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 1 
 
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 1 
 
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 5 
 
 6 
 
F 
 
 IJE 
 
 WAR' 
 
NOTES 
 
 1 i' 
 
 ox 
 
 PRIMITIVE MAN 
 
 IN 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 >^: 
 
 By ID.A.-VIID BO'YILiE 
 
 l5KI\(i AN APPKXDIX. To TIIK UKPOUT OK TIIK 
 .MIMSTKK OF KDUCATIOX Foil OXlAlllO. 
 
 PRINTED BY oRhER OF THE LEOISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. 
 
 ^■■^iii^' 
 
 NATTai>iA.u. l^luSEUM 
 OF CAKAuA 
 
 TORONTO : 
 4 WARWICK BROS. & RUTTER, PRINTERS, Er. ., 68 and 70 FRONT ST. WEST. 
 
 189D. 
 
 008453 
 
• « • 
 
 • • • • 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 f ^tv^fii 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introductory from " Priniitivo Culture 
 
 Contents 
 
 Illu.strations 
 
 Preface 
 
 W'lieiicii Cduie the Indians / ... 
 
 .\b(>rii,dnes i>f Ontario 
 
 Sociiil Condition 
 
 Fond 
 
 Reliijion 
 
 Medicine Men . 
 Secret Soeietii'.s 
 Biiriivl Cu.stonis 
 Earthworks 
 Pottery 
 
 Cliiy Pii.fH 
 
 Flaked Tools 
 
 Stone Pipes 
 
 Stone Hammers, . . 
 Stone A.Nes or Celts 
 Chisels 
 
 (i'lUges 
 
 Slate Knives 
 
 Shell ()l)jects 
 
 " Ceremonial '' «)bjects 
 
 Stone Tul)L's 
 
 lione Tools, etc 
 
 Horn Implements 
 Teeth 
 
 'J'otenis 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Stune Carvinj^ 
 
 Copper Implements, etc. 
 
 Stone Discs 
 
 Conclusion 
 
 Appendix 
 
 P.\OE. 
 1 
 
 iii. 
 
 V. 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 . Hi 
 17 
 
 . . 18 
 . 19 
 . . 1!) 
 . . 20 
 21 
 . ;J2 
 . 41 
 . 48 
 51) 
 't7 
 . 50 
 60 
 . 01 
 03 
 . 65 
 09 
 . 72 
 79 
 . 81 
 . 81 
 . 82 
 . 84 
 . 85 
 90 
 91 
 9:i 
 
 '5 AG?. 
 
i 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 fi. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 14. 
 15. 
 Ifi. 
 IS. 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 22. 
 23. 
 24. 
 25. 
 2ti. 
 27. 
 28. 
 29. 
 30. 
 31. 
 32. 
 33. 
 34 
 35. 
 36, 
 37, 
 38, 
 39, 
 40, 
 41, 
 
 42, 
 
 43. 
 44. 
 45. 
 46. 
 47. 
 48. 
 49. 
 50. 
 
 Cliiy maak from pipe. 
 
 Clay vessel. 
 
 Patterns of fragments of pottery. 
 
 Patterns on fragments of pottery. 
 
 Small clay vessel. 
 
 Small clay cup. 
 
 Clay bowl. 
 
 Cl.ay bowl (fragment). 
 
 Clay bowl. 
 
 Clay liowl. 
 
 Clay vahe (re.stored). 
 
 Clay bowl. 
 
 Clay spoon. 
 
 Large clay disli (rest')reci|. 
 
 Clay pipe, long stem. 
 
 Small clay pipe. 
 
 Small clay pipe. 
 
 Clay pipe, oval stem. 
 
 Clay pipe bowl. 
 
 Clay pipe. 
 
 Clay pipe bowl. 
 
 Clay pipe bowl. 
 
 Clay pipe, perfect. 
 
 Clay pipe, large. 
 
 Fragment of clay pipe. 
 
 Clay pipe, perfect. 
 
 Clay pipe, perfect. 
 
 CI:'y pipe bowl, human body. 
 
 Human head from clay pipe. 
 
 Clay pipe bowl, human head. 
 
 Clay pipe bowl, human head. 
 
 Clay pipe bowl, human head. 
 
 Clay pipe, double human face. 
 
 Clay pipe, human head, with headdress. 
 
 Clay pipe bowl with human face. 
 
 Clay pipe bowl of unusual form. 
 
 Base of 37, showing human face. 
 
 Clay pipe, human head and body. 
 
 Clay pipe, human face awry. 
 
 Clay pipe, human face looking upwards, mouth 
 
 of face the bowl. 
 Clay pipe, human face looking upwards, one 
 
 eye the bowl. 
 Clay pipe, pinched face and grotesque body. 
 Clay iiipe, human face. 
 Clay pipe, human figu-e with hat. 
 Clay pipe, human face. 
 Clay pipe, human body. 
 Clay pipe, human head. 
 Clay pipa, owl-like human face. 
 Clay pipe, wolf's head (?). 
 Clay pipe, fox's head (?). 
 
 52. Clay pipe, owl's head. 
 
 53. Cl»y pipe, eagle's head. 
 
 54. Clay pipe, double snake. 
 
 55. Clay pipe, snake's head. 
 
 56. Curved Hint knife. 
 
 57. Curved Hint knife. 
 
 58. Curved flint knife. 
 
 59. Curved Hint knife, 
 
 60. Curved Hint knife. 
 
 61. Unsymmetrical Hint knife. 
 
 62. Ijarge (piartzito spear. 
 
 63. Large (juart/.ite spear. 
 61. Large (juartzite spear. 
 
 65. t^uartzite spear. 
 
 66. Large chert tool. 
 
 67. Flaked knife, 
 
 68. Very finely Haked tool. 
 
 69. Flaked hoe or spade. 
 
 70. Coarsely Haked tool. 
 
 71. Flaked knife, 
 
 72 Neckless barbed arrow, 
 
 73. Neckless barbed arrow. 
 
 74. Arrow with notched neck, 
 
 75. Small necked arrow. 
 
 76. Fancifully shaped arrow. 
 
 77. Double notched lance. 
 
 78. Double pointed anow (?). 
 
 79. Flint saw (?). 
 
 80. Scraper. 
 
 81. Small drill. 
 
 82. Drill. 
 
 83. Drill. 
 
 84. Drill, edges bevelled only on one side. 
 
 85. Unfinished stone pipe, 
 
 86. Unfinished stone pipe. 
 
 87. Unfinished old form of stone pipe. 
 S8. l^nfinished platform pipe. 
 
 89. Platform stone pipe. 
 
 90. Stone pipe for wooden stem. 
 
 91. Stone pipe for wooden stem, 
 
 92. Stone pipe for wooden stem. 
 
 93. Stone pipe for wooden stem. 
 
 94. Stone pipe for wooden stem. 
 
 95. Stone pipe for wooden stem. 
 
 96. Stone pipe for wooden stem. 
 
 97. Stone pipe for wooden stem. 
 
 98. Stone pipe for wooden stem. 
 
 99. Stone pipe for wooden stem. 
 
 100. Stone pipe, short stem. 
 
 101. Stene pipe, long stem. 
 
 102. Stone pipe, short stem. 
 
 103. Stone pipe for woodep stew. 
 
VI. 
 
 lOJ, Stonr |>i|"', lircai Ktcni, liroken. 
 
 105. Stone pipf, iiKuJern a))|ifiirani'i>. 
 
 106. Ston*' pipe for wooden Hteui. 
 
 107. .Small Htone pipf, 
 
 lOS. Stone pipe, IV >•// modern looking?, 
 10!t. Stone pipe, nioilern. 
 11(». Disc pipe. 
 
 111. Disc pipe, back of IKi. 
 
 112. Dine pipe, catiliiiite. 
 
 113. Stonr pipe, liiiiiian tij,'ure. 
 
 114. Stoiif i>i|ie, well curved luniian liiad. 
 
 115. Well carM'd human and animal heads from a 
 
 stone pipe. 
 IKi. Stone pipe, hnnian head. 
 117. Stone pil»', human head, 
 lis. Stone pipe, Inimiin face, 
 119, Stone i>ipe, human heail. 
 V20. Stone jiipe, hinnan Huuie seated. 
 
 121. White stone pipe with long stem. 
 
 122. White stone pipe. 
 
 123. I'ntiiiiiihi'd red stone pi|ie, eaghV head. 
 121 .Stone \>\\h; duck. 
 
 125. Stone pipe, ea>;le, 
 12(i. Stone jiipe, pantleT (?l. 
 127. Stone pipe, hear. 
 12iS. Stone pijie, owl. 
 
 129. Stone pipe, hawk. 
 12!)i(. .Stone pipe, li/ard. 
 
 130. Stone pii)e, animal. 
 
 131. Ston'- pipe, monkey (':}. 
 
 132. .Stone i)ipe, bird form. 
 
 133. Stone hammer. 
 
 134. Stone hannner, or perliap.'*, luavy i-inker. 
 
 135. Stone hammer with s(|Uaro face. 
 130. I'ntiiiislud celt. 
 
 137. Slightly grooved celt. 
 
 138. Deeply grooved celt. 
 
 139. Long stone chisel. 
 
 140. Stone axe, with coin entional human figure. 
 140((. Stone axe, with raised pattern. 
 
 141. Stone gouge. 
 
 142. Stone gi ii,','e. 
 
 143. Stone gfjuge. 
 
 144. Gouge and chisel. 
 
 145. Small stone g()ug(<. 
 14(>. Slate knife. 
 
 14()((. Slate knife with handle. 
 
 147. Slato knife with notchi-d neck. 
 
 148. Slate knife with serrated neck. 
 
 149. Mussel shell rubbed thin. 
 
 150. Mussel shell, jioiuted. 
 
 151. Busycon perversune. 
 
 152. Shell gorget. 
 
 153. Shell gorget. 
 
 154. Shell pin. 
 
 155. Shell gorget. 
 
 156. Slate tablet. 
 
 157. Small slate tablet. 
 168. Small ulate tablet. 
 159. Fine elate tablet. 
 
 KiO. 
 1(11. 
 1(12. 
 1(13. 
 1(14. 
 l')5. 
 IfUi. 
 I(i7. 
 1(18. 
 
 109. 
 
 170. 
 
 171 
 
 172. 
 
 173. 
 
 174. 
 
 175. 
 
 17(!. 
 
 177. 
 
 178. 
 
 179. 
 
 189. 
 
 ISl. 
 
 182. 
 
 184. 
 
 1S4,/ 
 18.-), 
 180. 
 
 1B7. 
 188, 
 
 l,yt. 
 l»(i. 
 
 191. 
 192. 
 192<( 
 19-J/, 
 193, 
 194. 
 litj. 
 190. 
 197. 
 198. 
 199, 
 200. 
 201. 
 202. 
 203. 
 204. 
 20'). 
 200. 
 207. 
 208. 
 20!). 
 210. 
 211. 
 212. 
 213, 
 
 Untinished Hlate tablet. 
 
 Small slate tablet. 
 
 Slate tabl.t. 
 
 Very small tablet, 
 
 Slate tablet. 
 
 Slate tablet. 
 
 Notched slate tablet. 
 
 Small slate tablet. 
 
 Uniinished "banner stone ' or winged ob 
 
 ject. 
 " I'laiiner " or "butterlly " stone, 
 " Banner " fctone. 
 Horned " liauner" stone. 
 i lorned " banner " stone. 
 Apparently uniinished "banner" st'iie. 
 Small " banner " stone. 
 Unsyminetrical "banner" stone, 
 " Ceremonial " axe. 
 Bird amulet with large eyes. 
 Bird iimulet, eyeless. 
 Bird amulet with huge lyes. 
 Bird amulet, eyeless, knot on he.id. 
 Biar anndet. 
 Bar amuli't. 
 Bur amulet of \ery peindiar form, with a pro 
 
 jection on the upper side and holes below 
 
 from b ittoiii to side. 
 Under sidu of 183. 
 
 Bone harpoon or spear, one barb. 
 Bone harpoon or spear, three barbs. 
 Bone hai'|)uon, tliree double barbs. 
 Bone tish hook. 
 Bone needle, or awl, or pin. 
 I'loiie netting needle. 
 Bone pin. 
 Bone pin. 
 
 I'eforated leg lioiic. 
 . Bone sf;rai)er. 
 
 Bone scraper. 
 Bone scrajier, knife form. 
 Bone comb. 
 Bone comb. 
 
 Bone comb or line-marker 
 Bone comb or line marker. 
 15on(! with tally marks, 
 lione i)i[)e bowl. 
 Bone marker. 
 15()ne line-marker. 
 Bone line-marker. 
 Bone line-marker. 
 Bone pendant, tish. 
 Bone pendant, mask. 
 Bone pendant, human figure. 
 Bone urnament ['!}, 
 Bone, rubbed down. 
 Horn chisel with hole. 
 Horn cl'.isel, large. 
 Horn Miong rounder or smoother. 
 Horn arrow-shaft straightener. 
 Horn arrow-shaft straightener. 
 
 214. 
 21,5. 
 210. 
 21 .S 
 219. 
 220, 
 
 220, 
 217. 
 22.-1. 
 229, 
 !3U. 
 2H1. 
 232, 
 233. 
 231. 
 
 l'3li. 
 237, 
 238. 
 239, 
 
K'fd (J 
 
 a [no 
 below 
 
 214. Ilnni ■irrow-j'liuftstrnisrhtpiier. 
 
 '2U>. Heai'i* tuotli. 
 
 21(1. Ih'M iir wolf totem. 
 
 21S HfiiMT or otter totciii. 
 
 21 !l. Turtle totem. 
 
 220. Slate gorRet {':k 
 
 •-'21. Sliite gorpet (:'). 
 
 222. Slate K'orgot I?). 
 
 22S. Slate t-'orget ('.'). 
 
 224. Slate gorget (?l. 
 
 22r). Slate ejriirop (?i. 
 
 22(!. Fibre twister i':\, 
 
 227. Fibre twister, end \ lew. 
 
 22.-!. Stone perforator ('.'). 
 
 229. Stone (?), 
 
 VM. Small paint cup. 
 
 2;^]. Slate tube, lidllowed on one side, 
 
 232. Slate pebble, well bored. 
 
 2.'W, Carveil gypsum. 
 
 284. Carved human head in limestone 
 
 w35. CoppiT s|)ear. 
 
 l'H(i, C'oppir spear. 
 
 2H7. Copper speai'. 
 
 2.'i8. .Small copjier spear tip. 
 
 2.'{!(. Copper spear. 
 
 VII. 
 
 2)0. C()p|)er a\e or chisel. 
 
 241. Copper ehise!. 
 
 212. Small copper knife. 
 
 243. Copper knife, modern foriu. 
 
 iM4. Copper knife, modern fMrm. 
 
 245. Large eopper tool with siniUMis edge, an<l 
 
 covered with lieiut r .-kin. 
 240. Copper spear. 
 247. Copper spear, 
 24S. Copper «pear. 
 
 249. Copjifi' spear. 
 
 250. (Jopper spear. 
 
 2.'>1. Copper arn.w or small spear. 
 
 262. Copper axe or chisel. 
 
 258. Copper a\e with speck of native silver. 
 
 254. Copper chisel 
 
 255. Copper axe. 
 25(1. Cojiper pend.mt. 
 
 257. Copi)er beads and pendant. 
 
 258. Copper ornament, 
 
 2,5I>. Copper (sheet) beads, on leather. 
 2(iO. Stone di.sc, hollowed. 
 2'!1. Stone disc, plain. 
 2(iS. Discoidal |iendant ('.'|. 
 2(iS. Discoidal pendant (r), 
 
Fig. 1. MaHk from clay piiie. 
 
 FiDP! I'lhnitni Ciilhiii. liy K. 15. 'I'ylor. vol. ii., p. 400: 
 
 "(Jnintod that iiivlii"<p|oj,'y, loiulirig the stiideiit'a iiiiiicl back to roiiiotost knuwii cunditiDns 
 <if hiiiiiiin life, shows suili lifu t^ Imve Iti'eii of mieiiuivocally savage typu ; graiited that tho 
 rmigh-hewn Hint hatchet, dug out from amidst tho hcinus of mammoths in a drift gravel-l>ed to 
 lie oil an ethnologist's writing table, is to him a very typu of primitivo culture, simple yet 
 crafty, clumsy yet i>uri>oseful, li>w in artistic levid yet fairly st>irteil nn the ascent toward higliest 
 tli'velopment — what then ^ Of couise the history and prehistury of man take their i>r(ipur 
 jplaccs in the genei'al scheme of knowledge. Of cuurse the doctrine of the world-hmg evolution 
 uf civilization is line which philosophic minds will take up with eager intero&t, as a theme nf 
 .ibstract science. liut beyond this, such research has its iiractical side, as a source of power 
 destined to influence the cuurse uf modern ideas and actions. To estal)lish a connection l)etween 
 what unculturetl ancient men thought and did, what cultured modern men think and do, is not 
 a matter of inapplicable theoretic knowledge, for it laises the issue, how far are modern upiniun 
 and conduct based on the strong ground of soundest modern knowledge, or liuw far unly on 
 suih knuwledge as was available in the earlier and ruder .'stages uf cultiu'e where their types 
 were shajjed. It has to be maintained that tlie earlier history of man has its l)earing, almost 
 igniired as that bearing has been by those wiiom it ought most stringently to efl'ect, on some uf 
 tlie deeitest and must vital points uf our intellectual, industrial and social state 
 
 " If we sttrvey the state uf educated o{)inion, nut within the limits of some special school, 
 bur in the civilized world at large, on such subjects as relate to man, his intellectual and mural 
 nature, liis place and function ' Ids fell>w men and in the universe at large, we see exist- 
 
 ing sidii by side, as if of eiju; '■ , uiiiniuus uiost diverse in real authority. Some vouched 
 jni' by dir and positive evidence, hold their gmund as s(did truths. Others, though founded 
 iiw ciudest theories of the lower culture, liave been so modified under the inHuence of advanc- 
 ing knowledge, as tu atlbrd a satisfactcry fr.unewurk for recognized facts ; and positive science, 
 mindful of the origin of its own philoi>ophic schemes, must admit the validity of such a title. 
 Oiho.s, lastly, are opinions belonging jiruperly to lower intellectual levels, which have held their 
 plac? into the higher by mere force uf ancestral tradition: these are survivals. Now it is the 
 DiMctical office of ethnography to make known to all whom it may concern the tenure of opin- 
 iun.s in the public mind, to show what is received on its uwn direct evidence, what is ruder 
 ancient doctrine re-shaped to answer modern ends, and what is but time-honored superstition 
 ill the garb of modern knowledge." 
 (1 I'.M.) 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Mfuiy tcaclitTs and otiitTs without cither time t»i' oijportuuity tn jl('^n^^(' tlie 
 nmnei'dus works tliat liavc appcaivd, and arc a|ipoaring, on tlic .siil)jcct of priini- 
 ti\e liFc in America, and who arc jiarticulai'ly desii-ous to know sonicthin<f ahout 
 the IniHans of oui- own countiy, have iVeipiently expressed tlic wish that siieh 
 int'oi'ination couhl he proeurcil in a handy and conilensed form. It is for tlie 
 purpose of supplying tliis want in a 'uodest way, tliat the followinif notes have 
 been prepaivd, and are now jmlilished hy tlie courtesy of Dr. Ross, Minister of 
 Education. 
 
 It is not many years since etlinology liad an existence, and still fewer since 
 it was thought worthy of a name — now, both it and its sister science arch.'eology 
 are dignified with profes.sorships in the world's best universities ; many of the 
 most profound thinkers on both continents are devoting their attention to race 
 i:)roblcms, and, speaking generally, it is safe to say that intelligent people every- 
 where are more or less interested in all that relates to early man. 
 
 The little we know concerning aboriginal man in Ontario is gathered from 
 the writings of early travellers and missionaries, eked out by what we can deduce 
 from the I'cnuiins of his work in the shape of embankments, mounds, ossuaries* 
 other burial places, village sites, potteries, and various tools and weapons of bone, 
 horn and stone. 
 
 It is deeply to be regretted that the observations of earliest writers seldom 
 penetrated beneath the surface — the modern scientific spirit had yet two or 
 three centuries to await its Itirth — and now vvc aic reduced to the necessity of 
 wondering ami suiniising, instead of Ijcing able to build on certainties, .nltliough 
 it is undoulited that much we could wish to know was unascertainable even by 
 tho-e Europeans who first came irto contact with the nati\ cs. 
 
TTpon arcliiiolDrjical rescarclR-s, tliorcforo wc must depend cJiictly oi' wliolly 
 for any additional knowledge, and nuicli lias ali'eady Ween gained in this wiiy. 
 Tlic jirKvincial collection at the t';inadian institute contains many s]iecimens that 
 sliow us the Indians iiu'thods of woiking, liis skill in manipulation, his taste in 
 form and design, his patienci' and pei'sistence, sometimes his ingeiuiity. his 
 adaptive eye, his tertility in resources, the extent of his trade lelations, his war- 
 like spirit, his social tatus, his superstitious beliefs, his love of tiuery.his respect 
 for the death and even his affection for his children. 
 
 Correspondence is .solicited with readers in possession of itd'ormation eon- 
 cerning places connected with old-time Indian occupation. 
 
 ai'e 
 
 th. 
 
 llui-ii)ilr(i(|iu)is skill 
 
 1 
 
 the 
 
 num 
 
 own 
 
 
 havi 
 
 
 or S 
 
 
 depii 
 
 
 two. 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 l)«Cllll 
 
 kebt 
 rod, 
 Work 
 ami li 
 
 
 cunii'i 
 nectiu 
 thoust 
 tribes 
 New^ 
 
 J 
 
 
WHKXCK CAMK THK INDIANS^* 
 
 As ail introduction to tlie following notes on the etlinolo;;y find iirclut'olojjfy 
 <jt" Ontario it may not liu inaiiproprxate to devote a few payos to a consideration 
 of tlie much discussed siiliject — \Vhi;nce came the Indians ■' not foi" tlie purpose 
 of jirojiosinn- any new theory, lint simply to show tlu- <j;i'()inids (»n which claims 
 are hased hy tlujse who Imld this, that, nr the other view. 
 
 «J It is toleraltly safe to assert tliat thr great majority of those who have given 
 
 tlie sultjeet any consideration at all, helirve the American aliDvigini's eaine from 
 Asia, hy way of liering strait. A smaller numlier think tlie migration came 
 along a more southei'ly cours^i from .Japan, and otlieis still, that many fouiiil 
 their way hither from islands of the Malaj'sian group t) South America and 
 Me.xieo. On the other hand claims have heeii set up for the opposite side of the 
 Old World as the source of population. Of these, one that has attracted much 
 ■*J attention is hased on the faliled e.xistonce of the islanfl Atlantis, hetween the 
 coasts of Africa and America, and one of the latest theories refers to a former 
 land-connection hetween northern Kurope anrl Greiinland, across which the origi- 
 nal discoverers of this continent found their way, (li'oenland itself Ijeing at that 
 time a portion of our mainland. 
 
 Those who have a(k)pted the theory of an arctic '■ land-hridge," uniting 
 America with the Old World, cither on one side or the other, claim that their 
 conclusions are based on sound geological data. 80 far as the Ameiico-Asiatic 
 limits are concerned there is really no necessity for any such supposition, although 
 one may more readily concede its likelihood than in the ease of the com- 
 paratively immense distance that s(^parates the < ireeidand from tlie Norway of 
 to-day. In the f(>rmer case an elevation of Heiings sea-bed to the extent of one 
 hundred feet would form a land coiineetion, while in the latter there would be 
 re(piii'e(l an upward movement of not less than three thousand feet to unite 
 Norway, Iceland, Oreenland and the continent of America.. The same forces, 
 however, ari' as cajialile of performing the greater as the lesser elevation, and it 
 is nr.doulited that, in past ages the kind has risen and fallen in many places 
 thousands of feet 
 
 l)Ut why should we lie e.xpoeted eithei' to give rein to our imagination as to 
 the route liy whieh man found his way to this continent, or to limit it as to the 
 number of his landing places ' I'pholders of the various theories have, t(,> their 
 own satisfaction, proved the possibility of voluntary ami involuntary migrants 
 having reached Amei'ica, overland and by way of both oceans, from places 7,000 
 or S.OOO miles apart, and as much as H.ilQO miles by .sea from their point of 
 <leparture. Is there anything in reason to make us doubt that there have been 
 two, four, eight, or more points of arrival .' On the contrary, is there not much 
 
 * "The almrigiiKil American, as we know him, with his langnaprc and legends, his physical and iiu'iital 
 peculiarities, his social ;>l)servanci's and ciisti)nis, is most emphatically a native and not an imported article 
 He belongH to the .K iierican continent as striccly as its opossums and armadillos, its mai/.e and its golden- 
 rod, or any niemhers of its aboriginal fauna and Hora belong ti: it. In all probability he came from the Old 
 World at some ancient period, whether pre-glaoial or postglacial, when it was possible to come by land; 
 ■\nd here in all probability, until the arrival of wiiite men from Kurope, he remained undisturbed by later 
 comers, unless the Kskimos may have been such. There is not a particle of evidence to suggest any con- 
 nection or intercourse betweiii aboriginal A.nieric.i and .Vsia within any such jieriod as the lait twenty 
 thousand years, except in so far as there may perhaps now and then liave been slight surges of Kskimo 
 tribes back and forth across liering strait."--The Disc \ erv of America, p. 20, bv .lohii Fiske, Boston and 
 New York, 1892. - 1 . . 
 
1 
 
 tlmt is actually suggestive of this possibility ? Language lends no color to one 
 common orijiin, neithiT does physique. In manners and customs thTe was quite 
 as much variance as could ho found among similar savage peoples anywheie else 
 in the world. Their resemblances to each other were human — not continental ; 
 the natives were superstitious, vindictive and bloodthirsty, but even in these 
 characteristics there was nothing to indicate a single centre of distribution. A few 
 groups possessed the potentiality of advancement, but the majority were appar- 
 ently at a standstill, while .some seemed to have become degraded from a former, 
 not very high condition. 
 
 It is (juite true that all this may have lieeii lnought about as the result of 
 diti'erentiation from a coimiion stock duriuLi,' a pi'riod rxtending from the ice age 
 to these diiys, l)ut it is ;it least (juite as reasonable to suji])ost' a variety of origins 
 as the cause of the variations. If we admit the possibility, even at l<ing intervals, 
 of migrations or arrivals from inirtbern Asia noi'tbern Eui'ope, the Paeific 
 islands,* ( 'liina, .la]ian, and e\ en the mytliical Atlantis, we shall meet with fewer 
 ilitliculties in uursturly of American rthnology than l)eset him who attempts to 
 s(|uar(' all his facts with one or other of the po])ulin' theories regardioL'' the oi'gin 
 of the Indian. It was surely inevitable that durinn' the course of centuries many 
 enforct'd xoyages shouM lia\c bn-n made across both oceans to this continent. 
 ModeiMi lii'avado has shown us bow the passage across the Atlantic may be accom- 
 lilished in an open boat l>y one man. beif Hricsen s xoyage was more ihan 
 enndated by a crew that sailed in l.S.").S from Norway lo ("bieago in a large open 
 galley eonstiucted on the ancient Viking model. Kxci'vone knows of the 2,0()ii mile 
 Voyage made liy ('aptain liligli and bis companions in a ship's l)oat. when tliey 
 Were sent adrift by the IJounty nnitineeis. A fiiend of my own acc(iini)lishe(l 
 the distance between \'ork Factory ami Knglaiid in toni'teen days, the vessel 
 measuring only sixty tons, and being deeply laden with tisb-oil. It is true that 
 in all these instances, tbo>e in connnaixl knew where they were going, and except 
 in IMigb's case were accordinixly well pro\ideil, bnt it is not at all inconceivable 
 that iHimerous involuntary tri]i> were made by coast natives aci-oss both oceans, 
 and. of conrse lia\iMg ivacbiMi .\meriea the voyageis were here to stay. 
 
 It is not impossible that Polynesian >ea-rovers made oecasional Ioul; voyages 
 along the coa><t of Asia establishing settlements, niemln'rs of which ultimately 
 reached America from northern latitudes either by accident or design. -f 
 
 However this may be we ai'e to-day no nearer a solution of the ve.xed (pies- 
 tion as totlic origin of the Indiana than we were tifty, oi'four hundred years ago. 
 
 No refei'eiice has here been made to tliose who hoM that the Indian had an 
 indejiendent orinin on this continent. The opinion of Darwin and oth(M•^ on this 
 theory will lie found in the (|Motation li'om Dr. Ih'inton following. 
 
 *In (ii8ciis.mii^ the origin nf the Maya Calendar, Prof. Cyrii.s Thomas writes: " Althou^'h the 
 referi'iicPH to th'' caliiKiars in usi' ainnnfjf the Polynesians ami Melanesiaiis are brief and incoinplete, and 
 genernlly confiiHeci from a lack on the part of the writers of a correct knowledge of tlie system, yet, when 
 carefully stiidied, tliey seem to furnish a clue to the origin of the Mexican and Central American calendars." 
 And again, "Be the true e.xplanation what it may, the evidence we have presented of its relation to the 
 Polynesian calendar is too strong to be set aside as merely accidental . . . Tliis, however, is not the 
 place to take up the dipcussion of the (piestion of contact of the western coast tribes with the Polynesians, 
 exce])t as related to the calendar.'' The Maya Year, p.6S and (i4, by Cyrus Thomas, Washington (Jovern- 
 ment Printing Office, IMJH. 
 
