IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
V
/.
;<-
•i" C^.
*
V,
V,- %°
<$>
t-?-
^
f/.
1.0
I.I
1.25
m
>50
IM ilM
Ilia |||||2^
HIM '""^
2.0
1.4
I™
1.6
/>^
^
^
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
«
iV
«v
\
\
..<"^
%
.V
o^
^ V
^^
<(*
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716)872-4503
CIHM/ICMH
Microfiche
Series.
CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.
Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions
InstitMt Canadian de microreproductions historiques
1980
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques
The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checked below.
L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details
de ?et exemplaire qui sort peut-dtre uniques u
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage
sont indiqu^s ci-dessous.
Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur
□ Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur
D
D
D
D
Covers damaged/ ,
Couverture endommagde
Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculde
Cover title missing/
Le titre de couverture manque
Coloured maps/
Cartes gdographiques en couleur
D
D
D
n
Pages damaged/
Pages endommagdes
Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaur6es et/ou pelliculdes
Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqu^es
Pages detached/
Pages d6tach6es
D
Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)
Showthrough/
Transparence
n
Coloured plates und/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur
D
Quality of print varies/
Quality in6gale de I'impression
D
Bound with other material/
Reli6 avec d'autres documents
V
/•
n
Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/
La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de la marge int^rieure
Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas 6X6 filmdes.
I I Includes supplementary material/
D
D
Comprend du materiel supplementaire
Only edition available/
Seule Edition disponible
Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been ref limed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partielle^nent
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont 6t6 filmdes h nouveau de fagon d
obtenir la meilleure image possible.
D
Additional comments:/
Commentaires supptdmentaires;
10X
This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/
Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous.
14X 18X 22X
26X
30X
7
12X
16X
20X
24X
28X
32X
The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks
to the generosity of:
National Library of Canada
L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grdce d la
gdn^rositd de:
Bibliothdque nationale du Canada
The images appearing here are the best quality
possible consMering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.
Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de la nettet^ de l'exemplaire film6, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.
Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.
The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol — ^ (meaning "CON-
TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.
Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprim6e sont film^s en conir^enpant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la
dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second
plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
originaux sont filmi§s en commenpant par la
premidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la dernidre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.
Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la
dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le
symbole V signifie "FIN".
Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:
Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Stre
film^s d des taux de reduction diffdrents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre
reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd d partir
de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de hatt en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images nccessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la methode.
1
2
3
32X
1
2
3
4
5
6
i! W iiU
m^
u s-
I \
f
u
Quebec
Ottawa'
O ,
\0hry8\et»
Kingston
Tt.O.oTiteaPj't. Nl,g,.,,
N
N N S Y L VA N I
or^ Du Quesne
oBraddock's Defeat
oPortJ^ecessIty
V
THE
CHAUTAUQUA
TEXT-BOOKS.
,^^-;^
£:<^c^ S>
No. TWENTY-FOITB.
C ANADiAijT History.
By JAMES L. HUGHES.
NEW YORK :
PHILLIPS & HUNT.
CINCINNATI :
HITCHCOCK & WALDEN.
1880.
SBHHWHHI
ft70
Copyright, 1880, by
PHILLIPS 4^ HUNT,
New Yfwit.
Ill
PREFATORY
Compared with the nations of the Old
World those in the New have but little exter-
nal history. Except during the French period,
the history of Canada consists chiefly of a
record of internal progress. During the
French period it is mainly an account of the
struggles with the Indians and English colo-
nists to maintain and extend the French
power in America.
This little book is intended to give an in-
telligent view of the leading facts of the his-
tory of Canada to those who have not time
to read a larger work on the subject. It is
also designed to aid students, who have read
a more detailed work, to review for examina-
tions. By dividing the history into periods,
and grouping the events of each period into
appropriate classes, instead of giving them
promiscuously in chronological order, it ii>
believed that a student can in the shortest
possible time, obtain a clear view of the
history of any country.
Attention is directed to the brief chapter
on the constitutional growth of Canada.
■I i
CANADIAN HISTORY.
— ♦ ■ II. I ■
FIRST EXERCISE.
Let us take a glance at the Canada of
to-day.
1. Extent. — Between the Arctic Ocean
on the north, and the United States on the
south, lies a vast tract of land, the whole
of which, with the exception of Alaska
and Newfoundland^ is included in the
Dominion of Canada. " It has an
area of about three and a half mill-
ions of square miles, or nearly the
same as that of the United States." — Har^
per*s Geography,
Its population is between four and
five millions.
2. Territorial Divisions:
Provinces. Capitals,
Nova Scotia Halifax.
Prince Edward Island Charlottetown.
New Brunswick Fredericton.
8UEBEC Quebec.
NTARio . , Toronto.
Manitoba Winnipeg.
British Columbia Victoria.
6
CANADIAN HISTOBT.
r ■
i I
Besides these, there are the District
of Keewatin and the North-west Terri-
tory.
Ottaura is the capital of the Oo«
minion.
3* OoTernment, — 1. Canada is a
^colony of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland.
<
2. The country is ruled by a Oov*
emor-Oeneral, who represents the
Queen or Sovereign of the United Kmg-
6&XXU and is nominated by the British
Cabinet.
3. The Governor- General is advised by
a 19Ilni§try or Cabinet, consisting^
of fourteen members, who must be
members of the (Senate or the House
of CommonSe A ministry remains
in office only so long as it receives the
support of the representatives of the peo-
pHe in Parliament.
4. The ISenate or Upper Rouse
consists of 7§ (Senators, who are
appointed by the Governor-General on
the advice of his ministers. They re-
tain their positions so long as they possess
the necessaiy qualifications — virtually for
life.
CAIS^ADIAN HISTORY.
District
Terri"
e Do-
la is a
if Great
Oov-
nts the
1 King-
British
jised by
pust be
[louse
tialn»
^-es the
le peo-
[ouse
\o are
-al on
ley re-
lossess
illy for
5. The House of Commons or
LiOnrer House has 206 members, who
are elected by the people of the different
provinces every fifth year. The election
may be held at other times: when a
ministry is defeated, or appeals to the
country for confirmation of a certain
policy.
6. Each province has its own Lieuten-
ant-Governor, and its own Legislature for
deciding local questions.
STUDENTS REVIEW OUTLINE.
1. Ex. All n. of U. S., but A. and N. i% in. Pop.
4-5 m.
2. Prov. & Cap. N.-S., H. ; P.-E.-I., C. ; N.-B.,
F. ; Q., Q. ; O., T. ; M., W. ; B.-C, V. ; K. &
N.-w. T.
3. Gov. I, C. of U.-K. ; 2, riiler G.-G. : 3, M. 14 ; 4,
Parl't— (S. 78 and C. 206.)
REVIEW QUESTIONS,
1. Give the geof^raphical position of the Dofninion
of Canada.
■ T
2. How many square' w.il€s'6xx.^\\. contain ?
3. Name its seven pr9vi»cts and their capitals.
4. By whom is the Governor-General appointed \
5. How arc the two houses 0/ Parliament consti-
tuted ?
6. How many members are th«re in each house ? - ,
«
CANADIAN HISTORY.
SECOND EXERCISE.
We will next divide the history of Can-
ada into four periods :
1. Indian, 3. French,
2. Discovery^ 4. English.
!• Indian, Algonquins.HuronSylro-'
iquois,
2. DI§covery. looi A.D. to 1534 —
333 years.
1 . Norsemen . . 1 00 1 — Erickson .
2. English .... 1497 — JohndXi^ Sebastian
Cabot,
3. Portuguese .1 ^00 — Gasfiard CortereaL
4. French 1 524 — Verazzani ; r 534 —
Jacques Cartier,
■ 3. French. 1535 to 1763 — 228 years.
1. Exploration and settlement, 1535 to
1663 — 128 years.
2. Royal Government, 1663 to 1763 —
.100 years.
4. Engliih. 1763 to present.
The dividing lines of this period are :
1. Separation of Upper Canada {On-
tario) from Lower Canada^ I79i«
2. vUnion of Upper and Lower Canada,
(Quebec,) 1841.
3. Confederatio7tt 1867.
CANADIAN H19V0RT.,
9
y of Can-
ich,
:Iish.
ehasttan
ortereai.
• '534—
:8 years.
1535 to
are:
a (On-
anada,
STUDENTS REVIEW OUTLINE,
4 Per. I., D., F., E.
Ind. A., H., I.
Dis. N'n^ E., rooi ; Eng,, J. and S. C, 1497 ; For,,
C, 1500 ; Fr.^ v., 1524 ; J. C, 1534.
^r. 1535*01763—228; i,^j:.a«^i'r/.,iS35toi663—
128 ; 2, R. G.^ 1663 to 1763 — 100.
Eng. I, Sep. 0/ U. C, 1791 ; 2, «/«. ^/ £7. antlL. C,
1841 ; 3, Con.^ 1867.
REVIEW QUESTIONS,
1. Name theyj?«r periods into which the history of
Canada is divided.
2. Name the Mr^^ Indian tribes that inhabited
Canada.
3. Give the names of the four countries connected
with the discovery of Canada ; the names of the lead-
ing discoverers^ and the dates of their discoveries.
4. How long did the French period continue ?
(tf .) Exploration and settlement ?
(3.) Royal Government ?
5. When did the British obtain possession of Canada ?
6. Give the date of the union 0/ Upper and Lower
Canada, and of Confederation,
THIRD EXERCISE.
Sketch of the events preceding the
French period :
Ist Period. Indian Tribes.—
Little need be said of these. Canada was
occupied originally by three tribes : Al-
ITOnquins, Hmrons, Iroquois.
The Ai§ponquin race occupied Nova
10
CANADIAN HISTORY.
!
Scotia, New Brunswick, Northern Quebec,
and portions of the North-west Territory,
The Hurons resided mainly in the
Province of Ontario, and the western part
of Quebec.
The Iroquois, or 5/jf Nation Indi-
ans, lived south of the St. Lawrence,
chiefly in the present State of New York.
2d Period. DI§eoTery.
1. IVorsemen. — Letf Briekson
sailed from Iceland in looi as far south
as New England, and named Newfound-
land Helluoland — ^"the land of broad
stones *' — and Nova Scotia Markland —
" the land of woods."
2. Ung^lista. — Stirred to action by the
reported success of Columbus, Henry VII.
of England, desiring to make good the
loss he had sustained by his refusal to ac-
cept the offer of that great navigator,
commissioned John Cahot to go on a
voyage of discovery toward the mysteri-
ous West, in search of " islands and coun-
tries, either of Gentiles or Infidels, which
had hitherto been unknown to all Chris-,
tian people ; and to take possession of, and
to set up his standard in the same, as y^s-
.---\
CANADIAN HISTOBY.
11
1 Quebec,
srritory.
y in the
itcrn part
ton Iftdi-
awrence,
ew York.
ickson
far soid^
jwfound-
f broad
'kland —
by the
iryVII.
^ood the
l1 to ac-
igator,
fo on a
lysteri-
coun-
which
Chris-,
|of, and
LS vas-
sals of the crown of England." In 1497
he discovered Labrador, Newfoundland^
Prince Edward Island, 2,x\6 Nova Scotia,
His son l^ba#tlan Cab€>t returned to
America in 149§, and sailed along the
coast from Labrador to Florida,
3. Portuguese.— Oa§pard Cor-
toreal in 1500 sailed along the coast
from Newfoundland to Greenland, He
returned next year and lost his life.
4. Freneli, — The French deserve the
honor of being the real discoverers of
Canada. By them it was first explored
and settled. In 1524 Terazannl was'
sent out by the King of France. In the
name of his king he took possession of the
country from Carolina to the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, under the name of Neur
France.
Ten years later came Jacques Car-
tier, v^rho in 1535 (second voyage) pro-
ceeded up the river St, Lawrence y and
visited the Indian villages of Stadacona,
(Quebec,) and Hochelaga^ (Montreal.)
