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^ONTARIO PROVINCIAL ELECTIONS, 1802
CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT
Free Qrants and Mining Lands sold or leased
since 1872 4,851,396 acres
Increase of Population since 1871 in New Ontario 129,84<^
Miles of Colonization Road built since 1872 5,292
Area of Province still undisposed of 103,000,000 acres
Bonus per Mile for Timber Berths sold under
Sandfield Macdonaid Government $260
Average Bonus on Timber Berths sold since 1873 $1,324
Revenue from Crown Lands Dept. 1867 to 1901. $35,051,835
Increase of Salaries in 29 years only 13 per cent.
The duties of the Crown Lands Department comprise : —
1. The sale and management of the Crown, Clergy, School and
Mining lands still undisposed of.
2. The locating of settlers in the free grant and sales district.^.
3. The surveying of new townships, from time to time, as may
be required for settlement or for the purposes of the timber
trade ; and the examination and control of mining and municipal
surveys.
4. The supervision of the vast area over which licenses to cut
timber have been granted ; the issue of timber licenses ; checking
of timber returns, etc.
5. The collection of Qovernment dues and ground rents leviable
upon such timber.
6. The settlement of such questions as arise in the course of
transactions affecting the interests above mentioned.
7. Dealing with the enormous volume of correspondence (55,000
letters in 1901).
BUILD UP ONTARIO
2 CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT.
Dispoaal of Lands.
Of the Crown lands surveyed and open for settlement, certain
townships are known as free grant lands ; in other townships
the settler is charged 50c. per acre.
Number of free grant tomuhips 170
" B«le tomuhipa 46
" peraona located (Free Grants) since 1872 28,101
" acres sold and located under the Free
Grants Act since 1872
" acres mining lands sold or leased since
1872
Total.
3,876,011
976,385
4,861,396
Population of Free Grant Districts.
li^The population of the new northern districts has increased
with remarkable rapidity under this system of settlement, as
is shown by the following table (based on electoral divisions)
taken from the Dominion census : —
1871.
Muskoka and Parry Sound .... 6,919
Nipiasing 1791
Algoma 7,018
1901.
45,356
36 552
63,669
Increase
38,437
34.761
66 651
Total 15.728 146.577
An increase of 827 per cent.
129,849
Another evidence of growth in population is to be found in
the towns and villages in the newer districts, some of which have
come into existence since the last Dominion census was taken :
Towna Population,
and Dominion
village*. CenauK, 1901.
Grayanhnrst 21*7
Braoebridge 2479
Huntsville 2152
Pairy Sound 2884
N< rth Bay 2531
Sturgeon Falls 1418
Towns Population,
and Dominion
villaees. Ctamt, 1901.
Sudbury 2027
The»s»lon 1 206
Sault Ste. Marie 7169
Port Arthur 3214
Fort William 3633
Rat Portage 6202
Increase of Post Offices in New Ontario.
The rapid increase in the number of post offices in New
Ontario, viz. over 100 per cent in 20 years, is a iurther indica-
tion of the spread of population.
BUILD UP ONTARIO
1
!♦■
National Library
of Canada
Blblioth«que nationak>
du Canada
iii97
CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT.
Pott offices Post offices
in 1881. in 1901.
MuskokA and Parry Sound 112 141
Algoma 39 125
Nipiiting CO
Total 157 320
Increase in Railivay Mileage.
The following is the mileage of railways in the above men-
tioned districts at the present time :
Muskoka and Parry Sound 184
Algoma 5.37
Thunder Bay and Rainy River 873
Nipissing 210
1804
Of the above mileage the C. P. R. system covers 1,197 miles.
The balance of 007 miles received substantial money or land
grants from the Government.
In 1881, there were only twelve miles of railway in all these
northern districts.
Neiv Railways in New Ontario.
The Ontario and Rainy River Railway is now practically com-
pleted from Port Arthur to Winnipeg, 263 miles of which passes
through Ontario, opening up a great area of country hitherto
more or less inaccessible.
The Manitoulin and North Shore Railway, ultimately intended
to run from Meaford to Sudbury and the shores of Lake Superior,
is under construction and is completed for about 15 miles west
of Sudbury.
The Algoma Central Railway is also in process of construction,
50 of its 140 miles being finished at the time of writing, as well
as some 25 miles of the Michipicoten Branch of the same line.
A land grant has been made to the Thunder Baj', Nepigon
and St. Joe Railway, which, when built, will open up large areas
of agricultural and mining lands north and north-east of Port
Arthur.
A Bill piovidinii for the construction, e((uipment and
operation of the Temiakaming and Northern Ontario Railway
as a Government enterprise was introduced in the Lecjislature on
January 15, tho terms of which provide for the appointment jo
BUILD UP ONTARIO
• CROWN tANDS DEPARTMENT.
» eommission of from three to five men to construct and operate
*he railway, which will run from North Bay to a point at or
Mar Lake Temiskaming, a distance of between 90 and 100 miles.
The location of the line, plans of all works, tariffs of rates, etc.,
must be approved by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. The
lailway may make reciprocal running arrai^ments with other
vailway companies. The cost is to be borne by setting apart
adjacent ungranted lands in tiers of townships, not to exceed
20,000 acres per mile, on which the debentures shall be a charge.
The railway shall be constructed and equipped with Canadian
material as far as possible. No person shall be employed in con-
travention of the Alien Labor Act, and the current rate of wages
in the district for similar work shall be paid.
The above measure has been described a.s "one of the most
important and progressive bills ever introduced in the Legisla-
ture of this Province."
Colonization and Mining Roads.
The Government has also kept pace with the gradual develop-
ment of the northern and western parts of the Province in the
matter of colonization and minincr roads.
Miles of new roads built, 1872-1901 inclusive 5,292
(Yearly average of 182 mile*)
Miles of roads repaired, 1872-11)01 14,646
( Yearly average of 500 miles)
Bridges built, 1872-1901, 20 miles, or 114,003 feet.
Total expenditure on above $3,338,743
Representing one of the many large sums of surplus revenue
jeturned to the people.
Revenue from Timber.
The revenue from timber consists of (1) bonuses ; (2) annual
ground rent ; and (3) timber dues.
Timber limits are disposed of by public auction, after being
duly advertised. The ground rent payable in all cases is $3 per
square mile.