 Prof. Thomas argues only for Pacific Island iinhintd resvdting from " contact,'' and the reasons he 
 offers are very strong. If we grant contact at idio period sufficiently early to effect given results, we shall 
 find it ditfieult to avoid a conclusion which necessarily implies much more than the origin of the Maya and 
 Mexican calendars. 
 
 t Since this was written I have met with an article by Prof. ( )tis Tufton Mason, in the American 
 Anthropologist for July, 1S'J4, in which he argues very ingeniously for MalayoPolynesian movements, of 
 long continuance to America, coast-wise along Asia, '^uotationa from Prof. Mason's paper are given in 
 what follows. 
 
 tinu' 
 brief 
 
 Froi 
 
at 
 
 That the young student may hero refresh his ineiiiory (oi- road for the first 
 time what has been said by a few leading writers) on tliis subject, two or three 
 brief extracts an; given. 
 
 From Races , if Man, by Oscar Pesehel, p. 400, Appleton, New York, 1.S76. 
 
 " If the human species has peopled the woi-ld from a single centn-nt creation, 
 and if its cradle is not in America, the New World must have received its first 
 iidialiitants from the Old. When they entered tht- Western Continent they were 
 certainly still in a very barbai'ous state, although their language possessed the 
 rudimi'iits of its future chai'acter, and althouijh thev may have kno-vn how to 
 ])rodncr tire, and used l»ows and arrows. We cannot suppos(> that tliese innni- 
 '.'■rants made long voyages, but at most that thev crosscil lJrIiriiiL;'s straits. It is 
 not impossible that tlie first migrations took p. ace at a time when what is now 
 the channel of Behring's straits was occupied by an isthmus. The climate of 
 those northerti shoics nuist then have lieeii much milder than at the ))resentday, 
 for no cun-ents tVoni the frozen ocean could h:ive penetrated into the PaciHc. 
 That the severance of Asia from Ameiica was, geologically speaking, very recent, 
 is .shown by the fact that not only the straits but the sea which bears the name 
 of Hehring is extraordinarily shallow, so much so indeed that whalei-s lie at anclu/r 
 in the nndille of it. I!ut it is always dangerous to rely on geological events 
 which themselves i'e(|uire more accurate proof. We tlieivfore prebi- to assuii.".; 
 that at the tinn' at which the Asiatics passed over into America, l>ehiing's straits 
 already possessed theii' [)r<'sent character. ... 
 
 • i'liit the proof that the aborigines of America took this roa<l consists in theii' 
 .Mongoloid character.s. ... In onlv one pliysical character some Ameiican 
 ti'ibi's diHei' from the .Vsiatic .Mongols. A small snub nose with a low l)ridge is 
 typical in the latter: whereas in tJie hunting trilies of the United States, an<l 
 especiady among the chiefs, we meet with high noses. It is known, moicovei', 
 that tile Mexicans and othei- civiii/.ed irations of ( "entral America represented the 
 faces of theii' goils witli very jirominent noses, so that some b'W individuals among 
 these also must have hail this marl<cd feature.* ..... 
 
 Hut a peculiarity which appears only locally and is not common to all the 
 aborigines of the New World cannot be regardeil as characteristic of race. '"I* 
 
 From The Amerie<in Rucc. bv Dr. 1). 0. Hrintoii, p. 20. New \in-k, N. 1). C. 
 I bulges, ISO 1. 
 
 '■ i'robably the favorite theory at the present day is that the first inhabitants 
 of the New World (;ame from northeastern .Vsia, either by tlu; Aleutian islands or 
 across Hehring strait. Concerning the Aleutian islands, we know by the evi- 
 dence of language and archa'okigy that they were first peopled from Ann'ricaand 
 not from Asia. Moreover, they are sejiarated one from the other in places by 
 hundreds of miles of a ])eculiarly stormy and dangerous sea.' it is otherwise 
 with Jiehriiig straits. From Fast ("ape in Siberia one can .see the American 
 shore, and when first explorecl the trilies on each side were in freipient communi- 
 cation. No doubt this liad been going on for a long time, and thus tliey had 
 
 * Why " Slime few ? " Tlii.-* is as imrcly j^TatnitouB .as is the expression " especially amonK the cliiefs " 
 in tlic prec'oliiig sentence. 
 
 t This " peculiarity which appears only locally " has, nevertheless, a very extensive range. It was 
 ciimmon among all the trihes on the Atlantic slope, and is freipiently met with anmngthe Ojihwas anil the 
 plain Indians of all tribes in Canadfi and the I'nited .States. If the statement wen' well founded it would, 
 even in its limited sense, detract considerably from Pescht'l's Mongoloid theory. 
 
 X The nearest of the Aleutian islands to Kamschatka is 253 miles distant. The explorer Hehring found 
 the western Aleutians, those nearest the shore, uninhabited. See W. H, Dall, "Origin of the Innuit," 
 pp. !)(i, 97. in Cotitrihiiti")!^ to North Anx ricin htluiulo;!//, vol. I., Washington, 1«77. 
 
T 
 
 inllut'iR'L'il cacli ntlicr in liloixl and cultui't'. liut so lony; as \vc luivo aiiv know- 
 ItMln'f ot" the iiiovin^'s at this point, they liave liei-ii from. America into Asia, the 
 Eskimos pushing tlicir Mttlements along the Asian coast. 
 
 It will lie leplii'd that we should look to a period anterior to the Kskimos. 
 Any migration at that n niotc ei)och is refuted by other considerations. We know 
 that Silieria was not ])eo]»lrd till late in Neolithic times, and what is more, that 
 the vicinity of thr strait and the whole coast of .Vlaska were, till a vriy mod< m 
 geologic period, oviMfil liy ciioi'mous glaciers which woulil liave prevented any 
 commniiication lictwccn the two coiitineiits.'' These considerations reduce any 
 possible migiMtions at this point to sucli as may have taken jihici' long after 
 Amei'ica, both north and south, ])ossessed a wide-spread pi'pulation. 
 
 The (piestioii which should lie posed as jaeliminai'v to all such s|)e( illations 
 is, ii-lu'ii did man tiist a[)pear on this isolated continent ' "' 
 
 J)r. Ih'inton before answering this (piestion discusses what is known as the 
 Gi'eat Ice Age during the (^^uaternary period, and then procei'ds : 'Such facts as 
 tliese ))lare it beyond doubt tliat man lived in botli North and South America at 
 the close of the Glacial Age. It is not certain that this close was synclironous in 
 both the northern and southern hemi.sphere.s, nor that the American glacier was 
 contemporaiT with the Ice Age of Kurope. The able geologist, Mr. Croll, is of 
 opinion that there was a ditterence in time, the Ice Age of America was posterior 
 to that of Kurope. In any case, the extreme antiipiity of man in America is 
 placed beyond cavil. Me was here long before either northern Asia or the Poly- 
 nesian Islands were inhabited, as it is well known they were iirst populated in 
 Neolithic time.s. 
 
 The question naturally arises, did he not originate upon this continent .' The 
 answer to this is ufivcn bv Cliai'les Darv.in in his ma'dstral statement. "Our pro- 
 genitors diverged from the catarrhine stock of the anthropoitls ; and the fact that 
 they belonged to this stock clearly shows that they inhabited the Old World." + 
 
 We are obliged, theivfore, to look for the original home of the American 
 glacial man elsewhei'e tlian in America. Some interesting geological facts throw 
 an unexpected light upon our in\ estigations. I have already remarke 1 tiiat in 
 the virions recent oscillations of the earth's crust, there occurred about the middle 
 and later glacial epoch an uplift of the northern continent and also of the 
 northern Atlantic basin. In the opinion of Prof. James Oeikielhis amounted to 
 a vertical elevation of three thousand feet aV)Ove the present seadevel, and 
 resulti'd in establishing a continuous land connection between the higher latitudes 
 of the two continents, irliirfi r('iu.iiJ iii'd inif'tl llii> post-glK/iial pcrioilX- 
 
 Dr. liabenicht also recognizes this condition of altairs and places it during 
 the 'old stone ' aye in Europeij which corresponds to the ])ositioii assigned it liy 
 McOee.' 
 
 Citing other pioofs of a geological cliaracter, ])r. Brinton says : '" In con- 
 sequence of such facts, the most careful Ih'itish geologists of to-day hold that the 
 land connuunication, which certainly existed between Europe and North Ainerica 
 
 * The evidences of a vast ice-.sheet once coverinff the whole of East Cape are plainly visible. See Dr. 
 I. C. Rossc, Mtili'iif and Aiit/ini/hildi/ird/ Xnti « 'in Alanka, ]>. 2!>, Wasliingtnn, 1888. 
 
 t I'Ik /kxcnit (if Afaii, \i. I'^i). I)r, Umloliih Hocrne.'*, howiver,.has recently argued that the discovery 
 of such simian forms in the American tertiary as fhe AiKtiitomnrphux hoiiuninilun, Cope, renders it proba- 
 ble that the aiitlirojioid ancestor of man lived in North America. The Anaptomorphus was a lemur 
 rather than a monkey, and liad a dentition very human in character. 
 
 i(.^uoted by G. F. Wright in the Ic Aiic in Atm ric:i, p. 583, 
 
 i? He further sliows that at that time both northern Russia and northern Siberia were under water, 
 which would effectually dispose of any ansiimed migration oy way of tlie latter. 
 
 
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 in Eocene times by wiiy of Iceland and Greenland, which was then a part of the 
 American continent, eontintied to exist throuj^h the Miocene and IMiocein* ejiochs. 
 This land briili^c formed a barrier of separation lietweeti the Arctic and Atlantic 
 oceans, so that the ti;mperature of the hi;4her latitudis was much lailder than at 
 present."' 
 
 Ill a paper " On the N'arious Supp(»sed Relations batwecp t!ie American and 
 Asian ilaces," read by Dr. lirintr-ii before tlie Aiithropulii^^ical ( 'onj^ress in (!hi<'an'o, 
 even stronj^er exi)ression is i;ivcii by him in opposition to the Asiatic (jri^in of 
 thf Aiiit'i'icaJi race. There "s room here to (piote oidy a few seiiteiiccs. The 
 paper opens thus : " The isolation of I'.ie American lace fi'om the earliest pre- 
 liistoric tin<.es seems to have been so complete, that any positive evidence that it 
 was perceptibly intiuenced in its development, cithei- physical or psychical, by any 
 (jflier race, is exceedingly scant, if it exists at all. As for myself, thoULfh cer- 
 tainly w;llin<f to welcome any clear testimony t(j such intlueiice, I ha\ e been 
 unable to find any which will bear even slight examination ; " iuid with the follow- 
 iiii;- pithy and unnustakaltle lati'^uaf^e he concludt's his paper, fitter reviewinif tlie 
 "supposed relations" between the i-aces in ([Uestiou : "I maintain therefori', in 
 conclusion, that up to the present time there has not been a sin;,;le dialect, not an 
 art jior an institution, not a myth or religious rite, not a domesticated jdaiit or 
 jinimal, not a tool, wi^apon, game or symbol, in use in America at the time of the 
 discovery, which had been previously imparted from Asia, or from any other con- 
 tinent of the Old VV()rld."+ 
 
 Prof. Otis Tufton Mason has recently written on this subject as follows :{: 
 " There arc two po.':sible routes from Asia to America, one of which has often been 
 <liscussed ; the other is, so far as I am aware, to 1)6 now for the first time pro- 
 |)osed 
 
 The route which I now propose might have been nearly all tlu; way b^-^ sea. 
 It could have been a continuously used route for centuries. Until iiiterrupt-jd 
 bv later civilizations, it miijht have been travelled over for thou.sands of year.s. 
 it is absolutely along a great circle of the earth, the sb.ortest and easiest highway 
 upon a globe." 
 
 In a foot-note he add.s. ' 1 omit here the supposed route from Europe to 
 (ireenland, because it demands certain geological changes, all of which the writer 
 is now trying t<» Jivoid : also those lines straight across the parallels from Poly- 
 nesia, becau.se the food supply was inadeijuate and for other reasons. ' 
 
 He then proceeds: "The Haida Indians of Ibitish ( 'olumliia annually voy- 
 age as many as live hundred nule.s southward to Fuget Sound, to lay in a supjdy 
 ot dried clams and oysters for their own cousiimittion and for tiaile. 
 
 ■ bet us imagine a company of their ancestors, no matter how many centuries 
 ago, setting out from the Indian ocean in an open l)()at, no better than the one 
 tb.ey now employ, and govi'rned by the same motives that Iuinc always and iivery- 
 vvhere impelled men of trade. 
 
 *Ppschel, already (|uotfd, iups simil.ar lanfjuasfo whi'ti spe^iking of Berinvr strait, anil bfith statciiipnts 
 ;ire open to Ki'ave doubt. It is Kf'trally uiidprstoDd that cliiiiatic'iiinelioraticni in liij,'h latitudes is etVected 
 l)V means of ocean currents, ami notiiintf can lie plainer than that ^uch currents would be checkeii by the 
 existence of " land bridges " between the continents as referred to. IJeikie, in The dnut [cc A<j< , is plain 
 on this point ; he says : "Were there no broad currents of warm water setting towards the north, from 
 which the cold, dry winds, on their descent to the sea level, might receive warmth and moisture, there is 
 good reason to believe that the temperature of the northern hemisijhere would be greatly depressed, and 
 the cold of the Arctic regions might then ecpial in intensity that of their antipodes.' Much more to the 
 same effect follows in chapter VIII, Cause of Vo,wtical Channcs af Climate, p. 112, it ,<((/. 
 
 tMemoirs of the International Congress of Anthropology, p. 14.') and p. 151, Chicago, 18!)4. 
 
 !;" Migration and the Food-<Vueat : a Study in the Peopling of lAinerica." Atin rican Avthrnpuloi/isl, July, 
 1894. It is unfair to Prof. Mason to (piote from him in such piecemeal fashion. Those who are interested 
 should read the whole of his extremely interesting article. 
 
lO 
 
 " In order to make the problem of their voyage as simple as possible, let us 
 not imagine any snbnjer<jence of the ocean bed, nor any geoloj^ieal nor physio- 
 <,naphical chanifes, nor any accidents out of the daily human experience. We 
 may be allowed to restore to the waters and to the land such creatures ivs we know 
 to have been destioved out of them in recent centiuies bv the cxiijencies of enor- 
 mously midtiplie<l populations and the deuiands of modern connnerce, but no 
 more, ll will make our inipiiry much simpler if we have no e.xpei'iences intro- 
 duced or imagineil that any inan may not repeat at Ins leisure." 
 
 Prof. Mason then goes on most methodically and in the true scientific spirit, 
 to .1 consideration of the " Nect'ssary Conditions," under tlie heads of food-suppl*', 
 conveyance, currents and higliways, winds ajul tentperature, suggestions and 
 barriers, blood, social structure, language, ;irts, remains and historic 'nidencc, 
 religion and folk-ion-, and modern witnesses. These t()]>ics are skilfully and dis- 
 passionately handled, and with an amount of independence and originality ((uite 
 refreshinj;. Tln' following is the conchiding paiagraph under the; head of Testi- 
 mony of Etlinogra[)hers and others : " I'inally, l do not thiid-c that such cumula- 
 tive evidence is to be despised. All intelligent tivivellers are struck with the 
 similarities existing between our west coast Indians and existing eastern Asiatics. 
 It is true tliat those who have noted these resemblances have resorted to absiud 
 theories to account tbr them: but false theoiy and good eni])iric results are not 
 incomjiiitible. It is well known that «jur Kskimo have peopled a portit)n of north- 
 eastern Asia, following tlie <lominating instinct for aliment and comfort. The 
 pro]iosition 1 wish to defend is that this close connection between the two con- 
 tinents has existed for thousands of years, during which the contact between 
 westei'M America and eastern Asia was moie ami more close and extended and 
 uniiroken as wc ju'oceed backward in lime. ( )r, to put the matter in another 
 shape, theic never was known to histoiy a day when the two continents were 
 not intimately associahd. The evidences of the past stem to coidirm the o])iniiin 
 that as we go backward in time tlu; geogra})hic conditions were nioi'e favoral)le and 
 the Contact more intiniate. in conclusion, the authoi' has not here undertaken to 
 do moie than clear the way for a sjiecitic study of the <'ivili/,ations of America and 
 those of the Indian ocean. He disclaims any reliance u})on c()iitinents that have 
 disappeared, upon \(yages across the profound sea without food or motive, the 
 accidental stranding of junks, or the aindess wandeiing of lost tribes. When the 
 continent of America was peopled, it was done by men ami women ])urposely 
 engaged in what all sensible people are now doing, namely, trying to get all the 
 enjoyment possible out of life for their efforts. ' 
 
 There is much in this theory that is worthy of consideration, but it is not 
 wholly unobjectionable. It is undoubfed that food-()uest is the chief motive in 
 human nn'grations, as Prof. Mason asserts, and on this very account it is dithcidt 
 toex]"»lain why iiatives ot the Malay archipelago, people living where nature was 
 (ami is) so lavish in her fooil supply, should travel so fai' to the north Ibi' the pur- 
 pose of improving their condition in this respect. 
 
 Again, considerable stress is laid by Mi'. Mason, on the statement that the 
 route of travel fiom the northeastern Imlo-Malayan archipelago along the coasts 
 of Asia and Amei'ica to the basin of the Columbia rivei', lies " along a gieat circle 
 of the earth," Modern navigators are fully aware of the advantages that arise 
 from following such a circle, but their knowledge is a deduction from .science, 
 verified by experiment with the aid of delicately constructed instruments. 
 Savage man might have pursued long voyages in pirogues and canoes over the 
 ocean for untold centuries without discovering the difference between taking a 
 direct cut and jiaddling over a great circle. Indeed his empiricism wovdd cer- 
 
■I 
 
 II 
 
 taiiily liave favored the t'lirnier plan, had any doubt ever entered his niiiul, vvliich, 
 it is needless to spy, was nn absohite improbability. If it be merely intended to 
 assert that their line of route alon;,' coasts forminj,' a <,'reat circle f;;ave the early 
 voyagers an unconscious ad>'antage, ovi-n this would count for very little, as they 
 must have made deflections both to reach resting places and to keep in view the 
 Ifindnmrks by which they were guided. 
 
 It is not clear from Prof. Mason's article vvhethei'he pre-supposes the eastern 
 ciiiist of Asia to have been peopled durirg the early >oyages of the Indo-Malays. 
 At all events, it eithei- was, or it was n.)t. If it was not, then the adventurers 
 from the south would take possession bit l>y bit, until in the course of sojue 
 centuries they reached Bering's stiuits. Meanwhile considerable differentiation 
 must have taken place, so much so, that by the time offshoots fnjia these settle- 
 mi'iits I'eached America, the variance between them and the pioneer voyagers 
 would necessarily bi' very great, in language by natural laws, in manners and 
 customs as the I'esult of changed environment. If", however, we are to undei- 
 stand that, peopled or not peopled as this coast may have been, tlu; \)ioneer 
 adventurers ]iursneil contimious and consecutive voyages from the Malayan 
 arcliipelago along the eastern coast of Asia to the wesb-rn coast of North America, 
 wc must hesitate before acknowledi^iiig eiil'cr its probability or its |?ossibility. 
 
 ( )ii(! more point in i'l'of. Mason'-- napermay be considered. In bis foot note, 
 which has here l)een <|Uoted, be avows his intention of trying to avoid anything 
 tliiit "demands certain geological cbanges,'' and elsewhere he says •' let us not 
 imagine any sulmiergence of the ocean l)ed, nor any geological nor pliysiogiaphi 
 cal ciianges. nor any accidents out of the daily human (■N|ierience." This is very 
 ^ool, but does be not ovi'rlook these conditions when lie writes, 'The evi<ler.ces 
 of tile past seem to confirm the opinion that as we go liackward in time the geo- 
 grapliie eoinlitioiis wen' more faxor.-ible and the contact nun'e intimate '." 
 
 It is not easy to conceive of more faxoraile geographic conditions, without 
 ^ome siicli cori'esponding geological or iiliy.^iographical changes as he very pi'o- 
 perly olijects to admit. 
 
 Prof. .Mason's theory is a novel and ingenious one, and opens up a wide field 
 for argument and consideration. 
 
 1 )r. ( 'yrus Thomas, in the last Rejiort of the Bureau of Kthnology for ISftO-Dl, 
 says: "The general tendency of the more recent opinions in regard to the ^leopl- 
 ing of the continent is that it was at least ])artly from the Atlantic side. This is 
 •-liown by the fact that recent authorities, abandoning the more generally received 
 theory that the original population came from the Pacific side, are inclined to Ioo'k 
 to Hiirope as the oiiginal source.' After (pioting from Dr. Brinton, who, as has 
 already been seen takes the latter view. Dr. Thomas says : " Dr. Horatio Hale is 
 inclined to substantially the same view, though somewhat reser\ed. The theory 
 does not re(|nire the moulding process referred to, as the settlei's, according to his 
 
 belief, were of one race and received thereafter no intrusive clement 
 
 It is highly proliable that a more thoiough and comprehensive study of all the 
 data will .show, as ap|)ears to be indicated by arcluoology that the truth lies 
 lietween these opposite views; in other words, will lead to the conclusion tliat 
 
 ' comino- to the Atlantic cDast, 
 
 tne continent was peopled ti 
 the other to the Pacific side. 
 
 pari 
 
 i 
 
 
■1 
 
 1, 
 
 * 
 
 ai;ohi<;im:s of ontakio. 
 
 By far tlic ijrrutfi' jiait i>f tlir arcii witliin tlic limits ol' Ontario wiis 
 (i(.'('U])ifil liy Viirii)us triln's lic'li»iii,MM;^f to the Alt^oiikiaii t'iiiiiily. Next in 
 {iiiiiit <it" toi ritorial extent was tiic country <iF tlir Ni'utcfs, or Attiwanilavoii^, 
 stretcliini;' alon^- the nortli ^liorc of Lal<r I'li'ic. and last, liiit I'fally uf 
 most imiioi'tanci', tlioii^^di least in extent of ])0ssessei| country, were the 
 Ifurnns. whose ilnuiaiii was within the small and irrcMulai-l\- i|ua<l»anL;ular |)eiiin- 
 suia lyiny hctween NOttawasaija ha\' and Lake Sinicoe. This, at all events was 
 the situation when Ficncli missionaries and tradci's first penetrated to the ^neat 
 lakes, hut fdi' liow Iohl;' |ire\ ions it is impossihie to say. As a lesidt of Indian 
 warfare, wliole trihivs were often exterminated or alisorl>od, and thoii' country 
 re-occupicfl hy others or loft wholly desolate, within a comparatively lew years. 
 In Ontario the Alijoidvins appear to have l>een )"presented hy a few trihes and 
 l)anils in tho Ottawa valley, aiiout Lake Nipissiuj^, and aloni;' the north shores of 
 Huron ami Superior. Kast, south and northwest they were nuno numerous. 
 "They were Alt^onkins who n'reeted Jaci|Ues Oartitii'as his .ships ascended the St. 
 Lawrence. The first British colonist founil sa\ ai^es of the same race hunting ami 
 lishiiiif aloni;- the coasts and inlets of Virginia; and it was the daui^hter of an 
 Algonkin chief who inteireded with her father for tlie life of the adventurous 
 Hunlishman. They were Alyonkins who . waited war aL;ainst the I'uii- 
 
 tans of New Kni;lanil 
 
 They Were .Mn'onkins who, undei- the n'reat tree 
 
 at Kensinuton, made the covenant with William I'enn ; and when French .li'suits 
 and fur-traders explored the Wahash and the Ohio, they found (Jieir valleys 
 tenanted hy the same far extemh.Ml race. At the present day the ti-aveller. per- 
 chance, may find theua pitchiiiL; their liark lod;^fs alorn^- tlu; heaeli at Mackinaw, 
 sjieariuij; fish amonu' the rapids of St. Maiy s, or skimminu' the waves of Lake 
 Superior in their larch canoes.'"' 
 
 'J'he f(»rep;()iim' ipiotatiou suffices to show how widely sjircad wei'e peo}»le of 
 this ifreat family, lait the opeiiinn' seuteuce, if taken hy itself, would lead us to 
 conclude that the AJLioukiiis were the oidy Indians with whom ("artier came into 
 contact in f">;i"). Such, however, is tiot the L;'eiH.'i'al opinion. I)i'. Horatio Hale 
 says: ■ ('artier found Indians (.if the lluron-Ii'()(piois stock at Hochi.'la,i;a, an<l Slada- 
 cone, now the sites of Montreal and <,>uel)ec. Centuries In-fore his time, accord- 
 ing- to the native tra<lition, the ancestors of the llui-on-Ii'ocpiois family had dwelt 
 in this locality, oi" still further east and nearer to the river's mouth. As their 
 numbers increased, dissensions arose. The liive swarmed, and Vtand after band 
 moved oil to the west and south. "'"I' This is a subject to wliich l)r, Hale has 
 devoted much attention, and in a papei- prepared by him for the World's Congi-ess 
 of Anthropoloify, held in Chicago in 18!),'i, he cites at length the traditions referred 
 to. which account for the movement of the Huron-Irocjuois from their homes on 
 the St. Lawrence to the shores of Lake Huron. 
 
 " Chief Mandorong, ' of the WVandot Anderdon Reserve in Essex county, he 
 •says, " gave me an account of the origin of the war between the Hurons and the 
 rro([Uois, wdiich caused his people to leave their eastern abode. The two com- 
 
 Parkiiian's Consi»iracy of Pontiac, p. "JS. 
 
 tThe Ircquois l^ook of Rites, p. 11. 
 
 ^ 
 
 • J'hi 
 
 ,. 
 
 or N 
 
 i 
 
 carol 
 
 \ 
 
 irrei; 
 
 } 
 
 The 1 
 
 J- 
 
 hand 
 
 
 fl-oill 
 
 
 atiini 
 
 
 dwelt 
 
 
 lation 
 
 ( 
 
 It 
 
 
 tllf IMII 
 
 .■: 
 
 fT 
 
 i 
 
 : T 
 
 Mairli, 
 
18 
 
 •pie of 
 
 us to 
 
 • into 
 
 , Hiili" 
 
 Slada- 
 
 iccord- 
 
 Uvelt 
 
 their 
 
 band 
 
 le lias 
 
 iriunitifs wn'r livin;; mar cacli ntlirr, lioidc tlu- inuuiitaiii tVoni whicli tlirir 
 aiic't'stor.s had issueil.' .... To jinveiit diHtvenci's, the clutd's had t'oi hidden 
 the jieoph; of thi' two tribes to iiiteriiiaiiy. An Inxjuois warrior at li'ii^tli traiis- 
 ;^ressed this iiilLTdict , and married a Huron woman. She inclined hi-> any' r \>y 
 >inii' misconduct, and was killed by him Tlir child's ot' the two trilirs held a 
 Ciint'ercttcc, and .i'.,'i'ec(l that, as slic scciiieil to have merited her talc hci- hu>ltaiid 
 vhoiild Ljo nniiiinislicd. This decision, however, did not satisfy h-r kinMncn. One 
 ot'tlii'iii went secretly into the eonntiy ot" the hoiiuois, and killed a man of that 
 |teiiji|e. Thereup m a war arose between the two nations. Many eoiitliets took 
 place, in which the llurons i^ri.nerally hail the be^t. At la^t, however, by an act 
 of treachery, thi' iroipntis yot ]iosses>ion of the Huron town dm inn' a time, when 
 the men weie ab.sent from it, holdiiiL; a couneil el.sewhere, and Uilled all tlie 
 Women and cliildren. When the Huron warriiu's returned aiel fonnd tlieir wives 
 and children massacred, their grief and wiath knew no bianid.^.. They [airsued 
 ami overtook the muiderei's (as the chief atlirmed) and slew then' 'o the last man. 
 They then i|iutted the mountain near (>|uebec, and scattered the, iselvos o\ ei- the 
 country, 'i'his statement may be taki'U as >uHicient e\ ideiice that what they had 
 
 suffered was really an ovei'whelminif dtd'eat He further said tliat the 
 
 misssionaries weie in the ('ountry at the time of the final dispersion, thon.t,di not 
 at the t)ei,diinin,Lf of the war."+ 
 
 I'eti'r Doyentate Clarke, a half-breed Wyandot, says there are .several aceount.s 
 of what led to the enmity between the Hurons and the Iroijuois, and mentions 
 particularly tlie belief of some, " that it commenced abont a Seneca maiden and a 
 chief's .son. ' Whatever the cause may have been, the icsult was that those uftcr- 
 wards known as Hurons and Wyandots left their abodes on the St. Lawrence and 
 set out westwards. Their course laj' alonif the southern shore of Lake Ontario, 
 and when they reached Niaf]rara, Clarke says they remained there some time 
 lief'ore " niij,'ratinL;' northward to where tlie city of Toronto now stands." At 
 this jioint they were still too near their Iro(|uois foe, and .so removed to tlie shores 
 of the Geori;ian bay. Hale thus sunnnari/es this part of Clarke's story : '• Here 
 tliev found !jame aliundant, and abode for tiianv years. And here tliev were 
 joined by a band of their own people, who had remained on the Ottawa river. 
 These doubtless comiiosed that branch of the Huron nation which had separated 
 from the Tionnontates on the overthrow of the Hocheliij^an dominion, and had 
 retreated from Montreal up the Ottawa river. '"^ 
 
 Dr. Hale is of opinion not only that tlie Hurons were the '• older meml».'is 
 of the ;.^roup " known as the Iioi|uoian or Htn-on-Inxpiois family, luit that the 
 Tionnontates, or Tobacco Nation, were the oldest amoni; the clans of the Hurons. 
 This stock," he says, "comprised the Huron.s or Wyandots, the .Vttiwandaroi.ks 
 or Neutral Nation, the Iroquois, the Eries, the Andastes or ( 'onestojfas, the 'J'us- 
 caroras, and some; smaller bands. The tribes of this family occupied a lonif, 
 irregular area of inland territory, stretching IVoni Canada to North Cai-olina. 
 The noi them nations were all clustered about the Oreat Lakes. The southern 
 hands held the fertile valleys bordering the head-waters of the rivers which flowed 
 from the Allegheny mountains. The languages of all the ,> tribes showed a close 
 afiinity. There can lie no doubt tluit their ancestors formed one hody, and indeed 
 dwelt at one time (as has been well said of the ancestoi-s of the Indo-European ])opu- 
 lations^ under one roof. There wasa Huron-Iroquois family pair, from which all 
 
 ' It is not an uncommon belief among primitive i)i'ople.>< that thej' originated from u hill, or came out of 
 the <'Artli. 
 
