IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.8 *£ IIIIM M 1.8 U ill 1.6 P> :\ \ % v gK|« NORTH AMERICA. No. 2 (1873). PAPEES RELATIXG TO THK PEOCEEDIJ^GS OP THE TlUBUiUL OF ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. *i PAET IT. CONTAINING THE AWARD OE TEE TRIBUNAL. AND THE REASONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKBURN FOR DISSENTING FROM THE AWARD. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majestv 1873. 'glit.s .,f a neutral State and its s^lhu>o^ ■ ' I;Iock-ado and contraband of war " ''^"'' '' ''""' - Ships of war and coals IWo commerce of the neutral '" ■" "■■ ••' ••• ... I'l-actice in former waiN T>mv,.I, ,= ,' United States ... ' '" "' '•■"""•"'^"•"l o'' war by the Government of the ^le .;f. hips of war by ,u.ui;a] subject^ Question a£ to prohibition of sale of .uticlr.^ ..T u ,'" Question as to ship.s of .ar se , f , '"'^ "' "'^^ - When armament id cij ^ .^^r;''^': T'' ''■°"' "^"'-' ^^^^ ••• Duty of neutral Government ""' ''"'" Bj^ish ami American Foreign Enlistment Acts' ■■ - - - Klght cimferred on a belii.'erenf l,v .1 Co,„t,ucU„„ „f , bo 1!,,,,, „,„,„ ,.„'"""'")' Due diligence Principle of due diligemv aimliP,! tn'r ^.|;t^|«Posal of GovernmeJ' '^^ ^"'vernments. Heads of diligence. Law. Mean^ Munic^ilTr^nlreirSSn''''"''''''"'''"^ '!! Compaiison uith American Acts British Act of 1,S70 Complaints ol'iinfrieiHlliiie-' d ^"'"^-1 -i-i.'M f ,nM.^y n!;;;,;!"' "' * ''"'^ ^•"^^"' --i'^ '^y the umted states ;;; ■ C""'l'l'>i'Us of unfriendly conduct " Acknowledgment of belli^Ticnc y of the rn,.f. T \ Whether premature ^ ^^"^ •»"*"'« Confederates ... Course pursued l,y foreign IWers Sr:^:;;r::;:::-;;"-..-i*:...,«, : : , Observance of, at Na,s.3au Alleged partiality , IS to coaling ,,f ve.saels in lin'fi.h <• 1 ■•" , SuiTlies of a,.„. ob,aincd in Great i^d '■'''^'' ^°^-»' P^^- - - [145] B 2 Page 1 7 7 8 10 10 11 13 14 15 19 . 21 ■ . 25 . 26 . 27 27 27 29 30 31 31 34 36 38 39 42 ■ 43 44 53 78 71 73 73 77 81 83 94 94 97 97 m ' ii .\ I m\ i , \l 'k ♦ 11 I,' IV • TABLE OF CONTENTS. SLips obtained in Great IJrituin by the Cunfeiluriitu.s Ste])3 taken by the 15iitisli tlovernmunt to prevent ... ... ... ProceedinRs of other Governnieuts Complaints of blociiude-ninninj,' from liritisli ports Complaints of .sympathy with the Cunfedurato cause in Jiritish Colonies A]iplieatiou of prinei]ik'.s hud down above to the eases of jiarticuhu' ves.sel.-i ... The F/i»'i(la~ The Florida at J-iverpoul at Na.s.sau t,hiesti(in a.s to the elfeet of the Klurida ;,'oin,i,' into and reniainiuL; at .Mdiiile ... upplv of coal t'lorid.i again at Nassau ,, at liarbadoes „ at liernuida ... ... ... ... .,/ at lirest ... at ^Martinique „ again at ]$ernmda ... al llahia ... Tli< A/ii!ii'.in" — The Alabama al Liverpool ... „ after leaving Liverpool ... „ arming olf Terceira ,, at Martinique at Jamaica ... „ at the Cape ... „ in the Eastern Seas at Cherbourg ... Tl(c TiisraliiiMii Tfie (r'coryin ... 77ic S/nniiii'liiiili The Shenandoah at Melbourne Tlw Sin,tln\ Xnnhvilli-, ChickaiiMUija, Tttllnhatma'. and Ilctrihutiod — The Sumter at Trinidad at Gibraltar „ at Liverpool The Nashville at Bermuda ... ,, at Southamption „ again at Bermuda Tlie Chicknmauga The Tallahassee ... The Ketribiitiou ... L'uiiclimon — Cases in which Great Britain has been held responsible ... As to the award of a sum in gross Examination of the claims of the United States Conclusion iritish I'age '.J'.i lOfl 1(111 111 114 IKi 131 14(i 148 149 151 15:i lo3 1.1,". 15G loS) IGl 101 102 1G.5 109 171 172 172 174 170 11 10 191 102 104 100 mo 100 2(11 211.". 211 2.3'.i 241 244 24.". 247 248 2f)2 258 iiitii 11 I'li'itisli Decision aiHl Award uuulo by the Tribunal of Arbitialion con- sl.ti.lcMl by virtue of tbe Jst Arliclo of tbe Treaty concluded at Waslnnnton tbe 8tli of May, 1871, between li.r Mnjestv tbe Queen of tbe United Kinod„n, of Great Britain and Ireland and tbe United States of America. F -f HER Britaiuik- Majosty and tlic ITnif.xl s!f.,(,>. <■ a • -, . rolor all tl.odai.ns ''^-i n£ v nou , ns^ h u ^'^''"f 'l'" » ^^ «"' "^ ^av; 1871, to One l)jr llcr Jkitannie Majesty, One l)y the I'lvsident of the LTiiitod States One hy His Majesty tlie Kinir ol' Italy ' One ),y the ]'resid(>nt of the Swiss Conf.."it"niiie Majesty, Charles Stuart iUibrey, Lord Tcnterdcn a PeornC n.n Urn ed ivu,,^dom. Companion of the Most llouourable Ordei of the Bith VsSl ? Lnder-Sccretary of State for Eoreign Affairs; ' ^^^^'^^'^"t And for the United States of America, John C. Bancroft Davis, Esquire; ■ Whose powers mxtc fouud likewise duly autheuticated, then delivered to each of V i W\ < i I the AvI.idTitors t k> printed Case propanvl l)y oadi of tlio two PaHirs, a.ronnmi.icd l,v tlu> (liKMiiiKMUs, (he ollic-iiil com'spoiuliMUT, a.ul other ovidciu-« on which t-aeh relied in conlornuty with tiio t.-rnis of the- Ilird Article of th»; said Treaty. In virtiio of (lie d.-cision made l)y the Trihiinal at its first session, tlie C'oimler- Lase and addidona, doenments, .•()iTesp„n(h""ted Argument referred to in Article IV ol the said treat v. tioii th The Trihnnal havinj^ since fully taken into their considerati the Cases, Counter-Cases, documents, evid(Mice, and Ai-uments, aiui'iikV'w'ise all" l.tlicr communications made to tliem hy the two Parties durin- the progress of their sittimr. amlhavin-imparlially and carefully examined the same, ^"' lias arrived at the decision embodied in the present Award : /^Miereas having regard to the Vlth and Vllth Articles of the said Treaty tlu- Ariutrators are hmind under tlie terms of the said Vltli Article, "in d.ridin- tl„. ma tcrs sul)mitl..d \n ihem. to he -ovenied by the three Rules th.Mvin specilled and hv such principles ot International Law, not inconsist.mt therewith, as the Arbitrators shall determine to have been applicable to the case ; " And whereas the "due diligence" referred to in the tirst and third of the said IJnles ought to he exercised by juMitral (fovernments in exact proportion to the risks |„ ujiich eitiier of the bcllig.-rents may b.> exposed, fi-om a failure to fullll the obligations of neutrality on tiieir part; And whereas the- circumstances out of which the facts constituting the subject- matter ol the present controversy arose, were of a nature to call for the exercise on the part of i[er iJr.lann.e Alaj.-sty's Government of all possible solicitude; for the observatice (.f the ri-hts and duties involved in the Proclamation of NeutraUty issued by Her Majesty on the llitli day of May, 13(il ; ^ And wlureas the clfccls of a violation of neutrality committed by means of the construction, equipment, an.l armament of a vessel are not dom> away with by aiiv commission which the Government of the belligerent Power, ben.-lited by the vio'lati.m of neutrality, may atterwards have granted to that vessel: and tlie ultimrde Ftej) hv which the ollenee is complet.nl, cannot be admissible as a gnmnd for the absolution of die olleiuler, nor can the consummation of his fraud become the means of establishin-- his innocence; = And whereas the iirivilege of exterritoriality accorded to vessels of war has been admi ted into the hnv of nations, not as atv absolute right, but solely as a T)rocee(lin" founded on tlie principle of courtesy and mutual deference between diiferent nations' and therclon; can never be appealed to for the protection of acts done in violation of neutrality ; And whereas the absence of a previous notice cannot be regarded as a failure in any consideration re(iuired by the lawof nations, in those cases invvhicha vessel carries with it its own condemnation ; _ And whereas, in order to impart to any supplies of coal a character inconsistent with the se<'on(l l{ul(>, prohibiting the use oi neutral ports or waters, as a base of navul operations lor a belligerent, it is necessary that the said supplies should be connected with special circumstances of time, of persons, or of place, which may combine to rive tbem such character ; ' '^ in tlu- ,.urf of Mv..r|,oo|, a.xl it 'n ,nou o ' ^^ ^ Ly ti.o Number 290 '■""I <'••'•••" '5''i: 'f ''"'" 'T ■ "V'^''^"™''' '''■«Patched witl;sla.uli„^tluMvarni„^;,':;LS^;: ;:":,;, -l"'f ^X that it cn.i.to.i; nrT t.mo any om-otivo .Moasuros „f im' 'o, ti 1 , 1 t, '1 ff"^ ^T''""" -""' *" t''''^'' i>"flu« lasn tW the doto,... of tho v^'^ i/^r.^i^Thr;.^^^^^ ^^'^:^Tt:iX!^V;-^^^^^ -sur. ta.on .. its pursuit and .unu..o„t to rcloaso (in.t Eritaiu iro.n Z. ^^nSll^:^ ST^d^^ ^""^'^^^'^ n>i.t.:^t t™;,;'' Slno^^^^rS^u "' ''^ T'"!!-^''*^- ''^ ^-^^ ^^"-^ -m. was on .ovc-na .K-oasions fv^^a^l^^}^^:' "" '"^ V'^^'V'"^"*'" crui.er Alabama, insoador b..ini, proco^iod n^h s " ( .1 .^''f ' " ^"'"."^^''^ "l" ^roat Britain "•'"'"^ "^■itisl.jurisdio.iou in whid, ii mllhSeteu fo.^l? " " ■' "^' '''"'^ ^''' And ulicreas Hie Governmonf nf TT,.« n •* • ,, . laihu-o in an. dili,once o"tr plefof^L i^ SnJfof^il^'^r'^J"^ ^^-^''^^ *-• ^ which it possessed: ' msuU.ciencj of tho lo_-al means of action sepa,Sd;:!;s!i;;.::lbySmr '''■''" """" ^^^^•^ assigned, and tho lUth for reasons Are ot opinion — That CJreat Hritaiii lias in this oosof.iJlr.,! i • ■ , in the lu'st and tlie third of he f , S. , i ' '-^ "^'^^'«n. ^n f.ilf.l tho duties proserihod Washington. ' "' '^"''* ^^ establisiiod l)y the Vlth Article of ilu ' Treat v'^ regarded as a failure in 1 which a vessel carries fhctsX];^T;^;;;!;::;sEn o'uj'ss^f ^t ''- ^^t;^- ^^ -"'^« ^-^ ^'^ the therefrom, which laets failed ?oinde ^le V 1, t-.P^^^'^-^^f'^'T"'' ='"'^ ^o its issue measures adequate to prevent tl v nl..f ' -71."^"-'^ ^^ ^^'^^at BriUiin to resort to standing tlio Avamings ind r(^nea ed r eto f" • ^^'^ iH^utrality of that nation, notwith^ that Her Majesty's iioZ^^^J'S^^Z' ^^ "^r'^^'™^^ °^^'"^ ^^'^'ted States, neutrality ; ^^^ "^'' bailed to use duo diligence to fulfil the duties of at w!Jtir ill:l'Ts^5t« rwi. *,° r- r'?"-- •» ""= *'■>■ »'■ «» «-'» Colonics ; ""' '"•<:'»"»ns Im-ly admilk.,! Into the ports of ISritisli law; nor can the fact «f the St ^ • he L 1 '^^n*^ r "^" "^^ernational and of its stav there durinr. f ,.,:„? "^," ^l"- Cnh-derate port of .Mobile that time incurred by uS^^^^^ ^he responsibility previously to I'or these reasons, Ti^at'^tjtiiXn ;:^""^ '' ^"^ ^'r' *« «^«' ^^ of opinion- in the arst ii th^^ '^ "i •*'"'. '■'"''^ ^^"^''^'' ^y "mission, to fulfil thedutieg ^reserilv^ 'i^eaty ofWasWngtpr ' '^' ^'^ '''^ ^"^^'^ "^^ '^"^ ''^'^^ -tablished by StSS/vfo? J^? ^ ,i And whorons, with irspoct to tlic vossol calliil the Shonnndoixh, it results from all UiP lacts relative to tlie departure tVoui London of the mereliant-vessel the Sea Kiiiy, and to the traiisl'nrniatioii of tiiat ship into a Confederate cruizer un(h'r the name of the Shenandoah, near the Ishuul of Aladeira, that tiie Government of iler IJritannie Majesty is not <-liari,'eahU^ witli any failure, down to that date, in the use of due dilij,'eneo to fullil the duties of neutrality ; J?iit wliereas it results from all thefaets eonnectedwith thestay of the Shenandoah at Melhonnu", and especially with the aULcmentatioii which the Hritish (Jovenunent itself admits to liave heen clandestinely ellfcted of licr force, liy the enlistment of men within that port, that there was ncyliyence on the part of the authorities at that place : For these reasons, 'I'lie 'Irihurnl is unanimously of opinion — That (i're:,l ih'Ilaiu lias not failed, hy any act or omission, to fulfil any of the dulic; prcscrihcd hy t!ie three llules of Article V 1 in the Treaty of AVasliiiif;ton, or hy the principles of inl:'nia1ional law not inconsistent therewith, in respect to the vessel callc! the Slienandoaii, durinij the period of time anterior to her entry into the port of Melbourne ; Ami, hy a majority of tlnve to two voices, the Tribunal decide:; that Great Biitaii; has liiilrii, hy (iiiissidii, to i'ullil the duiies prescribed by the second and third (if IIk^ Hides aforesaid, in the case of this same vessel, from and after her entry into llobson's Jiay, and is tlierel'orc responsible for all acts cimmiittcd hy that vessel after her tlepaitiirc iVoiii ^lelbourne, on the 18th day of February, 18G5. And so far ns relates to the essels called — Tlie Tuscaloosa (Tender to the Alabama), Th(> Clarence, 'i'he Tacony, and The Ai'cher ('feiidci-N to the Florida), The Tribunal is unanimously of opinion — That such tenders or auxiliary vessels being pr"pcrly regarded as accessories nuisl necessarily follow the lot of their principals, and be submitted to the same decision whieli applies to them respectively. ♦ And so far as relates to the vessel called Retribution, The Tribunal, by a majority of three to two voices, is of opinion — Tluit (lieat Jk.tain has not failed liy any act or omission to iultil any of the duties presciil.ed by tiie tiu'ce lUiles of Article VI in the Treaty of Washington, or by the principle s (;f international law not inconsistent therewith. AjuI so far as relates to the vessels called — The Georgia, The Sumter, The Nashville, The Tallahassee, and The Cliickamauga, respectively, Tlic Iribunal is unanimously of opinion — That (ireat i^ritnin has not failed, by any act nr nmissinn,to fulfil nny of the duties pres(!ril)ed by the three llules of Article VI in the Treaty of Washington, or by the principles of international law not inconsistent therewith. -Ai And so tax as. relates to the vessels called- The Sallie, The ./.•llbrsou Davis, Th.^ Mu.ic, The Ijd.ston, and 'i'l'<> V. 11. Joy, respectively, The Tril.unnl is unanimously of ..pinion- That they ou,ht to he e.eluded irL .nsidcration I'or .ant of evidenee. . ^ St^S^^^E:i^ii'£-j';7-u-^ indemnity under this head. ^*^'^'^"o' to ^^^ Lulled States any sum by wr ■ay of pens^:!=urrt^ ZJSr Srr ^T^^^ ^- -do t,. sm^oet of eom. contmgeneies: ^ ^'1^'''^'^ "^ their nature upon future ami uneertaTn The IVibunal is unanimously of opinion- inde^S;^ir.Sr^' ''' ^^^^^"^ - ^'^ U^ted States any sum by way of 4 I ! whie^lJ^v^'SiSed^fistl^st? T^^^t T^^"-^- ^- ^'- 'lama.es lo.es, and all elaims t.r <. ;,ro;: S^^l^^ ^i; ^ .^IS! n:?^,,;;;^ the s.£ And whereas it is Just and reasonable to alio, interest at a reasonabll rati ■ refer the subjeet of eonipensatiou foi fu i f- I '' Tl /■'/ -'"''' ''''^'' ^''^''^ ^o Assessors, us provided by Ax-licle X ^f the l^aij Sj";' "^^^ clchberalion to a JJuard of said S:;^^vT^,^;!5^!\r^^^:;;-^ -mer^d upon it by Artiele Yllof the 15,500 000 dollars iu\.,ia a h in i^i ^ tTl;?"i'r 'V'' ^'"''^''^ ^''^^^ ^ -'"^ "f States lor the satisi^etion of all tirSl^^^^^^^^^ Britain to the United conibrmably to the provisions contaimld'lL^Ude VH^r SS^ ^^i^JSi^^^^^"^' ^^^^ t itf^^^^f the .id Treaty, the Tribunal are hereby fuUy. perfectly, and linally settlod." '^^ as submitted to the Tribmial ^e^l'o™ 'i^:i:^:::^^^^y r l.^^^ -^ ^l-s, whether the before the Tribunal, shaU bcncJtoh be ^nl • ."""^f ' '^? "' "^''*^'^' P^'f'-'i-^'^l. or laid barred, and inadmissible." '"''''^'toith be considered and treated as tinaUy settled, ri4.5j t : ■ I iliiW' li 6 In testimony whereof this present Decision and Award has heen made in duph'cate, and siiined hy the Arhitrators who have given their assent thereto, the whole hem'j; in exaet (■ouibrniity with the provisions of Article VII of the said Treaty of AVashiiii'tou. ]\rade and roneliidod at Ihe ITotel de Ville of Geneva, in Switzerland, the 14th day of the mouth of September, in the year of our Lord 1872. (SigTied) C. F. ADi\MS. FREDERIC SCLOPIS. STAEMPFLI. VICOMTE D'lTAJUBA. u :^iU|; :H i-t* mMSt scrland, the 14th Reason, of Sir Aloxandcr Cocklnun ihr dissenting ft-om the Award of the Tribunal of Arbitration. boin J^. -''s^;i::!t;sHo^;t.tst ^;;;. ^'"t--^ ^\ ti. rnito. states out of tlH- acts " ol- certain specific isseK-'s l i '1^1^','^' i^nma^^c^,, " o,.owini. some default on the part o^ u GoJe^ro 1 ^V these vessels Avere enabled to tala> a,u Sv iil ' "'' "" ' ^"''^'' "^ Enijlaud, of th.> United States. '''''^'"' '^"P*' ''1"^ ^">''S'oes Ijelonging to citizens The causes ol classed under th 1. That by re vessels Avere a'llo\ in order to their bein ol' complaint i)ut forward hv the Fnito,! 'i lo remain iu such •1. That vessels of the (^^nfe I, t t 7 "'' J'r'''"^?"! »" ''^^ s^PpHod. '- of nava, operations ^.^^^1^:'^^,!!:::^.^^ Po^ts the were^mlb&djf !;*;;iS,rd; dilnV" to'^i^"^^^' ^"'^^^'^ VV^^° ^^^^^^^^ States con,pensation is clain.ed i^ respl^cJ S' tl;! cbm!';;; :> Z™' "' ^'" ^"^^"^ '^''^-' ^-^ ^d:s: ^in ^;£:; -'lir:;;;;! 'r i^l;r:r thi^i'^s^ ^^r^' ^^^^ ^«-. ^o. our «.. . .« iirbitnition are to be taken to haA( Not, indeed, that the Eriti; the la ' ■ 'Ue Iteen binding' on it i^H^riiS; yt,^^:rl;a;;:;nr'''^^ ^"-.r- -^<'^ i^- part of L-r Britannic Ma.j.,.stv lir.s,.onu,.and • He • i ^r '•'> '* '' "^P"'^'^'.^ '^^''''<^ that to deelat. that ui Majesty's Gol^ni^n «^ c^ZlliTtTtr 7^' I'lenipotentiaries « aten.ent of principhvs of iAternational la ■ S eh aC , ,' , '" l"':;^'"'"'^' ^'"'^'^ «« ^ clantis mentioned i,t Article I arose, but lat 1 er M- iestv' p' "' ^''' ^""^: " ''"^ "'« oyniee its desire of streno.th(>nin.^ the frL-n ilv re • in,i' '^ GoA-ernnient, in order to of making satislaetory p^nisio.ri t e ,. ' '^^T'" ^'-V^"" """'^"■'^■^' «"d l)otAveen tl>e tAVo countries arisino. out f th c' hi \ ^ ''^''-''iH'ii' tlx' .piestions 'at tier ^tajesty's Governnientluul n hit .n h J, '' '^!^'^'-'\'''. '^''"•'I'l assume 'ose Hules. And the Hii.h Contr c i, 1', ti /^ ''°1^ ^ ^tween themselAvs in tutm; an, b '^ h' ^. ^™' ^ oliserve these Kules as botAveen tlie tAVo th th between themselves in fittiue, and to brin-' tb..... f,> +1.,, i i 'V '"""" '""^'-'^ »« PoAvers, ami to invite them t<, acce.le to iieu, "* ^^" J^^^^-ledge of other niaritmic The Rules in qucstiou are as follows :— " A neutral Government is i)ound— ;;]>-^^J^«>o^^^m^.i. p,.ven. the U.ting „„, „„„;„,, „, ,^,^,^^.^ [I45J * Trenly of Wnshiiitfton, Artidu VJ. (; ill 'i\ i If ij ,\il ■Jij ' ' . I 'i ■ t ■ li i ■■w I .!'! ) l' 8 within its jurisdiction, of any vessel which it has reasonabU; ijroinid to believe is intended to cruize or to carry on war against a Power witli whieb it is at peace; and also to use like diliLTence to i)n'vent tb(> d('])arlun' iVoiii its jurisdiction of any vessel intended to cruize or carry on war as above, such vessel baviiiij,' been s])ecially adap ed, in whole or in part, witbin siieli jiirisdietiDii, to warHke use. "Secondly. >.'ot to permit or sutler eitlier l)ellii;vreiit to make use of its ports oi' waters as the base of naval operations acyainst the otlier, or for the ])nr|)osc of tlio renewal or au^-mentation of military suppli "s or arms, or tlie recruitment of men. '•Thirdly. To ext'rcisc due diiii^encc in its own ports and waters, and, as to all persons witbin its jurisdiction, to prevent any violation of the foregoing obligations and duties."* AVith these Rules l)eforc it, the Tribunal is directed to determine, as to each vcssol, "whether Great Britain has, by any act or omission, failed to fuliil any of the duties set forth in such Rules, or recognized by the principles of international' law not iucou- sistcut Avith such Rules." DifBciilty arising The eifcct of this part of the Treatv is to place tbis Tribunal in a position of some from the Treaty, difficulty. Every obligation, for tlie non-fullilment of wiiicli redress can be claii.ie'l, presupposes a ])rior existing hnv, by whieli a rii;bt has bec'u created on the one side and a corresponding obligation on the otber. Jhit Iiere we iiav(;ti)deal with oblii,';'tiiias assumed to have existed jirior to the Treaty, yet arising out of ii supposed law crcattnl for the first time by tlie Treaty. For, we hav(> tbe one ])arty denying tiie ])ri()r existence of the rules to which it now consents to sul)init as tbe measure of its ])ast oblii^ations, while the other virtually admits the same tlung, for it " agrees to observe tlie Rules as between itself and Great Jiritain in future, and to \mivj; them to tlie knowk'dge of otliir maritime Powers, and invite them to accede to them' — all of which would plainlv be snperliuons and vain if these Rules already formed part of the existing law recogiiizoJ as obtaining among nations. It is, I cannot but think, to be regretted that tii(^ whole subject-matter of this great contest, in respect of law as Avidl as of fact, was not left open to us, to l)o decided according to the true principles and rules of international law in force mid binding among nations, and tbe duties and obligations arising out of them, at the lime when these alleged causes of com])Iaint are said to have arisen. I'rom the history of the Treaty of AVasbiiii;ton, we know that it was propoied liv the British Connnissioners to submit the entire question, botii as to law and fact, to arbitration; but tbe Connnissioners of tbe United States refused to " coiisi'iit tn submit tlie question of the liability of Great Britain to arbitration unless the princiiilps which should govern the Arbitrator in tbe consideration of the facts could lie ihsi agreed upon." In vain the British Commissioners replied that they " should Ijc Avilling to consider what principles should be adopted for observance "in future, but that they were of opinion that the best mode of conducting an arbitration was to submit the facts to the Arbitrator, and leave him i'ree to decide u])'m tluMu after hearing such arguments as might be necessary. ' The American Commissioners iv|)lieil tlial they should be willing to consi(h>r what principles should lie laid down for observance in similar eases in future, but only with the understanding tiiat "am principles which should be agreed upon should be held to be ajiplicahle to the iiiuts in res|)ect to the Alabama claims." The British Conimissioiicrs and (iovcrnment save way, possibly without fully appreciating tbe extent to which the jn-iiiciples, of wliicli they were thus admitting the application, would be attempted to be carried in li.\iu<' them with liability. ' U()Av this ajiparcnt anomaly aro.se is jilain. llcr ]Majesty's GovernnnMit, aiiimntod by a high sense of justice and by an earnest desire of conciliation, were anxious to remove every ])Ossil)le cause of coniplainl or sense of wrong whicdi the Goveiiiiiicut and ])eople of tho. United States had, or bcdieved themselves to have, against Ureal Britain as to matters arising out of tlie civil war: they were willing that if, through any errors or shortcominns on tbe jiart of Hritis'i Authorities, injury bad been caused to Americiui subjects, full redress .should be atfordcd ; they wen' willing that the question should be determined by ."ui indeneiideiit and iniiiartial Trilmn.-il ; and tb'iM'rh they would iiatuially bav(> ])referred that the niattei-s in dispute between the two countries should be decided by what they believed to be tli(> rules of Interuatiuual 11 iblo cjronncl to believe is uliicli it is ;it jieaco ; and jiirisilictioii of any vessel 11^' Iji'cii sjieeially adap ed, ) nialce use of its ports oi- )!• for the purpose ol" tlio rcenuluieiit of men. md waters, and, as to all tlie foregoing- oljligatious ^terminc, as to each vessel, ;<) fulfil any of the duiie- ternatioual law not incou- mal in a position of anv.v 1 redress eau be claiiiicil, . created on tiu' one si,l.. iv(!t()deal with obligj'tiwu-, a .sup])ose(l law created I'oi' ying the ))rior existence ef •e of its past obliii;ati(iiis ■s to observe tiie ]{ules ;i> to the kiu)\vledge of other if which Avoidd plainly l)e lie existing law recognized DJe subject-matter of this )t left open to us, to Ije national law in force and C out of them, at tiu' time II. r that it was jiropobed hy iotii as to law and fact, ti) refused to " consent to it ion unless the prinei|ilrs f the tacts could be tir^ T'nited -tional law which the Arbitratol': to be "!;;,' r:V""T['';"f '"• '^'' ''''^'' "^ ^"ter. U> the case, but acc.n-ding to rul,.s to br- s tl . I i \i"' /' •''■^';''"'""' to be aj.plicable then 1 cannot but wish that the Va h ■ o t T " ' ''V;"/"'"""" ^''^^""'^^ theniselves, dinieult task, now left to us, ..1^1,,:; .•"''•• Y 'r"-""^''^ '" a<-c'"niplish the :'•■'' '""T''''''" <<••■''> '''iH.-c]iii:enc.v';^,^r,rr^^^^ '"f'7"'''"""^'l law, not inconsisten w t'^', '•"'''' ^''V, *">'f1'^''- " Pnu-iples of niad.> as i.ossibly affecting the liability of' Cire.^ B t ""'"' ^" '"'"'''' '"''''■"'^^^ '' not i'P%;l;.:'^S:;?;;!■;;-£^^^ this observation does iKH-e bee,rso dealt with when th,.; lo^uij^ V T V'^"'' ^^^ ''^'< ^l>"^iW r""tcct.'d by the connuissions thev had in .men ' '""''' Z "'"'^''^^ ^'"^^ ^^-"-c ';"vernment ; whether Confederate hip of w"'"'' '"'-"'7^ ^''•'"^ ^^"^ ConfWIerato the base of naval operations aga nst ,. yl, V. ''"'■"7*'','^ *" '''^^' ^''^^'^^ Vovt. afrord,.d to them in Jhitisl. poPt -onst iut.-d ; I . ''' ^;"''^"'"\^^'^ accommod/ition Britain can be held liable, .re anvSTM7<^[''7^''^'^y'^'''''^^'Gre^ 'l-i'l;;'lac...rdingtotherulesof?;:;e;:2. d v"Lf '" ^''"'"^^ ^"^^ "^"^^ ^' But when we hav(> to ih-al ivitl. tlu. i'.,,. • ' Groat Britain by nv.son of tC ^^^ ^^ ,^'^? Z^T!"'"' "^''^f'"' "' '^'' ^'^^^^l'^^ °f meat of vessels of war in h,>r ports a , In ? , i/i'^ r^'^T ^" >""<^^'*^"t ^^''^ ''m- Treaty to dirc-et us as to th,. mean ,,: « (T hJ^^ ' ^ "n '''' ''' ""'^ ""^^"■»^' '^' «»^ " ou-l.t n-.t to be hd t h m,-.. , ' V' '^'l"" *''^* ^'"-' ^^^andard of "due The n.unicipal law of ev.-ry elm . ^^ li 'h l^^;; r" "''"r'' i-lividual Arbitrato" m respect ,d' obligations arising out o co tn . " o ''"^T"'^ 7 ' "> law, whether every one is bound to eK(«rcise to ■> oi,! ■ 'i " "'^'""^ ^" ^^"-' ^'"^ *'avc which ot]u.rs,_„e alionnu la.hU^iZ'^^^J'T ''?] '" !'."^ I'"'«""« "^ property of diligence may be t.-sted. ^ '''"'^ '^""'^'^'"'^ V ''^'^^^^ tl^o necessaiV dcgi4 of Dealing here with a matter appertaining to law ,> ; • f. • • r , • must Io(dv for a solution of the difneultv \n?I • ' , J'"""^'™1 science that we of international law, although, it i e Jf an ^l '! • ' T Y'' ^' '^'""^ ^"^" ^ 'l"^«tion ^ will be higidy useful to .^deavour "'im r^S^Sll^";?''"' * "'"f ''^ '"'^ ^''^^ duties between bclligrrents and luuifrals • 1 i i • V ''^. ^''^ i'i^"proeal rights and tl..- diligence neces:;uy U.^l^"'i^'^^^^^;^f^}^-^ law genenili;, and of concur with M. Staempfli, that, biau e th m .n . "}"^'\ ''^^ aw imposes. I cannot ?yf changes, and IhJ vi^ws o f S Ten piS of t^'^'^T ^T.^^ ^^'^ ""''^rsone and still are conflicting. th.MvlVr,. t ,.',"!,' •■""^'"''>?1 l'-^"' I'ave often been ' i't. eonse,pu>ntly, we ^are to p, -e i, 1 , de fK. 1""" " \"V""''''^"'''' ^^''^ ""'^ ^- IS d les ol itralit^ responsihle. accordiny' to fl ;";;:r,l! ;""^:"!;',-i'«' T™ '" «™i- .n,;io;ii»n nnmitfed by its subjects, aiuf the'd ]ve shall behetti-r able to solve tl twuis of the Treaty of \V le general law of cgree of "^ *^"2*'',"V'' ''^^"»t constitutes due dil :>w, in order to a\oid liabilitv "uas 01 tlie Treaty of Washington Tlmf T-Ini ^ "■'""'''■« aue mugencc m -P.O. of tue c,uip„«t .f ^:^'^:zjs>z^r^t:^i i genre in the in as I C 2 iil "ill ■ ■ if V 10 covtaiulv lUiuk il lias; hut tlx" (lcc,'n'o of (lilip,'(>nci> voquiivd (if a iioiilraHjovtmiinoiit to pivvc lit l)i'oaclios of ii('iitralit_v by its subjects must be dotonuiued by the same priiicil)k's, wliatcvor may be tlic iiaturc of thr pavlirnbw obligation. I'l^-idi's tliC lUH'csvity i>f tiuis considcvinL;- ibc relation of lieiliucrents and neutrals with reference to the subject of "•due dilii^viu'e," we have furtlier, in order to satisfy the eximencv oi" the Articles of the Treaty, to consider whetlier, besides iu the omission of " due dilii;'encc," (ircat ]?ritain has failed to I'uUll any duty imposed by any principle of international law not iiu-onsisteut witli the rules laid down. It is clear also tliiit, with reference to the otliin- heads of complaint, ouv decision must necessarily deiiend entirely on the rules of international law a))piieab!(> thereto, it s(>enis to me, tiu'refove. desiralde. in th(> tirst place, to (>ndeavour to tak(> an accurate survey of the law by which the relative rights of Ixdliijerents and neutrals arc fix(>d and determined, a>. essential to the solution of the questions we are called on to decide. r ))roceed. therefore, to consider the subject of lU'utrai obliii'ations in time of war. liii 1^; \t ii WTTli' E;emo;,u of neutr.i: V. Oblipr.l'nii'! of the neutr:il ."^tatc. pr Oblip ii'nns of the subjii t-^ of a neutri'i State, Liablll'y of the State lur acts of it! ll!*'i('CtB, said to be the status of a country relatively to Iavo others one another, while it remains at (leace with both, and u'ives Neutrality may In which are at war with assistance to neitlier. 'fhe last mentioned condition is ])lain!y an essential element of that which i;oos before it; for, to uive assistance to either of the belliuvrents would be indirectly to take a pa'rt in the wnv. and would afford a suflicient reason to the one Avhoso enemy was tluis assisted, for bavin',;' rec()urs(> to force to prevt^it such assistance iVom bein;,' lyiven. It is obviously immalerial iu what lovm the assistance^ is rendered, so lont;' as its puriiose and eil'ect' is to add to the means of th(> belliy'i'rent for tli(> piu'pose either of oU'ence or defence. Troops, men, horses, ships, arms, nuuiitions of war of every kind, money, suiiplics— in short, whatever can add to the strenn'th of the l)ellin;orent for the ])urpose either of attack or defence, are thinu,'s that cannot be supplied by a neutral State to eitiu'r belligerent without forl'eitini,' the character of neutrality and l!ii' riu,'lits inei(h'ntal to il. In like manner tiie neutral Sovoreip,'n cannot allow the use of his territory for tlio passau-e of troops of either belligerent, still less allow it to be used by either as a base of hostile ojierations, lie cannot lend his ships for the transport of troops, arms, ov munitions of war, or even for the transmission of despatches. AVliatever restrictions, iu tiie exercise of his territorial rights, he imposes on the one belligerent, lie must impose on the other also ; for restraints — however lawful and j mper in themselves- enforced as against the one, dispensed Avith as regards the other, are indirectly assistance given to the one so favoured. Whatever obligations attach by the general principles of the law of nations to the State or Community, as a whole, are equally biniling on its subjects or citizens. For the State or community is but the aggregate of its individual membevR, and wliatevrr is forbidden to the entm* body by that law, is equally forbidden to its component jiavts. In this sense, and iu this sense 'only, can il be said that international law— in otiicr Avords, the common law of nations— forms part of the eonunou law of England; for the "i-cater part of the rules of international law, by which nations now consent to he bound, are posterior in date by many centuries to the tbrination of the common law nf Enuland. Nevertheless, Great Britain forming pari of tli" great fraternity of nations, the^ common law adopts the fundamental ])rinciplcs of international law, and tlio obligations and duties they impose, so that it becomes, by force of the miuiieipal law, tiic dutv of every man, so far as in him lies, to observe them ; by reason of Avbieii any act done in contravention of such obligations becomes an oifence against the law of lii< own country. Ihit the subject, who thus infringes the law of his own country by violatini; tlio neutialitv which that law enjoins him to maintain, is amenable for his oifence to the law (if his own country alone, e.\;c(^pt when actually taking part in the war as a combatant, when of cou'rse he is liabl(> to be d<'alt with according to the laws of war, riie (llended belligerent has otherwise no hold on him. International law knows of no .'iti. !\!ul the siiliiects of anothi'r State, but oidv of those wliicli j'clali-.sns between a nxist l)etween State and State. But this being so, the belligerent, against wlioin a breach of neutrality has been committed by the subject of a neutral State, as distin- cuished trorn the State itself, may have a right to hold the State responsible and to look to it for redress. Fov the State, that is, the community as a whole, is bound to r !i noiiti'al (jovtn'umoiit lotcvmiiipd by the same ition. l)i'llii;'(M'onts and iicufrnls rtlicr, in (irdcr to satisfy •, besides in tiie omission imposed by any pi'inciijic 1. It is cbvir also that, mnst neeossarily depend t seems to me, tiien'l'orc, e snr\('y of llie law In- i.ved and detcM'mined, ;e. 