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EXI>L01TA.T10-?V B V F M KITTO DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR e AIM AD A HON ARTHUR MEIGHEf MINISTEK W W CORY, CM 6 OCPUTV MINISTER NATURAL RESOURCES INTELLIGENCE BRANCH FCC. LYNCH, Sup«rint»nd«nt CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA CANADA A New Field for Exploitation By F. H. KITTO, D.L.S., A.M.E.I.C. Prepared under the direction of the Superintendent Natural Resources Intelligence Branch DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CANADA Hon Arthur Meighcn. Minister W. W. Cory, C.M.G.. Deputy Minister 1920 11 w— I CONTENTS T. |ii'irrii|iliii 1(1 Mi-turiiul ("liriiiiti' . , S.,i! Mirirriilx. . Kii'lu'rii's. . Kur ami (iiiiiii Wiilor Ho»oiirc(s ■rraii-|Mirt:i;i..ii ainl Cnti niuiitinns. . I'Miiiiilidii iiiul Social I.ifp. . Till' l'..rt (i.',,r.' Pi-trict. Till I'liui' Hivi l» rii' Tliv ( iirihiio Distri.'t , Till' Kurt Kramer Di.Jlrlit Till' lla/.i'llnti histriit, Till Ski'ciia District A'.'riiullural ainl liuhistrial Onpnrtuiutu-, . ,, A|i|n'ii.li<'i'.«— Hrii'f syii(i|>,-is nl ■ I. rr(.-c'iii|.li(,M an. I Hi.iu.v-t.'aci Hf;:i,lati(.ii '.'. I'linliasi' iinii l.ea-r Laini* ;). I.ari.l Sittlt'iiinit Ai t 1. (iiiviriiiiii'iit Ail! Id Kariiicrs., .'i. Miiiiiitr iii'diilatiiiiis ti. TiiiiliiT aiiii Knnst Kiri' Hcu'ulaliuii-. 7. Siiiiiiiiary of Water Rit'lits f^. (iaiiie liegiilalidiiH '.<. l'll^l,,ms Hill! Kroifrlit Ri-viilali..im HI. TaxHtioi! Bibliography to 15 ■J I •.'I .m .'Its *'. .■141 ,•.« Ill li'l To Tr. -I -t »!• 'H !t- JOU lti2 107 III!! Ill II.! ii:> 117 mt .-It O.-ran |.'all- il' |.|.-il.'|. ■■ .il VM :-t ILLUSTRATIONS I. Wist cuast nf l!riti,«h Columbia, pulp and pain,- |.|;i ■-'. (irainl Trunk I'acilii. (.|.a^t .atfaiiirr iiavifjatiii..' '■ in-i. (if British Culuinliia i. Hniiiistead at Fraser lake, British Culuniliii... 4. Kiclil (if piitatu.'s on rancli at Kra.ir lake. Uriii-li ('..liiiiihui .-.. > .il (oy.. saw. , 1,11 ,„k1 Canadian Ki-h and CM Storaire Co.nraia'v'V plant (n -ir yir«) I'rincc Huport. Hritish Cohinibia. iianim.ir "■ \>\ Itw'T' -Ifylocks and shipbuilding yards UMioto^rraphed '„u I'Vbrnary 7. .\ tflinipsf of thp Ni'diako vailey near Vandfrhool _-. lioi.d l.adinir from Vandcrhoof north throui'h the Xe.'bako va'lli-v " '■>. Outdoor rope.s in fikcena valley ' 10. A srlinipse nf Prince Huperfs ni.is-'nificent harbour 11. Oat field on ranch at Kranvois lake, liritish Columbia ' ' I- 1 scene near Prince lieor^e '•'■ '"■ House and workmen's cottaires, (iraiibv Miiiiu (- oliiiiibia 14. Ill,, historic town of [iarkerville as iV now aiipe'ir^ l.->. A real farm in Central British Columbia.. lt_i. A pu'turesiiuc homestead at, Kran(,ois lake. Briti->i (' li. A trapper'fi cabin on the bank of I'arsiiip river I". Mount nobson, the hi-hest of Canadian peaks fr way I!l. "Australian Ranch ■' on Caribo '. ■roa.luivniv' mile- ^oiith ot (Jue.iul 20. Farm at Pouce Coui>e. inirchasci hv a returned sol.lier. •'ooip.iiiv. Aoy.i\. liritish iiinbia Ill (ir:;nd Trunk I'antic 1,'aill MAP Map of (, itr.il British Cohimbia. Cniada, • inc. I !") iii'lis I, ■Ji :.ti It) 4'J 42 4'i 40 03 11VJ--H . Inside back eoVi T(.ho(;raphical ilriti li ( oliiiiil.,a 1. Cai,;,,!,,', ir„..t »< -l.rlv |ir..\ in,',., .■,.iii|,i i-inif all 'lir I'.i.'ili.- •••iiliciard liclduKiiiu' t., III.' |)n|iiiiiiHii, |,.u,.t|iir «ii|, niiiiis .'.u-l i.luii.U mi'l .in rxtoii- iivc inl.iiicl trrritory. F,.r in;iii.\ snir. it luiil llir hiij:. -f "iin :i nf ;iiiy |iriiviii.u in t'aimilii .iikI mi.u li.il.l, iliiril plarr. 1., iu^r iM'i i-.l..! |.\ (^n,!,,,. a,,,] (tiihirio milv It. tuliil iiri'ii i* .".:i."..'«;..'. ..|iiiir.' riiil... whi.'li ;.".:;, Ili; ,.|iiarr iiiilr- arr laii'l ami -',t:'.'.t "iliiari- iiiili-i iirr rn\irii| l.v walrr. I!rili-li Ciiluiiilii:! i-i till' intJiiiitaiii (inniii .1' Caiinila. Aliiiu'-I, it- riitiro art'ii i- iiia.li' lip nf (.'itfanli.' raiiL'i-. ulh.-i' iiiaj.'-li.' \»i\l^ .'l.itlic 1 in prrpi'tual ■ iinl -imw liial in numiiitmli' ntnl hfaiilv tlu' fiiniini- Alp- llii'iii'ii'Ivi- ; cf ilci'p, • vaili'jr. i)f I'X.'ci'iliiKf t'lTtilitv win I'l' lii..'i,,ii, I'mil- aiai hiMiriaiit M't.'i'lali. in'.-.l l.v fnaniiiitf iMountuin -^tn'mns ami -li.'jliri'cj l.v ..viThanifiii;; I'litT-, attiiin ii ilrgn'.- «( pertVctii.n iir '(iiialli'd flspwluri': or of l.ruail -iinnv platiMiii-' nf t'rii«-.v laniU iiu.r- Mpcrscd Willi .lUToii- lal<."< an. I -tr.'ain-, |...nl.'rri| l.v i.','ntlv i'..lliii._' JiilK ,.f i.-r.'riir«l WiH.il- ami (Iraincrl l.y ni'lw.irks nf >iH iftlytlnwinp sircainx. 'I'lii' prn\im'|. i- a vnrir abli^ " i-ta of niomitains " anil it^ ffrandi'iir of «ci>ncry, pnnifi'iiial I'liinato ami wi altli nf natural I'l'-.iiin-i'- an' iin-iirpa—.'.l l.v aii,\ ml, ,' .li-U'i.'t ..!' .'.;iial mairniliiili' in tin- Wnrlll. Ki''.iii cast til wi'-it CiMiaila i- in air up nf livn L'rial pli\ -L.trrapliii' iliw.Inn-. liiilni'lv, tho Appal.'ii'liiiin ri-jrinn mil.raninjr tlm Mariti l'i-..\ im'.-- ami F-:a-lirii Qiii'l.i'i'. till. .'^t. I.awrcnci" inwlanil-i nf S..ntlii'rn (.lu.'l.c ami tlnlari... tlic (".ivaf I'laiii- i-i't'inn of Wi'-tiTii ("anaila, llm l,aiiii'(ilian i.lati'.ni .nrr..iimlinir Ifii'l-ni Lay. anil thi' Cnnlillii-aii nvinii I'Xtcmliii;.' fr..ni tlin i;,..'l(y nmnntainj to thi' Pa.-ilii- I'naM. Tin- prratir part of Britir-li ("olimiliia lii- within tlir C .rdillcrnii ■ visinn with a Iriantnihir '■iri'a in tin' iinrlhi'a-f crmr nf llm iir..vlm'r i-xt' \-j: ml., th.' s Canada in a north- ui-lri'ly ami -..iithca-t.'rly dii-i-.l inn a' ' ni:kn- llm '• tiiinnlal ,lni,l,'" that pa-M till' waliT-i of iho I'ai'itii' slnpn fmni tl . 'Inwiiiir I'li-li-rly. Th<> IJoi-ky monntains. vai-.- in oli vn;.. a from 2.700 ffit in tin.' vicinity of Drai-r- lalio to a oliinax of i:'.,iH;«i ,,., i j,, ni..iint M.ii.-nn. I'ino p;.-. ha- an ni.'valinn ..f i?>:.ri fnil. Yi'llnwlmad pa— .•\Ti>0 fi'i'f and l\i.'Mn(r II. .i-.' pa-, :..:;:;l' fmt. Thnn- arc -ovornl l^'^il^- '■"< I'll-' lO.OOO fni't in i'l.'\ali..n .iimI liimiinni'al.Ii' !i »-. r mniintaii.=, hill-! aii'l plati-an-. It ha- 1 n i-tini.'il.'d that if thr uli..I,' ,.f Ih'ili-h t'..hniil.ia w, i-o h.'.aiL'ht to a li'vi'l plain' tlio rlovatinn w..iild l.n al...nl :!,;irtn ict ah..\" Mm ] ,.1 ..f tho -ra. Thf R.ii'ky ■\fniiiitain rani;-, nm- ).ra<-) ii'.illy parall.l (,. th,' I'a.'iii,' I'.ia-t at a di-tan.-n nf f-.-O or 100 mil,'- inland. A Ii--,'r an.l nmr.' ii'P'L'iilav raiiL-.' f..ll.nv* thf coa-t inori> I'h.-i'ly and ■•oii-titnti'- w'l.it i- kii'.un a- tli,> " ( 'a^oad.. " and "Ca-f ni.iiintain-. P>i>tworn tl.i's,' two prin.'ipal nmnnl.iin I'.iiiprn- li.'- a va-t iiif.rvi'finir platp.iii. Tho rordilloran dl\i-inn thn- -n! ivid.'s it-rlf nalnrally int.. ihr-i' thn ,^ srri'at hi'lt=!, thp Kastorn. Pontral and Pacifir. Thn Fa-tirn l.ilt i- minpri-id ..f tlio Rnc^'ky mnnnt.iin systpm and may ho roiwldrrpil, sri'in rally -prakin?. a- a ;nnnnta'noii'» (! Ccnlrtd liril'uih Columlila r.'KiuM. ThP Wostorn hrh Im-'IucIos .1,,. Paeirt,. sysfoin, m,uh np nminlv of the Cot nil,! ("iisc.-ido mountains. „n.I tlio Insular system. pompris.>'<>-.-socti„„ with the U'Oth .legree of w,^st longitu,!,.. wl,i..b is th.. be '■•mn.lary for the ren,„ini„g distance. Westerly the proviu.v e.xtends to tl, ^.c,t„. ,>,.,.an e.xc,.pt in th,. nonhw,.st .^orncr where the " pan-i,andh. " of .Maska inte^ vc-os. \.aneouver islan.l and the Q,„.,.„ Charlotte group of i.Ian,ls together witi "lany smaller on..s. al 1'...,.. r,.a..|„. the Mackenzie by way of tl„> Slav,, riv.r a,„ (.rent Slave lake ai,d the Liard j„ins it dir.^ctl.y. Tin. southeast part of ,he province is drai;ed by the Col„„,bia and its numerou- f.lMt.r.es .s„u,|„.rly „ver ,l,e international l,„undary line and tl„.n,.e to the Pa,.iH,. be southern an,! c-ntral interior is .Irained by the great Fraser and it. principal -•"-"-a.-K. the Ne,.,,ako and Thon,pson rivers ,o tide-water at Vancouver. Along Jhc western ,.,,as, the prin,.ipal rivers are tl„. Sk,.ena. reaching the sea at i'rin.v Rup,>rt the -V.S.S tlown,g .nto I'ortland inl..,. and the Stikine which cuts through the Alaskan !ian-l,andle to ri-ach the sea near Wrangcl. Central British Colun,bia is , .definite term. It ,s usually used to .lesignate C'^ be great .nt.r- r plateau lands con.prising the famous Bulkley valbn-, Necbako vall.n- ^Lpper I-rascr nver druinafie basin and the Cariboo and Cbil,.otin distri.-ts It 'ii ,^ sometimes applied to the ..ountry served by the Grand Trurk Pa.-ific r uh- -iy The ^, .s,.,pe of this report is intended to apply to all these districts. For sii,.), purposes -•J arbitrary boundaries have been adopted though not adhered to strictlv In general •r^ ternis therefore, it may 1„. here defin,.! a. that part of the mainland'lying between ^ he .i,.,! and ...th parallels of latitude, and comprising a total area of approximately J t.'.ixtu square miles. This portion of British Columbia is most interesting and unique in its develop- ment. To the business man of the day it is a "New British Columbia "-made Tiii>ii:/r:iiilii( III acci^sible only upon tlie completion ■>£ the Grand Trunk Pacitic railway in 1914, held for a still further i)eriod from commercial exploitation by the (ireat War, and now requirinK the completion of the Pacitic (ireat Eastern railway and the establishment of traiisiiaeific shipping line? from Prince Rupert to enable its development to l)e proueeuted in a thorouKh manner. To the historian, however, it is the " Old Briti-ii Columbia," explored and occupied previous to any other mainland part of the provinee. Fur trading and gold mining blazed the way for the ocenpation and settlement of British Columbia and the fields of tliefe earliest activities lay in this, the central part of the province. Fort MacLeod, on ifacLeod lake, has the distinction of beinp British Columbia's earliest establishment and dates back to 1805. It is thiry-eifrht years older than the capital, Victoria. Fort St. James, on Stuart lake, and Fort (leorge, at the contiuence of the Fraser and Xechako rivers were establitihed in 1S(M1 and ISO", and were thus also over a quarter of a century old when the Hudson's Bay Company estab- lished a post on the site of the present capita! city. Prince IJupert is the newest sea port on the coast, yet Fort Xass at the mouth of the Skcena and later Fort Simpson (Now Port Simi>snn) were important coast jjosts before the days of either Victoria or Vancouver. Alexander Mackenzie, tlu' first while man to rcacli th«' Pacific overland, travelled across the province and back af;ain entirely within tliis central belt in the year IT'.^o. Over one hundred years a^o trade routes by canoe and train were well established throufihout this district. The Skeena and Xars rivers on the coast, the Fraser, Nechako and Stuart in the interior, and the Parsnip, Finlay and Peace flowing; • -terly were well travelled avenues of trade while the Yellowhead pass had witne--ed a century of travel by foot before the first train rushed throuf.'h. Original surveys for the Canadian Pacific railway led throusrh this pa^s and had they been adhered to conditions would have been reversed with respect to the southern and the central parts of tlie province. The building of tiiis transconti- nental railway brought in an inriiix ot' work(M'> and >cttl<'rs aliuig its route whi 'h. u-nfortunately for the central district-, was located well to tiic smith anil crossed tlie Koeliies by the iCicking Horse )ias-. About the Pac-itic terminal of this great road ha? grown up the city of VancMiiver a':id for nearly fifty years the benefit of this railway has been in favour of the develnpnienl of tlu' niurc southerly parts of the province. The building of the Orand Trunk Pacific railway, however, whii'h take- tlie route of the Yellowhead pass, Fraser. Xechako. liiilkU'v and Skcena riveiv to meet the coast at the newer city of Prince Kuiieil, brought to the central belt upon it- completion in 1914 the advantagi-s that tlie more southerly i^arts re'Coived by tlic completion of the Canadian Pacific railway in 1 >■•»,";. Xo ^r< nor h::.! ihis t rair rent inciital railway bei-ii comi>lcted tlian tiio gr.-at Furopeau war broke out, thus practically paralyzing the ex()ecti^t development along its route and holding in alieyance fiu' five or six years longer the s(>ttlemctit of its iidjacent territory. Posei'bly there may be advantages in these circumstances. At the conclusion of the war Canada finds herself burdened with a heavy debt and facing a serious prolilem in the re-establishm*'nt of a large army of men. The raising of funds with which to jneet her obligations and the finding of homes for thousands of men present a Central British Columbia The answer foTl f ^ "''* "'°"*""'1« of disbanded 6oldier3? iiie ans«er to a large extent es in Centril RrlfJ I, n i u- tt an immense territory of u-h;,.I ,i ^•^"•'1 i^ntisli Columbia. Here we hai foretell what extent of tL^urrile' 1 ^ .'^ ' """""''^'^ ««d no one ca waters are rich in Lher " th e ".t 1 T '1 ""^- '^''^ '='''>^' ""^ -'- fully realized. The fore.; , e "''" "' "'"•^' "° ^'^="-"'"*'' ^o be n-.or industries are alread/wSlLZ:':: ™;: , ^--'^ -^ the lu.berin^ and pul^ •=i".ate is agreeable. In fact i:Zns I 3:::,rL:v'T^ ""' "'^"- "'' n.e„t and de^lopment along agricultural an:^:S Z^'^' '"' "'''""- ^""''^ traverse the bel! m^d^ .yfrom eas to ^ "l^^"-^' ^''^ """"^ ^'"^""^ ^-'fi^^' .hrough its southea^t^r^LlZ Zi::;^:^^:":^ ^^^^'^T ^"^°"^'' ^""^ -ts add. to and ^ ;: ^l^^^ ij^ eS^^r^r^-' ^^^"- proven, rich and bountifuirnTt:;e-:i;;:: ^'"' ^"fV"' '"•"'''"'' '^'■^'•■'' ""-' of willing workers who seek a f r J, ' " "'"''^ ''""^ ^"""^^ ^° ^^"-^'^^l^ It is not onl.v anU-in/co „:":!? T" "'' """" '" ''" ''^^""'^^ °^ •^--• of liberal and speed, financial g . 'b, "i" i: T.T" T ''''''' •"'"'""" ^^^^^^^^^^ one's home, .fen do not come Ine t C;,^ , I^Hti hror"'; ■'''" "f ^° °'^''^ a fortune in a few frenzied yenrs from iV T t '''' '"''^"'^"'^ *" wrest spot on the earth's surface .and enio vi h li I r '° '" '" " ""^'^ «'"^^--' ^lups. They con.e with their ftn 1 "''" "" '^"''^ °^ ^''^^ ^^--d" enjoy the beauties and adv nti TJr ""''^" '°"'^^' *° ^•^"'*' ^^^ -^ "ndorta,:.in.s a.d to lay uJ^^^.-^,^; ^TT " '''' '""''''' '^ ^^^ --- ing generations. """ ''^"''"'"'^^ and prosperity of suceed- The Government of the province i. mux!,,,,. resources developed hy a good class of pe„pl,. F offered with this end in view. The natural a,„.'cti.,n. to sec the ihl,. (ncuragciucnt is l„.iii.- fngether with the lively intere:t' m;;;;;;':;;,,;";,;:';;'";: ""' "'^""*^'^"^ "^ "- '^^^^^^^ assures the new-comer of a s,.,rt und 1 '-vcrnmcnt hi its development tart under the ,n..<, promi ..„g condition, possible West coast of Hritish Colunibia, pulp and paper plant at Ocean Falls. '-*ife.-> tJranil Trui.li i'ao.ric t>U'a)rn-i' navigaiinh' "inside passage Hritish Columbia. uf west coast to r.-iifri! Ilnli.<'i ('ohiml'iii HISTORICAL looks into the past as well as into tho future the p .e, o^^^^^ c'anada-that was faseinatin, chapters U"';;;-';^ ;!:™ J^ "^^ a^ u! the province of British a.^iuired by conquest from the Mother Country w no occupation. Columhia has been British from the earl.est days "*;';;; ^^^^ ,,,, dispose.! Only the faintest su..estio„ of other claims were ever r-^' *- l^-^;-^ J ^^l,^, of before any serious progress ^'^\^^\^^'l- J^l^^^^^^^ and and built up by British ^^^^'^^ ^'-^:^:f,::7t:L.t exception the most with a climate very similar to that ot Jingiana u-e. uItra-En.lish centre to be found in ^-^'J; *->^;^^ y;,aiy struck out Th. ^.. ^^-:-[ --— ~: r :^;;:Xo;h the race for establish- for unknown posMbil.tic> in the ^ ->.<•'" ^ ^^.^ ,„i„„i,^. the one on nient of claims to new lands in whiA Great l^--";'" ^^ -^ ^^e amalgama- Vancouver island and the other on the main coa.t. and -^"-'^ ^ ^^^.^^, ;„, no,, and final confederation of these colonies - ^ ^J^^ .^ .^^^^^^^^ ^^ r,„„,„ion of Canada, institute ad™ ^^o^^^^^^^^^^^ „onc. -Separated, as it were, from the no^^lJ '°""^J° „^„„,,^ „,ean. th. endless plains and impassable --"^--^"f/^ttTlnd purposes in the earl. ,„.,,.. w.^ of the Kocky ---- ;-;:^t;;:^ by tJprocess of expansio. days a world of their own. Lnt.l finallj ''r- "^ " intervening spaces, tb '- eith. extreme and ^^-^^i:-— ; ^ ^ullated colonies. ,reat naval power of the world, ^^^^ J^^^'^ ^^^r ..yj^^^^^ t.Z.'^ Paoific o..ean, which they declared a " closed sea ^'^ ^^^^Ln^^^ century, who rose on English activities in these seas near the "l"- " /^^'^ ,^^,, ,,,.„^ ^ad tl their bold sea-rover Francis Drake, in his ^;-";;^^'^^^j° rarely ..ilm. nor, ,„aacity ^0 beaM the l.n in his^^n ^ r^ n. tb^Ho.^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ Into these forbidden .ater>. T'^k.ng 1 1 P ^.^ ^^^_^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^, ^"''"^^-:Uh°:tr^^: ":^H;^;:r:ard L land.^ at a point on the coo sunwa e„ "^'"^ ^''^2 '"^,,, .,,, of San Francisco and claimed the territory in t ;— trrt::lt::«;i^;. ^ -^ew Mbion.- Eetumin. to England he w ^•-'^^;^Xr^::;:r::^- -- ^—-r rr r n 1 .s f.r as the English were concerned the curtain fell for some 200 y 11 iilorirn! 11 employ by that namo. A roflirtioii of this alleged discovory is found in tlio aniuils of Enpli^h discovery when in IfifiO their famous navigator Henry Hudson, in his little ship the Piscoviry, searrhing for this mythieal passage, enter(>d the bay that bears his name and perished in his attempt to solve it. It was not until the eighteenth eentur.v that disooveries on the Pacific coast bt^an to take definite form. In 1728-29 Vitus IJehring, a Dane, exploring for the Russian Goveniment, sailed nortli through the strait that now bears his name, thus proving a passage from the Pacific, not to the Atlantic, but to the Arctic. In 1741, in company with ChirikofI, he discoverixi Alaska and took possession of it for the Russians. The year 1778 witnessed the return of British explorers when Capt. James Cook, searching still for the " northwe-t passage." landeil at Xootka, on Vancouver island. The closing years of this century saw the race for national supremacy in tliese regions in full swing. Between 1774 and 1779 Spanish and Mexican explorers were par- ticularly active on the coast. In 1787 A any diseovraies on this coast, and the I^panish. through lack of ships, withdrew to the more southerly shores. The close of the eighteenth century saw the Russians holding Alaska and the coast from Sitka north, the English iiraetically established from that (loint as far south as Puget sound and disputing with the Americans the possession of these regions, anil the .Vmericans and Spanish holding the southern coast. The British claim to the great interior, however, was made securi' wb- '• 179-" Alexander ^faekenzie, a partner of the great Northwest fur trading compa'; ■ nded the Peace river and its southerly branch the Parsnip, cros.sed to the Eraser :.i. after following it for some distance below its confluence with the Nechako, turned west and made his way to the waters of the Pacific which he reached at Bellakula. This great feat solveil the mystery of the hidden lands beyond the mountains, openeij up the way for the extension of the fur trade and the occupation of the coast districts and established bc.vond question the right of the British claim to these lands. For hi> great service to the Empire Mackenzie was knighted. The period of discovery closes with the eighteenth century and the period of exploration and occupation commences with the nineteenth. Overland and by sea the rush to the new land began. The Northwest Company lost no time in taking advantage of the new field at their disposal. Eort MacLeod was established in 1805, Fort St. James and Eort Eraser in 1806, and Fort George in 1807. In 1808, Simon Eraser made his famous descent of the Fraser river. , Cnlnil /iW/is'i Cohiinl^iii , I , , 1 „ ;,)i,. To s.i'iire full aJvmituge of Cupt. Clark was d..>.aU.h.l. It roa,-!..! .h- l...;r ;'^7' ^ / ^ l\l^ ^,,,^0. was ..U.h.l 1. ,h. ■2"-,^^ ;•■;.::; ;:,ia Tho,.,,.. t^ .he ...aUc i„ tho employ of .I..- ^.•rth^. „p,vlv-..m... d fort of A.t.r.a on Coluinl-ia from its sour.v to the M-a. 11. tovul rea^hiuK th. lower waters of the r.ver. ^.^.^^^^ ^^^ _^^_^^^^ ^ — of their ;'"'^^- 7; t „^"";^ L.i,„ ,,r„Ue„ out between Britain and r rJJw^s:^ "^;r rSsailea in. the ..uth of the , .umhia .,d ( IKio rM4 all confiscated territory was return.-i to the 01 iMual warof lhl-1.! U all con ^^^^^ ^ ,. .^ .^^^ occupancy of this t,y the Or.von AKreenient ot 1M- n "a ••*■ „.rritor>- should bo i-ormitted. c,,,,,.,,,,!... nnitcnl under the name of ,„ -j; ^>;: ^-"r::,;;; ' : ; " IbJtlade in this newly-found terri..ry Hudson-sl'.ay Conn-anj.anlth, pro.c. ^utlierly over u vasi ... carried on with r.loubled ener.. ^^ ^ ^ ^^^„„ ,„, jj..,,. This .rea: t«rit«ry including the present s a,., of ^ a.h V • J^^ ^^^ ^^ ^,^,^,,i,„ ,,„itor. virtually Llon^ed .0 t.us ,k^.v ^^ ' ';• -^^,^ ^,,, ,^„,^,„,,, ,., r;:roJ:n::bf^^^^^^^^^^^^^ s:i:r;::;M^;r=:rr:;;::i:;:::Voo^ the mainlan.l. Hud-ou-s IJav Comuauy from active oiMTatio This led ,0 the wahdrawa of^ . " ' , wa-'f.und.l b. Tarn,. Dou.las und. ou the lower Colundnar.ver. ^' \ " " ' ' . „,., ,„„.,,,in. Meanwhile I'o th- iu.n,c,l„n ,.f the "';'■ 7. ^^-,,:''';: J'"^ ; :;„„! Fort HaU. calh X..,c„uver l,ad been estabbslu. ,n y -^^- ^^,_, ,,,^.„, ,,,,icts we P..t,siu>,,..iy>..towi.. ... •■■"^;:;';::r-..,.u,.r,.d the ...l di-..„ve,.ies .,f ra...rnia and .mse.pn , • I„ r,vd,T to fniv^tall possible complications t ;;;:.:;; ;:r:;;:««:rv -•■'.■;■'"-»--;■::.;; vi.-..:-.. -' "■••;■».•'•"' • 'r;r;::,:r,r;: ^^.''n;:^;" -:* .. .-.,^,,,v <■,., Lm;/:itinn puriv)ses for a period oi itu i^.i "■ ■. "«.:;,( iov.Tnor Ml 1>50. but tiudin^ no colony, outside the lur trad ,,., ...it out as hrst (-ov.r nor ^ ^^^^.^ _^^ ^^^^^^ _^^^_ ,ho„,selves, and trovenior lu name oub , h. '-'"■"'", Dou.das nou- chief factor of the company. suc'ckIcJ him. ffislnricnl ]:] la tlic jfurs l^ioO, '57, uiwl '58 cxtciisivn discoveries of gold were inii(U» on tlio Kniaor river. AuticiiiiitiiiK a rush of minors to these rojfions und wisliini? t>■ purcluu^e. Tlii- same year, 18r», the rights of the company to exclusive trading privileges on th.' mainland, which had been granted at the amalgamation of 18l'1 for a i>ori(>d ..f twenty-one years and renewed in 1838 for a further pori(xl of twenty years, expired. This date then, ]^5s, nuiy bo taken as the closing of the reign of the groat fur company and the real commencement of colonial government. After a few years, or in IStJG, the two colonies were unit<'d. Governor Douglas retired from active partner- ship in the Hudson's Bay Company to di?votc all his time to affairs of state. As governor he filletl the office and i)erformed the arduous duties attached to it in those oarly days in a most capable nuinner and for such signal service was knight(>d. His is a most outstanding figisre in British Cdlumbia's early development. Five years laU-r the colony of Briti.sh Columbia, which had now tlirongh the rusij to its interior gold fields attained a population of some 10,000 whites, east in her lot with the Dominion of Canada, joining Confederation in 1871. In 185S the present boundaries of the province were decided upntation of the province at the federal capital at Ottaw.i now coii>i-ts (if G members in the Senate and 13 in the House of Conimon.s. The Provincial Government is made up of a Lieutenant-Governor and a L<'gislative Assembly con- sisting of 40 menik'rs. The Lieutenant-Govcnior now holdi t office Clan. 1, 1920) is the Honourable H. W. Prior and the Premier of the pr iw is tlie Honourabl.. John Oliver. The E.xecutivc Council of the Ass<>n.bly is ni, e up as follows: — Premier, lliriister of Uaihv.iys, I'rcsiil-iit ..f the Coun.il . . , . Hon. j,,hn riliv, r. Attorney-General ami Minister nf I.iilioiir ii„n. J W d,. ij. Funis Kc Minister of Publit- \Vorl<.s Hon j.^ i.;;,,^. Minister of Lands Hon ^ ',> ■,.,,,,„„„ Minister of Mines ,,„n. \v„,, .«!„;„, Minister of ABriculture I|,,„. ,.:,, ,, „.,,r„„. Mini.ster of Finance I,,,,, ,,„,,„ ,,.,„ Minist.T of Edueation and Pn.vinrial .Seortlary H,,n. lip. M.Lf.aii. Tn Central British Columbia, the bolt of mainland lying between iatitudos 5i'" and 57° north, lie some of the oldest and most historic scenes of interest. The history of the province is sometimes divided into three periods, the period of discovery, the the way for further exploits p...t the spot, where «oou were .o be erected under ^u t:i leh ..i.or.e p.. «. Kort St. ^oh. I-J^^o.^ ^^Z^ ^ r h^a.r ^rn^rre.LS.^^^^^ - th. h. ..r .e, '''^T:1he period of exploration this beh «a. one of the earlict ^^^1...^^^ .ell k.ow... Pron>ine.t amo„K explorers are the ua.ues of S.mon Fraser and Uav.^ Chiton who at an early date roa.ed these district, at pleasure and pushed the, explorations southwards from bases established here. , . ^. , , .. , ^ „„ „„;, ' A. (or the period of oceupation Central British Columbia h-ll^^^-l-^ ^ " ! 1 I 1 ulih the exeeption of Nootka. on Vaueonver island. Fort St. John, Ko. h 'i, t H« Fr;„.«4 F.„ S. .T.»„. F.n K„,.„ Fo„ O^..^™ Ouesnel were thriving centers of trade, with canoe brigades and , ^k »'"'"« K<"^ S a th fron. one to the other before Astoria. Vancouver or Worja w. d Led of. Fort Nass and Fort (now Port) Sinipson w.re sea ports of pr.n ' po" ance before an anchor was dropped in F.s.uin.ault or Burrard „det. It the time of Confederation the real industrial center of the province wa= t Cariboo gold district in which the magic city of Barkerville sprang up and for a ti h ame tl.e Mecca of the great far west. The Cariboo. Omineca and Caas.ar go ti ds Ld to the occupation of these regions in advance of any of the present mc ; 1 -set^ed districls of the province, while the fur trade o t^- northern inter, ':d the ti^h and seal trade of the coast regions about the mouth o he Skeena a Na.s rivers opened up avenues of commerce through ita ent.re breadth. Before tl^ construction of the Canadian Pacitic railway there was a we! -est. lished route of travel from east to west far to the north of its location. R,ver .team ;Sdt,e Skeena from Port Essington to Hazelton. Pack tra n. and canoe br.ga, had ne work, of routes between the coast and Rocky mountani ranges From h Xteaus they found their way o.stward through tl.e Rock,e., by the Peace, lelh head or Athabaska passes. ,. • . l"e evolution of the province is someti.n.. divid.l into three poht.eal pcr,c .,,„,e'v the unorganized period, the colonial period and the Confederation per, nX latter period only has Central British Columbia fallen behi,,d. Had the Ca dian Pacific railway followed the route of the Yellowhead pa^ and Skeena nver, , had old Fort Simpson, the seaport of early days, been chosen as capital of the un, colonies, what a difference there would have been. Central British Columbia is not a new country by any means. It ,s the country of the Pacific elope. Unlike the eastern provinces, where development spr from the earliest points of discovery and occupation, the development o Bri Columbia has been in an inverse order. The .reat ..cntral Wt of longest hi interest has been rushed into the l.x-k.^round tl,n.u,h force of circumstances an now ju'^t l)\;rstii]}r forth into itr own. k stirring fame in kiaociated ntral belt Ith of the he blazed under hii and Fort ila river* it'vor been to become Mid Uavid shed their 1 on main- ihn, Rocky leorpe and uine going •toria were I of prime ice was the for a time ifisiar gold- ■eseiit more ;rn interior Skeeiia and I we'.l-estab- ,er stonmors loe brigades From these [ice, Yellow- ioal periods, ition period, id the Cana- la river, and if the united t is the old iment spread t of British igest historic aiicts and is CLIMATE The elimatc of fcntral Briti-li Coluinhia inav Im- said in Rcnerid terms to lx> uiodcrHlc or vcr.v temperate. It has a congiderabli; .vearly latitude and vuri.- from west to east in fairly well defined belts parnlleiing the c.aat lino and the Uoiky n.t.uiitnilif. Thetc belt*. oorie-p(,n.l lelosely to the toixigraphical features .,f the country and may be roughly defined under four headings, namely, the Coastal belt, the i^riterior phitfini belt, the I{o( ky llcuntnin belt and the (Ireat Plains belt. The interior belt in the ^.uth.m lunt df the pn.vin.-e i- dividen ...Id.^r tlmn .'. d..«r.e. Wlow zor... Tho .now vuru. h.r.. fr,.,n 2 to n f...., A, .... „„ .1... .ronn.l from Novn.U.r .ill April.Thou«h th.-ro are fro.,u..ut i;:;:,! 1,11. of rain and .n.,. .h- .n.th.-r on -l. w».,lu i. n^r.-eabl I .nMu, M.mv lon«M..lU of .■xrrptiouull.N .•l...Tlnl ilnx-. ,• • , .- in. rior UM \n. .n avrn^.- .J..vu.i. f ov.t '2^. U.-l .h.n „,vo. .t H^ht l.an,„..tric. prc.^.re than pr.-vaiU in .ho ., <\U^r... I lu- pr..-„a aUon t in","., of .he Chih.oti„ -oun.ry and .o,...h of Soda ...... .n .h. tra: '• .,.. in..,ffiei..n, .'..r .he r.„uir. n.n.. of ordinar.v a^r.nhuve. A. th>W . I :rolo.^al ..a.i.m .he .o.al fall f.T ,h.. year of UMS was onb aoou. ^ n.h.. 1 . ,he Kreat N.ehako and Fra.er ..la.enu. .he average annnal ,..->,n.a.,... .l,„>, i: ineh.. or a ii..le more. Thi. i. about .he same amount that ..reva.U 1 al Krain-KrowinK section, of the prairie ,.rovinee« and l>n. -e.. f""".! .o ,.r ffi i S .. earefu. „.e.h..d. of farn.in« are folh.wed. Thou. ,n-..aUo:. may •;* d to .i.h advan.a.e in .er.ain h.ali.ies o.> .he whole .he ,no,..ure ..f Tr^t distriet i. sufR..ien. for tho produetiou .f all or.iinary fru... v..«...hW. .n-a 'Id Kra-e. eon.non .„ .li..ri...s of ...r.-pondinK la.i.u.h- .hrou^hou ... «.M. 1„ ,hi. .en.ral Mi .here i. . wider range of variat.on .n both daily u.ul yec ,.„,,era.ures. Tho days are ren.ark«bly warm and bright and the n.ghu are c S-lmmer .en.pera.ur.. .ome.im.. reach a. hi«h a..:^ or ICO wh. e -^ -' '"oM - during the winter nu.y fall to about 50 degree, below zero. i..r the year U18 I ila Iton experienced temp.ra.un. varying from »•> above .o 21 Mo., A anderhoof f "to 50 below. Prince CK^r.a from 8S to M below. Fort St. .Tame, trom « to below QueM>el from 100 to 21 below, «nd Chilcotin from 91 to .0 below. Spell either hot or cold veathc/ are ..sually of short duration ocily. In the reeord. just quoted the coldest was that of 54 degrees below zero at Pr George. This reading ap,«ars in the January report, but the average for that m. at this station wa« 18 degre<-s-^ very moderate winter mouth on the whole, highest ligur<>. ICO, was re«,rd.Hl at Quesnel in July, but the average for the mc wa- 6» Thi« i^ als,. a very n.oderate average for a summer month. Ho.h temp turc~ and precildtation vary thm.ghout the <-ontr.,l interior according to alti- .„,d "latitude. Th.. agri.n.Uure and gracing area. hive. taken the yar rmu. eliv.u..,. very agr...-ahle and f.ivourahlo for the sucoeesful pro.eeut.on of m fniming and ranching. ^ , , ..i 1„ the more n.ouu.ainons part-, su.'h a. the Canhoo nuiung heh s he -.voa i. .older and there are much heavier falls of both rn'n and snow. Barkerv.llc ,,„ ,,v,.>- e^c of 10 in.'hes of rain and lo-'. in.-hes of snow. Its elevation, hou'evr ;,v,.,' 1 (K)0 feet and the district is n..t within .he li.ni.s of .he agrL-nUural areas, The winters, like those of the prairies, are cold and dry. The a.r is clear .-ri.p The amount of sunshine prevailing is exceptionally great and there are few .-inds. thus giving a most pleasant .ea.on. The snowfall is medium and .;„ ,1,-ence of winds the «now do.^s not drift to any ..xtent. Ex-^ellent sleighn llnil enioved in these parts. From time to time the warm Pacific wind sweeps thr the pas,-.- of the Coa-t range to the int.'riov plat.vni- giv.n- day. of balmy wc: to iiitprnii)t the more severe periods of winter. ^ _ _ ^^ SunuKcr fro-ts prevail in many localities tl.n.uuliout ti„- crnfrai itilerior p^n Thev are „ot =eveve enongb to int.^rfere with the , .ving of fodder but do ,n,n time- the grains and frnitc Tt is believed, however, that they will disappear a Climate 3 fi'.t iliop ociiifiit i>nJ ml iiii'liiilci* I givos it a •ipitiitioii i* till* Fnisor It Cliiloitiii » iii'liivt. ■Ipitutioii \* . prevails in irul to prove tio:i may be tiire of thid iil>lt>!*, fH'aiii* {■ \VI'-t. f a-iii yearly lits are cool, ■t colli snaps ir iai8 New (lerhoof from om W to 48 IV. Spells of .TO at Prince r that moiitli whole. Thi 31 the month loth tompora- g to altitude I'ur roUMil, ;i on of mixed , the vveatlier iirkerville lias 1, however, is ral areas, r is clear and here are very um, and with t sleifjhinf? is weeps tliroii(fli lalmy wentlier eri.-.v plat.";"-,': t do injure at snppoar as the IT laud ., cleartHl up a.,.' drains!. An im,>.rt..,.t factor in .stimulatit.g the growth o( all vcBetat.on i. the ev ..ptio.ml le„Kth of day that prevail, in tho«. lutitud.