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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. t . 2 3 4 • 6 T,< % i JH|i iil!ii ii \ , m 4 i iiu lm v i ip f \ '\m ..f-^ ■^i'-* ]tj^ '■'A V ^'^V'.X.,'' Sri-tion f'l.orkajije of tli«> Shiiben^radif Canal. I C»¥' la 1 iM^ LUi-^ i CV" tp^m 'I'A/Af/rft, I C K .^ \ 'V^'H|»«'KiM.irr \A* ^ <. .* w<' •^ 4 «"lioud\r..^^,> <^-' """' ^> Irtifi'-if H.~ j^5^,h .,* XCIVA SCOTIA rOMlMhKI) FIIOMTIIK liATKHT SrilN'KVS PX|MrHHly foi'llu- l{i.sloi-u-al^Stat; \ ^- \i RS^^xL •/> tr'^'n. . < t tW«"' *. «U»*' PBl, '"'".I, '"" ^'.v.^ iill»»S< w"'t"" .,(,„ IMUI'r *^ ^ ^ 04 ■iiiy' 'Ay<„«^,,y,7^s!^'>'' ii'^rff^ y 4y /k> «pt] --d- Knt't/hfJ, t'^jTi^'^-' -^, '•ft'* """ i^radir t'anal. i^" .1" ..,,. llenrvi PortHofti • •rtfit.rtmirorff, Ltttle.lmhf- W"'-'t,„ 2:'' . L.^f3 " T^ X V\ '^ > f v*fe«S." ' be. 'Ik. '>.k.. ■% *. -; •'■-5^ yOtriinl-rrrvf 'n|H'('a>israii 3i l.rvrl of >iyi«inTHi-« 2t< naiunorw" 'I A ' SIKVKYS vn\ Ac«'<»uiit (if AmluTiwf 111 Frciirh liirv . \ vv II .blltl 'urvy""''' (i«tiv '•%. '"V \^ o • V, "''■■y.:. '•<». <^^ » ,/ .m ;,A.".' s^!rii.i-.s -^ yi^^^^t^ * rtuif-i-i-r 1- f I ^^^nitrCuiiscaii ■-5k i / ^f^'™"! xcjTa S< OTI ('(IMIMLKI) I'llOM TIIK liATKMT Ml rxprrssly tor llir Ki.sloht-am'SlatiHiiivil I8V)>. Till' N'lliiii'a III IVALlrs iirr llip Allrii'iil Kri' y mill liiiliiiMN'nmi'itivl'rrmltnliilhrlliKtiii H4 i 11 2^ )\Hltonnf »♦■» H6»..i.-^ ^. ^'m ^ A> aw *U«l{f; ^ OK -r--';t:; V N M ••< X\ ■ /r V> Till* NiniifM 111 ITM.irs Avr tin- Aiirii-iit Kn-iirli itml IimIiimiN'hiiu-h n'tVrrriliti in ihr lli.sturv. r .V, ,//, O^H.r.vl ^^' //'"" I .t(irCai(Srau / '^' HISTC ! . m i * i**^' N( ILLUSTRAT BYTH< BamtUratlA Tl I 1 1 •■* ;-• AN » * HISTORICAL and STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF NOVA-SCOTIA, Ijy TWO VOLUMES. ILLUSTRATED BY A MAP OF THE PROVINCE, AND SEVERAL ENGRAVINGS. 1 A ^.i!. BY THOMAS C. HALIBURTON, Esq. BaniiUr tU Law, and MenUier of the Howe of Aisembly of Mva- Scotia. THIS is Mr eWIf MT WATITC LAND. VOL. I. HALIFAX. VftllfTCD AND FDBLISHBB BT JOSEPH HOWE. 1829. ^9877 »i 0:- :^ ■.?-T ^ — ,l*,5fc;ii; 7 111 To Ilia ExcilUncy Lieut. General SIR JAMES KEMPT, K. G. C. B. ffovernor-Oeneral ofBritUh J^orth America^ tte. tre. Sir, — In availing myself of the permission you have been pleased to grant me, to dedicate this work to your Excellency, I fear I shall incur your dis- pleasure, if I accompany it with any remarks ; but as your administration of the Government of Nova- Scotia is now terminated, it becomes the right, as well as the business, of the Historian, to express his opinion upon it. In entering upon the duties of your office, you laboured under the disadvantage of not having been previously conversant with Colonial affairs, and if you escaped the difficulties incidental to such a situation, it must be attributed to the dili- gence with which those duties were undertaken, and the rectitude and intelligence with which they were discharged. You have had the singular good fortune of never having had, during the eight years you presided over the Country, the slightest misun- derstanding with either of the other branches of the Legislature, but on the contrary, have always expe- i\ IV rienced the most unequivocal marks of their confi- dence and respect. Subjects of popular declama- tion have not been wanting to put your principles and conduct upon trial, in which you observed that happy medium, that neither compromised the digni- ty of your situation, nor militated against the rights of the people. This may happen again to others, because the same uprightness of conduct and the same discretion, will, among a people so well dis- posed as the inhabitants of this Province, produce a similar result. But Sir, it would be ur reasonable to hope for a recurrence of the disinterested zeal, the unwearied anxiety, and the paternal interest you manifested on subjects not connected with the mere ofKcial routine of your duties. You have ever consi- dered the welfare of the Province as paramount to your own personal ease and comfort; and the number of public works, promoted and patronised, and in many instances suggested by yourself; the increased punctuality in the collection, and economy in the expenditure of the Revenue ; the total change in the state of the great roads, and the activity inspired in- to all the subordinate officers of Government, bespeak the solicitude with which you regarded the prosperi- ty of the Country committed to your charge. In taking a retrospect of that portion of your life spent in Nova-Scotia, you have the