Cattrer made two other voyages to Can-
ada, but added nothing to his former dis-
coveries.
Vi
CANADIAN HISTORY.
STUDENT'S REyiElV OUTLINE.
I. Per. I. A., H., I. ; A. in N.-S., N.-B., Q. and
N.-w. ; H. in O. and Q. ; I., s. of St. L.
IF. Per. Dis. i, N. L.-E., loox., N, and N.-S.; 2,
£. J. and S. C, 1497-8, L., N., P.-E.-I., and
N.-S. ; 3, P. G.-C, 1500, from G. to St.-L. ; 4,
F. V. 1524, C. to St. L. ; N. F. ; J. C. 1534-5,
S. (Q.)andH.(M.)
REVIEJV QUESTIONS,
X. Name the three tribes of Indians found in Can-
ada, and the /<^r/;V>«j<y^f^</«^ry respectively occupied
by them.
2. What portions of Canada were sighted by Erick-
tcnf
3. What English king tent Cabot to America, and
which parts did he visit ?
4. Where did Cortereal come from ?
5. Name the two great French discoverers of Canada.
6. How far did Cartier penetrate into the country ?
FOURTH EXERCISE.
■ Leading events connected with the
French Period.
!• Exploration and l^ettlement :
For a few years after the discovery of
Canada by Jaques Cartier, the French
tried to secure a foothold in the new coun-
try. The attempt proved to be a com-
plete failure, however, and for over flfljr
ye^r§ Canada was forgotten in the tur-
moil of civil and foreign wars at home.
It was not until the time of Samuel
f
(r
CANADIAN HISTOBY.
13
LINE,
.-B., Q. and
It. L.
ad N.-S.; 2,
P.-E.-L, and
to St.-L. ; 4,
J. C. X534-5,
ound in Can-
vcly occupied
ed by Erick-
America, and
:rs of Canada,
he country ?
IE.
with the
lement :
[covery of
French
lew coun-
)e a com-
)ver llfly
the tur-
at home.
HSamuel
Champlaln that any successful at-
tempts were made at colonizing the coun-
try. The French possessions in North
America were at this time — <
Acadie, equal to Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick.
Canada, (Quebec,) the territory north
and west of Acadie.
Champlain was connected with the
founding- of the first town in both these
countries.
First town in Acadie^ Port Royal^
1604.
First town in Canada, <|iiebee,
i6a§.
Quebec was founded on the site of Don-
nacona's Indian village Stadacona, al-
though Champlain found no Indians there
or at Hochelaga. For over twenty years
Champlain was. indefatigable in exploring
the new countryr to whose interests he de-
cided to devote all his powers. He trav-
eled over most of the province of Onta-
rio, and went southward as far as the
lake which still bears his name, and which
the Indians described as the " lake-gate "
to the country. He committed the^r/^-
071S blunder of taking the part of the
14
CANADIAN HISTORY.
Hurons in a struggle with the Iroqucis^
and thus got the permanent enmity of the
latter. This in after years greatly retard-
ed the growth of the colony.
The Jesuit miisionarlei were the
great explorers of the western parts of
Canada. No men could follow any course
with more persistence, devotion, and self-
sacrifice than they exhibited in seeking to
Christianize the Indians. They were
usually the pioneers of civilization. Ban-
croft says, ** Not a cape was turned, not a
river was entered, but a Jesuit led the
way." They penetrated into the country
on both sides of Lakes Erie, Huron,
and Superior.
In 1673 Harquette reached and
partly traversed the Mississippi,
In 16§1 LiU ISalle traveled through
Michigan and Wisconsin, and sailed down
the Mississippi to its mouth. He claimed
the whole of the territory through which
he passed for France, and named it after
his king, Louisiana, a name which the
southern portion still bears.
The French thus explored and claimed
a large portion of the United States, as
well as Canada.
i^^-
CANADIAN HISTORY.
16
r»ity of the
:ly retard-
were the
parts of
iny course
and self-
jeeking to
ley were
Dn. Ban-
aed, not a
it led the
le country
Huron,
:hed and
through
led down
I claimed
;^h which
d it after
hich the
claimed
Itates, as
The population of Canada continued to
increase during the French period, not-
withstanding the almost perpetual wars
with the Iroquois and the English colo-
nies.
The population of Canada, including
Acadie, was about 90,000 at the close of
the French period.
2. Changen In OoT^rnment :
1. YIeeroyalty till 1627.
2. Ruled by the Hundred Associ-
ates from 16!i7 to 1663.
3. Royal Government from 1663
to 1763.
3. Territorial Losses:
1. Aeadle, 1713, (Treaty of Utrecht.)
2. Canada, 1763, (Treaty of Paris.)
It will be noticed that Acadie was given
up to the British just fifty years after
Royal Government was established, and
Canada ceded ywst fifty years later.
Quebee was captured by the Brit-
ish, under ISIr Bavid Kirk, in 1629,
and held for tliree years, when it was
restored by the treaty of %%• Germain
en liaye.
4. Governors: There were in all
16
CANADIAN HISTORY.
I S 'iib
13 French Governors from 1663 till
1763.
The llr§t was HI. de Me§ey,
The la§t was Hiarquli de Tau*
dreull.
The most notable was Frontenae.
5. liVars : During the greater portion
of the period of French rule the colonists
were engaged in warfare :
1. With Iroquois Indians,
2, With English Colonists,
Cau§e§ : These wars were caused by —
1. Quarrels concerning the/Wr trade,
2. Inter-colonial and race jealousies,
3. Wars between the mother countries,
4. Hatred of the Iroquois Indians for
the French and Huron Indians.
1. The Indian War§. — It is only
necessary to remember concerning these,
that the Iroquois Indians, who occupied
what is now the State of New York, were
a constant source of worry to the French.
They were allied with the English. Sev-
eral French governors invaded their ter-
ritory in order to impress upon their minds*
a reverence for, and a dread of, the French
power. Frontenae alone succeeded in
!
W 1
CANADIAN HISTORY.
ri
1663 till
le Yau-
itenac,
:er portion
e colonists
lused by —
nr trade,
ilousies,
countries,
tdi'ans for
It is only
ing these,
occupied
ork, were
e French,
sh. Sev-
their ter-
eir minds
e French
ceeded in
accomplishing this result. The Indians
retaliated by making destructive raids
into the French territory. In 16§9 nearly
the whole of the inhabitants of Mont-
real were massacred or t^ken prisoners
in a single August morning. This ** brain
blow " reduced the French to great straits,
and compelled them to give up all posts
but Quebec^ Three Rivers, and Montreal,
The second appointment of Fronfenac
as governor saved the colony.
a. ^' Killer IVilllam's IVar."— The
King of France undertook to aid Jaine§
II. of England after he had been driven
from his throne by William III. This
war between the mother countries gave
the English and French Colonists in
America the opportunity of settling trad-
ing and territorial disputes by ap-
peal to arms.
Frontenae planned a bold scheme
for driving the British colonists out of
New England and New York, He was
aided by the Huron Indians ; the British
had the assistance of the Iroquois, The
French were the aggressors. All along
the border line they and their allied In-
2
i
'!llt
'III
18
CANADIAN HISTORY.
dians made raids on the defenseless set-
tlements, destroyed property, and carried
away the settlers as prisoners, or submit-
ted them to the horrors of Indian torture.
The French had numerous privateers,
also, which did much injury to the En-
glish settlements along* the Atlantic coast.
The colonists in Hassachusetts and
New York undertook to be avenged for
these outrages by an invasion of Acadie
and Cafiada, Massachusetts sent an ex-
pedition under Sir Wiiliam Phipps
against Acadie, which succeeded in taking
its chief towHy Port Royal, in 1690.
Phipps then proceeded to attack Que-
bec, but was repulsed by Frontenac,
In the West no great successe vvere
achieved by either side. The English
sent a force under a son of Governor Win-
throp to attack FTontreal. Sickness
and other discouragements prevented his
proceeding farther than Lake George,
however. Frontenac made a triumphal
march through the Iroquois territory to-
ward, the close of the war, but with little
result. . The savage Iroquois were less
treacherous and less brutal than their
white foes, and they had much reason for
5eless set-
id carried
)r submit-
in torture,
privateers,
) the En-
ntic coast.
sett§ and
venged for
of Acadie
ent an ex-
Phipp§
:l in taking
in 1690.
ick Qiie-
ntenae.
sse vvere
English
•nor Win-
Sickness
^ented his
George,
:riumphal
[ritory to-
'ith "little
^ere less
ian their
:ason for
CANADIAN HISTORY.)
19
the threat that the ** French would find-
peace only in their graves."
The Treaty of Ry§wick, 1697,
brought King William's War to a close,
and restored to each contending party the
territory lost during the war.
3. ^^ queen Aiine'i IVar."— In
1704 the French again began to harrass
the English settlers. In that year Deer-
field (Mass.) was suddenly attacked in
midwinter, and m^n, women, and children
killed or made captive. The town was
completely destroyed. The same course
was followed by the French at Haver-
hill, (N. H.,) four years later. The colo-
nists appealed to England for help, but it
was long in coming, owing to the fact that
the " War of the Spanish Succession "
gave the British troops enough to do in
Europe. At length it came, however, and
in 1710 Oeneral IVieliolson took
Port Royal, the capital of Acadie.
He changed its name to Annapoll§, in
honor of his queen, and planted on its
fortress the British standard so firmly that
it has not since been replaced by that of
any other nation.
In the following year large expeditions
20
CANADIAN HISTORY.
W I
were sent against Quebec and Hloiit-
jreal, led respectively by Sir Moven-
den liValker and General IVieliol-
non. Both were unsuccessful.
In 1713 the Treaty of UtreeM
was signed, and Aeadie, Neivfound-
fiand and Hud§on'§ Bay Territory
passed into the possession of the English.
4. Peppereil'9 InTa§ion. — In
1743 the " JVar of the Austrian Succes-
Sfon** drew the nations of Europe into
conflict. Since \os\i\g Acadi'e i\\t French
had erected one of the strongest fortresses
m the world on the island of Cape Bre-
ton. This they named LiOaisburiEr,
in honor of their king. It was an im-
portant naval station, was the key to the
St. Lawrence, and was so situated that
vessels could easily make descents upon
the coast of New England, and do great
injury to its commerce. In addition to
these annoyances, an expedition was sent
from Louisburg to attack Annapolis.
The French were thus once more the first
to commence hostilities. The f)eople of
New England determined to drive out the
troublesome French from their strong-
hold, so they quietly organized an army of
l||!l
■11) ■
J
CANADIAN HISTORY.
21
fid moht-
Hoven-
I Nicliol-
r
'•
Utrecht
urfound-
I'orritory
le English.
Ion. — In
'an Success
urope into
the French
t fortresses
ape Bre-
nisburjET,
as an im-
key to the
uated that
ents upon
do great
ddition to
I was sent
napolin.
e the first
people of
ve out the
strong-
n amriy of
three thousand llassaeliasetts farmers,
with about a thousand others from CoI«^'
necticut and Nei¥ IIainp§hire, un-
der the command of l¥illiain Pep-^
perell, a Maine merchant. The result
was that I^ouisburgp was taken in
1745, much to the joy of the New En-
glanders and to the annoyance of the
French court. The Boston ians were
much chagrined, however, when, three
years later, the British surrendered Louis-
burg, at the Treaty of Aix-la^€liapell€),
in exchange for other territory.
5. The " Seven- Years' War.'^-^
This war settled the question of English
supremacy in North America. The
French assumed the control of all the
country between the great lakes and the
Gulf of Mexico, west of the Alleghany
Mountains, and refused to allow any En-
glish traders in that territory. By claim-
ing too much they lost all. The struggle
began in disputes concerning the rig^ht
to trade in the Ohio Talley.