^ during the •ummer .eawn. A wonderful amount of .unahine i. liberated between May and September. In the Rocky mountain belt the wintern are fairly coKl and the .snowfall heavy m the higher altitudes. In the Rocky .Moutituiu trench, paralleling the wc-lern base of th.» range, the chmato ig milder with a range of temperature and un annual ore- eipitat.on favourable for the development of the rich aKri.'ultural oron. lyin^r i,. it It includes the valleys „f the Canoe, South Fork of the Fraser. Parsnip t-nd Fi.d.iv rivers. Li the Great Plains division lies the northeastern part of Central British Columbia. consistiDrf of the upp.-r part of the Peace River district. The elimate here IS very a^r.^eable and remarkably moderate considering the latitude. The winters are dry and cold except for short jwriods when affected by warm Chino,ik winds, hut the •snowfall 13 light and the air clear and bracing. Winds and storms are rare aid the average temperature is not severe, though cold snaps .sometimes occur, when the thermometer goes as low as 50 degrees below zero. The coldest record of ear 1918 was -IS helow and the mean temp,.rature for January, the coldest month, was 1 below. Winter weather may be expe.-tenl in October, though open falls are by no meana rare. There is seldom much severe weather before Christmas. Spring comog early and quickly aii.l the summer seasons are pleasant with long sunny days and short cool nights. In fact for some three months there is almost continual daylight. The precipitation is light, averagin- from 12 to l.-i inches annu- ally. It occurs, howev ;r, moat in the form of rain during the growing months of June and July and is sufficient to ensure successful crops of all classes of vegetables, grains and grasses. Taken on the whole the elimate ol Central British Colu.nbla may be termed mild to in. derate, vnryincr according to h..lts. latitude and altitude. It is pleasant health- ful and favourable for agricultural activities. There are no objectionable extremes of heat or cold, humidity or drought. Violent wind storms, hurricanes, blizzards and tornadoes are unknown and such electric storms as occur are nr' of undue severity. Fogs and heavy cloudy weather prevail to a certain dcfrreo on the coast but the amount of sunshine is surprisingly high. Following is ,1 table showin- tie. hiirheM, l„w,-t „nd nienn temperature records and Ihe .nmonnf of precipitation f„r e;,eh m. nil, ..i the y.'ar lOl*. nt twelve repre- sentative points through Central British Columbia. Three of these. Anvox. Prince Rupert and Bellakuln. are on the c„.isf. thon-h their meteorolo-icnl stations are located at points varying in elevafi,.,, (ynn l.-.a ,„ -,70 f,.,.t ..,l,ove sea '. vel. .\ fourth, Terrace, i, more inhm.l, though its elevation is still l..w. Tt is o„ the Skeena river in a gorge of the Coast mountains. Tt will he observed that the weather here not only becomes slightly colder but the rang., of temp, rature variations inerea-,>s. The precipitation also is less. In the interior plateau are Xew irazelton. Van.lerhoof, Prince George and Fort St. James, with Qnesnel and Chilcoti,, lying farther south. Of these Quosnel and New Hazolton have the midest climates, «ith (liilcotin somewhat colder and drier. The other stations are Cranberr, ' ,1 i„ ,i,e Rocky ilountain trench o,, the 1183—2 It Cntral HriHih I'liliiiiil'in .livitl.. I.«>twi-.'ii T*> riv.r, aiHl IIikI H-l"' '•• •''•' •'<« Riv.'r li>. • K.NTKAI. HHITISH I ol.l MHI A TlXrtllATI'lll AND I'MllinTtTtllM, Itlft. Mtatio* I.KtitlHiv l.l>IISitUUr<'h April May Juiip . . July . AuKUHt September (••■toller Novenilter Uei-einber Aliyoi »»• 27' North IW 4»'' »e.l .170 Iff I Priwe Kupert .M° IH' North 1.W IH' ttimt 170 feet Year Teniperntu re I'rei'ipi- tatioR. loon Teiiipenituri- ! Hi«h Low Menn 29 Hwh M l.ow 20 Menn 3N 40 3 M 5 26 9 97 SO 14 33 42 3 2» N 3H ,V) II :w M IN .IS 3 42 47 26 41 1 72 3.1 4w Mean 4S N 32 42 10 2H 46 » 32 7» 24 43 76 31 49 Nl 32 U N8 — — NO 42 .19 N.1 .14 61 64 26 47 A2 26 37 43 19 33 8H .1 Pre.' tati< Station I.ntitude. Lonni'ucle KlfVHtion I91N Month January Ki'tiruiiry Slanh April May Junr July \uHUst Si'pli'mlH'r (i.tiihir NciMlnlMT l)..'i'iiilii r V.'iir Terrarc .14° 30' North 12N° 30* Went 223 l..<.| New Haselton M° I.V North 12r 3.1' W.-Kt l.lBOfcct Ti'iii I High ! 49 1 47 1 70 79 •JO Nl N4 peratun- i|.„.,.ini-; T.'inp.'ratur- . I'nnpi' |ir<'iipi- taiion Low iMeanj'"""" Hiuh ,I.ow M.un ; 90 3 3 _2 IN 2S ,13 43 42 32 29 10 30 2,1 2N 41 48 .16 64 ,W ,1N 4.1 6 27 .1 69 2 73 24 1 4U 4 21 3 72 3 4.1 O'.Vi N-77 .1 41 4 .1.1 46'89 Vannitun' { HiKh Low Mi'an 43 -IM) 12 44 -3N 10 ,14 -.19 20 69 3 37 77 23 44 80 2.1 .11 94 :m 58 Nl 32 .14 81 23 .12 67 17 39 ,12 -4 29 39 23 1 17 94 -.10 1 3.1 '2.1 tati tin- I'ciirp l<n. 32 7 24 2M It 9A »2 7 2« 4.1 IM 4» 1 7n U I Its 4HN M :i-7K HI 23 47 7 4« V » tts S3 1001 S8 Ul iilfrh(K>t Niirtli )' West « rwt lure |l'ro(ipi- itBtion Mcun 12 10 20 37 44 51 5H 54 52 3» 2» 17 3 »« 1 7<.l MM) t) 20 4.'. «2 2 2! 1 :io II t).( 111 «(• 1 ,'0 CK.NTHAI, milTIMII inl.l mhja r„»itH..ril. TKMrKRATI'IIR A.VII l>HIM'iriT*TI |jin«iiuI'tlllMT N'livi'iiilM'r Dcii'iiilM'r Yrar Priafr < tmnii' .Vr M' \.,ri|. 123*41' Wr.l t'lttt Ml . Jamra (Jw«m>l Tcmprraturi' Hich Uiw Mi-an 54" W N„rtti 124- 12' Wp.1 2. no Irrl W .»' Vi.rth 122^ .HI' ni.»l 1 . 70<» Uit SO 48 54 74 76 H3 W N2 N4 7« III 43 Nfl -M -M -37 -.35 V 24 2S 2N ■M 25 ID -3 I'riTipi. Ti'inpi.rBiurt' iHliiin. ! HiKh il/22 feet Triiipiriiiuri'. 44 l» 32 18 :« 27 2 W 15 45 28 r • ;i4 taiHin I'rcripi- "iHigh. Low 1 M<-an '"'""" I 75 1 74 2 22 15 1 82 I :m 1 23 1 .18 24 i ■" 1 10 15 1 42 1 .i« -li 2« 1 14 _.J 1 22 1 (I.-. -44 1 :1H.|- IB'Wl > 4» I-4M _ 1 48 (-" A 40 -31 18 J 71 41 1 NO IN 48 1 ,S3 ; :'N .54 98 32 .50 : HI 34 .50 1 HH 25 .55 7"* -1 :t.-) .i.5 — ."» ■.'4 48 - L'.l 18 22 12 08 2tt 23 75 79 75 15 22 till 45 34 17 15 8« 35-251 14 IXI IIS.-?- 2! H.inirstcad at Fiaser lake. British Columbia. l.-„.|,i ,.f ,,„iai..,-. ,1, ranrli at Fraaer lakf, Miitisli Clumbia. m^'W^n'!^ Soa 21 4l SOIL As no comiiri'lioiisive soil survey of Central British Coluiiibiu has .vet been attempted tiie inforniatioii available is of necessity of a more or less general eharacter. Considerable information regarding the soils in various scattered localities is, however, given in the reports of surveyors or otliers especially intereste<] in the agricultural possibilities of the region. ifuch of Central British Columbia is mountainous, but large areas occur where the land is well adapted for agriculture. West of the Rocky mountains the arable soils may be divided into two groups, the one including the valley bottom and terrace soils, the othir including the upland soils of the great central jilateaus. East of the Kocky mountains the soil belongs to the Great Plains division of Western Canada. The soils of the valley bottoms and lower terraces are mainly alluvial, or, as thoy are often called, river-made soils. These valley flats have been gradually built up by deposition of sediment from the flo(x] waters of the present streams. The lower terraces or benches, which in many places border the sides of the valleys and rise one above the other, are also mainly alluvial in eharacter and represent the flood plains, of the rivers when they flowed at higher levels. Through these extensive alluvial flats the rivers cut ever-changing channels, and on the portions built up above water level vegetation quickly acquires a foothold. The heaviest forests of British Columbia are found growing on these flats and wherever soil of this nature occurs most luxuriant vegetation in greater or lesser form is foimd. A marked feature of the alluvial soils is that they contain largo <|inintities of vegetable or organic matter included during the gradual process of fornuition of the soil. The presence of this organic matter, often to a depth of several feet, furnishes the soil with a vast store of humus and renders such soils highly fertile. This soil is for the most part fine and silty, free from stones and exceedingly easy to till. It lends itself readily to irrigation and does not bake when drying out. It is usually black or chocolate coloured. In places wliere the soil is more sandy and contains little organic matter the colour is whitish or some light shade of brown or yellow. In some cases the presence of mineral matter produces more markeil colouring, such a.s dull-red hues. This class of soil is especially adapted to the growing of small fruits, garden truck of all kinds, flowers and generally such varieties as are associated with the most intensive methods of land cultivation. The soils of the higher terraces bordering the river valleys somewhat resemble the alluvial soils of the lower terrace* and valley bottoms. The higher terraces rise to a height of several hundred feet above the valley bottoms and in places extend for several miles from the streams. It is believed that a series of glacially dammed lakes, oecujiied these valleys in prehistoric times. On disnpiiearing they left a great deposit known as the white silts. This silt is found in places to a depth of 40 to 50 feet. Many of the higher terraces are formed from the erosiop. of tln-se si]t= and are in jilaccs overlain by alluvium, hence the soils resemble those of the lower terraces and river bottom. Much of the soil in the Xeehako and Kraser valleys is of this nature. Cinlnil ItriUsh ('ohuiihln The upliiiid ^(lil- intr tiic drift. A liirjfr p; of till- soil is forini'd from lionidcr chiv and liiiicc i~ >oniiwlnit ida.vc.v in cliarai- ajid is retentive of moisture. The surfaee >oii to a (hptli of several inches is usna lilaci<, showing tlie pre-eMcf of a jrood >uppl.v of iiimius. Hidjres of ^travel antoMy. .Many of the ^mall trilmtary valleys are fon to he -andy and stony, while lifrhter anil yrav.Uy -oil- cover many of the liijfh heiiel and lower ranjfe of hills. On some hillside- and low ridfjes or plateaus are found heavy clayey soils. ()' certain areas tires liave hurnt otf the humus from tiie surface soil, rcnderinjr it uiip ihictive and ditfieult to till in its prc-ent condition. Such soils, when treated witl fair coating of fertilizer, rapidly nvaiii their fertility and u-ually prove lastinpr. The sandy, pravelly "ml stoney soils, though not favourable for cultivat purposes, nevertheless produce prcat i|uantities of jrrass and hcrhage and are w adapted for >rr. 'intr purposes. The soils of the area east of the Rix'ky mountains are >iinilar to the soils i great plains nrioii ami are in part prairie soils. For the most part they arc clayey character and have a hhick -urface soil of eonsiderahlc depth th a clay subr midcrlain by horizontal licd> of shale and sand rock. One of .• principal char teristic- of tin- -oil is it- ahility to retain moi.-ture. Tlii- property enables it to fore luxuriant ^'ro^vth of ve«:etation even when the preeipitatiim i- liyhf. Irrifjati therefore, is unn(ce--ary in tlie-e -c-ctions, even thouirh the rainfall only avera from 1- to 1.'. inches a year. The pi-i.iric -oils arc also easy to till and do not bake followinfj: heavy rai The -nrface -oil i- thin or lackinf.^ in very -mall area-, while on the contrary the bli surface -oil often cxtcmis to a depth of ■'• feet or even more. The clay, of course fe 1 exposed alontr the cut bank- and -tiep ravine- approaehiiifr the foothills. Sai and uravclly soil- are found in limited area- only. There i- no alkali and v little trmnbo. West of flic Kocky ni.mntain- linnibo i- found on -oine liill-ide- and cut bai If ha- t:\\iu more or le— trouble on the firadc of the Tacitic (ireat Ka-tern aii (Jue-iiel and brtwein (^ir-ni-l and Prince ( icorue. There i- very little hard-pan in central belt. I'oor and rocky -oil- are loiind mainly at the hifilier altitudes, wli climatii dition- are unfavoura' for afrriculture. In general term-, it may be -aid that the arable -oil- of l!riti-li Columbia are t aial ea-ily worked and adapted to all f'la— e- ot farmioir and fruit Ki'"win»;. accord to the cliTiiatic condition- of the locality. h orrsts t.i ilMll nil till' mil viir.v ill I liir»rc piirf II cIliirilrtiT s is usuiill.v licr pliitcMUs s lire t'ouiiit ii({h Ix'iiclu's soils. OviT ijf it iiii|>rii- ■atfd with ii lustiiitr. ciiltiviitioii mi lire will soils . till' ro cliiyi'v ill cliiy subsoil ipal cliiinii'- it to force a Irrifratioii, ily iivirajrt's licnvy rain-, ry tlu> lilai-k it' course, is liills. Sandy li ami very i i-iit liaiik-. i-terii aliiiiit il-|ian ill the I lilies, where ibia are rii'li t;. aciMriliiijr FORESTS i'he fori-sts of Hritish Cohiiiihia hariiioiii/e with its nioimfaiiis in their frrandciir ii.l.l extent. Here are f.ainil -iuaiitie trees ,,f rnj^v,,! trunks aii.l lofty li,.a.l,. l.i„aileiie,l ami lieiRhten,.! I,y eenturi,^ of growth, that almost -ii^vest an iiis|.iration ■■aiiffht from the massive ra.ijf.^. ami lofty jH'aks on wh,«. .|o,h.s they kh.w. .\atiires work- in th.-se tiel ami rivers in their wonderful pro|*,rtioii,. Like stately s^-ntincls they (.iiard the deep sih-ut valley, and clothe the mas-ive risi,,- inonntain sides in luxuriant mantle- of richot jiiven. In perfect harmony with the womlcrfiil physical cliaracteri-ti.-- of the Kivat province they provide a hack-round or s,.ttiujr to the picture presenf.sl. softening and sm,«.tliiug tlie rmrfi,,! ij,,,^ .,,„i trivi.iy: thefinishiiiK touches to make it one of the mo,t iH-antifiil and yet awe-iu-pirin- si^'m-s of the world. The frrea test singh' fores! area in the worhl i> that found on the Paidtie ,lope of the North AuKTican coutiuent. It i- over -'.im miles in length a, xtemis in hread'h from the Pacific ocean to the IJocky mountains. In this forest r.^ion are found some of the olih-st and larfrest tr.vs ever diM-over,Nl. From the v siH-urcd timl-M-s of the larirest dimensions and stront-i^t properties produced in the world. Hut not only in si/e and streiifith t re^rions and the h.-ivv l.ivoipitatioii which ,.revail- there ha- re-i,.- / in prodm-ing, not only a prolitic .^rowtii ot ir.M- nt lai-g,. >i.e, but tr,.- wb. -e w I i, iinoxecll^l i,, elearm^s. >,remrtli and beauty. 'I hough h-s in size the tiv,- of the interior parts of tbo pi'ovi,,,.,.- -till main- tan. Ill goodly proportion the hi-l, -tandard of value that the wood- of the eoa-t are tioiiid to possess. l-"nr spivii. in particular lane made the lon-t- of liritl^h Colninbia fani,.ii- Jhey are the l)„i|.|as tir. the we-,on, heinlook. the red oi.lar ami the .Sjtk, „, ,1,,,,, -i-rnee. riie great age and -ixe attain..d by the,e -|„.,.i|.s ,ind the valu id In-autv of their wood.- give them an undispiite.l rank among the faniou.- tree- .,f the world In all .onie 4S ,|„.,.i,.s „re found of which -' are , f,.,-oiis (evergreen) a:.d I'.i dc.-iduoii- Iho tre,^ o. coiiimereial value are nearly all coniferoii-. They comprise 1.1 -,„.,.i.,. belonging to this chis- and one to the decidiioii-. The Douglas fir { i:.,;u/„l.sn.,„ m,„n,„nh,) is also known a- the red tir ve'low tir <)n.^o„ pine, rohimbia pi,.- ,„d !..,u^!a- ^pnice. !, i f ,i,.. ,„„„ i„„,„,,„„ ,„„,„.; triv- 111 the world. In -i,.. if i, -,irpa-ed only by the S., i, of ( -alifornia. It- avera..,. height I- 1:^0 to ■>;:, f.v, with a diameter of :! ,o .; foet but it sometimes at, liii-'a 24 Central British Columhia hciRht of 250 feet with n dinniotcr iip to 9 foot, lliiny growing trees are known to over 500 years old wliile -.ino reach ages of 1,000 years before showinp si(nis of decii Its wood is the strongest wood in tho world for its weight that is obtainable in coi mercial sizes and quantities. It is ideal for building and structural timber ai increases in strength as it seasons. The enormous beams sawn from this wood are us in heavy construction all over the world. Its range of uses varies all the way from t heaviest to the lightest work, the beautiful grain of its wood making it most attracti for interior decoration purposes. Douglas fir reaches perfection on the southern pa of the British Columbia mainland and on Vancouver island but is also found considerable quantities throughout Central British Columbia. Western hemlock {Tsuga hclerophylla) is also known as gray fir, Alaska si>ru( western hemlock fir, western hemlock spruce, hemlock spruce and Prince Albert i Four species of hemiock are found in Xorth America of which western hemlock is t largest and yields the l)est lumljer. It grov.-s from 125 to 150 feet high as a rule wi a diameter of 2 to 5 foet but s^--' ^e-lock, Columbia are composed fS white and /n^l ''"" """^ °' ''^"''''' ^"*'^^' to each other. Engelmann ;ruc is fre^'uettrr,,!"*'" "'"' "" ^^^ ^™"" or western white spruce BlaTsoruL n . ""'""''""' ^''^' '"°"""'i" wet la^ds and is ~nl/ira:pTu:e. '^ ""^' "^""'^ "°-^- '" ^'^^ Only one species of cedar, the famous red, is found we,t nf ♦>. confined to the coast and interior wet celt regi ns of BritilhC , K- ^'ZT '* " or balsam fir i. widely distributed throughout cTntral i^l cT'^- f'^ ''^'^'"" largely used Tor the manufacture of nuln h.-t .. Columbm. Its wood is product of fair quality. Its wLte budl ar 7 """ '"'° ^"'"''*'' '""^^^ '^ ^-^hed while thoseofth^Bou^laffi^r^Ltd^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ occur, the great western .nd a small tree, the hlac.^ rntafn helT '' '''^'''' In dense stands oe^urri^g ^'^Jr^Z:^,^:^':^'^^!^^ ^°'-^^»- the coast tree, are shorter and have branches extendtg al tt H T *""'' ^"^ Douglas fir grows to perfection on Vancouver ilnd L M 1 " ''' '''"" but is found in Central British Columl la throughout mt of .T """''"' '"''' the Fraser. Nechanko. Bellakula rnd Canoe rZr. Z L T" '^""^'^ ^' mately latitude 55 "'' ^*' '^onhern limit is appro.xi- The yellow cypress is confined to the coast di-^n.-t^ TM- tr. ■ , known as the yellow cedar, Alaskan cypress and th. "^ 1 " commonly association with the Sitka spruce and JeZZ ri c d L . T""'- '' ''°^' '" edar. ^ "^^ ''*"^" «"<^ '^ often mistaken for the 20 Crntnil liritish rnlniiihi'i Tlu. i.l.uk ........w 1. ,.tl,..rw,M. know,, -."''',„,,,,,,,. ,„.., ,„ ,„, .„,..„, i,. „,.. ,„„„„n.t„n. of l..,.,l..r. L »^ro«- .o „ l..r.. - ,„„,n..i..o.,- t>..- riv>.r- ... <■..„.... Hrit.., .'o. . ^-;;- - ; - J' ,,.., „.,... .... ,.,i- ,r.... ..xt..„Mv..ly in .....ki..;r .l,.ir : ^»"»^';"' " '•"";;';;_ ,,,„ .,,, ,.„„., i„ „,.. ,on,l, !::;:'::::";::::^;::';:;;:;V:.i:"';::"::^.™>.-« '"- "■- -'T'V™*;;::;;!'';;.':' ::';:::;::::;:'-.." ,,.,,„;, „,„„«, Hook..r willow .,,,.1 silky wUow. 11,. L.r.-.-t ot tl... "■'""'■ , ,„iti...l •• K.,r<~ts ..f liriti^l, C.h.n.lM,,," pn-imr...! l>y H. N '" '• "r?; "'T . ■ ,i. K K u.,,.. , lir....tion .-f Clyde I vit,. (hi. r;;r;'r.r; ::■ !■:::;:-:. i... .-... .>.......- .....t .....-..., :::;-;;:z,r.,;:; ;;::;:.r T.,.. .iiowi,,. ...v. ,.M -::—--: r Inn.l.i-, l,■,^ 1-... -...Pil-'l fr-"" ""- -"""■'■•■• " "■""""'' ' ■ , ;: • 1,; ;;..i...r ..y ..>->... t... - .1 ..> ...-i.;^. . ^or t..,s ,.nn».. < ... r H.-i.i-irroi .,i,. .ill 1... ........ ...vn..... :..... -..• -:;;■•;;,:::;;;,::;:;;: , ,, ■ ,., ,,,,,1 .li-tri,.t- .,,,.1 tl,.. tot.l ..>tin,:,t..a „n,o„n, ,.t ..on.nu r-,,,! t,.„l :;,:t::i.;:;.n.'. ........ -^ .,..n,......-.....vu,...^.i ....no.,.,,., Forinl.s ( I.NTUAI. HHITISH CUM MHI A. •FNtim\ti:i> .\«(ii NTiir Mew h\st\ble Timbkk ibv iimTHhT^i Ki-iiidi I)i«trirt. ! M.B.K. Soulli Cinlrul. North Ci.ntnil Ka>t of HiH-ky Mnuntain.i.. N(irtln'rn Mttinlunil Cou-'t HiK Hrnil iinil 'iiiinc riviT. Aiiam^ anil Si-yiiinur.. Xnrlli Thttiiip^tn Honapartr am) Mahnip. Siuarl. Saliiiun and Nation.. IppiT Skiina t'ppir Na»». Finlay. South Pine. , Pi'ari' rivrr hliK'k . North I'ini' anil Halfway Smith anil KivtTs inlrt Hurki anil Dian ihanncls (iurilnrr ( anal.. Ski" na riv.T to Portland Cunal Total. 10 :'«(•). (HH) H()S.,S(X) ■VKi.tMX) HM,4(X) 191..HM) 47H,4()0 7:tli.0(K) 7(1 1, WH) 420. S(K) Total. 7.3S2.50(I A.UM.mN) 10. 14I).4(M) 9. WW, .(M» :i..ilH.40« 4i>.pcrlr:<. Doimias fir Kill lar lli'inloi'k Hal.sjtrir. .Spnirr. W'iiiti' pini'. l.mlKi'piili' pini'. \'i'!lnu pilliv ColtonHoiKl \ I'lliiu r\prr>*.. South Central. .M.B.K. .i..'>41,l!IO 10. I2I.:{04 2.HH.S.:i44 4.20 .■!,:)7!i.(>4:i 4lill.H|i; North I Kast of Central. Illoikv .Mt.<.' M.U.K. S4 1.272 I.:i27.2ft2 4. ().■>:!. 1 2X 7. Id.'i.illiti -M.742.SI1( 2.t>47.S4H 101. 4IH I M.H.K. :t:il.2i)0 >i,(l4l.iMf. 1 N. Main Coast. M.H.K. I.2!)2,4!HI .'i. l4S.;V.l.i 7.tWli.27() :i.ll7,s:i.-, 4.:iii,'<.ii',r> 1. 1 wo 4.')7.020 ' 902.. 'i:).-. Total. M.H.K 7.ti74 lii..Vt7 14.1)27 H.S.il, :i:i.2l.s. M.9«l, 4«li, .'i.VH, 902. ••.•i2 191 7 12 47:! S20 .(.■>.■> 472 ■Slii 424 .•>:!.■! 4«.0i:',..1fi0 I 37.909. 7(M) i ll.:t04.ti(Kl 1 22,97.i. 120 , US. 202. 71 SO •••Kore>t.-^of Hriti..r ( onsirvati.m. Dttawa. Canada. KiiiimssHin ■;;S Central BrU'ush Columhta ThiN i^timntc *)ow8 a total of 118,202,780,000 board foot. A ^-onaenutive figure in m.iid im !i«'r^, would bci ouo . un-'red million of thousuud board feet, including much if llie bt«t wood of tho wor'j A'ot only is the present value to be cunsiderei ;■■ I lie future possibilities niii b^ rei'konod with. Hy a pr..piT privftioii i.f Wiist . .m adi-<|uiite tire protection coupled with a policy of selective cuttiag an( .• h.restaliiMi this source of supply -should iirnvo iiicxhnustihle and ix-nnaneiit. N'aturally the lumbering industrj- has assumed great proportions in those dis ;.i,;r.. Then are two principal centres or belts where this industrj- ha^ centred 1. si' are t)ie coast regions, of which Pri-ice Rupert is tho centre, and the uppe ,,i.ley of the Fraser river, from Prince George eastward aiong the (irand Trun L'acitiv railway as far as McBride. On tho coast are found large and most modernly ciiuippcd sawmills Logs are cut and hauled out of the hush on epecially constructe railways, rafted together and pulled by powerful tugs to the mills, where they ar cut itito tlio required dimensions at ma-^-elloiis rates of speed. These regions, o .locount of tho numerou.s i-iilets and channels, make tho wood most accessible, am the shipping facilities by land and sea to tho widely-scattered markets of the worl are of tho best. The interior mills are not so largo, neverthcli^s their capacity ranges froi i.'5,(llK> to lUO.OOO feet per day. Some 18 milk arc located in thir belt and it i expected this number will shortly be iucnased to 2.'.. The .lUtpiit fur V.HS wii nearly 30 miJlion board feet. Tbis was nearly all shipped east to the prairies. Two huge pulp-mills operate on the coast, namely, the Pacifi'c Mills Limited a Ocean Falls, and the Whalm Pulp and Paper Mills at Swanson Bay. The Ocea Falk plant represents an investment of over ten million dollars a':id is a siilendi example of a modern plant. Some 850 to 900 hands are employed, including man returned soldiers. News, wrapping and craft papers are m.aTiufactured, the dail output being about 225 tons. A modern " compaiiy " town gives ample housin accommodation to the employees. At Swanson Bay a .-ulpluite plant turns out abm 30 tons of pulp daily. A sawmill is also run in connection with it. Special train eimilar to its famous "fish trains," have becji inaugurated by the Grand Trun Pacific railway for the conveyance of pulp and paper from these mills to caster markets. Aln.ost unlimittd quantities uf pulpwood are available in thceo districts. Man other localities both on the coast and in the interior contain vast quantities of wooi suitable for the manufacture of pulp and paper and the expansion of this industi may be expected. The total amount of pulpwood available i:i the whole province hi been estimated at 225 million cords. Many small local and portable mills are scattered all through the central be! Outside the commercial lumbering areas there is a supply of wood sufficient to mei tho requirements of the settlers and farmers for a long time. Wood for fuel a-r, femcing is plentiful, while the ever-increasinsr mining industry finds a ready supp^ for timbering purposes. The noble fore.sts of Central British Columbia are a soun of never-failing admiration and an asset of i-ne^timable value. Seal Cove sawmill and Canadian Kish and Co'.d Stora^.^ Company's plant (rear view), I'lince HupiMt, Hrii.sli CulurrLiia, I'nncr ItuiH'it drydoiks and shipbuilding yards. ( IMunographed on February 19, Ui20.) 3«) I'riilrn' Hrili-i'i I'liliiiiililn MINERALS riir inifurnl ri-imni-. iiikI iiii'li'iliiitf I!MS «hii«-- n ttru-w vnluc nf ifWl'tT,- ."..■i:!,.">M 1 , iircdriliiiK to tlif c-ttiiiiiitc cif tin- proviiicinl Mrpnrtiiiciit nf Miiit'". Tlit !iirKi'»t iti'iii in ri'prt'M'iitrd li.v tin- coiil iiiul cuki' output, witli -oiiic lH«T.14".ti.'>:; to iff frcilit. (iold tiiki-s m'I'oikI pluci' with n total output of #l":i,.'i,'>7,''W», mid roppci third iinioiintiu); to i|ll4.">,741,(Nilt. The totid uiiuiuiit of silvrr Miin,«;M, h'tid lit *42,:Jt»4,j:.l, tiiid /.iiic iit IIIU'TnO."!."*. Th«> liiiln i- iiiudo up ol iiiiiici'lliiiicou* luiiit'rnls, hiiildiiiK stoiic, bricks- iiud -iiiiiiiir product.', uiiiouiitinK t< *29.4i»r>.0.'U. Ill IMi't the t. in Wt' it pii—cd tli« ten niiUioii iiiiirk. mid in l!li>1 the twiMit.v million murk. Tli« followiii); tl.rif .vi'iirs fell short of tin- «howin»{, bul the output iiK-ifiiM'd ii;;iiin mid in VM\~ wii- over twriity-tivo million. The .Vfiir li>12 and l!M:t fiicli showed viilucs over thirt.v niilli iifiaii well up and i:hi i ^t (ipials the tireiit year of I'.Mt!. Kxeept ill the vaM' of koKI. tin valiie> of niiiiiTal prodiK'ts have liee.i »uli.jei-t. e-pe -ially in reeent yenr-. to tliii'tuu ;lons of eoii'iilerahle extent, so that eompariitivi- valuer of r;everal year-" output- an ;i(pt exact indication- of tlu'ir vohiuie-. tlinuirh ucicrally -iNMkiim lliev -itvc ti illustrate the rajiid eX]ian-ioii of the niiniiitr indu-trv of the province. I lie ipiaiititie- and value- of mineral pindii; ;s fur the whole provinc'c for tin years liMli. IIMT and li'lN :ire shown (.11 the fc.llow . nir tahle: — ■t,>l \ 11TH:- \M) \ \H t. IlK MlVKHAl. pHoDlcT- lo't l!»l(i, 11I17 \ M> l!tlS. lint). I'.tl 1 ■ I!MS liimntity. Value. t (Quantity. \'hIuc (iminlily. \'ltlu('. « Cold plui'lT Ounn s W.K.'J .W().,i(K) 2t,M«l 4!Hi.lNIII |i;.llllll .■i20.0( ■■ I.kIc. ■J-.M,!i:t2 4.r.N7..m 1I4..-.2:! 2.:tii7. 1!«l Ii;4,ri7l :;.4IH.S| Silver. :!.:ioi...727.:>|ii :i, 1)117. 4tl2 :i7.:i(l7.4il.-. 2,',i.il.l)2ll 4:i,SIHI.iiiil 2.!t2s 11 ( 'nppcr. ii.->.:t7M.:«i4 17,7N4.4<»4 .')!!. 1X17. ."ill."! lii.l).i.s.2.')l'i (il.4H;t,7.">4 l.i.U:i.l Zinc.. :i7. liiK.'wo 4.IH:!.W5 4i.MH.:ii:i H.llili. 2.1(1 11.772.01(1 2.Mt(l.ll .'.■.Mdlli. J.II.SI,(Htt 7.2',l4.:i2.'> 2.I4'.I.!17.-| 7,.'>24.!li:t 2.:ii)2,24.-. n..-iii.2:. ('ok... .'•17. 72.') \.(m.:\M l.'iD.iKW !).'>!!. 4:«) ISN.!l(i7 l.:122.7li Misrclhincoiis pn»- lilM'fs.. I,.'}2B,27:i 42.2fl0.4«2 ' l.24l,.'.7.i .17.010.392 i i.(n,s,2( Total vhIuc... 41.7M.4; ■-\iinii;il Itcporl iif till' Minister of Mines. Nieturiii. li.l'.. for ilie veiir enilinc Deeeinlii'r :!l>t. KtIS Tile value of irold produced in tlic-c tlircc year- wa- ¥1 1.T-M. >■">(;. of wind $l(l,."!.")S,:i:!() vas recover.'d from lode iniiiiiif.'. Icaviuy only )i(l.:!'.Hl,."i(l(t as the product o tile plai-iT miner. Of the total output of ;;old fr .111 th • early day- to the end of IIU)' MmeriUn ■'.I Viiluf. « :f.'(i.0(K) :i.4iw.sr.' :t.:M.Vs7() L'.ti-.N, 1117 i:>.n:i.4l'.i L'.S!t■_>, ;c.» if7.">,4;tti,l(».'l i- iTi'ilitiit to the pliii-iT Hclil. iinii ♦1»7.1l'1.7'«i! t.i tin- iiiiart/ or Imli' . .iimi.. TUf totiil |iri>.74l,iNt|). cxcitiU hy miirlv riftv ihillinii (liillaM tli<' prcxliifti >f liiilc iriilil. tlnxivli tin iiliiiiiil virlii.' »f ImK- nnil iilmi-r wM iinid* tir^t (ill ill thf iiictiillic.. , la thr iiMilui'tiiiii of (iliiciT jf"lrturit iMwitioii. 'I'lic discoviT.v of tliix iilliiriiiK iiutiil on tin low.r Km-ir riv.r iiml till' i'oii.itini,-iil rii«li of iiiiiitT-. pro-iHTtor* niiil fortunc-^cckcri into tin- tiii'ii iiiiornanizfd i.iti-ri.ii- h;\ to ili,. .-tnlili-liiiii'iit r.f tli<- ("n.wn .-olotiv of Hritii-li ('ojiiniliia ill IKtH. 'Ilic virlil of |.lr-|.r jrold in iK.'.t* hn» Ix-t-n ("•tiniiitiil iit i|t7t ►.">,< NN». unij for the '•■11 * iriliiiR .vciir» iit If .i.siit.ntM, „„ ,tv.Tii(f.- of iwiirlv tlinr niiilloii- 11 y.nr. Tli.' Iiciivifwt .\fiir WH-i l"»ti.'t. with $:i.!l|:t..'>li:! to it* cri'ilit. Tlic ('iirilK)o jfold-ficld, of ('fiilnij HritiKh Cohiiiiliiii Ipi'i-hiiic the M.-cch of nii ariii.v of jr ld-Mikir* iiiiil 11 liy-word in every eivilized iiind. Creek- of nliiioriniil rieline-- were i|iiiekly unfiled out illid liiiiliy fortiiliei wiTe illllii-'-ed 11 iin(rle •••ii-oii. Tlii* fiiiiioii. Held. einlinieiiiK' nil nre.i of -onK' 7,(MMt Miinire mile-. Ini« prodiieed nlioiit |4."i.fMHMKH» in (fold, or over Imlf the pliieer «ol<> of the entire province. It *till lin- nil vennrc aniiiuil output of about If I't k l.( M Ml. Hnrkerville i- the centre of tin' field, with Que-iiiel the local di»trilintiiiif (xiint from the Fra-er rivei. and rrim-.' (ieoruv or .\«licroft the |H)ints of rail ••oniiei-fioii. Another Central Uriti^h Colnmhia pdd-tield that -praiij.' into early promini me i- tin' ()inini-<'a di.-trict, lyiiitr immediately imrtli ..f the Aretii-I'neitic divi<|i'. I'rodiiction from thi- field wii- never as exfcn-ive, hy any mean-, as from the (aril , iievertlii'le— at one time it Ha- the -<»,(HMt, thoii;;l' exact ri rds are 11. ,t availahlc. A-sociated with the name- of the-e two iinUl fields i- nl-o thai of Ca — iar. C.irih.Mi, Omiiicea, and Ca—iar were well know iiiie- tifly vinr- a>ro. Tli,. Cn — lar c|i-iii,-t. however, centered more nortli.rly and ea-tcrly. ■reU'irmpli Cr.ck. "ii tlie .^tikiiic r;.(r. l"-injra favourite point of entry. The iieailwatcr- of the .'^krciia ll.w in.ni tin -e nui.ai-. Tin' lack of I'oiid- into the-.- field-, the yrent dirtancc- t.. I.c Imver-.d in onler to reach thrill, ihi' ditli.-iillie- of ti-an-portati..n and ilir liiyh c.-t of -iippli.-. t..>;,.thcr Hith the :. however, have advaiic.-d li-.-iiieii,|.,u-iy in recent vejr-. while the p,ld value ha- remaiiie.iii.A;iAvn.jA't ^ji^iL^.Tmrja^'twr .^imBon. us Central BritUh ColumhUi VK ,i« loi-ulitii>tt throuKhout 11114 belt. Hi'<'<>nt wurk of tluN nature include* iuvcd jn» of the Cariboo (rold-fiil'U l>.v H. H. MrKay, of Ihf Friitor valley by L. Upinecl v(i the northern intt'rior by C. Cain*sibilitief of i production in the Peace River district of British Columbia. The province i* divided into some forty-two mining divi-^inns, each uiidir t direct control of a gold commissioner and a ininiiit? re<'ordi r. The office for ea division ia located at a local point of greatest prominence, but for the .Mnvenieiu'O miners sub-offices are e.-tablished at various points throuKhout the division and are charge of sub recorders. Central British Columbia is practically included in t following eight divisions: Ske«'na. Nsiss River, Portlnnd Canal. Pellakula, Online, Peni-e River. Cariboo and Quesnel. The offices and various suboffices for thi-so ci« divisions are sliowTi on the following table: — CKNTR.\L BRITISH COf.UNrBIA. •mixino divisions and offres, 1018. >1 ininir Ilivisinns. I.iM>utiiin '»f Offi<' Iiorntiiin • liiv. r.. iVirtlund < 'jinul. Hrllii<'>.ol:i.. I'.:i,-,. liiv. r. CnrilM.o (<>•!:-' ,..! I'rinir llupprt. lAnyiix. |Sti-wiirt. I'rinri' Uupirt Sinidii'M il'nrt Si. .Iiilin, . lUarkcrvilIf . !l.-.(l-\Iil.. ItiiTl«r Mill' Ann. Kilintal. INirt r^ii.ipson. I npiK T 1 'it\ iTirni.M.. Stiw'irl ' I'lirtliiml ( '.iiia! I(.'ll:iku!:i I'lirl ( ir.iliaMii'. I'urt .■"!. .Iiiiiii':'. Man-ion < 'rri'k. Ti'lkvia. I'nri St..I.ilin. ( 'fipprr ( 'it>". Trrr u-i'. Ni« llazi-lton. i-'ort I-'rasor. !iini'ti"n Kinlav ; I'a.ali.-. Ilaz.lt.m. liurn-i Lake. H.Ml^t..11. r^k. jMuilsiin llopr. jMui-ni'l. 'I'.iii < ;i-..ru<'. iM.Hnili-. :OiiiMiil. I'.iui'sni'l I'orks. llarkcrvilli'. III JVir^iiip ii\ •Iti'piirt of the Miniitpriit Minis. Virtoria. B.C.. tHlS. Mini rain » Im iuTctti- ,. Kpineoko. y by J. D. • (ieoloKioal |)llcatioii til it of Mini'ji, [)orU of tho illoRiot aliil )f. (iwillum itie> of oil uiidtr till' 'e for oiR'li vonlciii'o 111" and nro in dod ill till' I, Omiiic'rn. thrs.' eight lIlHllTl"' :in:il far-nip ri\ ft - FoilowiiiK tli<' l.'ud Kivvii l,y the plmvr miia-s of tin; ( uriU.... priwiK-ftors, iiiiii.r-. gwIogiMtH uiid mining ..|iKiii«'rs have gpmid ovor tho otitir,' iTntral U-lt and in ii.'iirly .•very tKK.k and (<.,rn.T miiioruls or trucn of miru-raU to a ifr^itvr or 1.**.t d.itr.i- Uu- b.>cii found. The priuiiiive infihod-t of the early mi-nori have Itcen aiKunontcl by tho imwt mmlern i»ower. naehiuiicul and eii.niieal priK'.fsi^ kn. wn. The eiuu.t di^^trict.t hare had th.' idvuntaife ..f water tmn»|»irtati..n which hus .luil.U,! them to fur^'o ahead while the int«'rior hn.s U^.n reliinl.'*! tliMiitfh inability to jfet in hoavy machinery c,r ship out (iiiantititB of ore. With the buildiiitf of niiln-a.k and gmxl w:i(r,.n roads this handicap is beinsr gradually removinl. On the eiiurt the principal .iiMTali.m.s norih ,,f latitude 5:.' are at .