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1 2 3

ADDRESS

JAMES BlCllKNO MIANCIS,

ri{E.SIJ)ENT

OK TllK

American Society of Civil Engineers,

Tiri^ tiiiutfj:\tii axxi^ai: convkxtion

or THE SOCIETY,

AT MOXriiKAL, JUNE 15, 1S81.

LOWKLI,, MASS.:
STONK, liAClIELLIiK X; 1,1 \ 1 NCSTON, I'lUXTliKS, JACKSON STUliET,

1881.

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ADDRESS.

You have assombled in convention for the first
time, outside the limits of the United States, and I
congratuhitc you on tlie selection of this beautiful
city, in which, and its immediate neighborhood,
there are so manv interesting: eni»:ineerin<j works,
constructed witli the skill and solidity characteristic
of the British school of engineering. Nine of our
members are Canadian Engineers, which must })e
the excuse of the other members for invading foreiirn
territory

The Society was organized November 3, 1852, and
actively maintained up to March 2, 1855. Eleven
only of the })resent mend»ers date from this period.
October 2, 1807 the Society was reorganized on a
wider basis, and from that time to the })resent,
it has been constantly increasing in interest and
usefulness.

The membership of the Society is now as follows :

Tlonorarv Motnbors .

. 11

('orrcspoiidin^

IMc'inbors

. 3

IMc'inht'is

. 491

Associates .

1 •

. 21

Juniors ,

• « •

. 57

I'^ollows

• • •

. 53

Total

636

•!W"B^PHipill»

•^mufii^nmmm

Diiriii^^ the last year we liavo lost six inoini)ors
by death and live by resi^-natioii. and liTty-six new
nienihcrs have ))een elected and (lualilied.

The most Interesting- event to the Society since
the last convention, has heen liie ])urchase of a,
house in the City of New York, as a permanent, home,
at a cost of ^;)0.,000. Tiiis has heen acconi])lished. so
far. without taxinj; the resources of the Society, the
required payments havin*:: heen met by subscri|)tion.
The sum of $11,000 had heen subscrihed to the
building fund up to the 2-'»th ultimo, hy seventy
members and twenty-nine frii'uds of tiie Society
who were not nuMuhers. Tiic subscription is still
open, and it is expected that hu'Lje additions will
be made to it by memhers and their friends, to
enable the Society to make the i-emaininj;' payments
without embarrassment.

Meetin"'s of the Societv are held twice in each
month durin.t;- ten months in the year, for the readin.ijj
and discussion of papers, and other pur|)oses. The
new house aiVords mu(di better accommodations for
these purposes than we have ever Inul before, and
also for the lihrary. which now contains S.8')0
books and pami)hlets and is constantly increasin»j;.
A cataloiijue of the lihrary is bcin^ prepared. Part
I., embracing IJailroads and the Transactions of
Scientific Societies, has been printed and furnished
to members.

WATEIi-POWKI!.

Water-power in many of the States is ahundant, and
contributes largely to their prosperity. Its proper

wmmm

(lovolopiiiont calls for the sorvices of the iJivil
Kn,i!,'iiio('r. ninl ns it is tlio hriinrh of the iirofcssion
with which 1 am most fiimiliar. 1 propose to offer
a few remarks on the suhject.

The earliest, applications were to .ii;rist and saw
mills; cai'din^' iinil fullin<;' mills soon followed. These
were essentiid to the cond'ort of the earlv settlers,
who ndied on hom<' indnstiies for shelter, food and
(dothin.ij,-. hut with the i)ro,ures> of the conntry
Clime other rei|nirt'ment.>.

The i'arliest ap])lication of water-po.ver to <i(>ner;d
mannfacturin^' |)nr[)oses. ap[)ears to have heen at
Paterson, New Jersey, where •• The Society lor
Kstahlishin;^' Usefnl Mannfuctiu'es" wiis foimed. in
the yeni- IT'.M. The l*;iss;dc lliver at this point
fnrnishes. when at mlnimnm. ahoiit eleven hundred
horse-power, eontinn«)iisly. ni^ht and <l;iy.

The water-power at Lowell, Massichusetts, was
hegini to lu' improved for u'cneral manufacturinj;"
j)nri)oses in lSi"J. The iMerrimack IJIver at this
point has a fall of thirty-live feet, and furnishes, at
a minimum, ahout len thousand horse-power, during
tln' usual working hours.