The timber dues are $1.00 per thousand feet on all timber sold
previous to 1892, and SI. 25 on all sold since.
Since 1868 the dues per thousand feet have been raised from
iOcts. per thousand feet to $1.25 per thousand feet, and the an-
nual ground rent from 50 cents per square mile to $3 per square
3iile.
BUILD UP ONTARIO
CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT, 5
Timber Sales for 60 Years.
1841-67.
Before Confederation.
Namber of aqaare miles sold at 60o. per mile 9,904
" " " at bonus of «46. 60 per mile 2,561
Total iqusre miles sold before Confederation 12.465
Average bonus per mile 19.75
1867-71.
Under Satidfield AfacJonald's (fovernment .
Square miles sold 635
Bonus realized $165,363
Highest price paid per mile $640
Average bonus per mile $260
1872.
Under Bldke Ooceniment.
Square miles sold 6,031
Bonus realized $592,601
Highest price paid per squar', mile 1,000
Average bonus paid per square mile 117
1873-1901.
Under Libend Government since 1S73.
Square miles sold 5,152J
Bonus realized $6,823,127
Highest price paid per square mile 17,500
Average bonus paid per square mile 1 ,324
A Striking Contrast.
From 1841 to 1871, inclusive—
The total number of square miles sold was 13,100
At an average price of $21
Sale of 1872—
Area of square miles sold was 5,031
At an average price of $117
From 1873 to 1901—
The area of square miles sold was 5,152^
At an average price of $1,324
Recent Ontario Sales.
The last three timber sales of the Government have amply
justified its policy of disposing of timber lands by public auction,
by means of whicli the largest profits are secured to the revenue.
The sales have been as follows :
BUILD UP ONTARIO
6 CROWK LANDS DEPARTMENT.
Angvit 18, 1897, 169i •qu»ra miles sold for $265,162, wa vr '?»
price per mile of 11.666.
December 20, 1899, 360 squere miles sold for |723,660, an sverege
price per mile of $3,010.
September 17, 1901, 399| squere mUes sold for $732,787, en srer-
ege price per mile of $1,836.
Another Contrast.
The Last Sah bmdbr the Sakdfield Macdonald Government.
November 23, 1871, 487 square mUes sold for $117,672, at an
average price per square mile of $241.
The Last Sale under the Ross Government.
September 17, 1901, 399i square miles sold for $732,787, at an
average price per square mile of $1,836.
Comparison xoith Quebec Timber Sales.
It is inatructive to compare the sales above referred to with
the sales of timber lands made by the Conservative Government
of the Province of Quebec. Between October, 1873, and Janu-
ary, 1890, the Quebec Government sold 6,235 square miles, realiz-
ing'by way of boaus the sum of $398,722, an average of about
$62 per square mile, as compared with the average of $1,324 per
mile realized by the Ontario Government from 1873 to 1901.
Sales in Quebec since 1890 have realized less rather than more
Revenue from Crown Lands Department.
From 18C7 to 1871, inclusive •^'HS9'«I
Average per year (for 4* yeats) ;„T'^
From 1872 to 1901, inclusive ^ 'A-o ^a
Average per year (for 30 years) 1,0»9 70 J
Total revenue from timber since Confederation. . . .'{5,051,8*>
or an average annual revenue for 34J years. . 1,015,900
Attempted Robbery of Ontario's Timber Lands.
It should not be forgotten that while the claims of Ontario to
the disputed territo-y were in doubt, the then Dominion Conserv-
ative Government pissed, in 1883 and 1884, over ope hundred
Orders in Council parcelling out the rich timber lands of North-
western Ontario among their political friends, in blocks of about
50 sciuare miles, or 32,000 aero each, at the scandalously low price
of $5 per stiuaie mile as an annual ground rent and without com-
petition or bonus. The recipients of these Government favors
were, with t, few exceptions, prominent Tories of the day, most
BUILD UP ONTARIO
CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. 7
ot whom were in no way connected with fhe timber industry
The action of the Proviucial Liberal Government at that time in
strenuously fighting for the rights of the Provi>\re saved Ontario
millions of dollars in timber values alone.
Economical Management of the Crown Lands Department.
Notwithstanding the large incre&<3e in the revenue, corre-
spondence, and other work of the Crown Lands Department,
and the opening up of extensive areas of the Crown, the Depart-
ment has been managed by its successive administrators with but
a slight additional cost.
, Cost of Administering Crown Lands.
Salaries paid 1873 to 46 officials (permanent and temporary) 946,313
" " 1901 to 49 " " " 52,496
Increaae in 29 years of only 13 per cent., or 96,182
although the work of the Department has vastly increased,
t.nd notwithstanding the fact that in 1873 there was no bureau
of Mines, or Colonization and Forestry Branch, which cost for
salaries in 1901, $6,660.
No. of permanent officials in inside service, 1873 28
do. do. lOOl 29
(These latter figures exclude the Mines and (Colonization and
Forestry Branches, not in existence in 1873, with 6 officials
and also exclude the Colonization Roads Branch, transferred to
the Public Works Department in 1899.)
Revenue collected in 1873 91.121.264
Revenae collected in 1901 1,634,724
Letters received in 1873 24,618
Letters received in 1901 56,000
Charges on Crown Lands.
These include expenditure on surveys, agents' salaries, wood
ranging and inspection, fire ranging, and the cost of timbw
agencies.
Expended in 1873 9110,401
Expended in 1901 116,736
or an increase of only 6^ per cent., or 6,244
Notwithstanding that in 1901 there was paid for fire ranging and
BUILD UP ONTARIO
8
CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT
timber agencies at Quebec and Ottawa new items not in exist-
ence in 1873, $34,568.
The Exploratory Surveys of 1900.
The determination of the Government to further ascertain
the great resources of the partially or undeveloped parts of the
Province was shown in the oxploratory surveys of 1900— one of
the most important and comprehensive steps yet taken by any
Provincial Government in Canada; important in the results
achieved, and comprehensive in the areas of territory covered ;
and, it might be added, one of the most economical, the total
cost of the undertaking reaching but a trifle over the $40,000
originally voted for the purpose. This of course does not include
the printing and publication of the reports, which have been in
great demand.
The Sc^pe of the Surveys.