\ii,vox, wlwre ili.' Qranby Consolidated iUnintf, Smeiliiifr and I'ower Company. I.itnitcd, operate a smelter and work the " Hidden Crtr'i " itr-np of e,.p,Nr claiiiH. The ^MiniLiny ern,.l...v, iiore from 1,-iOO M l..-.(K) men and Mnolted an av.raRe ,if aln.ut L'.'iO Urn* of ore dailv for the year 1U1>'. exeliMiv of lin.est.ine and quart/ 'licd for tlu.\ini{ purimsiw. Tlir priMiuetion for the year was appr.ixiiiiat<-ly S.1).(;!t:3.;l,-t5 poumk of copper. >\,m> ,„;,„■,.- of (fold and liHLMNKI ..unces of .-ilv, r. I'ower is deriv.,1 from a r,.m> li,,rse-iHi«er wat.r plant aiitnn.'iit<>d bv st.'am plants durinHr the winter when water in l..w. Tlu. Unn i- •'company " owned and consist? of a very neat and sub<*tantial class of houses equipped with nu.d.rn eonvenienei-s and rcache.1 by plank roads. The mine.s are aU.ut two miles distant from the liHieltei and i-oniuM'tcl by a iiarruw gauge railway. Olh.T impurtaiit eoa-t pmiMTtii-s inelu.b' the claim.s on Prineess Royul island of the ISelniont Surf Inlet Mim-s. I.imil.il, from whi.'h itT.sIW Ums w.^'re minod ,„ 1919, yielding 41,618 ounces of sold, L'7,3iV, ounces of silver and 432.31;! pounds of copper; the "Dolly Varden"' mine, luiated IS miles from the head of Alice Arm and connected by a newly ooustructed railway to tide-waUT, now .ship|)in^' a ri.i. ffrade of silver ore to tho Granby smelter at Anyox; the Dusii and liitf Missouri f.'ol,I mines, on Salmon river, at the head of Portland .•anal; tlu- Drun.-I.unu.i.n eupiKT .niine, on Doii^rliLs channel, tue Ecstall riv.i- .•bums „f the Sk,.,.i,a vall,-y, now U^iiiK developed bv the Cranby Company, and many otii,.rs with nio, r b^ss .lesflopnient ai^eomplished and cxhibitiii>r spleii.liil prospects. In the interior two min.'s m-c worthy of .^i^cial nu nlion, namely, tl,.. i;.M.h,T IVlioule and the Silver Stan.lard. b.nh bieat,.J in the Ifuds,.!! Bay niountain n-ar ]fa/..-lton. The T?.H-her DcIk.uIO i.s at pn>,iM) t^.ns uf ore (x,ii- taining 142 ounces of gold. 02,121 ounces of silver, 110,S(!8 poun.ls of R.a.l .and 2!)7,372 pounds of zinc. A 50-ton concentrator was recently put into oixration. Actual lode mining in the interior is 0(mtine tu prove good producers wiien normal conditions and better transportation facilities are available. It is believed the Cariboo district will not only increase its placer output but will also produce several quart/ mills. Good showings are found 1183—3 m^v^^w^ .^^ Cnlrnl Uritish t'i,luiiibtii in .■xt.M>iv,. ,i.uu-t/. 1....1U- at Mt. Sc-hv.vn, ....ir Ki.ilay (Fork..), iuul ..i, Man>o„ .-n 1„ fart tl... lu,-aliti.s tl,at ar.' aln-adv k.mwn t ..tain nun.-ml ,l,-iv,-,t- ,.t pn.nns value arc too ninncnui^ 1.. nimlion. (V,al is fc.an.l in s.v.ral l-.-aliti.-s thr..nf:l...ul (Vnlral F-ritisl. Colunil.ia. Trlkua. Crnun,!!...- an.l Carlwrn cnvk tirl.l> ,uv tl,,. ,.ri...-ipal an-as. Coal of a t: .„n,li,v i. l,.iM^ nmu.,1 an,l Mw'^l hum a iK.int, „nl.v U n.il.s fp.ni tl,,- Mat T,.lkwa, on llio C.ran.l Trnnk I'a.Mtl<- railway. On (ioat onvk. u .-.nail irilu>tai-> ■l-,.lUwa rivr, a .M-an. S f.vt in tl.ifkno:.s is .■-M.o.c.l for .ov.M-al hun.lnsl i.vt. avonu.'e .-u.-ipU- was foun.l to have the f-llowinfj analysis: ^loistur.- 1 l-r •■ vohitile ...att.-r :!:!•'.' I-t o.„t., tix.nl .-a.-l-nn :.•; Ikt o,a,t an.l ash l»n ikt e-nt. .\- fi,.l,l ,.xt,....ls f.-..n. 11 to 11' inilos f.-,..n th,' .'ailway it is favoi.rahly .,.ua!,..l a.- n-.:', moans of transiM.rt.ati..n aii.l will liU,ly .h-vlop ,|nickly. The (In.u.ulh,.^^ , 1 a.-oas ar,. n.U as a,-o,-ssihl.. hut may ho tapi-l hy a .■xto.iai..« ..orth from lla/.olt.m or easterly from the head of Portland eanal. '1 Ley Ix-Iiev.Ml t,. be v.Ty extonsive and the cal of a si.leiidid Miiality. The Carhnn .■reek .■oal-tiehls are known te h.^ qnito extensiv... The ('arbon tributary of Peaec river, on its south side and a few miles alx.ve the head of R. .nountai.. oa.,yon ou the easten. slope „f the Roekies. Coal out..,>,ps o..eur on s, tributaries ,,f Carbon .Teek itself, and (,n Cethinffs creek whieh enters the Peace no .heeanvnn. an.l in thecany.n itself. A san.ple fr„m ( b-thi.nxs creek show- the loll,,. .,ndvsi- moisture 1-C per cent, ash ^1« |»r cut, volatile n.atter 2:,.! per .vnt. I ,.,„-hon 70-1 per cent. It f-rms fair o.ke. TIhsc ti.^ld.. a.-e at present without m „f tran-p.>r.ati,.n but -b,a,l,l th.. Paeitie (nval Kastern or s.> mo other .'ailway 1h, I hy the liu.lsuu Hope l-nUl,. th..y will be,-.,iue V.TV valuable. Varb.u.- out,Tops of c,.al (,f .ikuv ..r le- value hav<. been f.uind 'u ma.iy , Mvtions. On th.- pi-airi.'s r.u,'h ,,utcr,.ps wuld inMu,-.liately be inve-,tiKat..l ,an,l cal u.s.hI lo.Mlly a- fu,-l if of sutiicient valu,.. Thmuf^hont Cc.itral 15rilish Clmi huweu-r, the w.H,d supply is still butli,-ient lor lo,-al u.ses and only ih-se coal ; which apin.n- of c,..i-id,Table .commercial value have U-en seriously cousidercHl. altnnvther likely that a.- lla-.b^mand for this fuel incva.ses and transportatb.n faci! a,v c-Nteuded the rcvovery of it »iU be -really si in,ulal...l. Mi.ii.iK is well eatablished as a [lermaneiil industi-y and ti„. pre-enc of min in va^t quantilicB is well known. Placer mining?, the oldest of all bi'anch.'S of industi-y, i- ivviviiifT, an,l with the inli-oducti,,u .,f hy w!„-re t!ir-.ii?bo„! the lOaeei tricts, powiT for the o|i,u-atiou of machimTv o,- tl,,' |,iimpinL' of water can bo dept upon. HaaiiHi Mill' ruls imiliiii. Till' ;il of :i jro.xl ic >l,ltii'll 'if iriluilao' "l ik1 fiH'I. An t»\ |.ir I'lii'. rut. A> ihi- 'd a- r(-.''ai'il> ..,1 l.y a lin.' al. Tiii-y avi- Cnrbnii is a n\d of Ilookv •nil- (HI small Poace iH'ar.r the fdlliwiiiL' ii'i- cent, li.Nc.l illiout nnaii- hvay 1h; laiil' I ninny I'tlii/ :aUil ami I In ijli Cnhunliia, ise coal art-a- idcrod. It ;- itiun tacilitii - ■y of niincrai- inrllcs (if tli- aiid dri'dsriii-r -trict di'iicii(i- at lidtli plac ;■ road facilil i' • A >r..ld dn-dL iLay Id- [daci •'■ 111 l>y a siiiii k' drilled liy •djre if A>sul- lie iOaeer <]■■ II lio depend •: Strong .-aline >liriii>t> uci'e diseevered in llill al K\\inil.-a, a |".mt en llic (Irand Ti-nnk I'aeilie laihvay in the SUeena valley, ).-| mil,-, ea-t ef I'l-inee Kiiiiert. UriUiiiic liirelu-sed e.\teii;ive lieds uf ivel. salt ut di.'litlis varying from ."lO te J."i(' feet. 'I'e:-1? J.rdVed II 111 lie |i|li-e and cf llie lie,-l (|iiality. Tin- ihcm nee (if .-all in dc-e inuxiinily til llie eenli'e nl llie li-li indii.-lry i~ iim-l aiK aiita(;(.iin-. ,Mi(ai in fuiind in the vicinity of J'ete .lauie- Cache and a few elaiin- have h, , n udi-hed to a limited dc.i:i-ee. A verv line, .-lear -r.ide i~ |.r.icni-ed. I.iil the de|i.i-iN are !e- '■•' in in.iiiiilaiiKiiis nKinii- dilliciill i.f ai'ce-.;. MiiM'iivite ha- al-. l.e.'ii fuiini! n tlie Cl.nivc-.-r iiinnnlains ncrth uf Canini lake, (ienerally .-in akiiijf, the cvplura- tiiiy -ta^'c aas p : hern passed and the niiea indii-lry is only in its infancy, (iyiisnni I: li.'iie! m Ih. I'raser valley >.i|itli .if lalitiidr .-,i' and may pus-ihly ..eeiir t.i tnu mirth A iirnniis.iiK pre-peet (if iiKilyhdenite lias heen fi.iind in 'rinidthy inoiintiiin, almut :i."i miles niirtheast n( l,ac la llaehe. .Vear these nuilyhdenii,. elaiiii- there is an .iceiir- rence of peridot, the preeions form of olivine. When cut these stones make very line ffems. 'I'his is ih( ly -eiu locality of iinercial importaniM in Canada, hut it is as yet iindeveloiied. Cold, siver and copper vahn - have also heen found in the same vicinity. Outcrops of proiui■ ilii>- i'- \i'lii'> "as only a small fraction of what it i< now ami very few of thp miner- knew what the metal was or tli.qt it had any v.iliie at all. Tn fact thousands of ounces of this jirecioiis metal were actually thrown away l,y th(> pi: r miners of fli(> early days. 'I'iie niineral occiirreiice.s of Cenlr.il Hritisli ColiiniMa .aiv lo , nnincroiw to nieii- tioii. The few random referem-es (riven serve .,nly to illn-lrat. iho varied -pccie. and their wide distrihution. The Held i^ an attracllvo one for the pn-poeior, miner "'"' '•"'i'''li-l. Tl harmlnc foiv-t. and lakes will, their l.ou.^fiful -n,iply of iraiiic and fish lesMin the lianMiips and jirivathms of the pro-pi-eto,- ,i„d make his huiely camp life more ple,-,saiif and prosperous, :\lincr-' wap-es and 1i,uis!„l' cotiditl.ms am very satisfactory, whil,- the social and educational t'acilities. climate and liviinr con- ditions in -rneral arc unsurpassed l.y any other niinlii).' di-lrict in the world. Inves- tors iiiid capitalists have a lejritiniate field h,vo ',,r adve exploitation. The mininpr law- of British Columbia arc very liheral in their nat.iiv and com- pare favoiiral.ly with those of any other part of the world. Individual free niiner"- certilieatrs are i-sned {rood for one ,vear upon payment of the -uni of .f.-,. I'nivision in both the •' Mineral" and " i'la.vr-inlninf;- - Act- is ui.nh. for the formation of mining' partnerships, hoth of ii general and limited lial.ility character, .\ nninlKa- of special Acts relating' to iiiininp have heen passed hy the provincial hri-lature diirin- recent years. 36 Ccnfral Brltixh Culumhia The Minos Development Act pmvide^ for the expenditure of public money fc the construction of trails, roads and l.ridgcs to facilitate the operation and develoi raent of mineral or placer claims or the exploration of new di-trii-ts. The Miner! Survey and Development Act of 101" provides for— (1) a mineral survey of tlie province, (2) certain aids to prospectors, (») pre tection of wage-earners on niininir works, and (4) protection of investors i minin.i; property. The Iron P.onntics Act of lOlS in-ovidcd for llio pay;,, cut .if a hounty on pic-iiM manufactured within the iirovinee. The hounty i- Jfn per ton (a.fHX) pounds^ whe the ore from which it is manufactured is mined wi'hin the province and ^\.-<0 p« ton otherwise. FISHERIES In cousiderinK the fish resources of Central British Columbia it is well to bca ill mind that thct=e are not fixed in the same manner as its lands, foreets, or mine; 'Ihis applies particularly to the commercial species. The sockeye salmon of th Fraser river, for instance, is hatched in the spawning beds of the Fraser, of whic Quesnel lake in Central British Columbia is one of the most important. The youn fish th(>ii find their way to the ocean and reach maturity in salt water. Returnin years later to llie spawninpr prounds from which they started out they are caught b the fishermen of the lower Fr.aser waters and Juan de Fuca strait. The harves therefore, falls to the credit of the southern part of the province though the spawnin -rounds of the interior are a necessary and integral part of the great industry. For thi> reason the fisheries of the entire province will be taken into account i the Stat; ics given herewith. The ast^et is a movabl.' one and no definite proportio can be allotted to any particular part of the province. The salmon must be permittc to reach their spawning grounds in the interior in order that the supply may be kcj up for thefi-hermen of the coast regions about the mouths of the various rivers whic the fish ascend. Second only to the salmon in yield is the halibut. The halibut fishing indnsti centers at Trince Rupert and might be particularly claimed as belonging to the centn part of the province. The fisheries of British Columbia as a whole are more extensive and valuable thn those of any other province of the Uoiuinion. In 1917 they exceeded the combine output of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. They also exceeded the output of tl remaining six provinces collectively and represented more than one-third of the enti; Canadian fisheries for the year. The value of the fisheries production of Britis Columbia has increased most rapidly. Records have been kept since the year IS'; when the .total value of the fish catch was given as a trifle over one hundred thousai dollars. In IS^O it was nearly three-quarters of a million while the following year was double these figures. In 1888 it almost reached two million ebllars and the ne year passed the three million mark. In 1893 it reached beyond four million dolla and 1897 beyond six millions. Values varied for some years but fiiiaiiy passed tl ten million mark in 1909, fell below the following year but reached thirteen millioi in 1911 and in 1917 the remarkable figure of twenty-one and a half million dollars. Flshcricf^ .37 Statistics rc(.Mrilii;tr tlic (|u;iiitilic> iiiul \aliic > ui' ,,11 till ( nl.( MIU A, (^ \MIIIK~ (Mj \ Ml 1> i.r All. I I- 11 Wli ri>|l I'll I- M iliKt.lKli. I'.IIT. Kimi> Ml f i^li Hhrk (-...I. U-..I liv-l, Uli'i-li >iillii| , ^Miokl'- .lli.'.l . ilrill . 1 'lalli.- ;iMil nu:ill;tllii-. ll^cll fi-c>ll i"lIHIc(t.. DuUc. .nil.^. .•...kl..., inc. 1 cllilizcr. Fish oil ]■ lnl]iult'r> . . Fur M.;il -kiii^... (Jill l..,ii... < lr:i\ It.-ii. UM'ii I'lX'vli ilaki. and t'ti>k. u^.-il Im.>Ii.., . ■.iiiokt'd Haliliut, used iic..li Mii,,kca Ili'iiin^, iisoil fn-li " cjiniH'd " r.iiioki.il i\.tnm cases 4S.(l4s r,.xxi'< cwt. 4S.4L'4 1.2l'I) ton. 711.1114 44,SL'I) «al. IM.SDL' :',()7!i 1 ivt. .':i,tiOI IMS no. (;.."ii» ."dll CHt. IJ.SIIl' II.JIKI I 4.4.MI 14:i 7i.'. -.5 " :i7.-. Ii:i,L's.-> ,,tl. I.71.v.-)IH) IL'L' ■2.-,]2 S7.17:i :t4l,2:t'.i 4ti.0.'K) cases. :tu4.()i7 ti,'.'(i:i cttt. 211, OM l(ll..Sti.> :.2s,721 -.2!i:! l.rl. I17,sjs 2S,7H.-| 7I..S24 1 . MX r-»t. l:i, I.S4 IS4 l,«.'iii l,L':il ll),»!ll 1 . 7X(t l.rl. 32,2t)2 4!I2 (H) l.rl. 2,00(1 1,(KK( cases. il.xlo l.llSti CHt. M.liHX 2U2,{Ki7 ■• 2,.V.0.274 I.5J7,4H."> cases. 14.017,:tii.i 1. 418 ewt. 2.'t 2'*"* 1L',(>7() 12-.,'J7y S.till •' lll.»4.i 1,5(H 7,S20 L'l .tl.-. l.-| l.rl. : 4;!(i,U95 (tal. :i4->,247 ■.m cwt. -.72,5 IIK) l,OINI .> '* 50 21,.518,.ift.-) •('en..^us uf Iii.Ui^iiy, 1!II7. ('.■ii.lnil lliiti.-l Cfihiiiil'in Of tW rntiiv r-McU of llMT iM'nrly fm.r-tiftlis w-n xilnmn. uitli ii ^r.- vMue *lfiH->^:s3. JI;ililiut look swoiul l.hi.v with u valufi of If 1,T21.01J. ! ,rni- o:!! tl.inl ami v.to valm-a at .1il,H.i..!.M. P.la.k .-o.l acounto.l for .fST'.M'M. ,!;„„, a, ,„K,l,aups for *s-t.(HK>, soV. for $TS..MO. anl ov.tors for .f3L'.20i. Tlu-c .-ov,„ ,liv,.-,o „f tho tishory n.^oi.rrfs vv.n\ur,'>\ .«.'o.sl-..j4 om of tl.o total of *L'l.r.l-..-.'.'.-, at uln till' cMtoh of 1!MT WHS markftoil. Tlic >liare tiiat .lioul.l bo orodlt..! t.. tla- .•oa>t and ooast riv..r< of Cuti-al lliiti Colund.ia. of uhi.-h Prince Itiirrrt i- tla- c.nlrc of the iiuhi^^tr;.. i. -Iiowi, o,, i followiiisr taWr. 'Ihr vrinoipal vari.-tir^ of ti.-h are tivo only, nnmrly : >ahiion. Iialil. hcrrintr.'" 'la.'k oo,!, an,l sol,-. Tlio -ul-,livi-ions of thi> >o<-tion aro Skeona riv Vrini'iMJiUHTt. Uivrrs i.dot. Naas rivor. North Co:,.-t an.l QiLMai Charh.tto i-lan Tho ti-hin- uatrr- of thoM- Hih.livision. an trihatary to Priniv itniMi't. tho- l.rinjri to Central llriii-li Coliinihia ili.- l.enetit of the inrhi^try. ( i:m K \i lUdTisiicui.i Miu A. •' (IMMEIielAL I'iSHEHIKM ol' 1W17. I'i-liini' Di-triil-. >ki'f!iM river.. I'rin>-i' Hu|>ert.. H.v.T> inlet... Nit-^ rivi'r. Ni.rtli loM^t.. IJuerll I li:irli) ti' i-hmils,. . 'lotal (itmnlily.. I'otill Villue liiurkeleil. (irMll.l t(a;il.. '( 'eriMl- lit Iiwlu-Ir\ , l!H7. Siilinim ewl. ■-'.'). 74li .sii,ll.'i:i liK).:i7"i JL'L'.Xif. 3».67.i liulilmt cwt. 1,*W 720.259 I tVt.412 I ?7.l>.ili,li.i(l \ ?!Ki.').:i2« Herrint! IV. 1 . lil iek( cwt. i:i, ■od AlO Soles cwt I'J.tMK) ,S.52X 189 ,'■> 28.617 »44,4W) i:f. Sliil 781 .924 $57 ■' J8,8.5.') Tho ^real MX-k.-ye .-ahnoii i.aekr of tho Frar^er. Skoena and Xa- river.s h l,e..oii.o fauion.- in all i>rrt- ..f tho world. Their liahits lorin nio-t iiifrest .uhjeet.1 of inve.-tii;atioi,. Tho.i-h iiormally a >alt. water ti.h tluy a-'eiid the ri) rpou reaehi-iR maturity to spawn nio.-tly in streanir- heyond tho hder river -pawning ffronnd.~ inehoh> such ]ari;e lakes as Ham: r.illooet. Seton. Anderson. Chilko. and (Jiosnel. The .Meziadin lake -ection i> on, the principal s]iawniiiir areas ,>( the Na-> river. K'^il< are iloposited and hatehe.' thoM- interior lakes after whieh the parent fish die. Tho yountr fry or tiniierli as they are called, find their way down -treain to tho ocean, where they .-penil si !,,iu M-ars in r.-adiiny maturity. They then ^tart on their loiiR .jouniey to ^paw:iinp heds frein which they were hatched, their homini;- in.-.tinet.s beiiiK deseri ;,s nio>t highly developed. It. is helioved they actually are. led hy thi- in-tiiict to very waters of their orijrin. 1.1 countlo^f^ million,, tlicv l.^ltlc ih. ir way up stream, cric ini; and hiirr,' lorward as if drivm l>y rdcntles- foe-, .^eeniinnly inaccessible rapiiU and ban .■re sealed by tVat- of wonderful .jumping' anil swiminin'r. Should impas^-ahle ban halt their .iounie.\ lhe,\ m iiiinuh.le in ina.s?es .so thick that the watri'S ajn^ear pio full of them, .t is said they do -lot re*^t or fee nf .•rilin' cimic (•l:ini> uihI ■II ^livi.-iMll^ i.'i [iX which IimI llriti-li iwn I'll thi' on, liiilihiit. iet'iia liver, ■ttc i-^1iiii,5.M rivers Imve iiitfrfstinu 1(1 thi- rlvor? thi> inti-rior. i;r Harrison. Jill i> "lie ot 1 hati'hcd ill r tinsrcrlinir- ■ ^pcilil SoII-'l- irmy in the iiij? tlo-ii-ribpii -tiiu-t In the uul hiirrviii:; and barrivr- -alilc harritM- l>pv;)r pii-kix' il many liter- Tlit" ^-iiawniiifr .vcar* of tlic Frari-r river liavi' neeurn-d in evrht- ■■{ t'uiir, thi- \ -ir-i lltol. l'.Mi.">. ]000. 1(>],T and HUT Ik-iwh iiiidudi>d. liitor(\st i- ww focussing oa ihe eiiniiiif; run id' I'.'l' I. (Jreat l..--e- n. the -aluioii industry wero permitted to In' perpi'tualed liy -liiit- liiig- tlioin elT fii.iu aee<<>!i to tliidr ppawnliifr art'as of tlio uppt-r Fni-er. A dam o.(y:\- -irueted in iiieoticiii with miiiiuK ai'tivities across the outli't of Qiie-nel lake. harred the "utranec of fi-h for some time. Thoii'jh the ?oeki'ye i)assed up the (^iiosiiol river in million.-, tliey eonld not enter the- lake. Later r prai.'tical tishway was eoti- -tnictod to overctime the harrier. In llMill ovm' four million -.. 'ki^ye entered thi-i lake, while in VM'i, owin? to a blockade in thu I•■^a^er <-aiiyon iMu-ed by a slide of rock from the t'anadiau Northern r .Iway eonstru'-tioii. only about lialf a million reached these spawning- ftrimnds. The run to Chilko lake was larffe in the years l'.M)l. 1905 and ItMH*. but small v.' lUV.) owins to the sam(< blofkaile. The importance of k.^'pinp lbe way clear to thci- areas i,s therefore apparent. The ;Me/.iadin lake section is iiow a favourite spawning sroiin.l for the Niiss - ocke.ve iiac'k:-. Falls in the Meziadin form a natural barrier, but tlu'so are now over < ..me by a .yrcat fit-hway co.irtruetcd by the l).iniiiii..ii Fi-heries Uram-li. In the spawning soaso^i. diirinir the sprinjr .and early summer months, thesi- salmon push their way up the larfri' rivers into the many Likes lyiiifr inland, and even ascend the i-mallest trihutari<'S to every f.iv..uralile InmIv of water, h.iwevi.'r small, within reiicli. Salmo:! are eaimht chiefly by ■;ill-iiets. seines and trap-nets operated from tleets .if small tisbiiiir .-macks. They are immeiliately taken to canneries oonstructed a* conveniiiit points all aloiiR the const and put up for trade in tin cans, packed in wciden casf*. Fisliiutf m.iy be co",diietoil only under licen-.', wiiicb must l^e obtaiTied I'ruiu tliu li.-liiric- otiieial-. The Dominion (lovern. -nt has establisii(»ii a numb(>r .if hatcherie- f..r the iiurpo>e of increasi'iff this value.ble specie^. Two are located ill Central British Columbia, one beiiiir on l^abiin' lake and ..ne on the Skeena river. Frrim tiicse some 13.4r)0,0(M> six-keye were hatched in 1017 and liberated in ;he Skeena water.-lied. There are soiiie seven or eifrlit additi..iiiil -alinon hatclierie- In the more soutlierl.v parts of the province, and the total number of salnnsi fry produceil in I'.'IT approached fifty milli.i-i. The halilmr ti-iiin«: imlustry of the I'acifie coast ad.jacent to Prince Rupert has '• ome into cc.n^iderable prominence diiriiifr the last few years and is of special interest ;■ Central Briti-li Columbia. This industry is carried on in lar^'e. well eipiipiied -f^'amers and v<-s-els. Tin- tisli are captured by set line.- or hand trawls, dories boine .:-ed for seitinu and hauling' the line-, as in the .Vtlantie deep-sea ti-hiiiLr. UerrniK are mainly iisast, with its numerous sheltcrisig islands and deep inlets and tiords affo-ds most excellent fishing grounds of unusual protection The 'ength of this '■oast line, in Uritish " liunbia \.atcic-, exci-edi- 7.W0 mile-. F.u.niu ,aiit woo.ls eloihe thwK" shores, adding to the general jdeasing effect. At Prince Rupert during the height of the fishing .season, about July, the " mosquito tleet.'" as it is ealleil, eoiiiprised of Hshitiu; boats of a' i avi>raii'e value of about ?8,CC0 tath, presents quite a busy scene. Canneries aro scattered at various I'oiiits up ;i. ; down the -hore, but most of the halibut catch i» shipped out in 40 Ci'nfral Bril'mh ('(/hnnhi'i -|ic-c-i:il lr;iin-. 'l li.' ( .lu.iiliiiii l-'i-li iiiid <'.ilil Stir.mf r.,ni|i:iii\ . Mniitnl, li.iv.' ii -t.'r^l«.' pljlll ,lt Si'.ll C.vc n|' n.lMMI.IHMI llnliud," cM|p;lrity. lloW \n']\tti iniTiM^lM some 3,5ti0,000 pounds. Fish aiv ilclivircil from the " mosquito floet" here and lo; into special rcfrijreiatir iMrs. Sirccial " tl>h triiiii>" iiiiido up of a number of t oars leave Prince Hupirt three or four tinus a week and rusili throuch the prov on lliiir I'lnjr run liy wa.v .if KdiiioMt"n and Sa-kato^ui to Wiiiiiipcu'. Tlicy are t distributed, the bulk of the produc<" eventually finding a market in ('iii('aj?( eastern eities. This pveat eonuuereial indu-fry is well e-taliH~heil ami with pnipcr eor pronii-e-i to l,e a perniaTieiit and jirotitalile niie l',.r the lii.^triet. I'lie f..ll..uii,u t;il'le ~Ii..w- ii -inuniarv uf the value .if eipiipineiit and the nni: of persouei , nua^'ed in enuno'tieii with tlu' llrh iiulii-try in the wlieh. jirovinei UHT:-- liiM tisii I <)i I \i:ii \ 1 i>ii iMn -rii's , '\.xj\ U'MKM VM> i ;\iri (.^ KK^. i!*l7. I'Mniilniii.nt. Total rapitiil. Vain i * Soines. traps jiml sitieit net«. etc ! I . S2' Ilund lilies. Weils, trawls. eO-.. . , I lo: Salmon .anil etai) tiaps ' 1 l*ipr> and wharves M) Freezer..*, ice hoiiseis. wlialini;^tatiun>, sa!ietie> .an.l .tal. and ..\ -V'l c-tat.li^lniiciii^ appro \... -. l.'»; {'annerie.* an. I fish and stiHiko houses ! iL'.rp Isiiiall h?*h ami siM'ike liiiiises lapprox.). W'.^sels, tii^> aiid carryiiifi >liiack> .')14) i J..")t)t Hojit.s, (rasolino !.'M7'Ji.. •■ " ;*ail and row ;{.47!ti I.h:!' L'l.lWl Pf:it-.ox^ 1 AiPL.n Ki>. I.oe:ltii)n. In vc' sols, etc " hoat-f... " freezers, ice liiiu>e~ ami whaling; stations.. . *' canneries and fish and smoke liou^e.. Total *< "eiiMis of Indu>tr\', I'.M". No 1 II The total nuHil)er of sabnon eanncries in British Coliiinbia is kIvo'i as S7 for year 1917, with one whale oil factory and 31 tish .ind sinoko hou.sos. While these figures arc interesting as amplifying the wonderful extent and pr; value of the fishing resourcc3 of the province they arc of special value only to tl concerned with the conimereial side of the siil)je<;t. Tlie great majority of visit tourists or nei-r settlers arc more concerned with tlie sporting' phase. Fishing pleas'ire is a practice tiily to tlio.si r of visitor>. Fishing for rthing of thi od nr.d giiT ishiiig of thi strict in tii> many liik.'> and -IrraMis with wliirj, ji, ;,l.-iiiids. (I.iint-t ,.f all ^aiiic li.li arc f.Miud iii the ci-.l. rippling mountain stream.- of tlio int.-.or and 'lie t-ry.-tal lak.^ noslliu- between towering ranfres of vnow-capptil inountain.-i. Of the Hve spei'livs of -alnion found in liriilsh C.dumliia only two will take a tr.dl of fly. Tiiex. are the •• Spring •■ an.l the '• Cohu " salmon. The Spring or Tyee salmon is the lurgest und jfnme.-t of the .^ainjoii family. It is known in Orctron as tlr. "Chinook" or the " Columhia," in fuliforiiia as the '" Quiniuit," and in Alaska a.i the "Kins" or "Ty.H'." It 1ak,s the troll quite frwly iu salt water and occasionally rises *o an artificial ily. 'Jhc.-e fish are eaitpht in ;.-r.ing a favourite rende/vou>. The salmon rivers of the more northerly parf.s inchaling the Skie;ia and Xass should prove e(iually attractive. When they become better known. Prince Rupert should prove the centre of tourist traffie connected with this branch of sport. The trout of British (■..himl.ia n.mpri,e many species with great variation in colourings and markings. The st.vlhead trout closely resembles in habit, form and colour the sahnon of Europ,. and is still sometimes ,.la.-.s.-d as a Pacific salmon. Like the salmon it spawns only in fresii water but .liifers in diat it survives a.ul nnurns to the sea where it remains until the following spawning seascm. Jn some of th.. larger lakes of the province it remaiiks i>ernuinently iu fresh water. This species w.ighs from four to twenty i»unds with exceptional weights as high as thirty p,ninds. Many anglers consider this the gamest fish taken in fresh water. Numerous varieties of trout are fountl in all the rivers i.nd lakes of Central Hriii.), Columbia. The larger siHH-iniens found in the urcat lak.s largely resemble the -ea-run of the steelhead. The cut-throat and rainl>,.w trout are also wid.'ly distributinl. Tli.- nwny differences in colour, form and habit of these varieties lead to great numU-rs of names being applied to them but by whatever name they are known they are none the less game. Two very valuable species of eharr are found. They are the '' Dolly Vardcn '' or '-Bull tnuit" and a lake trout such as is founounds but species exceeding two iwunds in weight are .seldom taken with a fly. The larger ones freely take troll. The lake trout are found in Quesnel and northern lakes. They are not fierce fighters but are rated as the best of table fish found in the fresh waters of the province. An enthusiastic holiday fisherman from Xew York, after hooking and landing three speckled beauties from a single cast with triple leaders in Lakelse lake, pronounced these waters the finest tW trout fishing he had ever visited. All through tlie interior, howev,.-f, such L-,uccc.ss may 1^, obtaiut-l. The many lakes and lakelets, rivers and streams are most plentifully stocked with fish and afiFord never failing sport for the ardent angler and a source of food supply for the settler. '^■■■■'^-^ ' . — ■ - -1 ' HW A glimpse of the N.clK.k., valley near Vau.Urhoof Road leading from VanderhooC ..■irth thrcush the Neohako valU.>. ff4 I'uhi'rli^ V.'. l/iirB<' stiirwi-i'M iiri' ciiunlit wllli li'^k wwA l>iiit in liu liiki;, iiiili '',,lij||||,i;, yvill linil t'lcat ii|i|Hpriiiii- itics for recreation ami prolit in capt.irinir the niatiy \arietie-i ol' beautit'iil ami valiiali.'c :.'anie anil eoniinercial ti-li with which the wiiiely ili-trilmteil water- "i the iipply ainl this highly prizeritl-h Colunihia liy outpo-t airent- of the jrri-at fur company in which lie held a no-ition as partner, namely, the \orthwr-t Company. Karty in the ninctec'rilh ■eulury thi- proLMi--i\e ennipany pu-hed wi-tward over the mountain^ and e-talili-lied i cliaiu ot' po-r- in ilie intiTior. Fort MacLeod, ci ted in ISO.'i, on the hhores of MacL.'fid lake, soon liecaiiie an important centre o ,.ade. P'ort St. Jnnies, Fort F'raser, Fort Cicir-rc and Que-ml (inickly followed in line and the avcniifs of commerce that had haltiHl for a titn.' at the Athaha-ka or Saskat<'hewan wen extended west of the T{oekies. The lure of furs hrcuiprlit their ^reat rivals the IFuilBon's !>ay Cionpany to tliesp new found field-. It al-o led to the formation of a new .\nurican enterpri.-c. the Pacific Trading; Company, which i*tablished the historic post of A,-toria on the lower Cidunihia. 'J'he amalfjramation of the two jfreat Canadian (■onipanics in ISil under tlie naini- of the older, the Hudson"- liay Comiiany. and their purchase of the un-ue- ' es.sful .\nierican interests, including; A-toria. are matters of mo^t iuterestinff record. It was the vit-ion- of wealth to he derived fr..in the fur- of the sea otter and sea lion 'iiat spurred on the Uus-^ian explorer^ to thi- acqui-ition of Ala-ka and the valuable • oa-t waters of these iiortlic-rn jiarl-. l''or tifty year.- the fur trade wa- carried on uuinl( rrupled hy other indu-tries. The lIud.-on"» JJay CV>inpany. with a -lalF of white triuler.- and clerk- and an army '■t native foFaiwers and hunters rei^incd supreme in these regions and took their toll of wealth from every section of the mountain- and valley^. Kven when Vancouver i-land was declared in 1S4!I the Crown cohmy " Xew (.'aledouia." it was practically governed for years hy this (ireat fur company. Then came the (fold discoveries on the Fra.-er river and the i;iV!it ru-h of niiner- iiito the interior in 18.".C, 1>,")T, and 1>.-|>'. A rival industry had eonie with an onrush that eolii>sed the fur trade and for a time luished it almost into oblivion. Gold was tlir craze and the inferior districts ,.f Caribo... Oiniiieca and Cassiar wilne^jed tceue.- of wildest excitement. The Kold boom bnuinht numbers t(p the district and oiieiied it up to the world at larire. 1 he fur trailers no lonjier held a nionoiioly of the land. Wlau niinini,' waned It dnlriiJ rtrlll-^'i <'iihn,ihi,i ollii >• iiiJiistrii'S »iiriuiR up. Tho wi'iiltli .'!' the forrstf, tisherie* niul luiiiU wii-i rcnlii by til'' iii'w cnniPPB who saw in thcsi' n^ui m.t iiiiliiuitiil ri»^oiiri'is nnd woiidi rfiil po* hilitii - thiit tho fur trndcrH couhl not i)r wouhi imt inliiiit. .^^iIl!np. lunihcrinjr, tishiutj, fiirnuut;, shipbuiMiiiy iiml dthir iiitliwliii - Ikivc jrro into iirDiuiiiPiico, hut thu fur tniih' tiuit W\<\ hiiir -uny for f}ie first tifl.v ,\iiir- nf 1 whito ninn's occupntion (if tlioc piirts jriji* on iipiirc. The tiiiniiitninous imturr >>( I proviiu't' pnihihits the srtth-niriit nuil I'ultivnlii'li ■I iihtc thjiii iibout tin piT cent its tiiial hiiul aroii, thus h'liviuif vust reKimi* of uiMriit~s in wliii-h tlif wild niiiii and bird lifo propntrati their specie*. In till' mountiiiiuius and sparsely Mtllid distriii- .1 Ciiitril Hriti.-h ('■■Innhia : -till to hi' found in Krii't niinibcrs priictically cvi^r.v -(iciiis of gunii' iiml fur-lituri nniniiil coniiiuiii to ihcM' ri>;ioi"j piin'o the iiirlic^t diiyt*. I.^nvo nunilH iv ■■f nn ii si liur^ui' tr, 'ipiiiK iis their i^olc oeiupntion nnd with the \\\\i\\ prioe of furs that hii- p vailid in rei-eiit years find it a very remunerative eallintr. Both ;raine hunlinj^ a wiiitf fhootinti nuiy ho enjoycnl to the fullest ejitent in these parts. The qualit.v of furs obtained in Central Uriti^h Columbin is tho verj' hitfht Marten enmparea favouinbly with the Russian sable, while fisher, lyn.x, foxes, a heaver are exeoptinnnliy pood. Prince Georjfe is tho centre of a grent fur trudo a the value of raw pelts shipiiod from this port in 1918 was approximately $400,000. The large jraine include? moote, wapiti or elk, cariboo, deer, mountain she Koats, bear, tvoIvcs and three species of the cat family. Tho .smaller I'ur-beari animals include black, silver nnd cross foxes, beaver, mu.sk-rat, otter, rneoon, marti mink, wolverine, badcer, jioieupine, hare, .-kunk, poleent, weasel, sea-iion, hair si and a very few r a otter. Moose are very plentiful throughout ti ■ interior and northern rcjrions. T bipgest and best heads are obtained in the Cassiar district which is best reached way of the Stikine river. Prince Geor^ie is also the centre of an excellent moi district. Along the upper Fraser and Parsnip rivers moose are very plentiful a have increased in numbers greatly during: the last few years. Splendid beads i obtained from theso districts. The nroiuid«- are easily accessible and hunting con* tions are good. The district lying to the north and east of Pi leorga is exci tionally good. The wapiti or elk were at one time quite numerous but are now excessively ra They pre protected by a continuous olose season in hopes that this noble species w not become extinct. Cariboo are found in plenty. The Black or Mountain species are found in neu: all mountainous parts of the interior with the Chilcotin, Quesnel and Prince Geoi districts favourable hunting grounds. In the more northerly parts big bands of t species known as Osborn's cariboo are found. Mule deer and Kichardson's or large black-tailed deer are widely spread over 1 more southerly parts of the district. The Columbia or Coast deer is plentiful alo the coast but is not found east of the Coast range of mountains. The most conim and widely found species of deer in Central British Columbia is the white-tail species. Tliese are found throuKhoi't all parts of the great ititerior plateaus. Mountain sheep include four species, namely, the Common Bighorn, Ovis Ston Ovis Tamini and Oris Dalli or Yukon eheep. The three latter species are very eiini: and are often found in the same band. The Bighorn is found in the more eouthei /' ur ami 'i>ini< 4S l.arts, tho Chiluotii. .lislr • i..iii({ a tin,, in i:.. i.,i,ko of lluir,. Tl,o Ovis St..i„.i ure ll.o mutt la.m.T.Mis ..t' ml. . »in »li..,.