of the Indians were killed, the Shoshones; they had no fire-arms at that time. They would come around after dark, and make a noise like a coyote, and call to each other." Fremont with a party of sixty came again this year by way of Bent Fort, the Arkansas River, and Utah Lake. Thence they passed on to Nevada, entering Fremont's Route, 1845. near Pilot Peak. On the 5th of November at Whit- ton Spring, in the vicinity of the head-waters of Ogden River the company divided, Fremont with a few men striking due south-west, and reaching Walker Lake the 23d. The stations named by the explorers were Crane's branch of the south fork of the Hum- boldt; the head-waters of the south branch of the Humboldt; Connor Spring; Basil Creek; Boiling Springs; Moore Creek; and Secondi Spring, Sheep Mountain, meaningless terms for the most part to-day, although the latitude and longitude are given. The main body followed the Humboldt to the sink, and then turned south, reaching Walker Lake the 27th. m 02 PASSAGE OF THE EMIGRANTS. This party was under Joseph Walker, from whom the lake was named. Here they all remained for two days, when Fre- mont with fifteen men crossed into California by way of Walker and Truckee rivers, while the others, among whom were Theodore Talbot, Joe Walker, and E. M. Kern, on the 8th of December proceeded southward to Owen Lake and on to Kem River.' We have seen the veteran trapper and pioneer Jede- diah Smith crossing Nevada from west to east along what was later the track of the emigrant road and the railway. A more difficult and dangerous journey was that achieved by fifteen men from Oregon in 1846, under Levi Scott, Jesse Applegate, and Lindsey Applegate, a full account of which is given in my History of Oregon. Their object was to find a pass through the southern end of the Cascade Mountains, by means of which immigrants could enter the Wil- lamette Valley direct by travelling due west from Great Salt Lake, or rather by bending south and fol- lowing the California trail along the Humboldt for some distance, then striking northerly toward the Modoc country and Klamath Lake, and thus avoiding •Thomas S. Martin, in his Narrative of Frimonfa Expedition in 1845-6, MS., 9-10, gives the following version: ' We left Hardscrabble with about 60 men; followed the Ark. to its head. Here we crossed the dividing ridge between the head-waters of the Ark. and Grand rivers. On or near the top of this ridge we found a fine lake about half a mile across. Striking the Grand River we followed down it for several days, and then left it, going about due west, I think, across to Hams Fork, which we followed down to Utah Lake. Thence by Jordan River to Salt Lake. Here we remained 22 days taking soundings. From here we crossed to Mary's River, followed it to its sink, thence due south to a large lake, and thence to Carson sink just above Lake. Here Fremont took 15 men to cross the Sierra Nevada at Bear River, while the rest of us, under Lieut. Talbot, proceeded southward and crossed at the forks of the Kem River. Bill Williams, Capt. Walker, and Kit Carson were with us, the former two as guides. Bill Williams left us I think before we left Salt Lake. Fremont was to meet us at the point of the Sierra Nevada, or rather a little above it, at the forks of the Kem River. Haying reached this appointed place we waited 18 days without hearing any- thing of Fremont and party. Bv this time provisions had given out, and all the men threatened to leave Talbot if he aid not move. \Ve then crossed over to the San Joaquin and followed it down to where the railroad now crosses it, where we arrived Feb. 17, 1846.' EXPLORATIONS OP THE OREGONIANS. 68'i the Rogue River Valley. Thence their course was along the banks of the main stream until they en- countered its soutlieast branch, which they followed to the base of the Siskiyou Range, and from this turned eastward toward the Cascades, passing through a region now for the first time explored, and only a few miles north of the boundary line of California. Ascending the slopes of the latter, a stream named Keene Creek conducted them to a small valley, after- ward known as Round Prairie. A day or two later, Long Prairie was reached, and near it n pass from which, following a ridge trending toward the north, they reached the summit of the Cascades on the 4th of July. Crossing the mountains, they entered the valley of the Klamath, and following the course of the river to a point where it separates from the lower Klamath Lake, crossed by a ford to the western shore of the lake, skirting its banks until they arrived at Hot Creek, where they encamped on the very spot where three of Fremont's party had been murdered a few weeks before by the Modocs. From Hot Creek they made their way to Modoc Lake, thence to Goose Lake and Surprise Valley, and over the ridge dividing tin. Pacific lake basin from the great interior basin, and after innumerable hardships, they finally struck the Humboldt River about where now stands Humboldt City. They were now upon a well known road, which it would be useless for them to travel for pur- p:)ses of exploration. So striking northeasterly they examined the country in that direction to ascertain if any better or more direct route might be found than that which they had just now for the first time marked out. They continued their course to Thou- sand Springs Valley, and satisfied that further search was needless, the company divided, part going to Bear River and part to Fort Hall. It was the intention of the Oregon company to locate a direct road to Bear River, but one not less J T 64 PASSAGE OP THE EMIGRANTS. than fifty miles to the southward of Fort Hall, which pijint would be avoided by Americans in the event of hostilities with England, then threatened by the de- termined attitude of both nations in regard to the boundary question. But as provisions ran short, the party divided, some proceeding to Bear River, and the remainder turning off toward Fort Hall for sup- plies, hoping also to induce a portion of the emi- grants, then probably in its neighborhood, to journey by the new route, and thus open the road for travel. Cession fr Static GOVER Trade NEXAT] er.vmk: JUDICI- In the followed Mexico, was inc] niont's e ment — tl city two in so doii such a st dalupe Ir. owners o attracted founders the advei grims to vegetable latter mu rangemer Salt Lak( themselv< particular H18T. CHAPTER IV. SETTLEMENT. 1847-1860. Cbssion from Mexico — Advent of the Mormons— Colonization— Mormom Station— Traffic with Emigrants— Intercourse with California- Government Assumed — Land Claims Made and Recorded — Cattle Trade, Farming, and Building— First Settlers— PErmoN for An- nexation TO California— Movements toward a Terrfi'orial Gov- ernment — Conflicts with the Latter-day Saints— Political and judiciat. In the sudden occurrence of remarkable events which followed the war between the United States and Mexico, the settlement of the great American basin was included. Much notoriety was given to Fre- mont's explorations, and less to a far greater move- ment — that of the Latter-day Saints, who founded a city two thirds of the way across the continent, and in so doing forestalled the necessity about to arise for such a station in such a place. The treaty of Gua- dalupe Hidalgo was no sooner signed than the new owners of the California territory, by discovering gold, attracted toward it a stream of immigration. The founders of Salt Lake City, saved from nakedness by the advent of trains of starving but better clad pil- grims to the land of gold, were glad to sell grain and vegetables to the westward bound, which saved the latter much suffering. This mutually beneficial ar- rangement of demand and supply was not confined to Salt Lake, but Mormon and other traders soon posted themselves along the line of travel to the mines, and particularly in the valley of Carson river, where, in HivT. Nev. 6 (66) I ," M SETTLEMENT, 1849, they founded the first settlements in what is now the state of Nevada. Ceded to the United States at the same time, and, indeed, as one with California,' this region of the Spanish domain had not, like that west of the Sierra Nevada, a distinctive name, but was described by local names, and divided into valleys. In March following the treaty with Mexico and the discovery of gold, the inhabitants of Salt Lake valley met and organized the state of Deseret, the boundaries of which included the whole of the recently acquired Mexican territory outside of California, and something more.* Soon afterward a company was organized among the same people to visit the mines, consisting of eighty men, led by a captain named De Mont, and having for secretary H. S. Beatie,* who, becoming enamored of the valley of the Carson, and the oppor- tunities offered for turning an honest penny, took possession of the site of the present town of Genoa, and thereupon erected a log house. Several of the company remained with Beatie, while the others con- tinued on to the mines.* After putting up the walls of the first house* built ^ Statutes of Cal, 1850, 16; Hayden's Oreat West, a book historical, scien- tific, and descriptive, by Prof. F. V. Hayden, once U. S. geologist, in a brief sketch of Nevatla history, says that it was at first a 'part of California terri- tory, and was subsequently attached to Utah, ' a statement which is some- what misleading. *The Mormon State of Deseret included what has nnce become Nevada, Utah, Arizona, portions of Colorado, Wyoming, and Oregon, and in Califor- nia the counties of San Diego and Los Angeles as far north as Santa Monica, whence the line extended north to the Sierra, taking in half of Kern, a part of Tulare, all of Inyo and Mono, a part of Alpine, the whole of Lessen, and a part of Shasta and Siskiyou counties. See Hut. Utah, this series. * Beatie, from whose manuscript narrative, Tlie First in Nevada, I take the history of this expedition, was bom in Va in 1826. He moved with his parents to Mo. at the age of 10 years, and in 1840 to K^, returning to Va and entering college. In 1848 he immigrated to Utah with his wife, whom he had married in Mo. From that period his history is a part of the history of UUh. * De Mont, Abner Blackburn and brother, Kimball, and Carter were five of the men who remained in Carson valley. Beatie s First in Nevada, MS., 2. Three other names are given in lieatie's MS. — Pearson, Smith, and Brown — but I am not certain that they remained. ^The structure is what is called a double log house — that is, two com- partmenta connected by a covered passage-way, after the style of the Mis- BEATIE IN CARSON VALLEY. 67 in Nevada since the disappearance of the okl-tinie fabulous cities,* Beatie and one of the Blackburns crossed the mountains by the Carson pass to the American river, to purchase supi)Hes for the re n»aindcr of the summer. There lie learned that a large inimigation might be expected from tl.e United States to California; so he sold three yokes of cattle for a good price, and purchased provisions. Return- ing to Carson valley, the cargo was quickly disjposed of to the immigration, and another journey made to the mines, this time with pack animals, and by tlie way of a pass over the mountahis tliree miles south of Beatie's claim, the adventurers crossing the streams on bridges and floats of logs.' At tlie end of tl e sum- mer the little party in Carson valley found itself better oH' from the profits of trade tl an many who had spent the time digging for gold in California. Other traders had come over the mountains from the west, and dis- posing of their goods disappeared with the immigra- tion. When he returned to Salt Lake in September, Beatie sold his house and claim to one Moore, of wliom I know nothing further,* except that he prob- ably sold in 1851 to John Reese. It is certain that one of the Mormon party kept possession until Reese came. Two of Beatie's associates went to California. The other five, with ten who came back from the mines, travelled back in company to Salt Lake, and were attacked by the Bannacks in the vicinity of Bear river, losing all their horses and provisions, and scmri frontier in the past generation, It had neither floor nor roof, but as it t.liy Oregon, east by the summit of the Rocky mountains, and south by lat. 37 < V'''' I, ! i 70 SETTLEMENT. resolutions, or laws, consisted of John Reese, J. P. Barnard, William Byrnes, Washington Loom is, and H. H. Jameson. The amount uf land which could be taken was limited to one quarter-section ; a recordhig officer was appointed, who was also treasurer. At the second meeting, held on the 19th, John Roose presiding, this pioneer legislature resolved to give claimants a right to sell their claims and take new ones; required improvements to the amount of Hve dollars before the expiration of six months; gave authority to companies to take claims for each mem- ber, *and to hold the whole by improving one claim to the amount of five dollars each ; and decreed that timbered land should be common to all, except in the case of lumber manufacturers, who should be limited to a certain number of acres. At the third meeting of the settlers, which occurred on the 20th of November, the same officers presiding, it was agreed that a justice of the peace, a clerk of the court, and a sheriff should be elected, and that E. L. Barnard should be magistrate, William Byrnes sheriff, and T. A. Hylton clerk. To provide against abuses, citizens should have the right of appeal to a court of twelve men summoned in the manner of a jury, from whose decision there should be no appeal. A con- stable and clerk of these courts v ere also provided for. At another meeting, in May U j2, J. C. Fain being chairman, it was decided that to any one who should build a saw-mill, the right to take up a section of timber land should be granted." No further action appears to have been taken in the matter of govern- ment before the intervention of the territorial author- ities of Utah." '^ The several authorities conflict concerning the date of the first saw-mill. Beatie says that in 1853, on revisiting Carson valley, he found houses built of sawed lumber, but there is reason to believe those he mentions were made of wagon-boxes. '^ft has 1>een later reported of those living in Carson valley in 185I-S, that John Reese is a comparatively poor man in Salt Lake City; Frank Barnard wa EDES. n The first land claim recorded ander the govem- iiH'iitof Utah, on December 1852, was that of Reese, which extended from his trading house south "to a lone tree," and included all between the river and the mountains on the west. Five other claims were re- corded south of Reese's, in the order following: E. L. li-vniard, S. A. Kinsey, James C. Fain, J. Brown, ami William Byrnes. J. H. Scott and brother took a claim north of Reese, these seven being all that wore recorded previous tP 1853." The land law was amended by a citizens' meeting in 1853, when it was decreed that notice of a claim must be given, and $100 worth of improvements put upon it within 60 days. A married man might take G40 acres, and a single man half that amount. Jo(>f'ph P. Barnard, Frank Barnard, George Follensbee, '. . J. Rollins, Frank Hall, and W. L. Hall came over the mountains fro? » f le California mines in November 1851 to look for gold in Carson valley ; but not finding paying diggings, they took up the land where Carson City now stands, and erected a trading-post. Frank Hall one day shot an eagle and stretched its skin on the front of their cabin, from which circumstance travellers first called this Eagle station, then Eagle rancho, and lastly spoke of Eagle valley, which name tiic region still retains ; but these men disregarded the authority of the self-constituted government in the matter of land claims. In the autumn of 1852 a man named Clark erected a cabin under the shelter of a timbered spur of the mountains, near the site of IS.*)] ; R L. Barnard, one of the firm of Reese ft Co., absconded in the antnmn (if 1854 with the proceeds of the sale of a large drove of cattle, and broke up tlie linn; N. R. Haskill, in the eprins of 1852, attempted the assassination of \Villiam Byrnes, shooting him fuU of bullets, and leaving him, as he believed, dyad. A miner's court compelled Haskill to leave the coui.try, together with liiii partner, Washington Loomis, who was afterward hanged at Ijos Angeles f|>r stealing. Byrnes, who had been a Texan ranger, recovered from the Hliooting, and became an inmate of the Stockton insane asylum. Thorring- ton was accused of murder and theft, and hanged. "The records of this government, made by T. 6. Barv^rd and T. A. Hylton, are preserved in a book of 60 leaves, 6 by 7 inches ui size, in the possession of Martin M. Gaige of Canoa City. I 72 SETTLEMiia^T. Franktown, and called his place the garden of Eden, to which fabled spot hv fancied it bore some resem- blance." Like the first Adam, he deserted his para- dise after a short residence for a more lucrative exist- ence in the outside world. The Utah legislature, on the 3d of March, 1852, created out of western Utah the counties of Weber, Deseret, Tooele, Juab, Millard, Iron, and Washing- ton. The territory was divided by parallel lines run- ning east and west, and the first three named divisions occupied the northern part of what is now Nevada down to about the present northern line of Washoe count V. The next two divisions on the south, Juab and Millard, included all of the Carson valley settle- ments. Judges were appointed for a term of four years. For Weber and Deseret, Isaac Clark ; for Tooele, Alfred Lee ; for Juab, George Bradley ; for Millard, Anson Call ; for Iron and Washington, Chap- man "Duncan. It would seem from these appoint- ments that the Mormons were scattered over the whole territory, or that it was their intention to send out colonies. In roads, bridges, and mail contracts they became prominent. In December 1852 John Reese and Israel Mott'* secured a franchise for five years to construct a toll-bridge over the Carson river, and improve the road estabi (lino, which son \'i <; ratio I "B. L. King settled in 1852 at the month of a cafion in Eagle valley, which bears his name. A man named Bowen tarried through the summer and raised a crop, hut went away in the autumn. A few others in Carson valley in 185'2- 3 were Lee, Condie, and Gibbon, Mormons; and Joseph Webb, T. G. Barnard, and James Fennimore, or Old Virginia as he was called, gentiles. Jaco1> II. or ' old man ' Rose, was another atom of humanity which found lodgment about this time at the mouth of King's cafion in Eagle valley. G. W. Dodjit; and John Campbell, who had been mining in Gold oafinn, took up a claim in Washoe valley, and Christopher West located himself near them. On tho Truckee meadows lived a Mormon named Jameson. Dagget took a pla'-c two miles west of Tleese, and John Redding in Jack's valley. Jones, James, and Hay ward settled in Carson valley about 1852. 1* Mott, with his wife, left Salt Lake for Cal. with a train in May 18.52. He first settled 4 miles above Reese, and built a house out of the beds of wagons abandoned in the valley. He made a window-sash with a jack-knifo, paying 75 eta a light for 7 by 9 inch glass to put in it. He was the founder of Mottaville. His wife, who was the first female settler, married a second time to A. M. Taylor, and later resided in Carsnu valley PROGRESS EN 1852-53. 78 road up the mountains beyond. A mail route was established between Salt Lake City and San Bernar- dino, and a post established at Las Vegas spring, which was for the protection of this route. At Car- son valley this w-as a prosperous year. The immi- gration was large and hungry. At Mormon station turnips grown in the virgin soil of the valley sold for a dollar a bunch; watermelons, potatoes, and corn brought extravagant prices ; wheat and barley were also marketable for cash, or cattle, which were better than cash. Reese, who was the principal trader, bought out a would-be rival, Ben Holladay, after- ward famous as a stage-owner. In 1853 the settlements had very much increased, and land entries became frequent."* A number of fiimilies had been added to the population, a.id some of the forms of social life begun to be observed that year, notably a marriage, a divorce, and a ball." It was a year later before a school was opened. ^ J. H. Scotland Charles Ferguson filed a claim April 11 th; also the same day J. H. Haynes and David Barry, and Thomas and E. H. Knott. On May I'Jth Charles A. Daggett filed a claim; May 17th R. T. Hawkins in Jack a valley; July 22d, L. M. Young and James Greene; Sept. 30th, L. Olds and John Olds; Oct. 5th, John L. Cary and Thomas Knott sold a farm to W. B. Thorrington for $600. Oct. 6th, four sixth of the Eagle rancho was sold by Frank and W. L. Hall to EL L. Barnard, two sixths having already been sold to them by their former partners, A. J. Rollins and George FoUensbee. ^' Mrs Laura M. Dittenrieder, who arrived June 9, 1853, was at that time the wife of James B. Ellis. Her liusband took a land claim 1^ miles below where Dayton now stands, and erected a substantial log house. Oct. 4, 1854, KUis accidently shot himself. Mrs Ellis, like an intelligent woman, kept a jmirnal, in which she wrote the following facts: SpafTord Fiall, from Fort Wayne, Indiana, kept a tnuling post and station at the Gold caflon, on what is now Mine street. Opposite to it was a blacksmith shop made of wagon beds. The only women she found in western Utah, outsiile of Carson valley, wore Mrs McMarlin, Mrs Cosser, her 12-year8-old daughter, and the wife of the blacksmith named Henry Van Sickle, who went to Cal. before winter. In her place, however, came a family with several daughters, one of whom niarrie . Having no home to take her to, he left her with Mrs Co;jser while he proceeded to erect a cabin, and that motherly Scotch woman advised Mary to remain with her until her father's return, to which the girl consented. The husband demanded his wife, but Mary declined to leave the protection of Mrs Cosser until her father should sanction it. This late prudence created a feud in society, some approving it, and others advo- cating the rights of Cole. On the return of Powell he took possession of his child, and started with his family for Cal., followed by the irate bridegroom anil his friends, with the purpose of abducting the girl. But the Cosser- Powcll party also mounted their horsea and rode after them to prevent any forcible measures. To avoid a bloody conflict, Powell at length offered to abide by the decision of his daughter if the other party would do the same, to which they agreed, and Mary declaring her desire to go with her father, Cule returned to Gold cafion. The divorce was even less informal than the m.vrriage, for no other proceedings were ever instituted. Tlie tirst ball was held on the last night of 1853, in a room over Spafford Hall's store, at the mouth of Gold cafion. There were present 9 females, great and small^U of womankind there was in western Utah except three — and about 100 men. While the dancing was going on the VVashoes made a dejceut on the horses of the company, and drove them all off. The animals Were recovered, with the exception of two which had been roasted and eaten. Spafford Hall, having been accidently wounded and disabled, sold his sta- tion to James McMarlin, his clerk, early in 1854, and returned to Indiana. Jo!m McMarlin, on the way to join his brother, was killed by Indians at Slippery Ford a few years later. Asa Kenyon located himself at Ragtown, where the overland road first touched Carson river. Above Ragtown 4 miles, a blacksmith, Thomas Pitt had a station, and called his place The Willows. James and Harvey Hughes, from Mo., established themselves not far from Honey lake on Carson river; and John Smith purchased the trading post of a Californi^in at thn west end of Twenty -six Mile Desert, which place became later known as Coonie's rancho. George Brown settled at a station on the river about 3 miles above old Fort Churchill. J. S. Child and Moses Job were traders who established stations near Cosser's. Job's peak was named in honor of the latter; and the former became an induential citizen of Nevada. On the 1st of Mny, 1854, the first white child was born in western Utah, a boy, named James Brimmel Ellis, who died in 1869 at Virginia City. In July 1851 Charles H. Albrecht and family, from St Louis, were encamped at Ellis' place. Among his party was Rachel F. Albrecht, his sister, who cap- tivated a miner named James Dover. The enslavement was mutual and tlie couple wished to marry, but there was neither justice of the peace nor minis- ter on that side ot the mountains. In this dilemma, by the advice of Mrs Ellis, a marriage contract was drawn up, signed in triplicate, and witnessed, as follows: ' Carson River, July 4, 1854. By these presents we hereby cer- tify, in the presence of witnesses, that we will, from this time henceforth, to the end of our lives, live together as man and wife, obeying all the laws of the U. S., as married persons. In witness we set our hands and seals, this 4th day of July, 1854. James Dover, Rachel F. Albrecht. Witnesses: James B. Ellis, Charles H Albrecht, Augustus 0. Albrecht.' The contract w.is published in the Placerville H^oiititnin Democrat of July 29, 1854. For 8 years the obligation was kept, but at the end of that time Mrs Dover left her husband, and went to live with her brother at Placerville, n^^d finally was regularly divorced. wan CARSON COUNTY CREATED. 75 provide. The committee to which the petition was referred asked that jurisdiction be extended east- ward to 120° of longitude, as far north as the 42d parallel," and south to the intersection of the 35th l)arallel with the Colorado river. This action on the jiart of the people caused the Utah government to take action for their relief. On the I7th of January, 1854, the legislature of Utah passed an act creating the county of Carson, which embraced all of western Utah, from above the j)resent southern line of Humboldt county, south as far as about latitude 38°, and east as far as to about the 118th meridian. It was made the 3d judicial dis- After Thomas Knott had built the saw-mill for John Cary he erected a s;iw and grist mill, with a stationary thrasher, for Reese, at Mormon station. The dishonesty of E. L. Barnard, before mentioned, crippled Reese finan- cially, wlio was unable to pay for his mill, which added cieut to his disaster. Tlie land claims recorded in 1854 were J. C. Fain and E. L. Barnard, Feb. 2Sth; H. Van Sickle and Post, March 28th; R. De Frost and Frederick IJisliop, April 2d; John Stephens, April 6th; Joseph Williams, May 18th; A. V. Siewart and A. Clark, and C. D. Daggett, May 27th; George Lambe, Ootolier 30th; Nicholas Johnson, Dec. 4th; R. Sides, R. Abernethy, and J. M. lialdwin, Dec. 20th. There were also several transfers of claims. The claim of Samuel Blackford in Jack's valley had passed into the hands of Julius Peltier, who sold it to George Fogle Nov. 29th. The farm of one liruwn was sold by the constable, and bought in by Samuel Blackford for §787.32. G. B. Parker, who had purchased the Clear Creek rancho, first takun by Georse Mires and C. Phillips, sold it to R. Sides and RoUand Aber- nuthy Dec. 7tn. Joseph Brown sold a farm to Rufus Adams Dec. 26th. Jan 3, 1856, VV. P. Cosser recorded a claim; A. L. Kenyon, Jan. 12th; I. N. i{i\, Jan. 20th; Reese & Co. transferred land and property to Thomas Knox, valued at $4,000, to pay him for erecting the mills already mentioned. TliR transfer was made Jan. 23d. On the same day J. & E. Reese & Co, sold or conveyed to William B. Thorrington if 23, 000 worth of property to make gnnd a loan. The Eagle rancho was included in this transfer. On the li)tli of Feb. the same firm conveyed the remainder of their property to their cruilitors. On the 12th of March W. P. Allen and E. A. Parkerson recorded a land claim. Nicholas Ambrosia recorded a claim on the 24th of March. The last entry on this record was of a sale by Julius Peltier, of land, to R. D. Siilcs, J. M. Baldwin, and L. B. Abernethy. James B. Ellis kept a record of arrivals of Cal. -bound emigrant wagons, in 1854, upto July 1st, finding thum to foot up 213 wagons, 360 horses and mules, 7,528 cattle, and 7,150 sliocp. In this year John Reese, accompanied by a sergeant and 3 men of thu U. S. troops, pioneered a new, shorts r, and straighter route 1)etween Salt Luke and Carson valley than the oae previously travelled down the Hum- lii>l(lt. It was expected that Steptoe, who was to march to Oregon with troops, would come this way. The road was not opened until I860, when Ri;c8ti again piloted Capt. Simpson, of Johnston's army, with 10 wagons, across the conntry by this route, afterwnrd adopted as the mail route and a vairnn-road. A school was taught in the winter of 1854-5, at the residence of Israel Mott, by Mrs Allen. Prices were high, but not so high as they had been, which is proof of a full market. «Cai Jour. Sen., 1853, 90, 130-1, »nd App. Doc., 46. t ■ 76 SETTLEMENT, trict of the territory, United States Judge George P. Stiles being assigned to preside in it. Stiles, Hyde, and Haywood were also commissioners to establish a|)- proximately, together with commissioners from Cali- fornia, the boundary between Utah and that state, Tlie organic act authorized the governor to ap[)oint a probate judge, whose duty it should be to organize the county, the person selected being Orson Hyde, Accordingly, on the 15th of June, District Judge Stiles, Probate Judge Hyde, United States Marshal Joseph L. Haywood, and John and Enoch Reese, with an escort of thirty -five men, arrived at Mormon station from Salt Lake City, An election was called to take place September 20th for the choice of county officers, which resulted in the election of James C. Fain, sheriff; Henry W. Niles, surveyor;" Charles D. Daggett, prosecuting attorney ; " R. D, Sides, treasurer ; H, M. Hodges and James A, Williams, constables ; Nicholas Ambrosia and Henry Van Sickle, justices of the peace;" Henry D. Sears, William P. Allen, and James McMarlin, selectmen," whose duties were to act as associates with the probate judge, and attend to the care of the county's poor, orphaned, and insane. There was but little business in the courts during the ante-mining period of western Utah history/' The first criminal prosecution oc- The ! ! *• Niles was appointed clerk of the probate court Oct, 2d, by Orson Hyde, also ex-officio clerk of the county court. '''* Appointed assessor and collector in Dec 1855, ^ James McMarlin was appointed justice of the peace for Gold Cafion Dec. 3re its comple- tion, and when the work was finished found the foot to be higher than the head. " The Reese brothers had brought their families from Salt Lake, Alex- ander Cowan had arrived with his wife, destined to become famous a few years later as the richest woman in Nevada, and the wife of Sandy Bowers. Miss Mary Wheeler was married Oct. 28, 1855, to Squire Mott, son of Hiram Mott, the officiating justice being Orson Hyde. Miss Mary Gibson w.h married Nov. 6, 1855, to Henry Van Sickle by Judge Hyde, at the house if Niles and Sears. Miss Sarah Jane Thompson was married Oct. 2, 18G6, tn Stephen A. Kinsey, at the house of Judge Hyde, in Washoe valley, by tliat dignitary. ^■'Sen. Misc. Doc., 48; 34th cong. Ist sess.; H. Com. Rept, 116, 34th coiig. 3d sess. "William Jennings, in his Carson Valley, MS., 2, says that amission ^^■1s got up in 1852 by the two Reeses and others. On page 3 he says: 'The Car- son valley people, I think, were mostly apostate Mormons before 1856. The Reeses.' he continues, ' were only partially connected with the church.' '*The following Mormon ofiicers were elected: Richard Bently, recorder; Russell Kelly, sherifif (joined the Mormon church); William Nixon and I'er- meus Jackman, selectmen; Chester Loveland, justice of the peace; Nelsou anothJ who hi above! ruted who e^ grand inond, church! cisco, y\ The Jack, al (ienoa, Hyde a A saw-] and Fr buror of took its An at of eastei broad, r small dii and fieic architect was done dress th( nient was the least these pa Merkeley an( pointed asse lS.i6; Sac. U "Among Merkley, Jes i"^. who wer S'vMa, MS., and (ieoree \ William Nix( tlement, Allx ker, Cherry, s ^"^ Klein a k If'oG; Citmon Wri.jht'g Bi:] 19, 1859; Id., THE MORMONS. 70 another judge of the 3d district, W. W. Dnimmond, who held a term of court in Mott's barn, four miles above Mormon station. No business was really exe- cuted beyond convicting two men of grand larceny, who escaped after being sentenced, and impannelling a grand jury, which brought in no indictments. Drum- mond, who was not beloved by the authorities of the church, departed inmost immediately for San Fran- cisco, whence he sailed for the east. The new-comers settled in Carson, Eagle, Washoe, Jack, and Pleasant valleys, founding several towns." (xenoa, at Mormon station, was named by Judge Hyde after the birthplace of Christopher Columbus. A saw-mill was erected by Hyde in Washoe valley, and Franktown was settled and named. The little burg of Dayton, at the mouth of Gold canon, also took its rise in 1856." An attempt was made to form society on the plan of eastern Utah. The settlements were laid out with broad, regular streets, on either side of which ran small ditches carrying water for irrigating gardens and fields, as well as for supplying families. The architecture w^as of the simplest and rudest; nothing was done for ornament, but everything for use. In dress the same principle prevailed ; personal adorn- ment was unknown. To work and get the most with the least self-indulgence was the law laid down to these patient builders of Zion. Their one amuse- in Merkeley and Seth Dnstin, constablea; Charles D. Daggett (gentile) was ap- pointed assessor, collector, and treasurer. Placerville Anmri-an, Sept. 13, lS.i6; Sac. Union, Sept. 15, 1856. ^ Among the members of the mission '.vho came in 1855 were Christopher Merkley, Jesse M. Perkins, Reulien Pei'kius, Shepherd, and William Hutch- iui. who were sent on the special business of tlie church. BiMtii''ii first in Xi-mda, MS., 7. Other colonists of the same year were Clu-ster Loveland and (tenive Hancock. In 1856 came William Jennings, ChristopluT Layton, William Nixon, R. Walker, Peregrine Sessions, who founded Sessions" .set- tlement, Alliert Dewey, William Kay, founder of Kayswanl, tleorgu Nelje- kor, Cherry, and others. "'Klrin'a FottmUra of Curiton City, MS., 2, 6; S. F. Golden Em. May 11, 1836; l\trii>m Statf RfijiOer, July 29, 1871; Kelly $ Nev. Directory, 1862, 54-5; Wright's Bi:} Bonanza, 23, 24-5; S. F. Altn, Oct. 6. 1856; Sac. Union, Doc. li), 1859; /(if., Jan. 2, 1860; S. F. Bulletin, June 8, 1860. 1 <^' 'S i-J-"j I 80 SETTLEMENT. '■■■! i-i ment of dancing was forbidden to be practised in the company of gentiles, and to wash away their sins re- peated baptisms were enjoined. Still, the authorities in the west did not neglect the subject of instruction. At the December term of court in 1856 it was ordered that Carson county should be divided into four school districts. A school-house was erected at Franktowu in 1857, which was afterward sold to Lucky Bill, who moved to Genoa and used it for a stable. Affairs were already so shaping themselves in Salt Lake that nothing less than the complete abandonment of west- ern Utah would make the city of the Saints secure. In November 1856 Orson Hyde left Carson county to return to it no more. When he departed he leased his saw-mill in Washoe valley to Jacob Rose, that being the best that he could do with it at the time. In the ft>llowing year the colony of the faithful was ordered home to Salt Lake to defend Zion against Johnston's army. As the order was peremptory, they were forced either to abandon their property or sell it at a small part of its value, and they chose the latter course." Apostate Mormons, some of whom had fled from the reformation at Salt Lake, and gentiles, scarcely less hateful in the eyes of the saints, became the possessors of their improvements ; for which result of a futile undertaking the fortunate heirs of Mormon enterprise suffered condemnation, even to a curse uttered by Orson Hyde in 1862." ^ On the IGth of July, 1857, P. G. Sessions' train from Cal., consisting of 31 men, 16 women. 18 cliildren, 17 wagons, 40 horses and 32 mules, left Eagle valley for .Salt Lake. On the 5th of Sept. the Conover express from Salt Lake arrived in Washoe valley late in the afternoon, an«l on the 2Cth 450 persons, some of whom were from Ciil. and Dr., started with 123 wagons for Salt Lake, which tliey reached N.)v. 2d. Reese left with this train, travelling I>y the route south of the Humboldt to avoid the Indians. Jni- nifi'j*' Cnrt'^n Vallfy, MS. 4. ** In a letter of Orson Hyde, dated Jan. 27, 1802, addressed to the people of Carson and Washoe valleys, in which he relates the history of his null, he says it M'as liuilt l>y himself and a Mr Price; tliat the property was worth $10,003 when he left it; that for the rent of it he had received in advance ' 1 span of small indifferent mules, an old worn-out harncis, 2 yokes of oxen, and an old wagon,' things which he required for his journey to Salt Lake. A war followed l»etweeu the Mormons and the U. S. govt, an event which was uufavoraLie to the perfection of Mormon titles, after the orgaui'atioQ \>h '■■ THE MORMONS. 81 The abandonment of Carson county " by the Mor- mons loft it with a scant population, and for a time without a orovornment, although attached by an act of the legislature to Great Salt Lake county for elec- tion, revenue, and judicial purposes. From July 5, ISaf), to September 12, 1859, the operation of the ])rol)ate court was suspended, although the county was allowed to retain its organization so far as a re- corder, surveyor, and precinct officers were concerned, and these might be elected in accordance with exist. iiig laws, "until further directed by Great Salt Lake county court or legislative enactment; " but the ** rec- ord-books, papers, blanks, and seals, both of probate and county courts, shall be handed over to the order of the probate court of Great Salt Lake county." Til is act was passed January 14, 1857. On the 13th of April the county court, Chester Loveland presid- ing, adjourned to the following week, but without meeting again for three years." of the territory of Nevada, upon the abandoned premises. Hyde gave the jioDple of Carson val'ey choice Ijetween paying hiui $20,000, or being cursed witli earthquakes. Hoods, pestilence, and famine, and they took tlie risk of the hitter. Hyde was accompanied on his return to Salt Lake by ISimoii lijikiT, James Kathall, John Vance, William Price, Durflfee, Carter, Har- sliee. Woodland, and Butcher and family, and travelled the route explored by lifose in 1854. He died Nov. 28, 1878, at .Spring City, 8an Pete county, Utali, a man distinguished among his sect as a faithful and gifted servant of (lOtl. 3'Tliere is a statement in the S. F. AUa, Sept. 29, 1857, that Brigham Young liad ordered an organization of secret cavalry to western Utah. It was certainly iu)t to Carson. Much comment on the exodus of the Mor- mons is to be found in the Alta. They were ordered in from Cal. also. Mention in Xetvrs' Nff(ula Pioneern, MS., 1-2; CnulMtnuqliH Nevadu Bicxf- niyhii, MS., 3; OoUl Hill News, May 16, 1873; San Jcmi' Pioneer, May 26, 1877'. "Samuel A. Nevers was bom in Boston, March 1, 1824, came to Cal. in 184!t liy sea, in the ship Sweden; settled in Eagle valley in 1859, and niar- rie(l thereabout. In a manuscript account of Acixula Pioneern, in my coUec- ti'Mi, lie says: 'Tliere were but 4 persons settled in this pjirt of the valley at that time, to wit, B. L. King, Mart. Stebbins, .lacob H. Rose, and John Maiikiii, who were settled on land taken up by them under the laws of Utah None of the above named were Mormons .... Nearly all the Mor- iiKius, when leaving for Salt Lake, sold their land to John Mankin for a nominal sum, payment to be made in wheat, which was sold for a very low prii'i". This sale carried a strip of land from King's cafton down to the Hot sjiriugs, but Mankin subsequently claimed the whole lower portion of the valley Society was on a low plane, every man doing about as he pleased — There was no law here until Judge Cradlebaugh came, who to a great extent brought order out of chaos.' Hist. Nbv. 6. I 1 [.!