 + The Fall of Hoc'lielaga, by Horatio Halo, in the .lixirnal of American Folk-Lore, .^anuary-^[arch, ISK-I. 
 
 I 'I'lic Fall of lldflielaKa, by H. Hale, in the .Vmerican Journal of Folk-Lore, p. 12, for Januaiy- 
 Mareh, 1893. 
 
14 
 
 tlu'se trilics wciv (Il'sc'i-ihIi'iI, Id wliat juut dl' the woi'M tliis Mticostral lidiiMliold 
 resided in ii <niestioii which admits of im re|il\ , exeept IVoiii the niurost conjecture. 
 Hut tile evidetice of innyiiiiL;e, so far as it lias yet hoeii examined, seems to show 
 th.it the Huron elans were the older meinhers of the ;^rou|i; and the clear and 
 |iositi\e traditions of all the snrvi\ in^' trilies llurnns, !ro(|U(tis and Tuscaroras 
 — ])oint to the Lower St Lawr^'Uee ns the enrliest aliodc of the stoek, "* 
 
 It is prolialile that the Neuters or Attiwaiidannis wert; ainoiiM- the first to 
 lea\(' the main hody. ile;;ardinL; their movement theie is not even a tradition, 
 liut their situntion heyond the most westerly of the lidi|nois, and the I'aet that 
 tliey h;id no>lijnein the !i'()i|Uois-IIiii'()ii feuds, point to ;in earlier and wholly 
 inde])en<lent mii^iation. it i> known also that their liui'^iiii^e varied hut sli^!itl\' 
 iViim tliut of the llurons, wliii h. as we have seen, there is reason to re<;"ai'd as the 
 paient tongue, and the iiil't leiice is that their separation must Imve taken place 
 iVom till' W'y.indot side of the m uintain down hy tin' sea, loni; het'oi-e the ureal 
 disrui'tion eonipelled the ohK'r clans to seek a refune on the (leoii^dan liay. 
 
 After the extei miiii'.tion of llie llurons and the Neutei's \>y the lioipiois in 
 li')4!l and hi.'tO ifspeetiN cly, tlii' ( )jiliwas (of various trilii> and claiis) t;radnall_\' 
 took po.ssessioti of the Ontario ])eninsula foinied \>y the (Jieat !iMkes. 'The 
 Iroipiois, houfvei, did not leadily i;i\e up this tei'ritory, according;' to the 
 i-urrent lielief of the Ojiliuas, hy more than oiu' of whom I have been assured 
 that the claim was ultimatelv settled hv a <'reat liattle, in which the Iroiiuois 
 were ilefeateil, when ti\' solemn treaty liotli ])artiesa;,;reed to he at peace I'oreNci'. 
 
 However this may he, it is well known that when ( 'anada liecime liiitish 
 all the Indians with whom the im))erial and provincial ^'ovei-nments had to deal 
 in what is now Ontai'io, were Alj^onkins. 
 
 SOCLVL CONDITION. 
 
 The eveij-'day life of the Canadian Indian could not have been, on the whole, 
 an ideally happy one. His wigwam oi- his longhouse was a poorly constructed 
 dwelling of houghs, hark and skins, afibrding but inade(|uate .shelter from 
 the elements. Food was no doubt tolerably plentit'ul,-f- but as providence 
 was nc»t one of his characteristics, he must have experienced many periods 
 of privation, especially during- winter. The Hurons, indeed, are credited 
 with a measure of foresight in laying up small qiumtities of corn in caclics^ 
 or holes in the ground ; Init the more unsettled Algonkins to the north seem 
 to have depemled wholly on the chase, and that only from day to day. In 
 seasons of cold and scarcity it must often have fared badly with the very 
 vountr, tlie very old, and those who were unwell. Eveivthing tended to 
 cut ort' the weaklings. The most prevalent diseases were malarial fevers, intlam- 
 
 * Irminiiis liook <if Kitts, ji. 10. 
 
 t Parkiiian sa.V'*, •lesuits (if North Anit'iic.'i, patif x\xi : " Tliere waslittli' game in the Hiinm country ; 
 and here, as anmnK the Irii()niii~, tlie -ilaple ot fo< d was Indian lorn ciiolied withdut salt in a variety of 
 ways, each nioie ikIIiium tiiun tlie la!<t. ' 
 
 It is (|uite safe to <lisi'iedit this ^tatenient regaiding tlie scarcity of game in the Huron country, unles.s 
 during such e\ce|iti(itial feasons as occur in every country. With luxuriant forests of maple, bpecii, elm and 
 pine, !iu aimudant supply of water, w ide stretches of fertile plain, and numereus glens in the upland section 
 known to us as thi^ Hlur niountaiiiH, it is incredible that, as a rule, " there was little game in the Huron 
 country. ' 
 
 Even the Htatement made l>y (Jahriel Sagard one of the hrst missionaries, that " meat was so rare with 
 us that we often passed six weeks and two whole months without tasting a hit. iinle-s a small piece of dog, 
 hear, or fowl given to us at l)an((uet». ' otters no evidence in favor of I'arkman's general declaiation. 
 
 In the Neutral and Algonkin comitne.s also, there was undoubtedly an almndance of game. 
 
15 
 
 iiiiitiiins, rlK'Uimitisni, luid atloctioiis (tf tlic i-yi' 'I'ontliiiclic wus not unUtiown, 
 jii(li,'ini: IVoiii the presoiiee of dccayetl tooth I'ouiul in skulls. Pcrhaiis imli^^'t'stiun 
 WHS 11 t"rri|iicnt catisc of tioulilc, takitiij into account tlioir piiu'tict' of ,i,'(iri;iTiif 
 tln'insulvis when o|i|)oituiiity ollon;*!. 
 
 Their clotliini; of skins was worn day and ni^lit as lonn' us it was needful, 
 cpi' until it (ell to pieees, (Jleatdiness was not one of their virtues, and we may 
 iuia^'ine their pliasurr wlim the time anivrd that eiuUili-d tlicm in kinc tiiroULfh 
 tli(; woods free Iniiu such incMimhrauees as ln-nvy t'ur>, snuw-shoe.s, and even moc- 
 casins. Their sinumef ^^arh wax scanty. Tin' men wuii' liitio heyond Kelts and 
 dii) ildei'-sti'a])s to which were ji.ttached their medieiiic-lians. tohaeeo poiielu's, pipes, 
 '.u'dsuives and (piivers. \\y way of decoration, one or more feathers in the hail', a 
 .i. ■• of shell, hiiiie, or stone heads, a;(oi'i;-et of hhu; slate, and .sometimes ear-drops 
 of .;;i; .'or stone rendered them not only preseiitaMe hut ready for the frayor for the 
 liunt. l''or the formei'aiid for ceiemonial purposes, howevei-, they usually ])repared 
 tliemsidves with a liheral coat of paint. *^^ This eon-<isted of earths, charcoal, ;iiid 
 \f^-etalile juices. So recently an 1747 (nearly one hiimlreil yeai's after their dis])er- 
 ^id), IVter Kalm mentions having' seen at (j)uciiec some tatloeil ilurons of whom 
 hr says, " .Many of them have liLjures in the i'ace, and on the v, luile Itody, which are 
 >fiiiii<'<l into the skin, so as to he indelihl((. Thtse liifures are commonly Mack ; 
 some have a snake painted in each cheek, some have several crosses, some an 
 arrow, others the simi, oi' anything else their imagination leads tliem to. They 
 have sueli lin-ures likewise on the hreast, thi^dls and other ])arts of tlie hody.''i- 
 IV'sides tishini,', huntin^j; and tij.(htiin(, tlie occupations of the men consisted in 
 liuildijii,' wigwams, makirin; hark canoes, war-cluhs, hovvs,ari'ows,tlaked stone imple- 
 ments of various kinds ; a.xes or tomahawks, and cliisels; (hoth now often referred 
 to as "skinnor.s"), gouges, (.so-called); pipes of clay and stone; shell and stone heads, 
 copper tools and weapons, snowshoes an<l all those curiously formed and well- 
 linished objects, which we call "ceremonials" or "ceremonial weapons" 
 
 To the WHMuen was allotted the production of articles of dre.ss, nets, lines, 
 mats, clay vessels, baskets, bone needles, and the preparation of skins for all puv- 
 pcjses. In addition to this, they performed such simple agricultural operations as 
 were re(|uired in growing .small quantities of maize, sunflowers, beans and pump- 
 kins—they assisted in skinning and cutting up the animals — as a nuitter of cnirse, 
 on them devolved the cooking, such as it was, and the pounding or braying of 
 seeds, nuts, fruits and roots (which they also gathered) for use as food. On the 
 march, or when making a portage, they had to carry their full share of the hn- 
 pcdimenta, and this not unfrequently in addition to a papoose firmly strapped on 
 their shoulders..' 
 
 *"Tliey likewise paint their faces red, blue, etc., and then they look like the devil himself.''— John 
 Megaiiolensis, 1()44. See Ajjpendix K. 
 
 I- They (the Hurons) practised tattooiiig, sonietimcH covering the wliole body with indelible device.s. 
 When of such e.\tent, the process was very severe ; and though no murmur escaped the sutt'erer, he sonic- 
 tiuiesdied of the effects." Parknian, Jesuits in Nortii America, page xxxiii. " In summer, the men (Neu- 
 ters) wore no clothing whatever, but were u8uall.y tatiooed from head to foot with charcoal.'' Id. page xlv. 
 
 The painfullness <if the process is here mentioned, but no reference is made to the process itself, which 
 nuist have consisted in abrading the skin with tiint^tlakes or shells, and puncturing with bone awls or 
 needles, after which the coloring matter was rubbed into the wounds. The sharjt tin-spines of large fi-'i 
 may also have been used. Tattooing, however, was .so exceijtional as to cause remark when observed. 
 .Speaking of the Cenis, a tribe on the Gulf of Mexico coast, Parknian again says; " they tr 'tooed their 
 faces and same parts <if thi'ir bodies, by pricking [lovvdered charcoal into the skin. The .v( ■ .en tattooed 
 the breasts, and this practice w.as general among them, notwithstanding the pain of ti-. opev ^ior\^ as it was 
 thought very crnamental."' -LaSalle and the Discovery (if tl e Great West, foot-u' >f\ p: (."• ,17. 
 
 I It is well known .also th.at the Indian wnmen p issi, -'sed the art of extractinj., origtit red, hhu', green 
 :uid yellow dyes from vegetable substances— fruits and ticwers chiefly— and it is yet i)ractised unumg tlio.se 
 tribe's that manufacture chip-baskets, gra-s-mats, and fancy articles re(|uiring the use i>f p rcupire (|uills. 
 
10 
 
 FOG]). 
 
 Thr food of tlie pro-histoiif liiilian consisted of fisl .. iie, maize, otlicr seeds 
 of different kinds incliidini;' nuts, small fruits like wild Ljiapes and luicklelienies, 
 and a variety of routs. Ixalm lefeis to three of the lasl-mentioiu'd known to the 
 Indians as " liopniss," " katniss," and " taw-ho," wldch wlien boiled. " weie oi 
 eijual i;'o(M|nr.s.s [<> jiotatnes." " ITopniss," he says, " i 'r. liinna-us ealls the plant 
 <r(ijc'ni(: A/>l(is," katiuss he (Ujscrihes as " a variety of Siifjithirin .s<i(^jilt'i lollo," iu\d 
 taw-ho as " tlie Ai-iun, Virninicmu, or N'iiifinian Wake-iohin."* 
 
 From a plant called taw-kee, the same authoi'ity stat'js that "the Indians 
 ]>luck tlie seeds and keejt them for eating'," and he further informs us that "They 
 (till' seeds) cannot, he eaten fi'e>h ov raw, but must be dried," and after lepeated 
 boilin<fs " tliey ate them like ])ease.''i" 
 
 This information is proliably trustworthy, as it is (juite likely that at that 
 date fl74!); the re<l men found it necessary to continue the use of their old-time 
 foods to some extent. 
 
 Although Kalm's remarks relate to usa<jes in the latitude of Philadelphia, 
 they were no doubt applicable, with moditications, to all the tribes in this pait of 
 the continent. The root of the Arum, is still well-known to most schoolboys 
 as " Indian turnip," remarkable as it is for its extreme pungency when eaten i-aw. 
 
 They made a coarse kind <jf bread from poixnded or roughly groun<l maize. 
 This meal was prepared either by being bruised in a hollowed stump, or on a stone. 
 Seveial good specimens of the latter may be seen in the provincial collection. The 
 writer just (juoted states, " on my travels through tlie country of the Iroquois, they 
 offered nie, whenever they desired to treat me well, fresh maize bread, baked in 
 an olilong shape, mixed with ilried huckleberries, which lay as close in it h^ the 
 raisins in a plumb-pudding." It is probable that even at that daj^ the tpiality of 
 the bread owed something to European influence..|; According to strictly primitive 
 methods it would simply be a lump of roasted dough, innocent of salt and yeast, 
 but, perhaps, in s(;me eases, containing berries as in a " jilumb-pudding." In l. 
 semi-tluitl state, either raw or cooked, nnd with or without shreds of meat, it was 
 also eaten. When the unbroken grains of corn were boiled with beans, it was 
 known on the Atlantic coast as succolnsh.^ No doubt similar methods of pre- 
 paring food were employed by the natives in Ontai'io, and this would appear all 
 the more reasonable when we remember not only that the Hurons and Neutrals 
 were Iroipiois otf"-shoots.[j but that bands of the last-named body occupied portioris 
 of ( )ntario at various times. 
 
 These remarks on food Jipply chiefly to the Hurons and Neutrals, for the 
 Algoiikins are n(jt known to have cultivated anything. Theii- scanty supplies of 
 corn, were, with their tobacco, procured from their Huron or Wyand(»t neighbors. 
 It may, therefore, be taken for granted that in the matter of foo<l the condition 
 
 * "Poniiue-blaiu'he, or navet tie jiiairie is a white root, somewhat similar in ajuiearance to a white 
 turnip, botanic-ally J'suritha i.sv tiloitu (Nuttall sonietiineH P. (inifi/ihi/lla. It is a favorite food of the Indians, 
 (l)akoti an I others) eaten boiled down to a sort of mush or hominy. A forked stieli is used in gathering 
 tliese roots.'"— Tenth Ann. Reii., Bur. of Kthnol. page "wiS, by Garrick Mallery, Washins^ton, 18!t3, 
 
 tSee Appendix D.K.F. 
 
 ',. "Their bread is Indian corn beaten to pieees between two stones, of whieh tliey make a cake, and 
 bake it in tli'? ashes ; tliey eat it with venison, turkies, hares, l]earH. wild cats, their own dogs, etc' 
 
 .Fohn Megapolensis. in Hazard's State Pajiers, 1V!'2. Megapolensis wrote his account of the Indians in 
 New Netherlands (New York State) in JtM t. 
 
 Ji " The wise liuron is welcome ; he is come to eat his succotash with his lirothers of the lakes. "—Fenn i- 
 more Cooper, 
 
 From the point of view that the Irntiuois or Six Nations ultimately became the more numerous and 
 powerful people, See (juotations from Mr. Hale, pages 12 and 13 avU . 
 
17 
 
 m 
 
 of tho Alc:tonkins was even less desirable than tliat of iiiorc southern jiooplos. 
 Hoots anil small fruits wei'e no thtubt on tluii' list, hut fish ami tle>h constitute-! 
 their juincipal article- of dii.'t. 
 
 All our Indian-, made {)ots or kettles of clav, and in thoi-',- the food was ('(xiked 
 when not roasted, or eaten ahsolutely raw. The l)oilinL;- was etl'eet 'd \>y means 
 of hot stones dropped into the water. 
 
 JlELKilUN.' 
 
 Whether or not the superstitions of the Imlians were worthy of heini;' dinni- 
 tied as rd'tij'ion, one thin;.^ is ceitain, namely, that the belief iji a (irt'at Spii'it, so 
 often attrilaited to ou»' red men, is of recent giowth — the result, indeed, of 
 JMiropean influence. One who lived amonfij the Iroquois \vlien they wei(> enga'j[ed 
 iu deadly wartai'o with the Huroiis on the one hand, i.nd the French on tin- 
 other, wrote of them : " Thev are entire stranj^ei's to al! reliijion, but they have 
 . . . a (ienlun which thej; put in tlie place of God, but they do not wor- 
 ship or present otferiiiL^s to him ; tliey woi'ship ami present otferiun's to tie- Devil, 
 whom they call OlsbDt, ov A ircs/rnotii."'^ A moment's I'etlection is enoui;-h to 
 mark the absurdity of tlie last statement, as it is well known tliat the Otskons, 
 Ottikons, or Okies of tlie Trorpjois and Hurons, cori'es|)onded veiy closely tt) the 
 .Manitous of the AI^oid<ins, comprehendini;' " all forms of supernatural beini;', 
 from the hinhest to the low(>st, with the exception, jiossibly.of certain diminutive 
 f dries or hobtjoblins, and certain e;iants and anonuilous monsters, wdio a|)pear 
 under various fo-' , grotesfpie atid horrible, in the Indian tireside leiirends."" 
 
 Dean Uari'is, speaking" of the llurons, says : '' They had no religion, havint; 
 neitlier altars, priests, tem])les, nor oblations, and v*di;itever idea they had of (loil 
 was so hazy and obscure, that it comes not witlun the rani^e of detiiution. They, 
 however, Itelieved in the existence of i^ood and bad spirits, and to a[)|iease the one 
 and ilraw upon thennelves the fasoi' of the other, otlered sacrilices on the 
 slightest provocation. Tobacco was thrown into the tire with the hope that its 
 - aoke would lie'|)lea-ini;' to an O/ri, and oil ))oureil upon the water when a storm 
 t ireateiieil, with an appeal to the M<ti)il(t(i *^n liave pity on thetii.'"\j l'>!sewhere, 
 Dean Harris writes : "Thoy h.ad no idea of ( loil as we umierstand the word. 
 The sinhiiiL!; of the winils, the melancholy moan of the midni^'ht fcjrest, the clash 
 of thumler, the L;leam of li;;htniiie-, were the voices of the shadow-phantoms that 
 hovered in the air annuid them.'" To the foi'ee()iiio- ii may be addeil that every 
 lake, stream and waterfall: I'very lock, clitl and mountain; wind,"^ clouil, rain 
 and snow : vxvvy ))lant ami animal ; even every eiiject of their own handiwork 
 had its spirit. Asleep < awake, and always, the Indian was in close contact with 
 the s[iirit world. Besiiles these he had a per.-onal or uuardian ok'i or manitoii to 
 whom he attributed jtower to protect him, and to brim; him ejood luek when 
 e:iu;ai;ed in warfare or in liuntim;'. Such an oki was usually that of some animal 
 that appeari'd to him diiriiii;' one of his voluntarily pi'olon,i,'ed fasts during;' boy- 
 hooil, undertaken for the expre.s.s purjiose of " seeinij^ sonu'thinjT. " lfal)ear, he 
 
 ' See Aiiiifiidi\ H. 
 
 t A sliort acpouiit cif the MiH|n:is Iivliiins in New Xctlitilamis, liy .Folin Megaiitilcrisis, in Hazard 
 Hi.slorical C'llli ction uf State J'apciv. 
 
 1 Parknians ,lfsuit« I f Nnrtli .Viiieiica, Intn.duction, p. Ixis 1\\. 
 
 ;; History nf tln' Early Missions in Western Canada, by Very Iv'x. \V. K, Harris, pp. -11- J2. Tnmnto, 
 
 181)3. 
 
 Iileni, II. 1(5. 
 • Accordiiiff til one tradition the we.st wind was the father nf N'anabush. 
 {•2\'M.) 
 
18 
 
 liL'iicfl'di'tli (•■■iniod a lieai's claw as liis " inodicinc," or fetich ; it' a wolf, its tail or 
 its tootii ; if a liawk (jr a woo<l-|»ei!k(3i-, one or more of tlu' featliers. 
 
 Kor the Ii'ljcikIs of thf Huron. Iroi|Uois and Al^joiikiiis, rcL^virdinn' Ataentsip, 
 licr dauu'litrr, and licr two niMndcliildrm named Joiiskelia and Taouscaron : 
 'rari'n\'owat;on or lliawatlia, .louskcha's son; Atahocan and Nanalaisli,' rcf-r- 
 i'wvv may Itc made to woi'ks in wliicli tlie suhjcct is treated in detail. 
 Anioni;' the Jndian.s themselves theiv was no uniformity of statement or helief 
 re!;ai<linn' thost; (jkies '<y manitous. Their mutual relationships, their o.hces, and 
 perfoi'mc'ifes as reciteil to-day, are a mass of contradictions, nor is this to he 
 wondered at when ive considei' the similar condition of nui' knowledge relating' to 
 Druidism, so-calK'd, and other ancii'ut Ktiropean cults, and all that we can learn 
 from earlv \vritinL;s on this sulnect <'oes to .sh(»w that even heforo the advent of 
 the wi..ce man. Jiidian traditional helief was wholly unsystematized. I'arkman 
 says: " in no- Imlian lann'U;i,L;e could the early missiouaiies tiiid a word to expicss 
 the ide.i of (iod. Manitou ;ind ()ki meant atiythinn' endowed with supei natural 
 Iio\v( rs. from a siiakeskin or .-i ^icasy lndi;in conjurer up to Manaho/hu and 
 Jouskeha."i" 
 
 His ideas of iiiiiiioitality were |ieculiai'. Not only would ho liinist^If retudi 
 the happy huntini;' nr(jund of (he departed, hut there he hoped to tind the ^-hosts 
 of eveiythiniT e;iithly — woods, I'ivers, Itejists. hirds and tish ; chilis, knives, Ikjws 
 and anows. \vam)aiiii and clay pots, ii is no douht to this helief that we must 
 look for the oriyn of the custom of jdacini.;' weajions, tools and utensil> in t'- 
 gi-aves. 
 
 MKDK'IXK-MKX.' 
 
 Intimately associated with the religious belief (if such it may he termed) of 
 the Indians, was the medicine-man. The word viaUftni' in this connection is 
 itself a misnomer, derived or corru|)t<'d from mide'-wiwin, " an order of shamans 
 amon^' the Ojiliwa, ))rofessin,i^ the power to prophecy, to cure disease, an<l to con- 
 fei' success in the cliase.' The medicine-man was to all intents and purposes a 
 ccjiijurer (jr juj^gler, and inmost ca.ses, it may be said, more or less consciously, an 
 impostor. I!y meaiis of incantations he professed his ability to lieal disease, and 
 it is pribably on this account, coupled with the .soinid of mido'-wiwin, that the 
 present name has been f^iven to him. Illness was occasioned by the possession 
 of a n'iven ]>art of the body by .some bad spirit, which it was the duty of the 
 sliaiuiui to e.\i)el. His metliods had no connection with tlie administration of 
 remedies or tlu; performance of even the simplest sur<,dcal operationij ; they con- 
 sisted rather in sin^•in(^, ycllinu', beating <li'ums and dancing wildly in the presence 
 (jf the sick pei'son. Sometimes he applied his mouth to the affected part, either 
 directly or by means of a tube, and pretendeil to suck therefrom t!ie cause of the 
 disease in the shape of peljbles or pieces of bark. Ihit it was chiefly as an orach; 
 or augur that his services were in ileinaud. In this capacity he had resort to 
 
 ■ .Vlsii known lis ^I;iiiilu)/li(), (the Kn-iit Ifarf) Xiinih.i/iio, Mcssou, .Miilcabou and Hiawatha. 
 
 t "The statiMiiriit that thi- Indiana wcirsliip, nr ixcr ha\c Wdinhipcd, one 'CJreat Spirit drsinj^le over- 
 niliiif^ |iiis(iii,d (jiid is I rroni'diis, Tiiai |ihilo-ci|iiii(il cDiici'iitinu i- Ijeyund the sta^e "f cultiur reached hy 
 them, and was nut fmiiid in any tribe |)revio\iH to missionary iiitinence. ' 
 
 Tentli .Vnnital Report of the IJureau of Ktliiiology, p. 4»1. (Hy (Jarrick Mallery.) Washington, l.S',13. 
 
 ', "The e\i)ression 'medicine' is too common to lie snece-^sfnlly eliminated, tiioupfh it is altogether 
 niisieadinK- 'the ' rni'dicineineii ' have no connection witii therapeutics, ft i 1 no pulses, and administer no 
 dru«K, or, if sometimes tliny direct tiie internal or e.xtornal use of some secret preparation, it is as a |);irl of 
 superstitious ceremonies, and with main reliance upon these ceremonies.'" Tenth Re]), p. 275. M lUery. 
 
 >: For jiossilile exception to this statement see inider "Tubes'" in the following pages. 
 
19 
 
 his ■ iiiodicino-l)iig,' containinLf it minlit he a snake's skin, ;i drer's tail, uiiLile's 
 Fcathi'is, ii wolf's (»r bear's tooth, huiiiaii liair, lirii^'lit coioicil minei'al >ulist!iiices, 
 aiiv o(l<lly-shaj)L!il pclihK), es])Ocially such as liad a liole thi'oii^li it naturally — 
 anythinn', in fact, wluch, with or without reason, miLjlit sun^'cst itself to him us a 
 foticli, and it is from this cimsideration ratlier tlian as a heaiei-, th;it we aie to 
 re'^ard the inedicine-msin in connection with tlie crude relii^ious belief olthe Indian. 
 
 SKCRKT SOCIKTIES. 
 
 Secri't SI icieiies lia\e existed anionj,' tlie Indians iVom tlir time when tliev weie 
 tiiNt seen by Europeans until tl>e ])resi'nt day, and the inference is tjiat these oi'uan- 
 i/.ations were of hnvj; stamliiiLf lud'ore the date of discovery. Here the shamansor 
 Miedicine-men receiveil tlieir " deL;rees,"' but theii' is reason to believr that Uiany 
 i»f them ailded in<lividual jutju'leries for jiopidar and meic^nary purposes. Amonuf 
 tlie ()|il)was there we j at least three societies in each of which tliere were 
 -everal decrees. The peculiar knowledu;e inijtarted to the mend)crs, wlio nnL;lit be 
 women as w<m1 as men, was said to have lieen liestowed by Nanalaisli or .Manabo/liu, 
 wlio, accord inif to some, was inspired by tw(j j^'reat s])irits, and to othei-s, liy only one 
 -the Kitchi Manitou. Accompanyinn' tlie information ^ixcn to tin- initiates were 
 four presents— a. rattle to call the n'ood spirits to thr Iodide or wii^wam in cases of 
 sickness, a drum to please the s])irits durinir their visit and induce them to stay, 
 tobacco as a syndiol of friendsld]), and maize for fooil. Some le^.'uds mention a 
 doi^' as the fourth _L,dtt, and state that the rattle is to call the ^oorl spirits, while 
 the drum is to fiiuhten away the bad ones. ('ol. (iarrick Mallery (jiiotos a similar 
 leu'erid.' I'arkman savs : '"An liulian connnunitv swarmeil with sorcerers, 
 medicine-men and 'iivniei-s, whose functions were often unitdl in the sauu- pei'son. 
 The .sorcerer, liy charms, manic .song's, ma^ic feasts, and the lieatinn' of his drum 
 friiflitened the evil spirits, and the medicine-man invokeil the L;ood ones." 
 
 ' -4 
 
 H TRIAL CUSTOMS. 
 
