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/J/^
CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
OTTAWA, - - . CAISJ^^D^V.
BULLETIN No. 15.
EXPERIMENTS IN THE FATTENING OF SWINE.
OCTOBER. 189^3.
■"J'o the HoiKJiirable
The Minister ut' Agriculture.
SiK, — I beg to submit herewith for your approval the 15th
bulletin of the Central Experimental Farm, -which has been prepared
under my direction by Jas. W. Robertson, Agriculturist of tne
Experimental Farm and Dairy Commissioner for the Dominion.
The subject of this bulletin, the cconomi'j fattening of swine, is
one of part icular importance to Canada at the present time. A general
consumption by live stock of the coarse grains grown in all parts of
the Dominion, would result in retaining to a great extent on the
farms, those elements of fertility so essential to the contiuHed
growth of good crops. The use of frozen grain for fattening purposes,
is also treated of in this bulletin, and the information given on that
question is of special value to the farmers of Manitoba and the
North-West Territories.
I have tile honour to be
Your obedient servant,
WM. SAUNDERS,
Director, Experimental Farms.
Ottawa, October 2ntii, 189l'.
CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM.
-:o:
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
OTTAWA, - . - _ _ CANADA,
EXPERIMENTS IN THE FATTENING OF SWINE.
Hv Jas. W. Rohkrtsox, Aiiriciilturist.
Experiiiients in the fccdintf of swiiio wciv comnu'iiccd at tlie
Central Experimental Farm in December, 1890. Particulars of the
different sorts of feed, of the quantities of feed consumed, and of
the increase in the live weight of the animals under the tests, were
given in the Annual Report for 1891.
The objects of these first investigations were, — ( 1) to discover
the dilference, if any, in the quantity of grain required to produi-e
every pound of increase in the live weight of the swine, vhoi it
ims fed uteatned and inarm, and ichen it was fed ran: and cold ;
(2) to obtain a record of the comparative quantities of grain re-
(piired to i)roduce every ))ound of increase in tlie live weight of
swine during different stages of the fattening period.
The mixture of grain used in the tests was one composed of
equal parts of pease, barley and rye, which had been ground. It
was saturated with water and fed wet in all cases.
Cold water was given to drink, and a mixture of salt ami wood
ashes was ])ut in a box on the tloor of every pen, where the pigs
had access to it at will.
The quantities of feed consumed were weighed every day, and
the swine were weighed once every week.
The following Table sl.ows tin. .,uantitic.s of feo.l ronsume<l ,,i
ponn.l of .Mcreaso in live weight, <luring six feeding nerio.U in fo
pens
r
Ml-
Tahm; I.
Pkn 1.
Pkn 2.
Dec. 9 to Jan. 5....
Jan. 5 to leb. 2....
Feb. 2 to Mar. 2 ..
Mnr. 2to Miir :h..
Mar SO to Apr. 27.
Apr. 27 to Mny 18..
4 Swine, fed ' 4 Swine, fed
stt'Mmcd and , raw and
wiinn. cold.
Average
Lbs.
of Grain,
3 31
3-n7
3 79
5 00
7 00
8 53
4- 16
Lb?,
of Grain.
3-30
3 07
4-43
707
.") ftS
5-71
4 25
Pkn5.
4 Swine, fed
steamed and
warm,
plus SuKar
Beots.
Pen (i.
4 Swine,
fed raw and
cold.
plus iSugar
Beet.s.
4 69
2-46
3 4(1
5 40
4 88
4 17
5m=5
0-61
2ftl
3 00
3 a3
4-08
3 31
3-17
2 76
3SI
3 15
951
r.-08
.a so
Sets;
084
2 23
2 .32
2 13
82i
6 00
+ 246 ' 3 89 + 2 73
Conclvaions,—Tho^e two sets of experiments indicate tliat :-
(1.) There i.s „o appreciable ditferenee in the nnniber of pound,
o gram required to produce a pound of itu-rease in the live weh^ht
of sw.ne when it is fed steamed and Avarn., as coiui.are.l witl' it
when ted raw and cold ;
(2.) On the average there i.s a gradual and great increase in the
•luantity of grain consumed for every pound of increase in the live
we.ghtof swine, after the second month of the fattening period
and after the average live weight excee.ls 100 lbs. ;
(3.) It is economical to market swine to be slaughtered when
they weigh from 180 to 200 lbs., live weight ;
(4.) Tlie consumption of feed per day is ffreate&( at or near the
period of then- fattening, when the quantity of feed consumed per
pound of increase in weight, is smallest.