„ SETTLEMENTS. Before the Mormons had made their final exodus, the remaining inhabitants seized the opportunity to prevent their return by again petitioning congress for a territorial organization m Western Utah, with por- tions (►f California and New Mexico." At a mass- meeting held at Genoa August 8th, by appointment of a previous informal meeting held on the yd,*' it wag declared, in a series of resolutions, that it was the sense of the inhabitants of that region that the security of life and property of immigrants passing through it depended upon the organization of a territorial gov- ernment. No other reason for the proposed division of Utah was given in the resolutions, but in the memorial accompanying it other causes were set fortli; namely, that no law existed la western Utah except theocratic rule, which was exercised by the Mormon church without reference to statutory regulations. The Utah legislature had abolished the courts of tlie county of Carson, leaving no officers to execute the laws except two justices of the peace and one con- stable, whose authority no one respected. The county was reduced to an election precinct, in which no one voted, or cared to vote. Th6re were bad men in the community, whose crimes could only be punished by resort to lynch-law ; the country was cut off from Cal- ifornia four months of the year by snow, and equally from the then seat of government by distance. In claiming a white population, however, of betwcm 7,000 and 8,000, and 75,000 to 100,000 natives, the to " !■'! i *'The petition makes the Goose Creek mountains the eastern, the Colo- rado river the southern, Oregon tlie northern, and the Sierra Nevada the ■western boundary. *''The fii'dt meeting was held at Gilbert's saloon, and was presided over liy John Reese, William Nixon being secretary. 'Ihe mass-meeting was al.ublish the proceedings of the conven- tion, as well as the leadhig papers in all the eastern cities.** The attitude of the Mormons had its influence on concrress. Crane wrote to his constituents from Wash- itigton in February 1858 that the conmiittee on ter- ritories had agreed to report a bill, and that it would he pressed through both houses " as a war measure, to " compress the limits of the Mormons, and defeat «.9. i^. Al/ii, Sept. 5 and Oct. 21, 1857; C'tl. Jnur. Assemhly, 18.")8, D6; Cil. SliL, IS.'iS, 3r>0; Sen. J/m. Diir., ISl, 3.")th cong. 1st sess. <' vV. W. Nicola, K. D. Sides, Orriii Gray, J. K, Truuibo, anil William Rdger.s. *-'lu Honey lake valley, Isaac Roop, Peter Lassen, William Hill, Mo- Miirtry, and Arnold; Kaglo valley, B. L. King and Martin Stol)l>in.s; Carson vallo,'. \\ illiam M. Ormsby, Jamei McMarlin, C. D. Paggett, .Tolin Reese, \Villi:iin Rodgers, TItoinas J. Singleton, Mo.ses ,rol), William Tliorrineton, Is:iac Farwell, Dmiel Woodford, Orrin Gray, and D. E. frilhert: Willow, tciwii, Solon-m Perrin; Ragtown, James Qnick; Twenty-six Mile de-icrt, ■JetL'riim Atc.liison; Sink of HnmUoldt, Samuid Blackford; Walker ri^er anl valley, T. J. Hall and James Mclntyre; Hope valley, S. Stevenaou; Lake valley, M. Smith. '°A memorial adut poM^essed a tine person, a handsome face, antl a gay and liencvolent disi>ii- sition; benevolent in tho sense tliat Robin H(mhI was so, ho rublnid those that had money or property, and good-naturedly gave of his easily gotten gains .1 small portion to tlio.se who had not, when they iipiiealed to hia sympatiiies •• a trait which often S ot a man in Cal.. took np his quarters with id by the friends of the latter he denied lii-i lie with W. T. C. Elliott and John N. ii\\]erty, including a h being hanged for the act. Cirt the guilt of Edwards, he Hed t claimed Thorrington's protectir the 1 f'TMIi with Jlll.sjtl the f. he w;i own; ^Morm the vo hi ( -a us "Mon cho.scn Al)irii< ■•md J{, S. A. 1 Farwel A. Hmi belong i to the I onerous ilfti'<'(iv«'s fi h.'i-.-,,' aiil \\ ti'M, llMltlillj Wire arri'.ste C. \. Xotev sliiTitr. John fessi,!. and < liy th(! loose <'iie tlii'inseh •it tho .scene riiigtoM at hi 'i'liorriiij.'ton asyhim it St ^I.IXWeadi, i MS,;.-?. See "lt.sl,ouh nions li'ft ill ( JiiTh.-ips also I viiitiirc upon "(iii-.Ts of the •'"liii llawkin v.ilh.v , *Thecand Martin Stebbi a'l'l \V. (\,ssc ^'^Mi': .1. M. .-^IcMiiiis was !i <';'nliiii; to the •^^iiiets not Leer KLKCTIOX. tlic iu'iti»li' created a division of sentiincnt, and tlio f.iiiiiatittn of two political tmrtios, the 8yni|)atlii/erM with Tlu)nin;4ton hoinj^ called Monnoti, and the op- jtdsite party anti-Aforinon.** Tho latter party accused the fcnm r of coiidoninj^ Thorrinfjjton's jj^iiilt hrcauso ]h' wa.s conveniently blind to certain ]>ractic(S of tluir (iwn; and they also made war upon Judjjio CMiildsasa Mormon appointee. At the election, October JU), 18.")S, the votes of four out of six precincts were thrown out hnausc ot alh'i,'ed illei^al votiuji^, and a majority of the '•.Mormon" candidates elected. 1£. ]?. demons was chosen re[»resentative ; !M M. Gaii^o treasurer; L. All' rnethy slieritF; W. G. Vyatt, James McMarlin, and \i. ] ). Sides selectmen ; C. N. Noteware survevor ; S. A. Kinsey recordei ; Benjamin Sears and James Farwell justices of the [)eace; T. J. Atchison and J. A. Smith constables. Sides and Abernethy did not helonLj to the ^lorinon party." Little heed was jj^iveji to the officers elected, whose duties were not of an on(>rous nature. (Ictoctivcs from the vigilanro committee, Elliott and Oilpin, pnrcliascd the linix' anl woniifii tliein.sclves into the conlidencc of KilwanU and 'I'liorrin^;- tiiii, li'iiiriiii^ of the propoHed elopement of tlie former, whurciipon hoth men wi IV arri'sted and tried by a citizen's court, the evidmce lieinK recorded l>y ('. N. Noteware, afterward secretary of Nevada. \V. T. C Klliott acted an Hln'ritr, >)o)iii L. t'ary as judge, and IS otliers as jurors. Edwards finally con- fe.-isid. and declared the innocence of Thorrington; but the jury, prejudiced liy tlu: liio.se character of the latter, and the fear of other crimes, committed one themselves by convicting a man without evidence. Edwards was hanged at tliu scene of the murder, m Himey Lake valley, June '2.1, ISiiS, and Thor- ringt.m at his farm at Clear creek, on the 19th, two days after the trial. Tli(irrinj;ton had a son, Jerome, who died, while his wife went to the insane asylum kt Stockttm. There were 2 accomplices of Edwards, who were fined IJl.tHK) each, and ordered to leave tlie country. Van Sirkle's L'Uih iJiKjH-rulofx, MS. :H. See €ilso /'op. TrihuwiLi, this series. "It should lie borne in mind that there were not enough professed Mor- mons left in ('arson valley to make a Jiarty; but there were apostates, and jht1i.i|is also s( cret believers. 'J hey were too well tlrilleil in obedience t.) viiitnre upon the vigilant system of justice unless ordered to do so by the nlliciTs of the church. Keese names tho families of Moore, John IHlworth, .loliii Hawkins, and Perkins, who wtrc i',iormona and remained in Carson valley. ■*Tlie candidates of the anti-Mormon party, in the order given above, were Martin Ste!)l)ins; H. Mott, sen.; (Jeorge Chodic; Jolm \j. Carey, J. H. Hose, ami W. Cosser; .Tohn F. Long; S. Taylor; A. J. Hammack and H. Van Siikle: J. M. Herring and .T. M. Howard. The vote between demons and ^tt'liliins was a tie, but the result was 'declared in favor of Mr Clemons, ac- fiTclins; to the Ctah statutes, page 2.'?4, sec. 1'2.' Had the votes of 4 pre- I'iiicts not been thrown out, Stcbbius would have had a majority of 48. SETTLEMENTS. In this year Carson City was laid out in Eagle valley by Abraham V. Z. Curry/' who erected a stone house, which was followed the same year by three or four others;" but no rapid influx of popula- tion followed that year or the next. *' Only at one point was there any perceptible increase in population, and that was at what is now Gold Hill, where the discovery of rich placers in 1859 had attracted tlie usual rush of miners which follows a report of new gold diggings. By this mixed and migratory population the need of some laws and regulations was felt, and they accord- ing! aval etior make erii })atri ii ; ■rn' " A. V. Z. Curry was an energetic pioneer. He settled in Warm springs and built the hotel and swimming baths. He discovered the extensive sand- stone deposit at Carson, and erected the stone buildings in th'j town. lie was witli <.rould in the Gould and Curry mine; was a member of the terri- torial council, and acti - in various branches of business. ' He Imlonged to that sturdy class of men who found empires and build up states.' *^ Nevers, in Nevada Pioneers, MS., 2, states that he himsjlf built the third house, ' in what is now Carson valley,' in 1859. 0. H. Pierson, writing in the Carn'm 'fiifmne, Aug. 5, 1870, says that when he entered Eagle valley in 1859 he found there three houses only, one of v/hich was occupied by Aliram Curry, one by William M. Ormsljy, and another by Martin Stebbins. Pier- son also says that he erected the fourth house, which was the St Nicholas hotel. *^ Granville W. Uuffaker, in a manuscript entitled Uir/y Cattle Trwh in Nevwla, mentions some of the settlers in western Utah whom he found in 1859. Hutfaker was in Salt Lake in 1857-8, when the gentiles were ordered out. Among those who left were John H. Kinkead, Bell, Gilbert, and < iear- ish, the latter two settling in Los Angeles, California. Hutfaker had perinia. sion to remain, couched in the following trenchant phrase, ' Keep your tongue in your head, and you will not be molested.' He remained, on tlii>!eing appointed in the spring of 1860. '^- Crane ran against Frederick Dodge, U. S. Indian agent, Iwating him l>y til Votes. The election was irregular on both sides. Crane was a native of V^a, about 40 years of age, and a printer. He was a well-informed politiciivn, auil founded the Hrst whig paper in Cal. — the Cdlifontin Courier. After the iliscriitinuance of this journal he made careful researches into tho Spanish records, arranging his knowledge of history in tlie form of lectures. Before his researches were completed he died. Kdky's Nns, Directory, 29-30. m U. iJjjl 90 SETTLEMENTS. : ; m m for his successor was held November 12th, resulting in the choice of J. J. Musser;** also an election fur members of the legislative assembly, which was ap- pointed to meet in December. The vote for governor was canvassed ; Roop was declared elected, and duly sworn in by F. M. Preston, United States commis- sioner for the second judicial district. On the 21st of November the inhabitants of Car- son valley held another meeting, at which a memorial to congress was adopted, asking for the organization of the territory of Nevada. On the 1 5th of December four members of the legislature elect m^t at the house of J. B. Blake of Genoa, O. H. Pierson*' speaker, H. S. Thompson clerk, and J. H. McDougal sergeant- at-arms. Governor Roop delivered his message, some resolutions were passed, a committee appointed to draw up a memorial to congress, and the legislature, being without a quorum, was then adjourned to the first Monday in July. In his message the govenior alluded to the peculiar condition of western Utah, and the helplessness of the United States judge. Cradlcbauijh, to administer the laws of the countr\ ." but expressed his confidence in the justice of congress, and in the disposition of the people to wait upon its action. The administration of Governor Roop was entirely of the negative kind, and corresponded in this respect with the two other governments exercising a nominal authority over the country.** But the faith of the people in congressional interpositiou was des- * Musser left Carson for Washington city Dec. 12, 1859, carrying a large piece of silver ore from the Ophir mine for the Washington monument. >!>. /'. AUa, Dec. 12, 1859. **Pieri,;r. came to Carson City in 18.59, and built the first hotel — the St Nicholas — on the corner of Carson and First streets. It was filled as sihui as comnleted. He erected 12 other houses in Carson. A portion of the town was called Pierson 's Addition. Cargon Triliune, Aug 5, 1870. **The court-house at Genoa is descri1>ed as a building 30 by 60 feet. U storier high, in the upper part of which Judge Cradle1>angh held his tirst V. S. D. court, access to it being had by means of a ladder from the street. Later, stairs were built from the sidewalk. **The only instam-e!* of Roop's official action were in connectioQ with the Indian diilicultiea uf 184)0, of which I shall speak hereafter. n tinJ turj to j)re(| (leejL to hi POLITICAL MATTERS. 91 tinod to another year of trial. Delegate Musser re- turned from Washington, having done no more than to reiterate the appeals of his constituents and his predecessor, which reiteration may have served to deepen the impression already produced, and thereby to hasten in some degree the end. CHAPTER V. THE COMSTOCK LODR 1849-1860, CONFIODRATION — PlACER GoLD— EaRLY MiNINO IN GOLD CaNON— SiLVEB Found bv tue Okosch Brothers — Death of the Discoverers— Com- STOCK, Old Virginia, and Associates — Johntown and (Joi.d Hii.l Claims and Locations— Ophir, .Silver Citv, or VimuNiA Town - Discoveries Elsewhere — Walsh and Wooiiworth-Testino and Skparatino — Introduction of Mills— Processes — Descriition of THE CAUFORKIA, A REPRESENTATIVE MiLL. in t sink Tru( Xci and nort boui a way inuf iiiili'.s know times Jiahit; years its he l\ The state of Nevada came iiito beinjj tlirough the discovery and development of the Conistt)ck lode. No doubt the corruption of the federal judiciary hastened the formation of a state government. Nowhere else in the annals of the world do we find a society sj)ring- ing up in a desert wilderness, so wholly dependent tui a mountain of metal, so ruled bv the ever-chauirinu: vagaries attending its development, and which finally attained the full measure of a fair and prospc;r()Us commonwealth. Hence it is that the history of the Comstock lode is to a great extent the history of Ne- vada. The yield of this vast deposit aided greatly in enabling the nation to resume specie payment after the close of the civil war. The ranice of mountains in which the great mineral vein of western Utah was situated is separated from the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada by a continu- ous parallel depression, which is divided into tlie smaller valleys of the Truckee, Washoe, and Carson rivers. Irregular in outline and height, it gradually slopes at the south into the basin of the Carson, he- coming more elevated farther south, where it mersjjes (92) GEOLOCIY. 98 on in the Pine Nut range. Toward the west the hills sink rapidly to the dctrital beds of the Washoe and Truckco valloys, being connected with the Sierra Nevada by two granite ridges crossing the northern and southern extremities of Washoe valley. To the north the range extends, with several breaks, to the boundary of Oregon, and to the southeast it melts away abruptly into the Carson valley. The culminat- in<4 point of elevation is a peak something over tliirty miles from Genoa, and eighteen from Carson City, known as Sun peak by the earliest settlers, and some- times as Mount Pleasant by subsequent mining in- luil)itants. It was named Mount Davidson' in later years by the California state geologist, who ascertained its lu'ight to be 7,827 feet. Down from the south side of this peak runs a ravine to the Carson river, a distance of several miles, wliich is tlie Gold canon referred to in the previous cha[)ter. It obtained its name from the fact that some gold mining had been carried on in it ever since the settle- ment of the valley. It comes quite down to the im- miijjrant road, and consequently was well known to early passers-by. Beatie relates that in 1841), while lie and one of the Blackburns were on their first visit to the Calif«)rnia gold mines, Abner Blackburn occu- pied himself in prospecting in the lateral ravines of Carson valley, and discovered gold in this canon in the month of July,' but not in quantities sufficient to cause a fever in the blood of the saints. No mining ' After Prof. George Davidson of the coast survey — a fitting tribute to his genius. ■ Firxl in Xrvaila, MS., 4-5. Tliere arc various versions of tJie first dis- covery of gold in western Utah, hut none more authentic. See lirim'ii'n Min. lirxiinnrn, 87; Vinjinia City Orriiteiititl, in Domiimlln Mountniii Mif^rwjrr, -May 14, 18G4; Sail Jogi Mt-rcttry, A\m\ 14, 18U4; Sar. Tniiinrript, Aun.'M ]HM (steamer edition); i>. F. Jhnilil, July 1, 1850; M(trii>'>K(i (r',izitti,S\arch 2:?, 1878; ^r>,■.,ftn'il Trip (1840). ]9'20; Wri>,lu's Bi; Bommx, t-'C; ;<, 1880. Tlw R>>m Oazette of Feh. 12 1880, gives the date as 18.51. Tli:it lH"iO lias l>een so generally nanic:l as the year is due, prohalily, to the f:iit tliiit the newspapers did not publish the Mormon discovery until miners beguu tu go tu Cal. i m k U ^f i: 94 THE COMSTOCK LODE. was done by Beatie's company, which returned to Salt Lake the same season. But on his second visit to California, Beatie informed the Mormon com[)any in the mines of the discovery, and subsequently some of them, with immij^rants from the states on tlieir way to California, stopped to mine for a while in Gold canon. The gold it produced was poor, bcinjjj worth no more than fourteen dollars to the ounce ; but as Cakson Vallky. the dio^gings continued to yield a fair day's wages, there were at work generally in the mining season from one to two hundred men, some of whom had made settlements upon land claims near by. But down to the period where the last chapter ends, there had never been any marked recognition of western Utah as a mining country. Gold canon was the only mining ground worked in this district before 1857, It opens from the north- GOLD CAJSON. 95 west near where the Carson river turns rather abruptly to the soutliwest. At the distance of about f\>ur miles from its mouth it forks, the middle branch of three beinjjj called American Flat ravine. Near the head of this ravine is a mound, which in 1858 acquired the name of Gold hill, to distinj^uish it from (Jold canon. This hill is a mile or more from Mount Da- vidson. Coming from the north side of the mountain is another largo ravine, wliose head is within a mile of the head of Gold canon, whose mouth is on the Carson river, a few miles northeast of Gold canon, and which was known as Six-mile canon. It had no settlement at this period, but at the mouth of Gold canon was the little town of Dayton, then known as Chinatown, from the presence there of a camp of Chinese employed in digging the canal before men- tioned, for which Reese obtained a franchise, and which was finished by Rose. The white inhabitants called the place Mineral rapids, and it never received its final christening until November 3, 1801, when in a [)ui)lic meeting this important matter was decided,* About four miles up the canon was another camp, known as Johntown. Neither of these places had a dozen houses of any kind, the migratory habits of tlie miners and the scarcity of timber, with the entire absence of lumber in that part of the valley, causing them to live in tents, which at the end of the season were easily removed. Nor were there ever more than 150 or 200 miners in Gold canon at one time before 1859. That mysterious something which is called fite by pagan, and providence by Christians, and which like Wrljht'a Bi'j Bonnnzn, 28-0. William Wriglit, whose nom de phimr as a po])iiI,ir writer on Nevada journals was Dan DeQiiille, was reporter on the Vir- ginia City Territorinl Enteiyrine for 16 years, and had the liest facilities for aL'(|uiriiig liiitorical facts. His hook is made popular l>y the introduction of facL-tious anecdotes, and a stylo of raillery much in vogue in writing of min- inj; atfairs, with no better reason than that in early times one or two liumor- o. offered ^•" 'U^'noss, started about' ?. ^- m,^'" *« California :"' ^"^ 1^^-r person, to cross the ^' '^^ November? ^^^.;;'' f-iUi,'Iit in a terrible ^n !'""""<^«"^s/ Thev 0. ,„er on the west s.^e titV*f '-""/P •"■» Mexi! ■i"il above the kneea A V *''<">" Hs frozo,, f„ , . . , *«i^e oi Henrv T P 'I'''' . 98 THE COM STOCK LOKR. Conistnrk/ ft minor in Gold rafion, who nlf»o livdl about Jolintowii, und \nu\ been in western Utah since 1H5(). How niurii or liow Httlc Coni.st«)ck knew of tiio plans of the (Jrosch i>rothers previous to eoniiii:^ into the [)ossession of their hooks and i)aiters throu^li the death of Allen (irosrh is uncertain ; hut prohaltly ho had never heen admitted to their confidenee fur- ther than to enirago his services, and to explain to him what the consideration wouhl he,* with assurances of the prospective value of the-r mininj^ claims. The total disappearance of their hooks and papers, with all the evidences of their company and indiviihial ri!j;hts, is strong presumj^tive evidence afj^ainst Coin- stock as the person in char<^e. Whatever knowledujc ho had he kept to himself, and with e(jual caro re- moved the traces of their claims,'* which mi^^lit Iciid * William Jennings, in his Car/ton Vnlliif, MS., 3, states that f'omstdck came into tlie valley in IS.TG, driving a thick of Kiii'i'|), l>nt that ' tlie Inili;iin fot mo-it of the sheep.' C'oni.stcicl< .says of himself that his name Mas Hiiiry 'liomas I'aige Comstock, anil that he was tlie son of Xoah Comstock of C'livf. laiiil, (Jhio, anil was h(»rn in Canaila in I8l'0. He declareil tliat ho hinl Ikiii in the wihlerness from chihlhooil hunting and trapiiing, except wlien ho \v,n Berviag in the Blauk Hawk, Patriot, and Mexican wars. His mind \v:is ill balanced, or if not so natnrally, he had sntfered so many shocks of f.ntiuie that the latt years of his life were hut thcreconl of a feehle .stintrL'lc au:iiii-t advancing dementia. After leaving Nevada, wiiich he did in iMi'J to (.'n to the ea-ttern Oregon and idalio mines, he wandered ahout in those (.oimtiiii for several years, and constructed a mad from Auhurn to IJaker City, Oi(i.'uii, before going to Boise, and finally going to Montana. He accomiiaiiicd tlia Bighorn expediti/ Ximln TinfH, Aug. 27, 187'J; Eiinhi Senfiii'l, -fuly 14, 1875; a,l>l IIHI Xnr:,, Aug. :iO, 1875. ' .V writer in the Stir, [fnimoi Aug. 17, 1803, signing himself <•♦*••/' but s{)oaking as one who knows, says that Allen f Jrosch made a written cnii- tract with Comstock to go into his cabin and take charge of tlic ' Hill " iliiim during his absence for the winter, for whii-i. , !'r\ice he was to rcciivo a fourtii interest in that claim; .said claim boin'^' r.;c rded «-ith a diagram aiiil marked by posts, the claim covering 3,7i>() feet nirth of the ledge win re the Hr.-b notice was posted, and extemling beyo 'd '.lie ravine on the iioitli .-iile of Virginia City. This, if true, would Cx.t tlie locality and the value ni the Grosch mines. '^Wriglit says that he Raw the old furnaces of the Orosch Inntliers nnearthed in 18(50, they having been covered up with a foot of mud ainl .-ami from Oold ciinon. They were 2 in number, only 2 or .S feet in length, .i i><"t in height, and l.\ feet in width. One had been used as a smelter, ami the other as a cupel furnace. The remains of melting-pots and fragments nf cupels wore found in Jind about the furna<'es: also a large piece of argentifer- ous galena, which had doubtless been procuretl a short distance ^vl■^t I'f Silver City. After the discovery of the furnaces there was» much scar.h by 1 (JOLI) DISCOVERIKS. 00 in Idontifioation l\v oithor of tlio rompanu^s, or by tlio lirirs t»f tlio (irosch hrotlierH. For more than a yi-ar jii'ti r tlu' (leatli of Allen (Irosrli, CN)nist(K'k remained ill (iold canon, keepinuj a siUnit watcli u|»on the pro- • -ress of discovery, and ready to pr«jHt \)y it. At the la-t it came, ap lie expected." ilciurnini; to the lii.story of mininiyf for jjjold hy the psidents of Johntown: during the summer of IS57 a iiiniil)er of men from Gold canon, j)ro.specting in Six -mile canon, discovered a new field ahout a mile lit low the ground now occupied hy Virginia City. Tlif gold was not found in auriferous sand and gravel, hut in hlue clay so tough that it had to he dissolved to fit the metal. From $5 to $13.50, the value of aiiounce, was a day's wages, and in 1 858 the same iiiim IS returned to these diggings, puzzletl to under- stand their peculiar features, hut satisfied with the |iay. AVith them came a few others, who were forced to talce claims higher up the canon. Among the newer coiners was James Fenniniore, an iiitt'!ii|)erate Virginian, without eitlu r brains or educa- tion, wiio for some breach of lawful cticjuette com- mitted elsewhere, had found it convenient to remove t» Carson valley in 1851," where he had remained ever since, digging his s(^ason's wages out <»f the earth to i)our it down his throat in bad whiskty during his leisure months. When ho first came to Carson valley he calKd himself James Finney, until outgrowing his ai»])r('hen.sions, he ackmnvledged his true name to be Fi niiiirore. But although so well supplied with ap- pellations,'^ he was dubbed by the miners Old Virginia, niiiuTs in the neinhlinrliood for the mine they had been prospecting, but it was Mot fiiiind. liij Bnntiioft, 34. "Wriijlit relates tliat Coinstock obtainoil the sobriquet of Old Pancake aiiiiiiii; tlie miners, because he could not tak<> time to make bread. ' Kven as, witii s|ii)()ii in hand, he stirred up his pancake l>atter, it is said that he kept oiif fvi' on the top of some distant peak, and was lost in spoculatinns ia ret'iir.l to the wealth in gobi mil silver that might rest somewiiere beneath its rocky crest.' Biiwlciit, ,h\\u 10, 1875. The writer is evidently more than a year too early in his date, unlt-bi the package came from Comstock, and was found in Groach s cabin. rivulet a (icpti lodlviiig stand, who ap nioveiiu tlio .spot the JKM'.- At tlie tVoiii w claiiru'd (Old V[ ^[('LaM'4 found it fornu'd t to .some Joseph I' thoivupDi )n;rsi)ijs V to a Hrni( and O'liil Olio, and whicli C( aLHoed to, sale of th found. 1 (>omstock interest ii theio yet who was I that it wa; haste to fi i\^dit, witl TilE DISCOVKUERS. lUl riviilrt for thn use of tlieir rockers. On tlic 10th, at a depth of tour feot, they caiin; to a stratum of strange- lodkiii;'" earth, the nature of wliicli they did not under- stand. It is upon record, however, that Conistock, who appears to liave been extremely watchful of the moveiuents of prospectors, immediately appeared upoji thi' .^pot, with the remark, " You have struck it, boys,'"* the jjcrsons addressed being McLaughlin and O'liiley. At the same time he made known that the spring from which they were conducting the water was claimed bv himself, Emanuel Penrod, and Fennimore (Old \^ir:,nnia), the latter owning but one share. As ;M('L;i'ighlin and O'Riley tested their discovery, and found it as rich as it was qu(^er, Comstock further in- formed them that the ''round thev were on belonged to some pcrstnis then ubvSent ; namely, Fennimore, Josi'ph Kirl)y, James White, and William Hart, and thereupon j)ropt)sed an arrangement by which the.se jH'rsDiis were to l)e l)ought ott", and himself admitted to a lirm consisting of Penrod. Comstock, McLaughlin, and O'Riley.'* As the claim was evidently a valualde one, and as it could not be worked withtmt water, which Comstock controlled, the proposition was iiLHeed to. Penrod was employed to obtain a bill of sale of the claimants, only three of whom could be found. To these he paid .$50 for their rights, and (yoinstock negotiated the purchase of Fennimore's interest in the spring for an old blind hor.se. But there vet remained one of the oriufinal claim-owners, who was not .satisfied, and Josepli D. Winters seeing that it was vieldin-' .^.'500 a dav to the rock r, made haste to fmd the missing share-owner, ami secure his ri'dit, witliout iid'tirminiX him of its value To avoid ■'Tlii.s (■xi'tiinatioii lias Iktii t;ikiMi ,as ])riiof tliat Coinstoc'k know of this il'liiisit, (ir at least that hi- reougni/.i-il its \aiiit! frinii kiiowlivl^o iplitaincd fiMni thd I'oiitcKtH iif tlie (iriisch ea^ill, siu'h ktmwh'dj;!' imt li('iii>^ jiossis^t'il liy tiir (ithor luiiiiTs. If this were triio, liu actuil witii I'onMUiuiiiatt; tact tlir.iiigiKmt th(! wlioli; .sul)s<'i(iuMit iiroow-clini^s, '■^ linnk ,/ />,,,/.* <'/ til Whit' iiii'l "■ •)>liii dronwh by Cteorj^f! Wells, MS., i In this iloeiiiiU'Ht it is sfateil ti... . ulicy al-io Imsied theiiiselvvM that clay til HcMiri' tlie siirfa laiiiK |>reviiiudy liea'e 1.' This iiiamiseri|)t is a history of thu (ireat Buiiaii/a, from uvnleuce fouinl in searching for title. i! 102 THE COMSTOCK LODE. ; ! litigation. Winters was admitted as a partner, after the lode was discovered upon which the fame of the state of Nevada was so soon to be built. For only about one week did the claim continue to pa}'^ in the rich decomposed ore, of which the niintrs were ignorantly throwing away the greater part of the value," when the miners came, on the lltli of June, to a solid ledge four feet in width, which Pen- rod declared to be a quartz vein, but which Comstuck at first denied, and finally admitted, the other two partners still assenting and objcctuig to " locating " as such. Penrod and Comstock, however, prevail* d, giving notice of their claims, which included 1,500 foot on the ledge — 300 for each man in the company, aiicl 300 additional for the discoverer, according to the mininor laws in California." Comstock claimed 100 feet to be segre»j[atcd to himself and Penrod, where- ever he should chose in the company's claim, in con- sideration of their services in securing O'Riley's and McLauglilin's claims to them by including them in the location. This segregated claim became the famous jMexican, from which millions of dollars nv( re taken. By these methods, without ever having (hs- covered anything, and always claiming evcrvtliinL;', by nmch loud talking and a display of stolen knowh edge — for the hints obtained fiom the pa[ier.s df the Grosch brothers, never before well understoixl, now enabled him to discourse with a show of learning — Comstock caused })eople to talk al»out the Comstock lode. Many located claims u[)on it. The ore was sent to California to be assayed, and with the astonishing returns came hordes of new adveii- •' Assays from the top of this iiiiiie (tlio Ophir) yiolilcd .*!1,.'>!).") in goM anJ $t,7'.tl silvor. ,S'. /''. Al/'i, Nov. 10, 1859; .V. Pur. J{,ri,w, i. UO-ol; nhk''-! Jfcrhir, in .Uh). M'ty Comstock anil assouiatcn tlio day after tlioir iliscovery, ami before it was made known, in order to indueo tlio miners to pass laws and rei,'ul.i!iiiiu which would enalile tliem to hohl (piai't/ claim i. Ihis is an error, as it «:is not known to he a quartz claim until about tlie 17th, and the nieetiu;,' wi" held on the 11th. ture \V fSt fame the f ( 'Ity, claim rccor Fcnii of th lead, An apjX'u: C'uii'v hut oi liave OtJ cover« CLAIMS LOCATED. 108 turors, who quickly converted the quiet haunts of western Utah into roaring mining camps. Sucli is taiiii'. rtMirod, Conistock, & Co., this beliig tlie name of tlio hrni in Book A of the mining records of Virginia ( 'itv, called their mine the Ophir, and it was the first cliiini recorded on this lode, but it was not the first ivconled in western Utah. On the 2"Jd of February Ft uniniore located a claim on a large vein lying west of the Comstock, which came to be called the Virginia lead, after the nickname of the claimant. Among the "notices" recorded at Virginia City a]ii>car.s nno of a location made May 12, 1851), by A. Cuiiy. J. E. Clark, H. F. Clark, and C. W. Curry, hut on \vh?.v vein is not stated, though it could not have ) •..el), 'h- Comstt)ck at that date."^" OtJi' !" v.'u , both placer and quartz, had been dis- covered I'l diifcrcnt parts of what is now Nevada, previous to any locations in Carson valley. As early as 184'J an innnigrant named Hardin, while hunting with two other men, discovered silver in the Black Hock range, in the Humboldt country, one anil a half miles fnmi Hardinville." In 1857 quartz mines "'riiprri are many wlio speak of OLl Virginia as tlie di.scoverer of tlio Comstdfk, liut without sliailow of truth. 1 ; .■'.pi)ears prohalile that his claim oil another larj^o load, ahove nu'iitiouud, '^avo rise to tiie heliof. It wa.s at one tiiiiti tiiiiujiiit hy some to he tlio iiiotliiT loile of the range, as the Com- stoik a[ipeari(l to dip tovvaid it. Tlie purt'hasc.'rs of FL'iiiiimore's claim hcgaii a.suit au'aiiist the Ophir vompaiiy .. i- 'rtiiig that they wore on the Icail located iiy I'cimiiiiore. Ihe Ophir '■•iDii-uiv tiiially paid .StiO.OOO to «]iiict title. Wrhjiit's li'-i HoiiaiiZ'i, aU t. i'lii^ \ids juMl'alify the 'monster vein ' of the Oi'(),c!i iirotlicrs. Account ', varyir : accordiui,' to recollection or prejudice, aluniiKJ of the disc()VL<'y (•:' sdvi r 1^77, 7'J; Briiini<''.i Mill 1: mu ■■■•<■' Miaiwi Ji'cv., l>S7t>, 11-12, ^-r. ///.■ S'li. J'liii:, IMiti, app. (, !^ '20; ;i; Wevada. Instance J/ai-jxr'n Miri/., .lune, •2 ■-;«■), t<7-S; Knnj-'-i Cw/>r;irn}nitl, !»4 101. , i{)"}<, 1. 'Jlil (■>. Mth cong. 1st sess. ; Xi r. .\''e.() Hanlinville was .suttied. hout IXW. '^^ Afterwanl 8-0,0()() wa.i expendeil on tlu'se nlinc^i liy <'apt. Allen, wlm derived no henetit frojii it, tliougli the wealth of tlic mine was uii<|iiestiotnil. Assays made hy the ' camel ' houmlary line e.\i»edition showed .*.'{.") jxr ton in silver. Tlie want of railroad transportation was the chief drawlwck. ^eo Sulli ii'in's It'"pt on Potnx}. *''Tho name of \\'ashoe mines has lioon derived from Washoe valloy, wliicli ii some 'i.") miles distant [actual dist.iiice I'J miles], anil in no wayc^in- nected with tlie mines.' B. O , in S. /•'. littiiifhi, (K-t. 1 1, l.S.V.». In the A'"'/f (C'al.) Ddiii^rnt is the following, furnished hy Frwter, e.Yprcssniin lK-t«ii'n Nevada City and ("arson valley: 'Collins & Co., immigrants, lin-ated a liduc ahnut the 1st of Octohcr, 4 miles from W.-vslux- lake, whicli assayed .4<> |" r ton in gold. Sutxecpiently a numher of locations were made in the v.ill' v. and niiuiug districts urgaui^d; but thure is uuthing iu thi^i tu accuuut fur :Lc ■% IcsttT f-'iving it IS \\ritt(ii •''i'lii; Sjin pood fcrtuno to the l,ir;.'L' t\ "' lir 'irii'n J-^-V), .Ulnrdil J;'!in S. Jtiitl, Aiiirrisdti, |>. .Ih«|iIi Curlv. ')• .'^iv-iL'e, \V J"!iM Murpliv ^- ■■S^utt, W." EARLY DEVELOPMENT. 105 I BO- S' » 110 lied to the system of mines on the great silver lode, and all tliG roj^jion thereabout, until the name became as wi(l< Iv known as Conistock's. The discovery of diginc of tlie earLer Mormon records it i.s writtiii \\'assa\v. ''TIk! Sjiaiii'*!! wonl Imnnizn, sifjiiifyiii^; pros]n'rity, fair weatlior at sea, good fortiiiio ill mining, was introiluceJ liy tlio Muxiuans, auil licre applied to tlic larjio lines. '■' lir 'irii's Mill. Re.tnnrcex, 88-9. Tlie names of locators up to Sept. 1, l*'.")!', act'onlini; to tiie reconl, are asfuUows: Thomas Winters. James Welilier, J.lm S. IJiitkr, <;. F. Rogers, .lolin Hisliop, M. L. I'ow.ll. F. Leary. V.'. P. Ai.irris.m. \\ T. Ileally, H. .lolinson, H. H. (amp. A. ;:. Hiuiiack. \. White, .liKijih ( 'inly. W. Henderson, .laiiu's Finney. Jnhn l5>Try. Jj. ('. Savage, .■\. 0. .^iv-iL'f. \\. Sturtevant, < '. C^ia-e, U. ('rail. I>. .Mifrnather. L. S. Uowors, JdIhi Miirpliy. .lames Lee. .lames I'tu'lianan. \\m- Fielii, .\. I'ower, Kiiliraim U. Jicutt, \V. W. Capen, F. McNeil, ( lei rge (_'. Koscubakcr, Jolm Carter, A. W0'': li M' II if h I m m Mi 1 1 106 THE COMSTOCK LOEE. Joseph Woodwortli of Grass Valley. Walsh liad procured an assay of a piece of the ore from the Opliir early in Jul}^ and immediately started witli Woodwortli to ins[»ect it. The result of the exuui- iiiation was that on the 1 2th of August Walsh othrcd and Comstock accepted $11,000 for his one-sixth in- terest in the Ophir mine, which was exclusive of the 100 feet owned hy Pen rod and Comstock in the niiiist of the claim." The transfer from Comstock convex cd also "one undivided half of 200 feet of mininjiirrouiKl being worked b}' the California company at the pns- ent time under an agreement made with me," besidi s certain claims in Six-mile canon known as the Cald- well claims, one half of the spring before mentioned, and " also mv recorded title to a ranch, on which tlie aforesaid village of Ophir is h)catcd." " In Septoiii- bcr McLaughlin sold his interest in the company's Bell, S. r. Kaudall, U. Guinness, S. Stoyle, (1. A. McBrido. J. McConiull. T. A. Ri'id, L. S. Piokeriiig, II. Baco-i, E. T. >'artin. A. K. Jenkins. S. s I'enry, J. S. Crensliaw, l',..irlo.s ^^ iiitciicatl, David El)augli, Ellen Cowaii. IJenjaniin Calioon, .1. E. Sniiire, Edwin ('. Mi)r.se, M. Benhani, N. IVariiiaii. W. Ross, 1). li. L, John Lowe, Joscpli H. (iardiner, A. 1$. t'ole, Kohert John.son, S. M. Hi tiii. William Justice, I. W. Ha.stings, C. W. Heperly, A. D. Allen, Williaii. Pratt, John Havens, A. Tliornton. John Correr, W. B. Boyden, A. Loviwill, E. Scott, Melville Atwood, A. Delano, W. K. Siiencer, y\. H. Walsh, Itiiliaii Tihhals, Joseph Woodwortli, A. E. Head, W. P. Morrison, M. >S. Powtis. W. W. Cai-erton, Jo.seph Wchb, A. Kichar.l. R. Wilkins. W. (iill, 1. I. Cn lin, G. Wilson, Nicholas Mellon, 1). H. Rule, Fred Miller. CI. W. Auil'ii. Edward Connor, T. J. Atchison, H. -Tacohs, 1). F. McNeil. E. Beklirr. Jcl.ii Blacklmrn, (Jeo. .Stead, Tlioina.s Stead, Arthur E. McHugh, John ISi-uliiii. S. P. Lord, John Vitriiot, Stephen Wood. John Black, D. l). Rice, ,1. W. Rice, 1. W. Rice, I. (ireen, L. (Jreen. Eil R. Bucklin, T. 1'. Mallone, Xclsdii Brol)rant, Michael Dah^y, Micliael ( looiia, <:. S. Fisher, (!. H. Ingersull, (;. Kenny, E. Payne, F. Eiiton. John Becke-, M. B. Thompson, I). ,S. BlaiKlin.,', Cook, (J. A. Whitney, J. Spitzer, James Corey, William Vauglin. The lift is not complete, owing to the wear to which the book of record has been subjected, having rendered some names undecipherable. ^^ la October Walsh and Woodwortli tshippeo ciirrnlxirated liy other circiini-itances, and dues not sci'iii to have liecn ilisputcil; l.ut all his right to the land was cunveycd to W.iUh. There is no record in existenct! showing C'onistock's claim, and at t'.w lii'-t he could have hail only a sipiatters title. •'■' It is interesting to followtho sulisec|iieut histories of these sports of for- tune. C'oMi-itock engaged in merchandising in Carson City. He liad married t le wife of a Mormon m regiihir orthodox fashion licfore a gentile pre.iclicr in \V,iOioe valley. Rut she ran away froni him, a-i she hail t'nun her first lin-i- hiii'l; and alter many inetl'ectual attempts to hind her to him indissolulily, he all iwc 1 lur to go her way. He .soon failed in his mercantile venture, aiicl li i.iilv eiiilcd hi.s life, as I have said, in Montana l>y suicide. O Kihy received a coiisiilerahlc fortune for his interest, ami erected a stone hotil in \'iru'!iiia City with a portion of it. He then indulged iu stoekgamMing. jiiiil soon was forced to resort to pick and ]iaii for a living, l^ike most illitcr.ire jicrioiis who iiave lost money, he hecame extremely superstitions, aii was eugugeil .-is i k at tiic lirei'ii iiiiiie ill San Reriiardino co. , Cal. I'eiirod also soon 1mi ainc a ]iour man, living at Klko, Xev. Oshnrii went east; and Winters to Cil., where lie was no hetter off than the others. ■^I'enrod says that while the original company still held the 0)>liir, a tiinat was iiunle to change the mining regulations, and reduce the w idtl. of a ciiiiii to IJtK) feet. I'mler this a|>]irelieiision the company eai'h selected a iiriii to whom wasileeded fifty feel otF the north end of Ophir, thus voluntarilv 1 iiiitiiig their ground to L'JOi) feet. This :{(K) feliir mine. whieh, as I have just shown, was first called after tlic mine. It was afterward named Silver City by Coni- .stoek. but by a drunken whim of Fennimore's became. in Octolter. \'ir;j;inia Town, after himself ^^ A moiitli later, nt which time it hail eight stone houses, it was ]»ro|)o.sed to call the place Winnemucca, after the Piute ehii-ftain of that name ; but the idea being un- popular, \'irginia City was finally adopted. The impoitanee of tlie new town was at once p;M-- ceivetl.'