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■'*SONl»»*
C,c-^'
r)^
THE NUMERAL ADJECTIVE
IN THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE OF SOUTHERN OREGON.
BY ALBEItT H, OAT8CIIKT.
^'om the American Antiqdaman, Vol. n, No. III.
i> t ' In the large majority of Indian languages the numeral noun
raorphologically differs from the Indo-European and Semitic
numeral. We distinguish with precision between the cardinal
and the ordinal and adverbial numeral; the Indian, in many or
most instances, neglects this distinction, but in counting uses two
torms of the cardinal, a shorter and a longer one. A series of
distributive numerals is a rarity in the old world, but on the
I'acitic coast of America it is sometimes met with. Classifying
adjectives, participles, or particles, are not uncommon in America
as additions to the numerals, determining the shape of the objects
counted or spoken of. In Indo-European languages the numerals
are so much ground down in their forms on account of their high
antiquity, that only lengthy and most erudite comparisons can
teach us the fact, that the numeration system is the quinary
one; but m most Indian tongues the numeral *orms are so trans-
parent and perspicuous, that we can determine without trouble
whether the counting system is the binary, ternary, quaternary,
quinary, decimal or duodecimal.
Of the language spoken by the Klamath or Maklaks Indians of
W)uth western Oregon, I have given short descriptive articles in
V ol. 1, x\os 2 and 3, of this quarterly, and from these it will be
remembered that both dialects, the Modoc, or southern, and the
illamath Lake, or northern one, show some slight lexical differ-
ences.
In this upland language there are two modes of countin<^ In
the l^iger the numerals are formed by the formative suffi.K -/w,
a suffix usually appended to adjectives designating abstract
qualities; the numerals in -ni are cardinals and adverbial
numerals simultaneously, and if anything like ordinal numerals
could enter into the mind of the Maklaks Indians, they would
answer for tins series also.* The shorter form represents the
nude stem of the numeral without the -ni, and stands for our
cardinal only; it mostly serves for counting, rapid figuring, and
tor torming compound numerals above ten.
The numeral undergoes the same inflectional changes as the
adjective. It is declined almost like the. adjective; that is it
torms a series of cases by means of case-suffixes, or a kind of
postpositions which are not quite so numerous and multiform
afi_injthedecle^isJon^ tji^s ubstantive n oun, ^also possesses
thnl ««veT»th. '"'"""• ^n** 8"nlx can also be dropped, and then we have mawinisua-
/ t-
L
^v\
N^
O
.^
a distributive form, which inflects for case exactly like the abso-
lute form and can in almost every respect be <!ompared to the
Latin form ftoni, fieptent, octont, &c.
Follow the nnmerals in -ni from one half to ten with their
distributive forms, the apocopated forms and the inflectional
paradigm :
EXPLICIT FOKMS OF THK NUMEKAL8 VI' TO TEN.
Absolute Forta.
One half na-igshtani, Modoc: na'gshtani
One, na'dsh, nfi'ah, na's; once, tina
Two, twice: Ifl'peni, la'p'ni, la'pi
Three, third, three times: ndfinni, ndani
Four, fourth, four times; wunepni, viinepni
Five, fifth, five times: tiinep:n
Six, sixth, six times: nadshkshaptdnkni
Seven, seventh, seven times : lapkshaptankni lalapkshaptankni
Eight, eighth, eight times : ndankshaptankni ndandankshaptankni
Nine, ninth, nine times: nadshsko'kni ) j i i -n ■
(Klamath Lake^ \ "a^^dshske km
Nine, ninth, nine times : shkekishkni (Modoc) Bjes^ekishni
Ten, tenth, ten times: tii-uiiepni,te-unepni tetunepni
ai'0(X)Pati:d fokms of tiik numerals ri> to ten.
