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I !"••

FOR NOVA

iLDITED

All Co

TERMS.— 38. 9i

Vol. a.

Literature

•

In a former nr

lion, we attempt!

ot society wth

ture, during the

years of tlie worl

to trace the sta

elementary iiistri

sixteen centmies

If our otijpct w

blooilsheil and d

pages of ancient

task would be con

to trace the char

useful knowledsjp

We have seen ths

and heathen, had

depths of darkiie

Greece and Roi

number, and lim

tions, Compared t

pcoule, were now (

nificance ; the tea

Doctors and Rabl

interwoven with

customs of (he h

" schools of ttie f

succeeded by sch

in a word, nil thir

!W.».i!l<«-3;i1-,,ty,ssijtj(Viit, . ^0ii-:

' ^rmmmmme^^T-^SZ.'

FOa NOVA SCOTIA, NEW BftUINSWICK, AND PRINCK

EI^WARD ISLAND.

i^DITED BY

All Communications to be addressed to the Editor, post paid,

• - - - ALEXANDER MUNRO.
Bay Verte, New-Brunswick.

TERMS.-38. 9d. per annum. Single copies 4d. To Clubi, see Cover.

No. 2.

Vol. 3.

FEBRUARY, I860.

Literature and Elementary Instruction in the Mid-
dle Ages.— No. 2.

intellectual lay prostrate at the feet of
ignonmce and heathenism.,

But a new era was about to dawn—
\hno\d, with ita long train of tjnes.
shadow-^, cymbols, gorgeous appear-
ances, iind external forms— mixed as
they uitimMtely were with those of the
heiithen nations, were ab ut to pass
away ; and the .lay-star now began to
rise in the midst of a morally and in-
tellectually backward world. The
fiat, predicted by a long train of pro.
phets, was now about to be executed •
new teachings, new light, in a word',
a new dispensation was ushered in.

The NewTestamentScriptures, like
that of the Old, is generally silent on
the subject of Education ; the princi-
ple adopted by our Saviour and his
Apostles, in communicating know-
ledge, appears to have been by oral
teaching. In truth, this appears to
have b.'en the gen'^ral mode ot com-
municating knowledge, until a very
late period of the prespnt era. The
teachers, under the Je«isb, nnd at the
introduction of the Christian Dispen-
Bation, having been commission dedi-

In a former article under this cap-
tion, we attempted to show the state
ot society wth reference to litera-
ture, during the first four thousand
years of tlie world. We now propose
to trace the state of literature and
elementary instruction during the first
sixteen centuiies ot the Christian era.
If our otijpct was to detail the wars,
bloodshed and devastation, that the
pages of ancient history present, our
task would be compAratiyely easy ; but
to trace the character and extent of
useful knowledge, is a herculean task.
We have seen that the world, Jewish
and heathen, had sunk deeo into the
depths of darkness. The schools of
Greece and Rome, though few in
number, and limited in their opera-
tions, compared to the wants of the
pcoide, were now dwindling into snsirr.
nificance ; the tnachings of the Jewish
Doctors and Rabbis, wcremixied and
interwoven with t'le teactiings and
customs of the heathen nations; the
" schools of ttie prophets," were not
succeeded by schoois for the people:
in a word, «>.l| things truly moral and

*'iWt.L«-tri;,iijy^»jti, , ^..K.tf

il^

THE INSTRUCTOR.

rfitit by God, to publish good news,
did not rrquirn to be taught in (he
Bchool.sol Greece, in orior to co'umii-
nieate the will of Henven to fallen
man; neither wns it necessary ihnt
ih )8e who were privileged to sit at the
feet of inspired teachers, should he
instructed in Phinecian or (Jrecian
Literature, in order to understand and
follow the truth.

But 'vhen a full and Cl>mple^e reve-
lation of the will of He«T9.'i was giv-
en to man, it bi-canie, a<f in iheso
times, necssary that every non and
daughter of Adam should ba able to
read and understand the Scriptures.

In anscending the stream of tune,
we find that «ith the excepticm of the
first two or three ctnturiea of ih'J
Christian era, which was illuminated
by the rays of Gospel lijjht ivhicli were
ahed upon munlund in Aposio'ic times,
thai (lavUness agiun brooilc' over the
moral eleinents of the world, and thn
true knowledge which had l)eei) freely
bestowed, was almost again extin-
guished.

The teachings of the 'Vpnstles begin
to be lost sight, of ; the Roman em-
pire abandoned every legiiimiite means
of eiucaiing and ciiiiivatinj<: the oMuds
of h^r vast pooulntion; the liif-rature
which she had translated f'om Gi-eece
begun to decline ; conquest became
her motto; until tlie division, and ul-
timate subdivision oftiiatouce power-
ful empire took place ; whi'n she was
over-run by hordes of Northern biir-
barians, who in their madiicsH of con-
quest, extinjrui.sh^d even the few
gleams of intellc'C'ual light that had
been permitted to shine, though Uiiri-

ly.

The ins'itntions of a country once
laid prosra'e by war, and the kindred
evils connected there witli, overslmd-
0'« ing the IhoiI, it reqoiri s ceiiiuiifs
of peace, and social, moral, nnd intel-
lei'lunl develocmeiit, l>ef'or(> it ran
arise out ot baibnim iind iginrai cc,
into a state of iiioviil ai.d ii)'(||(c;i,al
ipfinrmi'i''. Tli'> hiiinnn niiinl docs
not piles at once from a high d' groe
of iiiiclleclual eminence, like that to

which It had attained diirin? the bcfet
d.'tys of Orecinn and Itoinan History,
to an abject stato of ment'd caotivity,
like that to whidi it was reduced dur-
ing tho Middle Ages.

W»? find lit'Tainri' tnking its riso in
Juden, introduct.d from thence into
Chaldea, where it was cultivated for
a time ; this nation was overpowered
by the Babylonians, the Babylniana
by the Assyrians, the Aasyrihi d and
Egyptians by the Persians, the l*er-
sians hy the Greeks, the Greeks by
the Romnns, and the Romans by the
Northern Biirbaiiani». During the
best flays of theso seveml empires,
literature made considerable progress
but tinly for a fine; every elmn :e in
the state introduced a change in the
stute of literature ; during peace know-
ledge increased, hut only to be de-
stroyed hy war. We have now arriv-
ed at tho period of.th"} decline in
literature, which was gradiuil thougli
rapid. The causes by which ttiis re-
volution in literature was < ffe-c'ed,
were numerous. The desttuciioii of
the Alex'indrian library, where were
deposited the intellectual treasures of
centuries; the disorganized sine of
socieiy ; the rise of Maliomel, wl o de-
stroyed all the works of the ancients
within hi* grasp, for fear that they
would di-agree »ith 'he Khoran ; the
the prejudices enleitained iiv many of
the fattiers of the Christian Church
against heathen literiitnre ; the pro-
gress of sup'rstiti'n ; tho igiior'ince
and vices of a large portion ot the
clergy ; the soiling up of the remain-
ing works of the ancients from the
nias-3 of society in monastic institu-
tions, where tliey were tbrgotten; the
general decline of manners, and the
excliisiiin of ihe 1 'ity, however exa ted
their station, from the advanta<ies of
ediioaii"!!, and meaiis of inielleciual
iiiiprovt meni. 'J here were niHny other
collateral t aus* s fur this d< eline in
useful luHiubHlge, but the ah' vr; wid
snllice to lei.d tie residr to .se<:^ the
[•ti le ot sockty lit lliis [)' riod ot our
hi^turv.

Sill 111 the midst of all this decay,

THE INSTRUCTOR.

there aro8*» once in awhile, men, emi-
npnt in scholastic altaineients ; «!iir-
ing the first few centuries, there iirose

ihiiugli

not less ihtn forty, the halfiofivhom
^18 in the Chrisrii n Ct.arch,

irorefathe „,,... ,,,.„,„„^

who figured as schohiru, and many of
thorn as writers ; and Hurin;? the time
that olapsed between ihe fourth nnd
sixteenth c^-nturies, there existed up-
wards of fifty, who figured in the walks
of scientific research.

We have seed that dnrini; the reign
of Mahomet, who acted as a prophet,
warrinr, general, and conqueror, who
su bdued the E'istPrn world, the world
of the ancients, into one vast empire,
the Saracenic, that literature wms al-
most blotted out of existence; and it
was not until a century after his do .th
that Ihe Arabians began to n store the
literal ure of former ages. Th<'ir writ-
ings may be iliviiled into the imatrjna-
tive and phi'oMonhical ; the former ol
native growth, and the latter „f foreifrn
trunslation. In the latter, they were
but the disciples and copyists of the
Greeks. Howevrr, the literature of
Arabia, which never rose to a very
high standard, rose and f^^ll with the
Caliphs, a title assumed by the sue
cessoi 8 of Mahomet.

In England we have no account of
the state of education, cx-iept so far as
confi.ud to the Abbeys and Col leaps
previous to the reiirn .>f Alfred, "the
herooffif.y-si.v i-at'les. This monarch
did, says Rnssell, about the year S'H
"establish schools fur the instruction
of the Ignorant, and .'njoined hv law
all freeh..kier8, possessed ot two' hide,.
olgrouP.I (ab..ut vwo hundred acres)
to sena thi'ir children to .chool ; an/i
he gave pref^ rm- nt, either in Church
or blate, to sudi only as had made
some proficieiK'v in knowledge."—
King Alfred was a close siudent him-
selt, and c-mposed many useful works
to lead the unfjior.-d iniwd to the
love of letters, and b>n(l the heart to
tlie practice of virtue."

At this period some oil.er na'ioii.s
con:u,..,i to ,.„,;,, „ra,'o U.tivcrsiiv
education to a limited extent ; but the

mass of society could neither read nor

. ^harlcmairne, also, took an interest
1. the education of the people „nd
•stabhshed schools for that purpose-
but the Kcho.ds established by Ihese'
t^-o monarehs soon dwindled into i„:
significance, so inr as related to tl,e
instrnctjon of tho common people
Learning at this perio<l v,as considered
da.igeror. to true piety. The Uul
tonffuo. the principle medium o(c<.m-
mumcaiion, was but i.nperlectly known
-andihe acnrcity of parchment, to-
gether with the expense of tn-nscrib-
ing. rendered books so exten^'vely
dear, as to be only within the rea.h of

* !Z: u ^''^ ''^«'' produced by the
establishment of these schools, w.re
eoon obliterated, and intellectual
darkness again (overed tho earth, so
far ns the education of tho people was
cnncernfd. and any advances made in
literature,!!, til the inven-ion of print-
ing, were confined to a few individuals
and to a liiimeci number of subjects'
connected principa'ly with the mathe-
matical scienoe.