^ and it was spoken of with respect as "tlic mo.st important town in the newly discovered dig- gings," evi-n at this time. It was described as situ- ated in a " kind of mountain amphitheatre leaiHiig down the eastern slo})e of the Sierra Nevada iiitn Car.son valley," distant fifteen miles from Carson City, six from Steamboat springs, and 102 frt>m Sac ramento. A hundred miners were at work, and fjuartz was being broken in fifteen arraatras. There was no hotel, and only one restaurant, where half a dozen persons at a time could be supi)lied with jioor meals at seventv-five ci'nts. Travellers found lod'j in«j:s bv sDreadiu'' their blankets on the east flank ot incluilinj: all its ilijis mill angles.' Hut this rcijulation 'Mi fi'i-t. /li>t>ir ■ //awl-Ilini- „/ Mitiiifj, I!H). -' It wan from this ))art of tlu' iiriifiiial ^rouiiil that the first ore was tclkt-n. Vir jiiil'i I'lii'ii in .\fi i: ilazelt'' tiinl /'rirr Ciirniit, Nov. 17. ISCif). ■'- Wriglit. in his liri BuiiiiiiZh -S. "lO. S+, <|Uoti's ("oinstocks airmiDf : 'CM Virtiinia any all the historians of Nevada, witliout any diseoveraMe reason, unl<-~ i fondness for whiskey may he aeeomiti'd a distinguished as well as distiiigui-ii- inL' trait. Mas killeil at Dayton in .Inly lS(i|. heing thrown from his lior-e while intoxi.ated. and suffering a fracture of the skull. *'0. H. riiTson laid otT the town in lots some time in July. Comst.Hk offerin;: him the land on which at that t-iiie John L. Itlackhurn and one otl. r man had spread their teats; hut Ormshy of ''arson City, for whom I'iir 'ii had l>een .•» clerk in IStO at Sicraniento. offered him a comer lot in his iov^w, and thither he went. C'tmon Trihunt, Aug. 1S70, Sun p callr.l \ icinit Me .lis and w; niiniii'. drt-r (hiring in ''.\ca At ( from tl c<|ual in ing up ( ence to to coiice buy at a ^'I tiiKl of til.' <;oiii was really i .lollll MisllO] jpnisueetiiig As tliey w el the town of ( iiew known there are son try It.' The out hy Virgil iiiMiiiiil. cliscd tliey to,;k oul i'eiiit raviiii'. found the Ion >iirrtniiided t liriiiiediately each other, j; afterwaril ,") o Henry Com-;! al)'Hit Spanis .■•taked out an •Ol tlie^e of tlieseconi] 1 Viri.'iiiia tirit. ■itioii ,,f his 1, new iiieori>om I'liiiaii \- Co. I >teven>ion cla main in i.' 20 fee ciirp,, rated in knoWTi as the for .*."in |.,T for Heniiir AND SILVER. 109 I Sun peak, or Pleasant liill, as it was not infroquently callnl. The country boitig treeless in the iinnietliato \ iciiiitv, and the one or two saw-mills at a eonsiilera- 1.1c distance, lumber was worth $50 per 1,000 feet, and \\;is scarce at any price, being more valual)lo for iiiiiiini purposes than for houses. These facts did not dttir people from hurryhig to the new dii^gings, and (lurint!: the severe whiter which followed many lived ill excavations in the earth. At (iold Hill, which was nature's dump of tailings tVo:ii tiie Comstock lode, was less ixcittment, but (■(|ual industry, aiul eight or ten arrastras were grind- ing iii> quartz for the gold it contained, without refer- ence to the silver. In truth, the Californians wished to conceal the actual value of the ores until they could buy at a low }>ricc," A few mule- loads were sent to ^'1 tiiiil in the Viiyiiii'i Citi/ Union of Oct. 14, 18(53, the following aoi'mmt of tlif Imi|(I Hill iiiiiies :ui] four men, iiiinieil James Finney, alias Virginia, .liiliii Hishiip. alias Big Freneh .lohn, Aleek Henderson, and Jack Vount, Merc jirosinTtini; in the vicinity of the iilaee where (iold Hill is now sitnate It,' 'riifv returned, . . . and in a few days went to the mound jiointed out I'V Virginia, as agreed upon. . . . Virginia in hunting arouinl over the iii.>iiiiil. discovered a iiole which had lieen made hy a gojiher. From this tlu'v tock out a ct>nsiderahle quantity of gold and carried it down to tVown I'oiiit ravine. . . . All there immediately thought that tlu'V had at last found the long looked for Kl l)orado, . . . and the hieak mountain.s which >urroiuidc(l tliein echoed and reechoed their wild shouts of delight. 'I'hey iiiiiiudiitely staked out 4 claims of .")() feet each md divided them among each otlicr. giving Virginia, as the discover, the first choice. A few days afterward .") other men, nametl James Rogers, .loseph I'lato, Sandy Howers, Ihury Ci'UHtock, and William Knight, mIio had heen \m .ilioiit Sp.inish ravine, came down to the newly discovei -takid out aufther claim of .")0 feet, being 10 feet tt> each. 'Oi tlitf thpsc.ond locators, only one and the heirs of another uom own an interest. Viri.'iiiia lir*on claim, and lOi feet the Lindanor and Hirschman claim. The rc- inainiuL' W feet he sold to L. K. and J. W. Riee. Of this, fij f^t't i» now i:.- (dr|inraficl in the Locan and Holmes claim. The remaining ISj^ feet i;-< still known as the Rice claim. ,Tohn Bishop sold his claim to Logan and Holmes for .*."n per foot. Jack Yount sold .TO feet to J. D. Winters, and 20 feet to Hi'iiiJiTson and Butler. Aleck Henderson retained an interest until last ypar, in jiartnership with his brother W. Henderson, when he sold out and retunu'd to tlie states. il ting in and liggings and no THE COMSTOCK LODE. i: California to lio tested, in the autumn of 1859, and the owners suspecting sonietliing unfair in the returns, the following s[)ring put u[>a (luantity of ore in sacks, reserving every alternate sack for assay hy experienci d Mexican miners, and found that the ore tested in California yielded hut ahout half as much as that assayed by the Mexicans.*" A San Francisco iirni'° 'Of the .') later locators, Rogers sold his 10 feet to Mrs Cowan (now Mrs Sandy B.>wers) for S«IO() per foot. Tliis, with tlio 10 feet whieii Sandy How its owned, and still retains, form what is now known as the Bowers elaini. (uin. stock sold to one Frink. This 10 feet is now known as the llaroUl iV t'ci. claim. Knigiit's interest Mas solil, and also passed to Harold & Co. TliesL' '2 interest are now incorporated in the claim of the Empire Mill and Miiiiin,' company, i'lato died, hut his wife inlierited and still owns tiie 10 feet wliiiii he hicatud. Finuey, lalias Virginia, I'lato, and Rogers are now deacl. tli'.- latter liaving committed suicide a. few months since. Bishop still lives alii.ut Virginia . . . Comstock, immortali/.ed hy the famous le»,d in tiiis di>trut wliicli ht^ars his name, is now iu the uurtheru mines. ISaudy Bowers and uife reside in Washoo county.' *'Tlie process of testing consisted in heating the rock to a powder in a mortar, or grinding it line on a largo flat stone with a lesser stone, 'liie pulverized ore was placed in a small canoe-shaped ve. sel, made of a split «\- Fiorn, and carefully washed out, much in the same manner in which aurilirnin gravel was worked iu a jiau. Tlie gold we tested was covered, wiion the t! i>k was suspeniled over a lamp and evaporated hy hoiling until the fumes es- caping ciiauged from red to white. After cooling, tiie liquid contents of tlie tlask were poured otl' into a vial of clear, thin glass, called a test-tulie. A few drops of a strong solution of conuiion salt were then poured into the vial. If the ore contained silver, the liipiid in the tuhe would take on a milky luie where the salt first came iu contact with it, changing grailu.illy toward the hott(»m. If much silver was present, the niilkj- matter forme 1 little ropes, whicii sank to the hottom of tiio vial. Muriatic acid was sonie- times used iu place of salt, to produce tlie formatioit of chloride of sIImt. To dispel all douhts, tiie pros[)ectcir held the test-tuhe in the strong light of the sun for a siiort time, when the chloridi! wouhl assume a rich purple Inic. To reduce the chloride to a metallic state, it was dried and placed in a small excavation scoopeil out iu a piece of charcoal, and the llame of a cainUe hlown upou it until it was melted, when a hutton of pure silver would lie formed. Chloride ores of silver could not ho tested hy this process, 1)eing already a chloride, hut had to ho smelted in a crucihle. Lead ore treated with nitric acid, as in testing silver, ])roduccd a chloride somewhat resemhling silver, hut more granular in ap[iearance. It did not turn purple in the sunliulit, and it diss.dved in 20 times its hulk in water, whereas the chloride of silver did not dissolve in any amount of water. If cojjper was present, a pien- (it hright iron wire or the blade of a penknife dipped m the solution would show a coating of it. **Douakl Davison & Co. Tcrntonal Entcrprkc (Genoa), Oct. 1, 1859. I. jiurcl t.. l-i ].it ((iiick wliicli ai,.l .] run next t'oiir-s ][ian and llnhncis. This was foll(>wcd in August LsdO by two steam (juartz mills, erected by E. 13. Harris and Al- iiiarin B. Paul, both of which started running on the I 1th in close competition, Harris' mill blowing the tir->t wliistle." The introduction of mills, by saving tlif ct»st of freight to California, where the ores were hciiig sent to be crushed, Avas an important step in adxaiiee. At first the process called diy crushing was ]»i;utised, whicli was found unprofitable, one Howland l)atterv of nine stamps crushing only a ton in twenty- f lur hours. In October the Pioneer mill adopted the wet pnK'ess, and was soon followed by the others. By this method ten times the work was done, and a larger amount of gold saved. The cost of crushing and working the ore was about $(5 a ton, while the mills charged $100, falling to $75, and afterward to $50 pel- ton. The retorted bullion was worth from $10 to ^' S. F. Alfii, Aug. 7, 1803. There was Imt a few minutes difTcrcnce in the time of starting up. C W. Coover was assooiuteil witii Harris, 'riii'ir iniU was Iniilt ert s, Sacramento, and liaulcd over the mountains l)y ox-teams, at 4 and ."> cents a iiouiid, taking IS, lays to tlie passage. On the l.'Uli of .August this mill l«c;.'an on custoni- Wi'i'k, rtnniinn continually on ore from tlie Bowers and(ioiild and furry c! I'.iin \intil Octoher, when it was stopped to make tlie clian!,'c from the dry ti t!u' wet process. Pauls first mill was erected at Pcvil's (!ate, ") inih's frum Virginia City, and if we are to helieve the S. /•'. liiiUiliit of Aujj. l.'>th, was in operation hefore Harris'. He built another, the 'M in the territory, (imsisting of S Howland batteries (72 stamps), below lower (Jold Hill. Tlie 4th mill was by the Opliir company; and the Sth by Staples at(Jold Hill; the tlth by W. S. Hobart at (!old Hill"; the 7th by the Nevada eomiiany. in Six- mile tafnm. Wood being reipiired to run steam-mills, what there was in the vicinity brought a continually increasing price from $4.50 to $15 pe- cord. 112 THE fOMSKKK LODE. I'i Li ^ , $14 an ounce, and oven at this low rato the Comstook niines yidcletl $1,800 and 82,000 per ton in y;old. As soon as it was settled in the publie niiiul tliat tlio mines in Virininia an«l (jiold Hill districts wcro U[)on the same Kail, it l)t'canie of importance to know the extent and dip of the great vein. There was, as might have heen expected, a conflict <>f opinion. Some }»laced their faith upon the Fh»wery district, east of Virginia City al)out five miles. In this district were the Kodgers, ^lorning Star, Mammoth, Desert, Nary lied. Lady Bryan, jMarco Polo, and Cedar companit s. It was asserted with much confideticc that this dis- trict excelled the Virginia district. The mines of the Devil's (iate district, south of Gold Hill, were said to be the next best in the territorv. All the work done which could serve as an indica- tion of the actual value of the mines was beinj; done in two or three mines of the Viijxinia district, namelv. the Ophir, ^lexican, and Californian. The Mexican was being worked after the method pursued in the mines of Mexico. A shaft was sunk, about fourteen by eight feet in size, which came to the vein ten or fifteen feet from the surface. From this point the inclination of the vein was sufficient to allow of rude steps being cut on the lower side of the shaft, up which clambered the ^lexican miners, carrying on their backs, suspended by straps round their foreheads, ox-hide baskets filled with ore. In this primitive way, with little expense, they brought up from tlio bottom of the shaft a richly paying quantity of ore. Forty or fifty feet below the surface drifts were run, and from the drifts other shafts were lowered. Tliis system left standing pillars of ore, which supported the mine, and obviated the necessity for expensive timbering. A tunnel was, however, run in at a dej)th of eighty feet, and when the miners had reached that depth, and a greater depth, the tunnel was utilized for a roadway to bring out the ore in loaded cars, an approach to American methods of mining. Tl iini p'tWi sli.tft ear w |i,ii!y and e I' inid of' fori can j)I; uci'ihl firir/lt i of the 1 he ol)ta i;iij)rris| eiicount( the nios aid of'th 'I < Jirina Dridr, ' three \ d)erinn '>e rem plan was S'jUare set sizf. wliiel ivpiired h t" any circ r'l'essijre. Ijt' injide ei deepest mi I M1I.LS AND MACHIXKBV. Tlic Opliir rcimpany eninloin,! . ^'r.„i f;,ii„«.i,,. «;;. .lip .,f t ;';: ;:'■^•'' 'r.«" i..cii„c:d ;:';;i I'^'i; ^TP^rts «.,„,„„„ ,'^'v;:''. ""i..^- ti,„,„„t '■".■■' ""-■ »■•« Ix-dy to 1,0 „f ^"''''"■nm ,„i,K..,, a„d "' l"it.v.fivo fi,.t ■^Tl, V ,*'"' ""'■^""iplud Lrcar/A -;. t ,,f t,,. s,„,e;i,',eu"L ft tr-'V'" I""'-'" .0 iKKMt jf/iirth aiu stren.rfl. .^'*""- ^"nk-rs oFsmF ""I- ^""f "f ti,o ,„l o i^; ; :; '7y™>'t ti,o «-„ki ,:"i ; ;;:/;;;;;'f-|'iiity to „,akcM:S'" '"^' "'••7'"i"ir::^ tl"' "|".st serious import an ti '"'"•■"«••». IxTa,,,,, ^f 'i-ri",!,' without wi,i4 to Co n";:" ".'y'^"'" -> ••■■ .■,n,a,„ei| sealed bol,, v ,'!f".'''"«"ii's Would I'l.iii H.is s ,,ii,lv .i,.,f f .."'^, " certain dontl, T, ■•'i-'7't.s '.'nui ,'rtt "f"?" *■?'"«' d,or " ■^^ ■■ wloVI, could be ril.vl '■"'" "•■"■ by six feet ,'1 '■ '"'y <-i,cu„i3taneos of l,f ,'' '"' """'« '" conform |""-'»v. These crO, fin'T'-^f "'^'l' "b dow, va" "■ '"•■"'••• enduri,,,, ,^t^y ;V"1' «-a.ste rook oouK ..„ „ ' "'" '"^^fe'inmii"- of its '"It „,,e(i (;„l,i Hill Hll,-,. \T '• ^» t''« i^tli of A, ' .''^'""■^^"'•X- J//«. "'«T. Nev. 8 ^ '^J..1S09, Jan. 3. 4, Jun^ •Ji Ih' 114 THE COMSTCCK LODE. mining history, the Comstock lode received exactly the service needed for its Civuiplete development. Xor was it the fertile Americau brain which achieved the triumph over an obstacle that threatened to be insur- momitable, but the sturdier German intellect." ( )tlii'r su«;gestions of Deidesheimer's were afterward adopted, witli great profit, regarding the kuid of machinery tu be used. Plan of CRinBi.so. "Deidesheimer's device wm p.irtioularly adapted to the extraction of tlio ore bodies of the t'oiiistock, and would have gs were from 10 to 3,") foot in length; when of the latter length, they were manufactured, that is. wore made of two logs spliced and held together hy means of iron holts and liiimlv Owing to the stunted character of the pines and cedars found in the noi<.'li'"'r hood, it was almost im])ossihlo to procure a log ii'ore than '20 feet in loiiiTtli After setting up two of these logs, a log 18 feet long was placed upon tlioiii m a cap. These posts and caps were plaoeil as close together as they cniiM I* ma', to stand, hut they wouhl not hold up tne ground when it h( iiui t" alack and swell from expo.sure to ihe air. Besides this difficulty, tin ro wa* DO safe way of working either above or hclow these sets in the vein. T" tak'' out ore, either under or over the timhers, loosened them and causeil n ili^^* TlMHKRlNa. 115 [1 fe'.;^ Tlio (lisrovory of tlio new inctliod was made none td.t sDoii. for at the level next below the one hundred iiiiil . i'4hty-f«»nt, or third t^aliery, the ore body had wi.i. iieyond tlir limits »»f knewn locations. For a time it seemed fu .li|» toward the wist, and to run beneath Mount J);i\ ii|s(»n. on the eastern slojje of which tin; cro|>i»ini;s iilaiiily aj»|»faref 300 feet had been reached in the ()|.!iir mine, the had was found to have been bent ami (Icrii'cted from its trm; course by the jiressure tV.iiii ;ih<»ve. and that its true dip was toward the ea.-^t, ami away from Mount Davidson. This discovery <>avf a lit'W interest to the Flowerv district. Mills for crushiui^ ore ra|>idly having beiMi intro- (lu(r!l. the question of entering upon silvt'r-miniiig iniiH i-avo. Many acriiloiit* lia]i|>cnev tlif ■.i|iiari'sft, nr l>eiilesliciiner plan. In tlie mines at Oold Hill " i-i wliirir tlie timliers X") feet in len>;tli were uspd, ami liiert! uaswlieru lip ::ii:ifi'Ht niiMilHT iif aeeiilents liaiUH'neil; lint in tlie Ojiliir n.ine tiinliers Hi f.'.t inn:.' hail Im-j-h useil. ..In IMJI the new stylo of tilTihering was ,i4i']itiil ;\li>iii; the wli.'Ie hnenf the * 'ninstiiok, and has lieen in nse eversineo. Till' Opiiir wa- iiri'lialily tin- tir>t mine In any part of the wm .d where siiili a >y<'iMii lit tiiiilierin;; U-e-ime a neee.ssity, as nu ore Imdy of siieh j^reat '\ idtli li.'.l !•• IT liefnre !>een fnnuil.' /iiij liun'iiiZii, l.'i."). See also Lori/.t Cnnil'irl: .l/.i'ii;/ •'(/'/ .l/'wer*. one iif an interesting ^Tnnii of monograiihs lielonjiin'! to till- rrp.irt iif the V. S. geoj;. snr., of which Clarenee Kinjj was direetor, tlie ex|iiii-is liriiiii |>;ii'l and tlie Looks jmlilislud liy povernini'ut. riiiliii I'lidfsheinier was horn in tJcrni.iiiy in ISIt'J. and eaino toCalifornia vial'ip.. horn in IS.'il, where he remained nntil l^t'it). In Nov. of that yi'iif Ml- W. r. Uaheock. ajjent of the I'. M. S. S. Co. and leading' direetor (if the Ojihir mining coniiany of Nevada, siiit for Mr |)eidesli','inier, wliowas llii'ii iiiiiiinn in F.l Dorado i-ounty, to ask iiim to |iro]iiise a plan for \\orkinj( till- ( 'I'lii^toi'k nnnes. for unless some way of siip))ortin>j the j{»'ound was dis- iiuincj tiny conld not Im- work>-d, on aeeoimt of the width of the v.'ln, (10 flit, iiid the -ioftufss of the earth. In his eartie>tni'ss to assist Mr Halieuk, Mr I'liilfsheinier tmik no tlionuht of hinie S(!iit to England tor rcducti ni Utali; therefore it is not surprising that the nun Iv practical man, without ex[)erience, encountered ni;iiiy discouragements. The sur|)rise is that they so reaillly coiKpiered them.** During the experimental pciiiMJ millions of dollars went to wasti! in the "tailings,"' fir pulverized or(>, which ran away from the mills after j»assing through the pans and other apparatij) used in amalgamating silver by the wet process. Tluy wi iv swejit into the Carsoii riv(^r through the caho!is in which the mills were situated, and dei)osited finally in the sink of the Carson, where they lie embedddl. Only the Mexicans knew the value of these tailings, *"Sa_v.s Wri.ulit, ia his Bniiai'zn, IHO, 'Tlio amalgamating nans in iho in, lis siirpasscil the lalih'on of .Madii'tii'ji witihcs in tin' varii-ty ami villalrnn ii'- < of t.icir oiiiiti'iit.s. . . .'I'lic^v pdiiruil iiili)tliiiir jians all niuinrr of acid <; iliiii.|>. 1 in iMita-h, horax, .sal'.jK trc, alum, aiitl all t-l-c tliat i-onM lie fniunl in tli'' 'iriig clurt.'S, tliin wi'iit ti> t!io h;lh ami starlrij in on tlio \ ('"{etalili- k:n_' loin. Tlicy iH't'lu'l liaik oil' the oclar-tri'iM, li.iilcil it down until tlicv hail r.lvi .i''! a i-lroiiL.^ KM, an i t'.u'n |n>iiii'a it iiiJollu' [i/ms wluio it wnuM lia\c an opiiur- tunity of attai'liing tln^ silviT f-tiiMiornly rmiainin^ in tlio i-ocky jiirt-i m t!ie oro \ ,;i'iiius ill I'liai'i^o of a mill oonciivcil tiif idcaof makinj; a tia it liii-, { a^e-hru-h or artfUii-sia) and i>:ittin^ it into hi.'* j)an.s. Soon tht; W"ii'li r- . f till! hato-'ii'ii.li jn'oi'i'-n, as it \va < callcil, ww.- hrin^ hfra'drd throiiijh tii.l imi. The wuiiei'Jlli'ndt'nt of I'Very niill hail liis secret iiroee^is of working tiic :lvi r ore. . . I'roee.s ]H'.'idler.<, Miili litiU) viah of eheinicaU in tlu'ir vv^t [n" k'N. Went from m.ll to mill to nlmw what tlioy eoiild do. )iroviileil they ri . nil from >.''.(i:»!) ti».'?'.'0,l>(>l) for tiieir .-eeret. ' l/iz/fll'.- Ilmillioik itf Miiihii. |i;i!i- li 'led in isiil, nieiitioii-i wiihont dc.seriliiii;^ tiie Hagley ai>il Veati h (irni-' -i-', a!il says tliat tho Opliir omiiany n-^i'il tlio foriiuT, and the Central C'lii yms til! litter. 'J'lii- Oiiliir eoiiqiaMy tinally liaid SlO.lMX) and a roy.iify t r t':' Veati'h proce .. Tlie ' Hul|iliuret imzzle i^ «li-ieu>sed in the ,S. I''. ll-nfJ, .Miri'h "J-J, ISlill; S. /•'. I'i'iiK. Jiino'j;t. IStiT. Hediietioii niellimU i-oiitiiimil t) Ih! di-'tus-iil and ehaiijied for .icvoral s'cars. 'Iho ehlurini/inu' ] > ".-3 received nnn-h attention almut ISTl. O'uul JliU X' 'vs, .St'^it. li and t.' '. -S, 1871; i'lmm Ajijuiil, June 18, ISU'J. I.M rROCESSES. or attomptcd to wive fl.om « /• •'^t a .s.nall expense. E,? X J'' /^" ^^''^^'^ l'^'*»^'^«s'^ were nv.ueAly founcf ^ ! ^^ ^^^^ i!!-- o^'-nal^ain 'J'" (aJifornia conn.- n tV , ''^'''''* ''' ^^^'ilin ..s.'^ "I-." the ore deposit wJ.k.J . r^^^" ''"" ^' t"'"i<-l in ^,^^J'tJKM>ther,ninc^^fi^'^;'-V';^''^^^^^^ '-"^^ ''^-rnre its depth sh ouil , l' ^^"'"P'"'^ 'nachinerv i:;:"'^'^ ^ was aJs<, luchi^\ ^^f ^^'^'^^'J^ '"f ".ore ex- ^^t...n J,o..e-power ^::^ Se:Jt"^- '^"^'"- •>f ,"■'■'"' ratio process as n .• , "^P^-^'^d by those of ei.rhtv -""'1 1.J,!;; ;, «^ ;;;;"« '^t ti,. to,, a'l: 'H..?k;"':f r"*'''?-- ''-■•'« "h '".••^"- -'t iiii.l di.'vit -n "'«••""■'• "ito a ki.-i I „/ : . • ^''''*'' "'I'll"' I" tlio «,'.'i''' the. .silver em 1 L r> '"" '""''"^' i'' m, I , ' P'' *'''" V'''^^ '•'■'''i' f"""^. 0,a,.,I iu t ' sn^ ^'"'''■^' """ ■^'"'"M -11../' ^ '■'■'''•• "'"'Vtllo '■"' ^ -^"W* m am- *"'"'\-'*' ^'"'' <^'"l of .-{ ,n. li '^''''""^■'' the «at, ,- I a,[ .*! 118 THf: COMSTOCK LODE. i^ horse-power, anJ finally by those of five huncind. The question of water, both in the mines and out, was one that has led to some mi'jfhtv eniiineerliu' ft ats. Silvor-minin;^, as at present carried on, is an acliii'VL-ment of scientific and eni^ineerin^ skill wliidi was not dioanied of in the })eriod antedating the ad- mission of Nevada as a state. What it has to (jl ua:^ terraci-'l to accMuriiiMlatc the several (lejiartnients. First came the hiitttrv room with ore hin, heiii;^ ICO l>y 58 I'eet in size. A feet. North of the anudgamatiiig room was tlir engine room, V'2 l>y •").S feet. The whole of the maehiiiery was dri\i m I'V a com|>oiinil condcnsing-enginc «>f (iower. The main s-hatt f n ;ii tiiis engine was 14 inches in diameter, and weighed 1.">. the amalgamating-rooin and 'Iikvc the pans and .settlers, and all the machinery not connected with the liatt.rit^. The whole weiuht of the eiiiiine was fifty tons, and it stoixl on 4.">0 cnliic _\,irii4 of masonry laid in cement, weighing (WtO tons. Tlnrewere 4 ji-iirs of lnuiir'. each of which was .'>4 in<-|ies in diameter, ami which could Ik- used sc|iarately or in connection with the others. A portion of the waits were of stuiii]>- ti'I* useil in feeding lioiler.H b inclosed it, resteil on strong trestle-work, 44 feet ahove the ground at the highest point. A car loail of ore was fed to the Iratteries every 5 iiiumte*. It fell first n]Km an iron .screen through whiih the line orepa-^sj'd; that uiiich had to Ih' hrokeii was dunipi d near the cru-iher, which n-M'nililed a Impc lcinon-s(|ueezer, and was iiiv«'iifed hy Blake, and after Iwing iTukm was distriluited hy chutes to the hatteries or near them. There wtrani .-tiMiiier. of' tills ve- aNo lit ini amoiiiitiiiij IMIIi'll IiMI'i iim. Il left, rcnved tli mill a .sliorl ca^t-inia cj tll'illilli reto 111 the ri'tor ii"ri|iii,ksil really cmst Ile\t |irtiees. J-'ii'ii. a largi f" '111 ti f:ini, •f'O |..iiiii,is I tlie silver w sllttii-ielitly el 'its Weigiijii ""•tal. t.akcn «at.r, when! I'aves. An ; t" i^Tcc, or t !"">,' .1 ^'ramii "I i eiiji,'! II,, -J \^'hfll il.|lir(i. ''■■'* liig a liiitl ;i til 111 sheet, I "l""i it. The ''"■ I'littoMi of -'•^■'■r HMs ,i|| '"'Itnia „f f|„. P'Ti'i'liin, drit ^*'ii'!i it was I n^il hiiftmi rep il HOW IT WAS DONE. 119 I III ran was shovellecl out upon a iilatform extemling along the rows of amalgamiiting- \y.in-. - rows, Iti pans in t-ach, each pan .'>.\ fcut in tlianietcr, antl litililiiig ;>,UUU iiMiiiiil-* lit jiulii. Ill tlie Wottoni of tilt- pans were cant-iron platvs, callcil dies, aixl rcviilvni' upon these other iron plates, called shoes. Tliese pans werG tliu invi'ritinii of Henry IJrevoort of Sonora, C'al., who iinproveil upon the oiJL'iMil ;iMi:ilganiating pan ilesigneil by Israel W. Knox of fS. F. Tlie pulp, t.i winch ^orIll■ water was ailtleil, was again pulverized between these plates l)v iiviilving tlie upper ujion the lower, >teani heing admitted to the mass, whi.h was tiglitly overed, during the grinding. Tiie steam was snlistituted fur thi- ? feet, containing (j cist-iroii cylinder retorts, with a capacity of 5 U ha of amalgam jier day, tlioiiiili retorting usually only half that amount. The amalgam wlu^n placed ill till- retorts, had .i dull, gray, muddy appearance, showing neither silver nor iiiiirksilver. Hy the gradual application of intense heat the latter, which really roiistituted l of the whole, was finally separated from t!ie silver. The iRXt proeess was that of assaying. The assay otlice of the Consolidated Vir- ^iiii I. a large, tine liuildiiig near the main hoisting- works, had in the melting- ro.iiii li f'.irnaces, with melting-pots made of graphite, having a capacit)' of ;ftM iioiiii.ls of silver each, hut .seldom cont.iing much over IMO jiounds. Ilere the silver wai uiidted, the dro.ss lieiiig skimmed oil' after stirring. When siittiiiriitly cleared of impurities, it was poured into iron moulds, which formed liirs weighing something over l(X> pounds. A small ladleful of the molten iintal. taken from the to]) and l>ott>>ni of the meItiiig-i>ot, was thrown into wat'T, when! it assumed various shajies, soiih- heaiitiful in form, astlowersand I'Mves. All j.ssay was uuulu of th(>se tirsi and last granulations, which had to agree, or the melting lie done over. The assay was performed hy wrap- \m\J a or;ii|ii,i,j ,,f the silver in a thin sheet of pure lead, placing the package 111 iiiijii'l made of Imne ashes, and '■ tlijoctiiig it to the heat of a fiiriiaee. NVIicii li'iuelied, the lead and all o. iierha.se metals were ahsorhetl hy the cupel, lra\ iiiL' a liiitton of tine metal. This hit of Imlliou was then hammered into a tliiii sheet, placed ill a flask of annealeil glass, and strong nitric acid poured lil'iiii it. The flask was placed in hot sand hath — an inch or more of .sand on the liottom of a very hot oven— and the sheet of luiUioii was hoiled until the '•ihrr was all dissolved, and the gold in the form of a jiowder settled to the hottoiii of tlie flask. This precipitation was jilaeed in a <'rucihle of iingla/.ed Iion-i lain, dried, and melted in a furnace, when the particles united, after wlii.Ji it was carefully weighed. The loss of weight susfciined hy the origi- nal liiitloii represented the silver which it had contained. The liars of hul- '.:..i. ining Weighed, aitd their relative pruportiou of guld and silver aacer- s, i i'i :)'ii !;« I W^ '■• ■ ■!' 120 THE COMSTOCK LODE. taincil from the assay of one gramme, their value was marked on tliciii in degrees of tincness. The calculatious were assisted by tattles "f Viilm.s. When silver, for instance, is 900 tine, it is worth ^LlG/^^j per ounce; wlna gold is IKM) tine, it is wortli l?18.G0i. Assay of ore was sinular; 200 grains, finely jKiwdered, were nudted in a crueiMe with proper tlux, and the metal depositetl was suhjected to the process just descrilied, fnini which the viilue per ton was calculated. Many ingenious contrivances for saving (juicksilviT M'cre in operation at this mine, M'hich, although interesting, were not a |iai't of silver production, M'hich is here brietly descrilted, as practised afterlltli'fii ears of progress. The cost of the reduction works at the Consolidiittil 'irginia mine was ^SiiO.OOO. Other mines may have had less expoii>ive works, hut the methods pursued were the same in all. An interesting I'li.ip. ter might he written on the improvements in hoisting, pumping, and othur machinery, full descriptions of which, with diagrams, are contained in ( 'l.tr- enee King's report on Miiiiinj Imfu^try, an elegant quarto, tilled with instruc- tive and entertaining matter couceruiiig the Comstuck mines, from their discovery dowa to 1870b ^• I CHAPTER VI. 1S60-1888. T'hk firsfc rosulf nf +i '"";;» -as wild spe" ula ion^'f '/"f,"^ "'" <^'""^t'"-t "t cxt,a„rdi„arv prices oi,"T;'''^' ^•'"<''' "'^y Lefd 'l'-<'-"vori,s were made at >l i ' "'""«' »" tl.e .rreat Jfp;'an, and tl,e nn'nes in ! td i, / ,."'"' *-''''"■•■ «»d ""'i' «l.ioh partio patd , ti,"!'*V''" ^'""P" f'^>thor ''— . or a s,ua,,, si,n,V;'rute;;r ':ir Mr "O (l2i; 122 FURTHEU DEVELOPMENTS ON THE COMSTOCK. sessiii'jj the small shareholders of a Hiinc until they were forced to part with their interests was a "frecz- iiiiT-out" process. "Kitin<'"a mine was j^ivinor it a fie- titious value in the market. These latter two practices were very frequent, even as early as April 18G0, aiij gettiu;^ rich hy swapping jackets was carried on with zeal on the Viri^inia bourse. The "bulls" of tlie n)inin<.; t( T( ai: as and i-ral ( of th iiitt [)( rio((»u hail, h the ex 'ii'4' till .i\al (•( aL;aiiist A iR a ft IT a , •ni end In an tv tt'Tcst (»i J 'I i< a tod I'urchas( •^^^^ feet covt^red tile deed led-e."' than tlic' l'.^» feet !) i^- th.. <''»iiteiide( ni(»th(.'r Id <^|'hir, in.> "Ut possi stalled hv Uj' all the u^tifii'd th •>■[ • I LITKVATION. 123 rainc a reversal wlicn Mott was surcocded in office 1)V .laiiits A. Xortli, V lio believed in divers lodes, and tin i)uriiinj4 Moscow shares went up again, while the Opliir's tlrojiped. T<» clRck the rise of their enemy, thc'Opbir made ar. ;i>s:iult on the Moscow's works October '2'.), 18(53, and skinnishinj^ underground was carried on for sev- trai (lays; until Philip Deidesheimer, supenntendent (if thf latter mine, procured the arrest of the sui)er- iiit. ndciit of the Oi^iir, with eighteen of his men, for ricitiius conduct. The })risoners were released on hail, hut tlieir wrath was not in the least cooled by the rxprricnce, nor by a temporary injunction restrain- ing tlii'Mi from working within the limits fixed by the .ival company, followed by the dismissal of their suit against it. which brouglit their stock down from 3!jr)0 to ^'1,150. A IK \v suit was begun in another district, and soon after a discovery of exceedingly rich ore in the north- .111 end of the Ophir carried the stock up ^500 a foot. In an effort to possess themselves of a controlling in- terest on the Comstock, the rivals had further coni- lilicated their affairs. The ()[)hir, in September, 18G0, jiurcliased of James Fennimore and John H. Berry •J' I') feet of their location on the Virginia ledge dis- covtMcd by Fennimore in 1858, this being named in the dtcd as their "entire remahiing hitercst in the ledge." ' It was, however, over a hundred feet more than they po.ssessed, ft)r they had already sold all but IK") feet 9 inches of their oriojinal ()00 feet. l^y the Moscow company and man}' persons io was contended that the Virginia ledge was the main or niutlier lode, of which the Conjstock was a spur. The Ojjliir, in.stead of following up their plan of buying cut possible rivals in toto, found them.selves fore- .stallt d bv William H. Garrison, who secretlv bouijfht U|i all the other interests in the Virginia letlge, and uutitied them, in October 1 8G2, that he was prepared "Storry Co-iidy Records, Book D, C26. l'J4 FUUTHKK DKVKLOPMKXTS ON' THE t'OMSTOCK. 1'^ to co)itost tlioir title to tlio Coinstock. This tlircat (icfasioiii'd {mother raj>i(l fall in the Ophir stock tVinn $;{,'><>() to 31,800 per foot, and forced the company to coni|>romi.se hy payinu; $00,000 or $100,000 for (Jar- ri.Noii'.s title, whicli was ohtained, toy;ether with nii- otln-r claim, descrihed as located l)v Jacob VVhitht n after which thev struck a budv of rich ore in their mine. The consolidation of tlie Moscow com])anies innnediately followed, and a suit for the ejectment of the Ophir was begun. The lreing employed on this and other minin<,' suits of equal importance for several years, during' which questions of law, of geology, and of veracity were about equally contested. The question of genl- ♦Some naiiifl one amount aiitl .some another; Imtit docs not signify in tliis plane whether it was 8*iO.O,tO or .%100,00<). The irarrison elaim was im nly s|ieeulative from the outset. Claims were inirchasetl that never existeii. >iiii- ply to avoid litigation, whieli. after all. could not he avoided. The wialth of the Ophir was wasted in suits at law as well as in other ways. * Ledge of La (Vosse conijiany, located Pcceniher 9, 1859; Oellcr h'lk'e (Harris, -n company), located June 17, ISOO, ledge of Madison (Jold and Silver Mining conipiuiy, located July 3, I8()'2; aud ledge of the Buruiug Mo:>oiW company. Jiai'atm-y was set \\ came on, <,MV('(!. an .SLlh.'il ill The [)( wra ry of till- niiiiin were com of t!ir Ar<' \W liiiyei- Ix'U'^lit U| ih'aily :{.() ost. 'But assess! nenl when the 1 sal. uiio;i |inr,'(|ii|M- iipl'lif-ation Ml)SfuW C( ' Vii-'jinia Ci Si, r^ / LITIGATION. 1J5 . :^ 'V was (tf all the most iH'ri)loxlMj^, bocauso it could I).' sctth'd by notliiujj; l)ut actual oxj)loiatioii of tlio l(<(|„a's ill disjuitc, whidi proccrdtMl .slowly us tlic dif- t'nut coiiijKinics «lcvclo|n.'4 it bcclled to stare ruin in the face. The stock iif the Moscow had fallen to live dollars ]X'r foot, witli tew Itiiyei's. At this juncture the Ojthir cautiously l)nU'^lit up tln^ stock of its enemy until it secured nearly M.OOO shares, which ut they found themselves confronted with an as>;essmeiit of J^l.') a foot, which they hesitated to pay, when the board of directors advertisi^l the stock for sale upo;i tho 18th of October. On the afternoon I'receijiii.^ tho day of salo the stockholders made an application to have tho shares on the books of the Moscow company, which had its office iu San Frau- ' Virjinin City TtrrUorial EnkiyrUe, July 14, ISGo. ^ r I I Ml' ^ 1 1 136 FUUTIIKR DFVKLOrMEXTs OX THF, « 'OMsTOCK. cisc'o, tmnsrcrriMl to a siii;^l»! person, hut tho socrot.iry retusf'd to jx-niiit tin; transfer bet'orc tlio nsscssiin nt was [)ai(l. The holders then wished to restiain tin; Company from si'llhi;jj their Ktoek, and appUed to iFnd^t; Sawyiir fur an injunction ; hut no injunction couM lie granted, hecausc;, \ty th j C'ahfornia law, tliiswas ad.ty for tlio election of the judiciary, and no slieritf cniil,! serve tho writ. The sale ronsefjueiitly went on, ami the Moscow com[)any hoU;j;ht in the stock at a low price, there heiii'' few hidders. On the succeediiMf day an injunction was ohtained restraining^ the tiieis- fer of the stock to other purchasers until the coints should determine the It^'^alitv of the assessment sih; under the circumstances. Tho loni; and dislieartoninj^ oont«!st einled a Ww days later hy the Ojihir surrendering the stock of the Moscow, and irivin<' lu'sides .^7,500 in nionev for the possession of that part of the Moscow claim wludi had hi'cn in dispute, and whit-h was of no value e\(i |it to establish a boundary. There had been e:vj)( mini in this contest $1,070,000, and it was oidy one nf many similar ones selected as an example because it was the first important mining suit, an*, involved the first discovered silver mine.' '' Tlie fiillowing taltlu shows the drift of litigation in rcganl to tliu Iciiling iniiie»: Name of Misf.. Ojiliir Yellow .liiuket Savajie iioulil * t'lirry Overman t'hollar I'oto.Hi (.'rown Point Bullion Belclier iSierra Nt^vaila Ualu & NorurosB IsnitN In Willi li Suit sin wliii'Ii (ulllpllllV WHS t'oiiiimiiv \Mi> riiiiiit'iir. I>. it'Uilunt. 2H 9 '.'4 8 •» '/ 2() 7 ]8 5 7 10 7 S 12 3 11 4 9 4 8 5 o 7 U\H <7 Tnt.-ll. 1.) 1.) i.'t i:i :l TJ on til rieiiey discMN cl.'ii.ii they I \ery i th.it t Were ;i clajiiiii of fh.-I SI 111 IS M The t\ th.'it ac tint hi tiff or J t'lr two !-.•:». w teiitijin it \\:iH ea ti'i'iiia. w *'ii"II.ip .mil lliHiitiniu> Ktttlr.j l.y ;| ■Aih.tlic r I'lMii tlif •miiiM ,iri, was lirmiL'lit I I'ors .,f tl,r ^■„ ■iiirn,',-,! s,, „,. "KM lia.i hinii >l'rlll^',,|• |s(i() aii'Liiiploy,.,! Vnlltii.' Illi'U (nr I'H.H' 'iiliijiaiiy >■;'■•. r„;„„. \„ I'l.iii.iiti; .Mar.'j * 11 an.lCnr '""'"a- in liti.r "' NVva.la. tha'l •Ji:. One of tlie most protracttd and exitensive coutuHts was that betwti ii the i INKFFICiE^rCY OF MIXING LAWS. 127 Tilt! trniiltles wliicli hesct quartz niliiiii<^ rompanics <>M tlif CiMnsttxk came fVoin tlu; looseness and in«tH- (1. :i(\- of the niiniiii; laws prcvailinj; when (|uartz wujj (lisn)Vt red. Ti.t! first locutions were t.ikcn as |iia<-cr ( I;ii.iis umlor tlie rci in early niinin^L,' times, and srrv iiiudi'<[uately descrihed. When it was known tli.iL tlitj richest claims were on top of a Icd^e they wrVi- a'^ain locatid and recordedas (juartz, the locators (laimin'^^ all the "dips, spurs, angles, and variations" nf then- discovery. It was this goinjjf after dips and spurs which made the war iK'tweeii tht; contestants. The first Nevada legislature passed an act providing that action for the nicovery of niiinng claims should Hot Im iiaintained unless it was shown that the plain- litf or his assigns had hoen i:i possession of the gntund fcir two years hefore the suit was brought,' or since is.V.t. wlien the Comstock claims were taken, the in- triition of the act being to confirm those titles, l^ut it was ea<;' to evade this law by bringing suit in Cali- fonila, wiiere most of the corporations had been or- Cliullir ami I'll isf companies, in wliich the former broufjl it suit to ricovrr ii.wic.^nii'U of a iirfaif claim of 4I)() liy 1,4(H) ffi-t, ini'luiliiijj; tliiConiHtock lri|j.'r, wit . .!!:■. iliji.i, iingluK, Niiur-i, etc. ]'roccrtlin>,'s v,vrr hv)i\ni in li>«il uikI cciMtiiiucii til iSCfc"). After .^l.miO, 00)) liail Ihth fXiirniliMl the MiituMerc Mtttli'i liy a comiiromise unitiiij; the 'J eonipanies in the I'hollar-I'otoftl. AiimIIk r fiiiiiin-i suit was that ln'ought \>y thu (iroseh ('on.x liilateil a^^ainst tlirtlnuM :\\\-l Curry anil Opliir, ni tho iL'lh (list, court of Cal. Thi.s i-uit WIS lirnut'iit liy jiiTsons in Kl I lorailo county, in lS(i.'{, «ho hail Iieen nuni- I HIS (if tlif fiiMH>anies fornifil hv the (iro.sch lirothers, whose unha|>{i\ fate >'Iiiiii;imI sii materially the iirosjicctivo fortunes of these coiiijianie.s. 'I'lu-se iiicM liaij lurniMlieil means to thu (irosche.s (luring their e.\]iliirations. In the .-liriiiL,' "I' i Nil) they fnnneil the Washoe fJoM ami Silver Mining c'iini]iany aini iiii]i|i>yi'il an agent to go to the states to contract with the father ot the yiiiuiL' null fur his claim as heir, and the claims of the Western Utah Knter- lirisi- riiTii|iany, which they secureil, after which they hegan suit as ahove, > ' •. /'//(..». Aiiir. 17, 1863. The actions were ilismisseil at the cost (>( the ihuiitiit, M.irili 0, |8(!5. S. F. ItnWlhi, March !», ISCm. This suit cost the ' M.ul 1 -iiiil < 'urry company •*i*_».3. It was estimatcilhy S. \\. Marlette. stir gen. <'i' Ni'vaila, that then; was expemleil in lawsuits ilurmg |Sr»() .">, .*!I.(H),(HH),INH), mI'.i li was one fifth of the proiluct of the Comstock loile. /irniriii'y Mm J'l", fM lMi7, '.\i. William M Stewart, who reci'ived annually as -nuch as S*J,- (Htd Kl Ills as the |irinci])al attorney of several Comstock » omi>anics, esti- iiitfil tl ntire cost of litigation up to January ISCT.. at SI ((.(XH), 000. Liti- gation ijiil not cease with the settlement of these great suits. ' A' '' Lines, IBCL '•^- Tliin law waa amended iu liJiiU hy changing 2 to 5 years, ■i;''j 128 FUUTllKll l)EVELOl'MK\TS OX THE L'OMSTOCK. i|t ganizod, and where most of the iniiiiiig cases \vf a sale which had been madi; for an old blind horse, and vet involviuij millions in ijold jiikI silver. Had these laws existed before tlu; discovtiy of the Cemstock lode the history of silver minini^ in Nevada would have been ditferent, i»ut as it was, tin; lej;islature had no ])ower to interfere with the title to mineral lands,'" and no niinini; laws atfcctinijj tlu^; titles was passed by coui^ress lH'f)re l^VtG. In .Inly «)f that vear coiiijress confirmed the titlos alreadv ac- (piired under district laws, and pi-rmitted the owners to take out i>att'nts ;" but it still left the dis|>ositi()ii of the mineral lands as they were bef«>re, subject to the rules and re;j;ulations of minin<; districts, it beiiiL; assumed that the miners knew b«'st what was t'lr their own ;'. L.K/w. I81V_', \2 \X i^sV. (/•,(,f'.