Distributive Form.
uanigshtani
nan ash
la'lap'ni, la lapi
nddndani
vii-unepni
tiitenepni
nanashkshaptdnkni
One half: na-igshta, Modoc: na'gshta
Eight
Nine:
Nine:
Ten:
iian'gshta
ndnasli
Idlap
nddndan
vu-unep, li-unip
tiitenep
niinashksapt
Idlapkshapt
ndandanksapt
One: na'sh. nas
Two: la'p
Three: ndAn
Four: vunep, n'iiij>
Five: tiinep, tunip
Six: nashkshdpta, na'sksapt
Seven: lapksha2)ta, la'pksapt
ndanksapta, ndanksapt
na'shskoksh, na's^eks (Klamath Lake) ndnadsjeksh
shkekish, skoks (Modoc) sjes^ekish
ta-uiiep, tc-unip tetiinep, tetiinip
The Klamath numeral j!>/Y't;<W<'.s' tiie noun which it qualifier.
It would be too lengthy and out of place to discuss here the
various phonetic modes of deriving the distributive from the
absolute form. The idea of severalty, or apportionment, is con-
nected with this form and it is evolved b}' what I call distribu-
tive reduplication of the first syllable.
If a compound number (viz. a numeral above ten) is spoken
of distributively, the first numeral of the compound and not the
second is reduplicated. Thus, when I say "Give me thirty eggs
every day," this will be rendered by ndandan'sh te-unip napal
nanuk waitash nish lui, and not by ndandan'sh tetiinip, nor by
ndan'sh tetiinip napal.
f
V:?
1^ like the abso-
mpared to the
ten with their
he inflectional
TEN.
'ihutive Form.
shtaui
b
'ni, la lapi
lani
epni
jpni
ikshaptAnkni
[shaptankni
ankshaptankni
shske'kni
skishni
ipni
•O TKN.
.n'gshta
.nash
lap
Idndan
;-nnep, li-unip
fcenep
nashksapt
apkshapt
landanksapt
inads^yeksh
Bs^'ekish
;unep, tetiinip
I it qualifies.
isciiss here the
iitive from the
jnment, is con-
[ call distribn-
ten) is spoken
id and not the
me thirty eggs
. te-unip napal
etiinip, nor by
^
When numerals are connected with "classifioi-R." it will suffice
to reduplicate the classifier distributivoly, though it would not
be incorrect to do the same also with the first'numeral of he
number expressed.
For case the Muklaks numeral is inflected like the substan-
nnl7r'T?^''i'"'^'i'^'^'' ^*"^ '''^'^'' "^^^•l attributively the
numeral will be inflected almost like the attributive adjective
or even with poorer and more truncated case-endincrg.
ATTRIBITIVK INFM.;C'T(()\AI. I-AKADIOM
ruJs':i"Sotr' '''" '"^""'^'^ "'""^^^ "' ''^ ^^^'^'"^^ ^-"
nd^nni tdtaksni—three children (subjective (-ase)
cas") ""* or ndannenash- tatakiash-three children (objective
ndanndnam tatakiara-belonging to, or of three children
nlnr^i ^,^t^^''.''";'tV ""' tatakiamat-about three children
ndannantka tatakiashtka-by means of three children
chiWreTare '"'^'' '"' ^' t^takiamksh^c'ni-where the three
ndfinna tatakiAmkshi—where the three children live
chfldren htr '''**^^~^'™'^' *^' P'^"" ^'^"''^ *^« ^^'^^
cJ^tmlT^'^'^ P'"*'"' *^' ^^"* *h^* ^*^ tJ^« "'""«ral only
occur h/M^^'/K.'T P°«*P«?'^i"»« a'-*^ appended; but both
occur m the substantive, even in combinations of three at a time.
COMPOUND NUMERALS.
