WP o..\^-% IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 2.5 20 1.8 ■ 1.25 1.4 1^^- < ' 6" — ► p% <^^ ^;. 'a '¥ ' Transparence Quality of prir Qualiti indgale de I'impression Includes supplementary materii Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire I I Pages detached/ rri Showthrough/ rr^ Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refUmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 4t6 filmdes d nouveau de fa^on d obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqui ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Seminary of Quebec Library L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grAce A la ginArosltA da: Siminaire de Quebec Bibliothique The Images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legiJillty of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. . Las images suivantes ont 4t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition at < de la netteti de l'exemplaire iWmi, at en conformit6 avec les conditions du contrat de filmaga. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les examplaires originaux dont la couvertura en papier est imprimAe sont fiimAs en commen^ant par le premier plat at en terminant soit par la derniire page qui comporte unis empreinte d'impression ou d'iiiustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont fiimAs en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iiiustration at en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — *- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des synibpies suivants apparaitra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: la symbole — *> signifie 'A SUIVRE". le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filrned at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartas, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre fiimia 6 des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul ciich6. il est fiimA 6 partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas.en prenant ie nombre d'images nAcessaire. lies diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ( — EJ SPfiCI] num ra \f^\.:'-: ■J*y I Improved Stereotypy Edition. AN ABRIDGMENT OF MURRAY'S i/^ ENGLISH GRAJftltSJ oo^^^AININQ also PUNCTHATIOIL , THE NOTES UNDER RULES IN ^A^ AND ^^v, LESSONS IN PARSING: TO TH. LATT.R OF WHICH AR, fKZTlXrc^ SPECIMENS r.LUSXRA,.VE OP THAT EXERCISE, AN. FALSE SYNTAX lO .E CORRECTED. ALL APPEOPRIATELT AERANOm TO ALL WHICH!. OAPTED A NEW SYSTEM OF QUESTIONS. HU««.„co.I,POKX««ocXH.I.l„o.,.KLAHO.I,..„,,„,,,^ BY SAMUEL PUTNAM. NEW YORK- I D * '■ SAI^HEfi A CO. 31 BARCI. DiaTRKJl OF MASSACHIBETTR, tawitt District Clerk^a Office. •» .f »T RBMEMBERKD, That OH the foiirth day of January, A. D. \9SA m the flftj-rtecoiKl year of the Indepondence of the United Stated of Ainencju barauel Putnam, of the said district, has deposited in thi« Office the title of a book, the riglit whereof he claims as author and proprietor, in the words fol lowing, to wit : "Putnam's Murray Improved Stereotype Edition. An Abridgment of Murray s English Grammar. Containing also Punctuation, the Note* under RiUos m Syntax, and F^essons in Pursing: to the latter of which w-e prehxed, ^necimen8 illustrative of that Exercise, and false Synrax to be corrected All appropriately .wanted. To all wliich is adapted a new System of Questions. From tlie Second Portsmouth Edition, en- larged and improved. By Samuel Putnam." In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United Siates, entitled, An Act lor the encouragement of iearning, by securing the copi(« of i maps, charts, and books, to the authors and i)ropriett>r8 of such copies ' during the tunes therein mentioned;" and also to an act, entitled, "-An Act supplementary to an act, eniiihHl, An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, U) the ■uthors and pn>prielors of sucii copies during the times therein men- tioned ; and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of deslKnina eogr»Ting, aud etching historicjU and oiiwt j.riuu." JiNO W. TRAVIS, Clerk vf tii* Diatnct »* ^tUfeAtmfH; f I The Oourag lug, as The Gramm lesson, The J beredy ii O'lmber sign of and ava: have an As 80] mar in tl ternatel] in such a hajs been tUifCs of The 1.1 answer ; readily t< question. This ei prrtant N to wliicli cise, arrai «nar8, the l^pendix, ooj»JQn to burden |but indefi xercises, these p PREFACE. 9itt lerk^s Office, lary, A. D. IWML liniltid Stateii of eposiled in thin i as author aud An Abridifment iJitittij, the Notei Ijitter of which lud fitlse Syjirax rhich is adaj)tod >uth Edition, on- S;»ites, entitled, ng the copit« of ol' such copies !t, entitled, '» An encouragement id books, to the ^9 therein mon" s of designingi, 'AVIS, oiimbered, have nn rfil^ij' ^''' """^"■^'tly read, the attempt «.;j^:;ranS'';hr::?r?nrer„v;Kt:^^^^ read.^y_to iearn the <^t..,T^^^} STttZt^':, a^rt^'t Nvitt'ln'MurrTv' s ? '^"'""?«>»."' '"«' 'ho most h„. ci»e, arranffed^n ;lir f'P"'"'"?"^ ■llustrative of that exo?: 'SSTo'th"" "" "■" ™'«3inXa;fn" '"tS i*burr„ h"smMwX'"°"*l ''•**/'''"' P"P"^as l^ but indeLI ely u„d" stoodlS' "{P'Tf^"'' which are tiercisos, he is „hlS ,„ ' ? ' ''''®" ho comes to tli* ^f these ^riL.; ;""';:Hi° lerfc «' ""> »amo time, n,a„y r s> wi-i.,„, „jr wciiig coniouncied with on* • prefack. n.e„t of exerc,™,, that the 3k ^^tn'^hH anTfw As many scholars never uve any other than th« ohn- unavoidable, m consequence of the lar^e addition nf^kS exercses, notes, and punctuation. ^ ''" °^ ^H Ihis edition includes all the former editinn« ««,! ;« ♦u gether new. Every new system will, without douh* '« I T.'VT "^"^ 'H*^ valuable views ' Cwhelher'.rJ U^e whole, any single system can at preslT be fo Td ' bo a" '^'^^ ""' ^"^"W ^«'''««%. is greatly l^ icTid V hi ftAi'in ttikay I An I Maaii OllTi [ers of « >r(]s. [of a WO] Tlie \ed (4) 1 buinber. • Orgai and rnypteriouA, nrt to be appre- relations. The i 1 one thing at a 5 shall be in m. \ which his nnn»j i resent arranc-ii he shall IuTt* •me acquainted! ceeds to anoth- _^'h the Syntax, inciples. Iian the cheap! •rtant that such [1 the neces8a< isable i,o make it any material ise have been ddition of the] •ns, and in the ienced, should I bandon Mur- ^ements alto ut doubt, pie I'hether, upor nt be found s in learnine 's trreaiiy tx t^xNGLlSH GRAMxMAR. Enol,8„ Grammar i, (.) the art of sneakb. - w„t,„g the English language with p^J^ sdmded .„to i^) four parts, vi^. (>{oLol lAi'Lv i!.TVMOLo«v. SvNTAx and Prosodj. ORTHOGRAPHY, LKTTERS. Ci An articulate gouiid is (i) the son..,! «» a ';aa„ voice, formed by the o gans of "peech • - of letters and ?ue teeth. linsTIT" /* ENOUSil GRAMMAR. The following is abut of the Roman and j ! ROMAN. Cap Sii«U. A a B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V b c d e f g h 1 i 1 m n o P q r s t u V W w X X y y Z 7 ITALIC. Cap. Small A a B C D E F G H I i J J K k L I M m b I d e f g h N O P R S T U V w X Y 7. n P 9 r 8. t u V to X y Italic Ckaraetorti NAMEl ai bee see dee ee jee aitck i or eye jay kay em en pee cue ar ess tee ti 01 yau vee double n eks wy ^. I ORTHOGRAPHY. • formed (vithout the id;l'r^5 S.rioSr'' •'* . S V '' ^ > "'" "' *' •' ^. ". -^d "ometime. caifnoft"""!;- ''!.^'^ ''" "^'■""•'"^ sound, which rowel • t 'bT'fl ""'^r'^.^^^hout the h^lp of 2 press them' fiy'.^' '' ^''"='' '•'=1"''« vowels'toe* W^and y are consonants (^) when fh^v K« • re;Veva?'''-^--/^er4Sr? ou/'thpI!!f f""' ■'"I'"'* ^'^ ^"'""''^'l «' «/' with out tlie aid of a vowel. Thev aw na\ a , j *, and c and ff hard. ^ ^ ^ *' ^' '' "^ ( *) The Semi-voweh have an imnerfect .«..„.< of themselves. Thev are (H-) f I , P*'"*'^* ^ound and c and j? softj ^ ^ ^ •'^' '' '"' "' ""' "' «' ^. «. Tom of the semi-vowels, namelv C"^ / m « r, are also distinguished by'the n ^io/ 1:^^"' ^ror.o«.eed b/a si-U Im .r ^tl eToirZ «o in beat, OM m sound. *>^'*-e,a», ^ronou^nced ,n like manner ; as, eau h ber„:S } For the distinction botwoen the nrfur,. .nl tt,. »f^. consonant .«,« Murray's Grl^rff^VJ^' *"~ i i ' ENGLISH GRiMMAlU A Proper Diphthong is (W) thai in ,vhich both the^vowds are sounded ;^a., o^ in ^^oic^c^t votZ!"'^''T\ ^^'P^'^^«»^ n I^«s but one of the 'Z '^"''^*^^ ' ^'' "« i" «^g»^» ' « in boat ^rr/TI"-'- *; ^^^^ '' '^^ articulate sounds 2 AVhal fhn \T.,* T ^"- r "ware consonants divided' 11 Can SYLLABLES. A SYLLAI.LE is (1) a sound, eithersiraple or com- po;ini,ls ;^^to their syllables j or of exprt^ssiu;; a vvord bv i»s pjoper letters. ^ ^a^^c^n*, 1 What is a Syllable f 2. What .s SpelUnj ' WORDS, ^'.»RDs are (i) articulate sounds, used, t y rom. airi i^onsent, as signs o f our ideas. • Constitutmg^ma\i'ing, or forming. ' 1 .vhich boib ^^oice, ou in Mit one of the in boat ijnd? 8 AVhal tter? 4. What d? 5. How are l» are the vow- the vowels do f- When are lo ^liy f VViiut is * What is it in Wedi' 11. Can a vowel ? 12. I use in soiind- Is? N. Name e seini-vovvela ithorifT p How answer ? Can diphthong's ? ^oiir last an- Jontain triph ^ow many in Diphthong? pie or com-i ilse of the of a word j tnijT words word bv IS Spelling ? 1, 1 y t^oin* ETYMu;.OGV. ^ A word of one syllable is termed* «) a monr- iylhible; a word of two syllables, (^) ' ^ZT able; a word of tbree ^yllables^ V a titvlfi ftfluced to any simpler wonl in tlie language • aa. im7i, good, cmteiU. 'o""o« . M| E ' -^ ' S"""^"**'. co«/e«/m«i^, York. ».J4?J/ww;'w7„^ ''T''r ^''^' »"" of a wmd i. V'f »vny.' What sort of a word is ^ea? Why? ETYMOLOGY. The seoond part of Grammar is ErvMOLoor- which treatst of (i) the different sorts 7 words' the, various modifications,! and their der valfon I N..™.- u/e Vf..r. Te fc.t;rtr vL"b' "id the Interjection. * ^*iu« Questions 1 Of what does EtymoWv treat ' 2 H - Dm ny * Termed- — callnd * 'r . „ I to their sourco : ius ,S, J /^''"'"""'"-Ifacmg them . /• . "*«-"» -.US, mams the snnrcA urhc^n/.^ ,..~ j :._- !;i| l!i f- ! N h ! 10 ENGLISH GKAMaUR. 1. An Article is (i) a word prefixed* to suIk stJintives, to point them out, and to show how fai their signiticationt extends ;J as, a garden, oM eagle, /Ac. woman. ' Qutnions. 1. What sort of a word is ai Articl. n aat words m your last answer are articles ? 2 A Sttbstantive or Noun is (i) the name of my tiling that exists, or of which we have vax Hc* 311 ; as, London^ man, virtue, /» Substantive may, in general, be distinffuished (^) hv its making sense of itself, or with the word the before it ; as temperance., industry, diastity ; the book, the sun, the ap question. 1. What is a Noun? 2. How else may a .joun be distinguished ? What part of speech is book f [It v/ill be well for tho Teacher here to lay aside the iTrammar, and turn to some familiar reading^Iesson, and let uis scholar select the Nouns, giving his reasons whv he calls theni such, till he shall be able to do it with facil £ty The same course may be pursued with the other ^arts oi speech.] 3, An Adjective is {}) a word added to a sub- sta:Uive, to express its quality; as, an indmtilom man, a virtvoiis woman. An Adjective may be known (2) by its making sense with the addition of the word thing ; as, a good thinij, a jadVaxwg- or of any particular substantive; as, a sweti ftpple, a peasant prospect. Qiiescwns. 1 What is ar Adjective ? 9 Hw else ?"i^ 5 « adjective be distinj'uished ? What part of Bf«eec mbadf Why? Wh^i'msweetf Why? ^ 4. A Pronoun is (i) p, word used instead oft !, ,^, «'vai Liii; ivw iiC4uciii Rfpeunon oi tti< !£r*'^^''^""P'^*^'''^ before. t Signijimtionr-me^n'mi t Thus n mnn sirnifies /?nw man : the man, one particu imrm»sii man, leaving out the wticio, signifies oL' men. xed* to suIk. how how fai t garden, oM » aL Article! a? the name of ^e have any ished (2) by its : before it ; as, le sun, the ap^ V else may a Bch is book? lay aside the ig'Iesson, and I reasons why ' it with facil ith the othet ?d to a sub- indushlom tiaking sense ^ood thing, a ; as, a sweei ? H:w else ut of Bi-eeei istead of i tion of itii 1 — meaning one particu !s aU men. ETYMOLOGY, 11 lame word ; as The man is happy ; he i. bene*^ pit.nt ; he is useful. questions 1 What is a Pi onoun ? WI /li^teadof what noun is it njsed? Ren *^.njr uie nom only. , *^ 5. A Verb is (i) a word wh^ to DO, or to SUFFER ; as, I rulsd, A Verb may be distinguished (2) With one of the following pronouns THOU, HE, SHE, WE, YOU, Or THEYj'ur W oetore it ; as, I walk, he plays, they wrft 10 play, to write. ^ What 18 niU t Why ? What is am ruui ? Whv > a ":/i"''^,?yr'' ^*""'"' ■« •""'-s-bw.' wLt i « Li^" ^"7.""^ (') apart of speech joined to Lv,lh' r "'•'"'*"'*' '^'"^ ««»etimes to"' another adveib, to express some quality or circumstanpp respect ng it; as, He rids Im; TiZ^gZ man ; he wntes very correctly, ^ s " V'hv'f'o'"-,, '• '^"^^'" '" »» Advorb' What is JeH ; 7. Prepositions serve (i) to connect words hveenT/"°*'''V"'' '" ^^ow the relation C h^een them; a.,, He went>om London to 'ioAt |he^ „We disguise; They are su^poned b^t ».. HKu, „,„, 0, ,„,„ , ls,witrS,?„?LV';ra; S f^iM«ons. t. For what do Prepositions servo ' 2 H,.- Bi»y a preposjtioT, bo iuiown? What is 4» /why ? ,i I 12 i-i' I i ENGLISU GRA31M aR. 8. 4 Conjunction ,s (i) a part of speech that ts chiefly used to connect sentences, so as out of two or more sentences to make but one • (8) it sometimes connects only words ; as, Thou and ^e are happy, because you are good: Two sutd •Jbiee are five- &,««♦» Quf^tiims 1. What is a Conjunction ? 2. Does it al. TlLTwh/r"''""'' Wimtisiecu..... Why? Wh.t 9. LxTERJECTioNs are (i) words thrown in b*v tween the parts of a sentence, to exprtss the pa* sions or emotions of the speaker j as, O virtue ' how amiable thou art ! 7 > uc question. 1. What are Interjections? AUTICLE. .. ^° ^'T'''''^ '' ^ '^'''^ prefixed to substantives. to point them out, and show how far their siffnifi catiou^extends ; as, a garden, an eagle, the woinaa. In English, there are but (i) two articles, (9) a 'mdthe; « becomes an (3) before a vowel, and oefore a silent A; as, an acorn, an hour; but if he h be sounded the a only is to be used : a«, a hand, a heart, a highway. ' ' , (^) A or an is styled* the Indefinite Article : u IS used in a yaguet sense, to point out a sinde taing of the kind, in other respects indeterminate as, Give me a book; Bring me an apple. The is called the Definite Vrticle, because it a* . ertains what particular thing or things are meant. .s. Give me the book; Bring me the apples; mea,.! insf some bnot nr oT>r.i«„ „,.r. i . ^^ ' " •' - 7 "• "j-fl'iiin, iCiCilCU lO. A substantive, without an article to limit it generally taken (5) in its widest ^ M sense: as, A ' Sty ted — called. I «^''we---in»ie;initai speech that so as out of one ; (8) it , Thou and ; Two lutd I Does it «i Why ? Wiiat rown in b*^ tss the paa- > O virltte ' BTYMOLOGYi 13 • ibstantives. leir signifi. he womaa. icles, (9) a 'ovvel, and ur; but if sed ; as, a i^rticle: u a single ermiuate ause it a» re meant, es; meaii- imit it, is 3Jnii«i I' >tticles. 5 In X^«„n!!-*^ *^»''" out some indefiniu ".ini>le.' Why *' ''''°' """• ""«»»> » th. SUBSTAi\TIVE. IS, LmtJun, man, virtue. ^ "ouon Substantives are (S) either Puoper or Common i'ro^^.r names, or substantives, are (3) tJjenaT.; Proper mmen always begin with . capital letter Cmnmm names, or substantives, stand for kind, (*) containing many sorts, or for sorts contain ■Wny individuais under them j as, IZ!