'cide. isjations in time of war. relatively to two others !(•(> with both, and pnrpos(> either of initions of war of every rnii'th of the helli^'erent cannot be snp])lied hy a eter of neutrality and tin' sc of his territory for the ' nscd by either as a ha^c isport of troops, arms, or i. "Whatever resti'ictions, one IjclliL^eront, he must 1 ] fo])er in themselves— V. ave indirectly assistance the law of nations to the iihjects or citizens. For 1 members, and whntevor ■n to its component ])arts. eniational laAV — in otlior non law of Enji'lanci ; for ations now consent to bo )n of the common law of reat fraternity of nations, fernational law, and tlic of the municipal law, the reason of Avhich any act [•e against the law of hi* I country hy violatinL; tlio ihle for his oU'ence to the vj; part in the war as a i(lin<4' to the laws of war, niational law knows of no , lint only of those uliii'li liferent, against Avhoiu a I neutral State, as distin- State responsible and to ty as a whole, is bound to II 2m tot,i;f ^""'''"' "^""'--^ '^'-^ ^'"'-">- -"i^ntions which, as a whole, i, is nl.olS!;,nd mlih^ilS ' lU-al^r;":: sllf}; ';'■ T; ''^*^ '''• *"^ -*^ •"■ ^ts subjects . wise be iutoU'rable. For J^ m^ ^ "■ . ^^ ^I'll.i^.^'ir'r""'"'^' "■'''"'' -"''I -^ther- nontrahty is tl... right of the ..ffen.Ied 1 .'/:V''7"?r'''l','''"';.'' *''"'' violation of enemy, and declare war against hi,, ' ". ', ^^"^f H'e olleudmg neutral as an an alternative. " '^ ""* '""""' K' '»'«'''l)t pecuninry amends as Now, reason points onf ih.if ii,,, , • ,. - ,. rosponsibh>,m.brei.hesof:!u i , ' ,J;;,; ;;:;;'r '•' i-t''? "'i" ""'>- '- ''"''i l,e expec(cd to p.vvent them. • '*' ^"''.l"'-^"^- ^vl""it it ean i-eas«,!ablv There are things AvJiicii II (Jov.M.mn,.,,, It can prevent ,hi;,gs tha n ,;:;!;,/'r'';'V''''' '".'"- "''-l' i' <-nnot. ]ovyingofn,en,a,ul.^peditio,,sd.V .i M ,, ' ;^''r ''''"' "l^" "■'"*•"' ■•' <,. i,, , i • su..h as the conduct of i„divl. '^, . ZST'' '"' "''""^ ' ""'""^ '-"^"^ = forceof abelligvreut; or thiu^s .lo, '' ' I, ,i , , 'k' ' ^ '"' "'^T'."^- '" ^he land or , sea observation or debrlio,! notwi^hsla mli, ' J . '^^i ^!"-''n't'eu acts done by its subjects i„''viola,ion of ne, ,.■ v ,. ^^'^^^'^r.^onsMo for w.'ongful has sna\.red. Wo are thus l,rougI ,!. ' ,^: '^.'l'!^ ''l'\-^^ '""- the belligerent, what is this -diligence" wbic'l. a i m '..n e i is , ■ '' '"^ '-"'"I'oHant question of breaches of neutrality by its sid.i.vts 1 ' , "^ *" ''^'''''''^'^ ^^ I"'"fmt that question; but 1 preler liS .eo,,,!' ,';:?,;:;'';: l-'-'-tb" to grapple with obligations of belligerents ami neutnils ' ' ''' "^ ''"' ''•'''''t^'e rights and of w^t;!niiiTli:'s,d ;;;;!;!;':; tt\ r"; ^^r"^" ^-—'^ -b.tes to vessels apply myself to the questilm' l^I, v ^ / itiiT Ij- ''f'^ ',t'"; '" ^'''' "^^ l''-<'. with the obligations of neutrality, sup, y .,;,!/ .' ''•'t';'! '^tate can, eonsistently way of trade and business. " ' "" "'^ "''^'' ■"■' '^'""'^ "' ^™rlike use in th'.. For, thus iar w( asainst or hav( trade and commerce. Here a broad and important distinction between tlu> Qf f , •. •tsolf The former, gcnendly speaking e^ufcou^^^H ''^m'"^ ''' ^"l ^'^'^'^^ P^^«^"ts Difference •■uvumstances. supj.lv to on.- of tu,. belli •>.M\K'n.?i' , • '' "pti,)nal I'H- which it has no use-nothing Mn,pilT:.n ^'•'^•^'^''''^ '"^Poses of ships ^Wli<-'l otherwi.sc than «»/.o^,5 /; ,' Vs l n"'""^ '" '' ''-""'^"^"^ '••»» ^'^ mitrality. But its Subjects stand in is ll,'; " '""'1"^" uiconsist.mt with Subject, hnliilerent to b.ih the ' I ' ,. ' m n S nv!v '/'"'■ "•n'^"'''"''^ '""^'"- ^lio articles of warlike use in which lu. isln S i/^Eii n': "'x'"^"' "" ^'l "'''''' times very material a,ssistnnc(«, is thus allbr,Ied t ■ 1, /^^" . f '*;"''"''' '"^"^^ ^'''''^■ c"al)led to carry on war. Is assistam; s ( f ,;IJ 'T''''"^ ''^''). ''•^' ^^'^' >»«'"^S i« =;:r:;;t^^-'-" «^ "-^-^^'^' - ^^ '^ - '--':•-. 'asTifiT^-^iirj;;;: ^Imald t!u.ir ri^ht of pe.;;en,l Z,.;:;.. tt^Z,y -uiT'^' '' • 'l"^""' ' '/ "'=^^' '"^ "^"^^ I'.v reason of a war which thev have I,., 1, '"■'.^ '.•»'<' .''"'.'i- udeivsls thus he damaged Lave no concern r T m c^ Jit km c, ' tu n^ In'-ngingnbout, and in which they WHgerout with the object ^ as Sm^ m-At^h'tf"''^'- '"T^ *" '^^^ -% supplied to thiother, being o.lrS'w^L/';;^-^^^^^^ between id its regard ii i i '^''1 M 1 ij t il ;^i 1 ■J' i I !-l i li\ ms I 3>i 1 li ■'■■ i Effect of war on neutral trade. 12 i-ights of the neutral in his relations with cither belligerent, as they existed heforc war broke out, should he distiu-hed or altered ? An Italian jurist thus writes : — " II fi\tto (Irlhi vi'iiilita (lt"4li (i^L'i'tli di i'(mti'n)ilmiii|n nvvcniitn in tcnilnvio mnitrnli' ('(ippm ddlo Statostessi) iH'lliisnii ini!ilit;'iarti' di unci ilri liciliu'i'ianti, imiclii' ikhi I'litni iu';,di dliiiii drlln Sliitii riiUcndcyi! ii jinviiti iiicrciiiiiuiii, ed OL'iii sui) iittci ha iiii valmv intcriia/.ioiiali' n in smso di nil diriUo o in scn-d di una nli)i!i;,'azii)ii('. il, ■ noil si jiiin niai dissinuilaii'. Ma lo stcssii iidii si lain dii'c iav la vciidila di'L-li oiiu'i^i, i' i|uand(i sia il oasi> la laliliriiM dcLili sicssi, iussc il fattd iiavtircilaiv di jirivati ciUadiiii di i[nrll(i susso Siato. In o-^n nun ]iiitivliln' ravisai'si iin tine pdlitic'n coiuc nidni/.ionc imliMi.a ilcl •,'(ivi'vno, nun osscndo lo scopu ,1, tali fittadini clu' coiniiifirial I iiuhisiiialc v\^iv\!> lum li'sivo in mmlo al.iiiio ili-irli altnii diritti. "So i,di antcn'i flic liaiiiio discnsso la pivsriiti' cnu'stioiK- avrsscm litoinila la uii|iitidc dillfiviiza dii' passa tra Zdi atli vnlibliri dd oi,v,.rii(H' (lurHi d,.; privali cittadiiii, noii avivlibcm al it'ito .■lassiti, at,, coine aniCdiitiaii alia r..iidi/ioia' nculiale la vnidila I'alta in torritoiio ucnlro da pvivati eittadim di armi u iiiuiiizioni da ^'uciTa."* Nevertheless, it is eertain that the rights of a nation, as regards trade with anntlior nation, do undergo very eonsideralde moditications, when siieii second nation eiigau('< in war with a tliird; atid wlien it is said hy some Avriters that neutrality is only tlm prolongation of the state of penee hetween the nentral_ and the helligerent, tlii< lan!?uaZ'e must 1m> taken with eonsiilerahle allownnee. I\ir, it is certain tliat. as reunrds trade and eomnieree, the riii'hts of tlie pcacrful neutral underuo very serious (liminutiiii. Bv the admitted rules of international law, a helligerent may seize articles contrahaiu! of war in transit hv sea from the neutral to his en( ri'^hts nf neutrals against belligerents— hut if iiie rights of the neutral subject in respect of trade had been reo'ulatecr according to natural law, or, to speak nnire jdiilosophically, according to the law which reason points out as for the common henelit of all, those rights would have remained umlisturhed and unall'eeted by the Avars of others wiili whom his own country remained at pi'aee. Hut hetween distant nations trade can lie carried on only by sea'. T1h> nations most poweirul at sea have generally been Hkk,. Avho have Avai-'cd war on the ocean, [n siudi Avars tli(\v hav(> sought to Aveaken tlirir adversaries by cripidinn' their conuneree, and to (dfect tliat object have iinimsfd restraints on peaceful States less iiowerlui tlmn tiiemsidves. Si,m(> countries liave even gone so far, in early times, as to inienliet all coinmerce Avhatever with nations with •which thev Avere at Avar. The sense of iu:nikind, it istiaie, revolted against pretensions sn extravagant, and after a time the restraints which belligerents Avere entitled to iinpn-o on neutral commerce Avere r; ndered less op])ressivc. But they still he.ar the iin[)ress nf their orii,'in, as havini,' been imposed by tb.e stroiii; upon the AATak. They mv manifestly in derogation of the common rii,'ht of (leaceful trade Avhicli all niariti'm.' nations eiijoy in tim(> of ])(>ace, but Avliieh is thus made to submit to r.^straint in uid« to serve tlie" purposes of those by whom the peace of the Avorld is distm-bed. Let us see lunv these restraints on neutral commerce became settled in time. As they existed till a very recent jieriod, according to tiie general i»r;u'tice of nations, tliey were as foUoAVs : — 1. Though the helliger(>nt mii;'hl resort to the neutral territory to purchase sucli articles as he required, cwen for his use in Avar, and tlie neutral in sellin;,' him sucli articles Avould be n'liilty of no infraction of neutrality, yet, in rc^u'ard to things capahli' of being used in Avar, and Avliieh tlieneeforth received the ai)pellation of " contrabaml of Avar," if, instead of the belliuer'nt hineelf conveyin-j: them, the neutral mideriook to convey thiMu, such articles, if intercepted by the adversary, though the property of the neutral in them had not been transferred to th(> belliL'M'nmt, wen- liable to lie seized and became f n-feited to th(> captor, if the article Avas of a doubtful elianictcr, ancipHiK K.vi/.v. IJKit is. one that miiiliV be applied to purposes of peace or of war, the liability to seizure dciiended on Avhetlier tlie surrounding circuiustanees showed th;i! it Avas uitended for the one use or the other. 2. if either belliuvrent posses.sed sudh-ient force at sea to bar the access to a port , belonging: to his enemy, he Avas entitled to forbid the neutral all access to such purf, | • A vio, " Niiova Teoria dei Unpporti Giuridici Iiiternazioiiali," cited in Gola, rot, ii, |). 30. ' Coi'Bodi Uiritto Internazioii.ile,' ^H— IS they existed before war , " Coi'Bodi Uiritto Internazionale,' ^H^ __ 13 for the ptirnoso of fvniin limio,.,.,. • ^hi|> n4t I Hu..;;ir:;;,S H^:;--;^ ,-n.a„„,oss the car,o with whieh his not iH.„,, ,H.o,..cM.- i , had lurth.. to suhinit to wha^ was .l^i^Ttui^r"''']" '-Hi^erents, the neutral p.r<-n ,n,,.ht satisfy hi,„so|f whetluM ..oo,l f u , ■''"''''''• '" fl'''- ^'"'t the belli- intended tor the eneniv. .un. bein, -nemU,;';' JiiliS^^-'^ --^^raband of ^var By tile Avise and liberal i)roviM'oiis or tl„. n i .• oppressive restraints on . l,. , U. ,f ,h:u„,,N j^^,;;';;;;; '[^ «[ ^'f « of 1856. the last two het«x-en most o f tli. Lading, nations of the ; 7'^'' '""'""'^ ^ ^'"»' »•> I'ave, as remain Anieriea has not as yc-t forinalh ,'. / ""'\a\vay with. The others two rules in question do not hJuevereoaH^m,:;;!;,;'!;;;];;-;^!^^^ "^ ^'^"'' '^'^ But the two first of tlif restraint, place in tin- dise.issions uhieh hav.- ,.,rl!m,'r;,I'Vi'"'''^ fonnnerf,. oeciipy a prominent them are ,nanii;.s,ly ,v>(rain,s, and r"t ,'<;",';;!;;"'"" "' "''^ -^'"'7- Both of „, , , frcrdoin oj neutral eonun..r<.,-. Tlu' adv h n ' •""" '''"'raeter, on tlie natural ^"'^^^^ "'' the nentnd in artieles of warlike tCalSS^ prohtable to lun, and still more that of pr ^. t ' '','' ^^'V""^^ ^'Kv to be an enemy s port, is obviously obtained' nl' The -.""*' "^T^ ^'"^ l'locds a eo'rrespondin... ,,•';',''/'* ''^'i ^"""^^'^^^t'. ^vliieh of neutral. And tliou-b it mav be said hat iustn'sH-' ™ ^^"-^ ^-omnieree of the oceupation of the territory \vhi,.h surronn i, , f f /j'S'^^t a eify or fortress is in |..ast,;r of sueli territory and entitle,! to -iv la i'; ., ' ^^'I'F^^^' ^'S tlio law of war, lul n^it as well as p.aver to lorbid aee.-s oi :/;',;;' '"'|."^ ""^''i*,. ^'"1 l'a« thus : ol the territorial waters and ean ,-x-ereise a sin iar r o "'^'^"^''^' ^""^ oeenpation luost part sueh oe.n>pation is eon^tnu-tiv.. \ wlndlVw'^T'y "' r''^™' ^'^ *"^' ^^^ m the halMt of sending' eruiz.Ts far bevou I'h f '? ''^ * '^/'^'"'S foree is generally mtercept vessels intending to enter ^he bhS.l ^nc 7 "' "'^^ '™^^"""^ ^^^ers. I On whatever "round the rlc'lif »(' i,i i i ' '""• placed, it is obvious tlmt J i a v.nw iwo^ ^" * '^ T''''^' to b..lligorents may be I neutral in the p,>aoeful pursuit of eouiLaxv ™^"""^'l'^^'^'' ^^ the freedom of the i In 3I.Calvo"sAV(irk. " I.e Droit Interin^lonnl " i i i , • noutres; pareequil nVn.peeh.. pas seulen.ent le e ', m'ler,;! , ;"'''''i;'.'>'l"nee des peuples minees, co.nme la eontrebande de n,„,,,,, . J„^,^ .;. i",""'^'"'"-'' /"^^titNres deter- quehp.e nature ,,ne ee soil avee les lieux ass! I'v- ,! Vd "U^ ''+ ''^'''" '''^"^'^"'^^ de I >or must It lie fori-ott.Mi, with resneet t,, T,..,',i ""l"'^' T that the neutral owes nothing to e 1 KL h ■ u h''""'1"" !" H^'"''' «^"^^ ^oekade. t usseeks to shut out the iiiiuKmous .^n "^':.n^^^ ^^ 1"« "wn purposes |oi the loss and injury be is thereby inflietiilg on him. ""'^'' ''^' '''''''y> rcgaixUess The right to intereeijt articles of iv.arliV,. i,cr. i,„ i earlier writers on interilatic.nal 1 n;^^l a, di li, ;^^ "'" '"V"" '''''^ ^'''^ treated by c„., , , .respect of fr,.edom of tra.l... It 1 as bj i i i. ''»7«adnuent on the neutral in J;;"-""m to his o^vn use as a penalty on the; neutral for iiaviii;,' intended to convey them to the enemy. Looked at from this ])oint of view, it is said that the ri^lit of the hellii^'eront to intercept this speci(>s of commerce, and th(> liability of the neutral to have his property captured and conliscated under such circumstances, do not arise out of ohlii^alioiis inherent in the nature of neutrality. They are purely conventional, and, as it weiv, a compromise between the ])ower"of belliiicrents and the rights of neutrals; and, it' this species of trade can be said to be unlawful, it is only so mib modo, it beinn' left fnv to the mnitral to pursue it, subject always to the rii^'ht of the belli;;-erent to seize it dnrim? its transit to bis enemv'ifhe can. "The riu,'ht of the neutral to transport." says That threat jurist, Chanc(>li-erent for the iiur'pose of a war in which he is enij;ai?ed— extencliin,' the rul(^ to articles of Avarlike use supplied in tlie way of trade as much as to tiuw I'urnished i?ratuitously. ,,.,••,. Accordim? to this view, the neutral thus jjuilty of a broach ot the first princiiilcdl neutrality jusfly incurs the penalty of his transgression in the confiscation and loss nf his property. . . . , •,, , This doctrine is open, however, to the olijection tliat it is inconsistent Avitli tlir practice of nations, accordiiii,' to which this species of trade has never been treate(l as a breach of netitrality in the full sense of the term, it wholly fails to account for nt justify the riu;ht of blockade. _ _ But the imiiortance of this dilferenee in the \ iews of pidilicists will be inoiv sensibly felt when we ])roceed to deal with the subject of the trade of the neutral with the bclliu;erent in the country of the neutral. One thing is quite clear, and must not be lost sight of. Neither the trade in contraband of\\ar, nor that carried (ni in detiance of a blockade, c(mstitute, practically, any violation of neutrality, so far as the (iovernmenl of the neutral trader is conccnui Scarce any neutral (Joyernment has ever attempted to prevent its subj(!ets from carrying on such trade : no neutral (lovcrnment was ever held responsible, as tor a breac?! of neutrality, for sucii trade carried on by its subjects. This is a i)oint astu which there has been no dilferenee of action among Goyernments, or diih'ivncc of opinion as to the duty of Governinents among writers on public laAV. It is oncol'l those thuigs which, on 'the jiart of its subjects, a Govermnent, according to the existiii; practice of nations, is not called upon to prevent, it is one of those things wliicli the belligerent, who, in furthering his own purj)Oses is indill'erent to the loss he iniiic'ts""! the neutral, must submit to if he is unable to prcncnt it, and for which he is entitled to hold the neutral State responsible. M. Ortolan. Speaking of the transport of articles contraband of war, M. Oi-toian states tlio Lur j most correctly : — "Si c'cst I'KliU inMitro hii-mPnifl qui fail. iii>i'rcr w tnuisport, snit qu'il lu fasse i,'ratiiitei« soit (in'il fii rwMW k- prix, 11 doviuul au.xiliuin! de la luttc, c4 ]Y,\r oousi'qui'iit 11 voiii]il la iiwitralik La chose .'liaii.ue si ce sunt Ics sujets de ect Ktat <|ui,saiis Mii|iinde leurC.imvc'riieiiiciil, font de ce iiM! transport iin ohjot de lenrs niii'ra'lions eoinniereiales. I'lie I'lnssanct' inn ivste iienlre u'ost pus obiigrt de det'endiv ce (-onuneree a sfs snjcts, oneore nioins de h's jmnir pour Favoir fait ; seuleinent elle iii'J* le couvrir de sa imileetiun. KJi d'autres tennes, Ir pavilion ue eonvre ]ias los inarehaiiili.-es *l contrel)ande de ;.'ui'iTe. non jias nienie dans le eas oi'i ccs niaivliandisf.s aiipartieniient a de.s ueiitro''. + Ships of war and Among the various articles coming under the denomination of contraband of war, coals. according to the general jn-iuciples of international law, two more ])articularlv infcrtsil us on tiic present occasion,— ship^ of war and coals. Both arc excluded from thj category of (.•outraband by M. llautefeuille, who refuses to recognize as such auytiiiD?! No obligation on neutral tiovern- mcnt to prevent trade in contra- band of war, or with blockaded ports. • Kent 8 Commentaries, vol. i, ii. 142. t " Diplomatio de la Mer," vol. ii, cap. vi. , M. Oi-tolan states tlielaM Jotli arc ext'liidi>(l iVom tlifj recosriiizo as such aujtliiiijl 15 SJ^i^iS 'SKS^.tir ^V:^^-^ '- ^^^-^ - ^ot^nce. The explain ho vunvs of ,h.. ,„„.„, „^^ th' ,i^ , t ",• fe. ^'''7."";* <'*^-'* ^^^«tions Neutres." ■to consider co,itral,an,l of war, and w id ^^hatever o' 'f' ^'" '"™«'' ^'^ ^efus^s ho h-.lds to l,e objects of kulul commerce :- t'-oustructioii, when unarmed, .oit ,„; oj/r Z'ef^li a!'' n'u',S!''''l';! ',;':;'■ l!':;'''f «"''"" ^^ ^'^""leur. .. fm,,,.., s,. destination oxdus,v,.nu.nt ,.mx „„Vatio„s ,„ilk,.ir..s, „,, , ! ^ '"'^ '"'"'"''^^ '^' ^"^■'•'■•■. I"''^I«.v oS S a .cm, rlmnjr.M,..nt. sa.is Mur,,,,,. u,Miii„ ,. ' I.., ' 1 ' ' " ^^'^'-I'^'-'^ti^'-'S in.nlc-.li ,t.m..„t ,t s7n' et (Irs I,„n.iiK.M .|,„ ,|„iv,.i,t, l,..s ,.,„|,l„v,.,- .,. u'.7 ^ 'l•■•'-; *« ^J ™H:::;r:l;ri;:;*-;r:,'i;;*- "^ ««« » „,,!. «„ „„, "IL'IW ; et la cnn- (1('t('( oik' CMt l>lll]]I(,yi'l' solit III' "Jonis.saurais iavv,,ir,.oiiiiacii( 1 'i "i-ilu aoa —-.... ..•ont,./;^,!;;-^rS^^^^^^^^ Martens, Tetens, Piantani.la, ButlSrdwV^^n ■ us a , e work " Das Etu^opaisehe V fiee^^^^ Chancellor Kent, llefrter, ii' ^.e th,„,.s w u,h ar(> contraband of ,,7 i^^nm^ h^""^^^^^ ^^'^''"'''^ '^'^^' «"^o°g Robert riulhmore place both ships an coal n L T T^'T?', ^^- ^^"^"'''''^ '^^'^ S^' entn-ely concur in thinkino. ibat^i nSn oi I K"^ ;"'^'''''"« «^" ^o'ltraband. I article of contraband. Sud. a ' hh/i ^ n fact n ^ '^'^'f^'^ ^'or war is clearly an and manned becomes a formi.lable am lefScLt S."^^ ^'f''T' ''''^' ^^'^'"^ «™«l though ni jts nature ancinitis «,„, vot u-li?-. ,'"'"'* "^ ^varfare. Coal, too powerofavesselmust,Itlunk, as ;-,^fasm^^^^^^ '"] *-'"f -^'^''"^^ ^° ^he motiVe as masts and sails, which hav(« always om, "'f''",""^' ^'^ V^^^'od in the same catc-orv Jy AE Hautelcuille, who, as lu!!^ b n s ei''i:4;:rS ^^'^j;^'^^ "^-^raband, ex^cpl -i^o^E^S^,:!:;-;^;;:;^'^ kept in Wew in the -lu some instance's, it is said of tlo .1 » • ■ i '. ^'"-' ''''^"^■'^' '■"«' ^oss of the ear-o p, • enemy of th. b.Uigei-ent captt-an U^^ K^^^ -'"^-^-"^ «f -ar t^'t^ !i'llTnZr" f cc a b „,.kade-ends, according- to t e exi th - J . ti, ^'^l'"^ "^'^V^ ^'" ''^''"^'V^' ^ trade a:id eonunerce of the neutril Lhf. t*^"^^^'^^ "t nations, all restraint on the -vu laetcjrles, the neutral i^l^.^ tcoi^n^^^h;Z'7' " f "1™ "-^^ets, in LI: t^o ho boll,u.eront, which, if .Vnt by sr^woul 1 J /"'i "^, "'!.^'"»'S ^^-'U articles ^ iters are not, imlood, of one niin f o,?\h s ' b 1 "^^^^^ ''"''• '^^I'^^o^ctical •iiitlion area,^ I'liu ce ciu'ils aLTonk'iil a raiitio. Dcvaiit el iiouvaut siiivie (k jiaix, 11 no dull y avoir uiicuiic distiin'tioiiili' iiuiicliaii- ilc mu'iTi^; la viMite v\ h trausiinrt dc cfs divers (iliji-ts ,ians'l..s"i;iaces dw licUi-rvaiits doivcul Tliv pcnilis, cl lu- pniul ynvWv alleinle a la uuutralitr, iiuuvvu .pi'il ii'v ait 111 tiiveiii', ui invtV-iciice, iii csjirit (U; paili."* In chapter v. na'-e 57, he treats the question whether neutrals may sell every kind of merchandize windn the neutral ten-itory to a belli-erent, as one which no jurist anterior to Galiani had ever thou-ht of brin-in- into controversy, all their diseussK.ns bein- confined to the carriage of contraband to the enemy. It is not, he explains, till tb(>y''have h'ft the neutral territory that articles, thoui-'h of warlike character, assume the* character of contraband. In chapier vii, p. 72, he says :— " Lo eaniflcif de eciitveliando ne viui.l dim.' pas, aux luaR-ha.ulisc.s, de l'usa<,'o .[n'ou pout oil Iniro dans la .'iicrre. mais de tcait auliv soiiive. Aussi luii.ut.Miip.s .pudles soiiL mv le U^vrUouv. iic.itre cUw ,1,. diik'^ivut i,as des MUtres i,mrchaiidis,.s ; elles ,s'y vciuLmt et s'y ac ..tent de la iiK'.no iiiaiiR^ie et s;,n. mieuiu- dilleiviur. Heux eiuMiiistaiRrs lout prendre a ces niarcliaiidises le earaetere dc con rchaiulu: 1, ou'ellcs soienl passees a la paissaluM. .le IVlinenii, on a nioiiis destines a y pa.sser; .pi elle.s s.urii. sorties .111 territoire neutre, Al.a's elles devit'iment .'hoses liostil.-s, n-.s Ao.sA/rs ; elles invniuail Ic earaetere .le niiiiTliaii.lises .le .■oiitrelinnde; et si .dies soiil Inaivecs l.or« .le tout.; .iiirmulion sonyciaui., comnw, liar exemple, si Ton les truuvait en pleiiic uier, elle.s peuveut etre k-itinienient arivtces cl cr,ntis.|u'vs liar Peniienii, .piel .pie soit le pavill.ai lrs ,m-tr, d.hjd' "" Vf'^^ 1«'^ l;'^ droits ,1.. ..aiverainet.'-, et les puissances lielli-eraiites lie peuvent sen plain.lri! 111 1 accuser .le .l.aiiiei l:i main a la vente des niareliandises .le contreliaiide, /wiiur.-<, d, tmitc .■^pere. sera t.iujours ,..U'iiiis, pourvu ,pie le soavomii n'ait pas lait uii Tmitc particulier ave.', nil .les l.elli-.^rants .Iniit les siijets viennent laire .L's a. Imts .1 niele pas des achats, de.s ventes, et des aiitivs pas lait nil inuio ] des provisi.uis sur le territoire neutre, et .pi'll lie se niele 1 ,. , . , colltlat^:,pu transmettent la prnpri.'te, .pi'il n'ordonne j.as qu..ii reniplisse les nui-asms .le ].rovis.oiis <,'uerre, el lie lasse jias iiiettie ses iiavires a la voile pour les Iran mm sur le U'rritoire du llU. Kii pr.jlOgeaiit ^ralemeut le couimerce du .sou pays, eii purmelUiul a .ses .sujels de coutmuci km f ■Ui • " Commerce des Neutres," Purt i, cliap. 3, p. 32. I "Theorem. Juris Publici UniverBi," p. 3, ciq.. 12, J 9, 11. 4. Lived to assort tlint, the llit^fivnt, articles which, mitviihand of war. His t iiiu;uishcd oountrymon, ■nahlo ; but it has boon riie (jurstioii is not only nportaut to some of the opinion of Galiani. On slaliou, not having the (liiivcul otisi'i'Vi'i' iR'iulaiil li y/(\'c tic iiitirtlKiiiilini-'s ii IKMit ell I'niiu Nur 1(! ti'vritoiru iifutru, elks it do la uir'iiiu iiiaiiit'io I't nius h uaiac'tt'ie dc cniitvoliaiRlL': I a y iiassuv; !.', i[ii't'lli!.s sniiiil ■cs" 'liostih'>t; tilk's ]ii-ciiiu'ia lu ,e tDUtc Juiiuiftioii simvcniiiii', I'lrc li'j,Mliiiit'imMit anvidus tt 111 pas jiavci! (|Uo cc .suit dus li]Kiiluiiaiilt'.s a I'l'iiiR'Hii, mi iui 's forces. l)'ou il ri'sulkMHU' ()y■^■.s iI'dhJitH no iMisse ]ias ks indro iii I'lRMUisor do ddiiiifiln !, 110 pouvont jamais \iviiir en lus oil destiuoos h dowuir Li nuiilri I'tiam siippiHlitalnt t\\i:e Lviim Imstoiii sijiiiiticat ; iiaiuM ilnis a'i|Uii pi-otiii voluti nn'iu'S di.sliiiotiouoiu aiiiimiiii ii"ii iiiaxiiiio t'liiiii iiitor sc ditiWii! opulo lufta, ct uoiuui vumlitiu, >c same doctrine. In his :li. ii, art. 3), he says :— ipre teiTitoiro dos uuutivs, di) ii'iuis, pnurvu ([uo lo scaiviTain ts vioiiiioiit I'airct dos a'liiils ot hats, (It's voutos, ot dv!i autrcs los niaj;asins do ])rnvisioiw ik siir lo toli'itoiru dii liolliiioiuiit 1 sus liujeta do cuutiiiucr Iciu' 32. ) 9, n. 4. 17 cmmorce do k mPmn nifvni.\ro ct ftvco la m.%r libcvt.? qu'nvant la Ruorro, il no fait nn'i„o' ,le dmi ,i.ontcstableH,.iu. „., peuvont otvo limitosquo par dos o.n'vontion. spiVialo.s;t^Xl J^Li" ^M^a'itolno, 111 nito.s. droit.«i I'lit After comlmtins; the roasonin£» of Oaliani, he adds :— " II est niVossaiic i|iio J.. ivpiMe ici I,, prinoip,. inomitosi.ilili. OS v,.,„i,|. ,.|„MM„. ,M:,ivL;„„|i.,. snr iLMi- prop,.,. tiMTltoiiv a iniioniKiue IIS iiiiPiitivr (If lavoiir pliitot ]M.ur luio snivant lo iiioit oi,.,voi„i„i.i,.i ,i„ ,',.;„,„p.,;, ■,.,,,„ ,,,. p,.,.v;:i,;';:a'," '1^: ;:;:;"':;:;i'^!:i:;''!;:;::^i moil, propivs a la kuoito ct .,ui y sunt . lirootoiiiont cnplnviVs, niais i,,uls poiivcnl .s lis i, ,„^; ,i ! t winii Ic droit iiiiivcrscl .li.s-,.iis,li.s voii.liv 01,111111,. .iiiiivLaiiili..,. s • iiaM\uiiiiit HI! pivsonto |,i,iir los aclii'tor, i,iiisi|irils lo I'oiit sans partiiilitc, ot sn ]>ai'tio lioilii,','raiito ipio pour I'liuti-o." Reddie, in his " Resoarehes Historical and Critical in Maritime and International Law cites those views with concurrence and approbation. In VVheaton's " ITistory of International Law" the author speaks of the refutation of ualiani by Lampredi as snpertluous— as an " idl(< (juestiou." Mass('-, in bis woik " Le Droit Commercial dans ses Rapports avec lo Droit des Gens, alter niamtauun- the ri-ht „f the hclli-cuvnt to intercept contraband, adds :— "Mais la tlio.so rlinnso ,s'il s'n.^dt (lun oon.moroo passif, S'il est (U'-lcialii an iioutro do portor dos nniios ot doH niuii.tiims aiix 1,,. l,u,.n,,jts, pairrip^'nlors il iU,vion. raiixiliairo do Ini, ct roniicnii d.i laatro. il no lui est jias ddcndu do von.lro inii.arlvilciiiciit .siir son to-ritoiiv, ilcs ohicts nooossairc • •'( Ii picrro. parooipK, son tointoiro est .mv. ,t h tons, i,,,,. tons ,,envont vonir y cliorolior 00 doiit ont-ih ot 1(110 lo noiitiv (fui so liorno a vomlro clic/ lui, .'i 1,1 •• ' t Masid'. licsoiii, .-. ,,,„• „• .„.,u,c .(,.. so o„rm! a voniiro olio/ liii, a la ilillironoo ilo ocliii ,,„, porto sea innivluindisos an l.olli-orant, Host jias tonii (!(; roihoivhor qui Ics l„i aolH'.lciioiir .|n- (dios 'out aolict.Vs ct ,iucllo est lour destination nltori.'Uie. ("est alors ,|u'il est al,sohii,„.nt vrai do dire ipa, Ics neutn^s ininii'iie qirils fiiisaieiit peiulant lii paix, ct quo la ncntralitij iiio,li|ic pas III ^-iK.rre a laqiudlo lo noutri ]i(Mivciil ciiiitiiiiicr ],oii,lanl la j,'nciTi est la oiiiitiiiiiatidn d'liii otat anti'rienr qui no iiiiiivliL' a toiitos li.s nations, no lU'oii,! micunc ],iirt diivol,' 011 indirocti Ai^ain : — "Surun temtoir(! nentro, il u'y a ],as ile maivliandises di Ellcs no doviennont eontroliaiido i|ii'aii iii,,iiiciit i,i'i clles en soitont imturo los oxoliit. ("est alors qu'dles toiiilient sous la jiiriilictiou ilcs l,olliL.'i'ra'nts I'i re, qui (mv:e sou ei,iitivl,niid,' ; tnntos y snnt liliros. ivoe ilirc'tioii pnur nn lieu ilont lour oiltro lesi|Ucls olli^s sent .hri-eos. Jusquo-la ot taut qu'elles rostent en nn lieu on idles ne iicuvont lour imiiv ils'ir„nt lia^ lu droit d(! sooeiipor dos transactions (,a,iliques iloiit clles i.cuvciit otro I'ohjct. Sans ,|oiiic 1 1 „ucrre ilrmiio lino nouvello inqmlsioii .,11 coniiiiciro ],assif ilcs ohjcts utiles a la f,'uorro • iiiais ootto'ii'iipuls.-on n.'st|«isdn lait lies neutros, olio est dn tail ilos l.clli-r'iaiits, qui. ai.res avoir eux-iii,-nies ,,rn,li,it I'les ciivoiistanoos.nouvollos, ne poin-cnt trouver niaiivais ,|u,. Ics neiitres en lirolitcnt dans Ics liniitos do lours ilroit.9 ot do lour torrito: •e,"-|- ]\[. Ortolan observes as follows : — " Cost seulenioiit lorsqiio ,lo telles niareliandiscs snnt en onurs do Iran.sport pour uno destination M Ortola linstile qu clles ilovieiineiit ronlirha mlc n,ilit,n,r. L„is,|„'uu Ktat iieutre laisse ses siijets se livrer au ' cuiiiiiicroo i-assil do cos ni.'iiics nl.Jcts, c'osl-a-dire, l,,rs,|u'il i,crniot a tiaislcs lielli^'crants iudistinotoiiiont lie vciiir los aehctor sur son tcrritoire jiiair 1,'s transporter ensuito on lion leiir sonilile.a lours frais ct i lours risqiies, sur lours i,ri,pros naviivs wmrhtnuk. il ne fait pus iiv.tro clioso (ine laiss'or s'aceoiiiT,Iiv nn ni'to hoito ; on no pout pas dire ,|u'il laviine jiart a la i;iierro paroo qu'il laisso ses jinrts lihres ct puree (|u'il conservo a toutos les nations le ilroit qu'elles avaient nvaiit la j;iieiTo d'y entror avee leiira lifitiiucnts niaroliands ])<,iir s'y approvisioiinor, ],ar la voie ilu c,)niinereo,des niarolmndises dont ellos out teoiii; les vondours eux-iiioiiies no sunt jias respousaliles do I'usago nltorionr qui sera fait do ce.q luiiivlmndi.ses ; ils ne .sont ]ias tonus do oonnaitre ni j mr ,|iii dies sunt aolidees ni la direction nu'on leur rosorve. " Ia' droit eonvontionnol est d'accnrd avoo cos priii,'i|ies ; il ne ddciid ],as la veiito inipartialo faito 8ur uu teiTitoiro noiitiv dos uiardiandiscs j.ropres 1'; la cucrre. Mai.s si cos sooours dVo';tifs on naluvo iiiio I'uu des oomliaUants vient ],reiidro ot exporte a ses iu-o],res iis(|nes, etaient lournis i.ar IHiat ueiitre lai-iiier • • - ' ' 1 - • .-1 . , ... ... enio; si, imv oxoniido, des arnios.di's iirojeotilos, ile la jioudvo otaiont tires de s,'S arsenanx on di BUS uiauufaciuros publiqucs, ou no .sorait iiliis la im conimerci atteinte gi'ave iV la iieutralito."* IM-ivo, ot ]iar eons,:, |ii, 'III il y aiirait i'oni Bei'o'son's translation).. Hefftcr. IletTter, in bis " Volkcrrccht der Get^cnwart" (T citi p. 315, says : — "Ell ce qui concerne los olijots de eontroliaiido, la veiiti' faito aiiv: LidliL't'iants cu territuirc noutre nc siHirait ■iro oonsidoreo ooninio uii into illieitoet ciitrairo au\ devoirs, le la neuLralito ; oo ii'e.st que leur transport qui en rend responsiililo." Professor Sandona, of Siena, "Trattato di Diritto Interuazioualo Moderno," compaiing passive with tho active commerce of neutrals, says : — * Vol. i, p. 203. X " Diplomatie de 1ft Mer." vol. ii, p. 1 ^ Ibid. p. 205. D 2 \1 ^ ■jli ■ ! ■ ': 18 tiiluntichli. Sir n. Phillimore. t, Hauteftuille. * " Pi'o (wfnnquc chc si credo n tort" clie farcin npcrn ml un di prcs«o ojjimlo, chi vondo scmplicc- itc ,,<•( iiri.|itj.'> J., 'se (|iiaiit vi'Iuk^Ic huc iiifrci iid ]ir(i|iiin |iiii',r, ovc mm vi (•, Mtiiiidii (il )«iiri( diiilto razidiialc, alriiiia li';,'i,'i' cIm! ;,dii'ii(! victi il iinHicip, K H|i|iiiiii.i jici' 111' diiiiDia ill cs*i, f iiii'utt' iista a iiucHto ciiiiiiiicrcici, cjli iimi fa iiwi clic di^lla sua li'.ii iIm, (he d'allra iMirtu tiiirlu'' riinaiic nid ]nwxi\ nativii, nessiiii i)riii(iiin stmiiicrit \nui liniitaii! |.;i •^'ila ciisu (111' si jnu'i diinaiidaii' da lid c ((iii'sta, ilic sin dis|Mi.(i a vi'iidiic cjiaalnu'iitB n cldiiiii|iii' si jiK ''"•ntii li! .siii^ iiicrci, imduBvitaiv il |U'ricuh) di ollundcro rimi)uizialila, a itii i iiuutmli .smio Icinili. " To those »»itliors Professor Uluntschli lias nddofl tlio \voif»lit of his {uithoritv. In his wuiiv ''nlitlcd " Uas Alodcnic Voilvcrrcciit," or, as it is called in tin" French translation, " Lo Droit International Codille," lie writes : — " Lo fait (lu'iiu Ktat iicutrc fouiiiit on laissc fiiiindr a un dcs lii'lli^ji'iiiiils dcs ariiics mi dii niati'tiil do picrrc constituo rfiali'nu'Mt iinc vi(ilaliiiiiil Ics particniicrs dii droit dc lahrii|iicr, dc vi'iidic oii d'expcalcr dcs aniics ; .sculcmcnt Ics ciloycus Anicricaiu.s, ajoiitait-il, I'Xcrccnt cc droit a' luurs ri.-Kiiics et perils."* The opinion of Galiani has, however, been aarain revived ])y two or three writers in our owTi days. Amongst these, Sir Kohert riiilliniore, in his work on International Law, vol. iii, §_eexxx, sjH'akini; "as to tiie permit I iiii,' the sale of munitions of war to a holligerent within the territory of the neutral," urilcs : — " If the fountains of iiitcrnatioiml justice have licen correctly jiointcd lait in a former v duinc of this work, and it be the 'mc character of a ncntrul to abstain from every act whicli may better or worsen tla^ condition of n bclli^'ercnt, the unlawfuhiess of any such sale is'a necessary ciincliisioii fnan tlicsc premises. "What d'n another '. llnw ' ■ ."^ - I I •■- ^ I' I ll"» .Jtt.Tll\-»^ ,11111 lilt: reason ol tla- thiii;,', atlci't the advMiita,i;e to one be]li,L;crenl or the injury to the other a«eruin,i,' fnan this net of the alle','ed neutral? Is tht' cannon, or the swia'd, ca' the'rei'iiiit wiai is to use thcin the less (hiii;;erous to the belli'.'erent because they were jairchased, (a' he was enlisted, within tlie limits el' neutral territ(ay > Saivly not. Surely, the lari/.i In '/co is wholly lieside the laaik, except, indceil, that tlu' actual eonveyance of the weapon or the soldier may evidcnee a biiicicr and more decided partialitv --a more uiujuestionable and active participation in the war." ^ni. Pistoye and Diiverdy also, in their "Traitc des Prises IMaritimes," express, though Avilh less enero;y than the learned author last mentioned, a like view. M. ITautefeuille, who, as wo have sedi, not only refuses to admit A-essels equ!