Ten surveying parties were sent out, to each of which was
assigned approximately 100 miles square for examination, com-
prising a territory larger in extent than the whole settled portion
of Ontario, aggregating aearly one hundred thousand square
miles. The region lies for the most part north of the main line
of the C.P.R., and includes the major portions of the districts
jf Nipissing, Algoma, Thunder Bay and Rainy River.
The Government had three objects in view : To acquire infor-
mation (1) as to the soil, (2) the timber, and (3) the minerals of this
great Northland. Thus the three great industries of Ontario —
agriculture, lumbering and mining — were in the minds of the
^vemment. Incidentally, many luiles of permanent base lines
were surveyed, valuable water powers noted, and animal, plant,
and fish life studied. Elach of the ten parties was composed of
a land surveyor, a land and timber estimator, and a geologist,
with necessary assistants.
The General Remits.
The combined results were more satisfactory than the most
sanguine looked for. Sneaking broadly, the belief was verified
that in the region north of the height of land — eoverinf; over
one-half of the area of the entire Province — there are large
tracts of good agricultural land, that forests of spruce and other
pulp woods exist to a much greater extent than was anticipated,
and that nature has provided a succession of waterways on
BUILD UP ONTARIO
CROWH LANDS DEPARTMENT
9
which to float the timber to the mills or markets. In addition
there was located a great pine forest stretching northward from
Lake Nipissing and the C.P.R. towards the height of land.
Nearly three billion feet board measure of standing pine has
been reported from this section alone.
The gratifying results of these exploratory surveys recalls the
battle for Provincial rights in connection with the boundary
award, and the great value of part of the territory then won
for Ontario. If the Dominion Conservative Government of that
day, backed as they were by the Ontario Conservative Opposi-
tion, had had their way, a considerable area of this vast north-
land, with all its natural resources, would have bee diverted
from Provincial ownership and control. The Province may welJ
thank the Liberal Government of Ontario for so strenuously
fighting for our Provincial rights on that occasion.
Summary of Surveys.
AORICCLTDRAI. LaNI>8 EXPLORED.
Sq. Miles. Acres.
Nipiuing 3,000 1,920,000
Algoma 17.500 1 1,200 000
Thunder Bay 4,000 2,600 WX)
Rainy Riyer COO .384,000
26,100 16,064,000
Allowing 200 acres to each head of a family, the above
acreage would accommodate 80,320 families, and allowing 5 to
each family, this would represent a rural population of 401,600
souls ; but assuming that the country is capable of supporting,
as no doubt it will be in the future, a population equal to the
same area in the older parts of the Province, it will ultimately
maintain a population of over 1,000,000 people.
EsTIMATI OF PULPWOOD AREAS.
Oordt.
Nipiuing 20000000
Algoma. 100 000 000
Thunder Bay 150<*OO.000
Rainy River 18,000 000
288,000.000
Taking this quantity of pulpwood at the present rate of dues
viz., 40 cents per cord, we have an asset of $115,200,000.
Net rraulta of the exploration : —
BUILD UP ONTARIO
10 CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT.
Homes for » million people.
An Mset of $115,200,000 in pnlpwood.
An asset of 3 billion feet of white pine.
An M83t in valuable water powers.
An asset in new mining regions.
Vnsurveyed Lands in the Province.
The two following tables will be of interest as showing the
total area of the Provipf e, the area surveyed, the acreage disposed
of, and the balance left .n the hands of the Crown : —
Estimated area of the Province . . . * 126.000,000 acres.
Estimated area of the above surveyed 40,116,075 "
Leaving unsurveyed 85,883,925 acres.
Vast Area of the Province StUl Available.
Estimated area of the Province 126,0( 0,000 acres.
Estimated area sold or disposed of. .._ 22,863,678 "
Leaving undisposed of 103,136,422
Of which there are surveyed 17,252,497 "
Leaving unsurveyed 86,883,925 acres.
Notwithstanding the rapid development of the Province
during recent years, it will be seen from the above tigurrs that
there is still an enormous undeveloped area at the disposal of
the Crown, full of great possibilities, and only awaiting the
settler or the miner to realize on its natural wealth. Nearly
live-sixths of the Province is yet open for settlement and
development.
History of the Saw Log Policy.
The management of trade and commerce has always been
regarded as being a Dominion Qovemment matter.
The aim and desire of the lumber trade has always been to
secure free admission for Canadian lumber into the United
States market.
The Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 gave free admission to Cana-
dian lumber, and under it there was nothing to prevent the
export of Canadian logs.
On the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty in 1866, an ad
valorem duty was imposed on Canadian lumber. In the same
year the Qovemment of Canada impose<l an export duty of $1
per 1,000 feet on logs.
BUILD UP ONTARIO
CROWN LANDS DEPAKTMEKT.
11
In 1872 the United States duty on Canadian lumber was
changed from an ad valorem to a specific duty of $2 per 1,000
feet without respect to quality. This struck a heavy blow at
the coarser grades of Canadian lumber, practically shutting
them out of the United States market The higher grades still
went there.
The export of logs from Canada was confined to one Province,
Ontario, and to one part of that Province, viz., the territory
bordering on Lake Huron.
As long as there was plenty of pine in Michigan there was no
export of pine from Ontario, and Canada had nothing to offer
for free entrance of her lumber.
There was practically no export of logs prior to 1889, when
the Americans, recognizing the disappearance of Michigan pine,
began to buy Canadian logs to supply their Michigan mills and
thus avoid the wiping out of their mill plant. The attention of
the Dominion Qovernment was called to the fact that there was
now an implement in their hands to bring pressure to bear upon
our American cousins to give a quid pro quo. The export duty
on Canadian logs was accordingly in 1888 raised to $3 per 1,000
feet.
In 1889 the dominion Qovernment reduced the duty to $2 per
1,000 feet, as informal negotiations had sprung up looking to
better terms for Canadian lumber.
The Ontario Qovernment, recognizing that it would be a
proper step to assist the Dominion Qovernment, or, at any rate,
to put an end to the unfair system prevailing of Ontario logs
going out while our lumber was discriminated against, deter-
mined to put a condition in the timber sale of October 1 , 1890,
requiring that logs cut on lands included in that sale must be
sawn in the Province. Very shortly afterwards an agreement
was arrived at by which the United States reduced the duty on
Canada lumber to]$l per 1,000 feet, and Canada thereupon
removed the export duty on logs.