Oeorge Washington was sent to
protest against the conduct of the French,
but he was not even permitted to discuss
the matter. The French officer in com-
02
CANADIAN HISTORY.
mand of the district simply said, *' I am
here to obey orders. My orders are to
seize every Englishman in the Ohio Val-
ley, and I will do it."
The English started to build a fort near
the site of PiU§bur|B|^h9 (Pa.,) but
they were driven away by the French,
who finished the fort and named it Fort
I>u Quesno, after the governor. Wash-
ington attempted to establish himself at
Fort Necessity, but on the 4lh of July,
1754, he was driven from his position,
and the French remained masters of the
Ohio Valley.
In 1755 Oencral Braddoek was
sent from England to take command of
the British forces in America. After a
conference with the governors of the vari-
ous colonies it was decided to attack the
French at four points.
1. In the Ohio Valley.
2. In IVoTa ISeotia, (for expulsion.)
3. In the l.ake Ckamplain district.
4. At IViag^ara.
t. Braddock himself took command
of the army of the Ohio, but was defeated
and killed while on his way to Fort Du
<|ue9ne, and his army nearly annihilated.
ir.
CANADIAN HISTORY.
23
said, - 1 am
rclers are to
le Ohio Val-
d a fort near
(Pa..) but
he French,
eel it Fort
or. Wash-
himself at
» of July,
>s position,
ters of the
lock was
nimand of
After a
( the vari-
ittack the
>uIsion.)
1 district.
ommand
defeated
ort Du
"hilated.
2. The Acadian§ were expelled from
IVova H^cotia in 1755. Longfellow's
" Evangeline " is based on this event.
3. The other two expeditions were fruit-
less.
In 1756 the French captured the Brit-
ish forts at 0§¥irego, and in 1757 they
took Fort YTilliam Henry. Gen-
eral Montcalm was clearly master of
the English.
However, Pitt now sent out some ^ood
generals to take command of the British.
In 175§ the French were attacked by
three separate forces.
1. In the Easf, Amherst and IVolfe
secured Louisburg, the key to Canada
from the ocean.
2. In the H'^esff Fort Du Que§ne
was taken, and named Fort Pitt. This
separated the French on the Mississippi
from those on the St. Lawrence,
3. In the center an unsuccessful attempt
was made to drive the French from the
Lake Champlain district. Abercrombie
was defeated at Ticoiideroga.
In 1759 "ii^olfe captured <l|ue-
bec. His army performed the remark-
24
CANADIAN HISTORY.
in I
able feat of climbing the rugged preci-
pices above the city during the weary
hours of a September night, while the
British fleet kept the attention of the
French engaged by a pretended attack
from below. In the morning the French
were astounded to find the English in bat-
tle array on the Heights of Abra-
ham. Montcalm, however, boldly
advanced to give them battle. His army
was speedily defeated by Wolfe, Both
commanders were mortally wounded dur-
ing the conflict. They had in their youth
been educated together in the same mili-
tary academy. Wolfe died on the field.
Montcalm died next morning. Wolfe,
learning that the French lines were giving
way every-where, died with the words,
"God be praised ! I die in peace." Mont-
calm, on being informed that he could not
live many hours, replied, " I am happy
that I shall die before the surrender of
Quebec."
Five days after the battle, on the Plains
of Abraham, Quebec was surrendered to
the English.
During 1759 8ir ^l^llllam Johns-
ton captured the fort at l¥iagara, and
CANADIAN niSTOItY.
25
:ged preci-
the weary
while the
on of the
led attack
he French
lish in bat-
f Abra-
er, boldly
His army
re. Both
nded dur-
leir youth
ame mili-
the field.
Wolfe,
ire giving
e words,
' Mont-
:ouId not
n happy
ender of
e Plains
lered to
Fohns-
•a, and
cut off completely the French communi-
cation with the Ohio Valley.
In the same year Amherst gained pos-
session of the forts on Lake Champlain.
In 1760 Montreal was taken by
Oeuerals Ain1ier§t and Murray,
and French rule practically ended in
America.
Canada was formally given to the Brit-
ish at the Treaty of Pari§, 1763.
STUDENT'S REVIEW OUTLINE.
1. Ex. and Set. Ter."- A. and C. ; their chief towns
P.-R., 1604, and Q., 1608 ; founded by C. In
1673 M., and in 1681 L.-S. Ex. and CI. the M.
Ter. ; Pop. at close of F. per., 90,000.
2. Gov't. I. V.-R. till 1627 ; 2. C. of H.-A. 1627 to
1663 ; 3. R. G. from 1663 to 1763.
3. Ter. Loss. A. 1713, (T. of U.) ; C. 1763, (T. of P.)
4. Gov. In all, 13 ; first, M. de M. ; last, V. ; best, F.
5. Wars. Causes : i. F.-T. ; a. I. and R. J. ; 3. W.
bet. M. C. ; 4. Ir. H.
1. Ind. numerous. M. dest. 1689 ; C. saved by F.
2. K, W. W. SirW. Ph. cap. P..R. in A., and was
rep. at Q. ; A. res. by T. of R. 1697.
3. Q.A. W. F. burned D., (M.,) and H., (N. H.)
Gen. N. took P. R., and named it A. ; in 1713
A., N., and H.-B.-T. given to E. by T. of U.
4. P, I. Sir W. Pep. cap. L. in 1745 ; res. to F. in 1748,
at T. A.-l.-C.
5. 7-r. W. F. seized E. in O. V. ; F.-D.-Q. B. def.
and A.'s driven from N.-S. in 1755 ; in 1756 F.
cap. O., and in 1757, F. W. H. ; in 1758 A. ami
§
: «' J
I fflffl
( i
mm !
20 CANADIAN HISTOKY.
W. cap. L. ; F.-D.-Q. cap. and named F. P. ;
A. def. at T. ; in 1759 W. cap. Q., and Sir W«
J., N. ; in 1760, M. taken by A. and M. C.
given formally to E. in 1763, by T. of P.
REVIEW QUESTIONS,
1. Who was the great French explorer of Canada ?
2. Give the dates of the founding of Port Royal and
Quebec.
3. When was the Mississippi explored by La Salle ?
4. What was tlxe population of Canada and Acadie
at the close of the French period ?
5. State the changes in government during the
French period.
6. When did Acadie become an English colony ?
7. Name the first, last, and best governor during the
French period.
8. Briefly sketch the Indian IVars of the French
period.
9. Name the four great colonial wars of this period.
10. State their causes^ their leading events^ and
their results.
FIFTH EXERCISE.
Events of British rule prior to 1791.
1. Wars. There were two important
wars during this period :
1. Pontiac*s War,
2. The Revolutionary War,
I. Pont^iacs War. The Indian allies
of the French were unwilling to submit
to the British, and Pontiac, a remarkably
lamcd F. P. ;
,, and Sir W«
, and M. C.
.of P.
of Canada ?
ort Royal and
by La Salle ?
la and Acadie
t during the
h colony ?
lor during the
)f the French
of this period.
events^ and
3 I79I.
important
Han allies
o submit
markably
CANADIAN HISTORY.
27
clever and statesman-like chief, organized
a plot for the extermination of the En-
glish. He planned a wide scheme of at-
tack, and succeeded in capturing several
forts and doing much harm on the v^est-
ern and south-western borders of Canada.
He besieged Detroit for fifteen months
without success. It was during this war
that Michilimackinac was captured by the
Indians while playing a game of La
Crosse ostensibly for the amusement of
the whites. The ball was thrown during
the game within the walls of the fort, and
the red players rushed in after it and took
possession of the fort.
2. The Revolutionary War, When the
American colonists revolted they tried
hard to secure the co-operation of the
Canadians. Failing in this, they sent an
army to take possession of Canada. It
was commanded by Oeneral mont-
g^omery and Colonels Arnold and
Allen. The expedition failed, Mont-
gomery was killed in an unsuccessful at-
tack on Quebec, and Allen and his army
made prisoners at Iflontreal.
2. Constitutional Oroirth. It
was a difficult matter for the British to
.rl
% -i
1551
! ■
i!i:
28
CANADIAN HI8TORY.
decide how best to govern Canada. The
population was ahnost entirely French,
who had been accustomed to be ruled by
a kind of military and religious despotism.
They had been allowed no voice in the
formation of their laws. The Custom of
Paris had prevailed in Canada. From
1760 to 1764 the country was governed
by military rule. Then the Royal
Proclamation of Oeorge III. sub-
stituted English laiv for the Custom of
Paris, This jcaused much annoyance to
the French settlers. The British laws
relating to the tenure of land and trial
by jury they specially disliked. Roman
Catholics were also excluded from offices
of state, as they were in England for about
sixty years later. After careful consider-
ation the Quebec Act was passed in
1774 by the British Parliament. This
removed the disabilities from Roman
Catholics, and restored the French civil
laws, retaining the English law in Crim-
inal cases. It also gave an appointed
council to advise the governor. The Que-
bec Act gave unbounded satisfaction to
the French population in Canada, and
fixed their adherence to the British
CANADIAN HISTORY.
29
da. Tlie
f French,
I ruled by
lespotism.
ce in the
Custom of
a. From
governed
t Royal
III. sub-
Custom of
oyance to
tish laws
and trial
Roman
m offices
for about
consider-
assed in
nt. This
Roman
nch ctvzl
in Crtm-
ppointed
he Que-
action to
ada, and
British
throne so firmly that they could not be
moved by the most persuasive arguments
of the American colonists, who revolted
from British rule in the same year in
which it was passed.
The British settlers were dissatisfied
with the provisions of the Quebec Act.
They desired a better administration of
justice, and they claimed an elective par-
liament. The result of their agitations
was the passage in 1791 of the Consti-
tutional Aet. This divided Canada
into Upper and Ijou^er Canada. It
granted to each province a Lieutenant-
Governor and an appointed Council, and
gave the right of electing an Assembly.
3. Pro|fre§8. The population in-
creased rapidly during this period, and
amounted to 150,000 at the close, in
upper and Lower Canada, The most
notable settlers were the United IBm-
pire liOyalists, who had to leave their
homes in the revolted colonies during
the Revolutionary War on account of
their loyalty to the British Empire. About
20,000 settled in what is now New
Brunswick, and 10,000 found homes in
Ontario. The British Parliament granted
so
CANADIAN HISTORY.
a large sum to indemnify them for their
losses, besides giving them grants of land
in Canada.
Prince Edirard I§land was or-
ganized as a separate province in 1770^
and NeMT !Brun§irick in 17§4.
The Quebec Gazette, the first Ca-
nadian newspaper, was issued in 1764.
King's College, the oldest in the
Dominion, was founded in 1789, in
Windsor, Nova Scotia.
Ill
STUDENT'S REVIEi/ OUTLINE,
Br. rule before 1791.
1. Wars. Pont, and Rev. P. took several forts ;
failed to take D. 2. Rev. Am. inv. Can. M., Ar.,
and Al. ; M. killed at Q. Al. pris. at M.
a. Cons. Gr. i. Mil, Gov. 1760 to 1764 ; 2. Roy.
Proc. of Geo. III., 1764 to 1774 ; Queb. A . 1774 to 1791.
3. Projf. I. Pop. 150,000 in U. and L.-C. 30,000
U.-E.-L. ; 2. P.-E.-I. organ. 1770 and N.-B. in 1784;
3. ist. N.-p. the Q. G. in 1764; 1st, coll. W. in N.-S.
X789.
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS,
X. Name the wars in Canada between 1760 and
X79X.
2. Briefly sketch the invasion of Canada by the
Americans during the Revolutionary War.
3. Name the three changes in constitution which
took place during this period.
4. What led to the passage of the Quebec A ct^ and
what were its most important provisions f
5. Who were the United Empire Loyalists?
CAI^ADIAN HISTORY.
