V]
^W
/
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
1.0
I.I
11.25
•- IIIIIM
1^
1^ li^
2,2
iia£
tut
U
14 11.6
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. 14580
(716) 872-4503
k
A
A
\
'<3\
:/.
•1>^
\\
rv
;\
p
Ls?
CIHM
Microfiche
Series
(Monograpiis)
ICMH
Collection de
microfiches
(monographies)
Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques
nn
Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiqiies
The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original
copy available for filming. Features of this copy which
may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any
of the images in the reproduction, or which may
significantly change the usual method of filming, are
checked below.
Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur
□ Covers damaged/
Couverture endommagee
□ Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculee
n
n
Cover title missing/
Le titre de couverture manque
Coloured maps/
Caites geographiques en couleur
Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)
Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et'ou illustrations en couleur
Bound with other material/
Relie avec d'autres documents
Tight binding nay cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/
La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distorsion le long de la marge interieure
Blank leaves added during restoration may apfiear
within the text. Whenever possible, these have
been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutees
lors d'ur<; restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mc.s, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas ete filmees.
L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il
lui a et^ possible de se procurer. Les details de cet
exemplaire qui sont peut-£tre uniques du point de vue
bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image
reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modif )cation
dans la methode normale de filmage sont indiques
ci-dessous.
□ Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur
□ Pages damaged/
Piges endommagees
□ Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaurees et/ou pellicul^s
Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
Pages decolorees, tachetees ou piquees
□ Pages detached/
Pages detachees
0"
Showthrough/
ansparence
Quality of print varies/
Qualite inegate de I'impression
Continuous pagination/
Pagination continue
n
□ Includes ir
Comprend
index(es)/
Comprend un (des) index
Title on header taken from:/
Le titre de len-tfite provient:
□ Title page of issue/
Pa
Page de titre de la livraison
□ Caption of issue/
Titre de depart de la li
ivraison
I I Masthead/
V
Addit'onal comments:/
Coinmentaires supplementaires:
Generique (periodiques) de la livraison
Page <i<( is incorrectly numbered page 4.
This Item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/
Ce document est filme au taux ae reduction indique ci-dessous.
10X 14X 18X
I I I I I I .
J
12 X
16X
r?x
:6)
30 X
20X
24X
28X
n
32 X
The copy filmed hore has been reproduced thanks
to the generosity of:
National Library of Canada
L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grSce d la
g^n^rositd de:
Bibliothdque nationale du Canada
The images appearing here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.
Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or ihtustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and anding on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.
The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol -^^ (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.
Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:
Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de ia nettetd de I'exemplairp filrr.e, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.
Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprim^p sont film^s en commengant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la
dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second
plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
originaux sont film^s en commenpant par la
premidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la dernidre paga qui comporte une telle
empreinte.
Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le
symbole V signifie "FIN ".
Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre
filmds d des taux de reduction diff^rents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre
reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd d partir
de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'fmages ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la mdthode.
1
2
3
22X
1
2
3
4
5
6
H
L
VVITI
no (,
HEVISED EDrnON
Language Lessons.-
AN r.Li;Ari::,-T.M;Y
nuAMMAn AX]) coAfPosrrroN
ADArTi:n to -iwr-: n; Q;i,r;;nrr..-,T., op tifh
Puuj.ic scTL>oj.:5 o:p o-^tauio.
. rnnrARn. as an iNTi:ru„vTiu:; to ma.,v/. okammah
BY
J. MACMIIJ.AN', ]\r.A.,
OTTAWA fOLI.KaiiiU: INSTITUTB,
VVITI, EXAMINATION PAIHUS .SET LOR ADMISSION TO
UKJir SCHOOLS.
(P^// Edition -2CQtk Thcusmid,) •
TORONTO:
\V. J. GAGE h
CO,
1
Q'.^ •»
f Bi
p[ llfl
li %~l^
Entorod acc.irdinor to Act of tho Parllaniont of Csuiaila, In Uio year one
thousand oiicht humlrod and sovcnty-seven, iiy A:<x.4 AlihiiKii Hi. Co.,
in t)io otlico of tlie Minister of Agriciiltuiv.
riiEFACE.
of rules an.l ,ioll,uti..,M. " TI.o -urtl ■ r .' ' ^'"^ •'^""^y
"-. «one,.ally .peaUi... bo to « ^1 L/'"'';'' ;"'" '''"'''^■•
ence iu tho ,.Iai„e.t -ml Z t i . ^'^tro.luan;/ any s.i-
«yntl.otic.al iAl, nl; 0, X . "" " T'"'' ' "'''"^ ^''°
will, speed,, to t,.r„ it ovevlicK '" '"•■"''' *" ''■=•■"
progrossivo teacl^crs ; for su ZL ■ 7' "^ '''"''^' ""^
tho body of tL n- n' . T . f '"" "' ''^'^^"^'^^'^ "''''* ^-'•"'
method ^..„e</,;rri, ;:;M^T:.rr r^-' ^"" ^"^
Hchool papers tlio dimcnltios thit .1,! i, ^""' J'' "^ numbers of
BpoakinKand writii,. "f„. S, , ' '''^''" "'^'^''^^'j^ encounter in
».y practice au^^r^^^^^^ '"' """ ^^ ^^«* "^«^« ^i^lenitics
rv
rnKrACR.
.'* A word as to tlio exorcises. T-Iiesi arc the Book. They are
numerous Jiud Rnu^uatcd, and are };iven from the first witli a
view to (X)Mrosii'ioN. The attention of the toachcsr is e8i)ecially
8olicili!d to tliese exercises, and at Ica.st an experimental follow-
iiiy of the directions and suggestions here given is particularly
ri'iiuestod.
Three methods of oorrectin;^ the written exeri'isos are sug-
gested j 1, Tiie clianyinj,' ol pa^icrs ; 2, 'J'lio wriLin;,' of letters
of ciitirism ; ;}, 'J'Jie itlacin;:; of one or iikiio exercises ujion the
Itlaclilioard as a l;asis of oral class-' riti'isin. It has not been
thou;^ht necessary to indicate in c\t>ry case the jiarticular i)lan to
1)0 pursued. 'I'he tcaclier should vary the method from time to
time.
]?]n^:FACE TO FIFTH ]<:])riTO]sr.
In this Edition of tho " Lmn/uar/c T.issons" an attemi)t hag
licen made to brinj; the Dejinitiom and Clitssijlcations of tho
Tarts of Siiccch into luirmony with tliosc yivon in Mason's lar^o
work. It is very imi)ortaut tluit in an introductory work on
granunar, whatever has been learned in the important depart-
ments of definition and classification should not require to bo un-
learned, when tho ]>upil is introduced to tlio study of the larj;(?»
and nioro advanced text-book. Mason's (Irammar is now rccog-
r.ized as tho standard work on that subject, and tho chant;es intro
riuced into this IMition of tho ^ Ldnr/uage Lessons' will there-
fore commend themselves to the te;ichers of tho Province. Wo
firmly believe tliat these chanj^es are not only correct, but that
tlicy will greatly tend to render tiio Lan(j}ia;/e l.c'sso7is more
acceptable than ever to both te;ichora and puidls iu their study of
tills most importiint subject.
Ottawa, March, 187b.
. Thoy are
first with a
is esiJOciiiUy
iiital follow-
liiviticuliirly
OS .iro suf];-
■^ of lettoi'rt
jrt Upon tlio
;iK not boon
;ul!U' [)l!in to
oiu time to
ON.
;ittcini)t lias
tions of tlio
ason's laij;e
•y work on
taut depart-
iro to bo im-
if the lar;;c?»
i now rccof^-
ianj;cs intro
will there-
Dvince. "Wo
ct, but that
/ssoiis more
oir study of
I
CONTi^iNTS.
Lkshou I. Introd.i.-tory '''^"' J
1 1. Tlie S(-ntence .,
„ '''• f^i'l.jtTt nnd I'rodir.ilo .' " ' " 4
,_^^ J"^'- !'<''*'••'"" in Critici.xini; ,j
^, ^' Subject iiiid I'retliciitu ' .".'..'.".".'. ^
VI. Kinds of Words , ,
VH. XouiKs J
VIFI. Vcr!,s '
„ ''^- i-f'^on on Nmiilier ^^
„ ^- Irro-ular Xunihers "'. . ..'.." vj
J-^- Irn-iilur Sin-iilnis ;ind rinralH.!. ... ~y\
^-^'f- I>Ptt(;r (if Criticism ",-
Xni. Adjoclivps ."„
„ -^f^- Coiiipiirison of Adjectives .' ," 31
^^ XV. Sentences witli Adjectives. . . . ."...,'.. . " 3,4
^^ ^X VI. Predicate Adjectives '^j
XVlf. Possessive form of Nouns. 'J
XVIH. Adverl.s f
;; XIX. Phra«os ".'.'.' ''^'^^ ^['.'.W 4!!
v"^'^" ^'^J^'"''^''^ »»<! Ad verbial'r h'rnses.' 4(}
J\r, ^^'^^''^"^ ^^''^oncoii with Vhvwcs 48
^^ XM I. Nouns in Apposition ^
« "V^J ' ^" ^^^^'^ ^^'^'' Objects 51
t« -^'XIV. Review ofNouns r,i
XXV. Pronouns ' .
" XXVI. Relative Pronouns "..'.......... oq
^^ XXVII, Verbs-Simple TcnscH. , . ^'..
^™- Voibs-For,..tion of the Past Tcn^ei.V.V."" (S '
^^ -^'"^IX. Verbf^-Compound Ten.«e3... f
XXX. Verbs with Pronouns JA
XXXi. Moods of Verbs " '. '. -"
X^CXII. Pns.sive Verbs Ir
XXXh'I. Irre-ular Verbs. ..".!".!'.".*. .".'.".".*.' -7
XXXIV. Phrases with Participles '...'.".. 79
«
■m
Mi
; fij
lip
^j CONTENTS.
Lksson XXXV. Conjunctions ... »1
'* XX XV [. Review TiMson ^•'>
•' XXXVII. Analysis of Simple Scntoncpfk ^''
•• XXXVili. Analysis-Kiilarsed Su])joct 80
• " XX XIX. Analysis— Kular^'od I'rcdicalo IM
" X li. Iloview of Punctuation '.'U
" XLI. Kovicw of ]\Ialcin;L; Siiiiple Sentences ".•4
•« XI. 11. Construction of Nouns '.'7
•« XLI II. How to Parse Nouns KX)
" XI>1V. Construction of Adjectives 102
«« XLV. Misused Adjectives 1<)5
•• XLVI. Asrccnicnt of Verbs 107
«• X LVll. Verbs with Two Subjects 100
«• XLVllI. "Tiierc is" and "There arc" Ill
" Xl.IX. Syntax of Pronouns 11:5
•♦ L. Syntax of Adverbs 118
•« LI. Coinjionnd Sentences 1'JO
•• LIf. Analysis of Compound Sentences J'J3
•« 1,111. Makin.u; Compound Sentences 124
•« LIV. Comi)lex Sentences 127
«< LV. Analysis of Comidex Scjitences 1151
" LVl. Expanding and Contnictin-; Sentences lo2
Ml.-5C'KI,LANKOU8 EXERCISKS IN COMI'DHITION 13(5
bL'PPLEMENT 145
If
('i
ir:
-SI
«:'.
w;
80
m
U'J
:c.s \y\
!)7
lUO
102
1()5
107
10?)
Ill
li;{
lis
120
123
124
127
i:il
I ices lo2
13(5
UB
LANGUAGE LESSOIS.
J- INTliODUCTOUY.
l„Tl;l'r7 " ""' "> "« -""""■>" to m»,„or, .„t to .. roa„ ,,„,„
1. We liavc Icarnocl to s,,cnlc the E.KHish Ian
^nn..e .,0 as to understand what other, /ay to , "
-I ^to n.al<e other. „„der.s,an„ .hat J ^y I
2. Wo can not only s,,eak o„rhi„g„a,vo hut we
..vo made ..o„>e „r„,..o.s., i„ wri.lng't. ' Vo may
Lave wr„te„ letters and .short co,„,,„°sitio„.s '
tJi ^"' '""■,'''"'":^ ■•""1 compositions are not per-
eni>itals , we often emj.Ioy the wront; word or we
;^o-t put the right words to,,ethe;.i,:;,t:j:
4. The mo.-t useful knowledije tliat we can ae
nu.re .„ sehool is the knowledge, in the Tst , a t
to TJ- U T' '" '"'■'•"■' ^^'■"'"^' -'''^t «-e have
10 bay; tlion liow to say it so fl>..f ,fi
^/ J I •^ '^^' iii.il others nnv •>/«
III
books
not be our
iJgaziiies
'ness
and
rcvssaiwihiic.uHllenccMhrou.ri,
nows|,M|)crs. ]^oiv, it
III
occasion to liandlu tl
to write; yet wo sL:;!l all h.
ive
lett
crs to our frieiula.
i^^ pen, even if we only writo
wi
2
LANOUAOE LLftSONS.
G. Itiw iK-t very diflleiill for n |;ii})i] to Icnrn to
speak and to write correctly and clearly. And if
you will faithfully work out the exercises liere
given, you Mill be able to ex])rfss yourselves cor-
rectly, botli witli tlie ton,L;ue and with tlie i>en.
7. The study tliat tcaclies ns to nse the English
lano-iinf^e correctly in speaking and in writing is
called English grammar.
I
II. THE SENTENCE.
Tlio loaf^hor will dict.ito, aiiJ tlio pupils will wrilo on slatos or on
papor, tbi) following ytory :
Two ynnnt,' boars left tlicir uiitivo woods. Tlicy caino to a hee-
liivo wftll sloicd witli iMiiioy. At this disooxoi y tlio. bfars were
<;reatly do!i;j;litoil. They hastily ovortiinu'd the liivo. Tliey
l)0^'aii to eat v()i'ai'it)iisly. Tlie Ikts. liowovcr, \voro uot to bo dc-
]>rived of tlio friiils of tlioir labor ^vitll imiiunity. Thov flew
jiboiit the bears. They stuiij; them scvoioly in thci ears and eyes.
The boaiN tried in vain to rejiel the attacks of t,h<!ir nimble foes.
11 ley were at last fjrced to refloat, niaddoned with pain a.nd
blinded l)y ra^e. l^.lt after n. wiiile their snl"ferin,i,'s snbsid('<l.
They had leisiiro to reflect n]ion tlieir enndnct. and re.solved to
pititit by their siui exi)erience. rioiisnuo id often bouyht with
pain.
1. In the story that you liave co])ied there are
two things to be noticed —
I. The ])iece >a marked off into separate state-
ments by a i)unctuation mark called the 2^crio(I, or
full stop.
II. The first word of each statement begins with
a capltidletter.
"1. DiiiECTioN. — Begin every statement with
a capital letter, anW. end it with a period.
Change pai)«rs, an*' sec if Lliis has been correctly done.
i
I
1
s
Intofl or on
ON SENTKXCK.S. -J
3. Kach of ih.j«e scpunUo statements is called a
sentence.
In the oopicl story, nu.nbor tho sontonccs l, ?. 3 otc What u .» «
flm sentence? ThoseoonU? Tho thinl •.• .tc ^v hat Is tLo
4. Dkfixition.-A sentence is a set of
words making a complete statc.aent.
5. A sentence is made up of loonh ; bnt not u'oMs
tlirown togctlier at random.
G. " The air that ^^'e hreatho," is not a sniU-nee
beeause the wonis do not n,a!a. a eon.plete s.utJ
jnont._Theymigi,t.n.i.,l,omadeintoasent!l
;'ysay.ng"Thoairthatwe]>,..nthe is s^veet," or
ihe an- t.iat we breathe is a fluid."
7. Is tliis a sentence ?
Little drops of H-atn..,liH,,^.,.,,i„,,,f^,^,^^^^
Make the mighty ocean an<l the pleasant hmd.
8. Is this a sentence?
Full many a gem of purest ray serene .
Insort such wonls In tho foUowing a. wiK ',..,.. n..,„ ..„,'„,, .
1. In 1-492 Columbus « a,, ,.,
ia o ., , ; , •"• ^'"' lite or a fanner
^ • •^- A band of robbers 4 tIw. ct
of Robinson Crusoe ^ n' ^\/''^^;tory
ronto fi Ti ^'''^ '"'ty ^^ To.
: 1 ~' ^*-T^^^^'"^P'i-^ of China . 7 Tho
f^tudy of Grammar .8 u-.. ..
• .„ ^^'^«'>.^'i"<'at patrot.
'• — '^'''' '''''^' ''' i^^ t;H3 largest city ia
rid. 11.
■tells us tho time of (b-
'y
NOTR TO TKACirKUS.-Tho 1
of th>
tho
■'' xrnlciK-e.
work of f)no or
It will ;iNo ho f,w,,„l 7..., , -''^'^ .^"
■<o 1)0 found ;i vaiii.il
iiKiy hn
nntiivrj
)if' OXClcisO to |,i;,
"<i!i\ 01 oiio or iiioi'o i>i-.,;i ..1 . '"> '"^'-iciso 10 I
ba.isof class^JriS.''' '" *''' ^'^"^'^•^^^"'^b aud mal
t'O
."I'j
^ 51,1
in' it
LANGUAUli I.liS.SoNK,
111 SUBJECT AND J'UKDICATE.
1. In every sentence tlicre are two important
tilings to be noticed —
I. That tliere is sometlii))'/ sOdtj/.
II. Tliat there is sometliijig naineti abvut icliivh
the Ktateiueiit is made.
Birds fly.
Here tlic tJimr/ stated is denoted by tlie word
" lly." The tiling (ihoiit widck the statement is
made is denoted by the word " bird."
In tlic following Bcntoncos toll who or wjiat i? MpoUen about, and
wbat is tho thing stati:i).
1. Columbus discovered America.
2. Leaves have their time to fall.
3. Iron is the most useful metal.
4. The lawyer hummed an old lovc-tunG.
5. The S(}uirrel eyes the browning chestnuts.
'J. Dj:finitions. — The name of the person or
thing about which the statement is made is
called the subject.
The word or words used in making the
statement are called the predicate.
4. Every sentence must contain a subject and a
predicate, because every sentence must be a state-
ment.
N.B. — The question " Who {or what) is mention'
as its answer.
'yi
'.!•
And " WJiat is said of the sidiject?'''' will give the
predicate.
E.
injtorl.'iiit
MiL ic/tich
Jiiient is
I about, and
no.
stunts
erson
or
■nade
is
ing tiie
ect and a
a stato-
mention-
5 answer.
give the
RtJlUlCCT AND I'JIKDICATK. 5
r>.V means of those questions fin.I „ut the .Suhkcts
":^/ '•^^^^-'^^- in the exan^ples given above '
8u.t«.t« moaning; aB, A dog worrk.l a m : P'-«<l'cato that
Subjects
le
1 doctor: ti,otc:;d;o;!'tif;i!;Si,Sr"^^'''"'^'''"'
Predicates. { a nest, ni,s,;t tlm\4d- V ... '7,'"' ''"'- '"■'"
I files u lion,,, -i] ''t^ji'"!'] ^ ^"'J ^l''' n.a„, trnn-
Supply Bultablo eiil,j.>ot8.
_ 1 revolves around tlic snn in a ^■(.,•,r o
IS the season of snow and ice. ;}. -__1 ,,;. :{,,,^,„
over the snow in slodf-cs 4 /-^ •'« n.mn
, .,, . '"'H(i.,cs. 4 suffer tcrrbv in
battle. 5 -isthe^capitalof Ontario. 6 sail
wrote her exer-
arross the i\tln„tic Ocean. 7.
else.
Si :'l>ly8ultal.Io r>rpdlrntf>(i :
1. London . o. QQr^\
music . 4. Vessels —l
the Nile . 6. The Children
— • 3. Sounds of
<>. The source of
Exercise I.
A.
Write a ^^'ntence on each of thefoljowin.^ uords
Inihrlne all the wo7-.l« I'n >i i • , >^oI(lfi
underline nl \ ^^oils in the subject, and douhhj
undc', line all the wo^d. m the j^redicate.
MoDKL. Smoke. The_ smoke curls up from the
chimney.
Steam
1. Smoke. 2. Desk. 8. A
■engine. 6. Tiio Kagle.
Change papers,
wctiy uudorliueO,
ir
Hook
JMon
Tl
Id
and BOO if the aubjocus and ptcdi
'^y. 8. Girls.
rffl
icatfs are t•o^
6 L.'iNGUA(JK l.K.SKONH.
B.
C()m|ioso 'wo or more sentences upon e;ic]i of tho
following subjects:
1. Cotton. 2. Do- 3. Flowers.
Let Uieso sontoncc? bo writt.'ii on tlio li;,T'K1;oar.|, n.v<\ ho. made the
bHBis of class-.Titirisni. Coiro'^t ficconliiifj tollic folhnvMiKdirootioiiB :
1. Draw II line under each niissjtelied Avord.
2. Draw a line through each small letter that
nlinuld he a ea])ital, or eaj)ilal that should bo small.
'•I. ^lark a eros!^ where a pei-jod is omlttefl.
NoTK TO TKAniKHs-Tlie iii.'iticT of siil>i'Tt ;uid proili.-atc
Hlioill.l not lM>l..|t llll'll it )^j:r,-,;rll;/ IIII.lcrMund ))_>■ CVCrV IK'^'li.
iHTol tin; I'hss. Ol o.iiiso, ;itl.liis ,Kt,;i-.\ n,. iitteiiiiit 'is to l.{
iiindotodisoniimiatio between Knimm;iu.;,l and Ir^-ical subiccl
fUiG p;r:di(.'iito. •'
IV. A IJ':;S,S(.)N iX CKITICISING.
1. AVe are now to t;ike a lesson in crUldsinf/ ?>{i\\
tencos, which means i)ointing out their faults.
2. To show the paj.il how this is done, we shall
take a number of examjdes from the last exercise as
written by a class of young seholars. [Sec the sub-
jects in Exercise 1, page 5.]
Examine 1. — Tin-: Doc,.
The dog runs f.'.st. The dog got runed ovct by
a cart. The dog got out of the jjound.
T<Mi
t fin's exereisf> is not well rl
one.
riKi, each .«en-
torice lic^'iiis mIM
writer sfiys " tii.- .lo-r ,i:ot riivetl over." 'Dioro 'is iio'siid
cnpifil, and onds wiMi a jieriod. Hut the
aH iiwfd. He iiieoiit tliat tlio do;j ?/y?.-? r
l)ej,ni)s with tho .same words—" tlie di
ki the eui!
m\ over,
Eacl
word
I K(Miteni'(i
til is id uot a^'rccubie
I:
r.KMf.ONfi ox rniTirisivo. 7
Aao,n;i.sar{„:,]n,>....i u-iih four lo^s son.o dor,g
'"•-veryu-ihl,:,,! ..,„>,. ;mt not wil,l so,,,,, .lo.rs do
l)')t like to l,r ti.Ml ;.lM;,y. -^
lI'Tc tlifi writer lius tlirco sciiU'iu'Os f,,r f,,, .. .,
'■Ue .lutoiuents : vot tlu-M. , . i '■"" ^'"'"'^ ''''''*
A (log is a quadruptMl with four lo^ir.s. Sonio ao..s
are very wil.l, an<l sonn. are not uihl. 8on.o cIo^b
<Io not like to bo tied all dav. °
r^il!:a:;ii!:Z.H;;;f^^ > ^"^ -^'^ -ca tl. „.,.. say -u quad.
m
Exami^U 3.— Tin.: I)„g.
I have had some dogs that I l,ave been very fond
of. Once I hud a big Neu-foundhuHl Do.. \U
would take my Lancli to school. Xow I lave -,
lutle Dog that u-ill fetch me the newspaper when I
send Imn aftei- it.
"du-"is written t^vh^e ■ ,/ r ^ , ' "/ ''>"" ''■^■"'^^- '''1'^ ^v<).•.I
Kr.MAUIv 'I'll 'I'HK PrT>iiu "iin
tors, or i„ tho <.nu; o . ' tff ' 'f-,"';;"^''^ "/^'^ of capital lot.
will ..rely t,y u, do , ) vc'; 1, . r """'' "' ^■""""-"I'iu.o. iu„
}f;i
Correct tlie foil.
ii^xercise 2.
wing witli roferonoe to— •
1. Spelling. 2. Capitals. 8. Tlie I^
thing else tlia
orioi
^ fit'einH to n(>ed correction.
1. 4. Any-
° r.ANOnAOE I.nsfiONR.
1. Soiiif i1..ja nm very nicn pome nro vcrv iiKpful tlno^nn..
go,«i w,a.l, ,.t „i.-l,t they koi.,, all |„tr,„ aw,"'i™, ,|,„'wu"o
i-woS;*-;'?,;; :;■',;;,;;:;;': '""" ^ ■■-""■>' '"" i'-™- « « i d»6
3. TliO .1,.;; ia very prcty lIuV very Klva-o Iln is very larRe.
8. Tho Eaglo is a lars Bird. A ea-le flys liiyh.
better than btea.u boats some people like tl'le stcJuXat tiJl
V. SUBJECT AKD PREDICATE AGAIN.
Birds fly.
Fishes swim.
Carthage felh
1. Are the words « birds fly " a sentence ? Yen
because they make a statement, and liave a subject
and a predicate. What is tlie subject? The i.iLt.i.
cate ?
2. Are these words a sentence ?— « Fishes swim."
Name the subject. The predicate.
«nnjKnT AND rR,,r>irATK aoatx.
9
Give the Huhject. The predicate. ^
^ *!• lii t'acli of tlu'.so Hontcncos the m,).;
tence/ ^ coords be a seti^
-lied the «;„,/,,„ ,j,::,;; ■;■''' ''-I'-i'-to ,,,,,,,,„
pro.licatJ^ '"'""" '•'"''"•^"'' «,. with the
ir.r.t-STitATiox.
!• Birtis fly.
T'lis la a spiitoiiop uin. ,.
Plo prodic-ate. •. ll^^^""' " -"P>o .ubjoo, " blnl.V and a Bin,.
^- ^Vwe birds fly ,v/,//^/y
nero the woids '< »f .. ' '^ '^"'.^'1/.
^•^ry " to tlic last
of
l>'''^'y " are ad
predicate.
4. -Vrjme birds of
victim
Hero t
ditional words
w^i^A /if verij swiftlj to th
i^>ject and the pred
^•'f-d to U.0 Ja8t 8ul,jcot..
^7/' ^''^^'''*'^''/ sccnred ih
ma
'>"</• i'id.v^j;.
(iir
i«'te arc c.„;„A,„, i,j, ,„,„,j, ^_
tlii
10
LA.VflTTAOK T.r.SSONS.
8. Jii (li(i III 1 loiMi) of tliestMilciK.'o, "^liirds" is tlio
KubJL'ct, and '' U^^^ " is the {.redioate. In tlio fourlli
form, the snhject is "soup' luids of j.iH'y, huviiii^sc-
C'uriM] tlii'ir virfiiii," aiiil the I'l-cclic-alo is " lly wilii il
very swiftly to tlii-ir nests." 'I'he first sentence is
nif/ij>lc; till! other sentences iwv tnkn-tjud.
»Su?)Ject. Predicate.
1. IMnls fly.
iJ. Some l)ii<l8 lly t;\vift)y.
\ Soiuo birds of Mroy lly very swiltly.
Some birds of prey, luvviii;;
sooiu'od tliuii' vit'lim, lly willi U very swiftly to thou
in llko iiiftiiiR\i, onlarp* tlio followiiif! siiitoiicfii till you niako thom
H-s luii^' iiu yuu can. Ito ijuioiul lu Imvo only tuio iit.l)joi;l uinl oao pro
dicalo :
1. lioys Study, li. Rivers flow. 3. A horse ran.
9. The lirincipal word in tlio subject of a sentence
is a 7unue-wonI, because it represents the tlii!i^»
named; tlie i)rincij)al word in the jiredicate is a
statement-word, lu'cause it represents tlie tliiuL";
stated. Name-words are called '/ic>?^/i6- / stataiietit-
words are called verbs,
lu. There are thousands of nouns in our Luiirua"'e,
aiid also thousands of verbs. When we take .all
the words in our laiiLMnii^i', we find that we can
as.sort them n '^ n few gi'cat classes. We shall
st'c that all I: ,ii h 'voi-ds m;iy be n'rouped
into eujhl cla.s.'-o.s, r.d Uiese diiTi-vnt sorts of >vords
are called in ^^\\'u)ii\\\i' parts <>/ .speech. Now, nouns
and ver])s are the two ]trincl))al parts of speeclj, bo-
oauso Avitli a noun an<1 a verb wc can n»ake a sen-
teuce.
I
" is tho
t\)urlli
iviiii^ sc-
; with it
iciicc is
to tlioit
iifik" thorn
ill OIU! J)10
rse r;in.
iiiitence
u tliiru*
itu is ;i
a tliiiiL'
itcineitU
.;iUc' .'ill
we can
'o shall
;'roii|H'(l
f words
, notins
i>c]i, 1*0-
.'i KJ^n-
i^'M'H ((r Wl.Kf.S.
lixcrcisc 3.
A.
11
n.ns. 5. A l.onl ..' ...nio " n .V' ''• *""" '" " '"•■"'""^' '•'^'^r
iivcdinatuU ' ' ^" '""•^ '''•^•' ^'i-" -• tho wall ;, „;. '
I^
Writo a sontcju'c oiM..v.h of n,,. MJ ■
-V'"'»Wi„ti,oi„.,.,li,.,,„.(v,.'l, ' "'^■'"■'"-
CI.;)
1. Faro.
'-'itc (voib).
-. V ru('<i(j;U..
o.
^"vijiir.
f K"K.o l,..in. with ;i ca,.it';i V n m ^ '"""^'' ""'■'' '^^•"•
tliatyou can ,„;.ke. ^ ^ ''^'''''' '"'I'^'^v
ojucuta
Vr.-KT?Nq),s OF WOJiDS.
I. Nours.— Wliatcvrr v.t cop *]„• k -
='-"Jtl.in,,r about, l>as a narno an. *•' , "' ''^
I Tain lit
.VA:>.H'LKS.-yy^/^, ?//7.;^f7,
noun
o", St. La
MTt'jie
«', suf/'fr, rosc\
2>((ifh
virtue, (joodiK
•'•''5 vnadonu h
hanica uro uouiis.
t', .ToKc].]), i/an-iot, 1/
' ^>''"^cry. Xow, all tlie
!irr
#i
I
: I
12
LANGUAGE LESSOiNS.
2. Verbs. — ^But we cnnnot speak about a tlnn;j;
williout using another kind of word cnlled a verb, to
express what we mean in regard to tlie thing named :
A desk stands. Thunder roars. London is a
city. Temperance brings liealth. Jolin heat James.
In tho following Bcntoiiccs, write tbo nouns in one colunni anil tho
verbH in fvnother :
1. Ilnin falls. 2. Smoke rises. 3. Joliu brolic the window.
4. Tlie Tlianics flows. 5. I'aris is a city. (5. Lucy visited
Thomas. 7. The sun shires. 8. The to;iolicr ;;avc a holiday.
U liobert spins a top, 10. Mary ])layod ii f^.'inie.
3. Adjectives. — A mere name is not always a
sufficiently definite sign of the meaning of a noun.
Other words, called adjectives, are sometimes
joined to it to denote colour, shape, size, kind, quan-
tity, etc. :
A blue tie. A black dog. A inhite swan.
A small letter. A capital letter. A round table.
A_;^;?cpear. A .s?rcc^ apple. 7Vcw^?/ dollars.
Underline tho adjcctivoH in tho following sontcnoos :
1. The man stole a brown inuiT. 2. A tine bmwn liorso won
the loti;^ race. 'A. Many persons saw it. 4. I'lcas.-mt weather
ni.'ikes us clieerfnl. h. Swoot sleep brings fairy dreams. 6.
Three sunny days have followed two gloomy ones.
4. Adverbs. — A fuller meaning is often given
to the verb, and also to tlie adjective, by the use of
words called adverbs, to express time, place, man-
ner, and degree :
He called yesterday. Go quicJdy. lie will be
here to-day. She sang sweetly. Uichatd was very
angry, lie was exceedingly sorry.
Underline tlio adverbs in tho following pcntcnces :
1. Try again. 2. Write carefully. 3. You will soon learn.
4. She beliaves well. 5. It is very easy. 6. Step backward.
7. Nobody really trios to write carelessly.
KmCS OF WOUKS.
13
S. Pronouns.-A ccrtui,, kind of word nnv 1,«
n^<;drn.teadoianonn: namely a pronO n T
l>nncij,ul j.ro„oun« arc ; P^onOun. iho
I--me, We-us,
He-him, Thou or you^You,
She-her, They-them,
i. i Jove a rose. 2. Do von ? q if
6. Prepositions.-Ccrtnin woras nro „se,l ,„
He placed the boxes on tlio mrf v^
i<ie time. Slie runs across the field
Undorline the propositions i„t,ofonowi,„somonco..
«<!iiiiiK. 4. iio ,.,, , •*■ "" ''■■veil Ml tliepmlcn liil
". 1 Ml (lew IS on tlic <,n';iss.
ccsaiyto^oiM them by means of a coniunrtinn
such as and, but, either, or, if. ^°"J^nct,on,
Uuderlino the conjunctionH in the foHowing .cntonce« :
coidd
A cat and a dog played prettily on tl,
write pretty well, l)„t !,e conhl
«^- Wesliall improve it if
wardiniist -,'0 10 the f,
e floor, 2. Tlic boy
not read very nicely.
curt. G. T
irni
we study. 4. Kitliet Cliarl
Joini'
I OS or I'M-
orr 18 human, b.U to forgive i« divine
niiclo owns a horse aud
t
I I
I ; 1
14
LANGUAGli; LKKSONrf.