VVe are indebted to the Arabians
lor the introduction of Algeba, Ge-
ometry Trigonometry, AstrooMmy
Naiu-al Pbiloophy, and especiallv'
tor many discoveries and improve-
ments in Aritlm.otical fcienco. From
Arabia, thi^ thirst for literature ex-
tendtd into Europe ; and in the twelfih
and succeeding century, there arose
several Mathematicians and Astrono-
mors. At this time the mind*, of the
mass of sf;ciety, througlieut the world
v.eregiossly ignorant, and liter.ture'
was entirely expelled from Greece and
ivj3pt, its nnrc great depoHitcries ;
and now Arabia and Europe beiraii to
light the lamps of science. In iho
Jaiter we find tho invention of the
Manner's Compass i„ the tweifib. and
Inntmsr in the fifteenth certurieM

"•-re among the great advancumentJ
ei the ajro.

The atiraeling p;-,vvcr nf fhr- I,,,.,,),
stone seems to have leen km wo to
the ancieMs in v rv remote per.o.ls ;
but Its ;j.plicati,,n to the purpo.- s of

.Ml^'-l-.^-..

'i-»''-vV-"to*.«»*(si,.. • ifJ^.'J

THE INSTRUCTOR.

navigation nnd surysyini;, nppunrsnot
to hiive he«n known previmiH to thn
middle or cloae of the twelfth century.
Tiie EmuIihIi, Frcncli, liniiiins, Ocr-
ninnn and ChiniT^t', nil conti-nd for the
hoiKKir of this invention.

To whom llie lion"ur bclonf;B, it ts
difHcuM, und orobnbly inipi'ssihlo, to
detorinine ; but itB t-ffet^ts o)i »ho des-
tinies of the world lb stereoiypt'd up-
on pv«?ry movt'ment of society; by it
an iulerconrsn with iransinariim re-
gions, eitlier for purposes of C"m
mercc, benevolunce, tho extension of
knowledjjo, or tiie spread of (!hri?ii-
anity is obtained ; and by its means
the I'oography ol the friobe nnd its
Buhdivisions are ascerinined.

The ancient Babylonians and Chi-
nese lire baid to havt our^od hltera
on blocks of wood and elnno ; but the
invonli()n of printi, g in itn picat'iit
ehupo is of European origin, and
prub'ibly due to Laurentiiir^ of Haer-
lem, tniproved by Faustus of Mentz,
(Siiternberjj, SchoelJVrand oth' rs, dur-
ing this period. It is said of this in-
estimable discovery— one ihrongh the
means of which the moral elements of
the world were to lie revnlutii'iiized,
and the na'ural elements devebped,
that It wi,s brought almost nt oiice to
pcrfeciio'i, that the first printin<» done
tour hundred years a^o, isequiil to any
that has since been done — showing
that in the revolution of the wh«el8of
Providence, that all the groM scien'jes
and arts, oral lanjjuage, "ritten lan-
Tuage, the mariner's comiju.^s, and
printing, are all snb'rdinato instru-
aaents, to be wielded by man, under
the direction of a wise Frovidonce. and
for wise eii'ts. By 'he first, oral lan-
guaye, man has held converse with his
Ged, and with his fellow man ;
by the second, writttn laaijuaije, he
has been enabled to write the c)m«
mands nf God " in a book," and by
means of which the transactions ' f the
world are received ; by means of the
iXxvA, the Compass, the comn-ands of
Heaven arc; being promulgated lo the
roost distant and benighted cornerb of

the earth ; and by the fourth, prinhn^,
copies of the Scripturei. ami other
g(nid works fire so multiplied, that *h«
^ho luns may nad, and he who rewdo
may underrhtaMl."'

In concluding this article, which
brings 118 down through Hixtceii eenlu-
ries el our era, tliere^d" r will observo
that wR have not pariirulariiied the
discoveries made in abstvnct science,
the solution of particular proMeins in
mathematics, astronomy, and other
branches of knowledge; wo have
avoided tliii"; course as uiiiii'eresting t»
the general reader, and have cMifined
our remarks to themure leading pointf
of notoriety nfiho periods.

One tl ing, however, wo have not
failed to observe, in tracini> mankind
through all the mutitiions to which
our race have bpon subjected, during
upwards nf fire thousand years — that
the inasH of society, the peisaiitry of
the world, have reniaim'd uniiiftructsd
in rcadintr, or alphabetical wriiing, —
in a word, the p- asantry ol 'he woild,
with few t'xcepiions, have remained
in gross ignorance.

The iiihuitititnts of Great Britain,
now so famous for their high s'ate of
social, moral, and intellectual cul-
ture, were, two thousand years ago,
ind f<ir centuries after, in a slate of
barbaric heathenism. North America,
now toe land of civiliziition, education
and freedom, was, in all probability,
twv> thousand yeara ago without an in-
habitant.

Tho nations of antiqmty, as such,
have passed nway ; i ccounts of their
sayings tmd doings, their sciences and
arts, tneir great cities, and their liter-
atur'", are left in vajiue history's
keeping ; but Great Biitain nnd North
America, the former «nly mentioned
in early history, the latier unknown,
are ;u)W I .e two gieat centres ol ci-
vilization, moral and intellectual re-
finement ; they are the centres, to
which the descendHnis of those once
renowned nations of antiquity are now
looking, for relief from bondage, op'
prespion and ignorance.

, 1 ■•,' ,y_ff--^ -

THE INSTUUCTOH.

The Ago of Novels.

Anciont Groccu and Rome had ilioir
•ffCH of lalMi lulls literature, nj^og in
which those n.-itions wen- deeply sunk
in vioeund yross Niiperslition ; ho hiivo
wo our a«;«; of romance j and if w« aro
not BO df"»>,,ly 8UI k ill vice os the na-
Urin* roforied to, it is not to be nltri,
buted, by nny means, to any real worth
Uicse j)roduc'if»nH posHosH, or to any
power that romanticlilfrntnro inherilH
with regard |.. the olovation of ..ur
race. Our facilities for spreadiug
eitliorgood, or pernicious woikfi, or
fcoih, are inSnituiy gi eater ihr.n were
tliostj of the ancients.

JitJt it may be aaid that our fiction
«*.ke8 a hi^he^ 8l'ind.|.otn(, morally
conaiderftd, than did tho fabu'o.is
writings ol ihoHe effeminate nations,
fn other words, we liuvo ascet.ded
higher in the scale of moi.il irtitii,
nnd have not descended quilo so \ow
in the Hcalt; of vice as ihoHo once pow.
«rful nations did. But that we have
desceudid is beyond dispute, Ar, ihe
fCKtoratioti of lelleis in the fifteenth
century, our forefathers of that age
did not indulge in romance, but oh
Ihe contrary, n solid and bold litera-
ture was introdueed in company with
l-'hrisiianityi sound knowledge was
tho natjvf ^rrowth of their own mindfi,
tostered and propagated by influo.-Kce,
which superstition was not able to
gainsay or dc-iiroy.

The ivstoratioii of literature accom-
panied th« revival of Christianity.
•C/firiatianity nev«r was in any age sa-
*i«fied to go hand in hand with mythi-
cal or romantic literature. In no ag«
«f the world has the genng uttcel b* en
«noTe pientifully produced and closely
«irewori (hrougliout the world, than m
Uie pr«sent; and taw ore the vices of
this age that have assumed a more
prooinef.l fooihold on tlie mind of
society than that of novel reading;
and were it nut for the counteracting
influences— the spread of Bible truth,
we should be strongly impressed with
the fact, that society would return to
th« days, when all literature was fa-

buliHiic, snJ all knowlcd-m filled with
Hupor-tition,

VN e aie (old. in lh<; claHsific^'ion of
n-'vclf, that tlieie aro t, he (i.nnd.
those that inter. St, and Ihos*. that in-
struct j we have not met with the Inf-
l«r; while the (orm«r, from the prc-
vailmir taste of tho ug,, for the ro.
m«nee ih very abundant.

The toRte for novel-reading is en-
tirely dilTnrent from tlmt f(,r Htandurd
works; in the former, wher,, v/lial ia
called a good moral cannot be pmcur-
ed, ihiKie of nn inferior firado will ,io •
HI other wimU, a ta-te fur the hicrher
ord.T of tiovelH begets a taste for"thC
low.-r class; it Ih quite different wi^i
regard to standard -(orks; on r^ adirig
thvHc lemarkK, e\en thuse of the nxist
common place class, a relish iv; ob-
tained lor those of n hijjhor order; or,
ill other words, like beoetn like. Thv.
novels which aro most gonrrally
eouglu after, ate tliof^e th-it jx)fSH!8s
the groatosl amount of dreaming i.on-
sen->e, and whose ruil wcalines.-, m--
rally considered, is their liigheBt e<ni-
niendaticHi.

Oneiitflunga stalioi.er'rt shop thf
first thing thai preseiits itself lo tho
beholder is, a (able, to use a modem
rxpressioo, grouniiuj wnh the most
wretched tratdi; wliWh delineates i.i
the most impioper manner, mxitriagf •,
seductions, burglaries, forgeries, and
deaths; in tli-em the most pjolbnnd
myetrnee are conjured out of th«
slenderest materials.

We arc told that fiction "conoists
in ihe narration of imaginary inci-
dfcnts;" and " the difference bptween
the narrative and the fiction lies in the
chMrncer of the incidents they re-
spectively relate;" nrdthat "the nar-
rative may be true, while the fiction
is creatfd either whoTy cr in part by
the imagination. And the chain i^t
incidents on which a fiction is founded
is called its plot."

_ The advorat"8 of fictions composi-
tions assert, that such writinps "con-
stitute one of the most important dc-

.']0

TIIR INSTIIIKTOR.

pnrlmi'iUs of liiTaltirc, nut] that fir-
tioiu liter )\nr<* I xerlH a|><>wt'rrtil inllii-
men oil tin.' innnilH iiiul l.'i.sti* of ii ii(\
linn,"

It ill •< i>»ti'tr/'ul fiijfiii'urK wiiH t'lflt
on i|u! ft<l« of inoriiliiy ami triitli, ««
would r«j ii'c ; but tin: iIiIh poworfuf
inlltK'i CO crcatt'il |iy tli*Biinly v( the
tlctioiii) workH cxtuiit. It IctiJin;;'! vu t
portion of hoeii'ty into vicv, «»• linro
im (loiiht ; ilu'M? worl<i« iirr (illed wjlU
wilil lifjrncli of by-jjuri*- ng< 8, In 'oie
jxp'oilrt of fbriiirr tin c, Hi>(n'riinliiriir
oviMiiH, ri-lnting lo witclich, wi/irdp,
and hob^'oltliiiH, luxl vn^Mirivs ol tli*
iuiH(;innlion in {/wopriil.

A liirnt idi'.v niny bo eninod ftf llie
nxieot of liotiou I ltni'it.ur»i rv) v la
eiiciilnt.on, by ir'forcnro ti' Mr. Mn-
dio'x I,il>rr-vy of LoimIop, Mhu;'i ron-
lauud ill 1H:)8. yi.O.OS'l voliimen, 87,-
480 of « hiili wort" demoted »o fieiion.