^ Common names begin with a small letter, and Case ; and they are all of the th rd person spoken to ; as, fiimm^, attend us on everv SL?:frf''''''^^-''-^'»--'«-'?^ WT,; .'"&,'::;:,""'■ "'•'« '•'"'' "<■ « noun-is Ge;rV;i "ny '';;nt out some proper substantives 4 r„/,..i f j / now m any m yo ur last answer ? 5. What belong a * •^PJfropriattdr-^iyen n ENGLISH jKAMKAR. Ii!i! iHii in iiiii I -Mi ?' Ji^^^^'^t'^eb ? 6. When are they all o! the third perfon. 7- When of the second ? What person is blessini-s, io UkS example > Winy .-' What person is children f Whv ^ GENDER. Gender is (i) tlie distinction of nouns wlt^ Ic^gard to sex. There are (^) three geuders, ^^^ Ihe MASCULINE, the Fkvvinine, and the Neutfr The Masculine gender denotes (*) males j a&, a man, a horse, a hull. The Feminint gender denotes (*) females ; as, I woman, a duck, a hen. The Neuter gender denotes («) objects which are neither males nor females ; as, afield, a haiue, u "arden. be pNouns which are either masculine or feminine, may p« led Common gender ; as, a bird, a child, a friend.] Some substantives, naturally neuter, (') are, ^y a figure of speech, converted* into the mascu- line of feminine gender ; as when we say or the r un, he is setting, and of a ship, she sails well, &c. The English language has (**) three methods if distinguishing the sex, viz. 1 . By ditierent words j as. Mrth. Female. Male. Biichelor maid Hushand Boy girl Lord Brother Bister Man Buck doe Master Drake Earl queen duck countosa Nephew Singer Father mother Son ^■nar nun Stag Gander goose Uncle Hart roe Wizard Femalt wife lady woman mistress niece songstrese or sini^or dauffhtor hind aunt witch Comerted — changed. ETTiMOLOGY. 9. By difference of termin- j^** Female. Male I f ^* a^l>e88 Host" . V"' • . actress Lion *dminigtrator adniinistralriy Marquia Jmba,.8ador ambassadress Master yi^iter arbitress Mayor ^-^/jn baroness vZl ^ridc^roont bride Poet rfen(!(actor benefactress Priest ' Id Chanter Conductor C^ount Duke t^loctor S^niperor f^xecutor ^xovernor fieir Hero Hunter ciiantross conductress countess duciiess eloctress empress executrix governess Heiress heroine huntress Prince Prior Prophet Protector Shepherd Songster Tiger / Traitol-^ Tutor Votary Widower Female hoftess lioness marchioni mistress mayoress patroness poetess priestess princess prioress prophetess protectress shepherdess sonirstress tigress traitress tutoress votaress wridow A hen-sparrow A maid- servant A she-goat A female-child A cock-sparrow A man-servant A ho -goat A male-child ?->nHer denote > 5 Fen nin. ,'"".,<""«'' the Masculine «ti,ntives naturally neuter p r,V '•" "'"' "^ ""'"'■ "!> by . %«re of speech /Sl;V'l.tf^;^:[ U ! T '"^ N? the sex/ wilJ't fc f--^^"^'"' :-?^^^«"^^^«^i"^^^^ aa, .strxehiSL way: teucond P Third? NT7MBER. « on?:rJr/^ *' consideration of an obj.« IC iiitij! i I iili I! ' , I . I t CNGlJbri GKAMMAH. SuDstantives are of (2) two numbers, (^) the BiNouLAii aud Plural. » W '« The Singular number expresses (^] but one ob )e/:t i as, a c/mtr, a table, vrth tne word one before it ; as, one chair, one table. The Plural number sin^uifies .6) more obiictfi iliun one ; as, chairs, tables. J!ilVJ''''''\ ""'"^.'^^ /« known T) by its making genua with the word TWO before it; as, two chairs, two Fable/ ' Some nouns, (8) from the nature of the things wnch they express, are used only in the siuLndar, others only m the plural form; as, «•//,,«/, pitch] yvld, sloth, pnde, \c, and bellows, scissors, lumjs, rirhesj &c. ^ J f Some words are the same in both numbers • as ieer, sheep, smne, &c. ' ' The plural number of nouns is generally formed ( ) byaddmgsto the singular; as, dov^, c^ov^-* , lace, faces ; thcmght, thoughts. But when the simstantive singular ends in x, ch, sh, or sh, we add es m the plural; as, box, boxes; church, churches; lash, lashes; kiss, kisses. Nouns ending in/ or /e are generally rendt red* plural by the change of those terminationsl into m- ; as loaf, /offrc*; wife, xrives. Those which end in /have the regular plural ; as, ruff, rufs. Such as have y in the singular, with no ofnei vo^vel jn the same syllable, change it into ies ic tte plural; as, beauty, beauties; t^y, flies ; hv^ the y is not changed when there is another y-is^^d m the syllable; as, key, keys; delay, duays. 1 I. T«ri bora have nouns? 3. Wh ''o''\Jl ^""''"^^^ •' S. Urn many num Singular number expre at are they ? 4. What dfn.s thf ss ? 5. How is it known ? ti. Wha* • Rendered— mude t Tervunations-^ndiiiiga, n .1 tv. i3 Tf it lis a (9^ assist u r~\. •*:tym )L)Gr. n Jrs, (3) the 3ut one ob %e tablt. )rc objifctfi aking senue 'wo tables the thiugs e singular, eaty pitchy iorSf lungs^ [ibers; as, lly formed ^'^, (/oves , kvheii the or *9, we r church, "end( red* ions'! i"to se which no ofnei nto ic3 iz2 ?? ;* i ^ « in .l.e plural .= Vf.at:„t"ti.o.Vu'ir-^ Wh""'l'""^ M to say one sheep, two shaeps, three sheen, &c /\l [.?* ■ How .a ll,e plural number of nouns g'irMv fornmi It plural Why P into w^a,' h'^'^ '" 'V "^'"" ''^^^^ '"^^^ ^ey? Why: ^ "^ "^^ ^''^ ^"'■^" '^^« plural of CASE. In English, substantives have (M three cases the NOM...X.VE, the Possessive, UdtfiXE^: The Nomlmtim case simply expresses (») the ;iame of a thing, or the sub ect of the verb • al Tlie % plays ; The ylrls learn. ' '» 1 he Pmmfye case expresses (3) the relation nop le with the letter * com ns after if as TIip .,A„fc,,du,y; My /aMc.r',s house. ' ' ^''* <,-.itL"-T !!"■' P'"'"' ^"'''* "' *' *e other , is u.itted biil the apostrophe is retained; as, Ou (») eaglef vv.ngs ; The drapers^ company ' F , JV"' ''«,''P°«t^''Pl"" » is not added; es Tlf m*' •*'"'' J-of "y'"-'<»»"m' sake. »r « io^r'T 'T 'r'^P^'*^*-''' (*) ll'e object of a 'nt^'rh „ ," "*'"""' ''"'' generally il!.,w, « \ ; verb active, or a nrpnncJf.'^^ . :^ r ; a«u.ts CWto^ey live m ^.0,;^^^ ""' """"' a- Il 18 |l:i!:i I ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Enorli^h substantives are declined in the follow tag manner' jyominative Case Png-sessive Case Objsctive Case MomiTMtivB Case Possessive Case Objective Case Siriffvlar. A iiioth^r. A niothor's. A mother. Siuirufar. The man. Tiio man's TJie man. Plural MoiheiB. Mothers' Mothers, Plural. The men The men's TJie men. questions, 1. How many Cases have nouns in-Pn i^r'ess^Wh-eh"- ',• ^^'-V^'-tl.e ^^>rSv"case exanml« P \ w^ TV^^ ""7 ^^^ nominative cases in the example? 3. What does the Possessive case express "4 How is It written? Which are the possessive^oases in the example ? Why ? 5. How would you write the no« Bessive ease of eagles? /^-«/^^/-^ -^ TUC' Ho/ j " 9 WhaV„art;Yf- ^»^«/he Objective case express? y. What parts of speech does it generally follow ? What ZZtr '.a" "^J^'T '^''' ^'^ he exan.ple? ■ Why Decline tnother. Spell the nouns in each case inH Z\\ where tiie apostrophe is placed. ' ^®" Jfouns to be declined. Write (or spell) in the nominative case plural the follow ing nouns: apple, plum, orange, bush, tree nlantrfil W;irT"^^^^^""^"^'^^^^^^'P^"tube;a;ce ' ' ' "^"^ Plural crt^ ?iTu^ substantives in the nominative case p ural cry, fly, cherry, fancy, glory, duty, bov ftillT play, hly, toy, conveniency. ^ ^' ^' ^' '* "^' tar bov ^iTrl^'^^Z '"^ "''""', '? ^^^ VosBessive case singu tyVsiste^lel:"'""'^"'"'^'^^*'^ ^^^> ^^^'«^» J-««>»>el« ■hi^/'*® iV^® ^°"°T^'!? ^'^ the nominative case plural : loaJ S^lt'liff "''^'^^^^'''^^ wife, stofl-, wol? half; SS, M ^h !m *^° ^°"«w^ng >n tt e possessive case plural : brctli «, child, man, woman, foot, tooth, ox, Luso, plZ. I jj «.«!wi'® *^® fallowing ncans in the nominative a id po» ■essive cases plurM: wife, chief, die, staff, city, riSe? pi-oof, archer, master c.ut<:h, tooth, mouth, bakoird S ETYMOLOGT |9 EXERCISES IN PARSING Article and Substantive. attest ions. What part of speech is . ?• ^ARTICLE. Why? (see p. 10.) Kind' («, p. «.) A bush A tree A flower An apple An almond A house The fields Tiie rainbow The clouds The scholar's duty George A prince The Humber The Pope The Grocer's Co. Etirope The pons The jrirl's school The laws Beauty The continent TJie Cajsars exfrcLes that *l?oll'^"'''*'*'"! ^^' H^''^"^' ^" *^»««« '^"^ th« exercises that follow, are too minute to be used a loni. time without becoming tedious, it will be expedien S omit them as soon as they shall have answere^d the ob iefinUion.^"^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^-"^- -th the etymlgi:^ the^fonowi!!^' '''''''^;"^ '^''^'^''^' ^"^ P^^«« ^<^<^«'ding to SPECIMEH A bush. Bi.sh is a common noun, of the neuter render thJr^ ^rson, singular number, and nominative /as! ' ^ ADJECTIVE. An Adjective is (i) a word added to a sub- •teLtive to express ,ts cjuality; as. An ivdv*. mow man; A mrtimis woman? a a.«,...^,„- In English, the adjective is not varied on ac- * ilere insert the word to bo «>d li Mi*i ^:!! 10 ENGLISH fiKAM I Aft. fount of orender, number, or casP Ti A careless boy ; Cr^rele^ ^'' ^^^"^ ^^ ^^r. lli« only variation which it admits is-f^N fl .. 0/ the degrees of comj)arison. ' ^ ^ ^^**^ Ihere are commonly reckoned (^\ iU i rees of comparison- ^\ thp P ^ ^ i^''*^ *^^ -»riVE, and btPKuiMTivE. ' ^'>MP..a- »s, good, wise, ffreat. ^ °' d-miuutior, ;» ( ) The Cumjmralive degree in(>rf.a«»c «- i «"W, greatest, least ^Mse! ""'' '''^^''^'^J ^' perlative by addino- m^J, ^^ ^^ * ^'^^ ^^^^ su- t- nc „,• ^ a"«mg (") sf or est to the end of be or t,., ,,.,,,^.^^ ,U '«- -^ - ; P'ace.1 wse, mwe wise, mos( wise. ' ' Monosrtlables, for ttie nino ^a-f H bv er or ^«/ „„ j j- ?, , J""^'' *■■« compar- er../ fas mil= Te, nu,st ; and a few oti.er« ' "^"^^ ETYMOLOQT. 21 Imlfh ^^'"'^'ii* ^""" the superlative? 10 VVha \ 'I Have the same plf.irt ? VV'fiv Jq ,.,;/ / *"• *vnai \ jM WHY ? \vu, i "' V". *^,'»} '8 w/"/rf compared n the fir» ^ajectives to he. comparrd. Compare the foUowin.T adirpiivo^ • fni- — l i fa;?, »hor., tall. wiU. doeprSg ;«" ricfZat^^'' iigjHnt. industrious, porploxiiKr * "^» EXERCISES IN PARSING. ^rt.?r/e, ,'iajective^ „,nd Suhstantive parrfo."^'^^^^^^^ ^"d substantive agreeably to ncte o. ^/A.5/?^5. What pan of speech is ? wt!?if/i;Z.^-,.»'"^^ (- page .0.) Co™,.„e J. A better world. A ?0(id heart Shady trees A frao-rant flov/er Tlie verdant Holds Composed thoujrhts The whisllinjT winds A dilifirent scholar Fairest proposals Relentless war A temper unhappy Rapid streams A »y'3re winter The careless ostrich A cheerful, ^ood, old man lender-looking charity A bookofmy frienG^ A mahog-any tahle A windintr canal A happier life The sweetest inci>rjse The ivy-mantled tow»»r A better world A pleasing address Wholesome aliment A free government The noblest proupp't' «Pfr'ul*h^^«^'«^'"? ^ ^«^cises, aD4 parse li.em n^^ — s »»- -i«c iuiiow'ing " " Specimew. A better world. J^Uer is an adjectiva, and is found in the comoaratm / 89 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. PRONOUNS A Pronoun is (*) a word used insteac! of t Doun, to avoid the too fre(|ueiit repetition of th« same word ; as, The man is happy ; he is be'iev Olent ; he is useful. /i^'u"^'"' a^*^ (^) three kinds of Pronoins, via. (*) the Pkrsonal, the Relative, and the Adjkc rivE Pronouns. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. There are (<) five Personal Pronouns, vii, C*) /, thou, hey she, it; with their plurals, we, vt or yau, they. ^ ^ y Persona] pronouns admit of («) person, number gender, and case. ' Tb3 Persons of pronouns are C) three in eacli of the numbers, viz. (8) / is the first person Thou is the second person Hey she, or it, is the third person fVe is the first person Ye, or you, is tlie second person They is the third person Singular. I > Plural. (®) The rumhers of pronouns, like those of sub- Btantives, are two, the singular and the plural ; fts, /, thou, he ; we, ye, they. (^0) Gender has respect only to the third pei^ son singular of the pronouns he, she, it. T' h^ •iasculine; sAf is feminine ; t/is neuter. (**) Pronouns have three cases, the Monvntp^ are, the Posses»ive, and the Objective, The oojeeiive case of a pronoun has, m &en- 'irel a form different from that of the nominaUvi or the » Oiasessive case. IH"!'!,::^ "r' •^'"*'»» P^o i" • Latin word nn4 lIManH >f> ':fr./itl of ETYMOLOGY. 23 Ftrtt ITie personal pronouns are thu? dec/ined Ours iJVdm. < Possess, Third, Wis Third Fi.in. Thifl t KtUtP.T Singulw Mine Me Thou Thine Thee lie His Hirn She Uors Her It iii tt Us Ye ot yen Yo'irs Yoa They fill • Tliem Thc^ Thoira Theui They Theirs Them Questions. 1. What is a Pronoun? Mention the nra. nouns in tJie example. Instead of what ar^th^y us^eT' Repeat the example, usin^r the nouns only. 2. How an* K.Mds of pronouns ? 3. Repeal then/ 4. How any lersonal r^ronouns ? 5. Repeat them. G. Of what do pergonal pronouns admit .^ 7, How niuny persons i each ber^?%V^TV^\Tn '' VVlmtisUdoftheirrmm becond. Third person masculine. Feminine. Neuter RELATIVE PRONOUNS. Relative Pronouns are (^) such as relate, in general^ to some word or phrase* goincr before, which ,s thence called the antecedent ;t they are ( ) who, which, and that i as, The man is hap- f y. who lives virtuously. W^te isakind of f3) compound relative, in- ^udmg both the antecedent and the relative, and 18 equivalent to {^) that which; as, This is what I wanted; thai is to say, the thing whkk •A pkra^e consists of several vvoids. t Because anteceAent is car/yed fr^wn two Latin wordi vmcn mean eoimr Ufore. 24 $ 'lii! { ;M ^il ENC U 3H GIlA rJM AK. mo b applied (5) to persons ; which, (f^) to an. w/io IS laithful in advers^tv ; The bird w;Ai>A *ung so sweetly, is dowarXhis is he it' tViicA produces no fruit. T^A^^, as a relative, is often used H) to n^ U s applK^d (8 to persons and thino-s • as Me Si^^lnr^/T'^^p^^^^^' M.;;Ltris M^Ao IS of both numbers, and is thus decKned : SINGULAR AND PLURAL Nominative PossHssjve Objective Who Whom t:S^ What TowhaVdoesit eiZf (!,,"'« .'"'^'ve in the e.Ta,„,,te r the examnle ? Whinh «r*K * . '^ equivalent iij Which Ts'^to amocelnt ^^T^»^;''' " 'i!" "''•^"™ ^ Bsed as a relative » H -rr k . • ■ '^"'' "''"" '» 'hat 9thtch, and iM«i in the examples ? Why ? ' ADJECTIVE PRONOnNS. r>) Adjective Pronouns are of a mixed nature, ETFMOLOf.r 3» The adjective pronouns may be si ■bclivid..rl (a\ uito four sorts, namely, the PossEss.vr'he b« »R.B„T,v., the Db„.^«™.t,v., and t^'e 1^^^^ 1. The Possessive are (') tliow n,l.j„i, ■ to possa-sion or property. "^ "'' ■■*'*"• There are («) seven of them, viz. («) mv M« *i», Aer, oeir, your, their. • W^y, Ml/, "cgii ling with a vowel, or a silent h - «« uu* out all miwe iniquities. ^ ^' ^'°^ taken separately and singly. They e.r^ (^\I'T ^eru, either ■ a« iP«-i f u- f^ , ' (/ *'''^*' favourable situaH^n^i"'^ •"" *''■''"'«« " '» « forhimsetf Ih ■ F""^ ""•" "'"" "ewun' lor mmself I have not seen eUher of them. ciseiv Dcin/^*!^T""'u^ "'" (*> "'°''« ^hich pre- P^WArid M , ,! *"''J^'.'' *° '^'"«*' *«y relate as rt^ k f '*<«, 'A^.'e and ertie8 of a pZ ^'^n^s hooK'^^^ "" pronoun.it stands for anouifaT 26 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. i i ii'i' I' 4 The Indefinite are (13) those which expresi tbeij subjects in an indefinite or general manuer. The following are of this kind : (}^) same, itkor^ my^ ancy «//, s\ichj &,c. Otk^ 18 declined in the following manner : Pass. Obj. Singular, Other Other's Other Plural Others Otiiers* Others Questions. 1. Wliat are Adjective Pronouns ? 2. How may these be subdivided.-' 3. Which are the Possessive / 4. How many of them? 5. Name them. 6. How were mme and thine, formerly used ? 