gratification to know that yoii left it tranquil and prosperous, and,that at the period of your quiting it for a higher station, there was not an individual in it either personally or politically opposed to you. I am aware that de- dicationc are in general mere adulatory addresses, that reflect but little honor either upon the Authpr or #, , ,-.J. the Patron, but where an administration has termi- nated in the manner I have just described, there is less difficulty in confining approbation within the bounds of strict veracity than in finding terms for its expression. This work is therefore not dedicat- ed to your Excellency so much on the ground of your elevated station, as of the patronage with which you have always honored every undertaking that had for its object the benefit of the Province ; and al- though there is no person better qualified to detect its errors and imperfections, there is also no one more ready to extend to it those indulgent allowances, of which it stands so much in need, as yourself. Allow me. Sir*, in conclusion to remark, that as your Ecellency's name must necessarily stamp a va- lue upon any thing to which it is atiaohed, I should feel that I was making an ungenerous use of the con- fidence with which you have honored me,in accepting this dedication. If I were to allow it to be supposed that this work had received your approbation, and was published under your sanction. Not having seen the manu icript, your Excellency's condescension in permitting it to appear under your patronage must be considered as a mark of your ap- proval of the effort, but not of the performance, and as an instance of your kindness, but not a recommen- dation of its contents. In the hope, however, that it may prove not alto- gether unacceptable to your Excellency, I have the honor to subscribe mysdf, Your Excellency's •. - Most obedient servant, yj. THOMAS C. HALIBURTON. , ) t'iii^ ,..'.»» .J,lv> PREFACE. The materials for the History of Nova- Scotia arc to be found in an infinite variety of old Colonial books, in which the country has been incidentally mention- ed, and in the public records. To collect these scat- tered notices, and form them into a connected nar- rative, is the object of the fir St volume of this work. This employment, though very humble, has been very la- borious. The town of Annapolis, in which I have compiled it, contains neither public nor private libra- ries J and I have been under the necessity of procur- ing books of reference from London and Boston; and in some in8tances,where they belonged to public in- stitutions, of obtaining copies of those passages I was desirous of consulting. Constantly engaged in business either public or private, I have never been able to devote to it my undivided attention, but have written it amidst repeated interruptions, and at different times, as the occasional occurrence of a favourable opportunity permitted me to resume the pursuit. These difficulties will be sufKciently appre- ciated by those who are accustomed to literary re- search, and will, it is hoped, constitute an apology, both for the scantiness of the materials, and the irre- gularity in the style. Of the great number of authors I have consulted, Lescarbot and Charlevoix, among the French, and Hutchinson, Minot, Belknapp, Wynne, Douglas, Holmes, and Smollett, among the Enghsh, have afforded me by far the most assistance. In the first chapter, I have chiefly followed Belknapp's life of De Monts, which was compiled from an old vu -4 translation of Lcscarbot ; but having fortunately pro- cured the perusal of the original, belonging to the library of the College at Windsor, I have been en- abled to add many interesting particulars, which Dr. Belknapp omitted, as too minute for his purpose. In like manner,in the fourth chapter, I have adopted Minot's account of the removal of the French in 1755, as far as it goes ; and having obtained access to the source from whence he drew his information — " Colonel Winslow's manuscript letter book" — I have not only ascertained its accuracy, but inserted a great deal that has never before been published. From all these authors I have drawn freely, wherever it suited my purpose, and in some instances have copied entire passages — an acknowledment I am par- ticularly desirous of maldng, both Irom a proper res- pect to the labours of others, and also from a wish to avoid the pedantry of crowding the notes with re- peated references. The second volume has been compiled from public records, surveys, charts, per- sonal knowledge, and colonial works ; and also