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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. ata 9lure, 3 I2X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 A GEAMMAR OP THE CREE LANGUAGE. ' A GRAMMAR OF THE CKEE LANGUAGE, AS SPOKEN BY THE CREE INDIANS OF NORTH AMERICA. BY THE RT. REV. J. HORDEN, D.D., BISHOP OP MOOSQNEE. LONDON : SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE ; NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, CHARING CROSS. • ' 1881. 238089 ^ ().? i; & ^i :r rRINTBtr BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES. PREFACE. ND BECCLES. The following Grammar was written, amidst many interruptions, during the busy occupations of my Missionary life, and whilst carrying on the instruc- tion of Missionaries sent to me bv the Church Missionary Society. It has proved very valuable, and I have found that by its means students have soon acquired a good knowledge of the Cree lan- guage, without which it would have been quite impossible for them to become efficient Missionaries to a Cree-speaking people. Mine is not the first Cree Grammar, one having been written many years ago by the late Jos. Howse, Esq., who was for a long time in the service of the Honourable Hudson's Bay Company. His compilation is a learned treatise, and deeply interest- ing as a philological study, but not of great prac- tical utility. What I think will be considered the PREFACE. principal recommendation of the present work is its plainness and its numerous illustrative examples, which will specially adapt it to the use of young Missionaries, for whom it is principally designed ; and it will expedite, I trust, their acquirement of the language, and thus fit them for imparting, with as little delay as possil)le, spiritual knowledge to those committed to their care. It is hoped also that it may bo found useful to persons engaged in trade throughout the Hudson's Bay Territories, especially if used in connection with the valuable Cree Dic- tionary compiled by the Rev. E. A. Watkins, the only one yet in existence in the English and Cree languages. For those wlio may desire a fuller knowledge of the Cree Verb than what is here given, I would recommend Dr. Hunter's "Lecture on the Gram- matical Construction of the Cree Language," where it is given in the most exhaustive manner ; but for all practical purposes as much is contained in this work as will be found amply sufficient. In the acquisition of the Cree language I would recommend the student, in addition to the very diligent study of the Grammar, to use the living voice of the Indian as much as possible. Let him write down, as well as he can, tales and incidents of coi the I beei tha Idiffil |in 3exj nth PREFACE. tU k is pies, )ung nod; nt of with [re to o J that trade jcially 3 Dic- 18, the 1 Croe dge of would Gram- where but for in this would le very ng voice a write lents of everyday life from an Indian's lip8, and afterwards, with the aid of an interpreter, make interlinear translations of them. These will form excellent reading lessoiiH, to be read and re-read till the con- fused words are seen to assume their proper forms, and many of the expressions become familiar. Further, I would urge the learner to sit with the natives in their tents, and note down in writing any words he may succeed in catching while listen- ing to their conversation, committing them after- wards carefully to memory, and trying to make use of the stores thus acquired. Besides this, let there be a daily reading of the translations of the Holy Scriptures, with a careful comparison of the texts in which the same word or expression occurs. If these suggestions are perseveringly followed, a fairly rapid progress will undoubtedly be made. The first portion of the Grammar will bo found comparatively easy of acquisition, especially when the peculiarities of the two First Persons Plural have been clearly understood, and the fact fully realized that the Verb has no Infinitive Mood. The main [difficulty, which is really a serious one, will be found [in learning, so as to use readily, the different in- lexions of the Subjunctive Mood of both ihe Tran- sitive and the Intransitive Verb. Vlll rUEFACE. i Before closing, let mo ^.trongly advise the student to use all diligence, to persevere undauntedly, and to be content with nothing less than a complete mastery of the language. It is true he has a diffi- cult, a very difficult task before him ; but pains, with God's grace, will enable him to overcome it. His position is very different from that of his pre- decessors a quarter of a century ago. At that time there were very few helps indeed, as scarcely any translati(ms existed, and there was no Dictionary; whereas now helps of all kinds are abundant. Other men have laboured and he has reaped the advantage ; they have smoothed his way and re- moved many of his difficulties. Let him be grateful for the assistance he has received, and dkoshe Jcuita hisesawisew, dko maka wepuch kd Ililemot; which is, let him be diligent and he will soon speak Indian. So may it prove as a comfort to himself -and a reward to me. J. MOOSONEE. dont , and pleto diffi- jains, no it. B pre- b time y any >nary ; ndant. 3d the ,nd re- ateful e kutta which. speak limself [EE. A GRAMMAK OF TUB CREE LANGUAGE. -*o*- ORTHOGllAPHY. TirE Indians possess no written characters of their own, and their only mode of communicating with each other, except verbally, before they received instruction from European Missionaries, was by means of rude hieroglyphic symbols. They are now in possession of a " syllabic system," a knowledge of which is diffused through nearly all the tribes com- posing the entire nation, an J in which the Scriptures and other books have been printed. But the cha- racters of that system are not adapted for a work of this description, and therefore the Roman letters are used. They are a, c, e, g, h, i, k, 1, m, n, o, p, s, t, u, w, y. Of these, the consonants are sounded as in English, the vowels and diphthongs according to the following table : — a as a in hate. e »» t> a „ far. o »» me. / u u RTI lOGR A.PI lY. • 1 I as • 1 • 1 in pin. thine note. u u but. 00 00 soon. ew u pure. ow ow now. Some syllables are strongly aspirated, and for this the letter " h " is not always adapted ; the Greek hard-breathing *, first introduced by Dr. Hunter, is therefore used. It is usually breathed at the end of the syllable aspirated, and some words depend on the aspirate for their signification; thus, UJcochin, wi+liout the aspirate, means simply, he hangs ; but with it, hlcbcMitiy he hangs in a liquid, he floats. But the aspirate is not uniformly observed, some tribes, and even members of the same tribe, aspi- rating their words very much more than others ; it is therefore quite impossible to lay down strict rules for its observance. This must be left to the student's own observation, remembering only that the use of the aspirate is at oiice the most delicate and difficult sound to acquire in alir tz^- every language. H is always aspirated. G is used only in the particle expressing power, and in the word meaning ability, power, gain : Ne ge totan, I can do it ; Ne gushhetan^ I am able for it, I gain it. L is used at Moose Factory only and in its vicinity; it adds very much to the distinctness of the dialect there spoken; in other dialects n, y, th, or r, is substituted for it. In the diocese of Moosonee the pronoun " I " is thus expressed in the different dialects : — Nela At Moose Factory, ORTHOGRAPHY. 3 ad for Greek Qter, is end of 3nd on ;8 ; l)ut :s. 1, some ), aspi- 3 ; it is it rules udent's use of iifficult Nena Neya Netha Nera At Albany, Severn, and York Factory, On the E. Main coast ; while it is At English River, and At Islo a, la, Crosse. One other sound, the " sh," is confined principally to Moose and the neighbourhood, adding to the variety of the dialect : thus, Sescp, a duck, is said at Cumber- land, and Sesepis, a small duck; while at Moose wo have Sheshep for the former, and Sheshepish for tlie latter. power, in: Ne 9 for it, in its bness of th, or r, "I" is ( 4 ) ETYMOLOGY. There are eight parts of speech : the Noun, Pro- noun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Conjunction, Pre- position, and Interjection. Of those the Noun, Pronoun, and Verb are declinable, as is likewise the Adjective, when verbalized. There are no Articles, the numeral adjective, ^'pdyukf" being substituted for "a," as Pdyuh ililew, one or a man ; and demonstrative pronouns for " they" when it is necessary to particularize persons or things, as Una ishvdOy that or " the " woman ; otherwise, the noun stands alone. Thus the sentence, " The trees of the forest," requires two definite articles in English, while in Cree the noun speaks for itself, Miatikwuk nochimik, (the) trees in the forest ; nochimik being an adverb. OF THE NOUN. 1, Pro- , Pre- Noun, ISO the ective, ililew, " ther [things, ise, the e trees nglish, tikwuk being The Noun is often a much less important member of a sentence in the Cree than in European languages, as almost all abstract nouns may be, and by Indians generally are, expressed in a verbalized form ; thus, " life " would be expressed as A pimatisenanewuJc, "that they (indefinite PS_to person) live," in preference to Pimatisewiny life ; A alcoainanewuh, " that they (indef.) are sick," in preference to Akosewin^ sickness. I have known an Indian speak a long sentence on the duties of married persons to each other, without using a single noun. Of the Tekminations of Nouns. Nouns of different kinds have different termina- tions. Abstract Nouns end in loin; as, from Tapwuo, ho speaks truly, is formed Tajoicdwin^ truth. Names of instruments end in hun ; as, from Paski- sekao, he fires, is formed Pashsikun, a gun. Names of liquids end in apo ; as, Menish, a berry, Menish-apo, berry liquor, wine. Simulative Nouns end in lean ; as, Munito, a god, Munitdkan, an idol. Names of lines, cords, '^ains, etc., end in ape; as, Muskisin, a shoe, MusJcisindapc, a shoe-string ; Miko, blood, Mlkwdape, a vein. (* OF THE NOUN. Tlio termination Jcumik particularizes buildings ; as, AyumehaweJcumiJi, a church, lit. a praying-house. Atik is the termination for the names of trees, articles made of wood, handles of instruments, etc. ; as. Wuskwi. Wuskwlatiky Kashkahikun, Kashkahikunatilc, Mechiso, Mechisonatikf Birch-bark, from which canoes are made. The birch-bark tree, i.e. the birch tree. A rake. A rake handle. He eats. An eating-board, a table. Akin terminates the names of different kinds of cloth, etc. ; as, Pupukewuyan, a shirt, Pupukeimijan- dkin, shirt-cloth, i.e. calico. Kume is the termination signifying water; as, Tukekume, cold water ; KlcTiekume^ the great water, i.e. sea, ocean. Skoio ad(?ed to a noun indicates abundance; as, Kumas, fish, Numdskoiv, fish abound. Min (sing.), mina or minuk (pi.), terminates the names of berries ; as, Mikomimik, red berries ; Muche- minn^ bad berries (poisonous). Diminutives end in ish or sJiish ; as, Napao, A man. Najydshishy A boy. Iskwao, A woman. IskicdsJiish, A girl. This diminutive particle is sometimes repeated to express a greater degree of smallness ; as, Napdshish- ish, a little boy. KisJi after a single or double dimi- nutive signifies bad, useless, etc. ; as, Chemanishkish^ a small, useless canoe ; Napdshishishkish, a naughty little boy. OF THE NOUN. ; as, Personal Nouns, tlio poor, rich, etc., arc formed from adjective verbs : 1st. By prefixing the pronoun "0" to the third person, indicative mood, prese.it tense ; as, Kitema- kiscw, he is poor ; Kitemakiscwuk, they arc poor ; OkitemaJcisew, the poor one (sing.) ; Okitemakisewukf the pOor (ph). 2ndly. The primitive word representing the quality is used as the noun ; as, Kitemakis, tlio poor one ; Kitemakisuk, the poor (pi.). 3rdly. The third person of the subjunctive mood, flat-vowelled, is used as a noun ; as, Kdtimakisetj the poor one ; Kdtimalcisetchik, the poor (pi.). This extremely interesting form will be explained and illustrated when we consider the Verb. The names of animals, parts of the body, and objects not falling into either of the classes above mentioned, terminate irregularly; as, Umisk, a beaver ; Mistikivan, the head ; Mesit, the foot ; Sepe, a river ; Wutche, a mountain ; Nipe, water ; Meyow^ the body ; AcMk, the soul ; OshkinekeiL% a young man. ;ed to dimi- Jikishy Of Gender. There are two Genders, the Animate and Inani- mate ; but a few inanimate objects are treated as animates. The principal objects thu3 treated are, Alkkonow^ bread ; Uptot\ a paddle ; Usk'tk, a kettle ; Usam, a snow-shoe ; Amikwan, a spoon ; Ustis, a glove ; Mitas^ a legging ; Mekis^ a bead ; Pvicnniik, a flint; Pciccmu- koshish^ a gun-cap ; Fukwdshekuny flour ; Uloomiriy oatmeal. Living trees, and most objects jiossessing vege- table life, are likewise classed as animates. Some nouns are either animate or inanimate ; B OF THE NOUN. among others, Uahie, a stone, and the particular namcfa of berries. Distinction of Sex. To mark the distinction of sex in animate nouns, Avc have, 1st. The use of different words; as, ISFas. Napdo, A man. Fern. Iskivdo^ A woman. IMas. OtawemoWy A father. Fem, Okmcemow^ A mother. IMas. Okoaisemow, A son. Fem. Otanisemow, A daughter. The last four examples are seldom used, except when preceded by possessive pronouns, when the}'' undergo much contraction. 2ndly. The addition of iskicdo to the masculine to express the feminine noun ; as, Mos. Okimow^ A chief. Fem. Okimaakimdd^ A female chief. .'h'dly. In the names of all animals, Napd^ prefixed, indicates the male, and Noshd the female ; as. Napa mislos, Noshd mistoSj Napa sheshepy Noshd sheshep. A bull. A cow. A drake. A duck. Of Number. Nouns have two Numbers, the Singular and the riural. The plural of nouns of the animate gender is formed by adding it, wA", or louk to the singular ; as, OF THE NOUN. IVlistfk, a tree, Mistikmik^ trees ; Utim, a dog, Utini- wuk, dogB. The plural of nouns of the inanimate gender is formed by adding a or ica to the singular ; as, Chi- kahikun, an axe, Chilcaliikuua, axes ; Chepayekumik, a sepulchre, Chepayekumikwa, sepulchres. Oases of Nouns. Nonns have four Cases : the Nominative, Accusa- tive, Vocative, and Locative. There is no Possessive Case ; possession being indi- cated by the possessive pronouns. The Indian mode of expression is thus — The man his house ; the men their house or houses, i.e. The man's house ; the men's houses. The Nominative Case expresses the noun in its simplest form. The Accusative Animate, in the singular number, is the same as the nominative, when governed by a transitive verb in the first or second person ; but when governed by a verb in the third person, a or ica is added to the nominative ; as, Ne sakehow owashish, I love a child; Sakehao owashislia^ ho loves a child. The same rulo is followed in the plural for the first and second persons, while in the third the plural distinction is omitted, and the termination is the same as in the singular ; as, No sakehowuk owa- shishuk, I love children ; Sakehao otoashisha, he loves children ; Sakehawuk owaahisha, they love children. The Accusative Inanimate, in both numbers, is the same as the nominative, when governed by a transitive verb in the first or second person ; as, Net ayumetan musinahikun, I read a book : but when governed by a verb with a dative signification, 10 OF THE NOUN. the syllable lew is added to the nominative ; as, Ts'e melow musinahihunelciOj I. give him a book. The accusative singular inanimate generally, not universally, ends in lew, when governed by a verb in the singular number r as, Kwapahum nipelew, he dips water. In the plaial the accusative is the same as the nominative ; a j, Ke oshetow nosho icune- hikuna, ho has made two traps. The Vocative Case singular is the same as the nominative ; the plural is formed by adding toh or etoh to the nominative singular ; as, Owasliisli ! child ! OwashishetoJc ! children ! To this rule there are two exceptions : Notawe, my father ; Nekawc, my mother. Voc. Nota or Notawe ! My father ! JVd,.a .' My mother ! The Locative Case is formed by adding ih to the nominative; but if the nominative ends in /r, olz is added, and Z: only if it ends in a vowel ; as, MeJceivam- ih, in the tent ; UsWc-olCy in the kettle ; K'lchekume-ky in the sea. Examples of the Vocative Plural. Napdtoh, sakehikok ket Men, love your wives, iskwfimewowuk, Ishwdiok, nunahctakok ke Women, obey your hus- napamewowuk. bands. NapdsMsJietoh nashta is- Boys and girls, obey kwdshishetok, tapwate- your parents, kok ke nekehikowowuk. Ililetok,necJieslianetok,niiBh.- Men, brethren, and fa- ta otaicemaiok, nutotu- thers, hearken, mok. ( 11 ) PRONOUNS. There are six classes of Pronouns : the Personal, Possessive, Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite. Personal Pronouns. Singular. I, Thou, He, It, Plural. Wo (I and he, or I and they). We (I and thou, or I and you). You, They, Nola. Kela. Wela. Nelanan. Kelananow or Kelanow. Kelawow. Welawow. Observe here the double first person plural. It is a beautiful provision, entirely obviating the in- definiteness of our own " We ; " so that a mistake cannot occur. A person speaking to another of him- self and some other person, uses Nelanan ; if the person addressed is included with the speaker, then Kelananoio is used. Every verb in the language, both in the indicative and subjunctive mood, is subject to this arrangement — in the indicative mood 12 PRONOUNS. by moans of thepaiBonal proncriin.iii the Bubjunctlve mood by tho inflection of the verb. In the singular number, when attached to verbs, Nela is contracted into N^ iVe, or Net ; and Kela into X, Ke, or Ket. Tho third personal pronoun is not usual ly attached to the verb, the verbal termination being sufficiently expressive ; but when it is, it assumes tho form or Ot. It is placed before one form of tho preteriwO and pluperfect tenses, indicative mood ; as, O saJcehaii, JcG aakchat'i. Ho loved him. Ho had loved him. It is likewise placed before words implying pos- session ; as, Ot owashimiahew, he has children. In this case it is carried through every person and tense of the verb ; as, Net ot oivasliimishin^ I have a child or children ; A ot owasJiimishcyCiJc (subjunctive mood), that ye have children. In the plural number in the indicative mood, the first part of the personal pronoun is prefixed, and the latter part affixed, to tho root of the verb; as, Ne sakeh-awrtw, we (1st and 3rd) love him; Ke pukwat- owoit\ you hate him. FoT the sake of emphasis the personal pronoun is repeated; as, Wepuch Nela ne ka totan, Soon I I will do it. In the subjunctive mood no personal pronouns are attached to the verb, all the persons being expressed by inflections of the verb itself. Kdchewa/c and tipiluwdj myself, thyself, etc., under- go no change ; as, Nela kdchewaJc ne ka ayumehow, r I myself I will speak to him. PRONOUNS. 18 Ne 'at- 18 are sed Icr- PossEssivE Pronouns. The Possessive Pronouns are the same as the personal, and are joined to nouns as the personal pronouns are to verbs. or Otj his, is always expressed, except when dropped for the sake of euphony, as in the following example : • Noun Animate, Singular. My father. Thy father. His father. Our (1st and 3rd) father. N'otawe, K'otawe, O'tawe-a, N'otawc-nan, K'otawe-now, K'otawe-wow, O'tawe-wow-a, Our (1st and 2nd) father. Your father. Their father. Noun Animate, Plural. Uskik, a kettle. Net uskik- wuk, Ket uskik- wuk, Ot u^kik-wa, Net uskik-onan-uk,, Ket uskik-onow-uL, Ket uskik-owow-uk, Ot uskik-owow-a. My kettles. Thy kettles. His kettles. Our (1st and 3rd) kettles. Our (1st and 2nd) kettles. Your kettles. Their kettles. ' And here it is nqW to notice the form of the locative case in nouns attached to possessive pro- nouns. When the pronoun is singular the locative case is formed in the usual manner, Net usklk-okj in my kattle or kettles ; but when the pronoun is plural, the pronominal termination is contracted, thus : Net uskik-onak, In our (1 and 3) kettle or kettles. Ket uskik-onak, In our (1 and 2) kettle. 14 PRONOUNS. Kot iiHkik-owuk, Ot uskik-owak, In your kettlo or kettles. In their kettle or kettles. Note. — In the word usJc'tJc^ the i is pronounced as e in " peck.'* Names of objects beginning with w, princip.ally members of the body, drop the m before the pos- sessive pronoun is prefixed ; as, Miailkwan, the head, Nisfihoan^ my head ; MIsit, the foot, Kcsit, thy foot. Nouns signifying relationship undergo much con- traction when preceded by a possessive pronoun, as before mentioned; as, Omoshomimoio, a grandfather, becomes Ne meshom, my grandfather, and Olcomimow, a grandmother, becomes Nokom, my grandmother. Utim, a dog, becomes Netarriy my dog, etc. A few nouns require 0, ot, to be changed into W, as the prefix for his, their; as, Ncyow, my body, Wej/oiD, his body; Nelci, my tent, WekiwoWy their tent. Many nouns connected with possessive pronouns take the particle ?», tm, or cm after them ; as, Mistik, a stick, ^e mtstik-om, my stick; AVaskahikun, a house, Ne waskahikun-im, my house. In this case the plural terminations follow the particle; as, Ne icaskahikunim-enan, our house (1, 3). In some dialects the particle precedes the last syllable with the word Oioashish, a child ; as, Net owash-imish, my child; in others it follows the general rule, Net owaahish-im. Examples of Possessive Pronoun and Inanimate Noun. Muchitotumowin, sin, evil deed. Singular. Ne muchitotumowin. My sin. Ke muchitotumowin, Thy sin. I'RONOUNS. 15 O mudiitotumowin, No imicliitotumowin-ciian, Ko iiuiL'hitotumowin-eiiow, Kc innchitotuinowin-owow, O miicliitotuiiiowin-owow, Plural. No niuc'liitotumovvin-a, Ko muchitotumovviii-a, O muchitotumowin-a, No inucliitotumowin-eiian-a, Ko muohitotumowin-inaw-a, Ko muchitotumowin-owovv-a, O muchitotumowin-owow-a, His sin. ( )ur ( 1 and 3) sin. Our (1 and 2) sin. Your sin. Thoir sin. ]\ly sins. Tliy sins. His sins. Our (1 and 3) sins. Our (1 and 2) sins. Your sins. Thoir sins. Examples of the Use of No kunawulomowuk net owashiniishuk, No sakoliimowa ot owa- shimibha, ratowin net ustisuk, Kichistapuwulin mitono ne mucliatisewinik otch©,puliikehin maka ne muchetotumowinik otche, Tanta atat /t-etanis ? iVetanis ashl posevv, Ko ko putanawow na Jce _ musinaliikuneit'oi<;a ? Aa ; no ke patanau ne musinahikunenana, Malotwachik ililewuk kiskinohumawawuk ot ovvashimishewjoMja, the Possessive Pronoun. I tako caro of my children. 1 lovo bis children. luring to me my mittens. " Wash mo throughly from mino iniquity, and cleanse me from my sin." Where is thy daughter? My daughter has already gone off (by water). Have you brought your books ? Yes ; we have brought our books. Good Indians teach their children. 16 PRONOUNS. The Double Possessive. The Double Possessive, as My son's son (Cree, My son his son), when the noun possessed is of the animate gender, is formed as the possessive of the third person when the possessive pronoun is of the first or second persons, my, your, etc. ; but when the possessive pronoun is of the third person, the particle iliwa is added to the noun in both the nominative and accusative cases, and the singular and plural numbers. Nctanis okosisa, Ketanis okosisa, Otaniiia okosis-iliwa, Netaniseran okosisa, Ketanisinow okosisa, TCetanisewow okosisa, O canisewowa okosisiliwa, N.B. — Otanisa okosisili- wa, Otanisewowa okosis-ili- wa, My daughter's son. Thy daughter's son. Plis daughter's son. Our(l and o) daughter's son. Our (1 and 2) daughter's son. Your daughter's son. Their daughter's son. His daughter's son, or his daughter's sons. Their daughter's son, or their daughter's sons. Example. Kutta kiskinohumuwao He will teach his chil- es owashimisha, nash- dren and his children's- ta ot owashimisha ot children. owashimishiVnoa, When the noun of possession is inanimate the general rule for nouns is to be followed when the possessive pronoun is of the first or second person. I'llONOUNS. 17 but when of the third person, Hew is to bo added to the noun for the singular number, iliwa for the 3, My plural. [• the Nekosis o musinahikun, My son's book. f the Okosisa o musinahikun- His son's book. ileir, Okosisewowa o musinahi- Their sons' books. 'k.uTL'ilhoa^ Tipiluwd is the pronoun signifying own, my own, thy own, etc. Xela tipiluwd ne paskisc- Mine, my own grn. kun, Demonstrative Pronouns. The Demonstrative Pronouns are. Owa, This, An. Sing. iter's Oma, it Inan. Oko, These, An. PI. • Oho, 5) Inan. 1. Una, That, An. Sing. Une, unema. »> Inan. )r his Uneke, Those, An. PI. Unehe, »» Inan. n, or .ons. chil- Kotuk, Kotukeyuk, Kotukeya, Awuko, The other, another. An. and Inan. Sing. The other, An. PI. „ Inan. The selfsame. An. and Inan. Vy 11 X J. Iron's- . Awuk owa, Awnk oma, This selfsame one. An Inan. Awukwana, That, An. Awukwanema, »j Inan. ) the Awukwaneke, Those, An. 1 the Awukwanehe, »> Inan, rson, 18 PRONOUNS. These pronouns have all an accusative case end- ing, when the noun for which they stand or to which they are joined is governed by a verb in the third person. Owa. Oho. Oma. Omillew. PI. Omalewa. Oko. Oho. Una. Unehe. Une, unema. Unehfilew. PI. Unehfilewa. Unemalew. PI. Unemalewa. Uneke. Unehaliwa. TJnehe. Unehalewa. Awuko. ' Awukwalew. PL Awukwalewa Kotuk. An. Kotukeya. Inan. Kotukelew. In pointing out a thing particularly, as with the finger, Unema is changed to Ndma : as, Ndmay that one there. Examples of the Demonstrative Pronouns, Una ka tapwayfilemit *' He that believeth in me numaweskat kutta ni- shall never die." pew, Unehe ka sakehiskik ne Those that love thee 1 ka milwukiraowuk, will bless. Kichemunito kistalimiio God honours those who unehe ka kistalimikot, honour him. Kutta apuchitow unehd- He will use that knife. lew mokomanilew, PRONOUNS. 19 Owa mistos naspich we- This ox is very fat. lilo, Oho muskisina anocli ne Those shoes I have just to oshetan, made. Relative Pronoun. There is but one Relative Pronoun, " ka," who, which, that; its antecedent is frequently under- stood. It governs the subjunctive mood. When the verb is in the future tense, it becomes " ka ; " as, Una ililew hd tukoshik, the Indian who will come. Here led is not only a relative pronoun, but it is ■also the sign of the future tense. Examples of the JRclaiive Pronoun, Uneke owashishuk ka kiskfiletukik kicho mu- sinahikunelow kutta nunahetuwapunuk o nekehikowowa, Ne wekistfin menisha Jca milwashike, Ne wekipwowuk Jca milo- shishichik nu.mfisuk, JJna ha sakehut akosew. Those children who know the Bible should obey their parents. I like (the taste of) berries vt Mch are good. I like (the taste of) good fish. " He whom thou lovest is sick." . Interrogative Pronouns. ■'V The Interrogative Pronouns are, Owana, Who ? An. Sing. Owuneke, „ m PL These have an Accusative, Owalewa, when governed 20 PRONOUNS. by a verb in the third person. When followed by a noun with the possessive pronoun, third person, Owdna answers to whose; as, Owana ot ustotin? Whose ( = who) his cap is this ? Tanawana, Which? An. Sing. Tan uncke, »» » PI.. Tan unema, gene- »» Inan. Sing. rally contracted into Tanema, • Tan unehe, >* „ PI. Kako, Which? An. and Inan. Kukwan, What? Inan. Sing. Kakwana, t) „ PI. Kakwanilew or Ace. gov. by verb Kakwalew. in 3rd person. Owana and Kakwan take a simulative or doubtful form, thus : Owanekan, Owanekanuk. Kfikwananuk, Who ? »» Sing. PI. What? Owfinekan peatastumo- Who is this walking this tat? way Owanekan toka, numa- Who it is I do not know. wela ne kiskaletan, Owanekanuk peatastumo- Who are these walking tachik ? this way ? Owanekan etokanuk, nu- Who they are I do not maAvela ne kiskaletan, know. The particles which follow the pronouns will be explained when the Verb is considered. PRONOUNS. 21 Examples of the Interrogative Pronouns. OwCuia kfi pukitinitisot Who will dedicate him- kitche nutawe kiskino- self to go and teach the humawat ililewa ? Indians ? Oirdneke kii pache weche- Who (pi.) will come to my hitchik? KdJco musinahikun ka tu- konumun ? KdJcwan ka totumatan ? Tan atwayun ? Tan atwat? Tanema piko, numaAvela . ne kiskaletan, assistance ? What book is that which you have in your hand ? What shall I do for thee ? What sayest thou ? What does he say ? What it is I do not know. Ihis )W. mg lot be Compound .Relative Pronouns. They are — Whoever, with its accusative, whom- soever, whichever, whatsoever. These have a moie wide and universal signification than the simple relatives; they are expressed by the animate pro- noun Owana, inanimate Kakwan, and the relative " ka," but require the verb to be in the dubitative mood. When the verb is flat-vowelled, Jca is omitted. Examples of the Compound Relative Pronouns. Owdna tea nospmushihvd, " Whosoever will come after me." " For whosoever will save his life shall lose it ; and whosoever will lose his life for my sake, shall find it." Wasa oivdna wa pimachi- takwa o pimatisewin kutta wunetow ; owana maka led wunetakwa o pimatisewin nela otcho, kutta miskum, Owdna kd ochamowuka, awukwana, " Whomsoever I shall kiss, the same is he." 22 PRONOUNS. Distributive Pronouns. Tuto, Misewa tuto, EacI , everj', Eaclic^all, An. and Inan. Exc mple. Shawaletakosew misewa " Blessed is every one that tuto owana ka nuneches- feareth the Lord." towat Tfipalechikale- che. Indefinite Pronouns. They are — All, some, many, few, other, something. All. An. and Inan. Some, Many, Misewa, Atit, Mechat, Chukawashish, Kotuk, Owfina, Kakwan, Few, An. and Inan. Other, another, Some one, An. Something, Inan. For declension of Kotuk see Demonstrative Pro- nouns, and for Owana and Kakwan see Interrogative Pronouns. IMechat and chukawashish frequently take a verbalized form, being declined through their various moods and tenses like the plurals of other intransi- tive verbs. Examples of the 'Indefinite Pronouns. Oioana ne ke saminik, ** Some one ha+>' touched me." Mena wapumittana ke ka When I see you again I melittin Mhwan, will give you some- thing. PRONOUNS. 