7. Which are the Distrib- utive ? 8. Name them. 9 Which are the Demonstrative ? 10. Name them 1 1 To what does this refer i 12. Tkai f To which man does tkis refer in tlie example f To which does that ? What does this indicate ? That 9 What does that indicate in the example ? This? 13. Which are the Indefinite ? 14 Name them. Decline other. Spell it in each case, and tell where the apostrophe is placed. Write the possessive sinfrular and plural of the pronouns, J, thou, he, she, it, who. and other. Write the objective cases singular and plural of the pro- nouns, 1, thou, he, she, it, and who. EXERCISES IN PARSING. Jirtidey Adjective, PronouHy i^c. Let the Verb be omitted j the Article, Adiectiv«, tad noun, parsed as before. Questions. What part of speech is ? IRON()UN. Why? (see page 10.) Decline X (sw nage^d.) in what person, number, gender and case m A round .? I am sincere We honor them Thou art industrious You encourage ng He IS disinterested They commend her Thou dost imprvve Let him consider He assisted me Know yourselves You win submit Let them advance I hey will ohey us They may oilend ETYMOl^OGV vhich exprpfii neral maimer. manner : ral 3rs' 3rs louns ? 2. How the Possessive / 6. How were ire the Distrib- )omonstrative r fer? 12. Thatf )le ? To which t? What does Which are the 3r. SpeU it in placed. fthe pronouns, ural of the pro* re. Adjective, mmI « )ecline U. and case is JH m ? tis id her ier nee ind Chu- hopes did flatter us They have deceived me lour expectation iias failed He Jiad resiirued iainself V\ ,5 completed our journey r/.eir fears will delect them tie may have deceived me 27 They may have forffotten 1 can foririve Ho uiiifht surpass them VVe could overtake ^lini I would be happy Ye should repent Wo should have considered r!>lZtll^:^7t^ ''^''"^^' -'O P"- then acco* Specimen. She is disinterested. VERBS. A Verb is (') a word which signifies to be, to DO or to sukfek: as I „», I r,,le: 1 am ruled Verbs are of » three kmds, (') Active Pa« into Regular, Irregular, and Defective, ^ ' J A Verb Active expresses («) an action an-l necessarily implies o'^an agei/, a"d ar;bS acted upon; as, to love; \lo„e Penelope Cah, k»/W Abel ; Titus de^troycA the Temple ^ ' LH^''^^'T*'" '^''P'-«'^^«s (') the .receiving of Ian action, and necessarily implies (9) an obicc acted upon, and an agent by vWuch lluit actLn i performed ; as, Abel was killed by Cain • The xemple was destroyed ('") by Titus. «l 'ir/"T '" 'H™.'/'=« '» ("''i a passive votb, fcociuue th« oh.^el Tewph. „ acted „p„n by tho .-■.o,,,,, TiZ C "la Passive V^rh.flio M.wr,,>,o«;,.„ Missive Verb, the Noininati v'et'HStiusactot'unoTi 28 .ill ill i"f ! ! .iii i ENGLISH GRAMMAK. A Verb Neuter expresses (»3) ueitLer aotlnn Here am k (13) a neuter verb, because il does r^ ., press any.aetion. <-«iiao n loes ax ex 4ai«/ary or FIdping Veibs are (M) J,ost b^ fto help of « hieh the English verbs are Dri, ? pally coniugated ; they L \^^)do be^lZ eh,.U,wiU, ma;i, can, will, their variilious S ^W and ™«./,ul,ich have no variation. ' "^^ and 7W ' '^■'°"° (") ^^'"«*-. ^'--, ^o'.do<',8 » ply! 7. What ifind of a vert ,t;;L?"wH"]'V"' docs. t act !A-i/W^ W,,^, How doeSu ''^ ' ""' «. What does tlia verb Passive evnrps.; ? Q Wk * j It noce.sarily implv ' 10 VVhat S f ^^^^^t does Wh^ How iritac[::f upon p'^'^' "^^^" • '^^ ^^"^'^^ ^ B.ve'^ ^f^"\\n.'i'cl^::!7 '^f Jsti„.niHhed from the Pas- ^ '^- H fidt does a verb iN<^utur ('\i.rf.^« p iq aviT . nnc a vorb is an, 9 Why ? Sl^l VV v ' L i^Wh^l ' 1- What are AuxiJiarv verbs ? ir{ W, • i? ' .• ^^^ • What beJoncr to verbs < "' ^^^"'^ ^'*^ ^^^^ •' '6- NlIMBEll AND PP^RSOxV. -r^^ I L( kal; }:.vs, 1 love, we /ot?6. lu each number there are (2) three persons; ai^ First Pfirson Sec or d Person Third Person Sing,ular, I love Thou Invest He loves Plural. We love Ye or you. low Tiioy love Hot' mi"''' ^- ""'" "'""y Numbers have verVr ' 2 ETTJIOLOGT, JGui.AR and 39 MODES. Mood or Mode i« /u « ^ • • Kerb, showing Te'Lll^rS 'Z t *« .<>.on, or pa.ssion, h represented. ' '"'"'«' There are (») five modes of verbs f3\ th. r 910ATIVE, the Imperative .L p ' ^> ""^ '"' or it asks a queftiou •' af fi "1' 'f ", '""'^'''■ inr'exiZw %f^"'^. '^ ''^^'^ (*) for command. peace. •' ' "* *%» go w The Potential Mode implies ('«1 nn=o;K:i-< hberty, power will J !>i • J ^ P"**'™"*?- or «-«*; they^LXL^' ''"" "*'• ''^"'-^ unJer /«*-'"'Tv' "' ^""^^ ^presents a thing f7X he good, he would be happy • that k ' .Y 1 ^vere good. ^^^ ' > v "^ The Infinitive Mode expresses a thh^ « '^^rtain form of the ve.b • >d derives Its name a^) frnm .-f. j"-L:^°' n^i. _ DartlCllipfirjiy »«J^<^tive, as, I anr. desirous of hnmmnn knowing \* M(^e~-metim manner 3* Iiiii; ! 3G ENGLISH GRAMMAR. ^^!!il 111 riira; Admired and applauded^ he became vain; Having finished his work, he submitted it, &c There are (») three Participles, (13) tht Present or Active, the Pekfect or Passive, and the Compound Perfect j as, loving^ loved, having loved. questions, 1. What Is Mode ? 2. How majiy mode* fcavo verbs? .'J. Repeat tliem. 4. What is said of the In dicaUve mode ? 5. For what is the Imperative mode used ? For what is depart used? Mindf Let? Guf t). What does the Potential mode imply? What does mau rain impy? May go? Can ride? Cwddwalk? Should learn f 7. How does the Sulvjunctive mode represent a tiling? Which verbs are in the subjunctive mode in the example ? iiy^ what conjunctions are they preceded ? By what verbs attended? 8. How does the Infinitive mode express a thing? 9. What is the Participle? 10. From what does It derive its name ? Are there any participles in your last answer ? What words are participles in your example ; 11. How many participles are there ? 12. Repeat them. TENSES. Tense, being (i) the distinction of time, might seem to admit only of the Presentj Past and Fu- ture; but, to mark it more accurately, it is made to consist of (2) six vanations, viz. (3) the Pres- ent, the Imperfect, the Perfect, the Pluper- fect, the First and Second Future Tenses. The Present Tense represents the action or event (4) as passing at the time in which it :'« mentioned; a& I rule. 1 am ruled; I ;^ik : 1 mr. The Imperfect Tense represents the action oi event (^) either as past and finished, or as re-, maniing unfinished at a certain time past, as, I loved her for her mndpstv nnri virfii«»» Tl^awl were travelling post when he met them. (^) Th(! Perfect Tense not only refers to what is past, bui also conveys an allusion to the pre»- )ecame vamj litted it, &c es, (19) tht or Passive, loving^ loved^ V many modei said of the In ive mode used ? Go? tj. What does may rain Should learn f 3sent a thing? 1 the example ? By wliat verbs ode express a 'rem what does les in your last yoxir example: Repeat them. KTYMOI,OGY. 31 cnt time; as, I have finished my letter- I W* le^ the person that was lecomm Jaied to me The Pluperfect Tense represe its a thin Hx Ihe Fust Future Teuse represents the aetioB 10 tile precise time when • as Th^ .-., n^ . .0-0, row; UMl seeZl^^^^t. "'" "'" "*' Hit' Second Future intimates'^ (9\ fh..< fl. -// ka.e finished their bu!^^V en diSi: comes to prorogue tliem ^"'« time, might *ast and Fu- (^ it is made ') the Pres- the Pluper- : Tenses. le action or which it :'« I Mnk ; 1 ie action oi id, or as re- 1 past, as, 1 rfll<» • THiiiirl 1. fers to what! to the pres* " »o »am OI tne r( .^.i^c in your example? 7. H«vv does th,. P'n'^'7 "' '"'* represent a tiling? What vpTo ' H.ii t '''^"'^'^''^ ^^'"s* an.ple? How dcfes it ^r:::^,1i^'^^r ^J^^ ^ pmntoftime? 8. How dr.e« the Vir't P„t„il '^ '''^'^^ an action? What verb of tl.i«t.l '' "tire represent How does it reU:;o„fti::'S:„'^^;r\VK''j'""'p'f' Soeo^^Future intunato.^ VVha. verb of'thrtler^oi' The Conjugation o.' a verb is (i) the resulw eomb„.at.o„§ and arr.„geme„t|| ^ iu S , i^cisuiis, moucs, ami tenses. .:,!!! ! i!ii! b%> ENGLISH GRAMMAR. The Conjugation of an active verb is sty It ^ the ACTIVE voice; and Oiat of a passive verb ihc PASSIVE VOICE, ^stion. 1. What is the Conjugation o* a rerb ' The auxiliary and active vero To have is cca iig tted in the following manner : TO HAVE. Indicative Mode. PRESENT TENSE. 1 Pers. (1) Thave 1. We have 8 Pers. Thou hast 2. Ye or you have 3 Pers. He, slie, or it hath 3. They have or has Singular. 1. (9) I had 8. Thou hadst 3. He, <&c. had Singular. I (3) I have liad 3 Thou hast had 3 He has had IMPERFECT TENSE. Plural. 1. We had 2. Ye or you had 3. They had PERFECT TENSE. Plural. 1. We have had 2. Ye or you have had 3. They have had PLUPEEFECT TKNSE. 1 (4) I had had 1. We had had 2 Thou hadst had 2. Ye or you had had ? He had baa 3. riiey had had FIRST FUTUHE TENSE. . /T , Singular. Plural. e Taou Shalt or wilt have 2. Ye or you shall or wiU have 1 He shall or will have 3. They ^b-^ll or will have eryMOLOGY. 32 SECOMi; FUTURE TENSE. Siiurular. r., i S) I shalHiavo had 1 w u ^h""^' 8 Hou wilt have had o* ^' "^^^^ ^^^.^ ^''^ 3 He will have had I If''' >'?" .^»" ^ave Jiad QurMioru.. 1 What is th. « V''^ "^'^ ^*'^' ^*^ /e«<^ b. First Future ?df ^f^>-fect? 4. Pluper. She persona of eLh te„se. ''"'^^ ^^'"''^ ^ Repeat «/^ Proceed in the «au,e manner witl the other mode.. Imperative Mode. /• («; Let vie have* i r , / '"'•'^• '^- Have thou, or do thou 2 U "* ^'"^' have ' ^ ^''°" 2' ^'av«ye,ordoye<»ry<,t •J Let Am have g .jf,^ , Potential Mode. Sin 1 '*"'=8ENT TENSE. ' (3) I may"f"c"„ have 1 w« ^^"''^'■ 2. TJiou niayst "/canst 2 ^« ""^^ ^"^ "^" ***^* have "^^ -^' ^® «'• you may or c»# 3. He may or can have q Tvl^^ d. 1 hey may or can have I. y 'p Singular. J mirrht could, would, Or slumld have Thou nii^rhtst, couldst, wouIdsl«rshouldsthave IMPERFECT TENSE. 1. Plural. We miirht, could, would or should have Ve or you mi«"^^^^^^^;^i^^^^;:^5;i7^;i^ 84 ENGLISH GFvAMMAH. II HI PLUPERFECT Singular. I 1 might, could, would or 1. should have had 8 Thou mightHt, couldst, 2. wouldst or ahouldst have had ' I He might, could, would 3. 0f ahould have had TENSK. PluraA We might, could, would or should have had Ye or you niiorht, could would or should han had They might, coulc?, wouli or should have hjui Subjunctive Mode. PRESENT TENSK. 1 f4, ffi i"^"^"' Plural. o ifJ^'''''^ 1- J^ we have 2. inhouhave 2. If ye or you have 3. If he have 3. jf they fiave* B« peat this mode, using one of the following coniunc- bona mstead of if : viz. though, less, whether ^ unless. Infinitive Mode. Present, (5) To have Perfect, To have had PARTICIPLES. Present or active, Having Perfect or passive, Had Compound perfect, Having had questions. 1. What is the ftst person singular of the Jl!v? 1"?' '" ^^' Ini,icat be is eon d. mode ijc, 'H >f the indka t I wait i Thou wast I He «ds ETYMOLOGY. IMPSRfKCT Tense. 1. Vve W6:o A 1 iiej were 3e f 1 l.aTe been * Thou hast been 3 He hath or has been MCRFECT TK»g«. *Ve have been Ye «r you have bowl ' hey have been J 2. 3. Singular. I I had been ^i Thou hadst been \'i He had been PLUPERFECT TENSE. Plural. i- We had beon 2. \e or yon had been .1 1 hey had been FIRST FUTU fit TENSE. Singular. r»i I /shall or will be i w rV,""*^' f Thou Shalt or wilt be 9 J7® «^a" ^'^ will be I 3 He shall or will be t It '''* 3;o» «hall or will he "" »* 1 hey shall or will be SECOHD FUTURE TENSE. Singular. r>i I- I shall have been i w T^ n'"^'' Thou wilt have been 2 vf ''^^ ^'^""^ ^»«" Ho will have been t rLt "'' ^'n .^'^' **« ^'^ ««■ '*• ^°ey will have been 3 11 r . Singular. 1 1 Le< me ig i ?® ^**""» <"* do thou be i» t*< Aim be Imperative Mode. , , Plural, i IM us ie Potential Mode. ' "^-sr-.T! ; TJENSl. II g Singular », , n I may or can be , vv« "^ IJ Thou rnayst or canst be 2 ^ „!"''-' "' ""^ ^ 3. He may or can bo 3 vl ^"^ "'^^^ ^'" '^w* ^ I « J. rhey may or can he ^ ill ENGLISH GRAMMAJU IVPSRiiECT TXNSe. Singular. pi i . I might, could, w^ould or 1 We LiJh, « ^A should be *• ^« "\'fe''»«;» could, would Thou niightst, couldst 2 vJ"' "''^ ^^ . Hp might, could, woulrl ^ rp. ^*'"'V f '^ """"Id be or aJiould be FERFECT TENSE. Singular. p, , 3. IIe.„a,<.ca„have been 3. 14™!!;",,. ea.. h... been PLUPERFSCT TENSE. . Sin/grular. pj , . I. I might, could, v^rould, or 1 We m "l,t '. u should have been ^« '"'^''it, could, would 8. Thou mightst, couldst 2 y/'' «^»""ld have b..,. 1 Iflbe^"^"'" 2 If thou be ^ Ifhebe Subjunctive Mode. PRESENT TENSE. Plural. 1 Ff we be 2. If ye or you be 3. If they b'o IBfPCRFBCT TENSE. Plural 1. If we were 2. If ye or you were 3. If they were 1 Trt S'"^JW. 1. Ir J Were 8. If thou wert 3. If he were Present, Tc be fnfiiiitive Mode. Perfect, To have berm t-Txtitohorr Sb iral. ,'ht, could, would oiild be '" u ini^rht, coutd, I or ahouJd be gl»t, could, wouli? >uld be ral, "/• can havn been ou may or cax >een ly or can hav« al. t, could, would iJd have booji iJ might, Cduid or should hav« It, could, wouic Id have been > have beon KITE. ' "^ ^^-^""■'■"''T.VE, and tl.e Indef' to rJi^T^;. ^'^ "'°^^ -»'-•' -«.. *», Co::,i:vs: °' '''^■'"' -• o '»^. %. wS;:ld tvi;2 r'^;:''. ^^-y -^ %, were out all mine ini<|uitir ' ''^"* *' «. ^>ot of- '''''« i>iiinbulive are (') those wh.Vi, j the persons or things that make ^m o '' ^^""'^ taken separately and singly Thev „ ""."J^"'' "' favourable 8itua^;,n i?^ '"' *'™"'"'' « ■■" « for himself ; hive not?e2 T °?"^' "«»"»' 3 TI.O n "*'*"«"''«»' of them . "■ i lie Denumtrative are C*^ th„.^ u- L cise V Doint n„t *!,„ 1.. ^ -' '"ose which pre- f'O) telnH ,A , t '"''J^'=" '° "'•i'^h they relite I )tfiK and Ma/, Me.,e and those, are of tl.i., w!! «S) /Am is true charitv /*„. •• ' ■ . '"* *^'as' 5 This refers Cirr^^'i. '* ""'^ '«•' '-"age. and Ma/ m ^ J '? *^ "earest person or thing, man is mole^ntel£t'"tr 'T'"' ''^' ^^" cales the latter 3 m J.' 1^\ ^'*» '"^i- «^, or first mentLned ?, w i /*"'' *« ''°™- "e both te!n^^- til \ ' ^ ^^* and povertt «tie» of ;i"a^:,&r!-*." *-*...*'> P».',iei„.te. .1,. .,_ ^i""*; and ir^i^^'panidXT' '»'J«"r«.it-belo„|; '' .»!iii iiijli ! ' I 2^ ENGLISH GRAMxMAR. 4 The Indefinite are (") those which express their subjects in an indefinite or general manner The following are of this kind : (") some, nim my, oncy all, such, &c. ' * Oth^ 18 declined in the following manner: Singular. Plural Mom. Other Others Pass. Other's Others' Obj. Other Others ^esttons. 1. Wliat are Adjective Pronouns ? 8 How may these be subdivided? 3. Which are the Possessive? 4. How many of ihein ' 5. Name them. 6. How were wme and thine formerly used ? 7. Which are th« Distrib- utive ? 8. xVame therir 9 Which are the Demonstrative ? 10. JName them 1 1 To what does this refer ? 12 That f lo which viau does thh refer in the example ? To which doea that? Wliat does M«";j indicate ? That 9 What doei J/i«< indicate in the example ? This? 13. Which are the Indefinite? 14 Name thmn. Decline o«W. Spell it in each case, and tell where the apostrophe is placed. Write the possessive singular and plural of the pronoun.. I, thou, he, she, it, wh.). and other. ^ ««,^"^f l^^ objective cases singular and plural of the pro nouns, 1, thou, he, she, it, and who. ^ EXERCISES IN PARSING. .^rticle^ Adjective^ Pronoun, ^. Questions. What part of speech is - ? J.f^'xTi^^\ )^^^' ^''' P^^« 1«) ^««^Iine :t ie. Pound ? ^^'"*''"' **"^"^«''' genr the pronouns, ural of the pro* AdjectiT«, and 'ecline It. (eet and case s A n I us d hor ier 08 nc« od Our Hopes did flatter us They have deceived me I our expectation has iailed Hfc had resiKtied hinisejr vy,^,cou)pleU'd our journey 1 / eir foars will delect them He may have deceived mo 27 They may have forffotton I can lorjrive Ho mi^rht surpass thejn VVe could overtake 'lim I would he happy Ye should n^pent We should have considored 1 Sfecimen. She is disinterested. VERBS. A Verb is (') a word which signifies to be tr. DO or to sa..K. ; as I am, I ruleU ..