 Ontaiio affords examples of various kinds of interment. .\ ijood many years 
 a^o, it is )'ecorded that a l)urial mound was opened in the county of Dundas, but 
 with this exception and that of a similar mound on Tiild's Island, near 'Janano- 
 <pie, few others ha\ e been foiuid. Indeed, it is somewhat remarkable that few graves 
 of any kind have been mentioned as occurring in the whole of the tract occupied 
 by the coanties lying between the Ottawa and the St. Lav/rence, northeast of 
 Kinifston. For a iuunl)er of years ])r. T. \V. Beeman, who has devoted much 
 attention to the archa'i)logy of Lanai'k county, has failed to meet with any 
 graves, and this appears the more stiange in view of the fact that evid(Mices 
 are numerous pointing to a large early popidation. larther west, in North 
 Hastings, single graves e\i>t on the shore of l»a])tiste lake. These wei'e tirst 
 bi'ought to notice by Dr. T. A. Deeman ; and in V'^ictoria county, on and near the 
 property of Mr. (}. E. L udlaw. Balsam Lake, there are also numerous graves of 
 this kind. In all likelihood this pait of the ])rovince. as well as noi'th and east, 
 was occupied by ()jil)was — .Moiitagnais, and Nascopies or N'enenots to whom are 
 attributalile those relics that atlbrd apparent indications of Eskimo visits. 
 
 In the Huron Nation territory, south of the (Jeorgian bay. \inth single ami 
 connnnnal graves are met with. The former were pi'obably made preparatory to 
 
 * T.nth Aiimial lu'iMut (if tlif Hiirciui of Etliiiology. \>- t'tS. \Va-4hinertnii, ls;i;i. 
 
•20 
 
 llirllicat Ki'ast dt" till' hciid, wlu'ii till' lidiics woiiM lir icDiiivcd to ;i \av'j;t' pit 
 iliiu oil ail I'luiiit'iice, iunl into whidi wnv jilacuil soiiK'tiiiirs us niuny us a tlioiis- 
 aihl skrlt'toiis — tli(.' )'eiiiuin> i>\' tlioM' who Inul iTumI (Uiiiiiijj tlif iircvious ten or 
 tWflvr yeais. Siicli ossiiaiits, or lioiu'-pits, liavu licni tuuiid at iiitcrxals as tar 
 south us the Cuuiity ol' Wciitwurth. AIoiil; La,kr VWic slioi'C one or two hiirial 
 I III HI nils liave bueii olis<'r\ rih In it thnninliont tlie ^Teatci' portion ot western < >iitario, 
 till' iiioiji' ot' intfrniriit smii.^ to liave liron of the sini;k' kind. Ol'tiiis. liowevt-r, 
 thou- is littli' c'i'itaiiity on account nl' so litth' attention having' Ihtu paid to ohser- 
 vatioiis rehitiiiL!,' to >iu-h iiiatti'is wlirii the coiintry was new, and at tlie present 
 tiiiii' cultivation has hrou^dit the suitace to a coiniiion lovel. 
 
 Ill the Itainy lii\er l)istrict there are several inoiiuds that seem t) liavi; 
 
 1 n used for lauial ])ur|)oses. Some of tlii'se have lieen opened, luitmiicli iiii!4'ht 
 
 yet I'l- discoNcred if further rxaiiiiiiaiioii wrir made in that part of the country. 
 
 With regard to Tluinder l>ay and Alijoma I >istr'u:ts the records are slender 
 lait invarialily jioint to single lairials. 
 
 Much valuable etlinolo!.;ical information remains to he lirought to^etluH' hy 
 means of a thorough oxaniiiiatioii of .ahoriginal burial places, not onlv relatiny; to 
 mortuary customs, but to the general mode of life, from such hints as may be 
 yielded in coiiiu'ction with the olferings (if any) placed along with the remains. 
 
 EAKTHWorvKS. 
 
 Hesides the burial mounds already mentioned the only earthworks of 
 Indian origin in < )iitai'io consist of low lianks ami ditches enclosing --mall areas, 
 usually on high gi'ound, but sometimes on that which is low and h'Sel. It is 
 generally understood that works of this kind were intended for defensive pur- 
 poses — that the ditches (when there are any) resulted from digging the earth to 
 form the bank>, and that the lianks themselves wi'i'*.' inti'nded to give support 
 to stakes or piel-cls. (usually referied to as palisades) closely set together h)r 
 deleiisive ])iiipo>es. hence all jilaces of this kind are known as " forts." it is 
 uudoubte.l that many such banks and ditches have long since lu'en levelled bv 
 the settlers plough, and that e\cn the recollection of them is lost, but a fi*w 
 remain from which we' may arrive at unceitain conclusions. Tin; most easterly 
 embankment I have examined, in company with Mr. Arthur Brown, ])ublic 
 school inspector bir Leeels county, is a lew miles north of Mori'isburgh. Most of 
 it has been plowed down, but portions of it on the mad allowance may yet be 
 sei u. It is impossible now to arii\e at .inything like an exact estimate of the 
 oii 'jinal length of this bank, but it is said to have enclo.sed about five acres of 
 ground.* 
 
 On a liianch of ISatteau creek, in the township of Nottawasaga, there i.-! a 
 bank tifty-five yards long, partly on low ground near the water, but extending 
 .some distance up the faci- of a hill to the south. + 
 
 Near the village of I 'learville there aie extensive banks close to (Jlear (.a'eek.:| 
 Within the enclosed ai'ea there were sevei'ai graves ; thes'.' did not pi'obably 
 belong to the people who made the emliankments, but to subseipient possessors 
 
 Ki|K)i'tiil Ciiiiatliiiii Iiwtitiile for IHill, p. IH. 
 t Kt'iiort of Ciiiiiulian Institute for ISSM-i), p. 11. 
 .1 Report of Cixnnditin Institute for 1888!), p. IT). 
 
21 
 
 ill' tlif LjnMiinl will) lull] !i)sl all kiiii\vlt(li;r of it^ tMriii.)' (II ciipaiirv, Tlii-^ i>(if 
 -till niiiMiltivutftl) dill' "f tilt' iiiost iiKstructivi' wmk- ol' tln^ kiiwl in niii- |in)\iiice. 
 
 Tlu'ic is anotluT wrll-nuirkcil line nt' iiiiii;inkiui'iit in l'.i'\> rlcy townslii]!, 
 anil liri'c traces of jxists oy jiicki'ts wt-ri' rouml at Xiviimis placrs. Tlic I'lidoscil 
 ■jiiici' was slio'litly nval, nira^iiiin^' our way. nn*^ liuii'lri'il aii'l inrtv yanis a<-i'<i.ss, 
 ami at ri^lit aiiu'lrs to it, diu' Iminlrcil anil rii;lity yanls.* 
 
 Tlivouu'liout the county of KlL;"iii tin/re arr rxaniplcs of cartl.w oik- more or 
 ii-- |ii'rl'i'ct, or wi'ir a tVw years a^'o, init it is not likely that, many of thesL- rxist 
 now. In the township ui' Malahiih' there are sevrial lines uf hank liut all are 
 more or h >s disturlK .1 hy tlii' plouo-li.J- 
 
 The most imi)ortant .system of earthworks, imt only in tln' count \' of El^iii 
 liut in ( hUario, is to he I'ouinl on the farm of .Mi'. ( 'hester I Imderson, Soiithwohl. 
 it consists of a «iuuble hank ami <lit(;li, eiiclo>inL;- an elliptieil arra, the loiiLTer 
 diameter of whicli is lot) yards, and tlu' shorter 110 yanU iVoni hase to 
 hase of the outer slopes. A small stream (oiiee, no douht, nuicli larger than it 
 now is) ti'ickles aloiij; the west side of the enclosed ground, and for about half of 
 its course before leaviuL;- the " fort " towards the northwest, lias cut for itself a 
 little yully about seven feet at the- deepest ])art below the general level, but with 
 this exception the situation is totally devoid of anythin;^ that may be re^^'arded 
 as a natural <lefence, the rest of the surface beinu; almost tlat, both within 
 and without the banks. Ash-heaps have been found at intervals within the 
 eiuhankment. Openings made at different j)laces revealed no sinjns of posts or 
 palisades. 
 
 A.s this is probably the best preserved and most distinctly marked structure 
 of its kind in ()ntario, ste2)s should be taken to preserve it from the ])lough. 
 Its present owner has shown his good sense in ])ermitting the land to remain 
 uncultivated, but there is no warrant at all as to the future. Foi- a few hum'reil 
 dollars the Klgin county council could make the.se earthworks public property, 
 and thus assure their preservation forever. Kvery year adds to the interest that 
 pertains to places of this kind, and it would be a real loss should the Southwold 
 " Fort " share the fate of similar earthworks in other parts of the country. 
 
 POTT Kin' 
 
 In the evolution of ideas leading to the production of vessels to contain 
 lluids, there does not appear to have been sn much uniformity among savage 
 peoples as along some other lines. Wean' on tolerably .safe ground in venturing 
 the supposition that the tirst thoughts mi this -ubject arose in connection with 
 drinking. From a prone position to iiring the inoutli on a le\el with the water 
 it is easy to conceive that circumstances and conxenieiici' would speedly suggest 
 as an alternativ.', rai--ing the water to the mouth in the hollowof thi' hand. The 
 next step would naturally be to supply a substitute for the hand, and it i> at 
 this point in all probability that divergences of adapitation took tlu-ir rise, in 
 
 Report of ("an.'\(liaii Institute for 18S(J-7, )<. 11. 
 
 + Kpiioit of r'aiiadian liistitntf for ISill, p. II. 
 
 ! " Scit'litific uritiTs loujf .siiici-' recnpiii/ed ii ^I'ln lal (lilFfrciice het'.vi en savapcry ami liarli,iii>iii. but 
 Mr. MorRaii was the tir.st ti' -iiKSe>t a ri'ally H'^efiil eritirioii f.ir iliKtiiipiii.sliin^' lii^twcen them. Ili- iritcijon 
 is the rnakinp of pott,er\' : ami his riason tor m'ioctint; it is tiiat tho iiiakin;r ol lottery is i^niiicthiii^ that 
 presiiiipost - villago life and more or less j.rogress in the simphr arts. ' 
 
'>0 
 
 wariii couiitiifs, liroad leavi-s, irounls, haiiilioos and larire sliclls could be utilized 
 as dijtpei's. Iliijlier latitudes would atiurd as suL,fi,festioiis jtieces of hark and 
 hollow clii])s, although the latter would rarely bo i)rocural)le. Some shells, too, 
 inijjjht have been eni])loyod. 
 
 To t'onn a fairly serviceable cup from a naturally hollowed ])iece of linrk, it 
 is only necessary to turn up the ends slitjhtly.* Such a sin.ple vessel may have 
 sunuested the production of a superior article by forniintj a hollow in a piece of 
 solid wood, or in a suitable bit of stoiu^ In either case this could ha\ e been 
 accoiiipljslied by jiersistent sci'apinj,' witli tlakes of tlint or other hard mijieral 
 substances. If tlie art of reiluction by peckint^ had been discovered, it would no 
 d )ubt have boeii applied in such a case, but it is scarcely likely that at this stage, 
 
 Fief. 2. Onc-tliiid diameter. 
 
 man as a mechanic hail advanced so far. What has the appearance of more pro- 
 bability is that the aid of tire would be sought, so far as wood was concerned. 
 Indeed, it is not at all improbable that accidental charring first afforded a bint 
 towards making use of wood as a vessel. (Jiven a cavity thus formed, followed by a 
 shower of rair., and tlie idea is com])lete,as the further removal of the charred por- 
 tion would soon 1)6 effected by usage, affording in this way another hint towards 
 ai'titicial deepening. Whatever the steps may have been by which this stage was 
 readied, it is quite certain that it was reached, and it is probable that one of th'3 
 
 * Dablon referring to thf discovery of copper on Lake Superior, says : "The Indians wishinpr t boil 
 their food in a ve<<el of liark, gathereij stonen on tlie sliore, lieated them red hot, and threw tlieni in, hut 
 presently di.scovenil them to be pure copper." Relation, lti70. 
 
■J-tl 
 
' U/ J Ayr) 
 
 ''.■'^^€mm 
 
 r 
 
 ■•> ■. ''!:■''■ ',' 
 
 V 
 
 - ^ r 
 
 I . ■ ■■■„. \_ ■ ^_^ ' - m 
 
 
 
 vv i, ]-'■ '•. .•■; 
 
 ^^*=^.--' 
 
 
 
 LilbuUUi f:=r^:K-,:'^ fms^^^ WftlS^',. ; :V:^^: .;/ 
 
 
 -:-.^.-.t': 
 
 Fij,' 1. I'atlrriis on t ragmen l.s of ii(ittfi\'. 
 
in'xt caiisidciMtidii'^ prrsciitiiiLf itst'If to tlir suvii'^c iiiind wi'iil.l lie, liow to convoy 
 water ill ^iilliciciit (|u;iiility to a ili^taiici- IVom tlie soiiiv d' .sui>|ily. I Icrr, a^ain 
 iiiaii'^ ciivironiiii'iit iiitliiriic'il I lie directioM oF lii^ eoiiiNe, In Nome |ilaees tlio 
 :•.kill.^ III' the lower uiiiiiials were useii tor this |iur|iose, luit tlii>, |).'rha|is, pre- 
 >ii])|ioses the art of stitcliiii-. When' s,)lt stoiie likr sKsatitt; was proeurahle 
 V -:>els of consitleralile size wel'c liiuile IVom it. I'.lsew here, ve<,'etillile iihres of 
 \arious kinds were so closely woven as t < foi'ui cajiaoious Imckets, whieh, whru 
 coaled witli niiiii or 14'i'oase, wrri: ipiilc inipervioiis to water. Auioiil;' those 
 who i'ollowcd this course may he mi'iitioned the triiies of Ihiii^h (Miliniihia.* 
 In the majority of cases, howtner, not in Anerica only, hut all o\-er the world 
 tile favoiite method of makiiie M.'ssels wa--- troni clay. 
 
 Theeireet of camp-lires on the cattli va- nodouht ol.served early in tlie his- 
 ']m *'"'}' "' '""■ '"'ice, and the dillerence was as certainly noticed lietween the result of 
 
 '( intense lieat on clay, a> ilistine'uished Ironi tliat ])rodueed on looser material like 
 
 >aiid or nioulil. 
 
 Fig. i>. l'"ull ^'i/l■ 
 
 Fig. 6. Half diameter. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Half iliilliicter. 
 
 Some one Uiay liave amused himself iu throwine- (day |)ellets int(J the lire 
 or he may have fashioned sometliin^f more ])retentious foi- the purpose of being 
 hurnt witli or without any i-efi'ieuec to restilts, which, when hroui^ht to Ins notice, 
 suen(.sted the realization of a (h'cided want. For our purpose it is immaterial 
 wliether we regai'd thi> art as having liecome common pro])erty hy ra<liating i'mwi 
 one centre of discovt.'ry at a \fry early date, or as ha\"ing heen liit upon at ilil'- 
 I'erent times hy various peoples widely scattei'ed. In any e\ent, pottery-making 
 s, .in became a favorite emjiloyment, even among many of tlu; lowest races, and 
 we may be tempted to foi'ui an estimate of the social condition of .savage man, 
 hy a comparison of liis fictile workmanship with that of others eai'lier or niorj 
 recent. 
 
 'In the Provincial P,.UMeuiii there is a ve.s.iel <it tiiii^ Ivinil fidiii l'>rili>ii ( 'ohaiiliin, said t(i he 
 foinicd finui the rodt.s of vlu' s|)r\ice. Tt will hold nearly as much as a ccimiuoii wniidiii pail, and is I'xcerd- 
 ingly >ti-onK. 
 
^ 
 
 26 
 
 From tliu itsti'ictfil ii.>,(> of clay vi'ssfls a.s watt'i-lmlilfrs, it is easy to iiiia;^iiie 
 liow sooji they woiiMbt' found convenitnt as receptacles foi' maize nuts, other 
 seeds, roots, tish, meal, arrow-heads, heads and small articles of all sorts. Kri)m 
 raw to hroiled or roasteil, mid from I'oasted to hoiled are hut Hte[)s in tin- ]ut|iar- 
 ation of food, and thr clay [)ot or kettle musf, soon ha\t' Im'^^^uii to assume an im- 
 portant place in wijfwam-life, and it was pirhajis on tliis account tliat thr mak- 
 ing; of cartht-nware came to he reijarded as peculiarly tlie work of woman 
 
 ( )n this continent, tl»e jjottcr's urt reached its hi;,ditst devclopnu-nt in .\h'.\ico, 
 Central America, and Pnu, ami yet no advance was m;ide hy the peo{)Ie of these 
 countries heyond the use of commnu clay. In ifraceftdness of outline many of 
 tlii'ii' vt;ssels will com]iare t'a\(>ral>ly with those of "classic' patterns from the l»est 
 workshops of Kurope, ancient or modern, and are in tlu' same res|)ect superior to 
 the prevailini,' types of (, 'hine.se and .hi])anese wure. They were destitute of j.f|iix,- 
 ini;' as We luiderstand the term, lait were frtMpienth Iiroii^ht to a hi;;h p(»lish. 
 Not seldom the (lesiLins in lilack, red, Mild hrown were tastetul and einliorate — 
 
 Fitf. s. Half M/.t 
 
 these Were painted carefully, an-.l apparently " fixed " during' the process of tirin^r or 
 burning. More rarely the ornamentation was produced in strong relief , and some- 
 times even on tile same vessel a portion of the pattern consisti'd of depressed 
 lines.* 
 
 In the territory now known as Tenne.s.seo, Mi.ssouri, Arkansas, Arizona, Col- 
 orado, New Mexico, and a few other states, considerahle advancement was made 
 in tlie production of pottery, nnich of which is of the gouid type, but fish, frogs, 
 birds and other animals were not uncommon models. Some vessels were jiainted, 
 but as the distance increased northwards and eastwards this method of decoration 
 wholly <lisappeare<l, and decorative efforts were contineil mainly to raised natterns, 
 human and other heads being (juite common. The Indians of New Mexico ami 
 Arizona continue to make eartlienwai-e of the old-fashioned kind, and it is prob- 
 able that nowhere el.se in vVmerica is the ancient art maintained. 
 
 * A very beautiful example of this tyjie, dtig uj) in M.exico, may be seen in the Provincial Arch. Mua. 
 Specimens of the i.ther kinds mentioned above are also in the Ci'ses. 
 
27 
 
 mm 
 
 In Arkiinsas anil Mis nuri, lunl some lU'i^lilioriii',' ti'iTiioiy clay M'ssels 
 wun' in many casfs dtistituto of oinanifiitation. Tlif rr<\ and KlacU ilcsii^ns found 
 on sonic art' iiido liotli in concoptittn and i-xccntion, although tlio forms of the 
 vessels aro often eirijfint. 
 
 Nortli of tile Ohio and east of tin; .Missis>i|)|)i tin' -liaixs uf siieli \essels 
 
 li 
 
 lecomo less varied, ainl mucli more sniipU', init tlirre is e\i(lence ( 
 
 )f a 
 
 <ll'e t< 
 
 improve their a])pearance hy the adilition of de])i'e>sed iiiarl\ini,'s variously' disposed 
 on th(! upper poition uf the out^iije. ' In Ontario it is ilillieuit to procure even 
 a frai^ment that has nitt lielonut-d to a piece of pottery- ware so ornamented. 
 In the maimfacture of such vessels no wheel was employed, liut many of the 
 
 liapes mns 
 
 t ha 
 
 vc rc(piir(!d the use o 
 
 some 
 
 ^patul 
 
 i-n 
 
 k.' ti 
 
 to model certain 
 
 portions of not a few of tlir finest articles, where icvi-rsed curves and sharp- 
 
 aie. 
 
 ri'lii>ve the jiecU and maiuin. JSometiiies unio (mussel 
 
 ) .shell 
 
 s liuv(! lietm 
 
 ii'-cd in this way. See li^uii's 14!) and 1")(). 
 
 South and west of the Ohio many, if not all, e irtlr'uw.ire vessels weie laiilt 
 up from rolls of (day deftly W(»unil. huniont, in his llistoiical Memoirs uf 
 
 Louisiana, puhlisheij in I 
 
 ( •>•>, s 
 
 tat. 
 
 that, having,' amassed the ]iroprr kind of 
 
 day, and carefullv cleani'd it , the Indian woimii takr shells, which the\- p.>und 
 
 .III! 
 
 1 rrd 
 
 uce to a hur poW 
 
 Mer 
 
 thr\- mi\ this powdi r witii llir clay, a 
 
 IKl 
 
 iiavmi:- 
 
 Fig. It. Full si /.I'. 
 
 poured some watt')' on the mass, they knead it with their hands and feet, and 
 make it into a paste, of which they form i-olls, si.\ oi- seven feet loni;. and of a 
 thickne.ss suitalile for their pui'pose. If they intend to fashion a plate or a vase 
 they take hold of one of the rolls liy the end, and ti.xint;' here with the thumb of 
 tlu' left hand tin- centi'c of the vessel tiny are almut to make, they turn the roll 
 with astonishini;' (luickness aiMimd this centre, tlescril>in!.f a s]iiral line; now and 
 then they dij) their tini;-ers into water and smoothe with the rit^ht hand the 
 inner and outer surface of the vase they intend to fashion, which woidil become 
 
 * Tilt' iiariciwiu'cked ve-isi'ls nt ('cntriil America wcri' 'irnaiiu'iil' 
 speciintns with very wuie months had the design on the inside. 
 
 Ill till outsidi', but bnwl-shiiped 
 
2S 
 
 iiillK'd m mi'liiliUcil \villi"Ut tli;it, niiuiilinlnlinn. In tlii> ihuiiiht tliry uiiikf nil 
 
 SUl'ts of' rarllMll \ C^^'ls, jlllltis, iii>lli'S, liDwIs, |Mits, 1111<I iill'>. Sniiic ot'wliifll huld 
 
 f'liity tn tit'l\- |iint>.' 
 
 Ill "111- latitmlf lliciT i- iiotliiiiu to show tlint this iiicthod was cvfi' fiaploynl. 
 No l'rii','incnts rxhihit any such liiir of clcasjiLjc as ojn' iiiiL;lit ifiisoiiahly look For 
 ill !i >|M'ciiiirii or two aMi(iii'4 iiiaiiy thousamls, if inH-l.nililiii'i hail hcon t'ollo\Vf(l. 
 (>M thr (•iiiitrarv cM'iA ihiu^- i;(H'.s to -.how that the |>i ttdv iiiaih- Iiy oil)' iil>oi'ii^int's 
 \va> foniinl l.y niouMiii'^ from a lunss.-l- Thr iiiat(ai,il w.ts no <loiilit piviiaivd 
 in a iiiaiMicr similur to that ihsL-i'llicd hy Dnniont ^o far as tnupi'iiiii;' and kiwad- 
 ini,' wt'ic rDiifiM'ni'd, with this diffiTcncc tluit our Indians used lainit ^ludss and 
 ,^raiiitr i'\fn more fi('i|Mi'ntly than sludls for tlio fornar ]aii|Misi'. (liaiiis of 
 <|iiart/ and tlakr^ (if mica may he readily distin^iiislicl in iip.>t of the pottery 
 foiind in this I'rox incc. 
 
 
 Kig. 10. < '111- li:(lf (liiinietir. 
 
 Fip. 1 1 . Niiif iiu Ik - lii^'li. 
 
 The comparative .scarcity of whole spcciinons of Indian earthenware 
 ill Ontario has been ohservcd. At tirst one mii,dit conclude that only a small 
 (|uantity had hoen nuuh'. liut tlie vast numhcr of shenls f(jnnd in nunicrous 
 localities does imt favor this view. We should rather look to (diiuatie 
 condition^ for a ri'ason- for tlie chief reason. The unylazeil and coarsely 
 porous material of which these vessels wei'e composed, ])ermitted them to 
 
 * Ddiiiiint •• Mfimirs Vol. II. j). 271. ' hioted in the rxjcUiiit wnrk on tin- .\iitii|nitie> of Tcniit'ssce, 
 by (iatf> 1'. Tliiustnii, ami imblislii'd by tiiliert Clarkf it Cn,, Cincinnati, DS'.iO. 
 
 t A larpi' frnRincnt before nie, wlicn cxaminfcl witli u moderately stronff handfrlass, would favnr the 
 liplief that the vessel, erigiiudly about ten inches in oitcninfcTence, was formed from a s!,/!, ol clay, lolled 
 or (iressed to the |iro|iei- thickness. Tlie piece has lii en well binned, showing ,-i skin of |iale br iwii fully a 
 line in tliiekness on tl'e diitsid ■, and oiir somewhat less on the inside, while the miildle iioition. from three- 
 sixteenths to oiiefonrth of an inch in thirkness, is dark jrrey, lint not of uniform -hade. Alont; the three 
 broken edu'es, irreifular hiiiiin.-uioiw are distinctly -een, as if se\eral layers of clay had been added from 
 time to time, or as if the clay lia<l been doubled on itself, durinpf the iiatti'iiinp proce?,-. to biinj? the slab to 
 the rei|nired thickness. This is an effect not at all likely to have been lirouj^ht about, had the vessel lieen 
 formed from a hiin/i of clay. 1'rof. \\'. 11. Holini's, of the l'"ield ^^nseum, Cliicatco, in a recent paper 
 exjnesses his conviction that our iiortiiern jiottery was mouMed in hollows of suitalile si/eformed in sandy 
 Hoil. His reasons are very plausible. This metliod of workiiifj would account for the ronndeil bottoms of 
 clay )iots. In this way, ,iIko, tli»i laminali..ns referred to ma.\ be accounted for by >u|iposing that one coat 
 after another had been added duriiii.' the moulding process. 
 
mm 
 
 '2i) 
 
 iiltsorti Wiiti-T aliiiosf oi|iijil to tlit'ir nwn weight. Wlii'U tints sncMcii For .1 
 IdiiH" tiim; tlu'V easily i'vW ti) pieces. Tlir euiuliiidii^ iii^cessary I'ltr ilisiii- 
 t('Li,rat.i()ii limy lie rnund in tlie graves where iimst of tlie speeimeiis iircserveil 
 to us have Iks'Ii placed. W'lieii the ossuaries or (•onumimil ijraves w.iv liiiishcij 
 tiny no (jouht t'nriiieij low inoumls two or thrive feet alinve the Ljem-ral level 
 of the ''rouml, hut when tlie hones decaveil, nunilu'rinn" as thev 'lid those dl 
 
 Fiij, 1"_'. Onc-tliii'd iliaiiutfi'. 
 
 tVdiii lifty to several hundivds of individuals, tin,' i;'round sin I'ai-e- in co'irse 
 of time hecaine leilluw, fui'iainn' receptacles t()r rain and snov,-. The soil eoveiiiiLf 
 the hones seldom exeeeded three feet in depth, and the contents of the pit were 
 
 ; 
 
 Full i-i' 
 
 hnorable to the adnussion of water in lar^^e quantities. Add tt) this the action 
 of frost, which, fi'i- a similar reason, also peneti'ated to more than an averaj^e 
 depth, and we Criii readily understand why so few specimens of earthenware 
 have osciped destruction when thus inhumed. Tn a modified de^-ree, the same 
 remarks ajiply to single gi-aves, with tl.e additional ilisadvantage that thev were 
 
oO 
 
 usually much shallowiT than tin; ossuaries. The larL;'er number nf perfect pieces 
 in our small collection of Ontario potteiy have lieen taken eithei' from situations 
 in liu;'ht, sanily soil, or from IimI^cs protected hy ovei'lKin^ini;' rock. 
 
 It is ^'eiierally understoml that the Imlian women were the potters in every 
 part of America wheiv e.u'tlu'iiware was in use, and e\en in these more noi-th- 
 erly latitudes where circumstances forliade the highest possible attainment in 
 Ceramic art.no one who examines carefully the work of the primitive ' bettei' 
 hidves '' can helj) expressidiis of surprise and adiiTn-ation in connection with 
 the skill and taste it exeinplities. 'Ilie {)arallelism that is often fnund to exist 
 
 r 
 
 I'ig. 14. (Restored) ti'ii inches high. 
 
 between the art instip.ct ami savagery would seem to indicate an ndierent tend- 
 ency to advaueenu'ut along other lines, but the knowledge in our possession 
 maki's it too plain th;U, in relation to low conditions oi society an appreciation of 
 " the true and the Ik 'lutiful "' seldom leads to the lughei' " gt)od." ( )n this subject, 
 Sir .b)lm Ijubbock says. " T I leir appreciation of art is to be regardeil rather as an eth- 
 nological cluir.u;leristic tlian as an indication of any particular stage of civili/ation.'' 
 