In 1894 the position was further improved for Canada by the
removal, under the Wilson Bill, of the $1 duty on Canadian
lumber, wh'ch now obtained free admission to the United States
markets.
Fn m 1886 down to 1890 the Government of Canada dealt five
tim^s with the question of the export of logR— four times by
Order in Council, and once by Act of Parliament, in which they
took general charge of the export of logs question.
IBUILD UP ONTARIO
12
CROWN LANDS DEPAHTMEXT.
It will thus be seen that the Ontario Government had thus far
no occasion to interfere, as the Government of Canada could
stop the export of lo^ at any moment by raising the export
duty. It had assumed to do this and had obtained what was
regarded by the lumber trade as a satisfactory concession for the
wiping out of the duty, viz., a lowering of duty on lumber oti
^i to $1 per 1,000 feet. The placing of the condition in 'h,
sale of 1890 by the Ontario Government was made a strong plea
at Washington for an increase in the United States duties on
Canadian lumber.
Then came a change. The Republican party being restored
to power, protection was again the order of the day, and
in 1897 the Dingley Bill was passed, reimposing S2 per 1,000
feet on lumber exported to the United States, with an automatic
clause adding to this sum any export duty that might be imposed
by Canada, thus committing a breach of agreement and at the
same time trying to tie Canada's handet.
Tliis compfetely changed the position of afiairs with regard to
the United States, and as, owing to the automatic clause of the
Dingley Bill, the Government of Canada could not restore the
export" duty on logs without entailing disastrous results, the
O"tario Government was appealed to to meet and overturn the
lai r and ungenerous legislation of Congress. As a first step,
w. a a timber sale was held in 1897, the condition was reim-
posed that the logs must be sawn in Canada. But the bad faith
observed by the United States was so resented that the matter
could not stop there and an agitation sprung up to apply the
manufacturing condition to all licenses. The Hardy Government
gave a full hearing to all the interests affected and then made up
its mind to protect the interests of the Province.
There was plenty of time, as it^ was not felt that the conditions
of current leases could be changed until their expiry on April
30. But on October 13, 1897, the then Premier wrote to the
President of the Toronto Board of Trade that the Legislature
would be asked at its cc*^ '» g session to enact such legislation as
equire, when the whole matter was
. There was a clear intimation that a
otherwise there would have been
no
the public interests n
fully and openly diKcusa.
change was to bo made
need for any enactment.
To prevent any possibility of disallowance, if such should be
thought of, the Government proceeded to make regulations under
authority of existing statutes, and on December 17, 1897, an
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CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT.
13
Order in Council was passed providing for the sawing of all logs
in Canada after April 30 then next When the House met, it
was asked to approve the Order in Council. The attempt on the
part of the United States to outwit us was therefore thwarted,
and the result has been to carry the war further than our
American friends expected, for instead of our mills being dis-
mantled and removed to Michigan, as they expected under the
automatic Dingley tariff clause, the action of the Ontario Govern-
ment has caused Michigan mills to be dismantled and moved
over here or new mills erected in Ontario.
The Ontario Government was not called upon to move as long
as the Dominion Government could protect the rights of our
people. It left the matter to the proper authority, viz. the
Dominion Government, but when that Government could not,
without disaster to the whole lumber tride of Canada, do what
was necessary, then for the first time the Ontario Government
was bound to act, and it did so to the extent of what was honor-
able, legal and necessary.
In order to understand the position properly, it might be said
that owners of timber berths are required to take out a license
annually for the right to cut timber. This license expires on the
30th of April. In the Government Bill it was not intended to
apply the manufacturing clause to saw logs until the close of the
license year. Mr. Whitney and his friends contended that the
manufacturing conditions should be applied forthwith. This
would have been a breach of contract with the lumbermen, as it
changed the conditions on which the license for the year had been
issued. The Government felt that its contracts should be kept
inviolate, and in this view the House concurred. Had the manu-
facturing clause applied to the contracts then pending, it is all
but certain that the Courts would have set it aside.
Since then the right of the Government to impose the manu-
facturing conditions upon logs cut in Ontario was argued before
the Court of Appeal, and after an exhaustive discussion of the
rights of the Province, the Court held that the law was strictly
within the jurisdiction of the Province, and now may be con-
sidered the settled policy of the country.
This action on the part of the Government has brought pros-
perity to many Ontario towns and villages along the shores of
Lake Huron. Saw mills which, owing to a hostile tariff, were
idle and falling into disrepair, have been again put in operation.
New mills have also been erected at several points, with immense
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14
CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT.
sawing capacities, and involving the expenditure of large sums
of money. Th&se mills are of the most modern type, and there
is no doubt that the saw-milling industry on the Canadian side
of the Qreat Lakes has now been placed on that permanent
basis which is warranted by the illimitable forest wealth behind
it. Thousands of Canadian workmen are finding employment
in sawing in our own country the logs which were formerly
towed across the lakes in an unmanufactured state, to fesd the
saw mills of Michigan, and thos contribute to the prosperity and
trade of a country which has erected a tariff barricade against
the importation of our sawn lumber.
Increase in Cut of Ontario Saw- Mills.
Some idea of the growth of the saw-milling industry in On-
tario during the last few years, principally as a result of the
prohibition of the export of logs cut on Crown Lands, may be
seen from the following tables. It is not possible, of course, in
a statemeht like this to be exact to a dollar, but the figures given
have been gathered from wha'^ are believed to be most reliable
sources and have been compiled with great care. The first table
deals with new mills which have been erected, and the second
with mills which stood in disuse for several years while Ontario
logs were being towed across to the Michigan shore, but which
have been refitted and again put in commission since the pro-
hibition of export.
Nbw Mills Erectid.
Coat
EUnda Employed
'Annual Cut
1849,400
1,218
212 250. Of Oft., B.M.
Olu Mill-s R. nrrEU and Now in Operation.
Expenditure
Har Jb Employed
.Annual Cut.