-no(l for war, il' not ar nod, into the list of coutrnlrmd of war, hu also holds that thevarc lei,ntima_te articles of ticntral coinmev c... ii ,,.;•! ';..i,.j,s mail, 'vs that Avliat is ('ailed the passive trade of the neutral in arti' 'r^ (,t wai-iilve use is inconsistent with neutrulitv, His rcasoninj? is as follows : — " Cette ipiestion a etc traiti'e aveo boancoup dVtendue jiar Lamjaedi et i)ar Azuiii ; la doctrine d CCS deux auteurs a ctt' combattu i)ar tialiani. Avant d'cxaniiner rojiinioii ilc ecs piiblieistes, il inp p'lrait indispensable de rajijuder les ba.scs de la dis(uission, de ])oser des jirineipcs (pii, d'aprcs la loi jirlmitive, doivent la dcaniner, Ces ]a'inci]ics ont lU'ja et(' etablis, lis jieuvelit s(! ivs'uiiK'r en deux droits (^t en deux devoirs, l.es droits .sont : 1. Liliertt' et iiuk'pciuhince du peujile neutie dans .sou commerce, en temiis de >,'iieiTe, mcme avec les deux bclli;,'c'rants. 2. Libcrt(' et indi'pendance ab.solii.s du iicutre sur son ]a-opre trrritoire. Ia's deux devoirs .scait c(ari'latifs aiix deux droits, ils Ics liniitcni. Ce son' • 1. I,'im])artialit(' ; 2. L'alislcntiiai lU; tiais actes directs di? tjuerre, ct ]iar eoiisiM|nent de founur aux be" ,. 'rants les armcs et les munitiiais de j,'uerre. De c(!s droits il ri'sultc, sans doute, (iiie hi nation paciliiiuc a le pouvoir de comna^rcir librement avec chaeuii des bcllii^c'rai.'ts, non sculenleiil sur son propre teriitoire, mais eneoiv jiartout ...Hears, .sans (|u'aueuii d'eux ]aiis.s(! s'y oppo.ser droit est b(ani' jjar le devoir imjiost' au neutie dv. lie lournir, ni a I'lin ni a raiitre, dc: actuelleineiit et iini(|Ucnienl desliia's a la i,'uerr(^ "(Jette limiie misc jiar la loi primitive a la liberti- des natioirs, sY'tend-clle a tout le commerce, au commerce ruLssit cuiume ail commerct' acxif? I.e. devoir da ninitru consiste-t-il miiquumciit a iio jm it matter where tlie neutral snii]dies one bellii;erent with the nieans of attacking does the i|tiesti(ai of locality, aee(a'din;,' to tlie ]ainciples of etciniil justice and tlw mais (■« instniiiieiit.s • Section 765, p. 385 ; with Notes 1 and 2. Hi. cpmlo, chi vendo Sfimplinc- \i\v. Ill ^tiii'iiii, I' I hi trii.H|i(pri;i t' HUH iMciii iicl ]irii|iii(i |iii(>i.^ victi il tiiillii'd. K ii|i|iiiiiLh sii clu' (lellii sua lilicitu, (lie puo liniiturti |,;i •11! i';,'uulim!nti! 11 cliiiiiniui' -i c'ui i neutmli scmo tciniii." it of Ill's niitliority. t is called in (he FroiU'li lut.s (U>s urnies (in iln inatrric! In a run lUs lii'li;;! niiii-, liii ,' fjucnv lis Miin-cni li ; iscpu' '' 1,'Ucl'U' ; k's (iiHivciiii'ini'Mts (|ui sciil C'Mi.vdrn's conmii' s liillii^rnintt's sVx])os(' a vnir 'I'.jiLMlitiiin (In la coiiti'i'lMUiili' ( I'l'i'sidcut .li'll'cisiiii di'daiii lit (Ic lulirii|uiT, (lu Vfuiliv (111 cent (■(! (lidil II lours ri^jiui )j' two or three writers i in iternational Law, vol. ill, s (if war to a l/(>lligorcnt lilt ill 11 Inriiicr V iluiMc (if this wliictli limy licltcr nr wurscii I'ssiiry Cdiiclusiiui I'min tliusi' with the melius (if iittiickiii;^' ■i (if I'ti'iiml jusiifo mill ili,! thi; iithur iiwniint,' frmu tliis : wild is td use Ihi'iii the ^■^^ iilistcil, within the limits df he iiiaik-, cxcciit, iiiilccd, llmt • and iiKiii; (iL'cidud imrtiiilily sps ^Nfaritimos," express, 1, a like view. 1 admit vessels eqii!;>_ir(l !tlso holds that they arc ■'.s that what is called nsistent with neutrality. t ))nv Azuiii ; 111 ddctriuo il nil dc (OS imlilicisti's, il me lirin(i|ies (|iii, d'upivs la lui I'uvt'iit sc K'sunici' oil di'ii\ du jiouplc iiciitic dans son ;(' ot iiidi'poudiiiK'o absuhirs doux (Iriiils, il.i los liniitciit. el ]iiii' cdiisi'iiiu'Ut du fdiiniir ii'sulti!, suns duuto, ipiu In ij,'iTai:ts, iidii souleuR'iit siir puissi- s'y d]ipdsor: nniis cc li a rautrc, dcs iiistruiiicMits -olio a tdiit lo commerce, an ite-t-il uui^uomunt u no [m ...Hue iiidtif (luo lo trmispiin d^ .i^l^^^lZ/^ ^--S poi^S^i Jliij'^'"'^ """"'•'■ ^^ 1"- '« Professor Casanova, in his recent woi-l- " T)«i rv -^x t '^ views of M. Ifautefeuille. ^' ^^^ ^^'"«« Intornazionale," adopts the This difTerence of opinion arises fmm ihn .Mfr party considers the qucs ion. Th on r 1 .i "'"'! P"'"* "^ ^i""' <">''>»i ^vhich articles of warlike luse, thou J. in u?vil " ?";;!.'' ''''M'' ■^'-l-ply a helli,..,,.,,! assuming which, tiioy say, with tnitli tl>., it ; li ''' '*" ^" ^■''''' l'^''^ ''' tlie < able articles are sol/to ^l.o tlli^inl' 'i; L ^ Z:^--" '■''^'''^ ^^■'"^'"■'- ^' ' "'^i^^* ih f; I* The other party, starting from th^ ^ „o „ " ,K S " I" ''' r"'^'"'*' '"• "> '"^ «^vn. nghts of the neutral should he left iL u U J' i , ^ v?,!; ^" "atnral jushVc, the the existmg restraints on the freedom of Ids ,,/;'! '^ ''"" ''^''^ '''•'•''. lo«k on nshts and consuh-ring these restraints as arisinr , . i ♦"' "'^''•"'^♦•liiiionts on liis Ulegahty of any trade, which the actual nr 'e "ce , l" •■ ''"V •''""'''"ti"''. irreat authority of Chancellor Kent, anTVthe mainii-? f'"' ■}"'' ""* ^''^'''^'- 'J''"^ latter view. ' "" °' ^"'^ majorrv of writers, is in favour of t ho But, in truth, the question does not depend n, ti.n i i • professors or speculative jurists. However 'mHrnrltn I»"'1"''>'ons of learned ijpon themselv<-s to write, ami howevencsmin't^W "''T !'''*' ''"*''"^^ '"'-^y ^^^^^ "" ^■■' - - Inteniationar;;^ i'^il J :;"S Sl^str'^'*""' iiey cannot makt; the law. No,v, in all wars, neutrals have traded at home a ud n' I of war, suhjeet always in the latter case to the chmce > l:l:i'rL!!!^'^ t"^: - «— -* has ever 1^;::;'^ K'lven thnr cioinmon a.sent, an.l it is hest known as settled hy tli-.r common pnu.tie( eaptiu'e and con/iscntion. wars I oM that account. Assuredly, no n„t"i,".n has ever as^rteTf] ^ ♦• " '.'" '"*':''' ""^I'""^il'le tins ivspect more hn.a.Uy tiiau the United States o.ncte.r '' "* fomm.-rce in [greater pertinacity. ""-, oi acted On the breakii,,. ,mt of tlit" Avar hetween Franc,, and •lamation of neiitra (v l.v r;o,.o..„i iv.. ,.•"'*,. '^"" ^"■i»linni- III 'ip to Its princi])les with prnclamation of neutrt.lity hv Gem: aM^^J .i^Ioir'th"'^ "^"^'^ "^ 1703, after a ton Secretary of State, thus' writes to mS^:JZ-'T'^'':^' '^f''" •^'"""'''•■^°". itiie United States:— ' -^A"""""'!". Min, ter of Great JJritaiu to "The purcliase of anus and inilitaiT aL'cdiitiv.nmii . i, i liliis count,,, with ail intoi.t td oxp,,,! t i m ' , '',1 '' "", -^"""^ °' this fact wo are oiinally uiiinfdrm;.,! ,,, o'' , ' , l ';, '^ ■'•'I'J'-^ f an -..!, and oxpdrt arms: Jt is tho cdiistuut o m 1 a u liv d"", '"^ Iti.Mr callings, the only means perhaps df thoi 1 si^^ ,^ nelilid,,,! cit s. niiiiunos, in which we have m, odul^orn, wIluM om^l ' '^""" mill uiipussihlo in jiractico. The law df nalinns tli,.,. i ■ l-t .cipiin. n„m /hom such an i^^LrSj^Z;^^:^'''''''' ""'' '^ he Freiioh ndvornmont in American 'i«i u tho Alonionals; df authorities. ■I'll always free to make, le dt thoiii. Td suiiiirosq I war ox, -^ts in furei-u and , liii„it --1-ted. Itw-i.aldliehardinilim^'r of those at hteniJl penalty pidiKumo^d ^ th^ I'^I^id^m^n^^'mllt^lriC^l'r'''''- '' '« "-ti;«o;u -ri. 11^ these lunis as sluill till im,, tho hands df any of t h I o I ' r,,'^ ""'^'' !'^"' "^' «'"•'' l-tion of ^heu-ciu lines. To this ponidty ..nr citizens are w no tint 1 ""; ''"V "'">' '" ^''^' l""'*'^ of private coutiuventions may work no inenimlitv botw v n tho i , ^ ''^ '"* ''' '"'"'"■'I. '""I that even left cpially IVoo and open to all."' "'^'1"""'^ ^"-^'^ '-'"» ^l'^ l>'»ties at war, tho eno/it df them ^vill b" The CoUectors of the Customs at the different ports were instnteted that- ted .States, I " The purchtwing and exporting from tin [called cimtmbaml, Imua geuonilly warlike insii «^?....;si:rst;s;',s"=t M to 1,0 iuteiforod with." If our own citizens nndort',kri,i ■■■.,■,... .i , "- ^ ^-^ '"- "'"' ""'-i » yiU be ahandoued to tho penalties which the law's of wm' a,ithS."t'''"' '"'^ ''"'' P''"''' '^''^' In 1842, Mr. Webster wites :— • British Appendix, vol. v, p. 242. t Ibid., p. 269. i I i , ■. ■ h t'^ 4 ' i. . ■*',■ :i .1 j* p B S 20 " Tt is not the praftirc of iintiona to ninlpvtako to prolilhit tlioir own siilijects from trafficking nvtii'kis eontriiliiiiul (if wm. Siicli tnidc is currii'd nn iit tlio risk of tlio«o (•nirnood in it under" liiibiliti.'S iind |ionidti('-i ini'sorilicd by tlio law of nations or ]iarticwlar Iii-aticH. ''iFit lie trne, tluTclr that citizens of the I'liili'd States have lieen ent;a.L;ed in a e(iiimu'rce hv which Texas, an eneiiiv Mexico, has lieen sii|i|ilied with arms and nninitioiis of war, the tioveriinient of the United St;i; nevertheless, was ndt hound to ])revent it, ami could not have jirevented it without a manil departure from the ]iriiiiiiiles of neutndiiy, and is in no way answerable for thi^ consecjuonces. Sii coniinerce is left to its ordinary fate, acconiinj^' to the law of iiations.''* In his Message to the American Senate, in December 1851, President Pie declares — "The laws of the Tnitod States do not forbid their citizens lo sell to either of the belhV'ori Powers aiticles contraband of war,orto tid be, larj^ely eniplnyed by (ireat IJrilain France in transportin;,' trodjts, prcivisi(ais, and nmnilions of war to the jirincipal .'^cat of niilii operaticms, and in lirin^in^;' home tl sick ami wonnded soldiers; but such nse of (air inercantih' iii:' is not interdicted either by the in,,rnational or liy our iminieipal law, and, therefore, du(!H ikiI ii promise our neutral relations with liussia."f Chancellor Kent, in liis Commentaries, says : — "It was conteialed by the French nation in 170(!, that neutral fiovernments were boaiiil restniin their subjVets from selliiii; or exportinj,' articles contraliand of war to tlie belli-jerent I'irtv. But it was successfully shown on the jiart of the United States that neutrals may law liilh- .,11 home, to a belbVerent ]Mircliaser, or carry themselves to the belli^icivnt I'owers, coiilraliand' miiJ subject to the ri^'ht of seizure //; /ranni/ii. This ri^hl has since been explicitiv declared by tlu iiuthorities of this country. The rij,dit of the neulial to transjiort, and of tlic iiosiih; Tow conllictiii;,' riglit-i, and neither jiarty can charjje the other with a criminal aet."^ In 18()2, on the occasion of the French invasion of ilexico, com])laiiil was mnd by M. Eomero, tlie Ee])res('ntative of the ilexiean Governmtmt at A\'iisiiiiioton. (H Frencli l)eint,' allowed to |mreliiise liorsi^s and mules in the United Stales '\\,\' purpose of tlie war. A loiii,' c()n'e.s-|)oiulenee ensued between M. ilonun'n ; Mr. Seward, in which the Litter vigorously maintains what he calls "the settled ii traditional policy of the country." lie says — "It is not easy to ,see how that policy roiild he ehanf,'cd so as to conform to the view, Jf. liomero, without destroyin,!,' all neutral conimerc(! whatsoever. If Jlexico shall prescrilie tn what merchandize we shall not sell to French subjects because it may lie eniiiloyed in iniln, oiierations against Alexico, France must equally be alhjwed to dictate to lis what mercliandizc wc 3 allow to lie shipiied to Jlexico, because it might be belligerently used against I'mnce. Kvcrv nii nation which is at war would have a simjliir right, and every other conimcrcial nation would lie 1 to resjicct it as much as the United States. t'ommeiT'e, in lliat case, instead of bein Jiendeiil, would exist only at the caprice of war,"5} 'SSll endi ugli rer 1 ns 1 ,|Uill ver to seize. ir.i frei! (ir iii'li yj Purchase of con- As regards the purchase of articles of war, the United States have not scni])!(Nl i traband of war by purchase arms and miuiitions of war in other coinitries when need required it. Al tlj the uS Sut'er*^ comniencement of th(> civil war, the Government being short of arms, .ngents weiv to England to procure them in large quantities. Other agents bought tirms in (lillcmi countries on the continent. Figures are given in the Uritish Coiinter-Casc wliii appear to 1)ear out the statement that "tlio extra snp])lies of warlike stmv.s ill exported to the northern ])orts of the United States during tlie civil Avar. ;i estimated to re])res(>nt a total value of not l(>ss than 2,0()0,00()/!, of Avliicli l.i'OO,™ was tlie value of muskets and ritles ah)n(;." ^Mr. Atltims, in a conversation iritl Earl Russell, on x\w 22n(l May, 18(52, when the latter, in answer to his remimsliaiifl as to su])i)lies sent out from (Jreat Britain to the Confederate States, referred to tlj large supplies of similar materitiis obtained on the part of the United States, nnivcl answered that "attnie time a quantity of arms and military stores had been'lioii;,'li| as a purely commercial transaction, for tlic use of the Federal army, but tliat tlil practice had been discontinued at his suggestion, because it prevented liiin lioil • liCtter to Mr. Thompson, Webster's Works, vol. vl, p. 452 ; British Appendix, vol. v, p. 333. t nritish Appendix, vol. v, p. 33,3, { Kent's Commentaries, vol. i, p. 142. § British Appendix, vol. v, p. 336. In L iitsauc iculi In rindu! institm kulte (I Etat let In "II iiitre s( :e pii<]i In "II ■ter im mstntei irs(iue Aire (1( ,'ociiin rire dt II aim ttreg. I >re not rnigli icceptei miiot Stand 1 ith th commcr Th Br ^'ocumcnt -iflri •ir nwn Ru1)]Vcts from traffickina' of tlio'ie ciiiTiiiiC'd ill it uikUt i IV Tiviiticsi. li' it lie tnio, tlu-ivf. ivrcf. liy wliicli Tcxiih, iiu fiiciiiv (iovuniiiK'nt of IIr' Uiiitod Si:,: pivvcnti'il il without ii luiuiil I'l'iilik' for l]u> couswiuiiiices. ,S;; ns nibor 1851, President Pion 1 to soil to ritlipv of tlio liclhV'f.pi iors on IkhiiiI llii>ir priviitc slii)i> loscs Ills ]m)]iorly or person to >■ ioiiiil iKHitriility, iior of tlicniM! mr ciliznns have without nnhV ^anlli'ss of tlio (lestiuatiou nf t!. ;('ly cniiildycil by (irciit T.riliiin to the jiriiicipal si'iit of niilii: t such use of oui' mercantile ni:,: 1 law, and, therefore, does noi u itral Covemmeiits were lir.niiil il of war to the lielliLrerenl I'lra that neutrals may lawlnlly Mi [erciit Powers, eonlraband mu\ I e\|ilirilly declared by t)u' jiiii;.^ id of I lie liMslili! Power to seizr., liiial ae.t."^ ilc'xioo, oom])laint was 111.1J ninoiit at A\'asliini^'toii. m t| I tlio United States ba' t| betweou M. llonicro at he calls "the settled ad nts were soil ents _l)()uij;Iit arms in (liUcrrt JJritisIi Counter-Case wliiJ plies of warlike stores, iliJ during' the eivil war, ii{ )0,00()/., of whieh l,ri(IO,(1i«J ns, in a eonversiition iriJ answer to liis renioiisfraiui erate States, relern-d to m I' I lie United States, iiaivdl ary stores had 1)e(>n l)ou;;li Pederal army, l)\it that flJ use it prevented hiin M 21 ssinp: his remonstrances against a very dilTerent class of operations carried on hv ends and sympathizers Avith the rebels, and that the United States had instead ught largely from Austria;" " beeanse," adds Mr. Adams, "that Government had rer given any eotmtenanee to the insurgents."* It thus appears that the eontinental Governments also did not consider the sale of by their subjects as any infringement of the law of nations. It seems to me, therefore, that the law relating to contraband of war must be HesuU of discti.. isidered not as arismg out of obligations of neutralitv, but as altogether conventional • '''°"' d that by tlie existing practice of nations, the sal(> of such things to a belligerent bv e neutral subject is not in any Avay a violation of neutralitv. Then lunv stand's k matter as to ships of war ? in prineijile, is there any ditferenec between a ship of Sab of ship. ir and any other article of warlike use ? I am unable to see any. Nor can I ' kcover any difference in principle between a shii) ecpiipped to receive her armament (la ship actually armed. A ship of war implies an armed ship; for a ship is not Wily a ship of war till armed. Of the authors I have cited, and who hold shiiis of irto be contraband of war, no one of those who wrote before these disputes betAveen le United States and Great JJritain had arisen, with the exception of M. Hautefeuille, hkes any distinction betw(>en ships equipped to receive their armaments, and ships bally armed M. Hautefeuille, Avho, as wi; have seen, refuses to a shii), equipped tor taament, but not armed, the eharacterof contraband, treats th(> equipping and armin" a violation of neutrality ; but he gives no reason and cites no autliorirv, and seems me herein, I say it Antli the utmost respect, inconsistent with himself. * Professor Wuntschli, in the work already cited, lays down, on the subject of ships Professor Bhmt- mshed to a belligerent by the subjects of a neutral power, tlie following rules. schli." In Article 763 of his ]) reposed Code, he says : — "j;Ktat neiitre no doit pii-; seulement .s'abstenir de livrer des naviros do <,'ucrro a I'liiie des liSJiiices bellii,'('raiites ; il est ausr;! teim d'exercer uik! surveillanci! ri<,'(mreuse et (fempeeher (iiio des ticuliers n'armeiit des iiavires de ,i,'ueiTC sur son territoire et ne les livrent a I'un des belligerants." In a note he adds : — "En tumps de paix, un Etut pent evidenimeut veiidro des navires de giiern^ a iin autre on recourir Imdustrio jtriveu des Etats etrangcrs. .Mais pendant la guerre, la fourniture de navires de "uerro biistitue evidemment un ajiimi et un renfort aecordo aux belligerants. Si I'intention de h fniro kulte des circi instances, on devra eonsidi'rer ces actes coinme contraires aux devoirs des ueiitre's et ttiit Icsc pourra agir en consei|uence."i- In Article 761, he says : — ■ '11 sullit (|ue I'intention de venir en aide a I'un des belligerants soit manifesto, pour ([uc I'Etat btreseit tenu tl'interveuir, alors mcniu ipie rarmemeiit du uavire de guerre ou du c'orsaire ne serait lie pii^pare ou coinmeuee." In a note he subjoins : — ■ " II u'est pas ndcessaire nue le iiavire soit deja arme. Lorsipie les const ructeurs, tout en ])ivteiidant ttevun navire de eommerce, out rintentioii de farmer en guerre, et loisipie eette intention iieut etre onstntee ou du moiiis est vraiseniblable,cet acti; constitue une violation des loissur la neutralite. Muis bquecctte intention ne jient ]ias c.) J/ ai ,,,/ „iii>rmn,t lor^mi'im wmtkijiimr rd rnulu a I'lni (hs htUi,i, Tiiri.j"* I must obserA-e that these rules, Avhich are of a very stringent cdiaracter, re not siijiported by any reasoning of the author, or bv anv iuriiUcal aiithoritv.' might !idd that there is no ground for saying that tli(>y 'liave been i^cnerally ^cceptcd as international law. Even so disting'uisiied a mairas Professor ]?limtschli mnot gi\e huvs to the world from the jirofi^ssorial chair. Moreover, as I under- pml him, Professor JMuntschli draws a distinction hetAveen the sale of ships Wh tlie intention of assisting a belligerent and of ships sold in the course of a purely tommereiul transaction. The first two-cited articles would, from tho general terms in which they are sh Appendix, vol. v, p. ,333. ommcntaries, vol. i, p. 142. r :.i-f t '». • niitish Counter-Case, pp. 52-54. British Appendix, vol. vi, pp. 153-155, 158, 173. United States' Documents, vol. i, p. 536. t Section 763 and Note 1, p. 383. t Section 7C4, p. 384. « • "^ i M Opinion of Dana. Opinion of M. Ortolan. 22 framed, appear to apply to ships of war l)y whomsoever they may he supplied to tJ be hscrent ; hut ftv.na the note to section 704 and the reference to^seetion^TOS hmJ hefore cited as o the sale of arms and munitions of war in the country of the neS I gather that the iWessor means to draw a distinction between ships made ovetJ lelhgerent, wlie her hy sale or otherwise, for tlie puri^ose of assisti. s,^ his cats' slups oi war sold to a belligerent by neutral subjects in the way of trade ' This is the view taken by Mr. Dana in a note to Ids edition of « Wheator I to tirAmfric^nT^e ?- ' '^'"' "'"' '" '^"" "^""^"^ "^ "^^' ^"~^^'^ ^l^^ "Our nil.H ,U, uni interfere with /,on4 Jhh eoinmereial denlir.fr.s i„ rontrul«n,l of w„r iJ A„„.r,r,u. inercLan muy Im.l. m.d fully urn. a vessel, and lH.,vide1,er will, slnrermd .fie Irf sale n, our .,wn nwrket. It he does auy aets as an a.^eut „r servant „f a helliuerent, or in urn, ■ arranj.en.ent ,.r un.le,Man,l,n. wuh a belligerent, that she shall he employed in ho«t liU^ , ' he s gudty. He may, without violating our law, send out sueh a vessel, so equijmed n ,,le l , *' and papers ol his own eouutry, with no more foree of erew than is suitable for navh t .,1 , ,: o resist seardi or seuuiv.and to take tlu; cdmnees of eapture as eontmban.l uierelmnli"; .u| and o a niarket ,„ a belligerent ,.ort. In sueh .'ase, the extent and eliaraet..r of the e, u pin mniateria as in the other elass of eases. The intent is all. The aet is oihmi to great' us i;;,, a aise, and the line may often be scarcely traeeal,le; yet the principle is clear enough It,' one to prejiaiv an article of contraband merchandi/e, to be sent to Ui.. market of a iTelli^eren s o the chances ol capture and of tlu; nu.rket I Or, o„ the other hand, is it to fit out if^'S S si aU leave .airport to cruise, immediately or nltima .ly, against ■,.., commerce of a Inen.llv r ri The latter we are hound to prevent ; the former the Itelligereiit mu.M i.revent."* Professor Gola, of Parma, in a recent Avork, ob.'^erves : " Lo stesso tlieasi ove si trattasse di costruzioui di navi : I'atto lede la neutralita, ovo riinnuK, ■ cami!^;V ^"™'""' ' ""'''" """'''"' ''""'"'^"'' "^'^ '• """I'''' ^^ l'"^'^'li impn-nditori n^l 1«| M. Ortolan, who had made no sucli distinction in ihe former edition of his work S.tr la.l)iplomatie ,k> la Mer," m the last edition of that work has, with referon , , tins subject, the lollownig, I cannot help thinking somewhat extraordinary doetriw " 81 Ton suppose un navir,. .•onstniit sur le territoire ne.itre, non j.as sur coniniande p(i.>:e iiuiil 1 teiTil(]ire iieutre jiour le c'()iu]ittl lu fovine d'un eonti'at eoiiuiiemal I ■le les ari'angeiuents aient eti' jiriil ear la loyaute est nne eeiulilHl eouvert des fausses a]i|i:uviicwi!| ent, line seeonde liypotliese i|ii'i!| cultesiiue prdseiile (lette nraivolif ' pen des mots: ' Inviolaliiliu' Jill doiil le terriloiri' ne doit |iii,si!tiM lelltre line elroite olilii,'iitiiiii,ollt oi (le ee territoire juir riiiii' ib\ ile a I'aiitre ]iiii'tii'. eenie I'annenKnit el ]'ei[iiiiiw!ieii! I les foi-ees des lielli^'t'nuit,'!, ft 'Ills, eomnie line infiiietinii ili> k | :onstnietion de pareils Iwliiiii'iil' | seconde hypothisi! ?" . 30. ties des 23 wi,i,.ii,,,p..rt.„.,i„,„,u,„;4',,Tr;fe, x'^^^^^^^^^^^^ doclrinoivliic'l. rests on si) .sliail.m'v a .li«lii,<.|i,m. '"'"" '" '"'"!'' '' ,.,,,^i:^::.':^r::ili'^™:;;S:i:;,i;T;;;";:- ■ r ^'r, -r- «.-» - -• tionai " of 1870, lays down the loU.,wi,,u ,l',H,ino ' J. " ' '" '''' '-'^^^ lutcrna- f..sso,- Blu.nschli. I- Klat iieutre i|ui xciil "arRiitii-s'i moiti'Mlii ' i ■. ■ i ,. ,l:inssesop>Vationsdeu,,eiT.r "r;:'' '';;'^^ il'oiye.ni.ser en lien sur des eiilivpri es' , li, , 7 T'T' ';*""' IIV'""''"''' '' 1'""^^ d,, parties ]inrt.eiiliers narn.enl poin, siir s , m t ii d s v.,! '' '. ''^'' '''" y^"'""'' 'i'''''''"'"!' ^ ee .pu !MMi..si.ei!i,enin,es. ' (Hinntseiii;: j^r:: n;/r:ir:..S,;;'-;i!^r'''"'''' ' '"'^ ""'" ' •'"' •• I e devoir est proelanie p„r la .seielire, ei il .j.Vive' (.,,,1 I, i'; 1 ■ I , r . auxM'.Hs tout Ktat est neeessairenient teni, ei,v,"s e „,:'.. ^ ''"'i ''" T". V" "'' '''"' ''^^ '■"""'^ '•,l.a iieiitralile est la „.n,./„n-/irn,„/i„., , / , / ^^'^'^ ''''' ''' l!"^' '^ '' ^''t ^'"Piux et an.itic'.. iK'lliy rants, il ]M-e)id jiarl a la .uerre en fivenr ,1,. ,1m i ,' ''"' ' '"■'■'' '"■""■^- •'^'""'^"t •"' <''-■« ];,ahersai,vest^aiitoriLea voirTh 'Z ,, .^ 'l'"' -" '-"l;, "t 'I- Inrs // ,■,•«,■ ,W,r „r„/,r. vmi ,,nand IVtal neutre livre ^n^^^i^XZ""^!:'^ i ' ' "' ""'" "'''' '"'^ ""'"""" prete a tin d,.s helligerauts nn iippui ...//„/ „ Z^i , l. ^'"'7 ^'Tr' ""^ ""''' '"'■^'1" '' teiTitoire neiitre, on eiivoie des troupes ou des iLviivs d, !:, ' ' ' '"""'''"' ' ""I"'''''"'' M'^-, de son " Partout on le droit de iieutralite eteiid le eerel, sm. 'o„ll ,■ -i Siierre et de ses desastrenses eonseonenees et 1 n. itil ;"',''''; '' '•''^'■""' ''''^ '"'"'<'' ''« ''^ ,cntn ...mers les Mn,,n;.,U soiit 'en s dis , ,r ' "''"""' ''" 'M"."^- '■^'^ ''^'voirs de I'Ktat vis-iM is des an.res iCtats. Aue.m H^.t „ ti I^'IS', ''"7 ''"■ "''"^ ""''' '" '''"'^"' '''' J'"'-'' siirson territoire des a,ure.ssions eontre ,,„ ,;t,t ' 1 T . ,' 1 r^","''' ir,''""''"''- 'I'"-" ''"'i ".-anise a-io.M.' l.as le point de depart dV.utre, ^^.s n dre hW T t T"''' " '" ''"" '""' "'^ '"' en pai.v." ' "nntaius, dni-ees eontre des Ktats avee lesipu'ls ils sont oriht,t_thelearie,lh;,Vsso..,;:n.:" Hi .,:;:, ;i;;^ aggressions against a friendly State." ' ' ' ' ^" *'"' "•'W'^m^'mg of A. other eminent jurist, who iu,s ,.s|,.,„.<,m1 the cans,- „r tlio I'nif,., <,., ■ very al le review of the work of LVoHnm r Moin.f ,.., . M I "ii eo Ma es, in a n^nvd to by the United 8.ates as a uuLw v ' h ■ ^'■'"'"••';;"" ".'"-' '>l'i"'"" is does n. t, as far as I collect, den^ tItM v ; r h "' T' ' '"'"' "•"■H""'"yns, «pinj.„ on the ,enen.l ch.Munsiatnvs to ., ' " .,;; Xt! i,;n':;,5' '""^^ ^"^ ^«o!'.° theA!;,bama. Jhit tlH> snirit in v,i,;-.., .1,: ,..•'' . '"^fn'^tim and escai)e oi „,„„,. |hc.u.tan. i„„ ,„.. s„i,.i, i„ „-„,:„ , u,,,;;:;;;;,,;:;,,;^:™^,,-; -L.^ ■"'- " 11 eill dans tons les eas ete ,li.,rne d'uu iurismn.ahe ,|e l- vdmr ,1 . AI I- i i Iwrner a e.ximiiner eetto grave ouestiou des d,.v ;,■■ i- v.ileiii ,|e .M. I.ernard de lie j.as se oxistant. CVst par ropini;,i, liaii : ,:i,: ' ,,: i' , ' ';;,"";''^"' '"', ''"''Il '1^' y"" '•" ''-it .ositif (ie.lnat sent appelees a se reetilier ei I'^'iy]'^'^^^^^^ "'mvelledeni,u,/,:,eVstle,.araet V o,-.;d a tln^^ "' ; li' '• ""' M"-'lia,pa. guerre ■"'.■'"'•"..., j,„rH,n„. Si ail iirVrnt , .■ it i' ' ' ^^:'"'""•"•^' 'I" '" vieille definition: liou d-are ibstineniem .,JJZ „ / , ' ' .,: ,:;l;:;;;:"7;''''" ^"— '1';,.1«Tu, rAngletem. an Frniiee, est-ee .pie les interets de la i istie.. I , '' ■ '" .''' '^''I'l ''"Hve 1 olleiisive iui.pie de la |.,s.,iinag.. „aLnn„ y.^^/.L e V t' e ^ , , L " ' , li:::;;:':;' 'r f ""r'i^ ^^'T^' '•■•'-' 'I" '•""l^'Hu du niollns,p„. et'a,liii..e les ,V il 1 .',; ' I ,,''?■ ' '"'1 V' •''' ''"" I'l""'^''"''^. ^'val," le Jacqiie- btit. for the rvgle est niauvaise, eonmie eon-aire a la seieuee, a la dignit^, e, a la s.lidarite luuuaine K;::l-ii;'i:r:;:jr;;i-i-;;^ III i i; »■: I' I i H i;i- .1 tU5| Hi mo lie D.oil Int. ra.iiMiiial el do l,i ;islali lull iuin|iai\'i', If |M^ i: \M I 11 1 ! IJ i>a ! i::-^W Opinion of the Judges of Eufland. Case of the Saiiti»siiiia Triiiidud. Judgment of Mr. Justice Story, ; I'aie of tlie i Grand I'ara. 24 which tho acknowlodiTod principles of inteniatioTiiil jiirispviulonco and the established usages oi' nations may riU'dnl Cor its assistance. 'I'lie occasion may l)c a tempting one for giving cH'cct to speculative opinioir^ or in(livi(hia1 theories. But a decision founded on sucli a principh' would not ensiuc the a))i)roh;ili(in of wise and jii'licious minds, or command the respect of 1 hose ivho migiit siilfer from a judgment Which would beat variance with the first ])rinciplcs of ccpiity and justice. Let us see ivhat has l\ecn the lu'aetical vicAV l.iKen of the sul)jeet in England (,r America. As far liack as the year 1721, ships ol' war liaving l)cen' liiiilt in England, and sold to the Czar of llussia, then at war with Sweden, and complaint havinsr^heen made by the Swcdi.sh Minister, th(> .ludges Mere sumin'med to the House of Lords, and their opinion was asked wlielher by law liie King of iMi^land Iiad liie jjower to i)rohiliit the building of ships of war, or of great force, for foreigners, in ajiy of His Majesfv's dominions. And the judges, with tiie exception of one, who had formed no opinio,], answered that the King had no such ])owcr. It is plain tliat, if the sale of such vessels had been an olTenec against interntitioual law. tlie King would have had power to prevent it by the jn'oseciition of the parties Ijuihlin-; tiiid selling such ships, as olfcndcrs against the municipal law, as the oll'enc(! Avouhl ha\c been a misdemcanom- at the common law. It appears that Chief Justice Trevor, and Parker, aiterwards Lord Chancellor, Inid given the like opinion seven years before.* The judgment of .hidi^e Story, in thi> well-known easi> oi' the .Santissima Trinidad,t shows that the sale of armi'd shi])s of war has never been held to be eontrarv to law in America. In that case a vessel, called the Independencia, equipjied lor war and armed Avith twelve guns, hud been sent out from the Am(>rican ]H)rt of ii;;Uimore, upon a we- tended voyage to the Novtli-"\Vest Coast, but in reality to Ihienos Ayi'cs, then at war with Spain, with instructions to the su))ereargo to sell her to lli(> Ihien'os Avres Govern- ment if he could obtain a ci'rtain ])riee. She was sold to lliat ijoverin;i'>nt accordin^v and, having been commissioned, was sent to sea and made ])rizes. She ; .tcrwards put i^^iio an American port, and having there received an aiigmetitation ol' her force, au'ain i)ul to sea and caj)turcd a ])rize. TJie validity of this ])riz" was ([iiestioned in ihe siu't, on two grounds: 1st. That the sab' of the vessel to a foreiii'ii Coveriiinent bv Anu'rieau citizens, for the jiurpose of being used in war against a bcdligerent with whom the United States Avere at peace, was a violation of neutrality iind illetral; 2ndly. Because the capture had lieen made after an augmentation of tho force of the ve.sscd in a i)ort of the United States. The capture was lield invali now sought to shake lh(> authority oi' litis judgnienl, by .saving" tliat it wa.s imncccssary to the decision of the cause, as the ])rize w;is held to be invalid on the other ground; but it v,;is, nevertheless, a solemn judgment u|)on a point pronetiv firising in the cause, and, so lar as I am awtire, it has never jjt^en (jue.stioned. It is indeed allegeil fliiit for the lirst time) in the Amerie:ni Case authority (;f this decision is to be looked upon .as overruled or controlled bv a given by tin; .same Court in the case of the Gran I'ara. A'ow, the latter ,,„,:;,,,< was a judgment of the same Court (of which, therefore, Mr. Justice Story was hhnseit a member), and was proiifiiiiic'd on thr- very ne.\t -iiiy. We are toh! iit (lie Case o' the United States, that the cases were ary'iieu. the one on the liUtli, ihe other on the 28th of JM'hi-uiiry, 1H22; tliat the judunnent in (lie case oj' tli(> Saii(i;:sim;i Trinidad was pronounced on tlie 12th of March, that in the case of th(> Gran Para on the eusiiiii" fhiit th(- judgmont ittdirineiit • " Fortescue'n Heports," p. 388. t 7 Whe«ton, p. 28.1. ii flonc'o nml the ostaWislicd in may l)t> a tempting one But a (Iceisiou I'oundcd ic and jii'lieiovis minds, or meiit whicii would bo at 10 sul)ject in Enj^land !,r • l)een huilt in England, 1 eomplaint having been i tlie llou«i(' of Lonis, and had tlic jxmor to ])rohiI)it ;, in any ol' His Majesty's > had lurmed no opinio,], if the sah' of sueh vessels i'ould liMve had power to ig such ships, as offenders a misdemeanour at the I'ds Lord Clianeellor, hiul the Sanfissima Trinidad,t to l)e eonfravy to law in lipped for Avar and arnial >r -H;iltinu)re, u|)(m a ])r('- uenos Ayi'cs, then at war lie lUienos ,\ yres Goveni- vJoverui; leut aoeordinglv, Shot .torwards put into of her force, again put to [ioned in ilie suit, on two )\erinnent l)y American lligerent with whom the illegal; 2udly. Because (if the vessel in a port of itter ground. Upon the IV. iiulu)iDii(leiiii;i may he di?- sstd of wm-, sill' v/iis sent In I shiiim \i(il:itin,L,' our hiws i.r voy!i;j:c, ,slii' would liuvu I'i'cii liy the liiw of iiiitidus, Hut idlizeiis IVoiii scniiiuir aniicil uiiinireial advciiturf whieli nci ,g('d ill it lo till' piiiialty of ciul ])uriio8i's, and the sale a! II tliii ('\idcnc(^ iH'fort! us to viiya^e was illegal, or lliat h ■nt, by saying tliat it was ehl to be invalid on the iilJon a point propcriy '11 questioned. Linerie;>;i Case tliat the 'ontrolied l)y a judgment iw, tiie Ja.ncr judgment ustiee Story Mas himselt' ar<> told in (he Case o' ' -J-Uih, (he other on the Sanlissiina Trinidad was an Para on tiie easiiiii!; 25 (lay, the 13th It is .said and truly, that " there can be no doubt they wore considered li 1 -4 No Fn' ll r •l"'l-""'':t '" "^■''••'••"; "'• a>'''^''"'y tl'o .loetrinc involved in at it tlu-s. neC, ' f f ".'7"-'=V\l''^ver could entertain the notion for a moment that, U_ tlu ^;i"T' Co ,,, bad intended to overrule, or even to qnalifv, the imh-ment Sive'n nninediatd: l)ofore, it would not hav.