tl
It may be aiMtMl that to produoo an
le live wt'i/rht of 24 swino, 4-14 ll>s. of a
l»arls ot ground j)easu, barley and r
]ioinid ot inercase in the live weight.
increase of ;?.2:{U li>s. in
mixture of t(|ual
ye were required for everv
084
2 23
2 32
2 13
82i
600
-(
2 73
lOXPKIjrMKNTS tV KICKI.IN,; CKAIX, rXGUOlND, GKOUXD AM) WITH
SKIM-MII.K.
During the winter of 1801 2 experiments were begun to discover
the effect of feeding swine upon a ration of grain only (unground
and ground) as compared with a ration comitosed of grain and
skim-milk. For the purpose, four j.cns of pigs were selected and
sorted into lots as nearly alike as they could be obtained. In each
of the four pens were put two pigs out of a Poland-China sow by
an Improved Large Yorkshin. boar. With them were put threv
grade pigs in each of the three first pens ; and in the fourth pen
two pigs out of a Berkshire sow by an Improved Larirc Yorkshire
I'oar, were put with the two cross bred Poland-China-by-Y^orksliire
The 9 grade pigs which were juit in tlie first three pens with
the (i crossbred Poland-China-by- Yorkshire pigs, were purchased
outside. Their breeding was not known but tliev appeared to be
grades of Chester White or Yorkshire blood. The p in the
several pens, considered as lots, were as nearly as practicabio equal
as to breeding, quality, age and size.
T]w experiment began on January 4th and ended on May 2iid.
Tlie fc.l consumed was weighed every day and the swine were
wciglud once every week. The following Tables have been
arranged to show the average results at four different times in the
fattening period.
Tablk II.
Pen 1 contained .5 swine, as described above—;? grades and ■>
cross bred PoIand-Chiiia-by- Yorkshire. They were fed upon
a mixture of equal parts of peaHC, l)ark'y and rye, not ground, ami
soaked in eold water for 48 hours.
Live weight
Increase in weight.
Feed Consumed . . .
Do. per lb. of increase in live
weight
Jan. 4. Fob. 1. ■ Feb. 29. Mur. 28.
lbs.
346
lbs.
386
■40
378
9-40
lbs.
502
116
490
4-13
lbs.
646
144
544
3-77
May 2.
Totals.
Ib9.
lbs.
780
....
134
434
538
1930
401
445
Taiu.k III.
Pen 2 contained J swine similar to those in Pen 1. Tliey were
fed upon a mixture of equal parts of pease, barley, and rye, uroxnd
and soaked in eoid water for 12 hours.
Jan. 4. Feb. 1. Feb. 29. ! Mar. 28.
lbs. lbs. lbs. i lbs.
."-Ifi 4,30 f,80 741
84 151) Ifll
4G1 572 a57
Do. per lb. of increase in live
weight 5-48 381 4 OS
Live woiglit
Inereiifo in weigiit
Fcedconaumed
May 2
lbs.
%-,
124
576
4-64
Totals.
lbs.
510
2,2»)
4 26
Taim.k I V.-
Pen ;{ eontained .5 swine similar to those in Pens 1 and 2. They
were fed ui)on an allowance of the same mixture as those in Pen 2,
(viz. : equal parts of pease, barley and rye, r/round and soaked in
cold water for 12 hours), ])his all the ski'm-milk thev would drink.
Live weight
Increase in weight.
„ , (Meal.
Feed consumed. < +
Jan. 4.
lbs.
346
^Milk.
Do. per lb. of inerease (Meal,
in live weight. ^Millc.
Feb. 1.
Feb. 29.
lbs.
lbs.
434
590
88
■[■.i\
230
286
1,081
2.078
2-61
183
12 28
13 32
Mil r. 28. 1 May 2.