31
for their
ts of land
[ was or-
in 1770,
first Ca-
1764.
>t in the
7§9, in
NE.
veral forts ;
. M., Ar.,
4 ; 2. Roy,
77^ to lygi.
•Q, 30,000
B. in 1784;
V. in N.-S.
5".
Z760 and
da by the
ion which
: A cty and
tsf
6. What brought about the passage of the Constitu-
tional Act?
7. When was tiie first newspaper issued in Can-
ada ?
8. When and where was the first college founded in
Canada ?
SIXTH EXERCISE.
History from the Separation in
1 791 till the Union in 1841.
1, Wars, Foreign, *'War of
1812.'>
Civil, Rebellion, 1§37.
I. ''War of 1812." This was caused
by the British government making stren-
uous efforts to checkmate Napoleon in
his weak attempt to blockade English
ports. They passed an "Order in
Couneil'' prohibiting all foreign ves-
sels from trading with the P>ench, on
penalty of seizure. They also . claimed
the "Right of Search," in order to ex-
amine any foreign vessels with a view of
finding deserters. The l>enioeratic
party in Congress urged strongly for war.
The IV'diir £ng[lancl lState§ strong^ly
** objeeted, and held that the war was
a rash, unwise, and inexpedient measure."
32
CANADIAN HISTORY.
A convention from different parts of New
York State declared the invasion of Can-
ada to be " inconsistent with the spirit of
the federal compact." Flags in Boston
harbor were hung at "half-mast" in
token of sorrow at the declaration of war.
•
Many Americans expected that Canada
would be glad of assistance in " breaking
from British bonds/' and it was known
that England was taxed to her utmost
limit by the struggle with Napoleon.
However, the Canadians, both in Upper
and Lower Canada, hastened to resist in-
vasion in the most loyal mannen
E:¥ent§ of 1§1S. The Americans
invaded Canada at three points : "De-
troit, IViagpara, and by way of Lake
Ctaamplain. All three attempts proved
failures. In the IVes^ General Broek
captured fort Maekinae, drove Gen-
eral Hull out of Canada, and forced
him to surrender at I>etroit. In the
cefUer the Americans were defeated at
^ueenston Hel^^lits. The brave
Brock was killed at this battle. In the
East the invading army retired after a
slight skirmish near Rouse's Point.
On the ocean the American ships Con-
CANADIAN HISTORY*
83
s of New
1 of Can-
; spirit of
1 Boston
nast" in
n of war.
•
Canada
breaking
s known
r utmost
fapoleon.
n Upper
resist in-
:s
mericans
: De-
Lake
s proved
Broek
Oen-
forced
In the
:ated at
brave
In the
after a
oint.
€oii-
j«titutton and Unfted l^tate§ captured
three British vessels.
Erent§ of 1§13. The general plan
of invasion in this year was similar to
that of i8i2. In the West General
Proetor defeated the Americans at
Frenehto\iriiy but he and the cele-
brated chief Tecumseh were after-
wards defeated at Moravian Toi¥n
by Creneral Harrison, In the center
the Americans captured Forts York
(Toronto) and Oeorg^e, but were de-
feated at IStoney Creek, near Hamil-
ton, and Beaver Dams, near Thorold.
In the East two strong armies intended
to attack Montreal, one by way of the St,
Lawrence y the other from Lake CkamY
plain. Both were defeated by forces
scarcely a tithe of their number, the forr
mer at Chrysler's Farm, and the
latter at Chateaugay. On the ocean
the British had the advantage, the most
notable event being the capture, of the
Chesapeake by the ([Shannon, near
Boston. The Americans were victorious
on liake £rie ^under Commodore
Perry.
£vents of 1§14. Notwithstanding
3
H.L'itMi'. ,^\.
ii ■!!::•
*
34
CANADIAN HISTORY.
the reverses of 1813 the Americans con-
tinued the war. The first invasion was
made in the direction of Montreal. It
was repulsed, however, by a small force
in l<a Colle Mill. In the Niagara
district battles were fought at Cbip«
peira and I^undy'9 Lane. In the
first the Americans were victorious ; after
the latt r they retreated precipitately to
Fort Erie.
Peace was declared at Ghent in 1§14.
/. BATTLES OF THE "WAR OF l8l2." ;
Battles.
Dates,
IVon by
Mackinac
■ 'Detroit
X8l2
44
ii
44
18x3
4k
44
44
44
44
44
44
x8c4
44
44
British.
44
44
>
44
Americans.
44
British.
44
44
44
41
Americans.
British.
Queenston Heights....
Rouse's Point
French town
Moravian Town
Fort York
'Fort' George '...:.
"Stonev Creek
■ Beaver Dams
Chrysler's Farm
Chateaugay
La Colle Mill
Chippewa. —
Lundy's Lane
2, The Rebellion of \Zyj , For several
years an agitation had been going on
both in Upper and Lower Canada in fa-
vor of Re§pon§lble Oovernment.
if-
CANADIAN HISTOBY.
35
:ans con-
ision was
treal. It
lall force
Niagara
t Cbip-
In the
»us ; after
itately to
in 1§14.
1 812.";
^on by
British.
4i
>
mericans.
*»
ik
British.
4i
ii
ti
il
lericans.
British.
• several
oing on
a in fa-
imenf.
The leaders in this needed reform were
IVilliain Lyon M'Kenzie, in Upper
Canada, and Liouii Papineau, in
Lower Canada, Failing to secure their
ends by appeal to the British Parliament
they decided to rebel. Time has proved
their demands to have been reasonable.
M'Kenzie and his friends had special
reason to feel aggrieved at his treatment
by the dominant Family Compact,
but even in his case it was neither right
nor prudent to substitute rebellion for
constitutional effort. Both leaders, but
especially Papineau, aimed at the estab-
lishment of a Republic. Both attempts
to overthrow the British power were
hastily made, and both were total failures.
The leaders fled to the United States.
For about a year bands of sympathizing
Americans hovered about the frontier of
Canada. The largest of these occupied
Navy Island^ in the Niagara River.
There M'Kenzie was proclaimed "Presi-
dent of Canada," and from his head-quar-
ters he issued manifestoes, one of which
offered a reward for the capture of the
Governor of Canada. The most exciting
incident in connection with this absurd
36
CANADIAir HISTOBY.
mi>
movement was the burning of the Caro*
line, a steamer employed in bringing
provisions to Navy Island from the
American shore. A few adventurous
Canadians seized her and, setting her on
fire in mid-river, allowed her to float over
the falls. On the whole it is to be re-
gretted that even a few good men volun-
tarily associated the idea of rebellion with
that of reform.
Boundary Disputes, especially
with reference to the line between Maine
and New Brunswick caused imminent
danger of war during this period. They
were finally settled by the Ashburton
Treaty,
2. Constitutional Growth. This
period of fifty years may be briefly de-
scribed as that of the rise, rule, and down-
fall of the Family Compaet, and the
struggle for Responsible Govern-
luent. The Constitutional Act of 1791
left the appointment of the Cabinet or
Ministry in the hands of the Governor.
Its members were quite irresponsible to
the people. This controlled the elected
Assembly, so that in reality the people had
little to say in the making or administra-
CANADIAN HISTORY.
37
e Caro*
bringing
rom the
enturous
g her on
loat over
o be re-
in volun-
lion with
;specially
n Maine
mminent
I. They
l>urton
h. This
efly de-
d down-
and the
K>vern-
of I 791
Dinet or
overnor.
sible to
elected
)ple had
linistra-
tion of the laws. Many grievous abuses
grew out of this system, the most odious
being the formation of the Family
Compact, consisting of the Legislative
Council, the irresponsible Cabinet, and
their office-holders throughout the coun-
try. They attempted to form a privi-
leged, patrician class, and indignantly re-
sented the demands of the people for
reforms and equal rights. The struggle
between the elected and appointed legis-
lators led to the Rebellion in 1§37,
and brought about the pasisage of the
Union Act which came into force in
1841.
3. Progress. The population of
Upper and Lower Canada increased from
1 50,000 to 1 , 1 56,000, an increase of over a
million. Public schools w^ere established
by law in Upper Canada, New Brunswick,
and Norua Scotia, Several colleges were
founded ; newspapers multiplied ; a num-
ber of banks were opened ; manufactures
increased, regular lines of steamers were
established, and the country opened up by
leading roads. Slavery was abolished in
Upper Canada in 1793, and declared to
be illegal in Lower Canada in 1803.
38
CANADIAN HISTORY.
Toronto, under the name of York, be-
came the Capital of Upper Canada in 1796,
as it was held that Newark (Niagara) was
too near the American frontier.
STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE,
From 1791 to 1841 — fifty years.
I. Wara. I. For. " 1812." 2. Reb. 1837. Ev. of
i«!a. Am. dteU at Mac.^ Det., Q.-H.^ and /?.-/'. On
ocean. Am. vie. Cons, and U.S. Ev. of 1813. Am.
def. at Fr.^ S.-C, B.-D,, C-F., and Ch., also Ches,
and Shan,; Am. vie. at Mor.-T,^ K., and F.-G.^ also
oti L. E. Ev. of 18x4. Am. def. at L.-C.^ M.^ and
L,-L. : Am. vie. at Ch. Reb. of 1837. M. in U.-
C, and P. in L.-C, both def.
^. Cons. Gr» Strug, for Res, Gov. led to Un. Ac,
of 1841.
3. Prog. Pop, incr. over a mil. ; Pub. Sck, est. by
law in U.-C.., N.-B,, and N.-S. ; col. nenvs.y ban.y
steam, y and roads ; si, ab. \n U.-C. in 1793, dee. ill. in
L.-C. in 1803. Tor.y cap. of U.-C. in 1796.
EXAMINA TION QUESTIONS.
1. What led to the war of 1812 f
2. Sketch the events of 1812, 1813, and 18x4.
3. What is meant by the Fatnily Compact ?
4. What led to the Rebellion of 1837?
5. Name the leaders of the discontented.
6. What were the two leading features of the Union
Billf
7. Sketch the progress made between 1791 and
1841.
&. When did Toronto become capital of Upper
Canada ?
CANADIAN HISTOBY.
39
York, be-
lain 1796,
g^ara) was
37. Ev. of
!/?.-/'. On
1813. Am.
, also Ches»
F.'G.^ also
^M M.^ and
M. in U.-
to Un. Ac.
'ch. est. by
dec. ill. in
?.
P4.
9
le Union
1 791 and
Upper
SEVENTH EXERCISE.
Events from the Union till Confederal
tion.
1. €liange§ of Capital. The ^<r/
of Union came into force in 1841. Kings^
ton was at first selected as the capital,
Montreal became the seat of government
in 1844. In 1849 it was resolved that
Parliament should meet alternately in
Toronto and Quebec, In 1858 Queen
Victoria selected Ottaira as the capital,
and Parliament assembled in that city in
1867, after Confederation.
2. Chief Parliamentary Aets.
I. Rebellion Losses Acts, Two were
passed, one for the relief of those loyal
persons who suffered by the Rebellion in
Upper Canada^ and another for those in
Lower Canada. The latter gave sucK
offence that, on its receiving the assent
of Lord Elgin, the Governor-General, the
Parliament buildings in Montreal
\rere burned in 1849.
2 . Secularization of the Clergy Reserves,
1854. By the Constitution Act of 1791
large tracts of land were reserved for the
benefit of the clergy of the English
40
CANADIAN HISTORY.
Church in Ontario. As the country pro-
gressed a demand was made that the
other denominations should be allowed to
share in the benefits derived from these
lands. Finally, it was decided to sell
them, and distribute the money to the
flifferent municipalities of the province in
proportion to their population, to be used
for local, secular purposes. The inti^rests
of the clergy already in possession were
commuted, and a permanent endowment
allowed them.