23 Miscmt ililewuk kutta All IncLaus should lova sakehittopunuk, each other. JN nutawfiletan hotuh mi- I desire another cud nokwakun, ^* No we kiskinohumawo- I wish to teach other wuk kotukeyuJc ililewuk Indians also, ussicho, Jesus sakehuo misewa owa- Jesus loves every one. ( 24 ) ADJECTIVES. Adjectres are generally verbalized; as, Mrdotwat ililew, he who is good the Indian = the good Indian. There are few Separable Adjectives in the Creo language ; such are Kiche, grer^t ; Milo, good ; Muche, bad ; Oshke, new ; Pulake, holy ; Kwayusk, right : but adjectives may be formed from abstract nouns b}' omitting the final " n ; " as Ayumehawin, prayer, AyumehaAve musinahikun, a Prayer-book. The Comparative of adjectives is formed by pre- fixing Uwasita, more, to the positive ; and the Super- lative by prefixing Mawuchy most. Milotwow, Uwasita milotwow, Mawuch milotwow, He is good. Ho is better. He is best. Examples of Separable Adjectives. Milo owashishuk naspich Good children are much sakehakunewewuk, beloved. Ots7i7i:-()wasliishuk naspich Young (new) children are sakehikowuk okawe- much beloved by their wowa, mothers. Muche ililewuk numawela Bad men are not fit to go tapakaletakosewuk ki- to heaven. tche itotachik Iciche ke- ehikok, ADJECTIVES. Ne saketowan Kichemu- I love God's holy Word, neto ptddke ayume- win. inch [n are their to go Numeral Adjectives. These are all capable of being verbalized, but are more generally used as separable adjectives ; they are, Payuk, Nesho, One. Two. Nisto, Three. Nao, Four. Nej^alul, Nekotwas, Five. Six. Neswas, Tapukop, Yananao, ( Shaketa.t, ! Payukostao, ( Kakat metat. Seven. Eight. Nine. Metat, Ten. ( Payukoshap, i Metat payukoshap, Neshoshap, Nistoshap, Eleven. Twelve. Thirteen. Shap means "and," therefore Nistoshap is equiva- lent to, " and three." A\'ith some tribes it is always necessary to express the ten in all numbers between ten and twenty ; as, Metat nistoshap, ten and three more, i.e, thirteen. Naiishap, etc. Fourteen, etc. Neshitanow, Twenty. Neshitanow payukoshap, Twenty-one. Nisto-mitanow, Thirty. 26 ADJECTIVES. { Namitanow, Neyalilo-mitanow, Nokotwaso-mitanow, Neswaso-mitanow, Yananfi-mitanow, Shakctato-mitanow, Metato-mitanow, Nesliwow metato-mitaiiow, Nesho metato-mitanow, Forty. Fifty. Sixty. Seventy. Eij2;hty. Ninety. A hnndrecl. Two hundred. The former expression means twice a hundred. Kiche mitato-mitanow, A great hundred, a thousand. It is not difficult to express comparatively largo numbers in Cvce ; thus 45(57 would be rendered — Nawow kiclie-mitato-mitanow(four times a thousand), neyalilo-niitato-mitanow (five hundred), nekotwaso mitanow neswasoshap (and sixty-seven). Examples of Numeral Adjectives. I have seen five white bears. This afternoon I have baptized four children. No ke wapumowuk ncyalnl wapuskwuk, Anoch ka otakoshik no ke sekuhatuwowuk nd'o o- washishuk, Pdyuk ililow ke nipuhao One Indian killed forty ndmitanoii' utikwa pe- deer last winter. poonok, Tantuto keshikowa ka How many days shall you itapicheyun ? be absent ? Numawela kwayusk ne I don't quite know ; per- kiskaletan ; maskoch haps I shall be absent ndd keshikowa ne ka four days. itapichen, ADJECTIVES. 27 have dron. forty 11 you Just now five gccso and sovon ducks ilow this way, and then llew out to sea. A iioch neyalul noskuk mTshta neswas sheshe- puk ko papolowuk, uko niaka tawichik fispula- cliik, Nclcotiraso keshikowa ko ka utooskan, Jesus ko wawalai:>umao ncsJioshap kiskinohuma- wakuna, Jesus ke nckuso ishpish Jesus fasted during forty ndmitanoio keshikowa days and forty nights. nashta ndmitanoio ti- piskowa, There are no Ordinals except Neshtum, first, and Machich, Iskwayach, last ; these are indeclinable. Six days thou shalt labour. Jesus choso twelve dis- ciples. per- bsent ( 28 ) THE VERIJ. TiiK Verb expresses being, doing, and suffering, as in other languages ; but it also expresses, by its pre- fixes and affixes, a great deal more — namely, that which in other tongues is expressed by the use of adjectives, adverbs, and other parts of speech, in- creasing and diminishing the action, affirming, sup- posing, doubting, simulating, reflecting, etc. It is, indeed, not only the principal word in every sen- tence, but it is frequently the sentence itself; and th'"^ whole language might be aptly styled a gigantic verb. He, then, that would master the Cree lan- guage, let him master the verb, and his work will be wellnigh accomplished. In the study of the verb three things are to be specially borne in mind : 1. There is no Infinitive Mood in the language. "What is expressed in others by the infinitive mood is resolved in this into the subjunctive. Thus, Eng. I wish you to come, is in C^ree, I wish that you come, Ke nutawalemittinawow litchc tuko- ahmdk. 2. All Transitive and Intransitive Verbs have a double first person plural, for which, as before stated, they have corresponding pronouns. 3. Verbs have two Cases, the Eolative and Pos- sessive, which are very puzzling to beginners, but :1! I THK VKlin. 29 fi ing, as its pre- y, that I use of 3ch, in- ig, Bup- It is, y seii- f; and igantic ee lun- 'k will ) to be giiagc. mood I wish tuko- lave a stated, 1 Pos- ■s, hut which conduce greatly to clearness of expression in the language. Difficulties in conversation would constantly occur wore they not in existence, wliereas, by their use, doubt and ainl)iguity are entirely avoided. There is nothing analogous to the Kolative Verbal (Jase in Knglish. In its simplest form, in connection with impersonal verbs, it is expressed by the par- ticle lew in the indicative mood, and lik in the subjunctive. Its meaning is, relatively to him or them. Thus, Mispoon, It snows. Mi8poon-i7e?r, It snows relatively to him. A mispook, As it snows. A mispoon-^'//^, As it snows relatively to him. Numawela ne ka kitotan I shall not go off, as it a mispook, snows. Numawela kutta kitotao He will not go off, as it a mispoon-eZiVc, snows. There is no relative case in a sentence, unless there be in it a verb in the third person. The relative case is used where either of the persons, first, second, or third, performs an action relatively to another third person ; as, Ne ke wapumow a pi- motd-ivuky Ke ke wapumow u pi- raotd'tmit, I saw him when (I) walking. Thou sawest him when (thou) walking. This is perhaps the most perplexing verbal puzzle in the language — the relative case of an intransitive verb, when in the subjunctive mood, necessitating 80 THE VERB. transitive terminations to be given to the first and tjccond persons, making the verb, in fact, a semi- transitive one; but when a third person acts rela- tively to another third jDorson this is entirely reversed, for it is not the verb which agrees with the nominative he which takes the relative case, but that which agrees with the accusative him : e.g. Ko wapumao a pimotat, He saw him (when he was) walking. Ko wapumao a pimota- He saw him walking, liche^ This will become clearer as we progress onward. The simplest form of the Posse*-'sive Case is that in which a verb agrees with a second third person which belongs to a first third person ; as, That man's son is sick. Here we cannot use the simple verb, and say, Una ililew okosisa ahoseio, that man's son he is sick, for the person addressed would bo in doubt as to who was meant — tliv man or his son, the verb agreeing with the noun man. We therefore say, Una ililew okosisa akos-i'Zeiya, which may be thus analyzed : Una ililew. That man, Okosisa, His son, Akosilewa, His him is sick. When the second third person is of the inanimate gender the particle lew is added to the simj^le inanimate verb for the singular, and ileica for the plural ; as, * Owa owashish o musina- hikun milwashin-i7et(7, Owa owashish o musina- hikuna milwashin-tVe- ioa. This child's book is good. This child's books are good. THE vi:ru. 31 Tst and a semi- ts lela- 3iitirely es with ase, but z.g, dien he ng. iward. 5 that in person it man's le verb, m's son n doubt he verb )re say, 38 thus sick. mimato sim]ilc 'or the is good, ks are A more elaborate form of the possessive will como under notice by-and-b}^ when wo come to the Transitive Verb; for every transitive vjrb has its possessive form, both animate and inanimate, with which it is absolutely necessary for the student to become thoroughly acquainted. Ne sakehimowa, I love his him. Ne pukwatumwan, I hate his it. The Different Kinds of Verbs. Verbs are of three kinds : Impersonal, Intransitive, and Transitive. Before even the Impersonal Verb can be declined it is necessary to know the powers of the verb " to be." If, for instance, we say " It is winter ; " how is the "is" expressed? But first, of the Substantive Verb. This verb, expressing being, existence, has given me much trouble, which I would fain save those who como after mo. Negatively, one heard it con- stantly, both in its animate and inanimate forms ; as, Numa tfu) owfina, there is no one; Numa tukwun, there is none ; as aycII as in its aflirmative inani- mate form, Tukwun, there is some. What was wanted was the corresponding animate for Tukwun. For this was used Itow, which is a particular, not the substantive verb, and signifies place ; as. He is here or there, at a place specified. Cutting off the initial " I," we have Tow, the verb sought for ; thus. Tow or Tho, He i.s. Tukwun, It i.s. On the East Main coast Tfio is always used, both for affirmation and negation ; while on the western shore of Hudson's Bay Tao is used negatively only. :vi THE VERH. Ajfoio is a second substantive verb, and is used as both animate and inanimate : Ayow, He is. Ayow, It is. But this verb is used as an animate mostly in combination with the adjective Milo, good, signifying that the subject of the verb is in a good state of health; thus, Milo-ayow, He is well. Ne milo-ayan, I am well. Other Verhs expressing Being, etc. 1. Awew, He is such an one. Ewun, It is such a thing. Awcw is sometimes used alone, but very seldom, both it and ewun being generally used as terminations to nouns, which they thus verbalize ; as, Okimow, Okima-iceio, Wastanumakun, Wastfinumakun-ewjm, 2. An. Itcw, Inan. Itukvvun, An. Itew, 3 Inan. Ekin, A chief. He is a chief. A candle. It is a candle. He is at a certain place. it IS ,, ,, ,, He is so ; liheicise he so does. It happens. Itew is only used as a verb of condition inter- rogatively, or as an answer to a question ; as. Tan dteyun ? What aileth thee ? Tan atit ? What aileth him ? Tajicma piko, numawela What it is, I don't know ne kiskaletan tan dtok- what aileth him. wd, thp: verb. 33 ed as ;ly in fying ate of eldom, lations Lace. he so 1 inter- know 4. A Particle generally supplies the place of the verb in such expressions as It is I, it is he, etc. ; as, Nelu o, akawela kostachik, " It is I, be not afraid." The principal particles thus used are O, Matana (frequently contracted into Ma), Oshane (contracted into Osha), and Oto. In impersonal verbs the "is" is expressed by a verbal termination, affixed to the primitive particle ; as, Tuk-ayow, It is cold. Tipisk-ow, ]t is night. Pip-oon, It is winter. The Interrogative particle is Na, and follows verbs, expressed or understood, in the indicative mood only ; thus, Ke sakehin, Thou lovest me. Ke sakehin na ? Dost tliou love rac ? Kela na ? Is it thou ? To Verbs belong Voice, Mood, Tense, Gender, Number, Person, and Case. Verbs generally have three Voices — Transitive, Passive, and Intransitive, corresponding thus with the European verb. Verbs have six Moods — the Indicative, Subjunctive, imperative. Potential, Suppositive, and Dubitative. The Indicative affirms or denies, and is used in asking a direct question ; as, Kichemunito ke ke oshe- God made us. hikonow, Ke ka keshetan na ket aputisewin anoch ka keshikak ? Numawela; maskoch wa- puktt ne ka keshetan, Shalt thou finish thy work to-day ? No ; perhaps to-morrow I shall finish it. J) 34 THE VERB. The Subjunctive is of much more extensive use in the Cree than in the English language, express- ing not only doubt and contingency, but likewise aflSrming ; and in almost every sentence composed of two members joined by a conjunction, the second verb assumes the subjunctive mood ; as, Ne ka nutawapumow, I shall go to him, and ako maka lea wechdicuJc^ then I will accompany him. If I am well I shall bo absent the whole win- ter. Keshpin milopimatiscija nCi ne ka itapuchen as- kune pipook, The Imperative commands, exhorts, and entreats. It has a present and future tense. Mechiso, Eat thou (Pr.). Mechiso-^Mn, Eat thou (Fut.). Saketa, Love thou it (Pr.). Saketa-Zcww, Love thou it (Fut.). The Potential expresses power, will, ability ; as, Ne ge totan, I can do it. Ne ka ge totdfiy I could have done it. We is the optative particle ; as, Ne ice sakehow, I wish to love him. The Suppositivo expresses probability and expec- tation; as, Wepuch kutta tukoshin- Soon they will probably otokd'Uuk^ arrive. The Dubitative is the subjunctive of the supposi- tivo, and expresses doubt and uncertainty; it like- wise follows Owana when signifying Whoever, etc., as mentioned under Compound Kelative Pronouns. c use press- ewise sed of lecond I, and iipany all bo 3 win- itreats. THE VERB. 35 ; as, Keslipin scdkehewdhicd kc " If y e love me, ye will keep ka kimawaletanawow my commandments." ne kukaskwawina, Numawela ne kiskaletfin I don't know whether he hi tukosJiinokwd, will come. Kcshpin sedkehit-icawd no If they love me they will ka tapwiitakwiik, obey me. Kcshpin mdlopimatisiht'd If he were well, he would kutta tukoshinopun, come. The Participial Mood of other languages is ex- pressed by the subjunctive ; as, Nela d sakehewdyan, I loving. d ke sakeliewdyany I having loved. d sakehikoweyan, \ being loved. d ke sakehikowcyan^ I having been loved. »» »» Jesus, naspich a sakcJilt, Jesus, greatly loving (be- ne ke nepostumak, cause he loves) me, died for me. Jesus, d kiskinohumakdt, Jesus, teaching, showed us ke ke waputilikonow how we ought to live, ka itatiseyukopun, expec- [obably ipposi- Lt like- kr, etc., luns. The Flat Vowel. The student will have observed that when parts ■of the verb to love have been introduced, the com- mencement of the word has been sake, but that occasionally it has been sedkc ; and further, had he been able to distinguish the moods, he would have found that, when the change occurred, the verb was invariably in either the subjunctive or dubitative mood. This change is called the Flat Vowel, and is one of the most interesting points in the Crco language. 36 THE VKRli. All verbs arc subject to this change, which con- wists in flattening, and thus lengthening, the first vowel in the verb, and sometimes, as in SeiiJcehat, in giving it an additional syllable. As I have just hinted, this change is confined to the subjunctive mood. It is used, 1. In giving a verb the force and properties of a noun, as already stated in the chapter on Nouns. 2. Instead of the relative pronoun ha, when the time is indefinite ; thus, Kela ka sokatiseyun, thou who art powerful, becomes Kela sedkatlseyun, thou powerful one. In the second person both singular and plural, this form is very forcible as a vocative. 3. Where the particle ever occurs in English,' as "whoever," etc., when the time is indefinite. 4. In some cases, in asking questions, after the pronouns Owana and Tan, and the adverb Tanta, when the time is either indefinite, present, or quite recent; as. Owana tdpalimish ? Tan dtwdt ? Tanta dtat ? Tanta dtotdt ? Tan dtusichik ket owa- shimishuk ? Who governs thee ? What does he say ? Where is he ? Where has he gone ? AVhat is the number thy children ? of 5. But its chief use is to give force and decision to verbs of affirmation in the past tense, where, ^he tense particles being dispensed with, the verb itself states its action with a power and precision truly beautiful. • . Ako nedmishwdlit nashta "And he bowed his head, iml'iiinat ot achakwa, and gave up the ghost.'* THE VERB. 37 Formation of the Change. A is changed by prefixing an c, thus forming an atlditional syllable ; Asliinmvahit becoming Ji^ashi- nnwahit ; Sakisit, S^vTkisit. A follows the same rule ; as, Atiiwaleraat, Malalemat, 7?/ ., to him. „ was winter. „ to hiiu. „ has been winter. „ to him. ,, had been winter. j» j> „ ko pipoon-ilik-opun, „ „ to him. Fut. Kfi pipook, It will be winter. ,, pipoon-ilik, „ ,, to him. Fut. Pipokfi, When it shall be winter. Pipoon-ilikfi, „ „ to him. Pfipook (flat vowel), In the winter (past). Papoonelik, „ „ to him. SurrosrnvE Mood. Pros. Pipoon-otoka, It is winter, I suppose. Fut. Kutta pipoon-otoka, It will be wintei , I suppose. Examples of the Impersonal Verb. Ashr mushlcowutin, Already it is frozen ; there is frost. Numawela ne ka posiu I shall not go off (by Avusa a Holiiloicdky water) as it is blowing too hard. TlIK \E\ili. 41 him. 'rupwil ke lotin Jcashckaky ]\Ioshiik akosew nctanis a I'cshaicai/aUky W^epuch kistenach kutta utituliumwuk d nuhi- liiicCdiJc, Ash I milicnsliinotohd fi pimutanewuk iiochi- ]iiik wuskuch lea alwn- ti/c, Kakat ko kuwuchovvuk owashishuk makwach ka itotachik kiski- iiohumakawckumikok, uaspich a Ice keslnaUk, Maskoch kutta milokeslii- kow impiikd, d mihcusk- unik anoch a otakosliik ; fiko niaka ka ge kitota- yan, Tanispe ka posit kotawe ? WaimniUkd kutta posew luilokeshlkalikd, Trily it was blowing' tu- aay. jM}"" daughter is always sick when the weather is warm. They will soon probably reach it (their destina- tion), as the wind is fair. 'There is probably good walking in the woods now, as it froze long since. The children were nearly frozen while going to school, the cold having been very severe. Perhaps it will be fine weather to-morrow, as the sky is red this afternoon ; and then I shall be able to go oil". AVhen will thy father go off (by water) ? He will go off to-morrow should the weather bo fine. )pose. INTKANSITIVE VElfBS. Intransitive Verbs are those in which the action of the verb is confined to the subject ; as, Ne pusikoit, 1 stand up ; Pimishkoto, he paddles. The root of the verb is obtained from the third 42 THK VERH. perHon singular of the indicative mood, present tense, by throwing off the conjugational termination; thus, Pusiko, He stands up. Root Pusik. Pimishkow, Upew, He stands up, He paddles, He sits, Pimishl'. Up. There are seven Conjugations, known by the third person just alluded to. 1. Ends in ow, as Up-ew. C^ 2. „ ow, „ Nip-ow. i^*T^ 8. 4. 5. 6. 7. ao, o, ow, um, in. Pimot-ao. 'J >J Kit-o. Ach-ew. »V>^ Itfilit-uni. GU^ Tukosh-in. n. en, n G. an, , _ 7. inin. ? » »» For the Plural, 1st (1 and 3). 1st (1 and 2). 2nd. I r 1. man, 2. anan, o. anan, 4. onan, 5. enan, 6. anan, 7. ininan. manow, ananovv, anauow, onanovv, enanow, ananow, ininanow, mowow, anowow, anowow, onowow, enowow, anowow, ininowow, 3rd. ewuk. owuk. awuk. owuk. ewuk. umwuk. inwuk. TIIK VKUU. 43 To the root now prefix, for the first and second persons, the initial i)ortions of the personal pronouns, and the persons are complete ; thus, Nc nipan, Kct achenanow, Kc tukoshininowow, I sleep. Wo ( I and 2) move. You arrive. For the third per.son possessive animate (his him, etc.) singular and plural, add iliwa to the root. Iliiva is modified tlius in the various conjugations : 2nd, alma; 3rd, dliiva ; 4th, oUica ; 5th, elhva ; 0th, iliwa; 7th, iliwa. For inanimate add malcun to the root for the singu- lar, and mal'Hmca for the plural, with a connecting vowel: 1st Con. e; 2nd, a; 3rd, a; 4th, o ; 5th, e; th, o ; 7th, o ; as, An. Tukoshin. Inan. Tukoshin-o)ua/cM?*. For third ])erson possessive inanimate (his it, etc.) add to the inanimate form just given, for the singular ileio, for the plural iliwa ; as. rv Tukoshinomakun-27<'z(;, -itiwa^ It His it arrives. His them arrive. Ohscrvo that in the sixth and noventh conjuga- tions these affixes are made, not to the root, but to the full third person singular : Itfditum-omalam, n '> It thinks, -ilew. His it thinks, -iliwa. His them think. In verbs ending in isew, as Pimat-isew^ he lives, the inanimate is generally formed by cutting off the iscv and affixing the particle un ; as, Pimat-un, it T 44 THE VERB. lives ; and to this the other terminations arc to be added. In verbs ending in shiriy as Pimi-sMn, he lies down, the inanimate is generally formed by changing the sh into t ; as, Pimitin^ it lies down. The Terminations for the Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Singular. 1st. 2nd. :5rd. 1. cyan. cyiin, it. 2. ay an, 3. ay an. ayun, ayun, at. at. 4. cyan. oyun. ot. 5. cyan, eyun, et. 6. uman, umun, uk. 7. ineyan. incyun, Plural. ik. (1 and 3). 1st (1 and 2). 2nd. :h'd. 1. eyak, 2. ayak, 3. ayak, 4. oyak, 5. eyak, (3. umak, cyuk, eyiik, ayuk, ayak, ayuk, ayak, oyuk, oyak, cyuk, eyak, umuk, umak, i(t)chil acMk. achik. ochik. cchik. ukik. 7. ineyak, ineyuk, ineyak, ikik. In the seventh conjugation the termination is generally contracted; thus, TulcosJiincj/an becomes TukosJiinan, etc. In the inanimate malcun becomes mahuJc for the lingular, and maJninwa, makuJce for the plural ; as, THE VEUB. 45 No milwaletuu a ko tulcosMnomaJaik musinaliikiiii, I am glad tliat the packet has come. In the third person possessive animate iliwa T)ecomcs Hit or iliche ; as, No michilawfisin u akosi- Itche okosi*>:a, I am sorry that his son is sick. In the inanimate ilcw becomes iWc for the singular^ and iliica, iWcc for the plural; as, Kunawapatum fispiche milonakwumliliC o musinahikun?, see how beautiful his books appear. I now give a verb of the second conjugation in full. Nipow, He sleeps. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. No nipan, I sleep. Singular. 1. Ne nipan, I sleep. 2. Ke nipan, Thou slcepest. 3. An. Nipow, He sleeps. Inan. Nipamakun, It sleeps. Poss. An. Nipaliwa, His him sleeps. ,, Inan. Nipamakunilew, Plural. His it sleeps. 1. (1 and 3) Ne nipanan, Wc sl'?e2). 1. (1 and 2) Ke nipananow, We sleep. 2. Ke nipanowow, You sleep. 3.* An. Nipowuk, They sleep. Inan. Nipamakunwa, They sleep. Poss. An. ISipaliwa, His them or their them sleep. ,, Inan Nipamakuniliwa, Do. 46 THE \ERtt. Past Tense. I slept, was sleeping, or did sleep. Singular. 1. Ne nipati, 2. Ke nipati, a. An. nipati. In an. Nipamakunopun, Poss. An. Kipalcpun, I slept. Thou didst sleep. He slejit. It slept. His him slept. j> Inan. Nipamakunilepun, His it slept. riural. 1. (1 and 3) Ne nipatanan, 1. (1 and 2) Ko nipatananow, Ke nipatowow, O nipatowuk, Nipamakunopuna, Do. Nipalepun, His them, etc., slejDt. Inan. Nipamakunilepuna, Do. 2. 3. An. Inan. Toss. An "We slept. "We slef)t. You slept. They slept. 1. o 3. Another Past Tense. Singular. Ne nipan-apun, Ke nipan-apun, Nipa-pun. Other Persons as in the former Tense. I was sleeping. Thou, etc. Plural. 1. (1 and 3^ Ne nipanan-apun, We were sleeping. 1. (1 and 2) Ke nipanan-apun, „ 2. Ke nipanow-apun. Ye, etc. 3. Nipa-punuk. THE VERB. 47 'Perfect Tense. I have slept. 1. 2. 3. An. Inan. I'oss. An. Inan. 1. (1 and 3) 1. (1 and 2) 2. ^J. An. Inan. I*oss. An. Inan. Singular. Ne ke nipan, Ke ke nipan, Ke nipow, Ke iiipamakun, Ke nipaliwa. Ke nipamakunilcw. Plural. Ne ke nipanan. Ke ke nipananow. Ke ke nipanowow. Ke nipowuk. Ke nipamakunwa. Ke nipaliwa. Ke nipaniakuniliwa. I have slept. Thou hast slept. He has slept. It has slept, etc. 1. •> An. Inan. Poss. An. Inan. >» 1. (1 and 3) 1. (1 and 2) 3. An. Inan. Poss. An. „ Inan. Flnperfect Tense. I had slept. Singular. Ne ke nipati. Ke ke nipati. O ke nipatr. Ke nipamakunopun. Ke nipalepun. Ke nipamakunilepun. Plural. Ne ke nipatanan. Ke ke nipatananow. Ke ke nipatowow. O ke nipatowuk. Ke nipamakunopuna. Ke nipalepun. Ke nipamakunilepuna. 48 THK VERB. Another Pluperfect. I had been sleeping. Singular, 1. Ne ke nipan-apun. Ke ke nipan-apnn. Ke nipa-pun. Other Persons as in the former Tense. 1.(1 and IJ ) 1. (1 and 2^ 2. 3. An, »♦ Sing. ri. Plural. Ne ke nipanan-apnn. Ke ke nipanan-apun. Ke ke nipanow-apun. Ke nipa-punuk. Another Third Person. Ke nipa-kopun. Ke nipa-wakopun. Future Tense. I shall sleep. Sinffiilar. 1. Ne ka nipan. 2. Ke ka nipan. <> o. An. Kutta nipow. Inan. Kutta nipamakun. Poss. An. Kutta nipaliwa. ,, Inan. Kutta nipamakunelew. Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Ne ka nipanan. 1. ( I find 2 ) Ke ka nipananow. 2. Ke ka nipanowow. ;]. An. Kutta nipowuk. Inan. Kutta nipamakun wa. Poss. An. Kutta nipaliwa. „ Inan. Kutta nipamakuniliwa. t] a P THE VERB. 49 Second Future. I shall have slept. Singula!'. 1. Ne ka ke nipaiJ. 2. Ke ka ke nipali. 3. An. ka ke nipati,, or Kntta ke nipapun. Inan. Kutta ke niparaakunopun. Poss. An. Kntta ke nipalepun. „ Inan. Kntta ke nipamukunilepun. Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Ne ka ke nipatanan. 1. (1 and 2) Ke ka ke nipatananow. 2. Ke ka ke nipatowow. 3. An. Kutta ke nipatowuk. Inan. Kutta ke nipamakunopuna. Poss. An. Kutta ke nipalepun. Inan. Kutta ke nipamakunilepuna. »' It will be unnecessary to go through the tenses of the Potential Mood, as all are formed like those already given, the only difference being in the particles placed before the verbal root. Ne we nipan, Ne ge nipan, Ne ke we nipan, Ne ka we nipan, Ne ka ge nipan, Ne we nipatr, Ne ka nipati, Ne ka ge nipati, Ne ka ke nipati, I wish to sleep. I can sleep. I have wished to sleep. I shall wish to sleep. I shall be able to sleep. I wished to sleep. I should rfleep. I could have slept. I should have slept. 50 THE VERB. 2. 3. An. Imperative Mood. Present Tense, Singular. Nipa, Sleep thou. Akoshe kutta ni- Let him sleep. _ pow, Inan. Akoshe kutta ni- Let it sleep. _ pamakun, Poss. An. Akoshe kutta ni- Let his him sleep. _ paliwa, „ Inan. Akoshe kutta ni- Let his it sleep, pamakunilew, 1. (1 and 2) .'). An. Inan. Poss. An. Plural. Nipatow, Nipak, Let us sleep. Sleep ye. Akoshe kutta ni- Let them sleep. _ powuk, Akoshe kutta ni- Let them sleep. _ pamakunwa, Akoshe kutta ni- Let his them sleep. _ paliwa, )) Inan. Akoshe kutta ni- pamakuniliwa, Do. Future Tense. Singular. Nipa-kun, Sleep thou. Plural. Nipa-k, Let us sleep. Nipa-kak, Sleep ye. The other persons are the same as those of the former tense. 2. 1 (1 and 2) 2. THE VERB. 61 SupposiTivE Mood. The sign of the Suppositive Mood is otokd^ or atoM, and may be attached to any of the persons in the indicative and potential moods. lu the past tense and those formed from it, the suppositive particle undergoes a great change. Present Tense. I am asleep, I suppose, or I must be asleep. Singular. 1. No nipan-atoka. 2. Ko nipan-atoka. 3. An. Nip-atoka. Inan. Nipamakun-otoka. Poss. An. Nipal-etoka. „ Inan. Nipamakunil-etoka. riural. 1. (1 and 3) Ne nipanan-atokfi. 1. (1 and 2) Ke nipanan-atoka. 2. Ke nipanow-atoka. 3. An. Nip-atoka-nuk. Inan. Nipamakun-otoka-na. Poss. An. Nipal-etoka. „ Inan. Nipamakun. Ne ka nipan-atoka, Ne we nipan-atoka, I shar eep, I suppose. I wish to sleep, I suppose, etc. Past Tense. I was asleep, I suppose. Singular. 1. Ne nipan-akopun. 2. Ke nipan-akopun. 3. An. Nip-akopuna. Inan. Nipamakunokopun. 52 THE VERB. 3. Poss. An. Nipal-ikopuna. „ Inan. Nipamakunil-ekopun. Plural. Ne nipanan-akopun. Ko iiipanan-akopiin. Ke nipanow-akopun. Nipow-akopunii. Nipamakunwa-kopun. Nipal-ikopuna. Inan. Nipamakunil-okopunwa. Ne ke nipan-akopun, I had been asleep, I sup pose. Ne ka ke nipan-akopiin, I might have been asleep, I suppose. 1. (1 and 3) 1. (1 and 2) 2. 3. An. Inan. Poss. An. »? Subjunctive Mood. Here let me remind the student that in this mood he has no personal pronouns to assist him, the persons being expressed by the inflected terminations. Present Tense. Singular. 1. Nip-ay an. (If) I sleep. 2. Nip-ayun, Thou sleep. 3. An. Nip-at, He sleep. Inan. Nip-amakuk, It sleep. Poss. An. Nip-aliche, His him sleep „ Inan . Nip-amakun-ilik, Plural. His it sleep. 1. (1 and 3) Nip-ayak, "We sleep. 1. (1 and 2) Nip-ayuk, Do. 2. Nip-ayak, You sleep. 3. An. Nip-at-ohik, They sleep. Inan. 1 1 1 Nip-amakuk-e, Do. THE VERB. 53 1. 2. 3. An. Inan. Poss. An. (If) I slept. Thou slept. He slept. It slept. Ilis him slept. 3. Poss. An. Nip-alicho, His them sleep. „ Inan. Nip-amakun-ilik-e, Do. Past Tense. Singular. Nip-aya-pan, Nip-ay a-pun, Nip-as-pun, Nip-amakuk-opuu, Nip-alis-pun, „ Inan. Nip-amakun-elik-opun,nis it slept. Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Nip-ayak-opun, We slept. 1. (1 and 2) Nip-ayuk-opun, Do. 2. Nip-ayak-opun, You slept. 3. An. Nip-awas-pun, They slept. Inan. Nipamakun-owakopuna, Do. Poss. An. Nip-aliwas-pun, His them slept. „ Inan. Nipamakun-elik-owa- Do. kopuua, Perfect Tense. (If) I have slept. This tense is formed like the present, the particle he being prefixed. Ke nipayan, , I have slept, etc. The Pluperfect, in like manner, is formed as the past. Ke nipayapan, I had slept, etc. Future Tense. If or when I sleep. Singular. 1. Nipayan-a. 2. Kipayun-a. , 3. An. Nipat-ji. - Inan. Nipamakuk-a. 54 THE VERB. 3. PogH. An. Nipalit-u. ' „ Inan. Nipamakunilik-a. 1. 1. 2. riural. 