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' I

INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY.

General Instructions (No. 2.)
To The £ug;inccriug {^taft".

It IS important that a uniform system be adopted in
staking out the work, making measurements, entering
field notes, preparing and preserving exact records
of every thing done. The undersigned, therefore, re-
quests that the following instructions shall be carried
into effect : —

1. For the purpose of measurement and record the nie canii.
Line of Railway will be considered as runninpr Easter- ""' ''•""'**■
ly and Westerly, and that side of it nearest the River

St. Lawrence, Bay Chaleur, and the Gulf of St. Law-
rence, will invariablv be considered and desic>:nated
" The Nortli Side." The opposite and inland side
'• The South Side."

2. All Profiles or Longitudinal Sections will be vnmn.
plotted so as to face the South, thus placing the
Westerly end at the left hand, and the Easterly end

at the right hand.

3. All Cross Sections will be plotted to face the ( ross
West. The measuremonts north of the Centre Line '"''*'* °"'
will be left, those south of the Centre Line right.

4. All Field Notes must be clearly and distinctly Fk'id not«..
made in pencil, copies will be made in ink; but the
original notes must on no account be inked or changed

in any way, only reduced loels or other figures cal-
culated in the office, should be entered in ink in field
books. I'Meld books should contain the name of the
person by whom the measurements and notes are
made. He will invariably accom])any the notes with
ample explanations, so that any other Engineer could
easily find the locality, and understand tlie whole at

Datum
I evels.

IScnch

Alarkxi.

Ucforpnct'
Stakes.

a glance. The dates on which the measurements are
made should also be entered.

6. The same general Datum should be carried
throughout the whole Line ; but as this may at present
be found impracticable or inconvenient, each District
Engineer will only be required to see that a uniform
Datum is adopted on the several Divisions of the
work within his District. When the levels meet at
the ends of Districts, the exact differences will be as-
certained, and placed on record.

6. The first duty of the Division Engineer will be
to establish, with perfect accuracy, Bench Marks and
Reference Stakes throughout the Contract under his
immediate charge.

7. Bench Marks should be established about everv
1000 feet, and always at the two-ends of heavy cut-
tings, for easy reference ; and positions should be
selected for them so that they will not be destroyed
in the clearing of the Railway lands. They should
be numbered consecutively on each contract, and their
numbers and heights above datum distinctly and per-
manently marked thereon with blue paint, and on
timber with a cooper's-marking tool. Where the line
does not pass through timbered land, and no suitable
object can be had convenient to the work for Bench
Marks, substantial posts must be sunk in the ground
at least o feet, and completely prevented from being
raised by the frost,

8. Reference Stakes should be placed at least at
the beginning and end of each curve, and on tangents
at every 20 chains ; their object is to facilitate the
finding of the centre line in the event of the stakes
being destroyed by fire or otherwise. They should be
placed at an angle of 45° to the lino of tangents, and
at even distances of say 100 feet from the centre
stake, at the intersection of diagonal lines connect-
ing them, as in Fig. 1. Whore the Railway runs
along the edge of a River, or for uny other reason,
Reference Stakes can only be placed at one side of the
line ; they should be driven as shown in Fig. 2 : the
intermediate Stakes being placed exactly at right
angles with the centre line, and respectively 30, 60,
and 100 feet from it.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 1.

s>.

•^.

*>•

•A.

*?.•■•■■

^o-.

■fi SJ

ia CD

Station or ;^ ' Centre Stake,

•^

"yT-

, f

9. Plugs 3 inches diameter and 12 inches long^fewnce
should be driven level with the surface ground at the

foot of al) Reference Stakes, and a nail in the head of
each Plug should show the exact horizontal distance
intended from the Centre Stake. All Centre Stakes
and Reference Stakes should have their tops painted .
blue in order that they may readily be distinguished! '

10. Tables of Bench Marks and Reference Stakes, ]l^]^^^^-
describing exactly their position and in the case of the
former giving their numbers and elevation above the
general Datum of the District, must he made out, and
copies filed in the Division and District Offices. The
position, numbers, and height of Bench Marks, should

also be entered on the working profiles at the nearest
station points.