8. Interjections.— Certain words may stand
aluiic to express .siii-prise, disgust, etc. :
Oh!\H Julin lierc ! Ah! I wisli l,e had come bo
tore. Tliese are cidled interjections.
Tlie writttMi or printed .sign of an interjection or excliwcution
I"!
Exercise 4.'
Xaine tlio Jcinds ofzoords in tJie following, tluis ;
Manyj^;irl8 ijvnd l.nvH \ rim ;(iui.kly,LlinMi!;irtIic, ionon .'iito.
Adj. |xNounl(;on;Noui.lV.,Tb! Adv. | iTri,: lA.ljJA.Ij. j^ouli.
1. A ];nrse and a doi^r iniiko ^dod coiiipaiiidns.
2. Thoy clicor tlio weary travoilor on a Ion,!,' jdiirney.
;<. (»li ! do you see tlio [xxir !-tarviI;.^' l,CL;L;ar V
4. (uve liim a onist of bread Ironi tlu; jiaiiCry.
5. The.slieopsooji readied tlio river, Ijiit ivfused to eroas.
0. Slio is far fmni tlio laud where lior yomi;,' liero hIocus
And lovers around her are si';hiiii,^ ;
lUti coldly she tarns from their ;;aze| and weeps
J?or her heart in his j;rave is lyin-. -Thomas Mookr.
VII. XOUNS.
NoTK TO Ti:.\fiiK!;s.-The kind and the (|nantity of (Irili in
ndiina rnqnivrd for yonn- jcholars will d. rend on tlieir previc ns
tniiuinf;. If no oral traiiiini; has been -iven, the teaehor sliould
uiako tlio pupil.s name the nouns in their reading,' lossona.
1. Defimtions.— A noun is a. word used as
the name of anything that v/e speak about.
Kxampm:s.— JA//?, doy, servant, (Jharles.
Jv.rpUuHilion. — Tlicso .'ire names of ^^trson*.
All names of persons arc nouns.
E.YA:MrbE.s. — J)of/, horse, cow, cat, antelope,
Ji.vplanatioyi.—TlwAd are names of anlmaU,
All names of animals are nouns.
NOUNS.
IS
Exam rues.- 7b..;,, street, city, church.
iijimcs of pluc'.s aro ;ta^^/w.
All na„u.s of thi,,., are nolens.
-• -t^i^'^-e-'uv throe kinds of nouns-—
a l)iiK,N.T,ox._A proper noun is a word
used as the nan.e of some particular person
animal, place or tliin- ■,. / /, I,, '
,1 . , "■ I'rap^r name is .'i purson or
tiling's oioii mime. '
■i- l'.-..per ,iou„,s alwuys I,egi„ ^itl, capital..
^. Dei„.v„.,o.^._A common noun is a word
that may be used as the name of each tTanf
out of some class of things of the same sor"
M, man, hoy, country, oily. ^ '
J'.tX^^^'^"' "°"" '" ~^' "^'"^ of a quality
.«,'r^^i'°"»s »»"•«"- .-... .1.0 ..„u„.. T,.„;.cM„„ .:,';„ ,„„„
1. The boA's are in seln^ol o i-'i i
^lomi tlie trJe 8 T' ' ^ '^ .i^-.'n-'lcnor cut
4 Tl.n • ''"' '■^'^'•'^ ^" themornin-
In th<!"f oil. ! ■'''^"^^•^'"ics we sImj, a sea.
,h,ni!'^;;ll';'i::!"""''^''*'!'='"'-f^v^^'i''ri"...o.,,,,.
N
Mo
irgestcitvini!
ow Yoi-lv to San L
"iitains. 4. We
n? vvoria. 8. I
" L''<'inLr I'l
OHl
clay. 5 Coal, iron, and oth., „.„er
troni Nova Scotia. 0. TJie boy tol
'•iiiciseo, we crosse.I thelJoeic-
'i'-C'.J^^oiiigtoOttawanextSatur-
icr minerals, are obt.ained
tl a falsehood.
tm
m i
16
LANGUAGE LI3RKON6.
Exercise 5.
A.
Mention the names of things •— .
1. In the school-room. 4." Name persons you know.
^. In the ,.l.y-gn,und. 5. Places you have seen o,
•i. In the street. lieard of.
pripor!''"'^' ^' '^'' '"^"'^« yo" "«vo juHt t'ivon arc oo„„non and which
1. Tlie bee is on Hie flowfjp o ti,„ t • ,
3. The oat will be in o Titohen 1 ri I T' '" "'? *'••^'^•
kennel. 5. The horses are i tl ufst-vb^e t 'n^ )"''" "' '"'^
m his den. 7. Wlioro -iV l.o i , ? o" J',."'*' ^^^'^"^ >™""e<
mountain. 9. The ioat uitSS ^^^"J^''* ?. «• ."«»ry ran np the
TlH! oak bears ucorni' 11 ^™ t''o. c iii,i ,„tn a djtdi/ ]o.
iri inFrance • si/oNn"^'"-"''''^'" 12. Paris
boy was noted fci- Ids candour ^ "ver is yre^it 1(J. The
Viri. VERBS.
1. 1)EPi^.riox.-Verbs are words, by means
ofwhichweare able to make an assertion
about something.
-. la sentences like these
JVIen Idughy
Fishes swmi,
('anhairo ff'll^
there is hut one wonl m eael/cf the predicates; and
as .n everysentence the word l,y means of which wo
.ire able to make an assertion tnust he a verb, the
words laugh," swim," and '' foil " are verbs.
o- In sentences like these
The buy airi^es the dog,
The child shu/s a song,
there are several words in the i)redicate. Now, in each
of these sentences the verb is the particular word used
■^.tr-
VkiiiiH.
17
u know,
seen oi
and wiiioh
2r, coni-
tlio trco.
:is ill liis
:ir roared
ui up tho
t<;li. 10.
2. Palis
I'itt was
m. Tho
means
lertion
i"in;iI<i,,nril,o assertion. I„ tlu. f!..«f
P-ncato is "strikes the oj" ^
" strikes •" I'n +1. . -. ^' ' ^''^' ^^-'^''^ s
a « ouii^, ana the verb is "kmhtv: »
4. Frequently there are many word. ;,. fi
cate. Tims— ^ " ^"^ l^'^'^lj.
Some birds of nm^r i,„ •
t^t-'w 18 ijie smgle M'ord "ily."
Name tho vorl.3 1,1 tho following sontonco«.
^- iiie cnrno s the shin of n i -^ *^'y s^Mttly,
5,'irl sai,l, .. We a,: ::':l"' "•:?'■'• "• '^'"" ''"'o
around the (.nrtl, s «, 'i- /'""''""'"evolves
..arth. 8. &tu,I,ous boye become learned
,.>ii
Mi »
?s ; and
ich wo
rl), tlie
Exercise 6.
A.
Addver^^tothefollowinrr:
1. The boy . 2. The ijirl
birds . 4. The clock -
TI
le sun
• 5. Kings
3. TJ.o
n each
a used
1. The
3. James
Iloaltli -
apph
hen
6. Loud
sour. 2. The
ffra
pes
yesterday. 4. Sohl
lers
on
'''• The lion
npe.
Jl
1^ LAMUUAGi; I.HSSOiNS.
On N()i;.\s (f/id Vi:ui;.i.
1. NiDiit si.\ tI)in!.;H tli.il run.
•' U tt tt ^' 44
~* f/roin.
'•i- '' " " " /mm
'1. ^W/ " " " jnnls (/e>
5. " " <' u liorscs «
6. « « « « (Iwirs "
C.
Wrlto ,1 soiitcncc oil ivioli of tho following «ul).
jVcts— (Irawinn^ oiio line under e:icli ?iou?i, and two
lines under eiieh ve?'/).
]\[oDEL.-~T]ie polar War lives in Uio arctic rejrions.
1. Tho polar bear. 2. Ihe vainboM-. 3. My cousin.
(Change papora, anil corroct with roforntioo to :
J. Spcllinrr. 2. Ca})ita1s. r,. The |)eriod. 4.
Whether tho nouns and verbs are correctly under-
lined.
IX. T.KSSON OX NU.MBEK.
The river flows.
The rivers flow.
1. When we compare these two sentenc(!s, we see
that the noun in tlie first sentence is *' river; " in the
eocond, it is " rivers."
2. The word " river" gives the idea of one of the
things called rivers; but when we say " rivers," we
get UL idea of more than one.
T.TfSSON riN Sniv.KK.
19
form of nouns or pronouns, by means nf
wh.chwe Show whether we '.r/.^eTu^:/,',
one of the things for which the noun stands
or of more than one. ""u.-,,
'"""Ijor, ,v),„.|, .|,,„„,,„, ,„„„, ,1,,,, „„e „l,J,,,t:
5 Ru, „;._Mo3t nouns form their plural bv
addmgA-to the singular; a. «,u,, st,u' ; ,' Z
Write tho plurfil of tlio following nouns :
1. PI .'lilt.
'2. l\uiiib()\v',
'^l ■\Va]!.
4. Danger.
T). Iioapor.
Ch SLTpcni.
7. Knell.
fe. C'liL'stniit.
0. Garden.
10. WlK'(.'ll)aiTou\
H. AVator.
12. Aj)|.lo.
((
Wo say, « TiKM-ivor flcnv^v," and
Wo say, "Thorivor6'ilo\v'."
7. We observe tliat wuli the .singular, « river " l].r>
n\ais, Uio verb lias not the a.
8. It is uot correct to say, '• Tl,orivcr>„." Nci-
tI.or 18 u correct to suy, " Tl.o river. >,..."
. ." -"^^e^^ " vcFD denotinp present
.me ts joined with a noun subject in fhc^ Lgu
W number the verb generally ends in . ,• but
when jomed wth a noun subject in the plura
nutnber, the verb Kenerolly omits the /
..ii
' ' il
20
LANOlfAGI.: LKSSONfl.
10. The most iniportnTit i.rinciplc in the KiMhh
lan-unge is ll..'it tl.(. vorl, follows the number oi its
noun subject ; tliat i.s —
If the noun is singular, tlie verb must be singular.
If the noun is plural, tlie vi-rb must be plural.
11. Tliis is exi)ressea in the following
UvLK OF AciiKKMKNT.— A vcrb must agree
with its subject in number.
Tlie Jiorso works.
Here the verb « works " agrees in number with its
snbjeet, "iiorse." "Works" is singular because
" horse " is singuhar.
o'
The liorses work.
Here the verb « ^vork " agrees in num]>er with
" liorses." « Work " is plural because " liorses " is
l)lural.
Aro tho following soiitoncoa good EngliBh?
1. Some l)oys writes carefully. 2. Tho splendour
fall on castle walls. 3. The tops of the masts «;>-
pears above the horizon. 4. The houses nccils paint-
ing.
Write tho following sentence :
The brave soldier falls in battle.
Now write the sentence so as to make it say that
more them one brave soldier falls in battle.
Wi-ito tias sontt^nce;
The stars begin to twinkle.
Change it so as to make it s^^eak of but one star.
21
In the foil
tlio J're<lt(:(tti\'<^ find d
Exercise 7.
-U'inc.scnto„c(.s,na,netho.'?,.^.,,,and
j\[
ODKL
'V\
'''l'l<,'(' tllLM'r NUM
IJKU
10 g.'ito of Die palace o]
)on.s.
hell
^;J^'!^:^'r^''^'^^^^^--I-- 2. Tl.:. tinn.]
ovyovorthou-astoof u'.'iler.s. 3. Tl
10 school?
(TM
(V
■■I'CM. in S,.,,u.,nl,..,.. •). ri,o .n;,tos. , "
V"le» against ,v,,nt l,y rn.kC,' 1,. ; ''V'™ ''':'"-
CMh'ingo lai-ois for corrections.
m
m
w
X. IKUEGULAU XUMRKItS '
noLf "' lot u. see the most irregular of .11 the
^nffular. Plural, singular.
0}
Child.
W
Foot.
Gooise.
in.
Oman.
O.ven.
Child
u
w
ron.
on.
01
Mouse.
Tootli.
SI
nion.
'oot.
oo.so.
Doe
eep.
Plural.
Mice.
TeetJj.
■nny.
SI
D
leop.
'eui\
fiaii
"" LANOtTAr.K l.KRRONfl.
:i Wo liavo soon tl.:it tlio siiioular of vorl.s of
pmsent tiiiio goncrally cm.Is i., .., ;,„,] that it .liUVrs
Ironi the plural only in havii.ir t),,. .v. Is^.^v^ just
as then, are irr(-,ilar plurals <.r ^/o//;/.., so there "are
n few irrei'iilar ]>lurals of ?»a7As'. Thus—
The plural of /.s- is ^^^,^
" " " '//vA.s is "vu^r^
"^'''* 1'^ //«//K'.
4. As far as re,L;.ar(ls number m verhs, these arc
almost the only very irre|:r„]ar forms. Ho v(>ry
careful in every case to use the eoi-reet form of these
words— that is, the form that Avill make the verb
agree Avith its suhjoet in iiuini).^-.
E.VAMiM.K.-The senfeneo '^ Th<> ehihlrrn //./.sM.one
to school " is incorrect, because the vc-rb " h.-is " does
not agree in number with its Mi!,ji...t, '^children"
since " children " is plural, while '-"has'^ is singular.
Exercise 8.
A.
AVritc S(M>t(Mices intro.lucing man, vJuhl, penny,
ox, shce2>, and ironuin in i\w. plural ; and mice,f<^t,
teeth, sheep, gee^e, and pence in the sln>jular.
13.
Write these Rontenccs, changing the number of
the 710U71S and verbs.
Mo]>KL.— Dutifid children o])ey their parents.
Chanf/ed—A dutiful child obeys its parents.
Model.— My boy's tooth is decayed by eating
sweetmeats. Chanfjed—My boy's teeth are decayed
by eating bAveetiueats.
1. Mou aro iiiortnl.
2. SlH'ei) liuve v;ilii;i1)Io wool on tlicir hixoUs.
a. Ihe oxen tieutl out the oorn.
'«*.
r V('rl»s of
I it (liffcrs
Now, jllHt
..are.
the so nrc
Ho very
iiof tlioso
tlu' verb
/"'/.s' t_^onf>
;is " (Iocs
en,
iiil.Ii
siiuriilar.
ice, feet,
r.
inltor of
I).ironts.
." ofitiiic
ilooayod
<• An iKiIirsf; II, ■III is: il,,. ,. I '^ ^' "•
f;-:';^'-«'iuMiii;;';'t;:;|;:;.''''''''>'--^'!-.M!o«i.
I. ' '^^'"i'lHraiii.-MWii,,.,, ;„
L'a
tics n, the ;..,,;./.,• or nour.s .,„<! of verbs.
"■-t first 1. <.,,;„;y;;;,;,';',;';'^ » "»''--''Mi.c y
«".7i'/ai-. "'• ■'"" '" "'<^' /-'"'W of a reri, tu iiialio it
"•r.USTKATIO.V.
4. ExDixa TN 8 IT V m w^
24
LANGUAGli Lli.SSONH.
j'lnral—^^hiHH-vH, huHli-cs, cliurch-rs, f
;y/,/m/— pass, rush, Imicli, 1
rush-L's, lunc'li-cs, l>ux-i's.
OX-l'H.
Vfil
)S
X ; aOff/tdar—iKiHH-vH^
6. Esuisr, IS ().— S,)„K. nouns an<l vorhs viu]
iM o lu-eccdfil by ;i cuiisuuaut take e before a.ld
ini'
'/ as;
*Si/if/ular. Cari'o
' oirro-es.
, negro. J^lunU. Car.roes,
7V^<m/. I),), g„. SuH/ulnr. Does, goes.
aimmg ';;;£"' ""^ ''"^' "■" ^'"'"^^ "■« «"'i- '"^taiuc^ uf the kind
^ C. ExniNr. lv rrri.: F souM).—.^r„st nou..s ending
m forfe form tlieir ].lural by changing tlie/or /I
into ud and adding 6-; as:
/lingular. Leaf, ^vife, thief. 7Y,,ra^. Leavea,
wives, thieves.
Exercise g.
A.
Change the number of the following nouns :
Write sentences making use of the following
verbs in both 7iufnders : °
!»lS,'atJi;!';;kf.?i S\af' °'"^' "'"'^' '•™^' -"■»»
' '■■"■■™" '•'"■'"'".N,; ..s. ,,,„,„^_
^H.A,.,m-KUCKITUrs,.V«ANKX„;,,„,,
a
u
The Exercise.
"■ "■■' •'^- """«' i.uz:::"-
The Letter of Crilicism.
HrnrSir, Toronto, Out, Mmv 1, nm
«.''■■"■"" "'•*"'°"'""""'^-«i«.n„„., s,„i„„ ,.,„„„„,,.
ri,oMv,i„. rf.'.-:?,, »■■;','.;;- tr'f.^';' ";? - ■" "- -.,,
niimbor.
To Mr. Kichard Meredith
Gould DiowD.
I ! 1
m
'«K»
26 LANGUAGE LESSONS.
Another Model — The Exercise.
The uxtMj of tlie furiiier plows his field. Oxen
eiit grass. I set'ii a drove of oxcu the otlic day.
Mawy Jones.
Th(> Lclter.
i\Iisrt l'"lorom?c Nij;litin.i;.alo, —
My dear Teuclicr :
I do not find any mistakes in .siiclliiij; in Miiry Jones'a coiniiosl*
lion on "The Ox."
K.'i('li pontnticc ends with a pcriixl.
Itiit in tlio first Hontoncn Miss Jones .sayn, " oxen plow!^.'^ This
sliiHild 1)0 pldiv, accoidiii.L: to the toxl-hoolc, \vlili:h says tliat wliun
thf, siiliject in plnral the verb .sh(.iiild liave no is.
I thiidc the expression " I peon " is wron;^. I do not know why
it it* wrong ; but I should soy " I sdin."
Yours respectfully,
Anne Hathaway.
r01NT8 IN THE ARUANT.KMKNT OF A LETTER.
The arrnnp^cinont of tlie parts of a letter is im-
portant. • The following points are, therefore, to be
iittonded to :
I. The /j/ri-ce where it is written, and the date.
Tho day, month, and year should bo pi von in full,
II. The fonn of A<Mrcss: as Sir, Dear Sir, ]My
dear Teacher, Dear Madam, according to circum-
stnnces.
'i'lte nnnio of tho person addressed may either precede the form
of address, as in Model 2, or it may come at the close (left hand-
uide), as in Model \.
III. The iiarratiue^ or letter proper.
Be careful to begin every new subject with a now pnraffrnph,
IV. I'he s u,h script ion : as Yours truly, Yours
faithfully, Your affectionate pupil, and then the
rmme of the writer.
It i
. Oxen
" flay,
rones.
i coin|)osl'
05." This
tliut when
:now why
thaway.
rXKR.
ADJKCTIVKS.
Exercise lo.
27
I-et the pupils wrho. s],ort Compositions on (lio fol-
hJirds— Tlio Sun.
louiiijjpoiiita: " ^'-'""■""'iH. N(4i.'o iiaiLKiilaily tlu, f„i.
1. Spoiling. oca,,i,,K 3. The |K.n.„I. .,. Tl,.
n.l.s „t nouns. 5. TlKUorm. „f U.e vorbs.
Oilier imj)rovcments.
/■'"■^ Wild. p. is uio iiV i/''f '■■^''r'>' o.v....,„io„ is ;.,,.
trouble, xs the pnpil.s will t om. ■ Vj i n' /' -''''' ''^">"""t ^'f
t."ad,o.- „„ist ho vi i , r o t; . " ;":}'^ '•'■•■"••■■■'l-lo n...ult. tlm
•■:.VKi<n..Ks AUK c:oui T u x , '';;'; ''"""'•^'•'"■^- \\-nK.v thk
r IS Hu-
e, to be
late.
Sir, My
circuin-
>thp form
eft haiid-
Yours
icn the
XIII. ad.tectivp:s.
1. Thus far, the only kind of sentence that wo
really understand is tiiis : •
Flowers bloom. Water ripj.los. Art refines.
That is wc understand only about the si.uplo sul.
ct wlueh .H generally a noun, and about the sin.
pie predicate, which is a verb.
2. But it is often necessary to describe or limit
the nounm some way and nJ-^ t + n
nhm.f fi . . ^-i}) anaaL.o to tell somethinfj
about the statement made by the verb.
3. Thus, we may wish to say-Meaatl/al flowers
Woo^n ; or, l^eauti/^d ll^nyors bloon, ea/,.
^i!
. 'i.
28
LANnirAoii: rKssoNs.
tine.
4. Whoi.ovor we ou^^ny n won] to .Icsn-il
ising w],;a is calh.l an ii,lj
I'M It a iioiiri, wo tu'o i
»p or
lieaut
iiul " is an adjective. VV|
'"nij.loy a won] to doscriho or limit tl
I vorb, we are using ^h^t is ealled an
MI
b'
IK an adverb
iene\(')- wo
K' meaning,' of
•'>. Write tl
lesc senLeiuujj
1. A hUj {)]•(. l)urns briolitly.
'ii-ec earts were i^'oin!' ah
2 V'
ij
nng nui tliat book.
>ng tlie road.
Tl
>o word " big " is ad.led to « fire " to tell wl
8ort of fire it is; t],e word " three » is adde.l
lat
((
f'MHs" to tell ho
to
^vord<'that
is meant.
J)
\v many carts there wcr
:ind th
is added to " book " to tell which book
0. ])KKr.\lTI
with
or fact
N-.—An adjective is a word used
a noun to denote snme quality, attribute
^ 7. They ,nay bo divided into (puilifallnc ad
lives, fptantitdtive adiect
(■(V
(lete
r))iu)fiHve adjectives.
jcctives, and ilemoh,<iirati>i
e or
«. (.).ialitative adjectives denote some qualihj
atti-ibute
Color
or
Size
A u-hlt, liorsc. A hhu'h ([
A /,
opr. A rod book.
<'r;ie Iiorso. A .s/m/// entta-o, A hroj to'.u\
Kind M >'<•'' t'.!i<'r. A -/.;i/,Vl
/ A hard rock
iiinl), Fine woatlior.
Ill
0. Quantitative a.ljectives show th(
m
g
K^uiiiber \ li. iJn
1. Fixed.
O
DC. OX.
u.,j oxon,
quantity
onws
f
Mass
or bulk
^-. Uncniam. .So/,,,. pc-riunB. J// {!l,i|,|ron. Afanv
( oluldion. /'Wyirls. A',> men.
ADJFCTIV^KF!.
29
ti.n.-s donotvC hy a .onnnon noun.
This horse ,cno w.„m oiu. pointo.l ut)
That hor.-e {thef"yf/>rr oiu. i.oi.uc. 1 at)',
1L\ yl;^ is n.,a before Avonls booinninc^ uKh
^OM'ol sounas; ., before wonls l,<..innh... with ,
sonant sounds. "" *'' "'
«use. J/, art; m/ end ; .mheir; .m urn.
calM f^^''''''^ ^"'-'^^-^ ^-'" Pi-or>or nouns aro
c^.aprope. a<lectlocs. Th.-y are ilk.strated in the
toIh)\niig sentences :
I- The RuHsiau Govornnnuit is a despotism.
"' '^^^''^ ^^"^'"'> l'^''M'J^" are f,,nd of music.
roLi;;;^;^' """"'""^"■"--'" --of
Kussia.
Italy.
America.
Adject i
Itiissian.
Ital
Ai
ces.
lati.
Mcriean.
so
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
14. As ]^voim-7wuns are always writton with caj,i-
talH, so adjectives derived from them are also writtfii
with ea])itals.
State tlio mistakoB In the following :
The russimi govern men t, ; The itfdum peo])le.
15. TJie adjective fornie.l from the ]>ro].er noun
Switzerland is Swiss; from the proper noun China
IS (JJiinese.
Wrlto the a.ljoctivos formed from the following nouns:
Sj,ain, Scotland, Jaj.an, France, Germany, Ire-
^ind Africa, Australia, Turkey, Canada, Paris,
ilnglana. '
Exercise ii,
A.
Select t,]ie adjectives.
B.
^ Write a sentence on each of tlie followinrr sub-
jects, introducinrra now,, an adjcctlm, and ^ verb
Number the nouns 1 ; the verbs 2 ; and the adjectives
Model.— Trees : Large trees gi oV in Canada.
l.FloAvers. 2.The Rainl,o^^^ 3. Army. 4. Railroad.
(Joange pupors for florreotjou,
1 wiUi caMi-
Iso writtfii
peo])le.
»])or noun
)un China
any, Iro-
a, Paria,
31
na
tOAIl'AliiHON OF ADJECTIVES.
C.
^Vnt.p,encc. introducing tlK,.1j^^^^
J\ronEr,. — Suit/crlTTul • c ,. •
1- Africa. 2. I,„lia, a. C..,:,,!,. ,. j„,,,„.
«.«..«.. pa,,or,, «,„! corpoot „ith retcrcnc, to-
'' '""'"■ ^'"= -'J™"v- arc ccrcctb. «n.lJ,li',:; .
f (,
if:
2. A Inrpe
IiuiuImoiho
niicii iiiiir-
lirovi(!(;iice
M' Np.iiiisli
All hoMicd
iikca lot in
iiig sub-
\ .1 verb.
TJccdves
.anada.
ail road.
XiV.-C0xMl-AliIS0N OF ADJKCTIVKS.
A <«// Mian.
A Id/lcr ni.an.
Tlio tallest man.
1. nc,.o arc tl„,,o n,ljcctivo«_",nll," '^um.r"
• ' l^'"!." Vou sec tiKit " tailor " a,,,! " i,||,.„ '
" k»n\ of rchuionslH,, to "Hll" V ?'"
__ .^ ju.t t,rll-|-cr, and " tallest " i» tall+cst.
- " hi'., wc hear a m&r man spoken of ,vn
'■;■';;. tat, co.np,.rl,,,, ,,im „.itl,Unc,L.,;r
'I'i'l.ty. In g,-a„,n,ar, 8„cl, a cI,nnf;o of aillective,
a« f roa. .„« to taller ana .,&., i. calW c^^; ■ J:!
P
Ir'ii I
'M::*
82
LAXOrAilIi LKSSOxVS.
n DKinxiTioN—Comparison i^ a variation of
the form of an adjective to express the quality
in different degrees.
T<(Uc?' is (•;ill(.,] t,li(. companithK i\ri;vvi^.
tallest is ca!l('(l the .^upcrlutioc dc-jcc'
Tull-~^h, simple form of th. .•uljcctivc-is called
4. UuLK.-The comparative de-ree is formed
by addmg i.:it to the positive.
^ ->. UuMo.-The superlative degree is formed
uy addmg kst to the positive.
J^osidne. Oomparathc. Superlative,
<^^'--n.d. Grander Grande..^
iLLL^STKATIO^•s.
J>lii(.- + (■.•--=„ot W-,/cer, l,at bluer,
Kcd + tT.=:i)()t ^•cv/'^T, but rcY^c/Ter.
If.Mppy + er.:^.ii„t h<tpp>/cr,, but /^<7vy/cr.
KuMos Fou Si-KMaxu A.MKr'nvKs.-L VVi.enaL
-^jocnv. ends in ., tl. . is droppc^^^^
H. AVIUM, an adj. vtive ends in u «in.;l.. consonant
jM'occdc'd l»v a sin«de vo^.'-.^l ilw.f >,:„„]^ ^
" ^"- ^■" -'5 '"-'i' 'Single consonant IS
doubleu holorc .. and e,L ]?.d+cr.^roddcr ; bnt
swoet+or:=:.,.cviV';. becau.sc tlie t Is preceded by
two vowels. ^
rOMVMllHON OF An.TRrriVEr,.
ni. wi
33
'<'" ;ui :i(lj(.('iivc 011(1
^OT.S(v,,nnt,thoyisc],;u.go,Uonx
s ill 7/ j.rooodod by
a
C.v^. ] I
""'•^'"^^■M'-y is;../; precede] I
lore adding e;. or
''• ^Vli,,n tli<. addition of
^V'Td too lon.r t,, l„. ,,j
>y a ('onsoiiant.
^r or e.9^ u-onld ma).
l;''^''"'V(Ms Innned l.y ,.,,1
/>f('asaiit to tlio
ko a
liv
e, ai
Ml tl
»^! «uj)erlativ(' l,y j,„tt
''"•^- ^//'>/v;lH.l'.,f(! M
(^•>r, tjic ooiM-
|'><^ I'OsiLivo; as -^Mwr(/W
htaatiful \
II' posi-
"1.1? ?//o.s^ lioforo
''^iore hmutifal, most
F.
1. Doleful.
<'>I-J,ltiV0uf
7. Tl
'1. {-
■lore aro some „ld K„,.ii.,)
-cnerous. 3. Torril^h
(•oTn])arativL's and
KljOCtivcs U'hoHO
111
i' ordinary way.
S'lperlativcs are not formed
111
vc.
Positi
Jiad .
^'ood ,
Little.
I\fai
CoiDpanitive.
.^V
.15, .ft
orse
(^r
iv>
Much.
ore
uro
Siilieilativo.
•...Worst.
•...li.'St.
Lf^ast.
Most.
Moat.
'Xercise 12.
i
ScdoGt tl
})arison :
le
(idjoct
t»e.
'111'^ tell lite (Jer/ree
of com.
li!0.
'•'•••IIKul ()| |,„
oxeicisc,
1. A lji;,'L:('l- |.;isli
priidont nuiji.
li
on.
t). A li
K'll.
7. A
V(
''t- T). Tliosti
3. Mo.st nxi;cIloiit
'•liiiiKicejit Italiiitj
•■>; «'l"A;iiiit dip
■<»ii«est ox. G. 'i'l
f- H A us(!fi,l
10 lliosj
invuii-
«'""i^o. 10. T),.p,..cti.;t«;;j
J3.
CL-fgo i,ap.M.. and write letters 0^ ...itici«.u.
;'t
11
'm.:^
84
LAXOUAOH I.KSSDN-S.
XV. SKNTKNOKS WITJI AIXmcTIVKS.
1. A noun may l.ave ewe a.ljortivo to .Icscribe it.
or It 'iiayl.avLMnany iKljoclivcs. /
1. J'ure water is tlie best.
2. i^i^re, t'^irtr Avatoi' is tlio best.
3. Pure, clear, spar]din<j ^^-ator is the best.
o' V^^'f' ^^•'^^^''■^'"^^' ^*« ^<-'^^UO-r than tJie Thames.
^. Ihe ht. Lawrence is lonyer an<l ./.Wer tlian
llie Thames.
3. The St. Law]-ence is longer, vnder, and
grander than tlie Thames.
1. I5aeon was tlie brightest of mankind
;-MJaeon was the brightest and '^;/.,.,^ of man-
kind.
3. Baeon ^^'^Hihi, brightest, wisest and meanest
ol mankind.
2._PuNcTi7ATiox.-Ina series of adjectives bo-
iongmg to the same noun, a comma is j.laeed after
eaeli adjective cxcej,t the hast ; but when two ad-
jectives are joined by and, or or nor, or either or
neither,iho comma is omitted.
ILLUSTBATIONS.
1. " Pure, clear water is tlie best "-one comma
to sc])arate the two adjectives.
2. "The St. Lawrence h longernn^ wider than
the lhanie8"-<t«o adjectives linked by "and "
iicnce not sej)arated by a comma.
3. " Pure, clear, spai-kling M'ater is the best '*-^
two commas to separate the three adjectives.
'm..*
oscribo it,
I best.
</or til an
ide)', and
1.
of nian-
meanest
ivcs bo-
:'t] after
tvu) ad-
ither or
comma
\n
er th
" anrl,"
est '*—
3. TIk! sentence
"liiK'on was tl;e l,ri.r|,tcst <i-i«,,..
rt„ten,cM,ls : ^ '" "'' """ ""^ f""">vi„g
'■ Ji-'on w,.,s tl.e l,ng!„e.st of ,n,,„ki„,l.
<i-].acon,v.-,sthon,enne..tof„,,,nkm,].
■I- In like nmnner, a numl.,.,- of sei.„-,.n ^ ,
mentsmay be eon,l.ine,I inio one vi , ""
^r .akin, out t,,ea,ljeetivo,,a::U:ial""'""''
n.LUSTUATION.
1. In tl,e nmrning a sailor ean,c on board. '
-. iio was a tnt sailor.
ii. IfcMvas a jolly sailor.
4. He was a rud-noscd sailor.
Combined: In the inorninrr i f.,f i n
no.ed sailor came on board. ^ ' J'"^' '"^*-
Exercise 13.
A.
taking out the rif^tc'^/z;ej part from eaeh «tnf :
as in the model above. statement,
1. One day my mothfir irav«^ ir« -,« nr^„
J '
Li!l 'I
sn
(.A.\'il-'A(iK I,
:s SON'S.
1 . I oticr' Ii.i.l M fi icii'l. 2. SI
?0!i<«nMis fri'Mi.l. .1. s
II li>viii;i fi ic
10 WHrtJi U()l)lc'-lic;iit(ul fruMid. n. SI
\v;iH
1. J;
ni.'irlili's. ,",. I!
nc- W'ph^for lost somo iii;irf.