Totals.
lbs.
768
178
432
2,649
2 42
14-88
lbs.
1,017
249
704
3,537 I
282 I
I
14'20
671
1,652
9.345
2'4G
13-92
Totals.
lbs.
434
1930
445
Totals.
lbs.
519
2,20')
4 36
Ills.
671
1,652
9,345
2-46
1302
Tahi.k V.
Pen 4 cowtaincd 4 swine, 2 cTo.s.sbred Poland-China-by-Yorkshlre
and 2 crossbred Bcrkshire-by- Yorkshire. They were fed upon an
allowance of the .same mixture as those in Pens 2 and ;?, (viz. :
equal parts of pease, barley and rye, ffround and soaked 'for 12
hours), plus all the skim-milk they would drink.
Live weight
Iiioreiise in wciKlit.
T, , (Meal,
i'cca consumed. < +
(Milk.
Jan. 4,
lbs.
306
Do. per lb. of increase (Meal,
inlive weight. (Miik
Feb. 1.
lbs.
305
89
3.32
610
3-73
6-85
Feb. 29.: Mar. 28,
lbs.
520
125
,3.S5
481
307
3 84
675
ir>5
514
551
3-31
3-54
May 2.
lbs.
842
167
626
9,38
3 74
a 61
T0TAI..S.
lbs.
536
1,857
2,580
3-46
4-81
Co»cl>moNH,~Fvom these tests whieli continued seventeen weeks,
it appears that : —
(l.) 4-4.-) lb,s. of grain were consumed per lb. of increase in live
weight, when it was fed niifp'oiaid and soaked for 48 liours ;
(2.) 4 -.30 lbs. of grain were consumed per lb. of increase in live
weight, when it was fed yround and soaked for 12 hours ;
(3.) 1 lb. of grain was the equivalent of (] • 0.5 lbs. of skim-milk in
increasing the live weiglit ;
(4.) The swine, which ■ ,fe fed upon a ration containing skim-
milk, were lustier and more r-obust in aj)pearance, than those which
were fed upon grain only.
EXPKRIMKNTS IN FEEDING FROZEN' WHEAT.
The tirst test in this series was undertaken to discover, (1) what
results could be obtained from the fattening of large-sized swine
upon a ration of frozen wheat, and (2) how frozen wheat compared
with a mixture of equal parts by weight of pease, barley and wheat
lor increasing the live weight of the animals.
Twelve graili' swi
were not known. TJ;
the test was jsc. II, s. eai-li. Tl
Merc nearly even as to weight, (|uality an.l a|.i)ear
ne were jinreliased ; their
e average weight at the
age and Itreeding
eoniniencenieMt of
ey M-ere sorted into ;) lots, whiel
[inee.
Tl
le frozen wheat was procured from tin; branch Experimental
Inarms at Brandon. Man., an.l In. Han Head, N.W.T. It wis
graded "No. 2 frozen," -No. :; fm/.-n," an.l ■' m.marketablc/'
Tabi.k VI.
Pen 1 containe.1 4 swine. They were fe.l upon frozen wheat
(/round aud soaked in cold water for 12 h.)ur,s.
j Dec. 28. Jan. 25.
! lbs. I lbs.
Liveweight 739 g^^
Incrcat^o in weight -[(^t^
Feed coiiauincd tqi
Do.pcrlb.ofinoreaseiiilive weight } .V4a
Feb. 22. M„r.l4 | Totals.
lbs.
lbs.
■ lbs.
960
lino
i • • • t . .
122
131
361
650
505
1910
5-33
4-28
5-30
Taiu.k VII.
Pen 2 contained 4 swine. They were fed upon frozen wheat,
imgrouml and soaked for an average of 42 honrs. (Dnrin-r the
first 2 weeks of the test, the wheat was soake.l for onlv !•> hour- ■
that may account for the unusually large .pianti;. cinsunuMl p..,'
lb. of increase in weight).
Deo. 28. I Jan. 25.
lbs. ! lbs.