At (Johoes, in the State of New York, the Mohawk
IJivi'r has a fall of about one hundred and live feet,
which was hrought into use, systematically, very
."^oon after that at Lowell, and could furnish alxmt
foui'teen thousand horse-[)ower during the usual
working hours, hut the works are so arranged that
part of the power is not available at present.'

At Manchester, New Hampshire, the present works
were commenced in iSoO. The Merrinuick River

■■T^uafcii li i l l li lB I W ittilli

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at this point liax a fall of alxnil fifty-two feet,
iiiid fiiniislios, at a iiiiniiniiin, jilioiit ten thonsand
horse-jjower, during the iisumI working hours.

At Lawrence, Massachusetts, tiie Kssex Couipany
huilt a dam across the MerriiniU'U Hiver, eonnnencing
in 1845, and niid\ing a fall of about twenty-eight
feet, and a nunimuni power, (hn-ing tlie usual working
hours, of about ten thousand horse-power.

At Ilolvoke, Massachusetts, the Iladley Falls
Company conuuenced their works about IS 15, for
develo[)ing the |)ower of the Connecticut River at
that point, where tiiere is a fall of about lifty feet,
and at a minimum, about seventeen thousand horse-
power, during the usual working hours.

At Lewiston, Maine, the fall in the Androscoggin
River is about (iftv feet. Its svstematie development
was commenced about 1845. and with the improve-
ment of the large natural reservoirs at the head-waters
of the river, now in progress, it is expected that a
minimum power, during the usual working hours, of
about eleven thousand horse-power will be obtained.

At Birmingham, Connecticut, the Ousatonic Water
Com{)any have developed the water-power of the
Flousatonic River l)y a dam, giving twenty-two feet
fall, furnishing, at a minimum, about one thousand
horse-power, during the usual working hours.

The Dundee Water and Land Company, al)out
1858, developed the power of the Passaic River, at
Passaic, New Jersey, where there is a fall of about
twenty-two feet, giving a minimum power, during
the usual working hours, of altout nine hundred
horse-power.

'V\w Tiinu'r'H Falls CoiujHiny, in ISfWi, comiucnced
tlic (li'Vi'l()i)iiu'iit ol" the |)()\v'('r of the Coiiiu'cticut
Uivcr at 'I'linu'i's Kails, iMassa(;lmsetts, l»y Itiiildinj;
a (lain on the Middle Fall, vvhi(di is about thirty-livo
i'eot, and fiirnisht's a niinimutn power, <lurin<^ the usual
workinjr hours, of about ten thousand horse-power.

1 have named the above water-powers as being
developed in a systematio manner from their ineep-
tion, and of whieh 1 have been able to obtain
some data. In the usual [jrooess of developing
a large water-power, a company is formed who
acquire the title to the property, embracing the land
necessary for the site of the town to accommodate
the po[)ulation, which is sure to gather around an
improved water-power. The dam and canals or races
are constructed, and mill-sites with accom])anying
rights to the use of the water, are granted, usually by
perpetual leases, subject to annual rents. This method
of developing water-power is distinctly an American
idea, and the only instance where it has been
attempted abroad, that I know of, is at Bellegarde,
in France, where there is a fall in the Rhone of
about thirtv-three feet. Within the last few years
works have been constructed for its development,
furnishing a large amount of ])ower, but from the
great outlay incurred in acijuiring the titles to the
property, and other dilUculties, it has not been a
linancial success.

The water-powers I have named are but a suiall
fraction of the whole amount existing in the United
States and the adjoining Dominion of Canada. There
is jSia<rara, with its two or three millions of horse-

£■]

— wf^S^MT** tr ,-?w^

St. L

nwriMU'o, \vi

til its succi'ssion ot I'nils

p()W(M' ; t

I'roiii riiikc Ontario to Moiitrciil ; tlic Knlls of St.
Antlionv. iit .Mimicnpolis ; mikI iiiiiny otlicr talis with
lar"i' volunu>s of walcc on tlio ii|)ii«'r Mississij)!)! and
its hiatu'iii's. It \voni<l In' a lonj;' story to nanio even
till' lar.ue \vater-j)owers, and the smaller ones are
almost innnmeral)le. in tlie State of Maine a survey
of the water-power has reeently l)e«Mi made, the
result, as stated in the oirKtial report, l)einu; •• hetween
one and two millions of iiorse-|)(Avers." part of whicdi
will prohaitly not he availahle. There is an elevated
reijion i»» tlie northern part of the South Atlantic
States, excei'dinj:- in area one hundred thousand
s(iuare miles, in which there is a vast ainonnt of
water-power, and hcing near the eotton-lields, witii
a (ine tdimatc, free from mahnia, its only needs are
railways, eapital and population, to herome a «i,-reat
manufaeturin<j; section.