^ ruM: ^ Verbs are of ^ three kinds, (') Active Pas liito i2^^../ar, Irrecjular] and i>./^c/z2;6. ^ ^ A Verb Active expresses (^*) an artinn n>.^ necessarily implies (/an agei( a"d a' ;bd k'.MAhtA; litus f/ci,*-oy,?« i «. pre"''"a:.;Tcti„i"^ " """'" ^"''' "--»« ^ foes «« e, »hall^ wilL man cup vWth fk • ^ ' *^' ^«^«^ and 7W '''^'""S ("') A»'^-, iW«, M.*, verb Ayive-ex;7es:'rr V^fat'd'''"'-; °- *""'J«'« Why' tl„„i»-\t,;'::,''„';„;'«'<'d upon? »■«, ^fc^ , -0 ; tVl.l'rdt''r;et !i'!'^'-'.ed ^0™ tl. Pa. kmd ofa v,M-h is „„, ? Whu, « » "fl"-'-''*'' •' 13. What W'halbolongtoveibY? lo- Which are they .' fe NUMBER AND PERSON, First Person Second Prrson Third Person Sfnsrular. I love TIu)u Invest He loves Qii&stionf^. 1. riow ow many pprsons in Plural. We love YeoryouIovB A iiey Jove ioue, in eucJ many Numbers h e-'ich number ' 1 iJoraon. siinfular and plu- ai ave verbf ? 2 iiepeat the verb neitLer acdoh 3f being; ^a, K ioes Dtx ex i^*) chose bi, >s are princi. ^0, be, have^ nations J and 1. '^erson, ModCy :>es rw/e. signify «ib.s« 3. VVhai 0. W]iat does « necessarily im •^ Why? How ^>. What does ^erh is w;a*- de- f^as killed 9 from tJie Pas- ^s '' 13. What ■ Sk? Why? ire they ? 36. arsons; as^ at. lovo '^ you loVB >^ love 3 verbf ? Q 3at the verb ETTTMOLOGT. 29 MODES. Mool* or MoDP i« /'i\ ^ . . 3«B,....,vB .„d the YZ^.t-B'^'"'""^''' "*« I ; J lie Indicatwe Mode simnhr :«^- . declares a thing- ^/'Vi^ /'"^P^^ ^n^'^ates or OT it asks a question .' ul n'''''^ *'*^ ** ^^^^; /om/? "i""^'^'^^^ as, />oe* he /o.e? /, he The Imperative Mode is ns^rl /'Sn i.,,rf their bu^^,^if ;;,^^-^ comes to prorogue them. ' ^^'^ ^'"^^ ' time, might i^ast and P'u- y^, it is made ^) the Pres- the Pluper- 3 Tenses. le action or L which it :« I think; \ tie action oi id, or as re- past, as, ! rtue; They fers to what to the pres- : '^ "' y'»"r example ? 7. How does ff.,. P', '7 "'•-"« represent a thing? What vPrK \r »^ "tperiect tense ai'iple ? How does if Vf ' f ^^"'^ ^*^"^« '" vour f,x- point of tinrp'rH^^^ijr"the'v;f ^^^^- -^^» an action? What verb „f hilt '^ ^"*"''*^' represent How does it re^r^tnf^^^tL^^^riv'C^r^P^^^^ •xr^.^"^"'^ mtimate ? What ve?b of'thil t^Xo'^ ^. Jk-^ Conjugation of a verb is (i) the re^nl^t Ccmh,nation§ and arrangementll of ^ its sev"^ fiumbers, persons, modes,\nd tenses. ^ U ^-.n^ .r«.«.4Taeinff in ^^.^^^^'^'^^''^-uniting ^'i. I liiij ENGL.SH GRAMMAR. The Conjugation of an active verb is styU/f the ACTIVE voice; and that of a passive verb thf PASSIVE VOICE. (iitestion. 1. What is the Conjugation o^ a verb ' The auxiliary and active vero To have is coa iig «ted in the following manner : TO HA^'; Indicative Moue. PRESENT TENSE. 1 Pers. (1) 1 have I. We have 8 Pers. Thou hast 2. Ye or you have 3 Pers. He, she, or it hath 3. They have or has IMPERFECT TENSE. 1. (2) I had 1. We had 2. Thou hadst 2. Ye or you had 'i. He, &c. had , 3. They had Singular. 1 (3) I have had 2 Thou hast had 3 Ho has had PERFECT TENSE. Plural. 1. We have had 2. Ye or you have had 3. They have had PLDPEEFECT TKNSE. Sinjrular 1 (4) I had had 2 Thou hadst had He had haa Plural. 1. We had had 2. Ye or you had had 3 They had had rinST FUTUH B TENSE. Singular. I (*) I shall or will have B Tliou shalt or wilt have ft. He shall or will have Plural. 1. We shall or will hKve 2. Ye or you shall or vviHl have 3. Thev ftbill or will h.ivc ETYMOLOGY. 33 SKCOK^ FUTURE TENSE. Singular, ^ ,,, Thau wilt have had 2 ^ '^*" ^*^« ^^^ Me will have had t If '''' ^?" ^»" *»avo had , Qurstior^, 1. What is ih.^ .^ ^'^"^^ ^'^^ ^^resent Tense f 2. wV^'.^ ^'"Z"^*^' °^' th» f^^ ^ 5. First Future / TseLd' p^V-^^'i " n^" ^^^Z'^'' toe persons of each tense '"'"*' ^ Repeat oZ^ •Proceed in the same n.annerwitl the other mode.. Imperative Mode. Sino'ular /• (^; ilc^ me have* i r , .''^"^al. 'i- Have thou, or do thou Q h "* ^""^^ have '•aotnou 2. Have ye, or do ye or roi. ^ Let hvm have o , ^/? , •>. L.ef them have Potential Mode. PRESENT TENSE. ) /'3N T ^^"S:"'ar. n V^) » may or can have have '"^-^^^ '''* ''^"^^ 3. He may or can have 1, •J C,. , IMPERFECT . , lingular. J '"•irhtconld, would, or sliouJd have 'i^'iou nii>htst, couldst, wouldstorshouUsthave He nught, could, would or should have ' Plural. 1. We may or can havo ^- Ve or you may or c^ iave 3. They may or can have ' 1. 2. 3. TENSE. Plural. We might, could, «rould or should have ieoryou min^ht, couid, would or should have 1 hey mi|rht, could, would or should have \ 3 ■ PERFECT TENSE. , ^Singular. pi i ' w« - nnvA ha/; or will h.i.G ■ ;o the Strietly *' :ond jpeaking, the imperativ person e mode is entitled onl| iiii i ■i ii.'i i' i k 54 ENGLISH GRAMMAlU I PLUPERFECT lingular. I might, could, would or 1. shouJd have had Thou rnitrhtst, couldst, 2. wouldst or shouldst nave had He might, could, would 3. Of should have had TEN8K. PluraU We might, cojid, would or should have had Ye or you might, could would or should have They might, could, woulj or should have had Subjunctive Mode. PRESENT TENSK. 3. » ho have | I'f L^o^C'"' B< peat this mode, usiuff one of the following « -• Infinitive Mode. Frtstnt, (5) To have Perfect, To have had PARTICIPLES. Present or activey Having Perfect or passive, Had • Compound perfect, Having had (hiestions. 1. What is the fil-st person sm, ^ present tense, in the Indicativk mJdeTs fe t iXiVE ? 3. Potential ? 4. Subjunctive ? 5 l^ri. • ^I'^j auxiliary and neuter verb To he is cl lugated as follows : * t' t/e w ct TO BE. Indicative Mode. ' o- . prksent tense. . lam ^'"«"'"\ , y, P'"»I. a Ti ^ ^' '^e are 5 1 hcu art o v« I He^ ^riti. 3.T h;;r "• ^Ll'**!* fpra'ining tonaos of the siihjunctive mode err i. of the iPKR- ^E • lura!* t, cojid, would Id have had i miff hi, could or should have ht, could, woulj d have had iral. I have wxng conjunc- r, unless. lave had id ife '■of the [n t, PKR- 6e i IS Ct 1. ETITMOLOGY. ^injfular. I f waif il Thou v/ast I He ^jts 1 JPXRFSCT TEHSj. i. Vve were 2. I^eoryou wer« •a- iney were ae ! Ji a PKRFECT TKir8«. I Lave been ■ «, *^'ura!. Tiiou hast been q v ^^"^^ ^®®" He hath or has been 't' Vt """ /"" ^'^^e l»«l ^' 1 hey have been ' r had been ^f Thou hadst been » He iiad been PLOPERFKCT TENSE. 1- We had been i rip '''■/«" imd been •^ A«ey had been '''KSTFUTOht TENSE. •Sing-ular ' ^ shall «r wi]I be i «r P^^'al. f Thou Shalt or wilt be 8 T® ^^*" '''' ^"' l>^ 1 3. He shall or wUl be q tk '"' ^/»" «^a^l or m\\ hi ^ T iiey shall or will be "^^^^OWD FUTURE TEXSE. . "Singular. ^i / 1 shall have been i vu T^"''*^- W Thou wilt have been o v ^^ '*" ^'*^« b*®" 13 Hu will have been q ^f u '''' -^^ ^''^ *^ave be«i ^. Ihej will have been , Singular. N Let me be Imperative Mode. 1 r ^^"'•J- J. Lettisle Sin^ii ar Potential Mode. PREsKNT TBNSE. i i.."''^3' or can b* I Se"i':":^'i - .«-' "» 3. Y?.rvL":.:?.^. Plural He may or can bo ^ ^^ey may orcan^)e fiWOLISH GRAMMAA. IlfP£RFCCT TCN8E. i. I might, could, would or 1 IV • ^*'- . ,^ should bo ' *"^ *• ^« »"'ff^»t, could, would » Thou ^ightst, couldst, 2 Ye'oV'""^^ '*^ wouIdHt or shouldst bJ wll^""" '"u^*'^' «""^^^ t He rai^ht, could, would 3 T\.T T '*^''"^** '^o ' rsgouldbe '^^ ^^^'^^'"'fe'ht, could, woiilf' <'»• should be ? PERFECT TENSE. . I ;nay or can have been 1 W«r>; " 8- Thou mayst or canst o v '"--^ "^^^"^avobt.r 3. He may or can have been 3 ThlT"" ^""^^ *J. Ihey rnay or can huve been PLUPERFKCT ». I murht could, would, or \ should have been * l^ou mightst, couldst, 2 wouldst or ehouldst nave been 3 He might, could, would 3 or should have been Subjunctive Mode. TENSE. We miffl.t, could, would or should have bt-ojj 1^« or you mi^rht, could would or should have been They might, could, wouk or should have been 1 Tflbe®'"^^"- 2 If thou be 1 (fhebe PRKSENT TENSE. 1- 11 we be 2. Uye or you b« 3. Jf they be I. 11 1 were •• If thou wert 3. If he were IMPERFECT TENSE. 1 Ff ^^"'"^' ^. II we were 2. If ye or you were Th« ro. • • " ^"®y were Infiiiitive Mode. Present, Tc be » /• „, "" '*«'*/cc/, To have boon "ral. t'iit, could, ^Ol,|^ 'ould be Kou might, coitid a or should be 'ght, couJd, wojilf' ould be ral. "^ can have bt er ou may or cat >een ay or can huve al. tj could, would lid have buo)j or should have It, could, wouk Id have been 37 ib« <^'ompound perfect, Ilavh, , boen'"*' ^^» **P«at the Fir«t p * ** -»« - '1.0 .«oao„T„ terfir"*"'" »'•« «» .-«. . 1^ 1 ACTIVE. ' favour I love {^perfect. i favoured J loved ^«j/>r< ParttripU t avnured i-«oved . J xovea r — '*'"« TO LOVE. Indicotive Mode. „ ,, Singular. ''^^^^^'^ tbnse J' 'love Plural. |« 7'hou lovest n ^* ^® love \ ''- «H or U loveS?7; I ?LTCe ^- rwed®^^"^*' Thou Jovedst He iovfid r I,, ^'"ffular. ' navo loved J^f'oi, hast loved "** hath or has loved IMPFRFBCT TENSE. *• We lovsd |. jTeorrouWed '»• IJiey loved m:rf«ct t£nss. • --_ PIw«I n* V ^ '^ave .oved 9 V " *^^®« ^- They have Joved S8 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. "ii i I PLUPERFBCT TXNBB. ' had ovod 1. We had loved Thou hadst loved 2 Ye or you had lorad "» had loved 3. They had loved FIRST PVTURK TENSX. I u ,, ^'"ff"^"- Plural. I shall UT will love 1. We shall or will jre 2. Yj) or you shall or «i love 3. They shall or will love 1 I 3 i Thou shall Of wilt love 3. He ihall or will love 1. 8. 3. I 3. SKCOND FUTURE TENSE. Singular. Plural I shall have loved 1. We shall have Icved I hou will have loved 2. Ye or you shall have love,' He will have loved 3 They will have loved Imperative Mode. Singular. Plural U. me love I Let us love HovJ lx>ve thou, or do thou love 2. Love ye or you, or do v« Ut htm love 3. Let them love ' 1 Potential Mode. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural I may or can love 1. We may or can love i ^ I hou maysl or canst love 2. Ye or you may or cm 3. He may or can love 3. They may or can love IMPXRFPCT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1 I might could, would or 1. We might, could svouldl Bhouldlove or should love V Ihou mightst, couldst, 2 Ye or you might, could, WQul i 3t or shouldst love would or should love I 3. He nijght, could, would 3. They might, could, wouldl or should love or should love PERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. I. I may or can have loved 1. We mav or can havulove^ K. i hou ma/St or canst have 2. Ye or you may or , Joved have loved i. Heraaj.'can lave loved 3. They may or can hai loved «oim 1 or erf, formei fhcdl I A r perfee aJl its I tense, Quest PIufmL loved Dii bad lorad d laved lural. I or will yw^ ou shall or 91)1 ill or will love lural \ have Icved E shall have love*' II have loved lural p« noTtij or you, or do f«| love lural. or can love ou may or eta* I jT or can love ural. t, could svouidl d love I might, couldj r should love I ht, could, would] Id love iral. rcanhftvelQi BTYMOLOGT. qa PLUPERrcCT TDKSI ^ Singu.ar p . I ' ni'jrht, could, would or 1 We mJ^'. ij . ih mid have l.,ved ® "^'^''h u''^^'^' ^^^^'^ I Thou niightst, couldst 2 vf '^"''^ ^^^^^ ^"^^*^ have loved ^ ^"^""'^ ^'^ «^»»"W have • H(^ might, could, would 3 The7m!,,»,* « i^ •'• Bhould have loved ^^«y "light, could, wou?4 Subjunctive Mode. PRKSEKT TK58E. . Ifllov!^"^"^" , ,, Plural. 2 Iftiioulove • o Jj^«^«ve &. If he love g {j^ J".® «you lov© Infinitive Mode. ^reseni To love. p r . ,« . Pcr/«cf , To have loved Participles. ''resent, Lor'mg. n r . ^ - *^ - Perfeety Loved. PASSIVT orctf totheverb; as, from the verb r« / Jl ?* formed the nassivi* t\^ ' i"c \ero Jolove^ u 'kail be loLdX ' ^"'^ ' """ '^•*'^ ' Ka»e, in the following manned"""' '"""''' *"" 40 Singrular. * I am kived J Thou art. loved • He is loved ENGLISH GRAMMAR TO BE LOVED Indicative Mode. PRE»ENT TENSE. '?"' ■ '•»i,'-'l , __ Plum. J- VVe ari loved A Inejarelovoii IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. p, , ' I wap loved | ^^ Plural. J. Thou wast loved o v ® ^®'® ^^^®^ 3. He wae loved t i? '^'' 3^"" were loved A ihejr were loved rERPECT TENSE. 1 T L Singular. _- I. I have been loved i w . *^"''aJ 2' Thou hast been loved 2 vf. ^^" '^^«« 2. Ye „r you may or can u2 3 He may «r can be loved 3 r^^'^ Sh.gular/'*""'^^^^^ ^^««^. '• 1 mi^rht, could, would or I W ^'^'^I. HhouJdbelov'ed ^''" ^' ^« f^^Y^> eould, would, 8- Thou nngh J^l couldat 9 vr '^^"^^ ^« loved ' 3- He mi.ht, could, would 3 T^^"^• or should be loved ^^ ^^'^y^^'S^t, could; would or should be loved , , Singular. ''^^^^^^ ^^--SB. ^ ' ' J^'^y^ ^r can have been 1 \v ^'^"'■*^- loved ^«^° 1. We may «, can have ^ Thou mayst or can.t o ^ ''''" ^"^^^ 'lave been loved ''• ^f ^'^ /"'» may or can 3 lio may o, can have been 3 T^''^ ^'"^" ^ ^^^^ loved ^^«" 3 They ,nay «, can hav« been loved Singular."""'^''"^"' ''^^'^' 8 1 might, co"jld, would 1 w .^^^'al J^Ji-u mightst, couldst 2 vi"''^^ wonld«t«rshould.tirJi ^' ^« ^^r"" miffht. a.nrf. neon joved " ' ^'0"W «^ should hav« » »Io n„^.ht, could, would a r^J^^" V«d .«u . I r !^^"ld iWe been T^ ""^'^^ could, would ve bo«.« Wed ■ ^oved """^^ or shouid have beM ■ 4 « loved Pluitt loved ^ou are torad re loved Plural. re loved f>u were loved are loved Mural ' been loved • have been lovetf ^e been loved ural. •een loved had been loved been loved 42 ENGLISH GRAMMAB. I I I f i 3 k Subjunctive Mode. l*RE«i:NT TEKSE. « I be loved , ,- fmral. « tiou be loved o rr ® ^® ^«^«d If he be loved i' }J.3;o «' /ou be ^red J. If they bo loved .,, Singular. '"'"'"^^ "-«•, lU were loved i t^ Plural, if thou v/ert loved o ic ^® ^^'« ^oved If he were loved o" /i ^f® *"" ^o^ were IotM The remaining ten^n. .r . ^^^ "^^'^ '^^^^ ^ to .ao -e;s-^:rrt rrx-i-'-^ Participlt' ''"'^"'°^'^- ^resetUf Beine loved » ^ IRREGULAR VERBS. Irregular verbs are of r«^ ,ro^- 1 ^3^ G u , ^ '^ vanous sorts : "abode"'* ^^rfect Participle abode Abide sold ROld Ural. loved lovod iral. ) Joved ►I vvereloTBil re loved j^enofal, Bimi tive mode. 79 been loved n loved, oved. 8. (*) Such as have the impoifect t*^nu^ .^a perfect participle different; as, *'*'^ 5 ) Why P V..o«, . H^h„ r'f ^il;« ^«^' -^ (See p. frregiiJar verbs? 3. DescriL' f I.« « ♦ '"^"y ^**'*8 »< ond 5. Thethird RpnoV.u ^''^^^'''^' 4. The sec- and the perfect Ses, Te:L'i7J:T' '^^ ?P^'^«^^' participles, ofthe following verbs. ^^'»i>«"«d perfect The following list of the irreffular verh« mriii AM« abode abode abiding Awfka "T "^««" ^"s4 bare born bearing b^rne bearing beaten > , beat I boating bpTun beginning Bere'ave bereft r bereft « ^"'^'"? KW(? bound bound binding ^ bitten > ... ® bit < biting bled blown broken bred urueanigr brought brough: bringing built built ^-••'- ** , Comp.Perf, itwving abode been arisen awaked u « Bind Bite Bleed Blow Break Breed Brin Bull n began bent bound bit bled blew broke bred our si burst burst bleeding blowing breaking brooding bllilHintv S bui ^ -...,„ wurHi DUrf C2 ^:y''' .