> referred to it in^ern tnd' iv hs '","'" ■ ,■ ■^""■■•'•■". pnvat,.,.,. arnml ii, ,k-lia„c<- of Ani.Tican la»- and ci-uiz , :. Trm.dad as "a lanu.us and leading case," .states the law as follows — ^^amissima band of wan and if ..aptnred altor sale on hev way t;'::;;!: .Sh'o ^ !^, eS .' nt^::-;: ZSi a mnrko't wlieiv .'^lic is inteiidei to U> sold u, a hell ..vivnt sla. will I,',. „>,„„, l- ' ' , \"^ ,- Acts have not been intended to cliaiKo this .!■ i" o lu 'l w 1, n ' ' ''" "''^";"^".-'- ^«"tmhty In this vi.Mv of the law 1 am glad to have tlie conenrrenee .d' our distino-uished Opinion of CO league Mr. Adams, who, writing to Marl Uussell on the (Jth of April, ISOs'states fcdal with reference to certam American authorities which Lord Russ.dl had appealS to :- " The sale and tninsfer l,y a neutral, of arms, „f munition., of war, an,/ m,i of trssds of war to a This being the present state of international law on tliis su])ieet, if it is desirable «"«'»!"« a, to to introdneen.'w rules, It nmst be done by the common consent of nations, not bv the P™''""''"" "^ '"'• .speculative dtxstrines of theorists, how(>v(«r distin-nished ^ of articles tnde^ofV'i,^' f^'^f" ''f n't""''' ^^' ^^^^^^^ that obstacles to tite industrv and """'"'"' "'""• trade ol neu1r;il nations should be created "r* A -'Ami okserves : — "Une Xorvi-'rii.'n.s. Kranle aitu- du .•omme.ve de ,,n,d.|ues nations Kump.V'nnes, telle.s que le.s .Su.:'doi3 . ol ies Knssus eousisle on maivhandise.s noe.'ssaires ,„ ur la -nierre maritime nour K cmstrue lon et pour IV.pupenu'ut .I'imh' llotte ; elle. vendenl en en.ps h? m k i omn en a h m, de ler, ,lu euiv,^, des mAts, ,les hois, du j^oudron, de la poix, et des .2^' ar,UH^Zir^ ^■ m,n 1 . do ,M,1 siste . a 1 oeeas.on . nue guerie a laipielle ils ne prennenl aucnue part i 11 n'y a dans l" ode de la jusl.ee et do . e,,uile neii en faveur d'une telle pro teetion. 11 est done neeessa iv I' ablir amie maxime londenu'iitale de tout droit, ,|ue Ies pen,!les neutres devant rt ouv li .me t S; vmx ui.;;;; :■ T """■'■'■''' 'I'^^'P"-' -^^^^ vaison.lavente e le k mix l; w !"'!>'.-;' ''"'U's en sent pernns, s, le, eonimeree aetif et passif .dait etaldi en temp.s t ';,■','-'''"''" '"o'"''''' ''" ""'^■""^' """"'■■'■"• 'I-"" h, ueutralite soi vudee, ponrvu ,|ue 0.^30 iMse sans aui)ii,Kile, sans prelerenee. et .sans partialile.' ' ^_ I cannot but feel the Ibrco and justice of these observations. 1 ask in like manner Jmo, ' ', "r n • 'T '' l"''™te interests nmst give w.ay to those of the public-are the . no 1 .•l^ ol Ihrmingham or Liege, or the shipbuilders of London or Liverpool, to .n their business put a stop tr) because on.> of their custom.n's h.'.ppens to be en-a-Vd 101 tuc aitieles m (uiestion would not have arisen, l-^-om whate-,creuuse it may proceeu, i: < Whcaton, p. 283, United St.itcs' Documents, vol. ii, p. 591. E 2 w l"l I.! 'I '!l .lut ; liP 26 im-roaspd (Icmand is tlio lonitiiiiat(> advantatjc of tbc i)ir.(luc(>r or iln- mcrclinnt. and \i is by tlif advaidn^v Avliidi ix-i-iods oi" iTicivascd and more acfiv<> dctiiniid hrini,' witli tliiMii tliaf the loss arising,' IVom ocrasional inn'iods of sla^'Ilati()ll is halaiKvd and inalc nood. Tlioavithoi'swliodosii'o topiit fiirllicr rcslniii.tson tln' iV.'cconir.iciv,' • of iicMilrals tliaii int(>niati()iial law has liitiici'lo done, ajjiicar to nic to think ioo muvh ol' tJic iiitoivsts of licllij,n'nMits, uli:> arc tlic (iistiivluTs (,f the wdild's iicacv'.anil to 1)(< t >■> imniiiidfiil of tlic intorcsts of ncud'al iiaticnis, wlio an^ simply scckini-' occuiKiliou for tlicir industry and connncrco imliifiMvnt by whom tlicy arc 'employed. Tlicy secnx to think tlia't the belli^vrent is i>:ranlir.u- an indnli>vnc(> or eonlcrrim;' a favoui' on tlie ncntr.il ia allowir,.- him to rcmahi a stran-er to the war, wliich the -Tateful neutral sliould be too s^^lad In purchase by tli(> sacrifice of all rii^'hts at all incompatible with tlic (•i)n\-cnienc('^of the h(dli<^(>ront. M. llautci'taiille, indeed, invokes humanity, and would ])rohibi( tlic sale of articles of^ warlike use in onhM- to pr<'vcnt and put "an (>nd to wai'. I'.ul if considerations of liumanity are to be taken into account, it is obvious tiiat the sale of suidi fhin-'s should l)e proliibited in time of ])eac(>, as well as of war. Tiiev ar:< not the k^s available in time of war because l)oui^ht in time of ])cace. The armourer or the sbipbnilderi who is thus recpured to close his estabiislnnent to the iK'Hicjerents when war arises, may continue to manni'acture and sell, iindistnrhed, hU instruments of destruction down to the very lunu' when war is ])roclaimed. 1 1 .ad I'riissia for instance, anticipated the attack of France as likely to occur so soon, and Imd desired to procure a fliH't, she mii,dit have r(>sortcd to tli(>"shi))wrid shi])s enoui^'h to cope Avith her formidabl(> adversarv (m the seas, "jhif, lot war but be ju'oclaimed, and accordin-' to these views, th(> work becomes at onci' criminal, the workman's hammer must be arrested. Hie .shii)wrii>'lifs yard cIoschI. Tlioiv may be reasons of state in certain instances— as according' to I5ritish ;ind American vicAvs in the cas(> of shij)s— forpiittiiii;' a restraint on th(> fivdom of trade, liut il s(><>ms idle to Ijnsc it oil the score- of humanity. 'I'lio effect Avonid simply be that a Government mcditatiii" the invasion of another country would have to provide ilself in tinu". 'I'li(> neii^hlKiuv upon whom it thus brinijs Avar on the suddiai, and who may be coinpaiatively unjirc pared, is not to be at liberty to seek the materials of Avar clse\vlien>, lint 'is to be left at the mercy of the invader, rcacefiil nations Avould thus Ik- at the mcrcv of others more ambitious and Avarlik(> and better i)reparcd than tlicniM>lv("^. 'i'h(> Avoak Avould be .sacrificed to the strong'. L(>t me sujiijosc a ])eople vlsiv.ir in a jiisf and rii,diteous cause. 1 Avill not offend the patriotic suscepiiliilitv ( f mv lionoiiriibh- and osteemcd collea-ue by su-•^•(■ possibility that the cause of the Insiirn'cnl^ ip.i-^'lit liave been such a' oik — I wil'l take Avhat he Avill readily admit to have b(>cn so, the sc|;;n'atiou of t!ie Inited States from the mother country. Lot nie suppos(> that, Avhih' (Jreat Ihitain had her fleets prc])ared, her troops armed, her arsenals well stored, America had neifh(>;' ships nor ariiK. nor munitions of Avar, with \vlii(di to ivsist the siijierior forces of lier adversary, "Would it havc^ been in the interest of humanity that she should be shut out fVoiu the markets of the Avorhl r An appeal to c iusilha-ations of humanitv has no doiilit somethini,' very capfivatinn- about it; Imt 1 iiucstion very much wliI'Hier luiinanity AVOuld not lose more than if would i-'ain by fiie proposed 'iV'>liviint on the coniineivia'l freedom of nations. Ship iif w.Tr si^iit out fur liniii(>(li;ile eervicu. Armament ami crew sent out in dift'ercnl sliir^. The case, however, becomes esscnlially (lillerent when a ship ilius < (|uip|>ed and armed is not sent out to be taken to the port of flu- bidliiveivnt pureli;iser. but is sent to sea with ollic('!s and a fiL^htini;' cr.w for tli(> imrpose of immediate waiihre. Cnder such (•ircuinstances tlic transaction ceases to lie one of mere coiir.iierec. ;;n(l assumes the form of;! ho-tilc ex])cdition sent forth tVoiu tlic territory (if tiic ncittr.'.i. Such an expedition i^^ ]ilainly a violati<.u of nenlrality. ;:ccordin';' to' infi-ri.atioin! hnv. .■iiid one Avhicli the neutral (iovcrnmcTit is bound to dl) ils best to prev,Mit. But Avh.it if, in order the better to avoid observ.-itioii and ('.elecli, n. the ves.sel is sent forth, Avilhout its armament, Avithout its war crcAv, and liie.se, sent to it by another or dillerenl vessels, are put on board of it in some place or water beyond 1 he Jurisdiction of the neutral .' in my o])'uioii, except so far as the (piesliou of di'lin'ciice i.s concerned, as to Avhich it may form a very material (dement, this makes no difUrenco. The ship, the armament, the crew, tlumi^di sent out .separately, form cacli of iliem part of ono_ and tin; same entcrjiri.M' or undertakini;-. Take'ii to^'clher, tlicv constitnte a hostile oxj)editi(m and nuist be livalcd as such. It is as fhont;'h a hostile force Avore sent Uy son to invade an cuemy's territory, and ea(di arm of"ihe I'orcp so I ga™ 27 or llic iiicrcliniif, niul i( is (l(MiiaM(l In'in;; willi tlicni aliiiiccl !uul mii!(> •j.ood. coniiiun.' ■ (;riiou(rals tliau I) much (if ;li(' iiiti'ivsts of Ix" t ft mii',iiii(l(ul ol' tliii ion tor tlicii' iiuliislry ami scciii to Ihiiik that tiic u till' lUMitr.iI ia allowing i"i! slsoiilil ))(• too i^lad Id til tl'.c (•Dinriiiciicc of the roliihit till' sale of artidrs r. I'-iil if I'oiisidcratioiis it till' f;ali' of such thinu's . 'I'iicy ai-' list the luss close his cstaliiishmcut to -anil sell, iiiiilisturheil.iiis iroi'laiincil. Had I'nissia, occui- so soon, ami liiid iVi'ia'iits' yards of i^urjland vcrsary on tiic seas. Hut, ic A\iir!v- hcconii's at once iii'lit's yard closed. There ritisli and Aiiicrican views Ic, l)ut it si'cnis idle to liasc a CiovermiH'iit uieditatiui; in time. The iieii,'lih(iiir l)c coiii|)arativeIy uiipre- clsewliere, Imt is to lie thus l)c at the mercy of II them-(>lvcs. '{'he ivcak (lie risiii;.'' in a Just and y of my houoiiraiile and even liyiititlietica.lly, tlio 1 siicli a (i'le— ( will taki' m of the (iiiled .States t lii-itain had her iicejs :'a had iieithe:' ships imr ir foi'ces of her adversary. ihould lie shut out from humanitv has no doiilit iiiicii wliether humanity Iraiut (111 the cdmincrcial ship 'liiis e(|uip|M'd and lit pureli.'iser. hut is sent mediate \\arl;ire. l.'iuler conr.fieree. ;;nd assumes f tile uciitr.ii. Such an ter:.:dioin! law. and one lit. 1 ,f ,me common dcsi-n This IS happily cxpresse. „, the American Law lieview, in Ihearlieh' already dted • "It was not, writes toe author ;■ hecuuse the .Me.,,... Liirl sold a warship t'. the Con Icderates that we have a clam, a-ainst i;nn.|„nd for a l.rea.di of international h.w • 1,0 ,t was hecause,.ollatera! arrangements for completing, the e.piipment and armimcn' the slup so .so ,1, l,y pl,.,,,n,. on hoard ollieers and i-eew, ^'uns ami provisions, ron le I 1 he entire procedure in lad. the meeplion of a !io>|i|,. nndertalvino' from the c.iilines oi a neutral coiiiilry. ' _ Of course tlic'ipicstion may heeome one of d...Hivc. The interval (,f time which niiifiit elapse hetwcen the sendm.,. out of the ship and that of the crew, the dislanc ' lietweeii the neutral territory aiid the plae,. ., which the war crew are to johi, th-' jmssihle act hat i' was (,ri,.mai:y mlemled ,■> procure a crew in some other coi are. - than Iha ..! the neutral, the oeeurrcnce of intermediate circumstances, miodit fairlv lead ti^Mlie mtcivnee that there was no present intention to ai-plv the vessel to the i.u •nose war wlnclMi, my mind ,. ui essential clement in as.,ril,inV^ a helliovrent chari-ter to that which mi-ht otIicrwiM- have remained a purely cmniercial transaction. An c.vpedition of this kind heim;. an uiuhuihled violation of neutrality cverv one n . r willa^rcethat^it istheduty (,f the neutral (iovermnent, if if knows ,S't •^. * S ■;,; r "' turn IS al.out t., leave its waters, to use due dilio.e,icc to prevenl it. .\or does' ,he ihity ot t he n.'utral (.overmnent end here. It is also its dutv to u.c due dili-ence t„ make itseli iidormed as to the true ch.araeter and destination of :•. vessel whe.v the-e :>• iTOsoiiahlc -round to suspect jh:ii such c!i;.raeter and destination are unlawful. ' ' '" TV duty of the neutral Coverninent in this re h Torei-n ''"''"""""• •■'^'■'• Enlistment, Act, xyliudi, ;,:.in^ lar heyond the restraints wliici, international la\v iinnoseson the maifral suhjeet, prohihits even the tittin-out .and cqnippi.i- of vessels tor the purpose ,.f war IS only a rcc.,i;a,ition of duties imposed hv internafionaHaw 1 he proposition is .altoiivther iintenahlc. It is, in the first iilacc, alto-ether at variance with what we know hisioricallv to have heen the ori-in both id the American Acts of 17!)I. and ]s]s, and of the Hri'tish Act of 181!), to .say that cither of these Acts arose out of, or was iiasM'd to iireu'iit the hinldin;;' or cipuppin^' or arming' of ships of war to he sold to a belliHcrent The Am.'rii'an Act of 17!) t was passed in conseip.ence of the proceedings of the »,.;„,,. „„J ;rench a.voy and C.msuls iii (he L mtcd States, on the hreakino-ont of the war between Amencr,; let.. Great JJritam and Trance, in procurm- jirivatecrs to be lit led out and manned by Amorican citizens, anil limiishm- ihcm with letters of maiipie as privateers It wa's not a ipiestion of littin- out ships to be s(dd to the Trench (hiveniment, but of tittin- out American vessels, the jiropcrty of American owners, and manned by «imerican ovews, to ])rcy, under commissions as privateers, u]K,n the commerce of* a fricnd'lv iiation. In like manner, the American Act of IMIS arose oiii of the precisely similar condiiel of American citizens in littini;' out American vessels, manned !)v \merican eivws, a-ain.st the cf.mmerce of Spain and Tortu-al, under commi.sions a.s i-rivatcer^ troiii tlie lU'tiivtn (iovcrnments of the revolted colonies of the two cmmiries The Spanish .Minister had loudly complained that some thirty vessels.\p,H.ilical|y named, the jiroperty of American citizen:*, and belonuiui.' to jiorts of the r;;;on wcV thus jireyinn' on Spanish commerce. " > • • The l!epre.scntativc of i'ortun'al made similar complaints. This ])racticc carried on, on so larj-e a scale, created !,rreat scandal ; and after the romiilamts had -one on for two years, the Act of iSlS was passed, lo put u check on it. i ii 1 M, !■ - ■ i: i <" i'';^ IM I p >\ 98 if possiMe This Act. iu addition to tlie cnactinouts of that of 1791, ronnirod tint !i bond 11' double tlu- .ahu; of tlu^ ship shouhl ho -ivcn in the case of anv ixvumhI vossW mvm>d m whole or m i)art l).v American citizens, -(jin- „ut of an American port, thit the vessel sliould i.ol he emplov.-d a-ainst a Ibrei-n tiovernnient ; and -ave power i j the CoUectors ol Cu>ti,uis to detain any vessel, built for Avar, lcaviii-\m Anierieui port, under certain suspicious circumstances sjiecified iu the Act. It is jilain tli^u tills Statute, like its predecessor, was direct ed a-;ainst privateeriu" carried on 1 v American citizens a-ainst countries with wliicii IIh; United States were at neaei' Kuildm- ..r lillm- ,uit ships ol' uar for a belli-ereut had not come into (luestion ■..' that tune at all. i "i in like manner llu' Ih-ilisli Act onSli) had in view, not the prevt'iitiou of bniidin- or e(iuii)j)iu- ships fur a b(>!li-erent, in the way of tra:!*-, but the prevention of mililuv or naval expeditions on behalf of the revolted cidonies or malcontent subjects of Sini,; lis orioin is brielly staled in the Jteport of Lord Tenterden to the A-eutralitv I/nw Commission: — • "Tiu' liritisli r,)R.i;j;ii Knlistiiifiit Act may hv .said to litivc avisi^n tioiii tiii.- provision of ,i Tivmv that witliSjiaiuot tile 28ili of An-iisi, 1814. ^' lu" "i a iu,n „ „ ".''''''■■'. 'l'.''''^''.^'. '"•. iis it i.s oillud, ■ Addiiioiial Aiticli^'i to iIr. Tiwilv ot Julv o, 1,S14' uontiiiw ,|, iuHowiiil; .Vrticli': — ' ' ' " ■•■Aitii'le HI. His Hritiinnic Jrajesty, iifiii- aii.xious tliat ihu Uoiil.lf.s aii,l .listuihanc's w!,!,!, uiifonunaloly iTi-vail m ti.c- do.mnioiis of lli.s Catholic ilajfHlv in Anu-rica should , niirclv cuasp ■ , tlie ."uojc.is ul those ],iovnit;i'.s .sliould ivluni to their oho.licnci. to thcii' huvlnl .Soveivi-n' m",'\'-i^ Ula; tlu., iMosl (.|ii.rtuai niuasiuvs t..r pivvuntin,!,' iiis suhjeils iiom furnishin- :iniis, auiinunition ur ,„v otlu'f artiih- lo till! ivvoitod in Anicrini.' ' ' • "In 181S the reactionary jioliey of Kin- iVrdinand, the ]irohiliitorv duties imi.osed l,v liim „„ Bnli.sh foninierce, and the in-ratitude Mith wldeh lie treated lirilish etlieer.s and others who h'ld .smt, his cau.se m Spam, hin I provoked a ;,'real ded of irrit.uiou in Kn-hmd ; and tiierewas a eonsidenll' party in ihe House ol fonin.ons, lieaded hy Sir James Macintosh, who were prepared to .sunnori'tl' olaini.s ol (he Spaiir^h American Cohaiics to indepeiidenee. ^ _i;.xi)editioi,s were .said to be in preiJaralion for rendcriuL;- nelive assistance hotli to the malccjnteni m Spam and to the rehejs in America, in„siMt.. of a I'roclamafion forhiddin,t,' such expeditions, wi,ich had been puhhshe.l in 181, ; and the liovernnient conse.p.entlv Ibun.l that it wis nece.ssarv in Jrdcr Keep -o,,d lailh wifli Spam and v> prevent infractions of British neutralitv, to l.rin.' m an \ct ,''] i arliament t.. provide lor tlie ca.se whu'h now for tiie lirsi time arose in moiiern history oT Great I'trii,,-,, bein,,'iiea;ral at tlie timeofaMTcat maritiiue war."* "' "- i""'11m Thtit it was ajjain.st armaments o'oinir out from the .shores of Great ]?ritain thai ihe measure wis directed is jilain from some of the ar-nments used bv Mr. Cannino' in tl„. course of the debate on the Bill. Thus ho says :— ' "" " If a iorei-iuv sh.nild cdiance to come into any of our ports, and see all this nii^'htv arnnin,.,,! e(piippm,r tor l,jrei-n service, he would naturally ask. 'AVith what nation are von at war'^' The ■m.Z W(aild be. • AVith none. " J■llall.^\ll^ " ' for u hat pui'iKm", then,' he wnuM say, ' are liiese troops Icviwl, and bv whom '" Tlie ret.lv , r cours,. imrst be, ' [hey aiv not levied by (ioveiimi,.nl ; nor is it known for wlial .servi,.. tlicv ir intended ; but, Ije the service wh.it it may. Government caniKjt interfere.' Would not all llrit .'iv,:sm'l a foreiu'iier a hi-h idea of the excellence of the Kn-lisl, Constitution ? Would it not su-.^esr to 1, that lor a I the ordinary ]nirpo.se.s of a Stale there was no Govermueiit in Kimlaiid f Did'tlu. |,„„»m able and earned ..,'ent|emen not lliink that the allowiiiir of armaments to be tilted out in this conn J against a lon.'i.Lrn I'ower, was a just cause of war ^"f ■ Jlr. Rcdiert (Jrant, another niembor of the Government, said that— "KveiT Government in its Ibrei-n rclation.s, wa.s the representative ..f the nation to w|,icl, is belonged, au,l It was ,.1 the holiest na,,o,tanee to the peace of nations, that Goverimients shoal, he ^ considered. Nations announced llieir inicntions to ea.'h ..ther throti-h the medium of their riilei- Jleiice every Stale knew wjiere to look for expressions of the will of iV,rei-n nations.-where to luaiii wla-tier war or peace wa.s mteiided.-where to demand redress for iniuries, and where to visit iniiiries unredressed. [ ut all this .system was unvrted and thrown into confusion, if th,. (iovrnment mi.-.tM m one wav, ami tlie nation in another. All this system was at. an end it; while we were protege u'l Jieace with Spam, .she was ,o be attacked by a lar,.. army of mili.ary adventurers from ou'r own s| or ' -,■; sort ol e.,:Uv-naho,nl body-utter ly irresponsible-utlerly iuvuliieral,le, except in their oui, persoas' -loi whose acts no red res.s could be .lemamled of the liritish Governmenl-wlio nii.,d,t burn pilla.-. and destroy, then Imd a sale asvlum m iheir own canitry, and leave us to sav, 'We have perlbrii ed our engagements— we have honourably mainlained our neutral character."-' • St'P Report of Conniiis^.ion, p. ;i7 ; llritisli Appendix, vi,l. ni. UniJl ^^',%!''^u""- '^'■'"'""' ^'"'- ^^' l'"^'' """• «™ "'^'^ '■""■"'•'' gi"» i" "'« Argument of the i Hnii-.u-d, ^•(.l. Xb. p:i..<. V244. Anjiunoiit of United States, page 512. It of 1791, required that (•aso of iiiiy armed vessel, f ail American port, tliat incut ; and y;iiv{^ power ij ar, leaviiiiT ;tu American le Act. It is plain tli;it ivateevinu: carried on i,v Jd States were at peace. [)t come into (piestioii ai liie prexx'ntionof Iniildiiin' lie jirevcntion oi" miiitarv content sul)jects of Spain. 1 to tiie Aoutrality Laws ■oin liie iirovisiuii of a Tivinv: lit July :>, I,S14,' eniit.iiiis t|„. iMes and distuibances wljidi rica sIkjiiIiI cnlirely ceuse, nad laulul .Soverci;,'M, eiiija^izes to ill;,' anus, ainnuinitidii, ur aiiv ly ilnties iniimsed ly liii,.. „„ Ji's and olhers wiio had s/rvcil and lliure was a i:(iiisiduraM,. ere prepared to supiion tin tance lioth Ui the liialcuntcia. idini,' sui/h e.\|ieditioiis, whiih L il was iiecessaiT, in onlia' i„ nilily, to hriiij,r in nu Act nf (kii-ii history, of Great llriiain oi" Great Britain tlial the I l)y ilr. Cauniui;' in the eu all this niij.'hly arniaiuuiit re yon at war ?' 'The answiT id liy wliian :' The rejilv of II tor w Ijal service thev'iire \V-. "I'il'S i" Mr. Dana, in the passa-^- l.efore nU,l, ,„,t, the matter on ,1,,. ri^^ht oroimd a,re^r';.w.:;;;;th::E;e;;:;!:'-::;!:r^^ £:.~n-:f^f^^^^^ recommendm^' certain slatutcu'v a("' • '' ' ' ' ^'">'" *-" >y interntitional lomissioners. -wlio, in .As to effect of .Act of 1870. recommemuii,' crti.m statutory additions , , ,1,,. j,,. .,^1 .'A r:, '.'""'''■";. ''■^'"' "' rcoomniendatKms we liave not lell onrvi, ■. Imiivl" -i" "liiKmu' the loregoing exceeding what could aetutillv he requ vd i-^ i nniim'e.n"'''^^ /''''^^''''' ''' ''''^ that if those .v,-omin..ndalluns siiou d he • ulo , '"•"■ ^'W"' "T "^ "!"'"''"" available lor the enlorcement of nenti .1 V w ' ive n< '^IV'tr '"'' "* ^^T ^'"''"^ far as we can see. have been l.vnn.M,. ; '•,,., "M "".'< ■''»" 1 '■'f'^"">'«'.v, and will, so national .)b]ii.atio tC:::^; ' ,;" '^e 1 i "i";'^^ ""'' >""'■ ^i'^'-^^-^ inter: that the Commissi.mers ex, res!" v i h i f '^ ^'"'H'^'' taken, notwilhstandin? any considerations of int, ■,;a,i ..^l ^. '^ . ' r"'"?V'''''*'""'^ "'•^' '■"nt of infant thai M-itho„t these nil • , : :'^ J''::^'' /<"^'!'"r" =>Hd leame.l iurisfs meant thai willunit Ihes cxi^'encies of international hiw. Snel ■•^'MWums the |;nv of llnolniid failed t., notice. I an ar •ome up to the ■gument IS really undeservin- of serious Hqually unfounded is tlie assertion that the iivn,-;.;^.,, e 4^ r. . Act are only a sttit.itorv decha'atiotVoi t e -o ,mon 7 p"r ''T ^ i'""'-" Enli.stment of that statnf- could onlv he (hvl- rato,! n ' ' /' "' tn.-.-lnnd. The enaettncut oblioatioi.s of internatiomtl la V vliSa j'^'^S^'^" ^'";'!' 7-'■^•t'•"sive with the opinionoftheju(li,Mvs. pvonon,,cedasf.nVn;d- J; S ''""^ '=".' '"•^■""•' them. The rl-on the sale'of l.riuLl shiill^lr,; ^^"nV'TT^ "' " 'f centmy, that mslmcssandtlH>inconrctn<.ssofthisasVrtio.;. • "' "^ ^^'"^^^^' ^^^o^y, the V r"'/"* it is claimed on behalf of the I7ni.ed States that whether fn. Vr • Luhstnient Act was, or was not luoee ft,n), ,.,, ,^,.* • •.■ • "'"""i '''<' i-'oreii,'u the United States w^re ^^.HtSim'spHK- ^ ^J^ h" T"^ to have it put in force in all its ri^,,,, • 1 , f A;, , r n> •^''''"l''' °* ^^ ashin-ton, question wh..,lu-r, where t! e in n c n ] . of' , f' "''' ■•""Ives the important internatioiKil law, a belli.ere, '" , i" s ' • " f 1 " "^"r"^^'' "^^'^ than the muuieipal law in his behalt; and mttki' ^ omSs 1 ? d o ^ Cl^l'^l 'r ''"''^ "^ *'^"^ ibundin- a ri-ht of redress at the han.iror- iie t ; r -™"'"'"^ yvicvauce, as «lerations -will serve to dispose ^>^t.Vs;;T:i.^^a^^^ of inSi-niS law ;;:;dV;:Si;;^ r^r' ^"='" ^^'" ''^'^^^^-^ Tor its own protect ion, lest h? c .^ of it s, 1 ie 7 T'^'- "' ('"''''-" ^^^''' ^''^ times donhtn.1, of strict ri^ht, ^wJi^^ZZ^nT"^ the conlines, often- loss,n..y alter the charaelvr, ;ho„ld con, C.ii " H^;, ^: ^llh'lw'''^™"^*^ ?'' }vas in this spirit and with this object thai the IWi^. ,?".„, ' "''^'"'''- ^^ .shown by its preamble, which i^ in the IbHowi:;;: t^n,;;'!*"'"'' "' '^''' ^^'^^ l'^^-'^'^' «« Maiestyssuhjeds, withon. His A a esl '" i nf ^w I '"''^^ "™""^ "' ^'^^^"''^ ''>• H^« .mitones of any ftnvign IVin,., S,a e. ^ , aU r pe ts' " r i";;: ''' "'' "^"'"' "'" '''^""'"""^ "•• iwers of Cov.M'nnient in or ovor anv lo.vi eoi n, ,' nn • . ' '~ ''-^"■'H".^' i'- exe.-eise the aainsttla. ships. ,oods, or ,ner,.handi. • of , v ^S i^ri J ^e, ! ''iVa':;.'': '""' "'' "''>' J""^-'""" - or their sul.je,as, n„n/ he p,ru„/lrM to aZ llul't'n lul I )f' ' '"^'"^'V' '"' l'"''^'"' "' ^^^^.b,e=t,. It would obviou,!, affori „„ .„,„,r on iZ pil-'t '"^"roil Go^iLSt'S liiL'ht conferred on lielligerent by inunicipat law. % # r.lTv.l nf I'rdil.nii.ilinii no ii (' .iii|)l(uiil ol'n lK'lli!;oi'('iit ol'mi iiilVacliDU of nciilriility, Mir\t its immicipal law \\m insiidicici;! lo cnalili' it fo insiirf tlic ohscivaiicc of neutrality liy its siihjirts ; the irasiiii liciiii; lliat intiTiia; ioiial law, not tlic imiiiici|>al law oj' the i)articiilar coimtrv, !J;iv('s tlic only mcastircuf iiitcriiatidiial riulilsaiid (il)liL;ali(iiis. \Vliil('. tluTclurc, (ui IIm'oiic liiind, tiic mmiicii'nl law, if not co-cxtrnsivc with the iiiti'rnational law. will allonl no cxciim' to tlic nnitral, so ncitlici'. on the other, if in excess of what international ohliLratimis evait. will it allonl any riijht to the heilincrent whieh international law would fail tu i;ive to him. in one fcspect, and in one ropeet only, does the mimieipal law, wIkmi in exc-ess (,|' international law, 5;ive ti rii^ht to the helljocn iit. i:(|iiality hein^' of the cssenee df nentraiity, he has a fiu'lit to insist that the neutral suhjeet shall e(|ually he coiniiellcl l(| keej) within the lUMiiicipal law in dealing' with the ;'idversnry as when dealini;' wiih iiimself. A helliucrent is also licyond f|uestion jH-rfeetly at li'herty to in\'e iip(7n tli,. neutral (if)V('rninent, in the way of s-iiicilatioii or even of reiuonstraiiee, to enforce ih,. nninici] ill law; hut so lonir as it is no; enforced au:ainst himsejf he has no riijht 'n rcilress. bovause it is not put in force a'j,'ainst his enemy. I am at n loss (>xactly to nndersta'id for what inirjiose these ]:oints liave liecn liroui,'ht forward, and so strenuously insisted on in the American ari^niments. ('or, tin' rule prescrihed to lis by the 'I'realy". anil to the henefit of which the'l nited Statcsarc, therefore, entitled at our hands, is in tli(> very terms of the Foreiijn iMilistment An. I presume the ])iirpose was to creat(> a foun(i,,tion for the impidation against (ircit iJritain of not having,' acted in ^oodfailh. I;, ;hat respect 1 may have to advert to these .•;ri,-uments at^'ain. l-'or my present ])nrM' s.. jt is enouiih td have cleaied thr l^round of them. In like manner when it is sonnht, in the Case of tlie United States, to make tlic <^)iieen's rrocdamation of neutrality the measure of the international ohliLjations of h-t suhjects, evei'y lawyer oui,'ht to know that this is to i;ive to a l!oyal i'roclan'Mtioii ;in authority Avhicli it does not possess. 'J'he ])nrpos(> of such a I'rocla'mation, used oidv in ureal conjunct ur(>s, is to remind tin- subject of the provisi(,ns of the law, and to \v;irii liiin against breakini;' it ; and if, after such warniny:, a man ollcnds auainst tli(> law. 1. oflbnco is a^'i,'ravatcd by the fact tliat he liiis .set the injunctions of the Sovorei;;!! deliance; but such a J'roclamati( :; carniot make or .-idd to the law, or alter it in t smallest i)articular. The rroclamation of ls(il was in the accustomed form. Ii drew attention to the enactments of the I'orei^-'ii i-lnlistment Act, and warned all ]'ersons subject to Ib'itish law that, if they did any acts in c(mtraventi(m of tlnii Act, or in violation of the law of nations — as by eidistini; in the niilitiin service, or serviiju' in any ship of Avar or transjMirt, "of tl.r- eontendim;- parties; or troiii!,' or ('ii^'jujinf,' to iio beyond the se.as for the jHirpose of eidistinu', or procnriiiir! or attemptini,^ to procure, within Her Majesty's dominions, others to do so; or littiiiir- out, armini;', or c(luipJ)in^■ any vessel to be en'iployed as a ship of war, or i)rivatccr, or transjjort, by either of the contendin;; ])arties ; or 'by breakini-' or en(h>avourim,' to hrrak any blockade lawfidly and actually established byor on behalf of either of the s;iiil contendinu' i)arties ; or by carrying' ollicers, soldiers, (I(>s])atches, arms, nulitary ston\ or materials, or any artude or articles considered anil deemed to be contraband* of war! accordini,' to the law or modern usa^'c of nations, for the use or service of citluM' of tin' contending' ])arties all jjcrsons .so ojfendiiiij; wouhl incur and be liable to the sevi'inl jK-nalties and ])e)ial conseciuenees hy the; said Statute or by the law of nations in that behalf impi)s(>d or deiKaniced. The Queen's subjects are further warned that all |h isoiis entitled to ller ]irotect!on, if they should misconduct themselves in the premises, woiilil (!o so at their ])eril and of their own wron'4', and tliat they Moidd in nowise obtain iiiiv ])roteetion from Jler Majesty against any liabilities or jK-nal c()iise(|uences. 'J'he ell'ect is that persons are w.anu'd that infr.Mctionsof the I'oreiu'U I'lnlistmeiit Act Avillbe visited with the penalties of tlijit statute, Avhile acts within tlu penalties of inter- national law will be liable to those jjcnalties (nanudy, seizure and conllseation of pri)|)('ify!, and that auainst the latter ])enalti<'s no ])rotectii)n from the Crown nnist he ex[)ecteiL ]?ut the I'roclamation contains no jwohihition of these latter acts, namelv. dealing' in contraband of -wai', or bn-akinir blo(d,. .ir .• this beyond all possibility of controvoty. ""^''"'''t''^^^ "''i^-l' I have citnl estabS rulea Gov.Tn.nont was bound to us,. ,]„.- dilin,.,,,.,. to ...wo,,, i .•.•;■■"■• u.u iinrisn Inbunal tiiat wn mist for tbc pmsn.t , ,, J . "'' '='-'''''<' "'tli tl.(> rost of tbo equ.pi.iM- of vo«sofs, tiiko (iu. rules of tbo'ffi '' ''I, '■'T;'^"^"'•' ""'■"^' ""t and andnmscHi.UMit liability oftiir(,)ue,M.\s (;',;;.„' ''^ *^'-' '^''''"^''l """^sions 'Jliou-b ol oijinioii tbat II, t \r.w.wf,.' r" that tbo Kules b.i.. ,Io.-m ,,,, Hu/t;!^^ ^^'^TZt^T^^^'y'"'^' ^" ^^^'in^ Con ur.,otio„ „f have |..ysc-r,l,,Ml at tbc time these riai.ns aVos'r a^L 'f "'^^'r^^onal law would 'fule. of Treat;, and that it .s our duty to f^ive full ,.|leet to 1, '.n t ^' ■* '"'' .^^^ ''""»'• ''X the Ilulos. I proceed then lo considrr wlnt is this " ) vt- mcut aclniits that it; was bound to apply to j.remit ' L?'mTr "''"f '' ^l'" ^"^^^'» Cfovern- Due diligence vessels m question. ' ^ * '•'^' ^'^^ ^'"-^ littin--out and equipping of the what ? ^ I ai)prehen(l that such dili£?encc would bo .,r.;H.. neutra Governinent would be bound to app v tf ti ^';;.''f "i ""'' 'T '^'^'^ ^"^ ««'«r suhjee s o any head of neutral duty prese fi ,^1 |u- in f ^''™^"''j of any breach by its The dimcultv of the jxKsition is 1 nt ' '.^^"■V''t'»nal law. ^ rausc of iuridie.nl /i;..n=.;„.: ',,:."'.' V^^'^^^on has not hitherto come within «t t! ' d States boon (h-alt (vitli .IS bubjccUiiy them tu ti'au that ol the United States. We must ,m , m vn , o "1" "^ n«"<'»'»l responsibi AT' . , , "'''""^"'^"''"ilii solution for ourselves As I nave already observed, I eannof .,,,.-.„ +i x x, ouis-taes dili,™" should b.. left to the mnSSlS?;'* ^'T '^T*"*"^ "^ "l^"''* is "c '■an I a,reo that the solution is to be tund in tI,o ' T''!- ^"'\'^""'"''^1 arbitrator; . 1 Wi.h judges may be often disposed 1,^',"'^^' ?^ 'T'"' ""'ivi.h.al case . i'lVsLlent has nioro than once vfenrl ;!&/''■ •"^'^^'■". " ^vbieh our honoura due nor 'resident has nioiv than^ncr n^lii^.d ' er'Er/l"- '"'''^!'"' •? )''^'''''' "'"' honoinXe n>u.st not be pushed too far. [ ai;Tee wiMni 'iw' '"" 'P^ ''' ^ """"l^' "^^ ^^lii^'l^ vf. reference to civil law, at^T refer S fo th>t^^^ <>» this subject Hibject of diligence, says:- "^ "'' ditferent opinions of Jurists on the 'l"l^iHumv; ,nai.s peut-Otro poiUTait-on lour 11 hv ij ,v Z ' 7 '''*' •'"^'"'^'''•'"'■^ ■^'"' '^«-'' '««P"tes '•^■^t,un ,,„,„,'.t„utiit„t lout CO qui ost -lisoussio, OS-,, ''l' '"l^'^V""'"''' 1^' ^■'■^•"^■■;'^' '1^' la ■M.T,,rdau,m .los tlut.s, et sous „n c'.,,uit.I,!o nmisf^oil^'l :,;':' l"'"'.' ''^' ' ™". -"-^ h^ ^-omiuode mi«.stmt,ollostb„tluirodopv,^oieusosl„„,i^,,^sn;,!L^' ,,f J aidont lo ^^lesjn.rer. Cos r,'-l,,..s n.'out pan, siuiplos ol, iudi iotos- '"'"'" ''" '''"■"''''■ •^"•' ^"'^ 'aits et :ins tons It uir, lo 'S oas, i-X d .usso-ioino nvMiipor.joprio loleototu'd ills los limn avis, e'cst colui roi)ro(;iio do mo li\ ivr a 1 1 oisousos diffr 10 no oxposor odiumo jo los ond'uds qui, .sous pivloxio do luir rosi)nt do sys vssions. Do tous los > ■t luadivssor, ooinmo liii d li's syslonios, 1 itomo, so fait uuo loi d !o iion- lu nioiiis oKousabio. a, u n'oii avoir auouu."