Tl,
'";. v.ci-o roiiii,! iiiail.lc.s -1 ri
',v wore sni'ill
riiaiMr.s. :.. nwy wuo |v,li li..,I n,,,,!,]
!'•>• \\(!1U wliito
1X1
1. A l.dv ran a\v;iy frnm -riion] vostftdin
iro
wu^ a, i|iiarii'l,-uiiio 1
II
»">•. -4. II
I' was a cfoti.M
(• wa.- a lazy i;uv.
1. 'I'lif 8i>(>al,-(ir liad a
'ivafla thill vnico. 4, It
n^n'caMc voico.
voice. 2. It was a s'uil
was a [.ij
';".%' vijico
It
I viiii'c. :'.. II;
Nva.s a iii<-
1- 'I'Im' lliiiialuv.'iH cxtciKJi'd
ftin lofty. X Tlio'Hiir.al
»uo\v-caj)pcd.
•'•''i-oss A.-i,
'■ " Tlir Hiiinl;
t.v-.saio iiiujtvstic. 4. The liiuial;
|ya^ aio
JJ
r'l
laii
g(i |iniM'i'< fur corriM'tiun. Attriid
tliatiuii of th" aijjfcti
I'av h"i'arl'.
■" tin: |ii!iu'-
Pimctn;itc tlie iufj'cdras in \hv UA\
1- Tlif sailor had ;i I,
<'^V1J)<,' (.;iH-
ir-r. slntii^' \vAY<\ and siid):inir>d hand.
li- Tlio rrardci.
pcoiitod llowern.
as fdiod witli r;
I'f cii.-'tlv hoaiitifnl ,s\vo(?t-
.*!• Haflic lind a short sc;!si!)lo woll-
Wfll-i.iiii. dial
I'll I'DIUpOSlll.iII.
writtmi \voII-sji'l!nd and
4. Tlio Hoiidor is the lan;i>.st st
loss of l)irds of pniv.
I'on-ost s-A-iftcst and most tin
Tt. The lofty niajost
Atiia froiu cajt to ueyt.
snow-napi)od Ili-'ialaya,- j'xtcnd
acroas
XVI. PKEDTCATIi: ADJECTIVES.
1. The adjectives lliat we Iiave thus far taken
•M)tice of have been adjectives that have preceded
du- nouns tliey described. Thus—
1. yjW?f^//>^/ lUnvens bloom.
-. The blue sky shines above ua. •
''^■:s
•") SllO \V!l»
'.verc Sinn II
\M!iu wliito
\\;is .'I (TOSH
/.V hoy.
lliiil.'ll.'iy^iS
ii;il;iy;i.s are
t\u
p1!M(.'-
li.iiul.
fill SWf'Ct-
)'l'n,1 aril]
most tlie-
r taken
receded
MlicMfATj.: Af.,ri
Ci IVIJS.
9
nl
Adjectives he I
^v;^}^s prcca/e tli
^'HL: to MouMs, !,„( tliPy ,|,, ,i,,t
1. The t]
V nouns to which Ihey helon
Jr.T.USTIJAlio.v'
(r.
"wers !ire
O T"
he sky is /V/zc
x'tiniiful.
(t i>
JJeautifuI
tives in the
U'fU'es, and they hel
and "hiiK
ii-e just as much ;idje
■■^«' sentences as they are iu the /irst
J'l l)oth oases "heautiful'M
" hhie " d<'Sfi;!w,.. u ,1... >• t
"nuj to exjictly the
S(!M
''^anie nouns
tl
i<'scrihes " s|^
• 'sci'ihe
u
(!
1 1 wers
M
y
IJut
ind
'^"y arc Ml the predic<Ue.
in the I;ist seiitence
•3. An ndj.'ctive ofm
noun it dcscril
th
'^ry.v citJi
(T
H's, or else it is in f|-
verb he. In t!.o iMt
serihes is tlie .'^nhjert of tl
"'■('oinpanics tlie
•' I'lcdicate after
sentence "The flow
<'r cas(! tl
K! sentence
><■' noun it de-
T!
ins, in the
IS
((
>\vei-s.
f!
KS'iutiful
and it
f''-« nre h,,nKifnP' the sid,ieet
is (h
n
catc adjcciioe.
Such
ierihed hy the adject
ive
I an adjiMrtive is caMed
prcdi-
ir-LUSTUATIOXf
1. I
n suinmor the days are lo
?^7.
H
oro
' loni
o
The O
imits
W
JH tlio pro.lioato adjectlvo, and I
■i]>tain was hram^ prudenL and
■davM.
?0),*.v
r.Ti
Iimitintr "
vn'''« prudent," ami
Caiita
in.
wise,
are predicate adjectivetj
4. Predicate adjecti
srcnic way as adjoctives tl
ves are punctuated in th(
lat precede noun?
E
xercise i<
t- ^Iiko ,'1 yontf
"CO t<>IIiii:r f),,.,
P^^««.n«the,uulitie«by;.a.^-;«;:j;^
;('i.ilitif;.-' of r/,
ecCa'
a.
c ycea/i-ei«.
( ,
k
liH
r.A-Kr,V\r,fr. r,T?S.qoNfi.
Clmngc pnpor.. and write lottors of criticism.
XVir. POSSKSSIVK FOIfM OF NOUNS.
1. Wo nrc now to learn about a clian^^^o in the
j-M of noun, wl.icb ,ive. tli.n the powJ^ of 1
ii. Com] tare —
'Dm c™.,// 1 ■ , ^^'"^ '"^ coat.
J he ..mr/// shoes, .with. . ../«<//..' shot-s.
^j,^^.A/n. house .vith. .../.,,,,., h,,^
Sninll >-arca(]jc'ctives.
line )
,,;!' ^"\VT "'"" "■'^ '*•■•>' "'^""t " J>'l.n'« "and la
<lics," and "fat ii'i-V?" 'n„ _, •■■"■ la
.!,„ l„. ''''"^'-sf ■""■sc words seem to have
1.0 sa„ e, ,se as "tl,i.s" and "small "and " (i„o ■'
f,„ nf- ''"= """'^ " Jol" S" " ladies',-
.l,er." arc gonerallj called noun, i„ the p^s.
acsswe case. ^
hr'r^T""""'-''^^' possessive case is that
thaTsoH'^l ^r '"■°"°""^ ^'^'^h shows
that somethmg belongs to the person or thing
for which it stands. ^
6. 1{ui.El._The possessive singular of a noun
case, man s ; /,or«e.- possessive case, /lorsc's.
!?
full(HVi!lfl(—
)UNS.
'f^c in the
M- of jul-
se.
"and la
to h;ive
" fine/'
1 which
adies','
le poS'
is that
shows
■thing
inoun
I s('s)
ubjoet-
sessive
POSSESSIVE FORSr OP NOUNS. 39
thnt hn'' V/^'^^' Pos.ensive plural of nouns
that have their plural in s (that is rceular
plural) is formed by writing merely the apo^-
rophe after the s. Thus, ph.nd L^.JZ,
^7^.- possessn-o, ^oi^s^;laM,,, j.osso.sivo, ladU
then add the apostrophe and s for the plural
1 Jius, men : i)ossc'ssivo men's.
Subject-Form.
Lion.
Scholar.
ViUlcy.
City. '
Wife.
rotuto.
Fox.
Calf.
Dwarf.
Tooth.
Brooch.
Sheep.
Child.
Moses.
Davis.
Jacobs.
James.
ILLUSTltATloXS.
Possessive i)in(jular.
Lion's
Scholai-'s.
Valley's.
City's.
Wife's.
Potato's.
Fox's.
Calf's.
Dwarf-
Tooth's.
Brooch's.
Slieep's.
Child's.
Moses's
Davis's.
Jacobs's.
James's.
Possessive Plural
Lions'.
Scholars*
Valleys'.
Cities'.
Waives'.
l*otatoes'.
Foxes'.
Calves'.
Dwarfs'.
TeeiJi's.
Brooches'.
SJieep's.
Children's.
(Xo plural.)
(Xo plural.)
(No plural.)
(^^o plural.)
Esercisc 15,
A.
Put the folloAving expressions into tho
jorm :
possessive
So .
::|i
40
I'AXOtTAGK LKfiSONR.
"'s<'>.r:tlsli..,,. loS-hol.;.,!-';:; uieul'lr''''"''- "• '^'"^^'^'^
Ji.
Write tl.e following sinm.iar
I'hmd/orm :
possess! ves in the
1- Tlio liorse's teotli. 2
pi.'i.vM
dress.
liiJi
•ss. (i. TJ,esoMi.r\s^.?M '7'n^,T'"r''',^''' "'• A woman's
" .>^ imilwihi. "" HMi row's no.st. lU. Tlio {^oiitle-
c.
1. AVrite two scUonoe.s on each of t),o following
-r.K u.ng t,.o possessive fonn in the : : :f
L'li ])JiJiai Avitli tiie second :
Klei>liant-Iving-Sl)ee])-La(ly.
Cli.unpo i)npors for oornKitioii Wt-H . i i.
thoj)oaht-yHi\caoui.B. *-''ih..iii.iu, « i,.xuivip«, bo far jia i-o^rm-^j
.»<
I XVIII. ^./VERB^.
TJie big fii-e burns hrhjhily^
Tliat book is exceedimjly dear.
Some birds lly ^,o•y .sv/Z/i/^j^.
1. Tlie M^ord « brigbtly " modifies the meaning of
the verb "burns;" ''exceedino-Iy " ,„odiZ ^I
mcanmg of the adjective " dear ; " " very » ntaifies
■ADVERns.
41
''K'ohs. 'i,
l*ll<'llltS>.
in tlio
'legree, cause, cfiVct -■ \ u ' '"^^"".
'i-it on action or :,u;ib:,;-c:7'"'"'"''^^°'-
iiML.tl,im[\VlHMv ?]/,«.« 4
-":;;:;t:;;;,::'::;:r;,!fr:v;:VT''-'-™
4- ^\.iv,;,.b„ l,,y stress on <„/>,,■<,■««,, ,
This iiik- is \,hu:k. ... o. ,
T Mt InL- ;: '"' l^^'^^''^ • ; ." [ ^^^^^^ expressed by
''' '"'^ '^ ■'"'^"-''- ^i^'^'J^' S" very." "u>o." "ratl.cr "
5. Adverbs Of ,%;.,, ,„,^.^,,^ ^
force to other Wm-<^6' . ^^ ^'^'^
He talk, hastily , , ,, ^ "7 ^^''"'^••"^tly.
The binUs the 0. V S:; ' ; ^
«• iWost adverbs end ill A/ 'n,;, >,• ,.
JVhat doe« *v.«c^/, u.oan ? ./..7, > ,,,/,,,/,,//„ ,'
'. He may take almost anv 'uHertlvn , i ,.
,; i ' -
PI i -
I (^
42
LANGUAGB LKS80X8.
Adj. Gay-f. ly^^adv. gay]y : in a gay mannef.
Adj. swoct_^Iv==^adv.8\vectly : inasmet manner.
Adj. Nioe-i-ty , .(IV. nicely: in a nice manner.
8. Some adverbs do not end in /y. They are <-ou.
erally sliort words denoting time, place, manner or
^ause, affirmation or negation, repetition, and guan.
tity or degree.
Pupils will wriio on tholr slai-os tLo following list •
&.^;;;";/':^:;;;;;:;:;;;,z);'^^'""^ ^<^^^ ^^^^'-^^ u^o^e;
Advcrhs of M AVM,,: : x.eH ; /// .- hoxo ; erei'i/ ; so ; as.
Advcrbn of Cau.sk am) Kin.'Kcr • u-tn, ■ th,Z,],-: i
CH'i-e/oye i-J^iJ-ci. ji/iy , thcrvjoie ; whence ;
^^ Ad verbs of g.AXT. rv ou lJr..K,.uc : v'./^c ; ta.r ; m.c/* ; a/-
0. Adverbs are conij.ared in tlie same manner as
adjectives.
Comparative.
Sooner.
JMore sweetly.
J-*o.ntlve.
Soon.
Sweetly.
^Superlative.
Soonest.
Most sweetly.
Exercise i6.
A.
tl.c^'beion^ ^^'"^ ""^'"'*''' '"'^ ^'" *^^^^^"^ ^^'-^^^
h. Aluu^H exorci,.o is well written. !). Wo sI.uU iui fill in
il.Mj,nv.spaper comes out daily. 11. Few men we al v ys hai>. ?'
12. IJiis lesson has not been perfectly prepared. ^^ uapi>y.
annet;
5 manner,
lanner.
there area
i» juljectivo.
i I'roin a(J-
lu Jidverlj ;
1 locclij tlio
jective. lit
•AiuUy is nn
are goii-
turner or
id (JHCUl.
ohen.
; whayice ;
nay; yea.
uch ; al-
iinor as
ive.
ietly.
I diss
•V, 3. I
1 {* 4
G. We
Iv )ii<i^h
III. 10.
PllUAHKS.
13.
13
Insert tl.c adoerhs that arc omitto,! .
1- AN ild /lowers f;i(lo o p,„
some. 7 will you iome ? 8 Tell nf ^""''n' '' ^^''"^'«-
mny so . la We shall rest ■-- '"^ ^"''^^' ~
y. You
C.
^' ^^iilm'^^.^^'T^':':^ containing adverbs of]
3. Jlake six sentonw's" co'nV ' " )' '.. juivcri,;' n't
4. Make six se.itouccs containing adverbs of
degree _
Using tJie verbs
cnni,\ ;,o, call,
i''"l/>,nni, 11(111/),
Jh, ^in{/, cry.
Using the ,'1,(1-
ioctives sot't,
n(ml,sweef„6it'
icrjina, blue.
XIX. PIIRASKS.
1. "l^he ai'moured man.
2. Our sea-side cotta^-e
«. A beautifid tiling.''
8ca-side, beautiful," are adjectives.
2. We may give the same idea by saying,
1- Tlie man in ar?nour.
2. Our cottage l>i/ tJixi sea-side,
3. A ihm^ of beauti/.
^J^- Take these beautiful words of the poet Shel-
Like a glow
worm golden
In a dell ofdcio,
Scattering unbeholden
Its atrial hue.
! H
: t
saino sense as "ui a (loll (>/•(/„„." '
Mlc, "of l,e„„ty," .„,„<„„.„ ..,,,,.,.,,„
"iH'anly" arc «.«„,,,. The wor.l. " in" an,l "of"
are^«-9„„«,W 1„ the expression "tl,e man in
M.ni Jn the o.x|,res«„.n " hy ihe se,,-si4e " the
1.C e.v|,ress,.,n "a thing of l«,„t,," ,he i.rei^.suion
"ot"jon,s "beauty" to "thin..."
5. ]to,.Nmo^._A preposUion is a word
placed before a noun or pronoun, by ,„eanrof
wh.ch we show the relation in which things
and thcr actions and attributes, stand '^
Other things.
«• W<. Imve in K„j;|i.si, „,,„„t f,n „f ^^
..s.t.ons S.xof the most nsed are to, of,\fil
7. ])KK,xrno.v.-A preposition with its ac
companymg noun is called a phrase.
ILLUS-UATIOXS.
1. Brevity is the soul of wit.
^^. There is no terror in your threats.
•1 For I /„ ,,y),v/^ ),j^^^, ^j^^^. j^^^^^^^
:'7^rc.?/.r//^ c/rcfes o/ <Ae houndim, sky
4. Four aiigeLs v^'Hh Jlamin.j swords guarded
the gates of Par at Use.
.,hnsf "r''° "■"'■"' ,"''^ °*'"" •"-' '^''■•"■S"' '«" »
piu asc. 1 or examjile :
"" ,"SS 'Zt '/,?„"::•;''? ■" '"" ""'." *™r.
3onvey tho
y tlio SCI-
=i<li'," .'Hid
aiifl "ot"
<i III. 'Ill in
nour" lo
!i<l<'," thu
tngf." Jm
"t'l'ositioii
a word
ncans of
things,
tand to
CSC prr.>p>
its ac
guarded
into a
ur.
i
Kxcrciiic 17.
A.
4i>
1. 'r]ll! Sllcci, ;|i,,
*?:'■'!■ '''■ \W Jjvrs ..
Id
v; niiis jicuss tlie tiold ^ '"''""" "'^i-'i' tlic timu. (i j
lil
I.
1. 'I'll" trees ,,f tlic .r;,nl
<li>\vii til.' v.'illcv 4 T V ''.''"' ('ImipI,. ;{. 'I', . ,, "
■">; "11 tiic i„:,d. ii'iiicriiiij f„ii.-iii,j, (i. nicijiiiii iijit
c.
ai.-.„,i,',i tl,e iinli,.i.,,l „-„,.,l.s i„t„ ;,/„.,„,, .
"""■'■ "'"'■"'• "• •n,..,.e-, ■:;;;;';;;,• nilirirs,:™ -'""■ " ^
f"P|iiy a|.|in,,,n,t, rr.p.'^Mo,,,, t,..,, ,
"■;-''^ "'■'■■''■■''■■■'■-■''"••"-• .i"w./'n«.f„!, ,,,:,'■''■
E.
Make soiitonco:; witl, tl.c following phrases :
Jfonia.— Tho hoi-s.. staiuls ,•„ Lis stall.
,i/"i""' ','"'"•■■ "" "if t-ii'i". "( till- »..i„„ I I. .,
/ 1
i
'If
. !
■■t
. .5 .J
I, • ;
46
tim (ill', thro,i,,f, (1,,, / I I ;
'ice
J^\
I'J
ii-.'i.sos 111 1 1. •! lies; " '''^"
1. A m;.no/-tv>»n,,/,,i„cs„otfr,-,r.I..;,tl,
;|. Wo s;nIo.l,,ntIu. rivor 1,3.//,,. /,//,, ,„,,,,^ ,,,,„,,,
^^. ^, n,o antlom, ,n..narch .,>,.,„ in k.ste funu Uis cuucl. of
4. '-'•"■•.inf,M-st]„M>yco/^/,, ,„,-,„,.
fi. ^^«^'ttI.r/.omvf,,,vr,-«/,>MTtMn,,..l|,.,.iu,,.U
«. People a< .,.-, .>.e „,, bettor thun Mu-.v ever du. before.
• XX. ADJECTIVE AND ADVmniAL
PHKASKS.
1. Tl.oro arc two kiiuls of j.Iirases;
I. A(lj(H'tivc j)]ira.scs.
II. A.lvoibinl })hrnsos.
2. A phrase is an adjoctive i)I,rasc wlio„ it fiI-,.«
;^Haco of a„ adjective; that is, when i;n^^^^
'^J-USTRATION'S.
1- Tlie man vi armour.
2. A thing 0/ ^('aw^y.
"' «'"ni, since
■'it-' Wtuiiu
'^' of ijj
ia cutich of
bo/ore.
UAL
't takes
i raits •
I I)I»ra»e
fiiidiir"
'f l>o;ui-
ictie are
1 -^''ii I'lii'cs
^ i).:.i, <,, :,,„„l r/iunirYrr * ^"'''''/ )"''"">-
(i\I)l<l(.') uficnd. I l(<lt,tl,U.
(i^'iJil) of (iitxitlj/. '. ." ." .' .'.■,■■■_■ , """'"'•
ILLUSTUATIO.VS.
1- A great man lives here.
ti-iM'l;tco." '""' "''"'••'.> -"''.-til Ml" the y.Aras,'" in
-'. ^ g'-f"-it man lives ,V.M/.s-;>/,,c..
3. 'i'l't. tnnyaavancodm;,/,//^.
it iH an udVerUal pl^a^e ^ '""^' '""^^ " '^'' v.rL " udv^S/'
Exercise ib.
A,
^ Select tho;>/,m...9, ana toll whether thev are <../
jeci'ive or advcrl^ial. ^' ^"t} are a^A
ti.o-S;r'::;;;:,js^r.r^^;:,^"^ 2. r,. ..0, or
B.
Change the following i)hrasefi inin n.j.-. .-
I' ■■*< ■
48
; f .
^VXr. J.KSSON^ IN
^lAKma SK\TK.\c
\ViTi! J'illiASl
i*:s
1- TJiol'rof.
lissor
Ilor
■e wo Iiuvf Olio j.l
fi/ tho. U,um)\Hit
-^ T)io Pj-of
"•i«". "oltlio I
// .u:avo pi-izos.
for scholar tihi].
(.'ssur r>/ ^/^e (fni
"ivoisity.
'yc;-.y/^/ g.i^.(3 ^^,.j^^,
JI
i/i
"'■'' "'^^ '^^^'l -^ ««'"on.l ,,]ir;isG, '« for
'^' On CoHvocatio)i^,l
soliol.'irsliip.
loversiti/ ir.'ivo i.»-!v,.. /• " / ,
';^y, ^A^ Pn>/\,,,,or of
thA
"oro wo udtl ;i tJiinl
>'S/iin
4. It
J)lim.so, "on c
G.ach cojitaiiiii'
i« voiy easy to take
»"V()c;itioil-(l;i^-,
IJ?
fi ])lira
<i niiiiihcr of St
l*^ ^"'gle sonlenco, just
111 I]
tivo8
ic case of a iiunibor of
^o,nn,] coialjiuotlK.ni all
as Wf (11,1 i„ a f,
i'<*'nonts.
IMto
state
'■"H'l- Ic!SS()U
'''^'"^•^ H-itli a(|j,..c.
!• Colinnb
iij.ustj:atiox
2. JIc
"s rotiirmHl fruiii liis
Iiul
ics.
I't'tunieil from hi
voyage.
« voyage to tjje West
TI
'^- lie returned in 1403.
'oso may bo comlH-|K.,I tl
1- Columbus
A\^ost Indies in 14.0a
I'elunied from Ii
IS V
•^; OYs
'^y^^^^ to the
t,! vv"f S""^- -'--a frcn
to the West Indie
s; or,
his
''«yngo
'J- Tlic n„|y |.|,Ie that can U- ,'W,.„ ;„ ,i ■
'-.co .o„„,l ,„o.t ngr Jwe ,o the ea "'^ '""■
Exercise ig.
^^'-'I>. ^'-I'nno.paIst;,u.,ncnt is .ivoa first:
3. rrinthtf, 7ras U)vr„tr,l if „.
byGiitcnbci- '*""-itciiUi century, it was invented
niianpro p.incrH for oorrof Mnn o •,
'ill
-,• I
60
J'ANUUAUJK LE.S.SON.S.
-XXH. NOU.NS J.V Al'iUSlTJo.v.
-• WlnitcnVctl.llVl. lIlCMViinl.;"//. // ,
»> iiiMin IS iiic'.'int.
A noun tluis used is (••illrwi ., „
«J. UKFINITION' A no,,« ,
other word is called -^ '° "P'"*" ^"■
°'^'"^ ""ed a noun ,n apposition.
n.ruSTRATION.
^ -i tonuiia or l»y coininas
1. IToward was loved by all.
2. Jlou-ard was ^philanthropist.
3. Ho was a distinguished philanUu-uiust
61
•"< 11 ii.sc oi
l>tO(li(;ito 18
ain an-
ion.
ny itself
'f adjec-
<^t-7-, was
or ex-
iibined
VKK'im WITH OnjETS.
Exercise 20.
r.in:;.:;;i:t:^t:^,;7- -^
it c.vj.hiin.s. '"' ^''^ """» "liioh
»•'» ii /■/„/.,«,„<,;' "'■"■'• n»vul >va, tlie ,0,, Of Ja»„. f;„||„i,,
s,l,l\^!-!;r "■« ^""■>-- "^■'"■"'oa n,,,.„„. „.„„ „,„ „„
H
Iillan-
Cum-
XXIir. VKIiUs IVITII OIUEC'TS.
2. Wc have til lis fai
noun— the kind Unuu]
connidcrod only one khul of
IS such .sfnton
JJirds ^y.
eos as
''« .f'/ri''??^
ro
LA Xf} a A OR r.ESSONS.
l'I-t<' Ntaten „t; so .Incs f 1... ,,.,1, u .^,i^„ „ '/ ""'
ii. IJiit tako tlio foII..u'Inf^-vfilM;
J.'imcs \V:vU inurntcil .
Tlioso arc not .n„.,.lct<, slMtr.ncnis tliov dn n . . ,
-onso. Wo...,c, Discovoro,] «;A.,, liu I J' J^t' ''"
Boiu. nhjcvt ti.it Watt inventca ^«'''""l"..s d.scovcml,
?i. vv
oinuy make complt'td Stat
Columbus d
onit'iits lu tins w
iscovcred America.
ay;
James Watt invented tli(. .s^cv/;,,.
"iif/hie.
Wliat
«.'U>< " di.-cnvcrod
vciitod •• w.xs tlu; ".^tcaiu
4. Verbs that mal
WHS
Clli-iiiO.'
"'f"ii'';i " \VJ,;it
w.is " in-
tl
ko oomj.lrto statements I
H'lMselves are called mmplUe verl
5. Verbs that do „ot make comj.loto statemo„t,
i)ytl
lemselvos, but i
tl
, nut require some word to compl
10 sense, ai-e called incomplete verb
etc
<». 'IMiese are tJie t\v
o <'
verbs
'•<';>t classes into M-liidi all
iredivided--c'o/;.;>/,.^6 and incomplete
Almost all the incomplete verl
verbs.
'>>■ nouns, called their object ; as, 'J'j
^•'7c; Men hate tl
101 r enemies.
are completed
lomas bouidit a
Verbs lluutnkc ol,j«.t..„-c c-lIIcI (r,.,„sitive verbs.
(uod, lud
ivcs III ;i soiicH, 'J'l
im;is. in M.o
fti'i.^, Hud iiistnu'ti
Ml
"IS : All chii.i
■■^■■iiiio ni.uMKir
'••■II require clutiiins^,
19
V __^.^.
VKiats w'lru oruKcrs.
' a cnm-
»1.'ll(0 fill)
Wo ;irrt
scovcrfiil,
IS Wfiy :
.It "Jn-
Is I, J
in outs
»l)l«'te
Lih all
t1).s.
Ictod
.'lit .1
Prbs.
,I><'ts,
Kir jia
53
'*^. TIlO Vf'll) /»<' i.s (.-(.iw.r.iJI.,
•'• J)() tllO U'ordc «i /■' 1 1 • 11
Won,Myoom].K.totl.o.sen.sointl.i.svv.-v.
^'•'Id is yellow.
^»oid is :i mcY^//.
^Vt'IIingtoii \vns20'f«leni.
Wellington was a f/e7u>rnl
~i.i.i.u,, I,, „ — , .,„,i„ „ "'"
s?</>/Vc^. -^ ' ''""'"^ fonmufj the
rcise 21.
A.
N-anio 11,0 vcrU, nn.l toll M'l.iol
»vliio|
I ai-o in
^^omj<Jct.e'
I aro compjpte. and
/5
II
64
LANGUAGK LRSSOXS.
2 To f l??:"'•^'^^'^ ^'^'' fe^rows in Brazil.
^. 1 iie twic.hor lustnicts Itia pupils
^. Ciesar luvaded lirifiin. ^ ^
4. i 'e niooM moves round tho earth.
r>. J.IV ,i'.s ai(! I.'ii'-,, .streams of fresl vitnr
t>. Milton wroto " I'aradiso Lost/' "
B.
Fill out the blanks; first hy a ;>..,//e«^. ,^.,,^
in hy.pr^^Ucatc aOJecHve. wl.on done, 2
tlie two III one sontenco.
KxAAii'i-,K. — Iron is t,^„ •
'•native.] Iron is hant fPrcdicato iZ^i"^^' .trrodioate nom-
metal. [Sentences uuited.y -"Ijectue.] Iron Is a hard
7- Diamonds are -1 % tj^:^Z7~- ^- '^'i'^ '"..on is — .
^ — . 10. Queen V ctoi-ia' r^li"'' ^'"'^ — ' '-^^ '^''''« eJ.urch
XXIV. REVIEW OF NOUNS.
I. A noun maybe used as the .^./^Vc^ ^y « ^,,^ .
as, 6W«;/.Z..,, discovered America.
II. It may bo used as tho ^>.../.-.,,,, nominal io e ;
as, Iho discoverer of America was Volumlus.
III. It may bo used as the oI>jcct of a verb - -m
Wo should honour Columbus. ^ « ^^^ ^ «'^«'
r Jc^' t Vj ^T'/" ^^^^'^^^''"^ "«^ [possessive
case], as, ^-^-/^^^..'. discovery was a g^ oat event.
V. It may have an -planatory use- as Th^t
great man, 6^./-.;^^, discovered America
;>/LV' r a'' '"' '"'.' ' p"^^^^^^^^» ^^/-- «
iiKViiiw oir Nouxvs.
65
OHO, iniitG
dicate nnm-
as . 4.
looii is
Tliirf church
a verb ;
matlve ;
>us.
■i'b ; as>
sscssive
fc evont.
h TJiat
form a
rod by
lives T» fl,„ ,1- °f;"Ka«i.TO],cuto noiniiia-
1. T],e sea [subject] sMrrounds tl,c -lobe.
2. lloiiior loved the fax [objfet]
i. Shri... snil on llic ,<,a [pl,r;ise].
-• VBca». an n.Ijcctivo, M,c n,n,„ ,„„Icm-ucs tho
101 n. t.illod tlio iicssessivc case.
The .w«',, ,l,,,,tli is mmy miles
3- A noun nsud as tlio siil.ie,.t nf » 1
Pmlieate no„,i„ativc is 'ilt hn ,7 ''^ "
«-ca.so;„secl as an 1 ie t v^ it • , ""'r''''*
o. U,e ».. „/a no J • l,^,^t;-;:f;'-
XT . Sinrjular.
■Noiniiintlve jri,.]
Possessive ,,i ,.,■.'
Objective ::::;;;::-S' '
Plural.
Kirls.
*,'iilH'.
• --girJa.
Exercise 22,
A.
Tell the oasc of each ?i(?w;i ;
! ,
il
66
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
P;i|>(!r.
5.
0. Tiger,
B.
Wnto five sentences on e.ch of t),e following
a,^cts. „ the first, use the .oun in its ^^^
|>nnmtl,e second, In its a^O'^cUne innu ; u/thl
t 'nI,nMtso^ecMV,nn; in the fourth, in ,^
I\Ioi.i;i..— Tho f)cr:in.
2. Vi;c'S;;S'^?,:;;::4-;:^;-;;y of ;v;,tor s„rroun.]in. tin- „o,,e.
ioufer (he orcan. "^^- ''• ^''« ^^t'-'intic ciil.lo iuun
f ii't' Irees. • 4. j..i^,^.,._
Cluingc paper., and wrlto l.t„,r.s of criticism.
XXV. PliONOUXS.
c.m,o back .viti.ou" /,«..' "'"' '"' '"""'"' »'"1 /'"
1- In tliis sentiMioo ,vc make „sc of throe wo
to t^f^'I ,','"' ""* ''"'"r "'""'■^' "••■'^''""''' '- f-'O'l
.-.no C ,arfc. ca.no Lack witl,o„t CV.He.'. ,„ot|,„.
inLid o?'a '„"o;-.^ f"-"""- - - word usrd
1. IV..™m,„s a,.. ,livi,l„| i,„„ ,«„cfe,>, .W.
l'n,,o,,al ..bdivisio,,. oi ™l.ta,aive ,,ro„„'.n:
nt V ;■;'■'•• '"•^•'■'""-■•"•l-Ovl,io.,.
tlint. l\ . r„la;-offne„e : ,vl,o. V. /i-fc/;,,/'. .• one
of luP,rsU...,.so„: /, ,™. U. Tho.c of the Sec
oud I'ersoii : (/(„„, y„„.
rnoNoirNs.
67
follouing
1 it.s suhjtrt
1'"' ; in tlio
') in its tfic-
•'"^l-'i, iJi it.s
I oiit. ;{. 'J'lie
xhI.V of \\;it,.|',
c t';il)lo ruuM
Tiger.
»-i', and he
^c forced
''>■ niotlier,
mother,
rd usrd
'.so, .s-y^,^.
'iA'. TJie
>ronouns
nonMrn-
>, M'hie]i,
't-' .' one.
. Those
the Seo
Tlio tondior win .iintTho .i,„i .i
«e.Uom.os. u.ulerjiai,,. tl.oVronoMMH f ""' " ''''' '''"" "'« foUowing
1- Wiliijiin .Slid to Cliarlos " / .i,,,
"•c- cx,.o..tod /. to i>o. ;f ; ,„;\, '"^. ;'"!""''"" ^^-^'^ '-'^'-or than
is '"// fori,,,,., si X r 6 r; "" ' f ^ "^^'•"^- '- ^^^ "--
;^ot..diot,.od;ath;:;iu::::;^'77'>^^-^-it. r
^o\\. u. that ,.. are i.nmortal. <? ' k. , '.; ?'"* "''"' "^■^"■"tor
1^- 7V,., say that tkcir hope, do.oi!;;'^.^"' '"'' ""'«^" ^ --'•
5 In those ten sentences we have u-rittcn the per-
' onal p..onouns n,ost used together with the demon
sti.itive pronouns of tiie tJiird person.
tive i>ronouns of the (Mra person.
«. The /r.< person denotes the spca/cer.
" he second " « «
The^/,M « « ^/^^^^^'^ '^i'^^^-^^ ^^.
/>er5o;i spo/cen of.