< Sp< Stoards of this kind on the Pacific coast. It was fornuil by thirty-seven brokers, who sold mii>iiir his customers he made a fto hv the transaction ; and couKl he have refrained "'"/. Anumtl yfinimj Rn., 6-18. The California Stock Boanl wa» orjfan- tMJiii January l»7l!. The Pacific Stuck-ex change wan orgauizud iu April J 1S75, Hist. Nbv., 9 180 FURTHKIl DEVELOPMENTS ON THE rOMSTOCK. fnim speculatiriij for hiiiisolf, or ram'iii^ the stork of otluTs " OH a marjjfin," ini»^ht liave rt'aix'd a Jdarvtst from tlio misfortunes of his cHents. The stcjck ex- chanjjje in 1804 was a scene of njelancholy interest tn the simple observer, and t)f painful anxiety to tla owner of minin>; shares. Tile workin*; mim'rs were not infrequently owikts of some stork ; therefore, when it fell rapidly in the market ihey had lost as much of their wnii;es as the shanks represented. And when in addititjii to this the mine-owners or superintendents set about re- trenchment by cuttiiii^ down their pay, tliey becaim stubbornly rebellious. Deep minin*; is severe and dans'erous work ; and foar dollars a dav had not Ix rn considered too nuieh for the labor, Kven before tlioy were asked to take less tlun' had decil<>ni3. lirlolicT, <"rowii I'oiiit, and Sfgri'gated UcKIkt foiiijiaiiii'.s, wore as fi.llnw* Depth. ToinpcrtttUttv nopth. Ti'mpcriifMM'. feet. />(■;/ rrrs 1 hWt. Deijrtii. I()0 r.«4 1,200 8!ti 200 f>5 i,:m)o »1.', m) 62 l.4(N) JNii 400 tiO 1,.J00 101 rm »w I,)i00 1(« m) Tli 1.700 UHh 700 7«J I.WK) 10.-. s S(N> 7()i l.'KN) KM) •MM) 7« 2. (MM) HI 1,(HK) 81. J 2,1 {to lift', l,l(NI 84 In soiiK^ niinP!<, ami nonio )iartN of iiiint"4, owinji to ilefi'otivr vctitilatinD. anil soiiii'tiincH to iiiiai^(-«'rtaincil faii-fs, tli>' lieaf wan a-'tiially iii"iiii|"'rtal>l'. takiMi in conjniiction witli t\w liacl air in tli.- ininc-t t-vi-n tin- livst \ i ntihttnl. and iiH'n not infri'i|ii(>ntly foil di-ad in oonsfijuoiici-. In tlif '!<)(>■ ftit livd''! the Kt'l her in \Hiti\ the mvu i-ould wnrk Imt a few niinntct at a titti>. ani •wu%t lillud thuir lounu «huver's womb, real- "'"'ie-Mt overtake tliem, vet witl " ^^™'^» doponding u,.on tl ■''isl;t at^a,,y „,.,„„,^'j: .'I I II IV ' vvivt'8 and chil.l em fit !*r ir ••"•"i".sta,H.os soomod to warra V ' ""'''"'"*' ^^'^ ';""'""'"* P*-'^^ f'T tJ.oir labor t' if "'t^'>J'«''iM..|.,Vor /,im.- Oti,',,,.^" ^'^' """^''»'s made an ^-i.a,..r labor. sc/'u^^S?" ''^^!V' ^'! <-«t abou^ •b'lv the Minors' J wbicb -;v|.arado({tJ,ostroof« J<^?'r'^!t,onl '." tbo last dav of Hill •streets of \ 'ej^'an to act. li):is < 'n tlio band at tjjeir J ;_!"• Iiit.Tnational botel! tbt ^'"•'''"•'^•''i'vsstbein, wlii,.); J ^""|» ' "?•"• wajrcs at .'^4 a d ^' several min a.irain tl le <'0||( |>n'|)ared t ''^>"<"» without an iy. Ti '".tr «uperin- iniJI- men nil I mill,, flie „.ator m exception, and tj whii'li tli. |IIH III USD K":Srf,!;r'- ./w-"*!. .1, )e r was W ■'•!! Ml tillK "lino .if it "■■n 'liie to tl IS Nllfft - •''•'■» "•" ■■»": .1. .'. ' ... ..,„,,„ aiiriirac to o,,,| *), ' "'"^" '" .'H l.vu-.it '''■ iiK-liiie. I'jek ■» *''>ii!(| . inly Ik. | '•"III waf.r at a t allot 'I'liiiK Mas 1111, i::t"s:r.^-!:'-''''i-.-i:i;in .■iii,||..,| with '•"111.. ratlin. .,f |; '" l'<:s. .iff, r I <■ '""inoioiisii an I W I ( nitliin I'SS. Til "•uas Hr.nv M 111. '' Kl'iv.s, aii.l ,.h,t| I III I ^ '"Vcrcl iii " Mfrvatta.k..,! ". .1 iiiin Mill ' Mas let lis M-.'t i a I'-irn, I r;;^",:;;":"!*'™ I"-.; ,111,1 I,.... . ."I'.'M'il Ilk.,' an nf..... ?,"■","•'' tr„„Me,| '«" infant, ff to l-.'.S f, ""t r.'cov.r I 7' '".""• <"'"M aii.l ' < ramps ainj *'iirr\ "! ■■"'III.' tin,.', faint...'! till' fit lIlHIIll' '■iiliir , Hit. ii'i'Mses ■It an "'"'■'■"It- s p / \K''''',' 'Ml, ... '^- '''■'■'ll'/, ,1 "'" ""iKTs as earlv as Vi io Mas Kra.liiall I's r. II..,. t y r..st..r(.,i, \\ "•II Hheii iif.r ["■'y IM'ri.i.i "!f r . n.riii/ii/iir. .Inn •»« iv-i «"-n:TCter;-«''-"U?n..i;:h.:, ""• M). i8(j<»; an.j t • • 1.1111 hoLMtlllK ,.hI,I 1 H.lS ll t III- ll.s..,| ;,,s li" I'll,. ,,f li.'ist,.,! (■• tl ll. a (• '••iiisliman M. he .aste ,rf /"'""' "•"'•'". With a l-i ,. f . ''V *"'«"•"■ '"'""-I .r-^t. . Iirt from <'orn«-,-,ll • 1 .''.'•''" ^•:»''ti'ii.'.l to hi... ■!. ■"f'li'i, an.i tinallv '.! •niwall ' |{ •--.ris,^;^aj-;,-^Ert:::;i ■•■■V 1 i.ts(enei to iJiM ' ll tliilei'j) .*'".''l an.l •"'•. ^>ay ai, ISO.} ,"• I'l'ils Ml which I'' I? :m I3'i FUKTHKU DKVEI.OPMEXTS OX THK ( OMST(K'K. or finally withdrew hoiu some of their it ;i>t tenahle positions, and the league was finally di.ssolvt.l. But the mine (jwners had never been able to estali- lish a uniform price lower than $4, while the inim r^ formed "uni«>ns" to maintain that rate, in wliich ettbrt they were ni^ver defeated.' i« During the first four vcars of working, the Onliir lM)nanz2i vielded fifteen millir>ns in <;old and silver, i.-s than a million and half being |Kiid out in divi«li nil>. During the siime time other mines on the Idle to th ■ south htul Ix-en tiiking out their millions," and (x "Thirre Were .1 miners' union-, one at Virginia <'ity, one at (ii M II. il ami one at .Silver (.'it v, the olijtet of wliicli wa.'t the keepiug up of wjgo« t> tlie Ht4inulil ami I'urry, organizeil in liU'tH, ouiic*JI feet, alntuthalf of wlii 'i waH liriMlnetive. The rieh ore in this mine lay within l*M) feet in lenctli. .'ii') feet in heij^ht, ami a wiiltli of alwiut l: total amount , .Ivi.i, t among IOK,(NNI xharei*. Savage, the next mine mmth of (ioiilii an,(l'M» Mhare.t in 8(Nt feet, a.H-se.tMMl «ivMMi,«MM), an\n (lends ^,44M>,(NH), in the Haiiie time. Hale ami NorenMit, with a elaiiii i>'\ feet on the Coiiuttoek, Wiw iliviileil into 'JH.4NM> Mhan-s. Iti a'*!*eHi vioo.H to INTti were ^I.IKTJ.OINI. ami \tx iliviilemU .«:t.(IM».O0O. ViIIom .1 k.k.'>7 fi-et iliviileil into'J4.S.(»>i. ,>m iiaiil ill (liviilenilM, ^i.lSI.OOrt. in the name |NTiiMl. <'ro«'n INiint, liaMiiu •">»'' feet on the CoinstiH-k. wnmliviileil into HW.Jinn nhard. It asue-ifM'il *I17'<,'C" anil {mill #ll,.'>HM,linil in iliviileniU. Th in mine hail aa nnuAiial lM>nati/.v in IH70 it wan apfMirently exhannteil, when the l.-irgent ore IwHly ever fouii.l. tip to that time ou the ConiKtix-k liMle w.i' iliwoven-il. In '2 yearn it v:ilil'»l |U,iH4,783.57, aud cuutiunvU tu yield largely fur Mtwnl yeara. Ik-Klar, is- 11' i:;i AXXUAL ITJODUC Tlo.v. 133 i; til. Inst tuc. vo v(.ars J,a^ I. V ^'""stook duii.Mr ■"''-'"t ''v.-r ol.atinod in o.; .,;;''''* V''^»'' ^'""'>'- tho »"';M. '^ ^^a« tJjo Wonder of tlio vii'>."u"wn ,: frj',.:tr';i'"r,r^j-"'? ^"""' "^ f- -■ '^'m.-v. White „,„, \ urn ;, ';"',""• ^"-'"^'1 N" '— " ">«-i- over t&/,i«!-. «^.;;;-; '"•»• fr..,„ I, ,i,:„ "X; '" ""■ •">"...„ ..i IS. .Vi™"f"; ";'r""»i! ".^ ''ilfui.or,. <',„K„|,,|., ' •)"'l«'s Am,,na. .v,.| i-,.,, .■,""•'••' 'I"Mii, ( ..,1,,. ''"*""«•. 110 f- '""•"•"'»'' ■ Tlu.Ui'.T"' • »-M» f,.,.t a.l 184 FUltTIlEU UKVELOPMKNTS OX THE COMSTOCIC. I ': I i days of the Opliir oxcitomciit, the unmuts held tlui ground at prices hi«;her than wouhl-he pureliasi rs offered, and the eoniitanien undertook the dovt Inp. nient, which proceeded slowly, and witlumt any t n- couraj^injjf discoveries. A shaft had hccn sunk «>ii the Central to a depth «>f over (»()() feet, and several tun- nels driven in, intersectinjjj the shaft at dc^ptlis nf from 800 to 000 feet, two of which were costly and extensive, hut which failed of their purpose^, noiliin.; beinijf found except some small hunches of ri<-h oir in the California. So persisttsnt was this harienncss of the lode over so ^^vcut a space that the fact at l»ii.jtli attracted the attention of those who were versed in the «^eolol,:{41>.4l wiUiout «liseovhir bonanza had faih'd at about th. depth of tlu»ir latest explorations and tlwuthe (Jeiild and (^urry haerty of the ("'m sitlidated V^iririnia, which was transferred to tlitin !* I l>oiiiiil:iri<>'« was aurocl u|>iiii. .Tosojdi Wf1>I» was iillownl .'M) fcil nii rlir north piirt iif Hishoi) .t ( 'amp's Krouiui; Wiiit*-. Ilamiitack, it Kirliy IiuMmi lyiiiii to tilt) Houtli, .laims * Murpliv 110 Wt U'twi-cii tlic Wliitu ami \Vi!!i yroiiiiil, aii. Wl itt-rs ainl Sides fi Co., pit soiiK'tliint; over .'(iH) l.it on tliu Hotitli. Tliis si'ttleiiK'iit \N as iii'vur ilisturltvil, aiul won tliu liaai.i >'i tlic title puruliaaud by the bouauza tirm. THK llOXANZA FIUM. 1S> if, lu itrd. til.' >iuM rpth tins I, w |>ri<'ii 'on- IClll, .Mill' |\V. ' •> HI 1.1 '. ninl soon aft»r also a controlling intorest in the Crtli- l",,riii;i njinc." Till- ininin*; ox|HTience «»f Fair and jSIackay, with tlnir kii<»\vliilj;i; of tho KadiniLj ffaturcs of the Cnni- .stiik, JustiHici th«j ventun; which they ha't'stral islainl. Kur il year or two Im Uiks > iii|>l"Vi'<' I'y a iiiiiiiiit'rfi.'il lioii.Hc, liiit lu.'ariu>{ imu'li of tliu laiul of ]iroiii- iM' <.M till- .^lioru of tliu r.'iritic, liaili- farcwrll to Mtiaily-^oin;; Boston, ami jnii.i.l tlir.'iniiy of uol rli.iiui: for all investment, lie |iiireha.seil nii iiiteri'Ht in the Keiitiiek I' iiMi' al (ioM llill, an tlit; Male .t NorcroM.s mine, which froiu p.iy- 11',' ilivi'lcinU h.iil fallen oir to reijiiiring heavy assi-ssmeiits. Mack.iy ami I'.iir lirlieviil the iniiu nl«l he mailt; to jiay lar>{ely ajiaiii, anil fornuil with \'\ 1 ami O'llricii of Sim Francisco the coiii|>aiiy which tinallv strciiriil con- trol of a l«oii.in/a. From this jierioil Maokay has eiijoyiif uii|i.'ir:illi'leil liii.iiir'al |>ro-|icrity. His family has resiileil in I'Uii ., where Americans of ili-.tiii>'tiiin have Ih-cii royally entertaineil liy them, ami his ilaii^^liter has Ih'oii iiiiinii'l to a |iriiii'e of the Italian In ■f ( 'olonna. Many an; tl 11- ili>erv- iiiL' iiir-ions ami charitihle enterprises which have reeeivcil niil from the iii- ti'llii^eiit ap[ilicatioii of the wealili aci^iiireil hy this inemlier of the !ionaii/4 linn. Iiiiii-'f;. Fair w;is a native of rionjjher, t'ounty 'ryroiie, Iri'laml, Imni |lii'. ."!, IMll. Me came to the I'mteil .States with his parents iit the ai,'i,' of iilin;' for l> vears in III. uiil joining the Argonauts m filif.i ill Isttl. His tir.st mining was tlone on Feather river, hut having a tenileiicy tiiwai.i iiiLirt/, he was leil tM stuily this liranch of mining. Ins inlelli^^cnce in Ills ii'i^.ir.l I'liiiplcil with this extensive- kiioMleil^e of mechanic <, pi icci! him III till' |>n'.itioii (if sii|H'rintenoiian/;i linn. His further history helon^fs to politics. .l.iiiH-s C. Flooil anil Willi.ini .s. O'llrieii wi-n- eii^.-iucil in reiailini{ liijiiont iM'fnl in- Ill a saloon jiatroiii/eil l>y mine -iperalors, ami li.ivm^; >;;um'i| soim i'liiiiiition, m;ti|e capital in stin-k o)K'ratioiis. To the^e men Mackay ami I'lir. with a full kiiowli ilife of their eapaliilities, applieil for an! in t.ikin^ till itr.let for the ilevelopnn it of Hale* Norcross. O'llrien was another IrNliiii.iii. ami FIoimI w;is a native of New York. Neither of these men pi iiv other talent than m oni'V .1. M. Walker was u iiiunil>er uf the lii'iii ui tliu Li^guiuiiig, but auuu sold uut tu Mackay. fn Mi ,1 I 1^ IM FTJRTHER tEVELOrMENTS ON THE COMSTOCK. justifiable. A drift from the 1,200-foot level of the Gould and Curry was continued throut^h Best and Belcher into Consolidated Virj^inia in 1872. At the same time the shaft already bejjfun was deepened, and a drift run from a depth of 500 feet, east and west, improvements made in the hoisting-works, and tin* sliaft deepened. 13uring all these o[)erations the search for an ore deposit different from the low-jj^radc ore found in drifting, and more continuous than tli;- hunclu'S wimetimes encountc^red, was being proseeutid bv tiie untinng manager Fair, who was f ( i !fro«m,. neher, had been fo™ e"? .'^^' ''"'"tantly "■"" " <'l>«. "f I,lfi7 fe t i? °"!"'"' ''""-.nvard '■•";;'.'r-. to I. .TOO feet, vet wS'"-' '."'"' "-^t on- --tK- buddings, and st<;ok„,r^',T'''"»,«l«>.se8, »o e I.,.,,,,.. i„ ^^^^ mark" ,? X?, ;','"• "'" ^'""■<'» «^>. They increased to siiOio?''^' '«^^ ("'t '"Nt.r. when still richer m- .7 V""''^'''' ""d m nn.l '■■'""•^-Uevel. to $580 L""f„''"'^»,'''""'• ''"I "'■! I re„ch 87 r •> ^!' "^""""n- IS75 »"■;■« c ,„.sid„r,.d as ossJn i|,H'''''^"'"'"»l'a'vs;which ''•'",' the market value f't,'''' ?""■' »■•''" '" «rH( 1^^-™ nunes f,Ir five '::"'•■"'"' ^''^^'"''^ »m.I C, ""-'J ^ 1- .lividenJi'-d.!::: ';'^;s;'' )■•>•'"-' "".- .,. , „,.,„. 't"l880, paym(,r S540,- --Mi 138 Fl'IlTllKR DEVELOl'MENT.S ON THE COMSTOCK. 000 in that yrar. California paid the last ilividtud ill the yrar lH?i)." It is |>laiii that rich as was the j^roat honaii/a it liad n-arlictl a ruinous jxiiiit of iiiflatiuu in is7;"). fur evt'ii if the actual valu*; of tlu' sliari'S lia- ])er that the honanza mines were n<)t what some said they wi-ns th'! fever of hope was succeedeil hy tin riijjors of fear, aiul panitMMisued. People were as anx- ious to s«'il as th(!y had heen impatii-nt to huy. Tli< decline was rapid. Consolidate*! Virij;inia fell .3-'"" a share within a week, (^ilifornia fell ott* ir.ori' than two-thirds of its lato market i)rice. Other stinks h i: li SI I li|:i "Tho following tallica show tlio amount of ore and Imllion taki^ii from tlu' ( 'nit^toliilated Virginia auil California mines during tlitiir UiLaii^ lioriod: 0ONSOUI>ATKI> VII<(JINIA. Vi'ur. Ani'ut Kxtrai'tud ToIIH. llulUon I'njiliii't I.s7:{ i* M'> .'iS-' 1 7 1.S74 (»i,ir>8 !(><.). :{()7 I4'.'.(i7l> 144.400 i-j'.'.s.'n 4,'.KS|.4,S4 (i."i is7r. 111 717 ."in I Tii 1N7G lti,(>."i7.(W'.i 47 IS77 i:{.7:m 01 ;• 07 187S 7.!»<.m;,7."«:i 11 Total . (■>o.7.'W.ssj o;{ CAIIKOKNIA. Ycur. Vnrnt Kxtraitfil Tons. Hulliuu I'ro 1 k;. 1875 .M'.'4 ll.'8,801 i.'l7.4:{'2 i:<4,8.S8 ij! 4.'i:< INK) Hi 1876 13.4(K>,N4! 40 1877 l\0-J4..vMi -2: 1878 10,'.»4".l.07> '.••" Total . . f4:i,7'J7,8:fi iiti SPE<'L'LATI()\ AND IHSASTKR. 139 fi ]] from ;')() to 250 |>t'r liad jU'oHtt'cl l)y till' excitt'iMciit, many liad boon ruiii' tl. t'V»'U soiiu" of tliosf wliose judginont in nuiiing ii.ittii's should havi' hiM-n trustworthy.'' ■ \Vho is to l>hiiiu' r* tht' victims cried. The l»o- ii;iii/,;i-(i\vii('rs were accused oi' spcculatiui; in tlieir ..uii shares, of causini? ih-ehncs in i>rder to buy in, and cicatin;^ a "boom" in whicli to sell. Vox ]>o|»uli is ii-it always vox Dei. The voic<' of the j)eoj»lt' is siiiiittiims the voice of the devil. The bonanza tirm hicamc immensely wealthy, and were rcLfarded with iiiiii<' or less envy and suspicion by their less fortu- iiat'' t'l'Ilows. ]^ut the fact remains that they paid out .s7.'M 70,000 in tlividends to shareholders, ant* jJivispeetors and pioneers in mininjj;, and the timU'r" (»f the e«»untrv. ^()"J,000,000 in assoHsmeiits. There had l>e«'n paid baek to shareliolders .f; 1 I Ci.ooo.ooo, and the small. incorporated companies bad derived j)roHtsamon>itiii,' to ab(.ut .'J-J.OOO.OOO more=8l I H.000,000. The dili; r- euco betwoou tbu outcome and tbe otsts to tbo shair. •'Comparatively few .ipcidpnfai happcnod on tho Conwtock, l>nt those worr HerioiH. Oh the Ttli nf A|>nl isiHlii im- limkr mit m tlif Vcllnw .lack-'t, lu wliicli 4.') iii.'ii lost tlitir hv.-^. .V. /'. Hull.thi, April S. !(, 10, i;{, I.SlHI; \ F. Oiill, April S, <», ami May 1. ."i, |.S«H»: ',„„„„ ,1;,;,,//. April H. lA, |M(i!». lln. lire i'iiiiiiiiiiiiii.-ati'i| to Crown I'tiint ainl Ki'iitack, the mckn in the MM) fnnt lovi'U lifiii^; fiiiiiiij to In: fjrcatly luaU'il .'{ vi-ar* afti-rwanl. In Sept. I^TH a scciind tiro anil wru's of i-xpln-mnt t<>.'k plaic, liy wliii'li (> nii'ii lost llmr livcM, aiiil ntluTs Were injiiri'l. On the •_'lti. <«f M.iy IS74 the liuiMtin^wi'ik'' of the Siu'ciir wiTt! ik'stroyi-)) liy liri-. an>l '2 inon killutl. On tht-.'tOtli nl Ort. tiie Bi'li'hcr air shaft oaii^ht lire, ans<'<-n;a>{e(| in liloekin^ up tli.- month of a ilrift a eave oi-cnrruil, anil a otron): ilrafl of air suckeil liaik iiiti> the .irift, hearing tiames upon the liakeil men, Mcorehin^' nine of tiiriii t.> death, and Imrnint; others. Volnnteers tiM>k tiieir places nntd the umk nt conipletini{ the linlkheads wasaeeoniplished. In May IS7'), when anew>li:itt was hiiin^ eonstrneltd, tlie workmen enconntered ^reat masses of r<"'ki Htill almost at a whiti; heat, or hot enou>;h t<> set on hre the new tiiiil'iri. Fires liroke ont in the ahandoned levels of the Con'olldaled Virginia '>ji<1 California, wliieh eonid only In- extni^iiiithed hy Imlkhuadin^ all eornruu- itiealin^ drifts, and allowing; the limlxT.s to smoulder, until from li< k "i oxyj{en the tire was smothered. Wri ihl* Hi Mmifiii'i /'w/, .\pril .'Ml. Ivi'.l; (M/ Hi'.l S,iiu, Mov. I. ISTi; /./., Miv l-.'and Au«. 17, |S74; 1,1.. Ma li II. 187t>; n|; //,/-/ lldl X.w, Oet. '-ti, 1.S7,-,. '* It is ostiiiiateil that the annual consumption of tirewood on the Cmi- stock was, at the least, PJO,0(¥) eonls. Browne, Afhihi'i /jr.-, od. IS(i7. iniku the amount *J07,3'JO eonls, which is pnilKtMy tiH> hi^'li. Thr IimuIh r hm-iI in huililinx and miuiiik; timU>ri was estimated at 'J!.t,00(>,(NN) feet (l>o.ires was ii^ured l>y Ifrowne at ASOO.OIH) anniiillv. Soe also, //.!«'/ ojl. /f.),t. |SiS7, 31.".: .s'.f<-. r„i.,„, ,Fuly '.'4. 1805. Svx' ,iUo Sunoniii, in Rcmtc Dtiu AlQiulct, Hov. lUlo, 'Mo~^l'2. r <'«>STOF.MKT.\L Jifil.l.Ts was AnCt 000 OOft o.> • f'^- "tlu.r ass,T,)o.(,o,')^'!, ,' ;;"';'-tmcM.t/ Hut "": n"''^.-. T,.., MM.;.).: it s t u. "'"' '" ^'•"••"•^« ^-"'■"'. ..ostly n.ar),iM,..v ;, "' ' '">' «""" '"to litj. ^\""""t Valu..-iMto M.id'of ,. iT'' '"r''V**'« »'".nst -'"-: u-n,iM.ss iM a r/. ;;":;;''' ''-^ti,.^..,,,,,, '^••'v.*! to tJic .H..op]o for i. ^ ,'' ''■""''' ''"vc. pro. ,,.„„,j^^ . I Pic tor u ^.reutor iei.gtJi of tiuio theL ^'"<<|iial in intcrt'st wifl, ♦.. i :"' .vl.nsivc. ,,i„,,. „f .,,,,''" "■"' ••"•"Pi'ti f ''•"■■ h.'« I.,.,.,, r..f,.r'rc.c '^ " v ■"''>• »' "» '••irly ;:"'^-'l tl„. »us,«,,«i • / .''V ""'"■«• l'"-l f.v.,u,-Mtrv '','""•,' "Ut oivs fr,„„ t „ 1 '."•"■""ivc ii.,an.s „f .""'-• '"'t • hap r, 7;^ ^'"-"""••••-1 i. ,: ,;1'^, """!•■ • ^^''-''-u'^t: ■jj, ■J 1. Ik 142 FUKTULU UEVKLOl'MENTS OX THE ^OMSTOCr Tlic autlior of the sclicmo was Adolpli Sutro, who had a quartz-iuill on the Cai**m river, but was in-t known as a mining engineer. The Nevaila Kgisla tare, by an aet parsed February 4, 18()5, ineorjutrattd the Sutro Tuiniel coni[>any, witli tiie exelusive privi lego, tor fifty years, to excavate and eonstruct an adit intersecting the Conistock lode at a depth of I. (Km fret, H iiu'hes below the niouth of the Savage shaft. fciutKeii'ntly wide for a double line «>f railway, and ex tenf • x- tended in both directions as well as from Carson val- \v\ . Ijiis was the plan. The incorporators of tin tunnel company were Adolph Sutro, William M. Stewart. 1). E. Averv, Louis Janiu, and H. K. Mitchell. Stewart being president. In tin- spring of IS(;() Sutro secured contracts from tv.'enty-thne of the principal mining courpanics rcpn- senting most of ti»e capital on the Comstock,'' bindiiis: them to pay to the tunnel company two dollais a ton for ore extracted above the tunnel !• vel aft r the e\t«iision of the tunnel and its lateral diifts ti> points within their boun«uiries. The privih^c was granted to the mmiisg companies of trans] mrt- ing ore, tools, tunbi-rs. waste nnk, and workimii di'|>tli lii'Iiiw tliuin. Tn ]S(i:) the OoM Hill and Virttiiiia Tuiiiu'l aiul Miiiini; C(i!n|iaiiy ^of;;lu ti> pirrcf tin- CiiiiiKttH k IimIc at a tlrpth <>f MM) fi't>t, v.tli.i tiinml tiA iiy 7 f«'«'t, .\\\\ if li;iiiHt'<|iu'iit (III tilt I'xImuMtiiiii of th«> Opliir lioii.iii/a jiaralyfl, '"f ■' tiiin\ the ininiiiK indiHtry Hvfnrc tin- rifurii of oi.nfidvv.ci' Siitrn'n i iitrr- jirisi- had Ihth .'«'t nii font, and tiiidril ton-vivt- the niiiiiii|j iiitrrc.st. Miriinj R,l>tui«' tJK' conipK'titin of tlicir work within a rca- s iiiililr tiint'. the tunnel company ensj^ajxed to si-euro sii!isrii|!titi«»n was then mooted whether the let^isla- turc «'f Neviula had the power to cvdo to tiie tunnel (•.iiii|)ai. 000. 000, and Si?tro made his first .If.) It in this direction in the city of New York. Tin lectitain capitalists at^rced to make up the .^U.OOO,- (iiHi after li«> should have t>btain((d subscriptions to the aiiinuiit of a ft w hundred thousands on the J*acific roast. .H.'torc the vnd of May 18(17, $()()(). 01)0 had licrii substrib'.d by nunc-owncrs, and an extension of a \(ar's time «»l>taine«l in which to securi' tlw remain- him ise Wol ke''r»ss in recommondati»>n of liivim' mate- rial aitl ti» the tunnel.*' At tln' m<»men\ when perft'ct nchi(n^t'mont seomod rcaily to be i.jras|K' I, the miiu^-owneison tlu- (Nunstock ■• II Kr. Dof. 47. |»t •-'. I>»S7 «, 4fa(i con^. X\ »om.; X. t'. Mh<, July n», |Ht)(i; V /•'. IhiW .'. .Inly I.H. StUV " Hnlithojin'sCoi^'t'^^l: l.'oi : lU'port to tlio Siitro Tiimn'l ('iiiii|iany on till' '.'i. ill ijjy anil Dtriu-tiire of .In' Imlc. /'mr. //',< I.^ukI c/ Siln r, I'-l'. K. ti. l'ail\lr maclc aii a«vMir.it<- mir i-v "f tlio work to l>«( ilitiu-. Jnitr. S.- \stu In ^11 A'rjrf, :*\. 40.1 co'ij{. V.M ncHH.; S. t\ Call, July 4, 1808; A'tto uluii, .Nov. 17, ISti'J. :!;l?rf^ ^lil'f ^; r ■ 144 FURTHER DEVELOPMEXTS ON THE (O.MSTOcK. withdrew tlicir sulwcriptions, an act wliich reiulcml it iiniMiHMible for Hutro to call u|M>n uaHtcrii capitalists for the pruinisod aid, and the failure of the cntcrpiisf seemed iinniinciit, and would havi; Uien hroui,'lii ahout had the projector |M>s8es}.s('d less pluck and eiK'rj^y. He appealed to the people to take wlians; he wrote K'ttera and hooks, addressed niefctin«;rt, Ki,ms- lalures, and cont^ressional coniniitteos. On the I'.ttli of October 1801) ground was broken for the Sutro tunnel," at a point on the Carson river north «>f Day- ton, and Sutro continued his indefati^ablt; labors at Washington and elsi^whero. As a result of his pi r- sisttjncy, congress passed an act on the 4th of April, 1871, authorizing the i)residcnt of the United Statts to appoint a commission, c(»nsisting of one civil and two military engineers," to rei)ort upon the "import- ance, feasii»ility, cost, and time ri'tjuhvd to constnift ' the Sutro tunnel. A favorable report was rendt red concerning tlu; first two points,*' so far as its valur as an exploring work was c»»nsidered, but its cost, esti- mated at ^4,4 18, 321).50, was pronounced dispr(»|M>rtiiiii. ablv y:reat for the benefit to be derived from draiiiair anil ventilation in the mines. No counnittee could make a re|x»rt up«m tlir.*; matters without consulting; the mine-owners oit the " Vlfjiiii" Cily Torilnriitl KnUrjtrhe, Oft. 20, 18fiO; .9. F. Call, O t. cn, 18(iW. Im\\ l.aiiil>, iiiikoU'r cariH^iiter iif the Sutni tiiiinc-l, miyii tlip Wi'ik "i Ciinntrufling tho tiiiiiui 'wan nctually i'«W. " l.unii wax liorii ill N. V. Mtiitu iii .luiio IH'JU. Iltt oaiiie to I'al. via tho liithiiiu» m \H'A); iiiiiuMl (III till! .'\iiifrioaii riviT, ami afttirward on tho Feather rivi r ,iii>l nowiiiovillu. ill' went til Heveral otiier iiiiiiing cainim, and wan in the IiiiiiIht litihiiiuiM at Maryaville. He Imilt the lirHt \'2 hniiHUM at Howlaiid Klit in Nevada CO., Cal., in IN^ri il, and asNiNtiid in Hinking tliu lint Mhaft nii 'i hiok- at that |ilace. In |S.M> lie went ti> farming in Tularuco., and there reiiiaiiiri t;l! \Ht\'2, when he reiimved to haytmi, Nevada, where ho worked in a ipinrt/- ni:ll. Liiml,'» Kirlii Mimiuj, MS., I Ti, ahrief account iif liia own exiMiniKe in Cal. and Nevada. •■^The I iiiiiiiiixNiiinerK aii|ii)int(>il were H. O. Wright and J. (i. Fouler, in ConMiiiction with Prof. Newi ili. »' // A'.'. />rw,. 47, i.t'i. lOKS. 4rtth cong. %\ Mi%n.\ Sen. K.r. Ih^., \'\fi'^ conK. '.M Nt'MH ; .sVr. War ltf, Kh?, W'M 7-', 41.M eong. ?ld nemi. ; //"M*. f'"" /^7>^ m, 4'-M mmg. 'Jd Ht'HH. : Sni. Com. fdjit, 40ft, 4'.>ireonu. 'M iich». ; I'Mri" «^.V. /'.. 7lh .liilv. I.S7I. Ilth Jan. IS7'J, and 'JlKh April IN7'.': >" /■' >''"' //'j».»/, Oit. II, |H7'J; ViiyiMa VUu Ttrrilnmul EnUrpHat, K«h. 'ib, \^7i\ S. t\ AUa, Fob. W, im. i I ^ I ^■■'." "t. ..Mali,;,,,,,-,, ,,,,.»: ;""•"' '/' *-.""".<"i(), ^"'"^ti^. JJnttlM. l.ilMuil r. '* '"^V"'"'^V ^•'•I'-H .'IlKl ■'"■"/"■ tn tll( SCI ipti <»ll Iv U.'IS """unt <.r iii-_> |,„) K' Illf.'Ui- '■•'^t n"ut il I "'"'-;■'•< 'SH now I at wojj^ ' "|'l'..o;,v,ss I (I,.. /' . . 1 ( XT IlK.nth d ^^ ••»••' add,.,! N.it,, j,,„| '""'»""-k miM.;;ri;;.,r;;:.''''''M'niiH77 l"r IlK.nth. iJ iiif. '"•" iNlifv,.,! nrhl It ^'^''thciicat I Was "r;"'-' ..■..ii...f ■^xortv,] that it will '"■'I \\nn I'l "■ ''i'^il'l-. I.ul, I "'■^••'i f" Inn 'M'ral w.-is tlic i„;| ''"''••••d, was "'<'""'iii-: intense ''•f"'->"<"',.,i ,„ ,1,,,^.,. , '"'I'lUlNd U'l I— II 'III III, HIM Mdltl '"'"<•'" "f III,. |{, tl AMs.. f ;' /"■'■'"■'•'> "" 111,. ( inl< ,,r lN..,t (, "■II timt ih. •rill I. iiriii,,|jv,w •li aiiij ".'" ""t "Ml, Hll.l <"i'|>'.r,,ti "><• WUH not l'l"«ili..n ivrtiiinl Xt'l/V II ',"> «aw iu il |.'....,| •V'"" 'f>,„„,.f ( '«'""-t tll,.„, l„. il ■'l'l»ll...,l t l'"ii If f,.r tl //»'». It •l..,( Il " '•Hill,. I,., niv .l.,t,2S. ls,i WiiT. N 7< I'.Mi !MI.-,; .V /• \ May I '^ ••iHit Ill tl ii'iii.>,<>h '•"•Ills |l„.y 111. IIIIMIIH .issiiiil, "III. wliat,.v. »-v JO •/. AI r,i,. '»'-cli 11', |j,7;(' -I. ISM: .V„ MsTO«K. il I only 2r)0 foot a month roul«l l>e mado." Connection was offootod with tho iioarost niin«>Hhaft at the Sa\;i..'i w<»rk.s on tho ovonin<; ot' tlie Hth of July. Tli< l.i>t (»l>stru('tion WJ4S ivnt away hy a Mast in tin* Savic'r niin«\ Sutro hinist-lf was on tho spot, antl was tin first to <'rawl throui^h tho oponinj^, "ovorriuno hv ex. oitoiniMit," " as woll as liL-at. llo had aohiovr<| a triiiinph of on^inrrrin*;, and ]>ut tho C'onisti, ti hold which in check the water was pumpe Sutro then threatened to cnit a water-ti<;lit luilk- hi'ad. Althouj^h still unwilling to carry (»ut tli.ir contract, the inci .iiul tlir<>iiKh I^T.Iwm*."' dltliMii^li 'J |MiU'iTfiil Kocit liliiHiTt wTi ii>taiitly li>ri-in^ air iiit<> it. A' tli<' fill of iHTii It Wilt 'Mt , iiik! oil IJif lirit ..f .l.ui. |h7s r<'.i<'lifM|ilii'ri' WiiH fiiiil at we'll n^ hot. iMiriiiu tlif laxt imxitli*. in I^T'*. i^' iniiirr< wiTi- lu'ii imlcn frmn tlif ni'arciit vrntil.-itinu dlmft. 'I'lii- Impt wi< ('li.-tiit(i-f tlic nnniinal lionrH of UImif. Tin- toiii|NTatiin> rose tu 100* iu A|>ril, uJ thru t.> no anil 1)4 . " I'irifiiwi City T'-rrHori-il EhI, qn-iitr. July y, IN78, level of the Sava«j;«' mine, froni which it was puiii|H.|. ordy to n-turn a^^ain. on dis4'overinjx whi<-h in K» liiu- ary 1H71>. tin.' workmen wore arrested, and the ppi^'ntt of tho shaft stoppi'd when nt-arly coniplet«-d. Th. v were reh-ascd immetliatoly, hut tht; cutting; of th' fj^ drain w t<' f'ii>-i IIIK-ofll ill'/ Hi.. fll' life II'' rum tiriiiiii.i .'ii;iiii>t (•iir|iuf,if ,/'''"•" '!'ll<> lui; llliHrtii ill Oiful S'lllfll l.r;( iM/ikiii'/ ti fiini). 1|||,._ tli»>'' ucri I of' \V;itrT, I I I' HIS. or I. Wllii-il \v;is I" I a siiimII •■"iiiji;ui\ a l»'tii f'ur j) tUllli.j, lint iii.'iiia'j[(iii,i )?-."!";.;, .-id. "Mt.ij l»v \\ t'Tiiiiiic its ""III S \V;|.s ,j I'nilk." ti ^■'•"H. fill! i . ^v.. j„„, , ;'»,Tl; S,„r; T>,m 'v;.'; "/^•,. r,„o„ ■•liloriiiii IN Si '•■"'If .111.1 {•'liiil'lil ,1 I I"" "'•■ ;'lt"«iii,.„ ..„.. •■Ill- lili:i||.i,l ,. '"^"•\«'n:i{ OF ojtKs. Hr tlio now fon tract tJ t" fiirnisJi MioMcv t » <'.\t< "' Jlji;ii„jr o,„„ 147 panics a|L(roo(I '.''""' •;',"'•♦■ '•""■sow fVuu, tj t. ICN ,s, f'"n\ Wollars <>v I I»:'v ""(MloIJa,.,,,.,. ^, till J/l'' IIIM '• lie ,'i,s s(M)ii as »'«' as.sav •> ••oiij. •rjiuivifion isfai of ^>^ teuton - Ij'ancJics sliuuld '"•"""••'tc«l tJ.c iun.r stru-.rl.. , a^n-.st tiiat ,.ncn,vl.ard.;rto li uZ!r'''':r^ N-it TI lis C(»|jt; let 11' 111,1 Tho ]\,i.rUi "I tiinncT measured 2 -" " «ouJl,jtss ^V.'.S III,,,. f,.,.t fl HI Uctdhrr Is.SO j '*'t''^ ^'-f' i'. I.n.rt), ;•■ i"«-I„..s, and tl 'CJ'S. TJ 10 Nv id tl, '"' ""I't], luancj ^'••"1 i >Mj I,,,, I ,..., . , , , ■■"Ilil Ml- -","• i.r.„„-i, i„ M ";: , ?';";;'' ■■•"■■' «•'•'. "...i "i;ilv!ll'^' t'»._rf.t|, t'lnii- lliiiM- (.j.rjjt I !ireli I SHI was 4 I tl ;:;'""•" tl.an a n.iK.'and I -I feet ill l.ii.rtl lO <»f U.lfiT ":^' •"• i.'J77.:nn)( ''•^•••<'as,.d „„ ^;,„„. ^j^ '•>;-te,|(I,,s ,,f Join •ns »li'<-li w.-M 4. 7;, J ^ "'<> -alloii, s to .'M».|l.'.7i.'(> .ral •» ^"lall am, :o.") t oils. •niiuaJIv. tl unt of ,„..i,.| After I "' ^v.•,i.|,t of ;:::'■;:':! ;^ "":Vt „„. ,„;; '""■'•y '" tlie nI "'"'X »nad(.' to |., 'u. '"■'" '"!• irri'^af tIJDIl IH'C ""t ilK'llidill.r tl y ">^<' <»f (I l"^'!""^'--- The total '"■"'•''.'••niciit in t] '•' ••x|H'nscs i loj.s of ^}^^, "■ ^^aa-r lias <-ost of tlio ^^■-«v'-^".n::,,.,::j:;:::ri:-r''-i ncurred |,v tl 10 MMf,,| \,y Jj "' <'ommift( "I'll. S U-;,^ .„ .* -^ *''> •■ ^''•••n Jialf of tl '•' <'l'I""'nfr,| l.v le 'MIfl. s \V;| I'ullk viiis. t\ ■^ L'»'<'at •^••inlit to tl,,' ( <^l* i -- i US FUKTIIKIl HKVKLOIVMKNTS ON' Till: ( OMSTOCK. j)rotitaltlc to Wdik tin- iiiincM of tin* Cniiistock at ,i vt'iy Lfpat doptli," I'nlikf silv« r in otluT pjiits u\ thn \vi>i'l!i(|, l)iit is invitli fiattuird. niul ot'd'n partiailv Mtt'i vuvi\ Wy rlit'iitical ai-tion. 'I'hr |tiiii(i|ial on s ;ii. HLi'ithanitr, \itr<(»us silver, native silver, ruKy sihn lioni fiilvn-, Hhtl jKtlyliasite. with l'ai"tj;t'ntlt'|(|, ii,,. a 11 I e.>|»|Mi' |tyi-|ti l.l< < tide, and eat'iioiiiite and ])hate i/f ie.-id ill iiiiiiute i(uatilities are t'oiind in Jjeetion with the silver «ireH. plh I (le diellMinelia t»h>erve the south, in the soutliei-n jtai't it t'c'iiii. continuous sheets of iL^reat length, hut <'oni|'ai'.iiivi I; narrow, 'I'he « ire deposits ai-e enclosed in the ea-iirh and sometimes in the middle |iortion of t!i< \. in while the western hraiu lu's are poor or hai'reii. '{']• largest and richest deposits ha\»' heen found w In r the outcrops Wire most promiinnt. AttI H' iiori h ( tiM o vem IS in\;iri;d'Iy poni- where it passes a ia\ ii. hut Hot so ill the south end. Tlie richest ]>ort ieiiMii south of ench ra\ ine ci 'I >SS( •( liv It, .Ml tl le c|iniiiic\ in tlie northern pai-t occuj- wheie the Mails aftiidi^. '" Willi roganl to tlio iloptli nf t],r iliiroront mines, Kitfxr'.* rinl'-fjrmi Wmlil, u ciiliiftiuii iif iiiiiltri |iMi--il\ tliiiiu II tii).'i tlnr.iiiici'nmi^ mill' •, ia\' tllllllrl-> .'Mill ilMli'l' Mlllti-riMIMMII |ii.'l> I'l allil air.'lll'- imIiIIIIIS the rnllnvi lll;; niii c-liiii; i:nl^ 0|iliir ami MfMiiiii di^m, ircil at llic -urlaiT, lailol iii nii .it IM j ili|ilii !•! .""(Kl iiii; l>iiiiikiiA-k ivtiliM' i t.'.'t(MI I'l il ImIoM tlir r|i>|i|i|li;:i; Hair aiiil Ni-riloK^. lii>liati/.'\ ua- lli'^l imiiii •I'll) Il I t lii'inU till' Mil! Ill', iliil I'Vti'liili'il liiiuii III l.'JUl; ni..||.i I' ' f I at a ilijith iif .'ilN) fi'i't. ainl rxli'lnliil tntlii' j.TlN) font. Ii'\ i I ill^riivrl'i'il mi tllr Mirtari'. iNttiiilcil .'i iliiw II '-.TIN) fn't 'ii |.>>*.'. < 'misnliilntcil VirKiiii.i ' Hall .iiiil Niirrriws ;i.ii' older imuci* wtrc tUiwu iicaiiv It.UUU tcct m lSf<8, "Tl,. '/•/„»■„.„./,.., /''(W.. r,„. IN I il ir.irN'l till- Lull', in ' A.-.'.I,M| iMMri,'r F. It. ill|{ till' lii.'KI .iii'l .i!.iii iiii> i<' vii'v u.M ■ .■1 r>.|,. .r,,,! ,,_ I »•- ri'f,i:;|||/,,,| ., •.T'll I'l-ll jlfl,,,, ;, '""ttr-t «,|,. |„."„„ tir.it Kiij{i'm \. (;kol()(;v. 149 (•oiit.ii t sij.Mfiily lfai»i<* r<»fl\s, tliiMii'.rli wliifli nMi i- lorks ;iiv t 'iiinl <>l»tnuliM;4. svfiiitf. |tro|iylitt'. i^iaiiiir. wiih lra*-|>vti'. ainli'sit)-, aiitl iiK'taiiioi-pliir |-siir<' rails, d l>y rni'liii.;. \vlii<-h sul»s«Njuciitly iMcaiiir lillttl willi (juaii/. iiii'l oi'. I liavr sjiifl all that, is of in t»' rest (•(•iicirniii;^ N,\,i(la"s jjfrtat silvrc lode." llO-O I .liHTVitions oprnrin I'.aron Foriliniiul l{i(lithc;fi'i\'< Wi«rk,rntitl•■/. '/ tli< /'ni'-i'il' Moih of /■/< « III, tmioiw Itiiiih. 'IIk' Mil>M;i|ii<-iit lii-iii|i.iii>iii.ii Ml • llil^lll ml tllf (ifllll'lfl iij till- i'niiislix'L Imli, liy li.'.irn"' iiik,' t!i> ^iii> M III all till' llillX's nil tlicl 'oMIHtiii'k, ainl ill IIk' \\ .isIkh' ill^trirt, tl |,1 .lUi) till' li'Mltlnil III tin- -I'Vi-l.ll roi ks riiliipi:siiiir (lie \ ii'uiiu.i iMii^i', | iinl III .|i'>iiiiot!Vc I'liliinii^. Il hIiiius the I'.ii'lii'r iKiriililiiiilf aii>ii'siti pr l.-ii.lr, aMi'|iliio Imriti', iii.t.iiii"r|iliiu iiii-/i!iii'i|ii .111 till' Mi-t. A VlTlliM I -I'l'lKill 111 til trn tiiiiiicl 111 tilt' same atla> >li till' (11 liMl'-. Ill |ir«'V III aimi',' tlu! tniiin !. , , iiiil l/i'ic /•«, liy Willi nil Kal-tmi ILilili, a i|iiarlii ui' I,l'(M» jKiirci*, riiili 1 •l|ilii.i, l^'*'-^ iciiitaiin niiiiil (1 •*iTi|iti\ 1 matter iniiri rniin^ tlir < mn- •t'l.'k lull'. "'Villi illii^tr.iti'Mi-i. IJalrii. «li(» 11 Miiiiily ii ciuiii il.r. ail.i|it^ lur .1/'- tlic I'Diiiilrv rm'l •t tin ir;£i!ii I W I'll- 1 1 ir IMI t -ihli' .1 HvciiiU,- liir III' iisliiu' liisli let, the II rill lit |i ,l,t^ li|(' tliii'li (listiiutimi IS 11 iiimi ii>'' nil iiii? ri'-iliiit miiHTi. 1./7 . .1.,,;. ii a;.;./ ui. n »l<'. Willi lira «« itiiTn aii'l 111 in 11 1 <■ iiili>riii;itii>li ui .1 \ aliial>|i rli triili r. ' .liiliii I'lTc'ival .Imii's, who for Ni-ir-. w.i- pi 'Uniiii'iitly I'miini-ti'il with P| I"- I'liiiiitiiik, was a Wi'Irliiii.iii l>y luiili, ami imiiiu with Ins |iari'iilH to tlif Ijiiiliil Slatc-i ill |.S:UJ, wliili- y«-t an ml ml Ati thf I'llMii- si-l|oois of X<'W ^'ork i-ily. Ins lirsl iiri'ii)iati I'l' ri'i i'i\ 111^ Ins I'lhi'atioii 1% on was ni ii mail ill j in lln' stalf ••nalr ImIwci'ii lMi:t^iii>l I'^iiT. ainl III ISItS lM-ini( a|i|iointi' 1 -iii'irniti'inli i:t ot tin' ( 'n ■nil Mlllli' In thi i\i 11 il it^ i|iaiiy iIkti- w is it|irwai-.l iIIm lo-cl 1 1 iriii- Imiiv of from !<•.' or « to 8l.^iH» a -hti u h' T -itlll' VrrV Wi'l Ith ■riliy III In |S7:{ h ■.\- ilfi'ti'il r s. -M'n.ilKr lor Ni'vaili i»1 r-i'li' -ti'il II, |S7H, ainl lu'aiii in l*»So, ainl whih a iiKinliir ot that Unly » i> riT' i| IS a rliMf ailil rmii'lil s s|ii-aki Ml vrii lilioii. ainl iiiis|>arMii! iii n-'i'iiih. Tin- ^'iiaior was t iiHnaii. a inost aol'oln|lll^ln■ll ami liriii'M'li-nl vx'.m.iii. i>;i| 'It 'f C'llAPTKIl VII. TKIUUTOUI AL OIK i AN I/ATION. IS.VMSlU. TiiKN'tVF. Xevaha — Auka ami I.imhh— Tiik (^rKsrio>f or BoiMnhv- C'oM1ll-M!lo>. ('••I'lC-iK Of LKiilsl, \ri(is— « 'iilSIV ()i;iiAM/.AIli»NS AM> Oniil:i,> — 4'ai*ital — .Iri>i«'i*i. Ilis'i'icn'i's ash .Iikii'I vkv — Statk ok SnriKrv - Ki>i<%rio\AL — NKWsfAi-r.i; I'kkss— Coitiuri'iKiH or Lawvk.k, am, Jl-Ill.lLnuirv IH.'»M Ik; assured tlieni that a tni iic.ii;i| jifovvrrnnent was /ihout to he cstahlished unihi tla nani«r of Sierra Nevada. On tlie IJth of May, I ".')'•, a hill wuH introduced in tlic hous(; to or^iini/' tii< tt rritorv of \e\ada.' The asseinhlv wliirh ni' i ;u n\vas reported as tin lii>t Ic'i'ilature of till' " tei'ritor\' of Xevada."'' At a latii |hrirM|, when Xevada was a|t|»lyint:^ for adnii.ssion as.i 8tat<>, motions were nia...•., 47, i>t:<, l'>M •-'. 46 vHih. Dfc. 17. IS.V.l; II, lilts' S.u,M, \^A, '3;^ai;; S. F. Cult, July 7. 1804; IhmM Qturltrlf, i. |>t III <>J NAAIK AM) AUKA '■•'""" '" ^^^'"P^'tit;,,,, witi, Oro pJafn „ . , . ^"'" tv.;,. u.th ]iulli.,u. Havin? '^•'^'^.''"^'s'Jvor. -.". ■■Mku.J t..,.,.it., ,>, ''"' ?ff-r l„.i„. „,|„,,., • .N.-..la »l„.ro tlu, 4lM , In ./'",' "".""■«"•"« ■^'"■'•l.ynv,.,.,a,K| tl,„„.,,,r„„ , [i", .'"'"•t.".. »itl, tl,.. i.| t K, ,„..„„),, ,,.,;," :'"" '■• t K, ( »ro.„„ |i„.... ->''■"■■", ai„( w,..st l.v t|„. ' " ''"i'i"l«rv „C K,,,.. »'■'■ l;:";ii..n ..f tl„. r„unri," „f M ."P'. " '•""■"i'l.T- ».. .S,,sku„u, sul,j„,t „tl ""•-^'l'"'". ''"««'i. U; ;l..,„ia.- ■• '" "'« '■■""«'>.t „f tl,.. „t„t,. ;> '\:.n„u p„.,„ , "*^"' ►States ,!,«. ^•''^'^::t'i^'i: ;rV' V- t;7i:.:^/j^;rv'ir;!-> ^'.■" 188 TKiaiTTOUIAL OKliANIZAl'loN. I I ' tr'u't jiid'^r ill Carson county, VV, W. l)nnniiinii iitldit'Msocl a coiiiMiuiiiratioii to l^iittd Si.it.s srii.'itor WtlliT, and ctMiij^nHsincii Drnvtr and l|.|. hcrt of (/aliroiniii, int'orniin!^ tlitni tiiat llic Miiit, ot" I'liIi, .-Hid tli.-it "a laiLjo }ind irs|M'«'tal>l«> poition" of tin i iti- / IIS ot'( he \iiIlcycoiit('nd('d in ^ood faith tliattluy w. tc r<'si*l«;nts of (California : tliatiit' liitnscif liad Im'IiI < >>iirt tlM'r<\ iM'lifviii'^ lie was in I ' tali, and now In- was \i>\\- viiiccd of liis cn-of; that an ini|)oi'tant <-aso had l>tri< t ikcn to thf sii|»!»'nic toiirt of Utah to he ar^urd ilic f tllowiii!^ .lanuaiy. in wliifh it was rxtit'inrly d'unt- fiil whrthi'i' the |>ai'ti('H to tlu^suit and tlit> |t|-o|irrt\ in ••out lovnsy welt' not in I''! Dorado rounty, ( 'alifoiiii;i; and that a \»ry hittci' tr«lin»^ juivadt'd tho iiiind- ut' tin- aiiti-Monnons ai:;aiiist |>ayiii|uj a rt'vcnuf to suji- |K»!t, Utah, which was in open Jt-hrllion a;4ainst tlir irnitcd States. Druiiiniond ai'cordiii'^ly reconinuiidiil that a hoiindai'v eoiiiiiiission Ix^ set on foot.* The California jei^islaliire, in April 18JS, jiassed a (» appttiiif .1 •onu '.SS coiiiinissioii U) act in conjunction with one iVoni ili.it state tor the survey of a line ctuiforniiiiLj to th e run. stitutioii of California.'" In Kel.iuary IS.V.) the ( ';ili- fornia le^islatun^ ai^ain instructe(i its del«<^ati<"ii in coiij^i'iss to ui-^c upon the pr«'sidcnt the appointni. nt ol tin- houiidary c(»niinissioii. Nothing; was dmic. however, until the SpJ'ill;^ of IK(!(l. when Coll-Jlcss |iassed an act auth(»ri/iii;4 the }>resident toappoinl th re(plire(l comiiilssjoiiei'S The li'siislature. witlieiit iwaitiiijL? coiii^ressional action, liad already «ru«tt(ii ">'. /•'. H'l'il'l III Ihiii'i' M\)i. Srriifi.-i, xi. .">. '{'Ill' ^.Tiiiiii jury "I tin '.M lli«trii-t 111 I'l.lll, ( 'ia.llall^'ll |'l.lt!r. Ill Oil. jS.V.t. ili'i'lal'ril tll.lt tl'lr mix 111. .i i-iiii(lili(iii III till' ImiiiiiiI.'1i\\ w.is 'a Iniiltiii siniri'r nl aniinyaiKi' ami ili^|>iit,i- tiiin . . . Km- tills rcaMiiti rriniiiiaU I'liai^ril with ^ravr iiHi'iin-s li.'tvc i-.si'i|><'i| fulivii'tiiiii: ri'iiiir has lici'ii liiililly I'liiiiiiiittcii uitlmiit ti'ar of ai'i-ii.satinii. iinl valiialili' |in>|icity I'l'iiiainrij sMllmiit asN('.M.siii('iit ami ta.Xiktinii,' etc. aiiil ui'ijfil tli.it luiiurcM.t hIhiuIiI iTratr a iMiiiiiilary ('iiiiiiiii-ixii>ii. Tirrifnriiil Kul'f' \tri.ii, ill III., •.'."> li '"r.(/. .>7.i/.. I.S.VS, ;i.'i)i 7: llimif Jimr., '.177 H. .'t.'itli i<>iij{. 1st scsH. "^'•>H'/. ri'viiii|sl\ in- ti'oilii I a liill III clia'ii;!' till' ctslurii tiouiiclaiy ol L'alituniia. //i.».« J'ur., 671. J<'i07, fkitli I'oiif;. Isi st'.ss. '•'•'•M'.AIIV (o\, Mlssio.v \],< "r\v\-<)r.j_r,.n,.,aj ,,f ^j m '•' sfat,. t. "'^^';" ""••<■•'' Ma»al|,.| ;HMMi \, "'''■V^'^''-' ''■"<-• (' ill).s( )<• f' silv •'»', DC 1^ MIMICS l.f •"''ni,.,|..v,.|, '".••'"•'inonal i f) li'-JIS lilt <"•'' III ,1.11 '•niia on Veil "i|»oifaii r"'<'Mt ,,ft\ lO In |"r"';'i""l •'/ (lir , »•. Ill / (■)' IIS III,. ^•» til I" ( ';ilif{»ri 'ii"ii,(|ix,.(j f "'■'. .•Mid ICculi ""••■•^ Mas (I MK-M,|,.<| tlijit "''"*■>' ••M li,.x,.,| ' •^"•..ijs ^,t' I 'IIIM 7,'"""^'"'<'n-l,tt„('.,i ;">' ^> Hi.. 1/,s(), ,1 it •■"Ml; less I ""<'\V|||.4 MK.liJli tj„.t <'L;rc<' (, r I •"■"'.••if"«\t.ii,|J '•' Mlc- Wllli It .'I til •M ','n' \vsr..|i, I •■'■•"-•yur\..,,„, "M'4ifU,|, icr !';■■"■' i"''>y',.| '"Uiularv I U.I S (H;r -•IS ,|| In <|, Miizcii(.|- in ,|,.f «>. •(.(>!),. ,..,<, ' .l"Mlf, coiiv.Mt .■".set J •t;i(. A(, t] ''»MlM||||._r fl ''i-.Miizii,:^- (,|„. t,.,.,.,j^ IIS tliM,. til,. I ,^vitiitii,.r„if„,,,^ "'"•'•^^••'•M limit ,,f t"| l<»M. tut .l((»r; "■y \V(.|'( •■'"'"•^"f tl...;M.t,,f I>»-<»l)aMy u„|, ^":" ^" ""• ih'st i,.,.i,si |'""lflllC||(, ,,f :i> itii ■■' '■••Ml|||jtt(.(, t l||,|i,,.r (I '^''■''■■■-i';i. t, y»'»l» .-111,1 |{ SiMill ;,( '"'•^''"'M..,.h-||.r..rH. . ^'* ^'"'^'^'-niiaranital ''•"^^'; ^^'••'t i.n,iv t,. ,;,! '';";''''•.• "'xiontli,. '" ^''" ^"^-''^ l.-islatu -i'ti. „r tl '<' Mfxt a »>"\;i( •^•^••Mil.lv. aii,j 'a tl IV '•■ ''iiitfiiv lie u' tl "v.nior t„ unicrt] "•^^'^•^t boundary fVon, Lai, "' .^.•>Ml,. |||,„,fj Ill ' "IM ;u't '<'.sun-,.v ,.r (J •YW. *•'"/.. i.s(k), i,s» cT laf "'•'O ' ti.bci |"»i-fi I'MlZiiiiT <>M of O wK SllJO- kl I, T,il .'": •>><,/., /,s,;,_ ..<- "»11 InC.lj,- ."- •■•< '■.•'ii-i i„-.k,. ({,,; "•• /.. '^^'^^•■titllily i,„i 'I-iiuiuh r,„ """lotliii,.. ,1 UUt III tl i^'H. r,r.i ■•*" "l'K.'1'mu.. a.s ,u |„,| I'' II.IIIH "• •lit, I, n. Mill.) i.iii aj.j>t.||ativ '•^'lixtiLsioinJ I "■■"•"' it ua.N t<'lli:i||y, ,uuJ ^:k ^> #^' o^\^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) M(. 1.0 I.I 1.25 W 111 11125 III itt lU 2.2 2.0 1-4 III 1.6 Photographic Sdences Corporation ,\ « ^9) .V # '^ C^ <^ .