$181,5(0
1,105
147,6O(\00O ft., B.M
A total expenditure of $1,030,900 on siiw-milling properties, which
give employment to 2,.S23 men for a great part of the year, and
whose annual cut is 350,750,000 feet board measure. It is esti-
mated that the cost of sawing and piling pine lumber on the Qreat
Lakes is about S2.50 per thousand, so that the amount of money
from this source, which is annually disbursed among Canadian
BUILD UP ONTARIO
CROWNLANDS DEPARTMENT.
15
i
workmen, to be expended in Canadian towns and villages, can
be very easily arrived at. To this amount should be added, too,
the freight paid Canadian railways and vessel owners on the
shipment of the sawp lumber, amounting to about $2 per
thousand.
The Pulpwood Industry.
Vast as the pine timber industry in Ontario has been, and
despite its great value in adding to the wealth of the Province
and assisting in supporting its industrial life, our immense
forests of spruce are equally important, in fact are likely to be of
even greater value than the pine resources.
While we have considerable spruce large enough to make sawn
lumber, great forests of this tree stand so thick on the ground as
to prevent large growth and much of it is mainly valuable for
wood pulp. These forests, if thinned out, would, of course, grow
to a size suitable for saw log purposes, but the growing demand
for spruce for the manufacture of paper renders the tree very
valuable, even when of small size. Because of this, spruce may
be cut in from 20 to 30 years from the seed and therefore two
crops of spruce can be harvested to one of pine. By reason of
this natural law of reproduction, our pulpwood forests calfnot be
exhausted by gradual utilization. It is cheiefore a wise economy
to realize on this source of wealth.
The Recent Growth of the Industry.
The wood pulp industry is of comparatively recent growth *but
is increasing rapidly. Owin^ to the nature of the industry, the
large capital required in its development, and the fact that pulp-
wood grows in a more scattered form than pine, it was early seen
that the method of disposing of the pine timber would not be
applicable in this case. The pine timber is sold to the highest
bidder at public auction and the license issued for one year only,
renewable till such time as the timber has been removed from
the land. Very little capital was required except in the pur-
chase of the timber. In the pulp industry the conditions are
'entirely different. It was in the first place important to the
industry and general welfare of the Province that the pulpwood
should not be sold and exported from the country in its raw con-
dition. In order to manufacture it into pulp, large buildings
with expensive equipment are needed, rec|uiring enormous power,
and in order to warrant so extensive an investment, the xapital-
BUILD UP ONTARIO
16 CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT.
ists would naturally require for a long term of years a reasonable
guarantee of a supply of wood necessary for the continuance of
the industry. The policy of the Government therefore was to
grant concessions over a limited territory containing spruce and
kindred woods, for a term of years — usually tw.enty-one — on
condition that the capitalists expend a certain amount of money
in erecting mills and manufacture into pulp all the wood cut
upon this territory, with a guaranteed number of hands to be
employed, the Government also collecting from the concession-
aires dues representing the value of the wood when cut. Formerly
the dues on spruce were 20 cents per cord, but with its increasing
value the dues were, on March 20th, 1900, increased to 40 cents
per cord.
The export of pulpwood in a non-manufactured condition has
also been prohibited by a bill introduced by the Commissioner of
Crown Lands on March 7th, 1900, so that the law now provides
that all pulpwood cut on Crown Lands in the Province must be
manufactured in Canada, the same as pine saw logs, thereby
giving employment to home industry and in a practical way aid-
ing in the development of New Ontario aud building up the
trade pf Old Ontario.
Pulptuood Concessions.
In the various concessions granted the different pulp companies,
the Government reserves the right to increase the dues at any
time and no doubt will do so proportionately with the advancing
value of the timber. In accordance with this policy, concessions
have been granted to various companies, some of which have
already erected mills and are in active operation, others of which
have not yet completed their part of the agreements. The
following is a list of agreements entered into with different com-
panies and the amount agreed to be invested :
S»ult St«. Marie Pulp and Paper Co. . .f 400,000 400
Sturgeon Falls Pulp and Paper Co 1,000 000 240
Spaniih Biver Pulp and Paper Co 600,000 250
BUnche River Pulp and Paper Co 750 000 300
Nepigon Pulp, Paper and Mfg. Co 200 000 20O
Keewatin Power Co 1,500 000 600
$4,360,000 1,890
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CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT.
17
The above sums required to be invested under the agreements
are minimum amounts only. Some of the enterprises mentioned
have already expended sums largely in excess ot those called for
by their agreements, and instead of the $4,350,000 demanded, the
capital invested will ultimately reach many millions, necessitating
the employment of several thousand men.
These mills will undoubtedly find it to their advantage to
further manufacture this pulp into paper before sending it abroad,
thus requiring a further expenditure of capital and the employ-
ment of additional labor.
Within a few years there will be many thousands of our people
obtaining a living in the mills and in the woods in connection
with the woodpulp and paper trade, because of the progressive
nature of the Governnent policy in this regard.
The Government, by its action, has secured the investment of
extensive capital, and it is to be remembered that every cord of
wood cut under these agreements, whether of spruce or kindred
timbers, must pay its dues. Nothing is given away.
Another important feature with respect to these pulp conces-
sions is that they in no way retard the progress of settlement in
the districts for which they are granted. The settler or miner
is not locked out of the country, but the lands are open for dis-
posal, and immediately upon the sale or location of any land for
settlement or mining purposes, the spruce and other pulp timber
pass from the operation of the concession and become the property
of the locatee or purchaser.
The Toronto Mail and Empire, speaking of the pulp conces-
sions, called them "a criminal disposal of the Province's assets"
and characterised the act of the Government as one of shame-
lessness and an entire disregard of principle and decency.
In the session of 1900, and also in the session of 1901, Mr.
"Whitney voted against every proposal submitted by the Gov-
ernment for the development of the pulp industries of the
Province.
Mr. Whitney a7id New Ontario.
Mr. Whitney claims to be in favor of developing New Ontario.
Anybody knows that there can be no development or settlement
without a proper survey of the district into townships and lots.
It is important that settlers should have a wide range of choice,
and for that reason surveys should be carried on considerably in
advance of^ettlement. Acting on this policy the Government
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18
CROWK LANDS DEPABTMEXT.
proposed in 1893, when there was some activity in the movement
of settlers to Ontario, to spend $35,000 on surveys. The esti-
mates came before the House on the 26th of May, when it was
moved by Mr. Clancy, seconded by Mr. Miscampbell, " that the
resolution (respecting the expenses of the Crown lands) be not
now concurred in. But be forthwith referred back to a Committee
of the Whole House, with instructions to strike out the item of
$.35 000 proposed to be voted for Surveys of Townships in New
Districts.^ (see page 197. Journals 1893). For this resolution
Mr. Whitney and all his followers voted.