1 and 3) Nipayak-a. 1 and 2) Nipayuk-a. 1 ; Nipayak-wil. 3. An. Nipat-wawfi. Inan. Nipaniakuk-wawa. Poss. An. Nipalit-wawa. Inan. Nipamakunilik-wawa. ?» It must be remembered, too, that the subjunctive is used very largely as an affirmative mood, and as sucli has a full complement of tenses, all declined as either the present or the past already given, with the addition of prefixed particles ; as, Ako rnaka ka wunishka- And then they will arise, chik, Ka nipayan, Ka ge nipayan, Ka we nipayan, Ka nipayan, Ka ke nipayan, Ka nipayapan, Ka ge nipayapan, Ka ke nipayapan. I shall sleep. I shall be able to sleep. I shall wish to sleep. I slept. I have slept. I would sleep. I should be able to sleep. I had slept or would have slept. Also, that the relative particle ha is followed by the subjunctive, and that ka, where the action is future, is changed into hd ; thus. Nela ha nipayan, Kela ha ke nipayan, Wela ha ke nipakopuna, I who sleep. Thou who hast slept. He who had slept. THE VERB. Oi> 1. 2. 3. An. Inan. Poss. An. Flat vowel. T slept, etc. Singular. Napayan, Nitpayun, Napat, Napamakuk, Napaliche, »» Inan. Napamakunilik, Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Napayak, 1. (1 and 2) Nfipayuk, 2. Napayak, 3. An. ISapat-chik, Inan. Napamakuke, Poss. An. Napaliche, Inan. Naparaakunilike, I slept. Thou didst sleep. Ho slept. It slept. His him slept. His it slept. 7» We slept. Do. You slept. They slept. Do. His them, etc. Do. DuBiTATivE Mood. Present Tense. If I sleep. Singular. 1. Nfipawana, 2. Napawuna, 3. An. Napakwa, Inan. Naparaakunokwa, Poss. An. Napalikwa, „ Inan. Napamakunilikwa, Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Napawakwil, 1. (1 and 2) Napawukwa, 2. Nrpawiikwa, 3. An. NapawakwaM'a, If I sleep. If thou sleep. If he sleep. If it sleep. If his him sleep. If his it sleep. If we sleep. Do. If you sleep. If they sleep. 56 THE VERB. 3. Inan. Napamakunokwawa, If they sloop. Poss. An. Napalikwawa, If his them sleep. Inan. Napamakunilikwawa, Do. it Past Tense. If I slept. Singular. 1. 2. 3. An. Inan PosB. • An. Inan Napawapanjl. Napawapuna. Napakopuna. Napamakunokopuna. Napalikopunu. . Ntipamakunelikopuna. Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Napawakopuna. 1. (l and 2) Napawukopuna. 2. Napawakopuna. 3. An. Napawakopuna. Inan. Napamakunowakopuna. Poss. An. Napalikowakopuna. Inan. Napamakunelikowakopuna. a Should a particle be prefixed to the verb, the vowel is not flattened. As a prefix in this mood the e in optative toe is flattened, thus becoming ica ; as, Ka ge nipawana. If I were able to sleep. Ka ge nipawapana. If I had been able to sleep. Wa nipawana, If I wished to sleep. Kelative Form. Present Tense. I sleep in relation to him or them. Singular. 1. Ne nipow-an, I sleep in, etc. 2. Ke nip6w-an. Thou sleepest, etc. 8. . ' Nipow-ai), He sleeps, etc. THE VERB. 67 Plural. 1. (1 and 3) No nipow-anan, Wo sloop, otc. 1. (1 and 3) Ko nipow-ananow. Do. 2* Ko nipow-anowow. You sleep, etc. 3. Nipow-awuk, Thoy sleep, etc. For the perfect tense, prefix he to the root of the verb, SUDJUNCTIVE MOOI). Present Tense. (If) 1 sleep in relation to him. SiniTular. 1. 2. 8. Nipow-uk, Nipow-ut, Nipow-at, riural. I sleep in relation to him. Thou sleep, etc. He sleep, etc. 1. (1 and 3) 1. (1 and 2) 2. 3. Nipow-ukit, Nipow-uk, Nipow-ak, Nipow-acliik, We sleep, etc. Do. You sleep, etc. They sleep, etc. Indeterminate Person. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Nipanewun, Rel. Nipanewunilew, People are sleeping. Do. in relation to others. Past Tense. Nipanewun-opun, People were sleeping. Kel. Nipanewunil-epun, Do. in relation to others. 58 THE VERB. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Nipanewuk, Eel. Nipanevvunelik, People are sleeping. Do. in relation, etc. Past Tense. NipanewTik-opun, People were sleeping. Kel. Nipanewunilik-opun, Do. in relation, etc. Note. — In this verb the o which precedes w, fol- lowed by a vowel, should be pronounced a ; as, Ne nipowan, Ne nipawan. The o is used throughout to preserve the symmetry of the verb, and to prevent confusion to the eye of the student. We have now made some progress in oar verb Nipoiv, but have by no means finished with it yet. Wo have the verb in the abstract, Me must yet examine it in its modified forms ; for how can we tell, from what we have alreadv seen, whether our subject slept much or little, constantly or only occa- sionally, or whether he only feigned sleep after all? Our verb must tell us all these particulars. Modifications of the Verb. The verb is modiiied as to manner, place, augmen- tation, diminution, iteration, and simulation. Manner and Place. Manner and place are both expressed by the par- ticle isJii or it. In some cases the particle precedes the verb ; as, Ishi nipow, he sleeps so, or in such a TUE VERB. 59 place : in others it displaces the first portion of the abstract verb ; as, Kitotao, ItotdOy Milw-atisew, It-atiseWy Milo-twow, Ishe-twoWj He goes off. He goes to a certain place. He is of a good disposition. Ho is of such a disposition. He is good. He is so, morally. In this case the modified verb is of the same con- jugation as that of the abstract verb. Augmentation. There is a verbal particle, sJcow, signifying abun- dance, ■which will come under our notice by-and-by, and it is a derivative from this, alccic, which supplies the augment in intransitive verbs ; as. Pimotfio, Pimotd-sTcew, Nipow, Nij>u-skeWy He walks. He walks much. He sleeps. He sleeps much. You observe that the termination is different from that of Nipow, being eiv, which indicates another conjugation ; and as the first person ends in in, by referring to the table thip verb will be found to be of the first conjugation. Diminution. Diminutive nouns, as we have already seen, end in isli or shish ; diminutive verbs end in a similar manner with the termination shew ; as. Minekwai), Minekwa-shew , He drinks. He drinks a little. 60 THE VERB. Nipow, He sleeps. Nipd-shew, He sleeps a little. This, too, is of the first conjugation. • Iteration. This gives an occasional and distributive expres- sion to the verb, and is produced by the reduplica- tion of the first syllable, which frequently assumes a flattened form ; as, He walks. He walks about. He sits. He sits about. He drinks. He drinks occasionally. He spits. He spits about. He gives. He gives occasionally. He gives distributively. He sleeps. He sleeps now and then. He sleeps a little now and then. He sleeps a great deal now and then. The iterative particle, being a prefix and not an afiix, produces no change of conjugation, as was the case with the augmentative and diminutive particles. Simulation. The simulative noun, as you will remember, ends in lean ; the simulative verb ends in kaso ; as, Nipe-w, He dies. Nipe-kaso, He pretends to die. Pimotao, Pa-pimotao, Upew, I-upew, Minekwai), Ma-mi nek wao, Siko, 8u-siko, Melewao, Mu-melewao, Ml! -melewao, Nipow, Na-nipow, Na-nipashew, Na-nipaskew, THE VEllH. Gl 3xpres- uplica- ssumes ►nally. ally, tively. .d tiien. \e now ;at deal not an iwas the articles. ler, ends s, ^ie. Nikumo, Nikumo-kaso, Ayume-w, Ayumo-kaso, Nipo-w, Nipa-kaso, He sings. He pretends to sing. He speaks. He pretends to speak. He sleeps. He pretends to sleep. By referring to the table it will be found that the simulative verb is of the fourth conjugation. I will now give the present tense of the indicative and subjunctive moods of Nipaskew and Nipakaso, as well as of a verb of the seventh conjugation, and so close this part of our subject. Nipaskew, He sleeps much. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Singular. Ne nipfiskin. 1. 2. 3. An. Inan. Ke nipuskin. Nipaskew. Nipaskauiakun. Poss. An. Nipfiskiliwa. ,, Inan. Nipaskamakunilow Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Ne nipaskinan. 1. (1 and 2) Ke nipaskinanow. 2. Ke nipaskinowow. 3. An. Nipaskewuk. Inan. Nipaskamakunwa. Poss. An. Nipaskiliwa. Inan. Nipaskamakuniliwa. 5» •62 THE VKRB. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. (If) I sleep much Singular. 1. Nipaskeyan. 2. Nipaskeyun. 3. An. Nipaskit. Inan. Nipaskamakuk. Poss. An. NipHskiliche. Inan. Nipaskamakunilik. Plural. Nipaskeyak. Nipaskeyuk. Nipaskeyak. Nipaskitchik. Nipaskamakuke. Nipaskiliche. 5) 1. (1 and 3) 1. (1 and 2) An. Inan. Poss. An. 3. >» 1. 2. 3. An. Inan. Inan. Nipaskamakunilike. Nipakaso, he pretends to sleep. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Singular. Ne nipakason. Ke nipakason. Nipakaso. Nipakasomakun . Poss. An. Nipakasoliwa. „ Inan. Nipakasomakunilew. Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Ne nipakasonan. 1. (1 and 2) Ke nipakasonanow. THE VERB. 2. Ke nipakasonowow. 3. An. Nipakasovvuk. Inan. Nipakasomakunwa. Poss. An. Nipakasoliwa. „ Inan. Nii^akasomakuniliwa. 63 Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. (If) I pretend to sleep. Singular. Nipakasoyan. Nipakasoyun. Nipakasot. Nipakasomakuk. Nipakasoliche. 1. 2. 3. An. Inan. Poss. An. j> Inan. Nipakasomakunilike. Verb of the Seventh Conjugation. Pimishin, he lies down. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Singular. Ne pimish-inin. Ke ])imish-inin. Pimish-in. Pimit-in and Pimish-in-omakun. Poss. An. Pimish-in-iliwa. Inan. Pimit-in-ilew and Pimish-in-omakun ilew. 1. 2. •3. An. Inan. 1) 64 THK VERB. Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Ne pimish-inin-an. 1. (1 and 2) Ke pimish-inin-anow. 2. Ke piraish-inin-owow. 3. An. Pimish-in-WTik. Inan. Pimit-in-wa and Pimish-in-omakun-wa. Poss. An. Pimish-in-iliwa. J» Inan. Pimit-in-iliwa and Pimish-in-omakun-iliwa Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. (If) I lie down Singular. 1. Pimish-inan. 2. Pimish-inun. 3. An. Pimish-ik. Inan. Pimit-ik and 1. 1. 2. 3. Pimish-in-omakuk. Poss. An. Pimish-in-iliche. Inan. Pimit-in-ilik and Pimish-in-omakun-ilik. 15 Plural. Pimisli-in-ak. Pimish-in-uk. Pimish-in-ak. Pimish-ik-ik. Pimit-ik-e and Pimish-in-omakuk-e. Poss. An. Pimish-in-iliche. Inan. Pimit-in-ilik-e and Pimisli-in-omakun-ilik-o. (1 and 3 ) (1 and 2) An. Inan. J? THE VERB. G5 Examples of the Various Conjugations. Indicative Mood. Naspich ne mihcdletdn a patumwuk Kichemii- neto ot ayumewin a ayumetanewunelik, Ne petokdnapun nekenak makwach ate petokas- pun nekawe, Ililewuk ke tukoshinwuk otakosliek, a pfitachik mechat ayowina ka ke nipatachik papoonelik, Ashi ke kitotdpunuk ispe takoshiniliche unehe ililewa, Kutta sikeldseimh wapu- matwawa ayumeawe- kimowa, Ashi ne ka ke wunislikatl paumoshe nokosit pe- sim, Wepuch ne ka koivisJiimon naspich a ayaskoseyan, Kayapuch na pimatisew kekosis ? I am very glad when I hear God's Word read. I was entering our house as my mother entered it. Indians came in yester- day, bringing many furs, which they killed in the winter. They had already gone off when those Indians came in. They will be glad when they see the minister. I shall have already risen before the sun rises. I shall soon go to bed, as I am very tired. Is thy son still alive ? Potential Mood. Numawela ne ge nikumon I cannot sing this morn- anoch a kekeshapayak, ing. Numawela ne ka ge itotan I shall not be able to go utawawekumikok nas- to the trading - room, pich a akoseyan, being very sick. F GO THE VERB. Kg Jca ge nisetotdnowow miloachemowin ayiime- tanewukfi, Moshuk tapwa Jce Jca peto- hati ayumeawekuini- kok fi Ayumeakeshi- kak, Kutta Jce sdJcisepunuJc kitche kishewahachik Kichemunetowa, Kutta ge aputisciouJz na anoch ? You will bo able to utiderstand the Gospel when it is read. Truly thou shouldst al- ways enter the church on the praying day. They would have been afraid to make God angry. Will they be work now ? able to Subjunctive Mood. Milopimatisei/and wapuka ne ka tukoshinin, PimasJieyund wepuch unta ke ka mishukan, NuJcayasJieydJcicd nashta JcimewuniaJieydJcivd, tap- wa ke ka kitemakisino- wow, KesJiepulitwawd wepuch kutta nukuwawuk o wechawakunewawa, If i am well to-morrow, I will come. If you (sing.) sail, you will soon arrive there. Should you have foul wind and rain, you will be truly miserable. If they move rapidly, they will soon meet (by water) their friends. Subjunctive as Affirmative. Wepuch ne ka keshetan, __ ako maka Jca Jcewuyan^ Alekok nochetak ke mu- sinahikunewawa, ako wepuch Jed nisetowinu- mdkj I shall soon finish it, and then I will return. Labour at your books with a will, and j^ou will soon recognize by sight (what is written). THE VERB. 67 Tanta fitat keshem? Kukeshap ke meshukow, ke pashuwao maka mechat neska ka ke nipahatj ako niaka iiiena peiJsity Ke ayaskosew ispe tCiTco- shik, ke inechiso, ako keshach napat, Where is thy younger brother ? lie arrived (by water) this morning, and brought many geese that he had killed, and then went off again. lie was tired when ho came, he partook of food, and at once fell asleep. Imperative Mood. Keshach pose, Embark at once (sing.). ItapiJc, Look there (pi.). Keshach IdtotCitoio, Let us depart at once. Ke mechisoyuna nochi- When thou hast eaten, go mik itotaJcim kitche into the woods to collect munitiiyun, firewood. Kowishimok, Go to bed (pi.). SupposiTivE Mood. Ashi koskosetokdnuJc, They are probably awake already. Wepuch mena ne ka tako- We shall probably come ^Jiininan atokdy again soon. DuBiTATivE Mood. Keshpin ndpakwd kutta If he sleep he will be well. miloiiyow, Keshpin kdsisaweseivdkwd If you are industrious you wepuch ke ka kiskale- will soon know your tanowow ke musinahi- books. kunewawa, 68 THE VERB. Numawela ne kiskilletan I don't know whether they led pimatisewalcwdy will live or not. Numawela ne kiskfiletfin I don't know whether I led imsewam, shall go off or not. Relative. Ng Ice petoh'mmn wekelik, Ne ke nutawapumow, akota maka wekelik ndpowiik^ Ne lea pimotdwaii o masku- nalik otitiihmmmiled, Ke kiskinohiuuakawe- wana ne lea IciaMsewan kukaskwawina, Ne lea posewan o chemani- lik. I entered his tent. I went to see him, and slept there in his tent. I will walk in his path when I reach it. When I shall have been taught, I will remember his commandments. I will embark in his canoe. Possessive. Aleosiliiva okosisa, His son is sick. Kenutuwapumfuiotanisa He went to see his daugh- lea alcosiliclie, tei' who is sick. O mokoman naspich mi- His knife is very large. shalew, Kichemuneto ot ayume- God's word is very power- win naspich sokatise- ful. maleunelew, waskahikunim naspich His house is very high. islnmleWj Verbal Modifications. Numawela ne ge tapwa- I cannot believe him, as he towow a leelashisleitj is addicted to lying. Ashi na pimotao kekosis ? Does your son walk yet ? THE VERB. 69 Aa ; awhr plmotdsheWy Ke iiiilokwamin iia? Numawela ; ne nanijin- shin iDiko, Ne ke ptipamotan fiskune keshikak, niima wa- wach kukwan maka ne ke raiskan, Ke nipekaso ispe peuclio natikot onotinekfiwa, Yes ; he already walks a little. ])o you sleep well ? No ; I sleep a little now and then only. I have been walking about the whole day, but nothing whatever have I found. He pretended to bo dead when the soldiers came to him. VARIETIES or THE INTRANSITIVE VERB. These varieties are — 1. Verbalized Nouns ; 2. Numeral Verbs; 3. Adjective Verbs; 4. Accidental Verbs ; 5. Reflective Verbs ; 6. Reciprocal Verbs ; 7. Indefinite Verbs ; 8. Passive Verbs. The last four varieties will be considered after the Transitive Verb, as they are all derived from it ; for instance. Reflective, Ne sakehittison, I love my- self; Reciprocal, Ne sakehittonan, we love each other ; Indefinite, Ne sakehewan, I love some one ; Ne sakehikowin, I am loved by some one ; Passive, Ne makopison, I am tied up, bound. Verba-Lized Nouns. Verbalized Nouns are of two kinds ; 1st. That in which the noun receives only a verbal termination ; 2nd. That in which it receives both a prefix and a termination. In both cases the noun sometimes undergoes contraction. 70 THE VERB. i. Nouns iciih a Verbal Termination. 1. Tho existence or condition of the noun is affirmed. Animate termination, loew; inanimate, ewurh. Animate. Napao, Napfi-wew, Iskwiii), Iskwa-wow, Ushislike, Ushiske-wew, A man. He is a man. A woman. She is a woman. Clay. He is clay. This form is of the first conjugation, and is thus declined in the indicative mood, present tense : Singular. 1 . Ne napa-win, 2. Ke napa-win, 3. Napa- we w, Poss. An. Napa-wiliwa, I am a man. Thou art a man. He is a man. His him is a man. 1 ri and ri) Ne napfi-win-an, 1 (1 and 2) Ke napa-win-anow, 2. Ke napa-win-owow, 3. Napa-we-wuk, Poss. An. Napa-wiliwa, Plural. We are men. Do. You are men. They are men. His them are men. This is subject to the simulative change; as. Napa-wew, Napa-kaso, Okima-wew, Okima-kaso, Kichemuneto-wew, Ki chomune to-kaso, He is a man. He pretends to he a man. He is a chief. He pretends to be a chief. He is God. He pretends to be God. THE VEIIB. 71 Inanimate, Cheman, Cheman-ewun (sing.), Cheman-ewiin-wa (pi.), Chikaliikiin, Chikahikun-ewun (sing.), A canoe. It is a canoe. They are canoos. An axe. It is an axe. ( 'hikahikun-ewnn-wa (pi.), They are axes. 2. The making of what is represented by the noun. The termination is had ; as. Paskisekun, Paskisekun-ekao, Alupe, Alupe-kfio, Musinahikunapo, Musinahikunapo-kao, A gnn. He makes guns. A net. He makes nets. Ink. He makes ink. This termination likewise, in some instances, expresses tliat the noun to which it is attached is used as habitual food by the subject of the verb ; as, Weyas, Wcyas-ekfiC), Flesh. He is a flesh-eater. These are verbs of the third conjugation. 3. The making by means of an instrument or object. The termination is halcao ; as, Paskisekun, A gun. Paskisekun-ekakiio, He makes a gun with it. Mokoman, A knife. Mokoman-ekakfio, He makes a knife with it. Wuchiston, A nest. Wuchiston-ekakfio, He makes a nest with it. These, too, are of the third conjugation. ■k7« 72 THE VERB. Indicative Mood. Present Tense, I make a knife with it. Singular. 1. Ne mokoman-ekakan." 2. Ke mokoman-ekakan. 3. Mokoman-ekakao. Poss. An. Mokoman-ekakfiliwa. Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Ne mokoman-ekakan-an. 1. (1 and 2) Ko mokoman-ekakan-anow. 2. Ke mokoman-ekakan-owow. 3. Mokoman-ekakil-wuk. Poss. An. Mokoman-ekakaliwa. ii. Nouns Verbalized hy means of a Prefix and Termination. 1. Verbs of " putting on " : Ustis, a glove. An. I can say transitivel}', Postishkowfio ot ustisa, he puts on his gloves; but the Indian prefers to use such expressions intransitively, in one word, thus : Post-ustis-ao, Post-ustotin-ao, Post-ukop-ao, He puts on his gloves. He puts on his cap. She puts on her dress. 2. Vorbs of " wearing " : Usam, a pnowshoe. An. Trans. Kikishkowfio ot He wears his snowshoes. usama, Intrans. Kik-Hsam-ao, „ „ TH?: VERB. 73 Trans. Kikishkum ot He wears his cap. ustotin, Intrans. Kik-iistotin-aOt ?» »» 3. Verbs of "taking off": Muskisin, a shoe. Inan. Trans. Kuchekonum o He takes off his shoes. muskisina, Intrans. Kat-wsHsm-ao, „ ,, Trans. Kachekonao ot He takes off his gloves. ustisa, Intrans. Kat-ustis-ao, „ M 4. Verbs of " cleansing: " : — Olakun, a bason. Inan. Michiche, a hand. Inan. Trans. Kasenum olaku- He cleanses the bason. nilew, Intrans. Kasen-eZa/cww-ao, „ „ Trans. Kasenum ochi- He cleanses his hands. cheya, Intrans. Kase-c/iecZt-ao, ?? »» 5. Verbs of " visiting " : Ulupe, a net. An. Trans. Natfio ulupeya, He visits the nets. Intrans. Nat-wZM^j-uo, ,, „ Trans. Natum waska- He goes to the house. hikunilew, Intrans. Nache-w;as^'a/i{- >» »» H. Verbs of " searching " : Umisk, a beaver. Wapusk, a white bear. 74 THE VERB. Trans. Nantawapumao He searches for beaver. umiskwa, Intrans. Nantavva-irtiWciw- „ ,, ao, Nantawa-j9W67^2«- He searclics for white ao, bears. 7. Verbs of "feeding on," the noun being the object : Niska, a goose. Trans. Mowno niska, He eats geese. Intrans. Mo-s/c-fu), „ ,, Mo-misJciv-iio, He eats beaver. These verbs likewise are of the third conjugation. 8. Verbs with reference to a child : Owashish, a child. Trans. Wapum fu") ot She sees her child. owashimisha, Intrans. Wapum-dit-a-so, »» )» Ashi loajpiimowuso, This intransitive verb is used only in reference to a woman who is either expecting to bo, or who has lately been confined. Already she sees her child, is delivered of it. Trans. Ayowfio owashi- She has a child, it being sha a kuiiosh- within her. kawat, Intrans. Kunoskut-o!(?M-so, She is with child. T""'ins. Kunawalimao She takes care of a child owashisha, or children. In* ran s. Kun awul uyi-owii-so, a These are verbs of the fourth conjugation. THE VERB. 75 There are other verbalized nouns, some of which will come under notice with the adjective verbs : in many the noun is so contracted that it is almost impossible to discover it at all; those I have ex- hibited are in constant use. The only other verb I shall give of this description is that which signifies "possession." In this verb, nnliko those lately considered, no part whatever of the transitive verb is introduced, as indeed there is a difference of signification between the two verbs, although the distinction is, in practice, not always observed. The transitive verb expresses the idea of " having temporarily ; " the intransitive, of " j)Ossessing per- manently." Trans. Net ayan musi- I have a book. nahikun, In traps. Net o-musinahi- I possess a book. Jcun-in, The prefix of this verb is o or ot ; its affix ew, with the possessive particle im soraetimes introduced be- tween the noun and the verbal termination. 1. With the possessive particle im — 0-w^askahikun-m-ew, He possesses a house. 0-mechim-m-ew, He possesses food. 0-menishapo-?n-ew, He possesses wine. 2. "Without the possessive particle im — 0-chikahikun-ew, He possesses an axe. 0-mokoman-ew, Okosis-ew, Otaw-ew, Okaw-evv, He possesses a knife. He has a son. He has a father. He has a mother. 76 THE VERB. 3. With the possessive particle hn placed before a diminutive termination ; as, Ot-owash-m-ish-cw (as He possesses children, at Moose Factory), These verbs are of the first conjugation, and are thus declined in the present tense of the indicative and subjunctive moods : Indicativ^e Mood. Present Tense. I have children. Singular. 1. Net ot-owashimish-in. 2. Ket ot-owashimish-in. 3. Ot-owashimish-ew. •Poss. An. Ot-owashimish-iwiliwa. Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Not ot-owashimish-inan. 1. (1 and 2) Ket ot-owashimish-inanow. 2. Ket ot-owashimish-inowow. 3. Ot-owashimish-ewuk. Poss. An. Ot-owashimish-iwiliwa. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. (If) I have children. Singular. 1. Ot-owashimish-eyan. 2. Ot-owashimish-eyun. 3. Ot-owashiraish-it. Poss. An. Ot-owashimish-iwiliche. THE VERB. / / Plural. 1. (1 and 8) Ot-owashimish-eyak. 1. (1 and 2) Ot-owashimish-eyuk. 2. Ot-owashimish-eyak. 3. Ot-owashimish-itchik. Poss. An. Ot-owashimish-iwiliche. Examples of the Wela Tapalechikat Ki- chemunetowew, Pukwuntow ililewew ata a okimakasot, Net atuwalomow una na- pfishish a nnpdJmsot, Numawela ke we pimo- sinatahotinan milo aye- tewin otche, maka pas- tumowin otche, nashta a Kichemiinetolcasoyun ata a ilileweyun, Tanispe mena ka kitotfi- yun? Kekeshfipayaka ne ka ki- totan a we wawuncJii- Jcunekdyan, Wapunilika newa kutta piipuJcewayanehahdo pu- pukewayanakinilew, Otakoshek wiskuchan ke iDunahiJcunekaJcdo pewa- piskolew, Foregoing Verhs. lie the Lord (he govern- ing) is God. He is a man of no con- sideration, although he pretends to bo a chief. I desi)ise that boy, as he pretends to be a man. We wish to stone thee, not for a good deed, but for blasphemy, and because thou pre- tendest to be God, although thou art a man. When shalt thou go off again ? In the morning I shall go off, as I wish to make traps here and there. To-morrow my wife will be engaged in making- shirts from shirt-cotton (calico). Yesterday the blacksmith made a trap from metal. 78 THE VERB. Ke nutawfilemittin kitche pesislcalcunelcakdyun oma irmnitowrikin, Ne lea postustisan ako ka wechawittan, jiVe hiJcustotinan fika kitcho sekucheyan nistikwan, Kesliach nc lea Icdtushisi- nan naspich. a nipe- wuke, Tanta atat kekosis ? Natidupdo naspich a we mcchisoyak, Ne he momislavan kakat askune pepook, Ket otawin na ? Numawela ; waskucli nu- ma pimatisev.'' notawe, Ket omusinaJiiJcunin na ? Numawela anocli net omu- sinahikunin ; ne ke wu- netan unema ka ke meleyun, Ke milwaletan na a ot- owasliimish-eyun ? Xo milwaletan sa a ot- owashimisli-eijan., slia- koch maka mechatwow nemikoshkacliehikwuk, I desire you to make a coat from this cloth. I will pnt on my pjloves, then I will accompany you. I wear my cap that I may not become cold in the head. I shall take off my shoes at once, as they are very wet. Where is thy son ? He has gone to look at the nets, for we much wish to eat, (are very hungry). I have lived on beaver nearly the whole win- ter. Hast thou a father ? No ; long since he is not alive my father, (i.e. my father died long ago). Do you possess a book ? I do not possess a book now; I have lost the one you gave me. Are you glad that you have children ? Yes, I am glad I have children, but yet they often trouble me. THE VERB. 79 Numeral Verbs. Numeral Verbs are conjugated like other intransi- tive verbs, and have both the animate and in- animate forms; they are formed by adding the verbal endings to the numeral adjectives, which in some cases undergo a slight alteration before the termination is added. Payuk, one. An. Payuko, He is one. Inan. Payukwun, It is one. This is a verb of the fourth conjugation; the others are of the fifth conjugation. Nesho, two. An. Neshe-wuk, They are two. Inan. Nesh-inwa, Do. Nisto, three. An. Niste-wuk, They are three. Inan. Nist-inwa, Do. Niio, four. An. Nawe-wuk, They are four. Inan. Naw-inwa, Do. Neyalul, five. An. Neyalule-wuk, They are five. Inan. Neyalul-inwa, Do. Nekotwas, six. An. Nekotvvache-wuk, They are six. Inan. Nekotwas-iuwa, Do. Nesvvas, seven. An. Neswache-wuk, They are seven. Inan. Neswas-inwa, Do. 80 THE VERB. Yananao, eight. An, Yananawe-wuk, They are eight. Inan. Yananaw-inwa, Do. Shaketat, nine. An. Shaketaohe-wuk, They are nine. Inan. Shaketat-inwa, I)o. Metat, ten. An. Metache-wuk, They are ten. Inan. Metat-inwa, Do. Pilyukoshap, eleven. An. Puyukoshape-wuk, They are eleven. Inan. Payukoshap-inwa, Do. Neshitanow, twenty. An. Neshitanawa-wuk, They are twenty. Inan. Neshitanawfiw- Do. unwa, Mechat, many. An. Mechat-ewuk, They are many. Inan. Mechfit-inwa, or Do. Mechfi-nwa, Do. Mechilt-in, It is much. Chukuwashish, a few. An. Chukuwashish- They are few. ewuk, Inan. Chxikuwashish- Do. inwa, Here follow the ^Jiesent tenses of the indicative and subjunctive moods of the verb Nistewuk, they are three. THE VERB. 81 1. (1 and 3) 1. (1 and 2) 2. 3. An. In an. Poss. An. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Wo are three. Plural. Ne nist-enan. Ke nist-enanow. Ke nist-enowow. Nist-ewuk. Nist-inwa. Nist-iliwa. »» Inan. Nist-in-iliwa. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. (If) we are three. 1. (1 and 3) Nist-eyak. Nist-eyuk. Nist-eyak. Nist-icliik. Nist-ike. Nist-iliche. 1. (1 and 2) 2. 3. An. Inan. Poss. An. „ Inan. Nist-in-ilike. When the number is large (and it is quite allow- able when small), the numeral itself is generally first given, and then the verb. An. Itusewuk, They are so many. Inan. Itutinwa, Do. This may be expressed either by the indicative or subjunctive mood ; as, Neyalulwow mitatomita- Five times a hundred now itusewuk, they are ; or Xeyalulwow mitatomita- Five times a hundred, now ako atusitchik, that is the number. Keyalulwow mitatomita- The same. Inan. now ako atutike, 82 THE VERB. When numeral vcrbw are compounded with other iutraiisitivo verbs, the latter, in most cases, undergo considerable alteration, a change of root being some- times made ; as, The}' three sleep together, Not Nisto-nipowuk, but Nisto-kwamewuk. They three stand together, Not Nisto-nipowewuk, but Nisto-kapowewuk. But in general a contraction of the verb takes place, the former part of it being cut off; thus, Pimo-tawuk, They walk. Nlsto-toivuJc, Thov three walk together. U-pewuk, Nisto-pcwuJc, Pim-ashewuk, They sit. They three sit together. They sail. Nisto-Jcwashew iiJc, They three sail together. I*im-ishinwuk, They lie down. Nisto-sliinwuli^ They three lie down to- gether. Pim-elowuk, Nisto-lowrkj Pimata-kovvuk, They fly. They three fly together. They swim. Nisto-kowuJc, Pimepa-towuk, Nisto-tmviiJc, Pi ma-takaskowuk, They three swim together. They run. They three run together. They walk on the ice. Nisto-takaskoiouJcj They three walk together on the ice. U-komowuk, They (birds) sit on the water. Nisto-komoioukf They three sit together, etc. TIIH VEUn. 8.*] Numeral Alternate Verbs. Tbeso aro expressed "by prefixing tlie itenitivo particle; thus, Nesho, Two. Na-nesho, By twos, or two apiece. Na-nesliotH\viik, l^htjy walk by twos. Na-nistolowuk, They fly by threes. Na-nauahiiiwuk, They lie tlown by fours. Number as ap2>lied to Members of the Bodij^ etc. This is expressed verbally. Take, for instance, the sentence. He has two hands: Ayow, ho has; neslio, two ; michicheya, hands. To speak in this way would be quite repugnant to the genius of the Cree language, and would bo almost unintelligible. The Indians use only one word, equivalent to He is two- handed, Nesho-chicli-fio ; or we may say, Ilis hands are two, Neshiniliwa o chicheya. Nesho-sit-rui, He is two-footed. Nesho-slikeshik-wriii, He is two-eyed. Nesho-stikwan-ao, He is two-headed ; i.e. he has two feet, two eyes, etc. Other Numerical Expresnions. The river has three branches, Sepe nistinwa a puskfistikwayake. Here we have — 1. Sepe, Eiver, 2. Nistinwa (Ind. Mood, They are three, _ Inan.), 3. A, As, 4. Puskastikwayake They flow differently — in (Sub. Mood), different directions. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■^ ilM ii" 112 e m Z2 12.0 1.8 i-4 IIIIII.6 v: ^ /a e". ^1 %' >y * c» .> ^^ #^^ >^. 7 /A //// Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 L* L^ % ^ s ■X 84 THE VERB. AVutikwTin, a brftiicli. Mistik nekotwasotikwunfiyow, ; The tree six it is branched. The tree hat? six branches. In the chapter on Nouns wc saw tnat ape was a termination signifying line, cord, etc. ; so we have, Ketochekun nawop^kayow. The violin is four-stringed. , Muniskatik nistwaskomonwa, The wooden fence three wooden bars adhere (are fixed). The wooden fence has three bars. Waslc^ in composition, signifies wood. For two the word is so contorted as to appear at first sight more like seven than two : Miiniskatik nemcasTcomonwa. The wooden fence is two-barred. The cause of the apparent contortion is the con- traction of the word neswasJcomonwa ; in which ^les- wasJc is contracted from ncsliowash. Cheman nistwaskon. The vessel is three-sticked (masted). Cheman nawaskon. The vessel is four-masted. Cheman nistwapiskow. The vessel is three-ironed (has three iron masts ; apisk^ in composition, signifying metal, iron). Payukotashkunao, Ke is one-horned. - ,. Opayukotfishkunao, The unicorn. THE VERB. 85 Nisto-payuko, > Nusto-payukoyun, He is the Three-One. Thou Trinity. Examples of the Numeral Verb. Tan dtusitchih keshemuk ? How many are they, thy younger brothers or sisters ? NeshewuJc napashishuk, There are two boys and nfishta ndwciouk iskwa- there are four girls. shishuk, Mechdtewulc na ililewuk ka AVero they many Indians ke meshukachik otako- who arrived yesterday? shek? Ncyaluleim1cna]}ii^y\ikjni8- They are five men, the}*- tcwuJc iskwa wuk, me- are three women, and rhdtewuh nashta owa- they are many children. shishuk. This might have been expressed without verbal- izing the numerals. Tane lea ituailiche Jesus o AVhat was the number of kiskinohumuwakuna ? Jesus' disciples? Jesus o kiskinohumuwa- Jesus' disciples were kuna ncshoshap ke itus- twelve in number. iliicay Jesus o kiskinohumuwa- The disciples of Jesus kuna ke ketotulewa fi went forth to teach, kiskinohumakfilichc a two and two. nanesJiiliche^ Ne ke wapumowuk ne- 1 saw my elder sisters misuk a neshotdchik^ walking two together. Kiskinohumakfiwekumi- At school we were ten in kok ne ke metaienan ka- the morning. keshfip, , . • . '. 86 THE VERB. Wa iiamiiskasinakosit ili- low, a neshositat kitche pimotat, n neshosJeeahiJc- imt kitche wapit, a ne- shochichat kitche tuko- nekat, a otonit kitche ' ayumit, a omitonale- chikunit kitche niito- Tijllechikat, a otachako- wit kakeka kitche pima- tisit. How wonderful (in ap- pearance) is man, hav- ing two feet that he may walk, two ej^es that he may see, two hands that he may grasp, a mouth that he may speak, a mind that he may reflect, and a soul that he may live for ever. ■ i , 1 i ^1 1 Adjective Verbs. These intransitive verbs are composed of au adjectival particle with a verbal ending, derived generally from ishe^ manner. They have both the animate and inanimate forms, and are of all conjuga- tions except the last. 1st Conj. Milotwow, He is good. He is sick. He is stout-hearted. He is proud. He is strong. He is melancholy. The inanimate forms are somewhat irregular : An. Mish-ikitew, He is big. ; % Inan. Mish-ow, It is big. j' An. Mushkow-isew, He is hard, strong. Inan. Mushkow-ow, It is hard. Mushkow-isemakun, It is strong. An. Kosik-wutew, He is heavy. Inan. Kosik-wun, It is heavy. An. Nupuk-isew, He is flat. Inan. Kupuk-ow, It is flat. 2nd Akosew, 3rd Soketahrio, 4th Kistalemo, 5th Sapew, 6th Pekiskatum, THE VERB. 9f An. Apish eshesh-ew, Inan. Apishash-in, An. Miloshish-ew, Inan. Milwash-in, An. Malat-isew, Inan. Malat-un, An. Alim-isew, Inan. Alim-un, lie is small. It is small. lie is good (not morally). It is good (generally). He is bad (not morally). It is bad. He is austere. It is difficult. Adjective verbs maybe qualified by the senses; tlms, 1. By sight. An. -nalcoaew, Inan. -nahmn. Milo-nakosow, He is good looking. Milo-nakwuu, It is beautiful. 2. By hearing. An. -taJcosew, Inan. -tahcun. Milo-takosew, He sounds well. Milo-takwun, It sounds well. 3. By smelling. An. -mdkoscw^ Inan. -mdkwun. Milo-raakosew, He smells well. Milo-makwun, It is fragrant. 4. By taste. An. -spit^osew, Inan. -spukwun, Milo-spukosew, He tastes well. Milo-spukwun, It tastes well. 5. By the mind. An. -aletakoaeiOy Inan. -dletakwun. Mil-waletakosew, He is considered good. Mil-wale takwun, It is considered good. To particularize manner, quality, etc. ishcy it, or islijpialij so much, becomes the initial part of the verb, as already spoken of in the article on Manner and Place. Mish-ikitew, He is big. It-ikitew, ' He is so big. Mish-ow, It is big. . ..-^ 88 THE VERB. Tshpish-ow, Milo-twow, Ishe-twow, It-filetakosew, It-alotakwun, It is so big. He is good. He is so. He is so considered. It is so considered. Some adjective verbs are susceptible of the dimi- nutive form ; as, Mishikit-ew, Mishikit-ish-ew, Mish-ow, Mish-a-shin, He is big. Ho is biggish, tolerably big (as a child). It is big. It is biggish. The iterative particle may be prefixed to adjective verbs in the plural number ; as, They are big, here and there. Do. , They are small, here and there. ]3o. Ma-misliikctcwuk (An.), Ma-mishowa (Inan.), I-apishesheshewuk ( An.), I-apishashinwa (Inan.), It will be remembered that different kinds of nouns have different terminations, atik, for instance, characterizing articles made of wood. These different terminations, somewhat modified, enter into the adjective verb, being placed between the root and the verbal ending ; as, Kin-osew (An.), He is long. Kin-wow (Inan.), It is long. Kin-wapisk-isew (An.), He is long ) speaking of Kin-wapisk-wun (Inan.), It is long j metal. Kin-wask-osew (An.), He is long ) speaking of Kin-wask-wun (Inan.), It is long j wood. THE VERB. 89 Kin-wapak-iscw (An.\ He is long ) speaking of Kin-wapak-un (Inan.), It is long ) rope, etc. Kin-wak-isew (An.), He is long ) speaking of Kin-wak-un (Inan.}, It is long j cloth, etc. Qualified nouns are verbalized ; as, VVap-istikwan-ao, He is white-headed. Wapow, it is white ; Mistikwan, the head. The above sentence might have been expressed otherwise, thus : Wapalew ostikwan, it is white, his head. ^j^ Apischi-8i7-ao, He is small-footed. liiuo-chich-iiOy He is long-handed. Examples of the Adjective Verb, Tan dspishak ke waskahi- Plow large is your house? kunim ? Anoch naspich mishoio. It is now very large, for wasa anocheka ne ke I have lately enlarged mishatan, it. Tan dspicliikitit ketanis ? How big is your daughter? Ashi mishikitisheiOy She is already somewhat big. TandspichiJcitilichekGkosis Plow big is thy son's ot owashimisha ? child ? AshimiahiJcitishiliica^^^imo- He is already ratlier big, tashiliwa maka. and he walks a little. Observe the two diminutive possessives in this sentence ; Mishikitishew, Mishikitishiliicay Pimotashew, PimotdshiUwa, He is biggish. Plis him is biggish. He Wit Iks a little. His him walks a little. . 90 THE VERB, Ke ke nantawapumowuk _ na niistikwuk ? All; no ke iniskowowuk maka mochat d mame- ahiJcitichik^ Naspich muahkowajpiskwun _ ko wunchikun, Ait ; mukfisew numawela kutta go pekwuhum- otoka, Tan fisheticat nekosis ? Ne niicliiluwasin a wetn- mattan naspicli a mush- kowistiJcwandty Owashishuk moshuk kut- ta kistalemapimuk u- neho ka wapistikwand- liche ; wasa welawow kachewak maskocli ashkwa kutta icapistik- loandwukj Absalom ke otche wunc- tow o pimatisewin nas- picli a kimvalokwdtf Shawalotakosewuk ka jpu- Idketddchik, Ne ke iiantawapumownk pelawuk, ne ke wapu- mowuk maka, numa maka ne otche paskis- wowuk naspich ka shakotdacJiikf Tan ateyun, naspicli d kiacivaseyun 9 Have you been looking for logs ? Yes ; and I have found many large ones here and there. Your trap is very strong (metal). Yes ; a fox will not be able to break it, pro- bably. What is the behaviour of my son ? I am sorry to tell you that he is very strong- headed (stubborn). Childien should always honour the hoary- headed, for perhaps tliej" themselves will yet be- come white-headed. Absalom lost his life in consequence of having very long hair. Blessed are they who are pure hearted. I went to hunt par- tridges; I saw them, but shot none, as they were very wild. AVhat is the matter with you, you are so very angry ? THE VERB. 91 you Accidental Yehbs. These verbs indicate in j^eneral an action acci- dental or occasional, as distinguished from what is permanent and continuous. A knowledge of a good number of them should be obtained at an early stage in the study of the language. Accidental Verbs end in lew in the third person singular, indicative mood, present tense, and have this quality, that in that person the animate and in- animate terminations arc alike, although they vary in the plural and in the subjunctive mood. Many of these verbs are impersonal ; as, Wastiipulew, It lightens. Tashkipulevv, It splits. Tfipipulew, It suffices. Sekipulew, It spills. Nunikipulew, he (it) trembles. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. I tremble. Singular. 1. Ne nunikipul-in. 2. Ke nunikipul-in. 3.. An. and Inan. Nunikipul-ew. Poss. An. Nunikipul-iliwa. Nunikipul-ilew. Plural. Ne nunikipul-inan. Ke nunikipul-inanow. Ke nunikipul-inowow. Nunikipul-ewuk. Nunikipul-ewa. " Nunikipul-iliwa. Nunikipul-iliwa. „ Inan. 1. (1 and 3) 1. (1 and 2) 2. 3. An. Inan. Poss. An. Inan. >» •2 THE VERB. SuaiuNCTiVK Mood. Present Tense. (U) \ tremble. SiniTular. 1. o 3. An. Inuii. Posh. An. Nunikipnl-cyan. Nimikipnl-eyun. Nunikipnl-it. Nnnikipul-ik. Niinikipul-ilichc. a hum. Xunikipul-ilik. rinrfil. 1. (1 and 3) 1. (1 and 2) 2. 3. An. Inan. Poss. An. Nnnikipul-eyak. Nunikipul-cyuk. Nunikipiileyak. Nunikipul-itchik. Nunikipul-ike. Nunikipul-iliche. „ Inan. Nunikipul-ilike. These verbs are subject to the iterative i^article; as, Tatopulew, Ta-tatopulew, Tashkipnlew, Tash-tashkipulew, Tetipipulcw, Te-tetipipulew, It tears. It tears in diflferent places ; it tears to pieces. It splits. It splits in pieces. J t overturns. It revolves. Examples of the Accidental Verb. Naspich no wesukisin a Ice I am smarting greatly, muchoostnpulcyanf having fallen into the fire. TIIK VERD. 93 3I0; as, ffcrent irs to Naspich no ke nunesane- Hcnan a ke iiatwapulik niistikokan makwacli _ pamaBheyak, A ke kwdtipipulilik o clie- manowow ko nistapo- wuwuk, Yakwa, yakwa, net owa- shimish ; ke ka pukustu- v'dpuUny Milopulew na ketapanask ? Nawuch milopuleWy wfisu kosikwutew maka, Jesns mena kutta tnko- sliiii patema ishkwapul- ilika uskelew, Twii alekok ka tdpipuli/c ke mechimimewow ? Kistenach ne ka ti'qnpulehi- konan nekotwaso kcslii- kowa ishpish. Wo were in great danger, as the mast broke while we were sailing. A 8 their canoe turned over they were drowned. Take care, take care, my child ; you will fall into the water. Does your sledge move easily? It (he) moves along toler- ably well, but it is too heavy. Jesus will come again by- and-by,when the world shall end. How long will your food last? Probably it will suflSce us six days. reatly, ito the TEANSITIVE VERBS. Transitive Verbs are those in which the action passes on from the subject to an object; as, Ne kistalemow Kichemuneto^ I honour God ; Ne wupinan mudiepimatisewin, I cast off sin. In the above examples the verb expresses by its termination the personal pronouns *' him " and " it " respectivelj^ so that, literally translated, the sentences would be, I honour him, God : I cast off it, sin. •04 THE VKRH. We have now come to the most difliciilt part of our undertaking. The difficulty consiHts in the ex- tensive powers which tliis kind of verb possesses ; the nominative, verb, and object, and sometimes a •jjreat deal more, being embraced in a single expres- sion, while in the imperative and subjunctive moods there is no clue whatever given to the nominative or accusative case, except the verbal inflection. For instance, A saJcehuJc, that I love him ; here " I " and "him" are both comprised in the syllable hd\ sake l)eing the root of the verb. This verb has an animate and inanimate form ; as, Ne wapumoWy I t-ee him ; Ne waputmi, \ see it. It has likewise a direct and inverse form, arising from the fact that in the indicative mood the first and second persons always stand before the verb, whether they be in the nominative or accusative case ; as, Ne lisJcdlemow, I know him; Ne Jciskdlemik, me knows lie, i.e. he knows me. Transitive Verbs are of three Conjugations, agree- ing in their inanimate direct forms with the first, second, and sixth conjugations of the intransitive "verb. The first conjugation has but one verb : ilfoioao, lie eats him ; Mechew^ he eats it. The second conjugation comprises verbs of a •causative character; as, AVapew, he sees; Wapehniiy he causes him to see ; Kukatawaletum, he is wise ; Kiikdtaw('detumeli('w, ho makes him wise. Its termi- nations are — An. had ; Inan. torn. Many other verbs are of this conjugation; as, Oshehao, he makes him; Oshetow, he makes it; Sakehao, he loves him ; Saketow, he loves it ; Pahao, he waits for him ; Patow, he waits for it. Most verbs with the animate in lad are likewise of this conjugution; as Ukolai), he hangs him; THE vicnn. 05 Pushowao, Putow, Kitumwrio, Kitow, TJkotow, ho hanj:^8 it; Kichistapowulmi, ho washes him ; Kichistapowutow, he washes it. Ulao, ho places him, makes Ustow in the inanimate, he pLacos it. A fow verbs with tho animate in icdo aro of this <3onjugation ; as, ITo brings liim. Ho brings it. Ho consumes him, eats liim up. Ho consumes it, eats it up. Verbs of the third conjugation have many termi- nations, that is hitters or particles prececling the final do, for this ending is constant in all transitive verbs of whatever conjugation. These terminations follow a regular rule, and as we saw that nouns and adjective verbs have distinc- tive terminations, so it is likewise with transitive verbs. An. mad, Inan. turn, indicates that the action is performed by the eyes, nose, or mouth ; as, Wapu-mao, He sees him. „ turn, He sees it. Mela-mao, He smells him. „ tum. He smells it. Mako-mfio, He bites him. „ tum, He bites it. When mdo is preceded by die, the action of the mind is indicated ; as, Miton-ale-raao, He thinks of him. „ tum. He thinks of it. An. pwdo, Inan. stunif implies the action of the palate; as, Kochi-pwai), He tastes him. stum, He tastes it. a »» 96 THE VERB. Weki-pwao, stum, »> He likes the taste of him. He likes the taste of it. An. nddy Ino^'. WM?n, indicates the hand; as, Oti-nao, He takes him. ,, num, He takes it. Machiko-nao, He lays hold on him. „ num, He lays hold on it. An. ishJcatcw, Inan. isJiTcatum, or An. {shJcuwdo, Tnan. ishhum, indicates the action of the foot, or an adverse action ; as, Tuk-ishkatai), „ ishkatum, Nuk-ishkuwao, „ ishkum, Ukw-ashkuwao, „ ashkum. Ho kicks him. He kicks it. He meets him (walking). He meets it. He passes before him. He passes before it. An. pitdi), Inan. jpitiim, indicates the action of the arm in pulling or tying ; as, Wuluwe-pitai), He pulls him out. ,, pitum, He pulls it out. Mako-pitao, He ties him. „ pitum, He ties it. An. tmmo, Inan. turn, indicates verbs of hearing ; as. Pa-tuwau, „ tum, Nuto-tuwao, „ tum, Niseto-tuwao, „ tum, Kitemake-tuwao, tum, ») He hears him. He hears it. He listens to him. He listens to it. He understands him. He understands it. He hears him with pity. He hears it with pity. THE VERB. ^T An. noivdij, Inan. nwm, indicates a manner of seeing; as, Ishe-nowfio, He so sees him. „ nnm, He so sees it. Kitemake-nowuu, He looks on him with pity. „ num, He looks on it Avith pity. An. wdOf Inan. him, indicates an action done with force; as, He breaks him with force. He breaks it witli force. Ho beats him, -13 with a cudgel. He beats it, do. Peko-wao, „ hum, Pukumu-wao, »» hum, This joined to certain roots indicates likewise by water; as, Nuku-waii, He meets him, by water. „ hum, He meets it, do. Natu-wao, He fetches him, by water. „ hum. He fetches it, do. An. 8wdd, Inan. smwj, indicates the action of heat or fire ; as, Iskwa-swtlo, „ sum, Pa-swao, „ sum, He burns him. Ho burns it. He dries him. He dries it. An. shwdo, Inan. sJmm, indicates cutting, as with a knife; as, Mati-shwao, „ shun, Muni-shwao, shum, ?» He cuts him. He cuts it. He cuts a piece from him. He cuts a niece from it. u n THE VEUB. Slii.: An. Jcuimo, Inan. kuJium, indicates cutting with force, chopping ; as, Chi-kuwao, „ kiihuni, Keshke-kuwjlo, „ kiihum, He chops him. He chops it. He chops him off. He chops it off. In some cases a particle is inserted between 7cu and wad ; as, Kesh-ku-Zit-wao, „ ku- 5» ?» He breaks it. He breaks him, foot, or accidentally. He breaks it, do. He breaks him, by pulling. He breaks it, do. He breaks him, by burning. He breaks it, do. He breaks him, by cutting. He breaks it, do. He breaks him, by chop- ping. He breaks it, do. He breaks him, with force. He breaks it, do. THE VERB. 90 Some verbs end in An. tad and tcadj Inan. turn ; as, Pukwa-tao, He hates him. „ tum, He hates it. Wapu-tai), He sees his track. Ittao, He says to him. An. stoicdoy Inan. stum, indicates to, in front of. Ayumeha-stowai), He prays to him. „ stum, He prays to it. Otishkowekapowe-stowao, He stands before, facing him. „ stum, He stiinds before, facing it. Nowiike-stowao, He bows down to him. stum. He bows dov;r. to it. j» The dative particles are turn, or iim, and tOy the terminations being tumowdd and towdo ; the latter when the object is animate, and the former when inanimate; although this distinction is but little attended to in practice. To- tum, To-tumowao, To-towao, We-tum, We-tumowao, Pa-tow, Pa-towao, Nipa-hao, Nipa-towao, Nipa-tumowfio, Wapinum, Wapin-umowao, The vicarious stumoicdo; as, He does it. He does it for him. He does it to him. He tells it. He tells it to him. He brings it. He brings him or it to him. He kills him. „ ,, for him. He kills it for him. He casts it away. for him. »> )• particle is stum, the termination 100 THE VERB. Nipew, He dies. Nipo-stumowfio, He tlies for him. Ayumew, He speaks. Ayume-stumowao, He speaks for liim. Aynmehow, He prays. Ayumehri-stumowau, He prays for him. An. Icatdii, Inan. Jcatum, added to a noun indicates the making or changing into the noun ; as, Okimow, Okimowe-katfio, Owukan, Outiikane-katuo, Nipe, Nipe-katum, A chief. He makes him a chief. A slave. He makes him a slave. Water. He makes it water, waters it, dilutes it. To express companionship, the prefix iveche^ some- times contracted into loet or ice, with the affix mui>, is used ; as, Tushekai), He stays. Wechc-tushekri-mao, He stays with him. Upew, He sits. Wet-upe-mao He sits with him. Nipow, He sleeps. We-nipfi-mao, He sleeps with him. The student must not be alarmed by these various forms, for they influence but little the inflections of the verbs they modify ; and those inflections are marked by so beautiful a regularity, that when a verb of either conjugation is mastered, very little difficulty will be experienced in acquiring all other verbs in the language, for scarcely any can be said to be irregularly declined. THE VERB. 101 Constant Terminations of the Transitive Animate Verb, direct, for all Conjugations. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Singular. (Xom.) 1. ow. 2. ow. 3. ao. Plural. (Nom.) 1. (1 and 3) anan. 1. (1 and 2) ananow. 2. owow. 3. awuk. Singular. (Nom.) PL Ace. 1. owuk. 2. owuk. 3. uo. Plural. (Nom.) PI. Ace. 1. (1 and 3) ananuk. 1. (1 and 2) ananowuk. 2. owowuk. 3. awuk. THE FIRST CONJUGATION. Animate. Mowfio,* he eats him. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Direct. Singular. S. 1. Ne mo\v-ow, Ke mow-ow, Mow-ao, P. Ne mow-aran, Ke niow-ananow, Ke mow-owow, Mow-awuk, I eat him. Thou eatest him. He eats him. We eat him. We cat him. You eat him. They eat him. * This is eometimes pronounced Moowao, and it is Irom this that the flat vowel " mwawat " is obtained. It' the verb were simply " mowao," it would follow the general rule, and in its flat vowel form would bo " miiowat " in the third person •singular, animate form. 102 THE \'ERB. Plural. r. s. p. s. p. Ne mow-owuk, Ke mow-owuk, Mow-iio, Ne mow-ananuk, Ko mow-ananownk, Ke mow-owowuk, Mow-fiwuk, Inverse. Ne mow-ik, Ke mow-ik, Mow-iko, Ne mow-ik-onan, Ke raow-ik-onanow, Ke mow-ik-owow, Mow-iko-wuk, I eat them. Thou eatest them. He eats them. We eat. them. We eat them. You eat them. They eat him or them. Singular. He eats me. He cats thee. He is eaten by him or them. He eats us. He eats us. He eats you. They are eaten by him or them. S. Plural. Ne mow-ik-muk, They eat me. Ko mow-ik- wuk. They eat thee. Mow-iko, He is eaten by them. Ne mow-ik-onan-uk. They eat us. Ke mow-ik-onow-uk. They eat us. Ke mow-ik-owow-uk, They eat you. Mow-iko-wuk, They are eaten by him or them. "Past Tense, I ate, was eating, or did eat him. Direct. Singular. Ne mow-atl, I ate him. Ke mow-atl, Thou didst eat him.. O mow-atl, or He ate him. Mow-upun, THE VERB. 103 P. s. p. s. p. s. p. Ne mow-ata-nan, Ke mcw-ata-nanow, Ko mc w-ata-wow, O mow-ata-vvow, or Mow-apun-uk, Wo ato him. Wo ate him. You ate him. They ate him. Plural. Ne mow-atl-uk, Ke niow-atl-uk, mow-ati, or Mow-apiin, Ne mow-ata-nan-uk, Ke mow-ata-now-uk, Ke mow-ata-wow-uk, 1 mow-ata-wow, or Mow-apun-uk, Inverse. Ne mow-ik-oti, Ke mow-ik-otI, O mow-ik-oti, Ne mow-ik-ota-nan, Ke mow-ik-ota-now, Ke mow-ik-ota-wow, mow-^'k-( a-wow, I ate them. Thou didst oat them. He eat them. We ate them. We ate them. You ate them. They ato them. Singular. He ate me. He ate thee. He was eaten by him or them. He ate us. He ate us. He ate you. They are eaten by him or them. Plural. Ne mow-ik-otl-uk, They ate me. Ke mow-ik-otl-uk, They ate thee. mow-ik-otr, or He was eaten by him Mbw-ik-opun, or them. Ne mow-ik-ota-nan-uk, They ate us. Ke mow-ik-ota-now-uk, They ate us. 104 THE VERB. Ko mow-ik-ota-wow-nk, They ate you. - O mow-ik ota-wow, or They are eaten by him Mow-ik-opun-uk, or them. As all the other tenses of the indicative mood, as well as those of the optative and potential moods, are exactly like those here given, except that indeclin- able particles are prefixed to the verbal root, I shall only give the first person, direct and inverse, of each tense, remarking only that in all future tenses, where the verb in the third person governs a noun or pronoun in the third person, the particle Icutta is the prefix ; as, Kutta mowao, he will eat him ; Kutta mowikowuk, They will be eaten by him or them. Direct. Ne ke mowow, I have eaten him. Ne ke mowati, I had eaten him. Ne ka mowow, I will eat him. Ne ka ke mowati, I shall have eaten him. Ne we mowow. I wish to eat him. Ne ge mowow. I can eat him. Ne ke we mowow. I have wished to eat him. Ne ka we mowow. I shall wish to eat him. Ne ka ge mowow, I shall be able to eat him. Ne we mowati, I wished to eat him. Ne ka mowati. I should eat him. Ne ka go mowati. I could have eaten him. Ne ka ke mowati, I should have eaten him. Inverse. Ne ke mowik, He has eaten me. Ne ke mowikoti. He had eaten me. Ne ka mowik, He will eat me. Ne Ka ke mowikoti. He will have eaten me. Ne we mowik. He wishes to eat me. Nege mowik, / , He can eat me. • 1 THE VERB. 105 Ne ko Ne ka Ne ka Ne we Ne ka Ne ka Ne ka we rnowik, , we mowik, ge mowik, mowikoti, mowikoti, ge mowikoti, ke mowikoti. Ho has wished to eat me. Ho will wish to eat me. He will bo able to eat me. He wished to eat me. He should eat me. He could have eaten me. He should have eaten me. First and Second Persons. Where the first and second personal pronouns are connected, one as the subject, the other as the object of the verb, the contracted form of the second person always precedes the verb, never the first. Present Tense. Direct. Ke mow- in. Thou eatest me. Ke mow-in-owow, You eat me. Ke mow-in-an, Thou eatest us, or you eat us. Inverse. Ke mow-ittin, I eat thee. Ke mow-ittin-owow, I eat you. Ke mow-ittin-an. We eat thee or you. Past Tense. Direct. Ke mow-ittr. Thou didst eat me. Ke mow-it-owow, You did eat me. Ke mow-it-tan, Thou didst eat us, or you did eat us. Inverse. Ke mow-ittitr, I did eat thee. Ke mow-ittit-owow, I did eat j-ou. Ke mow-itti-tan, AYe did eat thee or you. ^1 106 THE VERB. Imperative Mood. Present Tense, Mow-e, Akosho l:utta mowuo, Mow-atow, Mow-ik, Akoshe kutta mowawuk. Singular. Eat thou him. Let him eat him. Let us eat him. Eat ye him. Let them eat him. riural. Mow-ik, Akoshe kutta mowfio, Mow-at-anuk, Mow-ik-ok, Akoshe kutta mowawuk. Eat thou them. Let him eat them. Let us eat them. Eat ye them. Let them eat them. Mow-akun, Mow-akak, Mow-akak, Future Tense. Singular. Eat thou him. Let us eat him. Eat ye him. Plural. Mow-akunik, Eat thou them. Mow-akwawinik, Let us eat them. Mow-akakok, Eat ye them. This future tense is but seldom used. 1 First and Second Persons. ■ ■' ' ]■'■ ' Present Tense. Mow-in, 1 Mow-inan, Mow-ik, ; 1 Eat thou me. Eat thou us. Eat ye me or us. THE VERB. 107 Mow-oknn, Mow-ek:».k, Future Tense. Eat thou me. Eat ye me. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Direct. Singular. Let me again remind the student that in this mood both pronouns, nominative and accusative, are exi)ressed by the inflection. Mow-uk, Mow-ut, Mo\v-at, Mow-uk-it, Mow-uk, Mow-uk, Mow-at-chik, or Mow-at-wow, (That) I cat him. Thou eatcst him. Ho eats him. We (1 and 3) eat him. We (1 and 2) eat him. You eat him. They eat him. Plural. I eat them. Thou eatcst them. He eats them. We (1 and 3) eat them. We (1 and 2) eat them. You eat them. They eat them. On the East Main Coast the plural runs thus — Mow-uk-ik, Mow-ut-ehik, Mow-at, Mow-uk-it-chik, Mow-uk-ik, Mow-ak-wuk, Mow-at-chik, Mow-uk-wow, Mow-ut-wow, Mow-at, Mow-uk-it- wow, Mow-uk-wow, I eat them. Thou eatest them. He eats them. We (1 and 3) eat them. We (1 and 2) eat them. 108 THE VERB. Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- Mow- fik-wow, You cat them, at-wow, 'i'hey eat liim or tliein. Inverse, Singular. He cats mc. He cats thee. He is eaten hy him. He cats us (1 and '.]). He eats us (1 and 2). He cats you. They are eaten by him or them. it. ink, ik-ot, eyumit, ittuk, ittuk, ikot-chik, or ikot-wow, inural. it-chik, isk-ik, ikot, eyumit-chik, ittuk-wuk, ittak-wuk, ikot-chik, They eat me. They eat thee. He is eaten by them. They eat us (1 and S\ They cat us (1 and 2). They eat you. They are eaten by them. it-wow, isk-wow, •ikot, eyumit-wow, ittiik-wow, ittak-wow, •ikot-wow, East Main Plural. They eat me. They eat thee. lie is eaten by them. They eat us (1 and 3). They eat us (1 and 2). They eat you. They are eaten by them. Past Tense. Direct. Singular. Mow-uk-epun, Mow-ut-epun, Mow-as-pun, I ate him. Thou didst eat him. He ate him. 11 i THK VKIUI. 100 him 2). lliem. Mow- Mow Mow Mow- Mow Mow- Mow Mow Mow- Mow- Mok- Mow Mow Mow Mow Mow Mow Mow Mow -uk-it-epun, ■uk-epiin, -fik-epiin, •awas-pun, -»•« -uk-ik-cpun, ■uk-wji-pnn, -nt-wa-pun, -as-pun, -uk-it-wa-pun, -Tik-wa-piin, fik-wa-pim, -awas-pun, Wo (1 and 3) ato him. Wo (1 and 2) ato him. You ato him. They ato him. 1 ato them. is-pun, isk-epun, •ikos-pun, eyumit-epun, -ittiik-epun, ittak-epun, -ikos-pun, Thou didst oat them. Ho ato them. Wo (1 and J J) ato them. Wo (1 and 2) ato them. You ato them. TJiey ato them. Inverse, Singular. Ho ate mo. He ate thee. He was eaten by him. Ho ate us (1 and 3). He ate us (1 and 2). Ho ate you. He was eaten by him. Plural. Mow-i t- wa-pun , Mo w-isk- wa-pun , Mow-ikos-pun, Mow-eyumit-wa-ptm, Mow-ittuk-wa-pun , Mow-ittak-wa-pun, Mow-iko-was-pun, They ate me. They ate thee. Ho is eaten by them. They ate us (1 and 3). They ate us (1 and 2). They ato you. They were eaten by them. Mow-uk-a, Mow-ut-u, Future Tense, Direct, Singular. If or when I cat him. If thou eat him. 110 THE VERB. Mow-at-a, If he eat him. • itlow-nk-it-ii, If wo (1 and 3) eat him. Mow-uk-a, If we (1 and 2) eat him. Mow-ak-wa, If yon eat him. Mow-at-wawa, If they cat him. Plural. Mow-uk-wawa, If I eat them. Mow-ut-wawa, If thon cat them. Mow-at-a, If he eat them. Mow-uk-it-wawa, If wo (1 and ;{) eat them. Mow-uk-wav\ra, If we (1 and 2) eat them. Mow-ak-wawa, If yon cat them. Mow-at-wawa, If they eat them. Inverse. Singular. Mow-it-a, If he eat me. Mow-isk-a, If he eat thee. Mow-ikot-a, If he is eaten by him. Mow-eymnit-a, If he eat ns (1 and 3). Mow-ittuk-a, If he eat us ( 1 and 2). Mow-ittak-wa, If he cat 3"ou. Mow-ikot-wawa, If they are eaten by him. riural. Mow-it-wawa, If they eat me. Mow-isk-wawa, If they eat thee. Mow-ikot-a, If he is eaten by them. Mow-eyumit-wawa, If they eat us (1 and 3\ If they eat us (1 and 2). Mow-ittuk-wawa, Mow-ittak-wawa, If they eat you. Mow-ikot-waAva, If they are eaten by them. First and Second Persons. p; ; ^ Present Tense. Direct. 1 Mow-eyun, Thou eatest me. f i Mow-eyak, i You eat me. THE VERB. Ill Mow-eyak, ; him. t him. t them. t them. Jiim. 1 3). a 2). )y him. them, md 3^ ind2' them. Thou eatest us, or you eat us. Inverse. Mow-ittan, I eat thee. Mow-ittak-wuk, I eat you. Mow-ittak, We eat thee or you. Past Teuse. Direct. Mow-eyu-pun, Thou didst eat me. Mow-eyak-epun, Thou didst eat us. Mow-eyak-epun, You did eat me. Inverse. . Mow-itta-pun, I ate thee. Mc)w-ittak-wu\-epun, I ate you. Mow-ittak-epun, We ate thee or you. Future T'onse. Direct. If thou eat me. If thou eat us. If you eat me. Inverse. If I eat thee. If I eat you. If we eat thee or you. Mow-cyun-u, Mow-eyak-a, Mow-eyuk-wa, Mow-ittan-a, Mow-ittak-wuk-fi, Mow-ittak-wfi, The perfect, phiperfect, and second future tenses are formed from those now given by adding the prefix ke ; thus, Ke mowuk, Ke niowukepun, Ke mowuka, (If) I have eaten him. (If) I had eaten him. When I shall have eaten him. Let me remind the student of the affirmative character of the subjunctive mood. 112 THE VERB. Ka mowiik, Kh ge niowuk, Ka we mowuk, Ka mowuk, Ka ke mowuk, Ka mowukepun, Ka ge mowukepun, Ka ke mowukepun, I shall eat him. I shall be able to eat him. I shall wish to eat him. I ate him. I have eaten him. I would eat him. I should be able to eat him. I had eaten or would have eaten him. Keflective Form. This is declined as an intransitive verb of the fourth con*iigat'\ :i. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Singular. Ne mow-ittison, Ke mow-ittison, 1. 2. 3. An. In an. Mow-ittiso, I eat myself. Thou eatest thy- self. He eats himself. Mow-ittiso-makun, It eats itself. Poss. An. Mow-ittisoliwa, His him eats him- self. „ Inan. Mow-ittisomakun- His it, etc. ilew, Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Ne mow-ittisonan, We eat ourselves. 1. (1 and 2) Ke mow-ittison- We eat ourselves. anow, 2. Ke mow-ittison- You eat yourselves. awow, 3. An. Mow-ittisowuk, They eat them- selves. THE VERB. 113 3. Inan. Mow-ittisoinakun- wa, Poss. An. Mow-ittisolewa, „ Inan. Mow-ittisomakun- iliwa, They eat tLem- selves. His them eat them- selves. Do. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Sinscnlar. (If) I eat myself. Thou eat th\self. 1. Mow-ittisoyan, 2. Movv-ittisoyun, 3. An. Mow-ittisot, He eat himself , Inan. Mow-ittisomakuk, It eat itself. Poss. An. Muw-ittisoliche, His him eat him- self. Inan. Mow-ittisomakun- His it, etc. ilik, Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Mow-ittisoyak, (If) we eat our- selves. We eat ourselves. You eat yourselves. They eat them- selves. Mow-ittisomakuke, They eat them- selves. Poss. An. Mow-ittisoliche, His them eat them- selves. „ Inan. Mow-ittisomakun- Do. ilike, 1. (i and 2) Mow-ittisoyuk, 2. Mow-ittisoyak, 3. An. Mow-ittisochik, Inan. V i lU THE VERB. Indeterminate Persons. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Mo w-i ttisonaiiew u n , Rel . Mow-ittisonanewunilew, People are eating tlieniselves. Do. in relation to others. Past Tense. Mow itlisonanewun-opnn, People were, etc. llol. Muw-ittisonanowunil-opun, Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. People are eatinj^ themselves. Do. in relation to others. Past Tense. Mow-ittisonanewuk-epun. People were, etc. licl. Movv-ittisonanewunelik-epun. Mow-ittii^ onanewuk, Pvel. Mow-ittisonanewunilik, Reciprocal Form. This too is of the fourth conjugation. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Ne mow-ittonan. We eat each other. 1. (1 and 2) Ke mow-ittonanow, We eat each other. 2. Ke inow-ittowuw, You eat each other. 3. An. Mow-ittowuk, They eat each other. THE VERB. 115 etc. other, other, other. 3. Inan. Mqw-ittomakunwa,They eat each other. Toss. An. Mow-ittoliwa, His them eat each other. ., Inan. Mow-ittomakun- Do. iliwa, Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Mow-ittoyak, 1. (1 and 2) Mow-ittoyuk, 2. Mow-ittoyfik, 3. An. Mow-ittochik, We eat each other. We eat each other. You eat each other. They eat each other. Inan. IVIow-ittomakuke, Do. Poss. An. Mow-ittoliche, His them eat each other. Inan. Mow-ittomakun- Do. Hike, >j Indeterminate Persona. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Mow-ittonanewun, or Mow-anewun, Rel. Mow-ittonanewunilew, or Mow-anewunilew. Past Tense. Mow-ittonanewun-opun, or Mow-anewun-opun. Kel. Mow-ittonanewunil-epun, or Mow-anewunil-epun Peoi)lo are eating each other. iir, THE VERB. Subjunctive Moop, Present Tense, People are eating each other. Mow-ittonanewTik, or Mow-anewnk, ^ Rcl. Mow-it'onanewunilik, or Mow-anewunilik. Past Tense. Mow-ittonanewTik-epun, or M o w-an e wuk-epun . T?el. Mf)W-ittonanewunilik-epiin, or Mow-anewunilik-epun. The dubitative, eiippositive, and poRsossive forms of the transitive animate will be given after the Third Conjugation. THE FIEST CONJUGATION. Inanimate. Mechew, he eats it. This is the on!}'- verb in the language in which the root of the animate differs from that of the in- animate form. Mow Mech Eoot of the animate form, inanimate »» ?» As before stated, this verb in its direct form corresponds with the first conjugation of the in- transitive verbs ; the inverse form of all transitive inanimate verbs corresponds with the fourth intransi- tive conjugation. THE VERB. 117 form |e in- sitive ran si - Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Direct, Singular. Ne mech-in, Ke mech-in, Mech-ew, I eat it. Thou eatest it. He eats it. Plural. Ne mech-inan, We (1 and 3) eat it. Ke mech-inanow, We (1 and 2) eat it. Ke mech-inowow, You eat it. Mech-ewuk, They eat it. Inverse, Singular. Ne mow-ik-on, It eats mo. Ke mow-ik-on, It eats thee. Mow-iko, It eats him. Plural. Ne mow-ik-onan, It eats us (1 and 3). Ke mow-ik-onanow, It eats us (1 and 2). Ke mow-ik-onowow, It eats you. Mow-iko-wuk, It eats them. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Direct, Mech-eyan, Mech-eyun, ^Tech-it, Mech-eyak, Mech-eyuk, Mech-eyfik, Mech-it-chik, Singular. (If) I eat it. Thou eat it. He eat it. Plural. (If) we (1 and 3) eat it We (1 and 2) eat it,, You eat it They eat ii;. I 118 THE vp:rb. Inverse. Mow-ik-oyan, Mow-ik-oyun, Mow-ik-ot, ]\Iow-ik-oyak, Mow-ik-oyuk, Mow-ik-oyak, Mow-ik-otcbik, Singular. (If) it eat nie. It eat thee. It eat him. riural. (If) it eat us (1 and 3). It eat us (1 and 2). It eat yon. It eat them. Mech-e, Akoslie kntta mechew, ]\Iech-etow, Mech-ek, Ak(jshe kntta mechewuk, Meeh-e-knn, Mech-e-kak, jMech-e-kfik, Imperative Mood. Present Tense. Eat thou it. Let him eat it. Let us eat it. Eat ye it. Let them eat it. Future. Eat thou it. Let us eat it. Eat ye it. I'ho abstract verb, He eats, Mecheso, is an in- transitive one of the fourth conjugation. No meches-on, I eat. A meches-oyan, That I eat, etc. i)i THE PASSIVE VERB. There are two forms of the Passive Verb : the fiist accidcTital, as Iskwaso, which simply declares the fact that he is burnt, and the second, Iskwatakunc- wew, he is burnt by somebody, indefinite. THE VERB. 119 m lu- fiist les Ilk The accidental is applied to a few verbs only, and those mostly in connection with fire ; as, "Wak-iso, Wak-itao, Muskow-iso, Muskow-itao, We have likewise- ]\Iakop-iso, Makop-itao, Uk-oso, Uk-otfio, ITe is bent by fire. It do. He is strenpjthened {or hardened) by tire. It is do. ITe is tied. It do. He is hnng up. It do. ; and a tew others. unc- The general passive is formed from the inverse form of the transitive animate, by ud'ling the partich^ owin to the first and second persons singular and plural; oio or alimeivew to the root of the verb for the third person singular; owuk or akanewciciik i'ur the third person plural. Passive "^^ozce. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Singular. Ne mow-ik-owin, I am eaten. Ke mow-ik-owin, Thou art eaten. Mow-ow, or He is eaten. Mow-akunewew, Mech-e»-unewun, It is eaten. Mow-aliwa, or His him is eaten. Mow-akunewiliAva, Inan. Mech-enanewun- His it is eaten, ilew, 1. 2. » I o. An. Inan. Poss. An »» 120 THE VERB. Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Nemow-ik-owin- We are eaten. an, 1. (1 and 2) Koniow-ik-owin- We are eaten. anow, 2. Kemow ik-owin- You are eaten. owow, 3. An. Mow-ow-iik, or They are eaten. Mow-ow-aknnowewnk, I nan. Mecli-enanewun- Do. wa, Poss, An. Mow-aliwa, or Ilis them are eaten. Mow-akunowiliwa, luan. Mech-enauowun- Do. iliwa, Past Tense, Singular. )) 1. 3. An. Ne mow-ik-ow-iti, I was eaten. Kemow-ik-ow-itI, Thou wast oaten. mow-ati, or He was eaten, Mow-apun, or Mo w-akiine wepun , Inan. Moch-enanowun- It was eaten. opun, Poss. An. Mow-alepun, or Plis him was eaten, Mow-akunewilepun, „ Inan. Mech-enanewun- His it was eaten, ilepun, Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Ne mow-ik-ow- We were eaten. itanan, 1. (1 and 2) Ko mow-ik-ow- Do. itananow, THE VERB. 121 2. Ke mow-ik-ow-ito- You wore eaton. WO\7, 3. An. mow-ik-ow-ito- Thoy were eaten. wow, or Mo w-apiin-uk, or M( )w-akiiriewei)unuk, Inan. Mech-enanowun- opuii-wa, Do. Puss. An. Mo\/-alepun, or His them were Mow-akunewile- eaten, pun, Inan. Mech-enanewiin- Do. i> ilepunwa, 1. 2. 3. An. Inan. Poss. An. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Singular. Mow-ik-ow-eyan, (If) I am eaten. Mow-ik-ow-eyun, 'I'lioii art eaten. Mow-it, or He is eaten. M ow-akunewit, Mecli-enaiiewuk, It is ea'en. Mow-alicho, or His him is eaten. Mow-akunewiliche, Inan. Moch-enanewun- His it is eaten, or ilik, it is eaten in le- lation to him. Plural. 1. (1 and 3) Mow-ik-ow-eyak, (If) we are eaten. 1. ( I and 2) Mow-ik-ow-eyuk, We are eaten. 2. Mow-ik-ow-eyak, You aie eaten. 3. An. Mow-it-chik, or They are eaten. Mow-akunewitchik, Inan. Mech-enanewuke, >» 122 THE VKUn. losp. An. Mow-alif'he, or IHs tliem arc eaton, IVIiAv-akmiewi- or they ai'^' eaten liclio, in relation tohim. „ Tnan. IMcch-enanewun- Do. Hike, Past Tense. Singular. 1. Mow-ik-ow-eya- (If) I wore eaten. pan, 2. Movv-ik-ow-eyu- Thou wert eaten. pnn, .'i. An. Mow-is-pnn, or TTo were eaten. Mow-aknnevvis pun, Inan. Mech-enanewuk- It were eaten, epun, Mech-enanowunoko-punfi, Poss. An. Movv-al-is-pu", or His him were eaten. Mow-akunewil-iis-pnn, ,, Tnan. Mech-enanewun- His it were eaten, elik-epun, Plural. 1.(1 and 3) Mow-ik-ow-eyak- (If) we were eatm. epun, 1. (1 and 2) Mow-ik-ow-eyuk- We were eaten. ei)im, 2. Mow-ik-ow-eyuk- You were eaten. epun, 3. An. Mow-iwas-pnn, or They were eaten. Mow-akunewewas-pun, Inan. Mecli-enanewnk-wa-pun, or Mech-enanewunowako-punfi, Pdss. An. Mow-alivvas-pun, His them were eaten. or Mow-akunewiliwas-pun, ,, Inan. Mech-enanewunilik-wa-piin, I a THE VEnn. 123 1. 2. 3. An. Future Tense. Singular. Mow-ik-ow- If or when I am eyan-u, eaten. Mu\v-ik-ovv-oyun-a. Mow-it-u, or Mow al^une■wit-^l. Jnan. Mech-enanevvuk-a. Poss. An. Mow-ilit n, or Mow-akuiiewilit-a. „ Inan. Meoh-enanewnnilik-a. Plural. 1.(1 and 3) Mow-ik-oweyak-fi. 1. (1 and 2) Movv-ik-owoyuk-fi. Mow-ik-oweyak-vvfi. Mow-it-wawa, or Mow-akunewit-wawfi. IMech-enanovvuk-wawfi. JMow-ilit-wavva, or IMow-akuTieAvilit-wawfi. Inan. Mecli-enanewunilik-wavva. An. Inan. Pons. An. THE SECOND CONJUGATIOX. rv The termination of verbs of tliis conjugation are, An. hdii and lad, with a few in wcid ; inan. tow. Animate Form. Sakehao, he loves him. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Direct. Ne sakeh-ow, Ke S'rtkeh-ow, Sakeh-ati, Singular. I love him. Thou lovest him. He loves him. 124 THE VERB. Ne sakeh-anan, Ke sakeh-ananow, Ke sakeh-owow, Sakeh-awuk, We love him. You love him. You love him. I'hey love him. Plural. Ne sakeh-ow-iik, I love them. Ko sakeh-o nk, 'i'hou lovest them. Sakeh-ao, H(^ h)ve8 them. Ne sakeh-anan-uk, We love them. Ke sakeh-ananow-uk, We love them. Ke sakeh-owow-uk, You love them. iSakeh-awuk, Inverse. Ne sakeh-ik, Ke sakeh-ik, Sakeh-iko, Ne sakeh-ik-onan, Ke wakeh-ik-onow, Ke sakeh-ik- owow, Sakeh-iko-wuk, They love them. Singular. He loves me. He loves thee. He is loved by him or them. He loves us. He loves us. He loves you. They are loved by him or them. Plural. Ne sakeh-ik- wTik, They love me. Ke sakeh-ik-v/uk, They love thee. Sakeh-iko, He is loved by them. Ne i^akeh-ik-onan-uk, They love us. Ke sakeh-ik-onow-uk, They love us. Ke sakeh-ik-owow-uk, They love you. Sakeh-iko-wuk, They are loved by hiui or them. THE VERB. 125 him or by liiin 3 m. )y him Past Tense. Direct. Singular. Ne sakeh-ati, Ke sakeh-ati, sakch-ati, or Sakeh-apun, Ne sakeh-ata-nan, Ke sakeh-ata-nanow, Ke sakeh-ata-wow, sakeh-ata-wow, or Sakeh apun-uk, I loved him. Thou lovedst him. He loved hiiu. We loved him. We loved him. Yon loved him. They loved him. Plural. I loved them. Thou lovedst them. He loved them. Ne sakeh-atf-uk, Ke sakeli-ati-uk, sakeh-atr, or Sakeh-apun, Ne sakeh-ata-nan-uk, Ke sakeh-ata-now-uk, Ke sakeh-ata-wow-uk, You loved them. O sakeh-ata-wow, or They loved them. Sakeh-apun-uk, We loved them. We loved them. Inverse. Ne rT,keh-ik-oti, Ke sakeh-ik-oti, sakeh-ik-otl, or Sakeh-ik-opun, Ne sakeh-ik-ota-nan, Ke sakeh-ik-ota-now, Singular. He loved me. Ke loved thee. He was loved by him or them. He loved us. He loved us. Ke sakeh-ik-ota-wow, He loved you. O sakeh-ik-oti, or He was loved by him or Sakeh-ik-opun, them. Plural. Ne sakeh-ik-oti-uk, They loved mo. Ke sakeh-ik-oti-uk. They loved thee. 126 THE VERB. He was loved by them. They loved us. They h)ved us. 'J'hey loved you. They AVere loved by him or them. O sakeh-ik-oti, or Sakeh-ik-opun, Ne sakeh-ik-ota-nan-uk, Ke sakeh-ik-ota-now-uk, Ke sakoh jk-ota-wow-uk, O sakeh-ik-ota-wow, or Sakeh-ik-opun-uk. First and Second Persons. Present Tense. Direet. Ke sakeh-in, Thou lovest me. Ke sakeh-in-owow, You love me. Ke sakeh-in-an, Thou lovest us, or you love us. Inverse. Ke sakeh-ittin, 1 love thee. Ke sakeh-ittin-owow, I love yon. Ke sakeh-ittin-an, We love thee or you. Past Tense. Direct. Ke sakeh-itti, Ke sakeh-it-ovvow, Ke sakeh-it-tan, Ke sakeh-ittiti, Ke sakeh ittit-owow, Ke sakeh-itti-tan. Thou Ijvedst me. You loved me. Tliou lovedst us, or you loved us. Inve )se. I loved thee. I loved you. We loved thee or you. Sakeh, Akoshe kutta sakehao, Imperative Mood. Present Tense, Singular. Love thou him. Let him love him. THE VERB. 127 Sakeh-atow, Let us love him. Sakeh-ik, Love ye hiin. Akoshekuttasakehawiik, Let them love him. Stikeh-ik, Akoshe kiitta sakehao, Sakeh-at-aimk, Sakeh-ik-ok, Plural. Love thou them. Let him love them. Let us love them. Love ye them. Akoshe kutta sakehawuk, Lot them love them. Sakeh-akun, Sakeh-akak, Sakeh-aJ'.ak, Sakeh-akunik, Sakeh-akwavvinik, Sakeh-akakok, Future Tense. Singular. Love thou him. Let us love them. Love ye him. Plural. Love thou them. Let us love them. Love ye them. Sakeh-in, Sakeh-inan, Sakeh-ik, Sakeh-ekun, Sakeh-ekak, First and Second Persons. Present Tense. Love thou me. Love thou us. Love ye me or us. Future Tense. Love thou me. Love ye me. 128 THE VERB. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Direct. Singular. Sakeh-uk, (That) I love him. Sakeh-iit, Thou love him. Sakeh-at, He love him. Sakeh-uk-it, We (1 and 3) love him. Sakeh-uk, We (1 and 2) love him. Sakeh-fik, You love him. Sakeh-atcliik, or They love him. Sakeh-at- wow, Plural. Sakeh-uk-ik, (That) I love them. Sakeh-ut-chik, Thou love them. Sakeh-at, He love them. Sakeh-uk-it-chik, We (1 and 3) love them. Sakeh-uk-ik, We (1 and 2) love them. Sakeh-ak-wuk, You love them. Sakeh-at-chik, or They love them. Sakeh-at- wow. Inverse. Singular. Sakeh-it, (That) he love me. Sakeh isk. He love thee. Sakeh-ik-ot, He is loved by him. Sakeh-eyumit, He love us (1 and 3). Sakeh-ittuk, He love us (1 and 2). Sakeh-ittak, He love you. Sakeh-ik-ot-chik, or They are loved by him Sakeh-ik-ot- wow, or them. Plural. Sakeh-it-chik, (That) they love me. Sakeh-ihk-ik, They love thee. Sakeh-ik-ot, He is loved by him. THE VERB. 129 Sakeh-eyuniit-chik, Sakeh-ittuk- vvu k, Sakeh-ittak-wiik, Sakeh-ik-ot-cliik, or Sakeh-ik-ot-wow, They love us (1 and 3). They k)ve us (1 and 2). They love you. They are loved by bim or them. Past Tense. Direct. bim Sakob- Sakeh- Sakeh- Sakeh- Sakeh- Sakeh Sakeh- ( Sakeh- \ Sakoh- Sakeh Sakeh Sakeh Sakeh- Sakeh- Sakeh- Sakeh- Sakeh- Sakeh Sakeh- Sakeh- Sakeh- Sakeh- uk-epun, ut-epun, as-pun, uk-it-epun, uk-epun, ak-epun, awas-pun. uk-ik-epun, uk-wa-puo, ut-wa-pun, as-pun, uk-it-wa-pun, uk-vva-pun, •uk-wa-pun, awas-pun, Inverse. is-pun, ■isk-epun, •ikos i>un, ■eyuniit-epun, •ittuk-epun, ittak-tpnn, •ikos-pun, Singular. I loved him. Thou lovedst him. He loved him. We (1 and 3) loved him. AVe (1 and 2) loved him. You loved him. They loved him. Plural. I loved them. Thou lovedst them. He loved them. We (1 and 3) loved them. We (1 and 2) loved them. You loved them. They loved them. Singular. He loved me. He loved thee. He was loved by him. He loved us (1 and 3). He loved us (1 and 2). ' He loved you. '. He was loved by him. K 130 THE VERB. Sakeh-itwa-pwn, ' >Sakeli-i sk - wa-pun, »Sakeh-ikos-pun, Sakeh-eyiimit-wa-pun, 8akeh-ittiik-wa-pun, Sakeh-i ttak-wa-pun, Sakeh-iko-was-pun , Sakeh-iik-a, Sakeh-ut-a, Sakeh-at-a, ►Sakeh-uk-it-a, Sakeh-uk-il, Sakeh-jik-wa, Sakeh-at-wawa, Sakeh-iik-wawJi, Sakeh-iit-wawa, Sakch-at-a, Sakeh-iik-it-wawa, iSakeh-u k-wawa, Sakeh-ak-wawa, iSakeli-at-wawa, Sakcli-it-a, Sakeh-isk-a, Sakeh-ikot-a, Sakeh-eyumit-a, Sakeh-ittuk-a, Sakeh-ittak-wa, Sakeh-i kot-wawa, Plural. They loved me.. They loved thee. He is loved l)y them. They loved us (1 and 3). They loved us (1 and 2). They loved you. They were loved by liini or them. Future Tense. Direct. Singular. If or when I love hiiii. If thou love him. If he love him. If we (1 and 3) love him. Ifwe(l and 2) love him. If you love him. If they love him. Plural. If I love them. If thou love them. If he love them. If we (1 and 3) love them. If we ( 1 and 2) love them. If you love them. If they love them. Inverse. Singular. If he love me. If he love thee. If he is loved by him. If he love us (1 and 3). If he love us (1 and 2). If he love you. If they are loved by him. u. nd3). nd 2). y liiiu liim. ^e liim. ve liim. tetliem. e them. him. id 3). id 2). liim. THE VEHB. IMural. 131 •SaVoli -i t- wawfi, Sakeh-isk-wawn, Sakeh-ikot-fi, Sakeh-eyuiiiit-wawfi, Sakeh-ittuk-wawa, »Sakeh-il tak-wawfi, ♦Sakeh-ikot-wawa, If they love me. If they love thee. If he is loved by them. [f they love us (1 and 3). If they love us (1 and 2). If they love you. If thuy tiro loved by them. Sakeh- •Sakeh- eyun, eyak, Sakeh- cyak, First and Second Persona. Present Tense. Direct. Thou lovest me. Thou lovest us, or you love us. You love us. Sakeh- Sakeh- Sakeh- Sakeh- Sakeh- Sakeh- ittan, ittak-wuk, ittak, Inverse. X love thee. I love you. AVe love thee or you. Past Tense. Direct. eyu-pun, eyak-epun, eyak-epun, Thou lovedst me. Thou lovedfet us. You loved me. Sakeh Sakeh Sakeh Sakeh Sakeh Sakeh itta-^mn, ittak-wuk-epun, •ittak-epun, Inverse. I loved thee. I loved v<'U. We loved thee or you. Future Tense. Direct. t •eyun-a, If thou love me. -evak-a, . If thou love us. •eyak-wa, , If you love us. 132 THE VERBi h i 8akeli-ittan-a, Sakeh-ittak-wiik-u, Sakeh-ittak-wu, Inverse. If I love thee, . ' ' ' If I love you. ' ' If we love thee or you. ' . 1. 2. 3. An. Inan. Reflective Form. Indicative MooD. . ' '' ..' Present Tense. Singular. Ne sakeh-itlison, I love myself. Kg sakeh-ittison, Thonlovest thyself. Sakeh-ittiso, He loves himself. '■ 8akeh-ittiso-ma- It loves itself, kun, His him loves him- self. Poss. An. Sakeh-ittiso-li- 1 1^ wa, „ Inan. Sakeh-ittiso-ma- His it loves itself, kun-ilew, Plural. ' Ne sakeh-ittiso- We (1 and 3) love nan, ourselves. 1. 2. 3. An. Inan. Ke sakeh-ittiso- Do. (1 and 2). nanow, Ke sakeh-ittiso- nawow. You love your- selves. Sakeh-ittiso wuk, They love them- selves. Sakeh-ittisoma- Do. " . kunwH, Poss. An. Sakeh-ittisoliwa, His them love them- selves. Inan. Sakeh-ittisoma- Do. kuniliwa, , -. ^>. ^ ^ 1 »» THE VERB. 133 1 » him- lovt 'our them- them 1. 2. :J. An. Inan. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense, ' Singular. , Sakeh-ittisoyan, . (If) I love myself. Sakeh-ittisoyun, Thou love thyself. Sakeh-ittisot, Ho love himself. Sakeh-ittisoma- It love itself, kuk, . Poss. An. Sakeh-ittisoliche, His him love him- self. „ Inan. Sakeh-ittisoma- His it, etc. • kunilik, Plural. 1. Sakeh-ittisoyak, Wo (1 and 3) love ourselves. 1. Sakeh-ittisoyuk, Ho. (1 and 2). 2. Sakeh-ittisoyak, You love your selves. 3. An. Sakoh-ittisochik, They love them- selves. Inan. Sakeh-ittisoma- Do. kuke, Poss. An. Sakeh-ittisoliche, His them love themselves. „ Inan. Sakeh-ittisoma- Do. kunilike, 1 r ,1 Indeterminate Persons, Indicative Mood. Present Tense, Sakeh-ittiso-nanowun, People are loving . '• 1 .* w • themselves, llel. Sakeh-ittifi >nanewunilew, Do. in relation to others. 134 THE vi:i:n. itii^: f;,."! , 'iii Past Tense. Sakcli-ittisonanewiin-opuu, People were lovin<^ tlioinselves. liel. Sakoh-ittisonuTiowiuiil-cpnn, Do. in relation to others. Subjunctive ^[ood. ; Present Tense. Sakeh-ittisonanewnk, People are loving- themselves, liel. Sakeh-itlifeonanewunilik, Do. in relation to others. Past Tense. Sakeh-ittisonanewnk-e])un, People were, etc. JRel. Sakeh-ittisonanewnnilik-epnn. J. 1. 2. 3. An. Inan. ItEciPiiocAL Eomr. Indicativk Mood. Present Tense. Plural. No sakeh-itto- We (1 and 3) lovo nan. each other. Ke sakeh - itto- Do. (1 and 2). nanow, Ke sakeh - itto- Yon love each other. nawow, Sakeh-ittowuk, They lovceach other. Do. Sakeh - ittoma kunwa, Poss. An. Sakeh-ittoliwa, His them, etc. Inan. Sakeh - ittoma- Do. kimiliwa, »» lovo 1. 1. 3. An. Inan. tiik verb. 135 Subjunctive Mooi>. Present Tense. Plural. Sakeh-ittojak, We (1 and 3) lov© each other, bakeh-ittoyuk, Wo (1 and 2) lovo each other, bakeh-ittoyuk, You love each other, bakeh-ittochik, They love each other.' bakeh - ittoma- Do. kuke, Poss.An. Sakeh-ittoliche, His them, etc. „ Inan. Sakeh - ittoma- Do. kunilike, Indeterminate Persons. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Sakch-ittonanewun, People are loving ■p 1 a 1 1 .^^ ^^ch other, iiei. oaken-ittonanewunilew. Past Tense. Sakeh-ittonanewun-opun, People were, etc. itel. oaken-ittonanewunil-epun. i Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Sakeh-i tt onan e wu k . liel. Sakeh-ittonanewunilik, Past Tense. ' I Sakeh-ittonanewuk-epun. ♦ licl. Sakeh-ittonanewunilik-epun. • ' ' 130 THE VKRI5. I!': m'' m Mil: Inanimate Form. Sakctow, ho loves it. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Direct. Sino-ular. i^e sakct-an, Ko eaket-an, feaket-ow, No saket-anan, Ke saket-ananow, Ke Baket-anowow, Saket-owuk, I lovo it or them. Thou lovest it. Ho loves it. ■J> Plural. Wo (1 and 3) love it. Wo (1 and 2) love it. You love it. They lovo it. Inverse. Singular. No gakeh-ik-on, Ke sakeli-ik-on, Sakch-iko, Ne sakeh-ik-onan, Ke sakeh-ik-onanow, Ke sakeh-ik-onawow, Sakeh-ik-owuk, It loves me, or thoy love me. It loves thee. It loves him. > Plural. It loves us (1 and 3). It loves us (1 and 2). It loves you. It loves them. • . Sake t-a van, Saket-ayun, Saket-at, Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Direct, . . . , Singular. ,> ,;f .5 .);,i.'t^^Ur . (li) I love it. Thou love it. He love it. :h^i^O ''*? THE VERU. 137 ■y, Saket-ayak, 8aket-ayuk, Saket-ayak, tSaket-a-chik, Sakeh-ik-oyan, Sakeh-ik-oyun, Sakoh-i?"-ot, Sakeh-ik-oyak, Sakeh-ik-oyuk, Sakeh-ik-oyfik, Sakeh-it-otchik, Plural. (If) we (1 and 3) love it. We (1 and 2) love it. You love it. They love it. Inverse. Singular. (If) it love mo. It love thee. • It love him. Plural. (If) it love us (1 and 3). It love us (1 and 2). It love you. It love them. Saket-a, Akoshe kutta sake tow, Saket-atow, Saket-ak, Akoslio kutta saketowuk. Imperative Mood. Present Tense. - '. Love thou it. Let him love it. Let us love it. Love ye it. Let them love it. Saketa-kun, Saketa-kak, Saketa-kak, Future. Love thou it. Let us love it. Love ye it. Indeterminate Object. An. Sakeh-ewui), < He loves. Inan. Sake-chekaii, He loves. The inanimate form of this conjugation is but little used; but from Netawekehuo, he causes him 138 THE VERB. lip I Hi. to grow; Netaweketow, he causes it to grow, we obtain Netawekicbekao, he makes a growing, ho" cultivates. Sakehewaii is an intransitive verb of the third conjugation. Sakechekao is likewise of the third conjugation. Netawekichekfio, he cultivates. iNDicATn'E Mood. . / , Present TcnHc. Singular. Ne netawekichek-an, I cultivate. Ke netawekichek-an, Thou cultivatest. Netawekichek-ao, He cultivates. Netawekichek-uina- It cultivates, kun, Poss. An. Xetawekichek-fili- 1. 2. 3. An. Inan. wa, His him culti- vatcE. „ Inan. Netawekichek-am.'i- His it c. itivates. kunilew. 1. 1. 2. 3. An. Inan. Plural. Nc netawekichek- anan, Ke netawekichek- We (1 and 3) cultivate. Do. (1 and 2\ ananow, Ke netawekicliek- You cultivate. anowow, Xetawekichek- awuk, Notawekichek- amakun-wa, Poss. An. Netawekichek-ali- wa, „ Inan. Netawekichek-ama- Do. kuniliwa, They cultivate Do. His them culti- vate. THE VERU. 131> V, we third ion. Passive Voice. Pashew-ao, Pat-ow, He brings him. He brings it. I select this verb bconnse it has a different ending from nearly all the other verbs in this conjugation, wad appearing more like one of the third than of the second, and therefore calculated to puzzle a learner ; but its terminations are quite regular. vatest^' tes. DS. culti- ivates. nd 3) 2\ ate. vate. culti- 1. 1. 1. •> An. Tnan. Poss. An Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Singular. Nc pt'ishew-ik-owin, I am brought. Ke pashevv-ik-owin, Thou art brought. Pashew-ow, or Pashew-akunevvew, He is brought. Pat-anewun, It is brought. Pushew-aliwa, or Pashew-akunewiliwa. ' . Inan. Pfit-anevvunilew. Plural. Ne pushew-ik-owin-an, "We (1 and 3) are brought. Ke pashew-ik-o\vin-anow, (1 and 2.) Ke pashew-ik-owin-awow. An. Pashew-ow-uk, or Pashew-okunewewuk. ''. Inan. Pat-anewun-wa. Poss. An. Pashew-aliwa, or . Pashew-akunewiliwa. Inan. Put-anewuniliwa. ?» 5> it 140 THE VERB. IPast Tense, Singular. 1. Ne pashew-ik-ovv-iti, I was brought. 2. Ke pashevv-ik-ow-itr. m3. An. O pashew-ati, or Pashew-afinn, or Pashew-ak u n ewe-pun . Inan. Pat-anewun-opun. Poss. An. Pashew-alepun, or Pashew-akunewil-epun. „ Inan. Pat-unewunil-epun. Plural. 1. Ne pashew-ik-ow-ita- We (1 and 3) nan, were brought. 1, Ke pashew-ik-ow-itananow, (1 and 2.) 2. Ke pashew-ik-ow-itowow. i5. An. O pashew-ik-ow, or Pashew-ajnin-uk, or Pashew-akunewe-pun-uk. Inan. Pat-anewun-opun-wa. Poss. An. Pasht'W-alepun, or Pashew-a ku n e wele-pun . „ Inan. Pat-anewuuilewapun. < 1. 2. 3. An. Inan. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Singular. Pashew-ik-ow-eyan, (If) I am brought. Pashew-ik-ow-eyun. Pashew-it, or PashfW-akunewit. Pat-anewuk. 1 1 2 * > Ei II I THE VEIllJ. 141 ought. 1. o 1. 2; •> o. Toss. An. Pashew-ilicho, or ,; , Pashew-akuriewiliclie. ,, Inan. Pat-anewunilik. Plural. Pashew-ik-cw-eyak, We (1 and 3) are brought. Pashew-ik-ow-eyuk, (1 and 2.) Piishew-i k-o w-eyu k. An. Pashew-it-chik, or Pashew-akunowit-chik. Inan. Pat-anewuk-e. Poss. An. Pashew-ilicho, or Pashew-akun( • wilichc. „ Inan. Pat-anewunilik-e. Past Tense. Singular. Pashew-ik-ow-eya- (If) I were brought. pan, Pashew-ik-ow-eya- (If) thou wert pun, brought. An. Pashew-is-pun, or Pashew-akuiiewis-pun. Inan. Pat-anewuk-epun, or Pat-anew 1 1 n< »ko-puna. Poss. An. Pa-hew-alis-pun, or Pashew-akunewilis-pun. „ Inan. Pat-anewundik-epun. Plural. Pa8hew-ik-i»w-eyak-epun, (1 and 3.) Paslic\\-ik-ow-eyuk-epun, (1 and 2.) Pashew-ik-o w-eyak-epun. An. Pashew-ewas-pun, or ^ , Pashew-akunewewas-pun. 142 THE VERB. 1. 9 3. An. Inan. Poss. An »» 3, Inan. Pilt-anewuk-wa-pun, or Pat-anewunow.iko-puna. Poss. An. Pfishew-aliwas-pun, or Paslio vv-ak un e will was-pun. „ Inan Pat-anewunilik-wa-pun. Future Tense, Singular. PasliCAv-ik-ow-oyan-a, When am 1 brought. Pashew-ik-ow-oyun-fi. Pashew-it-fi, or Pashcw-akunewit-fi. Prit-anewiik-fi. Pfishew-alit-a, or Pashew-akunewil it-fi. Inan. Pat-anowunilik-fi. Plural. Pusliow-ik-ow-ej^ak-u, When we (1 and 3) are brought. Pashew-ik-ow-eyi k-a, (1 and 2.) Paslie\v-ik-ow- ey aiv-Ava. Pashew-it-wawa, ur Pashew-akune wit-wawfi . Pat-ai lewuk-wawa. Poss. An. Pashew-ilit-wawa, or Pashew-ak une wi li t-wawa. „ Inan. Pat-anewunilik-wawa. From Sakehfio wo obtain the followinft- nouns and verbal adjectives. Sakehewawin, Sakehikovvin, or Sakehikosewin, 1. 1. 2. 3. An. Inan. Nouns. Love (bestowed). Do. (received). THE VERB. 143 Sakehittisowin, Sakehittowin, Sakehakun, Solf-lovc. Reciprocal love. A lover (a person loved). Verbal Adjpxtives. SakelieAv-Hwisew, He is loving. Sakehikosew, He is lovable. Both of these are intransitive verbs of the first conjugation, and are therefore subject to all the modifications explained in the chapter on Intransi- tive Verbs. THE THIRD COXJUGATIOX. The terminations of verbs of this conjugation are. An. lad, mad, nab, tad, and ivdi) ; Inan. ww, preceded by its distinctive letter. Those ending in lad, mad, and ndd are all regular, and arc conjugated as those of the second conjuga- tion ; the only di^arence b(ung in the inanimate divect foim, which resemhlcs an intransitive verb of the sixth, instead of the second conjugation. Wapatum, he sees it, like Italitum, he thinks. Verbs in tad change the t into sh in the first person singular inverse of the snbjunctive mood, aud the fii'fst person (1 and 3) })lural in some of tlio pei^ons of the imperative ni' od, and in the in- transitive form, or verb "svith indeterminate object. Piikwat-aci, .Pukwat-um, He hates him. Ho hates it. 144 THE VERR. Indicative Mood. No pukwat-ow, Ke pukwat-ow, Pnkwat-uo, Ne piikwat-anan, Kg pukvvat-ananow, Ke pukwat-owow, Pukwat-fiwuk, Present Tense, DirccL Singular. I hate him. Thou hatest him. He hates him. We ( 1 and 3) hate him» We (1 and 2) hate him. You hate him. They hate him. Plural. • . Ne pukwat-ow-uk, Ke pukwat-ow-uk, Pukwat-uo, Ne pukwat-anan-uk, Ke pukwat-anow-uk, Ke pukwat-owow-uk, Pukwat-awuk, I hate them. Thou hatest them. He hates them. AVe hate thtm. We hate them. Yon hate them. They hate tbem. Inverse. Singular. Ne pukwat-ik, Ke pukwat-ik, Pukwat-iko, Ne pukwat-ik-onan, Ke pukwat-ik-onow, Ke pukwat-ik-owow, Pukwat-iko-wuk, Ne pukwat-ik-wuk, Ke pukwat-ik-wuk, Pukwat-iko, Ne pukwat-ik-onan-uk, Ke pukwat-ik-onow-uk, Ke pukwat-ik-owow-uk, Pukwat-iko-wuk, He hates me. He hates thee. He is hated by him. He hates iis. He hates us. He hates you. They are hated by him. Plural. They hate me. They hate thee. He is hated by them. They hate us. ' They hate us. They hate you. They are hated by them. I ] [ I J] .yi THE VICRH. 