3. Abolition of Seigniorial Tenures.
During the French period large districts
in Quebec had been granted to French
officers and others. In some cases nearly
100,000 acres were given to a single indi-
vidual. All settlers in their districts were
compelled to give them a certain propor-
tion of what they raised, and to submit
to various laws of a most vexatious na-
t<ur'e. This adaptation of the Fettclal
systeni may have been suited for the pe-
riod of its estajblishment, but it now greatly
retarded the progress and settlement of
the country, so it was repealed, and the
Seigniors paid a sum settled by a com-
mission.
CANADIAN HISTORY.
41
I try pro-
hat the
owed to
m these
to sell
to the
/ince in
t>e used
Uerests
m were
wment
"inures.
istricts
^renck
nearly
e indi-
s were
opor-
ubmit
us na-
eudal
le pe-
reatly
^nt of
1 the
com-
4. Reciprocity Treaty of 1854. This
treaty provided for the " free interchange
ol' the products of the sea, the soil, the
forest, and the mine," between Canada
and the United States. It also allowed
Canadians to navigate Lake Michigan,
and the Americans the rivers St. Law-
rence and St. John. It ceased in 1866.
5. British North America Act, In
1865 a convention of delegates from the
various provinces met in Quebec, and
agreed upon a basis for Confedcra*
lion. This basis was afterward adopted
by the Canadian Parliament, and ratified
by the English Parliament, which passed
the British North America Act^ uniting
Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia,
and New Brunswick. Tlie Dominion
of Canada was inaugurated July i,
1867.
3. Riot§ and Rald§. i. Riots in
Montreal, A mob, enraged by the pas-
sage of the Rebellion Losses Bill, burned
the Parliament Buildings and Public
Documents'^ 1849. In 1853 Oavazxi.
an Italian priest of remarkable power and
eloquence, who had been converted to
Protestantism, was preaching in Montreal,
42
CANADIAN HISTORY.
when a mob of his former co-religionists
created a violent disturbance on the
streets. The mayor called out the mili-
tary to assist the civil authority in main-
taining order, and several persons were
shot.
2. Fenian Raids, An infamous organ-
ization, whose pretended object was to
secure the freedom of Ireland, was formed
in the United States, and, strange as it
may seem, was actually allowed to drill,
and in every way prepare for the invasion
of Canada. They crossed the frontier in
1866, and plundered the property of a few
defenseless people in the district. The
whole country was aroused, and volunteers
came from all parts to drive out the inr
vaders. A couple of skirmishes were
fought at Ridegway and Fort Erie, and
the Fenians Retired to Buffalo to avoid
capture. Demonstrations were made along
the St, Lawre7tce and toward Montreal.
The presence of armed representatives
of the British Lion they so intensely hated
cooled the ardor of the invaders, and they
went home in disgrace.
4, Progre§§. The population in-
creased as follows :
3^ionists
on the
le mili-
1 niain-
s were
organ-
was to
formed
B as it
3 drill,
ivasion
itier in
'a few
The
nteers
he inr
were
e, and
avoid
along
treaL
atives
hated
they
\ in-
CANADIAN HISTOBY. 43
184T. 1851. x86i.
Upper Canada 465,000 953,000 1,396,000
Lower Canada 691,000 890,000 x, 111,000
Nova Scotia 33tiOoo
Niiw Brunswick 353,000
The country also made remarkable ad-
vancement in commerce^ railroads^ and
education,
STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE,
From the Union 1841, till Confederation 1867.
I. Ch. of Cap. z. King. ; a. Mont. ; 3. Tor. and
Queb. ; 4. Ot. 1858.
a. Ch. Pari. Acts. i. Reb. Los. ; 3. Sec. of CI.
Res. ; 3. Ab. of SI. Ten. ; 4. Rec.Tr. ; 5. A. of B. N,
A. ; Dom. of Can. 1867.
3. Riots and Raids, x. Ft. Build'gs Bt., 1849; >•
Gav., 1853; Fen. Rds., 1866.
4. Prog. Pop, more than doubled ; Gr. Ad. in Com,
R. Rs.^ and Ed,
REVIEW QUESTIONS,
X. When were the Houses of Parliament burned ?
3. What led to their burning ?
3. Name the chief parliamentary Acts of this pe-
riod.
4. Explain the objects of the Clergy Reserves BiU^
and the Seigniorial Tenure Act.
5. W^hen was the Dominion of Canada inaugu-
rated ?
6. How long did the Reciprocity Treaty remain in
force ?
7. Sketch briefly the Fenian Raids,
44
CANADIAN HISTORY.
EIGHTH EXERCISE.
From Confederation to the present
time.
The first years of the Dominion have
been busy, and marked by a steady prog-
ress which has erected few prominent
historical landmarks.
1. Territorial Extension. The
Dominion of Canada, as constituted
by the British North America Act, in-
cluded Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and
A^ew Brunswick. Manitoba was organ-
ized in 1870, British Columbia was ad-
mitted in 1 87 1, and Prince Edward Isl-
and m 1873.
tJ. Parliamentary Aet§. Two de-
serve special attention : The liVasIiing^-
ton Treaty, and the Paeifie Rail-
road ISclieme.
I. The Washington Treaty. This was
framed by a Joint High Commission of
representatives from the British Empire,
United States, and Canada, Several
vexed questions were settled by the treaty ;
among others the Alabama Claims, the
Fishery Disputes^ the San ^ uan and
Alaska Boundary Lines were settled or
CANADIAN HISTOKY.
45
resent
have
prog-
linent
The
ituted
:t, in-
%, and
Tgan-
s ad-
ode-
rail-
5 was
3n of
pire,
veral
-aty;
the
and
d or
referred to arbitration. The treaty was
ratified by the Canadian Parliament in
1871.
2. The Pacific Railroad Schejne. This
was introduced in 1873 in order to keep
faith with British Columbia. The build-
ing of a railroad to connect the Pacific
Slope with the Atlantic seaboard was one
of the stipulations made at the time Brit-
ish Columbia entered the Dominion.
When completed it will be the greatest
public work of the Dominion.
3. Di§tiirbaiice8« i. Red River
Rebellion. In 1868 the Canadian Gov-
ernment obtained possession of theOreat
Bifortli-ire§t Territory from \\\e Hud-
son Bay Company, The French half-
breed poptilation of the district deter-
mined to resist all attempts to establish a
regular system of government in the ter-
ritory in connection with the Dominion.
Led by one of their number, Louis Riel,
they formed a provisional government,
and refused to allow the Canadian gov-
ernor to enter. Loyal citizens objected
to their course, and one who refused to
submit to them was seized and shot, afier
a ** mock trial by a rebel court-martial."
i
46
CANADIAN HISTORY.
Sir Garnet Wolseley led an army of Cana-
dian volunteers through the wilderness
between Ontario and Manitoba, but found
no Riel there on his arrival. He took
peaceable possession of Fort Garry, and
Canadian authority was established.
2. Second Fenian Raid, In 1870 the
Fenians again congregated on the Can-
adian frontier, intending to move on
Montreal. A few farmers in the district
quietly waited for them, and immediately
on their crossing the border line saluted
them with a volley from their rifles. The
invasion was ended. Loud had been
their threats, long had been their prepara-
tion, great was their consternation, and
hurried their flight. Their ** valiant gen-
eral,** skulking a mile and a half in the
rear, was captured by a United States
Marshal, and the President soon after
issued an order forbidding future inva-
sions of a similar character.
4. Progre§§. The young Dominion
has made rapid strides. Three additional
provinces have been added to the four
united by the British North America Act,
The great ** North-west** is being
rapidly opened up and filled with a
CANADIAN HISTOEY.
47
thrifty and enterprising people. The va-
rious conflicting interests of the different
provinces have been brought into har-
mony, and the few causes of discontent
which at first existed in some parts have
been removed. Each province is now
thoroughly loyal to the Dominion, and
all sects and parties are zealously work-
ing together for the development of a
great and prosperous nation in connection
with the British Crown.
Commercially Canada has attained a
very high position. She ranks fifth among
the nations of the world as a maritime
power. Rev. Joseph Cook says : ** To-
day Canada is a competitor with the
United States in the ports of the United
States and South America; and, in case
of certain articles, in those of Great
Britain herself. The interchange of
traffic, which from 1820 to 1866 was
largely in favor of the United States, un-
derwent so great an alteration from 1866
to 1873 as to show a balance against the
United States and in favor of Canada of
$51,875,000."
The Intercolonial Railroad has been
completed, and thus winter communica-
48
CANADIAN HISTORY.
tion directly established between the in-
terior of the country and the Atlantic
sea-board. The future of Canada is full
of hope. With her large territory, her
free institutions, her unsurpassed system
of education, her firm dovotion to moral-
ity and religion, the young Dominion
gives promise of a vigorous, a progress-
ive, and a noble manhood.
5. Ooveriiors since Confeder-
ation. Lord Monck was governor
when the Dominion was inaugurated.
He was succeeded in 1868 by Sir John
Young, In 1872 £<ord I>ulferin be-
came the representative of the Queen.
During the seven years he spent in Can-
ada he did more to cement the bonds
b.ecween the Mother Country and her
foremost colony than any man who had
preceded him. All parties, nationalities,
and creeds in the Dominion deeply re-
gretted his departure, and their regret
would have deepened into mourning but
for the cheering fact that he was to be
succeeded by the ]VIarqui§ of Liorne
and his royal wife Tlie Princess
EiOUise. The welcome given to the Gov- ^
ernor-General and Her Royal Highness
CA.KADIAK HISTOBT.
49
iS.E
was the most united and enthusiastic effort
ever made by the Canadian people. The
interest which they have taken in all that
jjertains to the highest welfare of the
Dominion proves that they are worthy of
the truest loyalty of any people. The
Queen will ever be more warmly loved by
her Canadian subjects, on account of the
true womanliness, the broad culture, and
the Christian character of her daughter*
GOD BLESS THE DOMINION!
OOD SAVE THE QUEEN I
STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE.
Period since Confederation,
I. Ter. Ext. M. 1670; B.-C. xZ^x\ P.-E.-I. ilys.
1. Parit. Acts. i. W. T. ; «. P. R.-R. S.
3. Disturb, i. R. R. R. i368, L. R., Sir G. W. ;
«. Fen. Inv. 1870.
4. Prog. I. in Ext, ; 2. in Harmony : 3. Omt., sth
max. f0wer ; Intereol. R. R.
y. Gov. z. Ld. M. ; 2. SikT J. Y. ; 3. Ld. P. ; 4. M.
of L.
REVIEW QUESTIONS.
z. Give the names of the tkir«e j^rovincet a^tnitted
to tlu5 D*minion since Con£ieder»tiA«« aod the dates 9l
which they entered.
3. State the questions settled by the WasAtHgtPM
Treaty,
|. Wkatled4o4heR«dRiinsrRoheltioB?
4. What is the vtarittm4f rank of Canada ?
* 5. Name the governors of Canada since Confederation.
.4
mmm
mmmmm
VI
I
50
CANADIAN HISTOEY.
NINTH EXERCISE.
Sketch of Constitutional Growth.
During the French period the laws
of France prevailed in Canada.
The following is a summary of the
changes and advances made under the
British :
1. Military Government, 1760 to 1764.
2. Government by Eng[li§li Laur,
1764 to 1774.
3. Government under the Quebec
Act, 1774 to 1791.
4. Government under the Con§tUu»
tional Act, 1791 to 1841.
5. Government under the Union Act,
1841 to 1867.
,6. Government under the Briti§ta
Morth America Act, 1867 — present.
1« inilitary Oovernment, 1760-
1764. During most of this period Can-
ada was an English province only by
right of conquest, so that French laws
were administered by Gen. Murray, com-
mander-in-chief of the British forces.
