^>. .w. ^-'^ ^ ,.<:>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A 4 1.0 1^128 |2.5 ^ 1^ III 2.2 Hf 1^ III 10 1. , '" 1.4 1.6 — — I.I 1.25 % /] ^ ^ A i?/1 ^ ^^ cF ^v ^:^ :\ \ <^\ '^O *A ;\ % ^^ ^#/% CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibiiographlques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. 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D Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppidmentaires: 10X This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de rdduction indiqud ci-dessous. 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X :t 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grAce d la q6n6rosit6 de: La bibliothdque des Archives publiques du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. 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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s 6 des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul clich6, 11 est filmd 6 partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 fil H/tEMORANDUM on the movement for reckoning time on a scientific basie^ by which the greatest possible degree of simplicity, accuracy, and umfonmity will be obtainable in all countries throughout the world. 1. Notwithstanding the great advance which has been ma,de during the present century, in all the Arts and Sciences and their application to the affairs of human lifc, the recVoning pf time is still in a primitive condition in many countries and in an imperfect conditipn ui every country. Difficulties have been developed since the introduction of rapid means of communi- cation, through the twin agencies stc-Ti and electricity, which when examined prove that time is computed generally on principles which are untenable. The world's tiiw-tcckpnmg is in fact an exceedingly com.jlicated combination ; it is productive of confusion and the cow- fusion is apt to be increased and intensified as pooulation increases and lines of rapid com- munication arc multiplied. 2. During the last ten years efforts have been .lade to overcome the evils referred to by establishing a remedial system on a sound scientific basis whi(;h would be accep- extend seven and a half degrees of longitude on each side of the hour meridians, but in practice that is by no means an essential rule. The boundary line of contiguous zones may be governed by national, geographical, or conunercial circum- stances. 15. As the earth rotates on its a.\is in twenty-four hours an hour elapses between the solar passage on each successive hour meridian, it is obvious therefore that if the reckoning in each zone be governed by its respective meridian, the reckonings everywhere will be directly related. There will be differences but the differences will in every case be known and they will invariably be multiples of an hour. Throughout the Globe there will be complete identity in the minutes and .seconds. For example when the reckoning in the tenth zone is six hours twenty-five minutes, in the eleventh zone it will be five hours twenty-five minutes, in the twelfth zone four hours twenty-five minutes, and so on, ':dch .successive zone differing by an exact hour. Thus the only departure from complete uniformity in reckoning around the Globe will be in the numbers of the hours, but the numbers of the hours being governed by the numbers of the hour meridians, the passage to Universal time is simple and direct. 16. As the reckoning in the zone of the twelfth hour meridian corresponds with Universal time the reckonings in all zones to the East of that meridian will be one or more full hours in advance of Universal time and in all zones to the West of the twelfth hour meridian the reckonings will be behind universal time. Universal time will be the mean of all possible reckonings under the hour zone system, and the Universal day the mean of all possible local days. 1 7. The hour zone system has been adopted for ordinary use in portions of the three Continents of Asia, Europe, and America. In 1887 an Imperial Ordnance was promulgated directing that on and after the first day of January in the year following, time throughout the Japanese Empire would be reckoned by the third hour meridian. The reckoning in England and Scotland is hy the twelfth hour meridian, in Sweden the eleventh hour meridian is the standard and quite recently it has been resolved in Austria- Hungary to be governed by the .same meridian. Efforts are now being made to follow the same course in Germany and in other European countries. In North America the hour zone .system has been in general use for six years. The reckoning of time being governed as follows, namely : — -L By the i6th Hour meridian in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. By the 17th hour meridian in New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Maine, Vermont, Mas.sachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, North and South ("arolina, Georgir, Florida. By the i8th hour meridian in Manitoba, Kewatin, Minnesota, Wi.sconsin, Michigan, Iowa, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana. By the 19th hour meridian in Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, .Mberta, ^Vthaba.sca, Montana, Dakota, Wyoming, Nebrasca, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, Arizona. By the 20th hour meridian in British Columbia, Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Nevada, California. 