The di'si<^n and coiHlruction of the works lor

developing a larji'e water-power, together with the

necessary arran.gements for utili/inu' it and providinj,'

for its suhdi vision anion*-- the parties entitled to

it. according to their respective rights, affords an

extensive! lield for Civil Kngineers ; and in view of

the vast amount of it yet undevelop(Ml. hut which

with the increase of population and the constantly

increasing (U'mand for nu'(dianical power, as a suh-

stitute for hand-lalxu-, must conu' into use, the fudd

must continue; to eidarge for a long time to conu'.

There are many cases in wiiich the power of

a waterfall may he made availal)le hy means ot

compressed air. more conveniently than hy the

^.- -'«sfi&EW."pe>»

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onliniU'v motors. 'I'lic lull iiiav Ik' loo siiiiill to he
iililizi'd l)_\ llic onl,, .iv motors; the site wliere
till! power is wanted may \n: too distant I'rom the
waterfall, or it may In- desired to disti-ihiite the
power ill small amounts at distant points.

A method ol' compressing; air hy means of a fall
of water, has heen devised hy Mr. .Josei)h 1*. Frizell,
C. K.,oi St. I'aul, Minnesota, wliieh from the extreme
simplieity of the apparatus promises to (ind useful
a})plications.* The principle on which it operates is
hy carryin;^' the air in small huhl)les in a eurrent
of water down a vertical shaft, to the depth ^'ivin^-
» the desired compression, then through a horizontal
passage in which the huhhies rise into a reservoir
near the top of this passage, the water passing on
and rising in another vertical or inclined passage,
at the top of which it is discharged, of course at ii
lower level than it entered the lirst shaft.

The formation at waterfalls is usually rock, which
would enahle the passages and the reservoir for
collecting the compressed air to he formed hy simple
excavations, with no other apparatus than that
re(|ulre(l to ''liarjic the descending column of water
with the huhhies of air, which can he done hy
throwing the water into violent commotion at its
entrance, and a pipe and valve for the delivery of
the air from the reservoir.

The transfer of power hy electricity is one
of the [)rohlems now engaging the attention of
electricians, and it is now done in Eui'ope in a small

•Joiirniil 111' till- l''i:uiUliii InsliliiU' Idr Soiitcmbi'r, laTI

' 4

M UiW'tM ia «" ».<w <r .M»it ^ iiii in fc -M > KT i Fi i aS*;:

A-'-

wnv. Sir William riioinp^oii stiitod in ovidoiice
beioro an Knn-lisli ['arliaiiiontiirv Coninultoe, two
yoars ago, that he "' ioolu'd forward to the Falls of
•• Niagara being extensively used for the production
"of light and mechanical power over a large area of
''North America." and that a copper wire, half an
inch in diameter, would transmit twenty-one thousand
horse-power from Niagara to Montreal, Boston, New
York or riiiladelphia. His statements appear to
have been based on tneoretical considerations, but
there is no longer any doubt as to the possibility of
transferring power in this manner; its practicability
for industrial purposes must be (k'termined by trial.
Dr. Paget liiggs. a di>tinguished English electrician,
is now experimenting on it in the City of New
York.

Great improvements in reaction watrr-wheels have
been made in tlie Tniicd States within the last
fortv vears. In the vear J8 11 the late Uriah
Atherton I5oyden. a civil engineer of Massachusetts,
connneuced the design and construction of Four-
ne\'ron Turbines, in which he iiitroiliiccd various
improvements and a genei'al |)erfi'ction of form and
workman>hip, which enabled a larger per centage
of the theoretical power of the watei' to l)e utilized
than had been previously ntlained. The great results
detained by Hoyib'U with water-wheels, made in
his pe"fecr manner, and in some instauc<'s almost
reuardless of cost, imdoulttediv stimulated others to
atten)]»t to apj)roximate to these results at less cost,
and there are now many forms of wheel of low
cost, giving fully double the ])ower with the isanie

» ♦

jMin'iinni — t-"-Tiri

consnniption of water, that was ohtaintMl from most
of the older forms of wliccls of tlio sauu! class.

x\NCI10K ICE.