The Ontario and Rainy River Railway.
In 1899 the Government proposed to open up the Rainy River
district by a suflacient subsidy to the OnUtrio and-Rainy River
Railway, now known as the Canadian Northern, which would in-
sure its speedy completion. It was considered that the early
construction of this road was most important, as it passed through
a large belt of iron mining lands west of Port Arthur, and also
through the Rainy River valley, said to contain nearly a million
acres of arable land. Owing, to the difficulties of construction
the usual subsidy was deemed insufficient, and when the Bill
was before the House, Mr. Whitney moved an amendment for re-
ducincy the subsidy from $505,000 to S22.-),000 Had the House
supported him it is quite possible the promoters of this road
would have failed in their undertaking, and the large areas
through which it passes might not be opened up for years to
come. It ihould be remembered also that in addition to open-
ing up the country, this railway gives a competing line with the
C.P.R. from Port Arthur to Winnipeg and the West ; the effect
of which on freight rates from Ontario to the North- West can-
not fail to be beneficial.
The Algoma Central Railway.
Again in the Session of 1900 Mr. Whitney opposed in the most
violent manner the Bill brought down by the Government for
the construction of the Algoma Central Railway. This railway
runs from Sault Ste. Marie, at the foot of Lake Superior, to the
Canadian Pacific Railway, a distance of 140 miles, and opens up
a tract of land hitherto inaccessible. It was one of Mr. Clergue s
enterprises, and was subsidiary to the development of the pulp
industry of the country, and also the opening up of the mining
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CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT.
19
lands in the neighborhood*of Michipiooten. It was proposed to
build the railway by land subsidy entirely, and as the lands were
really of no value without the railway, it was considered the
Government had made a good bargain. In speaking of this
grant Mr. Whitney said (MaU and Empire, April 27, 1900) : —
" Mr. Clergue, in his wildest imagination, could not expect more
than had been given, and given to the eternal shame of this
Government, and to the disgrace of every man who would be
connected directly or indirectly with the deal. They were hand-
ing over to him a million and a half of acres of valuable pulp
and mineral lands, and asking nothing in return. The Govern-
ment had made the pretence that they were securing certain
concessions from Mr. Clergue, but everyone of these, it was pro-
vided, could be waived. I have no hesitation (concluded Mr.
Whitney), and I meet the jeers of the hon. gentlemen opposite
with patience, I have no doubt that public opinion will say with
regard to it that it is the most phenomenal steal, the greatest
attempt at public robbery, the most heinous public crime that
was ever attempted by men in authority in the Dominion oi
Canada, and I don't think I would be exaggerating to say, on the
continent of North America." (Prolonged Opposition cheers.)
Divided the House.
Although the arrangement for the construction of the Algoma
Central was considered one of the best bargains ever brought
before the Legislature, Mr. Whitney insisted on dividing the
House on the third reading of the Bill, and he, with all his fol-
lowers, voted against it.
Already over fifty miles of the road have been built, and it is
Erobable before the close of 1902 direct communication will be
ad between Sault Ste. Marie and the Canadian Pacific Railway.
Mr. Clergue promises to extend the road northward until it reaches
James Bay, and had, during the slimmer of 1901, exploration
parties in the field with a view to the location of the line.
The Algoma Central Railway is now practically the backbone of
all Mr. Clergue's enterprises at the Sault, on which he has
already expended about fifteen millions of money. Surely
it is but reasonable, if New Ontario can be developed by means
of its own waste lands, that no better use could be made of these
lands than was proposed by the Government, and which met
with Mr. Whitney's opposition.
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20
CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT.
Vote to Aboliah European Immigration Agency.
In the estimates for 1900 appeared an item of $4,825 for main-
taining an Immigration Agency at Liverpool, and other expenfles.
1 he sum, though small, was effective in directing a considerable
number of agricultural laborers and domestic servants to Ontario.
The Government felt, as an increase of population was important,
that such an agency should be continued. Mr. Whitney and
his friends apparently were opposed to- immigration, notwith-
standing we have millions of acres of land unsettled, and the
moderate efforts of the Government to find settlers could not be
entertained, and accordingly it was moved by Mr. Morrison,
seconded by Mr. Allen. " that the resolution (respecting immi-
gration) be not now concurred in. but be forthwith recommitted
to the Committee of Supply witi instructions to reduce the item
by $4,825, being the first five items for the Liverpool Emigration
Office." No surveys for settlement and no settlers for New On-
tario appear to be Mr. Whitney's line of action.
» Opposed the Appointment of a Clerk of Forestry.
Mr. W^hitney's interest in the protection of the timber re-
sources of the Province is shown by the fact that on April 30th,
• 1894, Mr. Monk moved, seconded by Mr. Preston. " that the reso-
lution respecting grants (in aid of agriculture) be not now con-
curred in, but be forthwith recommitted to a Committee of the
Whole House with instructions to reduce the item by $2,000,
being the salary and disbursements of the Clerk of Forestry,
whidi office was now vacant, and in the opinion of this House
should be discontinued." (See page 181, Journals, 1894)
Mr. Whitney joined with the Opposition in voting for this
resolution, and yet no branch of Government was more needed,
or has proved more valuable, than the Forestry Branch of the
Department of Crown Lands. Mr. Whitney has never grasped
the importance of the great subject of forest preservation and
reforestry. , „„ . . j i.
On March 29th, 1899, for the third time, Mr. Whitney voted to
abolish the office of Clerk of Forestry.
Forestry and Forest Reserve'^
Thc-e is no feature of administration which reflects more
credit on the Government than its plans for conserving the
timber supply through forestry and forest reserves. Indeed,
3UILD UP ONTARIO
i
CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT.
21
Ontario can safely challenge comparison in this respect with any
other Province or State on the Continent. It was in 1883 that
the Government inaugurated a propaganda with a view to
educating public opinion as to the danger of deforestation in the
older paits of Ontario, and as to the necessity for the conserva-
tion of young timber growths in the newer par*-8 of the Province.