from an extensive correspondence with respectable and intelligent people in all parts of Nova-Scotia. To enumerate the various acts of kindness I have re- ceived from my friends, in procuring for me books of reference and original papers, in collecting topogra- phical information, and in favouring me with full and copious answers to my queries, would exceed " the limits of a preface, and perhaps be not agreeable to the parties themselves ; but I trust, that as it affords me ^reat pleasure to make a public acknow- ledgment of their goodness, they will pardon me for taking the liberty of doing so. To Andrew Dunlap, Esquire, and Dr. Jackson of Boston ; the Honble. Andrew Cochran of Quebec, the Honorable Judge Chipman, Dr. Bayard and Robert Parker, Esq. of New-Brunswick ; the Honble. Judge Stewart, Hon. Charles Morris, Dr. Almon, Dr. Gregor, Charles R. Fairbanks,* James Uniacke,Beamish Murdoch,*Thos. Aikins,Joseph Howe,Lawrence Doyle, J. Gray, James Francklin, J. Shannon, Titus Smith and J. A. Barry, Esqrs.* the Rev. Dr.Cochran, Rev. Wm. C.King, Rev. W. King, John D. Archibald, Jas. Irving, John Wier* John Crowe,* Alexander Stewart* and Wm. Baker, Esqrs. the Rev. Dr. M'CuUoch, Rev. Dr. M'Gregor, Rev. T. Trotter, George Smith,* Thomas Dickson* p»^H WpTitworth Taylor, Esqrs. Judge Marshall, W. vm V rf Crawley, P. H. Clarke, Wm. M'Kcen, Alexander M'Dougall and John Morton,* £sqrs. Dr. Harding, Dr. S. Bayard, Judge Wiswail, Rev. Mr. Sigogne, Dr. Farrish, J. Homer,* Alexander Robertson, J. Newton and W. Rudolf,* Esqrs. Rev. James Shreve, Major M'Culloch, Major Bazilgette, and Captain Johnstone, of the Rifle Brigade, I am under great obligations, and request of them to accept my sincsre thanks. From Sir Rupert George, the Secretary Of the Province I have always experienced the ut- most readiness to facilitate the numerous searches I have been compelled to make among the public re- cords; and from Richard Smith and Richard Brown, Esqrs. I have received the whole of the informa- tion contained in the geological sketch of the East- ern District of Nova-Scotia,and of the Island of Cape- Breton. I beg leave to assure each of those Gentle- men, I shall always entertain a most grateful recol- lection of their kindness. For the correct and beau- ful view of Halifax, prefixed to the second volume, I am indebted to a Lady of that place, whose name I regret I have not permission to mention, but who enhanced the value of the embellishment, by the very friendly manner in which it was communicated to me. The manuscript having been transcribed for the press by different persons, several orthographi- cal eiTors crept into it, and escaped detection; and as it was found impracticable to forward the proof sheets to Annapolis for inspection, this defect could not be altogether avoided. For this and the other imperfections of the work, I must crave the indul- gence of the public, for whose benefit it is designed, and to whom I now present it with a sincere desire that it may prove useful. THOMAS C. HALIBURTON. Annapolis, N. S. 1829. ThoM ptnoM to whose names the * is affixed, are Members of the House of Assemblj. , .1. Disco Sit rid M Po^ tab tleri and JVa Tar Caj mai TH es in severs quall^ of the jectur just t Contii accom multif who e \,t. n I K ••.. <■ . ;• '.■x% .» I- .i .' • ufii tl - » ». 1.^i0tot|9l i^t Aotia^H^cotia* CHAPTER I. ;; Discovery of ^orth America hy John Cabot — Voyages oj Sir Humphry Gilbert, and Sir John Gilbert — Discove- ries of the French — Marquis De La Roche lands at the Isle of Sable — De Monts settles at St. Croix — removes to Port Royal — loses his charter — Jesuits commence an es- tablishment at St. Saviour — destmction of the French set- tlement in Jlcadiaby Samuel Argall — Sir William Alex- ander obtains a grant of the Country, in which it is called JVwo Scotia — attempts to colonise it — conveys it to La Tour — conquest of Q;uebec — cession of J^iTooa Scotia, Cape Breton and Canada, to France, by treaty of St. Ger- mains. [From 1497— TO 1632.] ; :f! 1"; ^^ ^ ,;::> THE history of every country in Europe commenc- es in the region of fable. At what period they were acverally discovered, and by whom settled, is e- qually uncertain, and the accounts which are given of the early ages of all, are at best but plausible con- jectures. The situation of America is in this respect just the reverse. The discovery of this immense Continent is an event of modern occurrence, and was accompanied by the infant art of printing, which, by multiplying the copies, preserved the Journals of those who explored and settled