10. Pronouns as well as nouns can be used in tl.«
following iiositions ; tliat is- ^^'^
r. They may Lo the subjects of verln • as TI^. Tn
:|!
.■»lw
u
u, t
68
Lax g u a u k i. i:.ss( )\s.
11. J»ut there Is tills <lilT(.T<'iic(. I
lIKi
H'tWci.-ii IKMIIIM
I-n.nnui.s, M,,.,(, wlnh- uouuh uscl ns n/^Jrcfs ;„..!
ill j'/ir(f,-!(js Jiiivc (I
10 same /or//i, ;is iioun;
.sfihjecls, tlic j.ers(Mi:iI ])roiiotiiis li
use<
a^t
tinctJWnis for eacl
:ive generally du
\ US'
I'ICUSONAL I'lJONot'x.s, ni;sT
Subject f.inn or Noiniii;it,ivo C
A<l.)(J(aiV(i |.,|';; „!• J'osscssivr. i
I'iatso.v,
iiiuiiUu
riso.
Ubjcftjiiul I'lirasu i
I.
orm, orUiiji'ctivcC'asc. i^J
I'l'inil.
y or ftliiic. Our.
I'KilSONAI. I'KONoe.v;.
SKCOXi) i';i
sn.v.
Siilijorf foriM.or N'oiii!;.,ifivr' r
A-ljciivo form, or l»os,
Object ami J'lirase fu
Ca
:tso.
t<0
nil, or Oi.;f.'cti\c'
Snii/iiiiir.
Iloil.
i.v or Tliiiic. \
J'hn-al
<.nir.
ace.
You.
WKMOXSTKATIVK I'J{O.Vou\S O
V TiriC Tin It I) PKKSON.
Sul))oct form.
Illative Ca.vo,
or NV)iii-
Adjcctivo {,
orm, or
01
....U(
.Ili.s.
Sin;n(/<n: PluraJ fnr nil fjcndt
rs.
vn,inine. A'ciKvr.
ho
I'osscssive Case.
)j('ctaii'l I'll rase
form, c. Ul)ject!vo Case Ilim.
12. Tl
Ilor.
Her.
It.
Its.
It.
Tiiey
Tlicir.
Tlieiii.
10 van on
called it
s cases.
f^ for)7i^ taken hy a j
'ronoun ire
Tliat form in wlijel
wlicn it istJie subject of
I .'I noun or jironoiui is used
a verb is called tlie no}fi
m-
aiioun or pronoun M-liieh pIioavs
(it ice case.
That form of
tliat soniethnig belongs to the person or thin- for
which It stands is called t]^^ possessive case.
That form in which a noun or pronoun is used
len It stands for the object of the action spoken
in some verb, or when it comes after a prcposi-
called the object ice c«,«e.
of i
tiuii
5
'f'Jtels :iihI
•^ USt'il ;i,>j
L' rally dis-
\V(!.
line. Our,
La.
J'hn-al
Ynii f)i' ye_
Villi I'.
You.
usox.
W f/cndt.ra.
They
Their.
Tliein,
Dim ire
i.s us'jtl
noviin-
t
sIlOAVS
ing for
is used
spoken
»rc])osi-
5
rnoxouN-.s. ««
The,,romn,nn,yl,as..u>othcrf„nn
4< j^ our " i4 .mine.
.. ' yoiir " u "iir.v.
^^ tlioir " it \<iMr,v.
lii;l' " 4t 'Iicir.1,.
f^^'/fiion.llias arrived .. ^,, ,
/^/'/' lioiise is J;i|.M(,. . , , '"t 'i;it: is Diinr.
,/'""' house is i;u'.re / '"•'^ Jioum; is (Mtrs
Mrvr cats arc turu.. , .' ''^ ^''""••^.
■'/</.>• IS lier doll ■/_'/_ ,,.' .'•■" •''.'■'its are //i,./;.j,
' niiutii by ayouno-j.iipil;
I no hnii is nn aniin-il 'l'l,.^ t-
'' 1-w^^rlal aainiaJ. "• ^^'' '"^" '^ ^ l^^^o ama.al. TJ.e Jion i«
% using the ]>ronou„ A^, insteid of .1
-;;;''■•'«-. we .,ouKM,;,,,.rii, ':;:;::'
il'0Jioui:,a„auiina!. He is lar-o ii ^"^^''U's .
(),. ^it-J^Ui^o. Ilojsi,uuerr„l,
•'""ollu„i.ananiu.ai. Ho ishu^c and .ovterfuL
E.xcrcisc 23.
1. Wfi havfi inc«^ rcf^pj
th
<'omo t.) livf. xvVti
cii" ■
ifs ficcco si
Wh
.od
nt yofi
i"'^' of yours 3 il lotto,'.'', '"•'•'''^''*''' 2. Toll hin, wh,.. ,
'"« ^> live M-ith iH n V '"^ ""^ loachod yoi, 4 ,' l.
'l;!-!!. '-V0 .':,.;s.t the^T!'; :;::'r,';;:^ "^^j '-. .'-•«'• !J^^l
7. i lie sheep has h.-Kl
lorn
en
«,
'tU' y'''Ml'!!lft}'
\vill they i,ay tl
iir rrich.l
I 1110
i.as
in
uill
r'\ you on his roti
"'"■ pronii.^; (( visit'.' " ]() 1
irn.
li*
"''ivo not learned
60
LANGUAGE LERSOXS.
B.
See if you can improve tliese sentences I y usin«
pronouas in jOacc of nouns. Make any otfi. , \Z
provements you can ; l.ut do not d.ange tl.o sei.so.
b.a.t Of i.„rd.„. Th. .., , „al, ,' 'I;,':.,!;.-;,:,',, Ji';;; ■■:';;'.,;:.;;
2. Holland is llOlow til. M'Vfl .-+' flio -no ^1 ^^ 1 • •< ,
3. Tho Israelites wort for a ion-' tinip ^lavos. in F.Tr,.t ti.„
wanderings of the I^rudices tlauu^h the dSui; llS^ kn^;'^
..»ii„H lo cue ii/aid knid. Ihe ^;roe<.dilo is iunpliiblous.
XXVI. KELATIVE PRONOUNS.
1. Tliis is the man who called on you,
2. I have lost the book inhich I bought.
3. Tlie house that you sa\v is sold.
4. Tell mo whnt you did.
1. In the first sentence, the pronoun «wlio"
slnnds for the .vord " man," and connects the sec
oud statement, " called on you," with « this is the
man."
2. In the second sentence, t!: ^ pronoun "which "
stands for "book," and coi . -cts the two state
ments "I bought" and «I have lost the book."
3. In the third sentence, the pronoun "that"
connects the statements " the house is sold " {*n(^
I
((
you saw
»
RELATIVE niOXOUNS.
61
ly using
til' 1 ini-
lie stLso,
I'iimcl ijs ;\
^>ni vjiter.
> dofpudod
ory ii'ilii.s-
vi)t. Tlie
-Oflile be-
• li;i(l not
L.
• wlio "
lie sec-
i is tlie
•hicli "
stato-
5ook."
tliat "
4. In i ho fourth scntonno, tho pronoun « what "
means the same as "the tliini^ uhich," and con-
nects the two statements "tell me" ami «voii
did." '^
5. DsFiviTiox-A relative pronoun is a word
which refers to some noun or pronoun which
has been already used to mark the person or
thmg spoken about.
0. the relative pronouns are icho, which, that and
I
7. TliG noun or pronoun to wIhcI, a relative r.ro.
noun refers a called its antecedent.
rofi, "'''!f 'I •;«:'l°"ly of persons; as, tl,e ««« «.I,o
roads Whu^h „ „,„, „f ^,,i^g^_ ^^. ^j ^^^^
.-.n.mals; as, tho table wln'oh foil; t|,o ,fo^ „.,,,,,,
barks. J/mt ,s often used for either who oL/nch ■
mat iell [used for tr/^ic/ij.
9. There is only one of these pronouns that has a
oparate form for the nominative, possessive, aL
objectivo cases. '
^om,Haiwe.(Snhjcct form) ^y,
J^^sessive. . (Adjective form) ./.;:; w J'"' ^
Objective. . . (Objective and phrase form) ." .' .' ^yuZ:
mo, whose, whom, ivhich, and tvhai w'.cii u^m f« n i
tion«, arc called /.^c.ro^«^v;;>;.ono».s! '° "'^' ^"''
TJ^osaidso? irAo,, book is this?
rfAomdulyousee? IKA.eA of you said so ?
IVhat do you say ?
^U8 ? '^ ^""' -' Fi"fc Of interrogaticn, markeif
ill
^f|f
L' !
r„
62
LANOITAGE LERSOKS.
4iul o!^'"'" "'- rrono,n,s, tolling v^.holl,or Ihcy arc relative or I„te^
1. Wlio lias 1)0011 in (ho rn.nn 9 o Ti „
\"sto.d;ivl,;us 1,0,,, ii Ml o m ,,? -^ i ^'T man who w.ns lioro
lio i.rosoiit? 5 J )'..,. .,;'%""; ^- " "I'll <>l tliclioys will
10. The cl.ief use of rolmivc j.rononns is to con-
ncct .stat,mumts, so ns to mak« o„o «t„lc.nu.i.t out of
wliat would otlicru i.so l,c two .slahiuenls.
i
ILLUSTKATIOXS.
1. Wc s.iw n 111.111 10/10 killo.l a (leer.
The two KtatomeiUs in this sontonco are,
1. AVe saw a man.
2. TJiis man killed a deer.
2. The teaclier i/^/wm we loved is dead.
TJie two statements are,
1- The teaclier is dea(2.
2. We loved him.
Toll the two statements in this 8oiit«n»a:
High on a throne of royal state, which far
Outshone the wealth of Ormns or of Ind,
*^atan exalted sat.
11. It is a very pleasant exercise to take two or
more statements and combine them into one sen-
lonee by using a relative pronoun to connect Iho
etdtements. Thus:
„ Separate ( ,,A,mh? ^'"717^"' "'' J-ivi'i^sfnu., i,uvc ta,i..|,t
Statements 1 • ' 7;. , ''^' "•^•■'•'"'' '" -^ f '^••■t. ^
Combined. J of T;;:;j|.;::;:::;'';';:;;;V;'-''->^f-H-, "•^^ -.s o„„
Exercise 24,
Combine (';ir1i r^P flwi e 11
...Nint ^"I'"H'ini^ groups „f stativ
Lilts llllo niu. L:n!if/^>...... • -I
lac
into otu! .sentence in tJ
1. Wo;L,'f;tsilK- fror
'I'liis cutorjiil
le manner .sJiuwu
'1 ••• '^.•itfrpill.'ir,
Tlifi doctor s;i\v tl
ar iscalk'd ihe silk-w
(»rin.
Il(
\v.is (lyiu-
!(-' piiticiit.
;«. ,y;>l"i-l;idsoftnn.'Ut,icli tl
'•^ '"i.V they ii,iit;it(!
Iiomsolvf's to .s(
4. I tl
111 t-vorythiii'T.
IIIIO oI(
lor boy.
This
"H'-o prosniitodlii,,, u-itl, a kin.'l
5. Tl
<'waliO(li,l tluio(! rof'
list'.
y crown.
le 011,1,'iiio killorl til
Howiis tlio onl
"■^ H'n|'K-ii,;ii
6. Tlio ofJlcors i)nrsiiO(I tl
ysiiplMHiofaiiirgefaniily.
le lion.
It li.-ulilostroyed tlic cuttio
7. i\FiIt()ii \v;is l)Iii)fl,
Milt(
"1 wroto " IVinuliso Ust."
«. JY'^.-vIllovoQnoon Victor
Sh
i.'i.
c IS now "Empress of liid
Tlio toachor should luld
in.
combined
ni
any othor grcips of stuton
luiils U\ ha
-\--VVJ[. VE(!I!3_SIAU.I,E TENSES
1. Wliatis the .lc.(i„itio„ ot»vcri,?_^„^;,,,
'««/•<! an asscHton about .oraethhu,.
Now, an an^cHion mny I,e made in vario,,, w,™
by changing the forn, of the verb uso<l. ^
2. Suppose we .say,
l*auliue stands there.
fWJ
64
LANGUAGE '.,;
c ,.lace ,of,.rro,l to. irowovor, wo ,„„y wis), ,„
UXUil una \y(j> QX}^rc^<a in 'l><i 4". II
"^ «.A] I CSS ];^ iiu lollowiiig luannor;
J'atilipo stood UiQTc.
^\
c Ilia
y sav
I A
'tope t) s,H' you ; or, I hoped t
4. TIic <1,T]
op
'crciiec iK'twdcn Die (
one of ^/;;,c. "Pauline stands
to SCO yon.
\vo HlatcMuciits is
tunc, niifl "Paul
n
J hone " —
rofc
iiio stood ''^ refers t
V>^ — liino].re.sent; '' J /„->;>cvr'— t
I'H to present
o time ^xAs^
In lil
iiiatiiier tlic vcrh
UMc j»a,st.
|)rc.s^•;yr^s•^ time
^.>«' in these statcinciit
s ex-
St on
Hilars fdHal on I'lo
occi
doi;i;;:;!J;i::^'^^ -^"--^ ^-o ^t
^. 11
n. Tlio lliY' hm"n<l hvv^]
itiics. The GciinanTs loved
'tly. The
la-
.,, Z'-^' --^'-^^ some linos L; to ^,oct L
xith the verbs clian^ed •—
uiiir
■foil
ow
I slioot
m arrou- into tlic ali
It falls to eartli, 1 k
I
\JY
HOW not wlierc
soswiflly itflies, tliesi-],t
Cannot f(;Ilow it
m its lliirjit.
WrUc tlie passage, mal.
(5. 'n
'"gall Uio V(!ibsr.>f,irto
1 TTIMB.
'IS diango of form is railed
aoliatinre (^i tense, imd "tons
»
thin
as ^/we.
HI grammar
iuoans just the same
The form of (lie verb donot:
called tho;>m'cv/^ tense; that deuo't
called i\iQ past tense.
ng time jirosent is
ing time past is
IS now in
ly wish to
isc'iit time,
<-"- i.tvynth.
incr;
you.
t'liiciits is
:> present
inc ;>^^s•i.
>H' j»;ist.
iieiits ex-
I'tly. The
' loved iu-
follow,
great tense of l,i,t:, 1 T. '" '*''' ^""''' '" "'«
-. Col„nl,u.,rf,,sT<»;«r,rAn.erieM.
shall or ?6w7/. " ^"^^^ h' n^mg
10 toictoll anyiliing. Tims—
1. We M.. .,3.to Europe next year.
^. llioluMito:^ '^'V/kilUhe Iiou«
Exc.
se 25.
Write sentences, usiixr eacli of fl,n f n •
'■'"'"•'" "°"''"' '"I »rt'«i«to. of „„u.i,„.
>
•ainmar
ic same
?scnt 18
past is
f.u!;rJI^'::r'C'' ,'"•■" \' '« -'y -.^y to fo„„ .„e
tUc past te, ; ^"' " '^ '""'■'•• •''•«!^'"" to form
I, 1 1
ll
60
^^U.vo aro ho.uc of the v- rl>s u-o h:u] in the last
Present Tenst.
Sliuul.
IIopo.
ISuil.
13 urn.
Admire.
IShoot.
Fall.
Know.
Fly.
J'i(^<t Tense,
Stood.
Jlojx'd.
Sailed.
JJiirned.
Adjnired.
Shot.
Foil.
Ivnow^.
3. A nnnihor of tl.oso verbs form their past tensos
'y add.n. the .nflix ed to thc'^ir ,,-esent tenses.
Olent.on some that do so.) Oihc-s do not form
heir ,,ast tenses in this way. For instance, stand
Has lor Its j)ast tense stood.
What h.-is " shoot ? •• " f.-Ul ? •"■ l,„nw ? ■' " fly ? '»
4. We have i,i Engli.sli several thousand verl)s
and all these verbs, with the exception of about one
liundred and iitty, form their past t< nse },y addln<.
verb' . ^?"T. '"'"''• '^^'"•''^^' ^^'^ '^^^ ^''^«>^
veHjs, or verbs ot the weak conjugation.
5. The few verbs that form their past tense
I'y nioditying the vowel sound of the root are called
fwT-\''^ ; or verbs of the strony oonju-'ation.
(Which ot the verbs in the bst are wcalc '/ Which
are strong f) "
6. The past tense of I lorn is I lo^ed. We can
exj)ress the same thing by saying I did love
7. When we add cdt^ the p1-esent of a verb to
make Its past tense, great pains must be taken to
Have the spelling corr(!Ct.
ill llio last
isi tonsos
L tenses,
ol ioi'in
e, iitand
Excrcis'j 26.
Conil.irio llie r..lI.,\viM<r vorhs in fl... .
j^j'toon,., u„t, .ovc, ,,„ p,.,,v., ,,.,, ,„;^_
^VIl ulnVh verbs nro,.c<,,,,i,,,,i,,,^.^^.^,^^^.
fnrwallt '"""" '''""^ ^^ '-• "I-"" the Ian,], a.ul „KU,y ,erishod
^- My father soM,,i.rann.l,o„,,e wont to 3r,Mut.,,,a.
^•IJ-Hn,t.,o.H.,,off.otstep
6. Wehope,lyo,Mvo,.,,,vi.ft„..vhc,.,l.oIeavosfoll
r
li
1 vcrl)s.
out ono
adding
d 'weak
i tense
3 called
i^'ation.
WJiich
i^e can
orb to
ken to
-XXI.V. VKIi,i.S-.C().MI>()UND TICySES.
fu.m-e ^''«I'--'--"t; 1". Tl,opa.st, 3. Tho
f, ■" "■'""•' ''"■'■"""^ "f ti„,c., it wouM seen tint
tlK..,o ,„„,t l,e nil the ten.c, th.t tl.orc oan bo
I »/..,«»«// . Is/udl/>ave„al/cea.
i- I .<:>ne walked h a!.i,„li,f prcvMit W
hi
J if
fl!
i
h J
^^ LANGUAGE LESSONS.
yUccd a^inc yesterday. It is a ki.ul of present
tense, wuh then^eaning tl.nt at the present time the
action staled is completed. This mic.],t, therefore,
be called the present completed ; but in grammar it
IS usually named tlio present perfect-^^ j.erfect »
mc^mu^ perfected, that is, completed
6. J„ the same way I had walked is a i>ast tense ;
but n differs from the ordinary past, I walked
n<Mcdi^ indefinite: I walked this morni.,.., yes-
torday last year, etc. But I had walked to the
depot before the trciin arrived This is called the
vast perfect, and it makes a statement of somethhu^
done in the past before somethinff else done in the
])ast.
G. I shall have walked h called the future perfect
tense. It makes a statement of something that will
be done in the future before something else takes
place. Thus, I shall have walked to the depot
before the train will arrive. '
7. The six tenses ar-—l. Present; 2. Past; 3. Fu
lure ; 4 Picscnt Perfect ; 5. Past Perfect ; 6.
t uture l^erfect.
]\ist Cal or calls
Future .* if ' V'^' .„
7V,.,sv »< Perfect. .'. u '"* V" ^""•
J'o^t PeriWL. : '^r 'V; '?' '"'''^'^•
Future A'/yto, . ." ". su u % ,
*' 'sluiJl uv will have called.
J'-'^'^^^P^'esentpcrfect,pastpe?fect,niu}ftctureper^
feet are called com])ound tenses, because they are
formed by means of iho verb have, and have is
cnlled an auxiliartj or helpiinr yerb.
U. The present tense of this helping verb hhave;
It time tlie
tlierofore,
: ram mar it
' i)orfect "
•ast tense;
I iculkcd.
•ning, yes-
Gd to tlie
called tlie
lometliing
ne in the
re ])erfect
: tliat will
'he takes
lie de2)ot
!t;3. Fu
•feet ; 6.
avo called.
tare pcr-
tliey are
haDc is
iti have /
VEUBS — CUMl'oUND TEXSES. 69
ti.e past is had; the future is .hall have. You cau
tenses •* ^^^^^^ ^^""'^^ ""'" ^""^"^ '" ^^' compound
Presmt Per red rr „ ,
Past Perfect . . {?"/ «? "^^
10. Now what is the other part-namely, « called ? "
1 he pupil may think Ihat this is the past tense of the
verb c«/^, smee we have seen that the past tense is
UHually tormed from the present tense by addim, ed.
11. Lut this IS not the ease. And ^ve may see
Umtit^jsnottheeasebytakingastnuu, yerblike
wrue. The past tense of write is wrote. Xo^y, would
you say I ,,,,e ,.rote, I had y^rote, I shall ha^e wrote /
Certamly not; you would say I have written, ,i,.
^\^^ walked ^n I have waJked is no more the past
tense oi..ak than written is the past tense oLI^;;^
1 -. 1 h,s torm of the verb used in forming the com-
pound te.s.s is called t}^^ per feat participle.
13. Ihe I orfect participle of all ^ceak verbs is the
same in form as their past tense.
Walk+ed=walked, rerfect Participle.
Loy-fed --cloved, Perfect Participle.
r.ob-f-ed=robbed, Perfect Participle.
14. The perfect participle of strong verbs is
formed in various ways. vtios .s
Tl,c perfect i>articij,Ie of ,yo is.'
« « „ '^" '« done.
•^'^^^ 18 • J alien.
J.e perfect iKirtin'pe of tli^ASV^i f' '''"'' '""''' '"■^ '"-I
I liavo knew; wo must sLvI 1 ., ' ^^^•■^"•^^' "'<' c;uin„t s.iv
perfect purticiple. '''^ ^ ^^^'" l<uown. aud Auowi is tUe
70
Exercise 27.
(^ivc tli(. six ^.v/.s'cv of tl,c fulibwin- vcrl,H ■-
lioll. go, uamc, know, imcnt. fall, move, bring.
A'.\x. vKuns wiTirrnomum.
1. Vorl,s ,nM\,. statonionts ; and tl.oy can unko
Slut cHK.nt. not only of all nouns, but also of the ...
so?i(tl j)ronouns^ ^
-. Tlio ])ersoiiaI i»rononns are •—
Thou or y.,.,, <lc.noti„g the person or person.
^/^^ M^,;V, and Mc7/, denotin.,^ tl,e j,orson or t,ct
pumonn ot I.I10 tinrd 2^crson.
3. Now ink,. tiK. r,.rl, ,,„,«, W. onn .ny -
4. AV|,o„ wo arc speaking of <,!,o vc.-I«, we ..v tl.u
"•"^^•'-A ikon ...//';/;. ^" -' =7';'"' -l' tl.o von, : tilt, K
^s. except in pooti aud , r vcr i,. 1'^'^ '"ir «•'"« <>"t
yuakors. ^ '*"'* IH.i.\ci, aud by the Friends, or
VT.r.m WITH rnoNouNs. 71
5 In t1,c present tonsc thoro is only onool,an-o of
■o/bm of thcvorl^that Is.tl.o tl,i,.^ pc-so, t:
■"" ""= * *" •^™'-'' "f tl'" tlnnl ,,er.so„ sin-mlar in tl„.
6. In tho past tenso no niistakos can 1,,,. marto f„r
the reason that tho verl, ,locs not .han^o it, f^ m
;•"" "'7, "/ "- i"-"-onn. It is-i, /;,, ;" .:"
tlioy walked. ^ ' ' '
7 TI.e future l.as no d.nuges : it is^T you ],e
W'c, tlicy shall or ?/.',7/ .^vi//.-. ' ^ ' '
;ih^ , T "^^"'■^"' -"^'^'^^n ^.s,l.oA.. ,
^v.lIk(,], J>ut I, you, Avo, tlu.y W. M-alk.a.
10. The future perfect is shall or null lav,
walked, with all the pronouns.
Tl^e fouowi,., Httlo ta.,0 win .,iow you n,o w,.... n.ttor at a g.anc.
^;;:!f ''"'- wu.,c,u.,i.„.
J iixt tense YV'.,ii .
rutnreinise c,,,,,,
t:";"''f'"- .;;:r;u'u' ''■""'''''''■
^"<u«iW-,<-« Sl-M .„. >vii, l„.vo wal„ed.
Exercise. 28
1. 1
70
I'ANr.UAOTC LESSON'S.
xxxr. MOODS OF vq^ins.
-^^^a'±''^;;-^r^^^^ tl,at t^. io.on be
for thoDiTseiit if nimii^ i,,,,..,, / tvuce. it wjll bo enoii" 1
""'"•■iu-lat„ro tlKuroF S/- , .7 r;'*'"' l...w'--v..r, rati,,.,- of
to u later .<ui,^c^ ' •^''^■^'"•'"''""•'^'y l>u postiMmod
1. VcHwin En-i;sl,],;,vo four moods
(^0 A^^^^;./.i6'^/^e J/oo.^- as if I wrote, ihoxvAx ho
sl(vj mo. J o lu
(C-) 7»y,«-„««,. Mood: as y?nV,i, m„ your book.
I^cncl Imii a pound.
{d) Infinitive Mood : as lio onnw/.^.- You miv
«ee, I must go, -^
i2. Tlie six tenses that wo Iiavo dofincd all diffor in
regard to tinio ; but Hay all agroo in makin^/tbo
l^r^ " r ''*:' 'f "^'^ tnkln, place, and notas
^^_^^rcVy ^Ao^.yA^ of. All thoso tcn.^s agrco in indioa-
ting somo fact; and l.onoo thoyaro said to bo tonsos
of the indicative mood Mood, o- mode, nioans wav
or manner. ■^
3. A second ^ray of making a statement is by moans
of the .uhjicnatice mood. The .>d>}nnctice mood is
tha form of the verb by means of which an event is
^^poken of not nj^ a matter of fact, but as mereh,
thought of; as, If he see the signal, Tfhe haoe .een the
signal, etc. The subjunctive mood is genorallv
though not necessarily, preceded by one(.f tlie cun'
junctions, if that, lest, though, wdes^^ &,,.
4. A third way of using a verb is in giving a com-
mand, as, Come / Go / This is called the imperative
MOODS OF 7RRns.
73
id loHsnn be
1)0 oii()n;,'h
of il Vt'tl).
It, fuid tlio
•, r;itl:cr of
liii^ti'oiieil
e, I have
f)ugli ho
ir book.
"^ou may
liffor ill
ing tht^
l1 not as
iiidlca-
i tCJIlSOS
ns w ay
moans
100(1 is
vent is
merdi/
eraily,
ic cun-
i com-
rative
:r::r:::i:'"^'''''"''^''''^^''"'-"— «-
u"!;;";-?,'" /'."'i«' '■' -'-1. a verb
S. Tl,e,-c i.s «till nM.,ll„.r r.,n,. of the verl,. Tl.is is
't- J l.i.s, «o w«//t, to rid,', to run, to love. Tl.is in
nanicl the j«/«»V«(,6. mood.
6. TJ,e i„fi„itive mood can really be ,„c<l as a noun
Thus I may say, To rule is pleasant exorcise • o " I
■kc to rule. In the first o.«n,,,lc, to n'* is ,0"'.
o.m ot ve.l, that is very much nsc.l. This iscalle.l
t^^pre.entpa,-llelple. The present ,,art,eipU
verbs .s to™,ed by a.hllng ,;,, to thesin.pll. for,,:
Walk- + mg.^„„„,i„. ^^^„^^^^ ;„„,,•,,>/«.
J^oye + ing=lovi„j,, pmsct participle.
Kob + ing^robbing, present participle.
-' * V + "ife'^flyiiiS, prcseitt participle.
cUaII'IT'''" '°'''" '"""•"'' ■'-'•^■•y careful to in-
cI.Kle^,I J,e part, needed to make tl,c state.neut.
• 1. The builders will commenee to-day.
Here elie verb is wUl commnvt
2. The sun w«/ ,et before eight o'clock.
Ue,-e tlie verb Is will set.
n
** i^ANfiUAOK I.KSKONR.
3. J shall not go to bcIiooI to-day.
Here tlio verb is shall <jo ; tlic word not coinc« between
tlie two parts of the verb.
4. Kcver again shall my brotliers embrace mo.
Ilore tlie verb is shall anhrace, the two luirts arc soia.
rated by tlio words my bivUicra.
UKFEREXCK TAI5LE OF ALL TUK MOODS AXD TENSKS
OF A VKliJi.
Indicative. Subjunctive. •
f'resent i love. Presciit. . . , (7/) I lovo.
''"*■' Moved. J'ast (/>) ! loved.
l'r,M'7U prr/rct I b.ivo loved. I'rcs. per/. (Jj) I hiiKr iovf<l etc
J'dst prrUrt I llild lo\cd.
^'vtiirt' 1 .«li;iil .,/• will love.
Future perfect 1 sh:ill or will luive loved.
Imperative. * Infiuitive. Participles
[x.ve (tliou To lovo. Lovin-'
O'-youi. 1,,,,.,,"
To ii:i\o loved. IJuviii;,' loved.
Exercise 2g,
Tell the mood and the tense of eaeh verb in the
following .sentences : —
1. The vill.-i.ire boll rin-s. 2. Tl.e .storm Ims cen.sed. ?
MiowiU rouiiim. if .yo,. w...!, l^cr to do ..o. 4. Tlie iii<'r<l.;,nt
s loiild learn n.ore (•auti.m. f,. The s..verci;;n.s ro.|u...t..d oi
< oliinilui.^ ;i rrutal ol hi;* Rdvei.tiire.^. (1. I have co.i.i.lctod
.nytwelthyeur. 7. Yo,, l,;ul for^nU..,, to j;iv,. ;,n u..sun S
Me »<hall hiive left brf..re they arrive, y. iJa^te iiiv lalhrv's
hoiutto cheer. 10. The landlord aclud in u diirerent n.anner
11. My ste!...iuii.rht brf-ak Yonr n'^:t. Vi. Antweri.'^ n,orU;s
W .^ng a lu.-^j... h)r thy i.oor (.pearnieu'H souls. VX \Winm
.Saturday I shall have niatnrod all my phuLS. 14 \Vh« stcdn
/'»,
I'ASSIVK VKIiHS.
7d
XXXll PAS.SIVK VKItns.
I wrote Die lottcr. '.
Tlic letter was written by me.
1. In r;,o first c.f tl.ese sontccos the verb state,,,
Kit the subject (I; c/.V/ something; in the seeon.l,.
.he verb represents som-.thir.g as c/c..,c to the sull.
lect (the letter).
2. These forms of rej.resenting t])e sM],jret d^
rctu,r/ or ^^h>.; acted .pan) are ealle<l the acUoe
wiceimd ilwpa.sfiiue voice.
3. The passive voice is formed by wsing the vari-
>us parts of the verb ^. with the perfect .articiplc-
)i a verb. ^
liEFEIil'XCE T.\BI,E OF TilK Vi:i;n /JK
Indicative Moorf
Present Tense. Past Tnse.
■ atn.
.^'?i()ii art.
Ma is.
•\'o ;iio.
i'oii JllO.
riicy .'ire.
I liavo l)ron.
Tiiou liiist linen
llo li;is Ijouii.
We liHvc bc(>n.
You luCve 1)0011.
'liicy Jiave beew
I was.
TIioii w.'i.st.
Ho w;is.
\\'(i wore.
Yoii wore.
Tliey were.
Present P. r/eci, Pust Perfect.
I h:u] 1)0011.
'i'lidu li;!(l;-itbecii
He Jijid 1)0011.
^^■e 1i;i(l been.
Yuii li;i(l been.
They had boeu.
Fxitxiic Tenae,
I .sli.'ill be.
Thou wilt ho.
Ho will be.
Wo sliull he.
You will bo.
They will bo.
Future Perfect.
r sJiall h.'ive l)oen,
i huu wilt have been.
He wilt have been.
J\e shall have been,
ion will have been.
Ihey will have heeu.
76
Present Tense,
Iff
If thou
Iflio
If we
If .VOU
If thoy
1
ba
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
Subjunctive Mood.
Past Teiuc. Present Perfect teme
• have been.
I f I were.
If I
If tlioii wort.
If thou
If liH were.
Jf he
If wo were.
If we
If you v/ere.
If vnu.
If they were.
If tliey
Imperative Mood-
Be.
• Infinitives.
Prtaent, To be Pa-feet, To have been
Participles.
Irnpcr/ect, Being. Perfect, Been. Conumtnd Perfect, Il.ivin-;
been.
4. Only tliose verbs that can take an oljcct after
them (transitive verbs) can be made j)assive.
Exercise 30.
By reference to the table, tell tlie mood and tcjise
of each verb :
1. He was killed. 2. They nave been deceived. .'?. She h;id
l)cen tieen. 4. You will l)e beaten. 5. They will h;ivo been suni-
nioned. 6. I .am convinced of its truth. 7. The cord will bo cut
jibove the knot. 8. Have you been tan^Mit music ? <). Alfred
wan sheltered in tlie cotta2:e of a poor cowherd. 10. He himself
was accu.stomed to recite thi.s story in his ha|i|)ier hours. 11. The
British trooj.s were .advancing from Portugal into Si.ain. 12.
Yours has been forgotten. 13. Theirs will do. 14. Sir ,Tohu
Moore was wounded in the action by a cannon-ball. 15. II<»
Vr-ould in th.at ea.se be punisiicd, IVi. Time wilt have been wast(Mi
witliout any result. 17. Are you mistaken ? 18. In a few minutes
be would have been drowned. i;t. liv a series of criminal euter-
prises, the liberties of Europe had b'eeu extinguished. 20. Are
you satisfied ?
itiftjjGULAii visiins.