1 8. The adoption of the hour zone system has been the means of removing the chaos of local times which in many quarters previously caused much friction. Wherever the reckoning is governed by Mic same standard meridian there is complete uniformity in every division of time. In Japan, Central ICuropc, Circat Britain, United -States, Canada, and Me.xico, identity of reckoning prevails. In all these countries the hours are struck at the .same moment, the only difference is in the numbers by which they arc locally known ; with that single exception every division of the day is simultaneous. THE 24 HOUR NOTATION. ig. The second important step in regulating the reckoning of time throughout the world, is to abandon the division of the day into ante-meridian and post-meridian hours, separately numbered, and to substitute a single .series of hours numbered from o to 24. This change was resolved upon by the Washington Conference with respect to the Universal day. 20. The old practice of dividing the day into .separate sets of twelve hours, however it aro.sc. has not only no advantage to recommend it, but the usage has been found to have positive disadvantages, which have been brought into prominence within the past generation. '1 he division of the day into halves, doubles the chance of error and tends to confu.sion in connection with the running of railway trains. The mis-print or mistake of a single letter, A.M. for P.M. or via' versa will easily arise to cause inconvenience, lo.ss of time, possibly loss of property, or lo.ss of life. 21. The 24 hour notation, so called, removes all doubt and uncertainty and promotes safety. Where it has been adopted in Canada there is no ambiguity, moreover the change has been effected without difficulty and without danger. The hours having a lower number than twelve arc known to belong ab.solutely to the first part of the day, and those having a higher number to the afternoon and evening. 22. The 24 hour notation is strongly recommended by prominent men in Russia, Germany, Italy, Au.stria, Iklgium, France, Spain, Great Britain, indeed it may be said in every country in Europe. It is brought into daily use on the great lines of telegraph leading from England to Egypt, India, China, Au.stralia, and South Africa. It is received with very great favour in America. It has been in u.se for nearly four years on 2354 miles of the Canadian Pacific Railway and for nearly three years on the Canadian Government Railway, the Inter- colonial, 986 miles in length. The Manages of these railways and all the employees speak of the 24 hour notation in the highest terms. It is the only system in use at this date, north of the 4yth parallel and west of the 89th meridian. There is not a Province in Canada where it is not already in use. It has been adopted on the railways in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prmce Edward Island, Manitoba, Assiniboia, Alberta, British Columbia, and partly in Quebec and Ontario ; .so satisfactory are the results of the new notation that it has been determined to extend its application and it is expected that before long it will be in general use for railway purpo.ses throughout the Dominion. 23. In the United States a strong expression of opinion in favour of the 24 hour notation has been obtained. The American Society of Civil Engineers, deeply concerned in the per- fection of the railway .sy.stem of the Republic, has since the year 1880 taken an active interest in time reform. This Society led the way in preparing the minds of men for the general acceptance of the Hour Zone system six years ago, and since then it has vigorously directed attention to the 24 hour n(>tati(jn. It has a special Committee whose duty under the authority of the Society is to corrcsixintl with Railw.-iy Managers on the subject, and in every proper w;y to promote the adoiition of the new notation. The communications which have been .sent out by the American Society of Civil Engineers to the leading railway men throughout the country have elicited a very large number of replies. They embrace the opinion of, it is believed, a considerable majority of the managers of all the Railway Companies in North America and of all who have been heard from about 97 per cent, are in favour of the adoption of the 24 hour notation in the railway service of the country at an early date. It is quite obvious that there is a wide spread feeling in favour of the change and it only remains for the General Time Convention, an organized body, representing all the railways in the United States, to take decisive action in the matter, so that the new notation may be brought into use simultaneously in every section of the country. 