A frequenl incoiivcniciice in tlie use water-])owor
in cold climates is tliiit j)eculiar form of ice called
anchor or txround ice. it adheres to stones, gravel,
wood Jind (.tlier substances formini;- the beds of
streams, the channels of conduits, and orifices throuii'li
which water is drawn ; sometimes raising the level
of water courses many feet by its accumulation
on the bed. and entirelv (dosinu; small orifices throuuch
which water is drawn for industrial purposes. I
have been for many years in a position to observe
its effects, and the conditions under which it is
formed.

The essential conditions ar(>. that the temperature
of the water is nt its frce/ing point, and that of
the air btdow tluit point : the surface of the water
must be exposed to the air, and there must be a
current in the water.

The ice is formed in small needles on t!ie surface
which would remain there and for^n a sheet if the
surface was not too nuudi agitated, except for a
current or movement in the body of water sutlicient
to maintain it in a constant state of intermixture.
Kven when llowing in a regular channel, there is a
continued interchiinge of ])osition of the different
parts of a stream : the rettirdation t)f the l)ed causes
variations in the velocity, whi(di produce Avhirls and

.*-

I'-

eiHios and a <::enoral instability in the niovoniont
of the water in different parts of the section. The
result being that the water at the bottom soon finds
its way to the surface, and the reverse. 1 found by
experiments on straight canals, in earth and masonry,
that colored water discharged at the bottom, reached
the surface at distances varying from ten to thirty
times the depth.*

In natural water-courses, in which the beds are
always more or less irregular, the disturbance would
be much greater. The result is that the water at
the surface of a rumiing stream does not renuiin
there, and when it leaves the surface it carries with
it the needles of ice. the specific gravity of which
differs but little from that of the water, which
combined with their small si/e, allows them to
be carried by the currents of water in alnujst any
direction. The converse effect takes place in muddy
streams. The mud is app;u-ently held in suspension,
but is only prevented from subsiding by the constant
intermixture of the dilTerent parts of the stream.
When the current ceases the mud sinks to the
bottom; the earthy particles composing it being
heavier than water, would sink in still water in
times inversely projiortional to their size and specific
o-ravitv.

This, T think, is a satisfactory explanation of the
manner in wlTuih the ice formed at the surface finds
its way to the bottom. Its adherence; to the bottom,
I think, is explained by the phenomenon of reyelatlon^

•Paper CLX. in the Tr:n)sa<'ti(ins nt Um' Sdcifly, 1^78. Vol. vii.; pages 109— 1C8.

first, observed by Faraday. He found that when
the wetted surfaces of two pieces of ice were
pressed together they froze together, and that
this took phice under water even when above the
freezing point. Professor James D. Forbes found
that the same thing occurred by mere contact,
without pressiu'c, and that ice would become attached
to other substances in a simihar manner. RegeLition
was observed by these philosophers in carefully
arranged experiments, with prepared surfaces fitting
togetlier accurately, and kept in contact sufficiently
long to allow the freezing together to take place.
In nature these favorable conditions would seldom
occur in the masses of ice commonly observed ; but
we must admit, on the evidence of the recorded
experiments, that under particular circumstances
pieces of ice will freeze together, or adhere to other
substances, in situations where there can be no
abstraction of h(>at.

When a piece of ice, of considerable size, comes
in contact, under water, with ice or other substance,
it would usually touch in an area very small in
proportion to its mass; and other forces acting upon
it, and tending to move it, would usually exceed
tlie freezing'- force and regelation would not take
place. In the minute needles formed at the surface
of the water, the tendency to adhere would be much
the siime as in larger masses touching at points
only, wliile the external forces acting upon them
would be extremely small in proportion, and regela-
tion would oftt'u occur, and of the immense number
of the needles of ice formed at the surface, enough

would adhere to produce the effect which wo observe,
and call anchor ice.' The adherence of the ice to
the bed of the stream, or other objects, is always
down stream from the place where they are formed.
In large streams it is frequently many miles below.
A large part of them do not become fixed, but as
they come in contact with each other, relegate and
form spongy masses, often of a considerable size,
which drift along witli the current, and are often
troublesome impediments to the use of water-power.
Water-powers supplied directly from ponds, or
rivers or canals frozen over for a Ion*'* distance
inmiediately above the places from which the water
is drawn, are not usuallv troubled with anchor
ice, which, as I have stated, requires o])en water
up-stream for its formation.

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