|. mul it.v lu.rticularl.v |.l,-i,iilul m tl„. (\„-iar ili->tri(.'t. 'llic Yukon fhi'i-p nrr al^o widilv ili-triLutod. Mountain gouts an- vrrj nunuTon- .,11 os,,- tlie ,li,iri.'t wImiv tlniv :„v i,igh MiountaiuH. They are found m llm Coa^t n,.o.nlaina adja.'.,.nt t„ tho (Jrand Trunk I'acilic railway and north an.l ..,,t of Prin-.. rn-. Th.y arr also ,.l,;ntiful in the Otninivu anil ( aHsiar districts. (irizzly hears are plentiful in the niounlains and northerly part, of the di,trh.t I'ho Nus8. Skoena and Stikino river, are said to atTord ko.x1 hnntinjr for this f.-roeiou* uunial. r.ig Ka.iio iuinters will find in the jfri/,/ly „ heust worthy of their hiphe^t admiration and one that ullords tho maxinmm ..f thrill.. Ulaok. bruwn and .'inn ni,..,, i-ears are common all over the interior. KuriuK' the salmon run they eon^frt-ato MonK the nver.s' i-^es and live on these ti,h, vhieh they seoop out in a mmt de.xterou, ^tylo. To ohtam good .skins tlaso anin.als shonhl he huntM as soon as thev leave their winter quarters. The fur then is thiek and glos.sy ,md the colour Rood" In n short time it heeomes fad.sl and r.,w.d as the hear seranihles throuRh ihi.ket- of Nvoods nnd tangUs of berry hushes in tlie .summer's lieat. Timber v^olves are found in the northern parts and aln„>r the northern e,.,-t ■ni"y vary in eoloiir from nearly blaek to srrizzly -rev, l,r„w • yellow. Th.y prey heavily on earihw., doer. smalhT fur-U»aring animals and the younp of tl,,' l.,,-.,- frame. Coyot.^ or ,,rairie wolv.-s are fairly pommon throughout the inferi.u- They •vill not attaek man. hut prey on poultry, birds an,' smaller fnr-henriiif,' animal- Of the eat family some three siieeies are to he found. The larjrest tl mountain lion or panther. While plentiful in the southern i.a'rtrorthe'prov'i,!,'v'"'",ul -M, Vaneonver island, it is sel.I„„, found in the eontral parts. The eommon Ivnr m,,v I'P found anywliere. while a few wild eats are sometimes see- Of the smaller fur-hearinsr animals there are many sp-^eies widelv di-lrihut, ,1 Leaver are now lK>inr protected, as this very valuable animal wxs showinfr .si.n>, „f i-e,n.' on ,1„. d...rease. In.liaiw are .HTmltted to kill the U i„ summer-time if L, need of foo,l --a convenient excw,- and the practice no doul.t has a m.,re =ennn= ■"^'■'■^ "" f h'f-rease of the s,v,-ies than the rei;nl,-,r winter trapplnsr K.-d foxes are plentiful, will, a f.air nun.b, r of en^ss, .ih,.,- and black scartercd over the distnct. Fox farminp is an industry that mifrbt he ex,.et,,l to prnve verv M.ceessful u, many of the isr.lated valleys of the northern interior As approximately W per cent of the total area of the province will rcmnir, in its present condition of unbroken hills, eovere,! with f .rests and interspersed w^th streams and lakes, the hunt!, r ^n-ounds and haunts of these animals will remain undis- n.rlK^d. So l„n.' as the takin«r ..f them is not p.^nnitted to hecon,e „nd„lv e^vess^.. ,1,., tiir supply should remain a permanent asset. Of wild-fowl there is a larjre nnd varied list which affords excellent s,,ort in I-roper season and most palatable n.lditions to the table. Geese and swans are found ... the northerly interior waters, while .nany sp.^,es of dueks .are widelv distributed over both coast and interior re^ons. On the coast they remain all winter," but migrate trom interior wafers. Prairie chickens were scarce for some years, but after a period of protection are l^ccoraing more plentiful. A few species of grouse are widely distributed and fairly Plentiful. Ptarmigan are found in the mountain and northern regions in lar-e flocks. H il>. II to (', 11/1,1/ lliili.-li I'lihniilii'i \ i,mMl-,i- nt irari... l.inl- l-n,. Ih'.'I, ImU'.hIu.v,! Ii nl. ..„nv,, iiiiM n \nrrr^<^\uu ii. i.niMl....- .nli-fn. t.-'Us . I K-y In,!.- ,.;,r..,.„i.. Kur..!....,,, ,mr.ri.l. iiiiil •• l!-ilt Wliiti'" >|imil. (;,,l.„. l.inlw. l.inl- nf ,„v>, -Miir ImpI. an.l n„.^.'tiv..r.M.. l.ini- :iU .il.oun.l |.l. .. fully in ^■vu\v^\ n.lti-1. CnbnMl.in. Tli.' "iM lil- "t ' li-'n-t i- hmhI ,.r..liti,- a ..«ur.-* fl.o nmxiinun, .^f pi..i-u.v t,. llu' -i.Mrt-n.n... .,:UMi-:.li-t mm,1 Iov.t of n.lMrr, •WATER RESOURCES Wlnlr ..„lv n -iH.iU imrl -f ih- ur..,t,T wntr, u,-.- ■■< Cc'Mtrul liiiti-l, C.luml l,..v.. Immm, inv.-tiK..tr,!. ili.r- W n.. .lm:l,t tlu.t. a- inNv-tismtion- prM,',...,! th.' .m.m nf ,,„«.r ■.n-Mhhh' will 1m. f.>.n..l to .■..tn,mn. fuv.n.nil.lv with any part -f llir l.r.n-.n Tl,.. vM. f tl,..,.. wut.n i-M^s not "iilx in - .nn.-t i..i, with wat.TlH.w.T hut u, ti.liii.B. nuiuiriiml wal.r M.l'l't.v a„.l .iTi»ratio„ ra,n,n. !,.■ nv.-n-tiinato.l, Thr nlili/ation of a uuimImt ..f thr ^vaf.■r-l.o^,, r- it. m, rt.on with ..luni ,,„lp a.,.1 paiMT iu.lu-trirs has ••oHtrihntnl vory laru-ly to th- a.-volopin-Mt of C.t.t Briti-1> Coluiuhia. Tho rovnui^ from tho ui.lpiit of tho i.iinr^ and fon-.sts ..f I provl.wo havr Rrratlv -xr.v.lr.l all oth.r iiulu-tri,, ami without Mirh powvr a- 1 !«,.„ .h.v.-lo|H,l. th,. a.han.-.. in ih- .l^v.^lop,,,. nt of ih.s,. in-lu-tri... wouhl not 1. Iiccn iM]--ihli'. So fir th.. -r.'at.r part of tli- powvr .l.Avl n-nf north of the ..I'n.l iwralld north lal'itu.h. has tak-n pla.M. alonK tlu,- ..oa-t. Plant, for th. n.anufa.-turo of p- .,„.l ,„,|,..,. l,;,v.. he,.,. o«tahli.shr,l at Oo-an Falls and Swan.on Buy. At Surf In !„„1 Fall* riv.-r th. dev..lopnu.nt> an- n.-l for n,it,:n. an.i >n,..ltin^'. Tlu> corporat, If l.,i,„., |!up,.rt has .h.vlop.-l pow, r at W iwor.hV lak.-. .oven nuk- from 1 ,i,v Thr powvr is U-...1 to pnA-i.lo .■h..tri..al - .u-r^v for .h,- .ity of l'nn..« Uup .,„;, „,., „,,,nina!- ..f tho dran.l Trunk Pa.^iti.. rail«,,v. inland ahout 150 m, ,-,„M. I'rinro Uuport, and U nul... fr...n Sk.ona Cros^iti^r, th.' IJo.-lu.r do Boule Cr pa.ix liavp inslalhd -Tnall hydro -Ir^.tri- plant in .•on.u...tion with tho .h-volopm, of a lii>:h->!niition. In addition thor." is still a o.'rtain amount of power used for placer niinin«-, 1 the output from this l.ran.-h of the mining industry ha« dwindh'd from nea $4 00nnaO in l>ti;) t.. i^'.uo.OiO in HM.".. At the present time the only aperath.nH anv nuipnitude are .arriea oa in the vi-inlty of T.arker^■ilh.. Wat.-r Un> Am<-\ operations has hoen used from Wil'.ow. l.i;:ht nin-.;, and Williams ereeks and th '" Thrw'itor eourses of Central Hritish Columhia mitrht he eh.ssed undei th divisions namelv. the Coast draina^v hasin. inrludint.' the Sk..-na and N'as. Iti basins, the Fraser drainapo basin, and the Maekenzie drainage hasni. Of the t -oast st^rams. the Skema and Nass rivers posses, the greatest pot..n ower Tlio rfv'W on the Skrena river and its tributaries, of which Kitsumjralh ZyniMtz Pnlklev and "M..riee are the most important, has heen estimated at l.".r..' hoTFe-i-o^cr. Iho rower on the Na.s« river and trihutarir* has bee.n wti.natod 60,C0O horeo-power. ^■^T"', 7^.'^^^Z^n oiTwat'T p^Tr wprp onmpiled by Mr. R rj. Swan, Distrlrt C •Data for the J^ ." °" .^i, WMor fow-r Br.uich staff in British rolun.bia. aftor , S,™ I'V.'h ■'Mr ?mA ;:.u.t, ron'p.n.lh'r of Waicr KiKh.s of the British Colun^bia L, Depar'infUt, Vi i\u\k.- Kicntinn i.f hcrr. Tlir ri'iH.rt oi, '• WatiT I'..u. r- •'( Uriti-li C.iliiniliirt " in, uti..iM 111 I>..w river mill tli.' ntji.rt into the Niidiako river. 'I'liev ar.'. Iiow.'v.t, nil vitliin, n fairlv -liort ili«tiiiii f (iiinliier canal iiiid tin' |ici<-lliilit.v of utilizintr this In nil l.v I'ivert- iliK the wat.T. into (iar.ln.T eaniil will li.inlitl. .< r.'eeiv.' early eon-iiler iti..n. I'f e.linir eii-lwarii. the «. ml ilivi-ioi, inehnlt< the Friiser riv< r and tril.ii- tari... of wlii.h the Chile,, tin, (iiie^inl, Fllaikvvat.r anil Xaehako rivers an' tin- llloct iliilxirtant. The \<,,\\,r in lln- Fim-.t Itiv.T ha^in has Imx'h .-!iiiiati->l at .'.■><».iltMi It is j«ossH.le that <,wiiiK to ilie iir<.>iiiiily of the roiiUU.«l of tin- (iraml rnink I'afitic raihva.v to th.' Skceiii, .mil Fr;!-, r riM-r^. a ecrtiiiti aiiioiiiit of the i>n«t i- flbo\ii( Tcrferr.il ti> <'ajiiiot ha tlnvelnixij. Of ihv tliinl divition, lliul iiiclndod m the (Iriial Xlai-keivzin drainiiire ha.sin, or more loeallv within the drainage hasin of one ,,f its prineipul sonr'is or trilmraiii -. till' faiiioii, |',-ii,-e river, the water-power i)os.ihiliti,.< ,in, praetiially nnknoun, \V. -i of tin- I!...ks iiiuiintains th.' prineipal riv.-iw an- th.' Finlay anad I'ar-iiip. wIii.-L unite to f..riii the I'.aee. an.l th.' (>niiin'.-a .iml .Nation, uhirh ari> tnlnnarv to th. Finlay. Ka-t ..f th.' Itoekie^ th.' prinii|i:il trilnitaries .,f th,' 1','ae.- in Cntral IJrili-.li < 'oiiiinl.i.i 1,'rrilory ar,' tin- I'iiu' and .^onti; Fin,. riv.Ts. N.xt 111 iniportance t,) iniion'.' ami luiiilMi'ini; .■oiiies th. I'l-hiiii,' industry, ami ;■ is ..n< ill, It niii-t lie M-riiMisly , ..ii.si,l,.|',-d in :ill |„.w.'r d<-v,il..pinMtit. -.■h.-in.v. in .,r,l,.r that sn.li an iiiip,.rfai r iii,lu-tr.\ -hall lo.t in any win 'o.- ilania,;r,-.l. 'Ill,' pr.-.i'vation ,,f ..aliin.n is of vital m.-. -ity to tin- pi-ovincp, .iiid to that end a iiiiiiil..r ■•( hati'heries hav.' heen e~talili-lie,l on fh.' inland waters for th,' pTopng-iitiim of tlio you.Tijr t-alimm. N'o <>tj~tniction .«ihi>iiM h.' allowe.1 to roniain in any .strpnm whi.-h niii-'ht liiiider the fi"'h from roaK-hinir tlnjir sjiawn-inff uroiiad-}, or the a. ■,','.> ,.f tin- y..iinf,' fish of the .sea. In ev.-ry ixiwor development whi.'li iii.'linh- nny form of dam tin- laws ..f the in-oviiic.. r,s|iiir<- that iirovisi,,! In- niad.^ to allow of tlie passaffo of fish. The ii-e I.f water for miiiiii'iiial wat.T -iijiply is iimiiie-t i.oi.il.Iy ,,ni' ,.f iis nio-t imroitniit ntilizations amd tio effort ^^lioiild ho .-ipared to prevent tho ])olliition of waters hy doniestie -ewafre and industrial wastes. It is of interest to note that hefor. th,' rn.viii.'ial (i.ivernment will crant a water li.'i'nse for tlii.s purpose the ipiallty "f the water nfft \f ni')iToTft5 of tx.nimunitiw. and in s.Teral instain'cs -not only th.>. u-at<>r, but all otlnr resources on the watershetls have been reserved. Throiijrhout the province are many naviirable lake.'? and rivers. In th,' developni.'ni ■-■f t'lie di«'eifi;t railpuad syBtuiiiH the ilat-h.-,tc<>m,\l »la. ^'uerally been eons.dcv..l prior to those of ,K,«cr. Lno; likely to eoniliet .i.h any ina>ort,u,t future ix.wer development or other us.s of the water resources. . ■ i „„ H.,.tively little irrigation in F-riti.h Cdun.bia at the present t.me :s carried on north of the 52nd parallel of north latitude. This is no doubt d-;'";^^/;^;;^;^' owin.^ to the difficulty in transporting farm produeo, the greater part of f^^ ,^n\.M in eonn.H,.ti..n with sto..k raisin.. No doubt when the -^^i L "w ,^.reat KasU>ni railway o.h.is up this country, a .reat part «^/'^«/-'^^,^;f ^.^^^^ up, and while the average rainfall is greater than >n the dry belt, s.d to .nsnre .-ucce^sful farming it will be necessary in some localities tu supple,,,, n, ,1h '' ^t'i^tions of the water resource „f .nti.h tX>lumbia are b^n. mad. ^ lK,th ederal and provincial engineers. The Dominion Water Power Branch of the eta tment of the Interior. Ottawa, acts in co-operation with the Provincial Wate kS Branch, Victoria, in carrying out an extensive hydrometrie survey of the Province R. C. Swan is tl,e .-l.ief engineer of these fe^leral operat.ons and K. A. IZZd is comptroller of water rights for the province. A number of repoi-^ ' r tg the progL of this hydrometrie survey froni l-.O. to 1018 have been issi.c^ bT he Domi.ln Water Power Branch. They emprise. Water Kesources Paper. Nos S U IS, .1. and .>:. Under the direction of M,-. .^leveland the province is car^ n n deta led surveys of the more imi>3rtant power )iJrorti. of Central British Columbia, namely, the road formerly known as the Canadi; Northern railway, now owned by the Government of Canada and known under tl name of " Can.idian National Railway." It enters this district from the east by tl same route as .he Grand Trunk Pa.'ific, namely, through the Yellowhead pass. Ho ever, it soon swings southerly by way of the North Thompson valley and at Kamloo comes in contact with the Canadian Pacific railway. It parallels this road westei from this point to Vancouver, which city is also its Pacific terminus. The Grand Trunk Pacific is therefore the main thoroughfare for cast and w. traffic in Central British Columbia. From tide-water at Prince Rupert, which is excellent location for an ocean terminus, having an unexcelled natural harbour, ascends the vallev of the Skeena riviT. serving the numerous canneries found aln these waters and the lumber, pulp and mining industries springing into prom.ne, on this part of the coast. In passing through lla/.elton it ns>ures this mining .•.ut.v, .,i »'i;'- •' permanent shipping facilities for the great tonnag.. of ore and coal that will doubtl Mion be forthcoming from the (iroundhog areas. Tran^pnrtniinn ■mil Cnmrniiniinlion 51 It then frnvir^c- tlit> fanious ISulkley valky, with riili t'iirnis niid riiiioliis on tlip level lands and ooiil and niinorals in tiic adjacent mountains. The coast summit is reached at Hom^ Inkc, with an altitude uf unl.v 'IflCi" fwt. The great firtile infirinr i)latea\is are then traversed, opening up vast agricultural areas along the F.ndako river, Kramer lake, Xechako river and upper I' "ras(>r vallej'. Tlie lowest i>oint on the railway in this interior section is at Prince (ityjrgc, wliere the elevation is l.SiiT f.et above sea-level. Easterly from this city the railway ascends the Fraser river to its headwaters, passing through a wiile fertile valhy coverwl with immense o.uantities of valuable spruce and other woods. The continental divide and the British f'olumbia-Alherta boimdary is crossed at the Yellowhead iia>s, the elevation of which is only ^,71*5 feet. The total dintauco from Prince Rupert to this jxiint, that is the length of t' "'-and Trunk Pacific in British Columbia, is 704 miles. Another 240 miles brings the luic to Edmonton, while the total distance from Prince Kuiiert to Winnijieg, the entire main line of this railway, i- 1,752 miles. From Red Pass Junction, at mileage 677 east of Prince Rupert, to I.ohstick Jinic- i tion in Alberta, at mileage S84 east, the firand Trunk Pacific and Canadian National ; railways now use a common track. The original tracks parallileing the other I for overseas construction. Now t''at both lines are coming under permanent govern- ment control, this arrangement, with certain modifications, will in all probability be adhered to. The construction of the Orand Trunk Pacific railway is of a most thorough and I permanent nature. The location has been most carefully chosen and the road-bed J solidly built. It is constructed on a four-tenths per cent grade and the sharpest curve is four degrees. No other railway crossing the Rockies has so low a grade, and the curvature is the easiest of any transcontinental line in * merica. Bridges and culvert- are designed to the high(>st and most modern standards. .Standard main line rails are used throughout. Over one hundnd stations have been provided for within Central British C^olnni- bia of which seven are divisional points, t^oaling stations, water tanks, wyes and side tracks have been amply supplied. Both telegraph and telephone equipments are installed and trains are operated by telephone. At present traffic is comparatively li^ht hot with the further development of the district and the establi'^hnient of trans- pacific steamship connections it may be expected rapidly to assume iireater propor- tions. The road has been built in anticipation of this and is of the highest sfandnrd throughout. Sonie intere-ting facts are disclosed on comparing the British rohnnbia section . "f this railroad with that of the Canadian Pacific. The (Jrand Trunk Pacific crogsc * the Rockies and enters British Columbia at Yellowhead jiass and the Canadian Paeifii' C does so at Kicking Horse iiass. The elevation reached at the Yellowhead is :i,71(> feet. ? that at Kicking Horse pass is .'•..l.'ii feet, being l.iiKl feet higher than thi' more north- :| erly route. j! I he elevation naehed by the (irand Trunk I'aeific in ernst-ing tlie inti-rveniriL.' I divide the Coa-t range — is 2,;!(i.'i feet, while the Canadian I'aeific climbs to ,'1,7^7 ii>;;— 4J 52 Central BrilUh Columhia feet in the new Ropers pnss tunnel on the Selkirk divide. The old summit here was 4,340 feet. The tracks of the Grand Trunk Pacific at Prince Rupert are 19 feet ahove sea-level, while those of the Canadian Pncifie at Vancouver tre 14 feet. The mileage of the Grand Trunk Pacific from the Yellowhead pass to Prince Rupert is 704. Tlu.t of the Canadian Pacific from Kicking IIokc pass to Vancouver is 519 The Canadian National railway ha^ a length of 516 miles between Vancouver and Vcllowlicad pa>.-. The Yellowhead route to Vancouver is thus ?, m.les shorter within British Columbia than the Kicking Ho.-se route, while the length of the Grand Trunk Pacific from this divide to the sea is nearly 200 miles longer than either of the others Every mile of this distance, however, is rich in naturd resources of one species or other and the railway serves a vast territory of 700 miU^ in length by some 300 in breadth. , . , , t .i. There are two other railways to which Central British Columbia looks for the development of a more north and soutli line of transportation. Th«e are the Pacific G-at Eastern railway and the Edmonton, Dunvogan and British Columbia railway The Prince Gcoi^e Eastern is now in the hands of the Provincial Government of British Colunihit. It was commenced some few years ago from Squamish, a point at the head of tide-water in Howe sound, a few miles north of Vancouver and bu.11 northeasterly to cros. the Eraser river at Lillooet. The grading was carried .lortherlj and meeting the Eraser again at Soda creek followed up its valley as far .■. Princ. George. The location was then carried north and east to cross the Rock.es by th< Pine pass and enter the plateaus of the Peace River district. The Edmonton. Dunvegan and British Columbia railway belongs to the J. D Mc Arthur interests. It commences at Edmonton and runs northerly and westerly t< McLennan and Spirit River in the Peace River district. From McLennan, a branch known as the Ca.uida Central, runs northerly to Peace River. From Spirit Rive another branch, part of the main system, runs south to Grande Prairie. The extens.o. of the main line westerly from Spirit River has been graded eome 55 m.te furthe to enter the province of British Columbia at Pouee Coupe. It has been generally supposed that these railroads should connect somewher about this point, the one traversing British Columbia and the other .Uberta. Togethe they would give a line from Edmonton to Vancouver by way of the great agriculture areas of the famous Peace River and Ce.itral British Columbia distr.ct*. Both road fell behind their building schedule. The Edmonton, Dunvegan and Br.tish Columbi appears to be indefinitely halted at Spirit River but construction on the Pacific Qret Eastern is again under way. Steel reached Clinton some time ago and is now pra. tically to Soda Creek. Between this point and Prince George the old grade is in ba repair Several landslides have occurred and it may be found necessary to relocai part of this section. However it should be a matter of only a short time till steel hi been laid north to cor.nect with the Grand Trunk Pacific. The matter of the extension of this line north of Prince George and through t1 Rockies to the Peace River district is now receiving the attention of the provinci authorities It hafi been advocated by many that a better route than the Pine pa would he found bv following the Parsnip river to Finlay Forks and thence follow., the Peace river through the mountains by way of Hudson Hope. This would ma accessible the groat Omineca mining district and the mineral deposits of Mount Selw; and coal deposits of the Carbon River dis .ict. Transportation and Communication 53 At any rate it is evident thut the line niitet be of the 3f pushed without dieluy into this part [iliical I fc-ince, which by nature oi us geo)?rapiiicai position, is now main part. The road will not only weld this di triet to the mother province but will prove an avenue of coninier- by which the agricultural products of the great Peace River district will liud their way to the I'aeitic coast— their logical shipping point. An air line from Peace River town to Prince Rupert is about 525 miles in length as compared with 1,275 miles which is the approximate length of a timilur line f-nn tlii> town to Fort William. The distance to Vancouver is about the same as that to Prince Rupert. It is thus evident that the logical direction for the movement of the Peace River products is west. The lands of the Kdmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia railway are guar- anteed by the Provincial Government of Alberta. As the improvement and extension of the road i«j now becoming a matter of vital importance and economic necessity it may be safely assumed that some action will shortly be taken by provincial or federal authorities to in^llre this work being carried out. Central British Columbia may therefore expect to have the additional advantage of north and south lines of transportation. V^ith these main trunk lines radiating from the vicinity of Prince George as centre, the interior development should be assured. Branch lines and feeders to tap various agricultural, mining or lumbering regions could then be built as retjuired with a minimum of expense. Along the coast are to bo found a number of short railways built and operated by various companies in connection with their mining, lumber, or pulp industries. These lines are usually narrow gauge and in some cases electrified. Of water transportation two principal divisions may be considered, namely, ocean 'and. These may each be subdivided, the ocean navigation into foreign and ci. ,t '"ce, and the inland into steamboat and small craft operations. Fl ,.(Vl.T«Tl>Oll wooJ^ riM- SM0W-CUP1..-1 mountain, wh-^o low.r .1-.,.., a , ^^ ^^ ,.^^^^^.^ .run. the =!or.. lin.s „n U„h island, .u.d -'"' " ^"J^ ' , ,.^,,„. „, ,„,,rme to ,. ,,..™in. .la..i..rs ,.,.k th.. expand '^^ f^';' , /'^^r„ , ,,..,.1.. island, of .— woods and Kvoy ro..k. ^.vo ' ' ';_;^ ^,,. ^,^„,,.. „,,,,i, in places narrows variety. Lighthouse., l.uov. and Wa.-on, "•'■•'^ ' ^^ ^, „„,,t {,vourite do.-n between nu-nerons islan.ls to r.se.nWe a vuud.ng r.v.r. vovn^e for tourists. 1 ;p1, extends fmni There are several stean.hip ''''••- ;'-"7;V'\.;,;SUa.way on the north Seattle. Victoria and Vaneouver on t^he -"'^. :;^;^^,, 'paeiH-^and Union Sfan. Principal of these are the ^'''"'f "•;;;:■:;„;: 'ttlV..lun.l.ia are Oeean Falls .hip companies, (^hief ports o, eall n, '""■••''';" ^,^„.„,,. fleets of sn.alle Swanson Bay. Prince Kupert. I'or, S.n.ps •^" -;' ! /J,^ ,,, ^oa.t a l.us; .toamers, gas. lene hoats. tislnn. -^^'fj^^^^'^ j^^^s and shipbuilding plan appearance. With the estabhshme.>t "/ ''''^""^f'' J .^, .,,, ,„,„„;np numerous, at Pr^nce Rupert ealls of large and ^^^J^J^^^^^^^ '^"^^ ^^^ '^'' ""'^' ^^^-^^'^'";'r';t:^:tJrtlvr:^.in^on to Hazelton. Othe, days, river M.-amlK.ats plnd the >k;;-:;:- ^reriluth F^t Oeor.e and So. ..aetieally '^'-■''''7;' [^^ ,;';';... To.npany operate :, Inr.e stea.n-vvh. CreeU. .here ^^^^l^^-^^!:],^,,,. the su.nmer The pr.ne,,, ;r:^;r::; so^rVort <... «^>;^- - -^ "t; to... of Peace .. on the Peace river -^^^t^^Zo:^'^^^- vr^^^^'^M l-ts of c, operate up strean, as far as he Rocky ^ ■ un ^^ ^^^^_^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ i..ide the British Col.unh.a ..,e are '^^^^J^'f^^^^ ,^ „„.„,.,a on this ro, ;x ^rRir'^i::--::: .i.!... a sma.. ..oa.. t.. ... . „„d ,cv«.l B.«ta.o l...t, .1... I""-- 'l'» ™- , , „, p,. viver and the lower pa. t ^^^^ _^_^^^^^^ ,,„,^,^ „„,| „„m,, ;. yot -.^-.i-'^ - ^'-— ; ^;::L;.h, ..ow he navigated hy smaH stean ,„„oes are to he >een. I l.e r... . Tnpenika. while the Pars..ip ofTer - far as Fort ^'"f "" ;7\,^':;.:; ^I U h L^ entrance to McT.eod lake at V „Mch to the .nonth of •'; ^ -r :• ;.,^„,,„;,,.„, c.,„p„,., ,.avea M.nced a re. --- -f .'>: -f'-7:^::J\:;: I V.L .iver hCwcen Peace River and Tine Crt;;e!:i:^n;i;nef pn„in. a s.ea,„er on the tria....lar r ,hove --^" - 7-;';,:^S;;rtZl: ,. ,. l .na,. net. ks of lakes and Throu.hou^U^d^ Ml ^^^^^^^ ^_^ ^^^^^ .^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ .^_^ ^,,^ „ ;t''" n: :^11 ftflelds for hoatin. ...h for .deasure ami convenience, h.ke. aUo ott.. e ^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^..^.^^ ,,^,^^^ ^^^ ^,„„ p, TmiMiiorlatiuit uml (^ommiininitiini bi iiijtt riff lijisurt's .wliiie to land* of plcnsiiig i narrows favourito >ii(ls from he niirtli. )n Stcimi- pan Vail*, of piiialloi' at a l>u?.v linp plant imprnu^. gold linom ,n. Others » are n""" . and S»d:i toaTn-wlieol e prini'ii>i>' 'eaee River orts of call ind ITudsnii II this- vmit( Pine I'asK. iirt of Pen CI rular servici id mitneron- lall siteamer- aiiip ofTers n lake at hit;!; eed a Tesruliti' and TTudsor II al>nve tl" ikes and e^i 1. The lilaiiv venieiiee. A- e s"ion yilae' 1 lopment wh. w lortimate. Ii excellent hii;:'- wiivs [irovided hv or fur the use of the miiiiiiK jiopiilation of old days. 'Most worthy iif iiientiou aiiioiit; thesi; is the world faino\is " Carihoo road" built by the Hoyal Kntfineers with the assistaiiee of the miners themselves under the direction of Governor Douglas during'- the early sixties. This excellent hitrhway is tlu^ main artery of iiiinmerce for the interior. Coniinencint? at Ashcroft, a town on the Canadian Pacific railway in tlie Thompson valley, now also served by the Canadian National railway, it runs northerly 2"20 miles to Quesnel and thence easterly an additional (W miles to l!;irkerville, the centre c. the Cariboo gcild-fields. Climbing from an altitude of l.tXK) feet at Ashcroft it reaches Clin«,on by way of the picturesque Bonaparte valley. Tiie distance is about ;i4 milm and the (rrade very steep. From Clinton the road, now closely paralleled by the P. O. E. railroad grade climbs onto the high plateaus of tint interior and runs by way of Lae la Hache and ir)0-Mile House to reach the east bank of the Fraser at Soda Creek. It el..etween Ashcroft and (Juesiiel. covering the 220 miles as a rule in one day. 1 hey also ply between Quesnel and Barkerville. This section is good but has very heavy grades. From this main trunk highway roads and trails branch oflF east and west to serve Horsefly, Quesnel lake, Chillaekwater crossing to run into Prince George. I'rom Fort Fraser the road traverses the Endako and Bulkley valleys to llazelton ami for some 45 miles up the Skeena river above this point. .V road, now in rough condition, leads from Giscome fin the Fraser river, some T miles across 'he " G?scome jtortage " to Summit lake. .V road leading north from Prince George joined this road about half a mile north of the Fraser river but now a -liort-cut has been built giving a direct line from Prince George to Summit lake and cutting out tlie old road. A great amount of traffic follows this route. The (^'ariboo, I'pper Fraser, Nechako and ]5ulkley districts have a fair asset of ■: roads and trails for a new district and they are being added to and improved from ! year to year. The Terrace district has good local roads, also the lower parts of many •■. coast valleys. \ Better transportation facilities are required for the Xass district. A trunk ; road giving an outlet from the Bulkley and Kispiox valleys and following down the j.skeena valley to serve this territory locally and conne<'t with Prince Rupert wouid -i Inlso be a great advantage. The road from Quesnel to Prince George reqviires liinprovement. & 56 Central /?rt(i'*'i ('',■ vo.l. oo..n,ure favouraWy It is not a difficult country .11 wluol. to build tr.uN or tation faeilitie. .ill be a feature of .he .levelopme,,,. ^^^_. ^ Tlu. rnlUvn.vs .tean.lx.a.. an-1 .ta^es 7-'''"'-' '"'''';, '„,„ Z.t ou.lyiu. is further distributed- by nutnerouB regular -"'' .;7;, ,'-,,, „„„,... of BettlemenU nmil serviee i. reasonably fre.,uent and '1'" '"' ^j,^ „,, p.,st office, in Central Hriti.h Columbia .s l'-"-';°--" '^ ;%^'^^ "^, [^ p^,„, postal revenue for the year endin. March 31, V.H^, an„.un.e,l .^-2,S1..4. ...j'pu-i^iho years is:. to --.<-. ^-""'^ w:"^;;::;:::^:!": ,.,,.ben,^t of the cariboo u;inin.d..n,yro.A^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ _ BarbTville. It i. 270 miles >n len,- h and folio, thej. ^.„^ ,,„ adapted to both telegraph and telephone u.e. ^^^\^^ ^ i„„„eh lin- sr:r:'::"i=- '■■• - .— • - ■-- ■ 1,777 n-.iles. o„p«„p1 then cuts across to Fo It follows the rnriboo road a. ^2^^^^^^_ ,, „.. ,„„, .^rt Fraser and traverses the Endnko and Bulkley aiK. traversing the Kispiox valley and ^''^ ^-'-y^;.^ j;; ^ j^ ^t in.Whitehorse a, cross the Stikine at Telepraph Creek beyond ^luch h r.aehe. "*'''■''• „, ,1,. TTuelton-rrince Hupcrt section, another branch of 1 From Terrace ^ ''; ^^ "; ,„^.^, ^,„, ',,,,,,,, it follows up the Kits,, r e-t I'v hr "h the Chib.otin district, across the Coast ran.e of mountains . hne --*f ^;^"";^, „^. ,^ ,,,^. ,,,,,. The length of this bninch is 32'^ mdes w down 1'^"; C ;^a all J^ ^^^^ ^.^^^ ^^^,^ j,^„^^,il„, A,, :;:r£:t:";thi^k:Blrk. Tatla ..ke, and other point.. Telephones . "^^'S:i;:::lrt:r;::.overnn,cnt l se.es the Peace Kiver dis.ict e., the Soclie; It is son,e 700 mile, in length running from E";;,; ^,,j ,,. „f the mail service to include rural free del.very ,n a.r.eultun.l M.tlun.nt. e,..tablishment of rural telephone lines is only a matter of t.n.e. EDUCATION AND SOCIAL LIFE. Fducational facilities throughout Central British Columbia are ...cntiallyth „..r:ist over the entire province, e.eepti.. tha. --J^,;'; ;:^'- -; \ ,he isolation of families in remote corners js oh to a «r.»t.r ^ « ::!L ':>: re .b,o.„ ..,■., ...a.. .«u o„„., .«.. ..... -»«,. .1... .-. r.o^. :r:i::-r;::t:,::;;:;,:;:":;::=';:^.':"'-' -" ■ institutions is also fr.1^ c,.,,,,..,! Hriti-li Columbia make I The irreat areas with scanty ,.opuli.tiou iii Ccutt..! \wu n would otherwise be forced to close down. It has ott< ,ni,ht be made still lower ^^^^^ ^^^^ popartn^ent of Educatio Another ->^f ^^ ' ;^;\ ' ^' ,^,^, ,,,,„,, i,,.. „„d there throughout the r the establishment of central rcKKnii advantageo^ ,i.,H«,. wi.h .... ™p"7-,t:t™Tt..r ........... ...d ■....id.,,. .,., establish consolidated school- rmnr.ie.— ,„„.„.«....» of Chilton by ..«. »""°'";;'',„, ,„j ,i,, „,„,i,„ „„ „. .,,,5 KihirilHnu mill Sariiit Liff M K,.ri St. , iili I'li-'li y s.'tllfil • oWIl. Hip PIUH' iiivv linvf liickwatcr s are the px tension 9, nnd tlif itittUy the caused by ucation in tly of each important )st progri»B- iK'J by tU. ii({h school- Mi nt those u make tin tti-r. In ii- cu». Ni.l .iiily would the ex|»cii.e entailed U- out of alt pn.p.,rti..ii ti. the results (.btaiiied, but it woulu be imiKissible to secure the M-rviees of Irii.lier- willitiK to isolate tbenisclvt-. in -neh parts. Hunters, trappers, |irii-.pect.ir» and ..ili, r men who follow -imilnr oecupa- fioiis rarely, if ever, take their families, if they liai,. miy, into the i-ohiteil districts they haunt. Hence their self banishment i'')neern-. themselves imly. The settler, however, who takes with him a vountf family into a niw- district of Central Hritish Columbia carrier with liim the re-pon-ibilily of hi, ehildreiiV education. It >liould, tlierefore, be his aim to jruard ajfain-st liM-atin»f in any i«ol,aisl part where he is likely to be cut off for many years from the advaiita»re- of the .•.ehool. Hy keeping elo,er to the ohjer ntlled piirl-. or by eiileriiiL' tlio-c district> which ;irc bein(r opened u|> and Mttlctl in a pronouneed manner, he is Mirc of finditiK the educational advantapi's keepintf pace with other development. Should the locality in which he desires to locate be a remote one it Wonhi In- to lii-i ultimate advantaKc* and the immediate ailvantat'e of his chililren if other families having childreu of school aire could accompany him in order that tlie minimMm number of ten children mifrlit be found in the locality. With the rapid settlement of lar^te area- of Central liritisb Columbia's fertile lands anil the -prinirinjr up of numerous towns, tin- cli-iio in;ike- the providinj? of schools for their children an ea-y matter. There are two munii-ipal se lool di-triets in Cintral liriti»li Cohimbia. namely, the • ■ities of Prince Kupert and Prii re (icirKo. At I'rim'e Ku|p«Tt there are jrraded sehonU of fourteen divisions, and at Prince (ii'jirtto of four division-. At Prince IJupert thcri is a high school of thnn' divisions. Prin"e (iiiirire has also high school nilvantajres. In addition to these city school-, there are ptiblie seluols at in^arlv seventy Hve ti>wns soattere" "".''