24. Canada in adopting the hour ;one sy.stem and in introducing the 24 hour notation has undoubtedly taken the lead in carrying into effect, in the most practical manner possible, the essential priiicii)lcs of Universal time. The 24 hour notation has likewise been introduced in the Railway .service of China, and it is not a little remarkable that one of the oldest Eastern civilizations conjointly with the youngest Western civilization .should set an example in breaking through the trammels of custom to inaugurate a reform which every intelligent person believes to be desirable. Universal time will be substantially adopted in North America so soon as the 24 hour notation is brought into use throughout the United States. There Ls but i^nc .'itep. nijCKSsary txi secure to Gwat Ikitajn all the advaats^s ot Universal time, thiit m the ii(lu{>tion of the 24 hour uotatiuii ; tbi« oiiv reform concvdis tlx: railwa,y system and raiKvay travcJierh especially, ai>U in a eouutry where all travel iiK>re or less, I caiHiut but think that if Kn^^'lish Kailway MiU)a({ers were infornieci iks to the ease with which the change has hiccn intruiiuced in Canada and the satisfactory results which have Colloweds they would very speedily take mean.s to ubtairv similar advantages, I am cuntirmed iu this view by aTi examination of the letters which have beew receivetl by tim ScieiiKe and Art Department, South Kensinjjton, copies of which 1 have been favoured wi, . These letters ^;o to show that the resolutions of the Washington t!otiference on this subject are cordially favoured by the following importajit t;>odies. and Departmentis, viz : — 1. Royal Astronomical Society. 2. The Roy;d Society. 3. The Uoard of Trade. 4. The General fast Of&ce. 5. The Kastcrn Telegraph Company. 6. The Kastcrn Kxtcnsion Telegraph Company. 7. The Easteru ;uid South African Telegraph Company, 8. The Society of Telegraph Engineers. (J. The Trinity House. 10. The India Office. 1 1. The ('olonial Office. 1.2. The Admiralty. To these may be added the Committee of Council on Education, and the lioard of Visitors of the Koyal Observatory, Greenwich. Indeed, i cannot learn that a single objection has been received from any quarter. 25. As the fundamental objects of the Washington Conference were to remove all doubt and ambiguity in time-rcckt)ning, to prevent discrepancies, to secure simplicity and introtluce uniformity, it is manifestly important tlwt the changes proposed, supported as they were at the Conference by the representatives of twenty-five nations, and suJbsequently looked upon in so many quarters as in themselves intrinsically desirable, should without unnecessary delay be accepted and as far as practicable put in force generally. Tlic first important step is ihe selection of hour meridians and the adoptii>n of the hour zone system. With the.se objects in view the ac-ompanying maj) has been prepared, it shows the (Mwition of t'he twenty-four hour meridians ; d indicates in a general way the country or section of country to which any particular hour meridian has greatest proximity. It would greatly advance the unification of time throughout the world and greatly promote the common gtxxl of mankind if every nation with all convenient sjx:ed would take means to select the hour meridians on which its reckoning of time may be b.->sed. Api)ended hereto will be found a table indicating the hour meridians which in each case may be found eligible for selection, but in a mati'er of this kind each nation must judge for itself 26. f have mentioned what has been done in America, more especially in Canada, in furtherance of this movement. If means be taken to extend the use of the hour zone .system to all the British po.sse.ssions around the Globe they will individually and collectively particii)ate in the advantages of a common reckoninjj of time. I venture to submit, suggestively, the appended list of the principal Hritish Colonies and Dependencies with the hour meridians which appear the most suitable for standards in each case. SANDFOJ^D FLEMiNG. Ottawa, 20M November, iSSg. s BRITISH POSSESSIONS. Tabic indicatinR the Hour Meridians, numbered as on the accotnpanyintj Map, which may be selected as local Standards for reckoning time in each of the several British I'osbessions, The last column jjives the differences between local reckonings and the time of the world Universal Time. The sign I'l.LJS indicates that local reckonings arc in advance of, and MINUS that they arc behind, World Time in each