* [145] ' ^'"'''-' Civil cxpIiquCV vol. i, „. 47y. ' « ■ *f pi' ^'1 \% DUigtrUia tnd Opinions of Jurist). 82 Tt. Rooms to mo, thoroforo, riG;1it, boforo prnooodini; to donl \ritli flio fnots, to "ipo!; in the doniain of ijiMioral jiuisprudL'ucc lor priiiciplrs to piidc us m jvidi;iag how In the ol)liL,'atioiis of tJrcat llritain havo or liavo not boon satisfied. No bnincdi of law has bt'(>n the s\d)j( pl(>adin2;s of the United Slates, some assistance to r,'nid(> us to ri'jht eon. elusions as to the standard of diliu;enee required of a neutral (iovernment for insuriii,- the (diedieuee of its subjects in matters of neutrality. Ibit after a vaf,'iie statenicm that " the extent of the (lilii,'ence required to escape responsibility is, by all ;iutboritii\ f^jaujTcd by the character and magnitude of the matter which it may elleel, by tin relative conditiim of the parties, by the ability of the party hu-urrim; the liability to exercise the dilii'cnco required by the exigencies of the cas(>, and l)y the extent nf the injury which may follow ne^lijrence,"* t'le only authority cited in any detail iv that of an obsolete autlior, whose exposition of the lioman law has been exploded liy modern science. After this, the Case breaks out into the following; van'ue mvI declamatory stufement, not of Avhat the law is, but of what the United States' Government desire it shall be understood to be : — "Till' Uiiiti'il Stiiti's iintlcrstaiid that tlic (lilii,'i'iic'o uliicli Im culli'il Inrliy tlic Huli's nf llu' Tivriiv (if Wusliiii^tnii is 11 ihif (lilijrcuct' ; that is, a ililiiii'iu'i' iini]Mirti()iifil to thi' iiiauuitucli^ (if liu' suliji,'!'! !iii,| to the (lij,'iiity and stroiiiith of the I'dwov which is to I'xcirisi' it ; — a dili^'ciici.' whii-li shall, jiy tlic ii-c of active viLrilaiicc, and of all the otlier means in the jiower of the nciitial, llnnnv'li all N(a,u;e.s (pf the transaction, prevent its soil frniu liein;,' violated ; — a dili,i.'eii('e that sliall in like hianner deter (lesi;,'niiiL; men from connnittini; acts of war upon the soil of the neutral au'ain-t its will.uud thus ])ossilily diau'dii: it into a war which it W(aihl avoid; — a dilit'enee which ]irom]its tlie neutral to the most eiicvu'ittv luea-sures to disitover any purpose of doiu^rthe acts fovhiddeii hy its j,'ood faith as a neutral, and iia|«K,s upon it the olili^^ation, when it receives the klionludgu of an inlontioii to commit sucli acts, to ii-c ,;11 the UK^ans in its ]iower to jireveul it, " Xo (lilif.'encu short of this woidd ho ' due ;' that is, aiwtinihfiini/'- nulh /he (iiKiycnn/ or n-illi. l',,. wdijnUiiilfiif thr irnidtno/ ni-f/lii/nuv. Uuderstandiuj,' the words in this sense, the rnitcd States fiudlhtiii identical with the measiiie of duty which (Ireat llritaui had previously a(.lmitted."+ This is, of course, to be"' the whole question in dispute. But it is obvious that a matter of so much importance, as \yu\ii; at the very root of this in([uiry, retiiiiivs a mor(> logical aud precise consideration than the I'orcgoing rhetorical statement presents. The jurists of the scvontoonth century, among whom Vinnius occupies a prominent place,} divided the dilujentia and eorr(>spoiuling culpa of the Ifoman law into three de;,'ivt"., Thus we have culpa lata, Ici'is, levissima, taking the intermediate degree, or culjia /o7'v,a< being the absence of the diligence whicdi a man of ordinary ]irii(lenee and care would apply in the management of his own affairs in the given circiunstanees of the (\hc Though attiicked by Donellus, this tripartite .livision of diligence aud default held its ground among juridic.al writers for a considerabh^ time; but on the foriutitiou of tlip Ercnch Code, the practictU good sense of those; by Avhoni that great work was ciirried out, so visible in theii- discussions, induced them to discard it, and to establish aiio common standard of diligence! or care as api)licable to all ctises of ci\il obliLratiou, namely, that of the " bon pi'-re de lamillc," the "diligeiis paterlamilias" of the Uonian digest. The Coth' Napoleon has been followed in th(> Codes of other countries, ibnous others, the Austrian Co(U' has lately adopted the stimc i)rinciple.§ The juridical view, too, of the earlier writers Avas not destined to stand its grninKl After it had lieeit assailed by Tliibaud and Von Lohr, llasse-, in a most l(>;u'ned and aUo treatise, "Die Culpa d(>s Ilihnischen llechts," thoroughly ex])osed its unsoundness, and his views havo since been IVdlowed by a series of (Jernian jurists, incliuling Professor Mommsen in his well-known work " Ueitriige ziun Obligationsrecht."|| French authors have for the most })art taken the same view. Commentators on the Code, Durauton, Ducari'oy, Troplong, and lastly ^l. Deinolombe, in his great wark th(! " Coiirs du Code Civil," have agreed that there can only b(; one staitdiu'd for tlio diligence retjiured in the alfairs of life, where the interests of others are concerned, namely, that of meii of ordinary capacity, prudence, and caro. m * United States' Cn?e, p. 1 j'i. f Ibid., p. IJS. J See Comment., lib. iii, tit. xv, De Conaiioiiato. « Sco " .-Mlgem. ni'.rgcil. (Jf^el/biicli," § l'i07. || Vol. iii, p. ^CO. onl ^rith flio Tnd'^, to sorl; ulo us ui Judi^iiiy 1k)W lir led. on nmoni» jiu'idicnl wrihiN ncitlicr more nor I(" lial)ility to asc, and by the cxfciit nf vity cited in any detail !> law bas been exploded hy tlie I'ollowiiiLf va^'ue aii-l what the Uniti'd States' I I'liv liy llii' Fviiti's 111" llii' Tivatv 111' iiiiivniliiclc, (if llu' siiliji'il ;m\ ilii^i'iici.' wliicli sliall, liy tlir \w riitnil, tlirinii,'|i nil .s|iij,'i's ni ih,. I in liki' iiinimcr lii'icr (lrsiL;iiiii^ will.illlli lllUs piNsilllv illa?.'i;ill.' Ill' innitral to tlii' ninst cini'.itlc I t'liilli ii.s 11 lU'Ulrul, mill iiii|iii-(< to ciimiait micli iK'ts, to ii-i: ,iil • ■ irilfi till- itii(ri/(iii\i/ or irilh I'll. ■iisi', till' ruituU States find tlitm a(liiiilli.'(l."+ . Hitt it is obvious tlmt.i of this inquiry, re(|iiiri's a ;oin!» rbetoiioal statement nnius occupies a prominent )man law info thretMleijm's, ate dei^ree, or culpa li'ris,^^ r ])rii(h'nee and care wimld oireunistanees of tiie ca*!'. H'enee and det'aiilt lielj its it on the I'orniation ol' tlip iiat threat work Mas earned I'd it, and to establish one I casivs ol" ei\ il olili^'atioii, ertinnilias" of the lioniaii of other coiuitrios. Amons ple.§ I'stined to stand its tfi'ound. in a most learned ami able :])Ose(l its unsoundncs-;, and jurists, includinij^ rmlessnr nsreclit."! iew. Commentators on tlio iloinbe, in Iiis iji'eat Avurk ly be one standard fur tin' s of others arc concerned, ro. 33 rr;r^iiE:L:^;-;.:;;,,,:.-;j ; n:i"^^^ »,«, ft rii(iiiiiiic iic'"iiMi.|ii cL (ii,sii ' (■ I "The only thin,- to be conM^ie ed" u 7 ''"' ''^^ ''""''' '" ilofauit is sue!, as ,lnes not oc-nr to a .iilVienultlier Tr'" ^^f'"]>"^^"". "'"^ ^vbether tho to be taken is ' ,,„,.,l,.,a ,|ili..,.ns p-iteH il -^ ^tlier o( i..,„„Iy i„ i-eneral." " The earo After distiniuishiu.. b^fwee ., • '"" ''''"'^ n" m-llL'riiro coiui,,,,,,,.,,,. ""' suiipi. n.p,i„siuii,, ,,„. ,,,u. ,„„, ,.4::; :;';;,;: ;; '"yn. .ik.,. ,.-.,.. ;,. ..i,i,.i, ti,..,.oxists „ot a "The mo!i«ii..n "...>.... 1^ Tt- I himself I rcspons I Professor Uifer in his " Sv I 1 thus writes of c«V leris, ^^cordin^ZA!!:::;^^'}::!:'''^'^ ^"^^™- Privatreehts."|| "I /'"'.''"l<-'>'"ii™i<.irtliw,„/,„/,,,-, i,, s I-.,- .,1 r »";■'"; "i;ii»i i„ i,, ii„a ■„■ ,1,1, „ , ,? ,:;,',:" '."T " "?."" "'" I'isi"-" .i«i.™,„r,iiii„„„. «! ' I '\^ ;'i. ■4 i + ii)id„ p. \:,s. to. Vol. iii, p. SCO. . ^... t ■' Beitrage," &e.. vol. iii. p. ^S" ''^'' ^"P''''"^'" ?>• ■• § f 1- ^ WM^cho^d, « Wirbuch des Pandektenrechts," Band 1 ^ ^ '^^'"^'«^i^°"." vol. i, tit. ■' Culpa." If Stubenrau^, -. Co.™. ... h^Xlt G^^^t.buch," pp. iJil^]: "' ^ ^«- F 2 ! ill I«- .ril r Same (irinciplo implied to GoTernment. 34 .^ciiprnl nsn-'cs (.1' lilV. ini.l llif .-Iuuimvs, iis well asllin insiiintions, pccnliav to tlm a.c'P Sotlidt, iiltlwiui:!, 'il inav n(iLT,c!'"ssilil't.pl!iv.lowii miv svrv I'xncI nili', iijiiilicalil.' h< nil times luid all cMruiMstaiic.'.s, y,i that ninvb.. s.'iaiolv n,MHi...ii m- ..niinary .lili-.'n.v in liic si'iis^. ,1' tl,,. law whirl, i.irii.il .Main,,.,, ,,ni,U'.uv .'.'iMaallv .•xrivise aluail llicir nwn alVaiis i„ tl,.. a-c and oamtrv m whirl, llifV liv,;, II w, 1 il, loUovv thai in iliinTrnl linirs and .n ,litl,avnl .■(.uiitncs the staiidaid is iica'ssarily vavialic waii ivsncrl- t.) til'' facts allhnimli it ninv lir nnirnvm with ivsprcl t(. lh(^ ]a'in [......v , — - - .. . n;:;aiv, whellu'i' it be' inoro or less, in point of diligence, tlmu vliiit is exacted m another euiiiiliy, heioiiies in I'aet tile general measure of diligence."* 'I'hc ney of modem decisions Ins been to aimlv in all cases tiie smind practical rule tluxt in detel■nunln^• the ques1i<,ii „|' nooljovnee, tlie tni(> test is whetiier tlieiv has been, with reference to the particular siil)icct niatt(>r, lliat reasonable decree of diligence and care which a man of ordinary Dni'dencc and capacity mi^'ht bo expected to exercise in tlie same circnmstanccs. (Siv what is saiil bv 'fiiulal, L. C. J., in Van-lian v. Menlow (JJ iJ. N. C, 475) ; by Park,., H in ■\Vvid r. 'i'iclw whicli the.ludge mav, iu his conscience, form of how far the conduct of the individual complained of may' or may not have been that which ordinary prudence and sense f)f diitv would hav(> prescribcHl. I entirely agree witli what is said by \\u) learned mlitors of Zachariiie's " Droit Civil Prau<;uis," on Article 1137 of the French Code:- '• r Article 11:!7 .se resume en un Ctm.seil au.\ Juges de u'avoir ni tro]i de rigueur ni tro], diinlul- ..vnee et de ne ilemander an d.'l.iteur que les .soiiis raisoiiuableiiieiit du.s a la chose (|ii'il est elKuge il» r,inserver. ou de faire, soit :\ raison de .sa nature, suit ;i rai.son^ des eircoiistance.s variables u Imlini iiui moditient son ,jbligati'on pour la reiidre ou plus largo ou plus utroite."t AVhat is hero said by the learned editors of Zacharice appears to mc to afford tli,^ criterion. It is for 'the Judge to determine, according to the best of his judgment, with reference to the facts of tiie particular case, and with reference to the thing to W done or left undone, whetlun- what has been done, or left undone, as the case may lie, has been what could reasonalilv and justly have been expected from a person of ordinary capacity and prudence in the affairs of life. More than this is not to h expected. I have cited these authorities because, in the absence of any reference to the (luestion of diligence among writers on international law, it seems to rae tliat tlio I'rinciiile that prevails as to m(>n's conduct in the alhurs of life may by analogy !),> well aiiiilied to the discharge of its duties by a (Jovernment. Applymg this standard, one n'ltion has a riglit to cxpc^ct from another, in the fiiUilment of its international oblio-atioiis, thi> amount of dilitfcnce whieli may reasonably be expected from a well- 1 uliit<'d wis,-, and conscientious Gov(>rnm(>nt, according to its institutions, and its oidinarv moth' of coiKliicting its affairs; but it lias no riglit to ("xjiect moir. Tlio assertion of the olihgation of a neutral Government, as stilted in tlie Ameneau Cas,\ —that "the diligence is to bo proportioned," not only to "tlie magnitude oi tlif siibi.-ct," but also to " the dignity and strengtii of the Power whicli is to execute it - as tiioiioli tiiere could be one measure of diligence for a iiowerful State, and anotlirt lor a weak one— a diligence " which shall ])reveiit its soil from being violated "—wiiicli " shall deter designing" men, &c. "—thus making the neutral Goyeriiinent aiisworalik' for the event— and " which prompts to the niost energetic measures "—appears to mc much too extensive, and altogether imulniissible. I Iia.ls of diligence. The dili"-ence required of a Government to prevent infmetions of neutrality ma,v relate (1) to tli<' state of its municipal law ; (2) to the means possessed by it to prevent * Story on liailmi'nts, § 14. t ZaciiaritD, " Droit Civil Fraii^ais," edited by MM. MasaC and VergC, vol. ill, p. 400. r to llip n,i,'c. SotliiU, iiUluniu'li iiiics mill nil I'irciiiiistaiict'.s, yvl the law wliifli iiU'U nl' imhiuiiiii ry ill which thi'.V livi'. Il will iinl is iKicc'ssiii'ily viiiiiihlt^ wiili iiiri|il(!; sii llmt it iiiiiy hiip] in iiri,'li;4clil iirls, liiiiv, ill iilinlliir ij^'i'liri' • ill i-i'S]ifct to things of u liki' is uxiicted in uuolhur coiuitiy, English law. The oltloi' of " f^ross" nogligpncc as (Icnoy of modt'i'ii dooisidiis I (lotei'iniiiini;' the question •cferenee to the pavtieul;ir ! -which a man of ovdiiuu'v same eircumstanoes. (Sen H. N. C, 475) ; by Parke, ., iu Austin (;. ilanchestcr, lolfe, B., in AVilson r. Eivtt , and tlie law of different ,' ooneede that the a])j)lii'a. ich individual ease, and im low far the conduct of tlic lieh ordinary ])rudcnee and what is said hy the leaviud 17 of the Trench Code :— ivdji d(! vij,niour ni tro]i ilimliil- us i'l lii chose qiril est cliiir^e il? )iisliiiict'3 variables ii riiiliiii ijui ippears to me to afford tbo o the best of his judi?ment, •eferenco to the thinu; to be ulone, as the case may be, xpected from a person of ire than this is not to be ac of any reference to the , it seems to me that tbo ile may hy analosfy 1k> well L])plyin!; this standard, one Imen't of its international T he expected from a well- to its institutions, and its !i;ht to expect more. The ted in tlie American Case, ;o "the ma!.,'nitude of t r which is to execute it "- )i>werful State, and anotber iim hein;,' violated " — wiiieli al (Jovernment aiisworablo mcasun^s " — appears to me Iraetions of neutrality may IS possessed hy it to prevent 35 SJnSS'^ ^'^ '" ''" '"^"^"^^ ^" ^- "-'^ - ^1- "PPl-tion of such means to As to tlie law, tlie sulijcci termed in the American Case may he divided into tl,'^ ])rol.ihitive law, or, as it is Law. wher.d>yt,,e(;ov;......n..,is,;..;!;z';;;:^;i;^^^ to sail's;. t^:;.!:rrr ;;;;•!;:;;;■!':;; jr;;-;i;" -■ ^ ^ r >•'=•'" ^^'^t ^Us t/say, Of sue,, as m.y nl^air^l^i^.^^^rri^^^^^^^^^^^^ ground to helicA-e, that su,-h inlVae.ii.n is ahout to lake place. ' '''^^'^^^^^o of Gove.n™/nt. But when we ex.me to Ih. ,,,u.siic,„ of the means which l.v law should be nhced nf the disposal ol tlio ( ovenimeiit dliricnltlr.^ .ii' ..,•,,.... c -i ; . """id "e placed at present themselves. " "' '' '''^ i'n'muh.hie character immediately The more despotic and unlimiicd the power of a Covermn.-nt, the more cffic-ieions wdl he the means at its command Un- preventing, acts wliich il is desi -eZ^ "S^^^^ Is this a reason, „, a countiy uh.Mv ahsolut(> and unhmited power s',]c„wn diatelybJsou^it,.. investing t,H/ti:^!;;H.:\SnnXE^^^^^ at variance with the wliol(> tcnoiir and si)irit of the natioivil i.istih fi nl ; ^? . ' pi^tect a belligerent ixom the possibUity J injury Z^^'Z^Cll^l^Z^a^;^''' '" A-ain, a nation has a system of procedure whi ..alled upon for a (lei ne ' B cause a dillerent sys ,-m mi^lit he more c-IIlcaeioiis in enahlin.. tl e Governm n ,; estahhsh a case lor eonliseatin^ a suspected vessel, for the prolect^>n of 1 e , , s the legislaluiv ,.alled upon to ehaiig.- the law because other nations lie.-ome ,; iVed Again, tlie government of a eomiti'v has heei 1 carried on for years accordin"' to VergC, vol. iii, p. 400. anestabhshed system ol olhcial routine. Tiiis svsI.mm nuiv l..« s.mu^vl.at comi.l "rted and may render the a<.t, on oftlie Ivxc-mive less sp.'.edy Ihauit miulit <,tiu.rw s™ ' Il t' It IS safe and has been loimd to work sul]ieiently w.dl in earrvi.,;. on the ami "of tl^' n ion a home and abroad. Because a more rapi.l and a i;,or,Mlireet a ■ io to point to bo reached might be obtain.vl hy a simplilic.ation of the olli,.ial macliii ,- is a government o be held guilty of n..gligcn<.e, hecaus,>, not Imvseeinu. what was about to happen, it had not altered its ministerial aiTangcments aeeordin..l\ •- A Government, in all matters involving h-al consideratioin "is in the habit of consulting and acting under tlu" advice of lawyers spec-ially appoint.'d to advise i Ti?c purpose IS the laudabo one of insuring th<> p.n'fect h-gaiitv ,' f the proceeding's of c Government; hut this advantage necessarily involves soine loss of t ine, du ino. wh eh h ac ton ot the Lxecutiv,> is for the moment suspended. Js this prac-tice incm Jst n nth the dihg,mce rcpi.re, of a lu-utral (iov.n'imuMit ? lloncstlv intending to do what was right, IS it to bo hchl rcpunsihle luvause a vessel (.miipi'ied for war has tie, ^0 0^ such a delay, though perhaps, in the partiJuhl.! instam;" c'hlS; «nm,/ f fl ""'y '"^f^;'' ^'"'«' qj'r^<''""^ >■" tlie negative. [ do so on tl.(> ground, as to I. IS to -I'il Ih P ''" "'"T ^^'r''. •"" ^"^-^-"""^""t ecn.ld reasonalily be'^ke Uo, as o ail, that tliey weiv not such things as a Government of ordinary prudence ami sagacity, caiTymg on its affairs in the usual way in which the affairs of ^iovem' ments are earned on, could have foreseen f he necessity of providing for. Passing from the law, and the means wliich ihe law shouhl idaee at the disnosal Aeii«« of me LSlr H • '•'""' 'i "r ^""^■^■'••^""•"< i" ''"- "^<' of Butdi meaus. it seems to me that two tbmgs are incumbent on a Govcrumeut ;— 1 ;• I I It ^ :^i ! 4 1 1 4 , , i.j!, 1 'J 1 p f •' 1 irrors lent. ' of judg- 'elay. 36 Ist. Thai it shall use duo dilipfpiicc to inform itself, 1)y tlio nso of tlu> moans a1 its disiHisnl, wlu'il'cr a violntion ol' tin- law i': alioiil, to bo cominittc;! ; and, 2nilly. Tliat li-inn' sati'-;ri(>(l of liic lai't. i( slial' iiso dii" in ppijlyinp,- lis means and jiowor ol'])rovont ion. TiuKc conditions lioncstly and liur.u Jidr ratisflod, no Covcrnmoiit, as it sooms to mo, oan lio liold liable for llie aetsof its sid))ects, but siicli acts must be deemed to be beyond the reaob of any control ulneli it run reascniably be expected to exercise. But hero questions of ^roat ini])orlanee, and of e()ual diffu-ulty, prcs(>ut them- selves : — (1.) Is a Oovernnient, inlen(!in'v I'aithfully to discliar£;-e its duty towards anotliei' Covernment, to lie held r<'s])onsibk- I'oi' a mere error of judnnieid, r As for instance in tiiinlvjnj;' a v(nt. (2.) Is a (iovernnuMit wanlini;' in due (lili;j,cne(> if it declines to seize a vessel ai th(> instance of a be1liu,-ereu1, when properly sa'.islied that, fhou^■ll there may lie circumstances of a suspicious character, the only evidence Avhicli can be add'uced Avill not justify tlie seizure before the law, and "that the v(-sscl will therefore h' released ? (;}_.) llavini? seized a vessel and jjrouuht liu' matter bel'ore I'lie pro])er le^^al authority, is a (iovernment to lie held ]'espoiisib!(> because, tlirou^-li sonu- mistake of tli.' Court, either of law or fact, there has been a miscarriage of justieer (1.) Is it to !)(> answerable for aecldental delay,'^ throu.i;-li wJiicb an op])ortuTn'iv becomes ali'orJi'd lo a V(>ssel 1o evade the eventual decisini oi the (iovcrjiment to s('i;v her ? (5.) Is a Ciovernmenl to Ih> held responsible for (>rrorof Judu'ment in its subordinati' offu'ers, esiiecially when thes(> oillcers are at i;reat distance,' and not aetin;,' under it^ immediate control ? Is it, under such circxunstances, to l)e auswerabh- for their possitili' neuli^'enc(\. or ev<^ii for their miseonduet ? These Avithin tlu are matters of infiniti e nnporfance to neutral nations, avIio may bo drawn vurtex ol' wars in -whieh (hey have no concern, if they are iiot'onlv- to he liarassed aval troubled by the demands and importunities of jealoiis and ani,n'v lielliov. rents, but are, in addition, to be held res])(-n.;iI)l:--(o tlie ex^ nt, perhaps, of n'lillions— for errors of judunu>nt, accidental delay, judicial mistake, ov misconduct of suljordinili' oflicers, aclin- not only without their sanction, but possibly in direel eontravenlidi' of their orders. W(> are not informed whether the two (Jovoruments liavo, in compliance with the plod-,'!" contained in th(> Treaty of Wasbinujton, invited otl.er nations to adopt its rules- but if it is to be established that these ndes carry with them a liabililv so extensive | should very much doubt whether such an invitation, if made, would lie atl<-nded witli much success. Any decision of this Tribunal founded on sudi a lialiiliiy Avould have the effect, 1 should imai(ine, of makin- maritime nations h)ok u])on bellii^ereut Powers wilh v'it considerable dread. It is to be remend)ered that a Oovcrmnent cannot be taki-n to •niarantee tho event ; in other words, to be answerable at all hazards and uiuler all eireumsfanere for a breach of neulralily by a subject, if it occurs. \n s])ite of the law and of tti' vigorous administration of the law, oileiurs will lake place, and neither at hoim abroad can rulers be Indd, under all circunistauces, answerable to those who sulU'r Irom tiiem. All that can be expected of tin- (Iovernment oj' a coimtrv is that it sh ill possess reason a bl(> means to prevent offejiees, and use such mean's honesflv and diligently lor the lieneiit of those who are (>utifled to its prot(>ction. The terms 'of the Tivaty, whieh HMpiire no more than "due diligence." exclude all notion of an alisoiuto nor unconddional responsibility. This is evid(-nlly the meaning of an observation of ilic Jiritisb Counsel at tlie close of the liftii scetion of his Argument on "due dili-viur " wliicli the I'resident of the Tribnual a].pears to have^ found s(mie diflienllv in understaiuhug. This being so, _I have some dimculty in saying that a Government, aetin- in good aith. and (....rmg honestly U; fulfil its obligations, can be held liable ibr emrs ot judgment, unless indeed these are of so iiafent a character us to amount to nam neijltijcntiu. Prolonged and unncccssaiy delay is, in the very nature of things, incompatible liffu'ulty, prc.s(nit llicm- )!■ things, incompatible with dilicfonco. TJnt dnlfiv wi'fln'n «„. 11 ,. . investigation of facts or SCS^Sa."-:;;"^^^^ '"""^'>' -^"^'^^'^ ^^ the not, so. Delay arisino. sinaplv Iron " • • ,i , ■] ^T\ ''•"'"" ^" ^^'' rm-suctl, is Accident can n,n-orlKMna,lctlH.,n>uVi';;S'^ ^'\ '" '"^"^''^''^ ""' noc^IioWce. found a leirnl chiini where a i-artv is Lo y? '"^''"^•'<'^" "< "'\^'''^-nce, thon..^'h it may Ah reo'ards (he seizure of a vessel in,,],,,, ii, > r • knoAvIed-e that (he evidence wonld h. insuihei ,( to"^?f;V n t","V',' ^^''' "''^'^ =^ «oizure of vessel,, seizure, M'hether for the purpose olMurthtTlr. ,0 , ,1 i'"' , fT- '*' ^ ''"''^ ^''^' •^^'<'li » .^c^n mi,ht a(taeh (o L ve.„, won'^,;:;V,:;:!- ^^^^^^ .uoh^L;;Li;=;;X;;- 'cI^^S^ -P; -,;;;f ^ in it appear to hav.> acted iunsldv an.li , u ,|v ' „: 1'"';'^ "^ the Executive hy making for parti<-s ao.iinst whom i(s .^if.nls lun e 1 'n\ ,1 .h): ^"'1 ''*','•' ''"''"^l*'^ ""merited" pnrsuit. It impairs (iu> authnritv o f the ia v v 1 ^ ' ^"^/'^V l'"'" ''^''=^1'"' *'''™ its infrim^ed widt impunity, therehv hoi li ' , ^en m T '^' '? '"' ^'-'^''^ ^''^'^ ^^ "W ^^^ would he acting in viohdion of (he spir fr. , Co S"' ^" ''n^*^" ^^ 'o«vernient n useh-ss as well -w ovC; ^ ,1lif«"'it prool. ,A[oreover, unable to .h.ler irub'ih.ilclv the deci" o^o f t' e , ''• , ^''^' <^"^''''>""<-nt would I,e bo hound to suhmit the case to the p on V r 1 n , /ir' '^"r' ? *'^^' ^'"^^<™y' ^™^Jd 1,1 the case snpposerl, the result wouhl^ ece n l' ', ' ^'^ ^'f^'^ pnictieahle moment, and allowed to depar* unmol.-sled. "^'^^^^^^"iy Ijc that the vessel must he released It must h(> hoi'ue in mind (leif flir. u,,;*; 7 /> arbitmry power. It coidd neliUr ^^sllm.^ n ^L^'^'^'^'^T^^ 1^"^^"-^^ -' '^^^P-ie or ;i hoUigercnt or maintain its own neutrality. ^'""" '"^■'' ^ P""'^»'. even to protect meat, having done \n hat in it lav,— as hy sei/in- ■, vo ?' , , '^ •''''*^ ''' ^o-*'"'"- '^"'■nage. before the comj.etent Court-can he he I li.l oS/n '''''''^' f"'l h-mtsuvj; it properly accident, justice niav have heendelWted '''''' ^''™"-'' ^«"'^' ""^take or Enlistment Act, was lo seize the . lehi oue Ssse n TT • '"'• ' ''" ^""''"^' ^'"^^ ^'''^^^i^" condenmation. This done, and tl f S te ' ' ei'"^ " '" " " l*^'"'''"^' ^^"^'^'^^ *^r subnnttcd hy th.. publie prosecutor to tin Con t e • , f'" '"t// '"''' ^'^'""^ ^'^^^ at an end. It can do no more. The 1 ' s i 1, 1' ' "'^""V' V^'' Government are in every well-eonstit uted and Mell-re^ , ., s J ^ ^^: , ^"^ ^"t'^^'"': ^ America, are separated by a hroa' I'""ers bouever high, tha( would venture to interl m il, n ,' ■ "" ^"'^'''''''t.v i" tli'' State, it would he considered a violation 0/ ,!,, ^ ' 1" ''"*''";'^" "^ ""^ •'•"l"''"^ """•^■^• propriety, to seek to control, or even to in uenew!,> \'[""''^ •"','• '""V"' "^^^^"'"•' "" =1^' ii Judg.-, even of th(> most inferior !lunuT •■ °' '"^'^^''^^^^tly, the decision of re.pcShiet^;iiv!:r;:;:::,;i::;'X tbrougbout iho cours.^ of, possiMv • ,, ?(.'<• '" " '"' "^""^ "^ ''^ ^'™'' "^=^^' 'I" properly instituted, ihils tlm-^^h .lii^ f 1"^ ^ ",^'!'<' ;^''»''' ^^ Ims would he (o ,>s(ahlisli a rule lihh.X m f .• -i '^ 1 ^/l^'-'^l^^ "' the aflirmative «tatesadcgreeofresponsihi,i,y;;lu;;::,,r~^ tbat,';:h;ir;:\!;;;SiS 'nu.r m.;;;r t''u; "^'r'^rr "^^^^i '' ^^'™^ ^« -^' ^'""''^'^ ^^ -'* "' 1-i;i mS- J :^-i^:£3^^ ai:--' to unlawful, it becomes more and iiiun' diliieult to I'xact from the neutral, in the iierforinaiice of that duly, iieculiar and extraordiiiiiry vi,i.'ilaiiiv and activitv. The duty of ]ireveiitin;,' the o]ii'n asscmblin;: within neutral territory (jf an armed ho-itij.. expedition aii'aiiisl a neijj;hbiairini,' c-ountry is plain and obvious, and reipnres only a promiit exercise of ade(iuute force. Hut it is othi^rwise when we come to acts of ii dilfereiit class, the criminality of wliich depends on a latent intention ; such, for example, as thi^ mere jirocurin.i,' for belli,ii;erent ]'urposcs fmiii the yards of a neutral shi|ibn''.der, whose ordinary business it is to build ships of all kinds ibreustoiiuiv of ail nations, 11 vessel with soiiii! special adaptation for war. There is nothing,' in the relation uf a neutral to a belliu'eri'iit to cast on the former the duty of exereisin},' within his own territory a eouslant and minute espi(aia^e over ordinary traiisaetioiis of comiuuree for the protection of the latter. Tli:> iidation, always onerous to the neutral, is at tla^ srimo time, it must be remembered, purely involmiiiirv on his jiait. It is forced on him by the (piarrels of his neighbours in which he has no concern, tri Lv their internal ili.scords when those di.seords break (Uit into civil war,"* While I readily admit that the measure of diligence -ivhieh ti Government applies to the aiftiirs it litis to administer; if the ordinary course of its administration is neglinvnt and im]K'rfeet, is not neeessiirily to he ttikeu — any more than it would he in tli(> case t.i an individual — as the measure of diligence Mhich it is to apply in the dischiiruc of international ohligations, yet credit should he given to a Government for ti pro[H'rly diligent diseharge of ])ul)lic duty. rurthermore, if a given law and ii particular system of administration have Iktii found hy iiraetienl experiene(> sutneient to protect the interests of the Government in the imi)>)rtaiit matter of the ]m1/lie revenue, and also to ensure the observance of neutral duties on the occasion of all former Avars, surely it is highly unreasonable and unjust to condenni the whole system as defix'tive, ttnd the Government as negligent for not having amenthHl it in antici])ation of future events. It must not be iorgotten, that since the passing of the British statute, wars liavo occurred in all ])arts of the world, l)ut no complaints of the violation of that statute Iiiivc occurred till American citizens had recourse to ncvr modes of defeating or evading it. Such, ill my opinion, are the principles by which Ave should be guided in decidin;; whether Great Britain has or has not failed to stitisfy the retpiirements of due diliuviur, I proceed to apply them to the diilercnt heads of comjdaint preferred by the riiitcil States. One main head of complaint on their ]iart is that the municipal ItiAV of (irrai Britain, as contained in the Foivigii Kniistment Act, was iiisullicient to (Muilile tin' British Governmeiit to enforce tjie ol)ser\-ance of the duties uf neutitility by il-. subjects. AVe have iirst a general (jondemnation of English Acts of Parliament, " English Acts," we are told, " are so overloadml with a mass of phrases, alike unprecise and confused, Avith so much of tedious su]ierlliiity of immat(-rial circiiiii- stances, as if they w(>re .specially dc, gned to give seojie to bar chicanery, to faeilitato the escape of offenders, and to embari-ass and confound the officers of the Governmoni charged Avitli th(> iidministriition (,f hnv. Such, indeed, has been the ordinary com- plexion of the Irgislation of (ireat Britain, and this style of Caae, page i22. ■(■ United States' Argument, p. Gl, allo-wing a vessel to take t of the Government i'or IS up s(i well the diflercnt 'ni;tli :- its piiwi'i', isa jiroposition tnn' ImiiiiuI to I'Ncil liiiiuwtly mill ticalilc, imil iilisnnl, it' it iiiciiiis :;n lusl wliiuli ini.^'lit liiivc lici'ii icsiLjIit, iiiivo licc'ii iircvciitcil: iiuiiiiis 111' (ililiiliiiii.i,'iiif(iriMatiuii or tliiit tlir cNcrliniis iif an dl' liis pliysical i'a]iaiMty, iluly III' ]nv\i'iitinu iiK'iiiiilicm ;raiit tii ads of a iiiuvc (loulitlul il, it Ik.'coiik's !iio1(.' anil lauri^ iar ami extraordinary vii,'ilaiiii.' i1 tiTvitory ot an aniii'il liustili' liros only a ]U'oni|il oxririsi' nf class, the criminality oT v. Iiitli I'ov bclliijcrcnt jMirposcs rmm ships III' all kimls lor custoiiii'l^i i nothing' in the relation of a in his own territory a constant irotcction of the latter. TIi:< 'niemliereil, jmrely involinHarv hicli he has no concern, or fv licit il Government ajiplios idniinistratioii is nco'lincin it would be in the case uf apply in tiie disehiu'i^c of overumoul for a pn)|)i.'rly administration have Ijcon !sts of tlie Goveruiiioiit in tlu' observance of neutral unreasonable and unjust inent as negligent for not British statute, wars have lation of that statiile liavo defeating or evading it. mid be guided in decidiiii; lirements of du(> diliuviicc. t preferred by tlie liiitcd > municipal law of (hrat insuillcient- to enable tlir ities of neiitfalily by its tish Acts of rarliimiciit. a mass of phrases, alike ty of immaterial circiiiii- )ar chicanery, to facilitato fllcers of the Goveriuncnl i been the ordinary com- of complex v(>rbosity of ates." Jiut then we have [■ountcr sti>ady ••i]'nYt< of ' of the Amerieaii Staies.t States' Argument, p. Ct. 39 Of the Foreign Enlistment Act we are told that " Tts nmr-fi-ni • «• • glariuglv apparent on the face of ill fl.r. roi.,f /• i .• P''^^"''^! inefficiency was Great Britain and the UnUed States " '" 'I'plomatic correspondence between prot.Stt"cr, b:diS;:;tirs,;mS?r"" •'r'^'i ^"" '' "-''" '' --^ - - are representctl as ImvingT •' eoS , "'l,,^^^^^ ''"/^^ "* Parliatttcnt." They .ar rather than break ti^e tVom ^^:^:J:^' JV'^^T!;-^^ SS 1818 ; thttt it is, in th? tuain, ident^cai i 'kn' e *^d " Z^' "' tl/^ Americatt Act of particular, more strhigcnt than its predecSor. " ' ' '""^ *''''* '''' important .lo.niui.ins, without the l{„val lice ise first ot,<.n.,, • ^^'""''T "'" ^'"' ^^""^'^'^ "'""' ^^'• or iu order that stu-h shij, ov^ZAtm^^^:!^^"^:^'''''^'''''^' theinte.it prhiee, State or Potentate, or of aiy foreio^^, .>] f ''^ "' ^''" ''''''' "* ^'^7 ^•"■'''iKn In- people, or of any porsoA or Vo^s^L^^^^^S^uZ^uZr' "' ""^' ''"^'"^^ government in or over auv foreio,! State c ,1 fv n, " "H''"^ ^".