11. So soon as the Centre Line has been carefully
defined on the ground, and Reference and Bencn
Marks established, in accordance with the above in- g^fiii?*
structions, it will be the duty of the Engineer in charge
to make a longitudinal Section or working Profile, to
accomplish which with accuracy a "Plug" must be
driven at the foot of and imme<iiately in front of each
centre stake (or station). The Plug will be made level
with the surface of the ground, and upon it the level-
ling rod must be held when levels are taken.

12. The working Profile will be made on drawing
paper to a scale of 200 feet horizontal, and 20 feot

)-i

Working
rrcfilos. ;

CentTP
Stakes.

Cross Sec'H

Cross Sec'n
Liue8.

vertical. The gradients will be drawn with great care
by the District Engineer, and, after being approved
by the Chief Engineer, and finally adopted, they will
be shown by a blue line ; the working Profile will be
completed by drawing vertical pink lines at every 100
feet, on one side of which will be neatly written in
black figures the height of the surface of the ground
above datum, as ascertained by the levels taken on the
Pluu'S, and on the other side the height of formation
level, as calculated. At each' change of gradient, the
vertical lines will be in blue, and the height of forma-
tion level written in the same color. Ihe difference
between the height of surface and formation level,
ascertained as above, will give the height or depth of
cutting or filling, as the case may be, at each Station
or Centre Stake.

13. Each Centre Stake, which will have the dis-
tance marked thereon, according to the actual chairing
thus, 304, must also have distinctly marked on the op-
posite side the height or depth of the Plug above or
below formation level, to indicate the depth of cutting
or height of filling; thus. Cut 10.05 or Fill 4.79,

14. The next proceeding will be to make Cross
Sections. These will be taken at least at every 100
feet Station, whether in cuttings or embankments,
and also at a, sufficient number of intermediate points,
wherever a change in the ground takes place, so as to
insure a ])erfectly accurate record of the various in-
equalities of the original surface.

15. At these intermediate points Centre Stakes
will be driven, and the chaining marked thereon ; one
side thus, 304+27 ; and on the other side, the cutting
or filling as the case may be ; thus Cut 40.60 or Fill
7.80.

16. The lines of the Cross-Sections must be set out
exactly at right angles to the centre line on tangents ;
and on curved portions at right angles to the tangent
of the curve. These lines must be determined by in-
strumental means (say by a cross staff' with a line of
sights at least eight inches long.) Two stakes will be
driven on each side of the centre line, one at 30 feet
and the other at 60 feet, measured very carefully, on a
horizontal line. In very deep cuttings or high em-

>e
>0
n
d
e
n
e

bankments another stake at 90 feet or more may be
put in. These will serve to define the line of Cross
Sections and be useful for future reference, should the |]^t'?on
centre stakes be renioved. The numbers of the centre ^*"''®^-
stakes should be marked on the west side of the 60 feet
stakes, and the distance from the centre line should
be marked on all the stakes on the sides facing the
centre line.

17. The levels on these Cross Sections should be
taken in the same manner as those on the longitudinal
line, ahvays commencing on a Bench Mark, and using

the same Datum, the levels should be continued ^''^'''•
through a scries of Cross Sections (taking care to
enter the number of station and distance from centre
line, north or south, opposite each point taken), till
another Bench Mark is reached, on which a level
must be taken to test the accuracy of the whole series,
and so on to the next Bench Mark.

18. In all Cross Sections a level should be taken
on each side of centre line, immediately under or over
the edge of road bed, to facilitate the calculations of
areas; that is to say, if the base of cuttings be 30
feet and embankments 18 feet, levels should be taken
at 15 feet from the centre line, in the one case, and
nine feet in the other. Levels should also be taken
at every point where there is a sudden change in the
surftxce of the ground.