case. C0UNTKIE.S. The British Islands (comprising)— England and Wales Scotland . . . - Ireland .... Canada (comprising) — Nova Scotia . . - New Brunswick - - - Prince Edward Island - Quebec .... Ontario .... Manitoba .... Assineboia - . . - Saskatchawan ... Alberta . . . - Athabasca . - - - Briti.sh Columbia Australasia (comprising) — New South Wales Victoria . - . - Queensland Tasmania . • - - South Australia - Western Australia New Zealand Fiji New Guinea Possessions in Asia (comprising) — India Burma . . - - Ceylon .... Hong Kong Straits Settlements Labuan .... West India (comprising) — Jamaica .... Turks Island ... British Guiana Bahamas .... Trinidad , . . . Barbadoes . . - - Grenada .... Briti-sh Honduras St. Vincent St. Lucia .... Tobago .... Antigua .... Montserrat - - . . St. Christopher ... Virgin Islands ... Dominica .... Possessions in Africa (comprising) — Cape of Good Hope Bechuanaland ... Basutoland - - - - Natal Sierra Leone ... Gambia .... Gold Coast - - - - Lagos .... Miscellaneous (comprising) — St. Helena - - - - Gibraltar ... - Malta Cyprus .... Bermuda .... Falkland Islands ... Heligoland - - - . Aden Ascension .... Fanning Island - - - Mauritius . . . - Newfoundland ... Hour Meridians. East or West ol Greenwich. 60 West 75 West 60 West 75 West 75 West 90 West 105 West 105 West 1 20 West 120 West 1 20 West 1 50 East 1 50 East 1 50 East 1 50 East 135 East 120 East 165 East 165 Ea.st 1 50 East 75 Ea.st 90 East 75 East 120 East 105 East 1 20 East 75 West 75 West 60 West 75 West 60 West 60 West 60 West 90 West 60 West 60 West 60 West 60 West 60 West 60 West 60 West 60 West 30 East 30 East 30 East 30 East 1 5 West 1 5 West 15 East 30 East 60 West 60 West 15 East 45 East 15 West 1 50 West 60 East 60 West Numbered nn Map. 12 12 12 16 '7 16 >7 17 18 19 19 20 20 20 ?, 4 I t 2 7 6 7 4 S 4 '7 17 i6 17 16 i6 16 i8 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 10 10 10 10 13 13 12 12 12 12 II 10 16 16 It 9 '3 22 8 16 Hour Zone Kcckoninijs faster or slower thiin World Time. O Hours O „ O „ - 4 .. - 5 .. - 4 .. - 5 » - S .. - 6 „ - 7 .. - 7 .. - 8 „ - 8 „ - 8 „ + 10 „ + 10 „ + 10 „ + 10 ,. + 9 .. + 8 „ + 11 .. + 11 .. + 10 „ + + + + + + - 5 - S - 4 - 5 - 4 - 4 - 4 - 6 - 4 - 4 - 4 - 4 - 4 - 4 - 4 - 4 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 - I - I o o o o + I + 2 - 4 - 4 + I + 3 - I - 10 + 4 - 4 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Tabic showing the I lour Meriilians numbered as on the accompanying map and con- veniently situated for reckoning time under the Hour Zone system. The last coliunn (•ives the tlilTcrcnces between local reckonings and the Time of the World — Universal Time. The si^jii PLUS indicates that l(x:al reckonings arc in advance of, and MINUS that they are behind, World Time in each ca.sc. COUNTKIES. Argentine Republic Austria Hungary Helgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Costa Kica Chili China II Columbia - Congo Denmark - St. Domingo Egypt France Germany - Greece Hawaii Honduras - Hayti Italy - - - Japan Mexico Netherlands Nicaragua Norway Paraguay - Persia Peru - - - Roumania - Siam Servia Spain "weden Switzerland Turkey Russia in Europe II Russia in Asia - Uruguay - United States Alaska Venezuela Hour Meridi.ins. 1 Hour Zone Reckoningi faster or slower Eait or West of Numbered on than World Time. Greenwich. New Map. 60 West 16 — 4 Houn 15 East II + I II — 12 „ 60 West 16 - 4 .. 45 West «S - 3 .. 60 West 16 - 4 1. 30 East 10 + 2 „ 90 West 18 - 6 „ 75 West 17 - S » 120 East 4 + 8 „ 105 East S + 7 ., 75 West 17 - 5 .. IS East II + I „ IS East II + .' I, 7S West 17 - 5 » 30 East ID + 3 „ — 12 „ 15 East II + I » 30 East 10 + 2 1, I so West 22 — 10 II 90 West 18 - 6 „ 75 West •7 - 5 .. 1 5 East II + I „ 13s East 3 + 9 ., 105 West 10 - 7 1. — 12 c „ 90 West i8 - 6 „ 15 East II + I ., 60 West 16 - 4 .. 60 East 8 + 4 .. 75 West 17 - 5 .. ■ 30 East 10 + 2 „ lOS East 5 + 7 .. 30 East 10 + 2 „ — 12 „ IS East II + I n 15 East II + I „ 30 East 10 + 2 „ 45 East 9 + 3 " 30 East 10 + 2 „ 165 East I + u „ ISO East 2 + 10 „ 13s Ea.st 3 + 9 1. 120 Ea.st 4 + 8 „ 105 East 5 + 7 .. 90 East 6 + 6 „ 7S East 7 + 5 .. 60 East 8 + 4 .. 60 West 16 - 4 » 75 West 17 - 5 .. 90 West 18 - 6 „ I OS West 19 - 7 » 120 West 20 - 8 „ 135 West 21 - 9 » I so West 22 -10 „ Ck) West 16 - 4 .. THE WORLD OJN MERCATORS PROJECTIC CTION, SHEWING THE 24? HOUR MERIDIANS F 4NS FOU REGUL^ING STANDARD TIME. TIME. Htaiil HfeM Tropic of -^ S ^ R HtaM A • # O Ladrone'or : Mariana/ If * : M Ou4un.I. If 4. « i i \Wf2^\ 'V: C . I 'C E •> A J c T o n :.jd. SouA,Gap« 't^-inuniw c c 4X £ JimfhaUi' i .GObertli 0) ^Si^ JR?»r CaleAard/L 1^ M/OTKhCTL/S. ^^ Danger f^Eobvt S" fPortStevens ^ort Jackson. Auddand 2nd Jtacqiunrit/ EmtraUL b JSctumat^ XoyaLty-ft • ITbrfiiincI. 30 20 tl^^ t> '>aonpielL £ 4> SI iFMendian. H 15b 16 JflL -O- JlfiL 20 30 40 -^ 18 O Sixm/onis, Geo^}JSsirib^Iondoiv ■^