;u 
 
 Without (jxceptiun the chiy pots touiitl in Ontario arc I'ound bottomed, and 
 without feet, and we may rest assured tliat heinj^ so formed tli<y were liest 
 a(hipted to their intended purpose. Feet Involved considerable trouble and risk 
 in tlie manuf'actni'e, and would liave tendered the ]ii)ts mure liable to injury in 
 carryinn' tliem loiii;' distances; a Itroken foot wouM usuidly mean a hole in 
 the l)ottom, and the loss of one or two feet (if this could hnvi' ha{)])ened with- 
 out otherwise iiijurinif tlu,- utensil) .vould cause it to stand unevenly,* wliile .-i 
 Hat liottom would have increased the (lant,a'r of lireakai^e in tiie aet of burn- 
 iuL;'. besides offerini,^ additional ])oints of outside contact when in use. With a 
 ])lain round bottom it was only necessary to make a slight depression in the 
 >oil beside the tiie, or amony the a>hes of the tii'e i'si-lf, to obtain |ierfect 
 steadiness for use in cookino-. It is, of course, uiulersiood that boiline- wa.s not 
 eti'ected in sucli utensils directly from tlie tiie, but by means of heated stones 
 dro])ped into oi", rather, car(;fnlly ])laced in tliem, althouL;]i it is not impo>silile 
 that the foi'Uier mcsthod was occasionaliv employi li. Kahu. duiin;4 the middle of 
 last century, writing;' of the Indians in New .lei'sey, .says, that '' Many of tlie 
 clay kettles liave two holes in tlie upper mar^'in, on each >ide (he proba!>ly 
 means one on each side) thi"oui,di which the I ;dians put a stick and hehl the 
 kettle ovei' the lire as lon<; as it was to boil." 'I'his was only iiearsay to Mr. Peter 
 Kalm. anil he atl'ords us no iidormation as to how the ditlicult feat was acce.m- 
 [)li>hed.+ I'jven so Unv^ ag(j. clay vessels had become objects of antiipiity, but 
 the saeacious " old settler" knew all ai)0ut them. 
 
 The aboriginal potter's art was one of the first to fall into disuse after the 
 arrival of Europeans. It must always ha\e lieen extremely hazardous and incon- 
 venient to convey such fragile article.s as clay vessels from place to place, over 
 •_;ieat distances, and the Indian was not slow to perceive the inunense advantage 
 possessed by a copper pot or kettle over one that so often failed bin. at the 
 moment of his greatest nee<k In 'uldition to this lie liad an eye to the possibili- 
 ties of the metal after tlie ki'ttle, as a vessel, liecame unfit for use. Mere was ma- 
 terial i'or buttons, bangles, medals oi' gorgets, ornaments foi- the hair, etc., and 
 we find acconlingly, that in a very shoi't time the I'aL'-faces' copper kettle 
 wholly supplanted the ancient clay pot of the Redskin. 'I'o the Indian woman 
 the adoption of the new fashion mu.st iipve lightened her lai)ors more than a 
 little, both as a potter and a.s a common carrier, 
 
 Aniimg .-ioine .soi'tln rn tribes feet wore dccasiimally foriiicil on clay and stone vts.sels, Imt they seldom 
 • xceeded three in number. Tlie old cast iron pots in use before the day of stoves, in this country, 
 had only tliree feet, thus tiiey always stood "as riirht as a /;•^(^'' 
 
 t See appendix B. 
 
 id- 
 ol! 
 of 
 
 }ct, 
 
 th- 
 
;i2 
 
 TIic umkiiiL;' of ci.v\' )iip"s |ii'i)jicrly falls uniler tlir ln'iid of [yottcry, altliouiili 
 it ilill'cii'd ill many iiiiportunt inspects fi'oiii tlir iiiakiiin" of vessi-ls varying; 
 
 Fi^'. l."i. ( )iiH third liiamtter. 
 
 i-lL'. I'i. I'ull >\/i 
 
 V'n;. is. lull -I/-. 
 
 Fig. !'.». Two LJiiril.-- (li,ii]i>-t.ir. Slidwiiig Fi;,'. 20. 
 
 isectiuii cif stem. Tun tliinls (iiainptcr. 
 
 Fig 21, Twii tliir.ls iliiiMittri-. 
 
 in si/f from tlmt of a tea-cu]) to the capacity of others hoidin;;' lialf a l)iishel 
 01- more. I'ipes were madr liy tiic iiii'ii. and it must l)e observed that the 
 
 See Appendix G. 
 
as 
 
 "braves" Iimvo sliown much wider rani^e and i^reatcr oritjiiKility of desiun 
 ill their \V()rkiiumship, tlian tlie women did in tlieirs. 'I'here were, it is true, a 
 lew prevailin_<r oi' FashionaMc patterns, l.ut In'sides tliesc, tin- numlier of forms 
 
 l'"ig. 22. Two tliinl< ili iiintrr. 
 
 Fiff. "24. 'rvvotliirils illuiiictfr. 
 
 iiusliel 
 at the 
 
 (FragiiiiMit 
 
 Fi(f. 25. Full Hi/.p. 
 
 was Icijion. Oecasionaily a pipe is found, tlie material of wiiicli sui,'!^''^^^ t^^>'»t it 
 was tilehed from some woman's " dou«,di " prepared for pots, but a large nundier 
 
 (8 P.M.) 
 
:i4 
 
 l)eiu no i'\ idi'iico of teiii[ieriiig. 'riic liuwl-holcs in many, ol" them ure so smiill 
 that foi' siiiokhiLf purposes they a)ipi'fir useless — perhaps they were only ceiv- 
 niMtiial iiiakc-lu'licves, oi' were made to supply a place in '^i-ave -furniture. Mf>st 
 
 l''ii,'. 2S. Thrt'c tiiiiitlis iliaiiii'tiT. 
 
 I'is. 2'.i. 
 
 Full size 
 
 t'llll si/c, 
 
 FiK. .'tl. 
 Full si/p. 
 
 full si/e. 
 
 'it- 
 
 of sueli ]iipi's are. howi'\er, widely llai'i'ij at the mouth, forming' a shalhjw cup, 
 and it is not impossiKIe that the siiKd^iu^- material was lieie pluci,!^ in which 
 case most of the so-called iiowls would only he part of sharpl\' ciuM'd stems. 
 
35 
 
 To fi less extent tliis applies to wliat is known [Xir rxirllcmv as tlie Fluron 
 [li])!' on account tjf its pi(\ aleuci' in tlic disti'ict occupied i»y the people of that, 
 tiaiiic (tlyure 2.S). It, too, i^ llaveil. Imt the sides of the Hai'e an' moulded t(j 
 
 
 
 Fitr. :m Full >i. 
 
 "ii: ;i"). l''ull si/ti. 
 
 1 
 
 l''ifr. ;(". Thi'ff fdiirtlis liiMiinti 
 
 
 "IffiP^ 
 
 cup, 
 
 liich 
 
 : 
 
 1' i/. .''S. liMwii- -i.li. <i( ;i7, sli. wilier face. 
 ' ti-iii a s(|uare, and the cd^vs ajv ^iscu an upward turn, tliu- iner('a->iii^ th" depth 
 
 ■f the mouth. Iminediatelv lielow this the size a\' the lioli 
 
 ritil, as in thr former ease it is only a continuation of tlu^ .stt'^ndiole 
 
 eriH-asO'^ I'apK 
 
 iiy 
 
 t 
 
 1 U;l. 
 
 Vi. » 
 
 NAXJOi 
 
 '/N^-M. ^uuo^uAl 
 
 CFCi 
 
 A ;v' 
 
 /•\I),A 
 
36 
 
 Wliatevci' the shape may liave been it is probable that all chiy pipes woi-e 
 mouhU'd on the same plan, so i'ai- as the formation of the stem was concerned. 
 Tlie nn'thod was to model the clav round a llexible twit', or a thont;, one end of 
 
 Fitr. 'M''. I-"iill -i/H. 
 
 I'i^. o'.l. Full M/.-. 
 
 Fig II. I'lill «i/.i', 
 
 Fig. 12. Full si/.e. 
 
 Fig. -10. I'ull >i/«. 
 
 which entered the base of the bowl, and which beint^ allowed to remain there 
 disappeared ilurini,' the burning i)r()cess. This is beautifully exemplitied by means 
 of a stem winch has fortunately been broken lengthwise, showing that the hoh 
 
37 
 
 1ms heon t'onnod with sonic twisteil lilire consistiiii,^ of two stninds, Stonis vai'ied 
 in Iciii^tli from an inch and m liiilf to i\\o or si\ inches. Valnuhle licads, liav- 
 inij lost their stems, were often bored for tht? a<hnission cjf wooden ones. As to 
 tinishj pipes mav lie ciussided as pluin, ov alisoluttdy free from ornamental niarU- 
 int^s (tijifure icS) ; i/iciscil. ()!• havinu^ on the; surface patteiiis composed of 
 depi'essed lines and dots (liufiires 1.' to 2S excejit IS) ; anil riiimd, or Iteai-- 
 iiij^ in relii'f ii ivpresentation f usually) of some animal form (li^nires '2'.^ to 
 5")V With rt'forence to the last nameil it may lie noted that the Iniman form 
 was the most faxorcd snhjoct, and very often only the head or face. The kiiiil 
 sliowri hv li^'iiie 4*3 is ot somewhat common occurrence. The form Is lude and 
 
 full -i/.. 
 
 Fig. A^ f il 
 
 liii^hly conventionalized. 'IMie face seems to haxc heon lprou<;ht into shape chietly 
 liy pinchiny between the tinu'er and thumb, fn all pipes of this class the head 
 tapers rapidly upwards, and in many of them theie is representeil a coiled head- 
 dress. Invariably, too, the face looks in the direction (jf the stem, or towards 
 the smoker. Perfect specimens are extremely rare. Even to tlie Indian they 
 iiKi}- have been caricatures — .synd)olized jokes. That the abori<.fines had a s])ice 
 of fun in them we know, !iotwithstandin<; the reptitation their bear for stolidity 
 and taciturnity. Practical jokes, and jokes reflecting on personal appearances, 
 were their especial delight, and they .sometimes exemplified this characteristic 
 
38 
 
 ill the heads and faces they tnoilclled on tlit-ir clay pipes. To one they attached 
 a jmir of d()i,''s oars (Hguie 'AO), to anothei- those of a hat ; in one the mouth and 
 eyes are formed awry and at opposite anj^les (ti^urc 40) ; a fourth shows the face 
 lookiuij upwards (fornnng the top of the howl), one eye heinj^j deeply liollowed 
 
 I'i^'. Mi. I'"iill si/f. 
 
 l''if;.-IS. I'"ull .si/f. 
 
 Fit,'. »•">. I'"ii 
 
 !• Ik'. 17. I' ii!l >i/t' 
 
 in ivct'ive the tohiicco (Hijui't' 42), whih- in still aiu)tlici- voiiicw liat siinihiily 
 foi'iiird, it is tho widely opfu uioiith that forms tlic intcriui' of the howl (.fiijure 
 41). If tlii'v ever attempted poftraiture in the ninnerous lepresentations of 
 
 Fig. W. Fi\ll si/t'. 
 
 FiR. 50. Full .si/p. 
 
 human features, theii- intentions have wofully miscarried, for in few cases can it 
 lie said that the faces ar ; even typical of the race. Fi^urt' 1 is an exception, and 
 is probably .-.o, " more from luck than goo<l guiding." 
 
39 
 
 led 
 md 
 ice 
 ired 
 
 The serpent-worsliip school of arcliii'ologists will find but little encoura^'e- 
 iiient for their views ainonfj the numerous representations of lower animals 
 adapted by the Indians to pipe-makinw in this province. The eagle (figure 53), 
 owl, wolf or dog (figures 49, 50 an<l 52), and bear (see stone pipes) seem to 
 
 iiiiV 
 
 fu 
 
 re 
 of 
 
 Fig. 51. Full sizf, 
 
 FiK. 52. Full size. 
 
 Fig. 53. F'ull si/e. 
 
 1 it 
 ud 
 
 have been more freiiueiitly used than the snake for this purpose, and if it be 
 urged that they also were so employed l)ecau.se they were objects of vener- 
 ation, wliat must be said regarding the still more numerous occurrences of 
 
40 
 
 the Iniman face and full form ' It woiiM \n> rash to deny iittorly that fctichism 
 or, ratlu't , toteiiiism, played any part in this ilf|iai'tiin.'nt of alnirii^'inal handiciaft, 
 but, so far, there is no evidence th;it it did* 'I'lie j,'reat variety of human lepre- 
 sentations would seem to indicate primarily the mere play of fancy in ])i|»e mod- 
 
 filing;. In >oiiic instances there n'liy have licen a sei.'ondary reference to totems, 
 liut cei'tainly nothinn to niark the serpent as a s|)ecially favored or aflected olij.cl. 
 
 Fotiohisiii, srrictly s|ii'akin>,', lia-s no tt'iupli's, idolH, (irit'sts, saciilici's nr prayer. It iinolves iid linlicf 
 
 in rlratlnll 
 
 in a future lili', and 
 
 / liirlihfi llnllC 111 
 
 indepcnili'iit 'if lunrality, 
 
 a Hlatf of rnwaril- aixl iiuiiishiinntf 
 
 It 
 
 is I'litirclv 
 
 Tl 
 
 1!' ne\t .staj^'c in rfliRi.>u^ iirnprrcss is that wliicti may lit> callii 
 
 Tnt. 
 
 Til 
 
 ahanilon In 
 
 i Itt'lii'f in fcticliisiu, frnu 
 
 ■^^^■ d 
 
 iH's nut 
 
 indi 
 
 h.'li.'f 
 
 1 uiiich indcc 
 
 I'l> 
 
 in beings uf a lii>rli'-r and 
 the 1 
 
 i>n It a 
 
 -tret'.'', stiini-s, riser,'*, iimuntain 
 
 Oritrin (if Civili/atiiin, AnuTican editiun. pp. ItiUl'O. 
 
 1 no race of men \v,\» yet entirely freed itself, liutlie~uper 
 -s material nature. In tliis stage eveivtliini,' may he wor- 
 1 lies. i)lants and aiiiuiaN." Sir .lolui liulihuck in 
 
 le heavenlv 
 
41 
 
 ILAKKD TOOLS. 
 
 ff^ 
 
 I ?■ 
 
 V\\:. 'ill. I'lill .■*!/(.'. l'"i^'. ri7. I'"ull si/c. I'ij,'. 5S. Full ni/.f. Vij;. ."I'.i. Full m/.>-. \'\\( tlO. Full ^iz« 
 
 It would not seem vrry ditlii-ult to follow in iiiiiininutioi! llic (lt'\('l()|)iiifn( ol" 
 the tiakiiij;' or clii])|iin^ iirt. Kvcn if early man's intfliii^^'iict' diil not .su!;i;t"^t this 
 metlioil of producing a cuttinn' or scrapinLj cdm' on a piece of stone, accident would 
 soon supply the neci -sary hint. On l)oth continents considerahle (|uaiitities of 
 material a'e found i very rudely flaked in many instances as to appeal" at (irst 
 slight hut little supeiior to '■ road metal." This, in the slow process of develop- 
 tuent. is Just what mii^dit he expected. In the Old World, s|)ecimtns of this kind 
 are usually laid bare undei- such conditions as clearly ])rove an extremely 
 low, mental and social condition of the workmen. \\i America, howevei', similar 
 olijects are generally foun<l mori; or less intimately associated with others exhih- 
 iting a far liiijher de<;ree of intelli«,'ence and skill, thus rendering it ditHeult, if 
 not inpossible, to classify i-uder forms as ■p<d<ivl'tlh.-i (old stone weapons) and 
 the more liighly finished as neoliths (new stone weapons). Dr. Abbott and others 
 have found in the New Jersey gravels and elsewhere pah nolithicdooking speci- 
 mens, at considerable depths, and apparently having not the remotest connec- 
 tion with higher, or surface finds. This would go to prove the exi.stence of 
 
12 
 
 man iti America ln'forr, or (hirin;.' the jxlaciiil period ten, twenty, a Imndred or 
 more thousands of years aj^o. Prof. W. H. Holmes lias recently mad*' an exhaus- 
 tive study of the Trenton ^'nivel-lieds, wheiiee l)r. Altbott procured his spfcimens, 
 and luis expressed his utter disbelief in the pahi-olithie character of the finds 
 thetf made, showing the possibility of their reaching' <,'reat depths from the sur- 
 face, and uri,'in{^ that they are simply "rejects" or partly worked specimens, 
 the nature of whose materuil rendered them unsultalile for further nuviiipulation. 
 
 in Ontario, we find a ^^^ood nuiny rou<,'hly chipped objects, and always of the 
 leaf, or oval form. The nature of the fraeture in some instances is clearly in 
 favoi' of re;.jardin<^ the speeimens as "rejects," but in nuiiiy eases it appears more 
 reasonable to look upon them as material partly prepared at the (piairy, for ease 
 in transportaticm to some other place where the Hnishiny touches might be given 
 at leisure. A Jiotable instance of this kind was the finding of n "nest" of such 
 pieces near Komoka, in the ct)unty of Mid<llesex. Of the sixty-nine objects here 
 
 Fit,', lil. ImiII >i/" 
 
 found to^-ether, all, but one, were I'ouglily leiil-sliaped, tiie exception l)eiiig a 
 fairly ,'.;oo<l sprar-bead ])r<)vi(led with a neck, and lookinu' as if it might have 
 been the ordy weapon Hiiisbcd, when secrecy or safety necessitated the covering 
 up of the whole lot. All these are now in the Provincial Archo'ological Museum. 
 
 Curiosity is fie(iueiitly exjiressed as to the Indian art of flaking. In the 
 rudt'i- forms of implement or weapon, there is no doubt it was done by percus- 
 sion, but the finer (|ualities of woik reijuired a different method, and this, we 
 ha\'e the liest of reason to l)elieve, was by means of pressure. The roughly fash- 
 ioned flint was i)lacefl against u pad or .shield in the palm of the left hand. 
 Against the edge to be flaked, the workman brougho to bear a bone tool, held 
 in his right band. This tool, ])rovided with n notch at the working end, was 
 pressed firmly and steadily against the portion to be removed, and the separation 
 
4:; 
 
 is saitl to Iiavf lieen aeconiplishud liy ineanss of a doxkroiis twist. It is tasy 
 <n()U<,'h to write or read a divscrintiiiii of this kind, Init as in tlio case of otlicr 
 a|)i)ai'ently siiupli! oprratioiis, it is much moru difficult to practice than to tench. 
 We know tluit the method vnrieil in detail to soni > extent unionjL,' trihes widely 
 separated, hut in a <;cneral \vi\y the ahove may lie re<,'ui'dcd as the plan of opera- 
 tion. 
 
 Mr. Cushinf,', of the American Bureau of Kthnoloj^'v, has devoted nnich time 
 and patience to tla; study of llakin^f, and has succeeded in proilueint,' specimens 
 of various kinds equal to those of Indian mariufacture. The makini,' of <^un-flints, 
 
 
 'W 
 
 M 
 
 m: 
 
 f/^ 
 
 
 ^> 
 
 \^ 
 
 / 
 
 ./ 
 
 ^^ b ^ f'^ 
 
 Yf 
 
 -t ■'i 
 
 W€ 
 
 -u-l 
 
 4 f/ 
 
 ,,r^ 
 
 ^/ 
 
 
 V£ 
 
 Fig. t;;i. Half diiiineter. 
 
 'iWl 
 
 :pffi? 
 
 '■'^/mm 
 
 
 
 *l&-=^>'-: 
 
 
 ^■.:i;A'^ 
 
 
 Fiu'. (14. Hiilf diaiiR'ter 
 
 Halt iliaiiifttT. 
 
 still canied on at Brandon, in KriLjIand, nius'. reijuire fully as much dexterity, for 
 the reason that, admitting the superior intellineiirt! of the workman, and the 
 higher q.iality of his tools, his Hints must conform very closely in size and slia])e 
 to a givt'U pattern. 
 
 The material used l)y the Indians of Ontario was chietly chert, a sub-species 
 of quart/,, found in masses of various sizes wi'ighing from a tew ounces to .several 
 jiounds, embedded in limestone. On Point Abino, Lake H) ie^ there is an outcrop 
 
44 
 
 of limestone ,sin)plyiiii^ an abumlaiic*- of eliert, from which liave been procured 
 lar<^e (juantities of blocks for tools and \V('a[)ons. 
 
 'I'here ciiii be little doubt that the value of this property was fully appreci- 
 ated by the Neutrals, oi- Attiwandarons, and that these people profited as traders 
 in furnishin;.f other nations both with un\vrouin;ht and partly wrouo-ht niateiial a-; 
 well as with iinishiMl articles. Fhikod ([uartzite wea])(jns are seldom met with in 
 (Jntiii'io, liut tin'iires (jl to (i") re])resent some of this kind, half size. 
 
 In the Ottawii \ alley and other portions of the province usually regardeil as 
 Algonkin teiritory, the forni and tiiiish of llaked spe'imens ure infei'ioi' to the 
 workmanship on such objects found f.u'tliei' west and south. It is mostly in the 
 counties lyiny smith of a line drawn from (iudericli to llamillon that the 'hiest 
 specimens art^ found, ainl where attempts ha\c been maile to j'roduce unusual or 
 b'tiieiful forms. 
 
 
 Fi". (i(). Hall (li;\iiii'ter. 
 
 V-l^ 
 
 
 .?r^^ 
 
 l.g.hT. HJ. .1. 
 
 
 mmkm 
 
 Mifm 
 
 mwm 
 
 .Ul. 
 
 FiK. {\i<. One tliinl iii:(. 
 
 Few flaked tools of lai'ee size have been fonn<l iii ()ntari(h I'ei'hap.s one from 
 the township of Pickei'inu', now in our nmseum is the largest, as it is about eleven 
 inches lon^'. In Ohio and some other states they are more numerous, and are sup- 
 posed to have been used as spades or hoes. 
 
 It is customary to refer to all ordinary specimen.s of this kind as arrow or, 
 spear ^eads, between which, except as to size, there is no line of distinction. In 
 all ; -bability most of them were employed as these names would indicate, but 
 it is eijuallycertain that many were used othei'wise. The sliort, roiuided ones may 
 have served as sera|iers (fiLfui'e .SO), or may have been inserted Jis spikes in thc- 
 heods of clults, while it seinns reasonable to believe that many of the larger, 
 and, proportionately, more slender forms, provided with necks, or stems, 
 ajisweretl the pur|H)se of knives figures oG to Gl. A third variety, including 
 
45 
 
 r':''lll 
 
 ^ 
 :■*' 
 
 7 
 
 .li;. 
 
 I'oin 
 'Veil 
 <(ip- 
 
 / or, 
 
 III 
 
 but 
 
 may 
 
 (&-^' 
 ems, 
 
 thoHC whoso edges arc deeply noU'hed, were prol 
 79). Tlu" employment of such tools was nMjuired 
 
 •ably used as saws (fiijfure 
 in many primitive occu- 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 ^ii to X - ^ 
 
 Ki^. li'.t. Oiii' tliiiii ill 
 
 ''6(/ "' f ■ -'■-•'a-'a ^''. 'yxi ' ill} 
 
 .'*^ .-'■,;-■ .">. c->\ '7// 
 
 
 
 .-■xfci'iV^^'- 
 
 ■Vii.l'' 
 
 
 
 ',<y|! 
 
 
 i' lU'. 70 Oiii' tliinl dimiii'tir. 
 
 0:^'iv>}^ 
 
 
 Fig. 71. Half diaiiutcr. 
 
 Fig. 72. Full si/e. Fig. 73. Full hI/c. Fi^. 74. Full »i/.e. 
 
 pations, as, for example, the division of hone len^ntliwise to make awls, or 
 needles; the cutting of bird bones in cross section for beads; the .separation of 
 
40 
 
 poilions of stmic inr vari<»n> |iur|i().s('s: mid in tlu' iiuikinif uiid ivpaifinif of bow.s, 
 arrovv-slwifts, (Iruiiis. t'aiioo, patMlcs and (itluT articles iTipiiiinn- the use of wood. 
 
 
 
 
 l"i-'. 
 
 1-Ull >!/.■ 
 
 ^r- 
 
 
 ■■«?"? 
 
 Fi-. 7<i- Half liiaiiiutei 
 
 %, 
 
 '^* 
 
 &*(•■■■'■ 
 
 i*'^;-?^^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 
 a.. 
 
 
 
 
 Fip. 7-. I'ull >i/.i', 
 
 KiK 
 
 
 
 I'"ifr. so. I''iili .-1/ 
 
 Fi^'. 81, Full si/e. 
 
 At a jiiiicli, Iiowi'vcr, tlie savai^r workman was at no ,i.Mi'at loss for the want 
 of .specialized tocl-fornis— with the arrow head tliat killed his <,'nine he coidd take 
 
47 
 
 ()(i tlie skin, sever the tendons, and cut n\> tlie llesli. Witli the point of Hint tluit 
 made Ids enemy Mti' tlie dust, he could niaki- himself tlie ha))]>y owiici of thi- fallen 
 one's sealp, and perform othn-vvise all the nmtilation demaiidL<l to show his cvin- 
 tempt for a liateil foe. His stone a':e, or celt, served him to cut down a tree, to 
 hollow a boat, t:) d\[f up I'nots, to |!.)nnd corn and nuts, to di'ive stakes, and to 
 ■^\\v the tinishinuf stroke to a wo.nided animal. I-'lints (so-called) of faneifnl 
 shapes — doulile-iiotched. doulile-liarhed, t'oiiea\ ('--ided. oddly-necked (tii^ures 7- 
 
 lo 7'S> — were in all ])rolialiility tor ornamental or eeiemonial use. nr, they may 
 even liave ))een ivt^'arded as amulets. At !>ny rate it does not appear reasonable 
 t'> suppose that so much labor and im^enuity should have been expended on 
 olijects of tins kin<l nunvly for shootine- purp(xses. 
 
 Drills (tie'ures Si toSl), too, are made from the same material as ariowdieads, 
 iiid are similarly worked. Tliey are usually ]m)vided with a T-shaped head, 
 thus atloi'ding leverage when in use, whether held simply in the hand, oi- liound 
 lo a shaft or a handle. Those hei'e ti^ured ari' of e.xci'ptional forms, indeed some 
 of them may not have lieen drills at all. 
 
 Celts were sometimes made by tlakiui;- chert, and afterwards producing a 
 nrtoth, cuttine' edtje by ruldiitii,', but specimens uf this kind are extremely lare 
 111 our jirovinee. 
 
 Flaked spi-eimens, mostly arro 
 
 \V-lieai|s, 
 I 
 
 far laitiuunbei' all th(^ other relic: 
 
 tbund in Ontario, and the same may lie sud re^aidnii;' nearly every otiiei' country 
 II the wolid. 
 
4S 
 
 STONK PIl'KS. 
 
 Th<- Indian artist-niccliaiiic iltn>(r;it<'«l tlio liii,'li('st renclies dl' his iinutfiniifi iii 
 anil ('\i'ni]>liHiMl tln' ln'st -^f\•|^ oF his \vni'kniMnshi)i in liis stone pipes, nianv ul 
 
 Up, Mi. II lil dl.Ul.rt, 
 
 Fit,'. .ST, Full s. 
 
 Fig. 8!t. ScM'ni'ij.'lilli si/.e (iilatfonn patrfni) 
 
 Fig. 'M. i''ull si/.c. 
 
 w'hicli Wfi'c • s(j skiltnlly uxccuteil thai a nioilern artist, notwitlistandiii-,;' his i'a.' 
 suj)erior metallic tools, wonhl find no little tlillieulty in reproducini^ thoni."* 
 
 In choice of material he Inid a wi<le I'ani^e, hut nsnally selected that whic'i 
 was most easily wrou^dit, as .soapstone, limestone, .samlstone, .serpentine, and cai- 
 
 •Smithminian CoiitribntionH to Kmiwli-iig.', by Cimrles Run, p. 45. Washington, 187<«. 
 
4!) 
 
 III! si/.c. 
 
 \iX liis \'i\' 
 
 |\jit wliic'i 
 and fill 
 
 Fii;'.'!. Full -I/. 
 
 rip. !tt. Full -i/f. 
 
 l-'k'. '.'-'. Full ii/e. 
 
 Fip. '.to. Full fVM: 
 
 l-'iu'. ICi. Kuli «!/■•, 
 
 l'"it?. !)Mi. Full si/c, 
 
 l''iK- '••'■ '' '"' -'■••■■ 
 
 ini 
 
 tc or lildoilstoiic. Ili^ iiiu-t t'axoic 1 iiindcls woi'c the liuinan licad an 
 
 (I whole 
 
 l^iiri' (liifurcs l|:! to 120). iit'itT iliis cmihc H'pi'tsi'iit:;liii;i.s oI' ijuadi niucls liii(l> 
 (4 I'.M.) 
 
no 
 
 l-'i^. 100. 
 
 Kif,'. 101. Half (liiimctcr 
 
51 
 
 snakt's (Hj^nires 1*21 to I.Sl'), but never lisli. In ninny instaiu-os tluTe is no 
 iittmipt winitevor to ])r()(luce unythin;^- Iteyuixl ii plain mticle — a sinipio Imwl and 
 stum, or a liowl without anv stmi. 
 
 I'ijf. 112. SevcneiKhth 8I/I'. Catliiiite pipe. 
 
 Fih". li:(. Kiill sizf. 
 
 Tlu' Provincial colU'i-tioii contains numerous spccinuMis of untinislied 
 pipes, liotli of the stemmed ami stemloss varieties, and from these we learn not 
 a little reiiardiuL;' the primitive methods of workini; stone (tii:,'ui'es H'), «U). One 
 
 "™"'"*iiMI!lii;iB:..Kii;,-; -p< 
 
 '|#i;:3e. 
 