Numerals composed of hundreds, decads (tens) and units are
mflected only m the units, the locative suffix -nta not be ng here
considered as a form of declension. This suffix (-tat, -^a -nta
cede^remT?h%T""'* ^^''^^''' "'""^^-^^^ ^"^'what pre^
^^tf if ri' . ^^f following units. Thus, seventeen, ta-unep-
down "^or' ''tr.lf^;"^" really^ means "upon the ten so'ven I l^y
exnrpUTh ^^ ten seven I add." This number can also be
expressed by saying: td-unepni pen Upkshapt pe-ula; "ten, again
addkiveW^'- r^" ' *^«, P^'-*'«^« P^"' P«" "alBO, again once' m^e,
additjvely corresponding here to our am?.
Where units are added to decads, the smaller number mav be
placed first, and then need not be accompanied by pen. Thus
?..l'jr ' '^'' '' ^•^'^'^" '^''' *^"^ "^«*-ds for^expressing
Sn ndl ni V'^'Pfi t«-"«epdnta nd^n pe-ula; vunepni td-unep
Kunep^-ir'''^ ^'" ""'P" *'-""^P P^-"^^' '^^'^ -"^P
aft«?th?^f ''•1^"^"'^'^**' ''^'^'^*^ ^^^^-/.al/- i8 usually placed
ntJtl f^^Jy;"^/^™; taMmepfinta Idp pc^-ula na'gsta tdla
no pewi: I paid twelve dollars and a half. s »
^
Numerals stiiiiding in the ingtrunicntal case, in-tka, and not
c',()nne(!tcd with another noun attributively, have an adverbial
meaning, in which the idea of instrumentality is still apparent;
lapantka hut shlin, he was shot twice, viz. "by two shots;"
hiik nish Idpukantka shlatdmpka, they drew their bows at me
both at the same time, viz. "they began to shoot at me with two
bows."
(classifying terms in constant (connection with numerals, or for
short "(classifiers of form," are observed in many foreign lan-
guage? and testify to the prevalent tendency of rude popula-
tions to speak \\ )th graphic and pictorial accuracy. Six suffixes
of this kind are affixed for the same purpose to Aztec !mmerals,
and about twenty to those of the Maya language of Yucatan;*
but the mode in which we see classifiers applied in the Klamath
language is probably unique.
In this language the (classifiers are not suffi.xed particles, but
verbs and their participles,des(!riptive of form, shape or exterior
of the articles mentioned or counted. They invariably stand
after the numeral and usually after the name of the article, the
shape of which is described; they are appended only to the
numerals above ten, not to decads or numbers which terminate
in a zero when expressed by figures. This fact fully explains
the nature and origin of these classifying terms: they are intend-
ed to classify only the unit or units after the decad and not the
decad itself. For the unit following immediately the decad in
counting, as 11, 21, Gl, 131 is in many instances (qualified by
other classiflei-s than the units between 2 and 9, as 22-29, 62-f)9,
etc., because the former can be applied to single objects only,
while the latter refer to a plurality of objects, Thus, when I say:
ta-unepdnta na'sh lutish likla, eleven herriea, this literally means
" upon the ten berries one I deposit (or you deposit) on the top ; "
in 16p'ni ta-unepdnta tiinep lutish pe-ula, twenty-five berries, I
intend to say " upon the twice ten berries five I put (or he, she
puts) on the top;" or "after twice ten berries five he lays down."
Likla and pe-ula refer both to round shaped articles only ; but
the ten or twenty berries counted previously are not referred to
by the classifier, only the units mentioned or counted. Before
the classifying verb some subject pronoun as nu, i, hut (/, you,
he or she) is elliptically omitted, but not before its participles
liklatko, p(^-ulatko.