And III lUi* Allu'invum Library, of
Vrovidenee, Uiiittd Sialoo, oonslRiini!
of lO.'iOU voliiiiP'8, ii«>arly one holf
(9'il'l voluQieN) arc do\oted to tiction.

The lov»> Btvd tnHli! for fiction U ot
tho iiic;pH»-— all c'ii'iii'h of the read
iny[ [lortii-n of m cicty are drillirp into
itri iiHf , and .ho lowmt c>ni»« of fir-
tion.Htii('ra'iintiHj,MPi"di'ly fouj^hi after
and rend with dflinht , it i«, rn many
li.niilicH, till- Biblo of the firHl day of
thi> viiH'k, and tho t«'Xi-book of thn-

(ith'T H X.

It iniist re«|iiirc minds #!xaltc<) above
moral intfnni leu to di.rent the ronian-*
lie tr.mh ih;tt. now ftoodn innny of tho
parturH and I'lbrarioH ol tlie day.

ft it Hard that one a ire feavpn its im-
prcHS upon HMolliorr •t' it ^^y '•••»
that th(! (Jrt'cinn and llrmiin 0K«. ol
fubuliMic literature, liaH left it« im
pKfHR upnii the ninete»'ntl> contiiry ol
tiie Chrratian era. And if we aro to
Ifo ois. year nirrr year, pablmhing; ro»
iiiiirvtic triKsh, by thou-and* of vo!uino»
pur nnnoiii, until the t-nd of tho oreifoti
coniury, what a flood of forperi^'S and
lies will be tranaiuitlcd to the ne»»
century.

Libraries of Useful Books.

Shoufd he 'bum! in orory commani
ly whore n few ininri'L*9 arc gnti^tTPd
t-i'P»Mher.

It i« ndrnitlcd that " Knowledge ia
fovti'T," whether wifldcd rijybt or
KTO'tU- Thai all knowJedpe fthould
iju of 'lie right kind, an^ used iu a
(•roptr manner, is ari-imporMint. To
8peai< of procfiiiBf; on ('nrii>:htnn»'d
education, and proper knowledge of
(oaiikind and hfnijs. in tficae liines,
rtiihoiit iho aid of food books, w
simply to talk oons'Tse.

I hen to procure g»>itd books and
cnhivatn a '<al)it of re ding tnem, :»
the ttoundenduly of every good citizen
of the world.

The esia. Hshmont of lilirariep, con-
nected with c miiun tics and schools,
are of compar' lively modern date;
and their influence upon society re bc-

inpr genernlly (»li. Among tho Taat
namber of worft«i«8ued, many are ot
a high orrder, wl^ilo many dhers ar«r
entirely unfit for use ; but justly tit Vv
be coiinnfttc d to t>ie mdex expnnju
tor {vs.

Notwiihsfanditif: th<? great nutnbor
ofexcelh'nt works fxtant, end' annual-
ly being iB'^U'cd from tho pre*8, thcra-
is a grea* dearth of books among the
mass of society. We often wonder
how it is, that the mass of Provincial
society is fo mtelligent, when we con-
sider tho great want ot books that ge-
nerally exists. However, woacrouni
for much of if, on the borrawinff prit>-
cipfe. and on the conver»ational pow-
ers and onwillrngnesB to communi-
colo, orally or by readin/f, that ijene-
rally prevails.

THK hNSTUllCTOH.

»1

nut Iheio m'dn ar« nni enouffh ;
each communily nIiouI.I Imvf n vm:».

l«»in^fli()rHryof,rii(i.l(»r(J»ork,,wlinro
ehch mfml)LT of tl,„ rnui.nnriily rotild
;''VoliHi„f«ll,.ci„«| ihirHt •nppl.e.l.
Ills want of Midi lil)rn-i..MKa...rioti.
I'n«:k(lrnw to th- t<-«clipr« of elrnn'ii-
Ih'v k-IiomIn ||„vifiu no lil)r,iry con
n^-.-rnl ivMl, tl.r hcI.o'.I, nnH f-w, „r
no lH..,k;< olhiHown, it N inipd^Mliic
•or (ho lOHrhrrlo k.-rp puc.) witli llir-
n«lvuticr«„( .1... a-'o, or «lo iiu etn-
plojers jiiHlico in com'ruuiicitiMir
kriowl(<(ljr«i,. hi«p,.pi|,, Hh ho.r.t-
ir.tr nhont (rom h m«« to Iioih^ wj|| „ut
!»'-' t IP mrniis of aidiiii? liM opftu'ioiis
J» Hm'»,|,o„I ro-»in. In ono Iioiko iio
will fimU piano, a few nolo books
nnd half a doz-n novelM. nnd porhftpn
1 copy of »ho ScriptMrPH—ihe lailcr in
-o p».rfect n Mn»o na u, warrnnt tho
eoncln»i,)n that the novels t«ko tlie
precedencf. In anoilier house may
bo seen half a doz(.:.old aUntnacsund
a few p;.;'ur,.fl on ihe wall«. In ano-
iber .oriio of t»*c journnI« and debaies
onhen..u«eor VM.nmbly. In ano-
tftor a few old books, the propert.' of
forne groat- .reM-grnndfather. And
III another, no book, af ill; and so on,
Uirouoht'.e district. Surely, both tho
toncl.M« and Ih." pcopU ara to l,o
pmed whoiivHHnddio in the mid«t
y» ""ich intpllpciual deititution
iiom.. one will probably hinf, that

the ai.ovo pictiue is overdraw n; but we
can uagure om- r.-aders thit we w-uld
not linvM mnch difficulty in pointinir to
s^'vorHl editions, not fi.aionH, but ronl

edilioni of our short paragraph on in-
telleoiuul desiitulion.

Of w ,„t incalcuUblo bonrfit would
n |r^n.n.brary b,. in .»ch a romn.u
t.i.y ! wh ,t an elevation of churao or
U«ouldinp«rttoihep..opl/""""'

Alilmu2i,„.v,ra!l,brari... have boon
form..H in ,l,m.r,nt ^.Ttion- of ll,"
lower 1 rov,no«., „i|i t,„ ,,„„, I

«r.a. ()n« n|i,;ht travel thirty. Hftv.
and alnioMt ji hundred ndL-H, withou
mreiin^ wiihanr nlntint; library

AMji.inN.Mv Hrunsrick. ti.„ Hoard
'.f l'..lur.ni.on has prin'od «;atal..r„„
of Ir.oksnrwi pro.ois.d to supply liori.
ncHwilh t>... works nam..d; but ©n
oiKiiKry, tli.i books arc only to bt
'.'.,„,,, tho n,v.«lo<rue.., and mt on
tboHlM v,.BolilM, KducationOHice.

lh-lK-a.|of ihi, departMi..„t, pro-

tniV'd lonj? arr... to rsiahji.l, book

ucronc.es lhP.u;h,Mit the dittnrerit, H«t.

11e.nent» and town. u{ H I'rovinof.

wheruthepropriou.r« of fl,.|,o,dH, and

Hchooi con.mitt ea could be Hupplied-

but HO far ng wo en lean., theHOHg.'n.

ciei aro f«w / nd far between. ?Vnd

their want, no doubt, prevents the

•pread of achool literature, retard*

edmaiion, and thacxteiiHiMn of uaoful

know led tie.

Tho School law of New Brunswick

|in« now |,.rn in operation nearly

tlire^ years. eufTicient tune to enable

Its adoiini«trator8 t,j carry its provi-

"•ons into tx^cution. We hope that

tho powers thit be will pay a lii:l«

more anention to this important mat-

rcr and hare a good mpoiy of nsefnl

books pla-ed in every pariah, or at

coiiveni-nt distances apart, where the

public may get supplied.

A good Map of New Brunswick,
-Nova Scotia and Princt- Edward It-
laiiu, slowing tlieir poHition with re-
fjord to Canada and the Stale of Maine,
bas long bet-n considered a desidt-ra-
tuiii.

On r families, onr Fchools, and our

Map of New Brunswick.

public libruries, hUnd

much in ne^d

ol Buch a ma;). Those of other coun^
tries with M'hoin wo aru connected lu

tiade. require such a map ; in fa'^t, th«
int-resfs of the Provjnc-s, both at
home and abrocd, have longr felt the
want of a full and complete map, on a
lar;resoa'e, .f the Lower Provinces.

Bnt the reider may be induced to
afik, has not New Bninawick supplied
tnis want? W e answer no!

New Brunswick has issued a map
containing iuelf, tb« State of Mainei

THE INSTRUCTOR.

and a patch of enoh of th« Provincn.i
ofNova Sci)ti:i, Prinrc? Rtlwirrt Islunf),
und Canadt. Tiiii ina[) hai coi^t. u*
over rhroi! thmisand pounda, the half
of which has probably been expcndel
in compilii IT a map of M due, willi a
portion of New Hampshire.

Whilo thp execution ot V\h map is
as good as could be expf^cted, from
the inaccurate state of the surveys of
the C'untr/, still, it is very defective
Id other respects.

iBt. The seale on which it is con-
strucUid, is entirely toj «mAll in order
to represent tlie peculiarities of tiie
country.

2d. Nova Pcotia and Prmce Edward
Island, should have been eiTiitraoed,
with as much asconld have been con-
veniently given of the circumjacent
country.

3d. The price, thirty sliillings, is
far beyond the means of the mass of

tlio people, tli« schools, etc., of the
country.

Sucii are the leading objections to
this map. However, we Iiavp our own
way of doing thinsfs, and probiibly it
is beat lo let us alone. Tho no;:i mip
we get up miy ba of the UnUod

StiltttS.

We have lonjj considorinl a good
mip, detailin? the peculiarities of the
lower Provinces, of primary import-
ance to our scliool-goiuij popttlation.
Aming-'t our s^:ciilar ir.stitutions, no-
thin<r H (nore important, nothing
would better tend to develope the re-
sources of Ihesj Provinces, and kad
t'loso of otb'T countries to render as-
sistance. But hrro we a^e brought to
a stiiud-siill All we have is a small
picture of New IJrunswick, with a
patch of each of the other lower Pro-
vinces.

Goodriche's Coinprchcnsivc

This comprehensive Gnugraphy
contains 270 pages, ]>3 of which arc
devotfd ton description of the world,
''ancient and modern ;" 113 pages to
a description of tie United Sfa'f'8,and
four pu'jes only d'-voced tn n descrip-
tion of British North America, a
country much larger than tbo wh»»le
Union.

Under the caption British Air.erica,
it says of theinhabifanls — "The whide
northern pjrt of Jiriiish America is
occupied by tribes of savagfs. Fur-
ther south, in the middle regions, there
nre numerous tradinjj post-", and bands
of white huiuers and trappers, belong-
ing to the Hudsm'd B«y I'ompmy,
ivhicli spread over ti^ie country. Along
the Gulf and River St. Lawreace and
the Great Lake.?, are the principal
white setleinents. To l!ie west, from
lirrcttt Slave Lake snuth to the United
States, there ore tribes of Chippriwas,
Pristeneond, Creeks, and other In-
dians."