145 hi m. mi. First and Second Persons. Present Tense. Direct. Ke pnkwfls/i-in, Ke pukwas/i-in-an. Thou hatest mc. Thou hatest us, or you hate us. You hate nie. Ke pukwas^-in-owow, Inverse. Ke pukwat-ittin, J hate thee. Ke pukwat-ittin-owow, I hate you. Ke pukwat-ittiii-an, We hate thee or you. Imperative Mood. Singuhir. PukwasA, Hate thou him. Akoshe kutta pukwatfio, Let him hate him. Pukwat-atow, Let us hate him. Pukwas7i-ik, Hate ye him. Akoshe kutta pukwat- Let them hate him. awuk, Rural. Hate thou them.. Let him hate them. Let us hate them. Hate ve them. Pukwat-ik, Akoshe kutta pukwatuu, Pukwat-at-anuk, Pukwat-ik-ok, Akoshe kutta pukwat- Let them hate them, awuk, First and Second Persons. Pukw«8/t-in, Hate thou me. Pukwas/i-inan, Plate thou us. Pukwa«/i-ik, Hate ve me or us* them. 146 THE VERB. I^:!' Jlhl It- 1,' ' J M -li -: M SuBJUNCTivi: Mood. Present Tense. Direct. Pukwat-uk, Pukwat-ut, Pukwat-at, Pukwut-uk-it, Pukwat-uk, Pukwat-uk, Pukwjit-at-chik, or Pukwat-at-wow, Singular. (That) I hate him. Thou hate him. He hate him. Wo (1 and 3) hate him. We (1 and 2) hate him. Yon hate him. They hate him. Plural. Pukwat- Pukwat- Pukwut- Pnkwat- Pukwat- Pukwat- Pukwat- Pukwat- uk-ik, ut-chik, at, uk-it-chik, uk-ik, ak-wuk, at-chik, or at-wow, (That) I hate them. Thou hate them. He hate tliem. We (1 and 3) hate them. We (1 and 2) hate them. You hate them. They hate them. m PnkwasA-it, Pukwat-isk, Pukwat-ik-ot, Pukwas/i-eynmit, Pukwat-ittuk, Pukwat-ittak, Pukwfit-ik-ot-chik, or Pukwat-ik-ot- wow, PukwasJ^-it-chik, Pukwat-isk-ik, Inverse. Singular. He hates me. He hates thee. He is liated by him. He (1 and 3) hates us. He (1 and 2) hates us. He hates you. Tliey are hated by him or them. Plural. They hate me. They hato thee. Tfli: VERB. u: Pukwat-ik-ot, Pukwas/i-eyumit-chik, Pukwat-ittuk-wnk, Pukwat-ittak-wuk, Pnkwat-ik-ot-chik, or Puk wat-i k-ot- wo w, IIo is hated l)y him nv them. They (1 and .'>) liatc us. They (1 and 2) liate ns. They hate you. Tliey are liated by him or them. Pukwas/i-eyun, PukwasZt-evuk, First and Second Persons. Present Tense. Direct. Thou hatest mo. Tliou hatest us, or you I^ukwas/i-eyfik, Pakwat-ittan, Puk wat-i ttak- wu k , Pukwat-ittak, hate us. You hate us. Inverse. I hate thee. I hate you. We ha to thee or you. liKFLECTIVE FOUM. Indicative ]Mood. Present Tense. Ne pukwat-ittison, I hate myself, etc. REciPitocAL Form. Indicative 3Iood. Present Tense. Ne pukwat-ittonan, We (1 and .*>) hate each other, etc. Indetermin VTE Object. An. PukwasZt-ewfio, He hales. Inan. Makopi(t)-chekrio, He ties u]-*. from Makopit-aii, He tics him up. Makopit-u.m, He ties it up. m 148 THE VERB. Passive Voice. An. Piikwat-ow, or I 'uk wat-akunowew, J nan. I 'ukwat-chekataii, An. Makopit-ow, or INI akopit-akunowew, ]Makopi(t)-clickatrio, Ho is hated. It is hated. Tie is tied. It is tied. Most verbs in ivdo of tliis conjugation contract the termination oioik into al- in the inverse form of the indicative mood, and in some of the persons of the imperative mood ; also the owi into a in some of the persons of the subjunctive mood. Otisljkowekapo\vestow-ao, he stands before him, i.e. facing him. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Direct. Singular. Net otishkowekapowestow-ow. Ket otishkowekapowestow-ow. Otishkowekapowestow-ao. Net otishkowekapowestow-anan. Ket otishkowekapowestow-ananow. Ket otishkowekPipowestow-owow. Otishkowekapowestow-awuk. Plural. Net otishkowekapowestow-ow-uk. Ket otishkowekapowestow-ow-uk. Otishkowekapowestow-ao. Net otishkowekapowestow-anan-uk. Ket otishkowekapowestow-anow-uk. Ket otishkowekapowestow-ovvow-uk. Otishkowekapowestow-awuk. d TllK VKKI5. HI) Inverse. Singnl.'ir. Net otishkowckapowest-ak. Ket otishkowekapowcst-ak. Otishkowekapowest-ako. Net otishkowekapowest-ak-onan. Ket otishkowckapowest-ak-onanow. Ket otishkowokapowcst-ak-owow. Otishkowekapowest-ak-owiik. Net otishkowekapowcst-ak-wuk. Ket otishkovvekapowest-ak-wuk. Otishkowekapowest-ako. Net otishkowekapowest-ak-onau-uk. Ket otishkowekapowest-ak-onow-uk. Ket otishkowekapowest-ak-owow-iik. Otishkowekapowest-ako-wiik. First and Second Persons. Present Tense. Direct. Ket otishkowekapowestow-in, Ket otishkowekapowestow-in- an, Ket otishkowekapowestow-in- Thou stanclest be- fore me. Thou stanclest be- fore US, or yon stand before ns. You stand bofoi'e owow, us. Inverse. Ket otishkowekapowest-rt/dn, Ket otishkowekapowest-a/) make him for liira. "VVo (1 and 2) make him for him. Ket oshetow-anowow, Ye make him for him. Oshetow-fiwuk, 'i'hey make him for him. Plural. Net oshetow-ow-uk, I make him for them. Ket oshetow-ow-uk, Oshetow-no, Thou makest him for them. He makes him for them. Wo (1 and 3) make him for them. We (1 and 2) make him for them. Ket obhetow-anowow-uk, You make him for them. Net oshetow-anan-uk, Ket oshetow-anovv-uk, Oshetow-uwTtk, They make him for them. Inverse, Slnj^ular. Net oshctw-ak, Ket oshetw-ak, Oshctvv-ako, Net oshetw-ak-onan, Kct oshctw-ak-onano\v, Ket oshet\v-ak-()wow, Oshetw-ako-wu. ... Net oshetvv-ak-wuk, Ket oshctw-ak-wuk. Ho makes him for me. He makes him for thee. He is made for him by him. He makes him for us (1 and 3). Ho makes him for us ( I and 2). He makes him for you. He is made for them l>y him. Plural. They make him for mo. They make him for thoo. THE VELIU. 155 liiiii. CO bim JO him him. r him. em. Im for • them, ke him ke him r them. Ill for mo. thCL'. lim hy .' lis (I r us (I you. lem liy |r mo. Dr thoo. Oshotw-ako, Not oshetw-ak-onan-uk, Ket obhotw-ak-onow-iik, Kct oshetw-ak-owow-uk, Oshctw-ako-wuk, He is made fur him Ly them. They make him for us (i and 3). They make him for us (1 ami 2). They make him for you. He is made for tliem by them. First and Second Persons. Present Tense. Direct. Ket oshetow-in, Ket oshetow-in-an, Thou makest him for me. Thou makest him for us^ or vou make him for us. Ket oshetow-in-owow, You make him for me. Inverse. Ket oshetw-attin 1 make him for thee. Ket oshetw-attin-owow, I make him for you. Ket oshetw-attin-an, We make him for thee or you. Imperative Mood. Singular. OshetOAN', Make thou him for him. Akoshe kutta oshotowaii, Let him make him for him. Oshetow-atow, Let us make him for him. Oshotow-ik, Make ye him for him. Akoslie kutta ushetowfi- Let them make him for wuk, him. 150 THE VEUB. Oshctvv-ak, Akoshc kutta oslictowao, 't)shctow-at-anuk, Oshctw-ak-ok, Akoshe kutta OKlietow fiwuk, Plural. Make thou him for them. Let him make him for them. Let us make him for them. Make ye him for them. Let them make him for them. First and Second Persons. Osbctow-in, Make thou him for me. OshctoAv-inan, 'Oehetow-ik, Oshctow-uk, •'Oshctow-ut, Oshetow-at, Oshctow-uk-it, Oshetow-uk, Oslietow-ak, Oshe tow-at-chi k , Make thou him for us. Make ye him for me or us. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Direct. Singular. (That) I make him for him. I'hou make him for him. He make him for liim. We (1 and 3) make him for him. We (1 and 2) make him for him. You make him for him. They make him for him. Plural. ' Oshetow-uk-ik, ■ Oshetow-ut-chik, Oshctow-at, (That) I make him for them. Thou make him for them. He make him tor him. THE VERB. 157 them, m for tn for licm, im for r me. r us. me or im for )r him. lim. vc him kc him him. jY him. lim for r them, him. Oshetow-uk-i t-chik, Oshctow-uk-ik, Oshetow-jik, ( )shetow-at-chik, We (1 and IJ) make him for them. "We (1 and 2) make him for them. Yon make him for them. They make him for them. Inverse. Sinjridar. ()shetow-it, Oshetw-ask, Oshetw-akot, Oshetow-eynmit, Oshetw-atuk, Oshetw-atak, Oshetw-akot-chik, Oshctow-it-chik, (Th'^t) he make him for me. lie make him for thee. He be made for him hy him.. He be made for him by ns. He be made for him by \\h. He be made for him by you. He be made for them by him. PluraL Oshetvv-ask-ik, Oshetw-akot, (That) they make him for me. They make him for thee. Ho be made for him by theni. Oshetow-eyumit-chik. They make him for us. Oshetw-atuk-wuk, They make him for us. Oshetw-atak-wuk, They make him fur you. Oshetw-akot-chik, He be made for them by them. 1st and 2nd Persons, Present Tense. Direct. Oshctow-eyun, Oshetow-ayak, Or.-ictow-eyak, (That) thou make him for me. Thou make him for us, or you make him for me. You make him for us. 158 THE VERB, 11 Inverse. Ofiliotw-attan, (That) T make him for thee. Oshetw-attak-wuk, I make him for you. Oshetw-attak, We make him for thco or you. Eeflective Form. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Singular. Jifet oshetvv-asson, I make him for myself. Ket oshctw-asson, Thou makest him for th}*- self. Oshetw-asso, He makes him for himself. Plural. Net oshetw-asson-an, We (1 and 3) make him Ket oshetw-asson-anow, Ket oshetw-asson-owoAV, Orihetw-asso-wuk, for ourselves. We (1 and 2) make him for oui selves. You make him for your- selves. They make him for them- selves. Reciprocal Form. Indicative Mood. Freaent Tense. Plural. Net oshetw-attonan, Ket oshctw-attonanow, Ket oshetw-attonowow, Oshetw-attowuk, We (1 and 3) make him for each other. We (1 and 2) make him for each other. You make him for each other. They make liim for each other. TIIK VERB. 159 [■If. Passive Voice. . Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Singular. Net oshctw-ak-oAvin, He is made for mo. Ket oshetvv-ak-owin, He is made for thee. Oshctow-ovv, or Oshetow-akuiiewew, He is made for him. Poss. 0>hetow-alivva, or Oshctow-akunewiliwa, He is made for his him. Plural. Net oshetw-ak-owin- He is made for tis (1 an, and 3). Ket oshetw-ak-owin- He is made for us (1 anow, and 2). Ket oshetw-ak-owin- He is made for you. owow, Oshetow-ow-uk, or 0-hctow-akunewew-uk. He is made for them. Poss. Oslietow-aliwa, or He is made for his Oshetow-akuncwiliwa, them. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Singular. Oshetw-ak-ow-eyan, (That) he be made for me. Oshetw-ak-ow-cyun, He be made for thee. Oshetow-it, or Oshetow-alnniewit, He be made for him. Poss. Oshetow-iliche, or Oshetow-akunewiliche, He be made for his him. Plural. Oshetw-ak-ow-eyak, (That) he be made for us (1 and 3). 100 THE VERB. Osliotw-ak-ow-eyiik, He Lo made for us (1 and 2). Oshetw-ak-ow-cyrilc, He be made for yon. Oshctow-it-chik, or Oslietow-aknnewit-chik, He be made for tbcm. Poss. Oshetow-ilichc, or Osbetow-aknnewilichc, He be made for bis them. Some verbs in trdo of this conjugation undergo no contraction, but change the i into o in the inverse inflections, making oJc and osJc instead of ik and iaJc ; as, No natuh-ok, he comes to me by water. Otamowao, he beats him. IxDicATiVE Mood. Present Tense. Direct. Singular. Net otamow-ow, I beat him, etc. Ket otamow-ow. Otamow-ao. Net otaraow-anan. Ket otamow-ananow. Ket otamow-owow. Otamow-iiwuk. Plural. Net otamow-ow-uk, Ket otamow-ow-uk. Otamow-ao. Net otamow-anan-uk. Ket otamow-anow-uk. Ket otamow-owow-uk. Otamow-awuk. I beat them, etc. THE VERB. 161 He boats me, etc. Inverse. Sin o ular. Net otaraow-ok, Ket otamow-ok. Otamow-oko. Net otaraow-ok-onan. He beats us. ' Ket otamow-ok-onow. Ket otamow-ok-owow. Otamow-oko-wuk. Plural. Net otamow-ok-wuk, They beat me, etc. Ket otamow-ok-wuk. Otamow-oko. Net otamow-ok-onan-uk. Ket otamow-ok-onow-uk. Ket otamow-ok-owow-uk. Otamow-oko-wuk. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense, Direct. Singular. Otamow-uk, (That) I beat him, etc. Otamow-ut. Otamow-at. Otamow-uk-it. Otaniow-uk. Otamow-ak. Otamow-at-chik. PiuraL Otamow-uk-ik, I beat them, etc. O tamo w-ut-chik . Otamow-at. Otamow-uk-it-chik, Otamow-uk-ik. lf)2 THE VERK. Otamow-ak-WTik. Otamow-at-cliik. Inverse. Sinscular. Otamow- Otamow- Otamow- Ofamow- Otamow- Otamow- ot, osk, okot, eyumit. •otuk. •otak. (That) ho beat mo. Ho boat thee. lie bo beaten by him. Otamow-okot-cbik. Plural. Otamow-ot-chik, (That) they boat mc, etc. Otamow-osk-ik. Otamow-okot. Otamow-cyuniit-chik. Otamow-otuk-wuk. Otamow-otak-wuk. Otamow-okot-chik. Indeter-aunate Object. An. Otamow-ewao, He strikes. Inan. Otamow-ekao. Indicative 3Iood. Passive. Singular. An. Otamow-ow, or Otamow-akunewcw, He is struck. Rel. Otaniow-iliwa, or Otamow-akunewiliwa. Inan. Otamow-ekatuo. Kel. Otamow-ekatalew. THE VERB. ic;; LO. him. i mc, etc. Plural. An. Otamow-ow-iik, or Otamow-aknnowcw-uk, They arc struck. Rcl. Otamow-aliwa, or Otamow-akuuewiliwa. Inan. Otamow-ckata-wa. Rcl. Otamow-ckatrdi-wa. Subjunctive Moon. Present Tense. Singular. An. Otamow-ot, or Otamow-akuncwit, (That) \\v he struck. Rcl. Otam()\v-olich(3, or ( )tamow-akuno wiliche. Inan. Otamow-ekatak. Rcl. Otamow-ekatfilik. Plural. An. Rcl. Otamow-ot-chik, or Otamow-akunewit-chik, (That) they he struck. Otamow-olichc, or Otamow-akunewilicho. Inan. Otamow-ekatako. Rel. Otamow-ckatalike. I have not yet given the Flat- Vowel form of either f the Transitive Conjugations, hut it must he remem- bered that it is constantly used, and that every tense in the subjunctive mood is subject to the change, which occasionally alters the pronunciation con- siderably, although only the first syllable of tlic word is affected by it. <> 1(34 THE VEIin. Hero follow tho Flat- Vowel cliangcH of the vurl)s Mowuo, ho oiits him ; Otamowfu), ho beats him ; and Wapumao, ho sees him. Mwaw-iik, Mwaw-ut, Mwa\v-at, Mwaw-iik-it, Mwaw-iik, Mwaw-ak, Mwaw-at-ohik, I ate him. Thou dielHt oat him. Jfo at(^ him. Wo (1 and .'!) ato him. Wo (1 and 2) ato him. You ato liim. They ato him. Wiitamow-ot, Watamow-osk» Watamow-okot, AVatamow-oyumit, W at amb w-otu k , Watamow-otak, Watamow-okot-chik, ( )tamow-a(), ho beats him. Inverse. Ho beat me. Ho beat thee. Ho was boatoii by him. He beat iis (1 and o). He beat iis ( I and 2). He beat yon. Thoy were boatou by him. Wejipum-uk, Wciipnm-ut, Woiipum-at. W^eiipum-nk-it, Woiipum-nk, Weiipum-ak, Weapum-at-chik, Weiipum-uk-ik, Woiipum-ut-chik, AVeiipum-at, WapumfAu, ho sees him. Direct. Singular. I saw him. Thou sawost him. Ho saw him. Wo (1 and 3) saw him. Wo (1 and 2) saw him. You saw him. They saw him. Plural. I saw them. Thou sawest them. He saw them. vorljs him ; [in. liiin. 2). )Y him. THE VKUB. lOo Wcilpiim-uk-it-cliik, We (1 ami a) saw them. \Veili)iim-iik-ik, AVo (1 and 2) saw them. Weilpum-rik-Av uk , You saw tlicm. AVciipiim-at-cliik, TJioy saw tlicm. Inverse. Singular. Woiipnm-it, ]Te saw me. Wcilpuni-isk, Ifo Haw thee. Weilpinn-ikct, Ho was seen hy liim. Weiipum-eyuiuit, lie saw us (1 and 3). Weiipiim-ittnk, Tie saw us (1 and 2). Wejlpniii-ittak, Mo saw you. VVeiipum-ikot-ch i k, They were seen by him. Pbival. Wejlpinii-it-cliik, They saw me. VVcJlpuiii-isk-ik, Tliey saw thee. Weii|iiiiu-ikot, lie was seen by them. Weiipiim-cyiimlt-chik, They saw us (1 and o). Weiipum-ittuk-wiik, They saw us (1 and 2). Weilpum-ittuk-wnk, Tliey saw you. "VVoiipum-ikot-chik, They were seen by them him. him. SUPrOSITIVE, DIJBITATIVE, ktc. We have now come to forms of the Intransitive Verb which will require much attention and severe application, as the terminations of most of them are much more difficult to leraember tlian tlic^se we liave hitherto had to deal with. Tin: SupposiTivE. This is not much used in the Transitive. Its sign, as stated in the chapter on Intransitive Verbs, is atoJcd, etoh'tj or otokd. io(; TllK VKKI5. Jndicativk Mood. Present Tense Direct. Ne wapiiiii-ow-atoka, I see hiin, I suppose, etc. This is generally contracted into Xe wapum-atoka. Kc wapuiji-atoku. Wapuni-utoka. No Avapum-anan-i« toka. Ke \vapum-anan-atf)kri. Ko wapiiin-ow-atoka, AVapum-utoka-nuk. iUinal. Xe wapum-atoka-imk. I see them, I suppose, etc. Kc wapum-atoka-nuk. Wapuiu-atoka. No Avapuiii-anan-atoka-nuk. Jvo Avapuni-anan-atolu-nuk. Ko wapnm-ow-atoka-nuk. AVapum-atoka-iiuk. Invcrsr. Singular. Nc vvapuiu-ik-otoka, ITc sees me, I suppose, etc. Kc w.'ipuni-ik-otoka. AVapum-ik-otoka. No wapuni-ik-onan-otoka. Kc wapum-ik-onan-otokil . Ko wapuni-ik-ow-atokn. AVapuni-ik-otoka-nuk. Phiral. No wapum-ik-otoka-nu k, Tliey sec me, i suppose,etc. Ke wapum-ik-otoka-nuk. AVapum-ik-oroka. SI i iJ/f"- TJIK VKUB. 167 '• \i LO* se, etc. )8e, etc. ose,ctc. No wapmn-ik-oii;in-otokri-Muk. Ke wapum-ik-onan-otokfi-nuk. Ko wapiini-ik-ow-atoku-niik. Wapum-ik-otoka-rmk. Past Tense. Direct. Singular. Nc wapum-akopun^ I saw him, I suppose, etc. Ko wapum-akopun. Wapuin-akopun. Nc wapuin-anan-akopun , Ko wapuni-aiian-akopun. Ko wapum-ow-akopun. Wapum-aw-akopun. Plural. No wapum-akopun-uk, I saw them, I suppose, etc. Ke wapum-akopun-uk. Wapum-akopun. No wapum-anan-akopun-uk. Ko wapnm-anan-akopun-uk. Ko wapum-ow-akopun-uk. Wapum-aw-akopun. Inverse. Singular. No wapum-ik-okopu , lie saw me, I suppose, etc. Ko wapum-ik-okupun. Wapum-ik-okopun. Nc -'apum-ik-onan-akopun. Ke wapum-ik-onan-akopun. Ko wapum-ik-ow-akopun. Wapum-ik-ow-akopun. 1 iural. No wapura-ik-okopun-uk. Ko \.apum-ik-okopun-uk. 108 THE VERR. Wapuiii-ik-okopun-uk. Ne wapiim-ik-onan-akopun-uk. Ke wapnm-ik-onan-akopun-uk. Ke wapum-ik-ow-akopiin-uk. Wapum-ik-ow-akopun. All the other tenses of the indicative and potential moods are formed from those two, according to the rules already given. Inanimate Form. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Direct. Ne wapnt-an-atoka, I see it or them, I suppose,etc. Ke waput-an-atoka. Waput-um-otoka. Ne waput-anan-atoku. " Ke waput-anan-atoka. Ke waput-anow-atoka. Waput-um-otoka-nuk. Inverse. Ne wapum-ik-on-atoka, It sees me, I suppose, etc. Ke wapum-ik-on-atoka. Wapum-ik-otoka. Ne wapum-ik-onan-atoka. Ke wapum-ik-onan-atoka. Ke wapum-ik-onow-atoka. Wapum-ik-otoka-nuk. Past Tense. Direct. Ne waput-an-akopur I sa-w it, I suppose, etc. Ke waput-an-akopun Waput-um-okopun. Ne waput-anan-akopun. 'JHK Vi:ilB. 1()9 Kc wapnt-finan-akopun. Ke waput-anow-akopun. VVaput-umow-akopiin. Inverse. Ne wapum-ik-on-akopim, It saw me, I suppose, etc. Ke wapum-ik-on-akoj)un. Wiipum-ik-okopun . Ne wapum-ik-onan-akopnn. Ke wapum-ik-onan-akopun. Ke wapum-ik-onow-akopun. Wapum-ik-ow-akopun. The Dui3Itative. The Dubitative Animate is formed from the sub- junctive generally, by the insertion of the particle mo after the root of the verb, together with a change in the terminations. I give the flat-vowel form, which, in the dubitative, expresses indefinite time; as, If he love me. As stated when the Intransitive Verb was under review, when either of the particles /•a, Jce, or lea precedes the verb, the flat- vowel form is not used. Dubitative Mood. Indefinite Time. Direct, Singular. Weapum-ow-uk-a, Weapum-ow-ut-fi. Weiipum-ow-at-a, or Weapum-ak- w a . Wejipum-ow-uk-it-a. Weapum-ow-uk-a. WeJlpum-ow-ak-wa. AVeiipum-ov^^-at-wawa, AVeJipum-ak-wawa. If or whether I see him, etc. or 170 THE V^ERIJ. Plural. Weupum-ow-uk-wawa, If or whetlier I see them, etc. Weapum-ow-nt- \va wa . Weiipum-ow- at-a. Weapum-ow-uk-it-waAvu . Weiipuiii-ow-uk-wawa. Weapum-ow-ak-wa\va. Weiipum-uw-at-wawa. Another Plural. Weiipum-ow-uk-anik, If or whether I see them, etc. Weiipum-ow-iit-anik. Wejipum-ak-wa. Weiipum-ow-uk-it-anik. V/eiipum-ow-uk-wanik. Weiipum-OAv-ak-waiiik. Weiipuni-uw-wak-wa. Another form of this tense in frequent use is the following : — Singular, Weapum-uk-e. Weapum-ut-che. Weiipum-at-cho. Weai)um-uk-it-clie. Weiipum-uk-e. Weiipum-ak-o. Weiipum-a t-wawa . • Weiipum -uk-wawji . Weapum-ut-wawa. Weapum-at-che. Weiipuni-uk-it-wawa. Weiipum-ak-wawfi , AVeiipum-at-wawa. Plural. M 'h THE VERB. 17H Inverse. Singular. WeiipTim-ik-wa, Weupum-isk-wd. Weiipum-ik-okwri. Weiipum-eyumit-ri. Weiipuni-ittnk-\va. Weiipum-ittak-wa. Weiipum-ik-owakwa. If or whether he see me, etc. Plural. If orwhether they see me, etc. Weiipum-i t- wawa , Weiipum-ik-wawa. Weiipuin-isk-wawa. Weiipum-ik-okwa. Weiipum-eyumit-wawa. Weiipum-ittuk-wawa. Weiipum-ittak-wawa. Weiipum-ik-owakwa. Past Tense. Direct. Singular. Weapum-ow-uk-epuna, If or whether I saw or liacL seen him, etc. Weiipum-o w-ut-epuna . Weiipum-ak-opuna. Weiipum-ow-uk-it-epuna. Weapum-o w-uk-opu ij a. Weapum-ow-ak-opuna. Weiipum-ow-ak-opuna. Plural. Weiipum-ow-uk-epuna-nik. Weiipum-ow-ut-epuna-nik. Weiipum-ak-opuna. Wetlpum-ow-uk-it-epuna-nik. .172 '} THE VEIIU. Wejlpum Weiipum- "VVeiipiim- Weilpum- Wctipum- Weiipum- Wejipum- WeJipum- Weiipum- Weapum- Wetipum- Weiipum Weiipum AVeiipum Weiipum Weiipum Weiipum ow-uk-opunu-nik. ow-ak-opuna-nik. ow-ak-opuna. Inverse. iSIni>ular. it-epuna. isk-epuuii. ik-okopuna. eyumit-epunfi. ittuk-epuna. ittak-epuna. ik-ow-ak-0]^uiia. riural. •ik-wapuufi. ■isk-epuna-nik. -ik-okopuna. ■eyumit-epuna-nik. ■ittuk-epuna-nik. ■ittak-epun a-nik . -ik-ow-ak-opunri. First and Second Persons. Indefinite Time. Direct. Weiipum Weiipum Weiipum Weiipum Weiipum Weiipum ■cwuna, •eyak-wa, •ewak-wa. If or whether thou sec inc. thou see us. 5' »» »» Inverse. I see thee. I see you. We see thee or you. Past Tense. Direct. Weiipum-ewupuna, Thou sawest me. Weiipum-e-ak-wu, Thou sawest iis. Weiipum-ewak-cpuna, You saw us. you sec us. -ittan-e, ittak-wawa, ittak-wa, TIIK VEKi;. Inverse. Weiipuiu-itta-panri, I saw thee. Weiipum-ittuk-wu-pnnri, T saw you. WeiipuiM-ittak-opuiia, AVo saw thee or yon. The Dnhitativc Inanunatc. Tliis, in its direct form, has the same terminations as th(5 intransitive verb Nipow, he sleeps ; but as Wapatuui resembles an intransitive verb, not of the second conjugation, which Nipow is, but of the sixth,. I give the tense for Indeiinite Time. Direct. Singular. AVeJiput-um-ow-an-a. If I see it, etc. AVeaput-um-ow-un-a. AVeiiput-um-ak-wa. I'lural. AV^eJiput-um-o w-ak-wa . AVeiiput-um-ow-uk-wa. AVeiiput-u in -0 w-ak-Ava . AVeiiput-um-ow-ak-wa. Inverse. Singular. AVeilpum-ik-ow-an-a, If it see me, etc. AVeiipum-ik-ow-un-a. AVeiipum-ik ok-wa. Plural. AVcJipum-ik-ow-ak-wa. AVeapum-ik-ow-uk-wa. AVeiipum-ik-ow-ak-wa. AVeiipum-ik-ow-ak-wa. Observe that the terminations correspond witlr those of the preceding tense ; the inverse form of all inanimate transitive verbs, as already stated, 174 THE VERB. resembling an intransitive verb of the fourth con- jugation. Passive Voice. Ne wapum-ik-ow-in, I am seen. DUIHTATIVE. Indrjinite Time. Singular. Weiipum-ik-ow-ew-an-a, If I am seen. Weiipum-ik-ovv-ew-un-a. An. Weapum-ik-wa, or WeJipum-akunewik-wa. Jnau. Weapu-chikatak-wa. Poss. An. Weapum-il-ik-wii, or Wejipum-akuncw-il-ik-wa. „ Inan. Wciipu-chikat-ril-ik-wa. Plural. Weapum-ik-ow-ew-ak-wa. Weiipum-ik-ow-e w-uk-wa . ' Weapum-ik-ow-ew-ak-wa. An. Weiipum-ik-wa-wa, cr Weiipum-akunewik-wa-wa. Inan. Weiipu-chikatak-wa-wa. Poss. An. Wejipum-il-ik-wa-wa, or Weiipum-akunew-il-ik-wa-wa. „ Inan. Weiipu-chikat-al-ik-wa-wa. Past Tense, Singular. Weapum-ik-ow-cw-apan-a. Weapum-ik-ow-ew-j«pun-a. An. Weiipum-ik-opun-a, or Weilpu m-aku lie wi k-opun-fi. Inan. Weiipu-chikatak-epun-a. THK vi:un. 175 Poss. An. "Weapiira-il-ik-opiin-a, or WeJipura-akunew-il-ik-opun-H. „ Inan. Weiipu-chikat-al-ik-opuu-a. Plural. Weapum-ik-ow-cw-ak-opiin-a. Weapum-ik-ow-cw-iik-oi)un-a. Weapuni-ik-ow-ew-ak-opun-a. An. Wciipum-ik-ow-akopun-a, or Weapiim-aknnewovv-akopun-a. Inan. Weapn-cliik-ataw-akopuii-a. Poss. An. Weapnm-il-ik-w-apun-fi, or Weapiim-akiinew-il-ik-w-apnn-a. „ Inan. Weilpu-cliikat-ril-ik-wak-opiin-fi. Tup: Transitive Possessive. In treating of the Intransitive Verb, one section referred to the Possessive of tlie intransitive; as, His son, their daughters, etc., in which we saw that when a second third person, ITis him = that man's him, that man's son, came in a sentence, the verb assumed a relative form, by tho introduction of the relative particle ileio or ilitva^ examples of which have been given in every tense of the Intransitive Verb contained in this work. Another section treated of the Relative of the intransitive ; as, I sleep in relation to him, I walk in relation to him, etc. ; Ne nipan, I sleep ; Ne nip-ow-an, I sleep in relation to him. We now go a step farther, and sec tho same principles carried out with respect to the Transitive Verb. 1. The Possessive Object, his Mm, his it, gives its own proper inflection to the verb, either as subject or object of it ; as, Ne sakeh-im-owa, I love his him ; Ne sakeh-ik-oliwa, his him loves me. 2. The Eelative ov accessory properties of the 170 THE VKllJ;. transitive arc greater tlian those of the intransitive, inasmuch as a verb in tlu^ relative case may govern a noun in the accusative ; as, Mfilotvvat ililow sakehao unohe ka sakehaliche ICichemimvtowa. o. The Possessive Animate, direct, is formed by the insertion of the possessive particle im after tht^ root of the verb, and the addition of the particle a to the terminations of the first and second persons.. For some of the persons the im. may be omitted, and the relative particle aliii-a joined to the root^ to form the whole person. The inverse is formed by adding oliica to the inverse verbal inflection. 4. In the Inanimate form, the terminations, both direct and inverse, are the same as those given with the intransitive verb, Nipow. 5. The Singular and Plural are alike ; as, Ne wa- pumimowa, I see his him or his tliein. Transitive Possessive. Animate. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Direct. No wapum-im-ow-a, or Ne wapum-aliwa, Ke wapum-im-ow-a, or Ke wapum-aliwa. Wapum-im-ao, or Wapum-aliwa, or Wapum-im-aliwa, Ne wapum-im-anan-a, Ke waj)um-im-anow-a. Ke wapum-im-owow-a. Wapum-im-awuk, or Wapum-aliwa, or Wapum-im-rdiwa. I sec his him or his them. Ho sees his him, or his him sees him or his him. . We sec his him. TilE YKKB. 177 litivc, overn ililow jd by 3r tht^ iclo « irsons.. litted, ) root^ icd l)V 5, both 1 witb ; them. or his is him. Xo wapuin-ik-oliwa, Ke wapum-ik-(»liwa. AVapum-ik-< )liwa. Ne wapuin-ik-onan-ana. Kc wapiim-ik-onaiiow-a. Kc wapiim-ik-owow-owa. Wapum-ik-(jliwa. Past Inverse. ]Iis him sees me, etc. No wapum-im-atr, or \e wapiim-alitr, Ke wapuiu-im-ati, or Ke wapiim-alitr. < ) wapum-im-atr, or VVapum-im-upTin, or WapTim-ahkwow. O wapum-im-ata-wow, or O wapum-alit-owow, or Wapum-im-upun-uk, or Wapum-iTle-wa-kopun. Inverse. Tense. Direct. I saw his liiiii or them, etc. AVe saw his liim. Ne wapum-ik-ol-itr, Ke wapcim-ik-ol-itr. O wapum-ik-ol-itr, or Wapum-ik-ol-epun, or Wapum-ik-ol-ik-opun. Ne wapum-ik-ol-it-auau Ke wapum-ik-ol-it-ananow His him saw mo, etc. K IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I £ 1^ 112.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1'-* ■• 6" — ► V] <^ /a 'el ^3 O >> 7 /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '^ m'": 17S THE VERB. Kc wapum-ik-ol-it-owow. O wapum-ik-ol-it-owow, or "Wapum-ik-ol-ik-opun. Laipeuativk Mood. Present Tense. Singular. Wapum-iin, Akoshe kutta wapiim- im-fio, AVapuiii-ii ii-a tow, Wapuiu-ini-ik, Akoshe kutta wapiiiu- im-fiwuk, Sco thou his him or them-. Let him sec his him. Let us sec his him. Sec ye his him. iiCt them see his hinw , ' Wapum-i ni-ak un , Wapum-i m -ak a k , Wapum-ini-akak, Future Tense. Sec thou his him. Let us see his hiuu See yc his liim. "Wapum-im-uk, Wapum-im-ut. Wapum-im-at, or Wapum-alicho or -im-alich •. Wapum-im-ukit. Wapum-im-uk. Wapum-im-ak. Wapum-im-at-chik, or Wapum-aliche or -im-alicho. SuBJUxcTivK Mood. Fresent Tense. Direct. Singular. (That) I see his him, etc^ THE VEU.B. 179 them- n. . » LlllU im, etc- Inv^.se. Wapum-il-i(t)clio, (That) his him sees mc, etc. Wapum-il-isk. AVapum-ik-olichc. ' Wapiim-il-oyniiiit. Wapum-il-ittuk. ' . Wapum-il-i t tak . Wapum-ik-olicb". ... Past Tense. Direct. Wapum-im-uk-epun, (That) I saw his him, etc. Wapum-im-ut-epun . Wapiim-im-as-pun, ar Wapum-ali-kopunri or -im-ali-kopiiiia. Wapum-im-ukit-epiin. Waiium-im-uk-epun. Wapum-im-uk-opun. * ; . Wapum-im-aw-as-puu, or * Wapiini-ali-wa-koi)unjT or -im-ali-wa-kopuiia. Inverse, '. AVapura-il-it-epun, (That) his him saw me, etc. Wapum-il-i sk-epii n . Wapum-ik-ol-is-piin, or Wapiim-il-ikopunr» . Wapum-il-eyumit-ciiun, Wapum-il-ittuk-epun. Wapum-il-ittak-epuii. Wapiini-ik-ol-iwas-puii, or * AVapum-il-iwa-kopuna . Inanimate. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Direct. Ne waput-um-wan, I see his it, etc. Ke waput-um-wan. 180 THE VERB. 'ili Waput-uin-wru), or "Waput-um-iliwa. Ne waput-um-wan-an. Ke waput-um-wan-anow. Ko "waput-um-wan-owow. Waput-um-wa-wuk, or Waput- am-iliwa. Inverse. Ne wapum-ik-owan, His it sees me, etc. Ke wapum-ik-owan. "Wapum-ik-owai), or Wapum-ik-oliwa. Ne wapum-ik-owan-an. Ke wapum-ik-owan-anow. Ke wapum-ik-owan-owow, Wapum-ik-owa-wuk, or Wapum-ik-oliwa. Past Tense, Direct. Ne waput-um-wa-tr, I saw his it, etc. Ke waput-um-wa-tl. O waput-um-wa-tl, or Waput-um-il-epun or -il-ikopun. Ne waput-um-wa-ta-nan. Ke waput-um-wa-ta-nanow, Ke waput-um-wa-ta-wow. O waput-um-wa-ta-wow, or Waput-um-il-epun-uk or -il-iwa-kopun. Inverse. Ne wapum-ik-owa-tr. His it saw mc, etc. Ke wapum-ik-owa-tl. O wapum-ik-owa-tl, or Wapum-ik-ol-ikopun. Ne wapum-ik-ow-it-anan. Ke wapum-ik-ow-it-ananow. THE VERB. 181 etc. Ko waimm-ik-ow-it-owow. O wapum-ik-ow-it-owow, w Wapum-ik-ol-iwakopun. liiPKRATivE Mood. Present Tense, See thou his it. Wapiitum-ow, Akoshe kutta wapiitum- wuo, Waputum-wa-tow, Waputum-wak, Akoshe kutta waputnm- wu-Avuk, i ; ' Future Tense, ; » *; ; - Waputum-ow-akun, See thou his it. Waputum-ow-akak, ; ^ Let us see his it. Waputuin-ow-akak, See ye his it. Let him see his it. Let us see his it. See ye his it. Let them sec his it. X •■;> :f'J SraiUNCTivE Mood. Present Tense, Direct, Waput-um-wuk, ' ' (That) I see his it, etc. Waput-um-wut. Waput-um-wat, or ' Waput-um-iliche. Waput-um-wuk-it. , Waput-um-wak. Waput-um-wat-chik, or Waput-um-iliche. Inverse. . M.