. ^ ^ , ^. ^ ' .1 hwieu ana im f,,mlturp nnd ciuipment i» -f the best and the " ' „ ,JZZ°, I, . ..i..i.« .1 "" c-ti"-'' Ti» •"■■■'"'■I ' U..iia"«— • compare favourably with that oi .1 ''' r ^S:; ad«. o. cent.. B..h -^ ^f-^r ^.^^^^^^ ;.e.landlaw-a.di,.. ;r^:';^-: i^J^" iT^irZ.. < ^ ear. despatching troop. U. ^^^''^^'^^Z ff t that U not forgotter.. The arm of the miiung days in the Cariboo left a salutory et ect t ^.^^^.^^ • , J R,it; l, iimtice fa r. but unfailiiiK. lliire i- "<> ru« ■" ' law IS long and British justice . violence are not tolerated. Criminals (■: tliu da^s na^ - .,«;o,is arc an open book ....,1 and the apparent impregnable hidin. ^--;^° ,^ ^ J^ ^ ^e inalility of to the handful of unilinching ^'^^'i;^ J^J^^ ^^ Inferior oi C...,^^ desperadoes to perpetuate a crime and get a^ay wUU ^__^^_^^^^ ,„.,e h.n.ls is now well known and few are ^-''^^77^^^;*;^,^ •„ „.,, „,,,U..,! a„or. nnd unguarded herds are seen on every h.md. Th. and pleasing. throughout the length and breadth of -las va>: The wholesome re. pea maint.-t J, ^„„, i,,^. The new-comer has tl. land for the laws of the country . mo t neon g ^ ^_^^^^^^ ^^^^^^_^^^^^^^ --Z r V^ ift "r : l.; ^ensCy ..W section. Th. applie- ,,.oug lawles.ne.^^ ,^^^ ^^ ^,,,. ^^^,,,^, ^.,.„,^, ,„,,..,H„g .am. and towns. _ e.mnection with the laws of these lau.i iL>.}^gx:- Thi- tort Georye ll'iMr'ul «1 Proviiiciiil (lovf'riinK'ntM in tlicir (lealintri witli in'WcoiiicPi. lloKulatioru hy rtliich person* may nfquirf lands und tinilM.-r, fighitiK iinil niiniii« riKti'?' intinK iiiul triip- pinir privilcK'* or K'''"'fttlly Ix'fome ponsptuwd of or |HTniilt<>d li, ctiJDy tl»e resoiirci», 'Ih! ^l^)^H rty «n ii|)i>licnliiin U) (iovurntnitit unotits. Por-ona ;tcquiriti(f riirht« un^U'r th«' U'rms of any such nifulatiuua will riml that ui^.n fiillilnn'iit ■ if the lomis iitipiiluttil tluTiili fh<> Ki'ViTnim-nt will ODniplett! tlii'ir mnirai't wilU di*i>uti.'h am) furnish the ctiVPtc*! dooiifaicnUi of iiossciwion. No (|uil>l>li> or ttvhnicniil.v ilial nii^ht (JcfiMit tli<> aecimiplisiinicnt of tluir I'llnrti* aro ptTniitttHl to Ui i-nlvrlaim-d. \» loiiK tts a bona tidt! npplii-ant liii* fuiiilh'd the t«.'rin« laid down hp ^vU hi-t n-ward witliout (|Up»tion. The transimrtatlfiti fncHitios of all hin the more rptnotr l)art!i p(>miit of travel td fro iinder nKnlorn conditionit. Mail, cxpn'ss and frfiRhl aru ul*o cuiritJ with ilr-patch. IVlc'ifraph linos aro found cr 'iffleutting tlw interior and irivin^r gervi<>e at M'arl.v every snia'l centre. A o'.t. ber of wirelewi stations are locatod alonir tiie i-oa^t. Xt-\v.spapors are piililishpu ';. -I'veral of the larger towns. Libruri-s and roadini; rooms are found in the oitictt and several town**, while the Provincial doM-rnment has a system of libraries by wii li the rural district* are furnished free with gixid lit<>rature. Cfiiirches .,nd hospitals are found in nearly all urban centres, the smaller town.s all have w rm" acci^mmod.ition for the holJinR of relijfious nKi'tin<{B and nearly all have cottaKe hospitals. Clubs, societii-s, and jiatriotic and athletic associati. are widely found. Agricultural societies hold annual fains in several localities. The ever-increasin;.; tourist and h.iiiday traffic kt>e|)s up a continued activity. I'he oiieninK up and development of various aRrieultural districts, luniberinr areaa and now mines and the sprinirinff up of now towns creat«>*. and fosters .1 keen and live intcre"' in the «ocial welfare of the entire central belt. THE FORT GEORGE DISTRICT The Fort Georsro Land Recording Diviion extends from tin !{ocky m. .utains •ni the east, along the Fra.«er river and Or.i' d Truuk Paeitic railway to tlic inu- lluence of the Fraser and Nechako tin. is iit i'rince (o'orge anmpsoii-Frn*er divide also forms part of the southeni boundarj . The main Fraser valley Ik-Iow the dufluence of the Xcchako is included as far a? Fort George oauyou. From west to east tho principal sections of this division arc: the lower NtX-'hako and Ohilako viilloya, the Princi' Cieonjo-Hansard lake district, the Salmon river. country, the Soutii Fort G<^ rge di.strict, the South Fork of the Fraser river and the Canoe river valley. Crnlnil ]:nl'i.''h Cohniihrn Tl... ci.v „f Vnuco (;..,r^o. th. r,r.uu\ Trunk Pa-ifi.- aivisi.ma! ,K,int l-.-^t.^ on ,W. s n.lia,..lv son.h nn.l w.^. of the confluonc. „f tho Fra.-r au.i N.-hako H^.. t . ,.nn,-i,;al l.nsi,.,.. and a.huini.trative .-ontre of ('on.nd Bnfsh ( ol„n. \ . n.il.. ana a l.alf t-, .ho .ou.h. on the ri^ht linnt of tho n.au, bra,.-. •'"■ e" no South Fort C...r<. and it i. here that tho (Vvernmon. :Z ; :: :; O^r f^t UU. t,. ^ort .....o ..a Poaee KWor dlvi^ons are , O , ., l,i«h h.vel Kravellv heneh o„ the ri.'ht linm, of the N.^hako r.ver an. rrlt • : . <^1-^. i^ .l.^ .o.n.i,e of l.-.„-, ...r... T..re ha. Wn nn.eh r ,rl.l soU.e liti.at,on as ,o .hieh of th..o loeations ...uUl N-c..nu. he ...an. tt: '^;;e ::::;:::" ;:.:.;i-:.. ,..1. rai... a., ... throu.. th. -^ ana U .,.;.. . U.on,e ^^ ^--^ ^^ "l^r' i ^ r n:;"li .a.r rrinec Cwpi- was ineori>orat4Hl a> a . it.\ in i. i- • . . n 1 s;..venil mdo^ of -frets liave h.v>n Rradtnl ami ,„ ,.„.,n,ir M ehurehes with r.«idont ■""■"■;:" 's;,:,:-.:,:. ;trr^ .l.:^" ■•"'■-...'.. •»- — « -f r ;:;;:::;:,;,,;:;;;., it: ....■ -."' -'•■. ■ "- '"■'" """■" - ■""-""■' """V':;::;.':;:::'";::- > »•• .--•^ >• -" »■'"; -»;• Vp "T aroa^ ol un. p..v ,., ;,,,.,. R,„HTt and an eastern one to hdinont.>n. f";ruu:Tz:::^t'^-^y^'^^'> «•> "■...— -' «''''-'■ ,.>uth«>tl. \.m . i,n„„rtant <^.nlr.-s radiatinp to the eard.nal ,..;,,„„ ;;;-■..;■:,*:;,',;;:,•„, „, „ .» , ».„. .,- ■"'"''vv 1 . ,„ the s,>uth Mde „f the river run from Prinre r.e,.ru'e t„ Vanderho,, s.do of the rn,. tlure ,s . ^ ^,^ .^ ^. ^.^^^^^^ ^_^^j j^^,^^,,, Voeknko on a -iil.-iaiilial br; I' I[iiti'lii>oii, Winlyrw I .111(1 Stuart, tlio ]attir ju>f w(^.t of t\u- iiiuutli of Stimrt ri ^[,•.Mi rlitrr? till Ncclillkn nil li V ^(■(•liiiko (111 lis iioi-ili liiint op|>n,it(> tlio west fiid ..f iTiiii' (iiorKf. 'J'lir loiitc (.f till- l'a<-iti<; Great Ka^t.rn railway follows ii|> it« vallcv, al.-o tlio Prince (;eorf;e-Siiiiiinit lake wapoii road. Tliire arc no iii(>aiIo\v lainl> in this -eelioii. The lowiT valley is heavily wooilcil hut the ii|i|«r part has been luirned off anil miieh is now iiinler eultivation. Xorllieast of I'riiiee (leor^'e ami iiortli anil east of . to ,".(H» feet ahovp the Frasi i- river and on its left limit. The (iraiid Trim'; Paeifie railway follows tlio river in tiii- section and there is also a watron road wliieli runs east from I'rinee (ieorce to li-MiJ.' lake, thonee northeasterly to 'I'sadestsa creek and north to Willow Kiver. In thor sections there is <-oiisiilerahle pood land oi)en for setlleini nt. Kast of Prince Tieor^'c. liowovor, the woods hcoiin' heavier and the I'ost of elearinff land increases. Willow River has a school. |Kist otlice and stores. A few miles south is an oulcripp of r.i,-k where several niinin;;' chiinis have hcen staked. Kast of Willow Ikivir the railway follows a lake depre-sioii for sunie l'.'i nnh - lip the center of the valley till it meets the river ajraiii at Hansard where ii cru-s.- to its north shore. In this depression are Kajrlet, .Meza, Hansard and other ^iiiali lakes. The valley lure is wide, the Fraser river followiiiyr th northerly hank till it sweeps southerly in a hi^' curve to Willow Kiver. .V sliort distance Kelow llan>.ird the M<< miles in lentrtli leads over tii.sconie portajre to Summit lake. Hear river enters the Fraser from the ^outli niaily opposit' McifJreiior. The Fraser river for some distance east and we-l of llan-ard lake is i alluvial flood )>lain with dejiosits of alluvium hlindreils of feet in di I'tli extendinjr over a width of -cveral mi' . There is eonsiilerahle iirveyed land a\ailalile for settlement lietween Prince Geortre and Hansard lake. The .surfaee consists mainly of willow ~waiiips. oixn meadows and liplitly timhered swamps with hilts of willow-, jioplars and cottonwiods bordering on the river. The soil is uniformly irood. Soiik' areas arc wct and will require drainafie while others have heavier woods reiiuiriiif.'- ixpeii-ive cjc^arlni.'. There are several sawmills in this section, located at Prince (leoifre. Willow Kivi r. 'liscoine, on the west end of Faijilet lake, Xewlands, .Meza lake and Hansard lake. South of Prince (ieorne tlh' land on both sides of the river has Imcii surveyed as far as Fort Cieortre canyon, the southerly limit of the Fort (iiMiyc division. The J'acitic (Ireat Fasterii railway (•radc follows the east hank of the river. On the wi -t -iile a watton load leails south to Klackwaler, on lilackwalcr river, liy way of N'adsilnich lake which lies hetwei'ii the Fra.->er and Chilako rivers. .\« a rule this i- ,1 rolling country, liaviny low-lyimt hills usually ruiinin>r in a north and sonlh dii tion. with level benches on depressions between. The soil on these is uniformly (rood while on the ridjfes it variis from (iiaul to sandy and tiravelly. Much of this district ha- beeii heavily wooded thouRli tires have Iniriit over larfre areas. I.iiiht wo.mK cmv. i almost the I'litirc area. Glearintr will cost I'l."! to .tT.'> per acre in these liuht w 1- and up to #150 jn'r acre in tlw heavily wooded areas. i< onditioiis indicate dial when cleareil it will make a yood mixed farming sc'tiori. ^ Central British Columbia The Salmon river rises in the district northeast of Fort St. ^-^ ^^^^J^ The vl; botton. arc fairly hoavilv ..M an. the hcoh., ...ere .u,t burnt o.er, more lightly. Yollow head pass in tbo U.x'ky fork ., -Mrf-.««o, r,v<.r . ,„K,i,ie is a railroad town and a divisional point on r A i;„l,tlv wooded The Boil is good though some ir. "wnmpy and will require :; i^iiTg f In' ll ic leUlenient has taken place he.e and farming operations are Roving ve; -s^eee^ful. Excellent ro.ult. a, btainod in the growing of small ''"' T;:'Z!rC^S:!t loca... at .he iunction of the M.I..nan ^er with the .outh Fork o the Fraser. The merging of these valW-o here gives a wide plain, oper or ightlv wJoded and somewhat sandy and st.ny. Th^s point w..« t.,e ^^-^J^^ for Lht -Irnught steamers uhioh plied on the Fraser before the completion o h ., 1 Trunk Paeific railway. Tt is less than r^ miles west of the .ummU of th, The Peace Rirrr District 65 ■Rockies and may be considered the ftntewoy (,f tliesi- jv>,'i(>M>. Tlie Ciiiiiidiaii National railway, paralleling the (irand Trunk J'at'itic throuKJi the Yellowhead pass, h.n-e swings to the southwest, folhnvs up the ri^ht limit of Jl.-T.ennan river to Craniierry lake on a low summit, tliencc (Tosses the head of ('aiioe river Bud follows the Tiiompson river. Mount Kohsoii park, an ai»'a of approximately 4(r,t,tHM> acres set aside by the British Columbia (iovernmeut, extends from a few miles above Tete Jaune Cache to the summit of the iJockics and the Alberta boundary. In this area arc found lake and mountains of unparalleled Iwauty and magnitude including the highest of all Canadian iK>aks, .Mount Kobson, with an elevation of IS.OCii feet. The upi)er part of Canoe river valley is included in the Fort George division. This river is a tributary of the Columbia and joins it at Boat Kneampnient, the point where the Columbia roaches its fart'.icst north and makes its remarkable right-about turn. There are some good bottom lands oih-h for pre-emption in this valley. A few settlers are located liere and have successfully grown crops for severa' years. About Cranberry lake then- arc >omc good bench lands whi<'h can be fairly easily cleared. The elevation here is i.-liW feet and sunnner frosts soniotinies owur. In the Canoe valley are found the Canoe river hotsprings, situated by a small lake lying at the foot of the mountains and surrounded by large cedar trees. The merits of these springs have not vet been determined, but it is i)elieveti they could be exploited to considerable advantage. THE PEACE RIVER DISTRICT The I'ca.'c Kivcr land liicording Divisinn of British Columbia includes what might be callinl the up|H'r or untainous part of the famous Peace River district at large. Its southern and westc.n boundarj- is the Arctic-Pacific divide which separates the drainage basins of (he Skecna and Kraser rivers fnmi that of the Peace. The northern iHumdary is the hc:gbt-of-land bi'twccn the l.iard and Peace rivers while its eastern limit is the Albcrta-Hritish Colombia boundary lin.-, here U'ing the liotli degree of west longitude. It forms an irregular shaped tract if land' approximately l.">0 miles by J.")0 miles in extent. In this area is included the Dominiou ('■ovcrnment Peace River block nf three and one half million acres. It is nearly T.'i miles scpnirc and adjoins the provincial boundary, with the Peace river cutting it into two almost cqnal parts. Fort St. John is locatetl near the centre of the block and Ihubon iI(i|H' just within its westerly limit. Within this block are found most i>f the level and oiK-n lands ,.f Central British Columbia. Since they are controlbnt by the Dominion (nivernment their disr>osal is in accordance .vith the Federal regulations. That jiart ..f the block lying south of the ri'-er falls within the (Jraude Prairie Land district, the local agency of which is located at the town of Grande Prairie, Alberta, with u sub-sed (vf, has boeti reserveti for soldier settlement, \orth of the river there is considerable gixid surveyed 1183--:. 1' ,\\,v Il"n^^l■ ^.nrl i|,Mn>. .\ii>"\. lii;;.^h i '.., ,111.1,. .1 Til.' lll^^'l !'■ 1""" "1 !»■' ;i? it i;!)" ai-l"""'^' The Peace River District er land opoii for settlcimnt uiKlor the FimIithI Ik nf till 0!itcad ri'ifulntioiis ami un U river tiiiTc arc Inrpe nreiis of iinsurvfytHl land siiitaldc f. The Fort St. Jdlm district, north of tli r frraziiitr jmrikisc- ul >mall rancliinsr. tlioiifrli the distance from market.- 10 river, is adniiralily suited to mixed fi riiiiiiK till siiitabi latt.T th. li' imrsuit at pnseiit. The post itself is located on tin Hat- th< a limited aiMoMMt of excellent land on various flats in Lends of the river. Th.- ...Mensivo an-as, liowvver. lie on a vn.>t )>lateau alM.iit «()() feet al.ove the level of the river and uitli an average elevation al.ove ^a U'V. i ,,f ah-.nt •J.4(MI feet. The land is nearly le^cl, except where ent ly dee)! ravines h adinfr to the valley of the I'eacc, and is of a park-like natnre, heinir oix-n or slijrhtly wooded. The s,,il is a deep black Kurn and v.-elation is vei-y hixiiriant. Peavine and wild (.-ra-.-es ^'ruw in threat profusion. Vcfrelal.lcs an.l f;rains do exceeominion Government t.-legraph line from Edmonton to Ifiidson Hope pass<-s through the post an.l alTords a custant servic-e to the oiiLsi.le world. General stores are operatwl at Fort St. John by the Hudson's Bay and Reviiion fur-trading .Mmpanies and at a f.nv points alon- tli<. river front by individual parties. S.ttlers are beginning to locate in in.-reasing numbers an,I .•atllenu.n are bringing iu -tnck very rapidly. The district pr.>inisi>s to a.lvan.'e wi(h a rush. Th(^' Pour. Couix- district ..n the south side of the ri^ ■ .mpris.;.s several town- -liips of gently ndliog prairie an.l a nuniher with scatti! i, lull's and light w,«,ds i'ho best area is includ.-,! in a bli.<-k of ab..ul lT. by l.i mil, Tins is practically all lak.n up. There are still a f.-w g.o.i buMtiun- f,,r fanning and niueh excellent grazintr l.ind along the Pine an.l other rivers n.'ar.-r tUr fi'Miliills. Like the Fort St. John distri.^t it lies .:n an ,1, vat.d jilai.-au an.l tlie soil an.t ■ 'unatic enn.litieiis are eijually fav,.urabi... Th.' prin.'iiMl .-.■nlr.s ,.f s,.ttli'm.Tit are •'■n.'e I'oup.. and RoUa. AU.ut thes,. villa-, s aiv t.. I .■ si,.,, s„„„. cx.-ell.nt farnw ^M d no better crops of wheat, oats, barl.>y or rye could be found in any part of W.\st, rn '^niada during the seas.m of 11)1!) than in this section. For nnx,.,l farming it .-aniiot :. b" s'ir',>as-ied. J The Edmonton, Dunvesran an.l British C.dumbia railway, which now operat.-s |trains as far as Peace River, Spirit River and (Irande Prairie, is graded from Spirit i 1183— Si i J gg Ci-ntral liAOsh Columbia •11 T. ;. 1,.,i»m1 lint the hiviiiR of stwl on this .'."-milp sc-tiou will shortly be undortak.-n ».ul al.o ^''"' "."/!" ''^ j^.^.^^ f^,^^ (;„,„,. ^ti:^iri:;ir:p"!:-t vnia... Thi. vii.. i. ... . .au.. ,„. ... "''™r c:t;:rtit;..a i. i-u...... hou... h.nu. «... ..ho,... wi.. ,. exte^ro'2l to Kive ad-.ua,.^ tra..por.a,ion fa-iliHos. th. ...tnot ..11 have a nt thp foot of Roekv Mountain oan.von. iTom thi> point tm ri> ;.:::: i: .. ,„„.„., .. v,,,„u;„„ ......... ^i-;— ™,f::" ■„, „,„,,• Uttle clearing. Grai.i and vo^otables have been ^--^^^^^X. Var.e herds of ,hk-klj ..Odcd. „„, |[„,,.„„ „„,„ ,„ ,|,„ „.d .-1.1. Fort SI. J„l,n. »y r,vc., it ,. ».m- .-l mil, bo,. ^^ .b... lb. ...,.-.... -'zx:^:'z:2i::r::l:^X^<^^: -™."> »■ transport service, as r^^lUl^lHJ, Hudson Hope-. riiUvav an excellent pass through th> The Peace Kiver route would afford a '^'^ »' . j^ h„s received mor. Rocky niountain.. though the Pine .^. a f.^ -^-/^^^^^t not unlikely tha. ft''\ ^l";:^::^:"^:^;';: ;^" ^ - e.ensive water.po.. both routi^ might be utuizeu. x ^^^,^ ^^ ^^^^, d„*p,„o„., ...d i„ ibi. "»*. ;'":,,::™/; Lra„d ,..,■ .„p. »- -» - l:,. ,u* d....p.d "^.--t'lr::".::: :'l^ m .» >.».. Bi>-^ - block .re not .I1.1I..V0. M'"' "»"»' >'.1«>» <». "' ' ,., j„„ „ ,b, .....nt.in. ri.in« ,.r.e.i.»ll.v from tb. ..to- >- .o «. ^^'1' ■■"" ' „, - rr:b:r.''rr::.:: rrriiJid, ,. ..... ..».. ... ..^ mouths of all tributary streams. The Peace Hirer District e to th(» I s stroam > f rolHii»x [-^ Bflow ("iirlion crtfk tlic valley <>i the IVat-o bwoinivs widiT ami si-vcral larjff firtile tints ocfur at licndii of the river. A iiuinbiT of lot-*, chietly eoal elaims. have heeii Mirveyi-d on huth !^i(les of the eanyoii, while seattere i- an excellent cattle district and much good agricultural land could be easily e!e;ired. Tlie trail and telegraph line from Grande Prairie to Pouee Coupe i>asses through this section. West of the lioeky mountains there has as yet been no seriou-^ attempt, nnide to farm or raiK'h on aii'ount of the lack of transportation facilities. Iluwever, anticipat- ing such advantages, trappers, miner- and otherii have proved up on a ennsiilerable area at Finlay. Here the Finlay and Par>nip river<. the (jn' tluwing southeasterly, the other nortliwesterly, meet almost head on and uniting to form the Peace turn easterly and follow the gorgi' thrii\igh the Kiickie>. At the ])oint of tlieir confluence there occur llats and bench lands nf exeelii-nt xiii, tiidiigh fairly heavily wii(m1und to grow very succe—fully. While it is generall.v siippn.i il tliat the u|iper water ni' the Pea<'e are ihrived from purely innuiitaiH -tri am-, it nin-t In- Imrne in mind that tile principal atHuent-, tlu' l-'inlay iuid th ■ I'ar-nip. are tliem-elvi- lar(.'( rivi-r^. draining a va>t territory in the nature cif a trcni-h or ba.sin .about "(HI niiles in length and averiuring nearly ".'> miles in width. Included in this area are many th(iusaiiilt. vegetable mnulil. or sandy clay loam. Many el' tln>e tract- ure heavily wooded, but other- are mure (ppeii and natural nieaduws are -uinetiine- f'uuiil. Kmin their luealion. tin--.- tract- jinive valuable land-, bi'ing u-ually -lii'lt( rid by iiverbangiiig bank- er adjaernt innunfains, well watered and with an aliunilai. of Wiiod at hand. When local market- are erealed by the ibvelopini nl i>\ miin r:il iiiid nther adjacent a--ets these laud- will iimve me>t valuable locatinii- l'..r tin- iirodiiction of garden, jionltry and dairy snjpidies, Iniy, grain and meat, anil fnr limite'' . !rh'i> and cattle ranching. The iirineiiial tributaries of the I-"inlay river are the Mah-mi. Oinineea and Iniiinika river-, all entering from the w. -t. The territi-ry e.mipri-i- the f.-iin.iu- OminiiM miniiif.' di-triet, in which a limit, il ainourit of plaei r niining t'or unld i- -till being ciirried on. The iirineipal trading pe-t i- Furt (Irahame, on the Finbiv. a frw miles helow the mouth of the TngcMiika. '!i.-iilene bou.s reach this )M.-t without illtliculty from Finlay (Fork-'). Otlnr pe-ts are (lerman-eti and New Ilnireni, on the Oniineca. In the early mining day- :i ]i;iek rente was made from ITazcIl"!! to tln-e poiiit-i and goods are still lirought in ever this trail to a Hniited extent. Tributaries of the Par-nip inehnle the \ation river, which might be included as l>.irt i.f the Omineca nnniiig district, and the Pack river, draining .Mcl.eod lake. Hoth ..t' tin -e enter fri ni the wi>t. From the ea-t arc the ■Mischinsiulia and the Misinchini-a, both heading in Pine pa—. From Summit lake the Crooked river leads nto .McLcod Y(j Central Brifuth Columhia Inko. Tho usual coiiop routo from Prince (JcorRe to Fiiiliiy mimI U\uh'>u HiM"' i' Kv w„y of Summit lako, Cro,,!,...! riv.r, M.-Uod Inkc- mh.I I'a.'k :.ihI I'nrMnp rlv, r-. Stonnihont navitf.itiun woul.l be fc-asibk- on ll.o Parsnip .1- lur up a- ilir mlmiiI. oI lh.> Park, ami a liRht drauirht b..at miRht rv.n reach Mcl.cod lake at hiu'l. >ta«cs o| wat.T. The priiM'il.al centre of tiii- .liMriet U the ol.l Hudson's Ua> poM at Kort Mcl..-n,l. on Mcl.eod lake. Almut this post excellent cardei.s are to ho found, but trapping is tlu- principal occupation of the Parsnip valley. Fur-bearinK animals are plentiful and tl„. hi«h pri.v of furs has re,ult*Ml in an influx of trappers that are already nv, rlai.piiitr ea.'h uth. r's lines. TrappiuK, pro,pe,-tlnp and minintr are the only real a.^tivities of the upper Peace liiver distri.-t as yet. with .1 number of jir,'-. mptor.s provinc up lands in hop.N of beinji able to farm or sell to advantajre when the district i< npemd up. Various ..stimates put the am.nmt of suitabh^ a«ri.-ultural land in the F.ul.y- Parsnip vallev as hi^h as a million a.Tcs. aud the -oil. climate and other .-onditious necessary to 'successful farming are believed to be such that mixed farming an.l dairviuK particularly will prove hiu'hly remunerative when settlement becomes mor,. poneral. As vet no land recording office iia, h.en e-tablished in this div.Mon. but the apent for the Fort Oeorpe Land Recording' Division has also .-harp- of ,t. ll>s othces are located in South Fort (u'orffe. THE CARIBOO DISTRICT The Cariboo Land Recording Division embraces those most historical Rold-fields wliieh were tlic scenes of wild excitement in the middle of the nineteenth century. The stampede of mine.e to the.e fields herald, d the first extensive invasion by the white man of the mainlan.i of British Columbia. Sturt^-d by discoveries of gold on the I^wer Frascr and Thonu.-on rivers in 1>.>C., by a few isolated prosin^-ctors and u-apiK>rs the ti.le of fren/.i.Hi puld seekers swept northerly and up the Frascr river till their goal settled in the CmilK.o mountains. Here tlu' mapic U>wns of Richfield and Barkei- viUe sprang up and for many years the Cariboo district constitu**>d the metro,M)lis of the whole nuiinland colony. Th- -.:.'nd parallel <,f north latitude is the southern boundary of this land division and the 124th degree of we.t longitude its wester;. Iwundarv. Easterly it e.Ntends to the North Thonips<.n divide r,nd r.<.rtherly, generally speakinj!', to the summit overl.H.kin^' the valley of the South Fork of the Fraser -iN-r and to Fort Cieor,, canyon on the main Fraser. :ilidway through this district from north to south flows the Fr.i. er river. The grade of the Pacific Great Eastern railway folh.ws it fairly ch sely throuihout. The river is navigable fn,m Prince Ocorge to vi .. • alK.ut •-'.- miles of the .unts ,,f .•„ ■:■ st..aniers on this route ar.-: South Fort C.eonre. Fort (leorge canyon. Mih> JO. W,. .pecker island, Whit.vs lauding, P-hiek- water, Cottonwood canyon, Quesncl, Kcrsley, Australian ranch, AVindt'e, Castle Rock ferry,' Twan-s, Steamboat iunding, -Maculistcr and Soda Creek, the southern t4..rmine.s of n'a'vigath.n. Below Soda Creek the Fraser is a very tortuous river till it is joined iit Lytton by its great tributary the Thompson. The Cariboo District 1\ Qiiosiicl \i the buiiiicss ccntro mid principal scttUment of this district. It li"* „ii a pl.asant In'Rch on tlie oust sid.' of the Fraser and at th« iiu.uth of Qui-ftii«>l riv.'r Till- ^ii<- is oxccptionally favoural.lo and the town very piftiircs swn restored by its development The main avenue of overland travel in the Carilno district is the famous " Cariboo road," built by the Royal Engineers and miners under the instructions of Governor Dniidas in the early sixties. From Aslicroft, on the main lin.' of tlie Canadian Tacili.' and Canadian Northern railways in the valh.y of the Thr.nii>son river, this famous road runs north throutih tlie IJonaparte valley to Clinton, the centre of the LiUooet district and an important point on the Pacific Groat F:ast.'rn railway. This part of the road is most prolific in rusrsred scenery. Above Clinton it climbs by a lonsf, steep windinh' (trade to the hifth plaUau lands of the intorior. Xort.h of Lac la Ilache, the east shore of which it follows, it reaches the CariUm division, l.W-.Mile House bein? the first important point within this division. AIh.vc this point the road soon takes a tuni to the west and meets the Fraser river at Soda Creek, following its east bank nortli to Quesnel. The distance from Aslicroft to Qmsii.'l by this road is 220 miles. Few such pi<.neer highways are to Ik." found anywhere in the world. Though it runs through a sparsely settled and ruKRcnl country it is in splendid condition and oilers a most serviceable and .scenic route to the interior. Koad houses are established all aloni; the way for the convenience of the trav(.ller though the present day method of travel is by motor-car. Stage cars, carrying passeneers, mail and express make n^tular triiK from Asheroft to Quesnel or Quesnel to Aslicroft often in a single day of ten or twelve hours. This road is omtinued easterly fmni Quesnel to Barkerville, an additional C5 Tiiiles. Other roads lead out from Quesnel to Prince George, Fort Fraser, Quesnel Forks and Hydraulic, Chilcotin and White's landing. The grade of the Pacific Great Eastern railway passes close tt) Qu(>siiel and it will doubtless be an important railway j.uint when steel is laid. At present the Fraser river steamboats give a regular service mice a week from South Fort (ieorge during the months of May to Octoler, inclusive. During the balance of the year stages run twice a week over tliis road. Auto stages on the Cariboo road can 1h> secunxl practically every day the year round. r.arkcrville is located on Williams creek in tlw Caribcx) mountains. Tliis little .nrk ill its day has produced about forty-five million d.dlars in gold. At one time tlie population of the Caril«>o was estimatee found at Barkerville. A little placer mining is still being carried .0 iuul It is hoped the introduction of madiincry will revive the iudustr>-. als > that many quartz veins, known to b.' rich, will shortly be exploited. The completion of the Pacific Great Eastern railway will do much to revive mining in this section. Tha 72 Cinlnil lirilinh I'oliimliin .liMrirt i. ..ul nf H„n.M.lt..rBl limit- H..rkrrvillo l.avii.tf >xu ..Irvati..,, .,f ..v.t 4,(M».> f,M.t I.1..V.. ,..,,-l,.v..l. I.itfhttui.tr ..n famous through tluir yUU- of KuUl. 0„ I.i«htnin« arc- fuund cntn* at \V...ff,l.,m, U.MiMT I'a«^ ami Staiilf.v ..r Van KinltU' i»'-t otfi.r. gu.-ml Fork- a.ul llydrauli.- .^n^ ;.!>.. -LI niininw .•.utr.^ in tlu- Wu.-n,.l nvr di,tri.t. ilav an. rca-'lu-l l.y a wapm pmuI fn-.n Ou.>n.-l. Ik.avor -n.rk j.un* the Qui«u-1 river at Ik-averniouth an.l in ils vall.v ar.^ f,.uM.l »..„„• .xolU-nt a^uultural U,„d.,. AU.u. n.i.hva.v u,. tix- valUw i^ l!...vor lu.k.- ,...-1 ,.«.•<• an.l ^ottl.-nK-.U, Il.m point i8 alM. roa.lHMl l- wn.-.n r-.a.ls tr..,n Alrxaudrla. S,..la Cr.vk and I.-.0-M.I0 II..u.e. t-a.U.rly via gu.>n..l and C.rii iak... (^hm,.! i. a l-n,^ narrow lake bran.-l.i«K into two arm. towards .1,.. ..,>.. (inn, nnml.,r. of i-la-.^r c-k.ms are Watrd al.out it in a.,.i.-;,,ation ol l,>dnu,li. o,«Tatio,w. K'.i.Ul.v Cr.vk i-.^t otliro Is l,K.at..l on (aril lak... (^.. -n. 1 lA- i- aUo „n .xt-uMvo s,;,wn.n« U'd t.n- FraHT rlvor :»i-'kf.vc ^nlnion. ,• . • . Fn.n. a .tandroint of ,h^-11,1o a.ai.-ultural .lovolopnu-nt tlu- (_aj-d>oo distrirt mi^.ht 1.0 .•..nMd..r...l nn.l.r thr,.- divisions nanaly, tlu- Fra..r vall.'v an.l a.lj.,unnK lK.n.'h ian.l.. tl,o Cl.il.'otin . -untrv ,„ iIk. w...t and iIh- Williams and HorM-tly .l,.tr„.ts to tlu- -ouil,.a>t. In tl,.-- .li>tri. .- ar- fou.i.l a wi.l.- ranir.. ..f .•l.niat.'. altitud,- an.l .oil On tlu-..- fm-t.,r> will .l-p.-r.-l to ;, l.,rp- .-xt.nt tlu- nat.r- ..t a^'ri.-uUural a.-t,v>ty U..t snitod to tlu- varion, l.H-aliti.-. i:.nu-l^^.^ .lairvtnr.ninu ,n,d fru,t-pnnvu.K nil |,.,v.- a ,.la.-.-. Sonu- -.-.-ti..,,- l.av.- ,.l.nt,v of ,,n-.-i|.itation wbiU- o,l,.-rs r.-.,...r.' irr.- tr-.tin- to «,-t iH-t n.-ult.. Kou^M.v -p-'^kinir tlu- lin.it of -lu- -o,„l„Tn .nt.-rior dry l,elt mi^rl.t W .ai.l to 1„- r.-a.-h.-.l at S„da (^..-k. li-low tl,i> poin. tlu- Fra..-r vall.-y, ag n rule, require, irrigation, vl.il.- to tlu- n.^rtl, it i- not al.-olut..ly nc-.-o..«ary thou^'h iio->ii>lv a iiayin^r ia-o|Ni>ltioii. . . Tlu- iHopl,- who tir-t .-anu- t.. tlu- ( aril-o di~tri.-. did -o for tlu- ,mr,.o.... of mnuni,' ^.old not lookinL' for f.rn, lan.ls or aKTi.-uItnn.l o|,|..-rn. Any otlu-r o.-,-u,.a..o.. ,l,an nnnin^ or -u-h work as wa. dir.,-tly an.l .-. .-.-s^arny ,.,„, ..-l with it wa. nov.-r ...riouslv ,-i.l.-rod. ll.-n,-,. tlu- f.r,nin. ,>o.-il,iliti,- of tin- di-lr>,-t w.-n- btrhtly „v.-rlook, .1 S„,-!, a;:ri,-ult,n-al .MM-ration. a- w.-n- .-arri.d o„ l.y a f.-w nu-„ .n -.-att.-rvd ],„-dit.i,^ w.T,- .loMo M, only 1„ ~o„u- forn. ..f .-o.nu-.-tion will, .!..■ man. industry. ,„i„;„„, „„1 ,„„ witl, a vi..w to ,h.. ,.,.rn,an.n.-y of ,1„- .-aliin.'. F.arh.v farmmu' ..tforts w.n- in tl,.- sa.n,- .at.ji.ry ;,> n-a-lliou..- k. . pni- and fn-iL-l.tn,-.-. in ta,-t Iron, ,lu. „ld road li.u-.- .Mal.l.-lud at ,-1 oi.-.- 1, -aliti.^ all alon^ rU- ' hav,- .-voivd Hu- lii^t farni-r.-ad- .if tlu- di-tri--t. |„ ,1,.. I n, .lavs a- many a. r-Tly or tifty fn-ivl.f t..n,> w.-r.- oon-t.intlv puni,' „,, ;„„i ,l„wn th,. Cariboo road. A- .-a.-l, t.-ani .-on-l.t.-d -f four, mn or .-v.-n .-iirht |,„rM-. tlu. l,UMm-s- -r.-at,-d l.y .lu-ir ,,r, - n,- -an 1 ,-ilv in,at.in.-d. A :rr.-at .l.-n, nul ,ro-.- for a.-.-omnu-.lati.ai at fr..|i..i,! int.-rvrl- al -iil- t!,.-.- > -i. - t-r tlu- i-.n.v fri-i.^ht.-rs. min.-r- an.l trav.-ll.-rs that thronv..! th.- way. With a vi.w to s<.-unn^ th s husin.- nan -.-h.-t. d .-hoi,-.. h„-a,io„s .1,,,... tl:.- rnu.l. .r.-.-to.l .-omnuMlh.us r-ad h.-u.-s ,nd -fahl.s. <-h-ar.d an.l plant.-l v.-Ln-tMhh- i^ardm. and oat fu Ids a.ul ..rHn.d up laru'.- „H-adow- f..r tlu- p.-od.i.-tion of -uppH-^ for th.-ir tr ,.i.-. Oats sold for from :.' to -t and ov. ■■ as hid. a. >> rents a pmi.,.l. Hay hroujrht an .^lually pn.fitahl.- pneo. rca.-l,.n<-' as hidh ns .fl'JO p.-r ton during tlu- <-oi!,tru.-:ion ..1 in.- (iran.i Trunk Tacific railway. This has how. the extent and t^tyle of farming- iiululped in heretofore. Inde«l it ooul.l not w.-ll .xpand heyond s„.-h s.-ope. The worklmr ..f the mines and the huildi..;i The Citrihoo Dutrift of tl«' riiilwii.v iT^'iitt-il II Itxal iiHirkt't fcr u liinilfil iiiii"tiiit nf Mupplic* anil Im'.voiiiJ thi* tln'ff miild Ix' iii> fX|iiiii-iiiii witliiiiit fiivouriilili' liimius of triiii>|N)rtiiliiili In inorfi rxlclisivc HMtrkt'til. Tlic iilil murkcis Imvc practii'iill.v fiiiiid himI tlif distrii-t liii» U''>n cxinrii'in-iiii; .i jirriml iif iifiir--tHiniiitii.ii jn iidiiiK thf ^/.tlll)li^llln(•llt nf new «iii«'>. UudiiMl cliiiiij.'!-^ in llic wluili' liiillif.d iif fiiiidiH'tiiiK tiKlli niiiiliin and fariiiiiijr ninriitiipii-* arr abuut ti> li<' iX|iiTi«iii-«d. Tin- coiiiiiletw'n of tlif I'acitic (ireat Ea»'»'ni railway should -^avf tlit' -iluatioii. It will ifivc n dint-t routf to Vancouver and hy way of rrinco (ifortfi' to I'rini'i- I!u|Hrt and Kdniofiton, It would also ai>l*<'ar that lli(< short (jap hctwiTii Clinton and A*ln'roft i-ouid l>e oonnfx'tt'd by stifl to (rood advaiitaiff, tiiiis '/ivintf more ,lir«'*'t connectioM to the onst and south. In&t^ed of lia'. iiitf the consunur i-otnc to tin- old road lioUM' on th<> raiu'li for his -iippli'''', tin- ranch niii!»t now U- prci»,ircd to iivolutionizc tiio whole sy^t«'!ii hy shipping its supplies to tla' consiiincr. The river hottonis and bench hmdn of the Fraser are admirably suited to dair>- farinintr. Tlw? climate i^ mild. Hay and clover prow nKist atiundanlly and the more 1. 11. ken area.s on liillsides afford excellent (fTa/inK. Friiit-nvow Inir south of Soda (.'reek should i>rove protitable if the land were irripi'teil, while north of tliis iwiiut small Iruil- and potjitoi^s do exct-ediuKly w>'ll. Apples can be (.'rown, though as a coiii- iiierci:,! iindeitakinp alone would hardly he advisable. Strawberries ^row to pfrf«vtl,.n. N'orth of Quesnel tliere is considerable p- Mile hike, about wliii-b then' is i;ipnd land all surveyed. From Cottonwood canyon to Fort ( ii-orjie im,' hilly and broken but is.mprisiii;; u 1 pa>t\irc land. Kcr-ley. Al.xandria and Macalister po-t offices lie alonp thi- -ection. .\ number ..f creck-^ . i/i.-r the Fraser on the west side oppo-ite this section, of ubi.-h the prim-ipal arc Haker, De-ci'.rs. Xariyisli and ilaekin. Tlay l.av,. -utficieiif il.iw t.. irriirat<' con- ■iili-r.iblc laiul of which several small areas are i..und in tbe-e V[iiley-, While the <-b..icest lands are usually f-.und in the bottiiu. of the vallev tbcn- are liirue area- of Kood b<-:ich lands. Of tbof-i- surveyed it has l>een e-timated als.ut one .l,;..,] ,.., .,,, .,v(.rji"e is suitabU- for cultivatio!!. ibiit !<. the :u-erau;e KKl-acre lot will pa t 50 acres of pood tillable land. The balance will be ino-tly available for iici- wood. The-c benches are well watered but ■ture anil what i- left will proi Ciiitrnl Ftritiiih CdUihi' oi Kulijcot to i«iminifr frc^t. Iliiy mul "atM ilu ( > ■cnliiis.'l.v well ..i rliat hii.-Ii fariin iif IftMil for diiiryiiitf luid -iiiiill niiK-lii-x. ("att.o will niiiiirc ItMilintf fnr tlirt'*- !•> four or four iiikI olio liiilf iiioiitli^ liiro iliirliiu' llio wirili r. VoKctiihlin nii|ilo«i nnd niiniliir 'oit i!» ami friiil'< .iily fair Ui uiiciTt.iiti. 'i'akiinr tlic Qih-ikI ili-tri>'l n- a wlido if uppoar-i to Lo 1114. *t p rtii-i 'irly ^iiit.il to ilair.v fanning. Tlu' cliiiiiifc i- v.r.v ;i«ro.alplo aiol 'l-iiry Mttio tlir.-,. rx.o) 'ioiially well. Tlio sunimcr imstiiro if iilcntiful and nutritivo, wal.T pure ami pltr tilul, aioi winter fodiler of tlic elioieest liny, eliAer and oats eaii lie urowii in alun'taiiee. In tlu- ,-oiitlioastprly I>nrt of this divisi.ii tln-re is a larire di-iv;.'t tlitt pron. se^ to prove (Xftcdinjfly vnhiahle for stock rni-iiiH;. It cMeinN from Willi^nrss lake on tlie ('aril'i«> road easterly !■. Ilor^elly laki', uiil.'ti lii's a I'evv iiiile,^ -o^illi of (^lesnel lake. Williams river Hows iiorlhwi si, rly frdii l-ae lu llaelio tlir.MiL- Williams lake anil enters the Fra*cT a few miles helnw So.hi Creek. The diriln'o r.>ad an i railway prade follow it elosely. Willianw Lake po-l ..tti.M. and l.Vt-Mile Il.ai,,- are 1 the .■entre of this jteefion. A nuiiiher of r..aiU run •;< rtheasterly to the ll-if-etly .listriet in whieh tla- principal .si>l thnieiit is cm I ered aintiit Harper's Camp. Tiic ram.'e , tlie Ilornetly u. II in the-,- neetions. The farnoii.s Chilcotin runehiiiir district Iie> w.^st i,f tin- Fras( r river in the southern part of tlie Cnrilto and the north part ..f the I.iHooet diviaioiiK. It cm- prises a va.st elevale«l plateau extimilintr fMin the Coa-t raiiire ,.f mountains easl.-rly. It is eut with numerous deep valh'ys, the prin<-ipal of which is that of the Chilcotin river. The Ix.ttotn lands of these valleys are vitv fertile and uli.n irrinated pr.iduce prolific eroiw of all varieties of grain, (rrass and fruits common to the provinee. The upper lands are fairly oin-n with numerous natural meadow~ hut on aeoount of their elevation are suhject to summer frosts. Adddl to this drawback is the liRlit precipitation prevuilintf which has cau.sed these plateaus to he rej.vt.'.l as larmin- lands and divoled only t.> rannin«. The climate is ,>omparalively mild, cattle re<|uirinir winter feeding for an average main trihiitaries of the Chiltsitin are the Chiianko and Chilko rivers, which rise in the Tatla and Chilko group of lakes. One mountain peak, the .\iiahim, with an elevation of over tJ.iUHt feet, stands out as a striking landmark visihh' fr,uii luMrly every part of the Chilcotin i)lati>au. As a range country the district is already sulficiently, if not exe<^tisively, stocked hut it is hilieved that hy practi-ing dry farming motiiods large areas of range land could i>e ma(h' nmre pfiiiaiHc. It is iR..-s;hk- that the ,id,-.ption of si;cii methods will result in n:u