The verbs used in classifying the counted objects differ among
themselves because they are descriptive of different exterior
forms, but all are identical in their signification, which is that of
depositing, laying down, placing on the top of. The simple
*BeBides numerals, other terms of the Maya language will also affix to themselves these
elassiflers. In Creek, claasiflers are added not to numerals, but to other words ; nlni wikin
othUitchatis, they reached a path "lying down."
ti-tka, and not
an adverbial
itill apparent;
' two shots;"
ir bows at nie
t nie with two
iinerals, or for
y foreign lan-
: rude popula-
. Six suffixes
!tec !iumeral8,
of Yucatan;*
I the Klamath
particles, but
ipe or exterior
'ariably stand
he article, the
d only to the
ich terminate
fully explains
ley are intend-
id and not the
r the decad in
5 qualified by
22-29, 62-fi9,
I objects only,
18, when I say :
iterally means
t) on the top;"
■five berries, I
DUt (or he, she
be lays down. "
cles only; but
lot referred to
tited. Before
, hut (/, you,
its participles
;s differ among
erent exterior
hich is that of
The simple
to themselves these
)r words ; nini wtkin
yerlml fc.nn. almulut.- or .listrihntivc.. in use.!, who,, the snonl-or
«listril,i.tiv,. ,..! ! 'ff "'i'<'r or obJi«iue cases, iibsoufc or
cm, It L f '"'''"'' ''■"""""• "l".rt'i„al „■ ,<lo of
by the original meaning .fthot n'-n.s ^ '"'"' "'^ "'^^""^^"'
Ji-xamples arc as follows-
MST OF NIMKUAI, (U^ASSri-'IKKS
anni'.*L;p?-;r; ,r''"r'«, T'-^'^r »' Klol,„lar,Sa"
of likla i. "to A„^t ' " ■ T'."'"'' """S». 'I'e meaning
, '•'■ "' to <Je])osit one rounded tliini.- " w„ « j •*. ■
wi^wami'aoSL rf"o* °^ "■""■'""'• "■"^'' »'°™». I'™".
r
32-3!), 142-14i>, iiiirl iiuMitionitifjf or (•(uniting iiianiniatc objectfl
of a tall, loTig, or cloiifjatcd sliaju', as chibH, Hticks, U)g8, trees,
poles, boardn, feiute rails, rirlos or pistols, Ixxits, etc. The verb
properly means: "to lay down, or deposit many tall or long
inanimate objer^ts."
N('kla or nikla, part, 'u'klatko, with their distril)Utive f(jrmB,
are appended to numerals (jontaining units from one to nine
after the decad, alid introduciing ol)jects of a thin, tiny or smooth
and level surface or texture, as sheets of cloth, or paper, ker-
chiefs, mats and other tissues, excluding blankets or arti-
cles of dress enveloping the whole body. The verb shukla, of
same signification, which we would expect to introduce the Jlrst
unit after the de(!ad, is not in use for this purpose.
Shl()kla, part. shl(''klatko, with their distributive forms, are
found appended to numerals made uj) of units from one to nine
after each decad, and referring to blankets, bedcloth, skins, and
other large articles of (dothing which serve to enwrap the whole
body,
Ydla, ydlha, yela, part, ydlatko, yelatko are placed .ifter im-
merals composed of units from one to nine after a decrad, and are
descriptive of long-shaped, tall inanimate objects, and therefore
analogous to ikla in their .ise.
The following series of numerals is accompanied by different
classifiei's for each decad, thus giving successively the whole series
of classifying terms now in use. After the foregoing explaua-
tions readers will have no difficulty in understanding its purport:
NITMEKAT, SKRIKS FROM ELEVEN irPWAKD.