«-/ ;;. , l"! Wapum-ik-OAv-uk, Wapum-ik-ow-ut. Wapum-ik-ow-at, or Wapum-ik-oliwa. His it sees me, etc. 182 TJIE VERB. III. Wapum-ik-ow-uld t . Wapum-ik-ow-uk. Wapum-ik-ow-ak. Wapura-ik-ow-at-chik, or Wapum-ik-oliche. Past Tense. Direct. Waput-uni- wuk-epun . Waput-um-wut-epun. ' ^ "VVaput-um-wat-epun, or " ' ' Waput-um-il-it-epun or -il-ikoimn-a. Waput-um-wuk-it-epun. AVapu t-um- wuk-epun . Waput-um-wak-epun. i Waput-um-ilit-wa-pun or -il-iko-wa-kopunfu The Dubitative is formed from those tenses in the same manner as in the principal verb, Wapunifio, he sees him. The Transitive Simulative. The terminations of this verb are the same as those of the intransitive simuhitive ; it is, indeed, conjugated throughout in its direct form as an intransitive verb. No wapum-ow, Ne wapum-a-kason, AVaputum, Xe waputum-o-kason, I see him. I i)retend to see him. ] le sees it. I pretend to see it. This has no inverse form, and tlie defect is remedied by the use of the verb itwaso^ he pretends ; as, Ne wapumik itwaso, he sees me, he pretends ; he pretends to see me. THE VERB. 1K3 ;- t. 3 in the ipumao, same as indeed, 1 as an liim. it. " ■ lefect is retends ; jnds; ho Indicative 3Lm)I). Present Tense. Direrf. Sinmilar. Xe wapum-a-kason, Ke wapuni-a-kason, Wapiim-a-kaso. I ])rctt'nd to sec liiui. Tlioii prcteiulest to ».« liiiu. rinr.il. No wapum-a-kason-an. Ke wapum-a-kason-anoAv. Ko wapuni-a-kason-uwuw. Wapum-a-kaso-wuk. Iiirersc. Singular. Tse wapiim-ik itwaso, Ke wapum-ik itwaso. Wapum-iko-twdso. He pretends to see mc. Plnral. No waimni-ik-onan itwaso. Ke wapuni-ik-onow itwaso, Ko wapum-ik-owow itwaso. Wapum-ik-ownk itwaso. Kkdui'J.icatjox. Many transitive vcrhs take the licdiiiOicatlon, which generally greatly intensifies the action ; as, Otinau, ho takes him, Oti-ti-nfu"), he seizes him; NntomfKi, ho calls him, Nu-na-tomri<», lie calls on him, as on God ; Nntuwapumuii, ho goes to see him, Na-nu-tuwapnma(i, he goes to seek him. ^'^ 18^ THE VEiin. Manner and Place, Tho partitlo Uho or // (or i before verbs beginning with t) is used to donotc manner and place ; as. \o totuwow, Xet itotnwow, . Olushnwat'iti, rtushowatjHi, Kitotnlu'ni, Itotuhfui, KichetiHlmwrei, Ishitislmwa!. Tliere are n<> transitive Diminntivos, but some verbs are made to t^ike tho diminutive form in speaking to a cliihl, or wlien one is asked for a small favour ; as, Ke nutawalemittin kitche sakeh-iWi-eyun, I wish you to love me a little; Ko nutotumattin kitche minah-M/i-oyun, I l)cseech you to give me a little (h'inl., meaning a small quantity of tea, etc. II Kvanqjles of the Transitive Verb. Indujativi: 3looi>. IVn'ort and Inverse. . '■• Xe nanutatvapnmouuk net I seek my children. owashimishuk. Ne lea nspnlemototnivow T will trust in God as lon^ Kichemuneto ishpihh as I live. ka pimatiseyan, Ne ha nanntmrfdemihcnl\, They shall seek me, but nnmawela maka ne la they shall not find me. miftl.a/.inik. THE VERB. 185 ;inuing I. him. re. re. it BOUM) form ill • a Hinall i«/t-eyiii>, tumttttiu vo luo a etc. Ke ke wapumoic na iiota wo ? Fituma peko ne icapumatl waskuchf unochoka ma- ka numawela ne otche wapumow, Mechatwow he pdtmcdpnn pauinoshe tapwfttutcat^ Kg ntaetotahouk na ililo- wuk a ayumt'hutchik? Aa ; mitonu ne nisetotaJc- wiik, Kwlusk na kc tipuhuma- kmoowuk VVamistikoslio- _ wuk a aputisoyak ? Aa ; kwiiisk ne ttpuhnmu' konanuk a apiitiseyak, Hast thouHoen my father? Fur a very short timo only I saw him long since, but lately I havo not seen him. Ho had heard him fre- quently before ho paid attention to him. Do the Indians under- stand you when you speak to them ? Yes ; they understand mo thoroughly. '.; Do the Englishmen pay you fairly for your work ? Yes; they pay us fairly for our work. In both these sentences the intransitive verb might have been put in the relative case, to express working relatively to them — a aputisewdk and a aputi- sewuk'it. vn. >d aK lonjA" luo, but finei me. Kayapuch na ke ka tceche- tuahekamik ketanis a onapamit ? Fay uk wow Ti pipoonilik ne ka wechetushekdmiky ako maka pakan ka tushekat, Ke pdtotcin na, nekosis ? Aa, naka, ke pdtatiin ; wopuch maka ke ku pache natittin. Will youi laughter still live with you (now) she is married ? She will live with mo for ono winter, and will then dwell apart. Dost thou hear me, my son? Yes, mother, I hear thee, and will soon como to thuo. 18G THE VERB. Miscwfi atuseyuk iiuspicli All of you I greatly lovo, he aakehiUinoicoWy ka and what is good I will milwashik maka he ka teach you. kishinohumattinmcotOf Ke ka peshicJiehiuowmo ua AVill you all jmy attcu- _ misewa atuseyak? tion to me? Aa ; naspich ke ka penlii- Yes ; W(.' will pay groat attention to you, and will never disobey you. By-and-l)y, at the last day, you will stand before Jesus the Judge. chehittinany numawes- katnusht^i ke ka anmit- aitinan^ Patenia macbich keshi- kaka ke ka otishkoweka- potccatowmo Jesus TiT- paskonckat, Jesus ke Kicheokemame- Jesus, our Lord, died for now ke ke neposUimako- us. now. Imperative 3I(X)1). WastdnnmoxBinany O Tapu- Enlighten i.s, Lord. lechikayun, Keshawatotowiiiy O ne Te- Show kindness to me, O palechikani, my Lord. Net owashimishetok, pe- My children, i)ay atten- slik'hehikok ke kiskino- tion to your teachers. humakfimewowuk, Kitewakfilimikok ka kite- Have pity (pi.) on the makesicbik, poor. Paskta una shcshep ka Shoot that duck which pimelat, is flying. Keshkutuhokok ka mishiki- Cut down (pi.) the large tichik mistikwuk peko, trees only. Toptca^OMJifcnetililemetok, Obey me, my people. Weskat kitemakiscyuna Should you ever be in nuiitwapumakun Oke- distress, go to the mow ; wela maka ke ka Master, and he will wechehik, help you. THE VKRB. 187 tly lovo, od I will j^ utt Lil- ly great ^ou, and bey you. the last II stand ic Judge. died for Lord. to me, y atten- jacliers. on the k which bhe large ople. ?r be in to thi' he will Opt at ire and Ke ha ice Idskinohumuiro- icowuk keche ililemewo- Avowuk ako a kiskaletu- inak musinahikun, Kc lea koche mishiwat't una ka wunishik aka kitche nishewunatist^t, Kistenacli iiianshesh ur ka gn wecJiehotcuk ililewuk, -Moshuk ke ka usju'ilemoto- tuwati Klchemuneto, Kichemuneto numaweskat ke ka nuktitikotly Numaweskat kc ka wdpini- JcotanoWf Patcnlittl. You will wish to teach your fellow Indians now that you know thi^ book. You should try to find the lost one, that he die not. ^lost i)robal)ly I shall be able to help the Indians a little. Thou shouldst always put thy trust in (Jod. (jjod would nerer leave thee. He would never cast us ofi'. , SunjuxcnvE Moon. Wcchdwutd ni'kosis ke ka kunawjllemik, Nukishkutouid Peter, we- tumakun wepuch kitche tukoshik, d nutmcdlemuk kitche wechdwit inena ki- totayana, Nukmoukicaicd ota no ka pachetishu wowuk, Otishkoicekapowcatuwdkwd Tapaskonekat ke ka we- tanowow misewa ka ke totumak ishpish ka kc X>imatiseyak, If thou goest off with my son, he will take care of thee. Shouldst thou meet Peter, tell him to come soon, as I wish him to ac- company 1110 when I go oft' again. Should I meet them (by water) I will send them here. When you stand before the Judge, you will declare all that you have done during your life. 188 TII£ VEiU). It Kcshpin kitemahalemntvsa- voiX ka kitc'inakesichik, Kichomuncto ko ka kl- tomakillemik kitemakc- seyuiia, Keshpin ililowuk utoonhl- ., 8iuwntwawdli{chcmnm'- towa kutta milutotako- wuk, Koshpiu he wechrtwutrpnn notawc, nnmawcla kc ka ko kuwukutatr, Poihsinitd mahekuu ka ke uipahat maniHhcha- nisha, mistaho ko ka tipuhumattin, Tapwfiiuwatd okawoya nv ka milwalimow ; amrd- tuxoatd maka no ka mu- chalimow, Naspich ke milwrilomittiu d kiskdlemittaii d miloto- tuwutchUc kesheiuuk, Ke sakehin d hiahlllmeyun naspich d sakehitiau, Ne milwriletumeliik d pc- shichehit. If thou hast pity on the poor, God will have pity on theo when thou art in distrcHH. If Indians servo God, IT** will do them good (/.r. they will be done good to by 1 lini ). If thou hadst accompa- nied my father, thou wouldst not have got into a starving con- dition. If thou shootest the wolf which killed the sheep, I will pay thee largely. If he obeys his mother, I fchall think well of him ; if he disobeys her, I shall think evil of him. I think very well of thee, as I know thee that thou doest well to thy younger brothers (or sisters). Thou lovest mo, as thou knowcst mo that I greatly love thcc. He makes me happy by payingattention to me. .u TIIK VKIin. ^89 The Stthjunvtice an Ajfinmtfli'e, \Vc})Uch nc ka tiikoRliinin, nko niaka hi hlikinohH- muwukik kot owusliiiu- ieliuk, Wcpuch kutta paju'lowuk ncHkuk, ako inaka ka koche pcukistcutchlky Akoslie kutta kunaMfile- tum ka milwaishinilik. ako niaka hi nuhiluim- hat Kichonmnctowa, Ko keshetayaua ka iioclie- tayan ke ka pacho ua- tittinowow, ako maka 7i7"r toetinnattahcuk iiiiHC- >va ka ko ekik, Kot italomittin wapiika kitcho i)ache nashvynn^ ako maka hi linkalctu- meheyun ki itwainakuk kiche musinahikim, Jesus Christ ota uskok kt; tukoshin kitchc pimache- hcU omuchetwowa, Orauchotwowuk alka a kwaskatisichik italita- kosewuk kitchc nundka- chehikotchik Klcliemuiie- towa, Kicheiuuneto kutta melfni Pulake Acliakwa mise- wa unehe ka niitotuma- koty I shall come soon, and I y\i\\ thin tuach thy children. The ;jjcc8o will goon como( flying), and then tliou wilt try to shoot them. Lt't him take care of (attend to) what is good, and lie will then pkvsr God. When I have finished what I am now about, I will coiiR^ to you, and will then tell you all that has happened. I intend thee to come to me to-morrow, and 1 will then cause thee to know what the great l)0()k Ctlie Bible) says. Jesus Christ came into the world to save sinners. Sinners, when they do not re])ent, are liable to receive punishment from God. God will give the Holy »S])irit to all those who ask llim. 190 THE VERB. '::lr|i: Jesus kutta itotuhaii kicliekeshikok akota Jcitche icecltetiishchlmihot kakeka misewa unehe ka tapwtiyCdimili'ot^ Uneko mitone k" usjjfdc- mototnwachih Kichenni- netowa numawela itali- takosewuk Idtclie shaJiO- cheJi IJcotchih Muchemu- netowa, Tai^alechikayun, ka niito- tuvmtchik uneko ka uijii- mehdstasJcll'y Jesus will take with him to heaven, there to abide with him for ever, all those who believe in him. Those who put entire trust in God are not liable to be overcome by the devil. Lord, who listenest to those who pray to thee. DUBITATTVE 3l00D. .Ill Owana teapici'yrdimiJcu'O kutta pimachehakune- wew, Tapwatuwau na ayume- hawekemowa keshem ? Tanema piko, numawela ne kiskrdetan tei'qyicd- iuwakicd^ Numawela ne kiskaletfin seakehewunn, Ke ka kiskinohumuwow misewa tuto owana ka loapummmtdy Owana ka ocMmowuhcrtj uwukwana, Kichemuneto numawes- kat kutta wapinao owa- liwa ku pache iiatikok- AVhosoever believe th on mo shall be saved. Does your younger bro- ther obey the Minister ? 1 don't know whc+her he obeys him or not. I don't know whether thou lovest iue or not. Thou shalt teach every one whom thou may est see. " Whomsoever I shall kiss, the same is he." God will never cast oflf any one who will come to Him. THE VKUn. 191 ,'itli him hero to bim for ise ^vho b entire are not )vercoino ;onest to pray to ieveth on ived. iger hro- ^.inister ? iic+her ho lOt. whether le or not. 3h every lu mayest I shall is he." > cast off rho will Keshpiu scaJcphewdlncd kunawaletuniok no ku- kfiskwawina, " If yo love mo keep my commandments." Examples of the Inanimatr Verb. LvincATiVE Moon. Direct and Kc tapwiftan na misowfi ka itwamakuk kc niu- _ sinahikun? Aa ; misowa ne iapivrdnn ata manshesh a, lui.sku- man u alimuk kitchc niKchjchekatak, Kc 'iitiltcaletumehikouoicow na a ayiimetayak as- picho sakehittak Jesus? Tapwa, naspich ne milicfi- letumehiJconaUf Kichemuneto pfitiim mi- sewa ka ayumenanew- unilik, Ke milototako na kekosis n'tukolunelew ka ke _ itishuhumuwuk ? Aa, naspich ke milotoialoy unoch maka kakat milo- ayow, Inverse. Dost thou believe all thy book says ? Yes ; T believe it all, al- thougli I find a little hard to be nnderstood. Docs it make yon happy when yon read how much Jesus loves you ? Verily it makes us very happy. God hears all that is spoken. Did the medicine which I sent your son do him any good ? Yes, it did him much good, and ho is now nearly well. Subjunctive Mood. Ke mowuclietayund misowa When thou Last collected ka ko pukitike, mena all (inan.) that have ke ka pacho petokan fallen down, thou shalt kekenak. again enter our house. 192 THE VERB. .>! ' Wapinukwawfi o miiclieto- tumowinewowa, totuk- wawd maka ka milwa- shinilik, tapwdtuhcawd nashta, miloachemowin- ilew, kutta shawalemi- kowuk Kichemunetowa, Keshpin Jce totumowako- pund ka itwamakunilik olushowawinilew, nn- mawcla kiitta ke otitiko- punuk ka ispiclie mala- tunilike, Nospiiuta kwIuBkitatise- win ako maka kd mis- kumun kayamfilitumowin, Ke kiskaletan na apechisk- akoyunmvLche mitahe (or _ Ti muchetddskakoyun) ? Ait; mechatwow ne mis- kan d mishumdletumehi- koyariy d we ishetcelikoyau a ishe malatuk, Ke icesukdletumeliikott na ka ke pimosenatiihosk, a pistahosk una machet- wat owashisli ? Aa; naspich ne wesukdle- tumehikotl. Kunuwapu- ta ka ke pistahot, kaya- puch nokwun, jSakntuwaletnmok, ako wepnch kd kiskdletume- hikoydk ka itatiiseyako- pun, If they forsake their sins, and do what is right, and believe the Gos- pel, they sliall receive luercy fi'om Ood. It they had done what the law commands, they would not have been overtaken by such evil things. Follow after righteous- ness, and then thou siialt find peace. Do 3'ou know that an f'vil heart dwells with- in you ? Yes ; I often find that it troubles my mind, wishing to lead me into evil. Did it cause j'^ou much sufi:ering when that mischievous boy struck you b}'' throwing a stone at you ? Yo8 ; it put me to much pain. Ijook where he struck me, it is still visible. Pay much attention to it, and it will soon teach you how you ought to behave. I Tin: VKRu. 193 leir B1U8, is right, ;lie Gos- l receive od. me what mmands, not have sn by such ^ighteous- hen thou ace. ' that an >rells with- find that ly mind, lead me ^^ou much [hen that )oy struck [rowing a 19 to much where he lit is still tention to will soon how you have. Examjilen icith the Flat VoiceL lv(' ke miskfin na ne mo- TLivc you found koman ka ko wuneta- yuu y Ail ; kinwash ue ke nanu- tuwaputun, kaka miika, katutuwfil ne ko kwas- kekapowin, ako tceapii- tuman^ Ke patumwuk miloaelie- mowinilew, ako maka Uweaslcatmkli ih^ Kiuwash no ke kuuuwa- piitan, a kocho niseto- tuman, kakat maka no ke ponen ; ako kaka ka- ka watitihoyan ka itwa- makuk, akonaspieh mfd- lodletumaUy my knife that you lost V YcH : 1 looked for it for a long time ; at last I turned suddenly round, and then saw it. They heard the Gospel, and then repented, (changed their mode of life). I lu(jked at it for a long time, endeavouring to understand it, and then nearly gave it up ; then its meaning gradually came to me, and 1 was very glad. DuiuT.vTivn MooT). Vpitisewuk na ililewuk ? Are the Indians at work ? T don't know whether they are at work or not. What will the master say when he sees what has been done? T don't know what ho will say ; but most pro- bably he will bo dis- pleased. '^ill your elder brother make a garden this okemow ko to- Tanema piko ; numawola ne kiskaletan ciipitise- waJaody Tano ka itwat waputukfi ka chekatfilik ? Xumawela no kiskaletan Jed itwdJcwd ; kistenacli maka numawela kutta sapaletum, Kestas na kutta oshetow netawekichekunilew a- noch a sekwunilik? Spring? 104 THE VERB. Xuraawela nc otclie wotu- IIo has not tokl mo iTiak ka oshetahcciy -vvliether he will make one or not. Xe ka milwaletan kitche J shall be glad to know kiskaletuman h'l otinu- wlicther you will re- moiodk'wd no nmsinahi- ceive my books or not. kuna, Examples of the Accidental Passive. ; ■ I r [ '.I' j Yakwa,}' akwa, n'tanis ; he ka iskwasoriy Ke ke wapninowuk me- chut kipuwakunuk d mamachekicapisochik, a nepowitchik naspich a pekiskasenakositchik, Xe mamuskatan a wapu- tuman koona ashi mi- tone a tikisot, Xe ke wa])ntan mekewam d clumutdk nochimik, rp Pake care, take care, my daughter ; you will bo burnt. saAv many fettered prisoners, standing with very sorrowful countenances. I am surprised at seeing that the snow has al- ready entirely melted. I saw a tent standing in the woods. Ke ]}asoticawd neskuk ne When tlie geese are dried ka petuwowuk newu- tik, Xe moshetan a KoketaJt- yan a wa])umuk mfdot- wat Paul d mamacltekwa- pisot a otishkoweicapo- westuwat machetwa- licho otipalechikavva, "Wa milonakosit una o- washish ka makopisot ! Ashi na pastdwa ne wela- chekuna ? 1 will put them into my bag. feel bold when I see righteous Paul, mana- cled, standing before the wicked governor. How beautiful that child is which is tied up ! Are my garments yet dry (dried) ? IHE VERB. 105 )ld mo 11 make bo know will re- 5 or not. care, my 1 will bo fettered standing; jorrowful at seeing V has al- y melted, inding in are dried hem into en I sec 111, mana- ,0- before overnor. ;liat cbild ed up ! ts yet dry Numawela aslikwa ; pan- tdJcwawd maka ko ka patwattin, Naspich no wesukisin ota uesitik ka kc islcwaHoyan, Not yet; wlien they arc dry, 1 will k,riug them to you. I am smarting greatly hero in my toot wlicio r was burnt. Exanplcs of General Passive. Nekosis, Ice nutomikowiu. My son, thou art called. Ililetok, he ka wapumik- Indians, you will be seen owinoto'jw muchetotum- if you do what is evil. akwa, Keshpin pukwasheway- If you hate, you must not akwa, numawela ke ka expect to be loved. italetanowow kitche sa- kehikoweynk, (Jwashishetok, keshpin Children, if j'-ou are idle, ketimej^akwa ke ka ota- you will be beaten. maJiokoicinoicow, Mechatwow ke wetumak- owinowow kitche-musi- nahikunik kitche sake- hitto^'uk. Tan ateyak, fika a totu- mak ka itushowatikotDe- ydk '/ "We are often told in the Bible to love one an- other. What is the matter with you, that you do not do what is commanded you " 'Miichiit niiiomoicuk {oY nu- '-Many are called, but tomakunewewuk), maka few are chosen.*' chukuwashish icawdla- piimoicuk (or icawdlapu- makuneweicuk), Uneke ka icdpdletamowa- kimeimtcliik o muclie- twawinewowa kakeka kutta inmachehakunew- eiDuk^ Those whoso sins arc foi- given will be eternally saved. '' 190 THE VEHIJ. Moshiik 7.7' tdpirntikon'in- ovnii' kitche oshitnmuk akfjlinvusowiii kfi pa- piilik, Ke ya/k'ir(()iintiil(nrinanoir fika piko kitche pfitu- muk, luaka kitclie to- tunmk iissiclie k.i mil- Avashik keslipiii nutii- Avalctumuk hitch' milo- tira ird le ni lloirn/u /,-, Ispe li'dcJiij'cfalnnewitchi/i chemaiiik otche, kakat tapwa ko pone piniati- !se2)unuk, Kc n-npnmahimevewnli a iikwuniihokotcliik ku8- _ kuna, A islie pimatise,yak ako kfi ishe iipasiiouiJioicc- The Keflix. Kiinuwapumittwohy net o- washiniislictok, ako ka miskumak a pcchishka- kojak mechat muclie- twaAvina, IJAvasita sahcliitiiHowuh as- picho sakehatcliik ono- keliikoAVOAva, MecLat sliooleyanuk ne Ice gusliketumasson a ke a- putiseyan, Mjilot wauhik hiin u wa le- mittisowuh aka kitche Always you are cried t») (admonished) to flee from the '.vrath to C( »me. "We are Avarned not onl to hear, but likcAvise to do wliat is good, it Ave desire to l)e con- sidered good. AVlien they Avere draA\n from the boat, trulj- they had nearly ceased to liA'e. Tliey were see*^ covered Avith the Avavco. As yon Ha'c so you Avill be judged. TIVE FouM. Look to yourseh'es, my children, and you will find that you have Avithin you many sins. They love themsel ji more than they lo\'e their parents. Many shillings I haA''o gained for myself by my work. The good take care of themselves, that they THK vi:r.i5. li)7 ricd to H) lleo ith to ot onV ikewisi' E^ood, it 1)0 coii- ; draAvii t, truly y ceased covered you \vill ves, my T(,u will lL)U have my sins. emsel jJ hey loN'o I have lyself by caro of hat tlicy sliakodiohikotchik ki- sewasewiiiilew, Ililetok, Jcc milotofasKono- if^oio ; milototakok nasli- ta inisewfi kotukeyuk _ ililewnk, A histdlemittiHoua neicnlc numawela milwasliin, bo not overcome by anger. Indians, you do g(Jod to yourselves ; do good likewise to all other Indians. Ft>r one to honour him- self (self-h« tnt lur j is not good. A mamitonrdemitt'mman- Self-examination is very ficuh naspich milwale- good, takwui), The L'fxii'kocal Foum. Tanta ka ke ishc niilish- Where did you meet each Icattoyak '/ < >ther ? N'timik walow nc Ir )ui- We met each other far up JdshJcattonan, iik ) maka the river, and then we ka pache wechdwittoyal-^ came on together. llilewuk moshuk kuWt Indians should always icechcJilttojnuiuJcy assist each other. Uneke ka pukwatittocluk Those who hate eacli numawela kiitta ge sa- kehawuk Kichemune- towa, Ke wapumau d notinitto- lichcy Kiskinolmmattoydlcwd we- puch ke ka kiskaletun- owow ke musinahikun- other cannot love God. lie saw tliem fighting together. If you teach each other you will soon know your books, ewawa, Numawela ne kiskaletfin I don't knctw whether sedlcehittotwawdy they lovo each other or not. Shawalechikawin mlshta ** Mercy and truth have 19H TIIL VERB. il , it' ■*- ! tapwawin he miltxhl-af- tomaknnira ; kwiUKkitsi- tiscwin nslshtakay-'sinu- Ictumowiii he cchCnuU- ioviahnnirn, met together; riglit- eoiisiiees and peace liave kiHsed each other" (rKalm Ixxxv. 10.) I ; ]'!uawjtJ(i< of the Transitive PosHcmvc. Nc snlrliinion-n ueko.sis ot I h)ve my son's children. <»was]iiiiiisha, Nf Indimnllimiiiioira kati- I take care of the poor makisit ilik'W otanifea, man's danpjhter. TutwoAv a kcsliikak net Every day 1 read God'.s aynmeloican Kiehcmn- Word. ncto ot ayiimewin, Naspieh ne milototnhovau God's hook does me miiclii Kichennmet'M) musina- good "wlieu I read it. hikun it ai/umrtoicti/,-, Neshem okosisa naspicli My younger hrotlier's son ne nakvhili'oHwa, loves mo greatly. Moshuk /.r notUiil-oirau- The craft of the devil anow Mnchennineto o always assails ns. knkayrdesewin, Kichcmnneto o rnlake God's Holy Spirit en- Acliakwa kc vui^ami- lightens us. mahonowa,, Netam kuuftivdleuiiholiira My dog is taken care of nctanis okosiisa, hy my daughter's son. Mary kr niinimdo .lanea ot Mary has taken Jane's o washimishiliwa , chikl. This may he otherwise expressed ; tlius, Mary ke otinimaii Jane ot owashimisha, IMary ke otinrui Janea ot owashiraishiliwa, i\lary ke otinaliwa Janea ot owashimishilivva. THE VEUI5. 199 right- peace li other 10.) [•hihircii. the poor jr. ad God's me much read it. ther s son le devil us. pirit eii- n care ol' iter's son. n Jane's As long as the possessive or relitivo form is given in one part of a sentence, or clanse of a sen- tence, it is sufficient. The variety of forms \ heard, for a long time greatly confused me; I thought one must be right and the others wrong; hnt in answer to my frequent inquiries, I was told, Akwane tapis- koch, they are just alike ; or, IViyukwun kii itwuma- kuko, they mean the same thing. Net okemam okosisa nas- My master's son greatly pich nutmcdlcmtmrdiica desires thy master's ket okemama otanisi- daughter. liwa, In this sentence the only change ])0ssible is the omission of the particle im in the verb nutuwalem- i«i-alowa ; for in the simpler sentence, My master's son (his him) desires her, it is absolutely necessary that the verb bo put in the relative case — a matter extensively illustrated in the course of this work. Numawela ne ha nntotii- icrdkca okosisa pacho ayumehiUtd, Ne ha weclichimoica otota- ma wapumimnhd, Ke ha sahehimatl misewa Kichemuneto ot owash- imisha, Ne hapdche naiiholma mi- sewa ot owashimisha naspich a sahehimitclie^ I v/ill pay no attention to his son, should ho come to speak to me. I will help his friend when I see him. Thou shouldst love all (Jod's children. All his children will como to me, as they all lovo me greatly. wa, lilivva. Apuchetowdo oshema o pas- He uses his younger bro- kisekunilew a mishum- ther's gun, as lie finds icat naspich a milwash- it (his it) very good. inilik^ Pimachehewawinilew ne " I will clothe her priests 200 HIE VKiin. ka /iikinhkumoiiUmoicn o sasakowilcwriwililema ; nashta o pnlakiKorna kutta kishiodicd tiipwdJi- ica d mochekdh'tumtliche^ with salvation; and lier saints Bhall Khont alond tor joy " (l*Halni exxxii. Hi). vi:nr,s of ijELATioNsnir. In verbs oxprcssinj^ rolationsliip tliere is some ambijj;nity which is puzzling to a beginner, and not to a beginner only, as I find great hesitation in most natives of the country, and feel it strongly myself, when suddenly asked to ('Xja-esH some forms of relationship transitively, but more ^ es])ecially in reference to father and motherhood. The intransitive verb soon becomes familiar : Net ot-owashimish-in, 1 have a child ny children. I have a father. T That is m}' father. That is my child. Net ot-aw-in, Wela awukwana notawe, or Wcla awukwana wfitaweyan, "VVela awukwana net owashi- mish, or Wela awukwana watowashimish-eyan, In the first example in either case of these two last sentences, no verb whatever is used, and, literally translated, they run thus : lie, that one, my father ; He, that one, my child. In the latter example the verb is given in the flat-vowel form of the subjunctive mood, awukwana requiring that mood : lie, that one, I have (for) a father. The relative and plain subjunctive might have TiiK vi:ni{. 201 ;and lu'i' ut aloiul I exxxii. IS sonio and not L in most : myself, :brms oi" dally in iar : child ")• er. ithor. hild. lese two literally Ititlier ; 1 in the ukwana vc (for) been used instead of the flat vowlI ; as, Wela awu- Ivwana ka otaweyan, he that one whom 1 havi* ( fur) a father; Imt the other is the preferable expression. The transitive verlj with res]»ect to ehildren is elear ; as, Net ot-owashimish(!-mow, I look on him as my child, he is ray child ; X«'t ot-owashimishr-mik, he looks on me as his child, I am his child. N'otaniscmow, N'okosisemow, She is my daughter, lie is my son. But the correlative terms are not so siniplc ; thus Otawemai) has a donble signification. J. lie looks on him as his father, he Is his fatlic'r. 2. He fathers him, is a father to him. N'otawemow, N'otawemik, N'otawemow, N'otawemik, N'okawcmow, N'okawemik, I look on him as my father, he is my father. J am his lather. I father him, 1 adopt him. Jle fathers me, adoi)t8 me, f God?" !9). I that this of God" I tlio chil- L by faith sus" (Gal. into them, Abraham's woukl do Abraham" 30). reii of this in their wiser than I of light " children of less. V. 5). J t^yatfgitjrJi T j mm m mi x r4. U ^ "l^) f ir -^ > u '^Z:^ k\^jO O ^ #v fl~^ V ^t^C^-cv~^^ V I!! mw* . ^"»'*fimiimmm' 1 f ' i ;■ 1 THE VERl'.. 203 Awukwiiiiec waclie otiti- kowachik Kichcminie- towa ot akoluwasowiii- ilew nuoko imt-owasM- mish imiJiOtchil- anAvay a- letiimoAviiiilcAv, Pimotak tapiskoch wastd- "toine owashishil; " For -which things' sako the Avratli of God Cometh on tlie children of disobedience " (Col. iii. 6). "Walk as children of light" (Eph. V. 8). In this sentence the nonn wasidmn, light, is changed into an adjective, or acqnires a possessive ohjiracter, by the addition of the final c. ( 204 ) THE ADVEKB. Adverbs express time, place, quantity, and manner; 4ind (pialify verbs, udjectivoy, and other adverbs. They may be divided into several classes, accordinji; to their signification. J. Adveuhs of Inteiuiggation. When? '1^ rl^ Where? AVhere is he ? Where is it ? Wherefoie ? How? How much ? Tanispe ? Tantfi? Tanewa ? Tanowa ? Tanfike, or TaniTke wfiche? I^an' isse, or Tanrisho? Tan iKhj)ish, or Tan aspiche ' Tanil ilekok, or TanTdekok? How long? How far? Tantuto? How many? 'J^an-tutwow ? How many times? In all these expressions, the initial portion of the word is the interrogative pronoun, Tana, what : thus, Tanispe is Tan, what ; ispe, when = AVhat when ? i.e. At what time ? 2. Adveujjs of Time. Present, Anoch, _ Now. Ako or Akwa, Now, instantly. Keshach, Now, immediately. THE ADVEUi;. 205 iiiainier ; adverbs. iccording [low fiii-y lies? on of tlio at: thus, d when ? Anoch mfikwach, Anoch a keshikak, Anoch ka keshikak. Anoch ka keshikak, Anoch kashikak. ])uring this time. Now it heing day = to-day. To-day (spoken of the por- tion of the day yet to come). To-(hiy (spoken of the jior- tion already past). To-day, the djiy past. T). Adverbs of Time. Pa.^t. Iskonak, Us])in, Anoch-eka, Wasknch, Ivayash, Ashf, Astnm-ispe, Awus-ispe, I'atima, Naka, Jvakeshfi]), ( )takoshik, Awus otakoshik. l-awus-otakoshik. I'epoonok, Sekwunok, Nepinok, Tnkwakok, Kaka, Since. Since, ago. A sliort time since. Formerly, long ago. Long since. Already. Since. Before. Afterwards. After a while. This morning. Yesterday. The day before yesterday Two days before yesterday (Dniing) last Winter. Last S])ring. Last Summer. Last Autumn, At length. y- Keishkwa, I'atima, Pichaluk, Ashkwa, 4. Adveriss of Time. Future. After. JJy-and-by. ' Oidy just now. Presently. » 206 THE ADVERB. Nnraa fislikwa, Wepuch, Wcpuch iiawuch, Weskata, Ka wapuk, Wapuka, Not yet. Soon. TolcraLly kooii. At some time or otlier. To-morrow. To-morrow ; when it wliall be daylight. These two hist are portions of the Impersonal Verb, to which the student is referred. 5. Advkrijs ok TniK. Indefinite. Ispe, Makwach, Moshiik, Kakeka, Kakcka nashta kakeka, Neyauekotuneka, Askow, Askow, askow. Kinwash, Kinwasliish, Pi turn a, Nnma-weskat, Aka-weskat, Katutowa, Askune-keshik, or Kupa-keshik, Akospe, Neshtum, Iskwayach, Machich, Paumoshe, Amoya, Kei'shkwa, Mwastus, Mechfitwow, Wlien. While. Always. Ever, always. For ever and ever. Sometimes. Occasionally. Now and then. A long time. A rather long time. A moment. Never. Never (imperatively). Suddenly. Throughout the day. At that time. First. Last. Before. After. Many times. " m Tin: ADVEKU. o 207 Ota, Unta, Nfitfi, Akota, (Jhikepak, JYishoch, Ota itakn, Unta itaka, Ayetow, Kwaskita, Mishewa, 3Iochek, Ishpimik, Chupashesli, Utainuskek, Walow, 7. Adverbs of Apish esli, Manshesh, Mistahe, iVlisliewa, Puske, Xahe, Na-ilekok, Notow, Alewak, Alewak, 8. Adverbs of Tapiskoch, l^etosh, Kwayusk, Suke, lispicli, 0. Adverbs of Place. Here. There. At that very place. Near the water. Near. ( )n this side. On that bide. On each side. ( )n the other side. Everywhere. (3n the ground. Above. Below. Beneath the earth. Far off. Quantity anj) Number. A little. Much. The whole. A part. Exactly. The exact quantity. Short of it. A considerable quantity. Exceeding. Quality and Manner. Alike. Different. Straight, right. Thick together. Thinly. ,.