2. OoTcrnment under £iigli§ta
I^aw, ■>! 764-1 774. When the king of
England assumed possession of Canada
■■ '*■>■
CANADIAN HISTORY. 51
formally, he appointed a Governor and
Council to administer English laws in
»
it. The people had nothing to do with
e laws
framing or amending these laws. Their
.
duty was merely to submit to them. The
of the
enforcement of English laws on a French
ler the
population naturally caused much irrita-
tion. Some remedy had to be provided.
1764.
• and after securing careful reports, the
Law,
British Parliament generously passed the
Quebec Act.
lebec
3. Oovernment under the Que-
bec Act, 1774-1791. This substituted
stUu-
French lor English law, in all but crim-
inal cases, and removed the prohibitions
1 Act,
against the holding of State offices by
Roman Catholics. It gave great satis-
*iti8ta
faction to the French, and equal dissatis-
jsent.
faction to most of the English in CanadC
1760-
The number of the latter was soon aug-
Can-
mented by the coming of the United
ly by
Empire Loyalists, The agitations of the
laws
British settlers for a change led to the
com-
passage of the Constitutional Act,
s.
4. Government under the Con-
glisb
stitutional Act, 1791-1841. This act
\g of
divided Quebec into Upper and Lower
anada
Canada, for the English and French re-
«
\ ■
^^:^r'^zi::^.■
mm^
52
CANADIAN HISTOBT.
sp66tively, and recognized to a certain
extent the right of »elf-g:oYernmenl.
Eiich province had a Lieutenant-Governor,
a Legislative Council, and an Assembly.
The Governor appointed the Council, the
people elected the Assembly. No Act ot
the Canadian Parliaments became law
until it received the approval of the king
of England. Of course the Lieutenant-
Governor and the appointed Council were
the disallowing parties in reality. They
had it in their power to neutralize the de-
cisions of the representatives of the
people. This gave rise to serious abuses,
and a large section of the people in both
provinces strongly opposed the exercise
of controlling power by irresponsible ad*
visers of the crown. The struggle for
n/espon»ible Oovernmeiir led to
rebellion in both Upper and Lo^ /er Can-
ada., and brought about the union of
the provinces.
^« Oovernment under tlie
ITnion Act« This lasted 26 years, from
i^i to 1867. The Union Act granted the
adirantages of Responsible Govern*
laent. The advisers of the Crown
imjst now have the support of the ma-
"*.\
CANADIAN HISTOBY.
&3
certain
iment,
ovemor,
;sembly.
ncil, the
) Act oi
me law
he king
itenant-
cil were
They
the de-
of the
abuses,
in both
exercise
ible ad^
:gle for
led to
tx Can-
iaii of
the
s, from
ted the
»vera«
Crown
be ma^
jority of the representatives of the people.
Race jealousies, however, and other local
causes, ultimately rendered the har-
monious working of the two provinces
impossible, so the wider scheme of Con-
federation was brought about.
6. Oovernnient under the Brit-
ish jVorth Amerlea Aet. This came
into force on Dominion Day, July i,
1867, ^^^ continues in force till the pres-
ent time. It gave a Governor-Generiil
and Parliament for the Dominion, and a
Lieutenant-Governor and local Legisla-
ture for each province. The Dominion
Parliament consists of two Houses; the
Senate and the House of Cammons, The
members of the former are appointed by
the Governor-General, on the recommend-
ation of the Ministry, those of the latter
are elected. The Ministry are responsiblie
to the House of Commons, and must have
the support of a majority of its members.
STUDENTS' ftEVlEW OUTLINE,
Coostitutional Growth.
X. Changes, i. Mil. ; 2. £ng. Law, 1764 ; 3. Que-
bec Actf 1774 ; 4. Cons. Act, 1791 ; 5. Un. Act, 1841 ;
6. Con. 1867.
1. 1760-1764. Mil. Gov. Fr. Law. Gen. Mur.
2. 1 764-1 774. Eng. Law.
64
CANADIAN HISTORY.
3. 1 774-1 791. Queb. Act, Fr. Law, except crim.
4. 179Z-X841. Cons. Act, French in L.-C. and Eng.
in U—C. Strug, for Res. Gov.
5. i84i-x867, Un. Act. Res. Gov. Granted. Raca
Jealousy.
6. 1867. Confederation.
TENTH EXERCISE.
Brief sketches of the most distinguished
men connected with the history ol* Can-
ada.
1. Period of Discovery*
1. John Cabot was, like many
other early navigators, a native of Venice.
He resided at Bristol in England. He
was commissioned by Henry VH. to
make a voyage of discovery in 1496, and
discovered Newfoundland in 1497.
2. Sebastian Cabot was a greater
navigator than his father. He was born
in England in 1477. He accompanied
his father on his first voyage and re-
turned in the following year. He made
extensive discoveries in South America
under the auspices of the Spaniards. He
first detected the variation of the mari-
ner's compass. He died in 1557.
CANADIAN HISTORY.
55
M
;>t crim.
. and £ng.
ted. Race
iguished
of Can-
2 many
Venice,
nd. He
VII. to
^96, and
greater
as born
Tipanied
and re-
e made
America
ds. He
e mari-
3. John Yerazzaiil was a Floren-
tine who served under the king of France,
In the year 1524 he sailed along the
coast of America from Carolina to the
Gulf of St. Lawrence.
4. Jacque§ Carticr was born at
St. Malo, in France, in 1 500 He made
four voyages to Canada, (1534 to 1541,)
and was the first European to sail up the
St. Lawrence.
2. French Period.
1. Samuel Champlaln may be re-
garded as the founder of Canada. For
over 30 years he devoted his tireless en-
ergies to the exploration and development
of the infant colony. He founded Quebec
in 1608. He traveled through the pres-
ent provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and
the State of New York. Lake Chami>-
lain was named after him. He lost his
capital, Quebec, in 1629, and was mainly
instrumental in securing the return of
Canada to the French in 1632. He died
in 1635.
2. Count de Frontenac w as a na-
tive of France, born in 1621. In 1672 he
was appointed Governor of Canada. He
56
CANADIAN HI8T0EY.
m
was a very haughty, decided, enterpris-
ing man. He built I^ort Frontenac
(Kin^orston) and pursued active and ener-
getic measures for the defense and ex-
tension of the colony. He was recalled
in 1682, but re-appointed in 1689, in time
to save Canada from passing from the
control of the French. He ruled Canada
in all 21 years. He died in 1698, '* re-
spected and feared alike by friend and foe."
3. Bi§liop LavaL What Fronte-
nac was in relation to the government
and military officers of Canada, Laval
was to her religious and scholastic inter-
ests. He was born in 1622 and came to
Canaca in 1659. During the next fifty
years he was the most important man in
Canada. He found<*d Quebec Seminary,
now Laval Universiity, in 1663. He
opened an Industrial School and Model
Farm ; and made great efforts for the
suppression of the liquor traffic among
the Indians, and for the general welfare
of the colonists.
4. Qeneral Montcalm was born
in France in 17 12. He took command
of the forces in Canada in 1756 and de-
feated the British in several engagements.
CANADIAN HISTORY.
67
iterpris-
ontenac
kd ener-
and ex-
recalled
in time
om the
Canada
>8, '* re-
nd foe."
Fronte-
Tnment
, Laval
c inter-
:anne to
xt fifty
man in
Tninary,
3. He
Model
or the
among
welfare
born
nmand
nd de-
ments.
In 1759, however, he was defeated and
mortally wounded at the battle with
Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham. He
was a brave, heroic man.
3. Engllsli Perlool.
1. General James IVolfe was
born in Westerham, England, in 1726.
He advanced rapidly in the* European
wars of his early manhood. His great
ability was recognized by Pitt, who sent
him in 1757 to assist in the conquest of
Canada. In 1758 he was with Gen.
Amherst, at the capture of Louisburg, and
in 1759 he was entrusted with the capture
of Quebec. He succeeded in accom-
pli<;hing the work assigned to him, and
died at the moment of his triumphant
success.
2. Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dor-
chester) deserves to be specially men-
tioned in a Canadian history. He was
governor of the country for a longer
period than any other man. He was all
to English Canada that Champlain had
been to French Canada, and more. For
no less than thirty-six years he was con-
nected with Canadian progress, and dur-
m
58
CANADIAN HISTOET.
ing most of that time he was governor.
He fought under Wolfe at the capture of
Quebec, and by his good judgment and
conciliatory manner soon succeeded in
making the men against whom he had
fought warm friends and adherents to
himself and the throne he represented.
He deserves the credit of having steered
the ship of state in safety through the
most difficult part of her course. He
conciliated the French, he defeated the
American invaders, and he secured the
co-operation of the English who were
dissatisfied at the great privileges allowed
the French Canadians. He was born in
1725, and died in 1808.
3. JUaJor - General Sir Isaac
BroeR was a native of the Island of
Guernsey. He entered the army in 1755,
at the age of sixteen. He came to Can-
ada in 1802. He was President of Upper
Canada during the absence of the Gov-
ernor in England. In 181 2 he compelled
General Hull and his whole force to sur-
render at Detroit, although his army was
much smaller *han that of the American
general. He was killed at the battle of
Queenston Heights, while leading his men
CANADIAN HISTORY.
69
>vernor.
pture of
mt and
;ded in
he had
ents to
:sented.
steered
gh the
;e. He
ted the
red the
3 were
illowed
)orn in
Isaac
and of
Can-
Upper
i Gov-
ipelled
o sur-
ly was
erican
ttle of
is men
up the rugged slope that forms the north-
ern side of that rocky ridge. He was
greatly beloved by Canadians, and has
since his death been known as the " Hero
of Upper Canada." A fine monument
erected to his memory crowns the
heights overlooking Niagara River.
4. Rig[ht Hon. Charles Pouleit
Tliompson (Lord Sydenham) was bom
in England in 1799. He took a prominent
part in his native land in parliamentary,
social, and educational reform. He was
appointed Governor of Canada in 1839,
and was the first Governor of United
Canada in 1841. He died in 1841 from
the effects of a fall from his horse. He
had a share in the founding of the
unsurpassed municipal and educational
institutions of Ontario.
5. The £arl of Elgin was born in
London in 181 1. He rapidly rose to
prominence in England, and in 1842 he
was made Governor of Jamaica. In 1847
he became Governor-General of Canada,
and remained till 1854. He was one of
the most eminent statesmen of his age.
During his period of office Canada was
passing through troublous tines. Race
saes
60
CANADIAN HISTORY.
«/ *
li i
jealousies and party feeling were at their
highest point ; but he managed the
affairs of the country with so much wis-
dom and ability that even those who at
one time treated him with the greatest
possible discourtesy, learned to respect
and honor him as he deserved. During
the last year of his term of office he saw
three great questions settled : The Clergy
Reserves, The Seigniorial Tenure, and
the Reciprocity Treaty. He died in 1863
in India.
6. liOrd Dulferin. Canada, under
the British, has been fortunate in having
wise and able men as the representatives
of the sovereign power in every critical
period of her history. liOrd Dor-
chester watched over her destinies and
preserved her from disruption and con-
quest in her childhood and early youth ;
Lord (Sydenham performed the mar-
riage ceremony between Upper and
Lower Canada; Lord £lgln by his
statesmanship prevented the subsequent
disruption of the Union, and Lord
DufTerln, by his courteous manners, his
winning eloquence, his liberal views, and
his high sense of justice, did more than
CANADIAN HISTORY.