<^ 2:1 W£ST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14590 (716) 8.71.450^ ^^v. t/i 154 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION. J'!i ralda, and an appropriation was made therefor, witli a proviso that the survey was to be contingent upon the non-action of Cahfornia." That state making mt survey, Jolin F. Kidder and Butler Ives surveyed the line from Lake Tahoe south, and received pay there- for. The commissioners proceeded to California, and in March 1862 presented their memorial. Nothing came of the visit beyond a conference on the 21st of the month," and in the following December another memorial was sent from the legislature of Nevada to that of California. Congress, had, however, already attempted to compensate for the loss of territory on the west by adding a degree of longitude on the east." In the mean time the injurious effect of the unset- tled western boundary and undetermined jurisdiction was becoming more and more apparent with the in- crease in population. The sheriff of Plumas county, California, in attempting to make an arrest at Susan- ville, in February 1862, was resisted by an armed force, and one of his posse wounded. Governor Stan- ford of California then appointed Judge Robert Kob- in^^ni a commissioner to visit the then acting-governor of Nevada, Orion Clemens, wifli the object of con- ferring u[)on the means o' aceably arriving at a settlement of the boundary i.ispute. The California conunissioner informed the acting-tjovernor of Nevada that the authorities of his state would not consent to the sunnnit boundary, and it was agreed between them that a commissioner from California and one from Nevada should be appointed to establish a per- manent boundary ; but in order to remove the danger of any future conflicts as to jurisdiction, a line should be temporarily regarded as running north through the '"AVi'. Lnw.% 18GI, 2G9. The legislators Wfire a little in the dark aliout the geogra))iiy of their territory. 'Below Esmeralda ' would have takeu the Nurveyora out of tlic territory. '"r,j/. J„ur. Svn., 18()2, 387, 38!); CI. Jour Heme, 1862. 390 '".Vt'c. Lairx, 18(i2, 19,'); Act^ uml Re^., 1861-2. 295; Ccnvj. OMie, lSCl-2, 408; H. Jux. Doc., 47, pt 3, 46th coug. 3d sesa. &yi BOUNDARY 155 eastern end of Honey lake, and as running south on the survey of Kidder and Ives." On the IGth of May, 1863, Clemens appointed Ives ooiuniissioner on the part of Nevada, who joined the Califi)rnia commissioner, Kidder, in Lake valley on the 2'2d of May, and they proceeded to establish the l)ouiidary line, beginning at Lake Tahoe, and running nortli to the Oregon boundary, and south to within one denree of the north line of New Mexico, when winter arrested further progress. The work of the commission was accepted by both the California "" and Nevada legislatures, and Ives was paid, for his part of it, >S3,000. This final action put an end to the con- flicts which for many years distracted the comnmnities ou the border of the two commonwealths. California yielded a jurisdiction, long maintained, over the rich milling region of Esmeralda, with the town of Aurora, and Nevada relinquished any claim to a revenue from Lassen county. Hardly were these conditions of peace entered upon when the territory aspired to become a state.'' With- out alterino- its boundaries in the formation of its constitution, except to add one more degree on the east,"^ in order to embrace the mining: resfion of Paliranagat, it was provided that whenever congress should authorize the addition to the territory or state of Nevada of another degree on its eastern border, or California should relinquish any territory lying west of lier then eastern boundary, either of these might l)c embraced within and become a part of the state of Nevada," thus giving evidence that Nevada still felt '"Butler Ivea was deputy sai-veyor-^eneral to Jolin W. North, ami John F. Kidder was his cluef clerk. The assistant clerk iii tlio surveyor-geueral 8 dIHcu was Julius E. Crarrett. AVt). Lnirs, 18(il, xvii. '"Cal. SUU., 1864-4, 500-7. A'er. Lrol)riations for the survey.'* To this southern teni- tory some objections vvore made, upon the ground that it was wt,>rthless, but in January 18()7 the legis- lature formally accepted the gift, after passing a reso- lution in the senate to have the wiiole of Utah annexetl, and in March lPfil> ap})ropriated 84,000 for continuin*'" the survey of tlio east line. Not yet con- tent with its area, and grasping after more silver mines, the legislature in 1871 asked cou: A'tr. Jour. J/ou-r, 18(57, lUi, 123-4, l".>5-7. 2.*?'); Xcv. Jolt r. .Sen., 1871, l(iO 2; CiirM,i, Stoti; IfiyMir, Aug. ,1871. I)i<- liiriii'ir-'i I)ir., 1881, 10; Austin I.'rrsr /{inr h'rrrill,'; Dec. 15, 1855; Ellioll .i; C'u"i I/isf. Ariz., 2!»; Tiilwf.jrs I list. .Solt Lide Vity, 247. -"f. S. foiKtil. fiii'l riiirtns, \-2M). " Vinjinin Vity TvrritoriiUEHUqiri.ti; in S. F. Chronicle, April 1.1, 1872. ■ ri ii' TERRITORIAL OFFICIALS 157 t5., 13; Xii: Jour. Sun., 1877, app. 8, 1; Id., 1879 •-'//n«<, Er. Dw opp li, ;{ 4. -J The Cal. legislature assisted in persuading congress to create anew ter- ritnry. instructing its delegation in Washington to use tjieir be 1 endeavors. ('•d. Sf'if., 1JS()0, 409. (iwiu ami Latliam of Cal., and Otero or New Me.xieo, ]irisontt'd liills in favor of tlie project. Jour. Si'ii., IMl, StJtIi cong. 1st sess.; ('..),./. ainlic; IS.V.t-tiO, 374, .'{17, 2t)(18. Latham presented W petitions from Vfstorn Utah; (irow of I'a presented a bill in the house for tlie temporary fiiivcriiment of Xe\ada. Crecn of Mo. was tlie author of the hill which liniiliy passed the .senate Feb. 'JO, 18(51, and the house on M.arch 2, 1801, and u:is ajiproved tlie .same day. Jour. Sni., 228, 317, 372, 3t)th cong. 2d sess.; Ex. />»•., vol. 2(i. 1084, 4jritnt--ie Jouninl in Jhii/t'in L. ('. Srufiiicl Fell. II, iM'i'); f /,)/,; 7/(7/ A'lHv. March 8, 1870; Vinjiiwii'ity ('hronick, Dec. 28, 1870; .y. /■'. Ermiii;/ Po.-, Mark H. Jiryaiit, ]Ci)hraiin Durliain, aiid.Milos N. Mitclitll; No. 7, Edward (J. lug and J. H. Sturtevant; No. 8, William J. Oshorii; No. 9, John 0. Wright. ^Vcr. Jour. Vouncil, 18()1, 5-0; Xiv. Jour. JIdiisi', 18t)l, 4; Sac. Union, Sept. 10, 1861. J. L. Van liokkelen was presi- dent of the council; Henry O. Smeathman, secretary; William H. lJar:''-ow, asstsec. ; Noah 'I'. Carpenter, sergeant-atarms; P. Fl. Siiannon, messenger; Henry Lewis, page. Miles X. Mitchell was speaker of the house; W. M. (iille.spiu, clerk; Samuel E. Witherill, Charles C. Cotiger, assistant clerks; .1. H. McCormack, sergeant-at-arms; G. S. I'icrscm, messenger; Robert T. Haslan, page. Nvv. Ltiirs, 1801, xviii. ^''Tiiis last is on the authority of Mark Twain's Rouijliin;/ ft, in which is jlivi'ii a humorous history of the first Nevada legislature. He .says the Icgis- Lituro 'sat 00 days, and passed private toll-road franchi.ses all tiio time. When they adjourned it was estimated that every citizen owned ahout tliree franciiises, and it was believed that unless congniss gave the territory aaotiier ilegreo of longitude there would not be room enough to accommodate the tdjl-roads. The ends of them were hanging over the boundary line every- wlicre like a fringe.' The same might have been said of all the other early territorial legislatures. But concerning the seats for the representatives, I fiiiil tiiat Mrs M. A. Ormsby and Miss H. K. Clapp of Carson city donated on tile I9th of October to the mend)ers 'comfortable chairs for their use,' ami that they M'ere not only thanked, but invited to a seat within the bar of tile house for the remainder of tin; session. JWii Jour. Houae, 1801, 87 ^' Pnrkers Lettfr-Book, MS., 34-6; Rept. of Gov. Nye, in Sen. Doc. 36, T., 37th cong, 2d aesa. \\i i; ';1 ': '■t ■ i .'f i 160 TEURITOUI AL OIK J AMZATIOX. Churcliill, Esinemkla, aiiil Humboldt included most of the tiJiritoriul area, and tiio other counties the \h>u- ulation. In [)oint of fact, the oidy white inhabitai.ts of the central and eastern parts of the territory wen; a few station-keo[)ers along the overland mail route, hartllv more than enouijh to constitute the usual cori)s of county officers. The legislature, howevt r, nominated, and the governor confirmed, three coin- niissioners for each county, whose duty it was to meet and ap[>ortion their territory into voting [)re- cincts jjre[)aratory to a general election, to be held on the J 4th of January, i8G2, for the purj)osc of choosintf county ofHcers, who should hold until the reu'ular election on September lid, provided ft)r in the elec- tion law of the territory. This rai)id change of offi- cers Ljave some of the counties three different sets between the Ist of January and the middle of {Sep- tember ISO'2. The organic act provided for nine councilmen, which nund)er might be increased to thirteen, who.se term of service should be two years, and thirteen as- send)lvmen, whose number miijht be doubled, to serve one vear. The lenislature made the whole of this iri- crease at the first session. In an act concerning crimes and [>unishments it was provided that no blark person, or mulatto, or Indian, or Chinese should lie permitted to give evidence against or in favor of aiiy white person; and that any person having one eiglith part negro blood should be deemed a mulatto, while every jjcrson having one half Indian blood should 1)C deemed an Indian. In the civil practice act it was provided that all might testify, whether of negro er Indian blood, who had not one half or more of l)la(k blood in their veins; thus placing the value of |»rop- erty above that of life or liberty to those who were three quarters white, an impropriety which the gov- ernor pointed out, while he approved the crimes act on the ground of necessity, the condition of society in Nevada at this tmie requiring the restraints of a penal REVENUE AND RESTRICTIONS. 161 code. A tax of forty cents on every $100 of taxable ])r<)j)crt3' was imposed for territorial purposes, witli an uiUlitional tax of sixty cents for county puqwscs." A poll-tax of two dollars was also imposed on all males between the ages of twenty-one and fifty years, not exeujpted by law, for county purposes, a neces- sarv measure for raising revenue in a country where the^ land still belonged to the United States, and the population was a migratory one." The mines with r-A ! * !g 1 M Tebritobul Seal. their products remained untaxed, although the design adopted for the territorial seal had reference only to uiiuing as an industry." A law to secure the observ- ance of the sabbath was passed and approved, which '^Xi-v. Lmi'.% 1801, 144. This tax waa raised in 1862 to r>P centsofl $100 for torritorial, and 80 cents on the same for county expenses. Tlie last terri- tnrial legislature fixed the tax at .SO cents on 8100 for territorial and not to exceed 80 cents on the same for county revenues. ^"Tlie poll-tax was increased to $4 a head in 1862, and might be maenses of a boundary connnission to act in concert with the United States surveyor in locating the cast line of the state, and tho Nevada legislature appropriated one tenth of this sum for a similar purpose, which circumstances de*^^erred till! territorial authorities from pressing the matter of county jurisdiction; and although an act "to legalize the records of Esmeralda miniuir district" was intro- duced in the council, it was not ])assed. Tho (juestion of ownership was still unsettled hi 1862, no complete (iL'anization of Esmeralda county haviiifj taken iilace bt fore the ammal election in Septcnd)or;*"' but nover- tluli'ss, at this election representatives were chosen fn)m Esmeralda county to the legislature of Nevada, while Aurora was doing duty as the county seat of *^ Commissioners of Mono cow., ty appointed hy tho Cal. legislature were V. ,!. Hukey, ^V. M. Boring, E. \\ . Casey, C. N. Noteware, L. A. Urown, (i. \\ . Bailey, and T. A. Lane. These provided for the election in .luiic. "Tlie otficers elected were, for co. clerk, R. M. ^Vilson; .sheriff, N F. i^cntt; dist. atty, R. E. Phelpa; assessor, .F. H. Smith; treas. ; \yilliam Feast; sur., L. Twttle; supervisors, E. Green, Charles R. Worland, and J. •S. Scliulz. The judge appointed by the governor of Cal. was J. A. Moultrie. *'.Iudge Moultrie had resigned and .1. V. Baldwin had been appointed in Ills jilace Sheriff Scott had been killed by Indiana and G. W. Bailey appuinted to the vacancy. ,S.| ( 1 ( I ! m 'Is lat TKUKITOUI A L OIUl ANIZ ATIOX. :!i! I >i two counties, one in California and ono in Nevada. This duplex |;<)vennnent continued, to tiic gnat ann(»vaneo of the inhabitants, for all the years durin' which the boundary was in dis[)uti'. Lake county was similarly situated, beinu^ jiartly claimed by IMumas county, California, with the diH'erence that in tli!.>, instance Nevada failed to substantiate her claim to the Honey Lake valley, which was supjiost'd t»» lie within the territorial litnits. It had been the hmno of Isaac Koop. the governor elected by the peoj»lc of western Utah in 1859, and was made the 9th council district for the election of membersof the first Nevud.i Iciiislature by Governor Nye. The commissioiurs appointed in 18GI (li- tember 180'2, the county remaininjjf unori5anizeislature in 18G2 fully organized the county, cliani,'- ing the name to Roop, the governor commissionin.; the officers elected in September, appointing a | no- bate judge, John S. Ward, and ordering a sptcial term of court to be held in January 1803. This assumi)tion of the cont "ol of municipal affairs in that region brought on a conflict with arms, as I liave mentioned *' in a former part of this chapter. Before ♦"The officers chosen wcro W. H. Naileigh, slicriff, H. J. B.aretto. clerk; Z. N. Spaulcliiig, recorder. Fraiili Drake, treas. ; E, A. Towiisenil, assc-xir; Henry K. Arnold, collector; E. R. Nichols, siir. ; A. A. Holmes, schoul s\iii. ; Franklin Strong, S. J. Hill, and J. C Wimple, commissioners. *' T.ie trouble began by the judge of Plumas county enjoining from linM- ing court a justice of the jieaee of Koop county, who failing to ol)ey was liiud §100. The slieriff and proliato judge of Roop co. were next orderctl to iciise the exercise of fiuthority in the disputed district, failing of whieli tlic I'biiiias CO. slicritf arrested them. Tlie citizens then arose and reeapturod tlio prisouiTi. A few days later tlic Plumas co. slierifT, E. H. Pierce, rcai>pi;ireil with a posse of between 1(X) and 201), and a piece of artillery. He arn^tt'l the judge and slierifF a second time, and again they were rescued. Open war ensued on the 15th of Fel).. 18()3. The Roop co. forces fort'fieil in a Ins; building, and tlie Plumas co. forces in a liarn near by, one of tlie latter \'i-'Mi severely wounded l)y the Roop co. men. The battle then grew hot, resiiltin.' in the wouudiug of two of the latter, when au armistice was at lengtli agrieil thr f was I tinll I'lio.si' was ii Jilil'iKl U'liolo I'ccoi'd till' te] Session it|'|M'Oj) The III! dollars f'.'ijiital. t'\|i('ns( "lij^ht L twenty, officers, tol i!j(3 i?li',000, appropj-i tin* finst Ore-ron] the view '^'li<; sala 'I'lcfjuate COUNTY AFFAIRS. 1G5 the filial survey, which \eh all of Roop county which was pitpuhiU'd or desirahlo in California, another elec- tion had heen held in that district, but the persons ilidS' n never were permitted to hold ottice/" and Hoop was ill 1804 attached to Washoe county for judicial jiui'poses. Hy the action of the first territorial lej^islature the whole of Carson county was eliminated, and the nconls ordered to be delivered to the secretary of the territory for safe keeping. The expenses of the session were estimated at $35,000, and Ci)!.gress had appiDpriated but $20,000 in a depreciated currency.** Till! members were paid three dollars a day, and I'iree dollars for every twenty miles' travel to and from the fii|iital. The per diem was obviously below the actual e\|i(iiso of living in Nevada at this per ■ •, but it iiii;4iit be assumed without fear of controdiction t'l'st twtntv-fo'K legislators, with the nece.ssary clerl's and ulHiers, could have subsisted themselves comfortably f»n I he forty-nine days they were in session U[)on ;?IJ,000, the lowest sum to which the depreciated appropriation had fallen. Compare the expenses of the first Nevada lejiislature with those of the first Oiei^on legislature, and we have the difference between tin; views of a mining and an agricultural population. Tlie salaries of the federal officers were entirely in- adecjuate to their expenses,'* and these the legislature u[ii.ii l)y tli(? leaders of the two factions, who promised towithtlraw their men t'l'iiiu till' lielil, leaviiiu it ueutral, and to report to tlieir roapectiNC goveruorH, rti|iustiii^' tliein to hnd aome peaceaMe way of settling their difliculties. Friiik I)nike was chairman of the conference, H. W. .Jennings secretary, ami tin; two sheriffs, Pierce and Naileigli, principals to the agreement whicli WHS uiitort'd into and a copy forwarded to tlic governors of (,'al. and Ncv. I lia\e idready stated that they immediately appointed a commission to survey till' Iioundary, and the results. '"'llie officers elected in 1863 were William V. Kingshury, councilman; Jii'iii e. Partridge, representative; and H. L. Partridge iiiemher of the con- stifjiticiual conventi4. On the 27th of Aug., previous to the suspension of Crawford's ])aper, H. W. Johnson k Co. began the publication of the Daily Erenimj Poxl. Tlie press was one on which had been previously published the Mensai/e at Gold UiU, by -MX aaaociation of printers under the firm name of Geo.»^ je W. Bloor & il r< iS 11 1 (t- i i ill, 170 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION. s « Enterprise, a water company/* a seminary of learning, Co. The Pa^l was 23 by 3*2 inches, and contained '28 colunuis. John C. Lewis was euiploynd to edit it until Oct., when lie purcbajjcd and changed it to a morning paper, and aa such published it till Jan. 18G5, when it sus- pended, fn the following Dee. Lewis started a weekly journal callccl tlie Euitfni Sl'ifm at Washoe City on the Pmt material, continuing the publica- tion until 1S(>8, when he again susjiended, removing his press to Uenoin Julv where he printed the CrcMceiit until 1875, when he sold to J. C. Dow, who coninienced the publication of the Daihj XvtKula Democrat, which was fdl- lowed by the Kino Diiily Record. In 1878 the press was again removeil to Bodie to print the Boilie \eics. The .">th pai>er started at Carscn was the Daili/ Slate Deniocrnl, by A. C. Ellis, Oct. '2.'), 1864. It was a campaign paper, 17 by 24 inches, containing 2() columns, and supported McClellan for the presidency. It suspeudoil at the end of tlie campaign, leaving tlie capital without a newspaper. On the 16th of Maj-, 1866, E. F. AIoElwain, J. Barrett, and Marshall Robinson started the Ciirton Dnilij Aifpcnl, a republican journal, tliu tir.st number of wliich announced the capture of tlie reljcl chief, Jefferson l)avis. Henry R. Migliels was at first only the sabvried editor, but soon bocaiiiu joint proprieter as local editors, and soon Robinson became again a partner ii\ the ownership. .Several changes were mivde in the size of the paper, and it re- sumed its old name of Canton Daily Ajrpi'al in 1874, and in 1877 it was changeil to Moniinj A}>}K'aL On the 27th of May 1879, death deprived this journal of its inspiring spirit. Henry U. ilighels was bcm in Norway, Maine, Nov. 3, 1830, his father lieing a physician and a learned naturiilist. Henry received an acailciiiic education at Portland, and removed with his father to Cincinnati, Oliin, in 18-. J, whence he came to Cal. in 1850. Possessing artistic talent, he eiijiagcil in the business of ilecorative painting, but in 1856 took the more congenial [w- 8iti<>n of editor of the Butte Reconl at Oroville and later of the local cnhimns of the Sacramento Btc. He was the first editor of the MarysviUe Ajijiiai, ami established his growing reputation on that paper. On the breaking out nt the civil war he went east to enlist in the union army. He was comniissidncil asst adj. -gen. with the rank of capt. on the staff of (ren. .Sturgis. He was in eight battles, and wounded in June 1864, from the effects of which ho was disabled for duty and honorably discharged the following Nov. in IStit! he married Nellie Verrill, also of Maine, by whom he had 4 children. A short time before his death, being in broken health, he adopted the ad'-ico oi his friends and collected for publication some of the inorceaux which had iliMpiieil from his pen in his journalistic experience, which were pulilished uihUt the title of Saije- Brush Lmres in a volume of 3.S5 pages; .San Francisco, IST'.K The semi- weekly Xenula Tribune was lirst iml)lished at Carson City July 16, 1872 by E. .F. Parkinson and Joseph Mc(."lure. It was changed to aa evening paper the following year. The Daily Eirninj Ilcrnlil was started August 1), 1875, by Wells, Drury, & Co., with C. A. V. Putnam editor. The CarKm Daily Times, republican, was first issued March 18, 1880, by Kilwanl Niles. It suspended in 1881. The Daily Index, published by Marshall Uoli- insou, commenceil its existence Dec. 25, 1880. ** Organized Feb. 9, 18(50, with Wellington Stewart prest; Thomas J, Moore, supt; John Leach, sec; and William I>e Kays, treas. The logishiture of 1861 granted the right to lay water-pipes for supplying Carson City, t'l J. J. Musser, Jonathan WiKl, .*>any was also chartered by this legislatuic tor SOCIETY. 171 fuuiKlcd by Miss H. K. Clapp,*' a telegraph office, >t;iuo lines, and other adjuncts of conifortablo and re- iiiK'd living. The plenitude of money in the early (la\.s of the Conistock lode's development, while it made possible a rapid realization of unwonted luxu- ries, Mas in Nevada, as it always is, a temptation to vicious habits, and the occasion of glaring absurdities.'" In A'irt^inia might be found, notwithstanding statutes ilhiiniiuiting Carson City, J. J. Musser and George Lewis receiving the fniiK-lii^e. •■■'Mis.s Clapp was formerly a teacher in Ypsilanti, Mich., and very en- thu>iastic in her profession. She was one of the lirst women to take up lier r siiitiu-o at Carson City. Associated with licr in the Sierra Seminary were .Miss j;. C. Babcock, and Mrs E. ; III strong contrast to this phase of Nevada life was that of a Scotch miner wlio made himself au abode in an abandoned tunnel near Silver ('ity, and exeavated for himself a nundjer of apartments. A vein of goUl-bearing quartz rail along the roof of his dwelling and he had silver ore for hi.s door-sill, and silvi'r ill the walls of his living rooms. Tlie eccentric owner had a good liliraiy, ami being of a serious turn of mind sometimes held religious services ill iiis eave dwelling. GrMS VaUiif Union, July '-'8, 1870. iijt 1.2 ; Xeif i-y' Ifeiyuta Pinneer/i, UH., 2; Oold Hill' NcHfa,' Oct. U, 1803, and May 16, 1873; Nfw York Timex, Dec. 1863; S. F. BnllHin. Sept. 26. 18C)3: .s\ F. AlJUx; May 7, 18(),); Prin'ti Tii"> Americajt, 250-7; Virjinia Vhronich, I'ec. 5, and IS, 1870, and March 5, 1877; Jfev. Scraps iSO-l, LITIGATION 173 In the case of the Chollar-Potosf legislation, Judge ]^I()tt. ill whose district all these suits fell, wasaccused of ontortainipg the belief which favored the Chollar coiup.iiiy, as was also Chief-justice Turner. Mott was, thtit fore, worried or bribed into resigning, with no otlier object than to procure the elevation to the bench of James W. North, first surveyor-general of the ter- ritory, and a lawyer who was known to liold opinions of geology adverse to the Cliollar company. Nortli, who, notwithstanding appearances, was an honest man, fduiid himself informed by telegraph September 14, 18(5.'}, of his appointment as judge of the 1st district, and innncdiately opened court. After several months of tedious litigation he decided in favor of the Potosi company. It was now the turn of the Chollar com- pany to attack the judiciary, and, as it was known that tlie chief justice was on their side, tlicy endeav- ored to get a majority on the bench by gaining over the judge of the 3d district, P. B. Locke, who had bo(3n appointed in the place of Jones, resigned. The ai)|K'al to the full bencli of judges was argued on the L'Sth of April, 1864, followed the same evening by attempts of the Potosi people to influence the deci- sioii."' The excitement ran high, and Locke was se- verel}' and justly denounced for behavior unbecoming a man in his position. Contrary to the expectations of the corruptionists, however. North filed his decision May oth, Nvith the concurrence of Locke, aflirming liis former judgment, and debarring the introduction, in a suit for ejectment against tiie Potosi company, of any damaging evidence based on the old titk'S of location of the Cliollar company. But the advocates of the latter company used means to indu<'e Locke to iiKikc an addendum to his decision, which reopened the hearing of evidence. Being again besieged bv the Potosi company, he ordered the addendum struck ofl' the file. This uncertain and unjudicial behavior ''■ Ta-ritor'ml Enterprise, July 26, 1864; Gold Hill New$, Aug. 3 and 4, 18G4. ti "■:( if &. li u lit !' I I I I I I j f 1. 1 f ■ li 174 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION. caused both parties to express iriditjnation ayainst Locke ; and as interested [)ersons desired to get Noitli off the bench, great i)ressure was brought to htur against all the judges. Among those most anxious to unseat North was William M. Stewart, a young lawyer from the inte- rior of California, who was proving hhnself of gnat value to certain mining companies, who retained liim to look after their interests for $200,000 a year. " from which the measure of his talents and his ener- gies may be estimated. Stewart's methods wtre sharply criticised by those opposed to him ; the state- ment that he was not always over-scrupulous was doubtless inspired by the fact that he was generally successful, which was the basis of his claim to luigt- fees. On the 22d of August, 1864, North resigned, to avoid the scandal of which he was the subject. On the same day the chief justice followed his example. being persuaded to it by a "private conference" " with Stewart. Inunediately after this triumph, the mem- bers of the bar invited the remaining juclgc to a niv* t- ing, and asked him to resign, which he was forced to do.** Thus the whole judiciary was removed in a day by the bar of Nevada, under Stewart's lead." Some of the public journals professed to believe that "Stewart was bom in N. Y. state Aug. 9, 1827, and came to C'al. via Panama in ISoO. He mined in the Coyote claims at Buckeye hill, disci iviTud the Eureka diggings in the autumn of that year, and projected the (Jii/./ly ditch which supplied them with water. He built the first saw-mill on Sliaily creek in 1851. In 1852 he began to read law with J. R. McConnell at Ne- vada City. The same year, such was his progress and talent, he u as ap- fointed district attorney, and elected to the same office the following year. n 1854 he was appointed attorney-general of Cal., and married a daiigiiter of ex-gov. Foote of Mississippi. He continued to study law and mining until he went to Virginia City, where he made and lost several fortunes. ** This is Stewart's own statement. But it is certain that there was a petition signed by nearly 4,000 names published in the Territoridl IJn/' rjn-i-ie, asking the judges to resign. The petition probably emanated from tlic same source. •* Stewart's account of the affair is that Locke hesitated to obey, ami turned to iiim, saying, 'Mr Stewart, what do you think I ouglit to do?' *Do !' replied the lawyer gruffly, 'resign, and resign now.' He was dlityeJ. *^ Territorial Etdetyrwe, Aug. 2.3, 1864; 8. F. Bulletin, Aug. 23, 1804. LITIGATION. 175 tl, to On willi nciii- Ih't't- (l to in a 1 lit) U(l. that tlio overthrow of the judges was a "blessing to Ne- vada, as it would stop Htigation for a time, during which tlie uiiuers could go on with their work with- out i'viir of being enjoined but nothing was paid about tlie iKiicfit it might be to drive out the lawyers, who took hundi-eds of feet of the best mines to keep litiga- tion i^oing, and used hundreds of thousands of dollars of tluir clients' money to corrupt whoever stood in tluir way. Whatever may be said of tiie Nevada bench at this time, I know of no more trying position tiian that of an appointed judge. ,al. via i;i-\/./ly shady lat Nu- lv;is av If year. lig until was a n' same j.y anil ItoiloV lifyed. 1)4. . r tif-' I • i ! CHAPTER VIII. STATE GOVERN.\»ENT, 1864-1881. LKOISLATION— MOVBMESTS TOWARD STATE OrOAMZATION — ThE UsION Pari Y— Union Sentiments — Military Companies — Govermik Ulas. DEL— First State Leoislatuke— Finances -Taxation— STUKicjiEs FOR SeNATORSHII'S — MoSEY AlL-POWERFIL — (IqVERNOR IJKAlir.Ky Governor Kinkkad- politics ok the I'erioi> — Monopoly am> roLiTi- CAL CORHI'PTION — SiLVEB IN CONGRESS — PuBLIC INSTITUTIONS. At the territorial election of Septembers, lSf)2. Gordon N. Mott was chosen deleijate to coiiy:res.s.' Twenty-six representatives and five councilnien were elected to legislate tor the people. They chaiim'd the time of ineetinu for succeeding: legislatures to the sec- ond Tuesday of January in each year, granted nuiiier- ous franchises, authorized the creation of a jail fund in Ormsby county, increased the compensation of the federal judges, authorized the preing in the order here given. ^JVw. Laws, 18ti2, 15, 65, 73, 76, 9i, 53, 110, 1J5, and 127. (170) tlio 4 tiiat .M(.tt. hi By on fci'ahh iiUt (•( Seals, ] if doiu the .SO) r'hj;]it U By ;ui() tained 1 ajid niiy the pro havin<' for a .sui i'ltlividui ^^'as easy J«)f)rer o "lado by t'> provid <'oiiij H'l in their j)rin ^V'vada, I of ]osin^ Beceiiil lution and sates ordo] ^^^I'tenibcr "lade to pj 'Utiiam of ( «!;e 6 mo.itln i,a, •'U to contested'ela n s si ; ,w"i''k''^,*'"^'« '"'"^ the i.v -.other aet con.Xes ", t ^ '^f''P'^ '" "'"rtT ta„,ed by the misnianascme t*" f „ r" ^"^ '"J"'^'' «"* '""' '"'i' judgment ohtaS "1 km''''"""' ""'"Panies, I- property „f the jud^mort detr'"''-",'''-'" "P"- havM« the right to appl? to ,1 "*■• "'"«''■ Party f >r a survey. Bv a t iJ^tf . ""' ™"rts for an order '■"Jividual „,e„E fo^ f "'' ''"■•Porations migl,Uue «- -.y for the rtl^^„rr"'T''- .^^ «"« '-'"-t I""-'-; ones, and take "S sLr" /'"'"'"" ""'" "'' ma,le l,v a „,aj„rity of tl e wl, ' ^'"^ "^'^ssments ■' l"<'v,do «>r formigeorpoShl""'"''"''^^ ^" "et '"ni|«l mininij eomnan.n. • "• ""^ "" attemr,t to "j™ l-rincipaf officera'd C^ ';', ^"^'^■^ '" W J«<;Va<)a,underai)enalHr;ff^- "''"'"' the limits of ; '"-« their BtindW^;"^,^:'^^^'"*?. '"'^ ''" '"""4 Tins act was not approved bv co? *' "f ""^ t"™'"''/ '•( Uccen.ber an act »«! '^ e"»grosa* On the 20tl '"ti"" and state g'vornl'T'^f '" '''^"'^ " «.„:*! ^"'- ordered to tko pCe ^t fi" f,;.""" "^ <<*- Member 18fi3, an iroron; /• '"''1 ^ "di.esday m '"^^ "> pay its'expeS""T|'"" ;'■ 'f'"'"' ^--"^ ''■»ti,.mofOar „ "" '"'''= "f the people H.sr. N., ,/' "^ P--^-t. George VV. HopktJ^Sr^l il t Mill Pli i if'' '} . n f'^'-' j 178 STATE GOVERNMENT. for or against state govern mont was provided f^r in tiio same act. If thoy desired state governnujit. tin' dell-gates would meet at Carson on the 2d of NO- veniber. The result of the election showed a vote of SJfi'j, and a majority for a state constitution of 5, 1 50. 8i> strong an indication of popular sentiment inspired confidence in the minds of the delegates-elect tliat the instrument they should prepare would be acccjtti d, and they accordingly put forth their hest endeavors to create a constitution which should meet with favor and at the same time serve their own political pur- poses. But in tliis last atttunpt they defeated tlic main object. The constitution, as framed, i)rovi(k(! that the offices created by it should be filled at the same time that the vote was taken on the instiiiiuiit itself This naturally led to opposition from all who desired to be nominated to some office, and were iidt. They would not vote for the men who were in the places they coveted ; and by refusing to vote tlicv defeated the constitution, and the plans of those who had expected to carry out their designs by attadiiii}; them to the success of the constitution. Tlie uiiicn party, which had heretofore carried everything bo- fore it in Nevada, exhibitini; the most intense lov- alty, was now divided by factions on account of eftii ( s, and the seceders united with the anti-union deiiio- cratic party to prevent the adoption of the organic act. Foremost among the seceders were William M. Stewart and A. W. Baldwin. The former used all George L. 1 Umcr asst sec, George Madeira sergeant-at-arms, Daniel K. Ha»- kinH inesse 'cr, Henry M. Lewis fireman. The representatives wrre: Jdn H. Mills, ,' Ties Drew Meagher, W. S. Mineer, J. G. Howard, J. Williains, M. N. Mi, ell, E. R. Burke, and William H. Davenport of Storey co; Theodore \ tors, J. K. I.ovejoy, and R. W. Peekins of vVashoe co.-. \\. H Curry, and Aaron t). Treadway of Ormsby co, ; J. M. Acklcy, Id .Tr, and John B. Winters, Lyon co. ; Robert Fislier ami .ttle, Douglas co.; William H. Clagett and A. J. Simmons ot Arthur M. Mekee!, John S. Ross, and J. M. Calder. Esnior- --. _ .n H. Mills was speaker, William M. Gillespie cliiff clerk, Charles D. King asst clerk, John Bowman sergeant-at-arms, Charles T. Carter messenger, Charles Helm firemau, Brumficld, i John McDc Charles M. ' Humboldt c( alda CO. J' ( •( )NSTITUT10N AL ( ON V ENTION. 179 liis pDWerful influence to enlist the mining population a-.iiii-^t the constitution, upon the pretext that it taxed iiiiiiiiijf property, tho "poor miner's sliafts and drifts ami h((|-roek tunnels." Tiio phrase, honest miner, caiiit; to provoke a sniilo wherever heard, from the frt(|iiriicv and etl'eet with which the j^reat lawyer usrti it in his speeches. It was sutticit-nt, with the IMiiitical discord, to make abortive the work of the (•((iistitiitional ct)nvention.' The split in tiu^ party jipiiranMl at the nominatinjif convention which met at (arson in December, C. N. Noteware president, A. I*. K. Satford secrctar}', to select candidates for the tapers four supported the opposition,* three of the four giving tlicir support to the democratic party within a short ptriod thcTeafter, and the fourth in 18G7. ''Tlifi memUers of the constitutional convention of 180.1 were William 0. Alli.iii, Natiutiiiel A. H. Itull, ('liarle») H. Kryan, V. M. BroMnan, Saimiel A. ('Iiajiiii, Johii A. Cdllina, l^vi Hite, Milca N. MitciicII, ,l(i.s(!|tli U. I'liinkett, Willi.iiii M. Stewiirt, and James C. Corey, of Storey co. ; Frederiek K. Beeh- t«l, lii'iivy Conner, James 8tark, L. 0. Stearns, ami Sanuiel Vounj^s, of Es- iiit'iiilila; Kilward B. Doraey, (Jeorge L. fJibson, .1. Neely Johnson, .lolin H. Kink. Mil, and Warren VVasson, of Ormshy: Frederick A. Knt, KtlwanJ V. hiij, .Ichii W. North, Charles S. Potter, Tlionias H. Sliamp, of \N aishoe; William Epler, \V. R. Harrison, and A. \V. Nightingill, of Hinnlxildt; .liuiics W. Haines, C. N. Noteware, and James W. Small, of Douglas; Wil- liam |{. Ilickok, (Joorge A Hudson, Frank II. Kennedy, .lames B. McClure, aiiil William II. Virden, of Lyon; ^larcusD. Larroweand James H. Ralston, lit LiuiliT. W. M. (lillespie was sec, A. J. Marsh and Amos Bowman re- IJcirters, and H. M. Stow door-keeper. "Till' vote stood, with Ornisby county left out, 2,157 for the constitution, aiulS.S.')! against it. 'Till! eaniiidates put in nomination by the convention of Decemlicr who rfireiv(!il the greatest number of votes at the special election in January I8(i4, were.IiihnB. Winters con^jfessman, M. N. Mitchell gov., M. S. Thompson lieut-guv., R. 8. Mesick, M. D. Larrowe, J. B. Harmon, judges of sup. ci.urt, Orion C. Clemens sec. state, W. B. Hickok treas., E. A. Sherman coiitroUer, H. (i. Worthington atty-gen., A. F. White supt of instructions; Alfred Hulni clerk of sup. ct, G. vV. Bloor state printer, H. M. Jones, William Haydon, T. M. Pawling dist judges. ''The opposition papers were the Virijinia Union, controlled by Fitch; the OldFiiJt Utv , also of Virginia; aud the Aurom Tiiuea, '1 AV- "■ I 'Am 180 STATE GOVERNMENT. But though disappointed, tlie friends of state cjov- emmcnt wore not discouraged, a bill being introduced in the United States senate, in February followincr the January defeat, authorizing the people of Xe\ ada to frame a state constitution, which was approved liy the president in March, and was followed by a jnoc- laniation from Governor Nye callintj for an eliction of delegates on the Gth of June* to a constitutional convention, to be held on the 4th of July at Carson State Seal. iii*- City. The form of framing anew a state constitution was gone through with, the instrument being siili- stantially the same as the one rejected, except in the * Unhnrilli', IfnniMift, ReijiMer, May 14, 1804. Storey co., wlifW tlic strongest oinxisitiou hail prevailed, sent Nathaniel H. Hall, Ciinulins M. Bro.suan, .Saniuul A. C'liapni, Jolin H. Collins, Charle.i E. Do Loiii.'. •'"■mIi Earl, Thomas Fiteh, Lh)yd Krizell, Almou Hovey, Charles W. Tcizor: I'-m-liy CO. sent Israel Crawford, (ieorgu L. (Hl)8on, .J. Neely Johnson, .1. 11. Kiii- keaiii-<, ii. 356-76; Nw. StahUes, 1866, '22, 206, 267, 272; Nev. Jour. Sen., ISTIf, App. no. i. p. 18. ** Almarin B. Paul was secretar/ of the Nevada branch of the Sanitary C'ommisdon. The above sum, as given in Paul's report, does not include the counties of Huniboldt, Nye, and Churchill, which nmst have given from $6,000 to 810,000 more. Gold Hill Neim, Sept, 8, 1865. i*The Gridley sack of flour became historical. It was from a wager be- tween two citizens of Austin, Lander county, upon the result of a local elec- tiou. The republican candidate for mayor was elected. It was agreed tliat the loser of the wager, which was a 50-pound sack of flour, should earry it ti) the winner, a distance of about a mile. Subsequently it was suggested M give the sack to the sanitary cominission, and amidst much mirth and en- thusiasm it was put up at auction. Men bid against each other chiefly fur the sport it gave, and tiie person to whom it was kmmked down retuined it to the auctioneer to be sold over again, until lS4>540 in gold liad ben piil in. Gridley caught at the idea, of raising a largo sum ia this manner. He 11! Pi flff. Mf PARTY POUTICS. 188 ful of their expressions of loyalty, but passed reso- lutions expressive thereof'' upon every fitting oppor- tunitv, enacting a law depriving those who were dis- lovul from voting at elections. This was done not less to hold in check the agents of a secret organi- zutiou than to encourage the government.'* Had the scliemes of Gwin and Lane been carried out, it was expected that Nevada would be brought under the new government, and of this design the union men wore not ignorant. They took possession of the ter- ritorial government, and kept it until the period whtu a state constitution was under consideration, wlieii the democrats proceeded to organize themselves into a party, Frebruary 14, 1863, to strive for what- tvir share of the offices under the state government thty might be able to secure. The only act looking toward insubordination was the rejection of the national currency by incorporat- u\>r in the practice act of 1863-4 a provision substan- tially the same as the California specific-contract act, by which gold only could be paid in cancellation of debts where the contract read "payable in gold coin of the United States;" but this did not receive the sanction of the governor." Tlie total vote on the acceptance of the constitu- visitcil tlie towns on the Comscock. where he sold his sack of flotir over and over, until lie took in §25, OIK) i:iore in gold, after which he visited California, (ii)tai:iiiig altogether from tliese auctions alone ^175,000. He then visited the east, ami addcii, tlie 4th district, C. C. Goodwin; Nye and Churchill, the 5th district, H. L. Baker; Humboldt, the 6th district, R F. Dunne; Lander, the 7th district, W. H. Beatty; Douglas, the 8th district, D. W. Virgin; Esmeralda, the J)th district, S. H. Chase. The district judges elected in 1864 were to hold ofticc until January 1867, and after that their terms should be for four years. Guld lllll NtiP*, Nov. 16, 1864: Xer. Lmn>, 18ors of the first state legislature were: .'"Senators N. W. Win- ton. S. A. Kellogg, C. A. Sumner, and W. H. Claggett from Storey co. ; J. S. Soely ami A. J. Lockwood from O'-msby; James S. Slingerland and CluarlL's Lambert from Waslioe; Lewis Doron and John Ives from Esmeralda; M. 1>. L:ir;owe and W. W. Hobart from Lander; M. S. Thompson and Fred- crick Hutcliiiia from Humboldt; J. W. Haines from ]>ougla.s; Alfred James from Lyou and Churchill; and D. L. Hastings from Lyon. The assembly, men were: W. M. Cutter, Edwin Patten; Erastus IJond, W. W. Bishop, • 'liarlis \V. Tozer, James A. Rigbey, A. L. (Jreely, H. M. Bien, John Leavitt, K. A. Vi-ung. James Eolan, and Jacob Smith of Storey co. ; S. C. Denson, J. E. W. Carey, and L. C. McKeeby of Ormsby; D. H. Brown, B. H. Nichols, and J. -Ansiiu Dun of Humboldt, 1). P. Walter, E. P. Sine, J. L. Hincklev, and M. A. Rosenblatt of Lander; W. F. Toombs, AV. (I. Lee, and H. G. Parker (if Lyon; James Small and Henry Epstein of Douglas; A. C. Bearss of Nye; L. .Vl. Shackleford, H. H. Beck, and A. J. Myrick of Washoe; James A. St Clair of Ciiurchill; D. H. Haskell, D Wellington, John S. Mayhugh, and Cyril Hawkins of Esmeralda. AVj\ Sen. and Axueiii. Jour.