 
 «c3E3n^'^ij;^|||||- 
 
 
 \>:1:^^ 
 
 J" i I,', nil. Full size. l-'ig. llfi, Full size. Fig- H". I'lillsi/,. 
 
 of the iirst thin_i;s tliat strikes us is that the material was invaiiahly 
 hrou<,'ht to its intended size i)efore the"! holes were drilled for the liowl 
 and stem, or foi- the bowls alone. The art of pipe-making was one that 
 
)2 
 
 Fig. Us. F 
 
 Kit,', ll'-. I nil .SI/. 
 
 Kif,'. lliii. Full >i/. 
 
'u\ 
 
 liriLCi'i'i'il li>n'4 uiiioiii;' ilic liidiuus iiftor iimiiy diIici- iirts \\rv>- fnrjLTOtten. 
 'I'lic loasoii tor this survival wonltl ajun-ar to In; in tlio main acconiited 
 for from tlif t'ad that I'!nro|K'aiis coming,' to America sIiowimI a iirct'rrcncc Fur ])ij»os 
 
 / 
 
 /" 
 
 \ 
 
 { } 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 Fif». \'J',i. Xearly full ^i/c u itli uii)«-. ■^(■i'ti..ii ui ,-ii in. 
 
 Fig. l'-'2. " Wliitcstonf " \n\if'. < iiu'tliinl (liaineter. 
 
 of native nianufactnro. Kahii tills us that "all the toliacco-pipe heads which the 
 common people in ( anada nuike use of, are made of this stone (limestone), and 
 are ornamented in different ways. A yTeat part of the <feiitiy likewise' make use 
 
 Fiu'. 124. Fullsi/e. I'ig 12.".. Hulf -liai 
 
 Fig. ii'i;. Halt Miaiii. Fi^-. 127. H;ilf diaiii. 
 
 of them, especially when they are on a journey." The same writer' i^ives us to 
 understand that the whites themselves matle stone ))ipes, as, indeed, we might 
 leadily surmise, for a ])ipe of this kind would prove much more serviceable, one 
 
 .Ni>e, Appendix Tj. 
 
54 
 
 limy nliiiost Mvy, iiioic Faithful, in tliusc (lays of roiitili cxpfru'iiCf-*, tlmn the K 
 opi'uii " clay " was lil<rly t<- 1h'. AccMi-din^ly, we (.lpsi>r\ c in many stoiir jiipi's, pat- 
 turns that, arc sn^'i;fstivr of iMiropcaii lathci' than of imlian taste, althougli in the 
 inattiT iif wdiknianship thiTc is n<> r\\i\v\\rv uf ^llp(•^io^ity.* 
 
 Fif,'. 128. 
 Scvcn-eiV'lith iii:i. 
 
 
 Fig, rjl). 
 
 I'iR, I'Jltif. Seveiifi^'litli ilia. Fig. 1;H2. .Si' rucigiitli iliii. 
 
 %.. '■ 
 
 Fig. 130. Full size. 
 
 Fig. 131. Full si/.e size 
 
 Most of tlie stone pipes liavo been made for u.se with wooden stems, and the 
 larjfer number of them are provided with a small hole at t\ie base, by means of 
 
 See Ajipendix L. 
 
•').) 
 
 wliicli tli.'V iiii^ht ln)tli 1)1' liniiiiil with ii stiiiiLC to tln^ stciii^ wlit-ii in um', uikI 
 iii.-uiit.'iiii tlh'ii' iittiii'liiiuMit wlit'ii laiil iiwiiy, ni wlicii ciinit"! dh tlic poiMin. 
 
 It, is lis (lidicult to lii'ciile wliiit is tln' nidrst \'or\\] of ])i|if, iis it is to scttU' 
 ulii'tliri' clay or stone ]ii|M's took 'tifcfiicuci'. A siiii|il(' tulif like a ciMar liohlcr 
 uoulil sfciii to 'lavt' sonic cifiinis as tlic uri^iiial |>ilif. Inil ailiioiii'h sucii tulifSfii(> 
 I'liuiiil in this country, tht'V il<> not a])|ifMr d. lia\f hccn >o cnipioycil. The lute 
 \ en. Aichtleiicon Mc.Mniiiiy of Niagara, a-snred iiie that he had sihmi such tnli.'s 
 used iinionLf the ()iilisviis ol' Lake Siiperioi' for cnintiie^ |inrj)ese--. ()nly 
 some of the tnlies we lind ail-' iiiucli wider at one end than tlic nthci-, and in esery 
 case the end thi'oiiLjh whidi the smaller hole passe-., is too thick to l:oM in the 
 mouth with any ci'iiifort, while in no iiistanci; ai-e there any tooth marks or other 
 -i^iis of weal'. Mr. (\ \\. Moore* thinks such tulics were used a- jiipes hy the 
 natives of Florida, and I!;mi -fates that. " 'I'lie ( lo-,h I'te-, nf WcNton I'tahu-eat 
 the present day small pipes nf somewhat similar shape, and heiii'e it i- imt alto- 
 gether improiiahle that the tuhcs JunI mentioned were smokiii;;' utensils." 
 
 It seems clear that pijies ot" this kiiul weie used in mniiy parts ol' Amer- 
 ica, hut their employment in this province is more than doulitfiil. 
 
 What may lie regarded as an extremely old form of pi[)e was found in the 
 township of Alhioii, (!ounty of l*eel. it i- rou<,dily sun'i^'estive of the platform 
 or monitor type. (Fi.i;' •'^7). 
 
 Shapes seem to have heeii as \arious as tin' whims of the pipe-makeis. There 
 does not appear to have been any reniilatiou form even for the ceremonial pi|)e, 
 calumet, or pipe ot peace, as it has lieeii called. 'J'he pipes tii,nired 110 and 112 a,re 
 very peculiar, and are kncnvn as disk pipes. A lew of similar design have been 
 found in Kentucky, Tennessee and other States.f Mr. Dou<f|as of the New York 
 Natural History Society, has several in his collection. 
 
 Among pipes here fij^ureil tliere are some that seem to cari-y marks of the 
 wliite man. Without attempting to point these out, or assit^n reasons forsup|)os- 
 ing them to be wholly or partly indelited to European contact for their form or 
 their finish, it may be left t« the reader to exercise liimself in distinguishing 
 those from the other.s. 
 
 * Certain Sand Mounds of the St. John's River, Florida, p. Ifi. Phiiadt'lphia, 1S'J4. 
 h Antic|uitie8 of Tennessee, liy Gate> P. ThruHtun, pjj. l".l!t-201. 
 
 the 
 isot 
 
m 
 
 STONK ll\MMKi;S. 
 
 It i> ])inli;ili|c that Mill' III' tlif lir>( tuol.-. ii<c.l l.y fniIy iiimii wms a liaiiiiiitT. 
 I' iniii I lie rmpliiyiiKii) i)\' II II 1/ sloiic iliat iiiii,Hit lie liaiiillcii, r\|i(ri(ii('i' w miM lend 
 to till' selection of t'oiiii- ami i|niilitii'.s most suital)l'', Ijrld iliiectly i" 'ln' liini'l, 
 a tool of fliis kind would ansurr ijuiti' urll I'oi- rude llakin^ oprrations. Iireakiny 
 I tones, Clack inn' nuts, licatiny; roots, lu'iiisinn' sicds, and For other siMi|i|e ope rat ions, 
 hut tlie necessity for stiikiu^' licavier hlow- led.in prticoss of tin\e to tin' at tad i men t 
 oC handles, '|'he innul'cr howeVer. of hamniei' ||eai|s fitted I'o!' the reeeption of a 
 
 l''i„'. VS.i 1,'iiarter liiiiiiictcr. 
 
 handle must ha \(' heen exceed iii(,dy sum II (ti;,'ui'es l.S.S, l.'U), in this part of the con 
 tinent, iude'ine' fmni the few that have heen found. Most of those in our collec- 
 tion are merely circular or ovate pehhles, coiisideraMy tiatteneil on two sides, and 
 apparently so formed liy water-wear. Some of tliose are artilicially jtitted on tin 
 tlattened sides, as if for assistance in 'irasiiine. and the edees usually show tlie use 
 to which the stones liave heen ])Ut. They seldom weinh more thun two or three 
 pounds. A few weii;hin^f from foui' to eiirlit piainds haxc lieen collected at wide 
 
 
 Fin. K^t. On- tilth iliiiiiK tiT. 
 
 
 • :\-:'Xii,:'?: 
 
 :^-''.^i^ 
 
 Fig. lo"). T\vi)tliir(i> iliainetcr. 
 
 intervals over the pro\inc( . ()iie in our possc'ssioii. said to have heen found near 
 Leamington in Essi.'X county, weiehs alnait ten pounds, anil lik*; all the lai'i^cr speci- 
 mens is <,n-ooved. A very tine small specimen found in Lanark county, is pro- 
 vided with a hole for the iiandh'. This is (piite a rare occurrence in America. 
 Tn e'enei'al outline this siiecinien mav li 
 
 'y 
 
 tempted to regard it as the work wholly, oi' in part, of some old French trapjier. 
 A square faced one (figure 13o) is of extremely rare occurrence. 
 
STONK AXKS ()|; UKLT.S. 
 
 Axi's ur »M'll> ;ii (■ ;i iii(ii|ilic;it iwii nl' tlic li.niiiiirr. Tln-y aii uiDstlv uF twu 
 kiiiiU — plniii mill ;4ro(.\ t(l, 1. Ill a I'cwaii' 'if intiiim diati- lonii, that is, slij^'litly 
 i^fi'ddvcil ( tiniiics |;!(i ;iiii| |;'7 III ( 'iit.ii'iii llh' |ilaiii oin's arc liy all oiMs tlir 
 iiiii>t iiiiinci'oiis iiiiil ji vi'vy laiL;-!' |ao|ii)ili(iii ol' iIh-iii shonlil lir called iid/cs, 
 ratlnT tlniii iixt's. mi a'Toiinl id' llirir ronii. an I coiisi'iiUciit |M)siti<.ii wIkm 
 attaclifil tn (lie lininlic, Tlicv ai'i' of all sizrs. fim.: two t > twrlvt- m iiiDn inclii's 
 
 Fi)?. Kit). Twutliinla diaini'ti r. 
 
 luiii,', und are jL^i'iicrally iiiadi' of some ])riiiiary rock, as syenite, diorite, j^neiss, or 
 Lrifuiite. A few of lluroiiiaii slate have Keen eollected. One feature eharacfi'iizes 
 the' form of all such iiii|ilemi'nts or weapons — they taper towards the pole. When 
 syiiimetrieal as vieweil from all sides, they may be regarded as axc^s, hut when 
 symmetrical only as viewed from the wider side, adzes. In the former case there 
 is not much difference hetween the hieadth ami thickness of the tools, V)ut in the 
 latter the difrn'ence is very marUeil, and one of the wide .sides is always nearly, 
 
 Fi^r. Il"i7. Two-tliirds iliuniettT. 
 
 oiiiuitc Hat, [iresi'iitiiiL;' thus a good hcaiiiiL;- foi' attachment I>y means of thoiiL; or 
 sinew Itindiiii,' to a 'J', N' or L-sliaped piece of wood for a handle. When properly 
 hound or lashed in this way the advantage of the gentle taper consisteil in the 
 tendency to tighten the tool in its fastenings as each Mow was struck. One can- 
 not but admire how exactly the degree of taper is adapted to the re([ui)'einents of 
 theca.se — with more, they wouhl too easily have dro|)ped (jut of their bearings; 
 witli les.s, it would have been dilHcult to keep them tight, on account of the ease 
 
58 
 
 with wliicli racli Mnw must liavo tended ti) (li.s|)l;ii.'e]iient. There are, in tlie 
 whole rani^e oF Indian wni'knianship, few better examples oi" tlie nice adaptation 
 of means to an end than is aHonU'il hy the shape oi' a plain, polislieil stone axe 
 oi" adze. 
 
 (JrooNcd axes firo eom]>ai'atively rai'e in Ontario, and few ol' them are at all 
 eomparalile in form anil tinisji to >'milar tools found in Ohio and many other 
 states. 'I'lir ^'cnei'al foini of the latt'.'r, and the faet that the i^-roove is usually 
 
 5SS"i/; 
 
 ''T.?!'. ^"V '■■•'!;*"•'-, :.-.v-i :'-''-". '^"^r?-*?' 
 
 
 - --" ••■•:.'. V ■> * •" '. i- •■ ' ' -■ .\ 
 
 Fig. i;!(S. Two thirds (iiaitieter. 
 
 cut round two sides and one edt^e oidy, show tluit they havr heen used as axes. 
 Ontario specimens, cui the other hand seem to have heen employei! as ad/es, as 
 the grooves go all round the stone, and ai-e deeper on the edges than on the .sides. 
 A common helief is that these stone heads were inserted in the cleft of a split 
 stick, which was then tightly liotnid at the end to keep the axe in position, ami 
 immediately behind tiie head to prevent l"urt?ier separation of the wood;' but used 
 
 Fig, i;W. Half (iiaiiietrr. 
 
 as adzes, of course, anv such methoil was impo.ssible. I^'iyure l.'3s shows what is 
 without doubt an a/e. It is sj-mmetrical when \ iewed from all sides. The form 
 is very rare. 
 
 'J'he making of stone axes nuist have been tedious and lal)orious. In some 
 cases the niate'ial seems to have been procured fi't)m drift blocks of considerable 
 size, perhaps by means of first heating the mass and then pouring water upon 
 it, to produce cleavage by contraction. At any late specimens are nunierous, 
 
 * Even a Imndred and fii'ty years agi) this beliet seems to have becoint' comiiiDii among white people. 
 See Appendix A. 
 
59 
 
 sliowiiij^ thai liy some iiiciiiis suitaMe jjoitioiis liavc been detatclied from 
 l)()ul<leis foi' this jiuipose. In otlicr cases the woi-kman has seU'cted some liani, 
 watt'i'-woin st(jne, whoKO sluipe sui^ge.stetl the tool lif dcsii-iil, ( >l this Uiml a few 
 uiitinishi'd s|)('cimeiis nvr in our collection. When tie' lilocks witc split by any 
 ri.i'tliod, tlie work of shaping,' was no doubt accomjilisle'd rhiclly by rubliin^- down 
 the unjj,'les, but in otlier cases niucli pt'ckiiiL;' luui to br doni- to jiroihicr tlie 
 rc(|irn-c(i Nviiimetry liefore tb" work of polishinn' eould proceed. 
 
 Kinure I'-VJ is tlie only stone a.\e I liuve ever seen havini; a raised pattern 
 on its side. Tlie elevation is slight, but has lieeu worked with great care. 
 
 The smallest ()l)jeets of this ehiss seem tin) shoi't either to liave been fastened 
 to a liandle in the usual way, or eviu for use directly in tlie hand, < >n tiiis 
 account it is surmised that they were tirmly cemented intowoo<len eluii beads, as 
 is the cirsLoin yet with certain sa\agi' peoples. Siicli a ueupon could lie u-ed \orv 
 etK.'ctive'- at shori ranLi(> for bcini;- tbinwii, or in a hand-todiand conllict. 
 
 CHISELS, 
 
 IJelonn'irig to the celt class of tool or weapon are the olijects known as ctiisels 
 Their chief diU'ereiice consists of their beiiin' more slender in foi'm than the celts, 
 and jierhap'.s a laiger proportion of them are not su well tinished. In many cases 
 it is not unliktdy that they are simply the worked-np odds ami ends resulting 
 
 des. 
 plit 
 mil 
 ised 
 
 i,t is 
 orm 
 
 i>ine 
 al»le 
 ]ton 
 •ous, 
 
 'ople. 
 
 Kit,', l-"'- "'''f <lia«i<'tt'r. 
 
 from the shattering of a boulder. !n a few instances, however, they are wtdl- 
 formed and highly polished, and occasional specimens are met with sharpened 
 at both ends. The finest specimen of this kind in our collection was found in 
 Urant county, tigure 140. 
 
 All such tools as may be included inider tlie head axes (jr adzes and chisels are 
 comtnoidy known as "skinners," oi- "skiiniing stones. " It would, of course, be unsafe 
 to say that they were not so employed but there does not appear to lie any reason 
 
 Fig. 140:i. Half diameter. 
 
 for the use of a special tool for such a purpose, esjiecially when, in any event, 
 chipped chert or Hint instruments must also have been employed, and with more 
 advantage. 
 
 Figure 140a repi'esents an implement of this description, on which has been 
 <'ut ^'diat is usually under.stood to be a conventionali/.ed human figure. As this 
 spec -lien is made from an argillaceous stont^ unlike most implements of the kind 
 its use may have been different from that of those produced from hanler material. 
 
(10 
 
 flol'CKS, 
 
 'I'liis class ol' tool is lcs> t'ri'([iiciit ly iiii't. witli tli.iii nrv celts uinl cliiscls, 
 ultlioii_!:;li thry aiv Ibnacd of the same kind of stone They vary in K'U^th from 
 four iiichi's to fully a foot (lii^'uros 141 to 14*i). Some arc liollowi-il from cjul to 
 
 FiK. 111. Twdthirdrf iliiiimtiT. 
 
 end, and some for only from one-third to one-hali' of their length. In Westein 
 Ontario the liollowed poi'tion nsiially ajtproaehes tlie arc of a circle, l)ut in the 
 eastern jiart of the province most of the hollow is (-(nnparatively flat, liavini;- the 
 
 l'"ig. Ml!. Twci thirds diametiT. 
 
 .sides rise sharply, almost at an ani,de. Many specimens of the latter kind havi 
 been found in Lanark county. 
 
 Like the celts they are L;enei';illy miide to (h'crease ^'ently in si/e towards tin- 
 head, as il'thev too had been intended lor attaciiment to a handle and worked as 
 
 J' in. 1 i:i. Tni' lliiid.s dKiiiiftrr. 
 
 ailzes, for in many -specimens it is observable tliat the upper portion of the hoi 
 htwetl side is (piile llat. while the ()|)[»osite side is i-onndeil. In one specimen (lien 
 is a sli(,rht transverse j^roove on the round side, indicatini,' very cleai'ly that in thi^ 
 
61 
 
 lavi 
 
 Jllul 
 IIk'I'i 
 
 iiistiince at least tlu* intention was to biml tlit- tool to a lian<llo. As tlieio is 
 scarcely any taper to thi ■; spccinuMi, the <,'roove may have been t'ou nil necessary 
 to keep the tool in position when fastened to its liandle. 
 
 There is niueh diversity of ojtinion i-e^-artlinj^ the use or uses of the so-called 
 ;j;ouges. They haN e been referred to as tai>pini;-tools for maple trees durinj^ the 
 
 Fig. 145, Half diameter. 
 
 They may iiave been found useful in all of the three latter operations, or. 
 Nvliat is (|uite as likely, they may have been apj)lied to some other use or use.s 
 tliat we are not able even to guess at. 
 
 SLATE KNIVKS. 
 
 A somewhat rare form of stone relic ft)und in Ontario is tlie slate knife — if 
 knife it be. Most of then» are spear or lance-shaped I'ti-fures 146 to 14^), and are 
 made from that beautifully veined ari,dllite known as Huronian slate. Others are 
 iiade fVom a bi'owTi variety. S]»eciniens of other shapes are less common, but 
 i^ually mut'h hii'^^ei- than tiie spear-shaped ones. One of the commoner forms is 
 -■mi-cii'cular, the straight side being thick and strong, while the roun:l side i.s 
 ;:ri)und to a gooil cutting t!(ige. Some have an upright handle, as figure 14(ia. 
 
 y>y .some authorities these are n'gardeil as being of Eskimo origin," However 
 
 * Of tliis tlip Ki'v, W. M. Hi'aiicliftm|i has nil ridubt. Mr. Tipaiiuliatuii tin- ^ivi'ii iniicli stiuiy to this 
 • itter, ami writis to me that he is (■ci:iviii(;i'(l nt their I'l-ikiiini mif^'iii. My own hilief is that they 
 •■ I'f Na-^cnpie orivrm. 
 
 Fur a full ai'cii\iiit of tlieM', mm- Ktlmnl'iifical Results of the I'oiiit Tiarrow I'Xpedition, hy .roim Miir- 
 1 h, in the Ke,)iiit uf the Ihireau «i Kthnuliigy fcir 18S7-H8, pj). 1,')0 tn lf!4. The lii;uien ffiven r.scmblo 
 ' V cliisely the s|ietimenM fiiund in Ihitaiid, and it is noteworthy that Hlate is always used for the 
 ' i^iriio knives. 
 
(12 
 
 this niiiy be, tools of this type were, until (juito lecently, in use anion*; the 
 KsUinio, iiml were known as women's knives, hecaiiso employed in nil such opera- 
 tions as fall to the lot of the women to perform, as. for example, the scrapin<j; of 
 raw hides and skins in preparation tbi' clothing. 
 
 :';;'S 
 
 if" ^ 
 
 
 ^'^^''y- 
 
 si 
 
 ^ iW^'^'^j>:^^^^F< ■ -^^ ■■■:■■■■ ""^ — -■'■■■ ^ 
 
 Fig. nU'i. Hall (li.uiu ti r itiearlyi 
 
 Fit! 
 
 \m 
 
 ■\Mi tliirds ilia. 
 
 The spear-shaped knives found in this province were no doubt lashed to a 
 short shaft or handle, into which the neck of the tool was inserted, and it is to he 
 observed that in the majority of instances the necks are .serrated as if to afford 
 i,frip to the thonLfs (;r sinew^s bindinif the knife to the handle. It is worthy of 
 remark that the neck, or portion inserted in the handle, usually tapers consider- 
 
 .Sevfiieiglitiis diaiiii'tiT 
 
 Fig. MS. I'ull si/e. 
 
 ably, iiud the teeth formed liy the notclies jioiiit liackwards, or away from th' 
 cutting' e<l;;e (tiyure 14S). At first siyht this would appear to be just the oppositi 
 of what was required to give the blade firmness iii its socket, but wlien the action 
 of the tool is taken into account, this form and method of attachmt.'nt were U" 
 doiilit the best tliat could In- devised. The Kskimo and other savages nearix 
 always woik the knife toward', the bodv, never using the thumb to sup[)ort tli' 
 blade, 
 
 I'OIUl' 
 
 unio 
 
(j:i 
 
 SHKLL. 
 
 The watns of Ontario «li.l not yield iiwitcriiil of tliis kind lfii.;t' (miou^'Ii in' 
 strong enough tn prove serviceable for a vviilu range of usr. Small helices were 
 
 fi(^ii:<%s 
 
 'I 1' I \'\ » 
 
 Fig. 14K. Fall si/c. 
 
 pnrforati.'il for beads, and the valves of the connuon unio or mussel, commonly 
 known as the clam, were employed as serapers, and, if one may judge by appeai- 
 
 isiti 
 action 
 lore n<i 
 
 kieai'l> 
 rt th' 
 
 Fit.'. 1"'0. Full si/. 
 
 ances, as slit-ks f(jr smoothing the inside of clay vessels when in the plastic state 
 (figures 14!) and 150). Oidy a few specimens (not more than half-a-do/t'U; have 
 
 1^ 
 
 I'ome luider my notice, showing attempts to form wampum, or ear-drips, from 
 unio shells. 
 
G4 
 
 'rill' iiiiitrriiil ill ili'iiiaml I'or such juirposes was the sliell of ii lai'i,^' iiiiivaKi- 
 I Biisyc'iiii iii'rviTsuiii, cliit'tly) fn.iii tlic (Jiilf of Mfxiciaml eastern coast of Florida 
 (lin'ure l.')l.) Such shells \vi'ii;Ii several poumls, and portions of tliciii arc iiearlv 
 ono-fi>iirth of an inch in thickness. ( )t'these and a few nther larijje kinds, waiiijtuin* 
 and ornaments of varimis kinds were made, i-'nui: specimens in the museum the 
 sever.-il steps in the inaiiufact ore may '"! followed. The slioll a])])ears first to 
 liave been ruilely hroken, then pieces were sawn hy means of lliiit llakes into 
 strips of the re(piired width. Il for waiii])iini, these would measure from liallan 
 inch to three-fourths of an inch a<'r()ss. ami the next step was to cut otl' )iieces 
 
 ■^^L,Jf 
 
 V\^. ir/j. Hull iiiuiiii'tt'i. 
 
 to form sijuaies which were suhsc(|Uently liored from each side throiiLili the 
 middle, and, last of all, the corners wei'e rubbed down, and the pieces made as 
 nearly circular as possilile. 
 
 Sometimes larije oval and pear-shaped portions of shell were employed as 
 gorjifets, and were proliably worn suspended from the lU'ck (tiifures 15'2 and 1 ");];. 
 So far as I am aware only one specimen of this kind bearini; an inclseil or engraved 
 
 W ---^ '■^^^'^■^''^''' 
 
 
 -S:-. -'ii=^^ - ■4V?r--'' 
 
 mo 
 
 -<. J 
 
 
 mm 
 
 
 m 
 
 •tltl ■"""""■ • 'il*lf" ,f ^ 
 
 Fig, WX Two-thirds diameter. 
 
 device has ever been found in Ontario, although such are of frequent occurrence 
 to the south of us. Many b(/autiful ones ha\e been upj^arthed in Tenne.s.see.f 
 Georgia and other states, where also the natives pro(hiced hoes, axes, gauges, pins, 
 labrets, drinking cups and even fish-hooks from IJiisycoii perversum and other 
 shells.: 
 
 * See Aplii'lliiix I . .1, Iv. 
 
 iKiill <!escri|itioiis of tiies.- may l." IoiiimI in (Jcnrnii Tlinmton'.s Aiiti(|iiitie8 of Tenmssfc pp ;!■>.>-•{■)" 
 Knbt. Clarke iV Co., Ciiicinuiiti, ISIIO. ~" ' "' 
 
 ',.See Art in Sliell of the .Ancient .Vnierioiins, hy W. II. Holmes, in report of ISiireun of Kthnolo"v for 
 
 l.S8(l SI. \V;i.sliinpton, iss::. "•" 
 
tl.. 
 
 Siiiiic >triii:^s (if w ;i iii|iiihi in tlic iiosscssiuii uf tlir |i;i'^;iii Iri-nitiis in IIkhiI 
 CI Hill ty, firi' ii]>))iiri'iit ly iii;nl<! tVoni t Vaijilc ( luiiiif rivrr uiiio -IumI , :i ^ iii;in\' > 'I' the 
 I'ljids air >fan'rly iimri' I linn ;i niillinu'tcr in tliii kiir^s. 
 
 Aiiriciit coniiiii rcc witli tin- south Inv hu'^c sliolls wuiilil ..imh In liii\c <'\- 
 tiidi'd tliat with thr mirthwoL I'or ciitliiuti' au'l cupper, il' w c may luiiyc Vioni 
 
 -c 
 
 l''ig. 154. Full bize. 
 
 Fig. 155. Full si/.e. 
 
 what is exhumed, and notwithstandinj^' the immense value that a lar}T;e southern 
 shell must have possessed by the time it reached this country, we occasionally 
 find one or more of them in fjra\es, t'lom the shores of Lake Erie to the (leorj^'ian 
 Bay. It would not he an unfair comparison to estimate one as the equivalent of 
 a gold watch, a' d yet they are placed side by side with the remains of depai'ted 
 " braves." Figures 154 and 155 show respectively a pin of shell, and a circular 
 gorget perfectly plain. 
 
 CEREMONIAL OBJECTS. 
 
 Articles in consideralile variety of foi-m, but mainly made of stripcil (Hnron- 
 ian) slate, the uses of which aif totally unknown, generally go by the name of 
 ceremonial weapons. The illustrations show a few of the more common shapes. 
 Those like figures L'li) to 167 are called gorgets, or tablets, and are supposed by 
 some to have been worn suspendeil from the neck as every-(lay oi-naments, but 
 as the hull's seldom exhibit any signs of wear, it seems more probable that they 
 were not so employed. For the same reason they could not have been used for 
 rounding or smoothing thongs, and it is quite certain they were not shuttles, 
 because the aboiininal methods of weaving did not reipiire the use of such an 
 article. 
 
 (5 I'.M.) 
 
f)G 
 
 Tlio \viii;f«Ml foi'iiis Cli.'uinci'-stotK s, so-called) arc iriiich more cliilmratt'. anij 
 the \V"il<iiiaiislii|) oil many of tlieiii is remarknlily '^nnd (fii,nires KID to l?-')). 'I'lic 
 ijfeatcr |iart of tin' work in inakiii;;' talilets cniisistcil of nihliiriLT tliiii pieces of 
 slute iiit(t slm])e, hut in the formation of wiiiLreil specimen-- nitich more was 
 leiniircil, for the I'laterial had to he at least an inch in thickness to admit of 
 
 l"i^f. \M. Full >i/. 
 
 holing the large central Imlc, and this operation reijuired a good deal of skill, 
 and much patii'iico. After this was done, long and persistent pecking was 
 required to reduce the wings to the proper degree of thinness, as well as to pro- 
 duce tlie .lesired outline. In nearl}' (>very ease the barrel, or central portion in 
 
 Fig, 157. One-third diameter. 
 
 Fig. 15H. ( )ne third diameter. 
 
 line with the hole, projects (Hpially on both sides, but soinetjines the wings are 
 not symmetrically formed (figure 175).* 
 
 Occasional specimens, also accurately liored, and having straight outliues, 
 are worked at each end almost to a sharp edge, and have been referred to as 
 ceremonial axes (figure 170). 
 