61
: their
I the
1 wis-
ho at
eatest
•spect
)uring
le saw
:iergy
I, and
1 .1863
•
under
tiaving
:atives
:ritical
Dor-
is and
con-
[outh ;
1 mar-
and
\y his
jquent
lOrd
s, his
;, and
than
any other man to preserve the healthy
tone and vigor of the young Dominion
during those years when her borders were
being enlaiged, her laws consolidated,
her provincial and local claims adjusted,
and the various conflicting interests of
race and party being harmonized. What-
ever might be a man's grievance, in the
presence of Lord Dufferin it sank into
insignificance compared with the en-
thusiastic feeling of devotion which he
every-where evoked toward the sovereign
whom he represented. Lord Dufferin
was born in 1826 in Ireland. He was
educated at Eton and Oxford. He is
the author of several works, and is now
known throughout the English-speaking
world as one of the purest writers and
speakers of the English language living.
He is recognized by both the great
political parties of England as a nK>st
successful diplomatist, and has been in-
trusted with a number of important for-
eign missions.
Of those Canadians who have risen to
enr.inence in their native land it is not
considered desirable to give sketches.
Most of them are still living.
62
CANADIAN HISTORY.
'• „<
STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE.
Distinguished men connected with the history of
Canada.
X. Per. of Dis. J. C. Ven.; S. C. En^. (died
»557 J« V. Fior: : J. C. Fr. dis. St. L.
a. Fr. Per. S. C. founded Q., (died 1635 ;) Front,
gov. 21 yrs., saved col. from Ind., (died 1698;) Bish.
L. rel. and sch. for 50 yrs. ; Gen. Mont, ahle, def. and
killed at Queb. 1759.
3. Eng. Per. Gen. Wol. took Queb. 1759, mor.
wd. ; Sir G. C over 30 yrs. ; Gen. Sir I. B. def. Gen.
H. at Det.f killed at Q. H. in 1812 ; Lord Syd. gov.
in 184X at U.iion ; Lord £1. very em. stn., (died 1863
Lord Duf.
REVIEIV QUESTIONS,
X. Name four distinguished navigators connected
with the discovery of Canada.
2. Name the most noted colonizer ^ the ablest goV"
ernor^ the wisest Bishop, and the most distinguished
general connected with the history of the French
Period.
3. Name the two brave British generals who were
killed on the fields where they won their greatest
glory.
4. Name the four governors of greatest eminence
during the English Period, and briefly sketch the
career of each.
II R
CANADIAN &: f^TOET.
63
tory of
% (died
Front.
;) Bish.
lef. and
;9, mor.
:f. Gen.
jrd. gov.
d 1863
innected
lest £VV'
guished
French
ho were
greatest
ninence
ch the
GENERAL REVIEW OUTLINES.
I. Canada of To-day.
I. Bx. All n. of U. S., but A. and N. 3X m. Pop.
4-5 m.
s. Prov. & Cap. N.-S., H. ; P.-E.-T., C. ; N.-B.»
F. ; Q., Q. ; O., T. ; M., W. ; B.-C, V. ; K. A
N.-w. T.
3. Gov. I, C. of U.-K. ; 2, ruler G.-G. ; 3, M. 14;
4, Parl't— (S. 78 and C. 206.)
11. Periods op History op Canada.
4 Per. I., D., F., E.
Ind. A., H., I.
Die. N'^fty E., loox ; ^«^., J. and S. C, 1497 ; Por,^
C, 1500: /^r., v., 1524 ; J. C, 1534.
Pr. X535 to 1763—238 ; I, £x. and Sety^ 1535 ^^ 1663—
128 ; 2, /?. G,y 1663 to 1763 — 100.
Bng. X, Sep. of U, C, 1791 ; 2, Un. 0/ U. and L, C.
1841 ; 3, Con. 1867.
III. Events before the French Period.
I. Per. I. A., H., I. ; A. in N.-S., N.-B., Q. and
N.-w. ; H. in O. and Q. ; I., s. of St. L.
II. Per. Dis. x, N. L.-E., loox., N, and N.-S.;
a, E. J. and S. C, 1497-8, L., N., P.-E.-I.,and
N.-S. ; 3, P. G.-C, 1500, from G. to St.-L. ;
4, F. V. 1524, C. to St. L. ; N. F. ; J. C. X534-5,
5. (Q.) and H. (M.)
IV. Events of the French Period.
I. Ex. and Set. Ter. — A. and C. ; their chief towns
P.-R., 1604, and Q., x6o8 ; founded by C. In
m
64
OANADUJr HISTOBT.
1673 M., and in 1681 L.-S. Ex. and CI. the M.
''"er. ; Pop, at close of F, per., 90^000.
•• Gov't, I. V.-R. till 1627 ; «. C. of H.-A. 1627 to
1663 ; 3. R. G. from 1663 to 1763.
3. Ter. Loss. A. 1713, (T. of U.) ; C. 1763, (T. of P.)
4. Gov. In all, 13 ; first, M. de M. ; last, V. ; best, F.
5. Wars. Causes : 1. F.-T. ; 2. I. and R. J. ; 3. W.
bet. M. C. ; 4. Ir. H.
X. Ittd. numerous. M. dest. 1689 ; C. saved by F.
a. K". JV, W, Sir W. Ph. cap. P. R. in A., and was
rep. at Q. ; A. res. by T. of R. 1697.
3. Q,A. W. F. burned D., (M.,) and H., (N. H.)
Gen. N. took P. R., and named it A. ; in 1713
A., N., and H'.-B.-T. given to E. by T. of U.
4. /*, /. Sir W. Pep. cap. L. in 1745 ; res. to F. in 1748,
at T. A.-l.-C.
5. 7'Y. W. F. seized E. in O. V. ; F.-D.-Q. B. def.
and A.'s driven from N.-S. in 1755; in 1756 F.
cap. O., and in 1757, F. W. H. ; in 1758 A. and
W. cap. L. ; F.-D.-Q. cap. and named F. P. ;
A. def. at T. ; in 1759 W. cap. Q., and Sir W,
. J., N. ; in 1760, M. taken by A. and M. C.
given formally to E. in 1763, by T. of P.
V. BRITISH Rule Prior to 1791.
Br. rule before 179Z.
X. Wars. Pont, and Rev. P. took several ibrts ;
failed to take D. 3. Rev. Am. in v. Can. M., Ar.,
an^ Al. ; M. killed at Q. Al. pris. at M.
8. Cons. Gr. /. Mil. Gov. 1760 to 1764 ; s. Roy,
Proc. of Geo. III., 1764 to x^^\ ; Qutb. A. 1774 feo 1791.
3. Prog. I. Pop. 150,000 in U. and L.-C. 30,000
U.-E.-L. ; 3. P.-E.-I. organ. 1770 and N.-B. in 1784 ;
3. Tst N.^. tiie Q. G. in 1764 ; zst. coll. W. in N.-S.
1789.
CANADIAN HISTORY.
65
. the M.
, 1627 to
T.ofP.)
best, F.
.;3.w.
•y F.
and was
(N. H.)
; in i7»3
. ofU.
. in 1748,
B. d«f.
I 1756 F.
S A. and
i F. P. ;
SirW.
M. C.
d ibrts *
L«f Ar.f
\s. R&y.
I to 179Z.
30,000
I 1784 ;
VI. Fifty Years* Separation till 1841.
From 1 79 1 to 1841 — fifty years.
1. Wars. I. For. '* 1812." 2. Reb. 1837. Ev. of
1812. Am. def. at Mac.^ Det., Q.-H.y and R.-P, On
ocean, Am. vie. Cons, and U,-S, Ev. of 1813. Am,
def. at Fr.y S.-C.^ B.-D.y C.-/^, and C^., also C/ies,
and Shan.; Am. vie. at Mor.~T.^ K., and F.-G.^ also
on L. E. Ev. of 1814. Am. def. at L.-C.^ M.^ and
L.-L. ; Am. vie. at Ch. Reb. of 1837. M. in U.-
C, and P. in L.-C, both def.
2. Cons. Gr. Strug, for Res. Gov. led to Un. Ac,
of 1841.
3. Prog. Pop. incr. over a mil. ; Pub. Sch. est. by
law in U.-C, N.-B., and N.-S. ; col. neius.^ dan.^
steam,^ and roads ; sL ab. in U.-C. in 1793, dec. ill. in
L.-C, in 1803. Tor.^ cap. of U.-C. in 1796.
VII. Events between '^ Union" and "Confeder-
11
ATION.
From the Union 1841, till Confederation 1867.
1. Ch. of Cap. I. ng. ; 2. Mont. ; 3. Tor. and
Qiieb. ; 4. Ot. 1858.
2. Ch. Pari. Acts. i. Reb. Los. ; 2. Sec. of CI.
Res. ; 3. Ab. of SI. Ten. ; 4. Rec.Tr. ; 5. A. of B. N.
A. ; Dom. of Can. 1867.
3. Riots and Raids. 1. Pt. Build'gs Bt., 1840;
2. Gav., 1853; Fen. Rds., 1866.
4. Prog. Pop. more than doubled ; Gr. Ad. in Com,,
R. Rs.^ and Ed.
VIII. Events since Confederation.
Period since Confederation.
I. Ter. Ext. M. 1870; B.C. 1871 ; P.-E.-I. 1873,
2 Park. Acts. i. W. T. ; 2. P. R.-R. S.
3. Disturb, i. R. R. R. 1668, L. R., Sir G. W. ;
2. Fen, Inv. 1870.
5
1i
66
CANADIAN HISTORY.
h
4. Prog. 1. in Exi. ; 2. in Harmony : 3. Com.y 5th
mar. power ; Intercol. R. R.
5. Gov. 1. Ld. M. ; 2. Sir J. Y. ; 3. Ld. D. ; 4. M.
of L.
IX. Constitutional Growth.
Constitutional Growth.
I. Changes, i. Mil.; 2. Eng. Law, 1764; 2. Que-
bec Act, 1774; 4. Cons. Act, 1791 ; 5. Un. Act, 1841 ;
6. Con. 1867.
1. 1760-1764. Mil. Gov. Fr. Law. Gen. Mur.
2. 1764-1774. Eng. Law.
3. 1774-1791. Queb. Act, Fr. Law, except crim.
4. 1791-184T. Cons. Act, French in L.-C. and Eng.
in U.-C. Strug, for Res. Gov.
5. 184X-1867, Un. Act. Res. Gov. Granted. Race
Jealousy.
6. 1867. Confederation.
X. Distinguished Men.
Distinguished men connected with the history of
Canada.
1. Per. of Dis. J. C. Ven.: S. C. Eng. (died
IS57 ;) J. V. Flor. ; J. C. Fr. dis. St. L.
2. Fr. Per. S. C. founded Q., (died 1635 ;) Front.
gov. 21 yrs., saved col. from Ind., (died 1698;) Bish.
L. rel. and sch. for 50 yrs. ; Gen. Mont, able, def. and
killed at Queb. 1759.
3. Eng. Per. Gen. Woi. took Queb. 1759,, mor.
wd. ; Sir G. C. over 30 yrs. ; Gen. Sir I. B. def. Gen.
H. at Det., killed at Q. H. in 1812 ; Lord Syd. gov.
in 1841 at Union ; Lord El. very em. stn., (died 1863 ;)
Lord Duf.
vn.y 5th
; 4- M«
2. Quc-
:t, 1841 ;
ur.
crim.
nd Eng.
I. Race
APPENDIX,
67
story of
(died
I) Front.
;) Bish.
Idef. and
59,, mor.
:f. Gen.
rd. gov.
1863 ;)
APPENDIX.
(FOR REFERENCE.)
aOVERNORS OF CANADA.
FRENCH RULE.
1. Early Viceroys and Lieutenants-General.
M. de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval, 1540. Marquis
de la Roche, 1598. Charles de Bourbon, Comte de
Soissons, 1612 (Champlain, Governor.) Henri de
Bourbon, Prince de Conde, 1612. Due de Montmor-
ency, 16x9. Henri de Levi, Duo de Vantadour, 1625.
I. Governors under the Company of 100 Asso-
ciates,
Samuel de Champlain, 1633. M. Bras-de-fer de
Chastefort, 1635. M. de Montmagny, 1636. M.
d"'Ailleboust, 1648. M. Jean de Lauson, 3C651. M.