19. When these field operations are completed, the
Datum of each Cross Section will be reduced to forma-
iron level on the Centre line at the point where each
Cross Section is taken ; and the relative heights of all
points on the Cross Section, above or below this level,
will be computed, and entered, together with the dis-
tances from the Centre Line, in a Book (form No. 3)
prepared for that purpose, and of which an example
IS here given. En some cases it may be more con-
venient to take the levels for Cross Sections from the
Plugs driven on the centre line ; but in every instance
they must be reduced to formation level as a Latum^
and so recorded in Book No. 3. All distances must
be made on horizontal lines, and measurements and
calculations of every kind must be made with as much
accuracy as possible.

Datum of

Cross Sec'8.

vSection
Book

Centre Line assumed to extend

from West to East, and Cross Sect

ions from North to

Soidh. Formation Level at intersections is the Datum of each Cross Section.

* " ■ — — — — ■ —

Distance or

Station.

Stiition.

Si.itlon.

1 Station.

Station.

201

202

203

203+50

203+75

C'hauge of ]

Gradient

or rise per
100 feet.

Level.

Change.

1 per 100.

Surface

393 , 25

393 60

394.00

393 . 55

392 . 25

Forraation....

393.00

392.50

392 25

Cutting

Filling

0,25

0.60

1.00

1.05

•

I'
t

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• &I -

t3 2 e

8 "I 2

•" * » 2

a s>s 5

TRE

tcol
rmat

role

UNI

umn
ion 1

roun

—8.00

—18.00 ^

' O, 3 -. - :

+5.50

+0.20

(18)

— e.oo

— 15.00

2fi=

Ail
S§-2 M

—1.10

+4.00 1

(9)

0.00

— 1.00

(S)

—10.00

(si

north
re to

thus(

(16)

0.00

+4 00

+ 1.00

0.00

—6.00

-1-0.25

+0.60

+ 1.00

+1.05

0.00 J

>+3

J2^^ H

+ 1.00

+3.00

+2.00

+3.20

+2.00

(

g %

1% ^

(24)

-f-6.00

(27)

+H.00

+2.50

(19^8)

+3.20

+3.30 •

< «

^ ,^

l§

" B

+11.60

+ 10.00

(28.6)

+9.00

+6.00

(21)

+4.00 1

^g 5

oEg a;

+8.50

■

3^ «*

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o-S. ij

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1 North to
ction.

•1

Station.

station.

SttitioD.

Station.

204

205

206

207

207+40

208

1 per 100.

I per 100.

1 per 100.

1 per iOO.

390.20

380 00

375 00

377.50

383.00

385 00

392 . 00

391.00

390.00

389.00

388+60

388. CO

1.80

11.00

16.00

11.50

5.60

3.00

—12.00

—18.00

—34 00

—36

— 20 00

-12.00

(wlb)

-7.00

..*— V

y-^

(82.1)

—15.40

(48)

—26.00

(49.5)

—27.00

(83)

—16.00

(m)

-9.00

—5.20

—9.60

—13.00

—14.60

—12.00

—7.00

—3.00

—1.80

—11.00

—15.00

—11.60

5.60

—3.00

<I>

0.00

—13.40

—16.50

—16.00

-5.00

—2.00

+1.00

-16.00

(§)

—16.00

—14.00

(16)

—4.00

kuj)

—1.40

—12.00

—14.20

-12.00

-7,00

0.00

+2.00

Spction
Book.

Attested
Copies.

Plotting

Croas Sect's

Slope Btalces

Ditto.

Gullet
stalids.