Two Forestry Commissions, appointed respectively in 1892 and
1897, rendered valuable assistance in this regard.
Government action has taken the practical form of setting
apart a series of forest reserves, utilizing land found unsuitable
for agricultural purposes, and that can be more profitably devoted
to growing trees for future timber supplies and consequent
timber revenue. In addition, great advantages will accrue from
the preservation of the source.s of important water supplies, as
well as from the beneficial effects of such reserves on climatic
conditions.
The reserves thus set apart are as follows : —
1. A reserve in the counti*"' ^f Addington and Frontenac, com-
prising 80,000 acres, b apart April 5th, 1899.
2. A reserve on the North Suore of Lake Superior, 40 miles east
of Port Arthur, with an area of 45,000 acres. Set apart
Feb. 16th, 1900.
3. The Temagami Reserve, set apart Jan. 11th, 1901, comprising
the region surrounding Lake Temagami, an area of about
1,400,000 acres, (carrying a very large quantity of white
pine, estimated at three billion feet), and forming a vast
park of wonderful scenic beauty.
Thus there has been set apart (including Algonquin National
Park) over two-and-a-half million acres as reserves, and further
action in the same direction will no doubt form part of the
Government's advanced policy regarding New Ontario ; in fact,
investigations to that end are at present under way.
In this and in many other respects, the establishment of a
Forestry Branch has been more than justified, notwithstanding
which the Opposition has always opposed it, as they have
opposed nearly every feature of the Governmental programme
having to do with the great natural resources of the rrovince.
The Colonization Work of the Oovernment.
In 1900 the Government created a Bureau of Coloniza-
tion for the purpose of looking after the settlement of the large
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22
CROWN LANDS DEPAUTMBNT.
areas of new land in the Province. The Bureau was placed
under the charge of the Commissioner of Crown- Lands, and
during the two years splendid results have been obtained.
The work of the Bureau was directed not alone to looking
after immigration from outside, but to show our own people who
were looking for land the advantages possessed by the different
parts of the new districts of this Province, and further by securing
reduced railway rates, employing land guides, directing the
building of wagon roads and bridges, and in many other ways
aiding them in settling upon the land and getting it under crop.
It is the policy of the Government that while it welcomes
intelligent, law-abiding strangers, it will give them no aid or
advantage that is not given the people of Ontario. Through
the system of land guides, settlers are directed to good agricul-
tural land, of which there is an abundance in the Province.
A.ter location, they have advantages probably superior to that
of settlers in any other province or country from the fact that in
addition to being able in most cases to dispose of considerable
timber at a fair price, they also have opportunities for employ-
ment on colonization roads and in connection with the mining,
lumber and other industries of the newer parts of Ontario.
By encouraging industries, and through the building of rail-
ways iu the various districts, the Government has therefore
provided local markets for labor and produce in all the new
^settl^Inents. The Bureau has already accomplished much in
convincing land-seekers that our Northland is not the frozen,
inhospitable region many would have them believe, but a region
containing some of the richest farming lands in the world.
It is impossible to tell how many people have settled in
New Ontario during 1901. Many have settled in the villages
and engaged in business and mechanical callings. In the western
part of Nipissing a large number of settlers have located and
started to make farms whi. have not applied for locations, and
of these there is no record. In Thunder Bay district many new
settlers have bought lands from private parties, who purchased
them from the Crown many years ago aa mining lands. The
Rainy River section also continues to he an attractive field for
home-seekers.
In June of 1901 an excursion was run to the Temiscamingue
townships. Nearlv two hundred took advantage of it, most of
whom remained to take up land. New townships have been
opened to settlement here as fast as requirements demanded.
BUILD UP ONTARIO
CKOWN LANDS DEPARTMENT.
23
There have been located and sola in New Ontario, during 1901,
according to the returns of Crown Lands agents, farms of from
100 to 160 acre^ each to the number of 2,541, amounting to
three hundred and thirty thousand acres, representing a popula-
tion of nearly 10,000. The.se official figures do not, however,
fully represent the total influx of people into New Ontario.
The Oovemment'a Mining Policy.
The mining law of the Province is embodied in the Mines
Act, R. S. 0., 1897, Cha'>ter 36, as amended by the Acts of 1899
and 1900.
The price per acre for mining lands ranges from $2.00 to $3.50,
according to distance from a railway, and whether in surveyed
or unsurveyed territory. If a lease be preferred it can be ob-
tained on payment of $1.00 per acre for the first year, and 15c.
to 30c. per acre for subsequent years. Lessees have the privilege
during the currency of their lease of purchasing the lands out-
right ; or at the end of ten years, if all rent has been paid and
the statutory conditions complied with, the lessee gets a grant
without further payment.
Mining lands cannot be held without being worked, the law
requiring at least $6.00 per acre to be expended in development
work during the first &i ^n years, at the rate of *1.00 per acre for
the first two years aiid $1.00 per acre per annum for the next
five years.
Prospecting for ro! lerals on Crown lands is encouraged by free
grants of forty acres where valuable discoveries are made in now
territory.
In a Mining Division a miner's license, costing $10.00 per an-
num, entitles the holder to stake out mining claims of twenty-
two and one-half or forty acres, and to hold the same on
performing the required development work. Similar regulations
are in force with -ospect to unsurveyed teiTitory.
The greatest area which may be granted to any individual in
one year is 320 acr^s of land containing the same class or kind
of ore or mineral within a radius of fifteen miles in any county
or district. To companies, syndicates or partner.ship.s the innx-
imum area is 640 acres.
The royalties formerly reserved to the Crown have been aban-
doned.
Stringent regulations are provided in the Mines Act to protect
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24
CaOWN LANDS DEPARTMENT.
the health and insure the aafety of working miners, and no
females or boys under fifteen can be lawfully employed in any
mine.
Two diamond drills have been bought by the Government and
are placed at the service of parties wishing to use them for ex-
ploring deposits of mineral, 35 per cent, of the cost being defrayed
by the Government.
Special encouragement is given to iron mining, payments not in
excess of $25,000 per annum being made out of the Irop Mining
Fund by way of bounties on iron ore raised and smelted in the
Province.