^""ff'" buy •sting cast mg CaA^h "*"■•. cast casting ^a63li cauffht R. caught r. catchin <( u it u It < « •< M <( II tt ti tt u nff born borne beaten begun bent bereft » besougttt bound bitten iled blown broke bred brougJn Duilt burst bought cast taught R 44 ENGLiSH GRAMMAR. I ^ . Pres. Pan. * chiding choosing CCOMT Creep Cut vcnturt Deal Diff Do^ Draw Drive Driiik Dwell Eat Fall Feel Fi^ht Find Flee Flinff dealt duff R. drew drove drank crowed crept wit dared dealt R. dug R. done drawn driven drunk clinffi \g clotnihg coininar dwelt R. dwelt r. eat, or ate eaten fed lelt. fought found fled flung flew fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown x^ " , "^" no wn Fr)rHake forsook forsaken i" rooza froze Get GiJd Gird '»ive Ga Gravo G/ind Glow Hare fi* ■•£■ Hear Bew got gilt R. girt R gave went frozen got gilt R. girt R. given gone graved graven ground ground ^^^"^ grown nad had iiung R. heard hewn R. illiUg R heard hewod crowing; creej)ing cutting daring dealing digging doing drawing driving drinking dwelling eating falling feeding feeling fighting nnding fleeing flinging flying forsaking freezing getting gilding girding giving going- graving grinding growing aving hanging hearing hewing « Pruent. ImptrftcU Per/. Part. Chide chid ^ ciiidden ) r-u , i chid ) ^ftickSurnGVl^AIL aanere J ,^^®\'« Jclove,or>cIeft ) , ^f?lii ichil J clove ( ^loav.ng u CMg clung 'clung. ^ J^JcJio clothed clad R. t-ome camo corne crow R creot cut Dare, to i , vcruure P""' Comp. PtTf, having cluddea chosen u u n u u u It l< II it u tl u It u it u u u tl u u u it ft tt tt tt t Hold Koei> Knit Kno^ Lade Lay Lead Leave Lend Let Lie, to i J Uc down I ^y Tmperfect Per/. Part. Prcs. Part ) 'lidden ^ ^hid hit held kept knit R. known laden laid 4d hid hit held kept knit R know laded laid led left lent let . Load I ose ft/ake lUeet Mow Pay Put Read Head Rid Ride Rinjr Rise Rive Run Saw Say See Seek Sell Send Set Shake loaded lost made met mowed paid put read rent rid rode ( rang rose rived ran sawed said saw soucrht sold sent set shook led left lent let lain laden r. lost made met mown R. paid put read rent rid > hiding hitting hold ng keoping knitting knowing lading laying leading leaving lending lettinir lying loading iosinw making meeting mowing or S rode, ar t ridden I '•ung risen riven run sawn R said seen sou jrhfc sold sent set paym^ putting reading rending ridding / riding ringing rising rivmg runnmg sawing saying seeing seeking selling sending setting shaken shakin<» Shape shaped ^ ^''^^pud ) Slave shaved sh ^f'ear sheared sh 7^^«^ shed shajjen ^ shaping shavinir lorn shed sheari shoddl Siiin« ^"^'"^ shoddin fehiue . shone r shone r. shining no Iff u (< « t tavi.^ aidd«]| " hit held kept knit R. known laden laid fed left lent let lain Jade^. «. lost mstdf inGt mow'« B paid put read rant rid rode < u it u it u u u u < f ■tc u u .t u u it (t tt .4 u {» rung risen riven run ^awn h said seen sought sold sent set * shakea ciiaped shaven 5 shorn shed shone «, 19 PrMont Show Shoe 8hoot Shrink Bhrod Shot i.t Pby Slin^ Slink Slit Smite S>w Speak Speed Spend SpiU Spin Spread Spring Stano Steal Stick Sting Stride ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Imperfect showed shod shot shrunk shred shut 5 ^^ng ( sang sat slew slept slid slunff slunk I Per/ Part shown shod shot shrunk shred shut Strike String Strive Swear Sweat SwoU S»im Swinff Take I'ear Tell Think Thrive slit R. < smote sowed spoke sped spent spilt R. spun spread S sprung ) ) sprang 5 stood stole stuck stung J strode ) strid struck strung strove swore swet R. Bwellea S swam J { swum I swung took tore told tliought thiove R. I sung sat slain slept slidden slung slunk J slit, or ) \ slitted \ smitten sown R. spoken sped spent spilt R. spun spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stridden Pres. Part. showing shoeing shooting shrinking shredding shutting stricken strung striven sworn swet R. swollen R smging sitting slaying sleeping sliding slinging slinking slitting smiting Bowing speakmg speeding spending spilling spinning spreading springing standing stealing sticking stinging striding striking stringing striving swearing sweating .swelling Camp t.aving swum swimming swingnig takino" tearing telling thinking thriving swung taken torn told thought thriven u u u it tt u ft ti ti tt M tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt u ( *4 M U tt It tt ti tt U shot^n shod shot shrunk shred shut sung sat slain slept sliddon slunff slunk sit smitten sown R. spoken sped spent spilt R. spun spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stridden stricken strung striven sworn swot R swollen K swum SMTing taken torn told th aught thriven omp Imrf ing shovrn shod shot shrunli shred shut sun^ sat slain slept sliddon slunff slunk sit smitteo sown R. spoken sped spent spilt R. spun spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stridden stricken strung striven sworn swot R swollen K swum swTing taken torn told thauirht thriven fiTTIHOLOGY. Throw Thrugt Tread Wax Wear Weavo Weep Win Wind ^rinff Write 4T threw thrust trod waxed wore wove wept won wound wrung wrote The verbs mki P^f. Part. Pres. Part. Comp. Serf. thrust thrusting trodden treading waxen R. wajsing woi-n woven wept won wound wrung written wearing weaving weeping winning winding wringing writing 14 u li u u u u u It u thrust trodden waxen ■ , isom woven wept won wound wrung written t irreirularlv"«;';'r« ' (^^"®-^u""J"^'^'^^ regularly, m well af Que>tu>n. 1. What ie said of those verbs marked !.» DEFECTIVE VERBS. Defective Verbs are (») those which are u^pH only m some of their mUes and ten es;1^ "^^ Question. 1. What are Defective Verbs? . Ferbs to be canjufrated. i>onjugate the following verbs in the inHip«#v« ^ a present tense ; boat, .rain, ?ead, eat wl^', i W ^^e^, t' Conjugate the following verbs in the imperative mod« _VVr,te the following verbs in the infinitive mode. nr«.«n* ♦hJ^'if^ ^^^ present, perfect and compound particinles o* l^rietTaHir^'^^ ^""'^^^' clisturb,;iease;know,t.^i:* ' ,1 ' "-f 48 ENGLISH UKAMMAK. ibH^se, «„.u«,, .hght, enlighten. di»i,leaso; on™l„'pe, li;:: tJoLJugate tho following verbs in tlio indifafivn mn/i. VVri n^^^^^ ^';;"e, see, go eat, ^rovv, bring, lo;«tke. ' .*»nses of tlie tZ"??'^'/" T P'^^^^'^t and pluperfect I, I I ,^ potential and subjunctive modes • Know '<>rlct ar d I^ '"^1"^ 7"'^' '" ^^'"^ ^dicative mode, im. .'or.cct and second luture tenses of tlie nassive vAipa • «ons s^i^cr hr f'''^';''.! '^"'^'^ '' .^**^' '^^^^>"d ^»d third per. sons smgular of all the tenses in the indicative and sX anotive modes; approve, condemn, mourn, feeze know wise, drive, blow, investigate. ' ''^*'*^^'*' ^"°^» iv.rn V^" ^oljowin^ verbs in the infinitive and irapera- .ive modea, with their particinles, all in the nassive vofcJ?. wnbrace, draw, defeat, smite. • ^***''* EXERCISES IN PARSING. Pronoun, Verb, JVoun, &c.-<;ontinued. Qu. Htions. What part of speech is ? Wh^^^see 7\^ -^ %": P- /li^ '""'''^'^ P^^^^^« «' N«»ter^ *'' "y . ^see p. .47.) Repeat the present and the imnprfpr.* lenses the fn^rfect, present, and compound perfornartkfi ■Vh T^y^ '^"^^"^'^' Irregular, or Defective' (.eeTsT^ tn/^. te^ inX; M;i^^r ^-^ ^^^5 ^^ b«r is it found ' ' ' ^ """" *"<* Nuin- ?. Hope animates us He will have determined We shall have airreed })'» you instruct Tiim r ropare your lessons !le lives respected It can be enlarged To have been admir*^ avai^v ed him little Ridiculed, persecuted, dfi spised, he maintained km principles ri • .' "^ principles h« pftir'17'""' •"' °'^''^- l^''"M ""ilod, we Wes, h« retired Vn iy are discouraged tie was condemned Wc have been rewarded Bhe had been admired Virtue will be rewarded Let Mm be ?.n!mai' "^ "^«""'- ,S»ome adverbs are compared thus- (3\ Vn^ tTat' c5!;::f ;j"^ ■""»-"-. «-y ». reduced t, Ias%;fi'„a",?;,,t'' --dly. thirdly, fourthly, fifth,, 2t:L?:; i7h/.S",:^r:'":'H^,'r''"\-i' --y-here, upward, downward,' ftrward ^'^''"t '''^^"' ">itber,' jj We, thence, whithersoever, '&c ''""''' *''«™«' Of (im, p„*™« ; as, now, to-day, &o '.enoeforti,. he.Icef^^Jrj'Tfri."."' ^-et, horoatl«, «.., whU, evjr,^ ncX; ^^ij;; r'''>-' "'"-"ly, u bO r > in K ■ .*»lll' I J, J- \ <\\ ENGLISH GIUAIMAR. Orifr''"^-'*'''''''* ^'' ^«^' ^^3^' wherefore, whether &« «r9 those compared which «nH io /,. » i. "9* adverba of ^-^ier Order PlJ^e r."T' "" e»*^ Time nn^t tv * ^mce. lime pres- J>re^ation. Inter rogatian^cZparFso::! 4ffirmaUo^ EXERCISES m PARSING. Adverb, &c. questions. What part of speech s - — ? ADVERB. Of what class? / baro seen him once, per haps twice Ihirdly, and lastly J shall conclude ITiis plant is found here and elsewhere Only to-day ig properly ours Froiii virtue to vice, the progress is gradual We often re^I^g^ huJ «e« dom perform We are wisely fod h%un} ly directed How sweetly the biids smfl Why art thou so heedless t When will they ai rive ? Where shall wo ston ? Mentally and bodily, Wf are curiously and won derfully formed ni Vf mucrfi ETFMOLOOT. At Spbcimer. I hare seen him ouce, perhaps Mre. Omet k an idvorh of number. ferkapt u an adverb of doubt. PREPOSITION. Prep.,s,t,ons serve («) to connect words with Uiem. They are for the most part set (») before ^ Jhe following ,s a list of the principal p«,posi. into above within below without between over beneath under fmrn through beyond Of to for by with in at near down before behind off on or upon among after about ag-ainst ^^rrHbe/fo/Sel^^^nrf^^^^^^^^^^^ placed ? What in thl i ^^^^^ ""^ 'P^^^^^^ are thei b *^" • . ♦^'^"J'l, m the second examnlp ? t-k^ *i- j- Repeat the list example ." Ihe third' EXi'RCrSES IIV PARSING. Prepositions, &c. Questiojts. Whai part of speech is PREPOSITION. Whyr (see p. 11.) L? ""^^ • ''°^ ^"" ^ P'^th slowly, but went bi ^kIv ». between virtue and vice asrain ^ "^ H3 hves within his income Bv riilin-«nno „^a / , me house was sold at a "we "arrivA «f T ^'"p"^^ Bh* came down sUirs B/telSnthe w. 'iU i! \'i f !!!f ^2 KNOUail GRAMMA H pfuiiged into now dinicul- Wo ties Of his talents much might be said ; concrrning liia Uito^iity, notlunir ^ are often wishes and doseriii be^ow above our OUf CONJUNCTIOxN. A Conjunction is (i) a part of speech th« j r-toieily used to connect sentences; so as, out o1 L^o or more sentence's, to make but oat (^) F ftometimes connects only words. Conjunctions are principally divided (h intr CWO SOas, the COPULATIVE and DISJUNCT. vi/ The Conjunction Copulative serxes (*) to cou nect or continue a sentence, by expressW, an aj, orotJier reside in London ; I will ^' "«' »d- yet lie does not re' He ra^^ln V'-'^'T"'' ^^ni form " "e is as old as his classmate. Reproof either softens or Char 1^^^ ^'""*^^ hardens its object, ^"arles is estoen^.d, be- H.S father and Another and and'Ln' ", ^"^'^ ^^«^^««t undo reside at Rome «..-"'''''''*'"' ^L":i':r_*.^ -«^««on, that • -..„„ rti ivome We must be temperate, if w;o would be healthy it he vvere encouruxred, he would amend ' Thomrh he condemn me, I will respect him Their talents are more bnijiant than useful ^rT'^^K^'"^^"^ his pov. erty he ,s a wise and worthy person Ho will be detected, though ho deny the fact ^ 1 -,, . .^c,, „^,| he may rise early she'll'i 'T'-'-''^ ""!«« slie be admonished «e can acquire no virtue -less he make some sac' Let him that standeth wke iieed lest he fall If thou vvert his superior, thou^^shouldst no/ h..e ^^>,^^38 promised, i«. should act accordm^ly INTERJECTION. Interjectioxs are rn «.^.^ .» »icii 01 emltionJfXTTir:^ '^ ^^P'-^^ss the p«*. aiieualed my friend ^ AJ^H f '''/'V. ' *^"«^^ '^irtu, f ho J amiabi; thou art r ''' ^"' ^'^" ' ^ 04 ENGLISH GKAAi'VlAK. 'I u The following are some of the hiteijeaiong 0! pish! heigh! le behold! ah' tush! fie b jsL ( hail I ^ Questions. I. What are Int<;rjectionp ? VVljich are Che ir^erKJCtione in the examples? Repeat lae mtoriertioni \Xk*. foUovi •* EXERCISES IN PARSING. ^ Interjections, &c. iiuestions What part of speech is - ? INTERJECTIGN. Why? (see p. 12.) i), peace ! how desirable art thou ! I have been often occupied, alas! with trifles Straiifre! that we should be so infatuated Oh ! the humiliations to which vice reduces us Ah ! the delusions of hope Hail ? simplicity, source of jronuine joy Behold ! hov*' pleasant it is for brethren to dwell to- gether in unity Welcome aoain ! my long- lost friend Hark ! how sweetly the woodlark sings ' A few Instances of the same Words constituting several . of t/ie Farts of Speech. Calm was the day, and the scene delightful We may expect a calm after a storm To prevent passion is easiei than to calm it Better is a littlo with con- tent tnan a great deal with anxiety Vie Cray and dissolute think little of the miseries which are stealing softly ■iler them A little attention will rectify Home errors f longh he is out of danger, ne IS still afraid He lahored to at'i the tu mult Still waters are commonly deepest Damp air is unwholesome Guilt often casts a damp over our sprightliest hours Soft bodies damr the sound much more "luan hard ones Though she is rich and fair, yet she is not amiable They are yet young; and must suspend their jx-Qg ment yet awhile Many person*? are bett«8 tha.n ivn HimnrtBo ttiam *<-kK« The few and the many hav6 their prepossessions Few days pass without eonm clouds ^^ tiont il fie ^ are iht rjectioiu ETYMOLUUV, urce of ^ant it is Iwell to- ly long- tlj tll6 several mrnonly jsome EL damp si hours e sound ti hard ind fair, able \g. and ir jr^g bett«8 • - - ! ¥ -.VT 8.r^ ny ha 76 18 MX eovM lfu«h money is corrjptinff Thmk much, and steak ht- tie Ha has seen much of the world, and been much caressed His years are more than hers, but he has not more Xnowledge The more we a e blessed, the more grateful we should be The desire of getting more 18 rarely satisfied flo has equal knowledge, but mferior judgment if \^^^ in^rior in sense, tx7 ^^^^^^ ^" prudence We must make a like space between the lines Both of them deserve praise Every being loves its like Behave yourselves like men 59 We are too apt to Lie per- nicious company ^^.'"ay go or stay, •« h« likes They strive to learn He goes to and fro To his wisdom we owe our privilege The proportion is ten to one He served them with hif utmost ability When we do our most, na more is required I will submit, for submission bnn^s peace It is for our health to temperate p ! for better times I have a regard for him He IS esteemed, both his own account, and that of his parents be on on Promtscumis Exercises in Etymological Parsing. In your whole behaviour, be humble and obliffimr Virtue IS the universal charm oDliging. True politeness has its seat in the heart. Jl:^C''' ^"^«--^«P^--, rather than to shine CW.passion prompts us to relieve the wants of other* ^^A good mmd is unwilling to give pain tc"JSht maToi J-r;^^rrcl.!r ^" "^^" ^'«^"-> ^'- ^"^-^ ^^^ Discontent otV3n nourishes nassion- ««.,„ii,. ^»i: la trie cottage and m the palace. '■'""•^' '"'"'S"^"^ ^A^great proportion of human evils is created by 0M^ 56 ENGLISH GKAxmiAH. II . If greatnace flatters our vanity, it mulf ipiiea our ite» To our own failings we are commonly blind. .*nV;f. ^'^'^.'J^^^P^ of young persons arc often founded oa Engrave on your minds this sacred rule : Oo unto otk-rs as you wish that they should ^ unto Truth and candor possess a powerful cha'-ra r thev be. *poak universal favor. ' ^ After the iirat departure from sincerity, it is seldom in our^power to stop : one artifice generally leads on to an -. J'''''P*f ^^'^ vivacity of youth with a proper mixture of «enous thought. . The spirit of true religion is social, kind and cheerful. L.et no compliance with the intemperate mirth of others , ever betray you into profane sallies. duUeroTti^i^^fif "^ another world, we must not neglect the The manner in which we employ our present time may ilecKle our luture happmess or misery. Happiness does not grow up of its own accord: It ^ the truit of long cultivation, and the acquisition of lah^ %nd care. ^ » OF DERIVATION. Y^'ords are derived (n a one another (M ii Tarious ways, viz. * ■ 1. (^) Substantives are derived from verb«» as, frcm to love, comes lover, 2. (3) Verbs are derived from substantives adjectives, and sometimes from adverbs; as, from ialt^ 3omes to salt ; from warm, comes to wa m^ t OVA forward, comes to forward, ' ^ 3. (4) Adjectives are derived from sub5taik« ;3ves J as, from health, c )mes healthy. 