20. This Book must be filled up so that it will
form a complete and accurate record of all the longi-
tudinal and transverse measurements and levels on
each Division or Contract ; in the upper portion of
each page must be entered in the proper place the
chaining to every Station and intermediate point on
the Centre line, each change of gradient and the rate
of inclination, the height of surface as well as Forma-
tion level at each Station and intermediate point, and
the depth of Cutting or height of Filling at each
Point. The lower part of the page will have every
Cross Section regularly entered, giving in each case
the distances north and south of the Centre line, and
the height above or the depth below formation level.
The Slope Stakes will also be designated. Three ac-
curate copies of the Section Book will be required,
one for the Division, a second for the District, and a
third for the head Office. Each copy must be made
from the original notes, and afterwards compared with
each other to ensuie accuracy ; and they must also be
properly attested and dated. Tables of Bench Marks
and Reference Stakes (see clause 10) must be given
at the beginning of each copy of the Section Books.

21. From these Books the Cross Sections will be
plotted on ruled paper, on a scale of 20 feet to an inch,
vertical and horizontal, except in s])ecial cases, such
as rock or other difficult work, when they will be
plotted on a scale of 10 feet to an inch on paper ruled
to that scale. A blue line to be ruled from top to
bottom of the page to denote the centre line.

22. On these Cross Sections the formation line
and slopes will be drawn in red lines, and from these
the distances of the slope stakes from the centre line
can be ascertained with sufficient accuracy for ground
of a tolerably uniforui and level surface ; but in all
cases the position of slope stakes should be verified
by the level, and the e.xact distances so ascertained
should be entered in Book No. 3, thus, S.S. 20, or (20).

23. Stakes must also be firmly driven at these
points, and the distance distinctly marked on the side
lacing the centre line, thus, S.S. 30.

24. In staking out Gullets for Contractors, the
Gullet stakes should be set out for a rock slope of i

the

to 1. The Contractor will work to these in the lirst
place, and save himself time and trouble in the event
of any of the cuttings turning out" rock. Should cunets.
there be no rock the earth slopes will afterw^ards be
taken out. Should rocli occur in part, a berm will be
left, as described in the specification. When the rock
is laid bare, its surface must be levelled over, and its
height at a sufficient number of points, recorded in
the Section Books and on the Cross Sections.

25. When it becomes necessary to take earth from pj}^,";"'''"^
liorrowing pits, the ground, before it is broken, must

be carefully staked out, in squares of from 10 to 30
feet, according to the nature of the surface, the levels
taken with reference to the general datum, and the
whole particulars entered in the field books,

26. In all Cuttings of magnitude strong Plugs
about three inches diameter, and say 30 inches long, {i[^^°
bound on the upper end with iron, should be driven

in the solid ground to formations level at the entrance
of the Cuttings, 9 feet distant from, and at right
angles to the centre line ; the position and level of
these Plugs being carefully noted in the field book.
These Stakes \v\\\ be found useful as rough reference
and Grade Stakes during the construction of the
work.

27. In preparing plans all existing objects as roads,
buildings, tonces, &c., should be drawn in black lines.
Water should be indicated by a blue tint. Works to ISSl
he constructed as deviations of Roads and Streams, v^oiWi^*-
also the centre line of the Railway and the boundary

line of lands required should be shown m red lines.
In Profiles the surface of the ground should be black,
and references to existing objects, or works such as
Roads, streams, Villages, should be written in black.
All works to be constructed such as Rridges, Culverts,
&c., should be shown or written in red.

28. Reports will be required periodically, not only
from the District Engineers, but from the Division
i)V Contract Engineers, Inspectors and others. It is
therefore inq)oi-tant that members of the Engineering
Staft* should keep an Official Diary, entering therein
every circumstance connected with the works which
may come under their observation. Books will be

Diaric8 to
be be kept.

provided for these Diaries, and further instructions
given, with regard to the regular reports, which will
M(fi)?^ieH. be required. The object of these Reports and Diaries
is to show the progress made from time to time in
construction, on every District and Contract, and to
place on record accurate information respecting the
commencement of structures, the progress and char-
acter of all works, as well as the dates, when they
were staked out, the force employed, directions given,
the weather, difficulties met with and overcome, and
every other circumstance relating to the execution of
the Railway Works.

SANDFORD FLExMING,

Chief Engineer.

Intercolonial Railway Office,

Halifax, 25th March, 1869.