A 81 ranger to Biitish North Ameri-
ca would conclude from reading the
above- extrQct: that ibe inhabitants

0«0{;rapliy and History, 185ft

consist of tribes of Indians, tr'bes of
savages, and Landn of white hunters
and trapper.«. This is tlip manner in
which our neit'hbours I'f the Union
speak of a territory larger than theT
own — a country with national resour-
ces, and the tonnnge of wiioso shij)-
ping is fifth in 'he scale of lite world's
nnlions. This is t:.e way they speak
of a ccuniry containing over three
millions of intelligent beings nearly
a3 mmy as Sardmin, (if Itnliin noto-
riety, or Portu;rnl, or Holland, and
more thin d'nible that of Di'nmark,
H mover, Tuscany, Ns^wav, liadeii,
orGreecp, exclusive foiho Indian and
savage tribes. And thodu three mil-
lions ot inie.ligant beings are located
in large oil ies. towns iin I viMages, anr-
roonded by extensive fertile domairs.
producing a vast amount of food for
man and beast. 'I bus they speak o1
a country possessing a greater extent
of rnilroada and telecraph Imes than
one fourth of the trans-Atlantic world,
with oil its greatness, acountry whose
fores'8 are clothed wi"h u growth of
most valuable timber, with mines,

■«i^.

'■ ttsr

;''.•....».,.,

• v..i,v**'.i**Witf'-1»«-*.^v-

THE INSTRUCTOR.

rich, vnst, and varied, with many f hou-
■anda of miles of seabdard, and rivers
ftvfrywh<»r(! penotratiiig the coiui'ry
f)r hundreds of mi es, 'ind one (he
St. L^wronct^) for thousands of milris;
a couiury with spnciouH liikea, aft ird-
in^ an inland naviffation not ^urpasscil
by any other country on ihoface of the
{.'lobe 5 and a country whose water-i
teem with^:!vcry variety ofthn bysl. fish.

In sneaking of Hussiin America, it
eiys that "the windo popul-ilion is
RUpitoscd to he \"n thousand, fifteen
ImndreJ cf whom are Europeans, and
the rest savages.''

Now ii is we' I known that tiie in-
hihitants of Rnssian America numb. r
«evontv five thousand.

Such is the kind of nonsense our
yonih aro le rning; ond the Geo','ra»
phy published liy t.he National Board
of Education is still worse if possible;
and wo c.nu d refer to others in more
coinmon iibc in our C >mtnon Schools,
tijan either of these works, whirc the
moat iibsurd and contndiutory stare-
inents iniasiinuMe are inide concern-
ing hriliiii North America.

All !xo to show the ivcessity of the
inhabitants of these Pr.)vinc's 10i>kinsf
u'ver their own interests, and report-
ing their own country, and n"t leave
V to others to underiake. A pood
(ieography of British North Ainericit
•would be a desidcriitum.

Prince Edward Island School Loan.

Abstract of an Act for the encou-
ragement of education, and to raise
funds for that purposp, by imposing
an Hddi'.ivjnHl asHeseimeni on land in
this island, and on real estate in Cnar-
lottetown and Coramoi.>, and George-,
town and Common:

Skc. Ist — Authorises the L'eutfn»
*nt Goveriior-in>Counci! to appoint
8<'ven p'T.sons to constitute a Board of
Education, tlirec being a quorum;
four quarterly moeiings to be hi Id on
certain noiice, with such other meet-
ings witfiout notice as niay be neces-
sary.

2nd and 3rd. — A Secretary is to l)e
oppi'inted will) a salary of Ihiry
pounds, and oiicli member of the Boird
receives tour pounds yearly.

4, 5, C), and 7. — Provides for the
examiniilion of District Teachers fy
the Board, nnd their ccrtificntca.
Claasijicalion.- -F'lni cIhss to tOiCh
book- keeping, En:^li^h G.amrnar,
reading, wri'injr. fiiithmntic and geo-
gra| hy. Serorid class, in addition to
the nbove bra'iches — a'gebra, geom-
etry, trigonometry, mensuration, land
Burvj'yjng, njivijraiion and geo^iraMhy,
with the use of the globfs, and to
prod'ico certificates of their caijabi-
lity.

8. — DiiquaiiGed Teacherf moy at-

tend Central Academy foraix months
free of charge.

9 nnd 10. — Duties of Board and
visiungof schools defined ; to prepare
forms nnd regulations, extra of Act,
Instructions, &c. ; tn cancel Teach-
ers' ceitificates in cise of misconduct.

11 to 16. — Refers to some minor
details, as regards school houses, etc.

17. — Seerctary to regis'er School
Districts — paniculurs being sent to
him Ly the uihahiiants or teachers;
numVer of school dislr cts not to ex-
ceed two hundred, without special
saiiction (tf tim Government.

18 — Inhabitants to appoint five
Trustees in eauh district atjnually, of
whom three shall be a quorum — to
ox'imine schools qunrterly, to direct
discip ine, etc., and to yivc cerlifi-
cates.

ID. —District Teacher to transmit
to Secretary notice of hia engage*
nient, counter.«ign(d by at least ttir«o
Jus' ices ; engagement to be for
twelve months.

20. — In each District a majority of
T'lusteea may assess the inhabitants,
hous- holders resident foi "ix months,
in a suiH to piovide books, etc.

21 and 22— Refers to detailg.

.t3.- Visitor of Public Schoolt U
be Bjipointed, wliv shall write all

THE INSTRUCTOK.

pchools twice a year, fo aB8i-.t the
Board, call lne^'linga of Trustees, re-
port to the Bofjr'l Ihp coinHtion of
•choolH, etc.; salary £'.>0() j;«>r nnimm.

24. — Boird to report to Legiela-
turr.

25. — School houses \o be three
miles ftpiirt, except by special net of
Governtnent.

y(3. — Tenchera entitled to uliowance
to have 30 scholars, except in certain
casPis.

27 to 33— Refers to miner thtails.

•^4.— Teacher to ktMp n ji.iiriihl,
roniaiiiing unnie.s nnd ages, progress
and attendance cf pupils — to be open
to inspection and forwarded to Stcre-
tarv.

Ofl. * • Allowance to first class
teachers £45, and eecoiid class £50
per annum.

». 37. -Teachers of second clnss, if
teaching Latin, to receive ton shii-
Hngs per peholar so tauffht, but not to
exceed X*60 in the whole. Returns
to he made.

'"^8. — Female Teachers may be em-
ployed, at £30 per annum, to teach
female scholars and boys under
twelve.

39. — French Acadian Teachers, on
produci g ciirtificates, to receive £35
per annum.

41. — One second class teacher al-
lowed for Chi.rlottetown to receive
£75, and one first class £G0, per an-
num.

42. — Two female teai'hcrc allowed
for Charlolletown at £10.

43 to 45. — Unimportant.

4(5. — Georgetown to have one tei.cb-
cr at £70, atid one female teacher at
£35.

47 to 4!) — ltefer.s to spociiil provi-
sions (IS !o meetings in Oeorgeiowi',
«?tc. Like payment as in Clmrlottc-
town.

no. — £500 may be ndv:iiicfHl liy
(iovcrtiujent for ihepurchiiac ul book-,
m.ips, etc., to bi' fiippliod lo pchooln
monies arising from sale to l;o again
laid out.

52.---Allo»vni.ce of £5 to Disiriof
requiting assistance in buildinn; school
house.".

53. — .Ml children above fiveentillad
to a'lend district school-*.

55 — Tax of ono half penny pir
acre, or four pence half ])Pnny p-r
hundred acres t«i be paid on improveil
or unimproved township lands, in ad-
dition to other tnxes; two hhillings
on cvfTV pasture lot in CliarlotlHtown,
and eight pence per every pasture lot,
in Georgetown.

56. — Additional tax of one penny
per acre on reserved lands in Royally
of Georgetown.

57. — Pnyraent to be made together
with the land tax.

58. — Tax of five shillings addition-
al on dwelling houses, stores, mills,
&c»

The remaining part of the Act refers
to the manlier of collecting the school
revenue, and how it ia to ')e appropri-
ated.

Education in New York.

For this Sta'e, exclusive of the ci-
tie?, there were in 18.58, 11,327 fchool
distrietH in the several districts t'l^re
were 11,276 school houses, and 263 in
the cities. There were 1,238,175
children between the ages of (ourai.d
twenty one, •ntitled to common in-

struction. The entire number who
attended during theycir was 842,137;
26,153 teachers were employed. The
total receipts of the public schools
during the year were £948.437. Th«i
echool libraries contain 1,402,853 vo-
luinrs.

THE INSTRUCTOR.

Canada.

This Province 1 ps hctwepn the ire-
ridinris 07 no and JIO wcft, and ihc
l>nrall(l.i of 42 nnd 52 riorih. It is
lliOO miles fn in E.ist to Went, and
700 from Ntnth lr» South, and con-
tniiis '.iiHfiHW {.(Miiirc tnili h It is siiid
to derivo ua niimc Irom ihv Iroquois
Wf<rJ '• Rannfi," sii^riityinp a colloi:-
lion cf l.iils. Canada in a plain
strctcliing (ro/n thi. two ranf^cs of
hills, one on ilie No.th the other on
llio Soiifli.

Lakk Khik 18 244 milfP lonjr, 58
hrofid. 658 milca in cirrunifortMtce, and
(!5 fef.t above llie itw^l of the ocean ;
270 feel deep, and 30 feel lower than
Lake Huron.

Lakk Ontario, sipnifyinjr "the
henutiftiy Ih of an eliptical shape,
Rfid IB 172 I'liles hu'g ; itd surface ia
230 fp»'t above the level of the sea, and
ia H)0 fathDinu deep.

Lake Cir\MPXAlN is 120 miles
long.

Lakk Superior is 360 miles long;
its surface is 127 feet above the level

The Pleasures

" How chnrming ia divine philosophy !
Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools

8uppo^e,
But ninsical as is Apollo's lute,
And a perpetUBl feast of ncctared

SWCPtP,

Where no crude surfeit reigns."

Soeiirg Milton t«o centuries ago,
and l--njr before thr.t date Pinto hud
announced that " the world is God'a
epistle t:) uiankind." It ia the grand
book in which all may rear), and
who8epng«8 are so full of varied m-
tereFt and genial knowledge that the
being who, htiving the power, iie-
plects to st'idy it, sorelj may b<- writ-
ten down an asp, for he deprives him-
self f f an enjo>nient such as no other
pursuit can give.

We are somiitimes indiued to be
vext'd with our race when n>' find
them all toiling after every vain fan-
cy, tomo I ent upon one ambition,
some another, nnd but a minority dig-

of the Atlantic! ihf* bottom of the
biisiii IH said to be .100 feet below Iho
suifacc of the ocr-nn. It is led by 220
tributary ctreiimfi, of which the St.
Li iiis in 150 miles lung

Lakk Hijuon is 240 im\»H lunrr. by
220 hro.id, mid marly lOilO rnib-H in
circumference, and from 900 to lOtiO
feot d'fp.