*., 18(i4; Ouhl Iliil Xiic!, .Nov. ir>, 1S()4. The senate was presided over by the lieutenant-gov- ernnr. Tlie officers elected were L. B. Moore secretary, (Jeo. R. Ammond assistant secretary, Mr Hollister and ( Jeorge Wellington, enr. and eng. clerks, Thiimas IV'asley scrgeant-at-arms, and Hickey door-keeper. 'Iho house cleotcil Cliarles W. Tozer 8i>eaker, W. M. (lillespie chief clerk, C. S. Ham- mer enj;. clerk, W. B. Fulwiler enr, clerk, J. M. Woodward sergeaut-at- arms. Xei\ Jour. Sen., 10. •-' I am not able to reconcile this statement of Gov. Blasdell, which is un- (loulitfiUy correct, with the report of Nye, in March \SM, that the territory was nut owing more than §15,000, which I find over his own signature in Pitrbr'x L'ttcr-Book, MS., 179, this authority being a book of copies of official correspondence, taken with a press and therefore unaltered. •'The taxes imposed by an act to provide revenue for the support of the state government and payment of the public debt imposed a tax of .'?l.'2i) on each .^IrtO of taxable property, and a poll-tax of §4 on every male inhabitant over 21 and under 60 years of age, not exempted by law. The county tax was $L.")0 cm every 8100. The sheriff of each ctmnty was made ex-otticio col- lector of licenses at the following rates: Each public billiard table $5 per Huartir year; every bowUng alley §10 per quarter; theatres $100 per mouth. w\\. } v< i r w il '. ti^ » ^ il "> S 1 il 1 )j III ;! u 186 STATE GOVERNMENT. h: But whatever errors it fell into its loyalty remained ; and even before liearing the message of the execu- tive a resolution was offered in the house by Bleu of Storey county, congratulating the country on the reelection of Lincoln, and pledging the lives, honor, and ft)rtunes of Nevada in sui)port of the govern- ment/' which was made a joint resolution by the senate on the 1st of February. On the 2J)t]i of December the senate passed a congratulatory roso- lution offered by Sumner to General Sherman on the design and brilliant execution of his "march to the sea," which was concurred in by the assembly. On the 16th of February the senate and assembly rati- fied the thirteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States by which slavery was abolislieil. But to return to more purely local affairs. On the 15th of December, both houses being organized, they pri)ceedod to the election of two United States sena- tors, Stewart, Nye, Charles E. De T ng, Crtullc- baugh, and B. C. Whitman being nominated. Stewart or §o a (lay for a shorter time than a month; if for three months §'20(); ami if for a year ^WK); concert singers paid the same license as tlieatrical iiort\iriii- ers: a single exhibition of a menagerie or a circns was taxed «!'20; tiglit-rdjw dancers, jugglers, and such folk were taxed §10 a day; a pawnl)n>ktr jSKX) per quarter; a keeper of an intelligence office $15 per quarter. Brokiis wore divided into five classes, according to the amount of their business, and taxed respectively, ^100, §80, §ir)0, $30, and $20 per quarter. Rmkers v\ ere also classitieil, and taxed respectively $200, $150, $100, $75, and $r>0 per iimntli. All venders of any kind of wares, merchandise, lir-aora, drugs, or kfepfis uf livery were divided into ten classes, according to their receipts, and taxod respectively $50, $37, $25, $20, $15, $10, $7.59, $5, $3.75. and. '<2 5<) jK-r month; but retailers of liquors were taxed $10 a month, and hotel koqierj who kept a bar outside the limits of any town were taxed $15 a (luarter. Hotels and boarding and lodging houses were taxed $10 and $5 a iniuith; peddlers on foot and auctioneers $10 a month; peddlers using a wagon fur tiio vending of any merchandise or liquors, or anything except fruits and vegeta- bles, $20 a month. A capitation tax of $1 upon each person leaving the state by any railroiwl, stage-coach, or any vehicle employed in passenger carrying, was also levied, and charged upon the companies engiiged in such tratlie. such companies adding the amount to their fares. As the coaches aUviiys were well loaded with passengers this was a fruitful source of revenue, aiiuuinting in some years to $20,000. An ad valorem tax of $1 on eacli $100 valuation of the pnnluct of all mines, after deducting the cost of extracting and redno- ing the ores, was levied; and lastly a stamp-tax was imposed on agreements, affidavits, assignments, leases, bills of exchange, and almost all doeunienta employetl in business affairs of from two cents to $1, which was a source of no mconsiderable revenue. Nev. Laws, 1864-5,271-324. The state wua em- powered to issue bonds to the amount of $150,000. ^Nev. Jour. Aaaem., 1804^5, 17; Nev. Jour. Sen., 1864-5, 99. M- •.-. fa 'M^Jf ELECTION. 187 ^vas elected on the first ballot."" Then followed a miiiilH'r of ballotings fi^r a senator among the reiuain- iiii; ciiiididates, Nye receiving on every one the great- (st number of votes, but not enough to elect him, and Do Long receiving the next greatest number. An udjiiurnment took place, which permitted the presen- tation of informal arguments, and at the first ballot on tlie 16th Nye was elected. That Stewart brought ills threat influence to bear there can be no doubt. Ncvatla thereby gained a representation in the senate of which a young state might justly be proud, and wliich was of the greatest value to the country at lari^o, when uncompromising republicanism was de- nitindcd to reestablish its dignity among the nations. The })residential elector chosen to convey the vote of Nevada to Washington in 1864 was S. T. Gage." Tlie term for which Worthington had been elected to congress expiring in March, it became necessary to provide a successor at the general election of Novem- ber 7, 1865. About the only issue of importance at this time, the civil war having been brought to a close, foHowed quickly by the tragedy at Ford's theatre in Washington, when the revengeful hand of political fanaticism struck down the most devoted and pure- '^^The newspapers accused Stewart of working himself into the U. S. sen- ate tlirough his manipulation of ' the honest miner. ' The voice of Stewart 'b lionost miner was heard above all crying, 'Hurrah for tlie .state of Nevada, and Williair M. Stewart for the first chosen senator.' Nw. Scrapi. It is said tliat Stewart sent word to Cradlebaugh tiiat if he would resign to him all the patronage due to Nevada's senators, his election should be secured; but ('rilillebaugh refused the proposition. •'J(i:ige, an intense unionist, was born in Ashtabula county, Ohio, March 7, ISIU. His father, Joshua (lage, a man of sterling (|ualities, was one the early pioneers in Ohio. Stephen, who worked during summer, and attended school in winter, began teaching upon his graduation, at the age of nineteen; teaching, farming, and conducting a saw-mill alternately up to I85'J. During this year he crossed the plains M'ith an ox-team, driving the entire distance iiiinself, and making the quickest trip across the plains on record. In Cali- fiirnia lie engaged in milling, mining, and mercliandizing. In ISfiO. at the age of twenty-four years, he was elected to the legislature, being the young- est nieiiilier of that body. He was one of the committee who drafted an ahle rejinrt on the important question of a transcontinental railroad He held various offices up to IStiO. During this and the succeeding year he en- f;aged in transporting goods over the Sierra Nevada to the Washoe mines, iia pack-trains being the largest on the road. ft ' i; %'L 4 «*& : ' it. J 188 STATE GOVERNMENT. ■:: 1 minded of rulers," was that of the Pacific railroads, which Nevada, in common with the whole Pacitic coast, very much desired to have built at the earliest possible period. On a pledge to labor for this end Dolos R. Ashley was elected Nevada's representa- tive." Under the constitution of Nevada, members of con- gress were chosen only at the general elections for state officers and legislators, all terms expiring on tlic day succeeding the next general election. The terms of those elected in 1865 expired in November 1800, and biennially thereafter." This provision made another election for congressman necessary in 18 GO, when Ashley was reelected by a majority over his democratic opponent, H. K. Mitchell, of 4, .370, tlie issues involved in President Johnson's policy influenc- ing the vote of the people. By the same majority Blasdel was reelected governor. The changes made in tlie official list were J. S. Slingerland, lieutenant- governor; R. W. Parkinson controller; A. N. Fisher superintendent of public instruction; Robert M. Clarke attorney-general; and J. E. Eckley state printer. The terms alloted to senators Stewart and Nye were four and two years. Nye drawing the two years In 1862 he became a resident of Virginia City, where lie was proiniiu'nt in federal and state politics. Later, he had much to do with railroad mat- ters. He was invaluable to the Central Pacific road during the early strug- gles of that corporation. His arguments before legislative committees wure logical and 'Mgenious, stamping him as a man of marked ability. In 187' he removed to .San Francisco. Ho was the only officer of tlie road located outside of Sacramentc at that date. Later, ho reiiii)\('il to Oakland, Cal. In 1885 he was appointed assistant president of the South- ern Pacific system of railroads. '*It would be unjust to the Nevadans not to mention the feeling with which the news of Lincoln's assassination was received. Every town and hamlet was hung with funeral black, and the expression of men's faces jiliuiily indicated their mingled grief and wrath. The man at Gold Hill who \\:u bold enough to express gratification at the president's death, was suiiiiiiarily stripped, flogged, and marched to prison with a plr-oard on his back insiriliod 'a traitor to his country.' Gold Hill Netoa, April 15, 17, 20, 1865. "There were two other republican aspirants, W. H. Claggett and Charles A. Sumner. The democratic nominee was H. K. Mitchell. Ashley's majority was 1,476. He took his seat Dec. 21, 1865. House Jour., 101, 39th cong. Ist sess. « Nev. Lam, 1864-5, 65; Id., 1866, 223. I'OUTICS. k^isl.uurc in Jan. Try iZ? t) ^'7 '''■«''-■'•«"'. by tl,e ""■ f^ .V^'a,.' torn, c^mn.oJn ,' in'' T' ,"?.""-'' f" rc|>ul.)i,-an convention of %,S '" Marcli," In t|,o I>'";.'. «l,o withdrew tonrevc^,f » .^ '"■■*"'""^' De Imt was subscnuontlv cont? ?',"■'""« "' the partv ■-"i-or to Ja^anrw^^iH Tffir^fi^ «-.P"-'-" "f t""i- Ti,c same convontion wil ':'' "''"' '''«'""■- «itl„>ut opposition. Stewart », 1 . ^"'yi^^ssnmn. ''■'""t- At tiie stato! 1 ^. "'''"=''"1 on the first .'«'■» all the repuhltan P^^^f ^'""'i"! election h "f-'"'S Fitch Te rres^naf 'l^ T'' ^'"-" " »' '""« , 'egislature. '■a=i I'co., followed l^thri ° ' "''' "f^'e civil war orat.an,l theirgraduLttumS?'^'"'"" f "'" ''emof t«„ty years to become ,t/ '""'""'• ^' *'"* them "'-.'' "f the United States Err-'' *" ^''=«' " l"-e™ var...u.,„ffices under state 'n?! f'T"'"'"'' »"i for """«. they received tCsu^, ""^""f "'•S'«"i2a. 'aasaammous i>o,m?o » i.i ^™ fees of a fearhSs and ■'ty than of oir 'in Z'' T'^ " '""« '^''^ '"•! ar«S^ «,r^i-/"..— „.,„.„„„.'?!"' "*■=- '" the state of ."■'''" '•"»' "omiMe, »„ „ , " '" t''e State of ''^^\'g:ito the charges Th •"'*"=*'"". and appointed a . 1 accu.satio.is of ■^l';'""" in .March tC" +i • "* V""""'"ee reporte.I tn tt •'"'"!"'"*''« o^ 5 to in- a^ a t'oiuossion of . ^ • . "® niatter, wliicli min^iVr ' '"^'' absconded win, ''■'r.nonoyotferedT,"*/-'"'^, *''■''* ^^^ W M^u id I "" tr'"»ony se- J{"lioit Cullcn I p T ^ . ^ "'lends of Nvp a, i ^ i '' '''''^'c I'wn eWfo.? 'y Jolmsou Bup. judges. 'mil ;*• "*t [ft '''f ' £l 190 STATE OOVERNMEN'T. ^;:4 ^l i; Nevada, namely, that of gart; A. N. Fisher, supt of public instruction; .Tolm l>ay, Bur-ge.n.; mineralogist, H. R. Whitehiu; clerk of sup. court, Alfrenger regarded the claims of their p^)()rcr Gray Eagle, the sobriquet applied to Nye. Jones received fifty-three out of seventy-two votes in tlio legislature of 1873, and took his seat in March. Nye died December, 25, 1876." The republican candidate for congressman, C. C. Goodwin, was defeated in 1872 by Charles W. Ken- dall, reelected on the democratic ticket, but the party ♦gained the presidential electors by over 2,000 major- ity ; also the supreme judge and state printer, the only state officers voted for.*' Tlie senatorial contest of 1874 was another strug- gle between men with large moneyed interests |)rinci- pally. The democrats again chose in convention Thomas H. Williams, and the republicans William Sharon. A third, or independent, party had for its leader Adolph Sutro, who feared if Sharon should be elected it would redouble the power of the bank of California and Comstock lode, against which he was making his great fight for the Sutro tunnel. Party lines were less rigidly drawn than ever before. There " Jones was supt of Crown Point in 1869. He risked his life in an en- deavor to extinguish tlie tire. J'X,)'., Jour. Sen., 187.3, app., no. 12; S. F. Call, Jan. 24 and ?iarch 29, 1873. Of republicans who asr>!i*ed to the senatorship at this time were ex- Ocivornor Blasdel aud F. A. iVitle; among the democrats tl\ere were Thomas H. Williams, Judge Garlwr, and Henry I. Thornton. Gold Hill News, Aug. 19, lS7-_>; S. F. BidlHin, Dec. 28, 1870. "Thomas P. Hawley judge, auJ C. A. V. Putnam printer. IP t! i; r 102 STATE GOVERXMENT. wcro some men on the independent ticket from Ixith the othtT parties, but more from the democratic than the re[)uhlicai» ticket. This insured tlie reelection of (jrovcnior Braiiley, the election of Jewett W. Adiiius lieutenatit-ufovernor, J. K. KittrcU attorney-<^eiu'iul, J, J. Hill .state printer, and J. Schooling; trea.sunr; the remaining; offices being given to the republicaiw, who also elected their candidate for congressman, Williau) Woodburn of Storey county." The Icgisla- ture consisted of forty-seven republicans and twenty- eight democrats, the full number of members allowed by the constitution. There was not one dome k rat among the fourteen members from Storey county- all were republicans, and represented a constituency nearly all of whom were interested in the Coinstock mines, which they had been told would be ruined hy the Sutro tunnel. To prevent this ruin Sharon must be elected, and was elected*' in January l87o, to suc- ceed Stewart, for the six-years' term. Fitch assum- ing the labor of the campaign. But to his coadjutor, Jones, was left the duty of representing the interests of Nevada. Sharon did not take his seat until Feb- ruary 187G, and was contiimally absent from tlio beiiinninij of the session, commencing in October 1877, to January 1880,*^ attendhig to his money mat- ters. No honor accrued to him or to the state through such representation. The state congressional and presidential election (if 187G gave results sliowing the very gradual restora- tion of the ante-bellum political balance. Again the republicans obtained the presidential electors, tlioir representative in congre?^s, Thomas Wren, and .su- preme judge, O. R. Leonard. They still had a large ♦•J. P. Minor was chosen ,V. H. Beatty sup. judge, Warren Earll sup. judge (aliort term), and C. T. Bicknell clerk sup. corut. " The other aRpirants were H. K. Mitchell and Thomas P. Hawloy. "Sen. Jour., 240, 44th cong. Istsess.; J<1., 6, 149. 45th cong. 1st seas.; Id., 6, 948, 4.'jth cong. 2d sess.; l'., (>-7, 357, 46th cong. Istsess.: Id., 85, 912, 46th cong. 2d sc^s. NEW OPFICIALS. 193 niii|.>rity in the assomlilv but i„ n '"■■■•'ts li.ul a .Majority ,/'„„„ A """"" ""> de.n. n>iiv,„ti„ii U, revise the oon«H>..T'''''"'""' '" ™" a '■l':>"'^'^ tlio ti>ne of the iL^..^ !•""■ "'"' »'*> to l«75. „,„! vote,, un^, at t^^l 'r'''"'' ^'"^^"•"■i H "W-rity of 3,34. 'a,'ai,3t -rir''""; ""-^ ^'"-^ a "ftl.. .■«itatorstnab'Zl7t ' A **-""!'"' ""' <'<'4'n I.. tl,e political canvas! of 87^h'" '"""»? J'>oclucts ."•S t" >v|...al tlie tax on I, .lli " '"""•'■'• "f ■'.•fus ;,' ""• fl-Wioan I.latf™,,''^^' ":C "r'"- " l''«»k "•n.u.,r!, the ir.fluo ire of t , l! "'^"'^'^'"'t withdrawn l'"l''i'-". .<™.didate fiV eo ^etsT "^^ '^'I'i' ^he Te? "a» MM.nlaated without on ^ cT' •""'" ^f- Da.r,rett •;..l -l-oted against W E"F"fc % '^^ "*" Party,' ileiiioorat. J, H K;„tZ f' . "^ Storey countf. Sovon,or over iIr tni\ 'T''''""'- '«^ ■' " « "PP"-"ts regretted toSelten" ''™" '"'" P""*'™ ;<-.m,,,t,hIe honorand practS h^l °" '^""""^ "f his f-v.'iT state officer „„ tCtS/ """T' "' ""a'™-" ''« ».;i>cri„teudo„t of pulJie i„l„T ''***'"'' "^'''■Pt t™a.,t,^„vemor, for whie n^v ''?!' *'"' "'e lieu. the hrilliant and patrioth^ ^ r"" ^ H. Jfohw" ■'»''■<'• His defoaTwls lCr«'' J*'' ''«» ''">-' «l'™lya,lvoeated thr^uJoPth* r^ ^'^' *''»* •«= ^ad |^» ,.on,,«rc them with nl of^'-''^' «""'» *"' far '«!, to ho detriment of t],elattef » f' f"'' ^'-'nish «1 ;v.th his utterances, attemDid' I,'^''™ '^""^ i; roveul)lic affairs shook the nerves of the legislators. To add to the uneasiness of the Storey county mem- bers, it was seen that the refusal to pay taxes by Fair and Mackay would compel the county to borrow >? 100,000 to carry on its schools and pay for its court- ' >use l\v() courses lay open to the legislature: to increase tne state and county debt by borrowing, or compro- mise with the bonanza firm. They decided to violate their pledges and compromise. A bill passed both houses which was the essence of a contract entered into between Fair and ISIackay on one side and Storey county officials and state officers of finance on the other. It reduced the bullion tax 31^ per cent, which was eq'ial to giving up 20 per cent of the entire property value of the state. The price agreed upon for tli's submission was the payment of the tax witnheld h\ the past by the bcmanza firm. After ck'liberaf ",ig tvvo or three days Governor Bradley vetoed tl <> bill, and the questi(m was left with the upro'u.; ciuj't, where it was likely to be decided in favor ot thti 't?i*-'of Nevada. In May auotiicr attemi)t at compromise was made, this time succesfully. The bonanza firm offered to pay all that was due from them under the law to the 4ato and county, with the costs of the suits instituted to folleet, if the recipients would agree that in case "" Tlib < iitrollcr figured $12,643.47 too high on the expenses, and too low ontliurf ■.. ; by $'ja,(i26.20. i-« li^f 196 STATE GOVERNMENT. the decision of the United States supreme court was against them, the district cou t of Storey countv would issue a stay of execution for tlie satisfaction y the majority. Cir.^in /wlix, March 4, ISSl; Vinjiniii City ChroiticU, March 4, 1881; Lamb's Etrlj/ Miiiiii'j Canipn, MS., 4. MONETARY STANDARDS. 199 further, into the policy of continuing legal-tender notes concurrently with the niotallic standards, with the ett'ects thereof upon the labor, industries, and wealth of the country; lastly, also, into the best means of providing for the resumption of specie pay- ments. Nothing so thoroughly exhaustive of these questions had ever been presented to congress, and the view taken was favorable to the interests of Nevada, and particularly, at that time, to the Corn- stock mines. Therefore, he received the votes of all the republicans in the legislature, and one of the democratic members. The legislation of congress upon the question of a double standard for money had affeeted the mininn' interests of Nevada sensibly. In July 1870 an act v>rs passed to refund the national debt, the government engaging to pay at some future time .32,000,000 000 in coin of the value of the coin- of that date. The units of value of coinasre aire were dollars consisting of 412^ of standard silver and 25i; grains of that of standard gold. In 1873 the holders of the United States bonds, and bonds of the French government, made a movement in Europe to demonetize silver in order to compel the payment of these l)()nds in gold only, Germany being the first to cnint> into the arrangement. Such influences were hrougiit to bear in the United States that congress, ill revising and codifying the mint and coinage laws of the country, omitted the silver dollar from the list of coins, and it being the only silver coin which was a full legal tender, became thereby demonetized, and the people were compelled to pay the national and private indebtedness in gold alone. The product of i,'old being irregular, and growing less with the int rease of p()[)ulation, as well as the decrease of the laetal, it wjis considered to work not only a present hardship by raising the price of gold in the market, but to threaten at some future time to make the pioplo slaves to the bondhidders, by compelling them to yield so nmch more of their labor and propert}*^ for ! ' i.i 200 STATE GOVERNMENT. a dollar in gold than they would have to do W( re there a double standard as before. Silver had alriudv depreciated twenty per cent in 1878, when coui^nss required the secretary of the treasury to purcliuso. ;it the l<)we.«t market price, not less than two nor uu>iv, than four millions a month to be coined into staiidiiid dollars for circulation, the <2fovernment spoculatiiiL; in the ditference in commercial value, but without nstor- ini» the silver dollar to its equality with the <^ol(l (Uio. This was the status of silver in the currency of the United States, while the question of restoring it ti) its former value was becoming one of the foremost subjects with which statesmen had to deal, and oiio of vital importance to the state of Nevada. Kv 1885 the silver question was regarded as a pitlitical issue, and the public was much interested in knowing what course a democratic administration wonid pur- sue with regard to it. A silver ccmvention was luld at Carson January 3 1st. The voice of the conven- tion WIS that demonetizing silver would doubK" tlio riches of the rich, and in the same proportion increase the burdens of the laboring and proilucing classes. riie Nevada Silver Association was formed, witli a constitution and by-laws, the object of which was to insist upon the retention of silver as money. The meeting also indorsed the proceedings of the silver convention hold at Denver, Colorado, at which Kan- sas, Colorado, Utah, Now Mexico, Idaho, Wyoming, and Arizona were represented." *' ProffnUnijx of tho Nnyidrt SHixt Comrnlion, ISS'); Pacijir CouMt Minin'j Ri-i'lrw, 1878-9, J»"7 10.'<; Joiuh' Spm-h oh the SilwriJuiKti,,,!, April '.'4, IsTti; Jimc'i' Sp/'ch oil the O^ilioiinl Stmidanl, .luno 28 iiud .Inly 1."), ISTti: ,t>Tl); , attempts to explain the money (piestion as atrcctiiig values. It is a good, common scn.^e treatise, but shows what its autlinr claims, that the science of political economy cannot all be contained iii mie l>ook. and has never Ihjcu completely formulatod. A much more tn-nchaiit treatment is that contained in a dictation on T/w Sititr QiirxtiDii liy Win M. JStewart iu uiy yosaoaaiuu, thu body of which is uldo cuutaiuud iu a pampUlut rvi. 11 DE-MOXETIZATIOX OF SILVKU. ••" ^ par witi. .old, a,Kl mnZlA^T "^ ^"-cuJation «.Jv.r ,vv,vod, and was o rr t?'^ ^'^^' ^""«i-t over wesern sjlver producers. L „•'?*''" ^'""'^^''-^ ^"d 1" JJecvniher J.o elaborated I A; '^''''^'^^ *'' ^''^"^'''^•■-•s I>'<>"^U c)utson.e inter !^^nr'^'''' '."'''« ^""^ It ■^t.tt.Mu>nt of the direet?.r Af '^7'r^'"' «^^'»^^^«- Tl.o '" .i,">i«its „f ■^-•^.'^!^J'.ror.lo,or.^5 00oOOOl ?r'''' "'i"t was .V-':- The Nevada n^t w^s 'T ^^'1" *^'« l^^^^''^'in^ "•*''^'-"y reduced to n'S,;^.,;", ^"^^""^ " '-''^^ l:^'"'^7'oudu,.ted sin.nlv as fn ' *^J^^ institution mrc heen closed Wifl. f''''->^ "^^o. It j,., ' ^'^'"•■ml, there was Zl VT''^ <^'» *''« countn i? "™ .«•■"■ "f ^l.7-2!,.72r;ov "'r;"'r over tl,o ,„■,.- ■""■■"I int., t),c Ui,iti.d St,;' , V '"'IwrtH „f ,',,,1,1 *»--»'-';:'i£r'"?™^-^^.,?:v'i'r«'! ...... i i ' 202 STATE OOVTiRNMENT. duction in tlie United States during the year had been $30,800,000 in gold, and $48,800,000 in silver. Of this amount of silver $28,000,000 had been coined and $0,000,000 used in the arts, which, with tlu^ l>ul- lion exported and wasted, left little or nothing on hand. The production of the whole world in tlie year ending June 30, 1885 was $95,292,501) in gold, and $115,147,878 in silver, gcdd production luiviii*' fallen oif over $5,000,000 since 1882. There would appear to be nothing very alarniiiig in the relative ' '"' '"« "'. \"^ constituents, and the '!'''"''" ?" '!'« I-al.i.s s-.i.l to have gone by dof'' ,t'lr"""' ^"''k-'' '"''v be ""■ '"""!» of the do^nocrati „,"■"': 7«'->-""%' i»to ".7- "0. for presidential ett'' '";? "^ '"f'^y "^ si'ly, tho.r eandidato UcZZT "'"'*'"' ^- Cas- j;;- '.-'00 nmjority, and C S Tb 1?" ^'^■^""' ""^ ^J'a]ofc;lbLS-i::^£g'tr^s: ••""""l...o..ts to the ronstit, tT f ■"?" "'« '■""""'in" , „.'"".. .-r„.a«.,n„ ,,,8..,,., , . '. ■■" >™'-«»ecoi>ted; all the other gUfn „«' ' ''" '''''''''«" '"'Ik'e hvrn, 1 i •'■■'""' •"••ij-rity -y at />Wiirf„^S" .'•-•'^ivo.l '"-^ -'"-Ui n a. u"k;. "l ''r''' -venter t">ie,| liis ,.|. ,Vn. x"*" ''""""'-■to.l Mith thJr' f .'-';"""■'' "f '«<«. Tie ■- '-.rapines'" W irBlL^"^'"":'' ^'i''--> N vlvlh l'^^?'^'" '^"4 ''■'""^•■'' t'> Ky i. ;„/:,,, "''">'/■*'» '""-'i >•» M..nlova o.'i Vi < '""tains '" ""' >"■«■ .li.stri..f ,.f AIM '•. , ^ ''" H''«I.iture in m !a *> *''° ' th < .strict "•isticcteU cliief jiLstice Niii, , 1 ^""t^r ho re- J '^iiie siq), court of (.'aj. I * ...I- 204 STATE GOVERNMENT. The elimination of the word "white" from section 1, article 2. The addition of article 18, grantnig rij^lits of sutfraije and ottice-holdinyr without reference to racf. color, or previous condition of servitude. The addi- tion of section 10 to article 11, forbidding the use dt' public moneys for sectarian purposes. Chinese inniii- gration was disproved by a vote of 17,251) against 183. Of the sixty-one members of the legislature elected, only nine were republicans. Two of these were ;stn- ators, who with the republicans holding over gave a majority of five in that branch of the legislatuii'. whereas they had but seven members altogether in the assembly. The aspirants for the senatorsliii), besides Fair, of the democrats, were Sutro of tlie independents, who desired to keep the C»)mstock out of politics, and Thomas Wren, nominated by the republicans in place of Sharon. Sutro was not jnit in nomination. Fair was elected on the first ballot. Wren received twenty votes and Daggett one. *» William Sharon was bom in SmithfieM, Ohio, Jan. 9, 1821. After gratluatiiig at college he studied law. jiraetising for a time .it St Loui-i, Mo. Afterward he engaged in a mercantile liu^iness at (.'arnillton. 111. (.'(Hiiuij,' to C'al. in 1840, he opened a store at Sac. later engaging in real estate in >. F. When the bank of Cal. oj)ened an agency at Virginia City the niaiiagi- ment was entrusted to him, and in connection with hi:* as.sociate.s in the bank lumglit up the greater piirti<>n.s of the Kentuck. Yellow Jacket, an. I Chollar mines, and obtained contml of the mining mills, incorporating tlie Union Mill and Mining conij)any, and the Virginia anil Truckee K. R., tiie state of Nevada granting z> lilieral subsidy in aid of the latter. Tiic rual was finally completed to Reno, where it cunnected with the C P. R. K., tlio cost being tliree millions. .Sharon an 1 W. C. RaUt.m also purchased the Belcher mine, receiving large returns therefrom. In 1875 Mr Sliarnu was elected U. S. senator from Nevada, serving with honor and credit. Mrs Sharon was formerlyMiss Maria MuUoy, a native of Quebec, and the result of their unkm was five children, two sur\-iving, Frederick W., wlio tnarrieii a daughter of Lloyd Tevis, and Florence E., who became the wife .>t >ir Thomas Heaketh. Mrs Sharon died in 1875, and Mr Sharon in bSS."). After setting apart SIOO.OOO for charitable puri)oses, and the embellishment uf (iolden <;ate park, the projjerty fell in et^ual parts to his son, daugiiter, auJ son-in-law, F. G. Newlauds. if"t CHAPTER IX. india:^ wars ■JS49-1882 C.*MF0Rxr.v EMr«R.vvT.s or 1849 s,.„ •^f^i < f.i AS,, inE p.,, ,. '^^ "■'^KQiK.VT Deeds op v, "----Move: .^rV--= -^ ^^r^^J^Z: ,t^^'^^- Jia> fn]J()Wetl wars nn.i ^ "''* ^''^ aboriui,ies f),..; I '«'vo s|„k,„ i„ , „,"""'''''''; '"'•"'cs,,f Nevada Tl": niyratioa to Cal L, ^- f'"^'' "^ ""*' ]t, IS.W, 273-4. •■ Territorial Enterprine, Dec. 24, 1859; ILtyci Miniivj iScrajw, xi, 40, If ill ftrv 208 INDIAN WARS. ri- the offenders, who were traced to the Pah Ute camp. The governor then appointed two couiniissidiurs, William Weatherlow and T. J. Harvc\', to visit Poito, the head chief, known as Old Winneinunn, to demand the criminals, in accordance with an exist- ing treaty. Winnenmcca was found at Pyramid lake. He did not deny the governor's right in tl.c matter, but refused to give the order for the surim- der, and demanded $IG,000 for Honey Lake valkv, It was observed early in March that the Indiai.s were withdrawing from the settlenienta. In the lat- ter part of April they held a council at Pyramid lake, and recited their grievances, a long enough li^t of insults and injustice, among which the cncrc acli- nients of the white race upim their favorite lands, and the cutting down of the pine nut trees, which W( n their orchards, were mild charges. Every clii(f in the council except Numaga, known as Young Winiu - niucca, although not related to the head chief of that name, which signifies bread giver, was in favor ot war, hj having mingled more with white people, and knowing theirnumbers and strenjjth. Tlio head < hi« f, like Peupeumoxmox of the Walla Wallas was a shrewd politician, and, while secretly supnorcing tlie war movement, never connnitted himself opinly to either party, but consented to be governed bv the niajority. Then there was a chief of the Shosj.cnfs who had married a Pah Uto, and another chief fi ini Powder river, Oregon, a halt Bannack, who were clamorous for war.* ^leanwhile !Mogoannoga, cldcf of the I[uniliy his raiils upon the stock lif tin' pettier^ in Nevada and Oregon. Tiio chief of the .Smoke Creek Iniliiiiis. a lir.ither-indaw of *Vinneniueca, was slain Ity one of his own people for at- tempting to l)ewitch him. 'I he chief of the Honey Ijake hand \v;i^ al^' killed hy his followers after years of war, to put a stop to hostilitit'-; aii'l anutlier Honey Lake chief was killed hy his peo]de. A hrother of Wiiiue- inucca named Waho was murdered hy the Tah Utes at Walker river. 1* *mcK AT »-a„^„,, ^^^^^^ all discussion by oDenm,, +i, ** M^u- tliey attacked Wjjl^P '''^'•- On the 7th f ^-i road, kilied seyZlZ\:Tr' «" "- -or' Tiiou pas^mg by tlie place o/S^ ^"^"^^ the house H,. ca,ne to the farm^Tw H "i^T^ ^^ ^"^^Cd '^ UioNo oir the stock an J ! ^' -^^oouifield Ti ^•f~S one „f their"! ^ "."-','<> ^K^'id wT ■'"■«rotur„cd to his fe.,,^ t"'". ^".': "K J. O W^^ Jic'iir winch laxr +] "'""t- to find it a cir. i • ^''" ffratiou was tlie ventpfni ^ ^""5 smothered n. a ^^-^ no.,s ortheattactl" W;-n-'""^"' -^"Kwt" si>^"d ni ovorv direct ,V. ^'V'^^s' station p ^"^*^ soldiers from Fort Ruby. Silver City guards: Cant. R. O. Watkiiii. .VHiert Bloom, Charles Evans, James Lee, James Shalxsl, Boston Boy, Keiiic, anil a boy; Virginia vols, co, 1: Capt. F. Johnson, F. J. Call, AleTcriit y, Hudi McLauKhlin, Cliarlcs Mcljcod; John Fleming, Henderson (Ureck.s), Andreas Schnal• Hammond, Armstrong, £. Millsou, and 24 others. THE WINNEMUCCAS. tlio riVcr, where thev w.. ] i ^ """ .... the, would be entirely at his At tins lunrturp XT.,. (•i;u (oiisonfc took fi '"®'^' where OrinsKv I c ;:■;,?" f "^' *<> j-^'oii,': ir:/"' i"'-''""^™^ V tmn l" r "' "'' "'" Silver atv°"'' ?'' ^'^P'^'n I'ssnoss 7;i. ?"^^ P'-^'^'c ensued ^o • f^'^'" «"* too late- ^' ^"* "^« savages said ' K^^^"^" "^^» T^- batth be.an ah .. ^^^senow; l,,tl, „r„,r t7 '' P'."*"«' O'-i-ow „„,, " ""f **'">' f»" '•'•- ws h" Ln "» "' "- ArcaS";':':' ;" 'lion fn roll '^^^' ■i<;wassaiV]fl...fi I "^'"»to -onues before life was^^LTV',''" (f ! INDIAN WARS. (H; pursuit was kept up until interrupted by the darkness of night, and the fugitives scattered ovjr the country a hundred miles from Virginia City." Comparativtlv few were wounded. The first effect of the delVat at Pyramid lake was to drive many out of the countrv. The women and ehildrcu of Virginia City were [)]uct'(J in an unfinished stone house, whicli was turned iiitoa fortress and called Fort liiley. At Silver City a for- tification was erected on the rocks overlooking tlio town, and a cannon made of wood was mounted iit the fort to frighten away invaders. At Carson City tlio Penrod liotel was used as a fortification, after \mu!. Aul>crsnii, B<>>ton Boy, A. K. Elliott, Joliu B. Fleming, \V. Hawkins Wil- liam Heatlly. F. (Jatehouse, Jo liioif.. MS., 4-5; J/iiif>H Srrit]» Miiiiwi, \\. Ol-SIi; .V. /■ BiMiHn, May 14, IG, 17, 2G, IW, 31, and June 5, 0, 7, 1800; C.il. ftmer, May 11, 1800. li' r ,■! Hap puo:, c,u.,WRs,,. Capt,-,;,! FJiiit of t)ie 6th ;. c . "" "■-.a. t,; proceed at once to r""'' &^'"'"-.eaty-three bodies '^^IT'"''', ,»«'»• ^nouglto H^es and Captain St^ivlrt ,?"""«/«' <» Colonel s|wt and a battle tliree i '?, ' • '?^ hastened to the pW«l. They dislod..ed^th. r r ''''«''''"•' were en l«;t)v.e„ f„„ ^ J fiv?e „, i„ fV,'^."'"^' pursuing Jhe^ 'f ".' fi% of their h„C^' r^T- '-^-'.v-fi've and S »r.nV' was shot thronTthe . '"' *"""» Capt^„ »vn, wounded, and a private of *!" ''S''''"- ^*ie4 aiJJiiilo led at sundown H,l t .?' '^''e Pursuit was '"'lUiitains. Fortifier/- I"tlians flcein,r *„ ,^ K ,'i| fi ■1^ '^^ ' nH m 11 1 i T 1 '^- ' "jS!' h t - m *^^S U- m.-' f^3 nh ■ 1 •i'i ; aB • » n n« INDIAN WARS. I!: ;r' Haven, Colonel Hayes returned to Carson and dls- banded his regiment. On the inarch he lost a valued scout, William S. Allen," who was shot from an am- buscade, this act being the last of the Pah Ute war of 1860, in the western part of the county of Carsdn. There was some fighting in the Goose Lake countrv between the force under Colonel Lander, then explor- ing for a wagon road over the sierra and across tlio great basin, who had been appohited special Indian agent. In August, Lander gave information that old Winnemucca, with the principal part of his hand, was in the mountains north of the Humboldt rivir, and the Smoke Creek chief scouting from theTnirkw river over to a point north of the sink of the Hum- boldt. Before quitting the Humboldt countr\% Lan- der sought an interview with young Winnenmcoa, and through him a convention was entered into Ity which Numaga agreed that the Pah Utes should kocp the peace for one year, and Lander promised at tlii; end of that time to use his influence with congress to procure payment for the Pah Ute lands. The regulars under Captain Stewart remained at Fort Haven until the middle of July, some jx isdiis taking advantage of their presence to make settK- ments on the Truckee, and near Pyramid lake.'* Tlio troops after leaving Fort Haven occupied themselves, under the direccton of Captain Stewart, in eicctim,' Fort Churchill, a permanent post on the Caison river thirty-five miles below Carson City. Lidian- agent Frederick Dodge endeavored to perfect tlic promised peace by setting off reservations at Walker and Pyramid lakes, and in the Truckee valley, wlu re the fishing and other food supplies of the Indians were most abundant, and placing them in charge of Warren Wasson, an energetic, fearless, and just man. " Bucklitml'tt Iwlinn Figldimf, MS. >• J. 1). Rolierts Thomaa Slarsh, Robert Reed, Hans Parian, 0. Spi-vey, Anderson .Spain, Washington Cox Corey, and M. A. Braley. The in H' ;< at Aurora were „f provis OII3 Was ;,.„ 1 '*l'"''«l. nil, «.iiw,B .".-I .1.0 cattle boI„„7,J':te, *" "-"•'• -ul! tlKHis,.|vt.s so,„eti,„es''s|.''„.;,':'"'"'l">' «'ei.. ami were I .'" ''"'o' to faiiip tliov worn , ' """" ">"> '"an " «l<"mi,|, two „t|,er wl it . I? ' ""■^"«'' «'"' "' anothor '«"'..' -'-M under eve;'':f ">'!;?''"•»•" Tl," '..^f « <■"■ (..rtitieation, abauSm! '"''" -7"' '■«""-"od to "f a-""mniti„„. ei..l,tee ! ' " "'"sideraLle .mantif ° "" "'« field. On fe . '^'' "'«' I'^avin.. tl, .1 S f " tl'o infection of[Zt " '''*""'«"oe, and nre I'™- (Jeneral W,i. ,!',( ''"■<^'"'"'.'? t» the S" '>•.*'. hcott, sheriff «f m ' "° "^ Mono cotintv anri Vf • ^' *"" Morrison of Visalia I ^^•ff §f' 'MUM'' i\t' ' 'f til INDIAN WARS. .i4--i command of the detachment were not to engage the Indians without the sanction of the Indian aj^tnt. But wlien Lieutenant Noble met Colonel Evans on the 7th of April his command was taken away, and liis men ordered to join in the pursuit <»f the Indians, whom Wasson desired to meet and pucifv. On tlje second day, believing that the Indians were secreted in a certain canon, Evans sent Sergeant (}[]. lespie and nine men to reconnoiter in advance of the main command. The squad was fired upon almost as soon as it entered tlie canon, the sergeant killed and Corporal Harris wounrled. An attack was then ordered, the cavalry under Evans taking the moun- tains on the right of the defile, Noble, with his coin. pany and a few citizens, the heights on the left, and the remainder of the force remaining below. Xohle succeeded in gaining his position under a gallin*^ fire from a concealed foe, but the colonel of the citizen's company, Mayfield, who had accomj)anied him. was killed Not being able to cope with an invisible enemy, he retird down the mountain, and Evans having no provisions for an extended campaign, re- turned to Los Angeles. Noble then escorted the graziers with their herds, numbering 4,000 cattle and 2,500 sheep, to quieter pastures in Nevada, and the Indian agents undertcK)k the task of soothing away the excitement amon*; tie reservation Indians, who from fiijhting among themselves were willing and anxio'is to go to war with the Owens River tril)e should they be asked to do so. But with this people the governor of California made a treaty in the fel- lowing October, On the 23d of May the governor met Winneniucca and his people in council at the lower bend of the Truckeo, but nothing came of it. In August, eh ven immigrants, men, women, and children, were killed by the Indians on the Humboldt, eight miles east of Gravelly Ford, and their bodies cast into a stn am. Thereupon General Conner issued the eminently in- Mm r^ / TREATIES, tcHi^nt just and humane order to -^h. . „ lM|.aiKS found in the vicuuty, and lAa^ al] nmle it .sava,^re warfare or eiviS ^ 5^'^'*' "'^ '"^ ««k, Is -" -'.^a^- in ? The ctm^^^^^^^^ t],e white sum..! oonnnand of the ZtZ%?"T' ''^''^ ^'^ - Au.u.st 1862, against the P^fu?^^ T"^ ^^'^^^ Nevada, and the Snakes ^^l. i ^^^^ "^ eastern Idnl.o are given Ztre^^tfr'^^'l''^ ^^^^^^ .^leanwJnJe desultor; ho"tife ^"''*"''^«- ^'' ^''« Oosh Utes. A CO, na ^v T''" V^^"^^ «» nf;. n S.n.-fK . ^ company of remi .-.».., i _ witl. .1.0 Gosh Ut-erVZ :;" T'" 7'-™'' °" 'itl> crept upo,, acal^,;'? '•?P'"!:^ "'■''<"• " tl.e .«.<«« j; 3 Sr'!.''' Step- Captain Sni..„ crept upon a cami)''nf T "?^ '""'.'' """^'^ ^^" ya loy on tlie 4tli of June Z ll "I'f "' ^'^ ^^^P" ^^■xtday they killed five nior. . i^'''^"^>*-^<'"r. t-';";.v-t];ree^]K>rribIe massacre 'tf"'' *^? ^^>' ^^^^^ cali-1 J.ad the savages per»eSa[. I !r^ ^'*" ^^""^^ he ^ •<• Indians ec>ntinued' tr a alJ along the line. Treat p« I ''^^^^^"yed the stations -I autunn. of 1863™ tTrsT^V" *^^^ «"-'"- C..nMor and Governor Doty of Ut^ hT^^'r ' ^^"^'^-^l S)->.shones and Bannacks in south *''f*"'^\^itl» the J"ly- and Governor Doty and r^^'^''"x^'^^^^^ i» ^"-^n the north-eastern pa tofT''"?' ^^^^^' ^'^^ -nod, including the Gosh Utes .^''^^^' ^^ ^ ^^^^r a reservation in Ruby vallev " V J"^"^ ^^^'-^^^^ «" su-nna-r of 1863 were raised {L V *^ 'P^'"^' ^nd •"^antiy l.y order of th^ general ^'""^^ '^"^^^^ ^^»d ^•t'o distributed to the rhfl^^ 1 government, which ;tat.ons Neverthlt 1';,^-^^^ overlanS red continued through 864 a mM 8 A. ''^'t "^"" ^"^ Twenty-n ne of W;« ^^ "*"fJi as before " ."'