4. (fij Substantives are derived from &dieA> tiTes as, from ichite, cames whiteness, "" ' 6. («) Adverbs are derived from adjectiv«fl| *3, inm base, comes basely. SYNTAX M 6 ro-orth. 6. Fifth '■ ^'"' "*"'"^- *• ^''i'd SYNTAX. .rJ.'"' ^'fnP^"^ "'" <3rammar is Syntax, xvh? b Ueats of (I) the agreement and construction ol woras in a sentence. A simple sentence has in it (*) butoaesubjV t, and one hnite verb ; as,' Life is short. •* ^ A compound sentence contains (*) two or more simple sentences, joined together b/ one or mo e . connective words ; as. Life is short, and art is long! A phrase is (« two or more words rightly nu together, making sometimes part of a senten^ce and sometimes a whole sentence »""ence, r7WK* Pll'.'^'P''' P""' °^ * ^'-"P'e sentence are. ('; the subject, the attribute, and the object. ' The subject is (8) the thing chiefly snoken of the attrib,,te is (« 'the thiug^r ac&tel ^ffirbVsU'actr ^- ''^"'' '^ ("> ^'^ ^'^ The nominative denotes the subject, and usu rily goes before the verb or attribute; and tU ?eib, as, A wise man governs his Dass/org tmmis the subject; governs, the attrib'ite ling affirmed ; and pasnons, the object Titai principally consists of two parts. "' r5rd and Government * ' ti I'S'i ^9 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (RUUJ 1. Concc-d IS /9) the agreement which one word aas with aiiodier, in gender, number, case, or per- ion. ' ^ Government is (W, that power which one paxi of speech has over another, in directing its mode, ^nse, tir case Qyestions. 1. Of what doea Stiitax treat 2 Wnii tf 1 ytntence? 3. How many funds P 4, What has i| S:mpIo sentence in it ? Which word denotes the ^iibiect, in the example ? Which the verb ? 5. What does a Com- pound sentence contain ? What two simple ser.tences form ^ne compound, m the example ? By what are they connected ? (>. What is r Phrase ? 7. What a-e the principal parts of a simple sentence ? 8. What is the Subject ? 9. The Attribute ? 10. The Object ? Which IS the subject, which the attribute, and which the obiect. in the example? 11 Of what does Syntax principalW concist ? 12. What is Concord > 13 What is Goiert ment"* RULE I, A verb must agree with its nominative case in number and person , as, 1 learn ; Thou art irr^ proved; The birds sing. Questions. Of what number and person is ham 7 A t irst person sinjrular number. Q. Why .' A Bocausi Its nominative /is of the first person, singular number, and the rule says, "A verb must agree,*' &c. What numbei if an improved • Why ? Sing ? Why f Specimen of Parsiito Hope animates us. Mivrntes Is a regular verb active, indicative mryla J'flsent tense, third person, singular number, agreeing witi its nonunative, hope; agreeably to the rule wbicii ••»■. • A verb must agree," &c '^ Exercises in Parsing . J^n4 *^**"^®"^®*^ '"^"^ spreads ease and cheerf«rie» RrLE 1.) SYNTAX. 5g The schiol of exponenTe teaches many nseful lessoM. Jhti the oath of life are many thorns, a? well as flower* Ihou shouldst do justice to all men, e /en to eueraiea False SyiUix to be corrected. Fifty pounds of wheat contains forty pounds of flour.* fcrvTrt tVself!*^ ^''^^ *^^ nelghboLl as sincerely as thou Note 1. The infinitive mode, or part of a sentence, if ^^metunesput as the nominative case to the verb; as. To pUiy 18 pleasant ; To he good is to be happy. ' questions. Is the infinitive mode, or a partofasenr fence, put as the nominative case in the first example ? What, in the next example ? Specimen or Parsino. To play is pleasant. To play is a verb in the infinitive mode, and put as th« nominative ease to the verb is; agreeably to the note which says, "The infinitive mode or part of a sen- tence, ' &c. Exercises in Parsing. To will is present with me, but how to perform thai which IS ^ood, I find not. To err is human, to forgive aivme. lo countenance persons who are guilty oAad actions, IS scarcely one remove from actually coiiimitting -.r.Al! ^?"°T "^ example, together with the question* ander each rule, will give the scholar an idea of the maa^ "» which he IS to make the corrections • "Fiftv pounds of wheat contains forty pounds of flour.'* J Is this ser. tence correct? A. No' Q. Wherein is A incorrect? A. Contains is of the wrms nurnhnr Q rSfHe It. A. it 18 a regular active i^rd indicative mode, Dresent tense, tl.ird jjorson, singular numoer, but should bl pimal; that is, cont^un, m order to agree with its nomina tive pounds; agre^^ably to the rule which says. " A rerk must agree ," &c J - « ▼««■ W ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (ruLE 1 False Syntax to he corrected. «;7" *". ""^" ai] men as we would that they, in sJirnlai «ircu,n«tance8, should do unto us, constituS the L ea priuciplo of vTtue. To live soberly, rlLrhteousK 3 pio«.»v, are required of all „,en. To be of a puri 'n1 bumbfe mmd, to exercise benevolence towards oXrn to s^;"7nrh;7r ^ ""''''' ''- ^-^^ ^-^^-^ ^'^--^ Every verb, except in the infinitive mode n NoTK 2. the participle, ought to have a nominative case expressed or implied • Awake ye; arise ye as, Aicake; arise; that eilii'.T u t Specimen of Parsing. Remember to assist the distressed. Rememher is a regular verb active, imperative mode ^econd person, smgular number, and agrees wit Us nonu i^r-Kyt^,.^.!^ ^ ^''-'^'^ '^ ''^ "-^S Exercises in Parsing. n«?r ^^ T^ of to-morrow. Know thou thyself; presume . not God to scan. Blow, ^inds, crack your checks ' False Syntax to be corrected. JI hf P"''^^^' *^. ^4^^ h« has an unooubted rignt and he 1 as long enjoyed, should now be wrested ffora hrni, would be flagrant injustice These cur' sitL w1 have impor ed trom China, and are similar to those whicf wore some time ago brought from Africa. Note 3. Every nominative case, except the case ab. ^lute ana when an address is made 'to a pe son oHhir^ff •hoiiW belong to some verb, either expressed or %nS' *^ TTixvrni mua .juum; inai is, spoke. ^^stions. What nominoiire cases in your exac V;oj, Do they belong to verbs expressed or impliW ®^*''"^'^^'' \ • SULE 1 he gieal isly, iUixl puro i?nd )therH; to »e< oini'jg mode ji s, eilii'T that iti implied B'-'B f.) SYNl 'X. 61 a mode ts nomi. e wiiich presume I. i rignt, d ironi Lies w« whica iiee ab> tliiriff. iplied^ rote k splija Specimen of FAR<)iiia. Who wrote that book? James Exercises in Parsing f«/»e Ayn^m („ ie corrected. _ 1 wo subgtantiveg, wlien they come toira»l,»r .r.A a ngmfy the same thin,r, the former mn^^it-.V ''° ?"* .««e. Virtue, howev'e'r it ma^ beTe'lecte"d tT/'''" n.en ire so constituted, aa uJtiinatelvT !^i i j '""°' rtapect genuine merit. """"'"^y' to acknowledge and te.t"o'f 'a veTTut is rfr''"' '^ ^^ no personal do-tly on ^hTrtst of'ti^: sCte •^''ttL c'aTJdrh'"' '""''P""- «t. ; as, S/,„„. being lost^'aluUe ^aX The'T .«». havmg been recited, the boy was dlmUsed *" whtrir no^^rnl- r- is rir-p'r participles are they put ? ^®^**'"® what Specimkn of Parsing. Shame, being lost, ail virtue was lost note, which says, <^ WhenTl" foSuVei;?;^'^!'^ '"'* Exercises in Parsin«>c to recomineni the !n'.5asure ; Nothing ddi.ghts me so much as the works o! tJturo. questions Is one or more of the clauses, in the first eiample, considered as the nominative case to the verb ? Ht w 13 It ii? the second ? the third ? the fourth ? FaJse Syntax to he corrected. Goou t>rder in our affairs, not mean savinus, produce gicat proliis. That great senator, in concert with several pther enunent oersons, were tiie projectors of the revo- lution. RULE III. The conjunction disjunctive has an effect con trary to that of the conjunction copulative ; for as the verb, noun or pronoun is referred to the pre- cec'ing terms taken separately, it must be in the singular number; as. Ignorance or negligence has caused this mistake; John, James or Joseph intenfb to accompany me; There is in many minds neither knowledge nor understanding. Questions. What number is has f Why not have f A. Because /Tff we is plural, and the verb is referred to the ©receding terms, ignorance and negligmci, talten sepsr hately ; and the rule says, ''The conjunction disjunctive," &c. What number is intends ? Why not intend ?' Wh«i ftuir.ber is isf Why not are f Specimen ok Parsing. U^isdora or folly governs us. Oovrmi is a regular verb active, indicative mnde prea- Silt ten^e. and the third person, singular number. a«rreeinfl with Its nominative case wisdom or fol/y ; n(7reeabl\r t3 the rule which says " T io ct junction disjunctive," '&a H • i'l 11 I, ENGLISH GRAMM^^n, fRlTLE Exercises in Parsing. WoS T '^^^^^'^^^^^ •« «^e.n,,t from trouble. WeiUior birth nor ibrtune is a substitute for virtue. the verb nulragr^e "w ,' Unt tr'^'^f^^^-""^*^^^' nearest to it: as I or H. '^''; PJ^f""" w])ich is placed FaZjje S-yw^flx io ie corrected take the business proposed '' '"" "''"' """^ """"• RtT,E IV. A noun of multitude, or signifying many mw uic Miigiiiar or plural number: vet not v.nfKnJ regard to the import of the wotT.TI - i^^nty or phiralit/ of idea as Th. 1 ^^.P^^^'^i lartro. T^k I ' ^' J «e meetrng t^-fw " i'""*""" * ^'^ly P«^«l>ie '/.^ not consider -"Me;; «ave not knoles. Note 1 I*ersonal Pronouns, being used to supply the place of the nrun, are not employed in the same part of s lentonrso as the noun which they represent ; for it woulif be im;. roper to say, The king Ac is just j I saw her lh« |ueo^. ; Tie men they were there. False Syntax to he corrected. The Carres of this world trey often choke the grovrtfa RULE 5.) SYNTAX. "1 '^^'^^'^ 1 --ive been entirely to blame. The word ..nn.a-kai. i. the Vo 'nunS entence, ,. improperly «s.,d ; These pumshmenssJeJ o have been exercised in .«m..;/,.^ an i.biuarv inanne? tiut IS, m a manner which is, tn some rcspects^aThit:-^. False Syjitax to he corrected. ?n^? 'Ti^'^ "''^ ^® persuaded but what I was greatly « ja lit. Tliese commendations of his children aiwai t* fca.e been made in somewhat an injudicious manner! Note 5. The personal pronoun h improperly applied Jjjjd 1 hat fowl which nature has taught to d'p the wfnf 10 vn!;3k(>. F«/*e ^yw«a2 r/?:rfi, and what aaTje mu« »ronc«r»tf m your examples ? To what do they helonff ? Whf ihould you n. It say, Thest hook? this hooks? These sorti oat sorts r Other road? another roads? Specimew of Parsing A better world. ^^^^f is an adjnctive, in the comparative degree a^ *Mongs to tfie noun loorld ; agreeably to tne rule « jeo ■tye, " Every adjective," &g. Exercises in Parsing. That sort of pleasure weakens and debases the nitnd Lven in these tnnes, there are many persons w!,o, from a'.sinteres| ^d motives, are solicitous to promote the liapu- f*iss ot tiUers. ^ False Syntax to he corrected. These kmd ofindulfrences soften and injure the ni,ia Instead of improvina: yourselves, you have been nlavinii this two hours. Tliose sort of favors did real miurv under the appearance of kindness. ExcKPTioN. An adjective pronoun in the plural num ber, will sometimes properly associate with a sino-ubr lioun ; as, our desire, your intention, their resiffnation. QuesHojis. What are the adjective pronouns in the ex ample r Ot what number ? Witli what substantives are Ihej associated ? Of what number are these substantives - ADJECTIVE Pronouns, Note 1 The phrase-, this nuans and that means shoull w used only when they refer to what is sin^rular ; these meana ami those means wij«n t!iev respect plurals , as lie lued temperately, and by this means preserved hit Ueallli , I lie scholars were attentive, industrious, and oherti 9nt to their tutors, and by these means ac.{uired knowledge ^ueslions. Why use this means in the first eia^UBJA Why these mcatis, in the second? False Syntax to he corrected Charles was extra rairatit, and by these means bccRma truOT and dospurabjo. Industry la the mean of obtalnmtf ronipotoncy This person embraced everv opportunity to display his talcmts ; and by til jsh means rendered himsal* ridiculous. ■ T2 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (rTJLE 8, NoTK fJ. That is used in reference to the former of two persons or things, and this in reference to the latter ; M, Self-love, which is the spring of action in the soul, is ruled by reason ; but for that^ man would be inactive \31jt but for this, he would be activo to no end. Questions. To what does that refer, in the exaiv^.«l«f ^9 n lat does this refer ? False Syntax to b*. corrected. Hehgjon raises men above themselves ; irrelicrjon A:'niE0 l.iem beneath the brutes ; that binds tliem down^to a poor, pitiuble speck of perishable earth j this opens for , 10m a prospect to the skies. Note 3. The distributive adjective pronouns, each, every, either, agree with th3 nouns, pronouns, and terbs »f the singular number only, except the plural nouuk am «'ey a collective idea ; as. The king of Israel, and Jeh sha- phat, tJie king of Judah, sat each on his throne ; ffttry tree is known by its fruit ; Either of the two is eligible Ors. Each signifies both of them, taken collectively or separately ; either properly signiliea only the one or the other of them, disjunctively. False Syntax to be corrected. Each of them in their turn, receive the benefits to which they are entitled. Whatever he undertakes, either hig pride or his folly disgust us. AnjKOTivES. Note 4. Part t. Adjectives are sometimes impronerlj applied as adverbs ; as, Indiferent honest ; excellent w^mI miseraUf poor ; instead of, Indifferently honest ; txid lently weil ; miserahhj poor. Aaverb-". are likevvise inipropbrly used as adjectives •. i^f The tutor addressed him in terms rather warm, but sn'A ihli^ o his offence ; They were seen wandering abotit. i*c'>^ •fc-Vjf and distressed ; instead o£ suitable and solitary. False Syntax to be corrected. flhc sads proper, writes very neat, and comuoses ver^ accurate lie was extreme prodigal, and his propertv jj K-^-rr :;tr::-. -o-i::;: isn: cii. li«-;y gi:iiV;;iiiy S, .r,;;ceU«a j lOr LUC* fiveo coiif rnvable to the -ules of iirudem.n «ULE 8.y SYNTAX 7a v^i. "■ J adjective pronoun such m cften mloEn- uoa , as, H3 was such an extravagant yoiing man, ihat le spent his whole patrimony in a tew vfars. It klivn'c *• so extravagant a young man. False Syntax to he corrected. .'Juci an amiable disposition will secure universal wluea ■jch d.stmguislied virtues seldom occur. ^^V^A h ^"?^^^ comparatives and superlatives iUtuW time; ^ r^ "^ ^ -'"''''' '^^"duct; A more .er. J! c«mper , J h «.,„»i ber. objective case, ani governed by 'the Active v^ IL RULE 11. b\NTAX, 79 •nimaies • agr jeablv to the rule which saya, * Active ferbs," &c. Exercises in Parsing. MiBdom ani.' virtue enuoble us. Vice and follv d» Wise an. ^ Whom can we so justly love as tiiern who feavo en> leavoured to make us wise and happy ? When a person has nothing to do, he is almost alviayi tenipted to do wrong. ^ We need not urge Charles to do good : he .eves to CIO It. False Syntax to he corrected. Wlio have I reason t< love so nnich as this friend of mv vouth ? 