11 ta-unepdnta nfidsh likla, distr, liUkla
12 ta-unepdnta Is'i'p p<5-ula, distr. pepnla (and so up to:)
19 ta-unei:)dnta nddfi^cks pe-ula
20 IdpCni td-unep, distr. Idlap td-unep
21 Idp'ni ta-unepdnta nddsh liklatko, distr. lildklatko
22 Idp'ni ta-unepdnta la'p pe-ulatko, distr. pepiilatko
(and so further up to:)
29 Idp'ni ta-unepdnta nddsjeks pij-ulatko
30 nddni td-unep, disf.r, nddndan td-unep
31 nddni ta-unepdiita ndsh kshikla, dis'x. kshikshdkla
32 nddni ta-unepdnta Idp ikla, distr. i-akla
40 vunepni td-unep, distr. vu-unepni td-unep
41 vundpni ta-unepdnta ndsh kshiklatko, distr. ksiksdklatko
42 vunt^pni ta-unepdnta Idp iklatko, distr. i-dklatko
50 tunepni td-unep, distr. tiitenepni td-unep
51 tiinepni ta-unepanta nddsh ndkla, distr. nendkla
53 tiinepni ta-unepdnta nddn nikla
60 nadshkshaptankni ta-unep, distr. nanadshksaptankni t4-
unep
iiato objectfl
I, logs, treee,
:. The verb
tall or long
)Utive forms,
one to nine
iiy or smooth
' paper, ker-
jtfl or arti-
) shukla, of
luce the Jirst
e forms, are
1 one to nine
h, skins, and
ip the whole
ied .ifter nu-
*cad, and are
lad therefore
by different
3 whole series
ing explaua-
; its purport:
1 up to:)
clatko
piilatko
shdkla
ksiks^lklatko
atko
ikla
saptankni ti-
61
ii<''k]atk<», di^tr.
70
71
^ 80
!)0
!>4
10(»
101
400
JOOO
nadslikshaptankiii ta-unopiinta iiadHh
nenakliitko
lapkshaptilukni ta-un..p. distr. Iula|.kshaptankni fa-unep
lapkshaptankn. ta-unei)anta ijasli shh^klu, distr. Hhleslt-
lakla
ndunksapti'mknl ta-u.iep. distr. iidu.idaidvsuptankni ta-
iinep '
Mdanksaptankni ta-unepa.ita lap shlt'khitko. dintr. shlehh-
laklatko
na(lHhsk(V!jrtni ta-unep, distr. i.aiiadsp-. 1,^,,! ta-iinei)
nadsIur.kHiii ta-unop«nta vunip yala, ..,• valatko, i-alatko
ta-Miiepm ta-imop; hundred, tiiui hiiiidivd
ta-iiiiepni ta-unep nash ksliikia
vunepni ta-unepni ti'i-uncj)
ta-un(5pni ta-uui'i.ni ta-uiicp; tina toiisaii
It is evident, that with such le.igthv nunienils the noble
science of matheniatics could not nud.e unu-h hea.lwav an 2
eh forT Tl'^'r ";'^^ii•^^-'I:'<^ -- if ti.e nc^si^^:";'^
renders the terms used for arithn. 'tic fractious uuu.anatreable
and the same may be said of the operations where a IvXi
numerals are re.juired. In earlier times no short tern existed
for hundred and thousand. Fractious and un.ltiplica e nu er
alB are formed by adding corresponding participles as '•"" m
B^^parated, folded," to the simple numerals. ' ^'
OKIOm 01' TUK NLMKUAt.S.
Without e.xpatiating further on the various usos of the Kla-
math numerals [ proceed to the consideration of their linffuis fc
ongm, wh.ch for the three first is involved in mvstery T mt
he numerals of this idion. have the ,uinary co,?nt^n^ ' sy Jtim
for the.r basis „ apparent from the repetitii.n of the three fi,"t
numera s m the teru.s for .;.,•, ,evn> and ruj/.f. The two fiS
numerals are etymological I v related to the correspon.li u'\h^!