Ql'i;j?ec is 360 inilta up the Saint
Lawrence, brid the 8:ilt water ap-
proaches to within 20 mil-.s of the
City.

MoNTREAi, is 180 miles above
Quebec. The St Lnwrencr is r.nvi-
gable at Moiitreal for vessels of 600
tons.

The Niagara Falls iJridge has 800
feet of a span, and is 230 feet above
the water.

The Ottawa lliver, a tributary of
the St. Lawrence is oyer 2000 miles
in length.

The Victoria Bridge, at Montreal,
i« two miles long, except l.'iy feet.

Of Knowledge.

ging in the deep mine of nature foe
the grandest of all possessions — I
Truth. Granted thut its gold is nos
yellow, nor its silver white, for ii-
Ireasurts have i.ot the coloni of mas
tcrinl wealth, but th(yar«»as glorinuf
and as beauteous as the f|)arkle o
the diamond ar;d as lasting as the
hills. Science clothes not her vota-
ries in purple nnd fine linen, but
dreesis them in lovely flowers or in
iridescent shells, and givos' an her re-
ward a contented mind and a pur«
soul. The poetry of ecitnce some-
times flashes in the orat'on of a pro-
fessor or m the pag's of a hook, but
her truest epc is wrilten upon all ma-
teriality, which proclaims that in all
things there is n law which, when
known nnd applied, shall make man
hspDur.bftti rand more truly liumin.
iUy the investigation of '.be lawi
which govern the objects that are all
around tit, the motions of tbe pla.iets,

. i..*;«nii..> a&4^t>P*K.i

THE INSrilUCTOR.

the roUtiona of life and health, the
doHiiny of man, and the fflory of the
Deify, ore hotter iindetgrood ; and
ihe lijfhting of n i-ettawe, the buildinjf
of a palace, or the c()ol<in<j ol a dinner
•re betlT performed. Wo can never
be in any pi>sition in which know-
ledj;e is n.>t of value to us, and we can
nnver prophecy the morneni at which
we may most require if. Indeed ina
ny of 118 only know that there is more
to be known than occurs to ua in the
daily round of business life, by the
discovery that si)m<'lh*ing we do n'>t
know is calc;ilaled to make us richer
or give us more ease. "But," ex-
claims many n petulcnt pptson. "how
shall I t-tudy without an instructor, or
how investigate without npparafiis?"
Foolish iiotians! the best workman
always uses the himpKsf lonl^. Have
you eyes, cars, nose and hands ? Then
you arc provided with appnrutus, and
tneuiory is the tablet on which to
write down your impressions. E;ich
one of us is better furnished than a
college liihoratcvv or a ps-ofess' r's
lecture ronm, and ail thrit we have to
do is to learn tbe uac • f onr appnratus ;
and there is no place in the universe
where man cannot find some object to
nterest, some study to pursue —
Goldsmith fonnd time to observe na.
ture and record his thoughts, and in
glowinfif language he tells us that
** the blushing beauties of the rose,

the modest blue of Ihe violet, are not
in the floweri) themselves, but in the
liwbt which adorns them, Odor, soft-
ness, and Iteauf) of figures are fhei'"
own, but ir is Huht alone tha' dret^ses
them U!) in their robes, which shame
thf? mcmarch's glory." As a concluii-
ing incentive to our readers to study
for theinsflves, as well aa to read
bonks and scienfific periodicals, wc
will ffive a quotation Irom a lecture
by Prince Albc.tof BMglaud. "Man,"
obsfcrves this eminnnt satdnt, "ia ap-
proachiptj a more complete fulfilmnnt
of that great and sacred mission which
he has to perform m the world. Ilia
renson bemjy created aft^;r the image
of God, he has to use it to discover
t'ie laws by which the Alniighty goT-
erns his creation, and, by making
these laws his standard of action, to
conquer niture to his use — himself
heina a divine instrument. Science
discovers fhywe laws of power, motion,
and fran'-formation ; indusiiy applies
thpm to tli'3 raw material whicti the
eirth yelds us in abundance, but
which becomes valuable only by
knowledge."

Oh ! that all would study nature
more, nud think of themselves a little
less 5 then « e should indeed be a peo-
ple of kinaf!«, who!*o empite would be
the world and whose s'lbj' cts would
bo all created things ! — Scienti/ic A-
merican.

Agriculture— Its Importance.

_ No one should despise tiie occupa- quiiinp musculir strength,
tion of husbandry after reading ihe
following remarks of a correspondent
of the Valley Farmer :

Agiifuliure is the body, wliiUt the
other professions are members ; and
although the body and members aro
mutually dependent und reciprocally
ueeful to each other, the body can
exist without the members much bet-
ter than the m<'mbers can exist with-
out the body. For the purpose of
compur'aon, agriculture may be con-
•idered as a trade, an art, ai\d a sci'
ence. The trade i« mechanical, re-

It 19 imi-
tiuive — ills to do a thing as one has
been taught to do it before. The ox,
in a measure, acquires it. He knows
his master and his musier's crib, lie
treads the ao"ustom< d furrow, turns
rt ihe headlands, and obeys the dri-
ver's commands.

The art implies i;o-operation of the
mind with physical power. The mind
contrives; it is a lever which greatly
assists and abridges the labor of the
hands. Thttiniiid, like the soil, makea
returna in proportion to tha culture
whiflb ia bestowed upon it. Both aro

THE INSTRUCTOR.

unpioductive without culture. The
njitiH h improved by obgervatKtn and
reading, which makps it familiMr witti
the Ix'Bt models of practice, and ena-
bles it to profit by the irnprovt'ment
tf others.

The science teaches the laws and
proportions of inorganic matter — as
of rot'ks, earths, m«nurt's, &c., &c. ;
of oganic nmttor, as aniniiils ond ve-
getables ; of their structure, food and
uses; and the ai,eiicy ot heat, wiit»T,
air, light and electricity, i.. thtir de«
veloptiient and n.aturity; the eniploy-
menl and adaptation of ihfpe matters
for thp bet nses of man. It contra-
dicts the experience of ajj^a and the
labours of nations upon these imer-
esiin^ subjects, and malu's thera sub-
servient to our wants and our cum-
fort.s. The science is a collection
of facts and leadinjr truths, illustrated
in practice and confirmed by experi-
encG.

Land and Ubor are tlie Jegitimate
sourcps of public wealth. The first,
to he productive, must be cultivated ;
and I he labor of doinjr tnis is abridged
by the culture of the mind, which
guid»s its operations.

Without agriculture there is no
wealth Gold and silver are not wealth
—they are its convenient r( presenta-
tivefe. Commerce produces no wealth
— it sim,jly exchanges it. Manufac-
tures and the arts re-coinbine it. —
Aerricultiire is the prolific mother of
weakh. The rest simply handle tt
when produced and t;elivered into
their hands. The earth itself, origi-
nally, spontaneously produces where-
with to keep the race ol man frtm
starving— tnly whilst he is miiking
ready to till the soil. Without it lie
600IJ degenerates into a wild animal,
living b;Te and there in small squads,
a little snpprior to the otlier beasts of
prey. The earti: breeds savages. —
Agriculture h.! 's- enligbtetied na-
tions. It bretas aouses and fhtps,
temples and seminaries ; it breeds the
manufactory ; f^culpture, painting and
niu 4c are its offspring. It would be
follv to Bk>eak of the existence, or

beauty.orpowerofanyofthesethingi,
without agriculture.

The pulp t, the professor's chair.the
scientific laboratory, the tripod, the
library, the ship, the trip-hammer, iho
loom and the anvil -all would go down
in one generation. It is by the super-
abundant produce and stability of
agriculture that all things exist. Nor
gold, t,or silver, nor diamonds could
replace it. The aiate of husbandry,
in any countiy, is the test of its en-
lightenment, 'i'he thermometer of
civilization rises and falls as drives the
plow. " Ypu must send the dIow,"
exclaimed a man ^ho had travelled all
over l/'hriytian missionary ground in
heathen lands. A barbarian nation
needs but to be plowed up — deep, aub-
sciled, continued, sowed, planted, and
the ineviiable harvest will be an en-
lijrhtened empire. A practical, work-
ing- agricultural society will dig hai-
barisui and mental and physical and
sjiirtual poverty out of a nation, as
effectually as any powrrfol grijbbing
mucbiiie will " shake out" the eiub-
born stumps.

A fi'w centuries ago, a learned
writer denrribes the times in these
words: "Rude were the manners
then; the man and wife ate out of the
S'ime trencher ; a lew wooden-handled
knives, with blades of rugged iron,
were a luxury for the great; candleti
were unknown. One, or almost two,
mugs of brown enrthenware, formed
all the drinking appamius in a house.
Rich gentlemen wore clothes of unlin-
cd leather. Ordinary persons scarce-
ly ever touched flesh meat, in n.iblo
mansioos, a little corn seemed
wealth "

This IS history. Any one of our
neighours, if compelled now to Uveas
the highest and we^lihiest of mankind
lived in those days — such a neighbor
would excite our sympathies. We
would consider him as good as starv-
ing ; would carry in gifts to supply
his wants, and start a subscription
nniong our friends to feed and cloth*
h:n!.

A few hundred vears aeo. and all

THE INSTRUCTOR.

the wealth of a nition could not buy
a luHf of bread, ouch us you will tmo
on any finnor's table at iho pretient
time. The tine flour could not bo
made. The table of our fanner is
much more princely in iln furnishing
than wag f h« table of a monaicii then.
We have now in commn • use several
specK's of i.iosi delicious fruits then
unknown. We rai-e several kinds of
grain not then in use. The very word
corn, then itpplied to wheat and bar-
ley, is now upplieil to a jrruin tlien
andi-covered. Men then lived upon
a few vefifetiiblcs, with fish on < xtra-
ordinury oi:c&sions; imd a* iheir ifieut-
est feasts, *heir chief viands were fljsh
and wine. Their crops, aw well as in
the palmiest ancient times, rarely
yielded over ten cr tweniy fo'd. —
Now a hundred fold ia considered a
very 8ni«ill return Th- n, us in the
ancient w.»rlil, thev gathered the har-
vest by pulling up tne stalks, or by
almost us slow a process of reapin/f
with the sickle. Compare these m'-
jhods with the great reaper now in

use! thi«t nweeps over acfs in an
hour, and IcHves the glorious harvest
on ttie fields of a fiirm in a day. Thus,
formerl), the patient <ix slowly trump-
led out the fjrain, week after week,
and the winds of heaven and the fan
in the I'ands of the lahoriT nlowly and
imperfectly 8e|iarated tho kernel from
the chaff and stra^v. Now, the miuhty
thretth-T, with tuinultiions wliirl.tukos
into its crusnini; teeth thousands of
shoafs in a diiy, and scatUriuj^ the
emptied heads, and straw, and chnff,
in rich streams, the separated (golden
grain rutshes out upon the ravished
Bishi, all ready for tlie marts of trade
— for food for man and fowl and beast,
and (or the hopper ;ind the utones,
swiftly driven by tlie vast and pon-
derous wheel. From its mighty pouch
jomes oui flour whjto as the' driven
snow, which makes the kneaded br^ad
belter than the tabled ambrosia of the
gods.