'Vha man who lie raised from obscurity is dead He di,w they we know, but who art thou ? NoTF, 1. Part ofa sentence, as well as a noun or pro. noun, may bo said to bo in the objective case, or to be put objectively, and governed by the active verb ; as, We sometimes see virtue in distress ; but we should consider now great xci/I be her ultimate reward. Sentences or phrases rmder tliia circumstance may be termed objective sentences, or phrases. QueMions. What objective phrase in the first example ' By what active verb is it governed ? Does tiie next exam- pie contain an objective phrase, or sentence ? By what is It governed .' Specimen of Parsing. Bat we should consider how great will be her ultimate reward. How great rviU be her ultimate reicard is an objective sentence, and governed by the active verb consider agreeably to the note which says, " Pait of a sentence," Exercises in Parsing. Can you tell how much the land cost ? We saw religion abandoned, and poraecuted; bi m% •Ctuld not see how many vices A'ould be introduced. Note Q. Some verbs appear to govern two words in the •bjective case ; as, The Author of my being formed vf m«n, and made me accountable to him. Thev desirod m/, io call them brethren. JHe seems to have made him' vial oe was. %^ ^V.'^nS^ .0^. %%^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 2.5 22 20 1.4 mil 1.6 7 // /^ A^k^ .V^^* ^ /^y< /- f/. X? ^ .%. /] >^/ >>.. /^ W om w Photographic Sciences Corpomtion 23 WEST MAIN JT9EET WEBSTER, NY. '4SS0 (716) 872-4503 - - f. %■ ^ ^ ENfiLlSH GRa lAR. (RULE 1) tw«?„ IJ : .^A' '""'"^^ ^^'•^ "o thoy governed ? Whal two m the next ? Bj what governed ? Specimen or Parsinc. They desired me to call them brethren. Exercises in Parsing The king created him duke. The voice of the nation declared him a traitor. False Syntax to he corrected. . ^."ITy^ ^1 Neuter verbs of motion and chano-e arp ^« h«"n f ^k'"''''''''* ^^^ ^"^«'^ Obligation i^ral'so reL^' the number was now amounted, &c. ' -F/f/sc S///rf«3: » otners, have, in the active form, the infiu tive after theza without \\w sion ti before it; as, I bade him do it; Ye dare no» Ho .t • 1 ba\\ him rfo it ; I heard him ^ay it • Thou leticsi hmi ^o. BULE 13.) SYNTAX. 89 question. VVhdt verby are used in the infinitive mocU riiiiout the Mffn tof False Syntax to be corrjsted. it is bc/.ter live on a little, than outlive a great deal ¥ou ought not walk too hastily. I wish him not wrestle W^th hia happiness. I need not to solicit him to do a kirid •cticn. 1 have seen some young persons to conduct thoin lelres very discreetly. RULE xni. In the use of words and phrases which, in point of time, relate to each other, a due regard to that relation should be observed. Instead -f saying, The Lo-d hath given^ and the Lord hath taken away ; we should say, The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away. Instep ' of, I remember the family more than twenty years ; it should be, I have remembered the family more than twenty years. Question. In the example, why use gase instead of hath given r False Sijntaz to he corrected. The next new year's lay, I shall be at school three years. iTom the little conversation I had with him, he appeared to have been a man of letters. It would have given mo great satisfaction to relieve him from that distressed situa tion. RULE XIV. Participles have the same government as the rerbs have from which they are derived ; as, I am weary with hearing him; She is instructing us: 1 he tHtor is a(//«o/ii.s/im(7 Charles Questions. Which is the •participle m the first example' from what is it derived ? What does it govern ? Why ''^ A. Because the verb A«rtr would govern the objective case htm; and. the rule «avs, " Participles have the same govern- meut &c. Which is the participle in thfe next example? What does It govern ? Why? Which, in the next.-' VVhal does It govern .^ Why* irr 84 ENGLISI' GRAMMAR. \RUhE 14 Specimkn of Parsing. Speaking truth. 1 Uh 18 a common noun, third person, singular number. IT the objective case, and governod by the participle svetut* **^^ * agreeably co the rule -vhich says, " Participles,' &«, Exercises in Parsinsr. ^ Having early disgraced hims ilf, he became mean and i»ru»>riteQ. Knowing liiin to be my superior, I cheerfully submitted False Syntax to be corrected. P.steeming theirselves wice, they became fools. Sug peeling not only ye, but they also, I was studious to avoui ftJ' intercourse. From having exposed hisself too freel? ni different climates, ho entirely lost his health. Part 1. A participial or verbal noun, whether simple or compound, may be either in the nominative or objective ca>^e, and may have a verb and adjective referring to it ; aw, fteadinif is useful ; Ho mentioned a boy's having been coi reded for his faults ; The boy's having keen corrected^ u shameful to him. (Questions. What kind of a noun does the first example contain ? In what case is it ? What kind does the second tontain .? In what case ? The third ? What case ? Specimen of Parsing. The boy's having been corrected, is shameful to him. The having been corrected is a participial noun, and in thf nominative case to is ; agreeably to the rule which sayf " \ participia! o- verbal nofin," &c. c*AB.T 2 A participlai noun, governod by a prepKnttSoB :« nsod as a nominative, may govern the objective case as, John was sent to prepare the way by preaching rcptnt ««/ c, and by instructing the people ; Making books is hi» •mployment ; Her amusement is drawing maps, Questions. 1 3 the participial noun, in thy, as ihe marrying a liian who possessed such principles. Note 2. When the prcmoun precedes the participial ftoun, the preposition of should follow it; as, Much de- pends on their observing of the rule, as errour wiil he the consequence of their neglecting of it. False Syntax to be corrected. There will bo no danger of their spoiling their faces, m of their gaming converts. For his avoiding that precipiZ he ifl indebted to ius friend's care. ^'e«^ RULE XV. Adverbs, though they have no governraent 9» 5a.se, tense, &c. require an appropriate situation m the sentence, viz. for the most part before ad- jei lives, alter verbs active or neuter, and frequent- ly between tlie auxiliary and the verb : as H« BO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (RVLE h5. made a vrr^ sc isible discourse ; ]ie spoke unaf- fectedly and J^rcihlyy and was atlentivtly heard be the whole assembly. What adverb in the first example ? Where What in the other examples ? Wbe-e are Questions. is it placed ? Ibey pkced ? Specimen of Parhing. They are certainly lost. Certain} If is an adverb of aflinnation, and is placed be tween the auxiliary are and tlie verb Lost; ar never, as I seldom oi ever see him : it should be, 1 seldom ot tuverf &c, Fahie Syntax to be corrected. They could not persuade him, though they were i^r« pr. eloquent. If some persons' opportunities were nevei w &vourabl.e, they would bo loo indoler»l to improve thfuj NcTE 2. Part 1. The adverb of place where is ort»?» improperly used instead of the pronoun relative and t preposition; as, They formed a protestation, tr/fcr<5 thot repeated all Ih^ir claims ; that is, in which they ropeatei aULEf 10, 17.) SYNTAX. Q? Part 2. The adverbs here, there, anc. there, are oAe« Uiiproperly a|.|)li«Ml to verbs si^rnifvii.jr nioHon, insleail o< hither thither, whither; as, lie came //«rc liaMiJv ; Thny rode fAfcrc \vith speed; /FAcrfi are you iroiru' '^ Thoi •hoii'd he, He caiiie hither; Thoy rode thither; tthi/her tLr« you going ? False Syntax to he eorrectrd. He drew up a petitio!i, where lie too freely represented us OMn rrerils. flis ti.llies Jiad reduced li.i.i to a situation i^iiere he had much to tear, and nothinjr to hope. It is ro- prted, that the prince will come here to-morrow. Get.rcre .8 active ; he wnlked there in loss than an hour. WheTe ' are you all ^roino .„ such haste ? Wliither Jiave Ihey been Binco they lelt the city ? ^ •bJJtetr'^*" *n«rucl.on conu.ne.l in Part 3 of the (oregoing note i. f«t b.eomi«g RULE XVI. Two negatives, in English, destroy one another, or are equivalent to an affirmative ; as, Nor die'' they wo/ perceive him ; that is, they did perceive him. His language, though inelegant, h not un grammatical; that is, it is grammatical. Qltestions. What negatives in the first example ? To what are they equivalent ? Express it affirmatively. What False Syntax to he corrected. Be honest, nor take no shape nor swihlance ofdisjruise Ihero cannot be nothing more insionificant than vfn'v 2;^r^Wr " ^--^--^'«> ^hat we cannot ^'^ Rm . xviL Pre^positions govern the objective ca»e ; m I feave heard a good character '0/ her; From La ttat IS m^edy, turn not away; A word to the wisf IF sufficient /or them ; We may be good and happy MJi/Ao«/ riches. ^'^^ ^^^f'f^ons. What preposition in the first example.' V\hat does It govern- Why? What in the nixt? es EN .'J.ISH GUAM MAR (llULE 17. What lo«8 It govern ? Why ? In tho next ' What does it govoiiL ? Why ? The noxt ? What duos it govern ? VVhj ? Spkcimen of Parsinu. They are siipj)orted by industry. hitiuittry is a cornnum noun, of the third personij singa fair number, objective case, and governed by the preposi ItioiJ hy ; airrecabJy to tho rule wlii^h says, " I'ropositiow f<;veru,'' «Sitc. Exercises in Parsing. From wliom was that information recoiveu ? To wiiom do that house, and those line gardens, belong ' False Syntax to he corrected. Wo are all accountable creiitures, each for hifiself. Doea that boy know who he spenkH to ? 3^\'ho docs ho offer such language to ? It was not ho that they were ho angry with. RULE. Nouns expressing time, space, direction, distance, value, or dimension, are commonly attended by an ellipsis, and ?'overned by a preposition understood ; as, J sat an hor.r; ie went a voyage ; They went that way ; She rode a mile ; Wisdom is worth a mine of gold; He laid a floor ten feet 6(juare ; that is, 'tiurin^ an iiour ; on a voyage; in that way ; over or through the distance «/a milft; worthy of over tli«» dimension of ten feet square. Specimen of Parsinq. She rode a mile. Mive IS a common noun, of the third person, siugulai number, objective case, and governed by the prepositioig 9fy by supplying the ellipsis, throiitrh the distance ofi Igf eeahly to tho rule v/hich says, " ?^oun8 expre8si»Hj,'* Aa Exercises in Parsing. Ye liave forgotten me days without number. All the days of my appointed time will I wait. He was banished his country. I went a journey. Part 1 Paniciples are frequently used as prepositions, >J' exxtptiiio-. ri'S[ic,ting^ touching, concerntng^ according^ M , They w ^re ail * a fault except or excepting aim ftiJLE I ;.; bVNTAX. &} b.K>k ; Got me ho.uo paper . that is, to ,„o, /..V 1 U^ Er;^land"' "'' '^"^^' ^"Sl-iU , U.t ^ .o rZ, /.^^ »f?rrl? *• ,'^'ie,Pr«Position is often ungracefully seDO. *tod from the rehtive whicl, it .roverns ; as V/ L i^ /v« «ive I to? instead of To w/Tom wiilVou give If "" False Syntax to be corrected. Vo hive no one whom vvu heartily wish well to a.nrf ^nom "6 are warmly conocrned for, i a deplorable ^late ... .8 a friend whom I am liighly indebted to. NoTK 2. Different relations, and different senses mu«t l>e expressed by different prepositions, though in coniunc tion with the same verb or adjective ; thus we s^v tL converse v:Uk a person, upo. l subjoc't, li a house^&c False Syntax to be corrected. We are often disappointed of thino-s, which before nn, Hession, promised much enjoyment" ' J have WnSv desired the.r company, but have always hithert. beTn d ^^ appointed in that pleasure. ^ .it!!nI'iAf^" accurate and appropriate use of the prepo- iitions IS of groat importance ; I'^^y^ F,Ksr_With respect to the preposition of; as, He is resolved of gom. to the Persiaii court ; on u-oh!, iV Th. ram hath been falling of a long timi ; falli l"kroL' tune ; Ho went out o/an evening ; an evoninct. "* ^ SKcoND-Witli respect to the prepositions to and for tJ, You have bestowed your favtfurs to the most deserv Uff! pejsons; w/^oft the most deserving, &c. ; He accused flf* lt:nistersy.r betraying the DutchTo/haWng betray^^^^ &e TuiRD—With respect to the prepositions with, on antf .PON ; as, Reconciling himself .U://l the king : 7o the kin^ L lhr'/''^''1 P'"^^^^' ' ^'^""^^^ »"^- hav« thought on «i( nghiof; A great quantity may bo taken from th^ ueap, wituout making- any alteration upon it ; in it o M KN(i|.ISh hmaAUAH. ^L 'LE 4 8. Fof plare, vvnen they follow verbs and partiripiuh a. motion ; a«, I went to London ; I am going to town. Part 2. /n ib set before countries, cities, ufid larcre iowns ; as, IIo lives in France, in London, in Hirnnngharn Part 3 At is generally used after the verb to be ; as, I have bet n«/ London; and before viJIu^MM, single houses and cities, which are in distant countries • as, He lives ol tlacknny ; He resides at Montpelior. Falst Syntax to be corrected. I have been to London, after \mvin4 resided a year at France; and I now live in Islington. They have just andod in Hull, and are .roing for Liverpool. They inland to reside some time at Ireland. J ^ RULE xvni. Conjunctions and commas connect like words, the same modes and tenses of verbs, and cases of nouns and pronouns ; as, Candour is to he approved and practised ; If thou sincerely dtsircy and ear- nestly pwr^we Virtue, she will assuredly he Jounu by ftee, and prove a rich reward ; The master taught fur and me to write ; He and she were school- fellows. f^estions. Of what mode and tense is practised f Whvi 'I.K k8. >M, inro '•riiind in ah rtc ^n -f lij*! >ad. Me condue' i before 'ipioh tM /n. id Inr^e inglium /'c ; as, liout^es, lives a4 year at ve just r int«nd Speciheic ok Parjino. If he go tlie voyage and prosper. tod i» o„„nwt.,d L 1 r;„ J ^ '/"'"""' "'"«"'"' •"""'>«'. ^""•W, to ll.e r-(^ whi;nr»'",7„r,f' ";•""' ^"'' «" ' Ao wiuuij says, UonjunctioiiMConntttt.," Exercises in Parsing. M u ■ ^"'^'' ^ytax to be corrected. Eahe Syntax to be corrected 'dul'tZ' He dUf "?'"' '"^' ^^'^ "^^» — -i'y pro. fully convinced of it ^ ^ ''''^" ^^W^, and is now ivords, ises of proved d ear- inu by taugbt chool* Why/ 's «u^ RULE xrx. ruh, that, when someth nJ o "' ^ '' ^ ^^"^'^^ 92 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (i?DI « 19 If. \L v' ' ,'$ Q^3StiolVl. Of what mode ia incrti ? Why? Uevtnlf Why? Mvonccs? Why? Recedes f Why: /, when," In «^hat case is the latter pronovn ? What verb is understood to which It 18 nominative ? V^hat are compared in the next example ? In what case is the latter ponoun ? By wha! fc It governed .? ^y what is him governed in the next i»i- •n!,:>ler Specimen of Parsino. A good name is better than wealth. Wealth is a common noun, third person, singnki 'nnmh MBf, ariJnyninativecaseto is, understood; agreeably U Uie niie whicl says, '' When the qualities,' &i 94 14 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (bULE 21 Exercises in Parsing. Thosa persons are abuiidaiitly more oppressed than w« 1 hou^h I am not so good a scholar as he is, I am, per hape, not less attentive than ho to my studies. False Syntax to be corrected. lie business was much better executed bj his broth©! S an he. They are much greater gainers than me by th.il tiiiexpected . event. They know how to write as well ai Mini ; but he is a much better grammarian than them 1 hou art a much greater loser than me by his deatli. She suffers ii(.urJy more than me. Who betrayed her com{>anion ? Not me. Who revealed the secrets he outrht to have concealed ? Not him. There is but one in fault, fcnd that is me. ^ J RULE XXI. To avoid disagreeable repetitions, and to ex- press our ideas in a few words, an ellipsis, or omission of some words, is frequently admitted, instead of saying, He was a learned man, he was tt wise man, and he was a good man ; we nse the ellipsis, and say. He was a learned, wise, and good man. When the omission of words would obscure the sentence, weaken its force, or be attended with an impropriety, they must be expressed. In the sen- tence, We are apt to love who love us, the word them should be supplied ; A beautiful field and trees, \i not proper language, because, if we sup- ply the ellipsis, it will read, iV beautiful field and a bfauiiful trees In this case it is better to as€ tnother adjective ; as, A berutiful field and Jim Questions WTiy is man omitted ? What is ♦>»•- ^'^if mm of man oaliod ? Why not omit them in the examoli ondor tho other part of the rule ' *^ RULE 22.) SYNTAX. 