>■ year last name I ^^^'^^V ™l ' 1 !i i 220 INDIAN WAItS. liiin; yet Winnomucra was not nhlc to kill ton wliite moil for evorv twenty dollars' worth of property stuli n, else lie woulfl have done so. In April the s tthrs in Para«liso valley were attaeked, and the Indians with diiHculty repulsed. In May thirty-six men attacked a force of 500 l*ah Utes and Shoshones, IJiO niiha north-east of (Iravelly Ford, and 75 miles from Tiira- dise valley. The troops were repulsed afti r four liours hard fightinsij, having lost two men kilhd and four wounded. An Indian camp at Tahle mounliiin was surprised in September and ten killed. A whole vilhige full were butchered shortly afterward, niid other camps and other villages; and so the game went on, until enough of the savages were swept away — the civilized war being likewise brou<;ht to a close— to enable the Nevada volunteers to be mustered out of service." Troubles continuing in northern Nevada, Captain Conrad of Company H, of that organizatiofi, and a detachment of Comimny I, under Lieutenant Duncan, with eight citizens, had a battle on the morning ot' the ritJi of January, 18(10, with th'i Indians on Fisji eri!, :Hi8-{>. In l.ST'J cainiis llallcck and McDernntt alone w^ro garrisoned, the former liy 1 cniiiiiuii) nf tlie 1st U. S. cavalry, and 1 company of the I'Jth U. S. inf. Sir. War l,']tl, i. G(i, 4,ld cong. 1st sess. ■^8 Uiiiniirill,; Nit\ OnzfUe, Jan. 24. 1866.: Sac. Umm, Jan. 22, 18W5; Ihc., 7, Misc. Hint. Papers, MS. WINNl.VUCCA. m men of the same regiment aided by tliirty citizons of the iiif(?sted re«fi<)n. A hattlo was fou}j;lit ut Kock carioii, on the 15th of February, in which 115 Ind- ians were killed and 11) prisoners taken, with a loss of (Hie soldier killed and Major Snnth and six [>nvates woiiiuh''!. \W reference to the second volume of my Iliatory of lh-f;/(ni, it will be seen that the troops in that state and ill Idaho were drivinru Nevada, which was, however, quickly sup- pressed. C. C. Clevland was conspicuous in putting down tlie disturbance. Owing to the milder disposi- tion of the Nevada tribes, as well as to the swift voii'^e.ince by which any resistance was met, the state lilts siitt'ered less than some others by Indian wars. Pr<»l»al)Iy -50 or 300 white persons have been killed 1 '• Indians in Nevada, while ton times that number of > ivages have suflfered death at the hands of white iiion. Xo treaty was ever entered into between the gov- eriinioiit and the Pah VUes or Washoes. The latter never had a reservation, but roamed u[) and down the country formerly occupied by them, sometimes labor- ing as servants, but largely idle, with every combina- tion of vices, savage and civilized. The friendly Pah Utes, \esH vile, more manly, and numbering a little over 1,000, were for the most part established on re- servations at Truckee and Walker rivers, .nggregat- ing 044,000 acres These reservations wore surveyed by tlie government, and confirmed to the Indians by executive order in 1874." "/»'/. A^. Hejtt. 1871, 682. LmulOf. Rrpt, 1864, 20; Ihiyei,' Smrpi,, Ind- iam, i. 51; Sec. JiU, Hept, iii., 9-10, 108-73, 3G1-95, 40th isuug. 2a sesa. ; m M' (If I ' 'If >i 'i f| 41 INDIAN WARS. m Winnemucpa dkl not remain long upon the ipsor- vatioii at Pyramid lake, but roamed over the nortlu rn part of the state, being never met in battle. AlUr the peace of 18C8 in southern Oregon and Nevada, lie remained in tlie neigliborhood of Can>p McDeniiit and received rations from the military deiiartiiictir. ' It is (juite certain that in tlie Modoc war of 1S72 3 the Modors looked for assistiince from the Pah I'tf s and Shoshones in that quarter. A tract in eastern Oregon containing 1,800,000 acres was set a[iurt in 1870 for a reservation on which to place tlic Mal- heur and Warner lake Shoshones, and tlie nst- less Pah Utes of northern Nevaxla. A few \vt re gathered upon it in 1875J, among them Winnemucca's band, who still spent the summers in roaming tlinnij;!! Nevada and Idaho, and were fed whenever tUv applied for rations at Camp McDermit. Duriiij tlic wars of .1877-8 in Idaho and eastern Oregon, A\ iniK- nmcca's band was hovering on the edges of the liostile field, yet sustaining a neutral character. The war nf 1878 caused the abandonment of the Malheur rt si r- vation, the Indians having destroyed the agency. At the conclusion of the war the Shoshones and Pali I tts were removed to the Simcoe reservation in Wasliii)<^r. ton, where they were not wanted by the Yakimas, who made them miserable by various systematized oppressions, causing them in 1880 to return to Nevada. The Malheur reservation was ordeied to be sold, and the money applied to the benefit ot" the Indians." The treaty made in October 1803, befweeii tlio Indians of eastern Nevada on one side and govenmrs Ny Ex. Dm:, 157, xii.. 43«l cong. IstiifiM. =* Winnemucpa died in Oct. 1882. fifnn OnzfUe, Oct. 27. 1S82. » Winnemucca Silver Shtte, July 10, 1880; Jieno OuzetU, Nov. '/I, 18S0. ii , i :^ RESERVATIONS. tho western Shoshones Th; ^ lisJicd in 1877 at Duck valW TT'''^'''^ ^«« ^stab- t H^^^lr^ ^'^-' "^ Elk?" ^„X^^7, *^- forks of ^^"^ tl,o Moapa river reservation in f. '^ ","'>' "t^'^'*- corner c,f the state, estubJisjTedIn I8r5."'"''"^'"^^^""^ ■""fji Fel). 18"! 4«th cui,«, 3J ,««,; ""'•^••y reserve. -',15,5.33 ac^i '£ i^;'' i^i"''' ''J'P- -^w-, ^53, voJ. 2o, I, t j CHAPTER X. MATERIAL UF>;OUIU'ES AND DEVELOPMENT. I84iM886. QtESTioNAni.F. Value of Mines— Transportation — Roads and Rmlkoads — Mail Uoi-ies and Tki.eorai'iis- Staiies- I'onv Exi-kess— Sikam BOATS -Fisheries Metals -Hook Reviews - Aorictlti' re t'lniMn — WlllRLVVINKS AND EAKTHyUAKm — FloKA ANO FaIJNA— LiVE SiiiCK — Caitle R/.isiNo Lanks and Surveys — Counties ok Nevada Si m- MARY OK REsorR«;Es- SociEiY Educational, Religious, and Benev- olent Lnstitutions Newsi'ai'kr.s — Biklum:rafhv. What advaiitai^e to Nevada has been her mountain of silver? What advantaj^e her organization as a state? Some, no doubt, but more to individuals than to the connnon wealth at larj^e. To the later inlialii- tanta, the njerchant, tlie miner, the farmer, tin* jno- fessional man, it is not a matter of great moment, the fact that millions of money have been taken hi mi somewhere about Sun Peak, leaving hills of dt'luis and ghastly hole'? in the ground — money squaiuh ml by lucky gamblers in New York and Paris, and usid for purposes of j)olitical bribery and social corrui»tioii in Virginia City and San Francisco. Less tlia>) thi" least of the tailings of all this vast output of wtahh has goi!.^ to benefit Nevada. California assum* il in tlu^ beginiung, and kept until the end, the mastery of art'airs. San Francisco without the Comstock was a dirterent rx'^y from S.'?n Francisco with a long list of Nevada mines, paying large dividends, on the stock- boards. I wish I could say that Comstock ethics were likely to mend ; but the truth luuat bu tuld, which iii that ""■""■ "" "'"-'-^ TO r„K sr.o- the manairrrs, when they !,a,l , "■ selves tile 'wnanza er,w„ "I'l'^'Priated to th„ M ".. '■«luei,„. the U " '""""".lo of- mni!''™'- 'l-"-.|ve, of «1 a :„'T„7 Sf/I" '-res a 1" o^t'to -;";n.s fro,,, ho„a„^r-,''"":^' ;■' ft" "f al t, " '"'"'■"'■'"'•-'« ».lx''t ;;■'""?'' "'' >'"v.'.i« lies ,„ H 'r"ii""B«»,r,",'"(, """■•• i« »i.i I, ,^, ' ,"»" "I n.n"; if "'•'•■■ »>i 0} h 1 IN m MATERIAL UK80URCF.S AND DEVKLOPMENT. the absciifo of eiiorinous mineral developments, mrh as paralyze puny eftort, invite speeulation, and turn the heads of men from |3atient, plodding eftort. Kai jijreater general progress has been made sinrc tin Comstoek mines eeased their fabulous yield than lx;fon'. But this is not meant to deny the vahic of lejjitiniate minim; t«» Nevada. With regard to transportation, always an inijiottaiit subjeet in an unerl country, Nevada was for a long time unfortunate It is true that a road to (.Cali- fornia existed bi'ftire the discovery of mines in west- ern Utah, and the same trail led backward to the Missouri frontici-. But the distance in one direction and the high sierra in the other gave the territory an isolation which retarded developmi^nt, and added tn the (MKst antl inconvenience of living. It was tiecrs sary to make provision in the summer for tlu; sub sist«'nce of tlu- people through th backs of nmles, and tli< dis tance l)eing 7.'>0 miles. Tin- route was via Fnlsoin. Placervillt , the old iinmiixrant road throu<>h Shaw beriy and Hope valleys to Carson valley. thiou:i;li (iein.a, Carson City, I)ayton, Kagtown, across tin forty mile dc^sirt to the Humboldt river near tlu sink of the Hund»oldt. thenci' along the S(>uth side of tlio river to the jtoint where Stone Housi; station of tin (-entrnl J*acific railroad was placid ; then<'e south ui east by the Hastings cut-oft' to Salt Lake ('ity Wii of his contract in lHr)'l. Siiow-sIkh's bcL'^an to he usoil \h : i ; itOADS AND MAILS in crossing the Sierra i,. f i . '"-'' -rr-rs ^^'^f Bishop u. j^^..^^'"^' of ,853 by tho t ' r>;.^/rw,,.Watr; Cki'V''-'"'^' "''"•" .1 I r "','" <'r -tin^t; r-^'-"''' ''^'' n;!;\ c. r '" I"» is I W ;"^"' '■••"■'.»■ times iV" '' ''""•«""•• «. «-' ''i.-.-rv it" !r"^"i7 •-'••"v.i 1 „:^r '";""••'•• ■St .;,.s,. ;, u"' ""■ ">^^Ha,„| „J '';;."' ", «'»no,.t,,,, ■r..,MI, ,' l^/fl"^' ■''•■ IHr,H: an 7 f I J"'"' "«"-li IJl,,.,,,,,'''^'"* i'Wcrvill,, »a» '„""■, .'■'.■•^t «rriv., ,;,,u;n,;''^'-^w.„i.„,,„:;;;'^t,n.^,,^ r '■''•■ ""I-ovon„.n, • •■""•'""' of Ju/j "'»«ir tlint ,-"'■•" transit. 1^„. "'""' a ww'k ' mat was sinf i.. , '" "mount ..(• •• ■'Mioii^ |„.;„ " t toHlio,t„n tl,.. ,1- ' '"• ■""I ni>w '""•'-u' .rp?"""- ""••in.'ti '„;;"/'""" ■■'• -«.«' usta siuighs **■ '2M MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVKLOl'MKNT. [S- I'i irii^ HI between Strawberry aiul Carson valleys, kcepinj* th(^ road «)|)en all winter for Jie first time. The pony express was the next step. It was the conception of F. A. Bee,* W. H. Kussell and H. F. Ficklin, nuuiai;ing officers of the Central Overlaixl and Pike's Peak Express company, incorporated hv the Kansas le without change. The first l)ony express from tin- rasi bnught eight letters, and made the distance in tni days, having started April 3, 1800. The first tiMin the west left Sacramento April 4th, and arrival ;it St Joseph on the IJith. The route followed \va-> nearly straight, and through Nevaila j)ursued tli« Simp.son trail via Ruby valley. The ex pens.' nf maintaining; this line throuijh mi unsettled cuunirv was extra«)rdinary. As an enterprise it was )Mi|»r(»- ductive, and the object of its founders has nevn- 1m in distinctly made known. They claim, howev. i. t^ have shown that the central routi' across the cinti- nent was feasible for railroad ojierating at any tiuii' .>t the year, which had been doubted. The view tnk'ii by Walter Crowinshield of Nevada, who assistrd t > 'Rcc was horn Sopt. 9, IS'iO, at Clinton, Oneida co., N. V. M. ■'iii.i to Cal. in 1849. Was early idcntilioil with tclographio niattt-rs aiii later gained distinction l>y l)eing tiie third in rank us consul of the (luiiP't^ government. Fie wrcs a man of striking peraoual appearance and tr'iaoity of purpgee. rr^Mthc road after the Pal, I If ., "'" ■> that ,t ua.s with a viow of 1^ -'"'^^T'^ '" 1^60 f;-'^' t over tJmt route wj.en it f '"'!".?: *''^' '"^ii con-' ;'"•"/":". ';"t«»m'redtriiS T,f ^'^ "> «'«t t<: o .t.uM tl... route west of S It T T '^"H contractors tn-ast.n. |,orti„n. But .ii ^"'''"^^Kv to s.-rur.. ^i-natol..^ s,ttled ti.e t ^ l^n'of ^l'^^^''^''^ '-«i'i- ' '^--H'-'c-n.^. it out of the Cc,:^ f^, ^''^ 'overland '^f%, '^'^'^' "^ *J>« confederate "I tlw. sprin.r of iQnn „ ^i ;";;■■■■'• lino (•,,„„ aJ^^iTZ IZ"'" f;r'"--<-'> tC »■" l..werc,I tho far,. fnmTr^ »'N-li.>rsc. ooacl,,., „ '" '.««' a .lailv„v,ria| S *" '"■""*.>• ''"'lar.. ' '1m- AfHsouri riv«. t„ Sa V '"" '^''tal''isl»^d fr,„„ *■""'■■':" <'alir,„.„i„ '^^•,;^^7M.«i<-o, Arizona, a, «"l'.>- vnll,.^, a,„ ^at;,f'; '•"'"l^'y "l-.u.l a far,," ^t '"■""•-■ an,( vo,,ota I ;,"",''" "''•■" "'■ '>a.l..v, „at, " 'f ■(' i<<>niii» I ^1 1 '^ '""ifress m "■' "-'Ugh i„ tw.. ,'";•; '.';,•■''<•'• -"an t,? i« .„ " '"■ l""''''.«-' t.. tiK. P„ t "i ""'■«>•-">•'■ 'lavs, l,o«,l,. ■""!•"♦ >'/ l.y .stea,no nT r"'"''"" ""' '■"•■- •^"'liiiieil lurin.r tl,„ „ .• '" '•""tm,.t„re wen. -.I. 1 1 4' : ; lu -^ i j ' |;.|il ■ i'L 3M MATKRIAL KKSOURJ'KS AND UKVELOPMENT. the public $1.50 per lialf ouiico. The contract als.. required the performance of a tri-weekly mail servir. to Denver and Salt l^ake City. The maximum pric allowed for the overland service, includinjjj the pom express, was .$1,000,000. The (luiekest time tv(r made across the continent was in 1801. when l*n>i dent Lincoln's inaugural address was l)rou«?ht to Sac- ramento in five days and eij^hteen hours. Tlic last pony to Denver was but twenty-one and a half inii: utes in runnini; ten miles and eighteen rods. TIms. were the .achievements of pioneer times. In September 18GI tho ti^legraph line from Dciivir to Sacramenti), via the stage route, was complitid. this being the first wire toward the east, ultlmimli the Carson and Plaeerville division, built by V \ Bee, had been in u.se since I8,5i). It was nect'ssan to the proper ])roteetion of tlu' road, as well as ji con venienco U) the public. There never was any stairr service in the world more complete than that bt'twccn Placrervillc and Virginia City. A sjirinkled road over which dashed six fine, sleek horses, befoir an elegant Concord coach, tho lines in the hands ot" an expert driver, wiiose light hat, linen duster, ;irul Itmion -colored gloves betokened a good salary aiitl an exacting company, and who tinjed his grooms and his passtMigers by a heavy gold chronometer wat<'li. In M carelessly, if conspicuously, on the tips of his liii'ji r> — these were .some of its conspicuous features. This service contiimed until it was supplanted by tlic Cen- tral Pacific railroad from Sacranuuito. On the 4th of July, 1 858, the Plaeerville and 1 lum boldt Telegraj)h «-ompany erected the first pole on th* line of a transcontinental telegraph, and the wire was extended to (ienoa that autumn, to Carson City in the following spring, and to Virginia City in ISfiO. Congress then passed an act directing that the .secre tary of the treasury advertiser for sealed proposals for the coustructiou of a line from the Missouri river iv 'San Vrauvisco, to be ,-, •'"'y -n. iHdo, to Ih' r< «'rA(;K AND TKLmHAVH. •"'Pioted witJ.in two ii>v i <'M Vt'i ^<>r t] TMia Tins off; Calif; wit) tj, '«"<'t to. .xcoed .^40,000 •-Ml r'vi/ij I a ' .r*:"'P«"y, wl.icj H^h voinpauy aud t] :::V;i^^ -^^^50,000 * '"nnetliatoiv ntlcrx Tl.o 1 "H' was und Lake (^itv, w] • T SKifl, s/atr,. louti-, and '.i^' tJic c'ljitm! or «>vi'rlan(/ <• ca In ,hiu San f ny tl 'o mail ^'«'Jyau.K.r •!• I A I i^'««^ Vtlanti |HTati<,„ witlii,, tJ » Was V'ti l^u-ifi, ^'•^^3^»nan,Ify.oni ,.!:^^?^'*'''^'«'ivtoJ> ni ]H(U; ^7^ t" Austin aio,' I";, ;,"^;. ^^'^^^ <-an-i..i fv;;;;; V JiM(. was vtccUhI' Vnvcr tin ";unnia Citv Kt tl Sa/i I- ■';;vas l.utone 1 « wci ino, iiold 'I' ■astc ;■?:;:;'«•-• f<:r ten wo.,! 'i'J.O (./ Hand ir- JfHitc. iarL>( oil' ro ■ni citi ^''•"' ^^'^- Nevada I ^('.S as iliirj, .^^ gj.^ r^, •s Was 8l'..")() Ml A as U'oia to I'lTsoii.s or e«rj,s tcl, (lid i('<"ations latu <> ''ncttui-^.r "'^'« *»ver ,,i,l>Ji(. r*'^-Mact('d in Jsyk; m .^■'it constviir.f I •'id to tl ■'' conij)(>ti. lO nii.rlit "'Struct and lat ai ^^'^''^''<'-nstru::tt::tev^^ 'y "lauitaiii ^Vc«K/., Vo,.j.. ^„,,^ i- 3^^ J2. tile Central Pacific 't' sann KiiJroad '? .! I y -fr! I . I f in l(! :• 232 MATKUIAL UE-SOLllcl-iS AND liKVELOI'MKNT. caiuf th<; eivrtiim «»f the Wcstorn Union transcon- tinental tclt!«jfm|»h line, whirli followoil the railroati route. With tlie first rontr;u't to carry tht; mail over ilic Sit-rra in waijons, it Ixcanie n«'cessarv to iniprovt; tin old innni<^rant road, which, in 1850, was done hy |wn tiaily rchuildint; it. Tin* road to Salt Lakr hail al^i to he furnished with l)rid«j;cs, and ntaa.ssal)k Numerous toll-rt»ads wore chartered. John Kisesf and Israel ^[ott were the first grantees of toll privi le«res under the provisional )4overnnient. Tlu' first territ<»rial lej^islature i^ranti-d six franchises foi- toll roads, the seconrayiii.,' toll. From (lolil Hill down (iold canon to Jiavton. a distance of seven miles, was a toll-road in iS.V.i. owned hy H. C. Howani, S. J). Bosworth, and (J. J) Holu'rts. As mo.st of the quartz extra«ted from tin Coinstock lode j)a.s.sed over it to the various mills, it was a payinjif property, and cost ahout $20,000. As early as ISdO an a))plication was made for a railroad franchi.se from Carson City to Viro;iniji City. tlie ]X'titioner hein«jf l^eonard L. Treadwell. St vmil proje<'ts were hefore the first le«;islature, which L'liiiitfd charters to tour companies, namely, the Nevada K'ail road company, with the privih'^^e of construct iii 1*. HuntiuLifton, l^ucius A. l{(t(»th, ^Tark Ho|»kiii.>. Theodore J). Judah, Janu's l^ailey. and Samuel Silli man; tlu' \'irginia City and Washoe company: \ ir any; and tin Ksmeralda and Walker Kiver company. Heniy A Cheever and associates received the franchise for the 'Another, extending from itolil Hill half way to Carwm, was huiltat > cOHt of f I'J.OOO liy Waters, Hianchet. ami Carson in I8G1. Krlly's Xr. Iht., 1872. 174. \' RAlLHoADs. ir-jiDia an id WasJi mZ r W V '" '••"»^: 'f H Tori LM3 Hi iicol). i>n»kr. VViJIia,,, Hj i*'»lilk.s. iimi n^u,.,.:.-^ «y«'«. Will 'a't. Frank- Car II.. . J*^^"^'>«'l ; umW I> /I ./.'/. *'»'^M/.m, »'■'■; .HKi Walk,,, i«v,.r ,•;;, ,f ','"' '■"^ ""■ K».- at t/Mt <'.ulyperh)W t) mil/. I, -. __ . ^' ^p^'islat «t r .at <.aWy perio,| t).o „ .'" '^*'^ "' .^'^ ''•'i'M'<'WcT in the J,and ;/ r^ '' iin Isnicr. 'veil aiMJ from tl '";"• ^^''i<'ii u-a.s "' ^'••I'-iWf ti.at U'liici ill l)( '"is t(, t/,0 first !"^:^''^t<.,i. a ,.|, t'lTJ u'a ^•"'^^vitIl naviiral,/, sJat <'*"M|>an '.!' ^'.'•' «r.st .^tato ; ■*''f^<' Was ^l»iti tran, oo :<) SJt t 'onstitu- "itroriucotl -'tv'u-k en „ut. wato tuiv to <.iv,. ^.7" '"'^^''' actii; »;■"• ir'v^- .'""' -'-ti J'ltcndi,.,.. t( '■'■'^"■'■" ^'Hlifornia tL' " f'oiistruot HT anv (•( ""jiany >y mij- tiiii u-JiiJ \raijvoad tu ti Ha.s '"-?rzj'::£t:\f^^^^^^^ aiioti -_;>'• its soLvtod at ti ''<»Ut( ''■■■ l.^^,l :;/.""'»'"'-t«l tinrt .."■■'.''•' ■ty-(.i,,J t" J-:.tr„l„. i„ ;'.,,'■',:"■'■?»'"" "11 tl.o Ham,., , , ■ '"'"' ''■'"-" that ., ;„„j" ,«"". "-.■,.,;„,, ',:•'■?'■•'•■•' it Juiios > rivor au ^r|vi;i "f'tllilt '■'•III r .vvaisorJ,.ss,t fosoivod 1) ■:.!'-"=ns^-^^'!r;::!.^- ;o ti C'''^*' ''^ miiwav lino :;'''^''^^'"" wiii.i, si lU t'S '" ti.e «; '"'■*'ii va|;,.v. T,,:„ ,_ . — ,„ ''!'' ''-ti".ui«tr«i <'!•. •inrrr •'SSIO *•' e«»n» «\i ipany i,, -•* nvvr to ' <'.tii,.r ..H'.rt ■v«-t^/:»!;r^r'."f''"' ^^^••S'^il^'^r ''^ondti..j,i.,,;T'-' »rt. Tl 'f^'f road "'"' ^"'"'i Pacific I i il t tl •£» MATKIUAI. KKSOUKCKS AM» 1>K\ KMU'MKNT liiH's wcrr »iiit«'(l by - Oj^dt'ii. ill Htab. Strant^t' as it may appear, thf Ic^iHlatun; ,.\ Nevada, wliicli of all the statt'H and torriiorits received |urliaps tbc most beiu'fit tVoiu tho <'iniNtrut tioM of tilt' railroad, failed to up[)r(;ciate tlie patn..tii and disinttTosted motives (»f the builders, and ;i viu- lent opposition early appeare«l. The avt^raL^e It .risla tivo mind is unable to penetrate far beneath iIk surface of thin*;s. The resources of the directors, nd less than their desiijrns, were brou<^lit in <|Ut stinn, and a leadini' en»rineer rh'clared before tin- \' Nadu Ic'^islature that it could not Ix' completetl within twentv vears thousjfh its i)romoters had at theii' coin. mand all the <^old in the bank of KiiLjland. In a letter written by this en<,xineer in Felouarv lH(>r), in answer to the reste is a bajjjatelle as compared with tin ]iiu ji'cted liiu' t.i. J)utch Flat. Coinparinjj; the estniiutui cost of the Centr*d Pacific with tin- actual cost of sui'h eastern lines as the Baltimore and ( )hio ami i\v Boston and Won-ester, and allowin than half tliis amount, while the averaj^e cost nt tin entire road was little more than $100,000 [xr inik Not least amon^ the opposinj^ elements was tlit hostility of the owners of toll-roads and sta*:;*' li"'^* acroBS the Sierra, all of whom were arrayed ai,'aiiisi a f.rof..rt whirl, wnuhl «» . ^ «iicn tip roil. I -l ncv wcrn „™ ^ , '" "o "'?« -"W "'oTt""*' » ,"«'"" "»^S "' ", "■'"« III' 'vvi-vvvv /■ Ml MATRUIAL KK80UIU'E8 ANl; UKVKIA>I'MKNT wliat ini«;lit scoiii to bo oxcessivo rates uf far, aiul tVei}j;lit should be considered. Th»' railroad ijiaii. they wiid, like the merchant, is conijK*)Ud ny tin- very iiiiture of his business to dis lut^vcn his seviiral classes of customers. Just as th»^ inor- chant (ii^nands less for iiis wares when sold Uy tho toll than liy tlu^ pound, demands ni«»r<' wlim In knows that he alone can supply the article re(|iitrri|, so docs the railroad man charge a h»wer frciLjIit fdt lar< where then' is competition — as bv steamer and siilin- vess«il- -than for those whore none exists. Kur iiii< <-arloatl of j^oods shipped from N«\v York to tlh ti>wiis of t^astern Nevada proi>ably a Iwmdud aiv forward(>d to San Fraiiciseo. and no one will dls|iijt, that ''ood.i ean Uc conveveil at eheaiM'r rat»'S in lai'. (|uantities than in Minall, and handii>d mor(> n.-idily it lennina! points than at ini/ermediate stations. Then as to local trattic it should be renieiiil)oiv i that the portion of the line whi<'h erosses tin Siciv.i was by far the most cxpensiv<' set-tion to eonstnin and is p«'rliaps the most I'xpensive to ojM'rate i.t' aii\ in the Ignited States. Between Sacraniiiilo aiul lloeklin. where the jijrades are nnxlerate, foity-tiw loaded freiijht ears can be drawn bv a siii<.;le eii-'iin while from lioeklin to Truckt-e. a distartce of niiut\ seven miles, only nine ean bi> hauletii by tlif iin -t powerful lotonmtive." If w«' take int • i-onsidrralin, also the extra wiar anu tear «)eeasi(»ned l»y luavv i^rades nnd euiMs. it will be foinnl that tin' <«)st 'if iiiaintenanc«> and operation on this divisii>n is pnihaUy heven or ei\\\ N n ^inia City to the Tru<'k«'e river failed of their puipos.' •Fnnri Kni'kliii tci (no Ruiiiniit of Mm Sii>rr.i tlii' fi'm* in r».7'»8 ft» '. iiiJ t!i« work to t)v ovrt-ooiiiu i>i,uut to A'M iiiilr.t of a Icvt'l roatllH-d. KAILKOAIXS. 237 Ytt it was of 'vital iinportaiioc to oounoct tlio towns tlic CtnustiM'k loth^ and Carson and Washoo vallrvs with tin' (Vntral PafiHc railroad. At length a t-oni- jiiiiiy \'i>f^ torniod wliioli would Imild tlio road as (Itsiittl. pntvidcd thecounticsof WashcMMind Orinsliy \v..ul«i lakr $-_'0O,00i) worth of stock farli. At tlio iiditl "t this sclifnic was Williaiu Sharon, and hotwccn hiiti and Thomas Sundorhmd, tnd the connnissioncrs ttf thi two countios in <|U(>.;inia to (^arson it' the people of ( )rmshy (•..iiiity would donate $'JOO,(M)() and the people of Si(iii\ county $;J00,000. As an inducement to make this |iirs(nt t«) tl o company, itj was shown tiiat the |irii|)< iiy of a single county, Ornsshy, would he hme- titf.i .^i,0(»(),()()0. The p<«opK' cau«,Mit at tiie <,Mlded tly. and asked the lejifislature to permit th«'m to oit to the stat«- made its rost per mile, to lu'n(», •-•'• 100 mijos, jg;;t:{,(>-J7. It had received in .^it'ts 111 Oniishy and Storey comities an I the Comstock 'ii;.r companies $HH7.MS;{. .'),'{. espial to $17.0^;') p^r Ul'i Its iini iiiic Instead of incn-asiny; tlu^ taxahle property of 'if (I ,jnty <»f OnuMliy $1,000,000, the pr<»perty of th<> , '.V. . / ,„v, \\m, 4.1, 40j n ^;7*.i/, S,].!. i.»r., IS7:»; Wi-i./ht's liij :••'■> I \ 1 1 ' i! n r? ■.1 I < 9tt MATKUIAI. UE80UKCES AND DEVKLOI'MKNT. company in tlmt county was |»ivcn to the asRosaor at $13(),;}a(). In order to induce tlio people to nriv, their bond for $200,000 the company had proinisid to perniil themselves to be taxed on $40,000 per mil... So far from grovvinjj; any richer through the posses sion of a railroad, which wuk makin«4 $1*2,000 a dav the total tax paid to the county hy the company in twelve years was very little more than the intcnst the county had to pay to the company on its honds presented to the company. 1 have already spokejidt the strugj^le of Storey county with the Vin^iniu ami Tru«'k(M> railroad, or in other words the hank dtCiili fornia. That Nevada asHessors, sheritts, le urcr, A. A, Curtis of Austin ; secn>tary, .1. I> N(%nis «d' l^attlo Mountain; directors. I). H. Hatch otXtw York, dnmes II. Fietllie of IJtica, M. J. Farn II, M. K. Aii<4«'l, ami A. Ni«'hols; assistant superintniditit F. \\ . Dimn. (»ov(>rnor lira«lley vetoed the iVamlii.--' bill in IS7.^» on account of a subsidy froiii Laadtr county of .^200,000 j^rantod by the le}.,nslatui< , Imi the bill was passed over the veto." The road extiuided from Battle Mountain south alojjti; Keese riv(!r to J^edlie, two miles from AiiHtiii 'Net'. Jour. Sen., 1H70, app. uu. 1, l»-20; Id. Jour., 1&, l'2l. KAILltOADS. •-';;« [<'r,,iii Lt'dlio to Austin and tlio Manhattan company's iiii(u s, a (listu!»cc of thnu' niiloH, was another narrow 'iiUL'''. <»wiu'd by the Austin City company. Another liraiK ii was the i^attle mountaiii, t^aUed the BatUe iiiuuiiiaiii ami Lewis railroad, running from (lah^na throu'^h ijewis and J^uliion to Quartx mountain, a (listaiic"' of elevi;n mih^s.' TIk l']in'( iia aMHc two |)laces. The in(;or- iMtiatt'is were Krastus Woodruff, Wilham H. Knnor, Monroe Salis'oury, JohnT. (rilmer. (\ II. Hempstead, ;iii(|,l. !\. Witliington. In l.s74 tlie francliisi- |)assed III a (oiiipany of OaHfornians, who also pun-hased tlu; Kiinka and liul)y Hill railroad, five miK\s long, simi- lai to llie Austin City n)ad, and optM-ated hotli with (in»tit Tiif l*ioch(^ and Hullionville narrow gauge, was in- ((iriMiiali'd in Feltruary IH7'2. Il was t\v(Mity-ono milts long, and completed in 1871}, its use i.eing to M.-'iort the ores of that region to the mills at i^ul i)iit;s lie. When the minus were exhaustt'd it was no lon-nr o|>(iated. Another short road was eight and ihiir-tourths miles, constructed to carry lund)er and (iinl wood from (Jh^nhrook on Lake '''alioe to the wisttiii .siiinnut of the Sitrra. whence it was convevi^d 111 a Ihiiiie to (-arson City. It was huilt hy II. M. VcriiiiitoM and I). L. Hliss. There are points on it ri'Iliarkahle fol- r.cenic ell'ect. 'fill Carson an('t(ir •' iiiiiK'-* III Ncvaila co., (".il. In Isii.'l, tflcr a viriiil i\|Miiciu't', he went to Uicm- river, NfV., localiiii^ hliiisrll' .it .\ii.sliii, :. l-iMili'i- in. Ill' was at oiictiiiu' part owiirr in thr Kiink.i ( 'oiisulnlati'ij h<\ llii'liiiiiiiiit niiiii'M, Iml ,Mo|i| out licfori' Ihcy wen- ili'vi'hi|ircl. In ISCT In' lie<;im. .kk ictary to thf .Manhattan Miinnx co., aini m jsy-j was clicl. .1 I'lerk (.f I iiich^r cii. He was ojci'tiij to tin- state scnati' in IS7H and rrrU'i-tetl ISMI III iill ri'lation.H to socn'tv lii> was a (Mililic spintvd unii high inlnl c Ill/on. Iti.i wifu was Miss L. V. I'ulcrsou of Austin. .i-W .MATKKIAi. KKiSOURCKS AND DKVKLOl'MKNT. house, on the V'irj^inia Jind Truckee railroaii, ulnv^ the Carson river, thr<»u«]fh Mason valley, to Wiilk(r river and lake ; thence through tiie ininoral rc^iMii ,,f Ksniemlila i-ounty, the borax and salt fields of lilnidts Marsh, to Helleville and Candalaria; and thence over the White niountiiins into Owens river \;ill(\ in C«>lcirada, t«» the shik «)t' Owens river, and • vn-t- ually to the Colorado rivir.'* Th«' Nevada and Oregon Narrow (iauge eoiii|iaii\ was «»rgaiiized in Jum* ISHO. to eonstruct a road ['nuii Aurora, via Hodie, north to (^arson City, and ilciiu thence to Honey l^ake valley, Madeline |)laiii>, I'ii river, and (i»»ose lake: and thenrr to thc^On'g(»ii lii)(. whence it was tx|»e<'ted it would proceed td tin (\>lund>ia river. Tlu> directors were A. .1. Ilatch. (Jeorge L. Wootls. Janus NFcMechan, C. A. Hia,".', .lohn Sunderland. |{. L. Fult»>n, and C. P. Sduh Hat<'h was presith'nt, W(»(ds vice-pr«'sident, Sumld- laiul treasurer, T. S. CoHin secriitary, H. (J. M( Clellan <'hief engine»-r of <'onstru<'tion, ami Tlinina- Mf <'onld In- given of tlu- rcsoiini- «>f Nevada than this investment of cai>ital in railnuni^ where tlu; jnipulatitui is still much heK>w lUO,()<»(i. TransportatitU! hy water is impracticable in N>'vail;i ext'ept up«»n the lak«'s of the western |)ortion. wlur small .steamers may be employt>d with some litti' ^'SHrrrt/orCiHfmfjt fifyl, 1884, '27-8; Ciiiiihiliirin Tnir A'wyM/c, Si-pt. '.'' ISSO; R-m Sl-Uf J<»ir.. May fi. 1880; f '.kv...// 7V//;->, .hiiie 7. 1880; .S'l/^r 'V» TuHfo, Aug. 'JS, I.ViO; Suiro Iwl-fxnihiit. Si-iit. l:«, 1880; KiOfka l.-iuh;: (k' I.T an.l l).i-. 'jy. ISM»: WI.U. I'h,, .V.wrs .Ian. 'Jl, 1881; K^„„nMi Ihr-ii May aJ, ISM; Ttucaroni TiiiuH l{,vi.u- .Marcli 7, 1881; Htm . Aiin! 1883. I^ISH CULTUIJE. b«^n. fit to commorrc. Kfl; 241 iiaviLM t<'t)u>Colomdo.wW;M!J:rJ^^^n made wJjicli bounds tj t( • \;»(ia are useful f( «UC008S. Tj '<^ -state on t! o le ti<»ii> (iiav fact "ivs. aiM "- useiu for rrlira*: . '"^ III ./, niiiarv at ' otiier hiatjcJ I»'>uer.s utiiized to iivrrs of •o JJ!-( iiem. t'« of iitdu IIIISSK S'iiiin'ii III Stat. " j''aced .000,000 iApnlis7f)thoO an stry. ^I'l^oriim fisi '" tJiaiiu- 111 A/accJi |( i ill M ^ i*'vt"r, vvJiicI, ■KV IHSO several tJ partis ,000 I <'oni- i" tj.at ,"'•"'>? "i.ito h-siVZ^r";' '''"■- '-"t i^ '•'vor, VVaij. ':,:;:i^,":"i;'"'-*«t.™ind t ^ "V IJ|(. ,w;, ^' waters „f \\',,.^j • iiie .fc.test.M.k,,|vvithoatfis) 'l' '••v.T, KuivJ, loe Ono I-'UikI.s of trout ' and .sal <'-•'-•• Ti,ir":ri*'^^-^- ;:M'-n,neMtsf;,|I„wedi,U88 f; I'^l'-'^vii from ]\r, Wtis erieoiiia a I a poiid^ parts of tlie -'fni l)rook-troiit i, and .unt.cr. K 70,. KH' ifl FiirtI V. '^^-^aiiatej ler uiie and V J|| P'v>^u,nal>)v tlie |>est I, y'T- ., " ^^'^1 Truek ^vas estaMislK,/: ^ ^ «sP (.11. >Wltl I'MllfHlt. TJ "cations, trout ;* •^^'.^'•t'lv planted ^-is :;';: c^;;x^;:7,,^:- -'...on ..-; «"^' witii flatt^ weresl,i|,,„.d toN crtni. vw i\!;:n '^'h'" "' T-ko =S > 1',. '' """ It IS SJO* *I..>A s sjud tJiat lak fliii r''''?''''--'.ii."K nt,;:;-t:r «'''■•' "■hm-..".:^^ and S (I ♦'aniieries wore ^^'♦>ro inade'fi, •**U|.j.|v 1 i lllrtal . wliiVj, J I'liiir, Cnal 'l'<■."".^' a now sourci' of rev •'^taMi.sIii.d at M "II tJiis <'i< '•^Wojtli '•■'^■" ,«'.;^a^lv s,,okeu of ^'.'uo as w.jj ,, f„„J lave Ix'en tins al)oun,l t] '<' |"(.untains rioJi ■M»ai», "^'P"«it.Hl in wat, '".!.' IM tllost and ti's. a I, tl TU; i;....H'a,arse,iie,and ^*a.s found in niiiierals iiiniK '•'itiese, -«iilt, soda, sui'. ■'■ ".IS rouiKi n« <.o..l ■■,-,"in!«i otu ''•rson vail "^ uuun nrovcr ♦,> » • ^ • .. "■•""" va ev "; ':'.""•■ "f the. NVv„.i nil 1 '"'■i'ic riiilr,,i„l -- i A^;:;"'. ;"■;'< "^^"..mii;;:;; lli-T. N KV. i« HI KIk O CO on Hear "..ty, and in Kl 242 MATKUIAL UKSOURL'KS AND DKVKLOr.MKNT. .' I Dorado cnfion. Iimnonse tracts of peat, one lud cov. eriiiLf 13,000 iirruH, oxtond uloiii,' the Huinl«»l(lt livtr, valualilr for fuel, pa'licularly in a country destituti of tinilxT like this valley. Of th<' ores of metals used in manufactures, Ne\as many. Iron, althoupper ore is found on Walker ilv. r. in Elko county, and near Soda sprin«;s in Ksmk raUa county. The <'opper mines of Elko county wciv tin first to 1x5 devel(>ped. Load production has iiK ivasod so rapidly in a few years as t<» place Eureka at tin head t>f the lead producinj* distrii'ts of the I'liitrd States. Cinnal)ar was (liscovered in Washm ami Nye counties in 1 87(5. It is found in a er\ staliznj state and also in anior[>hous masse.s. NiekrI iiiiiii> exist in Hund)oldt county, the discovery lu-ini; wd<\< in 188'J, and immediately worked. Ten car loads ni the ore were shi|)p(!d within a month aftoc it wns found. Tin ore has been known to exist in NCvaila since lH()r\, but it has ni'ver been worked or its valiir detennined. Antimony was di.scovered as early a^ I87fi, but does not apjKiar to have been miiitij until 1882, wiien there was a shij»ment of the "m- frum Elko county. Hismuth is aiiothrr nietaHic pru'Jmt of which at pr-seut not DUcIi is known. Notwithstandiii ' this extraordinary ricliiuss of mineral proihutions, or perlmps because of it. ftw spt'cimens of precious stones havr been fniinl in Ntivada, and those of an inferior <^ualit\, A ni!»y from the C(»mstock lode weiiriiuil one carat, r.ftir cuttiii'jj, was discovered in 18m2, and occasionally, onils and turquoise have been found, of littji \alii' ( )f the distributiuu of tlic ureciuUK mt^tuls, tin; most A'lXKUALS AX;, .MkTALS. • 2*13 inipr.rbnt part of tli.. n.;.. i '"• ' """ wax wl„,i, tl,e "I'll til.- Slll)jfi,.t„f;.OSo,,..„^,. , . r;::::;S':i;;:;-'K;f'te^^^ "i'''"!i''t;'''')'>u\.i{.,,«rai,i !..'■''•''■ "''"•'/*•/•« r V v., "'" ."'•""•cast " iH.lor s /irst .•vi.,.,l,ti,„ . V ? "'"'" """"• ''nmrl !?/ ' ';'' ••"•""«'■ ».sa.MM.., ,y l.,eut...,.,u. .H Ji I '""'''"•"••••r.s «t lilMiii 1 (,''*""'•"'■• "« ■M-.v„.„, (S,,,., ^„,.,.,.^ .;."/';'• '•'"'''•'■■•-I u... , :, ;: '^;\'-?'v'" '» isra ""•••^ of tlun'..,„ r""t">n .111.7 '■*" ■"■■•i .1/.,,,,., K,™ '""''■' K'-i""'-i «n.i 1 .;',"""■,"• "■■^^ <■.»..■ f'-'« •i.x.r.j.t..,.;. ,.r ti"'« ';' '""-'^- '«"«.sti,.,, a,. it ';;'"","'o'. , ..i. '■^i<"i«iii...MiMHH«L.;. r' '• ''"-t.-r, Mi..,J . . "^ "'* '*'""•" n^ 'nititi,,,, ,,,,,1 I, " '■■"*•'• l.-'"' ' •"'.''''>'■ »- th,.„s,.,i.N l„ .-. " H"■^'•^";''""^. «itl, "^ V" IV"'' ^'•''writ. ■r;^. . .M»,.r,„«s. fa,nm« ( n 1 f f 1 jHi fl«< 244 MATKIMAI- KKSOUUrivS AND DKVEI.OrSIKNT. wliulr (Xpiiiisc i)f ]»lain at tho oastrrn l)a.so df the ]{«t tiira'L;(' is lieh tlie soil may l>e (n)n\'erted to the ijiowtli nf eeicals, and often only water is recjuired tn iimk. the driest and most harren-loitkini^ sectiniis fruittu! fields. The ovi'rtoppini^ intluence of the mining interest has kejtt hack the aj^rieiiltural." anil siifTipiontly ilosorilics tho work witliont saj-ing moro. /Awjm (:„. trill li'iiil' til till I'lii-ijii- /iitiii tlir Viilli II of llif Mii.-iiM.-^sijipi t'l t'liHt ll I'l till E.L nxilltlnll I t 'iilih iriini, mil I fi I E. /'". liiiili , Siijiiriii/i lull lit 11/ liiiliiiii .l//'i( y/.i /A <'"]!, Jl'lllll Mixsniiri III ( iillliiniiii. riir rmiti' lallcil (•cntriil in tliii wntk i« liy tin' old trail trmn Wc-tport t iv lUiil's tort; th t tin- San l.iii> \.ilii \ h< tilt' Sii^iiaclit' \ alley, tliripiiuli tin? ('ucln'tdlia pass in tin' Saj;liai he im nii- tiiiis, ami ilowii till' Kivi'i' Umiiiii|ilia>,'ri' to tin' (Iranil rivor fork nj tied!- orailii ill I'tali; tlii'iii'e aiross the Kiiiikani riviraml thodririi rnirlcrk of tilt? Colorailo, tlirou^'li tin' Morimiii si'tlli'iinnts mar l.ittli Salt l.aki' .iiiii till' V'l'^as ill' Santa ( lai a; tliiiirt' aloiiii tin' ol.l Sjianisli trail tii in Al .i|iiiii across the ili'sj-rt to till' Moliavr riM'r, into thr 'I'lilaii! tliroii^'li \\ ;ilkrr |ia*» ill tin' Surra Nrvaila. Kxi'i'iil that tin; roiili'Ma.H nil iiiiiisual i.tir, ;iiiii tlit I'ali I'tc's Wire foiimi to ln' tin? worst lior-c thieves on tin? rmitiiniit, tlinit notliiiij; wortliy of note in the lionk. (''ill/oriiin oml its (uinliliiii-! i( nlilnr- nioii nml Seitie N'erliiiltiiisse), liy A. V. Oswalil, is a liiiinl I'ook ei ii'.iiiiii'>,'a Hketi'li iif tlu! history, neojirajiliy, utatisties, cliinale, Koils, ceinini n r. I.i««. liioiU's, mill routes lit travel, etc., with a ina|i nf the I'liitetl Stall >. \>VX The reteielioes to Nevada are of the liri"fi!st. J]i}ilitiiii'.i lininl ItnLiJ 'I'rnril. Istil, makes a lirief iiotiee of I'tah territory, \» itlioiit mi ntii'iiini! the se|iaration of tlin territory of Nevada from I'tah. The travi lli r iiiiM it have ^'allied niiieli information from A|i]iletoii. The Oc (•/■'/>'/'•■'"'''. I'V ill li II. rii, IS.' IS n nil ro road hook from Cnuiieil Hliill's to Sm raiimili'. and as sinli must have heeii of niui'h use to iTniiii>:raiits, as it jjavi a 11 \h river eros-iinjjs, eani|>in>^ ]ilaees. eti itli tho distaiiees l.etweiii. 'I'liirfari trikiii).' inai'i'iirai'ies in the distances, how. ver. mi the wtstiin uni" the route. Allnrt (J. Hrarket. in t\\"\Vi^tirii M ■ntlilt/. a liiava/iiie. S (ifl: Miii/ir's M'.n'rn: .!*./('', SjhiiK, mill lfri>., ii. 'M \ Wmiil- •r Yi I niitt 'I'M lliill'i Hiiiihtii tl„- (hint ll'/i., Rf) (Ml; and IV'/'" Mniiifiit Ih •Hull ill tin Wfl. m I >i- r'l'n'l ■^fni'i'ltn'. AllL'. ISIill, •••'III IStit) Nevada had less than l(K) small farms: in IS70 there «'-i o" The li ill l^.">7. .""Iiiicks ; iii'„dit iliil no .'I top nf tl -m I Mi: I riilllllli'lK tiiiiiiii'^- ;i (l;i\. Si l.iHill, .1111! i Tli.ii I line ai iVl.lcM f V .\l. (radhliai ca'ii" to ( '.ll. li.'tH-1'l'll III.) ,-| liirt tl tlie III M >riii III ant I .V. '•-/.( ,1/;.,'-/, l''lllllV< of till t" .Vi'vada in 1 1 till' aiTi! ill riiv'< .sillllr III 1:1,' t'l tills ant i''il'ltV, winrli .ml .M II ^' iM st Imii' :h till.. f;i T 11 Siiiiili of f'li IM IS.Vt, a With ll. H. Sill iiii-iit wlii'at \ I I'lt-i .ilnnit the \V:iii,.rs of 1;, l"ltll'"'i. •Jll HI Til.- Mi'l.l is Ml ri'liiH i.f liH) •I ■.11'1,'r, are l."ii |iiiri'!ii„.d lllil in. I l>liin,|,.d st( ''(• i-ii'i tl. I Slit. .Miy 'J,-,. Till' iliin.it,. wri' tlii'i'i' II, I "III' '"'I'lirri'd III ll''llH,,,l.-l,, \|,_, iril'ihiy i.,!l,,^x, of iinnjcTty at SOIL AND I'liOKL'tlS. 946 Tin- i'ii'^^ «)l>sorv»'(l cnrtlKjUukf since si'ttlt'iumt was i„ |s,,7. Oil tin- I'Dtli »)f May, I.sCH. tlu-n' wnv tour slnuk> at (arson lu'twi't'ii iiiius and 'im o'clock at iii._rlit Tlicy were distinctly felt in tlu^ mines, l»ut ,|i,| IK I ;iania<;e, thoUijii tlu'V displact^d liricks at the tdiMif the court housi'. On tlie nij^lit of Dectinlu'r •jC). isfi'.i. a series of seven; shocks weii! exjteriencfd, (•Miiiiiitiiciiiij; at six o'clock in the evenini^, and con- tiiiiiiii'i i't. intervals tlirouu;h that ni^ht and the next (lav. Some Imildings were injured, and at Steam- 1 1 I.IKIO, ami in IS70 m-arly l,r)0<), r;ini{iii^ fnun 10 acres to I IHM) iillicn'iit ni,|,ii, I whiit iii.iy yi't lie. In .V'/--"/" Hi «ini)iloi, Ms., |, liy William .M. ( raili<'l>aiii;li, limtlicr of ■IuiIkc ( 'raillrliaiij^li nf ( 'Inli'Villf, Olim, u liii tM'ii'' til t il. Ill IS.'i'J, ami til Ni'v.ida in iS.V.t, is iiicntiun nl liis tarin nf Ih'tw.Tii U»iJ ami .")(H( aires in ( 'ar.snii valley. This .MS. is ilevnteil in iivvAt iiirl ti llie history of early times ainl Jinl^e < 'raiUeliailj^h's contest uilli tho M ii'in III antliorittus in relation to the .Mountain Mcailow s massacre. In .V.<')/) Mi-'lhiiit, M"^., coiiliiiniim neveral eoiiU'ilnilioiis u|ion the jiliy^ical l.iiiinMof the country, M. II. Iteyiiii'i-s oi' ilanover, (ierniany, who came t.i N'cvulv ill ISTO, s|ieakiiii.; of fanning, s.iys th.it lie t'ets -I tins ol' alfall.-v 1 1 till' ii'ic ill two i'ro|n, 4."» liiishels of w heat, .'Ml to ■♦(> Imshels of liarlev. ami rii'ii siiiiic hlue joint iirass, '2 tons to tin,' acre, all in .Ma^on valley. Accoril- i!ii t'l tlii-i author tile lini'st ilraii;;lit horses 111 the state an' raiseil in Lymi iiiiiilv. which aill yet l>e faincil for its iiroilucli..n of l''.iivli-h t'o.-ich. Civile, *iil M ii'j; lu stock. Kii'liaril Kiiinan ami T. 15. Itukey oi .Aiiteloiie x.illiy liivi' a-i line f.inii ami stock raisin;; ]irii|)erty as can he foiiiiil in the wmM. T U Siiiiili of .Smith valley in Lyon comity, liorn in .M i-s in ISIU, came to t'll iM Is.'ilt, ami to Ncv.iila in liS,">',(. lie lirst settleil the valli'V in eom|iaiiy witli 11. 1$. Smith anil < '. Siiiilli, v hence the name. .Acconlinn to his states imiit wlieat yichls in Smith valley 'M) to (iO Imshels; liarhy '.'."> to K( Im-hels; mt* alimil the .same. A|>|ilcs, prunes, pears, currants, etc, i|o «ell. T. W'.nt.Ts nf Kcese river in ISlU had I lit acres in liarley, 7."> in oats, 'M) in |MtitiM's, '.'il III lliiui.'e j'crlev of I'loelm |iiin''i:i..'il till) acriM in Ste|itoe \ .illey for tin' iiur]iose of raisin;; fruit, ^.'lain, .'III I lilniuli'd stock. ,lohn ( lUthrio in MmiiiIioIiU coiiniy. liroii::lit his farm of tin are , to lie one of the most valllalile on thecoa't. Wiinii iiiiii-i;i Silrt r Sill. Miy •_'.■>, I.SS'J. This ilata wa-i j;.ifhercil for nie l.y • ieo. II. Morrison. Till' iliiiiate is dry and hcalllifiil. t'loinl l>iir>ts are oec i-.ional. There «ri' three III IST'J. itrirliiinl M"i,l/,li/, |.s7."!, -Itil (1. The nio^l lemark.ilile mil' ui'i'iirri'd in Is74, on the istii of Aii^jiist. .\ mass nf water .S feet in lli'i|{llt ctliie liilllli^ down till) lanon where .XiInIih \\:h located, s>\ee|iilii; t'iniir.;li the tow n like an a\ al.inche, and eai ryiim S1(MI.(MM» worth of prop. rrty li"liiie it. Till' |ieo|ile liein;; w ariicd liy a s« ift i iiler, escijied to the lill'v S„;:,i,„ii/'t J{,,, .\iiK. lit, |h71. On the '.'4th of .Inly a simil.ir 11 I "viTtniili Kiirek.v wiilioiit w.niiiiiL;. Many lives wei-i^ lost m this cloud liiir--t. .VlCyW/. .{),;.,, r/. .\llj». I, |S7»', h'rii-S/'llr Jniirinit, Auii. 1. |S7»: .l//,i»./ri;- l>isf,ii,-li, \u4. |S74. .