the new world. But if the • W ' materials of American History are unlike those of Europe, the events are even more different. The progress of man from a state of nature towards civi- lization is always slow, and generally similar ; but the operation of an enlightened people upon uncul- tivated nature, which was first displayed in the set- tlement of America, affords a most interesting subject of contemplation. The portion of American History filled by Nova- Scotia, though small, is not altogether unimportant; nnd, as one of the minor links in the great chain ol events, cannot with propriety be omitted. The claim of the English was founded on discovery. Daring the tranquil reign of Henry the VII. com- merce and manufactures increased to such an extent in England, as to attract thither merchants from all parts of Europe. Among the Venetians resident there at that time, was John Cabot, a scientific and expe- rienced mariner. The possibility of finding a west- ern passage to- India had long been a subject of literary controversy, and mercantile interest, and the probability of such a discovery had been much increased by the recent voyages of Columbus. Ca- bot, from his knowledge of the Globe, supposed that a shorter route to India might be found in the North West ; and communicated to the King his willing- ness to undertake a voyage for that purpose, declar- ing at the same time that he entertained no doubt of making discoveries for him, as honourable and advan- tageous as those which Columbus had made for Fer- dinand and Isabella. This project being favourably icceived. His Ma- jesty on the 5th of March, 1496, granted a commis- 1/ s • » • • .- , - Their provisions now failing, and a mutiny break- ing out among the mariners, they returned to Eng- land. Thus it appears that Cabot, in the name, and under the commission of Henry the VII. actually dis- covered the Continent of North America, before Co- lumbus had visited any part of the main land — his 'i; ♦Note — Mr. Prince, in his chronology (citing Gal vanns for an authority) says that the land discovered by Cabot, was in Latitude 45; if this were true, the first discovery was made on the Peninsula of Nova Scotia, and as they coasted the land to the northward, they must have gone into the Gujpb of Saint Lawrence, in pursuit of their Northern passage. voyages at that period not having extended beyond the islands of the Gulph of Mexico. ■ • ,\,n t^ > Through a singular succession of causes, seventy- two years elapsed from the discovery of the northern division of the Continent by the Enghsh, during which their inonarchs bestowed little attention upon a coun- try wliich was destined to be annexed to their Crown, and to be a cliief source of British opulence and pow- er ; but the fame of the Fishery on the banks of New- foundland attracted the attention of Merchants, and it soon became the resort of vessels of different na- tions.* This remarkable neglect of navigating the coast, and of attempting colonization, is in some mea- sure accounted for by the frugal maxims of Henry VII. the unpropitious circumstances of the reigns of Henry the VHI. of Edward VI. and the bigotted Ma- ry; reigns peculiarly adverse to the extension of in-i dustry, trade and navigation. — When Elizabeth as- cended the throne of England, her genius and ambi- tion gave a new direction to the public opinion of the country, and inspired her subjects with a spirit of e- mulation and enterprise which they had never before known. , ?';i-' ■r'jyih- n,^;, Vv t/U UiS'Ji ^?il} #■ ■', '.' ' *As early as 157S, the stato of the Fisliery is thus described : *' There are about 100 sail of Spaniards, who come to take cod ; who make it all wet, and dry it when they come home, besides 20 or SO more, who come from Biscay, to kill whales for train. These are better appointed for shippin^^, and furniture of munition, than any other nation save the English , who commonly are lords of the harbours. As touching their tonnage I think it may be 5 or 6000 of Portugals, there are not above 50 or 60 sail, whoae tonnage may amount to 0000, and they make all wet. Of the French nation there are about 160 sail, the most of their shipping is very small, not past 40 tons, among which are some great, and reasonably well appoint- ed, better than the Portugals, and not so well as the Spaniards. The burthen of them may be about 7000. The English vessels have increased in four years from 30 to SO sail. The trade which our na- tion hath to Iceland maketh that the English are not there io such numbers as other nations. "~fiacft/uy