9d Fahe Syntax to he corrected These counsels were the dictates of virtue, and the die tatesof true honour. We must guard against too £reat wevoTity or facility of manners. By hese hapi.v l^ors. tney who sow and reap will rejoice together. Note. The noun is frequently omitted in the fr llowinj mil er ; The laws of God and man ; that is, The laws of Wod and the laws of man Emphasis renders the ellipsif m tho noun improper. False Syntax to be corrected. Avarice and cunning may acquire an estate , but rv»- r.^e and cunnmg cannot gain friends. The anxious man i» the votary ot riches i the negligent, of pleasure. ex- RULE XXII. A.11 the parts of a sentence should correspond 10 each other ; a regular and dependent construc- tion throughout should be carefully preserved. The following sentence is therefore inaccurate;* He was more beloved, but not so much admired Hs Cmthio. More requires thmi after it, which IS no vviiere found in the sentence. It should be He was more beloved than Cinthio, but not so mu?h admired. False Syntax to be corrected. He is more bold and active, but not so wise and etudioui as his companion. Neither has he, nor aiy other perscnt, .mspocted so much dissimulation. Several altemions and Msjibona havfl been made tc the work, m ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 11 \ lU i i' PROSODY. Ptoiody consists of two parts: the forrart te«€hes the true pronunciation of words, coDipng ing ACCKNT, QUANTITY, EMPJIASIS, PAUSE, Aui fowE, and the latter the aws of v^:ItsIFJ cation ACCENT. Accent is the laying of a peculiar stress of he voice on a certain letter or svIJable in a word that It may be better heard than the rest, or dni^ tinguished horn them ; as, in tlie word presume, the stress of the voice must be on the letter m, in the second syllable, sume, which takes the accent QTJANTITY. The quantity of a syllable is that time which is occupied in pronouncing it. It is considered as long or short. A vowel or syllable is long when the accent IS on the vowel; which occasions it to be slowly joined, in pronunciation, to the following letter; as, /a//, Wc, mood^ hmise, feature. A syllable is short when the accent is on the consonant; which occasions the vowel to b« quickly joined to the succeeding letter : as, ant\ bonnet^ hunger. A long syllable requires double the time of a ihort one in pronouncing it; thus, ?««/« and noi€ fchould be prom winced as slowly again as mat and EMPHASIS. By emphasis is meant a stronger and fnller •ound of voice, by vhich wp distinguish somn P^tOSODT. 91 'ODipiig ATION I of hts I word, or tlia- )re$u7ne. er u , iD accent hich is ired as accent slowly letter ; on the to b« }, ant). e of • d note at and word, or words, on which we design to lav nar hcuUr stress, and to show how it affects the ?^si oi'ist be distingnished by a particular ton ' nj Toice, as well a* by a greater stress ' PAUSES. Parses or rests in speaking or reading, art . toul cessation of the voice, during a perceptible U J, m many cases, a measurable space of tim.. ' TONES. Tones are different both from emphasis and P'uses; consisting in the modulation of the voice J^.e notes or variations of sound, which weemp;? in the expression of our senjiments. ^ ' VERSIFICATION. Versification is the arrangement of a certain ^^rttria:;: ^"'^^^' °^ '>'"'^'-' --«^'i s «f ^J"'' '" *f «°r-«Pon',jnnrMm ; as, ' Vir natural difforc^cL bet^oe f merZ'"'^".''"'"' "J'''"™ '» • v.ce, wiadom and folly • "' ""'' <•«'"«"'' virtue and f ;'.7; ^"^ "« "«'- »» --"as in the. example, > :na„ces,„ay bo Suij to b "' mSfe^^'■r7' ■ "' ' ''»' porous mconlives to evil ■■ t„.„ ''">I'sod.i,s, or d»j» .t.on,th of our bodie. l^^iJ^ZT::, it^^' "" ■^^:5i^t3i:t^ei."'''«-«^'-^«»- inserted to danot i it uJL ^^' ^ ^""""'' -should U twnen th(3 last ad.octive and Z T ^'''"'^ /' ''>l''nvahlo be- oonini. is there pVeW - onlttd "' ""^'' ^"^^ ^^ ^^« 100 ENGLISH GRAMMAn. ,s Lii Rule iv. Twjor more atlj-xtivrs, bdonmnir to thr t-mi mhstanuveare likewise sepLated by conlas;T'vl^, ^one«t trutli, wantn nc artilioial covering ;' ♦ David wl ", ^rave w.se, and pious nmn ;' ' A wonmnVgenUe%ensU le wros are the sweetest, the most rational, the most a lect mg, and the most lastinrr.' * *^''*^*^' J^«t'^7.«u... What adjectives ir the examples ? VVb^ Sey bSonir''' ^^ '"""""' " ^^" ^^^^ ^Sbstanlivc % Hon are not separated by a comma ; as, ' True worth if modest «,../ retired ;' ' Truth is fair and artless 7nnXand forsir. T'''^ ""' ^?-^^^^«"t/ ' We must be Ti e ^r looJifaii , there is no medium.' Dlefsen-irn';^,^^^^ ^'' ""! ^^'^ adjectives in these e:cam pjes separated by commas ^ ii^l"^^ ""* T}''''''';!''%^''r^^^^'"^i^g the same nrnni^ia. tzve case and immediately folio icing one another, are also separated by commas; as, ' Virtue supports in adversity" moderates m prosperity ;' 'In a 'otter, wo may advise, ex. hort, comfort, request, and discuss.' ' questions. What verbs in the examples? Whv are they separated by a pomma? What is their nominative Two verbs immedmtely connected by a conjunction, ar% anexccpf^nn to the above rule ; as, < The study of natural history ex, »nds and elevates the mind ;' ' Whetlier we eat »7 ftiint, jabor or sleep, we should be moderate.' qutstu,n. Why are not the verba in these exaroplea tepa* (1 u;d &y a conmia ? ^ Two or more participles are subject to a similar ruU And except: on: as, ' A man, fearinir, serving, and lovrna 0.. Creator He was happy in being loved, esteemej Mfi respected ;'♦ By bemg admired and flattered, we ai« onen corrupted.' ' Question. Why are the partlcioles separated in tht Brm &s»u:^tOj aJiu uoi ii! um iaat ^ PUNCTUATION. 101 are ftarfuliy, .^on.to iJlvXu^f. ^ "';'''"- V »'' ' W. .^eyare not parted by acoZlS 'f <^ "" conjum,,^ ^e must live v^rtuousro.vfciousfy "' '' "" ""'^^"« ^^'-^^^^ -^a^d by ^^:^' ^^-^^^ '" these example., „ol RjTLE VII lowed that depend. J„ them" ^ "'"" "^ ""^y <■»'• arrive^d at the deSd iXf'e J"'*^'' "'" "'"^^ "f tliday; wh?rt:''u beir^^n "Z'^Tii^i-^ --™p'«' -^o divided? ^ -^ ^^^'^t mtervonmg phrase is if your many^favorsV " "^^'^''*^ '" ^''^^^ '^iz/neniv, fot '^ UiTet^ple?"' expressions in a direct ^dres« occu, ^otte^r. ^:z:d t:!:':^ "i ''' ^^^''^'^ -^^^^ «*- tone. ; as, iL ft her 2,^7^'""" '^^ ^"'^ "f '^'^ ^^» -> ^ plainer dying, he succeeded to the estuttt 10!; tNCiLISH UHAMMaR, » 1&, At lei^th, thjir ministry per*'ornied, and rare weh rim, Uiey l<}lt the world in peace ;' ♦ To confess tJjo truth, 1 wai much in fault.' Question. Point out the case absolute, and the infini tivo m^do absolute, in the examples. RriF XI. Xovrn, in upposufon, that is, nouns addtd t^ Hiit.r KC'ii:^' in the same rase, hy way of txpUration or il mstru'.wr, xchtn aceojnpanixd with adjut cts, are set ojf hv commas ; as, ' Paul, the apcstlo ot'tlie CieulHcH, was'emr. Ment for his zeal nnd knowlcdiro ;' * Tiio buttorily, cinld o) the summer, flutters in the sun.' Queatzons. What nouns in apposition m your examples ? By what adjuncts are tiiey accompanied.' Bat, if S7ich nouns are sintrle, or only form a proper name, they are not divided ; as, ' Paul the apostle ;' ' The Emperor Antoninus wrote an excellent book.' Question. Why are not the nouns separated in these examples .' Rule xii. Simple memhers of sentences, connected by comparatives, are for the most part distingai£hed by a tomma ; as, ' j2s the hart panteth after the water brooks, so doth my soul pant aft(!r thee ;' ' Better is a dinner of aerbs with love, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith.' Qucs.ions. What. simple members of sentences in the examples ? By what comparatives are they connected .' RuuE XIII. IVhen words are placed in opposition to •»ich other, or loith some marked variety ^ they require to i«{ distinguished hy a comma; as, ' Tho' deep, yet clear; tbo' gentle, yet not dullj Strong, without ra^e ; without o'erilowing, full.' ■' ( tection of Rome.' Questions. What words are placed in opposition to eacu '>ther ? What, with some marked variety ? Why ie ths eomiua omitted before Uome 9 PUNCTUATlOi^ J<>3 composed both unier the tlf .«r '''"''/'^^^''f^" •• as, ' lie au. ^ng, bt i the f.thcTr ./ feis people.' •'^' ""' ""^^ ^^ uy IS tile coiniiia oiinttod uller u/? pi-i.io In Kay, I do not know" Pi f ' " '""■"• '' """'« vice ul- skves.' ' ""'ii"l' <;ttll» Iv.ng, tlia :^'" wr;- ^sy.tr/'"'"'""'-^^'' -^ -<■» ma th.. place of vir, uT- '""''' "'•''' "'"''' <="" supply »/,'trf """ "'''^ '"» ""'"' " «omma before n ? Why ha. as, 'Self-denial is he saoHfit 'r '?' '^'""•'^ /''^ '^a/.a//.,/; ' A man who is of a dotr u-tin? ? ' "^ h'"^^ '"^''^^ '"'"^i^e ' '»<>st innocent word! , In, 'f •'""^' '"'" ""^^^-nstrue thi latter example, tL ater 1 n^noLT' ''^^^"^"^•' '" ^^^ of ' a man w5»o is of . H. A' 'l ""^'/^. '"'^'» 'i' general/ but should not be separated '"^' «P^"t,'and th^ere fore 'the, Lo^t^esJ^L^^r ^^"^^^ -^"^^ ^^- the pr. r'^ety, warm aro miakc^e^^^^^^^ Bn-x^d his whole cond ct" n both of >''" '"■''"^' ^"**''- reiatrve and verb, ^./a•.■A i. J" .. !lll}j!««« ^^'•-"^Pl^B, th« (.^estion Why are th^ 7."' """— '^"• •Xi^ sentiment ♦ • ^^® ^^min^^ inserted aller p,e<| 104 E TOLISH CIRAiVfltrAH Role xvi. ,1 nmple memhrr of a senttnre, nmfatnea within avothrr, orfol/owfUif unot/ur, must he distimrmsh- ed by the mmmn ; as, ' To improve time, whilst we are blesHed with health, will smooth the bed ofsicknesa; * Very often, wliiFe we ai-o complainin;^ of the vanity, axui tl e evils of human life, wo make that vanity, and we in crease those evils Questions. In the first example, i«« a simple mcnil-^ Tentai.iod within another, or does i w would vou transpose it ^ PLNCTIATION. 10« .-^L r"n. !^ : " r^ ''^ ^ir^urrstane., are oj iaiiy and repeS*:!;^:;^!.:: ''^ vi:^r"ir T\ '"^ '^ »^ardH the evenimr r.f lift. ♦ "<-«», like Blmdows, \xy vtrtcd ? ""P"'"""-" '" "-l'":!' '» tlie natural ord« i. »H. rrurn law arises sffiir tv • fi., . ■'■ " -^ '* ' -" "w'';/ "/-r™,,!);," z/Az^- •'"• '"»"• «?"'». j!"<. mav hoaltJ.e di{Tor..nce • J ♦ ' ' ^ fus con h,ct any in tufnre ;' ' F ," / /l s 11 T"'^ '^^"f a"tly p.ovent olisn i„stlv said •'in/;. ""'-^ ^'^'f'^'^^ "^''•'^' '^'-^^ I'^^'O Ai wirtTi!^ ^/ tfie fore re/rard ' " ■ ' projjoriio nn7ip of the fore fToinsr rules and examples ^ ^at ey bear to une another. i06 ENIillSi; GRAMMAR. SEMICOLON, j^Tiei. a .pnger pause than a comma U reqtflrM Wid yet /he sense is incomplete, a temicolon oaay deused, as, * The wise man is hiippy whf?n Ha trains hia own approbation; the fool, when b§ |ftius t^ie appbuse of those about him.' fiues-'ott. When would you use a aemicolon ? .COLON. n< colon is used to divide a sentence into two Oi iLore parts, less connected than those which a.e separated by a semicolon; but not so' inde- pendent as separate, distinct sentences. M^J^J^* The use of the colon appears to be declinlnff. Many late writers avoid the use of it altoffether Thev regard it as a point of indefinite character, taking the place, sometimes of the semicolon, and sometimes of the »J^!!! wt! .u *^''"?«^"«^"%' perplexing us with a distinc tion where there if no differe^ice. PERIOD, When a sentence is complete and independent, and not connected in construction with the fol- lowing sentence, it is marked with a period 'ome sentences are independent of each other, both i their sense and constrixtion ; as, ' Fear God, Honoui the king Have charity towards all men.' Others art Viaepevdent only m their gramviatical construction ; a«, 1113 bupr?nin fiemg changes not, either in his desire to gemote our happiness, or in the plan of his administration Jiie light always shines upon us from above. Om^ clc«f and direct path is always pointed cu.^ to man ' The periofl slionld be used after every abbreviated word ••, *M. S. P. S. N. R Anna v a. j».- .r, t.ecause it expresses more than on& and it makj>8 ser.se wwh /iro, before it /as, /j/,o . ^ "* " ma!fK^' "^ ''' ^'""""'' " ^^^I^^^««^^« ^'^ object of the fe^^^M ^''^^''' ^"'""'^ '' ''^'''''' ^» «bj«<^t of the nefcaS:!rn^S^n^ ^^^'^^^"^ ^" «^-^ -»^->» - mSui;an>r'^^;L'""'" '^ "^y ^^ considen^d either a. Nominative, m-a-n, Singular, j Possessive, Objective, m-a-n^ &s,* m-a-n, Plural ■1 m-e-n. m-e-rC <& «, is a Pronoun, because it is used instead of a noun /is the first person, 7Wm is lilt' second, Sc, she or t7 is the third, Singular. fVe is the first person, Ye or yoM IS the second, Ther/ is the third. CNonimative,- C Nominative, - . < Possessive, - Plural. ] P(,ssessivcs - r Objective, - ^ Objective, - It is found in the Person, — — tkise. Number^ Gender, -— is an Adjective, because it expresses the nualitvof ■id because ,t makes sense with the ^ord fhiTgl^ern • 7i •—^thmg i and ii uiaRes sense with pnotlier noun aftS- a\ u Pos. It ii found in the Com. ^ Sup. Degree. • 1 1 spell t^. n«.a„ ,n «arV c.^e ^ilin*? ^bere the apostrophe r««a« 108 PARSING TABLE. -- — J8 a Verb, because it signifies to , and bncans© if makes sense with on« of the following pronouns before it, namely,/—, thou -_, he —, she — , we — , you — , or they — Active, because the A^rnt acts upon the Object Renter, because the Agent ~ does not act upon an object Passive, because there is something done to the Nomina' Present Imp. Perf. Part. Regi lar, becaua? the Imperfect Tense and Perfect Participk Clid m ea. , *^ Irregular, because the In.perfeci Tense and the Perfect Participle do not end m ed. Present ^-, Lnp. , Perf. , Pluper. , First Fat , bee. Fut. .. It is found in the Mode, Tense, Persaru Number. ^ is an Adverb of fOf Number or Ordtr, <&c. as the class may be.]* Z — '* * Preposition, because it connects the words and — -and shows the relation between them ; and it makec senae with one of the following Pronouns after it, namely. me, — lu, — her, — him, — them. ■ is a Conjunction, because it connects words i and tile two < or sentences Copulative, because, or because, Oi SecauHo, and — 18 added to — — upon ihe supposition that -- r^ . ^. . .' — is the reason why — -, which follows it. »^S^ S?.he7& '"""^~ " "''P'^ "«= P"^"- « ^'^^■"' •"»'■"« »»" "*« *"vert« lad Ivuu M a.rae- fv cImu >Hcan8© if before it, r they — ject— -— J object. Nomina' 'articipk ! Perfect irst Fat Person^ Y p(jg — it makfii mely, it-