^' l'"^^"'s of pco,.le, as a traus],urt or stoivsl in „i v tb in iV'"'' "' ^""'^ "' "">' l^^''^^"""-''' "i" W Vnn.c, "f""^""'^;:"!;';'' I'-Hlities against a..y such ship or vessel with a like mtent , to m icure //V "^l* ^" ''l"'!'',^- k.iouingly to aid and assist, „r be coturru d i , . ? / • „ "' ''""'"' "' "'''1' "^ The peualtv atttiched to tb.: (.lie ur in m .'] „ •^'"""' '^ ^"^1"" '.V "i'«l<' au "rtV-no. .lism'tiou of the ('o,u-t, and t ebifciv nt '"','""'■' ' ",V-'^'"'^' "^' t'"-™' ='^ the all materials, ttrins, anmiuni ! i "i '^ o^' w Ui "^VY; 7" ''r'T^'T '''''' '>' vessel being prosecuted .and coudemne 1 s'u 1 . \- T^ "'\ '""*"'' "'^ the directed to be bad " iu lik.> tna 7^ l' i, ' 'l "Y'"" T^ ^'<""enination being prosee.ited and condemne.l ib w m-ae ,i' the b w 'S^l^ '''^";-"'^ T^f '^ '"^>' "^^ of Customs and Excise, or of the^aws ll^^lle ^id ^laSgarioi! '' '^'^'^^'"'^ "' ^''" ^'^^■^^'^"- So much for the prohibitive' or punitive nart of the l-i,.- tm,,. ™*ls i„ a |„,,visi„„',l„„ „„. ,|,i|,',„. V,. d' 1 „ ' ;S' l,v „ r'f 'Vn '■' ■■"••■•"•>" 3l»J..«ly'su,,,tm,,«or,.xcMNm-a,,y„lrKTiM,ni,,.l^„?yv-u- ,li -i/l^ ""'. lomako soizmra lor any lorlWliu,; m,.,,,,-,.,! i„„l,.,. L ,. ' i ■',"" ""["'"TOil tado » navisaii,,,, ,viti,i„ „„. limii ";Vi;A.';tuii;;;j:.ix^ "" '""'' '■'""«"' •» ™4».s;!t;?i^i;;.™";ft;LHS'Sa!;;,;':;S;zr' 1,^';^ >'"" «"^ ir;:;s;:^,r ''-' » "-■ -■'-■■ ™-"*'tss^™;;';s.:;;,:ii;rs;rs;; G II Coniparisja mjh American Acts. ■(8 I i I ■■ 40 ,'! PwTetitive powers of British anil Ameiican Acts. distinction never created anv difficulty in the action of the British Government. In the cases both oftlio Plorichi and the Alalianui tli(< only question on which tlio action ot llie Govcr.micnt was anvstod was as to the suUicioucy oi' the evidence of the vessel being intended for the service of a belliijerent. But it is with n-loivnco to the preventive powers conferred on the Executive liy tliese acts that tlie Case and Aruument of llie United States pr;iu'ii)ally assail tlio British Statute, and triuinphantly assert the superiority of the American Ad- maintaining' that, while the British Act depends on the sanction of penalties, the American Act i)laces power in the hands of the Executive which eilectually secures it against infraction of the law. Acqu..iiitcd witii the two Acts, I read, I must say, with much surprise, tlie foUowint;' passat^e in tlie Art;;ument of tlu> United States : — "The iireat difference between the two consists in the cardinal fact that tlu' provisions oT the Britisii Act are merely /)i/fl(/('rc, and to be carried into cifcet only by iudieial instrumeiitalilv ; wlu'ivas the American Act is pivvcntive, calls for executive action, and ])laces in ll'ie hands of the Tresident of the Uiihed States th(> entire militaiy and naval force of the tiovernmeiit, lo be euiph)ycd by bun in his dis('ivtioii tor iho prevention of forei<>'n eciuipments and fi)reit;'n enlistments in the Lnited States. This appears \o me a tliorciin'hly inaccurate representation of the elfeet of ihe American Act, which, as I understand it, confers no discretionary power on the President, bevond that of (>inploviin;' the military or naval forces of tin- Re]nil)lic to su])port the law, if nc'cessary. Ueferrini;' to tlu> dilfercnt violations of neutrality iiuule olfences by the Act, the Stii" sect ion provideople, or of any snbjeels or eilizeiis ot any torei-n 1 rime or Mau>. or of any eolonv, district, or pKiple; il shall be lawfnl for the I'lvsident of the I nitiMl Slali'S, (,r sw other person as' ho shall have emjioweri'd for that j.urpose, to einiiloy sueh part ot the land or iiuvd foires of the Unilud Slates, or of the militia thereof, for the jairiiose of taking' possession ol arid detainiii" any .sueh ship or vessel, with her prize or prizes, if any, in order to the exeentioii ol tk prohiliiuTinsandiienaltii's of this Aet, and to the re.storin- the prize or prizes m the eases m wlm restoration sliall have been adjud-i'd, and also for the purpose of jirevi'min- the earryin- ou iiiiy jiirh expedition or entorprisi' from the tfiTJtories or Jurisdii'tion of the \ nited States ii-mnsl the turritnvifi or dominions of any foreign I'rinee or State, or of any eolonv, district, or people, with whom the I iiiliJ States are at peuee." To any one Avho reads this section witn any decree of attention, its nieaiiiiiy', 1 think, must be clear. IS'o arbitrary power is s-iven to the Bresident ; nor any powr of seiziui; a vessel at all, e\cei)t'"!H order to the execution of the prohdntwns ftiid penalties o/ the Ad." Jno discretionary power whatever is oiven him except tluU uf using force, where force is required, for overcomino- irsistance. 'J'he enactment was contained in \\\o oriojiial Act of 17Ut, wburli was iiassed sluntlv after the French Minister, Cienet, had set the Government at delianee and Ihreateiittl to resist bv iorce anv attempt to detain a jirivaleer illeoally armed m the port ot Philadelphia, and after the Ureiich Nice-Consul at IJusluii had aetiiaily rescued by Imw a. suspected vessel whieh had been seized by the United States' AutliDrities. The section was ubviouslv directed against the repetition of such an occiirremr, and was neeessarv to enable 'the rivsident to use tlie forces of the State on a sudden cmergenev withoiit having recourse to the Senate. The section gives the I'lrsideiit no power which he would not have had without it, except where reeonise to actual force is necessary. It is an entire misrepresentation to say that lu" has ;i iscretionarv jiower to seize and detaui a vessel without bringing her before tlie p ' 'ourt for a'diiidieation. His power is to employ the State force, if necessary, ai di C the propor inionj other things, to seize a vessel, " In order \o 'the ewerutlna of the prohlhi'tloiis ani penalties ofthe Act," wldcb implies that the vessel must be submitted, in the iisnal course, to tlie proper legal process to decide on her condemnation or release. Olt.ii as the action of the Government Mas invoked by the Governments ol Siiaiu ami Portugal, during their colonial wars, to prevent the ai'ming of vessels in the ports oi Argument of the Unitnl States, p. 53. tish Government. In the in wliicli Ww action of the donee ol" the vessel being ;nTcd on tiu- Exccntive by ites ])i-;nei))ally sissiiil Ihc of the Aniericiin Ad ; niietiou ol' jictiiilties, tlio whieli eU'eelually seeures Avith niueh suqirise, the lie eardinal laet tliat tlie ■avried into ell'ect only hx enlive, calls for executive [ States th(> entire niiiitarv m in his discretion fer tlic the United States."*- ition of the ell'ect of llie icretionary power on the forces of the llepuhlic to lations of neutrality iiuule i\tleinptf(l lu lif tittfd (lilt aiiil ed ves:~el, sluill lie iiicr<'a>nl m t'l^un or set (in i'(H)t, edntviirv in itme (if !i shi]) nr vesficl withiii ii<(l in every ensic in vvhicli imv ed or resisted liy any ]ier.-!iii or 'vessel of any l(irci(.'u rriiiceo: 1 of any t'(ir(.'i,un i'rince or t^uiie, t of the I'nilcd Stales, or siitli >neh jiart of the land or naval ie of takinf,' possession of nnd order to the exeeiition of tlit ir ]irizes in the eases in wlikh ntintrthe oarryin},' on any suoli ted States against the tciTitorie! ■ people, vvilli whom llie I'liiltJ f attention, its nieauiui;', I President ; nor any power on of the prohililtinns (mi •;iven him cxcei)t tiiat of ■e. t, which was ])assed shortly it deliance and tiireatened ally armed in the port of id actually rescued hy force :>s' Authorities, ion of such an oecurn'ticc, es of the State on a siulilen section i^ives the rresideiit xcept wheiH^ recouise tu i(m to say that he lias a m'iu;;' her before the prniicr force, if necessary, anioiij OH of the proliiliiliiiiis nni )(• siibmittcd, in the usual unatiou or release. Olton lovernnu>nts of Spain ami ;• of vessels in the ports ol 41 has ever oceiuuvd. ' ' '"^ tolerably coufident that no su.-h iiVstanco New Y::^k 'irisS Ir:, ;;;:;;' it;;!;::,i;i;:;;;;T -'• ^'- j^-^^^ .-'-i-ts buihun. at to arrest ships b.dieved t. I e I >, To ' T'''"'' ' ^l- ^'"''"^' ^'"' ^'"' "^-^ "'' l'-''^" seizures have' been foUowed v tl e o H ^..^ .. / ^ ;;:.^ ;"'''/••"•.>' •■xjH-ditions ; but sueh the iaended (-xpcdition liavii;' be.M , n m^^ ' 'T^ Pi'™-Pssarv, of e .it, 1 ,• o ^^' ''''^%"'-'^""-^'-^' ""^ ™'I'l'^v'"^'''t of civl forca to the I'lvsident is of a verv hinh and doli .,te t,,/..-r '',"""' ^'"' l""^'^'" "'"'^ entrusted when, by the or.h'nary proeeks ov ex..r(.is ^ ' vi la ' l' '/''""^^^tly ."tend,.! to ho exercised only tuate, , It is to be exerted on nxtraor.linarv o ,, 't f ^d ie .t'Zinr '' ''" '"" ^T"' ''' ^^^^ ^XPeut|vo nets neeessarily involve. ^Vhencvor it i, ^-xerted i 11 n = '" ' ^^•^P.''"^'''>l'ty ^vhich all exe(.nuve n.stnietions in eases within the Act are co,n, Sol ! i^^ h"^ '•''"! f "' "''''''™'^« '" ^he (letannn.Lj the offendin- vessel, and are not rcsnon. U,'? " '^ JuMified in taking possession of and sunVr by ,.ason of sndi proe;.,.di„: '^ C^V^'Z:^ai^^ T "^T '"*'"^ "'"^'^ ''"^ P«^^>' ^^^Y suolia power shonld be allowed as a sldi^ld t,^l,e\, i^i^ 1,, ■ " '''" {"'^'"t'on of Congress that madehv the ordinary civil n.eans ? , f .^ ', ' f i'^T,/" ^''^^^ ^^'^^^^^^ n the C(,n,-ts of the Ignited Siates is disoheve «; d re ite ^ Ti"" "' "i''"'^ *''">' P'-"''''^^ that the anthority of the President was not' in en .1 to bo -.^.'! '""' '■^^""^'""f 'j' shows, mih-nry and naval ioires were n(v,.ssa,T (, il ,,,'!" '''"'^■'^ '"^? 'T'"'"' ""^"^^^ ^•h^''" ^'eofo,, rs confined to the o.nplovmont of nava a . 1 t A n'" "^ "' , '"''^■- ^" '''™' '^'^ pohey nor principle to jnslifv ,!„ oxionsi,,,, o|' the e,., i^^^^^^^^^^^ ""/' '^''"' " "'''f''«^ r'"Wi« Con.-res. lui.ulit bo perfoetlv willin- to ini.ust o 1 . ? ' .' "'^ ""' '"■'"' '" ^^''"^'^ " '« J^iven. ever, in his .,pi„i„„! ,|,o ,^, ,,„ ,;, h,, ' , ' ,i i ^ ! n^v ' '"""" '" '"'^"^ ""'' '1*^^"^"' ^•''«°- laws.and vet with ,(.,vat jiroprietv den; it wl e i ,, -i , /'"'" T''*? "''^''^•'"••y t" "'force the tl« tlovennnent ,ni,ht, \,p!,n ,|,oi,. priva o ^^n^ , ^.''^ ' r"'"' " "" ™'"^' '^^ ""^ "^'"'^ °^ completely exoente then,, [t is certainlv a.^ai ns't ' 'l Vl 7'' ''""""' ^" ^'^'^ l'"'''**^ P™ce. '''-' -y p"-''^ 'y '-p'i-Hon ; and in th^^nll^Vi.lJ^^i^^L nlnirr;::';;;^,^:^^ ia^'r;h;;;;iirl!;;:!^s^ ";7-t! '"^'^^^^'^'"-' ^™- whiit is meant is th.at t e we ot' t ' ■. si l/ nf / ""7!^ ^? ^'^'^ '^^"''"""I' I^' "^^^^od. fcible violations of neutS; ^^l an^ .t; , X " SX 1""' '"'^' '" P"™* I i... ;.,ain possesses 1' l^V^ ^^^ ^i^S^'S^^^e^-rS Loud complaints having been made by the representotives of Spaia and Portugal. G 2 it f.j ii H I |, 4 ^' :r'';i Mi. 11 m^ t\3'f. Bn British Act of 1870. 42 of llio imiiibor ol" privatoors iittod out mikI iimnnod, I'roiii iiorts of the 'Uniori, liy American citizens, and i)rcviim' on tlu- coinnierce of tiie two countries, under i ml niissions from tlie revolted' eoloiii.'s. a new Statut(- was |);i~scd in ISIS. wliieli, n, addition to the enactments of the Act of 171M-. wliicli ollierHis(> remained llie -amr, cotitaintHl two new ]m)visions. Section 10 |)rovided tliat : — "Thr ownn-^ c,i' cnii^iyiiccs u\' r\vr\- fi-'iinl ship (ir vessel siiiliii,u'. "Hi nftlie imvls of llie I'liilnl Sillies lieiuu.'in.' wlmlly nrln Jiiivl In eilixeiis IJieivul-, siiiill enter into litniil In tlie I'nile.i Slate-will, suflieii'iit suivti^^s. iirior to eleiirin^' out tlio siuue, in ilimMe llie iiniouiil of llie value nl the vessel ai.i ear.'.) on iKiard, ineln.lin- her armament, that the said shiv nr vessel shall not he emiihiyed liy siiil, owners to erni/e or eomn'iit hostilities a;j:ainst the suhjeets, eace until the decashui of the Pivside'iit he had thereon, or until the owner or owners shall giv.' ,mu1i hoiul niid security us is reiiuired of the owners of armed ships hy the preceding' section of tins Act." But the power thus fjiven would evidently not apply to the ease w(^ have lunv tn deal with, of vessels leaviui; etpiipped, but without au armament, and havini-; no arniv or munitions of war on board. In like manner the bondini? (dause just quoted (section ]()) applies only to anml ships, and therefore would etiiially have been unavailable, r.esides Avhich it applies only to ships belonging in whole, or in part, to American citizens, and would theirfoiv obviously have uo application to a ship s(dd to a foreign Government. But though it is an entire mistake to say that the American Act of 1818 was iii an-, respect superior to the British Act of the ensuing year, it is true that, since tin' tiine the American Act Avas passed, the working of the legal administration in tlic United States has become, for the purpose of proceeding against a suspected vcssil, iu one resjiect better than that of Great Britain. It appears that in each district of the United States there is a resident legal officer of the Federal GoveriiincRt called the District Attorney, to whom, if the action of the Government is invoked, a question of this kind is referred, and whose duty it is to ascertain the tacts, collect tin' evidence, and report to the Government. Such an officer is, nr doubt, better adiqiml to such a purpose than a Collector of Customs. But can it be said to have been tl ' duty of the British Government, not having similar district officers, to appoint stieii, ;it the diffi'rent ship-building ports, Avith a vicAV the better to protect belligerents agaiibt ships being equipped or armed against them ? Another advantage of the American system is, that tlw duty of adjudicating; iii such a case devolves on a .Iiidge in the Court of Admiralty instead of on a .lury, wh arc somethnes apt to be swayed in favour of their own countrymen wdien sued at \h' instance of foreigners. But this relates to the condemnation of vessels, not to tluir seizure. And with the exception of the Florida and iVlabama, every vessel, the seiziin- of which could be asked for, as instanced in the cases of the Alexandra, the ranipoio, and the iron-clad rams at Birkenh(>ad, was seized and preventtul from doing any imriii to the commerce of the United States. The Alexandra, it is true, was released attor trial in England, but she was seized again at Nassau, and not liberated till after the close of the war.' Practically speaking, therefore, iu the later cases, everything was accoin- ]dished which c(nild have resulted from the most perfect machinery that could liave been devised for such a ])urpose. Great stress is laid in the pleadings of the United States on the British Actof ISjn, passed on the Report of the Neutrality Commissioners. Tlu! Act is held up as tlie standard of neutral duty and of the requirements necessary to give efTect to it. Xo doubt that Act introduced veiy material changes, and did much to strengthen the hands of the Executive. It made if an ollence to build, or agree to build, or proeniv to k built, as well as to equip or arm. It did away with all question as to intent, liy inakiw it sutricient if the party doing any of thes(> things knows, or even has rcasonahle cium to believe, that the vessel will b(>' employed in the service of a belligerent. To disiiauii a vessel with such intent, knowhvlge, or reasonable cause of belief, is added to the category of otTences. Still more remark;ible is tho new proceeding introduced, m addi- tion to the former process for tho condemnation of the vessel, for the purpose of testing ])orts of the Union, liy ■(» coimtvit's, un(l(-r < m. isscd in ISIH, wliicli, in I'wisc iviiiaiiicd (iio .<\\\\i\ nl ol'ilic jHivts fif tlio T'liitfil 111(1 111 llif rnilcil Stiito"., will, (if the viiliic (if lli(.' vessel ah,; iill imt lie eiiipldVeil liy siuli |ievt,v, of liny fiirei;.'ii I'viiir "• live lit jieiiee." Customs — I iilioiit t(i ilepiivt the Uiiilii] IS (if wur, wlien the iimuliei' 'i .hilt siK^li vessi^l is iiiteiided \u iiliiiii the sulijeets, citizens, or .vhdiu the United States uiv nt ■ner (ir uwiiers shiiU give suili cediiif; sectidn of this Aet." ) the case we have liore i, nent, and havini? no ami^ . 10) applies only to nniwl Besides which it ap|)lios zens, and would thevetuiv L'rnment. crican Aet of 1818 was in [•, it is true Ihat, siiiee tin' gal administvation in the i;;i-ainst a suspected vessd, )eai's that in each distrid the Federal (jovenimcnt Government is invoki^d. a ertain the facts, collect tin' I, nr douht, hetter adapted he said to have heen tl ' )fficers, to appoint siieii, iit rotcct hclligerents against le duty of adjudieatins; in • instead of on a Jury, wli itrynien when sued at tl un of vessels, not to tin la, every vessel, the sei/.iiiv e Alexandra, tlu; Painin'io, iited from doing any harm is tru(>, was released alter lil)ei"ated till after the cliwe ses, everything was acooin- aachinery that could have on tlie British Act of 1810, fht! Act is held up as tlio y to give effect to it. No ich to strengthen the liaiids j to ))uihl, or procMiv to h ;ioii as to intent, hy inakiw even has reasonable cause j a helligerent. To disiiauii of helief, is added to the ■ceding introduced, in addi- 1, for the purpose of testiii? j 43 the charm.ler of a suspected ship If the Secretary of State, or Chic-f Executive Anth.ints n any, da<.e,,s satis. ..dti, at then- is ivasonalde and prohahle cause for hehev.nu. fliaf a siup w, Inn Her M,,J,.s,y-s d,„ninions has I,,...,,,',,, is hei„l )m eommiss,,in,-,l.ore.,m|>p..d.e.,i,lraiT t.itl.eAet.an.l is ahont to he tak.M, Iiev-'nl the limits ot sue.,. hie.:. >.,ns,l,eniay issne his warrant toanyonhrrof the Cnstdnis.or puhlic oll,e..r, or cimnn .s.oned olinvr ..f ,1|.. army or navy, who is thereupon to sei e, s a -h and detani tlu> sh,p. The ow.ut may apply, indeed, to the Comt of Admi.iitv Ihi' the restoratn.n ,i| , u- vess.d ; hut ,t ,s menmhent np.m Idm. iif onha- to ohtain it,^, estahhsh that he Aet has ,„„ 1,..,,, eontravened. So that the onler of pr.cedure is revei'sed. Instead ol it henu; iweessary for the prosecutor to .>stahlish. at ail evnts a prnm, fm;. case ol ^nnlt tin- owner has, in the first in.stance, to establish innocence—' proceeding alien altogether to l-Ji-iish jurisprudence "inodnit a No doubt tliese are girat clianu'.'s-piissibly im"provem.>nls. But is It ju.t to sav ha he pre-.>x,stmg law was so essentially d.de.-tive as that tlu- British na i.m can li held liable by reason ot its unperbrtions r Law, like all other Imman institutions ,s n. a constant state ol progress an,l change. Xevv events, new conjunctures, new oonrbmations ol (Mrciuustanees, the lessons of experience, from time to' im.> poi, t ou^ to the lawgiver the necessity of altering the work of the past to a.lapt it to tho ivqinrements ol th<. present. Is every amcMidment of tlie law to cari-y with it he eondemnation it the legislation which jireceded it '- At all events, it does not lie in the mouths of Americans to say so in the present instance 1 have just passe.l their own law in iwiew. Accrding to it, it is not an offence to build or equip a vessel unless ,t hv also armed; knowledge, or reasonable ground ot heu. , is not, as under the Act of 1870, sulln-ient ; tin- intent must bepiwed Ihc mte.inedia .' process given by the latter Act, and by which the burden of provin.: the innocent character ot the ship, in the first instance, is cast on the owner is unknown. "xm, i» For all pi-acfjcal purposes the neutrality laws of the United States and of Great Britain, prior t.i the ate war, were substantially the sam.v AVifh this model Act now or wo years before them, the Unite test of a law wliicdi is as much in advance of their ov« lu't'sent law as it is of the past law of tJreat Jiritain r ^ ...y'"'"' '^"^"■'^•'^<'V"^'"^ "'•'' ""'' '■'•"'" '" t'"" United States' Argument that "tlie British C.oyernment has stood obstinately on confessediv deleeth-.> I islation of neutrality;^ that -it .s not yet emancipated from tlie national prejiuUees which ohstrneted3Ir.(anning; tha it •' si. IMags behind tlie United States in appreciation of the true pr.neiph's ol public law, which lie at the foundation of the ivlations of UKleptmdent Sovereign States;" it is didleult to exp.rss the feeling which arises consistently with the seriousness whi.di belongs to tin- present occasion. It is true that it is not the law of tin- L'nited States, but that of tireat Britain, that is now on its trial. It may not be enough to .say that if Givat Ihitain is black America IS no whiter It may not lie enougli to say, as Givat Britain might do in so many instances, " Si m me miquus es judex, (>odein ego te crimiiu' eondc-mnaho." Yet a coni].arison of the respective laws of the two countries is bv no means superfluous bora remark is here to be made, whi(di appHes also to manv other parts of the present controversy, namely, that tlio Government of the Unitinl Stati-s can have no ri.-lit to loqiure more of that of Great Britain t ban if could itsidf have rendered, had the position n ,'r .*:"'? ™""^™'' ''^"' rever.sed, and Great Britain had been the belligerent and tlic Umfed States the neutrtil Power. Imh-, in the alisence of conventi.^n. ecpialitv and reciprocity lu; at the very root of i.it(>r.iational ol)ligations,an(l no nation has a ri4t to (cniand of another more than under the like circumstances it would have he(>n able itself to render. The .statement I hav(> quoted above from the United States' Argument, that "the Negotiation, for iiritisli (jovernment has stood tdistmately on confessediv defective legislation of ••""fndment of the neutrality," refers, I presume, to tiie coininunications which iiassed durino- tho war ^''^''^'K" Enlistment between tin- Government of Great Britain and that of the Unitcul Stat(>s on tlie subject ^^ ■i^'wa"/ ""' of an amendment of the British Foreign Enlistment Act. With respect to these d, are as follows :~In 1801 and again 1803-G-l, -Ml', .ulains suggested (m the th'st instance, with a vic-w to clu-ck the British colonial rado ill ariicles eonl.'aband of war), that it might he of atlvmitage if the British legislature would pass an Act similar to the t(>inporary Act passed hy the United II r! .^'i ft'' I I V 1 r ••I 7 ■;! ! i Comparison with Foreign Laws. 44 States ill l^.T^. Avliicli lind rofiTonco only to oxpoditions. or exports of arms (not onrnVd by sca"». Ii;'t\v('rn I lie Tiiitcd States iiiul any rorciixn toi'ritory (•"iitcniiiiioiis witli tlii- I'liiU'il Slates. 'I'lie ])reee(l('iit til' llil-. le;i-laii(Mi was aeliially Inlluwed l>v Canada in ISttt, ". nen events made it re(|nisite. >.(> oilier r<'(|n. i I'or an aUenition o' tiiis lirilish law was at any time made <>n the part oi'the I'nited States. On the l!)!ii of Deeeinlier, ti^tili, llarl liiissell wrote thus to "Mr. Adams : — " I li;i\c llic lioiiuMr In iMl'iirm ynii iliai Her Miijc-itv'si IdVcr'iiiuiit.aflci' iMiiisiilliition with tlif l.nw Oflici'iM 111' till' Crdnii, all' (if ii|iiiiiiiii tliiit critiiin liiiiiinliiiiMil'^ iiii;,'lit lie intiiuliiccil iiiln llu' Fiiivi;;ii Kiilistiiii'iil .\ct, Miiii'ii, ir:*iuiilioniMl liy I'iuliiiiiu'ii', woulil Imvc tiie I'llt'ct nl' fiiviiif,' jiii'iilcr ]»i\vi'i- i,i till' I'Ai'ciilivi' to ;iri'M'iit ill" ciiiisiniclioii, in ilriliili )ii.ris. ()tslii]iM (Icsiiiiitl I'nr llii' use nl' liclli.v'i'iviit-. I!i;l liri- Majesty V (io\iriiim'iil cniisiilcr linu, lii'lnic .sulmiittiiif,' any iiiii|iiisals nl' tliut soil lo rariiainnii, it wdiiM In' licsiiatil.' lliMt ihcy slioulil |Jifviimsly iniininiiiicati' witli llic (invcmiiu'iit nt lla' riiiicij Statt.'s, ami as.-cMaiii wlietli.'r that (lnvi'tiinu'iit is'\\ illiiiL; lo make similar altcvalidiis in iisnwii Kdivi.^n Klilistnu'iit .\fl, anil Ih.it tlio anu'iKlMidnls, like llii' dii'^' ml slatnlc, sluuilil, as it wric. inniccd /■"/■/ pri.'i.iii in lidtli ciiuiitrii's. '■ I shall accdi'ilin.u'ly ''<' I'l'mly tn cunl'i'i' at any lime with you, and to lislou to any sn,t,'i;('.'-linii< which yon niav have lo make liy whicli tia' I'.rilish Forci^ii Knlisina-nt Actandlhi' corrcsiKMuiiui; statiiii- ol' till' Tnilcil SlaU's may In' made more I'llicicnl tor IJicii' |iniiiosc."* Ill reply to tliis overture (wliieh Avas received Avitii equal courtesy and caution liy the (ioveruiiient of tlie riiited States) Mr. Adams was instructed not to make any suc:i,'estions Avliatever, hut to state (aecordiii!;' to Karl Itussell's report of the convi'tva- tiou) "tiiat his (l()\<'rnnient were ready to listen to any ])roposit ions Her .Alajesty's (ioveninient iiarl to itiak-e. hut they did not see iiow theirowu law on this snhjeet could lie improved," or (aecordini;' lo .Mr. Adams' own report) tliat the (Joveriiment of tiu- L'nited States considered tiieir own law as " of A'cry suUicient vi>^()ur."t Earl llussidl tlici'p. u))on said that the Cahinet. under the advice of the Lord Chancellor (Lord AVesthiivy'l had come to the same cunclu-ion with ridenMice to tlie law of (Ireat Uritain, " so that no t'livther )iroc(M'diiii;s need Ik^ talvi'ii at la'cscnt on the suhject. Karl I'usscU's ovir- tur(> was not founded on any opinion of the iusiiniideucy ot the British law for ti,,' perforniaiic(>of theinteriiaticmal oliliijations of (Jreat Britain, hut sini])ly on the advice of the Law Ollieers that certain amendments niisht he possible wliich Avonld increaso tlir power of th(> i',\ecutive (iovei'mnent to deal with cases within tl "> scope of that law. There could he no possibility, however, of earryini,' such amendments throiiu,'h Pailin. merit unless similar auKMidmeuts had been simultaneously made in the law of the I'liiteil States, and the reply of the United States, throwiui;' upon Great Ib'itaiu the whole responsibility of makimj propositions in the matter, "'ave no assurance that those jiropo- sitions if made, would lead to any useful result. If anythintjhad been needed to coutiim this impression, it would be found in .Mr. Seward's answer when informed of what had ]iassed. Writino' to ^ir. Adams (ni the 2ud of .March ISti;}, he says: — " It reniaiii.s for this OovcrMuient only to say that it will bo your duty to urge upon Hev irajosty's rrovorninont tho dosiro and cxpi'itation of the I'losidi'iit, that lu'iicotbrward Hor .Majosty's tlovoniment will tak(( till' iii'oo.asiiry lacasuri's to enfoivo tho oxoontioii of tho law, «.'i/r'i7///'»//y ns this Gonrnmdii /n't i-.irculii/ lite ronr-ipiradiiif/ ..,'"//'Aw nf fli<- I'nilnl l municiptil laAV of other States; which comparison it seeks by some slniiise manipulation to turn in favour of the United States, tliou!;-b, ;is avc have seen, the knis of the two countries were, at the time hi cpestiun, substantially tho same. llavino' rroiic carefully thronodi the laws of tlie leadiiu;- maritime nations, 1 find none in which the eipiippino' or arniinu; My lulldwcd li\' Ciuindn in 1 altcrutioii o' tliis British to ^Ir. Adams : — I'tcr I'misultiitiiiii willi llif l.nw illtVIKlllCcd illtd llll^ I'llVii;;!, ■t (it jiiviii;; ^rciili't' ^kiwit i.i led for the use ot liclliucicm-, isids of thai soil in I'lirliiiiiiriu. I' (ioVl'lliniCllt III till' I'llihil idti'Viitiiiiis in ils iiw 11 I''iirci-n mild, lis it were, ]prn(.x>('d /»advi('i' of wlii(di Avould incrcaso tlic in tl > sco])(> ot" that l;nv. I'liduKMits tliroiindi I'aiiiii- ' in thcliiw of tlic Initcd Groat Britain tho wlmle ssnranrotliat tlioso pnijio- id l)(H>ii nooded to oonlirm lion informod of what iiad (> says :— y to urjie upon Hor Afajosty's id Her Majesty's (icivt'iiinirtit J'oitlifidhj (IS this Goi-ernmtnt noutralitv law of Gront o'ono on to oomparo both it sooks by sonio strnn;;e ;h, as Avo have soon, the mtially the sanio. niaritinio nations. 1 find of a lioUi^'oronl \\ as, prior ccpt iindor oironmstaiiccs intornatioiial law. Al'tor raiioo and Brazil, tlic law •oat liritain and Atncrics •d sinoo. In tlwso oasi's I States as though it liad t little part in maritime n', , vol. i, p. 608. at I only ol).scue, theioloro, as it nvoiv hi passn,^-, that Austria had no law rolativo to thi« In ansuor to an iiK,uiry ma.lo on tlu- part of lior Majesty's Govoriimeut the Austrian .Minist.'r lor l\,ivio.„ Adairs thus rospoiiiLs :— v^uu.iumtm, uic " riie Inipcnid Cuwniini.nl liavo fiidcavoiiivd to siimoIv this want in cus.k ..r u,,. I r;;;;yrt";;;;;j:;-i.i;;r;;';i;;n,;;r;^7ih,;;:' r™ ?'^^ ,„.,Jr;;',r:';:,l;:!ri;;:;;rs;™':-;:!;;;;;:';£;i'i;rd'f,r''":^ ' .*; ,, „„,H. „. ,.,„M,i,.. ,,, „i„i,„„ „y .■o„,|,i;„';;,:';;;'ii;r.::,'::;.;;; Ir;:,;; ; ;"" "'■'"'""'"• ■" [11 hko manner it aimoars IVom tlionnfi- I'lMMii^i,.,.! « n ai • ^ ■ t. Borhn. that no hi. AL in v^iiJt ^ii-;;::^:^:!^^^^ --- ^-.U. The Swiss law on tiie siil.jooi of noiitrality has iioou introduood in tlio L'nitod L-v of Staes Ar-nimont m tonus ot hiiula(,.,i; hut as in tho uituro of things it .^in 1 a o «-'-'-"• no hint;, to do w. h manfmo noutrahty, [ prosumo it has only boon brought forward 5c"ct.'""'^"" "'"■ '"'' ^^^ ^"^■"'■' ""^ ' '"'■^' '''>' ""^'''"^' ^■'"•'^u-r on Uil! I pass on to maritinio nations. And lirst, as to Franco. It is cortaiu tliat ihorc r . r IS no prohibition in tlio IVonch Codo, a.ains, tho buildino. or o.piippin,^ o hip ^ ""^^ •" '^^ a lei ii;v,vnt /Ihe only proysiun rolativc. to a bioaoh of noutralit y hi iVcnch s. bioct lems -'" ' ''■''' "*' ""' ^'"''" IVnai: which are in tllese "Art.Sl Qnioiiiiine a.iia, par drs aelmns hnstiles i ^ippnaivei..s par le tomvoMienu.nl fxpuse IlStiuior " ^"^nv.seia puni ,lii l.annissenunil, et si la iuem. sVn est suivu., K a cpi;„^:r £ ;;;;; ■::;i;:;: :;;::: ;;;;;• ':;:i 'i:;;;;:.^::,::.!^:'--^^ ^'- '^' • ">--~ -p-^ ^es F,.ai,ai. Mo:^; '^bL^'ilo^s^^^'^' '''' '''''''-' "'""^^^' ^" ""^ ^^'■•^•^" ^^^-y' -'^^ the "Vous voudn.'z hien ivinaiinier la "einTalii,' de (>es evi,.-,..;^;.,.,. ,■ ,• , . ■, l^,i.lateiir n'a pa. voii.n d^lini,. el ,pfil .;]l,aii eiluJli.; ;; ^!;r Z.^,' d^: ii T d^lL t^^^ > ,„ ,.>"l" "".'"'''^ '"'''-'' ''"'" ^'" ^^"''■'"' *^"^ "-'^ ''■' '''^ *'"^'« ''*^'"'^> ''''^ nia.hinalioiis el laana.uvres ail po.tdunel-uissaneeetranm.ie.et ayant pour ohjel de pn,vo,,uer des hosliUu's. (' J d nil"" p. u, p ilaiis une intention et iin laU eimiiiiels ivnlient dans les dilleienies espeee.X "f m vl ''""T '""■ 1 ";^"r ^'r ' " '' n ''" ""^""^ ^''^^''■- i-- Arlieles «4 et s!^ sappli,,, m in u . mi'los eas ,1 nnpiudeniv, do em,!nte. de nej,li;^ence ; eest nioin, rinienlion ipie le lail n , er el u ev l.if,nieiie a-t-elle ele deelaive .' bes lTaii,,ais oiil-ils c^te exiuLsos a des reiM-e-sailles '' t'es seiihs !■' 101. et en outre le iiaiemelit lie (loniinau'es-uiti'ivt- ■■■•■ »»,..:...' ^. ., , ' ^l -, |r,u n ,.,, ,. , , ' . ,,• -■ ' '''< 'P'i ponveiit toujonis elre iwlanies. IViuil!- '"" "'"" '^•""'"'""^ l'""»l" il y aib lieu a I'appliealiun des Arlieles 84 et 8.-. ilu Code " I. (jite I'aelioi. smi liostile. '•2. t,)iie I'aetion u'ait pa.s uto a[>inouvee jiai' le l!(ni\eiuenienl. suillus^' ^''"'^ ''' ^"''""''■" "■ '^'■'^ '''''"'''^'' '' """ '''''■'•"■"'"'• '1^' ^">''''-^' "« -l^'^ I'raneais ,.Ni,oses a des I'ejire- r«oii\!f tt; .n t V"l^ <'im,iislaiK'es paiveipie e'esi le pouvoir judieiaiie seul ,p.i est appele ales iisoimuj et a (leeuler (le la enljialaliti-, ii > ^^ viul.a,S.^;r,''l'^''' f'n'!'',''"': "''"'^ ''"'"" "i^^'^' 1'"'"^ "'"' "'■^'"" l'"^til''. •■t par conseiinent non- aS^^t'lJVS;;;;;.''' '--'•'--'^ ^'-- -l-^- -^te .leei.,. el'ponn.aripp,.,se..au I pi Ucport of Neutrality Laws Commission, p. 3d, British Appendix, vol. t Ibid., p. ii5. ;y «l is i i ' i i ^ 1 4(i " Si even u( a,. lied -liilis is not iin oH'cnc' against neutrality and could not produce the eonseiiueiurs referred to in tiie Articles of the Code. It is true the Ciovernn.ient has the yowrv „r ]treventini; tlie arniinir of vessels in its own hands, if it thinks projier to use it. as ilif exportatiiiii of anus, except witli the permission of the ( lovernnient, is i)rohii)ited iiialci' lieavv penalties,— 1 ;>:, indeed, with tlu' motive of preventini,' hreaches of neutrality. Ini; from' motives of ])oliev of a very dill'erent character. If, iiuh'cd, the conslruetiiui w an arnu'd vessel tormed ]mrt of an enterjjrise havhii; for its immediate ohject Ii.aIiIi operations auainsl a helli-erent Power, then, as I have already pointed out, the whi.V Avould amount to a violation of neutrality. Hut an Imperial Decree of the lOtli .lunc, lH(n, i)asse(l with a view to the v.,: which liad then hroken out, contained in its 8rd Article the Ibllowiui;- provision : — " II est iiiliidil a tiail Kraiu ais di- ]iiviidiv coiiiniissiiin ik' ruim d.-s deux parties jiiaiv arnn r ,i,, \alssi.inix I'll ^'iii'iTf, oil d'ai'i'i'|p|i''r des Icllivs dc iiiuri|iie inair fairn la i airsi- iiiariliiiii\ lai du ciiiiciiiii, d'lmn iiiaiiimM|iiilcim(HK' a r('(|iiiiiciiiciit (Ui a I'armcim'iil d'uii iiaviiv dc '^umv. ou ciirsan'u th 1 iiii..' dt's deux parties lifltit,'i''niiit('s.".