Power is reserved to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to
impose ^ license fee of $10.00 -.'iht ton for nickel ores and $7.00
per ton for ores of copper and nickel combined, or $G0.00 per ton
and $50.00 per ton respectively if the ores are partly treated or
reduced, such fees to be remitted where the ores are treated in
Canada so as to yield fine metal or other product suitable for
direct use in the arts without further treatment.
To provide facilities for educating and training mining engi-
, neers, special grants have been made to the School of Practical
Science.Toronto. and the School of Mining, Kingston ; and summer
mining classes are held at the principal mining centres for the
instruction of miners and prospectors in mintralogy. elementary
geology, etc.
A Provincial Assay OflBce has been opened at Belloville, at
which prospectors and others may have samples of ore and min-
erals assayed at reduced charges.
Local agencies have been opened in the n.ining districts where
maps and records of granted and ungranted lands may|be con-
sulted, and application for lands made.
The Bureau of Mines was established in 1891 to aid in pro-
moting the mining interests of the Province. Investigations are
made, statistical and other data collected, mineral regions of
Eromise examined and mapped, and annual reports published,
ringing the mineral resources of the Province prominently be-
fore capitalists and others interested. The demand for these
reports is very great, not only in Canada, but also from Great
Britain and the United States.
An exhibit of Ontario minerals was made by the Bureau of
Mines at the Pan-American Exposition held at Buffalo from May
to November, 1901. The exhibit was acknowledged to be the
best in the Mines Building, and won a larger number of gold,
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i
A
CROWN LANDS DEPAHTMENT. 25
t^ttl^f ''""fu ""^^'^ and "honorable mentions " than the
exhibit of any other state or country save Mexico.
Provincial Parks.
tract of over 1.100.000 aSeTsirua":;Tn the Wstricro/'^iS
Smce It was established it has proven a veritable asylum VrS
life, and moose, deer, beaver and other game and fur-bearing
animals have greatly increased in numbers ^
Rondoau Park, in the County of Kent, waa set apart in 1894
with "k' *^k"' ''""^ '^'''' *^°»' «°«-^*'f °f wh?cMs covered
with mber. thus preserving a remnant of the magniecent/orest
whicn once characterized this part of Ontario "^enyorest
By setting aside an area of land under the name 'nf n„a«„
Victoria Niagara Falls Park the Government h^ ^let the
people of Ontario and all visitors free access to and Enjoyment of
Uie great natural spectacle afforded by the Falls of Nie^i^a A
board of commissioners appointed by the Lieutenant-Go v.' ,r
i°os?^oThe pirn ''' '^''- ^' ''^ ^-^ ---^ ""'« - -
Water Powers.
The growing importance of water powers in industrial develoo-
ment, espec.ally their use in generating electricity halS
recognized by he Government, which in 1898 deemld S Ume
had come to do away with the old system by which valuaSe
water privileges were granted in fee without rL! ring them o
be improved, thus allowing of their l.eing locked up forVurp^es
of speculation. Accordingly, a short Act was passed (61 ^"ctoria
chapter 8). entitled An Act respecting Water Powers uS
Tnlte^TuTr'''' ""^' P--*J-/that all watlr "rivU^eg
l!fr 150 horse-power disposed of thereafter sLuld be
leased on condition of actual development within a srcified
penod. with a proviso that other persons should be fuK shed
p«wer not re,, ui red by the lessees al rates subject to the conirol
of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council i."uiroi
The rental asked by the Department is very moderate the
object bemg to encourage the a^velopment of therany Ce
water falls characteristic of northern Ontario, while aTthi amo
and'nSn^^f ''' P"^'\^' '"*'^'"^' '^^velopment compu soT;
and providing for reasonable rates to users of power.
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26
CROWN LANDS DEPABTMENT
The importance of this matter may be realized when it is
stated that there are falls and rapids not yet atilized in Ontario
capable of doing all the work many times over now performed
by all the steam engines in the Province.
MR. MARTER ON THE KEEWATIN PULP AGREE-
MENT.
(Olobe, April 11, 190i). Mr. Marter (North Toronto) in a
vigorous but comparatively brief speech, supported the agree-
ment and the policy of the Government in regard to like
concessions. The Qovernment, it would be grant^, were the
responsible party to bring in huch agreements, and if they did
not assume that responsibility there would be reason to find
fault with them. The interests of the country demanded that
as far as possible these and similar agreements, with, of course,
certain wise precautions, should be made.
The Olergue and the Sturgeon Falls concessions had been
passed without opposition. The Spanish River agreement had
been opposed, but he wanted to know in what manner it differed
and in what manner the present agreement differed from the
others. They contained no more favorable terms to the pro-
moters than those in the agreements which had previously
carried unanimously. There should be consistency on these
questions, which were not party questions, but matters of vital
interest to the whole Province (Ministerial applause). He had
himself taken a different attitude on the'. Spanish River con-
cessions to that he assumed now, for reasons perfectly patent to
the House, and which he was prepared to explain to his con-
stituents if they desired him to do so. He touched upon the
benefits which had already accrued in the way of establishing
great industries, the giving of employment to many people, the
investment of immense capital, etc., through the Clergue agree-
ment. Capital was being expended on the other concessions, and
in due time these would also result in great benefit to the whole
community. He thought the House would be criminally negli-
gent of its duties if it did not allow this great development to
take place. The Province had the timber, but it was of no value
unless used. The Government must go into the business to get
the value of it, or give othnr person.? concessions to do so.
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OBOWN LANDS DEPARTMENT.
THE
27
PROVINCE PROTECTED.
So far as his personal judgment and consideration of the ques-
tion was concerned, he was convinced that no monopoly was
granted under the agreement now being discussed. The rights
of the Province and of the people were fully protected. If the
agreement turned out unsatisfactory to the Company the latter
had only themselves to blame; they could not fall back on the
Frovince. Honorable gentlemen had argued that the Spanish
Kiver concession was a gold mine for the Company. If thev
believed that he would like to know how many of them had
invested m the stock which was so widely advertised a short
time ago. (Ministerial laughter and applause).
IN THE PUBLIC INTERESTS.
In conclusion, Mr. Marter regretted that the feeling was that
certain measures should be opposed simply because they were
proposed by the Government. « I say to this House," he said
and to my constituents, that in taking this position, and doing
what I am doing to-day, I am acting in the best interests of the
Province, and of the constituency I have the honor to represent "
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