77
hi
i tense
been.
leon.
ct, Il.ivinj:
'ict after
e.
lul tcfise
Slio l);ul
)ci!ii siim-
'iU 1)0 t;ut
9. Alfred
[e liiinsolf
11. The
.;iiii. 12.
Sir .loll II
. 15. IIh»
eii vv;ist(i(I
V iniimtes
Hill cutor-
20. Are
XXXIII STRONG VEllUS.
1. Weak verbs, or verbs of the weak oon j„^.ation
|mn their pa^ tc.se (indicative) and perl;;
.cM>Ie by add.ng .,/ to the present. Verl>s that
fonn these parts by modifying the vowel sound of
the root are called stro?if/ vei-bs.
Jlu^V""''! ''"'"' ^''''' '^"•^^' -'"'^^ P^''-f^'«t par-
tuple of a verb are called its ;>rmc-^.// ;..r^,s, for
.0 reason that, having these, m'c can easily fo.-n all
the other ])arts of the verb.
f..ffiui.ov'si;;';^^:;^i;i^7'^^'^ ^•«''^« -'- sovanod m
will 1,0 f„„„cri„tlo«upilZeri;t\"S ^ '•'""'''"^^' "'^^
are hero -iivcii : ^ ^ 'i^ineiu , unt a few of the most iiuj,ortaut
I.
Present Past. Perfect Part.
IJic-vk, hroKe, broken
l-orsake, forsook, fcjisaken.
Jake, took, taken.
U ear, wore, Avorn.
Wraw, drew, diawu.
olay, giew, slaiu.
Present.
I':at,
Freeze,
Speak,
i5e-in.
Drink,
Give.
Past.
Prrfcct Part
ate,
eaten.
froze,
frozon.
spoke.
spoken.
be -an.
be^i^iiii.
drank.
drunk.
save.
given.
Correct the following errort In verba ;
l«»-id. .5. ] have novoi .f,. ?"i • ■''^ (Imwcd a hbTvv
Knu,K.iu..n^v^.oK.ie io : ^;'.;:^;,f"'f'■i;^"r' - ^'''i-. <^
you were uut couung. 8. The witor walfr J.e. °"" ^"^ *'''"^
II.
Present. P^ist. Perfect Port l Present
Lie,
Lav,
^Vrite,
Know,
Come,
Catdi,
lav,
laid,
wrote,
Iviiew,
lain.
laid.
written.
known,
came, come,
caught, caught.
Past Perfect ^nrt
Hod,
flew.
fled,
flov «
paw,
rose,
stole.
seen,
risen.
Ktoleu
aat.
7S I.ANtJt'AdK l,hSSON.S.
Cyrrout tho lullowiii;* onors in veil. a :
1. John Ims \vr..tn ;i, le(t<>r. 2. Tlic sim lias mso. .'5. F seo liim
ycstorilay. 4. 'I'lio binls havo (low luvay. r.. Tim -at rate!' ed n
luoiisn. (]. The bouli lays on tlio tahlo. 7. Mo laid on tli'j ^o(a
8. I kuowpd lin liad went. 0. The girl was scon -om,:,' tip tlio liill.
10. The lien sets on lier c^^gs.
3. Tho pupil li.is often Lccii told tlifit « I done it "
is nn.l Kno-lisli, and al.so that " I havo nrnt " is had
Eni^dish. Wo must ho particularly cai oful to avoid
such errors.
4. Tho i)rincipal parts of the vQvhfh aro : present
tense, ^?o/ pa.st tense, '■.?/ p(Tfeet i)articiple, c^a;<c.
5. The person \vh" .vays "T dc
one It means to
make a statement of v^n time, just as if wc Avere to
say, I walked. Now, thu pa.st tense of do is did ;
hence the only way of makinu the statement intend-
ed is to say, " I did it,
?>
n. The won! d>
o/i
e is \\\o perfect p((rtic!ph of tho
verb do ; hut i i)artici}>le cannot by itself make any
statement at all ; so that I done it is utter nonsense.
If you were to say. He gone to town, it Avould be
just as sensible as to say I done it.
1. Tell, for tho same roa-^on, why " John drunk some water "
Is wrong
2. Tell why " We scm an elephant" is bad Enj,'lish.
7. Tho mistake in ^^Iham toent^' {?, in usin<T a
past tense instead of a ])orfect })articiplc to form a
compound tense. The present perfect tense of tlie
verb go is intended ; viz., " I have gone "
F sen l\!ni
r;it(r 0(1 a
til') ^:o(.l
iptlio hill.
'J<^))C it "
' is 1,;i.i
to avoid
rnnASKs wirrr rAnTir-irr.^s.
8. Aiinflior vcrv (m
79
18 sJiown 111 tlicse sentcncGs :—
I C0W6 to town tills inornin^r.
He cowc to my store.
Tlio scntenoo sliould bo, " I o,,rnP u^ tn»-„ n •
present
lo, do)ie.
lonns to
Avcre to
is (ltd ;
intcnd-
of llio
like anv
•risen so.
)ukl bo
Exercise 31.
Correct tlic errors in vorl.s in the following sen-
tcnees, ami tell the nature of the mistakes :- "^
as 1.0 ouu. Louis, 'hu \ t ; ; '^ ,.. ;".•';';- '"^^ •'!''"'< - ""-■''
li;is hinko liis word. | s.^o U tl ^ '','.?' ""'-''^'- '^''''^t hov
Juno liiirf l.e-u!i to sualy (ion ,'u ^ ''"'■' '•' '^^•'i"l""lly w..ve.
e water
isiiijx a
form a
of the
XXXIV,, PHRASES WITir PARTICIPLES.
1. We have so far seen that there are three «^r.
hciples-^,^ present, the ,,ast, an.l the perfeet. It
-important that we understand what participle
are, for they are used in making ;;/,m,,,. ^
2. A participle is ho called becanse it p^rn'm^a/.,
or shares partly i„ the nature of a verbf and ^
Mil
lit
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
h
/.
/
i/.x
^6
I
1.0
I.I
£ \& 12.0
L25 i 1.4
1.6
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
\
■^
\
\
\
IN^ ^ <!» Wei.
i\
'1j"^" ■•^''^'*"
>
,^
i?
m
i
80
LANGUAGE LliSSONS.
of an adjective. A verb is a statoinont-word ; but
a participle can only participate \u makiug a state-
ment.
1. The river is Jlovnng.
Here " is flowintr " is a verb, nnd " flowing." the present
participle, helps to form this verl). " presciu
2. The v'wQY.Jiowing from the mountains, watois
the phiin.
Here the participle " flnwinj?" docs not makoanvsMtement- it
is an adjective, and " llowinj,' from the mountains " is a phrase.
3. The Nile is hwicn to rise in Abyssinia.
kno^^^ *''^ ^^^* purticiple " known " forms part of the verb is
4. Tlie Nile, komon to rise in Abyssinia, flows
through Egypt.
Here tlie past participle " known " maken no statement, nnd
li,l"*T''L^Hn ,'''«''" ' ''"' e.xprcssion "known to rise inAh'-l
Diimi IS cv pniasei ■
3. A number of separate statements' with par-
ticipial phrases may be combined into a single sen-
tence.
J^xa7)ii>Ic 1.
1. Tlie gallant soldier fell.
2. He was covered with wounds.
By taking out from the second statement the phrase •' eoverfd
reiicV'-" '' ""'" '^ '"'*' ''"" ''''■"^' "« i''U'c tir s[m^
The gallant soldier fell, covered with wounds ;
or, Covered with wounds, the gallant soldier fell.
jL'j.xnjiple '2.
1. We saw (I beautiful landscape.
2. We had dimbed to the top of the hill.
3. The landscape was stretched below us.
COXJUNCTIONS.
Thxj fiisl is tlic principal Htatemont. T
two .stat»;monts into jthruscs, and coinl
witii the ininoipjil ttatonicnt, we J
81
ransfonninj; tlie otiier
niii- tlieso two plinises
lave the lullowin^r sentence :—
Having climbed to tlie lop of the lull,
beautiful landscape stretched belo
we saw a
w us.
Exercise 32.
Combine oacli sot of =.'at( inouts into a single
sentence with phrases. 'lUe ])rincii»al statement
comes first.
1. I lay clown to rest. I was exhausted by latigne.
Thl V'r"^ ^''^ nonVmg in the ocean an tninicnse irro-„lar nn^<,
L.t tbe tMohor mak. up addition.) ». „ ,« to bo oomblnod.
■•f
Hi
XXXV. CONJUNCTIONS.
France and Switzerland are republics.
I went because lie asked mo.
1. The M'ord "and" makes one statement out of
wliat otherwise must be two : France is a rej)ublic,
'1
'M
in
8'J
f,.\N(iUAtili: LKSSUNS.
S\vil/,t'rl;iii(l is a rciniblic. Tlio worti "lu'ciiise"
comu't'ts tlio two stMtcnicnts " I wonl" and "Jjo
asked me" into one sentenee.
jiiul and Jirrtnisr aru called I'niijtmctiDiis.
2. .])KKi.\rri()V. — Conjunctions are connective
words which have neither a pronominal nor
an adverbial signification,
Tlioy arc called conjnnetions Lecauso llicy join
wonls an<l sentenees toiretlier. I>nt y/V/,o, v'/Vi/rA,
and f./ifU are prnnonn,^^ nnd yet tliey connect sen-
tences. And in like manner, ?/V/f.7/, ?^'/i^??vj, &e., !iro
advai'hs and tliey also connect sentences. Other
connective words are c(»njnnctions.
1. Polly and A\\mv sini^f sweetly.
2. The ship sails swiftly, aUhonf/h she is lieavily
laden.
"And" is a crmjniu'tion. odniioctiiicr statoniontH by -joining
tlic two nouns of tlio .siil)j(Ht, "riilly" ami "Annie."
" AUli()iiL;h " introduces a duiieiulciit staloincnt.
3. Dkfixtttox. — Co-ordinate conjunctions
connect words or statements c c same rank
in a sentence.
4. There is another class of conjunctions, called
subordinate conjunctions.
ILLUSTUATIONS.
1. I will not go unles? yon accompany me.
2. I will lielp you, if you wisii me to do so.
"lJnU>SH"iH u conjunction, cniiiioclJiit; tii(! two st-itenicntH
"I will not p)" and" you accouiiiauy iuo." "If" is .'v cnn-
jnncUon, coinicctini,' the two statements " I will help you "
and " you wish nio to do so."
5. l)EFixiTio>r. — Subordinate conjunctions
connect a qualifying or dependent statement
with a principal statement.
6. The princij)al co-ordinate conjunctions arc
and, Imt, or, therefore. The principal subordinate
coiijuuctioiis arc that^ {/', thuayhi unless.
i:-'|:
niHVIEW LESSOR.
Exercise 33.
A.
Name llio conjunction.'^, .mihI tell wlu'tlio^
arc co-ordindte or subordinate.
}■ I WClit fil'st. nild llO foll..U0(] ,110 ^ Voifl.nr .. IT
fi.Hil..r8 iH.uI.l a.lvuM.'o. .'!. I will t H Kh.rif i , ' ''''
'mil hccjiiiso 10 list Invc.l li I- I \.'> •^' "■' *•• •'• >\
d3
they
ors nor
4. No
<i Invcil
it Jour
i!l
B.
...t.o„ in tlio omi; :{.' ContoniimM t' is bo. "^ ' i ;:;r'"VlV'
7. DEFixrnox.-Interjections express sud-
den or strong feeling.
|p
' ^1
XXXVI. REVIEW LESSON
I— The Parts of Speech-
1. Words are ,livl,lea into eight classos, cdled
Jic jiarts of si)eecli. Those are—
1. Nouns.
2. Pronouns.
3. Adjeetives.
4. Verbs.
0. Adverbs.
0. P'-ej)ositiona.
7. Conjunctions.
8. Interjections,
1 1
if
84 LANGUAOB LESSONS.
I. Noun3 are nameS'
IT. Pronouns stand for noims.
HI. Adjectives describe OF limit things.
IV. Verbs make statements-
V. Adverbs describe actions and qualities.
vr l'rop(»sitii)ii3 .... .join words-
VII. (joiijii nations comicct words orstatonionts-
VIII. liiiorjuciiuiis express sudden and strong
feeling.
2. iMroiiTAN^T DiRKCTiox. — Til tolling the parts
of spcccli, pupils must boar in mind that it is the
meaninf/ of a word tluit dotorminos tlie ol.iss to
which it belongs. The same word may be any one
of two or three parts of 8]>ecch, according to its
meaning in tlio soiitonce. Thus : —
1. Pcoi)lc tliat live in glass liouscs should not
throw stones.
Tlio word "ijjl.'iss" in thi.^ sentence is an ndjcctine, bccanso
it (lcstM'ilie.>< tho thinji;, " /lo^.se.s'." In t!ie scntgnco, "Windows
arc niado ot (jlaas,'' tlia same word i.s a noun, becanse here it
is a name.
2. Sometimes we see a ship ; sometimes we
ship a sea.
The first word "slnn" in this sentence i.s a noun^ becan.se
it is the name of a llung : the second "ship" is a lov^, be-
cause it makes a statement.
3. Without one if ov but.
The words "if" and "but" are usually con/unc<io?i3, as
here used thoy arc nouns.
4. Come to mo at four o'clock, that [conjunc
tion] I may show you how to do that [adjective]
puzzle that [pronoun] I got for you.
As a review exerclae, lot the pupils open thoir Rfi.aders and teU th?
parts of B|ieecli lu ^ number of pasaagoij,
REVIEW LESSON.
IL— Inflection of Words.
85
3. The same word may l»e nsod in various ways,
to express ll.e same thin- .IJflVrently. But we must
Mien alter tlie form of th.. word, to suit tl.o inteiulrH]
change of tliou-hf. S,„I. ehan-cs in tlie form of
M'ords are eallod Injlcvtlons.
4. Five of ilio ci,<r],t classes of words ehant,^e lh(>ir
form ; that is, are b,flvctcd. These are nouns, pro-
nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. Tlnve—
prepr,sitions, conjunctions, and interjections— are
not inflected ; that is, they undergo no change.
5. A noun is inflected to mark the plural
number and the possessive case.
x!?uh\' Xl!"'lSA'hJlonM.ftiu;?, yVr'^' ""' ""V"«. review Ice.ons TX..
X VU, ^M\.\o^\ (;t tho poHsesMivo ease, review LosBon
6. Pronouns are changed to express person,
number, gender, and case.
she, it. ^ ' ' "'^"'^ ^'''"'"' y«" : '^'■'•'^ V<ir^on, l.o,
«Ae!LTd1^f I'Jl?! ' '' "^ •• ^' y«" («'^' '--. ^^--) 5« you ; of he.
diKlrwoXfor;!? '"•'^r""?^ the third person aloi.e hns
BfWSIV
nouns, review Lwsou XX v!
7. Adjectives and adverbs are inflected to
express the comparative and the superlative
aegrer ^
if
I
I,
i, ',
I 1 ■!
■ I
i.'\
'm
III
86
LANGUAOK LESSONB.
IHT" Tlio iiifloction for tlio comiifirativo do-irro of ndjoctivps
ami ;ulvorl)s is tlio siiilix cr ,• for tlio siiik rliitivo dfnico, Urn
Hillix est. For tli(^ coiiipurii^on of iul jcctiviis, rcvir'w Lrsson
XIV. ; for the i-oiuiiiirison of adverlw, rii'view Lesson XVIII.
8. Verbs aro infloct(Ml to nmrk tlio j.ersoii and
ihijiiIkt of tlifir subjects m only two iiislaiu'cs, as
Rocn on ])a!jfo 75.
(1) Tlioyurc ulso inflected to nmik the diffoient tcnson and
liartioii)lo8.
(2) Ell is added to .all weak verbs to form tlm past toiiso and
tlie perfect iiartifijile. Tlie jiiist tense and the pcil'cit participle
of strong; veihs are formed in a yre;it variety of ways.
(^) hui is tlie inflection fortlie iiresent participle of nil vorlis
Tilt! otiicr oliaii-cs in verbs are made, not by inllfction, bnt by
the Mso of aiixiiiary uoids.
Exercise 34.
Tell t]io i7>Jlecti07is in the follow inir wor<ls ; "-Ivo
the simjdo form of the word, and tell the huc of
tlie hillection : —
m
, i;t!^
MonKL.— Child's : apostrophe with s is an inflection added to
•the siin[)le form of the noun c7u7ti, and marks the iiossessivo
• silly ular.
1. Boy's. 2. Sleeps. 3. Flowing. 4. Flowers. 5. Sweeter,
fi. Tnlied. 7. Children's. 8. Nicest. 0. riercinjf. 10. Given.
11. llor.scs'. I'J. UisiniT. 13. Taxes. 14. Whitest, l.n. Vonrefl.
10. ('oar.scr. 17. IJlesscd. IH. Girl'.*. !!>. Ships. 20. Ship's.
21. Fishin.!,'. 22. Fishes. 2.'l Oxen. 24. Fairest. 2r>. Lowlier.
2(1. Hallowed. 27. Skies. 2,S, One'.s. 20. llannts. 'Ml Ye.ar's.
;^1. Hours. 32. His. .'«. Faster. M. V.arnislied. .T.. Sheep's.
31). Coldest. 37. Loveliest. 38. Hurried. 3D. Slcepinj?. 40.
Heaveii'a.
XXXVII. ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SEXTEXCKS.
1. A simple sentence makes a single statement,
by means of one subject and one predicate.
2. TJ.ip analysis of a sinijije sentence consists in
ANAKVHlS Ol*" SlArM.lJ SfiN rKNci:R.
J<7
ndjoctivna
U'l^rco, (lio
Will.
•son nnd
aiu'os, as
tonsp.« and
toiiso nnd
|i.'ii'li('i|)l(!
nil voi'ltx
on, but hy
Is ; rrive
! HttC of
I nddod to
liossc's.sivc
Swector.
10. Givoii.
'». I'oiiiod.
:0. «]ii|.'s.
. Ln\vli(!r.
0. Yeur's.
. Slioep's.
[liii}?. 40.
:xcEs.
It em en t,
nsists in
I'<>5i.(ing o„t the subject and tl.c i.ro.liratc, nn.l llic,
enlMr-crnent or enlar-enicnts, if any, of the subject
and ot the predicate.
^^^^The sin.ple subject of a simple sentence may
1. A noun ; 2. A j.ronoun ; 3. A j.hrasc.
IM.L'STJIATIONS.
1. ('oU is a metal. Wal/duf/ is ^ ^od exercise,
jl.e sNl»Jeet of tbe first sentence is the n<.un
"1,'old ;" of the second, the noun "wa,lkin^^"
ti. Wo hear the music. The subject is tl^e i.ro-
noun " we."
3. 7h walk is good exercise. The subject is the
phrase "to walk."
4 Fhhhu,for trout is fine fun. The subject
IS the phrase "fishing for trout."
1. Tlie snow fell heavily. 2. Writing Ictt. ••. was:
•er daily occupation. 3. We ^re brothers. 4. Ta
torget an mjury is the mark of a noble mind. .5.
l..it day I oft remember. 6. Books are not
nead thmufs.
1. A verb by itsclt-if tl,e verb is a con,,,lete
2. A verb and its comploment-if the verb i«
an incomplete verb.
NoTR.— All trnvRitive ver1)^~tlnt lo ,.«»k
is culled tho ol^^!^ ^''J"^^-'^^*^ mcomulcte. Their couiplemcut
f \-
88
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
Tlic vc b be, iiiwl .'I fow voihs tliat roiitaiii the sonsp. of tlie verb
hf, !is hi('(i/}i(\ .<t<i7/i, feel, etc., tnko, jih tlieir coiiiiilcmcnt, either
im juljpctivo (culled praiicatc iuljcctive) ov n unun (caWtnl j>i'cdi(:atc
iiomiiiittivc).
5. In tlio KontoDce Jiirds shif/, llie verb " sing "
is tlic jinvlioali' ; "sing" is a ('oinj>lc'te verl>; that
is, it makes full sense by itself.
6. In tlie sentenco (^(thonhtm discovered America^
tlic sini])le jiredicalc is " discovered America!" Tlie
verb "discovered" alone does not form tlie i)redi-
cate, l)ecausc "(Jolumbus discovci'ed'''' does not
make coni])letc sense. " Discovered " is an incom-
plete verb.
7. T/ie sl'if is hlue. Here the simple jn'edicate is
" is blue." The verb he is here an incomi)lcte verb.
8. "When the wrh is an i?icomplete verb, the predi-
cate consists of the vei"b and whatever word is
necessary to com))lete the sense.
In the following Bcfttuncna, point out tlio simplo predicatoB. Ttjll
whether the verb is compleLo or iiicomplote; and If complete, toll
what is its complement.
1. The sun shines. 2. I like ilowers. 3. He
"wishes to go. 4. Napoleon was chosen emperor.
5. Tlie vessel sailed yesterday. G. Glass is trans-
parent.
Model of Analysis — Simple Subject and
Predicate.
1. The birds sing.
TliisJs a simple sentenco, booanse it contains only one subject
anri one ]iro(lic;ite. Tlie subject is the noun " birds!" The predi-
cate is " sing.''
2. You are scholars.
Tliis is a simple sentence, bocauso it contains only one ubject
and one itrcdicate. Tlio 8ul)jcct is the pronoun " vou." The
predicate is "are scholar.^." " \ro " is an iucouipleto verb, and
•'scholars " is its :omplemeut.
if tlie vorb
out, eitlier
dj>rcdicule
»
"sing
rb; that
{mericay
in!" Tlie
ic j)redU
oes not
I iiicoiii-
ilicfitc is
!te verb.
ic prcd U
word is
atoB. Tt;ll
aplcto, toll
3. Jle
mperor.
is traus-
AN4 LYSIS — EKLAUGKI) KUIUliCT. 80
3. To lie is disgraceful.
4. The fishofiiiaii brought a lobster.
TliLs If) a Himple Honteiioft, The subioct im " Hm r, \ ..
Exercise 35.
Analyze the following sentences :
B.
Write a simple sentence, containing a simj.le sub-
jectand predicate, on each of the following subjects.
When done, analyze the sentences :—
1. WiiKls.
2. Muniing.
3. Rain.
4. Snow.
5. Wliont
6. NiKht
■ I
, I
and
subject
riie predi-
le subject
Ll." Tlio
verb, Jind
XXXVIII. ANALYSIS - ENLARGED SUB-
JECT.
1. A noun, the simple subject of a simple sen-
tcnce, may be enlarged by—
^ L An adjective; as, hri<jht sides; sornehooU.
-. A noun in the posses.^ive case ; as, the av^vs
rays. 3. A noun in apposition; as, Alexander the
coppersmith. 4. An adjective phrase; as, men
of renovjn.
%
LAN(5tJAGK LKSSONH.
2. Adjective |)lirast's an; ^crKTull)' iiitrcHluccd hj
prt'liositions or by ])artici|»Ii.'s. Tlius:
1. 'Mou of rrnnwn. [VhrnaomtmihicpiX hy a prrpo.^idtm.] 2.
The l);ill()itii,////r(; inilh (/(ts, (lo.-Uod ii[tiii tliu air. [riir;it«) intro-
duced by i\ iiarliiijilc]
Model of Analysis.
1. Heavy rai») falls.
Thfl
I-
'I'liis is n siiiipln sciitciife. Tli«f sini|>Ip siilijcct is " niiti " Tl
Hiil.jcot is enl.ii-e.i by tiii^ .-uljivtivo " lieuvy/' Tiic siiiii.lc nml
cato is " falls." It is not onliii-cd.
2. Jolm's book is torn.
Tins is !i simple soiitonre. Tlio simplo snlijcct is " Ixtdk," Tho
Piiliject is pnlai-c'(l by tiio noun " Jolm's,'' in tlic n<wscssivec;use.
J lie picdiwito is " is torn.''
3. The study of history iiiiiiroves tlio mind.
Tliis is a simple sontonco. Tlie simple snbject is "ptndv " TIio
Piibjcct is enliir-c'd by tlm {idji't-tive "the." and bv the ndjootivo
pUruBe 01 history.*' The inedicato id " imi)rove8 the mind."
Exercise 36. .
A.
Analt/ze the following .siinnle sentences accordhif*
to the j)revious model : —
2. Great men are rare. 2. The liiiiitsinan's horn awnUe the
echoes. '6. Sir J.-rac Nowton, tlie f^icat pliih.Mjpjier, was an
Knnlifilmian. 4. Many friends of mv youth have perished 5
Iho army, having cros.sed the Uliine, entered Franco. (I F\-
Iiausted by fiitijjue, we hiy dowu. 7. The little bird's aon- is
sweet. "
B.
Ill the following sentences, enlarge the subject
by introducing ac^ectives^ or adjective j'/iruses^ or
both: —
MoDKr,.— Tlio bridge spans the river. Enlavf/rd— The great iron
bridge, built by a slulful engineer, spans the river.
1. The bridge sp.'ins tlie river. 2. The modiauic rej-aired the
engine. 3. Snakes infest the country. 4. Milton wrote " Para-
dise Lost.*' 5. Birds fly. 6. The fox stole the hens. 7. Jiees
gather houoy. 8. Music soothes, l). The (ire Itnrns. 10. The day
is ya.sstid. 11. liumbuldt id dead. IJ. Jjuukd yltioso me.
ANALYSIS — EXLaRGKD PRKIUCAT
lucud hj
ftition.] 2.
ras«i iiitro-
91
lin." 'Thn
iiplc i)rt'(li-
ook." riio
Hsivo Ciise.
ul.
Kly." Tlio
' ;viljoctive
mind."
cording
woke tlie
islii'il. 5.
(!. K\-
8 Btin.;; is
subject
aseSy or
jrcat iron
'.'liroil til 6
,0 " Para-
7. Jioes
The day
KXXJX. ANALYSIS-ENLAUGKD TliKDI.
CATK.
1. A corii/^lete verb forming the prclicatu of a
acuLljuco iti <iulargu(l by—
1. An a«lvt'rl>.
2. An adverbial p.;rase.
ILLUSTllATIOXS.
1. The horse ran sici/ilf^. [Enlargement by au
adverb.]
2. Great men lived during t/ie sixteenth cm.
tury.
[Knlargcment by an adverbial phrase.]
2. A noun used as the complement of an incom-
riote verb may be enlarged in the same way as the
«imple subject. Thus :— .
1. The rain has injured the growinfj crops^.
•";;io\vin.r.'' mjuiod, Is enhu-ed by tlie adjootivo
. <-;J;/ ''''"' ^'Syi'lians embalmed the bodies of their
3. We i.assed a shepherd tending his sheep.
Model of Analysis.
1. The army advanced rapidly.
TUia \s ?\ simple scntouce. The subject is " the army "-not ei^-
ri.
•lii
n
92
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
larged. The simple predicate is "advanced." Tlic predicate ig
eiilurged by tlio adverb " riipidly."
2. A Spirit liauuts llie year's laBt hours.
1
Tliis l8 a simple sentence. The subject is "a spirit" The
e)mi)le predicjito is "haunts the hours." The coniplenient of
liaunts' IS the noun "h •• - - '
' year's " and the adjective
liaunts' IS the noun "hours." It is enlarged by the nouD
"year's" and the ad iectivo "last,"
Exercise 37.
A.
Analym the following simple sentences :
1. Rich men should give liberally. 2. The horn of the hnntor
IB hoard on the hill. 3. My dear mother will soon be here 4
The squirrol eyes askance the chestnuts browning. -6. iJcavon
from all creatures hides the book of fate. G. Souie birds of picv
having secured their victim, fly with it very swiftly to their nests'
7. The Blotli, in Its wild stato, passes its life on trees.
B
In the following sentences, enlarge the })retli('.alo
by means of adverbs, adverbial phrases, or both :—
MoPKL.— Wo go to swim. Enlanjcd—VfQ often go to swim in
the river.
1. The sun shines. 2. The moon shines. 3. They learn tl-f>ir
lessons. 4. The British soldl(!rs fought br:ivoly. 5. James wrote
o *^}^^-^ ^- ^* ^^ pleasant to watch the stars. 7. We took shelter
8. Iho firo burns. 1). IJees gather honey. 10. Uirds flv. 11 "
FushcB swim.
XL. REVIEW OF PUNCTUATING SIMPLE
SENTENCES.
1. The comma, period, point of interrogation, and
point of exclamation, are the only marks used ip
punctuating simple sentences,
rcdicate is
irit." The
)lenient f)f
tlio nuuo
tiio linnt.or
i here. 4.
5. iJcfivPti
s of prey,
leir ue.sts
cod i cat o
botl) :—
oswiin in
sfirn tlv^ir
les wrote
k Hhcilter. ,
fly. 11.
MPLE
on, and
used ip
REVIEW OF rUNOTUATINO SIMPLE .-^ENTENnEf?. f)S
2. Close a declarative sentence with the period,
an^ interrogative sentence with the interrogation
I)oint, and an exclamatory sentence with the point
of exclamation.
It is cold to-day.
Is it cold to-day ?
How cold it is to-day !
The Comma.
Rule I.-Words of the same class in a se-
ries, taken individual or in pairs, arc sepa-
rated by commas.
The calm, cool, resoluU man presented a noble
example of dariiirr.
Russia exports xt^heat, tallow, flax, and hides.
no? to LlSmratel ^""^^''^'"^^^ ^^«^d« Joi»e^l by and or or are
Rule II._A phrase, unless very closely con-
nected with the word to which it belongs is
to be marked off by a comma.
1. In spite of all difficulties, they resolved to
make the attempt.
2. Tlio Indian monarch, stimned and bcioildered
saw his faithful subjects falling around him.
But in the sentence, " Our house i.s beautifully
situated about tln-ee miles from town," the phrase
about three miles from toim h too closely ioincd in
construction to be separated by a comma.
Rule Ill.-In a succession of phrases, each
phrase is to be marked off by a comma.
J!
I j
94
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
At daybreak, tlic combiner] fleets were distinctly
seen from tlie Victory's head, formed in a dose line
of battle ahead, on the starboard tack, about twelve
tniles to leeward, and standing to the south.
Rule IV.— Adverbs like however, indeed,
TiiEKEFoiiE, etc., being equivalent to phrases,
are generally marked ofF by commas.
The story, however, was pronounced untrue.
No man, indeed, is always }in])])y.
Rule V.— Words or phrases in apposition
are marked off by commas.
James Watt, the improver of the steam engine,
was a native of Greenock.
Exercise 38.
Punctuate the following simple sentences :
1. lie was blessed with a sound understniidin-r mi intrenid
fpmt a benevolent heart 2. In our present ;uTvanc(' st'
It IS a discrace not to be able to write xond Kn-l sli 3 In
carrynig a barometer froni the level of the TIiiu-kn to tlio to
of St. Paul's Church in London the mercMiTv falls hal.uiS
inarkms an ascent of about live hundred' feet 4 I w sad
how dreary how desolate is this scene 5. Is it not nleas-int
in the niornin.o; to brush the dew upon the u pin ml lawn (f
Blilton the author of " hnadise T,ost " was blind 7 Tie
N,UM>al b(,■^.^^ .ixiven the fleet w. i.ulu.d i-nrhor 8. The croVir
Bells tea coHeo 8U.L;ar and spic^es '.». On the rich and the do-
2Smp" " ' ""^ ^"'"'"' *''" ^""^^^'"^ ^""^^-^d don wi h
XLI. REVIEW OF MAKING SIMPLE SEN-
TENCES.
1. In the previous lessons we have learned all that
goes to make up a simple senteucp,
listinctly
close line
ut twelve
I.
INDEED,
)hrases,
ue.
josition
engine^
n intrppid
iced 8t;ito
sh 3. hi
to tlie top
f .'in inch
Hiiw sJid
t plc'iisaiit
hnvu (i.
7. Tho
lio grower
] the n\0'
own with
: SEN-
all tha^
llEVlh V OE MAKING SIMPLE SEXTENCES. 05
2. A 8im]>le sentonoe contains but .1 single stnto
mi'nt, and therefore it can liave only one subject
and one ])redlcatc.
3. A sentence, however, may be simple, and still
<ontain a [^nvat inniiy AT->rds. This is i)ecause the
sinij.K' sul>;ect— the noun— ?nay be enlaru^ed by
words and ]>y phrases, and the simple predieato^
the verb— may be eida ood in the same way.
Birds fly. ^
Tliis is a siini.le seiitnice in its briefest form.
^ Some birds of j)rey, having secured their vie-
tim, fly with it very swiftly to their nests.
This is still a simple sentence, but both subject and predi-
cate are enlar^^ci by words and plirases.
4. By way of practice and review, we shall now
have au exercise in buildiiig up simple sentences :^
Separate State-
ments. . .
1. A balloon is a hag.
2. It i.s a thin ba^.
3. Tt is a Ii;;ht ba;;.
•{ 4. It is made of varnisliod silk.
5. It is generally shai)cd lilcc a -lobo.
(5. It is filled with a (luid li-htcr than
common air.
( A J'.ALr.oox IS A thia ('J), i;,,ht (3) Hah.
\ juiiu U(//aer than cornnion air ((J).
" 1. Colvmb'is vt'tunira (,, Sjinin,
<5p.«nr-of^ c* * -• lie returned in HIKJ.
oeparate btate- o u i ,
merit** i 1 • ",'*^",* !^""'^ months hi ex-
Combined
Combined
plormg the delightful regions.