| Thus, the laAV of i-'rance in respect of tin- ecjuippiuu; ami armini,' of ships of wiir, was placed on the same footin^j; as tluit of ( Jreat Britain and America. Uw of Belgium. Beli^iuni, which, as it is known, has adopted tlie rrcnch Codes, has likewise the 84th and H.')th Articles of the Code Penal; hut with the exception of severe h\\^ against privateerin;,', or the rece|)ti(jn of privateers, the prohihitive and pre\ciiti\,' power of the law depends on the Articles in question. Law of the Nether- The Netherlands, iu like manner, havim; also adopted the French Code, have the land.. g^j^jj jjjjjj gj^i, Ai-tieles ; hut no special i)r()visiou as to e(piipi)in^' or armini,' of vessd- ui the Avav of 'rade existed prior to the year ^^S(»(i, as appears from the express state ment of M. van Zuvlen de Ny \elt, the Netherlands Miidster for Toreign Atl'airs, in a letter to Mr. Ward," found in' the Appendix to the British Case.^ It is true that ^L dc Zuylon makes the following ol)servation : — "QuaiH aux inoyciis cdaclUs doiit lo (iouvt-niemfiil piainait disposei' iiour eiiijitV-lier dus \i' ' ii"i- de sa m'utralili', Ifs Aitiidcs K-1- et H,". du ('(idc IViial pinivnit aussi dans (piidiiiu's cas .siTvir a . 1^;^ Ceux par t-xuiii])!*', ipii larlicraieiil d'(^piipcr «ai dc vciidrc dcs vai.sscaux de !,'ucitc dans nos pml- i- ::: Ic co'niptc dcs liclli.i'/Taiils ]Mairraiciit ctrc p.airsuivics cu vevtu dc I'cs articles ;_lcs iiaviivs iilii- Beraient suisis cdiniiic piece dc cmivi' 'ion cl par la ni'inc Iciir sortie scvaiL cmiicclice. ' But it is to he remarked that the foregoiui;- ohservation as to the possihle application of the Htth and .S.-)th secti(ms of the Penal Code to the ecpiipping or sale of sln|M« •riven onlv as a matter of opinion ; no instance appears to have occurred in wliuli iIh onuipi)inii or sale of a vessel of war has heen held to he an ollenee within these Artieb. It must'ohviously depend on wlii-ther what was done amounted to a violatmu .1 international law alfordini.' a just cause of war. Tli«> regulations issued hv the Dutch Government in 18GG do not touch the easenl th(> equipment or sale of siiijis, hut only the admission of helligerent vessels ml > Dutch ports. It mav he remarked, in passing, that it is expressly i)rovi(l«l <■} Article 4 of the Regulations, that "ships of war may remain an unlimited time m • Report cf Ncutralitv Uws Commission, p. 4,-), British Apiinulix, vol. iii. t "ji'l> P' •"'• X Britisli Appendix, vol. iii, p. 22. § Itcpurt uf Neutrality Laws Commissiou, p. (i3, British Appendix, vol. iii. 47 h' Moiislicr, till' .Miiiistn Dutch harbouR, and estuaries, and may also providr themselves witli an unlimited supply 01 coal. A r ^^^''J''1i^cK'''"''T ••""•^^P""''.'Y-' ♦" ""• -^'•"■•'>-'* "I" "'<• From-h Code, viz. LawofSpuia. Article 1 tS ot the Codi-o h-nai, and Article 258 of a Statute of IH'22 :— f •■ .Vitirl. I IS. \Vl,os,„.v,.r sliall uiihni.t Imviujr l„,,,„ ,„,nnitt..,l to ,1,. so )7con.TK.|..nt (.utliority havo j.'"Vok..a or ,Mv..u inoliv.. to u ,l,rlan.tio„ of war .yainsi S,„du on tl„. ,,art ol' , , l" r ZTlf Ml l';^vc. -.x,.os.., .Spanish .suhj.vts ,o mi.IW y.Nalions or ivjai Jls asai.,., th, Mr ,„.■.,, , rl ie, „l,all !.■ a 1 ,sl„..l will, nnpnso,,,,,,,,! ; aial if such jhtsou ho a puhh. fun .tiouarv hj a U be piiuishiMi with tciii|ioraiv ii'ihisioii. '"".>. "i- "'"111 ce "Art. LTiH. Whosoi'Vfr shall, withcaa the luiowlc |.r,. authoritv or lu.nnis^l,,,, ,.r ii. <■ ,.„v,. co„.„ii,t..,l hosli.i,K.s against ai,; alli..,l or nealrafro Jr! ,a'sh.m iZ ^ ^ 1 S.^ til'S h,r that nil so a .Inlaralion ol «ar .a' ,1 su.h ho.tilitios shall Imv. l,...n the .mu, lai for r..,,r Is ,'".'• Spmuanls, ht. shall ho .■o,„h.iu.a.,l to .,v. pahli,. salisla.tio,, for sudi oHln...., aial t! Jd h o, , nnpruoMiuent lor a lonu o roin two to six y.ar.s, a>„l shall pay a (in,. ,.,,,.al t, ono ,„,• 7tlu. amount ol .la,ua,..s i,o shall havo oroas ,1, without pivju.lioo' to any fu thor punish, "twlhlo may I'o liabh' to mour lor tho vmlouce cornuutt.Hl. If said hostiliiirs sl,.,ll l,„ ,. 1, ,1, i™„.Iiato.lodarationof wanor if suoh .h.olaratiou shall ha^o u3 d Uc . f S ai 'the clleimor .shall hu jainLshud with transporiaii(m. i-ia- uiais, uio Hut there is no law wl.ieh touches the eiiuippini? or armini,' of ships of war for a bolh-'erent. Iho decree .via in,; to neutrality issiu-d ot, the oeeasiou of the American Civil War ..s set out m the iritish Appendix.^ It contains no prohilntion rola i^!^ to the ctpiippuii,' or arnuii;; of sliifis. ^ ii^uuuip, It is stated indeed, in the United States' A,-u,nc,it§ that the Codii^^o P.-nal, in Article 1.A h.rh.ds the expediting' of " erui/.ers." is it ],ossihl.. that the writer tr t^jnorant that the term destmarc buciucs al cor.o " does not refer to eruizors but ., privateers r* Poriiiual has a convsnondin" nrovisinn in tlie 1 Kfti Ali.v.i^ 41 r • •■ n -i in the 8;..d Article, of th.! IVnaf (^ J oHhe ^^l^f^l^ tSc^^;" 'i^Z t^ I^nLS:'- Code, the ol.'.ice consists ... " eoin.n.ttini:, without th.-order or the at.tbori/ation of the Government, hostile acts a^-amst the subjects of another nation, so as t., endao-er peace or provoke re])nsals." ^ In the re,Kn-t presented to His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil on th.-se lawr, bv D. hilva ler,.,.u, H.t out in the later L'mtcd States' documents,|| tiiere is the Ibllowii.:' very p! uent ohservatioa : — ^ •Thus, it remains undei^tood that if th.. fart in itsolf wrro not sn,h as to f,riv,. juat .•oason feu- wa.' ac,„ra.nf; to inten.at.o.aa .-...-ht it o.a.ld novor W roputod a cri.uo oven wo.^o i^t not autho i/od I v tl i nnat-ut, and were it erontually foUow ...1 by war. .Such a fact in not Ihon a .casein ll.u a prctoxt In this elaborate report, in which the etfect of the forei;oin- law is fully discussed I tine no jTference wdiatever to the equipment or annin- of ships, as bein- within it ' llu> Govemraeut (.t Brazil, like that of Fniuce, upon the b.'eakii.o- oiTt of the civil warm;ub special provision by law the euibrcing of neutrality. > a Circular of foLit-V Presidents of the dificrent provinces were instructed as •• Tho Confederate States have ..0 reco^'ui.:, d existence ; la.t, havi.,g constituted a distinct Govern- n.nt, ./,„■/», the .upenal (,ovor...nonL cannot consider their naval an,.an.o„ts as .vets of pi.'acv. nor refuse heu,, w.lh the necessary .■est.-.cf.o„s, the character of hclli;,r,,-e„ts, whirl, thev have assu.uJd of nn. r'n '."'"a '' ""i i ,"■'"'"" '"''•""' ^ '"''■' '" "''■'''"" *■'■'"" ''" l"^'ti^'ip^'tio., a„d aid i„ favour one of he hell.KC-ents, and they .oust not take part in any acts which can I'o considered as hostile to e..c ol tho two ]m.t.os, a.,d co.itiarv to the ol.lit;atio.,s of the i,c„t,'alitv •■The exportation of wa,'likea.-ticles tro.n the po.ls of the Eu.pi.c lor the new Co..fehall in no way be aljoueii ty ilis]iose of tiie saiil pri/.es, or of objcets eoniin^; from tlieni." Thus, going lur beyond otlu^r nations, Brazil pi'oliibitt'd not only the sale of shiijs, but all tra(lo in articdes contraband of Avar oven in its own ports. Sorious disputes having arisen in tiie course of the ensuing year betAveen Ihf Covernnienls of the United States and JJrazil on the subject of Confederate orui/.ers receivi'd in purls of the Empire, the (jovernnient, in order to ])revent as far as possible the occasion vl' such troubli'sonu? remonstrances, published the still more stringeiif rcgvdatioiis contained in the Circular of tiie 2;}rd of June, IHOiJ, set out in tiie 7tli ^'(llume of the Ap])cii(li.\; of the United States, regulations much more rigorous than those which have l)een adopted by any other nation.* But, as these regulations relate entirely to the reception of belligerent vessels in Brazilian ports, it is unuecessiiry to dwell upon them here. Law of Italy. Jtulv lias iu the ITMli and 17uth Articles of the I'eual Code, provisions corro. sponding to those of the I'reneh Code : — f "Artiiii' 171. If any person wliosoever shall, by aels not aiuhorized by the (lovernnient of tli,. KinLT. liave cxijoseil the Stale lo a deelaration (if war, he shall be laniished with banishment; if the w.ir has aelnally oeenrrcd, he shall be pnnisheil with temporary penal servitude. " \vt. 17'>. II' any [lerson whosoever shall, by acts not ajiproved of by the (loverinnent o|' [he Kinj,', have e\])osed the snbjeets of the kinj^'dom to reprisals, he shall be pnnished with banisliniciit even for a term of ten years or with imprisonment, withiait ]irejndiee to any further jienalty to wliiili he may be liable on aecount of the acts he has cunnnitted. if the oli'ender be a publie functionaiv, Im shall be pnnisiied with lianishment." So stood the law at the time of the breaking out of the Civil War between tlic Northern and Southern States of America. In the course of it the King of Italy, in an Ordinance of the (Jth of April, 18(il, but, so far as I have been able to discover, "then for the lirsl tim(>, adojited the regulations established three; years before by the Ein])eror of the I'rench. By Article IV, " No Italian sid)ject shall take commission from eitlior bellio'crent Power to arnr shi])s for war, or acce])t letters of marque to cruize, or assist in any way in lilting out, arming, or preparing for war a vessel or privateer of the said belligerents, "'J The Naval Code, which was published iu 1806, in the chapter relating to tlio neutrality of the State towards foreign Powers (chap, vii), has the following })rovi- sions : — § " In eas(' of war between Powers towards which the State remains nentral, privateers or vessels of war willi ]irizes shall not be received into the harbours or roadsteads, exce|)t in eases of stress of weather. " They will have to leave as soon as the danger lie.:: ceased. " No ship of war i and couimoililies, and the actual means of repair necessary to the sustenance of their crews ami the safety of their navigation. " In the case in which ves.sels of war, whether privateeis or merchantmen of the two bellij^irenl lialiiais. ai'e both togethi'r in ii ]ioit, h.dbiair, or roadstead ol' the Slate, there shall lui an intcival ef at least Iwenty-lbur hours betueeii the successivt! d(,'partures of the vessels of one belliycrunt and tlieseiif the Vcs-f.S., I'arl IV, p. 'JW. f Ui'purt of Nfutrulily Laws Commibtion, p. 6'2, Hritish Appeudi.x, vol, iii. Ibid, ,1 Codo, pi'ovibionsi corre- liioii''la liulbro tl 10 liial'Mrao 49 In all tlieso countries nt, fli^ Umn +^ ^i,- i question whether there had heen a£el oTt \r-'"T!"\'^« '' "^^ ''"''^^tod. the whether there^had heen a hreaeh of mu mli J ZTT '"'' ''"^ ^ '''^'^"'' ^■'™''^1 "" or reprisals. The equipping or arming, of ^Ssl .,'^^?ri'"-^" ^'ir ""t-» to .var not conic into question at all It' is fiw... '<■•"'''' ^™>' "^ "''''"m'^i'ce does both of Great Eritain and the United ' St-UesT-"'^''^ ^^"^ •''' ^"""'■••'><''' ''-^^v, punishment under the forei-u W in ^ase of Vhr-u-l, nf T'T '^""S:<'"n thouyli tiu> reason of the greater -rarity of the result «•! .1 n V ,"' ^'''^^' ^'■'^** ">'"'*^ ^''vt'iv, by possibly actually inyoly.Hl ill it. ' " " *^ "^^'"" ''^'^'«»i'^« exposed to Avar, or I next turn to the law of the Northern nations on the subject of neutrnlity The law of Denmark relatin-^ to ships with rcf .,• . nf^"tinl.ty. in the third yolumc of the British App.riix * '"•-'" ^" "^""^rality, is fully set out Law of Denmark. Denmark api)ears to l)e one of flio vm.,- r. , ■ prohibitin.n: to the subject tho vanC^ S nZ-]T]^'^^^ unusually strict in tbat'respeet, and mlliute '^tiU^!:^, "'• ''''■ ''''' t''-"^'' ^^tains no prohibition of the equippiu, or ^r^^'oi^^l^^U^^^ Law of Sweden. The Swedish Ordonnance of April 8 IS") (, wl^in u „ section, the armin- or equippi,,,. of yessHs f«; i!^olt^.^^'''i^^ prohibits, by the 8th without any prohibition against doin- so Avith rcferem ^ ?•' Vn-ateering, is wholly a belligerent State.f " "' uluencc to ships armed or equipped for The only Article in the Russinn OnAn „„i„j.- is as follows U ^"•^"'' "^^'^ ^^'^*"^^" '^ "™^-lity is the 250tli, which Law of Ru,... ■If any Kiissinn subject in tini the ,lan,.r of a n,,,tu>;. will, a fVi..,,,!],- f.nv..^ , "v™ 1, ."u ,^"i'"''>- 'ff '''^ """ -"4 to .„.a.^.,oseanib.reivi,i.i,u^..,.....^;::;at^ Willi the exception of this Article savs 1\r ,!» ti- ^ • inquiry from the IJrilish Goyernm..nt's ^^ if i.t\I. t.Mvi hJ^ i\ if'' ?"' I'enfennc pas d,. 1nf;.,™ + i • ru)no such in I'russia, I Mas su^-ri^^'J^S.^^J-Pf /;.-?•'-?' ^ \ '-- «'-wn, Butch (Joyerninent, followed afterwai'ds i.y in a rti< n ft '''';'/^ regulations of the leonstniclionof cruizersM-as prohibited (^^^l, c, iMs no '^v^'f'" regulations the aws were to belbund in .tuLia an.l in Kss , -' V^i\^{Z '' f^^'^l V'^'^ " ^"""^^ r aS^'S'sl!!; ^•tMrt/TSan'ind.-lr^ 7 'T' '' ^" ^"« ^^"'PP'"^ L i bolgium, Denmark, Swcd.-n-nroldbit i . 1' ' "'•'' "* wveral-.f„r exan nU" V" '" fenient of the Unitc^l'^atr Z'tlZ If''"'^^^'? , '^^'^ '•^''^" ''- "^"^^ "' hrosents these Goyen.ments as pivyetn'' not ,1 /?,;"'" '""'"'^■" '•'; '•''''-• 't K ruction of cr«;..r.. II I .an hanlly sup;;;^ ^ . ^^ t'-K^^n;"';';, ''''' '■''"■' "'" [he term corsmre, the term used in he 1 ws in (mi sfin, ^ •' t'"' "' '•"""^' "1 ho meannig, that of privateer, or in l-V.^nch h • e n [ 1.'"''' ""^'''^' ''•''^ '"'^ [on™ ;,«. r/.., ;,„r., niais avee la., siti ■' "^ " ^''ir'^"'"^ "rnio en I ese countries has any law against 1.^00,; rSi .1 ''''''''"'"^ ^''^^'"' "t' flierefore, ought not to haye b.-™ made. ''°"'^"''^'""' "' "■"'~^''>'- «>K.h a statement, , The Argument of the United States winds i.,, fi„. ^.th that of other countries with the SX^hlg li^b^S ™ ;;^ t^^'^'^ '^'^ t Ibid., pp* Jo?"/. '"''"'""^ ^""^ C-™''^^^^^^MM^^ f Lit., „. iS:';,„ .,. Mo.in, .. UepenoirJ-1^'::^ ■l^JfciS.S-- P;/^'" ';'" U2 to I r mi! li ; .f. I I: « I :il 60 " Tlie institutions of Italy, Brazil, Switzerland, France, Spain, rovtugnl, the Netherlands, and all other Coveninicnts of Europe, indeed, except thval lirituin, expressly assume, us do the institutions .,f the United Slates that vohinteer and unautliovizc d military and naval expeditions, undertaken in n neutral eounlrv, a're to be restrained, because tending to iinolve such eounlry m war with the eountiy aggrieved. InlViiigeineiits of the law are punished mainly for that reason, including the proteetiuu ,i the national sovereignty. . ■,■■,■ - f , i "Hence, in all those countries, except Great V.ntiiui. Iho pHmlu-c law is a secoii>swy tact ; tli,. tiriinarv fact being the preventive action of the C.overnment. ,,.,,, • ,■ , ■■The Unitcii Slates iierfectly understood this, tlie true relation ot things, and while tlicy iiKbn,,! pr-rsons aiKl arrested ships, they did not, when occasion required aclimi, rely on sncji merely ]miiitiv,., or at n'lo.st auxiliary, means, but called into ]ilay the armed forces of land and sea to support il„. Executive in summa'ry acts of iirevenlion by force for the maintenance not only ot the sovereignly Im of the neutrahlv of the fJoverninent. i.,-,;i,^ "Neither l.did Jtussell, in his correspondence with :Mr. Adams, nor tl'.c lr;;niersot the l.iilisli (as., appear to have had any clear conceplion of the.se higher relations of the subject, although dislinclly au,! explicitly slated in the l)est w.a'ks of international law of (Ireat lliitaui hersejt " Creat lUit.iin alone pretends that punitive law is the measure ol neiilval asurc of neutral duties. Great Britain pretends nothin" of the kind. The best ans ^ver to these unwarranted assertions is tlie tact, *liat the Alabama was attempted to b.> seized ; that tlie Alexandra was seized ; as were tlio Pampero and the ]5irkenhead rams, and tlie Fhu-ida at Nassau ; by virtue ot the ])n'vcn. tivcnower alo-ie ; and that, if in anv of those eases resistance liad l)een offered, ov tore. required, force would, as :i matter of course, have been resorted to immedia . eni'orco the law. But while the United States thus impugn the efficacy of the British law, r.iid dwell uiion th(> executive, as contradistinguished from legal, ])Ower possessed by tlu-ir own and as thev allege, by foreign Governments— of which, by the way, tiiey oH'it no proof whatever— at another time, with startling inconsistency, they assert tliat the Government of Great Britain possesses this very executive power, and make the omission to put it in force the subject of vehement c<.mplaint. , , ,. . ^•^ ,■ The imagination of the writer must have been singularly 'ively, while liis conscienco must have slept, who could venture to put on ptiper the Ibllowiii!; passages : — * ■'No independent State exists, either in Europe or America, encumbered with constiUitional incapacity in this respect. ■ u. » i i ■• \,olatioiis had boon offered, or fnrrc osortixl to immedia . y of the British law, and , power possessed hy their ich, by the way, t'loy offer toncy, they assert tliiit the wer, and make the omission ia;iilarly Mvely, while his on paper the followiii!; noumhered with constitutional r ]>ower in a Statu declares war, ding of course all violations of rnment only : it holongs equally he political institutions of on- constitutional Monaichies, Ll;e ' tlio conntrios of tlic four Jkit lot lis go on : — as undeniahle and elcraentarv inie and jiersisti'utly argtie thai ■e the p'jiioiiiiaiici ol neutral • Act of tile r.ritish I'ailiiiinciit, , asserts and exeiriscs autliuiity iloing acts which tend to invulve • of (Ireat liritain and latoJ, , in resources, mid (inclmliuglitr Murojie, does not jiossess wd- sulijects, or hands of desperate | ■ Ihignint violation of ueutmlilj, gii States I "And such 19 the defence of Great Britain in answer to tlio reclamations of the United States • " ft would bo d.fficidt to find any otlier example of a gi'eat StPte .leleuding itself a.-ainst chaises of wrong by setting up the plea oi if constitutional incompetency and incajiacity to disclan-e the most eninmoii-place duties ot a sovereign State. '■" "Great Britam is not in that condition of constitutional disability which her Ministers pretend. "AVe find on the most cursory observation of tlio constitution of Great i'.ritain that the deehra- tion of war, the ..oncbtsion of ,,cace the cmduct of foreign allUirs.-tlmt t.ll these things are in Great jiritain elements ot the ])rerogative of the Crow.i. v.mn, "AVe cannot believ. and .lo not ..„Mc,.,l,. thai in al) these greater prerogative powers there is not utehided the les.ser one of j.mrnnn:, unauthorized private ,,e.sons from engtiging in private war a.-ains a friendly foreign State, and thus conunitting Great IJi'-tain to causes of puldic «ar ,,u tjie iiarl of" such foreign State. ' ' '"-" ■■■If the exercis-3 of such power by the C'rown involves derogation of the rights of private persons which Ministers tear to commit, they should obtain a pro].er Act of Parliament, either for anteceden general aiithonzation or for subsequent protection, all which is within the .seo.ie of tjie theoretic omni- potence of Parliament. ' ■' The British Ministers do not scruple to s'.speml the privileges of the writ of /,„/„„.. ro,;„s whether with or without previous Parliamentary autliorization, ami whether in the Unite.l iviu-dom' or in the Colonies on occasion of pettv acts of rel,cllion or revolt, that is, the ca.se of and Counfor-Case'of the British Government assume and persistently argue that the sole instriu lont po.ssessed bv the British Government to enforce the ])erforraance of neutral obligitions at tlie tiino of the occurrences in question, was a particular Act of the British Parliament." It is not true that the British Government has ever "maintained that Great Britain did not possess constitutii»n:il power to jirevent m 'rconary subjects or foreign rebels from dragging her into acts of tlaoTtiiit violation of neutrality." It is not true that "a great State" is hero "defending itself' a.n-ainst charges of wrong by setting up the plea of its constitutional in competency and incapacity to discharge the most common-place duties of ti sovereign State." The transparent fallacy which runs ihrough itu; whole of tliis series of decla- mtxtory assertions consists in confounding infractions of the municipal law Tvitli infractions of nbutrality properly so called. Though, by convention between the two Govenuuents, the equipping of a ship without anuiag may have acqtired, ex post !! ! In wm t ■ 1 !., ♦. (.■ i:1 1 » h |*i»»i ' : ( ." f iij I y'i ij 1 ■' 1!' 52 /oc tlie occurrciici's took i)Ii>t'c on wi'iich the present "clji^ins arise, to equip a sliip in tlie way of trade, tlioui,-li i/iteiided I'or the sen-iee of a beJiiijcrent, w;is not, as I have ah-eady shown, and as Mr. Adams himself, in all fairness, f?dly admits an offence ai^ainst international law, and tlunvfore was not a violation of m'l (ralitv. ■\yiiile, tlicrefore, in a case of actual violation of neutrality, as by seudiii<4 Jorth ;iu armed ship, or a ship innnediatcly almut to l)e armed, for the purpose of InM.u'diato warfare, the executive powi^- iniulit, rx propria vlgnre, interfere, and if necessary by forc(>, to prevent such a proceedinir, tlie seizure of a vessel unarmed, and not inimediiitclv about to so forth, and in respect of which, therefore, no lireach ,;f neutrality b:id takcii place, could only be done by virtue of the municipal law, as constituted by the Act of Parliament. Eut if a seizure was to be made under the Act, it was necessary ll.;it pror.t should he fort heolnin^• to justify and uphold it. Tlierefore, it was ti'uo, that as r, n'lirdcd the equi|»])in<; of ships, the powers of tin; Executive were limited to ca.ses iii'Avliicb proot' of a breach of the Act was fortheomin^. Therefore it was that, in the case of the Florida, the rtovernment, thinkim^- there was not sufhcient evidence of helH;;' nnit purpose, abstained IVom siMzini,', and, in that of the Alabama, delayed the seizuiV^lor a time. Th(>refore it was that, in the later cases of the Alexandra and the rams, tlio Gov(>rnment, beinij; advised that the evidence was suirieient, proceeded to s'l-izc Hence, in discnssini; the question whether it was, at that period, and in tl!(> tlicii admitted state of international law, the duty of the Government to seiz(> Uw \essels in question, it is necessary to refer to the Forei^'u Enlistment Act to ascertain what weiv the powers of the Government. The distinction is a very obvious one, and one which liersons nuist be, I should tliink, Avill'ully blind not to see. The assertion—coming' from the quarter from which it proceeds —the Government of a !>reat Hepublic— where all executive power, I should have imarrined. would lip clearly delhied by law, and exercised in subordination to it — that i\\< Hritish (ioveni- ment should have ])ri)ceeded, iiule])e-,idently oi', aiul, if necessary, in fiofinnce of the law to seize shij)s and arrest subjecvs, a-- well as forcijjjners, enp.aired, as it is termed, in ;icts of foreifjn Avar to th(> prejudice of another Government, surprises vac, 1 must saV, niit a little; i)ut when, as the i^round of such an assertion, I am told that "3?rilish Mini-*; is do not scruple to suspend the ])rivilei,'es of the writ of habeas cnvpiis, whethei A\itli or viflmvl previous parliamentary authorization, whether in the United Kin>,'d oi^/oww/Zrw/v^r' I iind myself '.ost in amazenuMit, and seidc in vain to discover what can possii)lv hv meant by so strani^e a statement. War, whether it be domestic or foreii^n, is of course war; and, in rcii^ard to those who are actually en£:a!?ed in war, the lawof war neeessarilv supersedes th(> civil law and civil rii,'hts, and would, per .ve, suspend the ])iivileycs of the Habeas Corpus Act. 15ut, if it is meant that, even in time of war, the liveentivc could, as reijards persons not takim,' part in the war, or not corainijj within th(> opera- tion of martial law, suspend the Habeas Corpus Act without an Act of rarliament, the assertion is equally unfounded «nd siu-prisinsj:, whether looked at in an hisiorieal or'in a legal point of view. But adiscovciy has been made by those who drew up the United States' Arijuinont which I nuist r,ay a])pears to me, as an Encjlish lawyer, surpassing? strani,'e. Itl's that, that which could not have l)een done towards scizini? vessels undei- the Eoreiiju llnli t' ment Act, for want of (n-id(>nce )ieeessary to support a seizure imder that Art, niii'lit have been dcme with a hiu:h hand, by virtue of tli(> preronjutive of the Crown; in siinimrt of which s1mni;'e dectrine the folhming instances are given, in which it is alleged that wliat was done was done* by virtue of the iirerogative. Such are : " The (Queen's rroelamation of Neutrality^ of May 13th, 1801. " The regulations issued by the Government of ller Majesty in regard to the reception of cruizers and their prizes in ports of the Empire, Juno" 1st 1801 June 2nd, 1805. . . . " The executive orders to detain the Alabama at Queenstown and Nassau August 2 1862. " " The executive orders to detain the Florida at Nassau, August 2, 1802. " The executive orders to detain the rams at Liverpool, Octuber 7, ls(i3. "The debate and vote in Parliament justifying the detention of the i-a'ms bv tlin Goyemment • on their own responsibility,' Februarj' 28, 18G2. " The (executive order that, ' for the future no ship of war belonging to either of the belligerent Powers of North America shall be allowed to enter or to remain, or to be in any of Her Majesty's ports for the purposc.of being disimitled or sold,' September 8, I8GJ1. 4 ,M 51 ' 1 and Nassau, August 2, 53 "The final executive orders to r(>t'ii"n iim ci.„, i i • of ««■ Ahilo™ at Liver,,,,,,!, a,„l ,;,„ ,i,S , .,,,,.,? ^ ;. '■"!"','"" ""' *''"»■<> cutrv ., r.^jcls, cq„i|,,,,,l i„ .,„„™v..uli„„ „f , ,'llf^ ,,,.',',';«,'"■"'"'"""' "'° Slates as to obscrv.-iiice of iieutraliiy, already spoken.and the Eeiriilalioiis 'k in tli,. .wi,„; • .■ i n. ports, 'aud the aceommoch.ti.ir re to -I ^''I'l, '^''^"^ ''' ^'''^'^ matter of Eoval Prero-ative ai tluM rrl • -f "'^'V r ""'m''"''"'' "'"'' ""(l^u'^tedly as Mill hereafter he s^n a i^t.^^Ly""^ ""^ ^^- «1'^"^^"J«^1'. ^vlueh was, thouuh in one sense autet o the v c Ho 'f' ^^''""^^'Ttaaee enumerated was, conlerred hy the Foreign Enli"tnaent Ae^ ' n 1 1 l '''-'T^ '^""",'''^' ^""■^'"' "1" Po^^er an En,iish* Jud.e and h™ "1™ th slor '"^of'J Hr"' •'" ^T'^^'^'l' ^' expedition, in whieh case r„«-e nii^^ht louhted he i^i.l 1 ^'""'" ,""^ ",', ^ ^'"'^^^^ beeu .eized under the exercise of jn'rcl^iiv^e J^^^^^^^^^ ' '^''' ''''''■^^' ^'^^^^'^ ""^^ ^^^« ThrouEfhout the statements of tlio TTnitnr' «!fn+„o. „ . . , the eon.lue't of the United SLLdth.t/rv!nV ^' ^^■"^™ ^^^ween Comparison tenanee of neutralitv. When the Eriih r'v.. '"Z ^^J'frou.e to the main- between Greae Amerieau default in this "sZ/Unsve^^ •'^';!'^-' ^^"'^^ "^^^'-^"^^^ «1" "'•"^'--^ United Uniu.,] Stt.tes,that is n.>w m its tri- 1 l.Ti ! .^ '"' it is Great .15r tain, not the plai,.,;U seeks to invjudiee the d^lJnd i t i,;^' .- v" t'l^SJ, 7;;; ^''^ ^^'"r ^I- j^£.:=itL::iir;w.^^^^ ;i5;^:i,SsSs!:^ i-nsions-sh..aj'hett^tS its:^^:^::^ ^z^t 'J he Ar-ument of the United Htates asks at the hands of this Tr!)„n,nl f<^.. n • srrirL;f&il;d^^^^^^^ twoHauons,inthisrespS^s;n;iS/3':!i"^''"'' '' ™"^1'^^^^«'^" ^'^t^^-" tl^« which we wc.ro thus l.ro,„l,t int., l^Z^^ \- t Rt^;™ ™,i'^, '''i'r'^ ''^^ 'T' ^'^"'"" "^^'• iuteniational iiuutn.litv ; ,iiul we im,v ^vi'lJ ll„. „ ■ ' , I, "''''^ '''""^'''''' f^'' l'n"Hpk-s of rq«n„i„. i;,r thoi. nou.:,bs.rv.:.e "^l^'Jl.r;':^;!;;::' ^l^ll^^^^lf'^ ^'^-■'•^■'"- "'' ''-- I'-K'il-l- or It heeonies, therefore, perfectly h-itimate to take-as is done in th.. E.-Iti.l. pHvateeli,!, against tl.:;^;om™ 'S ^ , - ^^ ^^^ Z lu^ ^U^r ^"'^ tao largest scale, ttnd froni whose shores tiriiUHl , v vll W n^^^^•^^^ "" "P"" iustautrs .one forth, should seek rcmte Kir .^- S T SW..11 the dama.es against Great Er hti Hv h hli^; i d f n ,s 3 l/^r'"'; '? Ct%s ^ rt^^li '7 '''' '";?'?;; ^' '" -'^' '"' ad.iuirSeti^o:^^ iJlMions. ihe usoot a review ol Atneriean history in this respect mIp readily ! ■ - y '■^^ ! f U America undoubtedly has tho credit of be uiu' tlu? llrsi nation that, b- positive L,.irislaiion of 179-1. .H Uuited Siutci ■»' Aifumciit, lip. y:4, j-j. t Ibid , p, U-}, 54 *|1 Icgislatiou, sought to restrain its subjects within the strict limits of neutrality. But those who make this boast as against Great Britain should also remember that it was through till' acts of Amerieau citizens that such legislation first became necessarj-. The large and just mind of llie greatest of American statesmen saw at once the reproaoli and the danger arising to his country from her ports being used for the building and eiiuipping of privateers by American citizens, and for sending them out, manned with Ameriean crews, eoinmissioned by the Erencli (lovemment, to make -war on British vessels uhile the United States and Grcit Britain were at peace. For, as I havf already observed, this was the misehief against which the legislation of 1 794 Avas direetcd. At tliat tim(> no complaint had arisen of ships of war being biiilt for a bellig(-rciit. The comj)laiut, again and again made by the British Minister, was of " the j)raetiec," as Mr. Jellerson calls it, "of commissioTiing, equipping, and manning vessels in Ameriean ports, to cruize on any of the belligerent parties."* The Gcvernnn nt of General Washington was perfectly sincere in its desire to prevent American ports Iron, being used for this purpose ; and, had there always been Washingtons at the bead of alfairs, the well-founded complaints of Spain and Portugal, in 1810 and 1817. nii-ht never have arisen. I say " well-founded complaints," for the lew vessels huilt or equipped in Great Britain' during the late civil war bear but a small proportion to tiic organized and systematic privateering wliich was carried on from Ameriean ports at thr period I am referiing to. Complaints of I first take the case of Spain, as it appears in the correspondence set out iu the Spain. thu'd volume of tlie British Ai)pendix. On the 2nd of Januaiy, 1817, Don Luis de Onis, Minister of Spain to tlie L'liikii States thus addresses Mr. Monroe, then Secretary of State : — '• Sir, " Wtiiih iniiUm , Januarn L', l.SlV. " 'I'lic lHi.scll'^■l'^^ rcsiiluii",' I'niiii the toleralion of the nrmaiiieiit (if privult'trs in the ]iorts (if tl:i; I'liion, luid (if liriii;,'iii^' into thi^'iii, with imiiunity, tlie plumlpr mmlc hy tlieso privaluors on llic S|i;iiii>li triiilc, f(ir the iiiirjidse of (hstrilmtiii.t; it iUiioii^'st tlinse nievcliaiits \v1l(i lia\(^ im serujih^ in niL'a.u'in^' in these ]iirii(ifs, have risen to such a iiei.nlit, that 1 sliduhl be wantin.LT in my (hity if I (iniilted liuall your attention airain to this very inijiortaut sdhjeet. •■ It is iiotori(ais tliat, ahhouf,'h the s])eculative system of lilting' out jirivateers, and puttin.L' tiitnii under a forei.i;n liaLr.one (hsavowed liy all nations, for tlie ]i\ir;nise of (k^stroyinf' tlie SpanisJ! (■(nuii iTfi'. has been nion^ or h'ss jiursued in all tlio jiorts of the Union, it is more especially in tiiose of Xcv (Orleans and lialtimore, where the i,'veatest violations of the res]ieet due to a friendly nation, :in(. ill may say so, of that due to iheni.selves, have heen eomnntted ; whole squadrons of ]iirales haviiij,' litoii fitted (au from thence, in violati(ai of tlu! solcnni Treaty existing: between the two nations, and liriii<;iii;,' hack to them the fruits of their ]i:racies, willunit beiuf,' yet cheeked in these courses, either hy tli.' reclcmalions I have made, those of His Majesty's (,'onsuls, (jr the deci^vve and judicious orders issmJ hy tlie i'lcsideni for that i)ur])0se." jVfter setting forth depredations done by three American privateers, h? continues : — "The Consul at New Orleans informs me, that the ])irale Mitchell, with the vessels under his command, titled out by dillerent nierehanls at that port, of whom a Mr. Dupuy is supposed to hulk' jirincipal, has lately taken smcral S|ianisli [irizes to (Salveston, and that from the proceeds of tlii:' ,sales he has remitteil to tin; said deputies 105,01)0 (hillars, which he has deposited in the iliinki'f Louisiana, after deiluctin;,' the shares of the captain and crew, mnouiitinj,', as is supposed, altoiictliiTti 2(111,01111 diillars. The same Consul adds that two of the prizes, one from Camjieaehy, and tlie etln'i from (ir itemala, were burnt, and their crews landed liy that savaj,'e monster, near I5o(piilla de ri(.MnL-, that thev mi;.;ht he, as they actually were, ]uit to death by his ;,'reat friend, Viljapinto, a noted rel»l rinj,deadei', wiio, bein;,' pursueil by the Kin;,''s troo|)s, had retreated to the seashore to make his t'-stapi;. (.)f ninety me'i composing' these crews, only nine were saved. "Tla^'onsul a! Xorfolk informs me of the arrival there of a privateer schooner from l'iu'no< Ayres, one of severaltitted out at Daltimore, and wladly owned there; that from what he has l»'in aldi! to ascertain, anions other vessids she plundered a Spanish ship, laden with u car<;o of cdchim'.il. indiu'o, and specie, to the amount of more than l.'