In short, Agriculture clothes all —
Agriculture feuds all.

Agriculture in New Brunswick.

Having within the last few months
made a hasty lour tlirouja'h a portion
of Western New B'unswick, we were
struck with the sUiggibli and hnguid
acpeurar.ce which uj;riculiural opera-
lions every wheie presented. And in
answei to iho " why is it so ?" we »vere
repeatedly told that Now Brui'switk
is i;ol worth living in, and is not ca-
pable of su-taining, however well cul-
tiviiicd, a population » qiuil to the most
infrriorStiiU) o| t hi- Union With this
idea of the capabiliiiHs uf this Pro-
viiice, we are imt prepared tocnincide.
On a compiris-on of Ajfrienltuial sia-
tlbtics — Ni;w Brunswick uiili many of
th(! Sates — ii is evidf-nt tlmt w-; 'f,ir
exceud, ill the growth of po'atoew, and
many of tho c reals, espe iaiiy of oils;
and ii only leqnres indusu v ]! s\ stem,
and til'' expo (Hture id a nioa ty ot"
the ea')it,ii ('xpi'n 'e( in sfii|)nnildii>g
and oihrr |,ur tin-, to ui.ke N^■w
Brnuswick n,,,r. vi,]y $;:!f-sus!aining,

but able to sustain several million i of
inhahitania, and compare favouranly
with many of the best Agricultural
States of the Union.

We are also told, that the annual
emigration from ihe Province, to Ca-
litornia, Australia, New Zealand, Fra-
ser's Riv r and the Wesieni States,
far I'Xceods the emigration to the Pro-
vince.

And it is also siid, that a large
portion uf the sons of Farmers are
abandnning afrriciiltural opi'ritor.s,
iind either leaving the country, or
pioc'iring situaliim'^ in telegraph of-
fices, clerkships in stores, or situaiions
ill the poidic offics of the country.

Such, we acHnowledge, is true t<» a
very grt.'iit extent. But that these
thing's tell against the agrii'ulliir'U
capiliililies ot a c^uptry we do no' be-
lli ve ; iint tliat ihey ilu tell po^-eifoUy
aginst thi' kind of educatmn, or no
education, fanners give their sons, and

THE hNSTttUCTOR.

the want of interest taken in agricul-
tural purauilH, wr firmly believe.

There is a spirit of novelii-m and
reitlpssopBi abroarl in the CdUfitry;
there is an eagcrneeg to accumulate
we..lth in a hurry, and withnut (tutting
the hnnd lo thu plough. Thern is an
idea abroad, that h fHrmer'n life is not
a rftspcc'able one; hence farmers can-
not be gentlemen, but siavos. There
never was a greater niisluke; for if
there are graaes in callings, the im-
nest and intelligent ^arm^r must stand
at thu t(i|) of ihe scale. Tlioje young
men who thus talk and act, entertain
a very miataken idea of llie qmililicn-
litms tlnit constitute a gentleman; they
seem to tiiink, t'^nt because farmers
gen<;rally do not wear br<»adcloth and
starched cillura every day, and wit in
oifici'8, where the «un will not shine
on them by dny nor tlio moon by
night, thdt they ounnot be gunliemen ;
thfy should remember that "its not
the coat that makes the man."

Tfiese mistaken notions, along with
the wonderful dreams, of the gold of
distant regions, which sfem to rij- in
vision bcforo the mind, impels many
to leave their homes, iho old farms on
which their faiher-J lived ccmforiahly,
end their early associations, and un-
dergo untold hardships, in order to
secure a portion of ihut winch not more
than one in thirty or forty obtain ;
and what may do still wor^c, they may
suffer the loss of health and charac-
ter, and miy lie life itself.

As circumstances change, so ahnuld
our cducaiiin also. The dignity of
labour should be t'lufjlit m our schools
and ( olle»-cH, and in our domeet c and
rural {.vocations.

We have many other baclc-draws to
agncultnral ulvanfemcm. Tins coun-
try is not siifHcien iy advanced tc kfep
up a complete division of labour;
lu'nce, many ot our mechanics, espe-
cially in ruial di^tncs, liave to iiirn
their aitoDtioii to various pursuits,
a'lionsr which is agriculture. In a ;di-
ti' n. we have ,i i'lrgc, ci.mparativeiy
considered, fl latiig |)optilatoi, c 'ii-
sitiliiig of lumbermen, fishermen, ship

carpenters, ratlwav navvie», and oth-
ern, who at one limo Inllow tlieir (n-
vourite pursuits, and at other limes
fsrm a little, if farming it cur. be call-
ed.

In addition to these draw-bacl<8,
perhaps, there is no country where
titue is thought so li?ilc of, as in Nrw
Brunswick. Go where you will, and
you see able bodied i len Inunging
about, and not working half their
lime, he idea slioals uf hoys lunning
about the Htreets and public ph-ces
chasing, one wou'd suppose, the winds.
In fac, it is very doubtful if one lialf
the population is profitably employ-
ed.

In place of agricnlturo st'inding
fir8t among the pursuis in the scale
of importanc, it is generally consid-
ered secondary.

But the time is at hand when ne-
cessity Hill compel IIS to turn our at-
tention to the c.ntivation of a portion
of the vast tract-!, millions ol acres, of
good land thai f^till lie in a wilderness
state in New Brunswick.

Wo have got t" learn, thai in order
to farm well, we have gi.t to give our
youth a good agricultural edu. ration —
such an education as will enable our
farmers to stund on an equal tooting
wi'.h those of other profersions. 'J'he
loftiness and importance of a pur.suit,
is generally estimati'd by the d'gniiy
of thoi^e who follow ir. Hei:c<-, it ia
eaid, " as the man, so is his firm."

lo farm well and profitably, re-
quires tiie expetdiiire of capiial. —
Here no one thinks of ex|eiiding mo-
ney in afiiiculteral opir^itions ; whi'C
thoii-ands of pounds are Inquenily
expended in the consinmiion of a sin-
gle ship; bui. to expend a SMoilrtr
iiinount in agriculiunl operaiioo,
would be almost conside-ed a waste
of money. If a firmer \n\s up a tew
huiidreiis of pounds, w lich lie ui.iy
easily do wiihoui iho expenditure of
imicli means, he aenf^ially IhI^j u out
to inierest, a: six per ceiH , or loi;i-s it
up III Ills chest, so tiK.l ir, may be at
hand whe.i his neiijhbour's firm is
forsle. And when he adds '•farm

THE INSTRUCTOR.

o farm," — he has so much land, that
he oiillivatei nune aright. Tho old
inutio.

" A littlo house well filled,
And a little land well tilled,"
is lo»t sipflit of.

Tho ('(»ll()>ving article from ft Cor-
respondent of the Genesee Fanner, a,
moinhly, which should he in every
housi' in the Provinco, meeta our
▼lew : —

ON THE IMI'ORTANCK TO FAUMlillS OK
A OilOD EDUCATION.

Eds. (jJfiieseo Fiirinti : --l consider
the great want of fanners at the pres-
ent time to be a good edncatinn. Tiie
im|iorlance of this will hartlly be qiies-
tioned. Very few fanners have eigovod
thi- advantages nects^ary to qualify
themselves thoroughly for their ocimi-
potion. A few years ago, the public
opinion on this matter was quite dif-
fereiit from what it is now. Slill,
there are some wh'> need a little wait-
ing up ou the sulijec. There was a
time when it was ttiou<»lit that a farmer
needed only a pair of hands and
strong h to use them— the head beuijif
of lilile eon.-eqnence. VVhih- the boy
who was intended for a mechanic, a
merehaiit, or a lawyi^r, was sent to
school, and allowed every opportunity
for improvement ; the «»ne dt'signed
for a larmer was kept at home at some
kind of drudj>ery. He needed only to
know how to work. That was to he
the l)usiner.s of his life, and what need
was there for him li> learn gratnmar,
or algebra, or geometry, or philoso-
phy ? In this way his self-respect and
respect for his occupation were de-

Htroy<'d. Tie was never encouraged
to think. It was enough for him li>
know that his father did so and so, and
he wtis to do likewise and ask no
questions. Is it any wonder that he
should make a dull man and a " bung-
ling farmer?"

Now what I want to say to the far-
mers of this country is this : VV hatover
else y<m fail to do, don't fail to give
your boys a good edueation, and espe-
cially those that are to become farm'Ui.
Take some pood agricnlt iral paper,
and give your boys time to read it, as
well as some time for amusement, re-
meinherin^ that "all work and no
play make Jack a dull boy." Let
ih.iin know that a true firmer is as
much of a gentlemnn an the lawyer or
the doctor, and sometimes more so, al-
though his clothes may not be so fine,
nor hi« hands so soft. Do not suppose
that bojansp your son is to he a farmer
ho does not need a knowledge of all
that is tiiught in our common schools
and academies. If he docs not need
to use them in his business, the study
of them will improve his mind and not
only teach him to think, hut to think
nieiho.lical'v and corieetly ; and what
is of qniie as much importance, ho will
not feel that he is inferior to his neigh-
bor whose occupation is different from
his own. It would be far hniter if the
choice were t<» bo made between a
good educa ion and a good farm, to
choose the former. Now almost any
farmer can give his son^ each a good
education, while few can give the
farms. Le> them have the farms, if
you can, besides.

Soils.

Alluvial Soils.— Of those, we have
first, red marsh ; secondly, blue marsh,
low marsh or corky dyke; and thirdly,
intervale.

1. The red marsh, though vary-
ing Komewhat in quality, is the best
soil in ttiii rroviiicp, and much of
it compares favorably with ttie mos*.
celebrated alluvial soils of tlie old

and new world. The following analy-
sis of recently deposited mar^h mud
from Truro, will serve to shew the
composition of this kind of soil.

Moistiirp,
Orifiiiiic matter,

fchloriiie* jon suit,

I'oi-isli,
Sulphuric Acid,

Soluble
in

Water, j Liiiio,

j Aluiuitiii,
(.Magnesia,

> as gypsum,

.6
1,5
.n9S
.116
.013
.073
.1161
086
.004

THE INSTRUCTOR.