4. These regions were now first tliro\vn
open to i'vuropean eyes.
In 1493, Columbus returnod to Si)nin
having spent some months in ex-
ploring the delightful regions now
nxat thrown opeu to Europeau eye*
i.
'11
9C
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
6. Tlic reverse oisipU/iesis, orbuildingup dct.'Kjlied
statements into a simple sont(*ncc, is rlietorical artal.
yais — tliat is, writing in separate sentences tlie dif-
ferent statements implied in the original sentence
Thus —
GoMsmith the antlior of tlic " Deserted Vil-
lage," wrote with j.erfect eh-gaiice and beauty,
m a style of mellow tendei-ness and elaborate
simplicity. *
This scntoncc may bo resolved into the following stivtc-
uicijts :
1. Goldsmitli wrote with perfect elegance.
2. Goldsmith was the author of the " Deserted
Village."
3. He wrote with p^s-fect beauty.
4. He wrote in a style of mellow tenderness.
0, He wrote in a style of elaborate simplicity.
6. Pupils should learn, first of all, to express tlieir
thoughts in simple sentences. They often fall into
the habit of writing long, loose, ill-constructed sen-
tences. In order to form the habit of clear compo-
sition, remember the following : —
Uui.K. — Do not combine disconnected state-
ments by means of conjunctions or relative
pronouns ; but write short sentences, each
expressing a complete thought. And when-
ever you have written a very long, involved
sentence, break it up into two or more brief
and clear sentences.
.vniK stiitc-
coxsthuction op nouxs.
Exercise 39.
97
Combine the following groups of statements so
that each group shall form a simple sentence :—
r...Mif.(f^f^r''f''f''-'",l-''''^' ^^'^ '"^ coiniuoivi.'il city. It w tl.e
cupiUiI of Lugland. It is situated ou the liivor Tluiiut'^.
It?; m.urof''illf'''i; 1 ^* I' *^'r".y ^^'^^'- '^ ''^ ■■' 1'1"« ^i'-'^^^^.
with lice? ' '"^ '" ''"" ^''^""^^ ^'^«^"'^»- ^' i« t'i"""t"a
3 C/iar^es X/7 , of Sweden was tJe/cnted. H« wjis dnfoatod -it
5. 77i« smxmlers came to the hermit's cell. Tliev oaino on tho
third day. Thoy came by the directiun of the peSnts
Cliango papers and write letters of critidani. Notice—
1. Is the sentence a sim])lo soiitoncr!? 2 Are therp inrr
nnstakes of spellins; ? .'{. Is the puMctu.ition correct ? 4 aZ
the phrases arranged iu the l,.,st possible n.a, ner ? f, Ifm ti S
sentence any other faults ? Can 'you improve t in a^y wly ? '^
f*
XLII. COXSTRIJCTION OF NOIWS.
(1-) Nouns as Subjects.
1. The usual place of a noun as the aubject of a
sentence is before the verb ; as, A messenger was
sent. But in certain cases this order is invertetl—
1 When for tlie sake of emphasis, some other important
w<iid or phrase is put first; as, (a.) Never will a ,,r^ ) ,/ ^.
8ent to 80 dishonourable a pmceedin/^ ; I M iami 1^ IS
^ustashe was writing to him ; (O^'h'/tn'e ^><SZ^^^Z
a3 JL" «®"*ences which report a dialogue, as, said lie renlied I
and the like ; as. Come, said mxijYmxa. make haste I ^ *
I '
98
LANCFAr.E LESSONS.
tlioro ?" "'*^"^-'''*'''^ ''^"'^ '" iuipf^nitivo sciitrnoca ; as, Arc you
,a^yT^^'^ Bubje(^ts !n the followhig sentences, and show iu wha*
respect their lAiira la not tlio u.^u;il ouo.
1. Down fell tlie lioiise with a ^ivjit orasli. 2 Grcit i<
Diiina of tho Kplu^ifuis. o. Then n.so iiuni ;-ou to sky the'wilci
laicwell. 4. U h,it willbeconieof tho |iii(ir sliopi) ? " tliouclit
Klio. 5. Has au answer yet been lecLived ? G. May lie bo
(2.) Use of the FossoGsive Form.
William's sliiirc was five tliousand dollars.
Mary's sliarc was five tliousand dollars.
2. If we combine these sentences we sliall liave :—
William's and Mary's share was five thousand dol-
lars. But suppose we wish to say, not tliat each
separately had five tliousand dollai-s, but that the
share of both togotlier was five thousand dollars ;
we must then write, W illiam and Mary's share was
five thousand dollars.
Rule. — In a series Oi pos^jessive nouns, if
separate ownership is meant, write each noun
with the possessive sign ; if joint ownership,
use the sign with the last only.
Tell in which sentence joint owneiBliip Ih meant, and in whcli BPna-
r.at(j ov,'nen<hip. '*
1. Have you read any of Boaumcnt and Fletcher's plays ?
2. Have you read any of Sl!akespo.^re'8 and Jojison's plays ?
3. We ;idnure Scott's genius.
8. In the sentence, We admire Scott's genius, sup-
pose we wish to add to " Scott's " the explanatory
noun the novelist^ how shall we write the sentence ?
CONSTlirOTlON Ol' NOUNS.
Wo adiuiro ScotCs the novclist'.i sening.
Wo admire ScoU's, the novelist, Keiiius.
Wo adiniio Scott, tlic novelist's, genius.
The last form is the correct one.
99
rp
UuLK.— When two possessives are in ap-
position, the last alone takes the possessive
sign.
XoTK.— In all f<uch mkoh. luivcvcr, it is niurh bctfor t<> Uu-n
the Bcntcnco tlius : We adnurc the K'enius of St the nu-lelilt
4. The following construction is bad English.
Jo/m going was unexijectcd.
TJic i-eason of him being tliere is unknown.
These sentences should be —
JohTbS going was unexpected.
The reason of his being there wns unknown.
(3) K'ouns as Objects.
5. Nouns arc generally placed after the verbs of
\vluch tlu^y are tlie c^ijects ; as, The mercliant has
built a house. Put if we wish to be em{)hatic, we
l.lace the objec,^ fij-st; as, My ri(jht tliere is none to
dispute=T]iere is none to dispute my right.
Name tho ohjocts !n the follo^viiig sontencos, and state what is Un-
as ual hi thejr iiOBitiou.
■y VPr ^"^*''^*' ^ ^lave sold, but I will show your friend another.
Inm 1 r'Th^'T'*''" ^'1«" V^'^'^t i.iovolce ? 3. The baker he
1^^ LAXGUAGi: LKSSOilH.
XLIll. now TO PAliSE NOUNS.
(1.) Noun as Subject.
The annij suffered (lefciit.
"Army" in a common noun, thii-d jx'rson, sini^u-
lar numlKM', neuU-r ^'endcr, and nominative casp,
subjet-t of the verb " suffered," because it is that of
wliieh the statement, " Buffered defeat," is made.
In the following soiitonucs, parso tbo noun-Htibjocts :
1 Kislios.'irc covered witli scale*. 2. A wK«e f<on ni.aketli a
Kind f. tiior. ... Imw crag to crag leapa tlic live tliuiider. 4 Thu
liorse la a qiiadrui>ed.
(2.) Wouns as Object,
(/olumbus discovered America.
"America" is a proper noun, tliird ])erson singu-
lar, neuter gender and objective case, object of the
verb " discovered."
In the following acntcncoe, imrsc the nonn-objoctB:
1. Tliecat followed tlie <:irl. 2. A man killed a tigress. ». The
lariucr sold the liortse. 4. Tlie people saw the giniit.
(3 ) Noun in Apposition.
Milton, tlie />oc^, was l)lind.
" Poet " is a common ivjun, third person singular,
masculine gender, and nominative case, in ap])o-
sition with " Milton," since it denotes the same
person.
In the following acntoncas, parse the nouns in apposition :
^ 1. Milton, tlio Eiiglisli poet, wrote " Paradise Lost." 2. Tlie
Christians were porsooiited by Nero, tlie iiifanions ouiperor. 3
TUat usefa] animal, tliu oauiol, is louud in Asia and Africa.
!sfS.
'11, sini^u-
ivo CISC,
H tll.'lt of
niiulc.
iD.'ikctli a
T. 4. The
m siiigu-
3t of the
»s. S. The
lingular,
in ap]>o-
ie same
n :
" 2. The
iperor. 3.
I'ica.
' now To rAiisii nouns. 101
(4 ) Noun as Predicate Nominative.
C^ueuii Victoria is Bmjyrcfis of India.
" Kniprcss" is a common noun, third ].c"rson sin-
gular, feminine gender, in the predicate nominative
after " i«," and exi)lains tlie subject, " Queen Vic
toria."
l,..ai?e" '""°"''"" "'-•"♦^•"••^•^r'T^e the nouns i,. the prodl.-ato nom-
(5) Noun in Possessive Case.
The boi/s' .slates are broken.
" I5oys' " is a common noun, tliird j)erson plui-al,
masculine gender, possessive case, and limits tlie
noun " slates."
In the following sentences, par.c tbc nonns in the possessive ca«o ■
^^. cuddle 7 4 The heroVh.n'uJdlh/l.^r'Jir J^^
(6) Noun used in a Phrase.
The man tciththe white coat c-.uae fro?n London.
" Coat" is a common noun, third person siiKnd'ir
neuter gender, and objective case ; is joined b'y the
preposition " with " to the noun " man : " '« with tlie
white coat " is an adjective phrase.
"London ' is a proper noun, third ])erson sincm.
lar, ncuto^ gender, objective case, and is joined \w
the proposition " from " to "came:" "from Lou-
don " is an adverbial phrase.
In the following sentences, parse tlie nouns uso.l in phiasns •
Ir I
! I
m
LANGUAGE . LESSONS.
h'
(7) Noun as Nominative Independent
Our leather, who art in heaven.
"Father "is a proper noun, second person sin*
gular, masculine gender, and nominative of ad-
dress.
The 7n{st having arisen, a beautiful prospece
was disclosed.
"Mist" is a common noun, third person singrt-
lar, neuter gender, and nominative absolute, u^ed
indei)endently in the phrase "the mist havin^
arisen." °
In tho following Hontoiicos, parse thonouiiH iiulcpondent :
Exercise 40.
Parse all the nmms in the following sentences :—
hpl",/^!"^'"' ^^^^}^,'^ *^'e apples. 2. Tli« sonrro of tho Niln hag
been discovered by no one yet. 3. Coal-fioUls are the remi nJ
a patnot. 6. Death, where is thy sting ?
XLIV. CONSTRUCTION OF ADJECTIVES.
(1) The Article.
1. When two or more nouns or adjectives refer
to the same thing, the article is j.refixed to the first
only ; but if they refer to different things, the ar.
tide should be repeated with each.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
1. Tlie governor and commander-in-chief ha?
arrived (that is, one person).
COXSTRirOTION OF ADJUPTIVES.
103
2. The governor and the comrnander-in-chiLf
have arrived (that is, two persons).
3. lie lives in a long and narrow street (one
street).
4. The rich and the poor have a coninion inter-
est (two classes).
SLOW tlie upplioation of Uiis rule in tho following sonteiicca :—
f ^ t '^Ia °^ ""^ *''^ ^''^'^^^ ^^^ ^''^ domestic animals cliiofly uaod
I ^«.^"i^'l",''." Franklin, tho philoBoplicr and statOHman, lived
in riiilii(i«l|)!iia.
3. Tlie tljioe brotlicrs were under a largo and Hproading tree.
4. I i)as80d a man and a boy on my way to the village.
0. Bishoi) IJiitlor is a butter reasoner than writer,
6. I saw a red, wliito, aud blue Hag. Here i.s a white and a red
flatf.
(2.) Comparison.
2. The comparative is used when two objects are
compared ; the superlative, when more than two.
Hence —
RiTLE.— Never use the superlative when but
two objects are compared.
The Euphrates and the Tigris are rivers of Asia :
of these, the Euphrates is the larger, and the Ti«i-ris
the more rapid. ®
It woiild be wring to say, The Eui)lirate.« is the laruest : Tho
ligns the mosO'<i/>u/.
Why is this sentence incorrect — This is the
best house of the two ?
(3.) Position of Adjectives.
3. An adjective generally precedes its noun ; as*
A wise man ; A great and wise man. But it may
follow it for emphasis or in poetic construction ; as,
A man wise nnd good: A man he was to all thf
country dear.
1 !>
- ■.'■'
I-
^04 LANOUACE LESSONS.
(4.) Adjectives for Adverbs,
4. A few V. -hs containing the meaning of the
verb ^>e can take a predicate a.ljective instead of an
adverb.
1. Tlie rose smells .strcrf.
2. The velvet feels nmuofh.
5. It would be incorrect to say, The rose jonollf;
sivcetlij; The velvet feels mooihli/. What these
sentences mean is, that the rose is sweet to the
scent, and that the velvet is smooth to the touch.
N0TK.--rTi parHiu-, notic-tLut then; aic a few verbs like
J- '^"'•;"- •■<■ J^<"'I<. 5. Ik'cnme.
t.l^;^.l '*'\-'T'^I''"^V'1^ '"• "' then., an.! that t.icse
vrrhs taku a |Mu.lu',itc' a.l.f.aue, vvheiva.s all (.rdiimry vorhs
taKi.' advt'i'lw, •'
Would you say, " Miss Smith looks henutifuWi ? '
[Adverb.] Why noti Would you say, the lemon
tastes soiirlij ? Why not ?
(6.) Parsing of Adjectives.
C. An adjective is parsed by saying that it de-
scribes or limits the noun [naming it].
7. A predicate adjective is parse/^ by saying tha-t
it is the predicate adjective, and dosciiue^ the sub-
ject of the verb.
Model.— What an excellent thing is knowledge.
, " Excellent " is an adjective, positive degree, and
df scribes the noun "thing."
The way was long.
*' Long " if^. aa adjective, positive degree, after the
verb " was," and predicated of the subject, " way."
MIMrrsED AIM/V'TIVKS. Kjf,
Exercise 41.
A.
Parse tl.e adjectioe.^ In Lho following sontcnees -
tho wi.ul was .old; the MiiMstiel whh .1 .-.nan ^.i rV/'?^ ""^'•
transparent. <;. Tlio Holdu i,.,.i- 1> . V \V;."* "• >vat('r n
wluui I was a littlo cir ) Thi. ^^n 1 ''''.V'"* r'"derful story
The ostrich is the liigest [biJij' r^bil^i! '''''' '"'""' '''''''■ '^^
B.
Correct tlie errors in adjectives ;—
1- Whiclurt tlm oldest of thfise two l)ovfl ? o ti.« a 1 1
jfreenly. 3. The do-' smolN dis-iL'rooMi.iL^ i i- ••.• ® ^^'^'^ ' "^^
est of my two dauehtors n T h ;A^ * ^ ''""'"^ ''■* ^''^ ••ri^; /.t-
flings 8wcct "'"'^"^*^'^"' ^- H"-^ •iike tistOH Hweotly. o. M^iry
1i
XLV. JVriSUSED ADJECTIVES.
(1) These for This.
1. The adjective this must be usecTonly with 8inrr„.
lar nouns; these witli plural nouns. This rule is
1» «,/!" ^'fi^^^f f -ons as "^/.... sort of peo-
pie, "^/.o..kmd of horses." We must say, " ' /«.
sort of people," « that kind of horses."
(2.) Them for These-
2 The personal pronoun Mem is frequently used
ror the adjective those; as "Mm thin<?s," mean-
m-;^... things." The word « them "^i^ the 2
jeoMonn of the pronoun « they ; » hence it cannot
be used as an adjective. We might as well say
" nis book." * '
106
w
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
(3.) This here.
3. The use of this here, and of thai there, instead
of this and that, is incoi-iect. Tlie word this ex.
presses all tJiat can be denoted by « tliis liere," and
that expresses all that can be denoted by " that
there."
(4.) High-sounding Adjectives.
4. The pupils may write on slates or on paper the
following adjectives : —
Awful.
Frightful.
Horrible.
Splendid.
Tremendous.
Dreadful.
6. These are all good English adjectives. It is
perfectly proper to use them when we use thera
rightly. But these words, and some others like
them, are very often abused by careless children
and grown people.
6. "Awful" means inspiring awe. We may say
of a thnnder-storm that it was awful, and this would
be perfectly proper, beca;ise a thunder-storm is awe-
itispiring.
7. Would it be proper to speak of an " awful lot
of fun?" or of an 'Umfulhi hard lessor?" Cer-
tamly not. There is nothing awe-ins])iring .'n eitlier
of these things. The person who uses such ex])res.
sions means merely that tiir^ro was a great deal of
fun, and that the ksson was very hard.
8. Rule.— Never use an adjective larger in
meaning than the idea you wish to express.
e, instead
3 this ex-
ere," and
by "that
paper the
1. The heat was perfectly /ny,//,,/,
^_^2. men we got to the hotel we ha.l a /<..nW.
IS.
!.S. It 18
ISO tliern
lers like
children
Exercise 42.
Correct the errors in tI,o following .ontcneea .•_
motlier wa, so,,k. belter 'smH,?'' '',•''','' '""•■'■"'™- '•■■••'...l-
wa "',:?,, " "'^ "•■'"■ » «™ "e- io,, W 'S"c.r° ■';■',■"''"« '!"
Himpler to take your plau ""' "'^'" ^''^^es. He finds it nloie :
may say
is would
n is awe-
v)fid lot
" Cer-
!ii either
ex])res-
deal of
•ger in
spress.
XI.VI. LESSOxN ON THE AGUEKMENT OF'
VERBS.
1- In grainmnrs, the rule for verbs is that the^
mus agree with their suhjeets i„ nun,!.: t ^
^tMo«, the verb m the present tense must take an ...
^ 2. But we must be very careful with n fo,^ ,.(•-
m-egular forn.s, re„>embcrino. that /,«„*,.; ]2
an,l ,. are used with subjects of the third , orson
::;S:::"''''""^''^'''^''--''--tha.i':"t;:;
108
LAKGUAOfi LESSONS.
3. We know tliat such exj.ressions as The horses
runs, the boys has gone to school, the dog loalk, are
wrong, and wliy they are wrong. But there a.-o
otlier forms of expression that are not so simple as
these.
5. The first difficulty in using tlicse verbs correct-
ly occurs when the subjects have qualifying phrases,
ILLUSTUATIONS.
1. The union oi two great rivers j^roduces t'le
La Plata.
, The veil) is " produces; " the aiibioct is " union." " Union "
18 111 the sni-iilar number, niu] hence " j.roducos " is riclitlv in the
sin-ular number, to jisroe with it. The word " rivcPs,"' in the
phniHe of two -re.-it rivers," can have notliin- to do with the
form ^i t?iZ'^'' ''k'''"'"' " T'?'** " •'" "•"«'• ^^it'' -^ preposition to
fubTecToffife vl?b'''*''' ""' ''''''' '' ''"" ^'"^ ^""^^^^ <^-^ ^'-
2. The condition of the roads are horrible.
. The real subject of the verb is the noun " condition," which is
ntej""- V'?^ ''^'^' ^I'T^.^""?' ^^^o"''! ^« '■•''-^''0 condition is. TI.p
phrase of the roads," bcm;; a mere qralifier, has no control
over the form of the verb. k'huoi
6. Rule.— When a subject has qualifying
words or phrases, select the real subject, and
make the form of the verb agree with that,
without reference to the qualifying words or
phrases.
Exercise 43.
A.
What word is the real subject in these sentences?
t The direction of the rnonntalns vrn? towards tlio south. 2.
The store, with all tlie goods in it, was destroyed. 3. None of
our children likes tomatoes 4. Six month.s' interest seems to be
clue. 5. The mechanism of clocks and watches were then un-
known (wronj,'). A variety of circuiiistauces are to be taken into
account (wron^;).
Vfiiins witn two stjftjjccts. 109
B.
^yhnt ,>]irnse in each of tho pvecvdhvr .ouiomos
might lead a careless speaker into making a mistake
in the form of the verb ?
Model.— Six months' interest scenis to be duo.
Tlie verb is "seems," in the singular number. It
agrees witli its subject, "interest." The word
"months'" has no control over the form of tho
vei-l, because that word is in the j.ossessivc case,
and limits " interest."
XLTII. VERBS WITH TWO SUBJECTS.
(I) Two Nouns joined by "and"
1. Sometimes the subject of a verb consists of
two or more singular nouns. Thus :
1. The horse, the ox, and the dec- are quadru-
peds.
2. Grace and Gertrude have recited their les-
sons.
3. Gold and silver are precious metals.
2. In the first sentence the subjectconsists of three
singular nouns, connected by " and." What are
they? The subject of the second sentence is two
singular nouns, connected by "and." Wljat are
they? The subject of the third sentence is two sin-
giilar nouns. What are they?
3. Rule.— Two or more singular subjects
ricaning different persons or things, and join-
ed by Axn, take a verb in the plural.
4. Exceptions.-There are some apparent ex-
ceptious to the rule.
■;/ tl
110
t.A VGUAGB LfiBSONB.
II-LUSTBATIOXS.
-1. A gentleman and scholar lives licre.
2. Why is dust and ashes proud?
3. Tlie boy, and not the dogs, is to blame.
^^l^ ^:^^.J^^^^ -Hf,;:;;;;- two
^Sn^7^:}^f'1 «""'/^'^«ve snbjoc'a^^d leave {hSlSS
rett form of the verb to be understood with the iiet^ativo subject.
4. Every tree and every shrub is in bloom.
The rule ill such cases is tliat wlien two or more ein^ular snh-
30ct8 joined by r,„(? are doscrilierl by the adjectives eS a'c/roi
no, the verb takes the singuhir form. •'''^"ves earn, etc? y, or
(2.) Two Nouns joined by ''or" or "nor."
5. RuLE.—Two or more singular subjects
joined by ok or nok require a verb in the sin-
gular.
ILLUSTRATIOXS.
1. John or his l)rot]ier has the book.
Tlip two siiifrnl.nj .subjocls nre ".Tohn" and "his brother"
Tliey are so]).'ir;itod by "or," and lionco, as we really niulie tlie
Btatenicnt of only om, the verb " lias" is singular.
2. Either Anne or Jane tell a falsehood.
Yon obsen'e that the verb " tell " ia the plural form Rnt thf^
Is wronj^ ; the statement is made of but one, and hence the verb
should bo singular— ^€^;,s a falsehood.
6. Sometimes one of the subjects separated by or
10 is buth a
ON " TIIT^IJE IS " AND « TIIETJE ARE." Hi
or nor is singulur and l ],o oUior plurnl. In tl.is caso
the verb IS made to agree with its nearest subject,
rims: He or his friends arcuo blani'.
Exercise 44.
Correct the errors in the form of the verbs in the
•tollowing sentences :-^
1. Pines and firs ^rows in Xcrway and Sweden, o Mv fri.M.,1
and compan on are doid "i ti,„ . , , '^"" - ^i3 'nond
::^i.:;iZr::;:;;n;or;:^^^^
XLVIII. LESSON CWTTTERE JS " AND
" TIIEUE ARK."
1. Shall M^e s:iy « there «5 or « tLere a^-e ? " Tliis
dei>ends entirely on what cow,, arter /. or'^re.
S'^^''«r«ai'plos(*uthetiee.
T{ „V 'f^rei.s-watfir in flin milk
.5. I hero IS a po.ilc of potatoes in the pantrv
5. rheie /. a pleasure in ti.e pathloss wood.
2. Let us now see Mhy u-e say ^s or are iu each
case.
1. There ar^ apples on the^tree-beeause the
phiral noun "apples," coming after "are," is its
subject.
^ 2 There is water in the milk-because the sub,
ject IS the singular noim •'- water."
112
■':■ I
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
ir
3. There is a peck of potatoes in the pantry—
because the subject is tlio noun "peck," wliich is
singular; it matters not (hat we speak of a peck
"of potatoes," because " of potatoes " is a mere
pi rase, and can have no inlhience on the number of
the subject.
4. There are many flowers born to blush unseen
—because the subject is the plural noun " flowers."
5. There is a ])leasure in the pathless woods—
because the subject is the noun " i)Ieasure "
whicli is in the singular number. *
3. Thus we clearly see that whether we shall say
ihore is or there c^e depends entirely on the num.
ber ot the real subject.
4. Now, what is the little word " there? " If we
say, « The book is ikere^^ the word " there " is an
adverb. But " there," in the sentences given abov^
l^5 not an adverb. Thus—
There came to the beach a poor exile of Erin.
This is tlie same as if we should say,
A poor exile of Erin came to the beach.
*
In all such cases the word there serves to introduce
the statement, while the re^/ subject comes after the
verl). It may be called an introductory partide.
5. The same rule that applies to " there is " and
there ar.» applies to all verbs used in the same
way with there. The verb must agi-ee with the real
Bubjcct, which will be found after the verb.
SYNTAX OF PRONOUXS.
Exercise 45.
Correct the following verbs :—
113
XLIX. SYNTAX OF PKONOUNS.
(1.) Agreement of Pronouns.
1. Pronouns stand for nouns. Hence in usirm
J)ronoun8 we must be very careful that we use tJie
right pronouns, and also that we use them correctly.
2. RuLE.—A pronoun must be of the same
number as the noun it is meant to represent.
as, IhG man is sick : he has a fever ; » « The men
are foolish, because they waste tfieir money.
3. Rule -When two or more singular nouns
are jomed by a7id, the pronoun used to repre-
sent them must be plural; but whenseparat-
IhuV'Wh.alcs and elephants are mammals: they
suckle their young." " When he sees a dog or a
cat, he chases it." ^
4. RuLE.-Collective nouns require singular
or plural pronouns according as they convey
the Idea of unity or plurality. Thus, " The
i
M
It
i s 1
114
LANGUAGE LliSSOJVS.
Dominion ParliMnicnt [i.loii of ,n,i(y] M.ccfsin Ko,-
ru.iry, and //; will a.lj.mrn in JM.-iy.'' "Tho poopTo
[idea of plurality] liavc disagreed, and tl.oy will
continue to qnaiTol.''
*** When ono or moro nouns nro. Drrcp.lid l.v fl,f» ir,.,..iu
Correct fho mistukcs In the iironouim :
better Anybody ni their senses would have known
(2.) Pronouns as Subjects.
5. Rule.— When a rr-jnoun is used as the
subject of a verb, it must take the subject-
form, that is, the nominative case.
6. W"e should say,
■/go to town;
And not,
He takes a walk.
Me go to town ;
Jlim takes a walk.
7. Now, it is not ;it all likdv tliat any person
would say, " J/d go to town ; » " JJim takes a walk ; "
but careless people are constantly committing mis-
takes that are nearly as bad.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
1. Richard is taller than me.
2. Mary is older than him.
3. Who wants a kite ? Me.
SYNTAX OP PRON-OUNS. H5
stood. Let us write tlie scntonees out in full :_
. 1. R'^'Jiardistallcrthanmeam.
2. Miiry is older than A^V^^. ig.
^. Who wants a kite ? J/d wants a kite
S
^,^?r " '''"'' '^'' ^^'^Wect-fonn, l,ut the object-form *
toim. Sui.plying the suhjcct-fonn, we l.ave the
sentences in the right shape :
1. Richard is older than /.
2. Mary is taller than /le. '
4. Who wants a kite ? I.
(3.) Pronouns as Objects.
8. RuLE.-A pronoun used as the object of
a verb or with a preposition, must ta :e the
objeet.form, that is, the objective case.
0. This means tlmt we should say,
I do not know ivhom I love best.
-And not,
I do not know who I love best
Here " whom » is the object of the verb " love '>
and hence .t has, quite properly, the object-form' ;
ln>t who IS the subject-form, which is incorrect.
10. A pronoun governed by a preposition must
a ways be m the objective form. Thus : To wAom
116
LAJfGUAGK MWSONS.
SI J
l)res8ion u
Ki^
11. The following incorrect form of cxd
very often heurd :—.
BeLvveon you and I.
This should be " Between you and me- The prepo-
. B.tion between requires the object-form of tlie L^
noun ; hence me, and not 7, should be enii^loyed."
Correct the mistakes in Uio proiiouns :
No Hucl. girl as her shiuKo /.nSo ec O^^'fet t n f ''['f^''- '*•
b0Htu.4j. (J. Who did you set tlTbook from ? ^ ''"^ ' "''^ °"*
(4.) Common Mistakes in Pronouns.
12. TJie pupils may write the :N»:io wing sentences ;
1. liichard ho went to school.
2. Eva slie forgot her lunch-basket.
3. The dog it ran down the street.
You may make these sentences good English bv
loav.ng out the « he " in the first sentence, the " she ''
111 the second, and the " it" in the third.
cause you have the subjec Riclmrd tLZ]^? """f^'^^-^^'^ry, •'bo-
fore. be'. Richard weut^S^HeKr.^^^^^
13. DutECTiox.-Do not use a personal pro-
noun as the subject of a verb when the verb
has already a noun for its subject.
(5.) Politeness in Pronouns.
J^.'J^'''^ ^— ^" the position of singular pronouns
Of different j)ersoqs, the second (you) |>rooe<les th^
SY.VTAX OF PRONOUNS.
117
• •
•ession ut
ic prepo-
tlio jjro.
loyc'J.
Kco, slater
Jttcrs. 4,
d 1 go out
tcnces :
lish by
"she"
5 pubjoot
ary, bo-
:1, tlieic-
)1."
1 pro-
J verb
nouns
es th9
others (he, she, it, I; r and the thir i (he. she it)
precedes the first (I) ; a*., You anJ he will -o. ' m
and I will go.
OnsiciivATiON.— Horo " lio " and "von " «' T" o..^ u ^ •>
would not be correct. ^ "' ^ *"** ''®'
15. A noun has the same place as a third personal
pronoun ; as, lie says he saw either ray cousin or
me.
16. Rule Il.-With the phiral pronouns, we has
tlie first place, you the second, and they the third ;
as, We and t/iei/ start to-raorrow.
tiS -.SSKSi,;:sStir L?r =- rii;;;^^ p--
(6). It ig I.
17. Pupils may write the following sentences :—
1. It is I.
2. Who is the general ? I am he.
3. We thouglit it was she.
verb''?i8 "°°The"nrnn!!. *^?. «"VP*^>'*-.'«^'"' ^"d comefl after the
Sues aS;rthI^lnr"aT'' The nr^^ the subject-form, and
118
LANOUAGR LKSSOJ^S.
1'^- In tliose sentences it would be iiioorrent to
Siiy. ^
1. It is 7)16.
2. Wlio is the general ? I am /iim.
3. We thouoht it was her.
'ifti' • nio ill tlio ol)i,>,t-forin U'' .v Ji i i ., ' . '"'"• »»^
ferrcd t. '.' ' ' ^^^^ t'K'ii.ulit sA,. was tlio porson lo-
19. No^v write the two following sentences :-
1. Thoy tliought that ii was ./.
2. Thoy thought them to be ua.
Tn tlio lirMt sentence "I *' ia in fi,« ., i • ^ .
vorb " wius" is j.ieoedcd bv i7 , n. », ^^'''^J^'^f-/"'''". ''ocin.so the
incorrect to Hay/'' Thev timn l/t f ^'^''^''^S';^^ '^ ^^"^'I'l I'"
sentence, tbo p mnonn '' nn ''^iHS "S/i n?- TV '" ''''^ '^^''^"•'<'
correct. Why is this? T},« 11. • ol>.|C'ct-forni, and this is
I>recododby''^the,n:'' LJtj^eHrollolw.!''^^ '"^ ^'«^'^ " ^« " -
20. RuzK.-The subject-form of the pronouns
before the verb be. The object-form of the
pronouns comes after the verb be when an
object comes before the verb bk.
. (7.) Parsing Pronouns.
21. Pronouns have the same inflections as nouns,
anil are parsed in the same way as nouns
I) ' A r
'\ f
L. SYNTAX OF ADVERBS. •
(!•) Position of Adverbs.
1. RiTLE.-Adverbs should be so placed in a
sentence as to qualify the word intended,
1 correct to
SYNTAX OP ADVEnnS.
nj.USTIJATION.
119
1. He nunc to so,, riio wJ,/ oucv.
- ^'<'o;//y (.nine to see nie oiiee.
2. Those tu'o sontcnoos Ii-m-m .mcf. .. j
""•••niin,,. „s ,1,0 ...h . " ; ,;' f ; ;>-^'"^"f
'....■.lif.v »».,,. „,. ,.,„„„. Th,. ';i;:st „;:.,':;', ,:;- .^:, •;
Plncc . " ciiimgo 01 ini-iuiliig i„ii,|o l.j oad, ,|,i(ii„g of
1. Only ho Jii„urnc(l for |,is bi-otlior.
-. \\ may p,-„l,,,l,ly ^j,, ,,),or« to-morrow.
ai,oiogy ''"'°'™'^ i"..ne<liau.ly to nu.ke an
(3-) Mis-iseofAdjectives for Adverbs.
vprhQ Q rp, ^^!^^^^ use adjectives as ad-
IJa ^""^ speaks .^/.^mcY/y-not dis.
IB there anything wronj? fn thoso sontoncee ?
1. Pauline Avritea elegant.
-5. Joseph walks slow
'n., I- ,V7 ponding part of the verb /;e TJm,«
il.e holds look^rcen, might he, TIk- fk'w; ..'':'
He looks co/f7; ) , ( tTp in.i 77/ °
The air felt ^^n ; [ ^^"t, 1 1[^ ^o'cs c./.% on us.