  • ' h"iiiit^t<';iil ai Kiaiu-ins lakf. British Columbia. Central Britinh Columbia THE FORT ERASER DISTRICT The Fort Frneer Land Recording Division includes the drainiifie area of Xeehako river except for the last few miles of the river's valley, which are within the Fort George division. The Nechako is the main branch of the Frascr in the central interior part of the province. Flowing from the west it drains the great areas of fertile plateau lands that gently fall way from the summit of the Cascade or Coast range of mountains. At Prince George it joins the main branch of the Fraser, which, rising in the Rocky mountains, flows in an opposite direction through an ever-widening valley of rich lands and valuable woods. Meeting from these opposite direction.s the watere now flow southerly to join the sea at Vancouver which lies almos* due south of Prince George and nearly 325 miles distant in an air line. The Fort Fraser division is traversed by the Grand Trunk PaciH.- railway from west to east midway between its northern and 'southern boundaries. Commencing at Rose Lake, on the summit between the Skeena and Fraser watersheds, or more locally between the Bulklcy and Endako rivers, the railway follows the latter river easterly to Fraser lake. Thence skirting the south shore of this lako it crosset. the Xoehako, which flows from the south to almost enter the lake at its eastern e.xtrrmity. The Nechnko now swings east and the rnihvay follows it* south bank to Prince George. Midway between Fraser lake and Prince George the Stuart river join.^ the Xeehako from the north. This i>oint approximately detiii.s the easterly limit of the Fort Fra-.r Land Division. It e.itends northerly to the Arctic-Pacific divide, westerly to the Skeena-Fra^e^ divide and southerly to the heiglit-<.t-laiul parting the draiuiig.^ area of the Xeehako and it!< tributaries from tliat of the Dean and Bhiekwater. Jts boundaries are very irregular but its average dimensions are nearly 125 miles east and west by 150 miles ni>rth and south. Thir' area probably contains more agricultural and grazing lands than any other of e(iual extent in British C<.himbia. Belcri' the completio.i «f tlie Grand I'nnik Pacitie railway this splendid district was witlinut niean> of transiiortation and was tluT.t'ore unsuitable for extensive settle- ment purposis. Its favourable climate, higlily jiroduetive soil and general qualities that are e>>entiiil to a M'occs-ful agricultural cniintry liave long boon known. I'ort Fra-.r, at the ea>t end .if Fra^.-r lake aiid Fort St. .Iami> at tlie ea-^t end of Stuart lak.-. were established as trading posts by the Northwest Company in IHMi. The diaries of rtt-ident otticLals of this, and Uit.r of tho Hudson's Bay Company, bear ample testimony u( the f^uccvss attained in limited borticiilt\iral and agricultural undertakings coiidtieted about the.«e po-t^. :Maiiy entries also connneiit in glowing terms ^n the future po.-^ibi!i♦ie- of tlic di.-trict at laj-g<- along su.Oi linis. The ieac- ces^ibility of the district, and the absence of markets even if settleui.'nt were for.'rd. have held back this large area— and possibly fortunatel.v— from earlier e.xploitati.u. Along the Grand Trunk Pacific railway fron. west to east the country fall~ into three mitural local division^, natnely. the Fndako valley and Burns lake distri.f. the Fraser lake district and the Xeehako valli'y district. Xorth of the railroad tbt-r.- are two principal seitioiir worthy . lakes di.-lrict and the upper NcM-luiko valley. The Fort Fraser DUtrict 77 1 Still fartlier south and on higher altitudes are some good prazinp districts al)otit Chpslatta lake. ETitiako river and Kutsuk ln!r .«sterly |i)a.ss.« throii^'li Dtn^k.-r an.i Ihirw- lakes. The station of Pallinp is I.M.at.d alvne tlie head of ll.vk.r lake, prac- tically on the ridKe between the Endako and Bulklcy rivers. There is a little ff,>o,| land here and more of a liKht and pravelly nature. Decker Lake station is iocat.d about midway along the north shore of this lake a.>d to the nortli a.,d west i> v„nc fairly good land, lightly wooded with poplar and jack pine, open for settlement. .\t Burns lake a townsite was surveyed and sold in 1017. It i,. expcted this point will become the distributing centre for the Eraser i.nd Ootsa Jakrp district and the Hal.ine lake country, wagon roads leading out in both directions. Very rich black alhivi,.! foil with clay subsoil is found about Burns lake and vegetation is very profuse. From Burns lake to Endako the bottom lands of the valley consist of a ri.-h l.h.ck loam with rank vegetation. On the ben<-hes the land is usually lighter but fro.- from st,.n.s. Endako is a divisional point on the railway and tlie town is growing rapidly, th.- sur- rounding land being now nearly all settled on. Endako river empties into Eraser lake a few miles east of this point. The total length of this river, from Hose jnkc to Eraser lake, is about ',0 miles. The valley pr<,per does not average much ov.t a mile in width hut the low bench lande extend considerably buck on either side. The Eraser lake district contains an area of good agri.'ultural land .stimated at ir.,(KK) acres, together with much rough land suitable for grazing. .Most of this land lies south of the lake, but good land with a uniform settlement extends all around the lake. The soil is a white clay silt, with vegetable loam, and is very fertile and .asy to till. Eraser lake is about 12 miles long and 2 miles wide. The Endako and .Stallako rivers enter at its western extremity. A short outlet, the Xauthr^- river, at the easten. end. drains into the Xechako. The railway a.id a wagon road follow tli,. south shore, nhile the old government telegraph line follows its north shore. The old trading post of Fort Eraser is located it the northeast corner of the lake and is about 5 miles .li>tant from the new town.site and railway station of Fort Eraser. A wagon road .oiinwts them. The land recording office for this division is located at the new town, lor over one hundred years land in this vicinity has been cultivat.tl and the j-roduc- tiveiiess of the district has In'on amply vcrifi.^l. Ab.ait this lake are locate<| mmiy "oIhako river has its iirce in Xatalkuz and Cheslatta lakes. It Hows in a northeasterly din ction for about niiles to the east end of Fras»T lake, then turns easterly and «ows for about 100 1J3 Central Brit'ish Columhii miles to j.nu tlu- Fraser at Prinfo (ieorgo. It has a strong swift current and is prov.n.eut. it is believed this run eould be extended some 35 miles larther up stream. . On both sides of the river the valley gradually rises and spreads out into a vast Pentiv rolling' pi .teau extending northerly to Stuart lake and .uutherly to the 1 la.^k- ^vat,■^ divide. Its average elevation is about 2,400 feet. The surfaee is gently r.dl.ng. well watrred and well drained by numerous small strean,^. S.veral sin a 1 lakes are also found, of whieh the principal are Tnchiek, Xulki and Sinkut, lying a few m.les south of the railwav. Fift. -n or twenty years ago this plateau wa> more open than at present, much of ,he"s„rraee having recently been covered by a light growth of poplar. -,.ru,;e .nd black PH.... On the whole, it is now lightly wood..l with many meadows and .-mall patehesof prairi, ..eurring. Most of the trees will av.rage fron. throe to hve .nehes I dian.eter. wirh a few of large dimension. This plateau very much --- ; t^^^^ -park land," o, the prairie provinces. The advantages der.ved from the slu^^lte aiords are eonMaen.bl,.. while the yield of tirew 1 and feuen.g and bu.ld.ng ma.erud is of no .small value to the settler. i .:, c iit The soil of the whole district is nuiiomdy rich. cons,.st.ng of a deep depoMt ot , „J, with a el„ late loam, ex^ndiog fron, .i.- U, thirty feet deep and r.^t.ng , . a Z'^-'n. Th,s silt is believd to i. the reman, of a pre-histonc la e b.^. wh ^ 2- cover..! this nr and is exeeedingly rieh. The whole ,- fur.h.r ..nhaneed b, the i,re-enee of n -«--"<; .Jl, farnung. The wnfrs are f.... cold. M.t .,t severe. bngM ^^^^^^^^ ,i.,v .ree fron, winds. The -nowfall is mediun.. The s.anmer- are -'-^ / ^"^ hright day. and -ool n>ghts. Summer frosts are rare and d.app. ar as the land "'■" xljch-aring of the land has been found to average about *,2.nO per acr. i.-huling ...nping. .ood unimproved lands may be .-"j^''-'- -;-;-- t" ! ^ ,^-.-. p,.r acre. A number of improved farm> are al>o h^tcnl or sale. An., -N r.nd Settlement Board Ib located to the north of Vandorhoof. This dis,ri..> i. fairlv well M.ved by roads, which are be.ng extended > ear !■> >■ .^r T , 1 , v.nd,.rl f Fa-terlv from Fort Fraser the railway .t.n^.ns ■'''''•;:::V:: .t: , -^ V .'..'w.f ..d S^kutt. T,. pr^^lpal centre of th, X;;. :: :>: ^ Van^.rhoo;. to ,he sent,, lie Sinkutt Lake and Mape. on ,.. - ■ , , ;. ,„.rth ,-f the river is Chilko seltl.-ment and post otVe. 'rr:::;:: :;„::: ;:,:;r::vL. ^. ^n .,. ..«,., ».. .--.-.. ..; «." '- ''> '■■ ^'"'";" '"'"■ '" ' ■'; , „ T,„. I I S,..,l.„.,„ H.«r,l :.,. 1„„1 l,,r iMir.lia-r and -.-in." open tor !>n-.mpnon. . ■ ., .■ ;, ' nn,,„.r ..f n-Uirned ..hli.-r^ on the land, and tier,, i, n„w^.pi,te an in.lnx o, : ^ti s constantly arri.in. The di.rie, is pre-eminea.lv suited for da,.- ini.n,.. :Z sLdl ranching. A ready market is available for all su.h pn,d„... In the ow . "ll,.rh..or ar,. f„und all the rcuisite place, of l,„sine=s ueee..ary for th i...... n„ ■1 The Fori Fra.", r Di^trlrf ^ and trade orf the district. A live Ii.,ar.l of trad. Juto is alert to future woliar* of the vahey an.l .ntending s.ntl.rs or tho... int,..v-t,>d iu thi, locality ..a.rno, ,1., 1,..,,.. ,l,an wTite tho seiTetarj U,t di.sirt'd iiirnrmafion. The Stuart lakr. district is an extension. ,:, a northerly ami w.^t.-rlv direction, of the ^c.•haIco district. It contains very sin.ilar .ands, .K.ually valuable .x.ept f„r ih. lack of railway fue.htie.s and U.. the advantat'.- of contaii^np much larger ,,r,n~ .,,..„ for pre-emption. The centre of thi.. custriet is Fort St. fames, a Hudson's I5,,v „os. otablushed ly tho Xarthwcst Company at .h.. south.-ast end of Stuart lake, i„ the year 180(1. A ua.-„n r,.r,d :^ mile.s lonp c,„„„..t, a with Vanderhoof. Ther,- is aNo a tra.l to I-ert Fra.-er, a trail to Fort .M,„.L,.od and .■, trail f, Man.on < rck The two latter cross the Aretie-Pacifie divid. to the upner I', ace Kiv r distri.t. The Stuart lake country is very extensive and includes three lar^r.. lake- Sn,-,r' Tremhlay and Takia, om an almost opin.Mte dir.etion curves around and join. ti„. >t,.art at the outha of the lake. The two are practically one and the -ame river draininfT the lake at this sharp hend. Xavigatim, is possible on these waterwavs for r..ats of cnsiderable .size, a 7(»-foot st.amer havinf^ a.-eendcd from Que^inl d.irinp the boom days of the gold ru.sh. It is e-timated that then, are many hundred thousaial acres of firM-cIass arable land in tlie Stuart basin. Areas suitable for grazing are more extensive, and while no - tinite estimate can be made without more cmplete data b, ing swunii. there is no nbt that scattered locutions are to be foun.l all the way to the Man.s„n and I'ar>nip .aUeys s.id thence to the Peace. A branch line from the Grand Trunk railway would i.e of inestimable value in opening up this district, and there is no question that its il ■velopment under present cir. umstances will soon warrant the construction of such. Many n^fnrned soldiers are taking up land here. About liabine lake there is also a large tract of good agricultural land and large .r.-.is admirably suited for ranching. Much of the country is fairly ojk u and level or ^.ntly rolling. Wild grasas aii.l pc-avine grow most profu.sely. .Stock w,,iild n-piire !;trr fffdiiig here on account of the Mio-wfall, which is rather deep. I ill' sinitiiirn end of liabine lake is reached by an old trail fr^ni F..rt Fraser, Miwing th<- licavcr or SuthiTland river. A twelve mile wagon road leads acnss the l-rtage from this end of the lake to Stuart lake, on which freight teams are niain- ! iia'd by the Hudson's Bay C«np«ny during the summen;. Another road li«uls to !' !'ine lake t'n.ni Hitm^ hike. The ..Id Hazelton-Omeiiiea |iaek trail al-.. toueh,. the ie at old I'eri lialiiiu at the extreme n-rthwest end. This hike i> al.niit loo miles '■ and parallels the Huliine rangF of nionntniiis which lies to thi^ west of it. It e i!s by the Bahine river into the Skem^j alniie Ifd/ehjDn. The Kraneois-(>..i-a lake, district i> n-.w atlraei;iig l!,e ,,llei,ii,,„ of stH.^kinen ■leulariy. It ,,eeu|.ic- an undulating plau^ii, with an average eievatinu of about -' " f.^ei. is dotted with lak.N and has M.-a^t-red r.iht'.- and j.eal- ri.^ing fr..in .Mki Iu ' *'■'■' -''bovo tile lake levels. Around thes.' numerous lakes are found rich arable ■ •^- aiij i.iany b.iieiu-, and gwiily jlopiiig hilln-J -. wbicii are lightly woeded and gj, dntml BrUMi CnliimhUt ....r..d .i.b .rass and ...avin.-. O.h-r ,.nr,s hav. l.-avi.. wood, with o,.e„ .ra..y Trunk l>a-i«.. to Franeoi. lake. This lake is aUut 55 .n.les .n on.^h and 2i n,^. 1 r r nin;in nn oa.t and ...t dir-.ti.n. Tl,. road nu.t. it about rn.dway on th ,; -, ,r... A ...rrv -r s th. lak. here and th. road -ontinues southerly some 2 i a.ldi.iona, to ..ot-a h.ko. This h.k. is al.. h,n« and narrow nK-asur.n, abon ;.-, .ilc. .,v 3 n,il« .nd J.vin^ in a ,«.rtial ...^...t. the eastern part swnKnng.on^ewhat t..thee .- t^l. ;in..i„al -enlenu.n,s are f„u„d about Skins. S.H.nei.,. Tak.vs.e. ,1 n<-ha Molhc I ata- :l, Hiekle, Ta,ah,.se and Spud lake, between Francois and Oot^a l„kc« at.d about T,.!;;:.'.knt i;.ke to the ,,,.,1,. BukU. and Oo,-a Lake ,..t office. «re l-eated betw thi -e two larire lakes. . , , i ■ ,• Tbi. di^trut ,r .-.-to -levelop rapidly into a tir-t class t^.xed and da>ry-.arn,. i .„d Mnall ranchioK local,,... l.> clinu.tc is numerated to so.ne extent by warn, ,,,,.,.„. .vbirl, Hn.l their way tl.n.u^^b the coast ran«v ot n.ounta.ns K,n.uk ' .kc I.e. to the suutluveM .f Francois and Ot.sa lakes and m.^ht be ■uclu.iec „, ,„„., „, ,;;,. ,,„„. ai^trict. It ha- a sinnlar fonn and it. .urroundinR cpties only a few tnilcs above its confluence w>th the F raser. Mos o1 th. vallev i. included in the Fort Gi^^r,.- land division, the upper reach.v only be,n« u tia. Fort Fra.cr division. The l..tton, lands, thou^^h not e. -uithen. limit. _ Th.- Fort Fra<.r Land Divi-ion stands out pre-eminently as an n^'rieultur., Pountrv In all the other division, of Central Briti.b Cohunbia the pre.lonnnatu:.- indu.tri.^ are hshin;:-, n.inin.' ..r lumbering', with a.^rb-ulture taking an .nfenor pla. Here the land, apiear to be the greatest rcM-urec and their development alon^ ,hu . fartnins.' lines would appear to have most enti.Mng po-^sibilitic<. The Hazelton District 81 THE HAZELTON DISTRICT The Hazelton Land Recording Division lies immediately enst of the Skeena division and includes all the upper drainage areas of the Skeena river. It ia a some- what mountainous division but also contains several rich agricultural v.Ueys and plateaus. The Coast range of mountains fonns its westerly limit dividing it from the Skeena divi.*ioii. Tiio Boundary line between these land districts crosses the Skeena river and Grand Trunk Pacitic railway at Copper City, a few miles east of Terrace, the centre of the Kitsumftallum-Kitimat valley. Northerly the Hazelton distrii.-t extends to Skeena-Stikine divide and northeasterly to the Skeena-Omineca divide. Along the Grand Trunk Pacific railway it extends as far east as Rose lake, the heiglit- of-laiid between the Skeena nnd Fniscr river drainane basins. This height constitutes its easterly and southerly boundary. Within this division lies the main valley of the Skeena river from Cupper City to Hazelton. Its priiuipal tributaries in this section are the Copper and Kitwanga riveiv. .\t Iliiz.'lton the Skeena valley becomes divided, the river forking in opposite aireeti(Mis. The main river flows from the north, while the Bulkley here joins it from the sdutheti.st. A few miles above these forks the main branch is joined by the Kispiox and fartlier Uj. by the Babine. At ('op|).-r City th. re is a small settlement eoiuiected with the railway by a ferry and with Terrace by a wagon rond. Small fruits and vegetables thrive here. Tlie .-linuite i^ mild and this section might be included, for descriptive purposes, with the Kitsunigailuni-Kitimat district. Limited areas of good land are found on flats and l.( M.'h.- aloiiL- llw Ske..iia hut are not ext.'iisiv,.. The soil, however, is exception- ally go.ul, the .■liniate mild and the moisture ample but not exe.wsive. Such areas are admirably suited to fruit irrowing and truck and dairy farming and have the advant- age of rail aiul river traii.-portation close at hand. The Kitwanga v;dle.v contains some excellent lands with a considerable s.-ttlement. In addition to fruit.- and vcL'etables. hay and grain are growni and liv.- ,,tock raised. A \vag,,n mail h-ads uj. the vnUey f..r a U-w u\\\>-. tlieiie,. a trail cros>es tlie diviH.. Mid follows down the Crank-rry riv.T \.> the .\a^s. Th- pn-omiitorV uiaji ,,t' I'.tlO -li^'W.- -everal lots o])cn for setth-ment in this valley. ilazeltcn is a name romantic in the annaU of tlio rniniii;; a.-tivity of C.-nlral llntish Ci.himhia. For long years it was the animatiNl gatoway \.. ih,' !'am,,us i )miu'ra ■hstrict. Skei-na river sleamlH.at.-. aft.-i- l.attlin- tlioir hazard.. n- \..yaKos up th" :":.r..u,- raiiid- ..f ihi.- tiirl.iilont, watvrw,: . hore dis.-iiarg.Ml tlii-ir ,ar}..-....s ,,|' supplies I- !l]i' pla.-er camps of the intori..r. The busy sceues a.- minors iuid pa.'kcrs outiitte-l ■i- the lony -tri-Mii..iN mar.-|. over rnirged hills and tlir..m;li .leep valley.-, witii lli.ir l-M-t- ,*• l,nr.i. 11 l'..il.'win:r i.; i)atiiiit iir.M-e-si.,ii iaive n..w alm..st vaiii-li.M. F..it liahino, Hiilkl.y ll..ii-e and K..if Connelly are !i.,w listed a:- aban.i..m-.l. Tiie ill.' gold h....m i. .V,- i.a>-ei|, lt...iiL'li Ihcre i:- -lill a littli- traffi.- ,.v,t the o thi- ix.iiit I., iho ( ».i!!i:..i.n J !.|-ti.!.U. \\,<,,\ lays ,,f n)ute 1... tl I" lo centre i.f Id'. -till •ntiniies, in ,\ li.^^or 'vav. :ty t..i' II li-tiel :iui ^h ti-rlaincd that i !" the r>l 'I" I)lai ■i..* .a.\{ to ristiiri' Iht- t.innc.r aclniiv tl ■al an.l ial't/ mine- will di. Us:; -(! 82 Central British Columbia TliiTi' art' ii(.iiip piKxl iiKri''i'ltiiriil liimls in this vii'iiiity, particularly in the lower twi'tit.v iiiiicsi of till' Ivispii.x vall«>y- -V wapin mad extends nlxmt 40 miles up from Ilazeltou and a pack trail loads fartluT up. The valley of the Skeena is narrow but there are some pocxl beneh lands between the Skeena and Kispiox. All (trains, prasses and vejretahles (jrow well here arol the district is well suited to mixed or dairy-farniin>r. The Asheroft- Yukon telegraph line passes thmufrh ILuelton and follows the Kispiox valley. llazelton is lucated in the flats at the junetiim of the Skeena and Bulkley. Ifuzcltoii station, on the Grand Trunk Paeifie railway, which here follows a hi^h bench on the south side of the rivers, is alx)iit a mile distant. New llazelton is another station on the railway about fi miles east Near the junction of the Kispiox with the Skeeii'i is the old villase of Kisi>iox. Much of the bi':^t hind in this vicinity is held uiwk r Indian reservation. The Skeena, Kispiox and lower liulklov valleys in the vicinity of llazelton have an average elevation of nl>out l.fKlO feet above sea level. Ifa/.cltoii is iniotcids Tiid canyons, especially near its mouth. The elevation of Rose lake on the (Inind Trunk I'ai'ific. is 2.^03 feet while that of llazelton i.-t 973 feet. The railway closely follows the river throughout tiie entire valley. Rose lake is 300 miles east of Priiici' Rupert and New llazelton I'^O miles, so that the length of the Bulkley river is thus apprnxiniijtely 120 miles. In this distance its fall is 1,.390 feet, an average of 11 feet to the mile. The Bulkley valley thus lK>comes more of a plateau, with an eievntion varyiiii.' from 1,550 feet to 2,:!50 feet. Its width will a\erage from 5 to 15 miles with hillsidi' grazing lands beyond. The woods of the Bulkley valley are smaller tlian those of the Skeena and <^ t sisted years ago mainly of spruce. Much of the l:ir and jack pine and some small stands of old spruce. A couple of saw-mills are oper:i,. i in the district but tliere is no lui'ilx^r avaibil'b' for export. Tlie sr acre. Settle- ment area Xo. 1, administ<>red by the Land Settlement Board, lies east of the river and opposite the station of Quick. The principal centre of the district is Smithers, a division.' ,H,i„f on rho railway and now the seat of the Land IWordinsr Office for the Ilazelto,, division. It is a new nnlrond U.wn but growing rapidly a.ui has good hotel accommodation and a well established array of mercantile houses. I,s adjacent farming district lies on the north and east on the op,,osite side of the river where g,„„l roa.ls lead through some very fine farms and ranches. The Bulkley river is s,.a„ne.l her,. I,y a goo.l traffic bridge ' Betw.-en Sm.thers an l.ulkley canyon the Soskwa ri^er enters from the east. The Ifazelt. :n-Mans„n Crck trail follov.o it' norlii bank. Between Smithers and Rose Lake at the head of fhe valley are foun.l n,anv .h„i.e settlements where ;.gri.-ultnral o,-,ra.^ .ns l,avo been successfully carried on for ye,rs lelkwa, t.n nub- so.tb, is „„.■ of the best known centres of this vallev an.i in i, ' vK.nity are U, !«■ s,>en some of the e!i,.ic.:^t lands and l-st iniprov..d fWms ,.* tbe i5u!kley, es,H.e,ally aroun.i .Maclure la!;o. Tatb.w is a station betwwn Sniithers ^nd Telkwa an.l ,- al>u located in the uv,U, of a g,..Vi f;,rniing sectio-i. Hubert is ,he next station south of Telkwa and it al.,, has a g.K«i ..ountry surrounding it. Ti,- valley here attains its great-s! widtli -.n,! alvont U-roix lake, which lie^ a o.uple of mihs east of Hubert, are found some of fhe .,Li established ranclw-s of th.- vmII.v Qiiick. centre of the I mid Sertleni^it u^.. .s the ih>xi station, 'y.uth ,f this M.e valley is narrower an.i U-lw Barrett iaU it muk-s ., big bend, assuming, a n.„n :.-neral oust and w. st dir.-.-linn. Waicott and Harrett stations ar<- loeat.Hl norta <,< ihe i , u.l, the latter being conf.«<.'ted Ly n waffun road witt. Hurrett take a .ouple o' ■'.lies distai.t. «here other hir-re ran.'hes an- located. Cocni rzime land i-^ found h.r, and to me south Bome choice agricuitorai lands with 8..utliw*-tem slop.-. Morice riv.:.T and lU.ck rre- k ent<- th. HulkW fr„n- the south at the big lH>n.I Houst.a U,\nu t-outed at the ni,.uth of the Litter. The valleys .,f U,th these tributaries .'■titain -^le gi^.d lK)tt<,m lands for a f.nv miles with hillside gra/in- lan.ls. I'roin tiit Morice I., a few m^h* alnive Iloustoi is PW..«nt \a!ley or North Bulkley, a partic i'i:i"ly '-h ,■ se. tinn .f l'.*' Bulkh-y. Ilie valley then t..-..it.es nar.n,w, tb. . levati .n iTicrea.siw, and the gt«^ lamls an ■olifined for tb- m st j. ,r- .-, alluvial rial- an! scattered patches on the bechcs. Les>: -pon land , f,,„nd and ligi.t, r s-nl occurs. The principal Si-ttleioent i: ,in. o|,p,.r !«»rt of the valley i, ^-u. South Bulkley. The riilway stati.a. here is ealbnl Koresrd.ie. r-tween Houst.n h:.4 South Bulkley are Knockh,.lt, Pcrtnv and Toph v ,tatio.«. and li g^ Crnlral BrifUh Coliimhui t„ th.. in..l U..*.> Uxko at tho ...tnmit of the vulU-y and c. tl.o .'asfrly U^u.uiarj- -f "'« Ilazoltuii laml iHvii-imi. . Th<. Hulkl.v vall.-v i. trav..rM,l tl.n.uRhont l,.v th.- (Jrand Trunk Pa.-.t..- railway „n.l a main wa«,.n r,.a..r f ro,,s ..eur in plaees. Th.-se are In-lieved to U- e.-asin,^as the land l«-on,.. ..l..ar..d up. Taken as a wh-le the valhy is n.,>.t suited to mixed and da.ryfarnung ur ranehii.K wh.r-' sutH.-i.-i.t ran*.'.- is availal.h-. \si.l,- from th.-.. pi.rsuiU mining is the prin.^ipal i.uli.>try. I la- s,lv..r-U-a.l .l.,,.,M,s w.-t of Smithers and the eoal-ti..-ld, w.-t of T.'lkwa an- lu-liev..! to Ik.- n.h .,„,! ..M.-n-ivo. The ,l..v..lopnu.n. nf th,-,- an.l oth-r pn-spc-c'tiv.- n„n.-s w,ll ,lo n>u.-h „. in,.r..as.- th.. d..n,an.l for fann pro.lu,..- an.l provide an ever-in.-r.-aMnt? loeal n.ark..t. This distrii-t promises t^i ilevehip rapidly. THE SKEENA DISTRICT The Sb^na l.an.l K,...ordi>,« LiviMo,,. with nlin.- offi.v .t I'rin.-e Kii,K-rt. ;n..lu.l.- n..;.rlv all the .-oast lands of ('..ntral lirl.i>h (olnn.hia. that i. the ar.-a lyin. we.t of the C.a-t ..,• ('a.-Md,. r.u,^.. of M.oUMtain. whieh fnrm> it- .-ast.-r. l.oundary. On the north th.. divid.. h..w....n the Stikine ami Na-> water-h.-ls in approxmiafly ;,„i„ule :,: i- i.> houndary, while „n th.. w... it i- linnf,! hy .■.,• Ala>kan honndary. Portland .-anal and the tnain .oast. Southovly th.. diyi.on e.„.n,l. " ^''1";"" sonn.l Hetwe..n this hody of water and latitu.l.- r.2 .s toan.l th.- IVllakula d.-.r,. - '.vl.i,.!, r^-h.lv l„.lo,.,^s to Cntr.l I!ri,i.-h C-hnnhin. It falls within the \ ane„uv..r land di.^ion. hut for par,«.-.- of d.-.-rip-ion is in-lu.l..d with the Ske.-na d>v,s,o„ This .iistri.-t .-annot he ..alh-d, hy any stn-t.-h of tt... in.auMnation. an .-rieultura o,„. 1. i- n.ountMinon. a.nl kv .n.l hmk,.,, up Ky nuna-r,,,,. imvular ml.t. tro,. ,lK.VaciHe oeean. Many of ,!„■ n.nnnt.in. ri>o .■v..n ..U.ve timln.r hue and M.t^.-..n, soil for a^rioultural pnr, i- f-und only in th-. L.tlonw ,.f ,he narrow v.lley- •n,,..,. .,... .n..-t honvily w I-I. Tho ..H-.te a!-o i- nufa^ ..m•.l.^. tor ..r.lmar io'i-i.-iiliuv... ii.inL' mild Imi: .x.-i -iM-Iy «• t. Il,,w..vri- tlrr.. Ml.. f..und iti thi- .;: 'vi. , ..riain -.•.■ti.-i..^ w!....li prov,. .x.rptio,.- ,„ ,1, ..,„.r;,l ruio and a- M.-h h.v .nh d vah.-. Wl,,-.-- -urh f .vmrahl nd: ,i„„. ,,,. !, ,mh1 irnduo,. i> ^TMun in i.l.n.y .nd ,■.■;,.!> n.arU.-t- a-v .lw:,y. a. han-i. l.„ml.,rin.. ti-l::n^ .n-l unnio^ hav,. v..rUr<\ a hid - r -im.-' ..f d, ^ .Lpn,. n. horo ,h. :,. ,„, ,,,1,,,. „;,,.| ..I C.n.n.l l!nli-l. ( ■..Inml.ia. li . n fn,-,. the inn: :.ro.- o! iavou .1,1.. a^rl.-ulnn-al land- ul.i.-h .1 ..-or .>■■ •■'. ' -v 'Inoi ..r.linars in.,..„.|:.n..... The B..l!a .oi:! vall..v i- .d...!.i t" n. ;,t It- in..lltl. ao.i half a mil., at it- upi...!- .■.. lUt;'. h.iv nrj wi.lii: ..!' jli.iut ■'. mi'. 1. Si. . .. iri'iininin- h.ni it in ■m '...ili -i.! ;;;„! .',11.- ..n.l M,..an.ain -i.l. - h— ! " l--':> --'l'"'- ■'■'"■ -''■ ^ ""'^"'■"' ^ 1 I,.;,,:. „ -an.lv l..an, an.l w...l a.l,|.;...l T., ti,-. ni-.l^ ..^.n -l -n... 1 frui.- p„tat..e-. V,..,.tai.i..- an.! lay ;.n- al-. =^r,.wn .i.un.lv.Ks Th,. -H'o^.u- i- n.-M .. v.Tv pl.a-ant. /-ro u-alh, r !>. ini. -M-n. . n. ..unt. r...l. ^" A tr:ii.iirr's oabni mi th' iTinK of Parsnip river. Mount Hobsoii. the hi^^u■^t oi t'aiiadinn pt-aks. from (Jt-aml Trunk I'ai iiic Kallw3.y. .%■■ ■ ■M' ""••■». ■'SB .1. v-m-^f/' sd (' ntrid Briliiih Columliui n.-nttkiil,i tu*ii. lit til. .titlot '.f tho volloy. i* a port of rail for coast •tcamorg, nnd 1* pruvidi-.! » lii lii-- ii»iiiii plaws of l)ii!.in<-!«H. It iiIhu Iiuh connection with the int.ri.ir l..v a tt'IfKruph 11\m runniiiK up the valloy and ncro-w thf Ohilcotin country to ton the I>oiiiinIon (iovcriinu'nt's Ashcroft Yukon wire on the CariUm road. A waKon road ixtciids about lU miles up tlif vnllcy iMyond which a trail follow* the tclcffraph line. Other .lUtrrH ,.f settUiiiii t nro lliinenl.urs;. 12 miles up, Sloan, center of an Atlventi- .•i>l..ii.\, :•••' mill'- up. :iih1 Aliiiirku iiiar the head of the valley. The lands have all U. ii tiil>' ii iiji tor ionie time Many XirrwcKians liave setlKd here and enirnKC ill fishiiiir a- a side !iT,e. A eoiiple of saw-mi. ' are also operatLil. Bellakula has the distincti< f U .g llie i«.int at or near which Moxander Mackenzie, the first white mini to cr.-.