 *SmaU Biiei'iiiu'iis nf this type, but hin ing the barrel formed wholly on one side, have recently lieen 
 found by Mr. Cliirene'i' 15. Moore in Volutin county, Fli>rid;i. Thoy measure little more than an inch and 
 ii i|U,irter ill length, and tiie greatest breadth of tlie wings was less tiian an incii. Mr. Moore does not 
 nientinii the Uindof >tone. A much larger si)e(,'imen, thiee and a half inches long, with synjoietrical barrel, 
 was found in the same p'ace. It is referred to as .i " Ceremonial .•Vxe of Stone." I'lrtaiii Sawl MohihIk 
 iifth, SI. J.ilni'.i Rn:>: l-'n>n'l,i. by Clarence H. Moore. Part 15, I'liiladeliihia, W.H. 
 
ro- 
 in 
 
 67 
 
 Tliiisc known iiN '• l>iril iUiiulrts," figures 177 tu INO, luivr prulialply lic'«'ii i'diiiiii 
 iiiHic i'r('(|Uiiitly in Ontfiiio than in any utlicr part nf Auiciii-n Kt'coi'iU of tln'ir 
 <)ccun-t'n<'t' I'lsrwhcrt' jiic \cr\' lai-c, liut sonn' li.ur lum t'outi'l in New ^'ol■k 
 
 ,ji'iiii/iy>ii'r!l'ii'-'.''''|!i!'i||':l(|i|ili 
 
 Jl*<:|!ii;;B«. 'w 
 
 
 
 wmmB:': 
 
 ,i:f:!ii!j: |i':|i''^ii!|,iOiKii'';'',;ifliiij'''!'r^^^ 
 
 lllll 1|I)'.!,I1'Il' 
 
 
 Fig. 159. Tw'tliinls (liiuiK'tff. 
 
 Fig. lliO. Twm tliiril.s (iiaini'ttT. 
 
 State, anil in Oliio. Altliouifli foi' convenience known as liii'il-aninlets- mosl of 
 tlioni lieine' apparently highly conventionalizeil hird forms — now and again one 
 sees spei'iinens that are not suggestive of hirds, wliatever eNe they may liave heeu 
 
 Fip. 161. ( )nethir(l ilianu'tiT. 
 
 Fig. 162. One-third diameter. Fig. lOo. Onc-tliird diameter. 
 
 intended to symbolize. Few of such objects exceeil five inches in lengtli, but tliere 
 are some of slender proportions from si.\ to eight inches long, and one untinished 
 specimen in the Provincial Museum is about ten inches in length. In some 
 
 es, 
 as 
 
 'en 
 md 
 
 lot 
 el. 
 
 Fig. 101. Oiifi-tliird diameter. 
 
 Fig. 165. One-third diametei 
 
 instances there has not been any attempt to imitate eyes ftigure 17>S », e\ en liy means 
 of a depression, but in the majority of ca>:es the eyes are enormously exaggerated, 
 and stand out like laittons on a short stalk, fully half an inch beyond the side of 
 the heail (tigure 179). In every tinishe(l sjiecimen a hole is bored diagonally through 
 the middle of each end of the liase, upwards and downwards. If merely forsusi)en- 
 sion when being carried, one hole would be sutlicient, but the pi'obability is that 
 
iiS 
 
 t!|i'-M' well- 'ml Ihlnl l(.|- iMstfllillL; IIm' " illlllllrts " td miHH' ntlliT (llijrct, lillt W I lilt, 
 
 (ir fill- wli.it |.iii|iM,. I- imi kiM.wii ll lia> licrii ^u.'ui-tcil that tluM' iU'titli.s 
 
 f>, --v* 
 
 ^^ 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^^M^£m 
 
 ^;-^.JS5^. 
 
 V\vi Itlt'i, ( liiflliiril :ii;iliu-ifi . 
 
 Kii;. iti7. ' 111!' tliinl cli:iiiift('i . 
 
 wiTo w >rii Oil tlu' ci'owii ol' iiicii- liciids a^ oniaiin'iits . that tlicv wd'c wnni in 
 till' saiiii' way I'V woiin'ii lo itnlicatr tiitiL tliry wcir iiiiiiiicil ; tliat tlicy woo 
 fiiiployi'd in playiiiu" a ^atnc : tlint tlicy arr totfins ol' tiilns or clniis; ami that 
 
 Fig. lt!8. Unfinished Banner stone. 
 
 tliey were talismans in some way connected with the hunt for waterfowl. They 
 are, at all events, anion<>- the most curious and highly finished .specimens of Indian 
 han<licraft in stone found in this part of America, and the collection of them in 
 the Provincial Archa'ological Museum is said to be the be.st that has been mach.'. 
 
 Figs. 161), 170. Half diameter. 
 
 Another form is known as the " bar amulet" (tigures 181 to 18:?). It invari- 
 ably has a fairly straij^dit base, but the other sides take various curves, and there 
 is never any attempt to re]iresent an animal. The holes, however, are bored at 
 
01) 
 
 till' fii(U .IS ill till' t'liNc iif till- " liiril aiiiuli'ts " A rri nrkiililt- i'.\cL'|itioii (o this 
 iiijiN 111' M'lii ill ll^iirc In."!, wlicii' tin' pi'i'luriitioiis ari' niiiilr. oin rmiii each siilc. 
 
 l'"igH. 171. 17-. Half iliaimter. 
 
 Vig. Il'.i. (Quarter diaiiieter. 
 
 Fiff. 171. Nearly full size. 
 
 STONK TUBES. 
 
 Fig. 17(i. Two-thirds diainetei'. 
 
 Fig. 175. Half diameter. 
 
 So little is known regarding the use of stone tuhes that they mioht safely 
 be classed with so-called " ceremonial " articles. They have been described as 
 tobacco pipes, as simple forms of telescope, as instruments for blood-letting, and 
 
70 
 
 n> |»;iil ul' till' iiii(|icinr-iiiau -^ (Hitlit. NothiiiL; winiM mthi iiu'it ira^onalilc llinii 
 tliiit ill the i'\ oliitiuii of flu- toliiirt'n pipe die sfruit,'lit loiin slidiilil liavr procfilril 
 till' cuivi'l (Hie, mill yrt iIhtc i> im i viili.'iicc tliut .my n|' tlic stoiic tiilx's ntiiinl 
 in Hiitaiiii wciT -u u^iil. Sitiiii' (iT tlie Nj)('cimrn> \v<' have aic ton lai-:jt>, somran; 
 
 ■t4^ 
 
 FiK- 177. II ill tliiniii'ti'i 
 
 Fig. 17'"'. IImIi cliitriii'tf) . 
 
 too small, ami othtMs arc 11. it tl,,. y\'_t\it shape. A tVagiiionlarv sptrinK'n is said 
 to liavi' lict'U oi-i;^niially npwaril.s of a fooi in ]enj,'th. The lioh' is ahont thii-c- 
 i'oui'ths of an inch in iliaiiiotci' in the jioi'tion we poss(.vss, anil is saiil to havrbrm 
 
 Fig. I'll. Half ilianieter. 
 
 uniform throuL,'hout ; another specimen in perfect condition i.s seven inches lon^ 
 ■with a hole only tluve-ein'hth' of an inch in diameter all tlie way throui^h, ami 
 shoiter specimens have a wide hole at one end, and a very small one at the other. 
 
 FifT. ISO. Full »W.e. 
 
 The last foi'iii is the only one that is siini^vstive of a possihle pipe, hut 1 was in- 
 formed by thi late llev. Archdeacon Mc.Mnrray, of NiaLjara, that he iiad seen 
 tubes of this kind used in the ' Noi'th west "* for bleeuinj.: ])urposes. The wide 
 end was placed over thi' atl'ected part —pieces of ignited bark were dropped 
 
 Till' tiiiii! referivil tu by iiim was many years a ffo— perhaps fifty— anil tin- Northwest then meant the 
 Cuniitry aliout Like Superior. 
 
tlu'diiLjli the litilii tVoiii the nppiT ctid wliirli whs -.iiltsc'iucntiy t'oviTnl with ilir 
 tliiiiiili wliilr till- liilic wns tiiiiily IhM in |iliU'i'. 
 
 It is not ini|pi()lialii<,' tliiit sonie nt tln'sc tuipc^ wrre used t'ur iliinkin;^ |iiii'- 
 pDst's (hn'idL,^ llidM- jicriixls of life when jn r-ons witc [iioliiiiili'd lioni uilnwiii'^ 
 wiitt'i' to loncli tlicir lijis, it' it foiiM lir ■>li()wn tliiit this iMistnni wascNtc )iriicti>t'<l 
 
 FiK. IS1. Half .liiini.trr. 
 
 hy tllf Indians hdi'. as we i<ii()W it to have hot'li anioiin' otht.T peoples. Indeed 
 the c'.istoMi is a wiilely sjiiead one, and not l>y any moans contined to the eori- 
 tinont (it Anieiica. 
 
 " Tn njiji, Cameron saw an ohl chief sii(d<in!^' pondw, tlie nati\c heef thi'onyli 
 a I'eod, and hiter on, in his narrative, W(,' learn that tlie reed is ;j;enerally nsed lor 
 the purposes of driid<in^'. ' " Arnoiitj the Narrinj^eri of Atistralia, wlieii yonni^ 
 
 Fig:, m^. Two tliirjs dianii'tcr. 
 
 men are to lie initiated into the rani'C of wari'ioi's, durinn' the ceremonies they aro 
 allowed to drink water, but only by suckir)<f it up thiou<,di a reed."' 
 
 fcihort tube.s, not more than two or three inclies lonu;, and dispi-oportionately 
 thick, were probably worn suspended as ornaments. 
 
 The only tnbes in the piovincial collection not made of Huronian slate, are 
 of a material sti'ongly resembling; iix color and apu(;arance, the lithoi-raphie 
 stone of ( iermany. 
 
 'ifj. l.-^li. tfu't' iliiiimtrr. 
 
 n 
 
 Fig. 1.84. Showing iiositiuii nf linlivs on umJiT side nf Ki^. loU. 
 
 In all probability the boring of the tubes was accomplished by means of 
 Hints fastened to wooden .shafts, bnt whatever the process was it must have been 
 an exceedingly slow one. In the larger specimens, drill marks are (piite clear, but in 
 the smaller ones the holes have been rublied smooth after the boring was comph ted. 
 
 *Fr(im the Medicine men of the Ajiache, by Capt. .f. G. Bourke, in the i-fport of tlie Utirfaii of 
 EtliiHilogy for 1887 88. In this paper Capt. Hourke refer.s to the use of cop])(u- cyliiiiiers, bones, reeds :in(i 
 atone tubes for drinking puri)uses aniotig the native .Mexicans, Brazilians, Kskinio.s, Hindoos ( Binhnians) 
 and others, and (iuot<'s Schoolcraft as mentioning " suction i)ipes of steatite ' found by him in mounds. 
 These, Capt. Bourke says, " may have been the ei|uivaient of mir drinking reeds," 
 
BONK TOOLS. !vi( 
 
 ^^any tools .ukI h few oinaineiits were inaile of lione and lidrii, luit lo 
 wiMpims appear to have hcvn pi'udiK.-ed from tlu'se materials, unless \\(,' iiicludc 
 tliose known as harpoons ha\ ing one or more barhs. (Fij,nires lfS4 to lS(i.) 
 
 I"ig. Is4(/. Half diameter. 
 
 On account of the extensive use of bone by tlie Kskimo there is a stroni^ tempta- 
 tion to refer many of oui- specimens of this kind to Innuit origin, especially as 
 the resemblance of ours to theirs is often very marked. lUit, in this respect, 
 
 Fig. 185. Half liiaiiicter. 
 
 tliere does not appear to be any more reason for .so doing than there is for attri- 
 buting tbe same origin to Hints, ve.ssels of soap-stone and .some other things. 
 ♦Still, when we take into account the Hui'on-Iroquois tradition as to the former 
 
 Fig. 186. Two thirds diameter. 
 
 abiding place of th i.a^'or. on the north shore of the gulf of St. Lawrence, we 
 nuiy at once cone* i- do pro'oability of strong Eskimo ii^tluonces att'ecting the 
 work of ( )ur Indians. That Ijands of these people habitually found th(>ii' way south 
 and west of the Ottawa is extremely improbable, and it has not been shown that 
 they ever resided here before the advent of our Indians. Anything, therefore, in- 
 ''"cative of Eskirio inHueiice may be accounted for as already mentiored, by the 
 oid-tink contiguity of the peoples, "down by the sea," if, indeed, not the work- 
 manship of the Montagnai.s-lNasco])ies, wlm^ it seems clear, occupied a large 
 portion of eastern Ontario at .some distance back fioii. tlie St. Lawrence. 
 
7:i 
 
 KiifiMT 1.S7 ii'prt'sent.s a tisli-li(jok I'diiikI in Nicturia cuunty. liailuMl hone 
 lioiiks iiii' oxtreincly rare. I have lieanl of two or three otlu^is Imt this is tlio 
 only one 1 ovei* saw. It is not too nnreasonahle to sii])pose " white' inthience to 
 liavo ht'en at woi-k here at u c;oni])iuatively I'ecent <latt'. 
 
 V'ig. is'. Full si/c. 
 
 It iias been noticed that articles made of bone a. niucli more frecjuently 
 found in some ])arts of the country than in others. lu the Ottawa and 8t. Law- 
 rence counties few bone specimens occur. In the old Huron country they are 
 comparatively rare, and not many are found in the western counties. On the other 
 hand large numbers luive been collected in the neigliborhood of Toronto, of Brant- 
 ford, and in North Hastings county. 
 
 Fif?. 188. Full si/.e. 
 
 rrner 
 
 Awls are the most common form of bone tooh They are from two inches to 
 eight or ten inches in length. They are sometimes spoken of as needles, but it 
 is rtiost likely that their use was to perforate bark and skin before inserting the 
 thong or til)re employed for sewing. Figure 188 illustrates a perfect specimen of 
 this kind. 
 
 FifT. 18(t. Full size. 
 
 , we 
 
 the 
 
 loutli 
 
 that 
 
 ,in- 
 
 fche 
 
 k)i'k- 
 
 karge 
 
 Anoth.er fo'm also known as a needle is shown at figure 18!). It was almost 
 certainly employed in the netting of snow-shoes, ^ad in the making of grass mats, 
 for passing the binding string or thong of .sinew or root fibri' in and out among 
 the stalks of grass as they hung suspended from a bar in front of tiie worker. It 
 is, therefore, loio like a .shuttle, although ' was not .shot. An untinisheil Oj'l)wa 
 mat in the Jr.ovincial Museum, yet attached to the original bar, shows how the 
 work was and is performed by the native women. 
 
 As pins to fasten clothing on the person bone was the best material procur- 
 able, and it is not unlikely that many of the so-called nc idles were employed in 
 
74 
 
 tliis way. Spociiili/.rd t'oi'ins an' t'ouml occiisioirilly on which soiik' [laiiis havr 
 licen taken l>y way ut' niiiaiucnration, as may ha scfii l>y tii;iiro> 1!)U ami liil. 
 Pins of tins kind uie ^I'neially sjjokt'n of as pottery markers, hut as'a rule tli'> 
 designs oii Indiau chvy vessels i('(|niie(l no special tool. 
 
 
 
 Fig. li»2<(. Half iliiuu.l 
 
 itilC'". 
 
 Ji^'i 
 
 >'/*!> . 
 
 ''iK. I'.t2'y. 
 
 If diametf 
 
 luijiloiiients for dressinn' skins very eti'ecti\ely wei-e made from tln' mttacarpai 
 bones (jf large quadrujjeds like the moose, caribou and common deer (tiyures V.)'2<i, 
 and 1926). Some of these tools pre quite stnouth at tlie serapinij; eil,t>'o, as tigure 
 V,)2a, while others, like l!>2/( arc neatly notelied to i,dve tln'm additional iijrip. 
 
t ■> 
 
 Wlint may liavc been three tdols ol tliis l^iml, ;iic jiertNuateil iicai- tlie 
 f(Hi(l\lc>, liut lor what ))iii']i().st' it is not easy in say. .Mur>ii)cli liyuro an Ivskiino 
 scraiMT similarly lidred. without iiiakini;' any rct'erciiL-c lo tlie hole.' , Ol' the 
 
 "%£"^ :'I^ y.''-' ■ 1 " :'/' I' ■'^1^0!^ 
 
 l-'i'' l!)0. h'tlll .'.I/ 
 
 Fi^;:. nn. Si'\cii-iij,'hts(ii;iiimtrr. 
 
 \'\^. illii. H;llf dilUurti'l'. 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 (i' 
 
 '1 
 
 H 
 
 ft" 
 
 f 
 
 
 ( 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 I '[ 
 
 1 
 
 
 '; 
 
 t 
 
 1, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ^1j 
 
 iMLr. 11)1. Full si/ 
 
 three tools referretl to. one has three holes as >ln)\\n in tin' lij^mi.'l ) while tin 
 otliors have only one eacli, as in the Point Barrow s]ieeimen of Mr. Murdoch. 
 
 "Annual Report of the Bureau of i^thnology, l«5(S7-8)^, p. -!>9. 
 
A knii'o-like t'oi'in ul wliat iii,iy ;il>() luive lieon a .scra])er is sliowii Mt li^'urc J !••"! 
 
 Coiiilis (tiifurrs 194 to It)!). \>riv\-^ ainl taily-boncs ( Fii^iirr I !)S). fnun liall' nn 
 inch ti) tliiei' inclics loni;' (Htfure IDS), })rn(laiits and even pipi's were nia<le iVnm 
 
 ,1 i, m 
 
 'm 
 
 \€V:i\:m»V 
 
 %-^ V 
 
 n .■ \; 
 
 l\ ': 
 
 Fig. 1%. Two-thirds 
 (iiaiiieter. 
 
 m \ 
 
 in»M"l!' V.i:1' 
 
 'f?, '■ i* 
 
 r*'\ 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 T -M'] 
 
 i 
 
 rS^c 
 
 \^: 
 
 Si,i 
 
 ii^ffll 
 
 \A\ 
 
 Fig. 198. Half 
 diainettT. 
 
 Fig. 199. Full si zr 
 
 Fig. 197. 
 
 bone. Tlie last class of 'trmo ()l)jccts it sliouUl be said is very seldom see)i. ( )ii!v' 
 one has come into oui' possession so far, and it may have been a make-shi't 
 figure 199). 
 
I i 
 
 \\<i' 
 
 lii'-.iriliiiu' spcciiiH'iis ii> ti^'iirrs 'li)() id 20;{ wr cai liiiiclv i^ncss a- tn t!;cir 
 l''iL;uir -Joii is fli.'vni ami tliioe-foiii'ths iiit'lM^ li iil;', and liol is iikuij than 
 
 i 
 
 Fig. 200. 
 
 Fig. 201. 
 
 Wi %i> J' 
 
 Fi'k •-'<«. 
 
 lice -shift 
 
 Fig. 202. 
 
 I:iilt: tliat Ifn^tli. Both are grooved at one end as if to produce a pattern on 
 >'>niething .soft— perliap.s for drawing lines to onianiont articles of clothin"-. 
 
7s 
 
 < 'iiiviii;^^ ill till- [iropcr si'iisc was scliloiii iittfMiiptoil in Itono. Tlio pins alicady 
 rotVnv 1 to had tlifir ornivtiientatidii ttlcctt'il simply l>y iin'aiis of udtclu-s and liiic^ 
 lint in li'^'ui'i'^ :?()4 tn UOd wr have sonictliinLT iiidi'c prctcntiMiis. 
 
 II 
 
 ill M 
 
 Mim 
 
 Kip, 201. Full si/.e. 
 
 V\g. '20;). l''ull si/.e. 
 
 i* ., 
 
 ri 
 
 Fig. L'0(). Full si/.r. 
 
 Fifrurc ^O-t is wlialc-like in outline. 205 was proVtalily worn as a |)en(lant, 
 as was also 20(i, which is the best specimen of carving in bone in the Provincial 
 Museum. I J^The neck i.s penetrated by a small hole from aide to side. 
 
 Fig. 207. Half diamet.r. 
 
 Fioure 207 is a fairly-well carved specimen of uncertain use found near 
 Toronto. 
 
 V\g. 208. Full si/c. 
 
 -NFany carpal bones likt? finrure 208 are found, more or less rulibed down, bul 
 it is not known with what intention. 
 
7!) 
 
 IIOKN IMl'LKMKNTS. 
 
 Olijccts of li(irn arc iiiore seldom iiict witli than tliosc of hone, no doubt 
 pjirtly on account of tilt' coiiiiiarativc scarcity ol' the suhstaiico, and perhaps ho- 
 
 
 •V''.*r ■■■•■■■ '^"^"^^-'Tv^ 
 
 
 •(Sj.„:.^*>;---r' 
 
 
 
 >!?*»''*•' 
 
 
 FiK. -'•»!). Hull (liaincnr. 
 
 cause it is nioic lialilo to (h.'cay. t'hisids, so-calle(l, may liavc; Keen used forhaik- 
 iiiLi' trees, and fof skinning aniiujls thev would have heen uuite as serviceahlc as 
 
 Fi)r. I'lO. Halftliiuiietti'. 
 the stone colts. Figures 20'J and 210 show wliat such hone tools are like. The 
 •smaller one is peculiar in having a hole, as if it were cariiid on the person. 
 
 Fig. 211. Thi't't'-nuartiT iliauicter. 
 
 Specimens like figure 211 have heen employed to smooth cords of some 
 kind as shown by the grooves on op]t osite sides of the prongs — one is seen in the 
 out. 
 
>() 
 
 What ill'.' cillcil ,-iiTou--stiMi^-liti'n' r- ;ii'i' illustrati'd liy lii;iir"> 21*2 in 214- 
 
 'I"lii'\' I'lll cxliiliit such nJ-iis of WL'fii' on il 
 
 11' n'i|ii|ii''l\' male holes iis to w.iiTunl 
 
 Fig. 212. Half dijimcter. 
 
 Fig. 213. One-third diameter. 
 
 tlic belief that they were employed a.s their name indicates; to .strai,i,diten arrow 
 .shafts, either by using the tool as a pinch, or by wei<,d»ting it with .stones for ^ 
 
 Fig. 214. Seven and a half inches long. 
 
 time until the inserted shaft di-ied and retained its improved condition. Wooden 
 arrow-straighteneis of similar shape are still useil by some western United 
 States Indians. 
 
81 
 
 flirt i\v 
 for a 
 
 Woollen 
 
 United 
 
 THK'J'H. 
 
 TIk' tt-'fth of lirars, wolves iind other aniiiuils wcru used Jis nccklaci •>. They 
 were usiiiilly either liored oi' notched at the root end for hriiin' stiiuiL'. I'"i;4urr :J 1 o 
 represents the tooth of a he'iir which, although ftjini'l in a, i,na\e, is tuiilici" 
 notched nor liored. 
 
 l''i(?. 215. Full >i/,f. 
 
 TOTEMS. 
 
 In view of the totenii.sm which was so characteristic of American aliorigines, 
 one would bo warranted in concluding that even this rude heraldic .system would 
 have led to the production of numerous repi'escntations of the aitimals adopted 
 as symbols of various clans. On the contrary, however, specimens of this 
 kind are exceedingly lare. In private collections it may be presumed that there 
 are some, but, so far, only three pieces that may be fairly looked upon as totems 
 
 Fig. 21G. Full si/e. Fig. 218. Full size. 
 
 have reached our cases. Two of these (figures 21G and 218), of thin slate, one 
 may guess to be a wolf and a bear, or perhaps the latter is meant for a beaver, 
 or an otter. The third is recognizable beyond doubt as a turtle (figure 219.) 
 
 Fig. 21!t. Full si/..'. 
 
 Of course it is not certain that these I'clics are totems, or, are intended to 
 represent totems. The scarcity of such objects would favor the conjecture, if not 
 the conclusion, that totemism did not, to the native ndnd, iniply the necessity or 
 even the expediency of thus typifying tribal .syndjoiic animals for any purjiose 
 correspomiiuL;- to our use of arnio)'ial bearings whether of families or of nations, 
 but that the totem was reijarded as a name and nothinuc moiv. It mav have 
 been that totenuc symbols wtM'e usually dep.ted or wrought on perishable 
 materials like skin and bjvrk, in which ea^e none need nf)w be looked for. 
 
 ((i P.M.) 
 
82 
 
 tlirir (ISC 
 
 MISCKI.LANKors. 
 
 N]iL'('iiiifns uic t'r('(|iii'iitly loiiMil tlmt Imtlli' us in otii' !itti'iii|»ls to dcfidi! 
 Some of tliosc li;ivr nlrt'iiilv lit't'ii iiiciitioiUMl us Mrd iiniulets, ami illus- 
 
 ti-'itions of otluM' foiiiis timiirs L'iO to 225), an; lierr </\\vn. Kiuiirr 221 iiii 
 
 
 'fmk 
 
 wmmm 
 
 Fig. 22U. Half 
 diameter. 
 
 Fig. 221. Half 
 diameter. 
 
 Fig. 222. TwothiidM Fig. 223. Two-third.-, 
 
 diameter. diameter. 
 
 Fig. 224. 
 
 liiive been a pendant, and 225 may have been worn as an lar-drop, l)ut wliat of 
 tlie others ? The position of the hole in each (and sometimes there are two) does 
 
 Fig. 225, Half diaiin'tr 
 
 not indicate tliut it was liorinl merely for the oliject to haii^' by wlien carried on 
 tlie person. They are all made of slate nnd nnist have been useless as tools. 
 
s;] 
 
 'I'licrc is little doubt that Hj,'iiro 22ti was a tot)! nl' some ^oit, liiit its use is 
 uuft rtiiiii. Till' peculiar cross-section of the working,' ciul and the 
 
 l'"iK. -li'i. 'rui'tliiicls (liaiin'tfr. 
 
 FiK. 1.'27. 
 
 wear suj,'nest that it has licni iiii])l(i\ rd in >oiiir inaiiiier to twist lihies, hut even 
 this may he a wide i;uess. 
 
 FiK- -'2H. 
 
 Fig. 229. Two-thirds diainetfi-. 
 
 Figure '22H is e(|Uaily probleuiatical as to use, and what ina\' he said about 
 tio-iire 229 ^ In outline it is not unlike the pipe, figure 181, but it is much larger 
 
 on 
 
 Fi^'. 2;-(0. Ni'arly full .si/c 
 
 Fig. I'Ul. Full six, 
 
 tliaii jiipcs were usually made by ( )ntariu Indians. As an untinished specinie 
 it possesses many instructive t'eaturi's as to nietliods <ii' workiu"- stoiTc. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 // 
 
 V' 
 
 
 A 
 
 15^/ 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 rl^ IIM 
 
 ^ IIM 
 
 1^ e^ 
 
 U£ 
 
 l;£ 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 U ill 1.6 
 
 P^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 /a 
 
 
 ^;j 
 
 
 
 '/ 
 
 /A 
 
84 
 
 Tlio sinal] stone cup (figure 2.S0) belongs to the class called paint-cups, but 
 which may have been something very ililt'erent. Figure 2;U may liave been 
 
 Fig. 232. Two-thirds diameter. 
 
 used as a short tube, or as a large bead, and figure 232 is a well-finished and 
 peculiarly formed Huronian slate pebble neatly bored. 
 
 4 
 
 STONE CARVING. 
 
 Aside from carvings made on stone pipes, we meet with few other speci- 
 mens. Figure 233 is in gypf-um, and has a strong dash of the European in its 
 execution, rude as it is, but figure 234 is of hard limestone, and bears every 
 
 Fig. 233. Full si/e, 
 
 Fig. 234. Full si/e. 
 
 mark of aboriginal treatment, although the design is greatly superior to most 
 attempts of the kind, and the head-dress has an un-Indiaii appearance. On one 
 of the stone pipes. (ii>ure 114. a head is carved quite similar in style. 
 
 iii 
 
85 
 
 COPPER IMPLEMENTS, Etc. 
 
 All the copper used by the Indians was treatfd simply as a malleable stone, 
 and neither melted nor smelted. As only native copper could be so employed, the 
 
 Fig. 23b. Full size, willi cross-section of blade. 
 
 material was procured from tlie shores of Lake Superior. Floating stories as to 
 the moulding and tempering of aboriginal edge-tools made from copper are 
 
 Fig. 23C. Half diameter. 
 
 Utterly without foundation. As a substance for tools and weapons it does not 
 seem to have been much used, and for ornaments, even less. For the former 
 
 
 Fig. 237. Half diameter. 
 
 Fig. 23«. Full si/e. 
 
 purpose its toughness was its chief recommendation, and for the latter, its br 
 hancy when polLshed. (.'hisels and axes of copper could be ground to a "o 
 
 i-il- 
 rood 
 
 Fig. 23!». Full size. 
 
 cutting edge, but one that woild liave to be renewed very fre«[uently. Adzes 
 chi.sels and spears were almost the principal tools or weapons made of copper. 
 