-' ^ Mlelolt the insult -^•efc7%.
\v' ^l'^ ^^" ^'''^' S^^® l«oks /f/ie, or /fne/^, ?
120
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
■41 !
ij " >:■<
, -i'M
nil-
(3.) Double Negatives.
7. RuLE.-In English, two negatives are
equal to an affirmative. Hence, n'ever intrL
duce two negatives when you intend to make
a negative statement.
n-LUSTIlATIOX.
I have not done nothing.
This means I have done something; ^v^hereas
wh^j^^was meant was, I have not done anything, or,
"1 have done nothing." . ^' '
Ck)rroct these fl«ntenceB :
1. I don't like geography nohow. 2. I did not
work? tTj 'r i^'- '• ^^" ^^"^ ^^^^- -^ ^« -
woik/ 4. He did not say nothin^r.
Parsfng Adverbs.
8. Adverbs are i^^r^e^ by telling the derrree if
inflected, and by saying, They limi^t the verTad-
jective, or other adverb [naming itj.
Exercise 46.
Parse the adverbs in the following sentences :~
^^'^-^^yln^7.^^^^^ '"-t quickly. 2.
very well. 4. When are S Sn ^J'° (•''f I'-f^, «"«wered
lesson better to-naorrow. 'i\i?^^k\J-^Z!yXt tl^T
LI. ON COMroUND SENTENCES.
The rain descended, and the floods came.
1. Here two statements, "The rain descended,"
the floods came," are joined into one sentence by
the conjunction « and," but neither qualifies the
other.
stives are
ver intro-
i to make
►* whereas
ything^ or,
I did not
not do no
degree, if
^erb, ad-
ices : —
uickly. 2.
I answered
know our
too well.
ES.
le.
ended,"
once by
fies the
OK COWroUKb SENTENCES. ^1
2. Def,xition.-A sentence consisting ^f two
or more statements joined, so that one does
not qualify another, is called a compound
sentence.
tl.?a?c1vre?'TlVe fi?s^^^^^^^^^ "^ej^in descended,
it would tell U'/ien the Toodf Jro .^T, 1,^^^^^ ««^"""^'
the floods came," is not a eomS»d hT\ '''^''•'"" ^e-'^ceuded,
which we shaU speak herenftS ' * complex sentence, of
3. Tlie different statements of a compound sen-
tence are called its members.
4 The members of a compound sentence are
jomed by one of tl,e co-ordinate conjunctions. The
principal co-onlinate conjunctions are and, but, or
hence, either— or, neither—nor. '
Hentence. 'l^^^^^-^'m^^'^^^JlT^^,^' ^ -'"i'-"'^
or a7eLtv7fre'£"'' "'^ '°""^'=""" ''^'^ '« « relative pronoun
iremher, and so make a co, ZK^Senci^'^'SnT'''^^ "" 'V'°«*P«»
tive pronoun or adverb oonZ ni t),l 1„ * ^".* ^T''**" ^''e rel.i-
comimnd. contains the sense of and, the sentence is
th?c'oS.leursrii'a™y°f *^^ '°"«^"8 compound sontcnceB, and name
«ncccedB well. 4. Go tTSe ant thn.^ d I'Rent boy ; hence he
I
I! '- '*
122
LANGUAGE LUSSOXS.
fo&Tg: '"'"''"^ "'"'"''«' ^ "'"'^^ con,i,ound8o,.to„coHO»tof th6
l.^e clo„ds nro dispersed, n„d _. 2. To orr is Innnan ;
,.', ' •^- ^^'^^c-'"'" our lo».so„s carefully; therefore . 4
tither you never asked mo to do it, or .
5. Contracted Compound Sentences —Tt
often ha].])eiis tli.it different rncnibers of a (.onipcMMHl
sentence l.ave the same subject, or ti.e same predi-
cate, or tlje same cnlarirements of either or of both.
WJkcn tliese connnon elements are omitted in one of
the members, the sentence is a contracted compound
sentence.
II :
ll
II.LUSTIIATIOXS.
1. The birds saw the little pool, and tlic birds
came there to drink.
Contracted tlnis : The birds saw the little poob
and came tlicre to drink.
Here the subject "birds," being common to both members
i8 omitted from the second, and the sontcncc is contracted.
2. Either a knave must have done this, or a fool
must have done this.
Contracted : Either a knave or a fool must have
done this.
Here the predicMo ••must have done this," being common to
both members, is omitted from the first.
3. Cold produces ice, and heat dissolves ice.
Contracted: Cold produces, and heat dissolves
ice.
Tlio object "ice," being
from the first member of the
common to both members, Ib omitted
contracted form.
iK-'Ohi out of th«
rr is Ijiiman ;
ufore . 4.
iinces. — It
compound
line prodi-
i)r of bolli.
[1 in one of
conij)onn(J
tlie birds
littlo ]>ool>
li meinbere,
itrncted.
i, or .1 fool
iiust liavo
common to
es ice.
dissolves
I, is omitted
r
ANALYSIS OP COMrOUND SENTEXCES. 123
Exercise 47.
A.
Contract the following compound se?i4e>ices, and
state the nature of the contraction :—
4. Canada exports wheat; Eiighu.d imports wl.eat.
4. Tlio yoimrr soldier joined his re"-imonf on,i H.n .,„
dier was present at the battle. ^®»""cnt, and the young gol.
B.
Contract tlie following four sentences into one
compoimd sentence of nine words :—
1. Frogs live on land. 2. Frcs lire in witor i c . ..
land. 4. Seala live iu water '^^ ^" ^''""'^ "^^ <>»
LII. ANALYSIS OF COMPOUxVD SFX
TEXCES.
In analyzing a compound sentence, it is only nec-
cs.sary to mention of what statements (two or more)
It Ks made up, to tell what conjunction connects the
slMtements, and then proceed to analyse the sepa-
rate statements in precisely the same manner in
whicii we analyzed simple sentences.
Model of Analysis.
The Second Punic War lasted for sixteen years,
and It ended in 202 B.C.
TlMS Is a cou.ppuMd seMto„cp. It is composed of the two state-
124
I! ' •
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
Su;cd'i.^w"jf£'""^^;^^^^ '••^«*«^ f^r «-t««n years," "It
olSat'^^^oujiaion ''S "'^ connected by the co-
teo^!';oS••*^¥^s]Ul''^^'^.^^^^^^ Piinic War Lasted for six-
predicate is enlarged by the adveJbial pEe ''Tu 202 K"
Exercise 48.
Analyze the following compound se?ite7ices :—
wo/nth '%'TSnrLn"'^' ''i'^,"'*' «l*y ^'"^^ "'« centre of its
wc.wm. /, 1 no man recovered from the bite, bnt tlie dn.^ dipH
All fh.''""^,"'"'* '?•''"' '^ ^'^ i^o'-y- «r our cause will be rSd 4"
Change papers, and write oUore of criticism.
w 4
LIII. MAKING JC'MPOUND SENTENCES.
1. Wo have had considerable practice inbreakin.^
lip long, loose compound sentences into a series of
simple sentences, each containing but one statement.
2. It is very clumsy to combine in one sentence a
series of statements loosely connected by ands and
If 8, buts and ors; and if the pujul has profited by
the exercises given, he will have learned to avoid so
faulty a way of writing and speaking.
3. But, at the same time, it is very important to
be able to compose good compound sentences. |f 9
rears," "It
u by the CO-
ted for six-
bject is ou-
i "I'unic."
Jularyed by
^lie subject
ded." The
B.C."
-es : —
ntro of its
! dog died,
[•iiined. 4.
re] merely
Luisl'ortune
>reakiii«r
lerics of
tenient.
itence a
ids and
Itcd by
ivoid 80
tant to
MAKING c^OMPOUXD SENTENCES. 126
letter or a composition consists of nothing but little
-mpe sentences it will bo too much broken u^
The following will illustrate this :~
The Lion.
f- Tlio lion then rou c 1 ','?!;" ''i^!'''"''^'^'' /• ^^''-^'''tsotH in.
bosuis to prowl. 7. lu o" ^T^Mlm \. '"■• "• ^'"^ '*"" tlien
victim with his powerful ci'uvs!' ''"" ^'-''^^« ''''^
4. Here are nine simple sentences. The effect is
not agreeable when you read the piece aloud. The
sentences are too much of the same length. Then
the words "the lion" occur too frequently, he
writer apparently forgetting that thl arcfsuch
^aings as pronouns, and that prououns stand for
5 Sentences I and 2 Aomid bo brougl.i togctl.or
luto one contracted compound sentence" thus :
t The lion Is round In Africa anj in Asia.
6. Sentences 3, 4, 5, and 6 n>ay be blended into
one compound sentence, thus :
7. Sentence 7 may remain unchanged in f„n„_a
short Simple sentence between t»-o so.ncwhat Ion.
compouiid seiitenees. The pronoun Ae should, how"
ever, be substituted for " the lion," thug :
8. In general, he walls In ambusb.
8. Sentences 8 and 9 sho.ild be connected into
one compound sentence, thus :
126
LAXGUAGE T-KSSONS.
0. The composition now rends as follows, and is
certainly much better than it was in its orio-inal
form : °
U I
thS'^m>"miVVi"'"r -'"^ f:^"«^^-i"S exorcise, niako auv clian-cs
t h.'it ii re needed to bmi- the pieces into -uud sl^-nie Tho mnrn
thoM^dit you sue to these exercise., the better \vm be the re!
Exercise 49.
Coml)ine the simple sentences in each of the fol-
lowing j)aragm|,l,s into compound sentences where
It is necessary, so as to produce a continuous narra.
tive :
A.
II > I
B.
Tlie whale is the largest aninuU known to us. The wh-ile in
souiotinies met with from .«i\-tv to seventy leet in iVmrM. u •
nn inhab tant of the soas within the Arc '?Circ e It ff^n "in! Ill'
itan of tlie seas within the Ant.a.;tic Circle WhVle-fishh^^;^^
earned on to a considerable extent from seveml co ntder TliS
aminal is valuable for ts oil. Wo obtain o'l fr niT nM^« -i •
called blubber. /Das .aniuKvl is vuluaNe\.;iso^ ) r'i .' whi^ebonf
1 he whalebone IS obtained from its mouth. There it -cfM? a
Sr. "" * '' ^""'^ *^'' ''^'''^'' ^^^'""^ ^^ Vtmiuing* ihe sea?
c.
A hungry dog had picked up a bone. He Inirricd awav with
Jt. He camo to a nice clear brook. Yuh br -•- - - •
plank. The sun sJione brij,'htly.
,_,- - -;<iol< was crossed by a
I he (togs shadow was made
COMPLt^X SkNTKNCtSS,
127
rs, and is
3 original
the day lio
rousos liim-
lio ivuits ill
victim, iiiul
uy cliai)f,'os
Tlio more
il be the re-
' the fol-
35 Avliero
us iiarror
D.
AV.IS re,narl<ahle for con.Iosco ,s his s /him^^
m,Ml. The mnlctoor oouhl no ^iw o, ' vh' ; l h ''' t, '" l"
oaated mm,, to him. Many had fol-me5ro,.pSed him " """
A the red-
Tliehead
and upper
whale is
fth. It is
an inhab-
•fi.shiiitj is
ies. this
Tlie oil is
halebone,
acts as a
: tlie sea>
way with
sed by a
.'IS made
The polar bear is of a white colour. It fs fomul ;„ ♦i.n * *•
hixh it dori\ OS security in w'lll- ,. oJor m,/ ' ^ ' '" *''^ ''"•'"■"*»
erablo value. lextuio. it is of cousid-
LIV, COMPLEX SENTENCES.
I shall be ready wlien you call me.
He Avill learn il yon teach him.
1. The fiivst sentence consists of tu-o statemeats,
of which the second, « when you call me," qualiaes
128
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
ii
;5i *
I i
,1
tlie i)reclicntc of tlic oilier, " I shall bo ready." The
BcconcI Fcnlcnce is of two parts, of wiiich one, "if
you tcacli Iilm," is a sn])positbn qtialifying tlic other,
or principal statement, " he will learn."
DErmmoN.— A sentence consisting of two
or more statements joined together, so that
one statement is principal and the other sub-
ordinate, is called a coaiplex sextexce.
3. The principal part is caUm] the 2)rmcipal mem-
her; the subordinate i)art is called a clause, or nub-
ordinate sentence.
4. Clairses are gcneially joined to principal mem-
bers : —
(1.) By subordinate conjunctions, such as that
and if.
(2.) By the relative pronouns—tf'/io, which,
that, what.
(3.) By relative adverbs—wj/ic/?, lohere, why.
5. There are three kinds of clauses:
The noun clause, or noun sentence.
The adjectice clause, or adjective sentence.
The adverbial clause, or adverbial sentence.
(1) The Noun Clause.
G. Deftnition.— A clause which is the sub-
ject or the object of the principal member is
called a noun clause; as "Do you remember
ijohat I aaid/^^
Kly." The
ih one, "if
I Clie other,
ig of two
r, so that
ther sub-
IE.
ipal niem-
se, or iful/-
ipal nicm-
cli as t/iat
0, which,
e, lohy.
eutcnce.
sentence.
he sub-
mber is
^member
COMPLEX SENTK>f(RS.
Exercise 50.
129
A.
Point out the noun clauses in the followini? sen,
tences, and tell whether they are subjects or objeets :
T^'/tt wo get leather fZn s d s i !-„ uVf'^'''" ''^ '''"'» ^•
Wliere Homer was born i\s not kiiLn " . ^^ '"''"'■>' °"«- •*•
troo would be blo^n down "' ^'"^'"^ ^"^ ^''""^'''t the
B.
Supply noun clauses m the following sentences:
1. Do yon not reraoinber •
3. How could flho hear
? 2. MoHt people know
4. I oo|)Io used to think
5. IJo aHkcd one of the nuusons'to tell l?im
7. Dep,nition.-A clause that qualifies a
biids^^^/m^ /.,;, on other animals are called birds of
pi ey.
Exercise 51.
A.
Point out the acTJcctioe clauses, and 'tell what
nouns they qualify ; " ^^^^
Th'o cr5w7thaf a*^!.;lL?e^'°ro^:;!fl'/°", -"' '"- to hear. 2
b:ick. 3. I'^nnkliu w1 o wS^i „^^^^^^^ I'or now stood
Boston. 4. WogetsilkfromaoHtP.nShri^''''/'-''''' '^''« '"^"» i'»
J^l'- ,?.;rhe ho"«e wheS Sha1Ss';'^t"JU^,;r''?;l,"'« ^''^
p. -f^Jnong ino foreigners who renMiroH fr^ivV/r,' "t''' titiinds.
the brethren of Joteph 7 %?e Scots wh^^^'S^'^ ^"y,««r" ^vere
ravaged the country with unsnarinc. f„;./^*l''iV^"*'^^'^ to York,
mal that is attentively exaiSed a Si^s^' H.f ' ^^'% "'"'"*«'^t ^^^'
The heart of Robert BriSwhich vn« nL '''''''1'^'^ wonders. «j.
was consigned to the care of DoSal ^''''^''''^ ^^ » s"ver case
I I
i:U)
LAvouAOK r.nssoyg.
B.
Supply axTJective clauses.
1.1 will sliow you tlio book . 2. Tlip hu]es of oxen and
Phcei, ar. ,uU\ to the tanner . 'X Tho n.ilk and the bn?J^
-— -— lire obtained from the cnv. 4. That is the honso
0. Arc llieso tjie acoiiiri ?
iji
':i
!■!
i I
(3.) The Adverbial Clause.
Dkfixition.— A clause that qualifits the verb
of the principal member is called an adver-
bial clause; as, "The daisy sliuts Iw.r eye w/ie?i
, the dew begins to faUP
Exercise 52.
A.
Point out the adverbial dauses,
1. Wo shall sail when the moon rises. 2. Tho s-ionr-cane is
prpHsed l)et\voen heavy rollers tifl all the jiiioe runs (Tut. ;? As
tJiev drew near the nest, the e;io;le daslied by. 4. If we stndv
we shall iniiirove. 5. Yon will nut succeed unless you pei-sevcre!
B.
Supply adverbial clavses.
1. We ph.all be fflad to .^ee yon . 2. Come 3 I
will tell yon a secret . 4. CliarJea fiad been five miniite> on
the ice . 5. Wo shall learn a <;reat inany t!)ing8
C,
Write a complex sentence on each of the following
words :
1. Ants.
2. Music.
3. TliebnfTalo.
4. Columbus.
6. Scholars,
ti. Geography.
Change papers, and write letters of crlticlBra.
AXALVSJS 01' COMl'LEX SENTi^NCfiS, l31
( oxen and
1 the biitt^i
MKSO
he verb
I adver-
^yc when
LV. ANALYSIS OF COxMPLKX SKNTKNCKS.
In annly/Ing complex .cntonces, proooc,! .,s follows-
I. Toll which is the principal inemher.
II. Tell Avhich is the clause.
HI. Tell what connective joins th« clause with
the ])finei])al nieniher.
IV. Then analyse the principal member and tho
cliiuse, as in the case of simple sentences.
:ar-cane is
lit. ;?. Ah
we stiuly,
porsevcre.
— . 3. I
liniiteii ou
llowin"
l.ars.
raphy.
Model Of Aalysis
Exam ph.
Whe). the war closed the Commander-in-cliief
retired to his home.
Exercise 53.
Analyze the following complex scnlcnccs!
132
LAN(a'A<jli M:;sso\.4.
W
LVI. liXPANDING AND CONTIiACTJNG
SENTENCES.
1. rjcMc— A simple sentence is transformed
into a compound sentence by changing a word
or phrase into a clause. A complex sentence
is transformed into a compound sentence by
changing a clause into a principal member.
(1.) Simple to Complex.
At the conclusion of the battle, the coinniniider
began to count his loss.
What kind of a sentence is this? A Rinij)lc sen-
tence, because it contains but one subject, " tlie
commander," and one predicate, " began to count
his loss."
Wliat is the expression "at the conclusion of the
battle?" It is an adverbial phrase, qualifying the
verb "bcijau."
2. Xow we may, by a lil'Ie chango, m;ikn this .i
com])k'x soMt( ce. Iiisloa<l of saying " at tlie v.ow
elusion of the battle," we may say, w/ien the battle
teas concluded^ and the simple'sentcnce will then bo
changed into the com])lex sentence: When the
battle was concluded, the commander began to count
Lis loss.
3. Let us now t.ake another eiam])lo : Mary being
ill, wo had to go to the j)icnic without her.
This ip :i simple sciitonce. Hut c']iaii,:::c t}-<» plirfise " Jlary 1
( !,,'iir' into tlie iliuiso as Man/ ivan ill, and we have tlic
»o-
I'OIll-
L
ex scuteucc, As Mai-y was ill, wc had to go to the iiicnic witliout
ler.
ACTING
sformed
g a word
sentence
tcncc by
mber.
iimandcr
iil)lc scn-
ct, « the
to count
'in of tlie
ying the
en 111 is .1
tlie (5011*
he battle
tlllMl bo
hen the
to count
vy boiii
Mary Ito-
! tlio com-
ic witliout
KXl'ANDING AM) CONTliArTtNO SUNTKNCKS. 133
4. Take a tliinl example : Tlic discoveries of Liv-
ingstonc, one of the greatest travellers of modern
times, have taught us much about the interior of
Africa.
2.) Complex to CompouTid.
6. We have changed a number of simple seh-
tences mto coraj)lex sentences. No\v u-e shall trans-
form these complex sentences into compound sen-
tences.
Wlicn the battle was concluded, the commander
began to count h' iss.
♦J J''f Z®''^^"'? ^^' ' '•"'8 is a complex sentence is hecaimp nno «r
6. If we make this qualifying statome^t a;>nnct-
p«/onr, we shall have a compound sentence, t'lus ;
The b..itle was concluded, and the commander be-
gan to count his loss.
7. The second complex sentence is : As Mary was
ill, we had to go to the picnic without her.
This is transformed into a compound sontoncp ns follow^ •
Mary ^vus ,11, and heuce we had to go to the picnic wiUiouthor '
8. The third complex sentence is: The discov-
cries of Livingstone, who was one of the gi-entest
travellers of modern times, have taught us mwAx
about the interior of Africa.
This is transformed into a compound sontence. .t^ follon-o •
LmnKstone was one of the jjroatost travoJlersrVf Ller hnes*
Kricll!" ^''*=°^''"''* ^""^^ ^A^^.vM^x^ nuich about the inJcriorof
184
tA^^GtJAGl: LESSOXg.
JluLE.—A compound sentence is contracted
into a complex one by changing a principal
member into a clause. A complex sentence
IS contracted into a simple one by changing
a clause into a phrase.
(3.) Compound to Complex.
10. Take the followiug compound sentence; The
sc£ spent its fury, and then it became cahn.
KtE?- ^^ ^^'t •^'^■« "'e«e statements ? Does cither qualify
11. TJiis sentence may be transformed into a com-
I)lex sentence in tlie following Avays :
o So f^n'/'^'''" '' ^'i"^ ^I\*^"* '*« ^"'•y. ^Jccame calm.
?' Wl?.^^^,^''''*'"",'' ^^i'''^ '''^'^" ^* had spent its fnry
4 \\'htu ?fVT ^'""iT'}^ 't8 fury, it became calm.
4. A\ hen It had spent its fury, the sea became calm.
Eiich of the.se sentences is a complex sentence • l)pcnii«n nf ita
P 1 statement in each ? AVhat is the quruifyin- cause in ilm
first? the second? the third? the fourth ? " "'°
(4.) Complex to Simple.
12. In order to condense the complex sentence,
" When the sea had spent its fury, it became calm,"
into a simple sentence, we must cliange the clause,
"when the sea had s])ent its fury," into a phrase]
namely, « the sea liaving sj)ent its fury." We now
have the followhig forms of the simple sentence :—
1. The sea having- spei;t its fury, became c.nlm.
2. Ihe sea became calm, liaving spent itd fmv.
3. Uavins spent its fury, the sea becamo calm.
ntracted
principal
sentence
;hanging
ice: The
i>rinri|)a.
Iior qualify
O a com-
mie of its
;lie j)rliici-
ise ill tlie
iiiteiice,
calm,"
clause^
)/irase :
Tc now
II cc :— .
EXPANDING AND CONTRACTING SENTENCES. 135
» Exercise 54.
A.
Expand the foUowiDg smiple sentences into com.
plex sentences : —
ej^deiit to all. 6. The maunor of hia escape is a profomid mys-
B.
Expand the following complex sentences into
compound: —
1. As tlie wind was fair, the vessel Dut to sea 2 Thn ^p/^*-
C.
Contract the foUowing compound sentences into
complex sentences, and then, if possible, into simple
sentences . —
t Jo\!!?® "ffht infantry joined the main body, and the enemv rn
D.
Contract the following complex sentences into
simple sentences : —
1. Soc-mtes proved that virtue is its own rowird o un,n„
mornuis began to dawn, our ship struck on a sunken reef^^"
tlie rock-boiind i?oa-K 3 it nnv h« aooJu i S reel, near
is round [the rotundity of ' 4^t is\1 irSirbeli ^^^d^il^^^^^^^
soul IS immortal 5. The rain has been fallin-' ever since tl« «.m^
rose. 6. A tree is known by the fruit that it beSrs 7 A . S »'■"
annually over/lowed by the Nile, it a very rich countrv T^'^l
man vvLo is virtuous will be happy. ''*"^J' "«" '-^"""y- «• The
ti
i ■ 11(
186
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES IN COMro.
SITION.
A. — Letter-wbiting.
Superscriptions and Subscriptions.
Tlie following superscriptions, subscriptions, etc., of letters are
desi-ned to show what is now regarded as the inos an nrovcd i
.ransement and style of these parts : and 116^05 serve '^^^
models, according to circumstances. ^ ^ ® ^
Some of the most common forms of address are Sir. Dear Sir
My dear Sir, Respected Sir, Sirs, Dear Sirs Gentlemen I n^dipJ'
Madmn, Dear Madam, etc.;' Dear Susan, My dSSd, My de'r
Mr Smi h My dear Mrs. Smith, Mothe^, Brother, etc accordfn'
thenarnif '"'il^' ?^ T^f.'^^ 1"*''"^^^' «r affection exSg between
the parties. Note tliat the form of address Madam, Dear Madam
18 as applicable to unmarried as to 7narried ladies. ^'^""""t.
vZIi^f"'?^""^"^" '^^y ^^ Y''"i'3. Yours truly. Most truly yours
Very truly vours, Yours rosi.eetfullv, Hcspcctf.illy SinJS
yours, Your friend. Your obedient serx^nt, etc ; SaSon-
ately Youraffectionate iriend. Your lovin- brother, SretefoT-
lowed by the name of the writer. The closing will vary witi! the
varying relations of the parties. " ^ *'^®
(1.) Heading or date.
Toronto, Ont., Feb. 3, 1873.
(2.) Address.*
Mr. James F. Hammond,
421 Broadway, N. Y.
(3.) Introduction.
Lear Sir,— (4.) Body.
In reply to your letter of the 10th inst., I heg
have to say that I most cheerfully jccede to your very
reasonable request, etc.
(5.) Superscription.
Yours respectfully,
Henry H. Adams.
• The address inside the letter should be identical witli thn
iuper8criptiou upon the envelope, and may be put either before
the^introauction or at the bottom of the letter, on the iJftTuud
EXEHCISKS IN COMPOSITION.
137
JOMrO-
Afeasrs. NicTioh tf ffall,
82 Bromfield St., Boston.
Bear Sirs:
^ Pearl St., yeu> York,
July 27, ur-i.
etters are
)rovcd ar-
sorve as
Dear Sir,
), Ladies.
I, My dear
according
r betweeu
r Madam,
Tarn, gentlemen,
Ilespectfully yours,
Bavid B. Smith, J.\
To the Hon. the Minister of Education '^
Toronto, Ont.
Sir,—
ly yours,
Sincerely
iffection-
, etc., fol-
with the
, 3, 1873.
/ have the honor to be, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
• Edward Evant.
Dear Madam,-^
(1)
., / bag
ir very
ms.
ith the
before
Ct-huud
^u» Amelia D. Cook,
18 Sideau Street, Ottatea.
(2.) ~
Af.V dear Friend,—
Sincerely yours,
Henry Vamum.
Yours truly,
Isaac H. Hamlin.
My dear Sister,—
Your affectionate brother,
William.
('
138
Mn dear Mr. Brown, -
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
\A^
My dear Sir, —
Most truly yours,
Alexander Knos.
Vours, a.<t ever,
Horace Mann.
LETTEB OP INTRODCrCTION.
London, Sept. 25, 1873.
Dear Sir,~h gives me pleasure to introduce to yon my
much-esteemed fi'iend, Mr. W. P. Johnmn. Any aftenfions
that you may show him will be gratefully acknowledqed and
cheerfully reciprocated by
Yours truly,
A. li. drover.
Hon. Wm. Graham,
27 State Street,
Albany, N. Y.
Note.— It is not customary to seal a letter of iutroduction.
Exercise 55.
1. Write a letter to your teacher narrating your experiencea
during your last vacation. '»p«rit.ucei
2. Write and tell your duties at hcIiooI— your amiiseiuents or
recreations-your walks, books, thoughts or observations.
3. Write and toll about a visit to a museum or public «ardon-
tlie objects of interest, etc. ^ o^ruou
4. Write abo.it the days of ynnr childliood— your earliost roool-
K!l"A~^"''•^^^^''^'•'' «t «chool-your impre^ssious-your id^
about that period of your life. •'*'■' jrvui mtaw
5. Write and tell about an evening party— the number— thp
•musements-the music-the pleasures of social intercow^
KisctLLANMbs ^xkncm. a, coiirosrriox, 139
B. — NARRATlviSi
Example.— "7;i w„,-^^ ^-^ strenr;(/i»
hiH^betdrirorrSS Sffo^'V ^'--^^'"^ "--n, to
The young men were stroni. Ti?^ ^''^'Vi ^ ^""dl« of armwH
.Ho took it in Jiis t.,rn. iTo S,tioJ ,7 'n"'* "'!? ^^'^'^'^ tJ'« 2«"d c
fi'-'^'ly. He tl.on tinned tmvi!l'S."''''''^«"-Vl>i-olveeacl) arrow
•'.Mark the e/Tect of u S, n, ?'. n '''V'' "« ^'-^^d to 1 07
-ncble. Divided, you will b^e SS,;?;-^^'. ^"" ^'"' ^« '-
One wny of combining :-_
nud'onKS i,:;;;,^!^ ;:Sak^„S' ^'^^"^^ ^"^ -- to Ms bedside
though strong, bcinl m^ ,Jp n H '^ of arrou-.s. TJie yomi-S
turn, tn.ticd it and eas h n^^^^ ^'«t*^"'< the bln.dlo in hk
^'iSlili^Sli^eS?^^- ^^"^ ^ i-inJ!li^; lSv?3^:yi;'S
Another mode of combininrr:
£^^us.'i;a--s.™„S'^.._.
i I
M
I i
.1.
11
**0 LAKTGUAGE LESSONS.
Exercise 56.
Combine in the same way the following paragraph
Tea.
c£'%ttanfve'Sr'eeu" itSjwsTljn.^'T'^ pw., chlofl, in
to*ixfeet. It bears prettv wl.ff« flnJ^ the height of from fot.r
wild roses. In ChKS\are ,^^^^^^^ 'i'J'O flowers resemble
erally of small extent Th,?y a "riLuterlhV?^^ ^'"^"^ """^ ««»■
They are sitnr.ted on the slnnifm «n„ r" ."'®, "Pper valleyn.
places the soil is light/ It is S" I fc. i''^- ''"> '» "'«^«
•re raised from so?d. They are ireneruS int'"''!^.^" '^^'« '^''-^''^^
years iu the ground. A cron r,f ffo, n -'^ /vl'owed to remain three
i-lie leaves afe'caref ally 'A^ibrtlS *"'^*'" ''^^'^ "'«'"•
C— WniTINr FKOM IIeads.
A more advanced exercise in writing is to mve
he pupil merely the heads of a composition, and
then require him to fill it out.
The Cow.
-^^^inJ^^^rn£T!^'^^^^^^ ; "rtlcles
tance of milk ; tKe calf ; use of [te skin ' ° ^"^^ ' *'"t'°'^-
its^rht'o^ro^tSe moTtts^;tait,r/f '"^^ '"-^ °-^"'-
the purposes to which tT^S^K 'of it"!? i^^^^^ ' '''"^
.ire almost innumerable T\^t m ft'^fa 11 • ^^ body are applied
tain covering for our 'eet th a Wf '^i'"," "^^ ^"^^ scarce y ob-
almost Xlfy made from the sk^^^^ S^''^^ ^'^'-^^ being
into an endless varietJ^nfninr' ^^^ '^' ^^esides, manufactured
lime, its K?ervTto*^aLToSf/^ i'tHoln^'''"^- ^^^'^ ^'^^
combs, knife-haudles boxes driniH,,',, ;1^ "^ are converted into
liseful articles ; and its bones are en ?nv ff ''' '^K^'f ' ^"'^ «t^er
and ornamental purposes ThrSXfri'^'''" ^^™«^^*'°
most valuable of^.n\mal prSuc£^ ^^ .?f /,?'„:;.^'; «"« ^^ «'«
wholesome and nourishing article of dSt^'lli^^^T'''-^ "^«^ «« f^
butter and cheese are made Thfi.v,,!«; y^*^''" ^'■^'." '""'^ that
calf ; its skin is made "So fine b fob, «n^ "f *''® ^^''^.'^ ««"ed a
material for binding book^ ^ ^^""^ ^"^ '^''^^«' parchiuent, and
iragraph
» chiefly in
from four
"8 resemble
se are geii-
er valleys.
In these
Tlie pl.aiits
innin three
rom them.
to give
on, and
; nrtlclos
I ; impor-
Ht nflefnl.
lan ; and
* applied
rcely ob-
!ar being
ifnctured
xed with
rted into
id other
loraestic
e of the
tiso H8 a
iiillc that
called a
eut, and
MlSCfiLLANKOUS ^XEttClSlSS l.V COMrosiTlOX. 141
Exercise 57.
Bo the 8«me with the following paragraphs.:-.
Description of Printing.
»-^ha?tre^\7i?H''aJ'e^^^^^^^ «««'"g "P of the type,
tl.e words are^Sim ,7tc; i)l«?tt^,^^ i" the Ji^
•ifi hand a com/,.,^v,?-S f«5mt ?8 ?hi; ?f ""TT^' ''^'^h in
into pagos-the page is fixed L, ipn f 5!"**"® ^T"". '^'"^ "'«de
process of iukiitf-the rnllnr h L ^'^*^'"® ^^"6*^ » chase-
tlio pressure stim,pi„cr tS .wl V'*''*'^'* I^»' o^'^r the paRo-
• "tcu-cylinder" presses °" ''^ *'"« ^f the great
The Cotton Plant.
havf iS'^i^LTeaves ySlorrd ^^^T'-V^' ^pecies-all
off.th. «oed-pote%Sr;,«'^^ti»SittTr];'v'" ?■' ""-^^'^^ f''»
spnuff opcn-the .^oeds nro tl.«« ^"latiirity— when ripe they
tf.e cottc'n is picked a»d ^ fl?o,.nH'"j ?"^'?'oped «" cotton-
out and dried-.the.i serSf J in, ^*i '"^'^ J«gs-next spread
ton pLant is best cnS'ed-vMC "l\f eds-where the cot-
year-countries to ^^^^S^^^t^^^tt^lS^Z^^
Sir Walter Raleigh.