- tli.' eoiitineiit, reached the wat. r,- of the raeifie ocean in ITilS. The Skeeiui wilhy, from the Coast mount lins tu the sea, is also a narrow valley and contains only a :'ii = iie«l n.aomit of ii-T.cultural land. It has .splendid trnns- portall.n -IvantHKe- .ver. The 8 ill the Omi. .■■ i -i.-aiol.o:,t> plied as far up as Ila/elton. w.'ll beyond the Coast range. Port K.ssinsh.ii ^ ■ cated at the nioiifli of the river while Prince Rupert, the Pacific teripi"Us of th. (.rau.l Trunk Paciti.-. is I'leatinl on Kaion island, practically in its delta. A 1 unilnr of islands, f...nied i.y riv,-, Mt and sand, and flats and Ix-nchea of varyine ' '^tent. cuiu-titut. tiie acri.'ultural laiM- <.f this section. They are found in irregular a. as and scall.iv.l h.r,,ti,.n,. M..st •; lla. I .-t himl is, .,r 1ms been, heavily timbered, but it i.s now nearly "H '.il^*" "P- Tli-' climate is mild and the rainfall heavy at the cast, hut it ^'.•ts r,M,-r aiul dri.r a- vialinir the valh-y. Vep^'tation is rank but ripens slowly. An area with preatcr pu^sil>ilities a'.oiiK afirieullural lines is that found in the valley of the Nass. This river has its sources well up in the Cassiar district and flows in a general southerly direction to latitude 55 wh valley is narrow, from one to three miles wide, as far up as A> LUish vi'Iage. Above this point it widens out to eight or nine miles and thence rises into extensive plateaus. The principal settlement is between Upper Xass and Cranberry river. At Ayansh there is an Indian reserve .'overinsf about 2,(KK> acre*. This district has been burned over and now contains many open meadows and areas covered with socond- growth woods. Wild grasses and iM'avine srrow ahutiilantly. Soil and climate are favourable to the production of small fruits, vegctahl. s. hay and grain. The district is admirably suited to fruit-growing, dairyi-ig and tru.k nnd mixed farniin?. At present the greatest obstacle to settlement is its lack of transportation faci- litlcB. Steamers call at Nass Harbour and gasolene launches give an irregular service from that point from May till Novemlx-r. The upper valley is also reached by trail from Terrace on the Ornnd Trunk Pacific railway by way of the Kitsumgallum valley and from Kitwanga hy way of the Oran'KJrry and Kitwanga rivers. There is a stor.> and post office at Up|)er Xass, al«^ ' tekgraph office giving connection to Granhy Pay nnd Stewart. The Dominion .• •nment telegraph line from Aslicroft to the Yukon IPMP Tkt Skeena District ff criis^fH tlio liciKht-of liiml frum wliirli tin li.iiilwiilrr* of tlu' N'u-*-' Imvi' llicir oriKiii. AiijaufUt to this territory are foaiui cxttn^ivc mining, fisliiiig unci liinilit'ring activities. Tliounundu of men are enii>l'0>'ri) iir.iniptly and ciiruply to these centns tiu' settlirs of tlio Nuss district should find udociuute mid profitable murketg for their output. One of the most attractive rural districts of Contral Briti*!! Coluinhiu, • -iH'cialiy to the lover nf fruits and t1 .weis ami their eiiliivation. i< (lie K'iliinat Kil-\iiiiKilluin valley, or, a.-) it iit beei'iuinB to he <'oniinonI.v known, the Terrace strawherry holt. Tliiji lilth- section ha.i a most uiiiiitle I. cat ion aii'! is altuiHl a ^lllall world i.f its own. It lies in a narrov\' trough of the Cascade mount, liiis and alnic,t at ritrht anjflex to the valh v of the Skeena river whic'h it crosses at a i>oint centerini: on Terrace, a small .stalii>n nil the (iraiiil Trunk I'acitic imUhmv !>t mih-i east nf I'riiiie linjiert. Here the Kit-iini({alluni rivcT, lluwiiiif southerly throufjh its troukcli-liko valley walled ill l.y snow-caplied peakii of the Cascades, j.. in;, the Skeena. Its main snur-e is KitsuiiiiralhiMi hiUe, a lieaiilil'ul lody .t|' wat. i' - .iiie six miles in length iiiiil distant ah'iiit tiftirii miles I'rntii the Sknna. .\ t th.' In ,1 ,,t' the liuf i^ i;.s.iwn(id scttji'iiieiif . (,'edar riMT llow.s int-o the luirth end nl the lake from a low divide in the valley which ^M•l)erates ll;e Irihutaries of the Skeena from those of thc> Xass. North of this low divide is found I.a\a hike, which is draimcl ii..rtiic-r!y throu(.'h a continuation of the Kitsumtfiilliini valh v ly the T-eiix river iii'o i!i.- N.i~-, i-cMchiii;r ,il Cpper Nihs or Ayansh. A further 'i lie to the narlh ami :J5 to the soutli of the Skeena river. The total ll•n^'th eif tlio tTouph from A'ice Arm to Kitimat .Vrm is be'tween 75 and 100 mill's. The width of the valley varies from three to six miles. The main valley of the Kitimat is four or live iniies wide and about six at its mouth. The Kitsum^'alluni llats are narnpw but the henedi lands will keep up the averaRe width. The soil of the lower hinils is exrtedinjily rich while much on the Umch lands is alsei jrood, though some' is sanely and u'ravelly. The- valiey has lie'e'ti heavily wcH.ded and nni 'h i- still in tinihrr, hi-intf iirincipnlly hemlock. A eaw-mill is operated at Terrace and euts los-" '■'■iire'el ill I his IcK'ality. This valley is maile of particular value' by its salubrious e'limate. It is just far ciiouiih cast of the e<'ast to ln^ out of thi: wet belt without findini; itself in th' dry belts such as occur in tlio wiuthcm interior. The rainfall is sufficient for ore! nary purpe)ses of agriculture while the nmotint of san.shine received is most abundant. Sea breezes blow up and elown the valley from Albx" Arm at one e-xtremity to Kitimat .\rm at the' either anil play a most important part in maintaining a uniform temi)ern1ure. The ifirosimity of the n.ummer and give shelter by winter. The winters are very moderate, the thermometer MICROCOPY RESOIUTKSN TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^ APPLIED IM/\GE '653 Eost Main SIreet ("6) 482- 0300 -Phone ('16) 288-5989 -To, 8.S Ccnlrnl liriliik CoUimh'ui sfkloin falling below zero, while tlie snowfnll is imt cxctsr^ive. IJainfall in summer is usually ami)le but the valley lends itself readily to irrigation t^hould such become nei-ejsary. This valley has k-cn found to give most marked -uceess in small fruit growing and has already attained considerable fame through its production of strawberries. The sea.-on for this fruit is later than in alm, pears, cherries and kindred fruits may be raised with eiiual -uece.-- thnULrh -m-h trees are only U-jrinning to bear as the district has not been long |i-iioU-h under way to give them a fair trial. The lanlots. The average pi're at which it can be purchased is about .*T."i Jier acre and the cost of elearing will awrage possibly !fl.">0 p<'r acre. At thi^ rate a Iti-aere pint weuld e.,>t .*:.',l'.".((. If planted to sfrawherrite additiecond year for a crop become necessary. However many one-acre plots of strawlx'rries in this section have yiehled from .$.") King ^rapidly tilled »\k The small farms give a more thickly .-ettled community than in the case of ordinary farming and the iidMutagcs of good r( ads and clo?<-ness to town and na'ilroad are enjoyed by jill. The lower end of Ivitimat valley is t^ervi d by eo:t-1 ^te!^hlrs. Poultry-raising and dairying are other jiursuits that can bi' successfully carried on in this valley, the city of Prince liuiM'rt ]iroviding a never-failing market for such produce. 1>ee-keci>ing miglit also prove renuuierative. The streams and lakes of the district afford excellent fishing, trout being most jilentiful. The Dominion Govern- ment maintains a hatchery on Lakelse lake. The mountains aiTord excelh'nt hunting while tlie mineral deposits of tlie vicinity are believed to be extensive and valuable. Another attraction of this ilistriet are the liotsjirings found at the southern end of Lakelse lake. Tliese Iiave been exi>loitcd to a very limited extent only. They are believed to j^o^f-ces excellei.l jiry popular and beneficial. Alrealerii America for ilairy purpo-es. 'I'hi- railway was e.iiiiilete on the (irand Trtmk Pacliic anil Canadian -National r.iiavay> i> already in evidei while' the building of the I'acitic (Jreat Eastern is beinij vif-'opiusly jirox-cuted. It i^ hopid thi> railway will -InTtly lie extendi d to cross the (irand Trunk I'acitic and reach inirtlnrly into the I'cacc llivi-r district, (^lnnection is hojied to be niadi- at -ome pi.int tlien with the iMhnonton. I>unveK;i" and Uriti.di Co'umh'a railway. The^i! railwa,v> are alrcaci.v fiUfiiiu-iited by local -ti-aniboat -crviei>, which -ervo to assist tlie early .-etlKnunt of iidjaccnt territories, thoufih they do not jirovc ^utiici(■nt means of transiKirtation wlidi fariniiifj: operations are in full >winy: liraneb lines to serve the more iiojiulous i^iirieullural settlemiiits located beyond the convenient reach of main lines niu^t -hortly be c. instructed. In the meantime, the I'rovinei d ' iovcrniiu'iit is buildiiifj roads and bridtres with all despatch, and the inteinliiif; settler may re-t assured that liis trans]iorratioii problems are rti'eivinf; attention. Homesteads in the Dominion Government Peace Kiver block and pre-emptions in the remainder arc still available, though the bi^^t locations of such free lands are bjinn rapidly taken uji. Unimproved lands may be purchased from tho British Columbia (jovcrnmeiit. at -fj per acre for first-cla.-s and .$:?..">(> jier acre for second-class lands. Other unimproved lands, held by investors, and in many ea.-es including very choice areas located (-lose to a railway, iiiiiy lie jiurchaM-d at prices rangiiif; from $'« to.iflS per acre. Lands in the Terrace "■ >trawb( rry belt " -ell in ln-acre blocks fipr a- high a« $75 per ace in their raw ^tatc. Leases for ^ra/.iiii; |ui poses ma.v be obtained on both Dominion and Provincial lands. Duiinc' tho pa^t year cattlemen liave been aciiuiring large areas of the>e lands and iil.icing herds of cattle immediatel.v thereon. Comparatively little, prairie land if available, thoufrh ,in tho Peace and Xocluako rivers and the ()ot>a and Krancois lake,- districts there is much vacant land carrying ■ut i' very light and >catiered tree growth. The clearing of land in Briti'sh Columbia ha.s always been n source of di>courage- ment to the pro-jiective -eltlei. In tlie coast and southerly ]iart> it has lii'cn a serious problem, but this drawback c\ists to a very limited degree in Central liritish Columbia. Though laboiir has been .s<'arce and powder expensive, liehl- have been cleared up in remarkably short time and with surprisingly low costs. MfKk.rn machinery is doing much to ncluce this task to a minimum. Aforeovcr, the demand for prairio farms is not insisteiit as it formerly was. The presence of a certain quantity of wood for fuel or building and fi'iii'ing purposes is a valuable a.sset to the farm in these days 90 Central British Columbia of higl. cojt. Wlurc I'orniirly the cloarliig of land was considered an expensive item only, it is now, if nut an actual n-veiiuc jiroduc'cr, at least a means of obtaining these valuable and necessary roquis:t-s. ]'ersons of limited capital desirous of obtaining a farm home of their own can find no place more worthy of their consideration than Central British Columbia. Piaiioering conditions (;ffer tlie minimum of hardship and the prospects of rapid advancement are nowhere belter. The fertile soil iiuickly responds to cultivation, the climate is moderate and uijreeablp, the district is easy of access and good markets are available. In the early years, jcfore the settler has any production to offer for sale, a revenue may be obtained by ^^(.Ikins out if necessary during part of the seasons. The lumberinj^. niininu iitid tisliing industries, railroad and liiirhway buililiiig and many kindred activities offcT ,work at good rates of pay, by wliich his capital may bo sniii)li iiieiiU il till his Innnin'r (^jic rations an; in full swing. Wood fur building and foneiii-r )mriios(..;, or for tiicl. is free and iilentiful, the best of water is obtainable in plenty, and pime, tish and wild fruits ni;iy be made to sujiplement his larder, ilany of the most suc-eissful farmers of these districts have started in such humlile manner. Eciually attractive inducements arc lield out to the settler with greater means, but iiartieularly to the mixed or dairy farmer. Tlie elinuite, water and vegetation are especially favourable to the dairy cow and fodder in abundance is always assured. Clover and alfalfa, especially on irriirated lands, give excellent returns. The Provincial Government is now paying especial interest to the d liry industry and is assisting in the introduction of pure-bred ' erds and the establishment of creameries. The variov; districts and their particular attraction might he briefly summarii-cd as follows : — Peace river — Fort St. John vicinity, ranching and mi.xed farming; Pouce Coupe — mixed farming; Hudson Hope — ranching and mixed farming; Finlay — mixed farming; Smaller tributaries of Pence — small ranching. Fraser river, upper part — mixed farming a*id truck gardening; lower part, dairy-farming and fruit and vegetable growing. Xechako valley — dairy-farming, sheep-raising and grain and vegetable growing. Ruikley valley — mixed farming and ranching. Cliilcotin country — ranching (now nearly overstocked), irrigated farming. Quesnel and Horsefly country — ranching and sheep-raising. Francois and Oofsa lakes districts, .^tuart lake district and otitlying st'^tions of similar naturi' — ranching, developing into mixed and dairy-farming as roads nd railroads are constructed. Kitsumgalhim-Kitimat valley — fruit and vegetable growing, poultry-raising, bee- kei'piiig and cream production. Skeena and Xass valleys — mixed and dairy-farming, truck and vegetable raising, fruit growing. Bellakula valley- fruit and vegetable growing. These are only a few brief indications, but serve to suggest the range of possi- bilities for the rural settler. Tlie lumbering industry is well established, but the great forest stands of the coast regioTis and Fraser rnlley above Prince (rcorgc give r.mple scope for further expansion. The pulp and ))aper industry may be expected to increase. As the country settles there Agricultural and Industrial Opportunities 91 arise numerous opiKirtunities for ihr i-tiibli.shiiii'iit tiiially K"' under way during the MiniMier and fall of liU!'. The tir-t keel was laid (in September I'T, lltllt, liy His Kxcellency the Duke of I tevdiisliii-c, (liive/nur (ieneral nf ('aiiada. 'I'he secdud was laid abdMt the first ef Xdvendii r. Scmjc I'.Ml men were employed nt this time with expectatidii^ of havinf; tlu'r nninlur ddulilcd in a short time. The ship 'uiw under edn>tructidn arc d(-i;.''nc(i as dceaii->.'din^' ve-~e',~ and the industry, it ir hoped, is liermaneiitly e-tabli^hed. I'rdjccI- fdr the utilization of water in connection with irrifration, mining or the ]ir duction df power are already lieinj.'- put fdrth in numerdus select Idealities and may he e.\pcct('d td liecdnie very nunuTdUs. In fact it i> artjrued by many that the (irand Trunk I'aciric mifrht be electrified thrduirh iJritish Cdlumbia. Thi^ must important a>sct applies ndt duly to lary:i-scale dperetidns but all the way ddwn from the most exi ..-ive undertakings to the smallest, i ic nunienuis small suift streams (five to the farmer an excellent opportuuit,' to til up a rnudl turbine or inltun wla el by which his buildinKs can be lighted, his machinery run, liis water pumped !ind his fields irrijrated. l■'dllowin^r in tlie wake of afiricultural and indu>trial advancement there arise the opeiiinjis and opportunities for the usual comphincnt of mercantile and pnifessidiml lines (ir ealliiips. The chance to " t-Tow up with the cduntry " is beckduiiit' t.i many and the future of Central Britifih Columbia jirdmises to be full of rich reward for tlioM' who settle in these parts of Canada. J 'Australian Ranch" on Caiihno r.jad twenty miles south of Qut'snol. '•■->n.-: ■■uie!;;i~ra l.y a rtturncri ?o:.h, r. M Cfnlrnl firil'uih Columhia APPENDIX I PRE-EMPTION AND HOMESTEAD REGULATIONS Pre-emption — Provincial Lands Survoyod nKriculturnl land except timber land to the extent of IfiO acres may be jire-enipted. Timber land is defined as that carrying 8,000 feet of milling timber to the acre wmt cif the Cascades or 5,000 feet to the acre east of the Cascades. No person can hold more than one claim at a time. Claims cannot be recorded by agents. Settlers tci enter occupation withn sixty days from allowance of claim, occupy claims for five years and make improvements to value of $10 per acre, including clearing and oultiviitinp at Ic.ist tlv(> acres, M(iro tlmn tun nioiith-t" <'(iiitinti(iu-i n'seiice during any one year without leave is deemed cessation of occupation. Xo Crown grant can be issued to aliens not naturalized. The pre-emptor shall, after complying with the Act in respect to occuiiation and improvements, bo entitled to a free grant of the lard upon payment of Crown-grant fee of $10. Pre-emptore in occupation not less than three years who have made proportionate improvements may, because of ill-health, or other cause, be granted intermediate certificate of improvement and transfer claims. Kceords without permanent residence are issued providing applicants make improve- ments valued f3fl0 per annum; title being obtainable after five years providing improve- ment is niiuli' to -flO iMi jicrc. iricludin^r cleMriiiff, and cultivating five acres, and there has been residence of at least two years. A pre-emptor holding Crown-grant may record another pre-emption if land is required in conjunction with his farm, without actual occupation provided statuto'-y improvements are made and residence main- tained on Crown-granted land. (irazing permits are issued based on numbers ranged, with priority for established owners, r ; initial rate of 5 cents per head of cattle per month, with minimum of 25 cent - and maximum of 50 cents per head per Lcason. Rate for horses 25 per cent more than for cattle; sheep and pouts o'le-i uarter of those for cattle Free, or par- tially free, permits for settlers, campers and travellers; up to ten head. Application for more detailed information should be made to the Deputy Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Homestead — Dominion Lands (Peace River Block) All surveyed agricultural nominicn lands in the Peace River block which are not disposed of and no ' reserved or occupied, are open to homestead entry. Islands are reserved from entry. An entry does not include the mineral or water rights. The sole head of a family, or any male over eighteen years old, may homestead one quarter-section of available Dominion land. Applicant must appear in person at the DomiTiion Lands Agency or Sub-Agency for the district. Entry by proxy may be made at any Dominion Lands Agency (but not 'Sub- Agency), on certain conditions. Note. — No application for an entrs' foi* a homestead shall be granted unless the person making the application was at the commencement of the war, and haa since Preemption and Homestead Regulations 95 continued to be a British subject or a subject of n country which i« an ally , . His Majesty, or a subject of a neutral country, and unless he establishes the eamo to the satisfaction of the Minister 01 the Interior. Thi« does not apply to t^embers of the Canadian P.xpeditionary Force naturalized since the war began. An affcnt may reserve one available nuartor-scction as a h..m.>ipa,l f..r a minor over seventeen years of age until he is eighteen, on certain conditions. Application for homestead entry may be made by a person eligible under the pro- visions of " The Dominion Lands Act," either at the laud n^'.„,.v f„r the di-trict in which the land is situated, or at the office of a sub-agent autlu,rized to transact business in the district. Six months' residence upon and cultivation of the land in each of three years A homesteader may live within nine miles of hie homestead on a farm of at least eighty acres, on certain conditions. A habitable house is required except where residence is performed in the vicinity. The area of cultivation is subject to reduction in case of rough, scrubby or stony iand. Live stock may be substituted for cultivation under certain condition A homesteader is allowed six months from the date of his entry within which to perfect the same by taking possession of the land and beginning his residence .luties Any entry not eo perfected within that period is liable to cancellation. M Cenlral Britixh Cnhtmhin APPKNDIX II PURCHASE AND LEASE LANDS Purchase of Crown Land Apiiliciitioii-* to piiri'liii-i' viii'iiiit mill niin-iTviil ( i mi Inhii-. -urvcyci! or iiii-iur- vc.vc'il. ii|i to tVIo ii'Ti-. MP- ri ivi'ii, i>riii> l>riii« if.'i iht h'Ti' for lirst-plii?.!* and li"!'.."!' for sci-oiiil-i'la^s Intnl. Fir-it-i'ln-s Iniiils nir llio-c wliidi i-mi !«■ iirotitnlil> piiltivnffil. or wild Imy im Mil.iHs; otliiT liunl-i :iro cln'^iliod m - iid-i-lii.«». 1 iiiplicr liitid. i.i'.. cMrryii,- '>,(HMi feet cif miUiiiir tiiiilxT to tlio iicTi', wi'^t of till' Cn-ciidc-* or :..ihii> tVi-t to tlii' tn-t. iirc> not (■pell lo piircliii<(--<'Xi-i'pt thiit mill, fin'torv or iiidu-ti i;il -ili'^ not ixittHJinir W iiiTt's iiiiiy lio -old on torni- imd condition- li\cd \i\ tlio inini-lir. I'ouditioiii includinif piiyrnciit of -tiinii>Muo v:iliifs in iiddition to roy;dty ;iiid tiixc'>. Watcr-ilHiU lii: in' sold when r«>d liy im orporiittil I'itii's for watcr\,nrks piiri>o>i'S. Foreyllori-, tidal land-, si-iidHMl laiiils covcri'cl liy naviualil'' watrr-, iiuarrii-s, ti>liinit(>, uro disixisalilc o(dy liy special Onler in CoiMicil n|>oii sui'li terms and (^indition- .is made tliereiii. Ai)plicntion to piirelia>e surveyed lands is made to the < onimissloiier of the division in which they are li«'ated, statins the lot luimher and hicatiou. and on the application lieinir allipwol a deinisit of 2."> per cent is made, tlie balance payable in one. two and three years at ti jxt cent, or payment may Ik- made in fidl. I'li'-urvi'yed lands mii-t Ih- staked by applicant or iifrent and notice of intent to i)iirch.i-e advertised for two months in the Hiilixh Coliniihia (lazi tfi' ami newspaper jmlilislnil neare-t to ihi- land (emhodyinK particnlar- renardinjr applicant and location with refi-rcnce to a known streamway or phy-ii'al I'haracterist ic). Forms for appli<'ations and noti<'es as -ei forth in tin- I.anurcha>e Iwin;; allowed a survey must be made at p\irclia-cr's exi>en-i', and it is tlie duty of the surveyor to classify the land, iiidicatinfr wliether any [part is likely to lie reiiuired for townsite of tisliiiifr station, or wlictlier firantins of lainl wonld ham|)er d' elopineiit of adjoinimr natural resources. If the -urvcv is not con-idcri'd satisfactory the- minister may ordiT a new one. If >Mrvcyor"s rc|iort discloM-s. or information i> otlierwi-c received inplication may be refuseil and dopii-it rctiiriu'd. If tlic -nrvcyor".- report i- acccj)teil notice to that elVci't is puldi-licd for sixty days in the liritixh Cubnn'iiii liiatle v.:!;i;li f.uir Years, Crown y:rant not being issued until applicants tile certificate that such Purchase and /.cue hmiU 07 improv..,,,. 1,1. ;,r.. nm.l.., ^,-uiun o.,t iu (l..|>,il tl„.ir natur.. ar,,! val.ir. I,, ,.v,„t „f '"'''"■'■ ' '"'•'•■'•' l'">-''l'"M>^ in .•umi.liai,.-.' will, tl,,, Art. sul..« ma.v I- rainvll.,! i„..l |.:.>m.nl, lurf.,t..l. A ,.,c.,i„l pinvlia*. ,n„y n„t 1.. •m,..I.- until .-..rtiticat.. i. til.nl ".'"'"'"*■' i"'Pr..v,.MH.t.t. val I f! ,,.r arr.. Imv.. 1hv„ uuu „ lir-t ,,ufl,a,.. 1. „, ful,. r„liiv,iti„n L.inK .Ic.m.Ml impn.v, „„nt ,.,• Cmw,, Krant U r iv..,|. „r first pur- «-liM. l,at,.iMn..,l. ri,|,.,s sp„-,all.v iiotili.^l at tim.. of kuIo. purcha-wn ar.. siilij.-'l u. pul.lir riKl.l of way, al.u pnvair r.tflit* of way ,-s\,Uuk at tim,- of ,alo. a., loa.li,, • or ii.iiiK wal.T for ai.iniali an.l minin«. oiiKin.-orinjT or IrriKUtioii purjio.wa, al«. ii^,.. w Il.out .•oinp..i.>atio„. of .,t„„.., «ravol. nr miIht nu.-r;.! r.-rnr.-l f„r r.a.l roj.ai,,' Natural liay nwadow^ ina.v.^Ml.Io l,v , v.-tini; n-a .,-. |. .y 1„. puroImM,! tN,„.lili.mal uih,„ applicant l.uiMinif a satiHlaotnry roa.l to thorn; ,.,„., of road not .•x.v.ji.nf half of amount to \n- nhatiil fr..in pur<'ha«o prioc. Lease of Crown Land I..-ascs up to OK) a.'ros in oMont. x< .1, .-..voMauts an.l „litio,„ ,|o.-mo.l a.lvi^ahh. nro made (a) for hay-outtin^, up t.. \n u.n-: i /, i for othor purpos,,. oxooptiuff timhor -•uttiu^r, lip to iil ycnr^. Vor iKjna lid.- industrial i.unH,s<.s, lca>fs oxooi-diuff .WO a.-iv. nu.y be tnado. I.ea>..'3 of timher land for mill, factory or other industrial site, up to 10 aons. are mado under <'onditions in.dudimr payment of stumpajro. in addition to rent, royally and taxes. Leases nu.y also U. -ranted for Krazinjr. in.lustrial or -pmrryin^' puipu-i-s. ineludiiiK diwiuk' elay or marl, on lands held under timl»T 1,-as.- or siMvial timi.er license. unil.T <-..nditions dti-imd advisahle. For home sit.-., h.as.-s up to I'O a.'n- ar.' ohtainahic sul.j.-ct to o.vupation and .-ultivation. er.vtion of dwelliuK-l ouse duri,,- first y.-ar. ami paym..nt of .-ost .,f survey cdli-ctable similarly, as r.ntal duo .md.r has,., l.-s^.v h.-inff .ntith.d to Crown ^'rant on oxpirntion of 1,-as... if conditi.u.s a.al stipulations are fulfille.l. \VHtersli..ds r.H|uirod by cities f..r wat.r supply may he I-ased on c ,ner, bH,-ation an.l acr.:i.-,. of hit. Ix-sse-es of unsurv.n-,>d lan.l must have survey made in accordance with rer'ations of Surv.-yor (iencral. within six months, at their e.xixjnse. If two or more appli.'ants apply for the same tract the miniM.T . ll .kvide as to priority, and failing to establish iiriority ..f ri^rht. lie may ask appli.?ants to t«>nd'-r and ,"ward right to leas., to hi;iliest bid.lcr. Pre-empt. irs holdiiiLr rcc.r.ls <.n. or r.-c..rdincr on bin. Is hnis.^l. have risrht of way ov.-r l.-isr.l l.iiiils, pyovi.linp they do not commit wilful waste or .lam.iiro in passing over such lands. 11S3— 7 1»K ('•ulrnl lliilisit I'nhimliiii aimm;m)1.\ III LAND SETTLEMENT ACT Till' l.iiiiii S tiiiriicnt Ilniiril, wliiili wn^ Ipfuulit iiitu i\; iin'r liv I'n I,'iii'l Sv tllctiirrit Act Hi' liritl!
  • .tiili'i-l 'mI two l.iilnl Si 1 1 ii imiit Area". Ari'i Nil. I i- ill tlic vii'iiiity i.l' TilUw.i. in Ihr liiilklrv Millf.v. niii| i'npii|'i'i-"'-( . : - A |iii.\ tiicul lit' iml li'-« lliiiii twi'iitv piT 11 ii! "t' the -c" ii^' pi'lrr -luill 111- iiiiiili' ill I'li-li UN (K'livcr.v III' tile ai-'rcfliiciif nt' miIi'. tlic iia'aiK-i' In In- |ia,viili!i' in ii|iial vrai'I.v in-.talim'iitf< rxtt'iiiliiii: iivir a jMriiiil nut cxri'i'diiiir tittirii .\i.ir< fmin tin' ilatr of tl i' in:i( ( ti ( III, witli ijitt r('>t pii.valilf .vciirl.v mi tin unpaid liaiani'c iit tho ratr nf sovon per riMit prr aliliuili. Hiiiia tiiii' ri'^iiiinri' of llic scttlrr in a lial'itaMi' ilHilliiiir iipnii tlic lainl xilil shall 1)1' l'•.tal'li^l;l il III till' .-atirifai'tioii nf tlir Imanl within twiiv. nmiitlis frmn tlir liati- of iisrrt'iincrit of salr, iind hr I'nntiniu'l >o lony a- any part of thi' M'lliiiL' prii'i' or iiitorr-it ri'inaiii'3 iilipaiil. linproviinrnts tu all I'liltivahh' land- >liall hr inaili' hy thr -I'ttlcr ('i|ii:il in vahi(» to:- ifii.."ii> per aire within two years frmn the date of tho nKrcrniont of sah'. l.iiii per arrc diirin^r fhi' third ytiir frmn tho date of the aurcenii'iit of -ale. l.riO pir ai-rc ihiriiiK tlic fourth year frmn the date of the atrreenient of ah'. 1 .Ml per acre dnrinir the fifth year fmni the ihite of the aiireenient of «ale. l.."iil per acre during' the sixth year frun the date if the aKreenient of sale (!.(I0 total value per acre of iinpro'.einciits to the land, exclusive of hnildiii'.'^ and fence-, reipiired licfore title iiiiiy he i-sueil, whether paynn'nt in full of -I'llinir price has hcen made or not. Wlcre a sah' of l.Uids i- made to a settlir «ho i- a retiiriiril -oldier, within the meaning' of section lo "Land Seliliim iit and 1 'cve'.opmi iit Ad," the -elliiiL' price si all. in the ca^e of the first purcha-c of land Iroin ll.c 1 oanl hy him. he .ihiited hy the iliihH'tion therefrom of the .-uin of live hoMlri'. d.. liars, and the halance ren;ainiiit.' altir -iich deduction shall he the sellii:'- i r,, . ilie laiiiU to the nliiriied ■soldier. The nmunt payal le in I'ash mi deiivi r.\ of tic aurccnicnt of sale to a returned .-oldii r '-hall le not le~^ than Icn pir cent of the >clliu;_'' pric ■ so a'laicd, hut in all other risiicts the terms and iii.ditimis of ^ale -I all le these ,-et mit in said section :;: I'ro\ idcd that winre the returned soldier oh, iiis troin lie .*«iildier .Settle- ment lioard of the Dominiiui ( iovernment, on the security of the l.mds :-ipld, a loan ui' liiuiie,\ loi' liic pui'piii^c "'I ilnpiiiVin^ or .-licnin^ liie said iainis lor a^rii'u'turai or puslorul purposes, the lands may he sold to the nturned soidier at the selliiii; price /,.!«./ S.HI, (in II* \,l IH» >.. iil...t.Ml, ,,n.v;,l,l, u. .■ii-li. niMl niil„„.l PMimiit: Ir,,.,, i|„- ntiin,,,! ..,i,|,..r „fi,v "'"'"""'" '■> '"'" "'■ 'I" '■••'"l"i "1 r.-|.,t .,f M„H■,.^. ,„..,„. ..., ,„„ ,„ ..nil •'••■Ih'll L'. N.. ^ni- of l„i,.l:. uitliii, ..illi.T ..f ..,i.l i,iv,i. .I,.,ll I- Miii.l.' hy tli.' I. ,nl |,, ,,„n I '■•■'... »li.. h r.Hv.n ..|- 1,;. r,i,«i,.u- ,|.„-inm-. „r uil„.r« i-.- ,. «vor«. t,. .,n.,ir .irnw "'"' '■'"'■'- I'"'- '' '"ilil'ir.v .. ,M,.... „,„l ili.rri,, faiU I., iit,.i.rlnk- tl..- full r.-i„.n-, l-ilii.v ,.| .•iti/..i,-lM|,, ,,r wliu uii.l.r Mi.v l,nv. Or i.t in C ..-il. ..r .,il„.i« i-.-, !,.,, f,,r Ilk.- Pii.i.n 1.. .11 .•x.iii|.t.'.| friiiii niilitiirv Mr\i... within ( ;ii,,iihi. Ovvn.Ts ,.f huhU uitliii. ..ithrr of -.,i,| „,•.•;* «l„. .1 1 r.-;.|.- ,.„ th.-ir huhl- -hnll iHiik.. ami .■v,.,,!.. iMM>rnv,.|M..„t- on tlnir .•nlliN,-,t.|o Nin.l-. m,„I nuintnir, t improvn nil lit- to thf siiti-fin'ii f th.. Iioiinl, ii« f,,ll,,««:- l?!'.""! piT a. IV Hitllili on, ^,,ir f|. in llir llnlr ,,f nolirr, -■"• I' '• '" l>' "illlill II.'' Miol I >,,,!■ ft. Ill tlo ijilto ol liMli,-,.. I'.im i„ I- .HIT vvitliiii ||„. ihini \,;,|- Iroin lli, ilm,. ,,f ii,,iir,-. -Ml' |..i- loiv Hilliin 111.' foiirtli \nir from il„- i|,it,- ,,f ii,,|i..o. L'.lV. p.T ,Miv Hitliin ill.' liftli v'lir from tin- ilnt. of noti,-.-. ■J.::, |„ r M.ir will, ill il:,. ^ixii, vciir from il„. .iito of noiicr. f?!-.'.:.!! tot; il ilii|irii\i iiicniM pir in-rc. An> i,on-n,M.Jriit oun.r ul.., I „- r.-iiiin^r on hi, hin.U ,, iMpahlo ;,i;. nr of (■nuiM^.iin origin (mt hrinj; an nli,,, .■iirmv, or a p.r-.n of ||,.. ..j,,-, m. . tio,,,,! In Motion I of ,l„„. Ko^ihiih.n,). ,in,| «h,. mnki- ami oMnii... ,|,..r,.„„ .mprovrtnent, Mpnval.ni to ih,. r.'.iuir. i... nis a, t„ impPM mrnts „t out in MH-tinn J „f this*, ll.ruhiti.iii-, ii.a.v !..■ r.liov.d from .•omplianro with .nhsoi-t^on (1) of ij,,. „,.,:, „i f till- i-oiitiii.iii-li at'ciit on ,aiil lainl-. I'a.-toral lan.l^ inii.v he M(,ck..l to tiir Miti.-fartion of tia- hoarii in lioii of ,|,.; improvmi, nt- r.-Miiir.'.l under saiil >rr\\..u -J. or uihI.t thi> M'l-tioii. Tlio l.oanl i.ia.v at any tinio h.v , x.-|,ani;o. .ulHJviMon. or .•on-oli,|ati„n. a,lju-t in.v nni.vniua! par.-,!, „f hi,„|, thr ti.lo lo «l,iWi has h.-w, ao,|i.ir,..l hv thr hoard, into units not ixri-.dinj: IMO acres in aroa, for tlio purpose „f l„..|,,r adapting the -ai ,.■ for' use undir the .-onditions iircvailin^'; and \vIhti> two ,,r more (lan-ols an- .-, .... l;,| ,. .j into on., unit, the iiiiprov. iiicnts thpreo,, may. at tlio dis..r.-lion of tlic l.,,ar.|. I..- ..I'a.le and cM.iit, il .ill all or any oiio of the parools. l''!"' liitiv.sof ihel-.ard are to he found at T.lkwa and V; ■', ■h,„,t-, wh,, -..ii! show pros|.,.,.tiv,. puivhavrs anuind ami yiv.. thorn all i,if,,rn.ation avaihiM.. iv^rardui^ noir ri.-!.i tiM- .|i,tri.-t- Alili.nti.ii sh..nl,i lo mad., t.i tho Chairman of the Land .^ottieniont Roard \i.-t..na. ]!.(.. for furth.r .letail.d information respeetitiK hind umler the control ..f til.. Land Srttlenient Hoard ll>;i— :t 100 Central Britith Columbia APPENDIX IV GOVERNMENT AID TO FARMERS A- nil (lid til iiiorc nipid iinpiovciiiiiit c I' fiiriii V.waU tin' liritisli ('dliimliia IVoviiii'ial (Kivcriiniciif lijis passcfl Jisisliition providintf for loans to bona fide M'ttliTs, on the security of their land. Application for a loan is made in writing on fc^rnis supplied by the Land Settlement Hoard, X'ietoria, I5.C., and the amount applied for must not be less than two luMidrrd and fifty dnllars ($2.'.