80 
 
 Fn the fabrication of tliese articles the Indians ile\elo|)e<l a new iiiechaiiical i(lea> 
 viz., the formation of a socket for liandle attachment (Hniires 2:55 to 240) in |)lace 
 
 Fii'. 240. I •uartcr diameter. 
 
 of tile tine which originated with the Hakinn' process, and was, indeed, a neces- 
 sity of it. Such sockets were formed by merely bendini!,' the edges of the metal 
 enough to give a hold to the inserted .shaft (}r handle, and no attempt was made 
 
 Fig. 241. Half diameter. 
 
 to bring the edges together. ^V somewhat well-formed a.\e or adze with a .socket 
 of thiskind was found on the Kaministiquia,* (Hgure 2-l'0), and is the heaviest 
 tool of the kind in the Provincial Museum. 
 
 Fig. 242. Half diameter. 
 
 Fig, 24H. Half diameter. 
 
 Occasionally a knife-iike specimen is found (tigures 242 to 244) the tine of 
 which suggests a woodoi or Ijoue handle, but in tigure 24o the tine itself is 
 
 Fig. 244. One-third diameter. 
 
 rounded on the edges as if for ease in grasping it. A most remarkable knife or 
 .jdw form is .shown at figure 245. When phu'(>d with the human remains it was care- 
 fully wrapped in beaver-skin, a portion of which is still adherent to it. Lance forms 
 
 *Fri)m this neighborhood also have 'jome some long copper si)ikeB, sharpened at both ends, one of 
 which was no chuiht fixed in a handle. At the end of a long pole one of these would have proved a most 
 effective weapon. 
 
S7 
 
 similarly tiiird are shown at Hj^urcs 24(» to 250, all of which may havo 
 been used as knives, if, indeed, they were not merely articles of '■ biavrrie " 
 for state occasions, and the same may lie su])posed of the axes or chisels, H,<fures 
 
 !i,' 
 
 I '1 
 
 V\g. 240. Two-thirds 
 diameter. 
 
 FiK- ^51. Half diameter 
 
 Fig, 247 
 
 Fig. 245. Half diameter. 
 
 Fig. 248. Full si/e. 
 
 252 to 255, althoujfh a few of them look as if they might have been intended tor 
 cutting. 25'i shows free silver, a most conclusive proof, if proof were rcfpiired, 
 that no smeltinji: was resorted to. 
 
88 
 
 Fi(?.252. Halfdia. 
 
 Fig. 250. Two-thirds diameter. 
 
 FiK. 253. 
 
 Fi^. 254. 
 All about half dianittcr. 
 
 Fit?. 2r)5, 
 
89 
 
 For ornamental purposes, as already remarked, the use of copper was very 
 limited. Beads (h'l^ures 2o7 and 259) and (more rarely still) bracelets were made 
 of it, and a few specimens have be found like pendants (figures 256 and 258.) 
 
 Fig. 258. Full si/e. 
 
 Fig. 256. Full size. 
 
 Fig. 257. Full size. 
 
 Recent studies of copper, more especially those of Mr. Clarence B. Moore of 
 Philadelphia and Prof. Gushing of Washington, have thrown much new light on 
 aboriginal methods of working in this metal, and it is now certain that not only 
 did some southern tribes produce rude sheet copper, but that they had reached 
 the art of riveting. 
 
 In this part of the continent, however, ..,> such stage of mechanical advance- 
 ment was attained in copper-working, if it was ever worked at all, for it may be 
 that all wo find was pi-ocured in its tinislied form near tlie source of supply. 
 
00 
 
 STOXK DISCS. 
 
 Stoiio <lisc.s (fi<j;ni'es 2(10 to 2G.S) of si/cs varviiiLj,' tVoiii little more tliiin an 
 incli to three inches in dian'ctei' are sometimes f'Dunil in Ontario, hut their occnr- 
 ronce is not nearly so frerjr.i>rt as in some of the States. They may he perfectly 
 
 tit,' ■ ■ --"V/ '-'*', -' — ' .!>■ ••"!'•-• .-~it'< ' "" J ''wAE 
 
 &••:,•,■.•■;:.■■,".:■:■ :\, ,V.-»i^' ..•-«»« 
 ft''/"..' . ■ ■• ■ • 
 
 
 Fig. 2G0. Two-thirds diiimetii. 
 
 Fig. 2(il. Two-thirds diamt'ter. 
 
 plain, or perfoi-ated in the centie, or hollowed on the sides. Those last 
 mentioned (figure 2('iO) ar(> .said to have heen used in a game by being rolled 
 
 Fig. 202. Tw<i-third.s diameter. 
 
 Fig. 263. Two-thirds diameter. 
 
 along the ground towards a mark. Perhaps the largest of the perforated discs 
 (figure 261) were for a similar purpose, and it is not improbable that tlie small- 
 est, like 262 and 2G:», were worn as beads or pendants. 
 
 Huroii-Iroquois .skull. 
 
Ill 
 
 III ail 
 iccnr- 
 t'ectly 
 
 ; last 
 rolled 
 
 discs 
 mall- 
 
 CONCJ.USION. 
 
 Tho rla}' is past when even it telli^'ent men tVlt they coidil atiind to laiiL,di at 
 ;,fL'()lo;j[i>its as " stf)iie-lireal<L'rs." aiiil still iuoit frciMitly at aicli;i'ol()j;ist> as " j^'rave- 
 di;(i;( rs." Lvell, Luhliock, \)r Xadaillae, Tylor, Ilale, DiiiiLoii, and scores of other 
 distiniijuished writers have shown, direetly or indirectly, how intimately anhn'- 
 oloLry is related to ethnology. I'>nt snch pnjot' was liaidly necessary, oii" iin.;ht 
 siinpose, wlien.liy the liyht of modern seiunce, he may predicate mueh coneeininy 
 the jn'oplc whose," arms, tools, and utensils he is privilejj;"ed to examine. Sonuv 
 thinn' of this sort has, indeed, always heeii })ossible, but only in a very general 
 way, and ipiite valueless in regard to ])rohlems atiecting the unity and diversity 
 of races, thei'- coni})arative standing at difterent periods or in different places, theii" 
 ca])acity for dexelopmeiit. and their relationshi]) to man, as we know luni to-day, 
 whetlier at liis best or at his worst. 
 
 In the pursuit of tins study lunguage liolds a deservedly high place, perhaps 
 the highest, V)ut after the arclia'ology of words has completed its task, mu<di 
 remains to be performed through the archa'ology (jf thiuL,'.-. and it happens, not 
 unfrei|Uently, that oidy by the latter is it possible to efi'ocL any results at all. 
 Languages and dialects many must have lived and died previous to 14!)2, as 
 others have since that date, and all that nsmains to I'epresent the old-time 
 speakers consists, it may be. in a few stone hammers, a few riake(l flints, a bone 
 needlt} or two, and some .sherds of rude potterv. In tlie Old World it is the same, 
 and there we find the ancient cave and lake dwellings, the kitchen-n\i(lilens, ainl 
 the barrows closely scrutinized that they may yield e\ery pai'ticle of evidence 
 they cujitain concerning our " rude forefatluMs,' I'ude, indeeil, in a sense not 
 contemplated by the poet.f There, the word-arch;eologist is at a .serious dis- 
 advantage ; here he is fortunately able to institute comparisons between numer- 
 ous well-atte.ste<l old forms, and the usage of living tongues There, however, on 
 account of the belief that pre-historic races are either extinct or only remotely 
 connected with living ones, a peeuliai' interest attaches itself to tln^ pursuits of the 
 arclia'ologist proi)er. Here, on the contrary, owing to the one fact that we have 
 iranu'i'ous representatives of the aborigines living, and to the other fact that .savage 
 life as we see it ex 'niplitied in most cases, is neither romantic nor otherwise 
 attractive, too many people find it difiicult to ilissociate the study of the past and 
 the pi-esent, and I'ar less are they prepared to admit that observntions made among 
 the living are worthy of a moment's consideration. To them it is not true that 
 ' the proper .study of mankin<l is man," but only wheat, cattle, merchandise, or 
 niatnit'actures. Still, the proportion of those who take this view in < )ntario is jirob- 
 ably le.ss than inany other country in the world, thanks to our educational system, 
 and the conse([uently high average measure of intelligence, and it is therefore tiot 
 surprising to find so large a number of j^ersons who take a deep, intellectual 
 interest in all that concerns primitive life in America. To this class thanks are 
 due for information and active assistance given towards fornung a Provincial 
 Arelueological Museum. The names of these coadjutors are too numerous to 
 give here, but they have appeared fron) time to time in the Archjeological 
 ) Reports. 
 
 No claim is set up that the study of Indian archaH)logy in (Ontario is of a 
 superior kind as compared with the study of early life exemplified by its relics 
 
 * " Each in his narrow cell forever laid, 
 
 The rude forefathers of the hiniilut sleep " 
 
 — Gray'.s Elepy. 
 
!I2 
 
 \ . 
 
 in any other part of the world ; inch-ed, no proper comparison of this sort can be 
 made. Ahorij^inal peop es everywhere present points of similarity and dirt'erencf, 
 and eacli people must be i)l)served separately, or as one of a j^roup into which it may 
 naturally fall. What we do claim for the study liere is that, independent of its 
 ;.^enei"al value as an ethnoloirical factor, the duty is plainly ours to investifratc the 
 ground that forms our own couijtry, to collect material for the examination of all 
 wlio are now, or who may Itectome, students, and to record results faithfully as an 
 addition to tlie common stock of knowledoo. 
 
 On the broad platform of humanity we are ijuitc as much concerned re<j;ard- 
 iiii;- results dediu-iblc IVom inv('sti;^ati()ns carried on in Madat,'ascar, Maslionaland, 
 New Zealand, Ivurea, or Fiji, but while others are doint;' their share of the work 
 in these parts of the world, it is surely oidy rij^ht and reasonable that we 
 sh(juld do ours at home. If we do not, outsiders will hardly permit so rich a 
 Held to lie fallow very long'. Indeed, a considerabli? amount of work has already 
 been accomplished in the province by foreigners. OlHcials and attaches of the 
 Smithsonian Institution have i)ursued linijfuistic studies at numerous points, 
 l)esides having done some e.K|)Ioring' for archaological purposes, and it is well 
 known that as far back as fifty years, German t<t(rants opened ossuaries in the 
 county of VV^entworth, ;md met v/ith much success in their (piest for relics to 
 illustrate early life in America. 
 
 Perhaps more nonsense has been penned about the American Indian that 
 about the natives of any othei' country or continent. His origin, his condition, 
 his capabilities, and his destiny have supplied fruitful themes for theorists. The 
 word Indian itself is nearly always used as if there was little or no difference 
 among the tribes or nations so-called, while on the other hand there was for a 
 long time a disposition to impose upon us a fictitiously specialized race known as 
 the Mound Builders. The truth is that Indians, while possessing many points of 
 agreement in character, presented as much tribal divergence as one may find 
 among any savage people anywhere else, and the Mound Builders were only 
 Indians with a predilection for the construction of earth-heaps. For similar 
 i'ea.''.ons we might call the Hurons, Pit Diggers, j>nd the Iroquois. Longhouse 
 Makers. 
 
 )J' 
 
 fInroii-Ir<»niiii8 skull. 
 
93 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Tlio tollowiii'X citntions fnuii tlie Tiavt'lsot" Pctei' Kalni arc intcrostiii!'. Tliis 
 tia\ull<n' paid niucli more attention to socioloj^icul details tlian did many wlio 
 ])r<'ceded liim, and whose opportunities were infinitely superior. ConsideraMu 
 allowance, however, must hv, made for the lact that even in his day many ahorij,;- 
 inal habits had hceome modified, and some had wholly fallen into disuse. In 
 cases of this kind it is siu'prisini,' how sot)n the natives th(;mselves not only lose 
 all knowledffeof former practices, but even adopt the absunl theories or beliefs of 
 white men. Confusion of ideas begins in the second generation following desue- 
 tude, and utter forgetfulness speedily succeeds. Nor is this to be wonilered at 
 among a people devoid of power to record their thoughts otherwise than by 
 means of rude pictograph.s. I have met several Indians who had never heard of 
 •scalping, and who showed much interest in learning liow it was done. 
 
 A. 
 
 Kahu. Travels into North Amer'uu— (1748-50), Vol. IT., p. 87, London, 1771. 
 
 Their hatchets were made of stone They are made like a wedge 
 
 sharp at one end, but rather blunter than our wedges. As tliis hatchet must be 
 fixed on a handle, there was a notch made all round the thick end. To fasten it, 
 they split a stick at one end, and put the stone betw^een it, so that the halves of 
 the stick came into the notches of the stone ; then they tied the two split ends 
 together with a rope or something like it, almost in the same way as smiths 
 fasten the instrument with which they cut ofi' iron, to a split stick.* Some of 
 these stone hatchets were not notched or furrowed at the upper end, and it seems 
 they only held those in their hands in order to hew or strike with them, and did 
 not make handles to thera. Most of the hatchets which I have .seen, consisted of 
 a hard rock stone; but some were made of a fine, hard, black, apyrous stone. 
 When the Indians intended to fell a thick, strong tree they could not make use 
 of their hatchets, but for want of proper instruments employed fire. They set 
 fire to a great quantity of wood at the roots of the tree and made it fall by that 
 means. But that the fire might not reach higher than they would have it, they 
 fastened some rags to a pole, dipped them into water, and kept continually wash- 
 ing the tree, a little above the fire. VVhenever they intended to hollow out a 
 thick tree for a canoe, they laid dry branches all along the stem of the tree, as 
 far as it must be hollowed out. They then put fire to those dry branches, and 
 as soon as they were burnt they were replaced by others. While these branches 
 were burning, the Indians were very busy with wet rags, and pouring water 
 upon the tree, to prevent the fire from spreailing too far on the sides and at the 
 ends. The tree being burnt hollow as far as they found it sutHcient, or as far as 
 it could without damaging the canoe, they took the above described stone 
 hatchets, or sharp flints and qi^artzes, or .sharp shells, and scraped ofi" the burnt 
 part of the wood, and smoothened the boats within. By this means they like- 
 wise gave it what shape they pleased The chief u.se of their hatciiets 
 
 was, according to the accounts of all the Swedes,-|- to make good fields for maize 
 
 * This is white man's lore. Even smiths never attached handles in thi.s way. They twisted a withe 
 round the head of the tool, and the ends when brought togt'ther formed tlie handle, which was usiially from 
 one to twoTeet long, and bound witii iron rings, one close to thi' head, one at the end, and sonietiines oiie 
 in the middle. 
 
 + \ colony of Swedes settled at an early date in the southern portions of New York and Pennsyl- 
 vania, then called New Sweden. 
 
94 
 
 pluntiitions ; lor il'tlie ^I'oinvl whurr tlicy iiiLi'ii<l"(l to iiiaki; a maizo field was 
 covt'ivil witli trees, they cut oH'tlic liark all rDiiml the trees with their hatchets, 
 espfeiiilly at tlie time when they lose their sap. Hy that means the ivm liecame 
 ilry, and could not take any more nourishment, and the le.ives eould no longer 
 olisti'Ui't the rays of the sun from passing. The smaller trees were then pulled 
 out hy main force, and tlie ground was a little turned up with crooked or sharp 
 liranelies. 
 
 B. 
 
 Vol.. ir., p. 41. ('i,.\v AM) SidNi; Pots, 
 
 "The old boilers or kettles of the Imlians were either made of clay oi' of 
 different kinds of pot-stoiie {fj<i/>i> ol/a ris). The former consisted of a dark clay, 
 nuxed with gi'ains of white siind or i|U!irtz, and hui-nt in th.e fire. Many of these 
 kettles ha\e two holes in the upper margin, on each side, through which the 
 Indians ])ut a stick, and held the kettle over the tire as long as it was to hoil. 
 Most of the kettles have no feet .... A few of the oldest Swedes eould 
 yet remendter seeing the Indians boil their meat iti these pots." 
 
 The following sentence refers to stone [)ots, hut the description is 
 soniewliat confused and contiadietory : " They are very thin and of different sizes ; 
 they are made sometimes of a greenish, and .sometimes of a grey ])ot-stone ; and 
 some ai'e made of another species of apyrous stone; the bottom and the nuirgin 
 are freipieiitly above an inch thick.* 
 
 0. 
 
 Vol.. III., p. 1^72. Ci,.\Y AND \V()()I)i:n Pots. 
 
 Kettles of co))per or brass, sometimes tinned in the inside. In these the 
 indiavs now boil their meat, and they have a very great runf with them. They 
 formerl}' made use of earthen or wooden pots, and threw in red-hot stones to 
 make them boil. 
 
 D. 
 
 Vol, II., p. 95, et seq. Food. 
 
 " Some of the old Sivede.s were yet alive, who in their younger years had an 
 intercourse with the Indians, and had seen the nriinutiie of their economy ; I was, 
 therefore, desirous of knowing whicli of the spontaneous herbs they nui'de u«e of 
 for food at that time ; and all the old men agreed that the following plants were 
 what they chiefly con.sumed : 
 
 Hopxiss or Hctpniss was the Indian nane of a wild plant which they ate at 
 thrif, time. . . . The roots resemble potatoes, and were boiled by the Indians, 
 wl eat them instead of bread. Some of the Swedes at that time, likewise ate 
 this root for want of bread. Some of the J^nglish still eat them instead of pota- 
 toes. Mr. Jiartram told me that the Indians who live further in the country do 
 not only eat these roots, which are equal in goodness to potatoes, but likewise 
 take the peas which lie in the pods of this ])lant, and prepare them like common 
 peas. Dr. Linnaeus calls the plant Gii/cine Ajytos. 
 
 '■■ A tine 8i)ecimen of .sucli a vessel maile from .a coarse soapatonc m.-vy be spen in our collection. It was 
 found in West Virginiii. Ruder forms from tln' District of C'oliunbia were procured by exchange from the 
 STiitliH :ini:tn I nstitution. 
 
 + That is, the French have a very rapid sale for sucli kettles among the Indiaos. 
 
95 
 
 is 
 
 
 Ka'I'niss is uiiolhcr Indvin nanio of a plant, tho i' (»t' whicli thoy were 
 likewise accustomed to eat when they lived liere. It ws in low, nunldy and 
 very wet ground. The I'oot is oblong, eoniinonly iini i and a half long, and an 
 inch an<l a ([uai'tef broail in the niiddle ; l»ut some of ihe rootii have been as l)ig 
 as a man's fist. The ladldiiH t'ither boiled this i-oot or roasted it in hot ashea. 
 . . . . The tiiste was nearly the same with that of potatoe*. When the 
 Ind'iKiis come down to the coast, and see the turnips of the Eavope(ins,i\\Qy like- 
 wise give them the nan\e of Katnifis. Their Katniss is an arrow-head or Satjit- 
 ((ii'ia, and is only a variety of the Swedish arrow-head, or Sagittaria sdr/itti folia, 
 for che plant above the ground is entirely the same, but the root underground ia 
 much greater in the Avirricati than in i\\G E a rojicun. 
 
 Taw-ik) and Tdu'-kini vas the Indian name of another plant v/hicli they 
 eat. Some of them likewise called it Tu.cL-ah. . . . The roots often grow to 
 the thickness of a mans thigh. | ! | Whcui tliey are fresh they have a pungent taste, 
 and are reck(jned a ]ioison in that fresh state. Nor did tiie hulians ever venture 
 to eat tliem raw, but prepared them in the following manner: They gathered a 
 great heap of these roots, dug a great long hole, sometimes two or three fathoms 
 and u))wards in length, into which they put the roots, and covered them with the 
 earth that had lieen taken (V.it of the hole; they made a great fire above it, wliich 
 burnt till they thought projx-r t(j remove it ; and then they dug up the roots, and 
 consumed them with great avidity. These roots when prepared in this numnei*, 
 I am told, taste like potatoes. . . . This Taiv-ho is the Ai'tint V Irginicn.m, 
 or yirq'iniav Wake-robin 
 
 Taw-kkk is another plant, so-called by tlie Indians who eat it. Some of 
 
 them call it Ta.w-Lbn, and others Tachvhn The Indians pluck the 
 
 seeds and keep thi-m for eating. They cannot be eaten fresli or raw, but must be 
 dried. The Indians were forced to boil them repeatedly in water, befo)-e they 
 
 were fit for use ; and then they ate tliem like pease This Tav-kce 
 
 Avas the Ovontinm aquaticicni. 
 
 Bilberries were likewi.se a very common dish among the Indians. They 
 
 are called Huckleberries by the //'7i(7/is/i here The /ruiians formerly 
 
 plucked them in abundance every year, dried them either in the sunshine or by 
 the fire-side, and afterwards prepared them for eating, in different manners. 
 
 On my travels through the country of the Iroquese, they offered 
 
 me, whenever they designed to trcttt me well, fresh maize-bread, baked in an 
 oblong shape, mixed with dried Huckleherries which lay as close in it as the raisins 
 in a plumb-pudding. 
 
 E. 
 
 ,te at 
 lians, 
 ate 
 )ota- 
 do 
 fcwise 
 biion 
 
 [t was 
 km the 
 
 Vol. II., p. 114. Indian Corn. 
 The Indians had their little plantations of maize in many places. 
 
 P. 
 
 Vol. II., p. 116. Drink. 
 
 They likewi.se prepared a kind of liquor, like milk, in the following manner: 
 They gathered a great many hickory nuts and walnuts from the black walnut- 
 trees, dried and crushed them ; then they took out the kernels, pounded them so 
 fine as flour, and mixed this flour with water, which took a milky hue from them 
 -and was as sweet as milk. 
 
00 
 
 G. 
 
 t ■ 
 
 Vol. II., p. 136, Clay Pii'ks. 
 
 They had tobacco-pipes of day, manufactured by themselves, at the time 
 the Swcdei^ arrived here ; tliey did not always smoke true tobacco, but made use 
 of another plant instead of it, which was imknowu to the old Swedes, but of which 
 he asr,ured me is not thf common mullein, oi- VerhascuDi TliapHUi^, which is 
 generally called Indian Tabaccu here. 
 
 H. 
 
 Vol. II., p. 117. — Religion. 
 
 " As to their religion, the old man* thought it very trifling, and even believed 
 that they had none at all ; when they heard loud claps of thunder they said that 
 the evil spirit was angry ; some of them said they believed in a God who lives in 
 heaven. The old Swede once walked with an Indian, and they met with a red- 
 spotted snake on the road ; the old man therefore went to seek a stick in order 
 to kill the snake, but the Indian begged he would not touch it because he adored 
 it. Perhaps the Swede would not have killed it, but on hearing that it was the 
 Indians deity, he took a stick and killed it in the presence of the Indian, saying : 
 ' Because thou believest in it, I think myself obliged to kill it' "-f- 
 
 I. 
 
 Vol. II., p. 261.— Wampum. 
 
 Many people at Alhany make the Wampictn of the Indians, which is their 
 ornament and money, by grinding some kinds of shells and mussels ; this is a 
 considerable profit to the inhabitants. 
 
 J. 
 
 Vol. III., p. 273. Wampum. 
 
 Wo.mpum, or as they are here c&Wed, porcelains. They are made of a par- 
 ticular kind of shells, and turned into little short cylindrical beads, and serve the 
 Indians for money and ornament. 
 
 Vol. III., p. 178.— The Hukons. 
 
 QuEiJEC, August the 21st, 1749. 
 
 To-day there were some peo[,iO of three Indian nations in this country with 
 the Governor-General, viz., Hurons, Mickmacks and Anies,| the last of which are 
 a nation of the Troquese and allies of the English, and were taken prisoners in the 
 last war. 
 
 The Hurons are some of the same Indians with those who live at Loretie, 
 and have received the Christian relij^ion. They are tall, robust people, well- 
 
 *The informant of Peter Kalm, in these points, was one Nils Gustafson, ninety-one years of age As 
 this was in i74!), the references no doubt extenc»,'d well back into the previous century. 
 
 t A few " old Swedes " survive. 
 
 :;: "Probably Onidoes," Kalm says in a foot-note ; and this supposition is eonfirnied when, in desciibing 
 them, he says : " They are as tall as the Hurons, whose> lan^'uage they speak.'" 
 
97 
 
 shaped, and of a copper color. None of tliem wear hats or caps. Some have 
 earri >gs, others not. Many of them Imve the face painted all over with verniil- 
 lion ; others have only strokes of it on the forehead and near the ears ; and some 
 paint their hair with verniillion. Ked is the color they chiefly make use of in 
 paintinnr themselves ; but 1 have likewise seen some who had daubed their face 
 with a Ijlack color. Many of tlum have fifi;ures in the face and on the whole 
 body, which are stained into the skin so as to be indelible. The manner of making 
 them sliall bo described in the seiiuel.* These figures are commonly black ; some 
 have a snak(! painted in each cheek, some have several cro.sses, some an arrow, 
 others tlie sun, or an\'thing else theii' imagination leads them to. They have such 
 figures likewise on the breast, thighs and othei' parts of the body ; but some have 
 no figures at all. They wear a shirt which is either white or checked, and a 
 shaggy piece of cloth, which is either blue or white, with a blue or red stripe 
 below. This tlicy always carry over their shoulders, or let it hang down, in which 
 case they wrap it round their middle. Round their neck they have a string of 
 violet wampums, with little white wampums between them. These wampums 
 are small, of tlie figure of oblong pearls, and made of the shells which the English 
 crJl clams (Vcnii.s Mevcenarw, Linn.) I shall make a more particular mention 
 of them in the setiuel. At the end of the wampum strings, many of the Indians 
 wear a large French silver coin, with the King's effigy, on their breasts. Others 
 have a large shell on the breast, of a fine white color, which they value very 
 high, and is very dear ; others, again, have no ornament at all round the neck. 
 They all have their breasts uncovered. Before them hangs their tobacco-pouch, 
 made of the skin of an animal, and the hairy side turned outward.,. Their shoes 
 
 are made of skins Instead of stockings, they wrap the legs in pieces 
 
 of blue cloth, as I have seen the Russian boors do. 
 
 Of the Anies (or Oneidas, a name then often appliud to the Iroquois as a 
 whole) he says : " Th<.'y are as tall as the Hurons, whose languiige they speak. The 
 Hurons seem to have a longer, and the Anies a rounder face. The Anies have 
 something cruel in their looks, but their dress is the same as that of the other 
 I))(li(ins. They wear an oblong piece of tin between the hair, which lies on the 
 neck. One of those I saw had taken a flower of the rose mallow out of a garden, 
 where it was in full bloom at this time (August), and put it among the hair at the 
 top of his head. Each of the Indians-f- has a tobacco pipe of grey limestone, 
 which is blackened afterwards, and has a lono- tube of wood." 
 
 Elsewhere he describes tlie blackening process as being accomplished by 
 smearing the pipe with grease, and holding it over a flame. 
 
 L. 
 
 Vol. III., p. 230.— Stone Pipes. 
 
 Of red-stone (catlinite) pipes, Kalm says : " The Indians commonly value a 
 pipe of this kind as much as a piece of silver of the same size ; and sometimes 
 they make it still dearer." 
 
 Pierre a Calumet. — This is the French name of a stone disposed in strata 
 between the lime-slate, and of which they make all the tobacco pipe-heads in the 
 country When the stone is long exposed to the open air, or heat 
 
 "This is a form of promise made quite frequently by M., Peter Kalm in his three volumes, but which 
 he seldom keeps. In this case he does not. 
 
 t As this comes in without a break in tlie paraf^raph relatitrg to the Oneidas, it appears at first to refer 
 to them only ; but no doubt it is intended to include all the representatives of the three tribes mentioned. 
 
 (7 J.M.) 
 
98 
 
 of the sun, it gets a 3^ello\v color ; but in the inside it is grey.* It is a limestone 
 of such compactness that its particles are not distinguishable to the naked eye. 
 It is pretty soft, and will bear cutting with a knife. From this quality the 
 people likewise judge of the goodness of the stone for tobacco pipe heads, for the 
 
 hard pieces of it are not so Ht for use as the softer ones All the 
 
 tobacco pipe-heads, which the common people in Gaiidiht make u.se of , are made 
 of this stone, and are ornamented in different ways. A great jmrt of the gentry 
 likewise make use of theui, especially when they iire on a journey. The Indians 
 have employed this stone foi- the same purposes for several ages past, and have 
 taught it to the Euroj/eans. The brads ol' the tobacco pipes are naturally of a 
 pale (.,rey color; but they are blackened wb.ijst they are (piite new, to make them 
 look better. They cover tht; head all ovci' with grease, and hold it over a burning 
 candle, or any other tiie, by which means it gets a good black color, which is 
 increa.sed by fre(|uent use. The tubes of the pipes ai'e always made of wood.*!* 
 
 *In the (Quebec group there are several of the scries ile.scribed as "grey limestone conglonerate, 
 weathers to a brownish color, and is probably doloinitic."— (Jcology of Canada, 1863; pp. 227-8. 
 
 t In the ArchiiM)Iogical Museum, Toronto, there are some specimens of limestone pipt":, both colored 
 and uncolored. Several excellent tiilies (not pipe stems) are also made of a fine light grey limestone, re- 
 sembling German lithographic stone. The yellow or brownish effect of exposure may be seen on one or 
 two of them. 
 
 Huron-Inxiuois skull 
 
stone 
 I eye. 
 r the 
 r the 
 1 the 
 nado 
 !ntiy 
 Vmn,s 
 have 
 of a 
 ;heni 
 nint^ 
 ;h is 
 1^ 
 
 erate, 
 
 )lored 
 e, re- 
 ne or