Q«S'^EFzrb?thl".is''SS,';;iirn;'^^^ ^"I'T. ^^e rel^n of
courtier-anecdote of 1^ rS ne^ i../^*^ J"f, talents'as a
the velvet ('loak-his onS. s -mH 1**'''M'^ *1"^^" ""d
AmerioiV-the colony ^ vS i^ / f^^''''^'::'''". '^^^^^^^ to
of tobacco and poUitoes iiS" ' i^Knd- tlLV/^^ impoitition
fiilse charge of tr^8on-mi?J;S arrested on a
tiou-wlmt you think of ISIS ®''''° the Tower-hia execu-
D. — Quota Tioxs.
In tlie course of a conij.osition, it will often bo r,e.
cessary to represent a person as actually 8])eaki,..
This 18 called direct speech. Jvrlir^r^* JJ^y -'"'
the words as reported by another. ^
The words which the speaker is represented as
using are to be enclosed in quotation JarrsSuc^
i
142
LAtlGtrAGK LK,S:50KS.
1
expressions as said I, replied he, etc, arc not to bo
put m quotation-innrks, but are to be set off from
the spoken words by commas.
Example.-" I have lived," said the old mnn, « a
great many years in poverty." Thrown into the i?i.
direct form, this would read as follows :— ■
poveTly."^' '"'" ««'d«mt l,e had lived a , rcat many year. In
In cliangin,; from tl>e direct to tlie indirect form of spoocl. tl.e
fust poison becomes tl.e tl.ird ; the present tense, p: .t and e
word THIS is changed to that.
Ex -ircise 58.
^ Insert quotation-marks and commas in the follow-
ing paragraph where necessaiy :—
Change tlic foIlo«-ing i^ssnges from the direct to
the indirect mode of speech :
manners us I fjet along." ".uejb, and shaU learu better
^^'^^^^f^' "' ^^1'^^* neither profit nor general fame
'it will feed mj
my
reven
If^rt feeds nothing else," said Shyloct
knew
4. Burke says,
^Vicc tJuit is good
man wlio was bad fit for ser-
lot to bo
off from
mnn, " a
to the in-
y years iu
ipnocli, tlie
t; and the
folio \V-
witli cold
!op]e that
slf to t!io
orse. To
?at them.
le nislied
; and tlio
>ly by tiie
dloi'd re-
my liead
pHed the
i when I
irect to
f; "but
u better
al fame
'eed my
for ser-
HTRrKl.LAVEOUS EXEnCI.SIJS IN rOMPOSTTTOX. 143
^^—^'i^^^'lSG PoETJtY TO PUOSE.
Clianging poetry into the order of ,,rosc is in ev
ceed.„gIy.ntorestingnn. instructive ees I""
-"^,s.stan.asof.rrs.ir..ans-^La:;iit^
the 1 ilgnms " are here given, to^^ether with 1
Bpecimen of transposition. ^
The Landing of the Pilgrims.
The brealdng waves dasliod hi-l,
On a stern and n^'k-boimd co'ut
And he woods af,^ain«t a st rmy ^ V
Their -laiit brandies toss'd ; ^
Not as the conqueror cornea,
1 hoy, the true-hearted c-lma •
Not with the roll of the stS' ;irnm8
And the trumpet that sin^fs ohS f
Not as the flyhi- come,
In silence and in four :—
K t?^ t|'« d«l>tlis of the desort -loom
V\ ith their hymns of lofty cheer.
What sou-ht they thu. afar?
The wealth of seas, the spoils of war ?_
Ibey sought a faith's i.iae shrine !
Ay call it holy .rround,
f he soil where first thev trod •
moored .hon- ^^ru'^^^^^S^^if^^'^^^" <" e«.es
144
,'i
' r
i
«
LANGUAGE LESSONS.
".e.r advent. On tlm o er ,. i Vl.ev^n'l ""'."P"^ ''«""?od
and silence aa ujiirJit fum-Hvii ; ^ , •' ""* ^'ome In fen*
WitI, their hynum of oftSee? tl'n'" "','''' "••^"^« co "try
deaeit gloom resound. *°">^ ''''®«' tl.ey made tJie deptliB of the
rM^'L^""^^ No ther obS ;-H !^«''f^^'« t^.J^o gained by
ri.iB boon thoy found i„ tl.Kow L l^''-'^ ''^'''»''""« «l>ertv
tlienoli where tl^eylirsttJidUredi;^^^^^^ we may well ui^
suprLFJiE3ijj::NT.
I. kecai'itulation'^ inflections.
1- Nouns.
Sivr/nhr.
. boy
Nominative ....
PossesHive
Objective .,
Nomlnntive
rosHCHsivo "
Objective .",
Nomlnntive
rossessivc '
Objective *
..boy's
•.boy ....
• ■•lady
...Indy'g..,
•.l.'idy
• .nmn
• •..nj.an'B. ..
. . xaan
Phtrai.
...boys,
-..boys'.
. ..boys.
. ..I.idioH.
. ..ladies'
• . .Indies
. . .men.
...men's
— men.
2. Pronouns.
Some of the personal pronouns arc rhanffcd to ex
f>-ss person, nu.nbcr, gender and case. (See p 85^
Personal pronouns of tlie first jicrson :-
Plural.
.'••■... we.
our.
Nominative ^T^"'*-
Pos8cs8ive. . .
Objective "..■.';. '">'• """c-
Personal pro.ioun of the .second person':-
Nomlnntive. . fi'mUar. pi,,^^^^
Po.ssessi ve V. Ji '?"• ' :, : you.
Objective : . . . ;; ; : . ;; ; ; •{['y^"'' ""»e Jour.
Deraoustrative pronoun of the third person Z ' ^°"*
*T . . Singular. p;.,--?
A^ouiinative i,„ i ,^ ^i-.^rat.
Po88e.s8lve uf: i ' '*: they.
Objective : fc'r''^, thefr.
NoTK u^m, J '''"^'''«^'" them.
l!6
«L/l'J'LKiMEN'r.
Ti.o rolatlve pronoun « who" is cl..UKrt.d in fur
to express case. (See ]»].. 00, Gl.)
m
. Singular and Plural
NoiiuiiiUive
I'osHt'saivo. . ^^''"•
Objective \\'.\ wliose.
" ' wliorn.
,d'^:'!:;,-::^.v'"'^«'''«"'«oupoduati
aud " which.
»o possc»«ivo of "that"
3. Verbs.
A verb IS cl..uige(] i„ forn, to exjiress mood and
tense, and sometimes the person and number of its
subject. (See pp. 71-74.)
Prett. Teme,
I walk.
Tlioii wnlkest.
He walks.
We walk-.
Yttii w.aik.
They walk.
Present Perfect Teme.
hnve walked,
h.'ust walked,
liiive wjilked.
^ hari walked,
have walked.
have walked.
have walked.
Indicative Mood.
Past ToiK.
I
Tliou
Vou
lie
We
Yoii
Tliey
or
Future Tense.
I shall walk.
Thou wilt walk
walked. "^ will walk.
Ave shall walk.
You will walk.
They will walk.
Post Perfect Tense.
I liad walked.
Tliou hadst walked
He had walked.
AVe had walked.
You had walked.
They had walked.
i'\mire Perfect Tense.
J shall have wnllcnd.
Thou wilt have walked.
• He will have walked.
We shall have walked.
You will have walked.
They will have walked.
EECAPITLLATION OF INFLTJrTIONS. 147
Subjunctive Mood.
Present Tense.
Present Perfect Tense.
I )
Tkoii
Wo
You
They J
walk.
I
Thou
llo
We
You
They J
havo walked
Imperative Mood,
JouaXlr' ^^'^"^' L^-'^ ""Jy with a ,.rououu of the
Infinitives.
w.^kor' ^'''''' '^" ^"''^- ^'-^^^"^ ^^^r/ect Tense To have
Participles.
Il-wSt'SkS'"''"- ''"''^'''' ^''^"'«'»- ^o^Pound Perfect,
I SmnKell"lfurTwk.o' n^. *I" ^''"J' '? ^'" ^« «««" t^'-'^t its form
i »e subject. "" *"'"""* "^ *^>« P^^^so" and number of
4- Adjectives.
An adjective is changed in form to express dif-
erent degrees of the same quality. (See i)p. 36,
Positive.
Sharp,
Mauiy,
Comparative.
Sharper,
Manlier,
Snperlative.
Shari)88t.
MaiUiest.
Beautifnl' Mf'ebeauti;.., MoT^autifuI.
beautiful. Less beautiUu, Least beUutiful;
148
SUPPLEMiryT.
Some adjectives are compared irregularly; as:
Positive.
Good,
Well,
Evil,
Bad,
Little,
Many,
Much,
Far, forth.
Near,
Late.
Old,
Hiud,
Up,
Out,
Fore,
Comparative. Superlative.
Better,
Better,
WorHe,
Worse,
Less,
More,
Mt»ro,
Fartlier, furtlier,
Nearer,
L»ter( latter),
Older or elder,
Hinder,
Upper,
Utter or outer,
Forujcr,
Adverbs are compared in the
adjectives. (See p. 42.)
Best.
Best.
AVorst.
Woist.
Least.
Most.
Most.
Farthest, furthest
J^earest o/' next.
Latest or last.
Oldest or eldest,
ilindinost.
Upmost.
Utmost.
Foremost or first.
same manner as
i'
n. TlIK PRINCIPAL RULES OF SYKTAX
t Jt'^iLTi^ir.'f "' "' " """•' -'■" --' '<> '»
RuLK 3.-A noun used i„ explanation of another
ralTv '"^ ^''^r""* *"'"«• '» '" "'« «""«
loved -"T' "" ""'■ "" '••'"-'Wist, wa.
.rn^^v'' ^■~'*. """" '" "■" I"-«'1i<">te, after a„ in-
rans,t,ve verb, and meaning the same thing as Z
eubjeet, is ih i,he same ei(8e.
THE PRIXCIPAL RULES OP SYNTAX. UO
Rule 5.--A nonn used independently, by direct
address, is in the nominative case.
Rule 6.--The object of a transitive verb or a
preposition is in tlie objective case.
beltT JoTit "'"" ^'^^^^V«J^ows that something
IS in tlie possessive case.
dcf n!;^ *■""* '"""P"" """'' *eree in number, gen-
ropCe'r"" "'" '"* ■'"'"' <" P^o"-- -•"•«^ '*
BuiE 9.-An adjective limits or describes a noun.
Role 10._An adverb modifies a verb, an adieo-
tivc, or another adverb. ''
Rtob 11._a preposition joins a noun or a pro-
rdtottx; *'^" ""''^^ -' -»'"-
Rule 12.— A conjunction connects words, phrases
clauses or sentences, but has neither a pr^CS
nor an adverbial signification. """""nal
«'
CLASSIFIED LIST OF STRONG VKUBS.
" Verbs in which (he Past Teniae is
the Perfect Participle has
Present.
Arise,
Crow,
Draw,
Drive,
Fly,
Forsake,
Oive, For-,
Know,
hie (to recline,,
Ride,
Uiso, A',
Sfie, '
Shalce,
Show,
Slay,
Smite,
Stride,
Strive,
Tjilre, Be-, etc.,
TJirive,
Tlirow,
Write,
Past.
Arose,
Blew,
Crew,
Drew,
Drove,
Flew,
': Forsook,
Gave,
Knew,
Lay,
Rode,
Rose,
Saw,
Shook,
Showed.
Slew,
Smote,
Strode,
Strove,
Took,
Throve,
Tlirew,
Wrote,
formed hi/ rowel-char. (jc, and
the sxtJIU eu or n." ^ ' """
Perfect Participle.
Arisen.
Blown.
Crowed (once crown).
Drawn.
Driven.
Flown.
Forsaken.
Civen.
Known.
I^ain (or lien).
Ridden.
Risen.
Seen.
Shaken.
Shown.
Slain.
Smitten,
Stridden.
Striven,
Taken.
Tiiriven.
Thrown.
Written,
In the folloxoing verbs there u n *,>^,i^^
''mod sound of the Pn^ rlv /?"^<'"C2^ <o assimilatt the
Participle'' ^ ^ ''"** Indicative to that of the Pe f^
Present
Past.
S®"f;^^''XO-<A), R,re, bare,
Bear (to carry), jjore, bare,
Beat,
Break,
Choose,
Shear,
Speak, Be-,
(•50)
iioat,
Broke (brake)
Chose,
Cleft, clave, or clove.
Froze,
Short,
Spoke, spake,
Perfect Partkipl
ijoni,
BoKie,
Beaten.
Broken.
Clioseu,
Cleft, cloven.
Frozen.
Shorn.
SpokcA,
Present.
Steal,
Swear.
Tear,
Tread,
Wear,
Weave,
CL^SS.mb LIST OP STUONG VEllBS. 15.
Past.
Stole,
Swore, stocrc,
I'ore,
Trod, or trode,
>v ore,
Wove,
Perfect Pariidpie.
Stolen.
Sworn.
Torn.
Trodden, or trod.
♦V orn.
"Woven.
" /" the fnUoirinr, vrrhs (he Pn'if r^»«. i
Present.
JJid,
Drink,
(Jet, JJr., For.,
Km-
Slirink,
Sii»«,
Sink,
Spin,
Si)it,
Strike,
Swim,
Past.
Boffan,
Jiid, bade,
Drank,
Got,
liiiug,
Shrank,
Sane, or .siiiipr,
Sank, or muk,
Si)iin, siuni.
Spat, or 8j)it,
Struck,
Swam, or swum,
Perfect Participle.
Uidden.
Drunk.
Got (gotten).
Rung.
Shrunk.
Slin;j.
Sunk, or sunken.
Spun.
Si)it.
Struck, stricken.
Swrum.
-rn «e /*„<„, -»^'^^^«. :5,«^.*^./.c,P<.«.^.
Present.
Bind, Un.
Uite,
Burst,
Chide,
Fuid,
Grind,
Hide,
Shoot,
Slide,
Sling,
Sling
Slit,
Stick,
Past.
Bound,
Bit.
Burst,
Chid,
Fought,
Found,
Flung,
Ground,
Iluntr,
Hid,
SJiot,
Slid,
Shuij?,
Slunk
Slit,
Stuck,
Perfect ParticiiAe.
Bound.
Bitten, bit.
Burst.
Chidden, or cr,M.
Clung.
Fouglit.
Found.
Flung.
Ground.
Uung.
Hidden, orbA.
Shot
Slid, m' eXlACm.
Sluug.
Slunk.
Slit.
Stuck.
• fl*ng.wti»ke away m, by luu.gln«,u weak "' ""
152
Preaent.
String,
Wiu
Wini,
Wring,
SUPPLBMENT.
Past.
Strung,
Swung,
Won,
Wound,
Wrung,
Perfect Participle.
Strung.
Swung.
Won.
Wound.
Wrung.
•' In th. following verbs the Perfect Pnrti.ir.y. 7. 1.
from t/iipiSt TcZe7 °' ^''" bono^oed
Present.
Abide,
Awake,
Have,
Ilold, Be-, With'.
J-.et,
Seetlie,
Sliine,
Sit,
btand, With', etc.
Presera.
Eat,
Kun,
Past. Perfert Participle.
Abode, Ahnif
Awoke, or awaked, Awaked.
Jleld "''"*■
Let ' "ejd, holden.
Sod t^*-,
Sliolie, Sodden, or sod.
Sat, ti'ono-
" Unclassified Forms."
Past.
Came,
Dug.
Ate,
Ban,
Perfet. Participle.
Come.
D"g.
Eaten.
Run.
u
Present.
Am,
Uend,
Hereave,
Beseecli,
Bleed.
Breed,
• Briiij;,
Build, He.
Burn,
Cast.
Catch,
Clothe,
Cost,
Creep.
Cut,
" ^"■*' "^^ '''^'"'^«' «>» the preceding classes.'
Past.
Was,
Bent.
Bereft,
Besought,
Bled, '
Bred,
Brought,
Built,
Burnt, or burned
Bouglit.
Cast,
Caught,
Clothed.
Cost,
Crept,
Cut '
Perfect Participle.
Been.
Bent,
Bereaved, or bereft
Besought.
Bled.
Bred.
Brought.
Built.
Bum;.
Bought
Cag*.
Caught.
. Clad, clothed.
Cost.
Crept.
Cut
Present,
Dare {to venture),
Daro (tochaUciuje
Deal,
D.>. (In-,
Dn.'um,
Dv.oll,
F:u'l, Z^e-,
Feed,
Feel,
Flee,
Forbejir,
Foruct,
Gild,
<^in', r.e-, L'a-,
(<v,
<->nne, i;/j-,
Grow,
lJ(!ar,
Heave,
How,
Hit,
HlTt,
Keej),
Kneel,
Knit,
Lay,
Lead, J/^.,
Leave,
Lend,
Light,
Load,
Lose,
Make,
Mean,
Meet,
Mow,
i'on (to inc'os')
I'ut.
Quit,
Rend,
Rend,
Rid,
Rive,
Saw,
Say,
CLAS.SII.IEJ) LIST OF STIJOXG vkkbs.
153
Past.
Durst,
),i.sPDared,
Dealt,
Did,
Dreamt, or dreamed,
Dwelt,
Fell,
Fed,
Felt,
Fled,
Forbore,
For-,'()t,
Gilt, or Gilded,
Girt, or Girded,
Went,
f 'Hi red,
(xrew.
Heard,
Hove,
Hewed,
Hit,
Hurt,
Kejit,
Knelt, or knoeird
K ">
Lah,
Led,
Left,
Lent,
Li^'lited, or lit,
L<»a(led,
L(jst,
l\Lade,
Meant,
Blet,
flowed.
Paid,
Pent, or penned.
Put,
Q'lit, or quitted,
Read,
Rent,
Rid,
Rived,
^'Vwed,
Said,
Po'/ect Participle
Dared.
Dared.
Dealt.
Done.
Dreanjt, or dreamed
Dwelt.
Fallen.
Fed.
Felt.
Fled.
i'orborne.
Foi'i^otten, for!j;ot
Gilt, or gilded.
Girt, or girded.
Gone.
Graven.
Grown.
Heard.
Hoveu.
Hewn.
Hit.
Hurt.
Kept.
Knelt, or kneeled
Knit.
Laid.
Led.
Left,
Lent.
Lighted, or lit.
Laden, or loaded.
Lost.
Made.
Sleant.
Met.
Mown.
Paid!
r'ent, or penned.
Put.
Quit, or quitted.
Read.
Rent.
Rid.
Riven,
Sawn.
SrAd
'I
il-:!
4
i . (
164
Present.
Seek,
Sell,
Send,
Set, Be-,
Shavo,
Shed,
Shoe,
Shred,
Shut,
Sleep,
Sow (to scatter
Speed,
Spf-i.d, Mis;
Spix.. '
Spread., Be-
Sjirin",
feting,
Strow, or avow, Be-
Sweat,
Swcoi),
Swell,
Teacli, Mis-, 7?c-,
Toll, '
Think, lie-,
Thrust,
W.TX,
Weep,
Wet
Whet,
Work.
KUi']>LKRrKN-.i«
Past.
Soufiht, .
Sold,
Seut,
Set,
Shaved,
S.h,i,
Sliol,
Shred,
Shut,
Slept,
Sowed,
S])ed,
Spent,
Split,
Spread,
Spraii^T^ or ppning,
Stung, "'
■, StiYjwed, or strewed,
feweat, or sweated,
Swept,
Swelled,
Taiiglit,
Told,
Tliought,
Waxed,
AVej)t,
Wet; or wotted,
\\Jict, or whetted.
V^rought, or worked,
Perfect Participle
Sonpiit.
Sold.
Scut.
8et.
»Shii von.
Shed.
Shod.
Shred,
Shut.
Slcj.t.
Sovvji,
S{)(!d,
•^•pent.
Split.
J^'road.
Spr'Mi;:^.
StlitJfr.
Strown, strewji,
Sw(;i!-, or Bweatcd
Swcj '.
Swo];,'.i, or swoln.
raiigjit.
Told,
Thonirlit
Thrast.
Waxen.
Wej't.
y^yt, or wetted.
Whet, or whetted
Wrought, or worked
'ticiple
3wn,
.veiited
swolii.
,-■(].
cttfni,
worked
APPEiNDIX.
Tlie following are the papers set for the examination
for entrance to High Schools and Collegiate Institutes
since 1874 : —
Values.
21
28
10
ENTEANCE EXAMINATION, JUNE, 1874.
1.
Analyze, " Of the ancient colonies, Mr. Scorseby
unlortimately obtained no tlirect information."
^. ± arse, " D'Israeli, who is now Premier of Britain
. spent the early part of bis life in writing novolH."
rf. C^ive the positive forms convsponding to 'most'
' first," next,' and ' elclost.'
^^r *!','^,l'^'''^'al« oi ' piano,' ' thief,' monkey,' ' toy '
^gulf, ' oebo,; ' penny,' ' fowl' and ' Norman.'
10
12
12
o. Give the funjiuine.s of • actor.' 'hero.' • widower '
negro "marquis,' and ' friar ;' and the mascu-
biK-^ of ♦ duck,' • duchess,' and ' countess.'
b. Delme preposition, conjunction, ADYEaB, SUBJECT
and CASE. '
7. Wiiteout in full, in the ordinary form, the indi-
_ cativo mood of ' sing.'
8. Give the past tense and past participle of ' sit '
^ slide,' ' stoop,' ' hide,' ' hurt,' ♦ wink,' ' swim,''
9. Correct, where necessary, the following sentences .
it makes no difference to either you or I.'
' Neither John nor James is coming.'
'Why aint you going to play cricket.'
Ihe burning of the Bavarian was one of the
most dreadful accidents that has happened
for many years.
Value.. ENTRANCE EXAMINATION, DECEMEEK, 1871
1. Analyse,
" By Nebo's lonely mountain.
On this side Jordan's wave,
In a vale in the land of Moab
There lies a lonely grave."
2. Parse " John studies two houi-s daily, but James
hia brother, passes his time in playmg cheaa."
12
38
156
APPENDIX.
Valuos.j I]NTlUNCEExAir'V4TTnw T^
"^''"!7?,"'^.'«"«^^ngsemVuc4-!! syntax that
Mv f/ *'''/ "^^^ '^'^^^ child
Will fill tho chaise, so you must ri.ln
, .On horseback after we •'
' II.T" ^%^*f^^^* '"^ i"<Jollu7te article "
Ho IS great, hut truth is greater than ub all "
ENTBANCE EXAMINATION, JUNK I875
"^^'rii:":^^-^-. -^0 was an early
^ fore breakfast. . ^"""^^ ^^ ^^^ study be-
Analj-Bo —
By the struggling n,o, : i^'''> ^"P^nig,
3.^V^tethe1;KS^-^^^^
a"'^"«cZ./thefn;s.^li^^^ "^ "*^^'^' /'"''"^
fcnd.; the compamt?veTnd ./,;''?';•' t^^^' '^"^^
late, near, old, drrix^\. ^^ '^''^\^''' ^''''''^ ^^
Biuguhu- preseutSicSiie^ ti^i ""'^ *^^^ ^^^^^ ^
^ ^ pie, and the past pSnWf ^ ^''''''* -l^^^'^^^i-
^^wise as a philosopher! ' ^°^' ^^^ ^'^^^^^'^^ ««
I'ereon, personal pronoun, and prepoBitioiv
18
APPENDIX.
fly/ 'hoof,
son-in-law.'
of ' uear,'
ud 'honor-
0. tlio third
sent parti-
' Mlowiiig
.' ' thrust,'
I JPiououn.
'nthx that
lido
aJl."
^875.
fiu early
tudy bb-
Jt'sbt,
hig,
y hghf.
% lia'i-t',
'ck and
n-m?, of
) tliird
partici-
md Zjt'.
vrittcn
lowing
'>ne it.
"g aa
itioiv
Va]ues.|ENTi;ANCE EXAMINATION. MCEMBER.
167
45
12
80
3
3
12
Values.!
20 I 1
187S.
1. Parse --Who would toil all his hfo for a mast-
that treated him thus ? *
2. Analyse—
For their '.-an country much disdain
Q Tir -x , l^'iglish often sliow.
a.*,.2>«^fc- /j<rs, a:idcns«; the possessive plura
of u-/,o, luhi, and f;.«iZ..nm ; all the porsnL i
ho ..ngulur of tho present and the past indie
ve of w^ll the principal verb, and all the per-
01 uill the auxiliary verb ; and the present a"d
past participles of fnm, ,ue and shine ^
4. Define Conjunction, Vkkb, and Suhject
o. xNamothne adjectives that are irrcirularly com-
pareu and compare thuni.
"■ ^^""'Jtf "''^' *"•"•'■' ^'°" °^''^'^^« i^ tii^ following
sentences, givuig your reasons :- "
m^w"' '"" " ^^^"'^^ -i^^^ «3-novial
Ton elevenths are equal to twenty twenty-twos.
SSeTno d-ff''^'-^' ''"T^ ''""^''^^ '' meet a.n.
Ihore IB no difference of opinion between mo and
ENTKANCE EXAMINATION, JfJNE, 1876.
Gave the masculine or fominiao form, as the case
uay be, of hero, sultana, countess, ex out.' r
Pmo U «^ "-^-oy hly, folio, gus. bi-oSe pea!
of 1? 'n f '"P^':^^''"'^"'-^ ^^"I'orlativo deg re.
of la., il, funny; the past tenoo and past parti
lurso On returning home last Friday ni-ht n-
found no small excitement in Uuclo Chu-C
10 i 8. AnSS"^''°""^^^°"^'^^^^^"^-^^--''
" Saint Augustine ! well hast thou said
iiiat of our vices wo can frame
A ladder, if we will but tread
\R A r^ I Beneath our feet each deed of shamp '»
{a) The river h'as raised six inches this mornin^
(< ) Of the two Henries, this is the youngest
infl
APPlNDrx.
!::l^:j "" -^^-^^cr E^MiNAHcv, JoNK. ISTO-Co^./nu.rf.
I would lito to liave
(</) Don't he know tJiat
wont with hhn ?
<> W)^''! • '^''"* ''"^ ^'^^ <Jown to rest-
6. Into what Clu- .s ara r^,.,
Give an
'^'aluys.
.»^,ENTUAK,,E EXAMINATION, DECEMBER !„„
<«" ( 1. Parse : '
^ttl"LrS'* r ,S 'wenly ,<.g„,, ,b„,
fast anchor L^ ,1 ^V'-'"'"' "" I'oard-wo
Vail; t hS ''^Sct rr"°;'''v — •"
island." quarter of a mile from the
plural ofThi,,'n^ey.t/°C";h ""^''^^ '^"^
ami superlative degrees of m?'v^' coniparative
and t)inr>o<f +^^ ^^ ma' V, tedious, holy
, Si^ * r* iSeh '"■'^"■p^ ■■"■•' "-*
■i. Correct any mistakr Tn'/u^''' '^""' '''•' P^y-
giving /.^I'et; s :'' '^' ^"""^^^"^ «^""^^^^^s.
o' LT^^a^'^ "■ S°' ^' ^^'lys up tlieKtroet
3. J^hat there figure didn't ought toh^ve ten sub-
rinS''^' '"v '''P''^* bets,-oon him and me
Classify adjectives, and nve an eT^imil nf »,
class. ».» ample of dach
fi. Give the rule for t le usr of fr.« i x-
</ki«. '^ ^^^ *^^ ti^Q relative pronoun
JDLYE .MI .TIONS, 1877
ADMISSIO.. TO HIGH SCHOOLS
40 1. Parse
-nes' schemes and in conceafing hS owL "
APi>KKJ.>JJi.
itinued.
to to Jiave
^" "propo.
? Give ua
ER, 1876,
fees above
^s thou^'lit
flocks to
from the
joard — wo
from tlio
iies, boan,
ular and
Jjparative
ii'I ))tibt
''•^'. ply.
.'uteiices,
i3en sub-
of dach
•roiioun
160
B diffl.
iscorer
adver*
Viiluoa
8 j 3
14
luoa. Admission to Than Schools. Joly. \mi -Continued.
10 2. Analyse :
" 3!h;T°T"-^''°\1'^ °" ^'"•^'^ "*'^^'r confusodJy and
wi h hcsitauon the apinehrnsion of so etramro
a .h.nger provaihug with tJu-s. who feared no
<JVnfc)r,
Writo sentences showing the several ways in which
, '* wlio" and " th.it" are used.
Give the plural of 'hero.' ' crocus,' • genus,' 'cenins '
::& .' "^•' •^'^"^^*' ;«™'' 'app':nX>
fcnecp, - «s,' 'cargo;' and the possessive
Bmgnluri^id plural of ' beau.' •mo.se.' ' omT
i^^:;^c;^;;t?i^7''--^^-----g^.
Wnte the present participle, the past pai ticiplo and
i.we^ of «,«, do, go, catch, cat, tear, art, rchi lose
Correct any mistakes you detect i, the annexed
8c.ntene( H, giving your reaso. s • annexed
ill u ^"' '''f '"^ ^''' '™"^<^ '•^^■'^ ^^^ne very di Jerent
^ l^o";'' ' '^^ momorandas to ussi.-.t'his clerk's
9
15
(b) lie made a few momorau
memory.
(c) Jano got on quicker in her studies than her
{e) I hardly know who to make my complaint to,
Values.,
». c,
6 i 3
DECEMBER EXAMINATIONS, 1877.
ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. '
L Parse :
" Sunday after Sunday he had the keen dr^'M of
eeenig Criuiean officers from Sr^ i^l^f
|;nd..^.t in hi. congregation."-^;^ :^cUi:^
Analyse :
Ihiving heard the same preaching for fifteen vg.i.-s
he had ceased to admire it. ^'"''^•
IdveS'"' '''''^''' ^'""'"^' ^'^^^0°. Verb, and
4. Give the pinral of monkey, wharf stnff nnfo*
be Bingu .r of necktiesf' bSS^^n. ILe's Ih^
^T::! ^i,^:!^^.'._^«-..-Pl^ew ; the^^rmiara!
tV,l /r- J '^7P^''^,^">0 OI Deautiful, prettv 'far-
buy frv T^''^' P^'.^«"* indicatiJlSve of
buy, fry ; the past participle of meat, beat, seat ,
160
APPENDIX.
Values,
12
2
1
1
Vfllucn.
G
44
10
24
12
Admikkion to ITion ScnooLs, Die, 1877— Continued.
tho proHont participle of pfot, firo, occur, differ,
(lie J uiul tho pos.;(.'3i-avo cuso of who, ladies, one,
ho.
C. Quote tho rule cf syntax violated in each of the
following i;oiit(;ii(;i;3 : —
Botwnen you and I this must not Lo allowed any
loii.f^cr.
I w('Jidt'r how ho ever camo to Icfrioud ^uch a
criminal as mo.
Neither Joliu nor Jumna nor Mary huvo found it.
Tht:r(! is SDVcral boys in th| room.
6. Correct tho following txprossiona : —
Them nutfi iy mine.
I kind of thou,'/iit that Tonj was thrro.
I iirulorstand J ::= 1 J to mean that throe twos equal
one and a lialf.
JUTjY examinations, 1S78.
ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS.
i. Explain tlio mcaninpj of 'Etymolo^y,' 'Common
Gender,' 'InfuiiMvo Mood,' ' russivo Voice,'
« Suliordinnte Con junction,' • Pluporfcot Tense.'
2. Time nftor limo did this adniirahlo p.irejit seek to
win lur j'roward child back to his duty, fondly
ima,crinin,':j that a mothor'a love must bo the moat
potent of allinliuencea.
Parse this sei teuce.
3. Analyse tho following:— '-The Lords refusing to
concur, tlie Commons votod that tho supremo
authority resided in themselves, and had the
House of Lords closed."
4. Write the plural of attnrni'ij, tobacco, medium, Mm-
sulman, wharf; the positive and suprrlativo of
better, worse, more, former; tho past tonse, the
present participle and the par.t participle oi ar-
rive, swing, sit, die, choose, lay, bunt.
5. Correct the following sentences, and give tho rule
ui each case :
a) Him and me went to town yesterday.
b) Not one in fifty of these writers can ex
press themselves with correctness.
(c) Our happiness or misery are, in a
measure, placed in our own hands.
{d) He was drove lat hard that he
throwed up his situatiDn.
6. What kinds of adjectives cannot be compared, and
what nouns have the same form in both numbers 7
great
soon
7 — Continued.
occur, differ,
a, ladies, ouc,
each of tbo
allowod any
rioud aich it
ivo found it.
•CO t.'A'OS C(iaul
■8.
)L3.
•,' ' Common
ssive Voice,'
!rf(\'t Tense.'
ireut seek to
duty, fondly
it bo the most
3 refusing to
tbo supremo
and had the
ncdium, Mm-
uporlativo of
st toiise, the:
ticiple oi ar-
U.
;ivc the rule
Rterday.
iters can ex
uess.
, in a great
unus.
j.at he soon
ampared, and
:>th uuiabers 7
i
V , : 1
. « i
J^-.*''
NLC BNC
3 3286 02712056 3
■■■, ■-. '>"1
'Hi^