^ • ... r* "fh^fnte of Mnif,
•o'lble ()x((|fl(,i iruii, '

In I Aliiriiiiiii,
Hydro .( Mukiim a.
«lil(iric I -odii niiil I'nInHh.
acid. I I'liohphoric Ard,

l.>^llici(iiiHsiuid (very fine)

n.GO

«74

ISO

.11

87.(10

It Will be o)i,erv,.d.haMn the above
■naljRis all the BubBtJii.ces prevj.Mialv
meiitionpd as o«intaine(l in fertile soils
are present. This iiwirBh innd 'i« no[
on y a valnabh; ..o,I, but is narl^d on
upland as an excellent manure. When
we take tlii.s fact into connection vviih
the c,r(ui.,.8(,.nce that 87 percent of
the whole IS only silicions eand and
that only one and a half per cent of
orpanio matter is present, we can an
preeiate the vast importance of the
■ubstances conialned in it.

Such soil requires no foreign apph^
ances to render It feriile. It has K.
ever one weak point-its small propor-
tion of pliosphales; andlEnspecLthat
If there «-erenot oeci.sionally prea-nt
in It, fragments offish bwnes and other
similar organic matters which do n.it
appear in nn analysis. thi« defioienev
would appear in a somewhat rapid fall-
mg J'ff in Its productiveness. Ii j,
certain that the best varieties of ihis
kind of soil will bear continued cro.-
pi"ff without manure for a vtry lo„rr

CI; ^' ]' ll*'^^'^^ also cen.m
\nat It gradually runs out, and the
owners of the older marshes Hlrendy
,nave occasion to inquire for the
means of restoring its productive-

XicdS*

Diai-ing is well known to be essen-
tJal to the fertility of ite marshes, and
there are in this Province many valu-
ablelrarMsof this land in a cotnpar-
ativeiy useless condition ftom i.s
neglect. Admitting the sea wat^r to

deposit new mud, is also a well known
reu.edy m the case of f.ilini, or nato-
rally poor marsh. It is attended
however wul, the seri.-na disadvantaffe
of causing the loss of seveial cn.ps.

It seems probable that in the deeper
kinds of red marsh, subsoil or trqnch
pbMifzhing might prove very advanta-
geous alter ihe surface has been some-
what run c.ut. There can be no doubt
however, that in the heavier kinds of

marjh a would require to be seeom-
panied by very thorough d-ain-.g...

IlmayHlsobo cle-ervi»g of inquiry
if'heiMe drain, would be mo,e \er-
vicenble than iheop,.n ditches ,„.„„..
rnonuse. Titles could be very easily
anc c!,eaply made of the ,uuL n J
I'telf, and «vhen once laid, w..uld re-
q"ire far less atlen-ion than (litHiea •
ami could be laid m any direction, „^^
>» any nun.ber, without in erferiZ
with the working of the soil. ^

Lasilv, the C(mip(mition of ihe nmr»h
mu.l in.licates ih..t the anpl.ctiou of
bonc-dust would probably he attended-
wih the most marked tesnlts. pfui.cu-
'any, in increasing the ce lainiy of
frr.in croos, and in prodneiuir' the
more valuable kind ..f gras,«es_Gu,.„o
wou.d have a similar efTeci: Imu a
go .d dressing of bone-dust would b»
"i<»re permanent in its efTects. I v»nuld
rec.mmend to owners of poor or worn
our nr,ar«h to try the experiment, and
cilcul.iefrom the increase of e,o„8.
v.hether it would not be ren.m.o a-
tive.

2. Blue marsh, sometimes called
inner marsh, 1"W marsh, corky dyke
crey marsh. This forms the >auJn of
the red marsh, and tfe.ierally orrurs in
a hell along the inner margin, n.xi the
iM»l;md. where the surface iu lower
than the outer edge, in conscqut nee (ff
the tides depositing the coarser mud
near the channels, and finer n.iid in
smaller quantity near the upland. In
those parts of ihe Province where the
tides are only of ordniary hemht, all
the marsh that exists is either ol this
Kind, or hoirgy marsh, composed a'.
>"03t entirely „f vegetable mailer.
J he blue marsh usually contains more
vegeiable matter than the red, and as-
sumes the character "f a hoa^vswamp.
It emits a fetid smell when' recently
turned up, and the water oozm-/ irora
It usually stains the ground wiih a
rusty colour. It has the appearance of
being a rich soil, but, tht.ugh it pro-
duces, in Its n-.turai state, crops of
coarse grass when broken up, it is of
little v?ilue.

Its chflmiGal rnmnooi»!<^n ».. <l-

^J.,,,,.,,| gtiCB ing

THE INSTRUCTOR.

trae reason of its oomparaitvply worih-
!••• c'laritnter, an') a'sr> siisirests a
remi'Jy TKe vesreiHlilu niaaor pr«<»-
•«t in this kind of marsh amine »n tho
•l«l{i)anl sea-waiPr, has <le(H)iN posed
IhcHiilphate of soda, of whicli a i-iniill
qtiaiiiity is present in the tido-WHier,
and hna set free itH sulphur, in the
form of sulnhiireited hydrogen, which
•cliiu' on the oxidn id' iron in tho mod,
ConvertH it into sulphurel of iron, and
chaii|j'-s its colour from rod lo )2rey.
Tiie sutphiirct of iron remains iin-
ohaui^i'd, v-hilo sulitnercred or watK'-
■oalii'd, hut when exposed lo thn air,
it |)a»8ti8 iiiio sulphate of iron nr green
ritri'l ; a suhsiance poisonous to nioui
oultivnted crops, except the oal, which
can put u|) with a little of it Hence
the hid effi'cta of dis'urbin^ the Slue
marsh— hence also the rusty colour ot
Us water. ' Land in this state can bo
easdy tested by drying a small pi'cc
of it and makinnr jt red hot io the fire ;
on Inking it out, it will be fmind to
emit a stfiiiijT sulphurous smell, ntid on
coolin!.- its red colour will be found lo
be partially restored

The remedy is drainini? and liming ;
■rid such land will usually stand,
without injury, a h'-uvy linking.
Diain:i>g admits air and ttikes ofi* tho
•aline wate*". Lime decomposes the
•ulphate of iron, and forms sulphttte of
lime and oxide of iion, tiotli useful
cuhstaiices. The cause and care td'
the blue marsh tbu^ involves a series
of chemical changes; the last <ii which
may be represented as follows:

Suii'huric
Acid and
Oxide «)f
Iron, with
Lime.

Sulphuric
I converted | Acid and
)■ ^ Lime, wiih

I into I Oxide of
J t !'«:'•

When the blue marsh is too low to
admit of proper driinage, the only
mode of imptoving it is to dij t encbes
to tlie tide channels, and thus admit
the muddy tide water to deposit ovrr

it a cf>»t of red mud. Both of tb«w«
m-thods have already been employed
with nuccfsa in some purta ot thia
Province

Tlioush the blue marsh is by itself
so un r>du.'.iive, yet those varieties of
it which contain a go«»d proporiion of
veselahle matter, when diawn out and
comiosied with lime or mail, lorm an
admirahlu lop dressing fur upland
gra^s

3, Intervals or fresh water allu-
vium occurs aliHig most of our rivers,
in variable quiniiiy and quality ; but
is gent rally a fine and productive
soil. It requires the sume manage*
ment with upland sttils, and except
where it has a loose gravelly suhsoil,
wonid often he improved by draining,
ft is lamtniable lo see, in the (dder
seillemeniH, so mii'di of ibi-" valuable
soil nliiioHt ruined by an exhausted
system of cropp'ng.

It IS worthy <f notice that ever since
the fir-t enliivation of the alluvial soil
of the Kujilratps and the Nile, irriga-
tion by niniiing waier has been found
to be a mobi « tflcient means 4»f promot-
ing and reKioriiii? tiie ftrt'lity of thia
kind of land. Many oi our ji.lervales
are aninii'lly oveiflowed by freshets,
and 80ineiiiiit>3 tviih very injurious re-
sults. But it is a matter dcs-erving of
iiM|niry. whether a regular and system-
atic anmis^i' n of the water of the
rivers and the tiiliutiry hrcoks, nii»?ht
not repay its expense, hy its henefi-ial
effecis on the (•n>[)s. M nddy water let
in, in 'his manner, would not only top.
dioss the soil, but tend lo elevate it
nbovo the reach (»f the rreshels, and
even cU'ar water flowing gemly over
the surfiiCH lor a limited tin e, is known
to be hijihly fertilizing, thoiiuh ihe
theory of its operation is nut well un..
derstiiod.

Some U5efiil facts on this subject
will l»e found in Jaiks'on'-t tnatae on
Agriculture and Dairy Husbanilry.-—
Times Magazine.

On Coating Seeds wiih Manure.

Several letters have lately appeared Ilonald, a merchant of that city, d®"
tea Glasgow paper from a Mr. John tailing the result uf several txper^

THE INSTRUCTOR.

mrntH lie had made hy Bleepinjr grain
in liquid mnnii re, fo as to onat them
over wnh it, previous to their heinip
■own. He ■tales his plan to bo to
make every seed carry with it ;o its
bed i.> ihn soil some gonri inunurt>,
which has an immediate tffsct nn the
growth of the plant, and gr. ntiv in-
creases the crt»|). The experiilientN
were tried on some smiill [.lots of
land iiour Glai«giiw, and tht* tnunures
used were a solution of lime in water
a solution of barn manure, f twis
dung and water, the deposit ohlained
fiom city sewer ge, and n iiiixtiire of
■oot and water. He does not state
which ot those mixtures was the most
fjccessful, but fjives Uie increase from
30 to 35 per cent over seed not so pre-
pared. As an addition to either mix-
ture he recQiiimendB a small qnartity of
sugar, and he proceeds to show that
sauharine matter ia an ingredieni in
wheat and <tiher grain nnd contribuies
mainly to the n-urishment ol the
yout.g i»lant. An experiment with
giiano was not successful, but few of
the seeds gerniinuting.

The mode of applying the liquid is
lis fiillowa :— Take a tub about 30
inches over »nd 20 deep ; empty into
it a boll (lour bushels) of wheat;
take two pounds of ^uaa^, bruise any
lumps there may be in it. and sprinkle
it on the lop of the setd in the tub.
Take another smaller tub, put i'lto it
six gallons of water, and mix soot
with it until it is as thick as good
cream— a man rubbing ibe soot and
water against the side of the tub with
a stiff broom will mix it in a tew min-
utes— then with a jug disiribute th«
solution slowly on the top of the sugar

and wheat. The liquid will then ha
about two inches abovo the top «>f the
wheat; stir the wbolo with a wooden
ladle several times wiihin (be first
ftMir hours, but not after that; let ii
remain in the solution not ie>s than 2<
bourn, by which time the seed will
havr abhorbed all the liquid, and al-.
thouph in a damp Ktato, it will h»
really for sowinp ; hut if the weiither
18 not favorable, the seed m-^y bo left
in the manure fur forty, filtv or sixty
hours, every seed «ill th. n be black
with soot. Other manures nnd other
grain to ba treated in a nimilnr nian«
ner. The whole of tho seed thus
prepartd sent up a large number of
stem-. From one rooi, ihe seed of
which was coated with h«>n pen, thero

were ears, the produce being

no» less >hnn 1100 grains, but it was
on parden gronud «nd good soil. Of
the plants of wheat sen' up, net one
wi 8 tItMwn out of ihe s round by the
altornite fro-ts andtlmMs of winter
because the r<M)ts were large and had
a good hold of the ground.