Liveweight i 745 ^^4
- . i ■
Increase in we'ght | 39
Feed consnmcd j y,,-
Do,per tb of increase in live weight I 17-87
Feb. 22. Mar. 14. Totals.
lbs.
958
174
945
5 42
lbs.
! lbs.
1091
133
316
64(1
, 2282
4-81
j b-59
1(1 hrpedliijj;
Ill'ClllCllt of
lots, whic'li
lieriiiuMital
r. It was
vrkotablc.""
ZOIl
wlioat
.14
i
Totals.
3,
lbs.
)0
1
361
o
1910
S
5 30
n
wlieut,
iriiig tlic
2 hour!- ;
lined per
t
U. Totals.
lbs.
346
2282
659
Tamm: VIII.
I'ou ;i contaiiH-l ^ swine. 'Hwy were fe.l upon a inixtnre of
equal parts by weight of wi>eat, barley an.l pease, >>n!,ro>o>J an.l
Hoaked for an average of 4l' liours.
Live weight
Increase in wi'^lit
Feed consumed !
Do.per tti.of increase in live weiglit !
Dec. 2S. Jan. 2-. Feb. 2i'. M,.r. 14. ' Totals.
lbs.
747
lbs.
I 816
• ! 60
073
• i 9 75
lbs.
147
6'30
'bs.
1114
151
1)3)
410
lbs.
367
2118
607
Conclus{o.>s,-Fn>m ti.eso tests with heavy swine, it appeals
that : — ' '
(1.) When the frozen wheat was fed, r//-o////.? and soaked for 1-^
hours 11. .3 lbs. of increase in the live weight were obtained per
bushel of wheat ;
(2.) When the frozen wheat was fed >,n,,ro>n,<l and soaked for
12 and 42 honr.s. 9-1 lbs. of increase in the live wei-d.t were
obtained per bushel of wheat ;
(:3.) When the frozen wheat is to be fed u>,.,ro>,H.K it should be
soaked for at least 42 hours ;
(4.; I^eaving out of the reckoning, the M-eeks during which the
frozen wheat luujroxnJ, and the mixture of wheat, barFev and pea^e
iimirouml were soaked for only 12 hours, 5-24 lbs. of frozen wheat
were consumed per lb. increase, and 5-22 lbs. of the mixture of
>yheat, barley and i)ease were consumed per lb. of increase in the
live weight.
The second test in this series was made with vounger and
and smaller swine to discover, (I) the quantity of frozen wheat
consumed per lb. of increase in live weight, and (2) the quantity of
skim-milk which would be the equivalent of a pound of fvozen
wheat in increasing the live weight of the swine.
10
'aki.i; IX.
IVu V coMtaine.! :> swine bro.l at the Exporinu-ntal Farm : tl.ev
-- out .. a Polan,!- hi„a s... ,. an Lnpnnea La..,e Yo.-Ush^;
'•■■• Jlu^y W..V kMl upon frozen wla-at ,/ro.;.^ and soakcl lor
1- l.ours i)„nnK tl.c last :i u-.oks of tl,. test, thev were fo.l „pou
t'-''-vost,p,al,tyof frozen wheat only, wind, l,as l.een .Jled
"nnniarketal)lo."'
Fo\l. Fob. -I. I M,.r. 128. Ma,-. 2. ' Mny 30. Tolals.
Live wcisrht. ,
Inoreiipc in wcifbt .
Feed (•(Hisiiijiu.I
lb.<.
.'J/0
''." ,. 1"T II), uf in-
eronse iii live weigbt
lbs.
lbs.
•170
AM
]i)4
120
"ffio
508
3 44
4(0
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
724
i 827
; 10.3 t
1
12,1
521
.551
m i
2,204
4 27
5-03 1
i
4 23
T.\ni.KX.
Pen Vr fontaine,] 4 swine l.n.I at tl.,. E.vperiniontal
they were out of a .rade 15erksl,ire sow l.v an In.prove,
i ..rksimv hoar. Th.^y were fe.l npon an aiiowiinee of frozen
<ir..,nnl :uu\ snaked for J 2 hours, pins as mneh sk
vvouid (ii ink.