(. 208 THE ADVEIIB. ]\IanK)\v, Collectively. rri-pfiyuk, ( )ne l)y one. jMcua, Again. Naspicli, Very. Kctwam, Over again. Pakacli, fcjlowly. Puyatuk, Carefully. rwastowc. Liugeringly. Kelip])e, Quickly. Siiscliekocli, Suddenly. Moshfi, Gratuitously. Moslifshfi, Openly. Kiiuocli, Secretly. Shfislikwat, , AVithout cause. ►Sliakfil, AVillingly. Shakoch, Positively. Mamuskacb, Wonderfully. Peshishik, Alone. Niispacli, Wrong. Mana, Seemingly. Katutowfil, Suddenly. 9nii«so, In this way. Ote, Even, to wit. Apoclieka, Even. Peko, Only. Mowutche, Collectively. Nunanis, Wususwu, Dispersedly. Piilvwuntow, Nonsensically. 9. Adverbs OF Comparison. Kawiich, Inclining to. Awasitcl, More. Mawuch, _ Most. Soka, Soke, Alekok, Very greatly. Alesach, With force. c/ THE ADVERB. 200 Ukuwach, Scarcely. Osam, Wasji, Too ranch. Mitono, Entirely. Kayapicli, Still, tlio same. Mwaclie, Exactly. 10. AdVEUBS Ol' Ari'IRMATIOX. Tapwu, Truly. Kachenash, Certainly, truly, Qhikama, Chikamaniina, To be sure. Aa, Yes. Kayam, Be it so. 11. Adverbs of Negation. Nuraa, Xumawela, Aka, Akawela, Xuma'nsu, Xuma-wawacli, 12. Adverbs of Doubt and Uncertainty. No, not. (Used with tho indicative mood.) No, not. (Imperative and subjunctive.) Not. (Imperative.) Oh no. Ncme at all. Tan-ako, Tane-piko, Tanse-piko, Tanema-piko, Maskoch, Atoka, Atoka, Otoka, Kistenach, Meskow, ( ) wanekan-tokfi , Kiikwan-toka, I don't know. Perhaps. I suppose. Probably. By chance. Who it is I don't know. What it is I don't know. ":o two last are used in answer to the questions, Wbo is it ? or, What is it ? These are not all the adverbs in use; but they fixe the principal ones, and should be mastered at an early stage in the study of the language. p rni 210 THE ADVERB. Verbs derived from Adverbs. Many verbs are derived from adverbs ; as, from, Apishesh, a little ; ApiHhesheshew, he is small ; Nahe, exactly ; Nahitin, it blows exactly, the wind is quite fair ; Osam, too much ; Osamitoncw, he has too much mouth, he is a babbler ; Alewak, exceeding ; Alewakishkowfui, he excels him. I'' I I 5: ^11 Examples of Adverbs. Tanispe mena kfi tukoshi- When wilt thou come nun ? again ? Tanepiho ; mimawela no I don't know. kiskuletan. Here either of the clauses would have sufficed to ex- press the meaning, but they are generally combined. AVhero is thy younger brother ? Tantd atat keshem ? Ashl kewai) wckik, Tan-dleJcoh ka itapiche- yun? Tanema-piJco ; Jcistenach dshune pipook ne ka ita- pichen, Tan-dspiche kcshikak a- noch f He has already returned to his tent. How long shalt thou bo absent ? I don't know ; probably I shall be absent the whole winter. How much of the day is it now ? What is the time ? Tanako ; ashl wepuch mas- I don't know ; perhaps hoch kutta matwatin, the bell will soon ling : (the signal for either conimencing or leaving oif work). I, from, small ; ctly, tlio too much he excels lou come Bced to ex- combined. younger y returned It thou ho ; prohahly absent the the day is ^hat is the ; perhaps soon ring : for either ; or leaving TIIK ADVEIIIJ. •Jll WcsJcat na ke ka lepw<'i- kan? NumawcHlat ne ka h^pwa- kan net italetun, tapnul^ Tane ka ishe nipaliaku- newit JesuK ? Ke chcKtaskowakunewew, Vkawach ne ge pimotan, Ke tupwatik kekawe ; n'tuwapim ; Iccshach n'tuwa})im, Ke sakeliow na una ka nutawalomisk ? Melcolc lotin, Aha tuta, Ke ke nipahowuk na mc- chut sheshepuk otaJco- shik ? Numa watvach, or Numa ivawach payuk, Kwaskatise makwach a mi- lopimatiscyun, Meshow ne ke miskowow, Kelippe wuniska, Naspich icalow ne ka ito- tan, ShdshJcwat no kc pukwa- tikwuk, Kimoch ne ke pfiche natik, Mawuche neshtum, or Mawuche wdskuch ke tow ^Ayumewin, ^dtutowdl ke pukishin- wuk a pone pimatisit- chik, Wilt thou ever be pru- dent ? I verily thhik I Khali never be prudent. In what manner was Jesus put to death ? lie was crucilied. I can scarcely walk. Thy mother calls thee ; go to her; go to her at once. Dost thou love him who desires thee ? No; I do not. It is blowing very hard. JJo not do it. Did you kill many ducks yesterday ? None at all, Not even one. Repent while 3'ou are in good health. I found him by chance. Make haste and get up. I shall go very far away. " They hated me with- out a cause." He came unto me secretly. *' In the beginning was the Word." They fell down d'jad suddenly. ( 212 ) THE CONJUNCTIOX. Conjunctions aro used to connect words and ycntences tofijcther. The 2)iincipal conjunctioriK are : Nasha, Maka, Kaslita ma- And. ka, Mena (in Komo dialects), And. TJsitolio. Ako inaka, iS'ashtii piko, Apo, Keshpin, Kcsliaslipiu, Xeshpin fika, Maka^ Ata, Alewak ata, Alcwak maka, Misowacli, Awuko vvaclie or otclic, A, Kitclie, Kcsliashpinji, Numa nfislita. Also. And then. Or. If. Unless. But. Although. Nevertheless. So much the more. For which cause, there fore. That, because. That. (Used with tlio ' subjunctive mood to L express the English in- I finitive.) j^ Since. Nor. (Used with the in- dicative mood.) THE CONJUNCTION. 2i:j jrds ami )rc. use, there- witli the mood to ]ngliBli in- ith the ill- d.) Aka nfislita, Wiisa, Ishpish, Nor. (Used with siib- jnnctivo mood.) For. 'J'lian. Examples of Coujunctloiis. Nela ndshta ncshcm, Ne ka kochetan, numa- wela mala net italetun kitche go totiiman, Keshpin aka kwuskatisc- yakwfi, tapwa ke ka nishewunatisinowow, Ne kiskfiletrm a miichc- twayan, Numawela kiskalema- wiik Kichcmiinotowa, fiwuJco loCiche nutawo kiskinohiimawukik, Nnmawcla tapwatum, numa ndshta tainvatu- _ miliwa otaweya, AleicaJc maka natatow, Wasa ket ittinowow, Awasita no sakehow isJi- pish ostasa, Ata a ke nutawapumn- kik, nnmawela ne tap- watakwuk, I and my brotluT. I will try, but I don't lliink I shall be ablu to do it. If ye do not repent (change your manner of lif<'), ye will cer- tainly ixrisli. I know that J am wicked. They do not know (rod, tlierefore 1 . ; •■li' • '^'l ; ,Jk i.:,.j ^ ; < .■; ■.?! '^ ■.,;]::/) sal J, . ■ . . bhe ttiit. ■ f .- i t within ig round ■■>'i,;f ■■ ,.■'■1.. :.y'\ 'I -* ( lil7 ) '. , t V ■^;t" THE INTERJECTION". " Interjections are words used to express sudden emotions of the mind. The principal interjections are : I thank you. Expression of angry- surprise. Apishkun! What a bother ! Waw ! or Wah ! What do you say ? Eh ? How ! How sa ! Now then ! Kwachistuk ! Alas ! Tasowa ! Tasowu neya- It is a great pity ; it is 0,0,0! Sha! nako ! Yakwa ! Yoho! Astum ! Awus! Kayam ! or Keyam ! Akoshe ! Matika ! Chest! Ma! Akoshane ! Akota ! Ako ! Ashkwa ! very strange ! Take care ! What now ! Come here ! Away with you ! Be it so ! Never mind ; be it so ! Behold ! Look ! Listen ! Well done ! That is just right ! Now ! Presently ; wait a mo- ment. 218 THE INTERJECTION. Mate! Pukwuntow ! N'tuma ! Kuma ! Let mo see I Nonsense ! I wish it ! May it be so ! Examples of Interjections. Wa muslikoweseyun ! How strong you are ! Sha ! Icwachistuh ! naspicli How very, very sad ! it muchaletakwun, is very bad, reprehen- sible. Awns, macha, Satan ! Get thee hence, Satan ! Ma ! Kakwan pe5,tumuk ? Listen ! What is that wo hear? MaiiJca ! ashi tukoshin, Behold ! he is already come. JL/k:o87ia?fe.' kel am ilou too- AVell done! thou good skfilakun, servant. AJco ! Ako ! ke pahittin, Now, now ! I wait for thee. Ashkwa ! ushlcwa pituma. Wait ! wait a moment. ( 219 ) f 1 arc ? y sad ! it reprehen- , Satan ! is that wo 3 already ;liou good wait for oment. SYNTAX. Syntax is that part of grammar which treats of the construction of sentences ; and this depends on the agreement, government, and arrangement of the words of which they are composed. Rule I. — An intransitive verb must agree with its nominative in number and person ; as, Una ililew kinokapowew, That man he is tall. Uneke ililewuk kinokapowewuk, Those men they are tall. Eule II. — An intransitive verb must agree with its nominative as to gender; an animate substantive requiring the animate form of the verb, an inani- mate substantive the inanimate form ; as, Owa mistik mishikitew. This tree he is big. Oma mistikowut mishow, This box it is larger. Bule III. — Two or more singular nouns connected by ndshta or other copulative conjunction, require the verb to be in the plural ; as, Nela nashta nekawe ne ka posinan, I and my mother we shall embark. 220 SYNTAX. I r Bit w ( I 1 1 1 IS ' Ashi ko macliowuk notawe iiu,8lita Already they have gone ofl', my father and nistas, elder brother. Rule IV. — Two or more Kingular nouns separated by ndsJita piJco or tVpo, require the verb to be in the singular; as, John nashta piko James wepuch kutta tukoshin, John or James soon he will come. Rule V. — When a transitive verb is joined to a pronoun of the first or second persons, and a noun or pronoun of the third person, the abbreviated form of the first or second person always precedes the verb; as, Ne pimitishawow, I follow him. Ne pimitishahok. Me he follows. Ke wapinan, Thou castest it awav. Ke wapinikon. Thee it casts away. Rule VI. — When the first and second persons are joined to a verb (whichever of them may be the subject), the abbreviated form of the second person always precedes the verb ; as, Ke kiskrdemittin, ■ • Thee I know. ■ /.:. 1 , ... Ke kiskalemin, ; > . ...• v Thou knowest me. ' i 1 « .5.' . Ke kistalemittinowow, >• You I honour. ■ *i U naBlita and Beparatecl be in the ikosliin, jonie. t lined to a id a noun ated form ■cedes the rsonB are ay be the nd person w. .;'/ '.:'■> SYNTAX. 221 Eule VII. — When tw) transitive verbs arc con- nected reciprocally, so that the subject of the one is the object of the other, one of them takes the inverse form ; as, Sakehao, sakchiko nashta. Tie loves him, he is loved by him, and. Sakehfui a, sakehikot, He loves him because he is loved by him. Rule VIII. — Transitive verbs govern the accusa- tive case ; as, Kc wulawetishowao misewa iskwuwa nushta He sent out all the women and owashisha, children. Kc sekinum nij^clew, He poured out water. Wlu.. governed by a verb in the first or second persons, the accusative is the same as the nomina- tive; as, Ke wetupemow nekawe, I sit with her my mother. Ne wetupemik nekawe, Me she sits with, my mother. Eule IX. — ^When one verb in the third person governs another in the third person, whether transi- tive or intransitive, the verb governed is put in th& relative or accessory case ; as, Kistalemao a milotwaliche, He honours him because he is good. Kutta wunishkanao ka nipiliche. He will raise them up who are dead. 222 SYNTAX. When a verb agrccH with a noun in the accusative oase, it asHumes the relative form ; as, Ke ituHhowatai) opotachekawa kitche pota- He commanded them the trumpeters to blow chekalichc, their trumpets. Rule X. — When in English a nonn in the posses- sive is followed by its governing nominative, the verb agreeing with the latter takes the relative form; as, Notawo otnnia ashi nipilewa, My father his dog already his him is dead. James o chikahikun naspich ka shale w, James liis axe very his it is sharp. The svvbjects of relation and possession have been already largely treated of under Etymology. Rule XI. — One verb governs another in the sub- junctivo mood ; as, Ne ka sikelfisin kitche wapumittan, I shall be glad tliat (to) see thee. Kutta kochetow kitche oshetat. He will try that (to) make it. 'ii; nisative e pota- blow ( 223 ^ > posses- ive, the relative Eld. harp, ave been the suh- PAESING. . If the Btudcnt is dcHirous of making rapid and substantial progress in the language, there is nothing I would recommend more strongly than that he should devote much attention to parsing, or the analyzing of the different parts of which a sentence is com- posed. It should be done thoroughly, and per- severed in for a long time. Every noun, prcmoun, and verb should bo gone through in their various inflexions and moods ; by which means a facility in the use of the most puzzling and troublesome fonns in the language will be attained with a rapidity which will astonish even the student himself. 1 will now parse a few sentences, and shall bo mistaken if the few following pages should not be con- sidered one of the most valuable portions of the book. Ne sakehow nekawe. I love her my mother. Ne The contracted form of the per- sonal pronoun nela, first person singular. SaJcelioio A verb transitive with pronominal affix, saTceh being the verbal root, ! from sakehd'd^ he loves him ; indicative mood, present tense, direct ; first person singular. Here repeat indicative mood, present I 224 PARSING. tciiBO, direct and inverse, and sub- junctive mood, direct and inverse, together with the parts express- ing the action of the first and second persons on each other. Ne A possessive adjective pronoun, bohmging to kavv^e. Kaicc The contracted form of okawe- moWy mother, which it assumes^ when joined to a possessive pro- noun of the first or second persons ; when joined to a pronoun of the third person, the syllable a or ya is added. Here repeat Nekawe, my mother, etc., etc. You say this is laborious work. Be it so; tho results will well repay the labour. It was formerly my own practice, and it is the one I adopt now when teaching the language verbally to others, and, by its results, I am well satisfied of its great use. Wapuka no ka posin milopimatiseyana, To-morrow I shall go off (by water) if I am well. Wajpuh'i An adverb. Ne Contracted form of first personal pronoun singular. Kou Particle expressing futurity in first and second persons, indicative mood. Fosin Verb intransitive, first conjugation, . root po«, indicative mood, future tense, first person singular, agree- ing with its nominative we, ac- ]; , • cording to Rule I. ^ and 8ub- l inverse, express- first and ther. pronoun, )f oJcawe- assumes, isivo pro- l persons; un of the lo a or ya ly mother, it so; tho 3 formerly now when and, by se. tana, im well. personal biirity in indicative ijugation, . )d, future lar, agree- ro we, ac- TA USING. 22.'i Mihpimatiscfjaud .. A compound word, from wuVo, good, and inmatiscw, ho livts ; verb intransitive, first corijngatioti, subjniictiv(5 mood, future con- ditional tense, first pers(m sin- gular. Kicliomuneto itusliowatnii kukinow ililewa God so commandeth tliem all people kitclie kwaskatisiliehe. that they repent. Klchcmuneto A compound word, from Jc'trh(\ great, and wtMnc/o, a god ; a noun, animate gcuder, nominative t<> verb itushowatai). Itushoicatdo A particular transitive verb, from ishey it, so, and olushoimtdo, ha commands him ; indicative mood, present tense, third y)erson singu- lar, agreeing with its nominative Kichemuneto. KiiMnow Indefinite adjective pronoun, be- longing to ililevva. Ililewa A noun, animate gender, third person plural, accusative case, governed by the transitive verb itushowatfii), according to Rule VIII. Were it not for kukinow, ililewa would be ambiguous, it being either a singular or plural accusative. Kitche A conjunction, with generally a future significatif the third conjugation, from tapwa- yalemao, he believes in him ; dubi- tativo mood, flat vowelled, first person singular inverse, having third person singular for its subject. NumawcsJcaf An adverb. Kutta Sign of futurity in the third l)erson, indicative mood. Pone Particle signifying cessation. 230 Pimaiisctu PARSING. A compound word from ^^im, signi- fying movement, and atis^ moral or physical condition; verb in- transitive, first conjugation, in- dicative mood, future tense, third person singular. AxALYZATiox OF A Sp:ntence. shawalechikawin Tjipfilcmittuk Jesus Chrisf. His grace ho governing us Jesus Christ ke ka we weche tushckfimikowanowow. you may his it remain with. His, the contracted form of icela^ the third ^^crsonal i)ronoun sin- gular; in the plural it takes the form o-wow ; o becoming the pre- fix of the noun, and wow its affix, as o shawfilechikawinewow, their grace. ShmrrdechiJcdwln .. Grace, from shawulechikao, he favours, from the root sliaicCde, and ehih'fo, the verbal ending of the intransitive form of the verb, with idn, the terminating particle of abstract nouns. TdpalemittuJi A verb transitive in flat-vowel form, from tipfilemao, he governs him ; it is C(miposed of the root tipfile, flat vowelled, and mittu/Cy the pronominal termination, signi- fying the action of the third person singular in the first person (I and 2) plural in the subjunctive mood. , moral erb in- on, in- e, third I Christ, \ Christ of icela, mil siii- ikcR the the pie- its affix, w, their Ikai), he \shaiDfil(\ iding of Ihe veil), partich? it-vowel governs the root mittulcy I, signi- third person iunctive I'ARSINfJ. 231 KeJcawewecJietashclcdmiJcowanotcoin. This is a strange- hooking word, for in reality it is but one, as the hrst portion of the pronoun helawow is its commence - jucnt, and owow its termination ; it is, in fact, a sl'Ii- tence in a word. Kc Fiist particle of the pronoun kelawow. Ka ^"^igii of futurity in first and second ])ersons, indicative mood. We Optative particle. W(rli(' Particle signifj-iiig mtli,, coin- ]»auionship. Tushcln Hoot of verb, signifying abiding, sojourning. Mik Pronominal particle, indicating that the subject of the verb is (»f the thitd person, the object of the first or second j^crson. 0(f:nn The verbal possessive ]iarticle, showing that the ri^al subject <>f the verb is not the animate third ])erson, which it would have been had mik ended the word, Ijut something inanimate belonging to the animate third person, his it. Oicow The terminating syllables of kehi- wow. Arrangement of Words in a Sentence. The Cree language does not i'ollow so rigid a rule as the English with respect to the position of words in a sentence, but permits of much transposi- tion, without in any way injuring the sense ; thus, it is allowable to use any of the f(dlowing forms : — PARSING. \\ ill To-moriow again ! conic. Again to-morrow 1 wili conic. I will come to-morrow again. will come morrow. again t(>- "VVapukn mena nc lea tu- koshinin, Mena wapukfi nc ka tu- kosliinin, No ka tnkosliinin wapn- kfi mena, Ne ka tnkosliinin men.'i wapiika, The only transposition impossible is that of the nominative future particle and verb ; these must always stand in one order. . In constructing sentences composed of several clauses, the arrangement ma}'- be much as in English, and if the rules of Etymology and Syntax have been observed, the student will bo understood by an Indian ; the difficulty will be his understanding the Indian in return, from the changeable way in which words may be arranged. Let him, then, study well the examples given in this work, and let him very frequently write down sentences just as they are spoken by .11 Indian in answer te> his questions. Thev mur sometimes seem to him mere nonsense, but not more so probably than Latin does to a beginner ; they have puzzled me again and again, but by-aiid-by the apparently chaotic assemblage of Avoids have arranged themselves in their proper ])laces in the mind, my e\es have been opened, and I have seen clearly that, not the Indian expressions, but ni}'" own ignorance has been at fault. I now give three papers, as examples of the Cree idiom and the ariangement of words in sentences. The fir.>5t I wrote down some time since from an Indian's dictation ; the second is a portion of an Indian's jirayer; the thiid, an Indian story, first written by a native in the syllabic characters in use unioiig these tribes and the Eskimo. PARSINC;. ill 1 ^vill y-niorrow ,gaiii t«>- at of the icso must f several 1 English^ have been )d by an nding the ^ in Avhicli itudy well lini very they are questions, nonsense, does to a again, but iblage of ir proper ened, and pressions, the Creo sentences. from an on of an ory, first IS in use 1. An Ind{an*8 Account of the Condiftou of hia People when in a State of Heathen inm. ^'aspicli no ke muchepimatisin waskuch numa kak- Very I was bud formerly not aiiy- wan no kiskriletaii pik(> Muchemunoto ishpish ka thiuj^ I know it only the devil us lonj; as J pimatiseyan; misewa ililewnk ne ke wapumowuk mo- lived; uU tlic Indians I saw them id- sliuk a muchepimatisitehik, a, notenittochik, ways they being wicked when they light with each other, a keshkwapachik, a mukoshachik, a mitawitchik, when they get drunk, when they feast, when they conjure, a kosapatnkik, a kelaskitchik; musku- whcn they pretend to prophesy, when they lie ; ho takes from mao wewa, nutopowuk, naspich saketowuk, him by force his wife, they ask for liquor, much they like it, utawawuk, kiraotaskawuk, kisewahao they buy it, they rob (other) people's lands, ho angers them, weche ililewa, naspich tapwa ke muchepimatisewuk. liis fellow-Indians, very truly they were wicked. 2. Portion of an Indians Pvaijer. Jesus, ke nunaskomittin misewa, ililewnk oche : Jesus, thee I thank all Indians on uccuunt of r wechehin ke kukaskwawina ; ishpimik Nota- help me tiiy commandments (to keep) , above wenan shawalemin ke mushkawi.-ewin ; Father have mercy on me thy strengtii ; ne tapwatan a ti])aletumun keshik I believe it that thou governest it heaven uske; ke kukaskwawina wecheliin netaik Our naspich greatly nashta and kitcho earth ; thy commandments help me in iny heart that 2'M rAUSING. ristfike kitclic miloshesliit net achakosli kcla they may bo that he jnay bo beautiful my soul thou kitcbe otinut kitcho saketayan a milwaKh- that thou mayst receive him that I may love it it being ik ket ayumcwin ; moHhuk ne ka apiichetan tai)wri :jjood thy word ; always I will use it truly no we nutotrm, no wo saketan a milwaletnman ; 1 wish to attend to it, I wisli to love it as I tliink it good ; wechehin ko kiche kukask wfiwin nashta ne wecliH help me thy great commandment and ray com- wakiin, tu8towicli nepowe a neslieyak ; <»wa j)aDion (wife) between stand thou wo beii g two; this ncwekemaknn no sikelasin kola ko ko ])imat- ray tent companion (wife) I am glad thou thou didst save ohohow a akosit. No we itai)in isb])imilv lier slie being sick. I wish to look there above a8he Tipit Kioliemuncto ; Jesus WaKlieliut where ho sits God ; Jesus thou Maker of him achakosli, niitone kaKona netae ; naspicli nc^ the sold entirely cleanse it my heart; much I pukwatan ne muchepimatisewin, soka wapina hate it my evil living, strongly east it away ii nialatuk ; awasita ne wo sakehow Jesus ; n*tuma it being bad ; more I wish to love him Jesus ; I desire it ket achak kitcho wawashehat net achakosha; mo- thy Spirit that he prepare him my soul; al- shuk ne Ka tapwatowow Jesus; a wapuk ways I will believe him Jesus; when the day breaks a wapatuman a koshikak wechehin a utooskayan when I see it it being day help mo when I work kitche meleyun ko mushkawesewin ; shawfilemin that thou give me thy strength ; have mercy on me ashe kiteinakiseyan ket uspfilomototatin net akosin according to my poverty thee I trust in I am sick a we sakehittan naspich kola jiiko ke ge weche- Jiaving a desire to love thee greatly Thou only thou canst helj* :oh1i kcla I thou milwaKh- it being tan tapwa truly iletiiman ; ik it good ; ne weclifi ny com- yak ; < >wa two ; this ke ])imat- lu didst save isb])imik e above [aker of him aspicli no much I wapina cast it away : n*tnma I desire it osha ; mo- al- apuk day breaks tooskayan en I work Iwalemin mercy on me et akosin I am sick ge weche- canst help TAKSINC. vj*; 2.'}; liin, mimawela ne ka 2;o miskrm ota iiskek mo, n(.t I shall be able to hnd it hero on the eartli ])atima ishpimik a tukwiik A, inihvaKliik kela ko by-and-by above it being it being good Thou thou ka wapiitilin tapwiltunmna ko kiche kiikaskwawin, wilt show me if I believe it tliy great commandment, naspicli ne milwfiletan a wecheheyuu anuch ka very 1 am happy because thou helpest m(3 now this keshikak ne ke ayumotan ncHlituni An Indian's Adventure. Ililew nipakewakopun, fi ke nutowasli An Indian was returning home at night, liaving been hunt- kat, sakaliikunik mitowukani piniatakas- ing beaver, in the lake far from the shore ho was walking kopun, ot fislikun piminekataliiimokopun, on the ice, his ice-chisel he was carrying it on liis shoulder, Mistuisewa * maka ko opaboliko. Ke wapu- a Roc, and he was raised up by him (flying). He saw mao kotukeya ililewa a wastjuf i'^iche, fiko them other Indians making signs witn their hands, and maka ashe tapwat, " Mistnsew ne pimaholik then he so cried out, " The Roc me iic is carrying off (flying), kelawow ka wastawfiyak." Naspicli maka a isli- you who are making signs." Very and where it papiskalik ke ishe pukitaholiko itta a is a high rock lie was there placed by him (flying) where the islie tushfiliclie. jMoshuk maka kichelow Mistusew young ones (Rocs) were. Always and he flies off the Roc * A fabulous l>ird. 23(1 PAUSINC. u iftawuhot, misewfi maka towokaiia patalio- hc huiitinfj, all unil kinds of imimals ho brings tow, Titikwa, nashta moosowa. Una ililew them (flying), deer, tuul moose. The Indian iiaspicli ke iiinialiekowri(> Mistushislia, u usliu- very well he attended to their 'svants the yonng Roca, ho feed- mat, wuchibtonik fi italiclio miscwfi kakwalew ing them in the nest they being there everything totumowao. Kaka mechfit wiiskwaya patahotow ho does for them. At length much birch-bark he brings it MistuKcw, ako una ililew pasipituk, a wncliistone- tho Roc, then the Indian tore it up, making a uost for knwat Mistiisiwa. Naspich kispukckwa8heko])un tliem the Rocs. Very ho was heavily slumbering MiKtusew fi nipat. AsliI inaka wawanilletum tho Roc when sleeiung. Alrciuly and he is in doubt ililew ka totuk ; itfilituin, "No ka wekukw?! the Indian what he shall do ; he thinks, "I will endeavour to iiipahowuk ; mate, no ka Kuwkawowuk iiulkwacli kill them ; let me see, I will set fire to them while a iiipatchik wiiKkwak a pimishikik." Kaka they being asleep on the bircii-bark they lying." At length payukwow iiiakwaoh a, ni]>atchik ke Huskuwilo, once while they being asleep, he set fire to them, ako watntainuwat ot aKlikun, inisowa then he struck them repeatedly (with) his ice-chisel all iiiaka ke iiipahfu). Ako maka atfiletiik, " Tanta ka and he killed them. Then and he thought, " Plow shall I ge kewayan ? " Payuk maka Mistiisisliisha oHpisk- be able to return ? " One and young Roc his wunalew a sliekwukiitfilik pecliishemolo, ako teye- back his it being charred, he crawls inside, then ho tipepiileliot naslipicli a iwhpapiKkalik ; kaka rolled himself (from) very it being a high rock ; at length kipiehipiileAV, wulawew, itai)ew, ukawach ta- lie came to a stop, he comes ou^ ho looks, scarcely can he TARSINO. T.]7 pfitalio- s ho brings Jna ililew Tho Indian a, a nsliu- cs, ho feed- kakwalew ytbinp; pfitahotow ho brings it ncliistone- ng a uost for a8hcko])un f slumbering ^vaiiJiletum is in doubt L wekukwil endeavour to niakwacli while ' " Kaka At length iuskuwao, fire to them, n, inisowa sel all raiita ka How shall I iha oHpisk- his ako teye- then ho ; kiika k ; at length wacli ta- ■cely can ho papatum iiskelew tapiskocli istakoimk reach it with his eyes the earth, like pine brush a iispishtMnonekaiiewuk ishcnakwnu when one makes a bed (in an encampment) it bo appoiirs mistikwuk a ishoiiakositcliik; ako mena toyotipo})!!- tho trees as they appear; then again he rolkd lehot, mena kipichipulew, awuko oma uske, ako himself, again he stops, that (is) this earth, then walmvet, ako meiicliat, ililewa oti- lie came out, then he went on his way, Indians he arrives tao, aka a neta mechesolicho peko a iiiilatumiliche, at them, not they rightly eating, only they smelling it, akwane a totnmiliclio a niechesolichc ; ko iishu- that is all they do when they eat; he was fed miko maka, fiko niaka j^ayuk ot owashiniiBhiliwa by them and, then and one their children ka kiskinowapiimikot a mcchesot, incna maka learnt from him by seeing him he eating, again and watetat ililewa, awukwiinehe wcwa iiuniawela he arrived at him an Indian, this very one his wife not maha oclic kiskalemiko -wewa wela a awit ; oma but he was known by her his wife he that it is he ; this maka ke ittao, " Nela o ka ko kitaholit and ho said to her, " I it is I who was carried off by him Mistnsew." the Roc." These three papers should be carefully read and examined, special attention being paid to the par- ticular order of the Cree words. They will illus- trate the idiom of the language, and prove service- able, I trust, to tho learner. With these I bring tho Grammar to its close, and hope it will be helpful to all who may wish to become acquainted with a language which, though presenting many difficulties, 238 PAUSING. has numerous points of interest and beauty in its construetion ^vell vvcntliy of investipjation. If tho work facilitate the labour of tho Missionary, give pleasure to the philologist, and assist the trader or resident amongst tho Indians, I shall feel that thft time spent in its compilation has been well employed and my efforts sufficiently rewarded. r 4611 SC PRINT liU UY WILLIAM CL (^E^Ali} SON'S, LIMITED, LONDON AND BKCCLES, uty in its 1. If tho aaiy, give trader or I that the employed AND Bb:CCl.ES.