<>) imr more than ten thousand dollars (ip!O,(>0(>». Loans may ho made for the following purposes: — (rt) The ai'ipiirinK of land for agricultural purposes and the satisfaction of encuml>ranoes on land used for such purposes; ( ') ) The clearing of land, drainiiifj, ilyiiin; , water-storaire and irrigation unrks: (r) The erection of farm buildinps; (rf) The p'.irchase of live stock, machinery and fertilizers; (f) ]iiseliargin(f liabilities incurred for the improvement and development of land used for agricultural purposes and any purpose calculated to increase land productiveness; (/) And any purpose ■which in the opinion of the hoard will increase the pro- ductiveness of the land in respc<'t of which the loan is proposed; (;/) ("arryiiiR out the ohjcvts of any association; subject to approval hy Order in Council as hereinafter provided; (A) Ta.iinp: over in whole or in jiart and with approval of the Lieutenant- (iovernor in Council, by ()rd(>r in Council, any existinfi loan by the (^rowii ill rifjlit of the province of British Columbia to any association or any deben- ture issued by any association. Hcl'ore (frantinp any loan the Hoard shall ascertain that the loan is justified iu. the fullnwiiifT trrciund-^: — (u) The value of the se<'urity offered, estimated on the basis of agricultural pro- ductiveness as hereinafter provided; (/') The desiraliility of the proixised loan for any of the purposes described in the last priyeding section; (() In the case of an individual borrower, the ability of the applicant t■) That the prantinp of the proposed loan for the spocific.d purr,o«e in the opinion of the board will be of economic benefit to the borrow, r. Xo luMM will I,c granted exccedinp sixty po^ ,,,,t of tlw appraised vah,.. „| ,l,e laid "tiiTcd as security. Loan.. n:ay be made for a period of one year, a period of l.twccn three and Wn years and tor periods of twenty, thirty and thirty-six and one-tialf vears The J^,nd Settlement F?oard will at all times furnish e,.M„,|e,e informati,.., regarding terms of loans, and application for desired information should be ma.ie direct to the board. lOi' Crnlrnl Urilis'i ('(ihimhin APPENDIX V MINING REGULATIONS Free Miner's Certificates Any piT^dii over the ;i^c uf ciKlitccii. iiml :iiiy ji.iiit-.-toi-k iipiiiiy, iiiiiy obtain 11 Lrii' .\liiii iV ( '(Ttiticiiti' 111! imyniiiil of tlio I'diiiirt'd fee. Till- fci' tn 111! inilividuiil for ii Kni" Mini rV ( 'crtiHi'iito i^^ ^:> for one your. To ii joint->ti.oi< piiny luiviny i\ onpital of ,*l()0,(Mt(i, or Ics^;, tlic foo for ii your i- $."."; if oiipitali/i'il liryoiiil tlii>. the foo is $100. The Krc'o Minor's ( 'irliH.-atc- all .xpiro .it niidni^iht on 'May :)1 in oa.-ii year. Cortitio.ati»- may lie olitaimd for any jiart of a yoar, tormiiiatin;,' on !Mny ;!1 for a jirn- |>ortionai('l.v loss fee. Tlio piv-xr-^iiiii of thi> oorliticato ontitlrs tlio lioldor to ontor npon all land> of tli ■ Crnuii, or 0)1011 any otlior lands on which the riuht to so enter is not sjHK'ially roerved. and to prospect for minerals, locate elain>, and mine. -V free miner can only hold, liy location, one mineral claim on the sam(> vein or lode, hut may acipiiro otla rs hy inirchase. In the cax- of placer claims, only one claim can he hold liy liK'ation on vacli creek, ravine, or hill, and not ro than two in the same lo<'ality, oidy one of which shall he a ■'creek" claim. In the event of a free miner al'.owinj.' his certiticate to lain-c, his miniiifr property (if not Crown-frrantod) rev«'rts to the Crown, hut where other free minor- an- interested as jiartneni or co-owiuTs the intenst of the defaulter iM'comes vested in tlic company continnin^r eo-owmrs or jiartners pro rata, ai rdiiifr to their interests. It is not nece.^pary for a shareholder, as such, in an incorporated miniiifr company to he the holder of a Free .Miner's t'ertiticatc. Mineral Claims I Mineral claims arc located and held under the provision.s of the " Mineral Act." A mineral claim is a reetaufrular piece of (rr*'und not excci^dinfr 1,500 feet sipiarc. The aufrlcs must he all rifrht angles unless tlw boundaries, or one of them, arc the same ae ihosi' of a previously recorded claim. No siH'cial iirivilcfies are allowed for the discovery of new mineral claims or dis- tricts. A mineral claim is located hy erecfinff three " lejjal posts,"' which are stakes liavinp a height of not less than 4 feet above frround and squared for 4 inches at leac^t on each face for not less than a foot from the top. A tree-stump so cut and squared also constitutes a lejral i«ist. The ■■ discovery post " ir ])lactHl at the point where the mineral in-place is dis- covered. Nos, 1 an . 2 posts arc placed as near as possible on the line of the ledge or vein, slown by the discovery post, and mark the hou-.idaries of the claim. \'\Kn\ each of Mi III III) liniiihitiiins 103 these thrco |Hi>t^ iiiii-t l>c written tlj.' Hiiinc ,it' thr cliuiii. tlie luuiw nf tlio lociitur, ;iiiii till- (liitc of InciitiiJii. Oil \(.. 1 |,,l^t, in Mililili.iii, tlic toiliiwim.' ,rm>t lie writtoii: " Iiiitiiil (lost. Dinctii.ii uf Post \o. :.' (jriviiiy; iipproxiiiiiitc iMiii|iii.-> l)ciiriiif.') ; .... feet of tlii- i-'.x\\n\ lie on tlic ri^'lit. iiiul .... fct on tlio Ift't nf tin- line tnnu .No. 1 t.. Xo. 2 posts." 'I'lic liPciitiiiii-IiiH- between Ni.s. 1 ;in(l J post.- must lie (li^tirl.■tI.v niarkeil -in a tiniliered lueiility li.v bliizing tri'ts and eiittin •' underliru-li. and in hare than i' feet in diameter at the ha>e. and at least 2 feet hlKli— so that the line ean he di-tinetl.v ^-een. Mineral claims nni^t he recorded in the .Mining' Keenrder's otiiee f,,r the minima division in which they are sitinitem the r rdinjr ottiee after the first ten niile>. if a claim i- not nco-.-ded in time it is dee-nod ahandoncd and open for relocation, hut if the orifrimd locator vish.s to reloeati^ lie can only do so hy |Hr- mission of the (lold Commii^sioner of the district and ui>on the iiaynieiit of a fee of •f HI. This apiilies also to a claim ahandoned for any reason whatever. Mineral <-laims are, tintil the Oown y-rant is issued, held jiraetically on a yearly lease, a condition id' which is that (lurii:f>- snch year assetisinent-wc.rk he iHTfornied on the -aine to the value of at least .*liMI. ,,r a payment of such sum he made to the ilininK' Jtccordcr. Such asscssun-nts nuist he n^eorded before the expiration of the ,year, or the claim i.; deemed aUamloned. If, liowever, tlie recpiired asses^^nniit-work has been pcrfornM'd within the year, but not recorded within that time, a free miner may within thirty days thereafter, record suidi assessment-work upon payment of an additional fe<' of iflO. The actual cost of the survey of a mineral claim to an amount not exciedinff .fKX), may also be recorded as assessment-work. If, daring' any year, ■work in done to a prcaU'r extent than the reiiuired .tlCH), any fnrtlier sum of $100— but 7iot less— may l>e recorded and (ininttd as further assessments. As soon as a^sess- luent-work to the extent of $ Jld C'ommissio'.ier. the claim is deemed abandoned. Lay-overs are declared by the Gold Commissioner ui>„n proof being given to him tliat the supply of water is insufficient to work the claim. I'lM^n similar circumstans are also granted by him on the person applying giving securities for any damage that may arise. Grants of right of way for the construction of tunnels or drains across other claims are also grant^-d on payment of a foe of $:.'5, the owner of the claim cn.ssed having the right for tolls, etc., on the tunnel or drain which may be constructo.1. These tolls, however, are, so far as the amount goes, under the discretion of the Gold C. m- missioner. Hydraulic and Dredging Leases Leases of unoccupied Crown lands may be granted by the Lieutenant-Oovernor m Council upon recommendation of the Gold Commissioner of the district, afte,' location, by placing a legal post at each comer of the ground applied for. On" the post nearest the placer-ground then being worked the locator must post a notice stating the name of the applicant, the location of the ground to be acquired, the quantity of ground, and the term for which the lease is to be applied for. Within thirty days application must bo made in writing to the Gold Commissioner, in duplicate, with a plan of the ground on the back, and the application must eontain the name of each applicant, the number of each applicant's free miner's certificate, the locality of th.- ground, the quantity of ground, the terms of the lease desired, and the rent prcrm.ed to be paid. A sum of $20 must accompany the application, which is returned if th,^ application is not granted. The term of leases must not exceed twenty years. 1 he extent of ground covered by leases is not in excess of the following: Creek, half a mile; hydraulic diggings, eighty acres; dredging leases, five miles; precious-stone dig- gings, ten acres. Under Order in Council, the minimum rental for creek lease is $7.5 per annum and for hydraulic lease $50 per annum, with a condition that at least $1,000 per annum shall be spent in development. For dredging leases the usual rental is $50 per mile per annum; development work worth $1,000 per mile per annum must be done. Coal and Petroleum Prospecting Licenses Any person desiring to prospect for coal, petroleum or natural ga^ upon anv unreserved lands held by the Crown may acquire license to do so over a rectangular block of land not exceeding 640 acres, of which the boundaries shall run due n.^rth and south and east and west, and no side shall exceed 80 chains (one mile) in length. Before entering int« possession of the said land he shall place at the corner of such block a legal stake, or initial post, and shall inscribe thereon his name and the angle lOfi Cinlritl Itritisli Ctihiinhl^i riiin-fiiti'd hy .sui'li post, thus: "A.li.'s X.K. curncr," .ir ns the i-ai-f iniiv 1h , iuid >h;ill kcc|. |>Mstfil ti.r thirty (hivs in m i'n!i-|jii'iiniis plai'c uimn tlic snid Inliil. mid iiUo in ih'' MMi.-hiny it in tlii' llriHa/i i'uliin'hi i (iu-itti mid ill ii Ini-iil iirw>])iipi'r fdi- a like ]icriii , :ipply fur >iirh prii»pri'tiii(r lii-cii.-i'. 'Jlir MppliiMtiMii, f,,r ,,iiii liri'iisr -ii:ill hf in writing, in diiplii-iiti'. :ilid ,-iuill i- taiii till' hi'st wrilii-ii di'scriptiini jKi-siMi', with a diafrniiii nf tin- land -oiiiilit t.. h- iic'iinii'iii, and >liall U- ai-i-oiiipmiii'd uitii ii fi'i' of .tliH*. Tin' application -hall In' mail • to ihi' (iiiiiini-sioiuT of Lands for tlio distrii't. and hy him forwiirdi'il tn tlii- Miiii-ti-r of I.muU. who .shall u'rant >ui'li liri'iisi' — provided no valid iirottwl is -uh-taiitiati'il tor a pi'riod not * ■ i-xi'iiil oiif year, and at tlir I'Xpinitioii of tliu tir-t yi'ar an oxti'ii-ioii of siii'h lii'i'iiM' may hi- irraiitiil for a si'i'ond or third year. Should the liein-ee diseovcr mal, petroleiini, or natural >ras upon suel. land durinir the period of his lierii-e, and produce satisfactory evidence, under mitli, of the fint. he may ohtaiii from ihe Lieuiinaiit-liovenior in ('niineil, after h.ivini;' had the land imiperly surveyed, a lease of tlie -aid block for a term of five years, at an animal •.■.nt;!! of l.'i cents an acre, and such lease may I e reneweil for a period of three year-, upon the |iayment of a renewal fii' of .tl(M> for each parcel of tl-IO acre- of hind: and it diirini;' the term of such lease, or within tliri-c months thereafter, he can -h .w c n- cliisively that he ha- continiinu-ly and vi;rorously prosecuted the work of cual o/ petroleum niininf.', and has fully carried out the terir.s of fueli lease, he .-hall he entillcil to imrchase the -aid lands, includiiijj: the coal, pctroleutn, or natural «as thereunder, at the rate of $- imperial frallons) ■ '' crude pctriileum raised or irotten from -uch land. 'I'iiiihrr mill FiiT'sl l-'irr lliijiil'iliiius 107 APPENDIX VI TIMBER AND FOREST FIRE REGULATIONS How to Obtain a " Timber Sale " ('poll iiliplic'lltiHii licill^' lllllilr til till' Ciiiil' l-'nl-c-liT. Vii'tnl'iil, <.r lllc 1i>cm1 Di^trir l''i.rc>tcr any ili^in-d an-a nl ( 'muii tiinl'i-r will in' cnii-cd. Mirvrycil lil' iiiH'i'~>;iiy I, iinil iiihiTtiscd r.ir sale l.y ti'udi r. 'I'hi' iifi-i'"! rcipiiiTil for ndvi rti-riiunt is as iiilliiw- : — (1) ()\vr live iiiillinii I'ri't li.M.. Iwii iiiMiilhs. (-') One til livr Miilliiiii frit li.M.. imi' iiiniitli. {:>) Li>- thai' mil' inilliuM Icrt li.M.. i.ui- t.i tmir wnks. f 1) Sliould lur Ntiiiiipai>-c Viiliir til thr ('r.iwii l.c |i>s iliaii *1IH), tl,,. Ii.cmI T)i-trii't I''.iri^lif may inaki- a -n\i- witli.uit advcrti^nr.int. Diirihtr the pcrinil of adviTtisiiiicnt all iiitriidiiii,'- piin-lia-iT- arr I'un.ishcd with full jiai-tinilars nf the sale, iiicliidiiiK liliic-prints -Imuiiifr tlir lucation and area, dis- ci-iptiiin and cstiiiiato (if tiiiilicr. ii|i>it prii-r I uliii'li i^ tlic IdwcM tpiidor that will lie cinisidiM-cd ), copy i.f till' >alc coiitracf. and tiiidir furiiis. The tciidiT must lie a< inpanicil liy a ciTtitird chi'iiuf. nct'otialdi- at par liv tlie l><'partiiiiiit in Victiiria. or liy cash, including thr followiiis itrms:— (1) C'list (if ndvcrtisinp. (-2) Cost, of rrnislii;; and siirvry (if any). (•!) Anrmai rental (approximately .ti rents per a'-re i.n roast, and li'i cenvs p. • acre in interior). (4) Fiirest protection tax fat IJ (■rnt> prr acre). (.".) Deposit of It* per cent of the stiinipa>re price tendered, which will he dealt with as follows: — ((() Returned fertiiwith if tender is nut accepted. (')) Held in trust to he returned upon the satisfactory eontpletiun of the rontrart. (r) Fiirfritid to the Crown if thr euntr.irt Is nut erinpletcd to the sati-faction of the .Minister. Eucii sale contract specifies the period witiiiu which operations are rt^piirrd to he completed. Should any timher remain uncut at the date of expiration, application may he ina(h- in the riy;ular w;. for a new ^ale to cover the \inloirt.'ed area. Timher-sale contracts are i.o; ti-anst'eral )e. The provision permitting the District Forcsti r to make small >ales under *l(iO without advertisement .should he of special interest to small operators and hand- loKgers. as .-ah's can in this way he [lut throuftli with the h-a>t piis>ihle (h-lay and expense. Small sales also have a distiiu-t ^idvantajfc ov(>r ha-.id-lopfn r>' licenses, iiuismuch a.s they arc not of a personal nature and have no restrict io|is ns to the loirai!!-.' equipment used, or the number of men employed. Application for further information slmtild he made to M. A. firain^'er. Chief Forester, Victoria, U.C. 10<^ Central lirifhh Columbia Extracts from the " Forest Act ' lO!. The period froiii lli.. Hr^t day of May to tlu- fiftc«'nth day of Septfiiil.ir in -a.-h year -hall hr known as the close s.a.-on in Tv^wvt to the setting of fire; hut when circiini-tanc.-, of unusual danper render it neees.sary in 'he publie intcf-t. the LieuteMaiil-(iov.riior in ("ouueil may, hy Proc'lamation, extend the said season. 107. During the elose season it shall be unlawful for any person to set out, or eausc to be set out. started, or kindled, any tire in or near any forests or w.M.dlands except for the purpose of elearing land, eookiuK'. obtaining necessary warmth, or for some iieees>ary iniluslrial purpo-o permitt. d by the Mini.«ler, and unless the obli^'ations and pr.-eautioii- imposed in the followinp seetion^ shall be observed. lOS. During the close sia-on no person, firm, or corporation shall set out. or cause to be set out, fires in or near slashings or forest d.'bris, standing or fallen timber, or bush land for the purpose of burning slashings, l>rush, grass, or other intlammahle material, or for any industrial purpose, without first obtaining a permit therefor; Provided that no person shall be eonvietrd who shall have set in good faith and with reasonable care a back-fire for the purpose of stopping the progress of a fire tlien aetuall,v burning. 111. Every person who, during the elose season, uses any explosive, or throws or drops any burning match, ashes of a pipe, lighted cigarette or cigar, or any other burning substance, in or on any forest or brush land, or at a distance of less than one-half of a mile therefrom, shall, before leaving the spot, completely extinguish the fire of the mat<;h, ashes of a pipe, lighted cigarette or cigar, or other burning substance, or explosive, and any fire caused thereby; and every such person shall be liable for nil expenses incurred by the department in controlling or extinguishing any fire so caused, and the Minister shall have a right of action against such person therefor as for a debt due to the Crown. Summary of Water Righli 10» APPENDIX VII SUMMARY OF WATER RIGHTS Tho „r.,vin,.e has I,-..,. divLL-d i„t„ thir,,-,.„e "Wat. r lUvordin^ |.i-tr„.t- - ,l,o oundar.os of wh-.h follow a. nearly as ,«s.ible the „.„in watershed. i ,. •• L, '^ K..nn .,' .„ n,ost oaso. the Ooven,„,e„t n«..„t. appointed for .„..,, di-tri-t V L,ea Keeonier act. a. a '• R..order." the aetive adn.ini.tratio,, i„ the n.ore inM^r, j d r.et.> be„,K >n the hands ,.f n •' Di .ri.-t En.Hneer." whose dnties Ho, d hv the ^^ato^ Aet 1014." and who is suhjeet to the (^.nptroner of Wa,,. Xulu h oftc. ,s at N.etona. U.C. and i„ whom alone is vested the power to approve ., npp ,eat,o„ an,, .rant a liee... The pri„te.l ,„rn. ,.f notieo. .p,„ie:,ti„n. e . n v t m t" n'" 't'" '" ""■ "'"'"" "' ""^ '"''''■' «'^"''^-- '"^'--' K'"^i--- ■- the t (iinptrollers office. Lieen.es may bo granted for the use of water for any of the f„llowin.. purposes- Do,nest,e. water-work, n^ineral trading, irrigation, mining, -tean,. tlu.nin.. hv Ira ,li 1.: .n., .ndustnal. power, clearing streams. ,tora.e. eonveyin.. and loweri^ water As the water may be required in varyl,,. „„an,itie.. tl,e applications have'heen ass,fi«^ as follows: -Class A." "Class B." and " Cla. Cr ,he dcHniti.ns of t classes bemff as follows:— "Class A.'- in reference to any application or license, „,eans any application o' l.e.nse for "domestic.-' '-mineral trading," "steam purpos .." „r fr '• mini 1" o " .ndus,r.a, pnrpose " where the water is to be used in ^uan'^ities not Ix •,. J, Z .40 acres; or for "power purpose" where the power to be develop.,1 ,,,„. ,„., exceed Um hor.se-power and i., to be used by the application only Pn,vid..| th.t if • theopinion of the Comptroller the nature of the works intended is n' t ' ; ^ subm.ss.on of detad plans, he may place any application which might come v foregoing class.flcat.on .nto "Class B." notwithstanding the foregoing Hmitati,,;. Class B. ,n reference to any application or license, means an applieati.o. '..f heense for m.nmg or "industrial purpose" where the water is to be asod i„ quantmes exceel.ng 100,000 gallons per day; for "irrigation purpose" where , acreage to be .rr.gated exceeds 640 acres; or for "storage pnrpose" or "hvdranlicking purpose or ' clearing streams purpose," or " fluming purpose" where the water is to be used by the applicant only; or for " ,K)wer purpose" where the power ,o" be developed exceeds 100 horse-power and is to be used by the applicant onlv „r f„r lowenng water purpose"; Provided that, if in the opinion of the Cmpt'r^lier the nature of the works is such as not to re ,uire the submission of detail phL he n - Place any apphcafon or license which might come within the above dassiticatV.n ,-„to Class \ liotwilhstaiiding the foregoing limitations. "Cla^ C," ill n.ference to any an>lication or license, means a license bv virtue of which water is held in gross, whether by special Statute or otherwise'; or an lll> Ci-lilritl Itiilish Inhimh'm ii|i|ili.Mlioii or llirii-c fnr •' \»>\\-Uiii>r." " i-l.iirinir strcuiiH," ..r " lluiiiiiiinK |,iir|i.iM's" wh.rr tiill- an- tc. Ip.' .hnrjfcl; ..r fnr ■• wiit. r-work- " or " ivr.viiitr piirpnO'S," A li. ■,•.,... ill n-i'.Mt of ,1 ••(■Iii». A" nr ••dn- If ii|'MlicMti..ii <'ini 1 Lla lud tiy 1111 "nwmr," ••i.wuit" 1m iiik tlitiiml I'.v t!ii' Ac-t ii»: (,i) An.v rtjri-tcrid owner in tli. 1 k cf ii.il.frn-il.l.- or iil)-oliitr U-v< in iiiiy I.and KcKi-ir.v "rtii'i' ill tin- proviiior; {In Any |iiiri'liii-ir or \<--ir in u rici-t. nd iitfri-.ii)iiit f.ir imrrlm-c or Ira-f; (r) Any iippli'anl to r.tri-tif lii- till.' ii> owner or lii^ uBrf.ni.'nt for purclmw or li'ii«i'; (,/) Aiiv ,,n-,.nptor. lioni.-.t.„,l.r. or purelm-.T fmm tlio Crown in tin- nulit of rith.r til.' l")ominion or iIh provin.-r. or any applicant to so pru-.mpt, honu-t.ml. or purclia-i'; ((■) Any tiinl'tr licin^fi- or livM-e; (/) Any otlur lawful occupant of land or of a tiiinc; (y) A.i\ 1.%'al rcpnscntativc of an owner la. herein dcKnrd) who I,a- died. he.-..ni.- insolvent, i,' a minor, is of unbound mind, or i- otherwise under disahility; (;,) Any received or ILiuidator of a npaiiy which is the owner (a- herein dcliiic ;, muni- cipality empowered by an Act of the Le^'i.latiire or to a company autliori/.d hy its- memorandum of asr.K.i:itiou. of by some Act of the ].c«-islntnre to acquire such license. and in no case until the undrrtakini.' ha- been approved under the "Water Act. litl f." The initial proceilure to obtain a ••(la-- .V" or '•Class IV' water liccns,- i- as follows: — (1) Post notices at or near the pi>int f diver-ion and place of use: (i) File the notice in duiilicat*- in the otiici- of the Water Uecorder for the di-trict in which the proposed jioint of diversion is .-ituatc; (!!) At tho samo time as tilinfr - rve tli.' notice upon each owner wlio-e land will be toiK-h.'d or in any way affect.Ml by the propo-ed vork. ; (4) Forthwith after po-tiiifr en the (.'round, a-iverti-.' the iiotic.' in a hx'al news- jiajier oiii'e a wei k for four weeks; (.-,1 Within ten day- aft.r tlii' date of the tir-t publication, tilo the formal ajiplica- tion in duplicate in the Wat.-r Recorder's othce. Ai.iilieation ■ rther detailed infonnatioii shoiihl be made to tho local reconler or to th ■ Water - nraiieb. Department ..f Lands. Victoria. B.C. (Jnmr lii0idiilU,)is 111 Al'PKNDIX VIM GAME REGULATIONS Ewcntial Points to be Remembered \uii-n«l(lciif huiitiii)^ lii'iii»,< arc in fdlluws; — M. //;„ i;a,„. /.,V,.„^,*.- T.. l.unt l.iir tMM,,.. uM.nr l,inl-. „,..| ,., nu^i'u- l,,r ruh. If' *:'... W 111, iMl.liticmil f,,., f,,r t'lmic kiil.d a- r..ll.-»-: '•■^"•'' '"""-'• ^-:,m " "''I'"' : J^ .HI " '■"••'' ; -MH. IllllMIlfllil|-sllCC| ■'"(«» '■ >.'ii//l.v lirnr -V, (N> liiiiuiitaiii-(iujie. . .. 1", «N» " '•"'•-'••■'•■- ,:, (H> liliK'k or lirowii liciir l"i(M» (iter (ir any ntlur ^ic-ic- - r^. > Un],Uv nnist l,„n« H.lr ..nt-r t,..- |,r,A i,„-.. I„r th- , ur). .,. of i,„„ti„u luu tr.rn.. to ol.faiM al.ov.. l„-...is,.. ami ina.v .-arry lii^ tin^arii.^ witl.ui.t li.-..|,s.' wliiUt in a pul.i;,. I'oiiMyiilii-c. ) i-J) Si,ri.„!, II. ur A,V,».v,..-T, l,u„t !,.-Mr o„ly l„.fw,.„ J„n,.a.-,v I an,| July 1, N.I!. A |.,„,it to ,x,,ort trophi.s is r,.,,,!,-,..! ;,„.l ,.,„ 1„. oKtaii.Mi fron, ,|,e lfovii„-ial (.11111,. Warden or tli.' can-yt Covcrtinioiit ,it'..iit. (••;) >'rv/.v(,H Hornr IlinI /.KcH.vc— To limit uaiiic Uinls only, (,;■ .t.V). (I> . I ;,;//. ('.v /,;,v H.V.;- To lisl, lH.tw,.,.n .Mun-h iV, and .VovohiImt l.". for whole M'a^oii. tic .t:, ; |.|.r day, .^1. N.I!.- Trout over >< iiidics in leufitli ,,idy may la- taki-i. Bai; Limit (Vtm Om: Sk\so\). Sui.jivt to an or.n season U^in- <)<.,.lar,d l,y Ordi-r in (\,iincil. 1,- a> f.,;iov . :— ilii; Cairn— On., n.oo.se; „ii,. wapiti; two .-arihoo; ilnv,. niountain-sl,.-..,,. l„,t ■ H.t nioiv il.an two nf one si>ooic.?; two nioimtain-).'oat : four dn-r, Imt not inoro than ihrt'c of any one sporips. (ianii. Birds— Daily l.af; limits arc declared amunilly l,y Ord.r In ( „un,.il ulin, o| I u srasipus ar(> ft.Ked. NoTK.— N„ person may kill at atiy tim,' tli- frtnal.-s or voun- .,f nio ,s,.. wapiti, cMivhoo, iiicuntain sluop, or mimntaiii p-oat. It i-^ illcu'al at any timi' to — I s'> ill! autonnitic slioifiun. f... a pump-fjuii without a pcrmarrnt plr^ limiting it t,, ,,„,. sliH: in the n 'nziTK'. 112 I'i'iilriil UrilUli Culuinliii lltiiii (tiiiiH' bir'ln from nn> i>iiil nt jxiwcr hont in liiliil wiir<'r«. Hunt In liny uanic nxiTvc i'lirry tiri'iirnu in un nulniiKilrili' without it iM-rniit iluriiiix aiiv I'lixc «<>n. (ill nut with liny iH-r^on lu'tintt im a Kuide witlioiit x-cinu limt hi- holiU a Kuiilf't !i''rn-i'. Otfi'i Idr •itlr IT iitti'ni|>t ti> huv tht' hrmk nf inito-ii-, wnpitl, iviriboo, or niDutiiinshci'i). N'.H. Thi* (l(M - rii't n|>|>l,v In itni"irti-il hi'iiiU whi<'h h:ivi U-i-ti liramli'd by tho Di'parlnwnl. Kviry |>orM)n wlio tiikfn iiny ntlur pi-r-nn out huntitiir biif uiiun' jiiU(li \\\r „u,f\i alirii.ii! fur at lia^t six iiiontli* boforo his removal to Canadii, ami Ims liroiiKlit tlieiu into Canada witiiin one year after his arrival, viz.: If horMV only are bruuKht in, in allowed- if eutllc art- broilKht in, 16 allowed; if sheep aro brouKlit in, ltl>> i'.lluwisl; if swine are br jUkIiI in, I'iO allowed. If horses, rattle, sheei> anil »v ine are broii({iit in t"!-' tlier, or part of I'aeh, the pro|)ortion8 as above are to be observed. Duty is to be paid on live stock in exeiM uf the number for wbieh prov-^ion iit made os above. For customs entry purposiw a niare 'vith a r use in n manufacturinir eritablishiuent or as a contractor's outfit, or for sale; that he or siio Intends iu^comlnp a ■-"rnianent se.tler within the Dominion of Canada and tiiat the " live stock "' enumerated is intended for his or her own use on the farm which he ot .-ho is about to occupy (or cultivate), and not for sale or speculative purposes mr for the use of aiiv other person or persons. Freight Regulations 1. Carload shipments of farm settlers' (tfects must consist of the following described property of nn nctunl farm setiler, when shipped bv and consijrr.pd to the same person. Household g<.od8 and personal efTects, all second hand, and may include ; Agricul- tural implements and farm vehicles, all second hand (will not include automobiles) 118S— 8 in I'rnlnil Bnlixh I'nhnnhui Live -.Iniv; iml cNrciMli ii^r a lut.il i^l tfii hi-inl, ciimi-iliufj of Imrsi'S, Iiiillp^, cnw.-', lii-it'iTs, i-iilvis, iiMii, ~lii i-p, I'T iii':;s ( I': .'III Ka>lcrii ("aiiadii init iwurr tliaii six licaii -I' lirrrscs and miili-s luay lir l-n-liiiliil in a i-ar ul' I'anii srttlors' i'lTc<'tr<), laiiiiljiT and ^liinuli^ i I'inr, liiinl(H-k, ;-|iiii<'r, or liasswoud), wliirli must ii.it c.Ni'ccd L',r>(t(> fi ft in all, i.r ll,i i c|irn alcnt lliTccd', nr in liru of ( iKjt in adilitinn to) tlu' I'jinliir iiiul sliiii^lo. a ix'i-lalilc Iilum', kimrkcd dnwn. nia.v Ik; sliippi'd. Seed Kriiiii. tries, or ^lll•nllh(■r.v. Tho qnantity of seed Kf"'" inur-t not oxccod tin- fiillowiiiK wcitrlit: Wheat, iJM) pmnids; oats, 3,l()fl iiounds; barliy, l,si«t poniid^; tlax sfod, 400 iHHinds. From points in Wf^tcrn States, 1,I(M» pounds of seed corn iiiav aUc, lio ineiudcd. Live poultry (siiuill lote only). Feed, sufficient for feeding the livestock while on the journey. 2. Live stock. — Should a settler wish to ship more than ten head of li\e -tock (as per Knle 1) in a car, the iidditional animals will he cluirf^cd for at the less-thaii carload live stock rate (at cjitimatcd wcif^hts as \k'T Canadian Freight C'assitication). but the total cliargc for the car will not exceed the rate of a straijiht carload of live «>tock. When live sto-k forms jiart of the shiimient, the usual live stock form of contrai't must lip sifiTiied. .Shipper mu^t .show on the live stock contract the miinbers of Ip :id of each kind of ^tock loaded in car. .A^'cnls will reipiire attendants to affix their siffiiature in Hank sjiace provided for same on face of live stock contract. 15. Passes. — One man will he passeil free in charfre of full carloads of settlers" ciTecis containing liveetock, to feed, water, and care for them in transit, subject to condition^ specified in tlie Canadian F'rcisht Cla-?ification. No reduced return transportation will bo given. 4. Top Loads. — Agents do not permit, under any circumstances, any article to be loaded on tho top of box or stock cars; such manntr of loading is dangerous and abso^ lutoly forbidden. 5. Settlers' effects, to be entitled to tho carload ratee, cannot be stopped at any point short of destination for the puri)Ose of unloading part. The entire carload miir-t go through to the station to which originally consigned. (). The carload rates on farm settlers' effects are ba.^-.id on minimum weight jier car, of: — From points north of St. Paul or Duhith 24,000 pounds. North of Chicago, Kansas City, of Omaha to Duluth or St. Paul 20,000 " South and east of Chicago 12,000 Additional weight will be charged at proportionate rate. From points soutli and east of Cliicago only five horses or l:cad of live stock are allowed in any one carload. Any number over five will he I'hargcd extra. Taxation n:> APPFADIX X TAXATION 'r:i.\iiti(m niit^idi' iill iiicnriHirnti-cl ritics. t^wiis and iiiiiiiici|i:ililii\s is iiiiiio^od .md '•■■llcctrd directly l.v t!ic I'i'mvIiiimmI ( invi-niliiciit iilid cxpi'iidcd in piii>lii' iinproVi'iiiiMiI- -licli ;i> i-.i-id-. Ir:iil-. uliMi'Vi's :iih1 lirid-cs. in !i>-i-istiii;r and iiiainlainliiir the m'Iim,,!. and in the adniiiii>lratii n of ju~ti.'c. 'I'lic ratis cif taxatinn inip.^i-d li.v tlic lati-t •"'raxalinn Ad" arc as fnilnw-.: IVr .•cnt. lical pmiK-rfy t I'cr-iiiial properly 1 Wild land (mmI land, (la- A 1 I! I Tiniliir laiid ;! Inninic. l'la>- A, np to and iii.-ludin- -ti'.lHIl* 1 11. eXcii-cU !*l',(ltMI ,.||,,| ,|,,(.. not ixcecil $:!.(HKI. Ij ( ■. ■■ :'..iiiiii ■■ ■■ " -(.iXMi J l>. •• l.dlill - ■■ •■ T.OftO 4 K, '■ T.iKHi •• ■■ ■• 10,fK»0 V. •• lil.li:l(l •• •• •• :.>i),(inO 7* (;, •• :.'ii,(Mii> 10 School taxes are a-se?.>eii ..n pro|Mrty situated uitliin llie varion,^ -cjiool i|i>trict- tliroimliout the province, at a rati- deternii I l.v lin' aniouni o|' ihr .itinnal recpilsition of rnnd.- I'roiM tlii- -el 1 tni>lee-. I)i-coiinl ot' 10 iM'r cent, allowed it' paid liel"ore .lune "ti. Miniiifr eoiniianie.s (utlier tlian coal or }ridd-ininiii)r t'Mtiipanies I art! taxed - per cent, on the (.Toss value of the ore at the mine, less cost of transportation and treat- ment, or on their income, wliicliever yields tlic frreatcst tax. ('■oal and i-oke (•onii>aiiie.s are taxed 10 cents jht ton on all coal shipi)ed from the iiiine ami 10 cents pc- Nm on all coke, or on their iiioome, whichever yiidds the i;feafest tax. (iold-mininfr companies h.ddin«- ^-old mines, of which the tnarkot value of the pold recovered is s.'p iier cent, or over of the metal contents of tlip ore therefrom, are ta.xed on their in(Mine. Iron ore, other than that ii.srd a.s a flnx in the smcltincr of other metal ores, in addition to the above, is taxert(-'ii>;i> oxfiiiirt ae pcrjsonnl property only. Unpaid purchasi'-nioncy of land a* personal property. Tlonsehold furniture and eflc^'ts in dwellin^-liouses. Money depo.sited in bunk, minerals, matte, or bullion in the course of treatment, timber and coal land? under lease or lic-ciire from the Crowii, and *o much of the per- sonal property as i.s represented by timber eut upon or from lands held by the lessee or licensee under timber Itaseholds or timber licenses issued under the "Land Act," upon which timber eo cut the rental. rnViilty. and license fees payable nnder the said Act have Ik'cu paid, and not otlierwi-e; and so inucii of the personal property of every l)er.-on as is reprii^cntcd by timber cut from lands within this province other than lands belonjrinfr to the Crown, upon which timbiT so cut the tax payable under the " Land Act "' ha? Iwen paid, and not otherwise; hut these exemptions shall not extend to the personal projicrty of any other person who may purchase or i'cquire timber so cut as aforesaid or any interest therein. Pre-emptions and bomesfeads fnr tun vtur- from date of record and an exemption of .t.'idO for four years more. Bibliography in BIBLIOGRAPHY. The Britipli Columbia Pilot." Hydrographii Admiralty. Lords Commi.s.^ioncrs of the. Oflice, .Admiralty. London, 1005. Audct, F. .L- " Canadi.ui Historical Dates and Evenl.s, 14!)2-1915." Ottawa, 1917. Begg. Alo.x-anuer.— " Hi.story of Britisli Columbia from its earliest discovery to the present time." Win. liriL'irs. Toronto, ls!M. Camsell. Chas.. B.Se. -' Explorations in the \ortbcrn Interior of British Cohimiua." Summary Report. Geol..i;iial Survey of Canada, pasre 70, Ottawa, Pll;>. Camsell, Chas., B.So.— ' Platinum Investi'jrations in British Columbia." Summary Report, Geological Survey of Canada, Part 1!, Ottawa. 1918. Coats, R. H. and Gosnel, R. E.— "Sir James Douglas." Morang & Co. Ltd., Toronto. 1908. Cole, L. H.. B.Sc. " The Salt Deposits of Canada and the Salt Industry." Mines Branch, Department of Mines. Ottawa, 1915. Conway, G. R. G.. 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"The Carilioo Trail," Volume .'ii— "The Haihvay Builder.s," Glasgow, Rrook .,■ Company. Toronto, il&a TtTwni^rr' 'rT\^ . #t^£S)«kriJBFl~riK ^:;r JI- ,_^'.L' - . . , Hk.-:-,-i .Liiu wTr"^T^^^^ in,..m.j«CE22:« . ^-«M><^.i.^^ult. ^.■J«frat. M-s^Kjk. ■ Tnrinrnrnm - -^-•. . .-.fLfa*«*^^^_«^ ^Eii!> C.J .at'-,, .1 ■, I! -I IPUHPqpp m mmmm mmm