:iin-inil
Faiin ;
1 Large
M-lieat,
as thev
I May 2. | May 31. June 27. Totiils.
Live woiglit
Inort'iise in wi'ii,-|ii
[AVhe.Mt.
^ , V n lie;
reoiloniisiinied {
^MilJi
ln'r 11). ol increase C Wbeiit
ill liveweit'ht. /.Miiu.,
• 3 swine (inly.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
510
577* ,.
141 :
104
245
327
322
040
l,fi01
1,405
3,0fi0
3 14
2 28
265
15 ;!9
10 ■,30
12 51
11
Co/i(.'histo/)s, —From these tests witli swine \vei<'-lii
11^ an averajfe
lbs.
521
2,204
4 23
Vi\
vni
lbs.
649
3,Oi5G
2-65
ll-'ol
of til lbs. eaoli in tlie one i)en and an averajie of 104 Ihs. eacli in the
other j)en, it appeal's that : —
(1.) Wlien till' frozen wheat was fed tjroiind and soake 1 for 12
lioiirs, 14 -is Ihs. of increase in the live wei<dit were obtained, i>er
bushel of wheat
per
(2.) In the feeding of swine from an average weight of (!1 lbs.
eaeh, until they reached an average weiglit of 145 lbs. each, 15-46
lbs. of increase in the live weight were obtained, per bushel of
wheat ;
(:i.) 1 lb. of frozen wheat was the equivalent of 7-lU lbs. of
skini-uiilk in increasitig t!ie live weiglit;
(4.) The swine which were fed upon a ration containing skim-
nulk were lustier and more robr u appearance, than those which
were fed upon grain only.
The swine from Pens \" and VI were slaughtered ; and the hams,
sides and shoulders were cured in pickle by an Ottawa pork-dealer
and ham-curer. The baron and hams were pronounced excellent
in (piality, by many who examined them ami afterwards j.urehased
them for their own tables.
The parts of one side, from a pig of the lot which were fattened
upon frozen Mlieat exclusively, were sent for opinion t ) Wm.
Davies, Es.p, of The Wm. Davies Co., Limited, Toronto, who
have one of the largest and best k lowii establishments for the curing
of swine jiroducts in Canada. The following is the sum of the
verdict of .Mr. Davies upon its (pnility.
"It is excellent, rather too salt but very rich and luscious. I
consider it superior to hogs fed on ])eas alone. The complaint re-
garding pea-fed bacon in England, is that the lean is hard and this
is the case to some extent with the fat also. It would be well if
farmers in Canada woiUd mix the grain and grind it, then give it
to the hogs with whey, butter-milk or skim-milk."'
r.KNKIJAT, ItKMAKKS.
Ill those jiarfs of Canada, where a less or greater (piantitv of
wheat may be injured by frost or other climatic conditions^ the
farmers should fortify their positions by providing means wliereby
f
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to market in the best way, this product which cannot be sold at
paying pnces :n the fonn of grain. From 9-1 lbs. to 15 46 lb o
increase u. ,he hve weight of swino have been obtained per bu he
of frozen wheat consumed. * ^^
When swine are fetching 5 cents per lb. live wei^^ht with an
alowance of five per cent, deducted for shrinkage^ the^l n
wheat, fed under the ieast favourable of ordinary conditions n a"
reahze 4.i cents per bushel. At the same price for swbe he
frozen wheat, fed under favourable conditions in the ,ualitva„d
age of the sw:ne and the preparation of the feed, n.ay re 1 '7; 5
cents per bushel. ^ aii/.t r.j +j
The conditions required for the profitable feeding of swine are
; clean, dry warm quarters protected from wind and drau^^hts
(2) as much wholeson.e feed-if grain preferably .round fine-a;
they will eat clean, three times a day, and (3) free acces to I
mixture of salt and ashes, to sods, or to soil.
To meet the requirements of foreign markets, swine with lean
meat are wanted ; larger numbers of them should be fed and fat-
tened during the summer months ; and they should be sold alive
by the farmer or feeder in order that they may be slaughtered al
packing hoi.es, where the carcasses can be cut and c^re.l in a
uniformly satisfactory manner, suited to the preferences of different
f
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