found m he dialects of the Sahaptin linguistic familMXe/
Perce lakima, Klikitat, Vumatilla, etc.,) and in that of thl-
Wayiletpu (Cayuse and Molale), both belJuging to tie (" lum-
bm River basm. The problem of the possible. 7.1timate affi iy
notte'oS':;:''''''^'"^^''' i"'^^ ^"""-'^' --'^ other, 3
n!-r ,'*•"" '"■'■''•"^^ ''* our comparative ignorance of
hese id.oms; but its solution would uudoubtediv tl.row oine
ight upon the origin of these numerals. Vunep Ind . eZe
compounds of the word nep, /uc.d, and the prefixes u-aJt
Z?fin -^i' }".<l><^a ing the termination of the countinf. on
four fingers. Xshapta is abbreviated from kshapata, "to bend
backwards, to lean, recline upon;" the luunerals Composed whh
j-^
'T " * "
Sk
b
H
HI
thifi vorb indiuHfu thu b(!iidin^ over of the. dif^itn naiiiud, aa lap-
kshapta, aemn, for laj) mi kKhajmta "two I have bunt l)a(;kward8,"
or Himplv lap kHhapiita, "two are reclining, leaiiiiijj; (upon the
pahii) ot the other hand." XadKh-Hji'kiHh, "one Uift over" Ih
in Modof abbreviated iiitoHkekinh, "what Ih left,;" the waine terra
alw) ineaiiH "what wan Ic^ft bchiinl, iidieritaiice. " Ta-iniep, Am,
the original form of which wecinrt to \ni t(''-nnep, is a repetition
of t<inep,,/i''<V', with a diflerent prefix indicatiiijjf plurality.
If the origin of tlu'He nuniorals i> tlnin correctly traced, their
originatoi*« must have (Counted only the four long tingern without
the thuird), wmXJiiw wuh counted while Maying "hand off." The
four or "hand up, haiul high" intiniatcH that the hand was held
uj) high after counting its four digits, and some term e.\i)resriing
this gesture was in the case of airw wid)stituted by "one loft over;"
skekirth, whi(Oi means "one oidy is left until all are counted."
Tribes living in tropical and hot climates mostly possess the
vigesimal system of numeration, which is rather unfrecpient
among the Indians of the Tnited States. Tlu^ cause of this is that
the former go* with their feet luiked and therefore use also their
toes for counting, while the latter are i)revented by their nrocca-
Bins from doing so. Ivltunatli numerals show no affinity with
the mimes given to the digits, and heiua^ it is impossible to say
whether they began counting with the index, or what seemb
more probable, with the snuillest finger.
The comparative study of the numerals of different nations
and races is most instructive for disclosing certain abstract ideas
circulating among their originators, and therefore it can teach ue
something about the psyc^hology and the reasoning fatiulties of
the prehistoric, nations preceding our epoch by hundreds of cen-
turies. No wonder that s(»me of the most gifted linguists like
Fr. Pott. VV. von Ilundioldt, and Aug. Schleicher have indulged
in their study; they had perceived that a patient and circum-
spective analysis of these icmnants of the highest anticjiuty
would acquaint us not only vi\\\\ factH, as do the grave-mounds,
stone-chisels, and flint arrow-head^, but also with ideait, and that
on account of the continuous order in which they follow each
other, they are ;n some regards preferable to disconnected
radices, stems and derivates for revealing the most anticpic modes
of mental operations.
'Compare Win. M. Onbb, on tho Indian Tribes and LanguagoB of Oogta Blca, Am.
PhlloB. Soo'y, 1875, p. 530.
illiud, HB iHp-
batikwiirdu,"
1^ (upon the
li(ft ovor" iii
lie Hiiiiu! term
ru-uiK'i), /<7/,,
* a repeti' ion
imlity-
triieed, their
iiifern without
doff." The
fitid wuH held
Ml expreHriiiig
lie loft over;"
re eounted."
pos.'ieHH the
• init're(pient
of thirt is that
use also their
their ntoeca-
affiuity with
osBible to Bay
!• what Heenib
ireiif nations
iihstract ideas
call teach us
; faeiiltiert of
dredrt of een-
liiifjjnirtts like
lave indulged
and circ.nm-
eHt antiquity
rave-niounds,
leas, and that
follow each
diseonneeted
.ntique modes
t OosU Bloa, Am.
■^s-r
I