The J \m\ was afterwards tried on
the • Slate of ih» Earl of Eglinton on a
larjjer scale. The « heat was coated
with soot and sugar aud the results
were ttiiii the grain appeared soonnr;
it tillered bott«r , it Covered the c'od
sooner: it grew more luxuriantly ; it
burpt into ears suoi.er; ihe flower on
it waH earlier ; nnd when cut it pror
due d fully one fifth more slocks ihan
the ri'sf oi ihe field.

Beii.ns and peas treated in the name
niiuiiiei pave 47 per ceiit. greater in-
crease than the seed sown without
the coating of manures.

Literature.

d«-

t'xper

••TtieGiinrdlan'Mstlie title of "a monthly
Magazine cf Kdiicntlou and Ui-iieral l^iierii-
ture," txiiua by K. Aitkin nnd K. iMiinniiig,
bt. John, N. 11.; printed by llurnes & to.
Free one dollar.

The V iriiiuf hi tides roniprlBod In the wurk.
January .vuinber, are omaie In laiijiuiue, an d
present eut rtii rung deliiieix un^ « t iht^ i-uh-
Jects tri-nted i.f. We wish the eiiieipiiginir
•ditor^ every succexH.

"How lo lA\e and Itreathe ;" a nionihly
MagDZliie, puhli>i|«-d In Qui. ton ; edited by
Moeeii liiuwn, M. 1>. PriCtf 6a

This wor|{ contains many iisefnl hints on
Ihe rosioraiion and presrrvation «.f health; it
•hoiilU he III evrry laniily.

The remaiks on New hriiMsyirk are to th«
pout Mic'i rciiiurks nnhlmlnd in a foreura
louiitry, by , n^ who ''saw and heard '» for
liiii.M I lend tt, piipeiuaie good lectin^', nnd
inaKtf ki i.wn our vu^t and varied reaoiirres.

Any of our tadriK deKiroiie of procuring
eitmror tiotli ihe hIiovp n.t.i « d works,- we
will i.ke pcavriii m forwarding their aub-
BciiptioiiB aiuj otdeiiiii; the wuiks.

-AulS^JEIEI^ST

tU-

FEMALE SEMINAllY.

IMUXCIPALS,
T C II :»i S :

floAni) A\n Washino (white drosirs I'xccpK'd), with iiiHtruction in Rcfxlinu, VVrit-
iit« AriiliiiKilic, Use of the OIoIk's, Aiiiii'iit und M'trt-rii (Jpo^t pliv. Aiim nt and
Modtsrii History, (irarnmiir, iiiul Khcioric, N itur.il iiri'l Ment il IMiil isophy, An-
tronuiuy, Botouy and English (Jofup isi-ion—t-T) per Acadoiaical Year.

Piano or Spanish Qiiitar,....Thr o LcsNiuih per week, £2 per quarter, or half term.
gii,}^ini< five Lessons per Week, lUs. " "

Pencil or Crayon, •''ivc Lessons per week, £1 per quarter, or half term.

Colori'JCriyon l-'ire Lessonsi per week, £1 lOs. " "

Water Colored Drawing > _ ^ -1.,,^^^ Ussona vvr week, £1 10s. «' »«

(LauUBcape) S

Five Lessons per week tl 'I's per qunrter, or half term.

' Three Lessons per week, £1 I Jb. per quarter, or half terra.

Inslrurtion i.^also given in the following branches, viz— Oriental Painting, Wax
Flowers, I'ValLer ^'lowers, Fancy Wool Work, Chenille P'lowers, Oruamcjitdl Hair
Work, .Vc.

Kills piivrthle quarterly in advan-e.

There are two I'erms per year. The Winter Term commences 5th .Tnnuiry, and
ends 3ist May. The Suniuier 'I'erni hegius 1st August, and ends 2Uh Deisi-iiilier.
The intrr:nediate Quarters or Ililf Terms coimnonce ^'-hh Octoi)er and 2 )th Wiirch.
Pupils will also l)P rcf.oived at any time, and charged oiilv from date of eiitr.uiee.

'I'he 'Vench Department is under the care of Mudanie Eugenie Jraiipert, icceutly
from Paris, who teaches on the OlIcndoriF system, and also gives iesHons in Music.
Daily conversation in French is insisted on.

Five other la.lios are employed in the English Department, Mu«»o, Drawing, Paini-
ng. Iialian, Mot.iny, Xc.

No piins will lie spared to promote the health of the Boanlers by proper exerci^se
and those young ladies whose parents wish them to riuc, arc allowed the use of a
quiet saddle hort-e.

Each yonnp lady is re(|uired to bring with her one pair of sheets, onepiiir (f pil-
lowslips. six towels, and four table iiiioKins, markeU wuli her .lanie ; and pujiiis'rc-
maining in the Seminary during the vHcutious, will be charged 'Iwelve bhill.hgsuud
•ix pence pi r week for hoard and Washinir.

There are six Pianos in the K-tablishment, and Pupils board' ng in the v cinity.
will he charg. d Five Shillinirs per (iuarter lor the use ol an ii^s' amcnt to > i lico

Any B >oks or Stationery which may be required, cm 'oe suppued by iir. lUluh-
ford, at H lifax prices.

The Seminary i- situat'd within a few minutes walk of four different places of
public worship, and nenr to the 'J'elegraph Ste.ti'm and Post Otlice.

ihiee months notice required, under ordinary circuiustuncee, before the removal of

Amiierst, 1860. C. E. RATCHFOKU.

P KFP'.RRf^CES —The lord Bishop of Nova Scotia, the Hon. Judge Stewar t C.
B.. 'i ■ 01. !' ; A. S. DeWolfe, Esq., Halifax; Rev George Townsend, A. M., liev.
/iklerriidr^r Chirk, 1). D., Amherst ; Rev, Charles 'lupper, D D., Ajlesford; UeV.
Charh 8 Elliott, A. B , A. P. Ross, Esq , Pictou ; Hairy King, Esq., I). C. Jj., \v ind-
8or; Rev. John Frances; Kev. E. B. Demill, A.M., John McGrsth, Esq., Si. Juhu
JBon. John 11. Parteluw, Frcdericton.

A?4?^.^'^*^^^i*;'i TV- T. -

[ARY.

Kljfes mTES.

*^#^ ^%*

traction in Rcndinu, ^Vrlt-
■II (Jpi)^r p'lv. An(!i nt and
'I M-Jnt il IMiil )8oj)liy, Au-
cudoiaicul Year.

2 per quarter, or half term,
lis.

icr quarter, or half term.
lOs. " "

lOs, " <«

rter, or half term,
trtor, or half term.

—Oriental Painting, Wax
Flowers, Oruumcjitdl ilair

mmences 5tli .Tnnuiry, nnd
: and ends 2Uh Deiii-nilipr.
h October and 2 Hh Miirch.
Iv fr.>ni date of eiitr.uice.
Eueteiiie Jraiipert, icueutly
ilso gives iesHons inMubic.

ent, Music, Drawing, Tain*-

loaiilers by proper cxcrci^se
c, arc allowed the usu of a

ir of sheets, one pair of nil-
li her .lanie ; and pupils 're-
harged 'Iwelve bh:ll,iigs uud

Is boanl'Mg in the v'cinity.
I an i.'b' amcnt to > i lico
be riuppued by Air. liatoh-

i of four different places of

'ost Othce.

tancee, before the removal of

C. E. BATCH FOR L).

he Hon. Judge Stcwar t C.
;{e Townsend, A. M., Kev.
ir, D D., Ajlesfofd ; UeV.
King, Esq., L>. C. ].., Vv ind-
a McGrsth, £t>q.,Sl. Juhu

Iff!

(t/»T£l!:MSi-«$, 9J. p*? Annum : Siugle Copies 4a. To Cluba o' Five
^5a. #it.b ona extra copf ti the B'ir;«r ap of the Oiub. Cl'rbs of Ten, 30s.,
with two extra copies. Olulis of T arity, 23. Gd. pwr copy, with one copy

. 11 • 11 .. ; 1 ■• i .. - .. :.i :_ «,i„ i;. .-._ ..

V'xira, — pKy«t;;tt lit uii u»«e>t> in mw ■■■, t;. li uuv [.'aiu ii» «uLTaut.'<^. t»j. «-.* «.w|"/

will be charfi;e<l.

ALL COMMlJNfCA'l'IONS TO BE ABimESS 5I> ^0 Ttli^ E0ITUK,

, ^ ^Mti iiHUpWKMp iM aSM i^^

dKKUMK 'UariMMSMaMt «MM

C O/ja" T E IT T S :

1/EeniU.ri' and Kl-emcntarr iiiKlriKtian in the Middle Agea,

The A2« <»X ^'O'^'p'^f • • • • • • •

Llbrai!fe» 'n l'i^ft<«! Books, . .

MaiKof Mev Krif»>swiok, . . . .

GnodmRi»«7a("otnprchensv\e Googrnpky and History,
Princf F.<lvvar<liaiond SehoQlL'mii, ....

JEdaciitlim iu Now York, ...
(/Unad*,.,,^.. ;• . ... • - -' ,

The l*!easHw^s'of4<.tTp'*led<iL, • - * • , •
AgrietiUure, its imporfimce, ... ■ • • •
AgTic«ilture In New Brinitwick, . . . . ■

•Sails. ,, . • . . .,.':•-...'

■,n

,1.3

AGiiNttS FOE THE INSTRUCTOR :

St. Jokn,—-W.L. Avery, iviessrs.lji'rnea, C. W. CrawlbrtV and <laa3e»

DomilL .

Han) pton,— John FlewelUo^.
Sussex,™ J an)B* R.. McMonajr'' .
1/pper SuBsex,— Hrnty H- Andersot).

Moncton,--Ja»aes \V. Ouhou, Esq.

Mopewell,— Alex, liogf rs.

St, AndreAvs, — Mr. Bobert Glen.

St. Bicpberis,— Mr. Jai»es Dow.

IJarTey Settlem«iit., — Georg« Lister.

Broekwa^- Settlement, — Ales. Brockway.

Fredstioton,— Charles S, Beveily.

Q3?='Mr. DiAvm BIcAlpkne is aathorised to obtain fiubscrihers, ahd re-
ceive inonies in our name.

— book:.- -o.^m3D^,-.a^aBa--3D ^TOS-opSrZa&T^-aBB:.;, -

'no. 4. MAEKET STllBET. ST. JOttN.
Ail desmptiejis of Pr4BtiHg «xeeated at this Office on reai»ona*l&4«msu

.iMM" "i 'wmiiJii J njjffii ii gi i aigaW'J 'BB

m.,

iopy

UK,

e 25

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