\ flood resulting! from a violeiir, ram-torm, which iril.ilijy tiillowed a cloud liurst in the inouiitdiiiri, tlustroycil ?UU11CES AXI» IiKVKI.OI'MKXT. m I I I boat sprinj^s tho ;j<'ys4'r« wtTo uiiusunlly active. Tli. iiiiiii's Wore iu»t at all atlcTtt'il liy tin- Hlnw-kH, alf Inui^l, tilt) l»oiK?rH of tli(>Htcaiii lioiHtiiii^-works lilcvv oil st.aui at each viltmtioii, nmcli to the coiiHtcrMatinu •.(' tin i'iii^iii»«T.s, who rituhl Hot arntiiiit tor the |>lniiniiiiii..ii. At tlu! Sava;^t' iiiino tin* ent^idri'i' Ktoji|HMl tlic l.nvr »uiii|>iii^i; cni:;'!!!!'. ami alaniKil the iiiiiu rs utidt i.rniiiinl )V this action more than the earth({uake iiiul i|ui|.. Ill March IH72 tiu'ic were two ln'avy whocks in \Vl,it. JMiie couiitv. This was proliahlv what is kin.wn ;i, tlie Inyo cartlHiuake, which was felt at th* cna,? Oil XovemluT .'), ih7'{, a heavv shock was t". ll at Union ville ami four at \ irj^inia City hetwceii :• .\. m ami 7 I'. M. Th»j «'r and nut |iiiif; next above, the white pine and balsam fir; then tlif l)ou;j;las spru: trcj's. Their size i»lativelv to those of tin s.iiin Hpecies in California and Ore at l.4'J iA kilt PLANTS AM> ANIMALS. 247 innnn'-Tfii'""^ ^^Y ^^^ ^'^''n^'^y pro»orvt'«l. Tlio flora (»f N. \iis ot' the artcnu'sia, or Hii^e-brusli, ohscuros cvory- tllill.' III'T*' llUxlc'St. W iM -•^aine is inoro plnitifiil now than tliirtv vcars Vfiirs ivu}, \H'u\>r protuctfd l»y i^aiiio laws, ainl not so iiiuili ncriK'tl by tlio Indians for food as fdinuirly. it would 1)(! erroneous to conrludi! that bccaust! ft'W niiimals liavo rhoscji Nevada f(ir tlu'ir homo thatthrro was not su|)|M»rt for animal life; for n*-\t iti iniport- aiiir to its mines at pn-scnt is tin- trade in rattle, and !.ti>( k siiltsist almost entirely Upon the native orasses. Tin ir low hills and the l(»ftiest summits of the inoun- iaiii> furnish huneh-jj^rass, of wlTa-h tlniv! are two v.iiit tiis, that }^rowinj,;on the lower hills I Min<^ coarser iiiiij mote thinly set than that whu'h ^rows further up, and whii'h hears an (wit-shape'd seed. Nsitive (|n\i r. hhie-joint, red-top, and one kind of hunch- iia-s are found in the valh'vs. On all th«' creeks of the northern part of the stJite ar«' extensive patches of i\ r-<4iass. which «;rows often six f«'»t hinh, ami maki s »\ri>ilni'<'tly Miiierior to Montana on acciiiinl of the niilcier v. inters. 'I'he fact-< ari' In ueiicral tli<- Name, ami tin- |irolit.H Nimilar. 'I'he eoniiiioii xtnck of the I'Miiitiv w.'is Lfracjeil Hoinewliat !>>' hulls kept hy immigrants, hut has hi'cn >:iiMil) iiiiproNcil more recently l>y iinporteil animals. The averajfe wei^'lil "t i-attli- has hccn increaseil ten piT cent, ainl the Nevaili herds in I.SXl Wire iliMiit half thoron^hhrcil. Some examples niay not I iit of place. W. .\. Mar'.li hail a .stock farm at the licail of Carson \ alley of hi^h hreil iMttli'. T. I». Parkinson of Kelly's creek iinporteil in ISMl six car loaihi of iiii|irn\id toek. Ill' hail importeil wcveral lot." hefore. haiuel .Mnrpliy l.i'l lin.iNHt acres of laiul in Nevaila, from which he shippeil li.lNtO heail of utile Nearly. Muri>hy wan a California pioiiuur of 1844, uud the largeiit ! \r Wi 'ill 1 I u IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ^ m m '■^' m 112.2 m 12.0 i.8 U III 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STriET WEBSTER, N.Y. \4it0 (716) 872-4503 4^ \ iV :\ \ %\^ ^ ^ c^ > 4?. .00,S,SI) acres, and of school lands 2,428,252 acres, instead of 3,984,640 acres, which, if the whole were availabk', would belong to the school land. At the rate at which the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections were selling, it was evident that not more than 257.5H1 acres would have been sold within the time allotted for reserving the public lands f(jr selection by the state, when the opportunity of securing indcinuity lands would be lost. State survevor-general Cbaiks S. Preble recommended to the legislature to take some action to secure a grant of land in lieu of the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections for school purpose s. This advice was acted upon, and congress granted 2,000,000 acres of land to be selected by the state in place of those sections. For this service the state owes Mr Preble a lasting recoijnition of his tab nts. Tliis grant placed the state as well as the school fund upon a better basis, no waste land being chosen. a:.d sales being much more numerous. From July i, COUNTIES. 263 18?0, to January 1, 1883, 1,031 applications were filed, covering 166,800 acres of school lands. The meridian and base of Mount Diablo were used for tlic standard in the survey of Nevada. Guiile iiiori( liana were established in all the principal centres of jiopulation. The first land district was that of Carson. The second land-office was located at Aus- tin in 1867; the third at Aurora in a di.strict includ- in;4 tlio counties of Esmeralda, Nevada, and Mono and Inyo, California, in 1868 ; the fourth at Belmont, in ISO!), removed to Pioche in 1874; the fifth at Eu- reka, in 1873, removed from Austin; there being but four local land-offices in the state. In March 1872 the Klko land district was established. The amount of mineral land in the state was ap- proximately given, from the incomplete returns of counties in 1876, as being 1,679 acres. The total amount of salt, soda, and borate of lime lands was re- ported in 1871 at 52,000 acres. The legislature of 187;5 asked congress to permit Nevada to select saline lands under previous acts, and subsequently fixed the vakie of salt and borax lands at five dollars per acre, maxinmm. An act of congress concerning desert lands, passed in 1877, provides that a settler may ac(iuire title to six hundred and forty acres by irri- oating the tract for three years, and paying $1.25 per acre. Capitalists were quick to see the advantages of this law to acquire large tracts of country, which hy the simple cost of irrigating canals became of great value. In 1879 an act of congress provided for a puhlic lands commission, to consist of theconnnissioner of the general land office, the director of the geological survey, and three civilians, to report to congress a sy.steni of classification of ])ublic lands, and a codifica- tion of existing laws relating to such lands. zJM The territory of Nevada established by a legisla- tive act, on the 25th of November, 1861, nine coun- ties, and on the 29th fixed their capitals. Douglas, A.-^' 254 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. Mi with the county seat at Genoa, contained tlie oldost settlements, and is therefore entitled to the first jilaoc on the list. Extending on the west to the eastern summit of the Sierra, it includes 50,000 acres of tim- ber and wood lands, from which have been drawn vast quantities of wood and lumber by means of Huinos constructed at great expense for this purpose, (ileii- brook, situated on the eastern whore of Lake Tahoe, is the principal lumber manufacturing point in the state. It was first settled in 1800 by G. W. Warren, N. E. Murdock, and R. Walton. In 1861 A. W. Pray .erected a saw-mill, which was run by water conducted half a mile through a flume and ditch, which served until 1864, when a steam-mill was erected. Fray's mill was the second one built at Lake Tahoe, the first being on the California siih-, in 1860. Other mills followed, and in 1873 the firm of Yerington and Bliss began the lumber business at Glenbrook, and threaded the entire timber belt of Lake Tahoe and the surrounding slopes with tluines and chutes, conveying wood and lumber to the towns about. The lumber product of Douglas county was about 12,000,000 feet annually. It cannot be classed with the mining counties, although some miniiuj; en- terprises have been attempted there. Agriculturally it is one of the foremost sections of the state, i)ro- ducing grains, fruits, and vegetables in variety and abundance, and having about 40,000 acres of arable land, 200,000 acres of grazing land, and 100,000 of reclaimable desert lands. In 1885 the county had six saw-mills, two hundred miles of irrigating ditches, made forty thousand pounds of butter annually, and had farms to the value of over half a million, (ircnoa was made the county seat. The extraordinary snows of 1882 caused an avalanche which came near destroy- ing the town of Genoa. The towns and settlements not before mentioned are Bridge House, Carter, C.i'"- son Valley, Cradlebaugh's bridge. Double Spriig, Hot Springs, Hoyes' Store, J ob, Mollville, Mammouh, POUOLAS, OllMSBY, AND WASHOE COUNTIES. 255 I^rottville, Mountain House, Slieridan, Spooner Sta- tiini, Sprague, Summit Camp, Thornton, Tisdell, Twelve-mile House, Valley View, Van Sickle's, Walker River, and Warren's. Ormsby county, a small shire sandwiched between Douglas and Washoe, but of an importance not pro- portioned to its size, contains about ten thousand acres of arable land, half of which was under cultivation in 1S85, and excellent grazing lands. It shared largely in the lumber and wood trade, was the seat of numer- ous quartz-mills, contained the capitol of the state, the penitentiary, mint, and other public institutions, and in 1876 paid taxes on $2,673,006. Carson City, incorporated in 1875, is both the county seat and state capital, and is pleasantly situated, with wide streets which are bordered with trees. It has, besides the public buildings, a number of fine structures for business purposes, half a dozen churches, and many handsome residences. Its water-works were erected in 1860. The towns and settlements not named are Brunswick, Clear Creek, Empire City, Lookout, Mc- Raey, Merrimac, Mexican, Mill Station, Santiago Mill, Swift's Springs, and Vivian Mill. Washoe county, also one of the first subdivisions of Carson county, contains 75,000 acres of agricultural, 400,000 of grazing, 80,000 of timbered, and 20,000 of mineral lands, and pays taxes on $4,165,210 of real and personal property. One of the farm products in which Washoe excelled was honey. The crop in 1884 was not less than 37,000 pounds. Hops also did well in this county, which produced 40,000 pounds the same year. The first county seat was at Washoe City, but was removed to Reno by vote of the people in i870, and an act of the legislature in 1871. Reno was founded by the Central Pacific Railroad company in 1868, in the Truck ee valley, and named in honor of General Reno, who fell at the battle of South Mountain. It has been twice nearly destroyed by fire, once in 1873, and again in 1879. A court-house 286 MATKUIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. was croctod of brick in 1872-3. A poor-farm and hospital W(.!re provided by the county coniniissioiiLr.s in 1875, who purchased forty acres for the purpose on the south side of the Truckee, one niih} east of J^ciio, with water for irrigating purposes. A free iion bridge was constructed across the river in 1877 in place of atoll-bridge, which had been in use jsiiuf 18G3. An asylum for the insane is located a sli.nt distance from the town ; also the state board of ajri i- culture, the state university, and a fine school f(»r girls under the management of the episcopal church. named after Bishop Whittaker, who founded it. Tlio Truckee river, which is near the town, will some day, no doubt, invite manufactures. The first settle- ment on the site of Reno was made by C. W. Fuller in 1859, who kept a hotel, and built the first bridi^e across the Truckee at this place in 1860. Fuller also owned a toll-road, and sold the whole of the property to M. C. Lake, from whom the place took the name of Lake's crossing. The name still sur- vives in Lake house, a hotel on the original location of Fuller. Among the prosperous stock -raiscr.s may be mentioned Jacob Stiner, a native of Ohio, who came to California by sea in 1853, mined on the Yuba at Park's bar, subsequently settled in Sutter county on the Sacramento river, giving the name of Stiiicr's bend to that portion of the stream. The towns and settlements of Washoe county not named above are Anderson's, Brown's, Clark's, Crystal Peak, Essex, Galena, Glendale, HufFaker's, Lake View, Little Y'M- ley, Long Valley, Mayburg Store, Mud Lake, Ophir, Pleasant Valley, Poeville, Salvia, Steamboat, Tliree- mile Station, Two-mile Station, Vista, Verdi, Wada- worth, and Winnemucca valley. Storey county, named in honor of Edward Faris Store V, who was killed in an attack on the Pah Ute camp in 1860, has been the theatre of the most stir- ring events of mining life in Nevada, and still main- tains much of the prestige acquired when the Comstock STOREY AND INYO COUNTIES. S57 was at its liigliest point of dovelopmont. It was or- (.ani/."l iu 18Gl,aud contains soveii hundred and tifty iicics only of fanning land, twenty tliousand acros «>f .rrazin.; lund, the remainder being classed with min- imal hinds. Much of its history has already been given. \'ir;j;inia City, the county seat, being (VJOo fiet ahovf sra-level, and 2,000 feet above the JIuniboldt plains, })crciicd on the eastern slope of an isolated iiKinntain, whose altitude is 7,827 feet, the only watei- sii|(|ily of the city came at first from natural sprius^^s. A few wills were ailded as the town increased in size. At li ngth a company was formed, which collected in W(»<)(k'ii tanks the water flowinijf from minin*' tuiniels, and (listril)uted it by means of pipes through the town. But in time the tunnels ran dry, and it became iKci'ssary to pierce the hills for new water tleposits, which in turn became exhausted, until the town was thriJitcMcd with a water famine. Prospecting'^ for watir brought out the fact in topography that it was ill tlif Hat-topped hills it would be found, rather than in the conical ones. Miles of tunnelling were done with no other oljject than to find water, and many tliuutsands of dollars were expended in this work, and ill dams and bulkheads to hold the water formed by uu'ltingsnow.'* All the institutions of Virginia City were cosmo jiolitan compared to other towns. The hotels, banks. cliuivlies, school houses, theatre, opera house, court house, city hall, odd fellows' hall, hospital, stores, and iiusukiss places and residences still give evidence of the enterprise and money which have been expended tliere. "After the discovery of silver mines," sa}'^ Clarke, " two enterprising men of San Francisco took advantage of the excitement, surveyed and staked out " In 1 872 the Virginia and Gold Hill Water company employed H, Sduisslor, engineer of the S. F. water-works, to make a survey of the conn try til tliu Hrst available streams in the Sierra Nevada, twenty-Hve niiles. «e4 (if \'irjj;inia City. Athwart the route lay the Washoe valley, an obsta. elf rt'(|uiriiig unmistakable skill to conquer. The works were completed ib 1S73 at ail estimated cost of ^2,000,000. IIlST. Kev. 17. K '■'■ V H''. (mi i:: !'i iff >il' 11 258 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. ''i: ^1 ' ( ! all the unocrupicd laml where Virginia Cit^'iiow stands and Hold ofl'tlie lots as mining claims, though im minf existed there, nor any symptoms of it. Tlu-y a< ttiallv sold otl" !ii?-2r),000 worth of stock." It was l.uiit upon ground with such a pitch that what was thf second story of a house in front hecame tin- liist .nt the hack. The assessed valuation of the wlml,' county of Storey, giv(>n in 1884, was $'_', 885, ").')('.. In- ing less than that of Washoe, hut its finances wric in a healthv condition, without deht of anv kind. Tlio towns and settlements in Storey county, asidf fimi, Virginia and Gold Hill, are American Flat, Daltio, Bonanza City, Gold Canon, Louisetown, Mound House, Washington, and Valley Wells. Lyon county was organized in 1801, hut had it> boundaries changed in 1804. It has 128,000 acre sdt agricultural, 100,000 of grazing, 5,000 of mineral, and '2,000 of timbered lands. It 1ms 200 miles of iiTJ-at- ing ditches, which water 17,500 acres. Its prn|Kity valuation in 1884 was $l,'X^C),C>59. The geiinal sur- face of the county is mountainous, all the arable laml being upon the Carson river, except about eigjit iiiiiis of Mason valley in the southeast corner. Da \ ten, the countv seat, is one of the oldest towns in Xevadn. Being situated at the mouth of the cafum leadiiiLT t' the Comstock nunrs, it became the site of nuiiieiniH quartz mills, and s* ared in the general prosperity et that lode. In the mineral district of Palmyra, seutli- cast from Dayton aljout ten miles, in an elevated val- ley, in 1803-4, was the mining town of Como and it- sister Palmyra. Como grew rapidly, its hopes Ik iiiu' based on the supposed richness of its mines. It va< made the county seat of Lyon county, and liad a quartz mill and a newspaper, the Co/z/o So/inal Gradually the town was abandoned by every inliaM- tant except one, G. W. W^alton. On the 22d of No- vember, 1873, the last inhabitant perished iu tlie flames of jiis solitary residence. The deserted lieusij, haunted by the ghosts of dead hopes, open i<> tlio KSMKRALPA COrNTY. L'.-.9 witiils of sumnuT, and Imricd uikIci' the siiow drifts of wiiiti'T, oti'er a sad ctinmioiitary oil liuinaii cxpijcta- tidiis. Silver Citv, si'ttlt-d hi'foro Virginia ( 'ity, was iiiC(ir|inrutt'd in 1H77. There were, in IHSj, four (|u;irt/. mills, six taiiin'^s mills, two arastras, and one siiiiltiiiij fiirnaoo in the county, and seven mih'S of miiiiii'j; ditehos. The towns or settlenuMits not nien- tiitiicd iihove in Lyon county are l^uekland's, (/leaver, Kiircka, Fort Churchill, Hayward's, }[ot Si)rin;j;, .loliiistown, Mound House, ^dountain, Palmyra, and W.ilmska. lOsmerahla county, oru^aniztMl in IfiTtl, has, a|)|>roxi- iii.'itoly, 100.000 acres of a>4ricultural laO.OOO «>!" jjra/- iii'^. 150.000 of timUercd, and ;{00,()()0 of mineral hinds. The value of its real and personal r»'''>]ierfv in 1SS4 was y the assessor at J?l, ..S,;w;;), (.r iiciiily 8J00,000 less than thc^ j)revious year. Miiilii'.^ hv'XMi enrlv, Ksmeralda minin;^ district, ahiait the ])r('S(M)t town of Aurora, being orjmnized in August I - ). No less than seventetMi quartz mills, costing (ivi'f ."^ 1. 000, 000 were erected at Aurora, and bullion ti) tlu! amount of $10,000,000 has been produced in this district. Aurora, for twentv years the countv si'at. was first settled l)y J. M. Carey, James M. Brady, and E. li. Hicks in 18(50. The value of its tixalili! i»roi»(!rty in 1880 was $200,000. One news- )ti|>i'r, the bUmcrahla Herald, was published there. Hawtliorne, a new town, twenty-eight miles distant oil the Carson and Colorado railroad, was made the countv seat in 188;3. Belleville, situated at an alti- tud(! of a.OOO feet, on the slope of the ]\[onte Christo iiiouiitains, was founded in 187-5. Marietta, another mining cam[), lies ten miles northwest of Belleville. Candelaria, the railrond terniiims, had, in ISSf), a school house, church, hotel, stores, and other places of husinoss. It was named after a mine discovered ill ISG.^ by Spanish prospectors, and was surveved for a town in 1876 by J. B. Hiskey. Tre White ^toun- tain Water company of Nevada was organized under ' "I Or.'.». 2(30 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. the laws of New York to do business in Nevada, Henry A Gildersleeve president, James A. Prit- chard secretary, John Aandroth treasurer. The dis- tance to the springs was twenty-one niiies. The Van. drJaria True Fissure newspaper was first puhHshcd June 5, 1880, by John Dormer. Columbus was set- tled in 1705, and a quartz mill erected. In 187*! the Pacific Borax company commenced operations on tlic Columbus marsh, and in Fish Lake valley hi 1875. This company suspended work on the borax maishcs; but the Tecl salt marsh was worked by Smith Broth- ers, and lilioades salt marsh by A. J. Rhoades. Walker lake, with a part of the Pah Ute reservation. is in Esmeralda county. The only agricultural town in the county is Greenfield, or oNIason vallc}-. in tne bend of Walker river. It was first settled bv W. K. Lee in 1809. Its growtli has been pormaiu-iit and healthy, with church, school, and mail privilei^es The settlements not above mentioned in Esnioralda county are Birch Agency, Alida Valley, Alum Creek, Black jMountain District, Cambridge, Chase, Corv- ville. Coal Vallcv, Cottonwood Well, L>oad Horse Well, Durant's Mill, East Walker, Elbow, Fisji Lake, Five Mile Station, Gillis Mountain, Gold Net, lion's Back, Hot Spring, Hulche Canon, Johnson, Lida, Lobdell, McGeer, Mammoth Ledge, Marietta, Me- tallic, Military Station, Miller, Montezuma, Blount Grant, New Boston, Nine Mile House, Palmetto. Pick Handle, Pine Grove, Rockland, Sand Siuiiii:. Santa Fe, Silver Peak, Soda S[)rings, Sweetwater, Sylvania, Virginia, Vdcano, Walker River, Wasliiii;,;- ton, Wellington, Wheeler, Whiskey Springs, Wildes, Gold IMountain is a new town in the southern part of the county, which took its birth and growth from tlie recent development of an old gold discovery called the State Lime mine, remarkable for the lichness and extent of the fissure on which it is located. Tiiis lode was discovered in 1804 by Thomas J. Shaw, wlm abandoned it on account of the distance from water ROOP AND HUMBOLDT. 2(51 or mills. It was relocated in 1865, and sold to Jog. f Win- nemucca. He fi)rmed a com[)any in San Fraiicisce. Tlie first 28 miles cost $100,000, and tliere uas no more numey forthcoming. Humboldt county had in 1885 10 quartz mills and 2 smelting-furnaces, .'5 steam grist-mills, and 2 water-power mills. It had in l>>4 of stock cattle 28,000 head, besides work oxen, fjr.OOd heeps, 80(5 hogs, a few cashmere and angora goats, 5,000 horses, 200 mules, 10 asses, 300 milch rows, 4,500 calves on the ranges, and 1,348 bei'f-cattle. The amount of land actually cultivated in 1884 was 9,218 acres. Tlie wheat raised was 8(5,000 bushels; of barley, 125,000; of oats, 5,230; of corn, 40 hush- LANDER COUNTY 263 tics, is iiitains 8,01)0 ;. It ;j;at'ui'4 kiml Iv J. \Viii- |\fisri>. :is 11" li;i(l ill Istt'aiii ir.Onti • '•( lilts, lC(i\V>, :ittl.'. was . 9, IS'Jl, and brought up on a farm ill till' town of Eldridge, Onandaga co., N. Y. He was educated at Monroe a il.t iiiy. ancl taught school for a wliile after completing his studies. In ISU his fatiier and all his family removed to Niles, Miuliigan, where they ivsiiK'l until 1S4',), when John H. tl(i[ipin set out for L'al., overland, and iiMeliijil tlu! Yul>a diggings in tlie autumn, mining during tin; winter at a \i\mv now called Washington. The following year lie started in mci-cliau' * I ^ MATPJIIAL BESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. county seat was removed to Winnemucca, wnicli until 1868 was known only as French Bridge or Ford. In tliat year it was named to commemorate the Pah Uto chief by C. B. O. Bannon, a nephew of the secretary of the interior. Tlie other towns and settlements in Huinholdt county are Adobe, Barbersville, Bartlett Creek, 1 Juta- via City, Brown's, Buffalo Station, Cane S[>riii.,', Canon Station, Centreville, Clark's, Coin, Cuiiil)er- land, Derby's Dun Glen, Fairview, Fort McDirmit, Gem City. Granite Creek, Grass Valley, Griggsville, Hardin's Ranch, Hillyer, Humboldt City, Iiuliaii Creek, Iron Point, Isabella, Jersey City, Junctiim, King River Valley, Lancaster, Little Humboldt, Lovelock, McCulley, Mason, Mill City, Mountain Spring, O'Connor Station, Oreana, Panther Canon, Paradise Hill, Paradise Valley, Pine Forest, Pleasant Valley, Queen City, Queen River Valley, Raspberry Creek, Rock Spring, Rockwell Statit)n, Rocky ('anon. Ross Creek, Rye Patch, Santa Clara, Scottsvillc Smith Ford, Spring City, St Mary, Star City. Trin- ity, Tule, Vandewater, Varyville, Ward, Willow Creek, Willow Point, and Winnemucca Spring. L..nder county, created December 11), 18()"J, was cut off' from the eastern portion of Humboldt and Churchill counties in obedience to the demand of a small army of miners, who, according to their tradi- tions, made a rush in the previous May for Reese river, hitherto unknown except to the Indians, tlie military, and the overland-stage and pony-express companies. The road crossed Reese river at Jacolt station. Almost directly east of the station was a pass known as Pony Canon, because the riders of this express often shortened their route by taken it instead of the usual pass through the Toiyabe range. Wil- liam M. Talcott, who had been a pony-express ridei'. being in this canon May 2, 1862, discovered a quartz vein, S'une ore from which was sent to Virginia City to be assayed. Reese river mining district wasimuie- diatl eouii LuH m 1 ,.■. LAXDER COUNTY dkUAy organized, and in the fnU • ^ county was also created ^„ ^ /""^^'ng December a govcnnnent and the tenitorv Prn' T'''*;^' *^ ^^^^ wliKli was eidarcred hv fi f^'" "^^"tiercountv '-■V'""^'^^^' ^^^^* it has btn ca r'^.'^^^'^'^^"^« ^'^^^'^ t'-'ii'ities. ""^^^ t^a^Jod the niotJier of TJic amount of survevor? i i • ,^ :'^")all, wJ.ence it may l?^!^ .'!' ^"^^^ ^^>""tv is "'jr'-'^t is small acCdi^r i^' '^"\^"^i^"^t^^''^' j^'lvasa mineral ref son,e ^other , orS o^^' ''^'''^'^ ""^^J^^ ^rs sirs' '^*'^^^^ -^-^ ^^ wf '' "'"^'» Nevada Central rii rri L ""^^^ ^^^^' ^vben the '•^'"ainod unchanc^e n '^' completed to Austin -^f ^-if^l^t-wago^s dra^nTlf 1 ''^ ^'«''^-" "c^- I-:^<>';'ned all th? transit ati^Jn "' -''"^^ *"-^« •".vahe range, quartz VZsfb.f ^ ]''T' °^ *^-' ^'''"' -^'00 per ton were \hZ\ ^ /'^'^^^^ »<> iuo2-e l-^^-<'tin,, {be bulli:,rW?a j;f ^V^^^ *^'^ -'^^ 'f ^^'^y years, and never I,o J " ^ ^^ *^ ^^'^<^ f^>r tlie first •''".i^^■«edisadvantao"ftl" 1^ >vere worked. With i^i torM.>rking. fiat'tle \r ?' 'T' ^""'^« have .^'^1-a ores assa^-in^/^^loo lerT'"''' ^'f ^^^^ ^"'■"i^l' ". '■'",^ ^^^ 1^'ad. The .wen,? e vi. ' 1 •" "\ ^''^''^'^ '•^»^' ^0 Per "'"' '!^ P«- t of lead^ jVV 't '^'^^ ^^"'" ^"" ^^'^ver ^'""'"'.ations to cont-iin A ^'''"'Jf'^'" found in some '"-''' grade. Tbe sa m n, ''"*""^ "^"^ ^J-so of a li '' '. >f1 «66 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT Si from Battle Mountain, was connected by rail with tli< Nevada Central and Central Pacific railroads. Keeso river district was the principal as it was tie first onjjanized in the countv. Since it creation twi other districts hav^e been consolidated with it, Aniadir and Yaidvcc Blade. The number of locations y. corded was over 8,000. The veins were contained H gneiss of granite, and run northwest and souther st, dipping northeast 35°. The ores were silver hearin;'. although a small percentage of gold was foun/1 in some mines; also galena, antimony, copper, ironluiid zinc. The chief mines of this district were jj\u\'^ A.lfred, Chase, New Pacific, Magnolia, ^[orrisj ninl Caplc, Patriot, and the Manhattan company's cl.jiins, The King Alfred mines were owned bv an Enslisli compan}^ An English company al.so owned a cojijkt mine in Battle Mountain district. The first miiir ln- cated was the Pony. The deepest .shaft in 1S84 was 700 feet, and was on the Oregon, one of tlui ^Manliat- tan company's mines. The veins of this district wvw narrow but rich, two and a half feet being the widest, and all require chlorination. The gross bullion yii Kl (»f this district, from its discoverv to 1^65, is esfimatrd at .S-, 000, 000, since which time it has yieMcd i>V),- 5 01,;") 5 1. 18. ranking third in the state for productive- ness.'* Tlie amount of land cultivated in Lander county in I8S0 was 2,700. The producticms were l,0S() liiish- els of wheat, 43,000 of barley, 775 of oats, G-J,UUU of "■Tlie .Marysville mines ill Lamlerco. were iliscovcreil liy Willijim Stanage AVilsdii, wlio, with liis sons, owns t!ie groiqi. Mr Wilsmi is cf Si'nU'li descent, his granilfather arrivinj: in America alMiiit 177">. anil lifliiiiii,' to liglit the battles of tiie revolution. ^Ir \Vil-ii>u wa-s \f>m in L.. Ohio, \hv. .TO, 1S21, hut at tiie age of U years remove.1 to hikhart o>.. luii. In IMS iie vohmteered fiir tlie Mexican war, hut j)eace l»ein2 sfHiu afttr iliclaivil. lie ■was (hschart;c(l. Hj came to the I'acitic coa.^t in 1 vVJ along with the iiiiini- gration to Oregon, residing in that state until 1''74., wl.eii he ri'inoviil to ('arico valley. Lander co., about GO miles from Aa«tin. Having wmU: iicmiii- fortahle fortune in mining and cattle raising, he left the care i^t" thfl.ir.'i' C'arico farm to his sons, and devoted himself to pros]M?ctiiiL', Mliioli lie f'll- lowecl for eight years before lie found what satisfie^l him. lie l:iti r Imimi:'.!' a resident of Reno, his largo family being i»ruviJed for, and all the rwiilt of bU iudoiuitable euergy aud sagacity. TOWN SITES. 267 potatoes, 9,500 tons of hay, and a few hundred fruit trees. Of live stock, it owned 2,100 horses, 400 mules, 4,0-J4 cattle, 23,000 sheep, and some otlicr fariu stock. The first town and county seat was Jiu'ubsville, at the overland staufe station. But Austin ill l,s 08 superseded it. In December 18G2 two men, luinied Marshall and Colo, were the sole occujiants of the site, being engaged in running a tunnel on the soutli side of the Pony canon, on the Highland Mary claim, near the centre of the ]ire.sont town In that sanu; month John Frost, '^ Fehx ()'Neil,J. Q C. Van- (Icibosch, and George Buffet located tlie Oregon, North Star, and Southern Light mines in the same lo- cality, and in the following spring erected a log cabin.'" A survey was made of a town site, which was in- teiidetl to secure the water and mill rights, but the property was sold in 1865 to a New York comjjany, under the name of Manhattan, Frost being letained as superintendent, and having charge of all the ma- cliincrv put up on Lander Hill for many years. Mar- shall also located a town site, and another was taken iipl.yD. E. Bucll, W. C._Harringt(m, E. Welton, and I. C. Batoman. The citizens united to construct a uiiuhd road from the lower town, or Clifton, to the ui)p(r town, or Austin, and soon the n)ajority of the population was at the higher point, and practically thcro was but one town, which was Austin. In April 18G;5 a hotel, newspaper, and post office were added to tlio new city. A pony express was started by G. L. Turner to the various mines, and Wells, Faigo & '•.Iiliii Frost, liorn in Monroe oo., N. Y., in IS'J!), and ccluoatcd at tlie (■iiimrinii scliools, came to C'al. in IM4t) in a wlialur, toiwiiing at \'aliiarais(» ami MiititcTuy. Ho was '2 years lu'fiiro tliu mast, and '_' ycurs lid mate of tin; vi'ssel, tlie voyage lasting 4 years and 8 months. In KS.")I lie made an- otlur voyagi! to C'al.. and arrived, ff.r the thinl time, in l>ec. IS."»2, in the iliUlii'r shij) Tliowii.'< Wiit.tnn, when he went to the mines on Yuha river, re- iiiainiiicf there until IStiO. In that year ho enacted a hotel in the Hcmness ]ia. went ti) St Louis in 18r>7, and rcniaincil there until ISIiO. wlic:i he came to Cil. In 18(>'2 lie went to Nevailawith barley and hay, .startiiij.' ii livery-stable at Star eity. In 18(i7 lie removed to Duu Cilen, wini" lio mined, and went next year to French bridge, now Winneniucea. This lii-idg'', the first on the Humboldt, was erected by the Lay IJrotiiers, and a i'ltiicii- man named Frank Band. Burned ont at Winneinucca, in 18(W, iu^ wtiit to Battle mountain, Natiian Levi, a merchant of Winnennicca, assistiiijiliiiu t > start anew. His house was the first in Battle Mountain, after tiie railrnail building 4; an<1 the town received its name from Robert Macbeth, a iiidiaer who was conversant with the early history of the spot. In 1871 Blosicim bo- gan stock raising on an extensive scale. He was the contractor wlio Ijuilt the Nevada Central railroad from Battle Mountiiin to Au.stin. Another early settler of Battle Mountain was .lohn W. McWilliaiiis, boiii in Oliio in 1835, and in I85-I came to California, and in 180.T to Nevada, set- tling first at Unionville, where he was county recorder. In 1870 he lucati'il himself at Battle Mountain, where J. A. Blossom had a teut, and Tliumu NYE COUNTY. Tho settlement"? in T « i tl..« m.„ti„„ed, arc! aS,;™,"'!?, "^"r'' *'""" Ai-..nta, Artisan, B„i|,.,. "/. ' ' ,'*'"■■• Ans„iiia, Pint.', IJavonsw,,, I. K":^'*']f;""''"i' J^"''"'". T.nvis, on, ly bcoomo a «-cl|.k„„w„ ,,^'7; ' 1 ^"T'" '"'» ■■'^- ■■"- In.vo bc.cn several ti^s o V, T f " '''"""'"- » I'.i-ijo eounty still it "nr,.r =''''• •■""' " '■^""»i"3 »l"».v miloa Tbo I'i.,; vc"^ ."^^i'.f «'■» '-",^' .8.432 "iM.vnMlcs south of .\,,„i; ■','"'''' "'""'W ilistrict ;va.^ tho occasion of til su x"' *'"' "'^''r'"'"'-' '''"'i;^ I""o, in Union f '' ;" O"jo,vod for thrcrvcars:?'-' r''^^''''-'' '-■"» »- -ov ed to BeOatZ tnZrl^ ,^V ^'"'^^ "mall shop. Err. 'B F W-ii . ' "'"-'" '"J «'>M to \ I I ''""CTn carried,,,, l,J 1'"";, ' ' ''^'''' '^ ^'^P^^'ty of lo tons nor /h. "^""'""■g '"ino ),e J nomas O Af , ^ ' ''''^' '""""'"g hy steal., ,,' '^ — "•' "' i-J toils Dor .l-.„ - •.— s ■"iiiu lie . J '"^"'as G. Morgan In . , ^ ^ ' ""'"« ^>' «'«*'« '"•KHH married M.ssCa;.' n'''" ^'''^''"^ '-I'-e So d 1,, r ''''",''• '*''' 'f-^^"" i li , 970 MATKllIAL UKSOUIUKS AND DKVKLOr.MEXT. ! i r I if 1805, by Antonio Bozquoz, the first settler, and A Billuian, H. il C. Schmidt, J. M. Reed, C. h. Straight, K. KelU^y, 1). li. Dian, L. ^Fartin, 0. Brown, S. Talhnan, J. (Irover, ]). E. Buel, Williaiu CieHer, Charles St Louis, J. W. (iashwilcr, S. M. Burk, and others. The situation was U}>on a ]>lat(aii of the Toiyaha range, at an altitude of 8,000 tc(t, wlierc wood and water were abundant, and the scenery picturesque. There arc several j^ood mining districts in tln' county, which has produced ^8,000,000 in bullion. and lias a permanent population of two thousand, with an economical and healthy county administratidii, yet owing to itf want of transportation the progiiss of any kind of enterprise has been slow. The nund)er of acres under cultivaticm in 1880 was 2,300; of bushels of wheat raised, 4,328; of bailtv, 33,212; oats, 5,000; potatoes, 18,000. It had n.ili- paratively little stock, about ten thousand head hav- ing been driven away in tlie two previous years, o\\ in.; to a failure of a"rass from over-feeding. Fruit dors well in this region, and is extensively cultivated. The total assessed valuation of real and personal jir()|i(ity in Nye county in 1880 was not much over $l,00(),(ii)it, the decrease being in personal ])roperty, which, iKinL,' largely mining property, has failed to hold its own, while farming property has not declined. The gfoss yield of the mines for the last half of 1880 and the first half of 1881 was respectively $273,881 and $188,908. Mining having reached a depth at which capital and improved methods must be applied, a tompoian abandonment followed, this being the historv of the great majority of mining districts, just as hydrauhc mining not being known or applied, the placer uoM mines were deserted when the bars liad been washed off. The settlements in Nye county to be named are Argenta, Barcelona, Blue Eagle, Centennial City, Central City, Cherry Creek, Cloverdale, Danville, LINCOLN COUNTY. 271 Doyle, Duckwatcr, Dutrh Flat, East Belmont, Ells- wnith, (xrant, Graiitvillo, Jott, Junction, Kincy, Kiii'/j^ House, KnickorbockiT, Lodi, Logan, Milton, ^[(»ivy, Now Philadelphia, Northumberland, Peavine,. Kiittlesnake, lleese lliver, Reveille, Sacramento, Sail Antonio, San Augustine, San Juan, Seymour, S[)auld- in<;, Toyali, Troy, Tucker's Station, Tyho, Union, Ural Canon, Washington, and Yokum. Lincoln county, cut oif from Nye February 2G, ISfiH, is a mining county of much historic interest, having been first traversed by the white race when the Spaniards, between 1540 and 1775, made ex[tlora- tions through the interior of the continent. In 18G3- 4. an Lidian brought to William Handin, iu Meadow valltn', a specimen of silver ore, which on being sent to Salt Lake caused several expeditions to visit that r(\L,non, the first of which, under J. M. Vandermark and Stephen Sherwood, organized the Meadow valley mining district in April 1864. Not to be dispossessed l)v (ifentiles, Bri*jrham Younjjf ordered Erastus Snow from St George to Meadow valley with a company of men, who in the :omporary absence of the minhig recorder, oriiaiiizcd a new district with new rules. A. tliinl company, consisting chiefly of men from tlie Californ'a volunteers, followed, and the former rules W'To ultimately restored ; but the presence of so many Mormons making the place distasteful, the district was aliandoncd by the gentiles after some work liad 1)61 n done on the Panaca, the original discovery ledge, and on the Mammoth. Paliranagat district was next organized, in 1865, hundreds of locations made, and one milKKm feet of tj;r()und sold to W. H. Raymond for eastern cajiital- ists. The legislature having created the count v of Lmcoln, Governor Blasdel and suite proceeded to Pahranagat to complete the organization. On the way. having taken a roundabout course through Death valley, and become involved in barren wastes without food or water, they narrowly escaped destruc- I m'i^\ ]n. Km 973 MATKUIAL UK.SOUlt('i;S AND DKVKLOPMENT. -; tlon. As it was, ono lifo was lost, ami inurh sufTcr- iiig ciuluri^il by the party. Tlio ^ovt'nior fimiid tlmi tluTu was not the nuinlxT of lo«ial vot«'rs iciiuiicd in flio county, wliich after all this troiilili- was not or- jj^anizL'd until the following year. Its ori^^inal huuii- daric'S wore twice diaiii^od, in !Marcli Ksfi?, whdi a strip ten inih'S wide was codrd to Nyo on the west. and in UiZf), wlicn it received some torrit<»ry finm Nye on the north. The county seat was first (Icciccil to be at Crystal S[)rinuts, but in 18^)7 was chaiiu;t(l to Hiko in tlie same district, and ultiniatelv to l*i(M he, Tliis town was situatccl on a sjMir of the Ely iii->un. tains, and faced north. It was first settled by Josi ph (irange and E. M. Chubard, who in 1808 erected a small furnace for the reduction of ore, but failiiiif in their expectations, abandoned tlie location. In I^Oi) the ^leadow valley district wasreorur^nized and iiaiiidl Ely district, in honor of John H. Ely, win) with W. H. Kaymond, })laced a five-stamp quartz mill, rented from a New York company, in Meadow valKy, at the site of Bullionville, the nearest point whore suffi- cient water could be obtained. A company c(»nsistiii;j; of P. McCannon, L. Lacour, and A. M. Bush laid out the town in the same year, whi( h was sui\ cvcd by E. L. Mason, a civil engineer, and named by ]\Ir,s Carmichael Williamson after F. L. A. Piochc of San Francisco, who owned largely in the mines. In 1870-1 it was the most active town in Nevada, ami consequently infested by the criminal element, wjiic h ever followed in the wake of honest enterpri.so in the mining districts. On the loth of September, 1?7I, it was ravaged by fire, and $500,000 worth of ]iin|i. erty c >stroved. An explosion of three hundnd pound of blasting powder killed thirteen men, and wound forty-seven others. But the town was quickly obuilt in a more substantial manner, only to lose anc her $50,000 by the same terrible agency in May U '2. On the 22d of August, 1873, a Vain flood caused a loss of $10,000, and in 1876 a fire again CASUALTIBS. 273 (lostiMVid $40,000 wurtli of proporty. P'uK'ho rcnclu'd the 111 i^lit of its proHpfi-ity in lH7li-3, wlicri tlio ]K)p. uliitinii was rstiinated at six tliousand, and tlicrt! wore OIK' Innidrod and ton stamps erusliin;^ oro in tlio dis- trict. with a narrow-^au^o railroad to BuUionvillc, to ranv oio to tlio mills. Bullionville itself had a ]M)p- uhitiiiti of fivo hundred, but it declined when, on the coiiipit tioii of the water-works, l*ioche was lihorally su])|)litd with water, and the mills wore removed to that place. A revival began in 1880, when new siinltiii} Sibrr Mlniiirj Company s Rt, 180(5, 1-22, ,34-6; Tlir Miner, i. 27; Qmiiri/ t'lihii, June 23, 18(56. There are several valleys wliicli witli Irrigation woulil iiniiluce good crops. Meadow ISpriiigs, Ash, Clover, Eagle, IJry Miiilily, Ruse, and Pahranagat valleys are all susceptiblo of cultivation. The liest farujers are Mormons, who have several times been recalled liy the clmreii, when their improvements passed into other hands. About 1S8() they C'lninienccd to return and take up land, which is a promise of an increase in amculture. The soil and climate in the valley of Muddy creek, a tributary of Rio Virgen, are adapted to cotton raising. William Aiidersou in 1873 had Hist. Nkv. 18 .1' I'm m 274 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. il i! r I Hi H centres, glc \rhich is not a mining town is Callville, founded by Anson Call and a few associates from Utah, at the head of navigation on the Colorado river, in 18G4. It is not a lovely situation, being amo\\