Charles de Lauson, 1656. M. d^Ailleboust, 1657.
Viscomte d' Argenson, 1658. Baron d' Avaugour, 1661.
3. Governors-General, under royal Govern-
ment.
M. de M6sy, 1663. Seigneur de Courcelle, 1665
[Marquis de Tracy, Viceroy, 1665-7.] Count Front-
enac, 1672. M. de la Barre, 1682. Marquis de Den-
onville, 1685. Count Frontenac, 1689. M. do Cal-
li^res, 1699. Marquis de Vaudreuil, 1703. Marquis de
Beauharnois, 1726. Count de Galissonni^re, 1747.
68
APPENDIX,
Marquis de la Jonquiere, 1740. Marquis du Quesne,
X753. Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cbvagnac, 1755.
BRITISH RULE.
4. Governors of the Province of Quebec.
Gen. Sir Jeflfrey Amherst, 1766. Gen. James Mur-
^Vi 1763. Gen. Sir Guy Carleton, 1768 (Lieut.-Gov-
ernor from 1766.) Gen. Sir Frederick" Haldimand,
1778. [Hon. Henry Hamilton and Col. Henry Hope
Lieut. -Governors, 1785-7.] Lord Dorchester \Sir Guy
Garleton,) Gov. Gen. of B. N. A., 1787.
5. Governors-General during the Firrv Years
WHEN Canada was Divided.
Lord Dorchester, 1791-6. Gen. Robert Prescott,
1797-1805 (Lieut.-Gov., 1796.) Sir James Craig,
1807-11. Sir George Prevost, 1811-15. Sir John
Cope Sherbrooke, 1816-1818. Duke of Richmond,
1818-19. [Hon. Jas. Monk and Gen. Sir Peregrine
Maitland, Administrators, 1819-^0.] Earl of Dal-
housie, 1820-8. Sir James Kempt, 1828-30. Lord
Aylmer, 1830-5. Lord Gosford, 1835-8. Sir John
Colborne, 1838. Lord Durham, 1838-9. Hon. C. P.
Thompson, 1839-41.
6. Governors of Upper Canada from 1791 to 1841.
Col. Simcoe, 1792. Hon. P. Russell, (Prest.) 1796.
Gen. Peter Hunter, 1799. Hon. Alexander Grant,
(Prest,) 1805. Hon. Francis Gore, 1806. Gen. Sir
Isaac Brock, (Prest.) 1811. Gen. Sir Hale Sheaffe,
^Prest.) 1812. Baron De Rotenburgh, (Prest.) 1813.
Gen. Drummond, 1813. Gen. Murray, 1815. Gen.
Robinson, 1815, Hon. Francis Gore, 1815. Hon. S,
Smith, (Administrator) 1817. Sir P. Maitland, 181S,
APPENDIX.
69
Quesne,
rEtEC.
les Mur-
ut.-Gov-
Idimand,
ry Hope
(Sir Guy
Y Years
Prescott,
i Craig,
>ir John
;hmond,
eregrine
of Dal-
Lord
ir John
1. C. P,
Hon. S. Smith, (Administrator,) 1820. Sir P. Mail-
land, 1820. Sir J Colborne, ,828. Sir F. Bond Head,
1836. Sir J. Colborne, (Administrator.^ i8,ft r..„
Arthur, 1838,
iministrator,) 1838. Gen.
7. Governors-General from the Union op the
Canadas to Confederation.
Lord Sydenham. (Hon. C. P. Thompson,) ,841. Sir
Charles Bagot, 184.-3. Lord Metcalfe, ,843-6 Earl
Cathcart, Z846-7. Earl of Elgin, ,847-54- Sir Ed-
mund Head, 1854-61. Viscount Monck, iSOi-;.
8. Governors-General of the Dominion of
Canada.
Viscount Monck, ,867-B. Sir John Young, (Lord
L.sgar,) 1868-72. Earl Dufferin, ,87»-8. Marqui,
of Lome, 2878.
1
to 1841.
t.) 1796.
Grant,
ran. Sir
Sheaffe,
:.) 1813.
. Gen.
Hon. S.
d, x8ia.
»>
AIDS TO BIBLE STUDY.
n\RR*8 |[VDRX. A Complete and Concise
Dictionary to the Iloly Bible. By Rev. John
Barr. 12mo $1 00
BBiVSOIV'S CO.nMKl^TARY on the Old and
New Teslauients. Imijeriul 8vo. 6 vols.
Plain Rlieei> 20 00
BIBT.R FiCHOLAR'S MA1\UAL. By B. K.
IVlroo, D.l). lOn^io &}
TIIK l'EOPLR'8 COMMEIVTARY ; Includ-
in«r Brinf N.>ce8 on the New Testament, with
Coi>iou8 References to Parallel and Illustra-
tive Scripture Passng-es, designed to assist
Bible Students and Common Readers to Un-
dei'stund the Meaning of the Inspired Word.
By llev. Amos Biuney and Daniel Steele, D.D.
Kevised, with Topical Index. 12mo 8 00
l'LARRE'8 COMMEIVTARY on the Old
and New Testaments. A new edition, with
tho Author's Final Corrections. Imperial
Svo. 6 vols. Sheep 24 30
i OIVCORDAIVCE of the Holy Scriptnres. By
Kev. Geor<^e Coles. 24mo 1 50
I^OVEL'S BIBLE DICTIOIVAKY. For
Suiiduy-seiiools and Families. With Maps
and EnfJTi'a.ving-s 1 00
HAIVn.BODK OF BIBLE GEOGRAPHY.
Plidn. Revised edition 3 00
D7.
... $1 00
ind
ols.
... 80 00
80
• • «
ud-
ith
;ra-
ast
In-
rd.
D.
• •
|)]d
h
lal
. 24 90
8 00
or
>8
1 50
. 1 00
. 9 00
H4NII-UOOKOFBIOLB MANNBRS AND
0U8T0MS. By J. M. Freeman. 12mo.... SM
LA.\I> OF PRDMISK. By John Kittu, D.D.
A Topo^rraphical Deserii»tion of the Principal
Places in Palestine and of ttie Country East
of the Jordan. Illustrated with Mai»s and
Kn^ravings. 12mo 1 Sft
KA8T'8 COMMENTARY on Matthow and
Mai-k. Volume I ft 00
i*4LE8TINl!:. The Geography and History of
the Holy Land, adapted to Bible-classea, Sun-
day-schools, and Private Use. By F. G. Hlh-
bard, D.D» Illustrated by twontv h<^uti/ul
Lithographic Maps 1 70
rElRCE'8 J\OTEsJ ON THE AV/VH. For
Sunday-schools, Bible-classes, and private
reading. 12mo 1 SO
STONES OP PALESTINE. A Lecture on
the Ruins of the Holy Land. By Eev. J.
Comper Gray, of England. This highly in-
teresting Lecture was delivered before the
Newark (N. .J.) Sunday -School Association,
and is now published for the first 10
STRONG'S COMPENDIUM OF THE GOS-
PELS. Every fact and doctrine of the Four
GospelR arranged in chronological order in
the words of the authorized version 40
STRONG'S HARMONY AND EXPOSI-
TION OF THE GOSPELS. 8vo 4 60
STRONGS MANUAL OF THE GOSPELS.
Muslin Vo
Halfcalf. 1 00
THE JEWS : Manniirs and Customs of 60
Kites AND WoBSHi]> 60
Laws anu Polity 60
I I
THKULO<;i(\\L COMPEl\I> IMPROVED.
Containing a System of Divinity. Bj Amos
Binnej- )6
THROUGH THE EYK TO THE HEART;
Or, Eye-Teaching in the Sunday-school. A
new book on Illustrative Teaching'. Sevised
Edition. By Rev. W. F. Crafts 1 00
Paper. 50
1 GPICS FOR TEACHER!^. Two volumes.
A new and valuable work for Ministers, Sun-
day-school Teachers, and others, on an en-
tirely new plan. By J. Com per Gray. Also
six Maps. 12mo 8 00
\VATSOI\'S BIBLICAL AND TIIEOLO«.
ICAL DICTIONARY. With five Maps.
8vo. Pp.1007. Sheep 4 50
VVATSOJV'S BXPOSino:^ of the Gospel of
Matthew. Halfroan 100
VVBSLEY'.S NOTES on the New Testament.
New Edition, with the Manuscript Correc-
tions of the A utbar. 8vo. Sheep 8 00
r2mo. Muslin 1 75
WHEBON'S COMMENTA* Y on Matthew
and Murk. 12mo 176
WHEBONH COxitMENTABY on Luke and
John. 12uio 1 7fi
V\iiEBOI\>» COMMi:iVrAR\ on Acts and
Romans, liimo 1 75
WUEOON'S CO.VlAf ENTARY on 1 Corinth-
ians to 2 Timothy. 12mo 1 75
WORD OF GOB OPENED. By B. K,
Peirco. ?>arge ICmo 126
Amos
M
RT;
)1. A
> vised
1 00
50
imea.
Sun-
1 en-
Also
8 00
Of;.
laps.
.... 4 30
3l of
• . . . 1 00
lent
Tec-
. . • • o 00
.... 1 T6
hew
.... 1 76
and
... 1 7fl
ana
... 1 75
... 1 76
K,
... 1 26
10
20
THE CHAUTAUQUA Till BOOR^
No. I. BIBLICAL EXPLORATION A Con-
densed Manual on How to Study the Bible. By
J. H. Vine^nt, D.D. Full and i-ich.. . . . , . . . . . . 10
No. 2. STUDIES OF THE STARS. A Pocket
Guide to the Science of AsU'onomy. ByU,.W.
No.'^'^'mBLE .„
P\.OPLE. Bv Uev. B. T. Vincent., ...... 10
No, 4 ENGLISri HISTORY. By J. H. Yin- ^^
cent, Jy.iy. , . . * • • w • * V* *i» ' \t!' '
No. 5. GREEK HISTOR /. By 3. H. Vin-
No.T greek' Literature: " ' By' a. d.
>''ail DD •
No. 7. MEMORIAL DAYS-Obautatt(]{pa Liter-
nry and Scientific Circle • • •irJJViC;,* '^%^
No. 8 WHAT NOTED MEN THINK OF
THE BIBLE. By L. T. Townsend. IXD... 10
No Q WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT..... 10
No! ?o. WH AT IS EDUCATION ? By Prof.
William F. Phelps, A.M. .........-.-•.. .•• 1"
No. II. SOCRATES. By Prof. William F.
Phelps, A .M • • •••"•• iZr\:,: ***'«'
No. 12. PESTALOZZL By Prof. William F.
Phelps, A .M ..... ... • . -• • - • • • , • • • • • •
No. 13. ANGLO-SAXON. By Pruf, Albert 8.
Cook, A.M ..... . • • • • • • • • • • • • \«/ii!" ■ "
No. 14. HORACE MANN. By Pi-of. William
F. Phelps, A.M ..*••*%;* W,' *r ' *
Aofis. FROEBEL. By Prof Willimu F. Phelps,
Nof'iL ROMAN" HISTORY. By J. H. Via-
No."^;^ ROGER ASCriAM-AN^^ ^^
S-^URM. Bv Prof. Wiilbm F. Phelps, A.M 10
No. i8 CHRISTIAN EVIDENCES. By J.
H ViTic*t't>t i) 1} ,.......-•-•
No.sg, THE BOOK OF BOOKS. By J. M.
No. ao. THE CHA-- bQUA HAND-
BOOK. Bvr! H Mt i^i>..... '•••'
J. AMij^RICAN ^- By 4. Lrv
10
10
20
10
10
10
10
10
m
10
mtm
10
▼
10
10
10
10
20
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
to
10
\i)