()(),OII(i dollars, and ]n'oceeded to BaltimoiH^ to diviilo the spoil amonj,' the concerned. Tlii^ said Ciuisul, in the diseharj;(! of his duty and exeri'i.se nf liis ri;,dits, addressed an applit ation to the (,'ollei tor of the Customs, co]iy df whicii is aniK^xed, and al.-D of the answer of the Cidleclor, by which you will perceive that he deidiiu's this just re(daiiiati(in. I could cite innumeralde oiher cases, as W(dl attested as those I have just slated, but I omit tlictii. a- their detail wiiiild l'ati;;n(' von, witlaait teiidiii;,' to (h'monstrat(^ nmre (llectuidly that they proic'd ti ■■: the iinii-i,bser\anc(^ by the oDieers of this (loverinnetit of th(^ ['resident's I'roclamation, and nf tlr Treaty of Limits and N'a\ i^'ation between tlie two (i(jvenimKnts,"-i" On the IGth of January Don Luis writes again ; — British Appendix, \ol. v, p. 24^. t Ibid., vol. iii, p. 'JU, imits of neutrality. But Iso remember that it was I first l)ccamc neecssarj-, L saw at oneo the roproacli ised for the buihliiii^ and 5 them out, manned with , to make war on Britisli at peace. For, as I liavf ation of 1 794i Avns direeti'd, ing built for a bellii^crciit. er, was of " the praetitc," and manning vessels in 1."* The GovernnK lit df vent American ports I'roih ^ashingtons at the head of in 1810 and 1817, mi-Jit the i'rw v'ssels huilt or a small proportion to fiic I'om American ports at tlio ;spondeuce set out in the cr of Spain to the L'uitod Vonliiiir/lon , Jitnunri/ '2, 1.S17. priviilffi'S ill llie jiorts of tluj liusc ]irivati'i'rs on tlic S|i;iiii>li !mvc lui s('ni]!lo in ouL'a.^'iiii; in 11 my duty it' I iiinitit'd to tiill I ))rivatt!ers, and piittiii;: them Lnjyiii"; tiic Spiinisi! ciiuiii cm'. ire osiic'cially in those of Ncv 10 to a fiieiully nation, aiK. ill lailroiis of pirates liaviii;; Iwii n tlie two nations, and liriiii;iin in these courses, eitlier liy ihr ve and judicious ortlers issuiii iynerican privateers, ho .'11, with the vessels under In; '. Dupuy is supposed to he tiii' that from the proceeds of tin;' has deposited in tlie l!iiiii;if «,', as is supposed, aUoircthert' 'roiu Camjicadiy, and tlicithir ister, near 15o(iuiila de I'ieiJRL-. ielid, Vilhipinto, a iioled ivi»l lie seashore to make hi.s e.seaiie. rivuteer schooner from lliieno! ■ ; that from wliat he Im.s liwn ideii with a car<;o of coeliineal. iceeded to Baltimore to diviiio Ids duty and exercise "f iiis of whicli is annexed, and alsn 'cliiies tliis just recluiiialiiiii. I list staled, Iml I omit iheiii, :;■ ti-tually tiial thi^y proii'i'd li ;.; eiit/s I'l'ochunatioii, and nl' ili* 55 " I I'ave just received iiilbrraation from the King's Consul at New Orleans of the capture, within ol theBahzeol that, „oW „nd nt li.n., „ n,,,,, ,„u<,ket-,,Lot from tl,e land, of the Spanish 3i),'lit of the Balizo of that port, and at little more schooner HipoIila.tJaiitaiii Don liueiiaventura Marcli, l,y tlie j.ii'ate .lupiter, und.-r'tim Mm^ril'a'ii-! lo enal. .U.U luliy to jud,,',! ol I heatrociousness of this capture, manifcstlv m violation of the te-rritoiy of tlie United States. F Imve the miumr to in-do..e tlie declaration (,f the captain ,.f ihe .^.id sclconer raacc he ore His Majesty s .„ns„ at Ih.. al„i-csaid port, hy which it appears he was at ancl,orin th.- I'as.s of the Mi.ssiss.pp,, an.l will, pratnp.e from the llalixc, on hoard, when he was hoarded hy the aforesaid pirate, and so inhmnanly tr,:ale,l hy him as to he Jnt welterin- in his hlood on the dc,k' ■■It would h.. snpeHluous to ailed your sensihiliiy hy .. detail of I he multii.lied iniurips and nut- rages inces,santly snsta,n,.d hy JU. Majesly'.s suh.jects in these ,,orts ; thev have divady hoe.i admitted by the President i„ Ins Ales.sa^-e to (:on^r,,.,s, recommen.iin;- il,',. adoption' of such measures a. , thc^r wisdom may appear host .■alculate'd to repress them, thereby ollbriiij,- to the Kin- niv master a nled-e that his hATc lency a.lmits the necessity of indcmnif\ in- them as far as possible.' It is however wiFh .,rc;U re-re , tiiat I have to remark on the delay in ..arryin- such ui-enl measures into execulion', and tl,a Ihe n luues complaine, o have not he'en prevented by a due observance of the laws of nations, and n tiie existing; I realy winch, by the Constituti.,,,, has lla. force of law in all the Courts, in conse.iuenco (i| lus nililicatioii hy llie President and the .Senate."* i ^ ^^^ . ^?. 11"' 1?^'/ "^' ^'''1'''"'\''y 1^"" I^iiis eompliiins of iive more privateers belonging to portsot tip States, as luwmg taken prices, and being engaged in cruizing agahist Spanish ships, f ^ o o o o On the 2()th of March he writes : — " I have just been informed that there have entere,! at Xorlblk two pirates, under the fla- of biieno.s Ayres the principal o winch is called the Imlepee.dencia, del Sud, ariue.l with U\ .nms and 150 men; hcrcai.tain i.s the well-known pirate called Ommodore Chaytor. The second is The schooner Romii, which, to enter into that port, has .dian^cd her name to that of Atrevida ; she has a crew of 70 men, and apiioared to be .■ominanded hy a pcson calU'd Crinnohls. ll„lh vessels were builtand titled out at Baltrniore, belon- .. e,ti/ens ot that ],lace, and others in this Jtepnhlic, aiul their crews and cai,- tainsareot the same. l.eir entrance into Norfolk ha.s b,.., publie, to revictual, and return to their criiue auainst the subjects oi the km- my m.aster ; hut their principal object is to place in saietv the; frmts ol llieir luracies whud. must be of -reat imi.ortance, if we attend to the information "from Havana, wlucli s ales that they have roblied a sin-le Spanish vessel comin- from Vera Cruz of 1)0 000 (kdlars ; ^'J"! to the lact tlial on the lilst of the |)resent month, tlicv had dc'iiositcd (lO.OllO dollars in' the Bank ot -^'''•''' !<•.'';;; ';'i;l^''^^''''>"lH'i- ..f pa,d i j o " The idrate Orb, lilted out at llaltimoiv, under the name of the Con-ress, and 11a- of J'.uenos Ayre.s, eommaiKled by .hwph Almei.la, a Porlu-ue.se, and a citizen of tins Iteimblie has had the audacitylo .■cturu andentcr the said porl,lhciv to deposit a |.aii ,.f his robb.ric.-^. The piratical .diaracter this vessel is as (ullv acknowled-ed as it is proved tliat sIr. «as urmed and manned with ..eople of this country, and ol oila.Ts in the above-mentioned jioit, ami that she had made dillercnl iirizes in tlw neifjhhourh.iod (d ( aniz and other ports; since theie now is in the port of New Vork the Spanish pulaere. the Leona. caplureil by her. who.se ear-o. consistin- of 200,01)0 dollars, is concealed where it is not known ; and m tiie same jiort of iiallinioiv there are deposited the proceeds of Ihe Spani.sh 1 r- Sereno am! her car-o, eaptured by ihe same vessel. No evidence can, in my jud-neji.t, b.' ofl'ered wl -yU pvos -reater c'rlaiiity to tads so notorious. If by chance anythiii- could he 'adeleel thereto, it wouhl he llie acknowled-ment ot their atrocities. Nevertheless, I have the mortilication to say, that neither tills notoriety nor tlie reclamations of His Jlajesiy';; C.nsai at that port, have as vet been sullicient to liroduce those stei)S which are rwiuii-d by humanity to secure tlie person of thi.s notorious pirate to kke the declarations ol the ore w, ami to prevent their enjoyin- their plunder to the iTOJudice of the l;i\vliu owners. 4} One cannot help being struck with Itu! similarity of the complaints of the Spaniard with those of which we have hitely heard so much. The ships tire " pirates ;" the facts arc "notorious;" " no further i-vidence can he necessary." In like manner we have :Mr. Rush answ(>ring as though it had been from Downins Street : — ' ^ ■'I have had the honour to reeidve your two notes, dated the 2Gth of this month, statin- that you liave liecii informed that two armed vessels whicdi have been c.onimittin- unauthorized ilepreelations upun the commerce of Spain have recently arrived at N'orfidk, and that'a third, liable to tiie samo liuiW-. has arrived at Haltin.ore, thus brin-in- themselves within the reach of tlnwe laws a-ainst which 111 the above and in other ways, it is iille-ed they lia\e olleiuhul. " ' ■' Coiiforiudbly to the constant desire of this trovernment to vindicate the authority of its laws and if V' f : H 1f It , vol. iii, p. V'J. BritiRh Aiipeiidix. vol. iii, p. 101. f Ibid., p. 102 11451 Ibid., p. 105. § Ibid., p. lUfa. I 56 the faith of its Treaties, T have lost no time in writing to the proper officers, both at Norfolk nnd Ballimoro, in order that full inquiry may be made into tlio allepiitions coutaiut'd in your notes, ami ade(iuate redress and punishment euforccd, sliould it appear that the laws have been infringed by aiiv of the acts complained of. " I use tlie present occasion to acknowledge also the ■ jceipt of you. note of tlic. 14th of tliis mouth which you did me the honour to address to me, commuu.calin.t,' information that had reached you af other antl like infractions of our laws wiihin the port of Ualtiniore ; in relation to wl ^eh I liave to state tJKit leiters were also written to tiie proper ollicers in that city, witli a view to promote everv tit measure of investir;ation and ledress. Should it prove necessary I will iiave the honour to address yon more fully at another time upon the subjects embraced in these .several notes. In the meantime] venture to assure myself, tliat in the readiness witli wliieii they have thus far been attended to, you will perceive a spirit of just conciliation on the part of this (lovernment, as well as a prompt sensibility to the rights of your Sovereifjn."* Don Luis replies as Mr. AiUinis or Mr. Dudley misijlit have done :— " By your note of yesterday I am apprized that the rrcsident, on being informed by the notes to which you have replied, of tlu^ audacity with wiiieli the pirates armed in iliis country introduce into it the fruits of their robberies, has been jdeased to give suitable orders to tlie aulliorit'ies at ^'orfulk and Baltimore, that having ascertained the facts which I have brought to his knowledge, they should duly proceed according to law against the violators of the Laws of this Repulilic. The jlistrict Att(irue\ lor the Tiiited Slates ul Baltimore has replied to the King's Consul there, tlmt he has no evidence iip..ii which he can proceed -;ainsl Captain Almeida; but if a witness should offer, who will defiose to tiio facts referred to, he will proceed to order an embargo to be laid on his vessel. I am periectly awnre that wod order, the persoiud security of individuals, and the prevention of any violence beii'i" com- mittcd upon them, reijuire that suits should be instituted aceoreing to the rules' of Court; but whuua crime is notorious to all, and is doubted by none, when the tranquillity and security of the State the honour of the nation, and the respect that independent Powers owe to each other, are interested iu putting a stop to crimes so enormous as those 1 have had the honour to denounce to von, it ai)]>eai,, lu me that the magistrates are authorized to collect a summary body of imbrmaticm, to iiu'iuire whether the public opinion is doubtful, and if there be ground to institute a suit. The Collector of the Customs cannot bo ignorant that the thi-ee vessels, which I have mimed to ycm, were built and htteil out at Baltimore ; that they were cleared at that Custom-house a.s Americans ; that their crews were ai their departure, composed of citizens of this Uuion, as were their Ciqitaius ; and that the elleets which thev have landed can only come from Spanish countries. What stronger testimony, if more is wanted tluiii their own declaration, can be desired to proceed against these jiirales ( "The ship's jiapers, the declarations of the crews, the log-book, are all testimony which can tiirow light upon the truth or falsehood of the crime alleged, and make it unnecessary to trouble them mitil it be a.-scertained that there is .tTound Uiv proceeding judiiially against tlH'm."f Next comosaeoinplaiutof the capture of a Sp.inisli brin' l)y flie pirate Ahneitla commanding the Orb or Congress, with depositions of sailors ol' t lie captured vessel.'' ' Tliese letters, like those of Mr. J dams, are aeeomjKinied by others from the iocal Consuls, witli copies of corres|)ondenee l)etween those functionaries and the eolleetors of the ports. Thus Don Antonio Villalobos liaving called on Mr. Jlallory, Colleelor of Norfolk, to seize two noted privateers, the lnde[)end(>neia del fSud and't'he Alrevida saying that these vessels liad been "improving llieir e(|uipinent and considerabiv augmentins their crew," Mr. Mallory writes, as Mr. Edwards might have done :— ' " In reply I conceive it proper only to remark, that these vessels luue not been unnoticed iiy im and that, in my conduct towards them, 1 shall endeavour, as I have done, to ob.serve that course which my official duties appear to me to have prescribed. In pursuing which, that I may have the aid of every hglit to guide me which facts can aflbrd, and as the allegations thus made by Vou, in an oHicial form, must be presumed to be bottorued on positive facts, which have come to your kiiowled^e vou will have the gooducss, I trust, to furnish me, with as little delay us po.ssible, wuh the evidence of their existence in your posse3sion,"§ The Spanish Dudley replies : — " With regard to the evidence you require I will not hesitate to say that, as the facts I have stated are matter of public notoriety, known to everybody, and I had no reason to suppose that vou Heie ignorant of them, I did not deem it incumbent upon me to add any proof to the simjilc narration of them ; and I was confident that, by going on to point out to you the stipulations and laws which arc infringed in conaequeuee of those facts, you w ill think yourself authorized to interfere in the manutr requested. " I will iissert, Sir, as a known fact, that the brig now called Independencia del Sud is the same vessel which was formeriy known under the name r.,;„ * • r, of tl,eSpa„i.'h polaeea .s:inta Maria, caZ doX'^^^^ Government by a part of the crew caUcdthe I'atriota Alexicano. conuna ul, I Iv J, " ( u Ulennf F ■ T "^™"' ^^ ^''1'''' ^y '^' P'^"« States, and covered by their Hag, und,.. whi.d, el ise n F'^^'^'f"'' '"^""'^^ "■'"' "^^'''^'^^ "^ '^6^0 ascertained her raplun-, be hoi^t -d t e in . ,h 'I' , "l' r"^'"''"'" ^'"^ '^^^ P'^''''"'^'. until, having Master to re^iuest 'of the |-residenl. thr ed 1 „ ,^;. „ "' ', ■!^'''' .^^"""'""ds of the King my end to the aluses practised iu the port.s' f'^ ' ' "'l.y'^™ '^T "'f«"^'^«, ^r putting a^ Spanish trade, thus prostituthiu' the hv of the I'nite 1 St Ye 1 f ^'''^^T''' '° ""''"^ '^S'""^^ ^he under foot, with an unparalleled audacity nu.nalithtn w ,^> "'''.^e.Pre^utory acts, and trampling these States. ^' ^'""''' "«'"' '^'"^ ''"^ <-'-^'st"'t' Treaty between Spain and " I therefore now renew those ur"eut recLimntioiia whinU ,„ e to the President, through vour I)c,.art7ne t mTs mr n 5 on former occasions, I have submitted instances of these al.,"x.; and Imrrdd^ preda ns vm indu " '"V-^ \,""'' "'"' ''"^ """^'erous measures to ...strain these excesses, winch sdSilveomronS f i-Y^Ucncy to adopt energetic the eyes of all nations,, and are w u>llv re u.. ma .ft, Z tW n.^^^^b^ ' " ^'""''"^ ^""''^ ''" subsisting betw,..,.., the.n a..d His t :ttholic Akj^y.' f '"°"^-''"P ""'' Sood understancUng happily In a letter of the 2nd of November, he writes •— seve;/\i;nr^^£rr;;:ii;;;^crsS::SiSu::^r'ti:;^ii'r' V'^i^ -t^r-'^'^- ^ ^- ^-^^ predecessors, na.ncly, that the Acf-'of^Qu ™ ^he 3^'of\ ..fh 18^^^^^^^^^^^ ""' '"''T "' ^"^'^ abuses by which the laws a.-e evaded, a...l which r m leren ireh 1 , wv n !'i , , ."° '"'° ^''''''"^ ^^« they were cacted. F.-o.n the g.^eate ■ pa.t of the k,«s of th }Vt o "^ the laudable purposes for which number of vessels with the pren.e.iitatf. in e. I. ard-^^m "\ ^''^quently sail a considerable armament concealed in tlu.. hold. 1 ,'a 1 ajpe,^ tl.af t ,^e^^^ Collectors of the Customs sav that they lmve.,o,rtheL,Jv^ ?i " 'Tf"^' '""■'^^'"'ch as the it; on the other baud, arn.ed vessels;\. 1 : e la^ f th ' u™^ ^'''' "T"^''^^'-^' '° '^'''' Union, and not onlvsupplvthe.n.selvc; wit ,1 .. ' vss rie b . ? ' ^f" '"^^ ^he ports of the they ah-eady have^.f '.lest.-oying the tra o S idn i n ' ec n Iv'Sn'th^^' '""'^^'^i'- ^-"s wiiereby (the so-calh-d) ,,riva eers of His Majest' revolted nrnvinli^ been the case at Xew York, 0.is™LrMr!ti'!™«' """''""" " "'«• °° '"= «'" "' J--. Don L.i, de "At my passage thronah Hallimore, on mv wav to PlHlirlolr.v.Jo ,>.„.- . ■ Catholic Majestvs C„.,sul to., the ,s,;.te uf \i\r vim th , u , ' '■^Presented to me by His privatecs, if\-ou please so to call the ., aS e 1^ d^cTct/'s, "^T '^^^ Puerredon,a//,/.v Alan-oiv Captai.. Ila.iies ■ Ih, ivn IJl >n V /, "'■ ^"P'"'" Grinuold; the Captai,. Chayto... Ti;;se pirS ".limnn^u.' k. " ^ 'r:;i:K;,^J'^^ f 'jT^'' ^^^^""' oi l!uen<,s Ayres, have ente.-e,l the po.t of l!a ti,.,ore fm the n, nl nf ' r^ f,""*'^ ^^^^^ rro,n their depredations o., Spa.iish ommere an . tt i.^ an r n?L "^'' "'', '^°'^ '''"='"'S the high seas.' it is a n.a.te of ..niversal ..ol .™tv t M 1 !^>r> -t^I^^^^^ , .f '"7 '*'''' '"^'''''^^ °° .em htted out the.-e, and the tbu.ih .s a d ^'r c, m Si- S . i^ IS teruied the general interest; and thus the w.se .neasures of (.iover...uent!\i;e elutt ju:;ii'1« lt| 11 ! '•■ ^ Ul ■ ! 108. ^ Ibid., p. 112. British Appendix, vol. iii, p. 118, t Ibid., p. 118. i '■ 1 1 : r i ■ = f ■ i • 1 I 2 : CompUinta of -. Portugal. !■ p;imly/o(l, iiml tliu suits jnoi lastiiinteJ mul iklVrtvil I'miu C'ourl to Court, with ;i vit'w to ilepriv,' Hi, .Miijfstv's sutijfct.s of tlmt justice wliicli tiiuy have lui uiu1oii1)Ilh1 right to seek in tho triliumil>< mi nil their clniuis."* Ilaviiii,' stated that tlio vessels, in addition to tlio object of "cnnveyinp to tiic parties inlerested at liaitimiiiv tlie ])n)e(>i'(ls of llieii' spoliations on tliu Spanish eoninierce, and, anion-,' otliers, tlial of tiie i'iiilii)pine Company's ship Triton, to the amount of 1 ,ri()0,00() dollars, ea|)tni'ed by the pirate Indepi-ndeneia del Slid, and earried u> Buenos Ayres to he sold there, have a I'u'ojeet in tittiiifjoiit anew and of attackinsf sonic possession's of I he Ivinp; my blaster on tliis continent, to whieli they may more easily send their prizes; that tluM' same iirivateiM-s have hroiiii;ht in two Spanish prizes, whic'li are at this moment in tin" porl of Haltimoie, one of them a vessel heh)ni;inu: to llic Koyal Navy,"' ho continues: — ■' 1 llii'iclbru ilclimnd, iu the nanir ot the Kiiif,' my ;\liistev, thf rc^toriitioii of thow jiriw's, iis liuviii,- lifi'ii made liy Amcrii-an lilizi'iis, ami vessels hlled can in this country, iu \iolatioii of the exisiin... Treaty hetween the two Powers, and that the saihng of the saiil iirivatenrs he Hto|i|>eil, and tlie\ eompelled to give security for the result of an exjiedilion, of which, witliout knowing jiositively that tin '. iiitenil to execuli i; I hiive the strongest grounds for presuming they mean to ilo."t 'rh(> eoiTespondenee closes -with a letter of Don Lnis to ^Fr. Adams of the Kith oi' Novemher, 1818, iu which he thus writes : — " Whatever niav he the forecast, wisdom, and justice consjiiciaais in Ihc laws of the fnited Stales. it is universally notorious tliat a system of pillau'e and aggression has heeii organized in .several juiits .,1 the t'nioii against tiie vessels anil ja'djierty of the .^itanish nation ; ami it is eipially so that all llic legal sails hitherto instituted hy His Catholic Jtajesty's Consuls, in the courts of tlieir res]icctiv,. districts, for its prevention, (a' the recovery of tlu^ iiroperty, when hnaight into this e(aintry, laive liccii and still lire, conii>letely unavailing. The artitices and evasiiais hy means of which the letter of tli,. law lia.s on tlies(> occasiiins heeii constantly eluded, are sulheiently known, and even the comliinalidii nt interests in persons who are well known, amongst whom are snnu^ holding ]aililic otlices. With :: \icv, to all'ord viai and the President luori^ coni|ileti' tleiiKaislratioii of the alai.ses, aggressions, and ]iiriicii^ alluded to'. I inclose you corivct lists, extracted from authentic documents de]i(]siteil in the archives ui thi< Legation, e.Nhiliitiiig llii^ numlier of privateers, or ]iirates, fitted out in the United States au'iiiii-i Spain, and of the prizes hnaighl liy tlaaa into the )}orts of tint rnioii, as well as of those sent to uilnf ports, tegether with the ri'salt of tlu^ claims made l.y the S]ianish Consuls in the eoiirts of this coiiiiHa Amon'4 'them vou will tinil the case of two armed shi|)s, the Jlorazio and Cnriazo, huilt al .\, « York, and di'tained hy His Majesty's Consul there, on the ground of their having on hoard tliiiiy ]iieces of ciinnon concealed, with their carriages, and a crew of Hill men. On which oci'asion il ^^;l.^ pivtended that it c(aild not lie jirove.. that these gnus were not an article of commerce, and they linally put to sea without them, the, extraordinary numlier of otlicers and crew passing for passengers, Tii,. niimher of privateers, or jiirates, litleil out and ]irolcclcd in the ]iorts of this Keimhlie, as well as of iln. Spanish prizes made hy them, far exceeds that contained in the within list, hut I only lay heforc vdiir (iovernment those of" which 1 have certain and satisfactory jiroofs. The right of S]iiiin In ;iii udei|uate indemnity for all the s]ioliations committed hy these ja'ivateers, or ]iirates, on the Crown uirI subjects of His Catholii; Majesty, is undeiiialile ; hut I now sulimit il to your Clovernment nnly in pciiiit out the e.'ctreme necessity of jiutting an end to these continued acts of hostility and dein'cilalioii. and of (anting short these enormous and llagrant abuses and evils, hy the adoption of Mich elfccliial precautions and remedies as will put it out of the power of enjiidity or ingenuity to defeat or ehidi' them,'", The letter is accompanied hy a list of thirty privateers heloucfin^ to the port nf New Orleans, Charlestowu, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York, witli a formidaljlc list of prizes madi; by them. Dnrin;; this time similar complaints had been constantly addressed to the United States' (iowrnment, on behalf of that of Portugal, by the .Minister of tiie latter Power, the Chevalier Correa de Seira. Portuf^al beinij; at that time involved iu Avar with the Arti'nis (Jovernment, privateers were in like manner fitted out am! manned by American citizens acjainst the commerce of Portuiijal. On the 8tb of ilareh, 1818, the Portut^uesc Minister writes to :Mr. Adams that lie is ordered to lav before the eyes of the United States' (iovernment the case of three Portu- !»ucse shij)s (of Avhich he j^lves the details) "captured by privateers fitted in the United States manned by American crews and comnianded by American captains, though under insurgent colours." He incloses an extract from the documents ])n)ving these facts, and od'ers to ])lace the documents themselves at the disposal of Mr. Adams.§ jNIr. Adams, setting, as it were, an example to future British Foreign Secretaries, an.sAvcrs : — British Appendix, vol, lii, p, 123. t Ihid., p. 124. Ibid., p. 131. § Ibid., p. 149, •I, with a view lo deprivi' Hi. J set'k in the tribumils on ull jt of " convcyiri<:; to flic liiitioiis oil the Spaiiisli my's ship Triton, to the L'ia del Sud, and can'icd to nv and of atta('kin£» sonic ich tlii'V may more easily two Siianish prizes, uliicli vessel helonyinu; to 1l:c linn 111' those jmzus, as having' V, in viiilutiou of tlic cxistin'.' .iilccis lie nto]i|ic(l, iitid llic\ t know ill):,' jiositivdy that tin v U to (lll."f Ir. Adams of the Kllli cf lie laws of the rnitcil Static, 1 ovj^'anizcil iu .scvcval )iails i^i I it is ciniallv so that all lln^ ;hu ccnirts of their vcs]icctivr . into this coniitry, have liccii IMS 111' which the letter ol' ili. , anil even the coniliinalinii '■', ,' jinhlic ollices. With ;i \ ic\, uses, a,L;;iressiiins, and ]iiiai iiv s ilcjiiisiteil ill the at'cliivcs ^i ill the I'nited States aijaiihi well as ol' those sent to nlln'i' < in the courts of this cmiiitiv, I and Ciiria/.o, linilt at \(w their liaviuj; on hoard tliiitv 1. On wliich occasion it mik of coininerce, and they tiimlly jiiissiiif^ for passeiif^ers. Tlir lis lie])iililie, as well as of thi' St, hut I only lay lieforc ynur The rij,dit of S]iain tu :;ii , or jiirates, on the Crown aiiJ to your C!overiiiiient milv l" ; of lidstility and de]ircilatioii, the luloiition of such elt'ccliKil ir in!,'enuily to defeat ur ehiili- lioloui^ing to the jiort nf York, witli u I'ormidaijli' f addressed to the United lister of the latter Power, involved in var -vvitli tin' and manned by jVniericaii tes to ilr. Adams tluit iio nt the ease of three I'ortii- [iteers fitted in the rnitoi aneaptains, though undiT lents proving these facts, f Ah'. Ailams.§ ;'itisli Foreign Secretaries, an ■nlRM!i,vernineiitor,lieniiicd Smtesluvi,.,,' used all ihe la.n.is in its „„w,.,. (o pn vwit llu' titling' ou and ..rnnn^jol ^essels ,„ iheir ports to , „,i„. „,,,.i,„i „„ ,„„ ,,.j'„, ,.i„„„'„a. v ,e a ,„.|..e.ai.l having la,lhulyca,n,.,lM,t.M.Mr„tio„ ,!„.law,. enai.!ed i„ piv.erve invi, !a e e-,ieutm imd pacihcol, ligations ol llus I ,,:.,;, , ,,nnot coiisaic;' ilself hound to indeil.niiV i.idivi.liia for eiVi ei i^^ losses liy captures, over vvud, the I'n.ted Stales have iieilher coiitiol ,.„, iu.iidiclion. I'l , cl ■ e, ,10 nation can m princi|.le, nor , |„e.; in pr.ictlce, l..,!d itself lespoiisil,!,, A decisive H^i-oii fo 1 is ' llicre vv,.ie no other is lie ina'idi, v lo provide a 'fiilainal helorl. which ihe lacs . m he c ' ■' I he uocuiiients to ul,:,.h yo:, icfe,. inuHt, of cuiir-e, 1«. ,,• ,.o'/c slaleine.ils, whid, in p, ,:.„„al or „i iin.zd, as wel as ,ii tins connirv, , 1 only serve a,, a foundation f„r a.tions in dama,.. o K? t lie l"^'^y"" J:'"^'™! "' '''V' '"* '^"irr"'' '" '"'^■" ■" """"-"l H'^' 'l^'l uions ami outiai.'s alle.-'Ml .;ny Wit.ini l:,e Juiisdictioii of tl,.. l-,|i„.d .States, there are't 'oiilts^of '■'■ '", •' "i"'" il'l.yalioii hetweeii llielii, lo punish the oiilra-es which " ilie piMiierly lo iN ri.,|,|fn| nuners, should it also lie hr 'Ui within ' l'"".''-'l ,""l"l';;'- f; Irue lieeii taken ill the luaiiner lepreseiiled hs '"■■ "I "'" ■' li:i'ohli--;uions ,,f the American (love I'lllliienl extend iii !cv;i!i('r de Sfrra wriies:— "1' lier, ;iiid ih . iiImIi, ]„,f,,|.,, ,|||. |,|^|- ^1 „j,|.,,|^ ■.,\'-.'iiiive can c.M'it his ]iower to ]iievent. sucli i'l' iiotdoiilit Unit il will he exerted, persuaded as II i<-c. ill thclii. Slioiild the p.irilci Ailiiiir.iliy cmnpeleiil to a ii-i r,, may 'oe dulv proved and lo ns iiiii- jurisdiction and foii!i I up v.iiir letter. J?y the iiiiiveis.j iurther"* Again, on tlii! I'lth i;;' ()clnli;'i' the ( "'"' T, ■ I • , . , " ''■'loiini'h.ilJIrldfi'Vi J.SIS "1 M^v;'.',y .uoniem 1 perceive ,!.. i.ite l,,c;,cc ih.n, a ship is duin;,' in lia. Paluxeiil to crcm. against lie l'ortu,,'ueMe couiiuerce, ami l!;e ship so fitliiy i,; , , ,|„;^ i,,e l^,,■:u.Mlese Imc i Siiam sexto, take., son... wc.ks h..|o,.. i,y the iMhiuMicau privateer Kortuna. sct^i ito 'luh f Nor h tari^ina, and he j;a:ds slnppc, |.,r :,.. N'.,,k i.|i,| liaUiinoie wliere thev are under rec u ,, ' Cftptain faylor lelt Jialliiiioie ,,u Sunday to lake I liai.j( "' ' ' i.uu.miom ileal of stores left liaUiiiiu:-.' for this .shiji. •• Voa k;mw perhTlly to wiut . xtei.l tli.. Supiviae !.;x..,.|„ive can exeit his power to pievenf such aliivaili ol all moral and ii;t' mat al l.iw ; and I d:nr ■■ • ' ' ' '' ■" ' I'niui.iKii ] aiu of the hoiKilirahle !'ee|in.r; of ihi^ ( JovcniUH'ii!. " I •■^i.-lll''',' "•Iiim;c|| CdiMii-A hi: Si:i!|;A. " I'.S.— There exist lan^ in Ilaliiiaoiv many ),,r, the United States Government ■tv-ore honestly sinec.re in their desire to put down the scandal occasioned by this wholesale system ol' privateering. Several vessels uere seiziMl, of whiHi some Avere at'tiially condemned, others released only on oivini;' seeuritv; hut the iiractice con- tinned, vessels being eiial)!('(l to .iitde till tin. vioihuK.e and ac.'iivitv of llieoOicials Is late as the 23rd of Novenilier, Isli). the Chevalier de Serra writes in a disconsolate strain, representing the evil as increasing rtither tlitui iliniinishiiig :— "^"'',, , , ,. , . ■ " /'/'7'"/ t'liitoil Slntes ii'.'iiiii'^t tin' will of the Oovprnmcnt of tlip Unito.l MtitU's, iimi ill spito ol tin- liiws nl' the riiii.'il StutiN, 'i'lioy art' niori' powiTlnl llmii ihi' Aln, an itiK.ld,, heoaiiso till! nhole coast of i'.arliiiry dnfs not |m)s-i..>is such u stn-iiHtli of )piiviiti'i'rs. Tlicy iirc iiiiiiU'iMih mill widely scattered, not only nt scu f(ir ftotinn. bill mlioTT' li|.;c\vlsc to kccji tiicir sxrouinl I'^ainsl tli.. obvioui and plain sense of your l»\v-i, since most ),'enerallv. wherever they have hecii enlliul to the h^y they have (onvd aliettors who have helped them to iiivad" the laws hy roriii ilities. "T shall not tiro you with the numeiMiis instniiees of these fa"i'-, imi \i miiy lie (easily conceivil hrtw 1 nm heartily sick of receivin;^' frequent eoniniiinioatioiH ol i"iirtM;,'ii("'e iiroperty sloleii, of (lejin. (lueiits inconceival'lv acipiitted, letters from I"ortu.!;uese iiierclmnts deeply injiireil in their rnrtunes, aii.l HeeinLt me (as ofteij as has heeii the case) op|ir!'ssed liy jmiyers for lii'i'.ul IVom rorlu^'uese sailiii< thrown penniless on the sliores after their ships had lieeii cu|iliirei|. " The Kxeciitive haviiii; hoiionralily exerted tiie powers witii winch yoin ( '(insiiliition invests liiin and the evil he wished to st(i|> licinj; touiid too rofractnry, it wimld he mere ami fruitless imiMU'tunily if 1 Continued with individual complaints except hy jiositive orders. This tioveinnient is the univ proper judi,'e of what constitutional depositions (ir arran','ements may he estuhlished for the enforcenun; of I'e laws, and he alone has the means of olitainiic,' them, wiiich are I'onsiilutionally shut tenia foreiu'ii Minister: F trust in the wisilnm and justice of this (ioverninent that he will liml the prn|„'. means of puttiie^' an end to rhis monstiiius intidel eon.spiracy, so hL'teroj{eneous to the very natiiii' .. the United States, • liefon! such convenient means are cstnhlislicd the efforls of n Portnsnese Minister on this siilijn (the oiilv ono(if importance at jiresent hetween the two nations) are of little profit to the imcinu of his .Sovereij,'n. lielyiiii; conlidenlly on thi' successfnl efl'orts of the Covernment to Ininj; lortli sn,:, a desirahlo order of thiii'.'s, I choose this moment to pay a visit to lirazil, where I am authorized 1,, His Majesty to pi. My ■.\•^^' and my ]irivate alfaii's do not allow nnich delay in making; use of tli;; jiermission, and 1 intend to prolit liy the fiisi proper occasion that may oiler The iinan;,'einem-i fif my de)iarnire will remiire my )iersiinal exi : ioiis, and it will not he (■onscipicntly in my power to nmk,. ■ iiu early or lon'^' residetuT in Washin'^ton tins winter. As soon ns I shall lie alile I will present iny\ to criii/j- a;,'ainst the Portuguese Indianieii, and th.' command of it to ho jjiven, ns it is assured, to the notorious Captain Taylor. " r have not the least doubt that the Supreme Kxeciilive of this nation has both the poner and the will of imttim,' a .stop to this ho.stile nri.;anieiit, particularly when, a.s in this rase, he has limdv information which will he sucee.saively put under hi.s eyes, at the very staye of this inimical attomi't on the I'ortuyucse commerce.''^ Again, on tho 16th of July : — "i^'r. " rn7»nrt7/o»,.A,//y IR, 1S20. " I am ordered by my Sovereicrn to lay before this fiovernnient the names and value of ninctien Portusiiese ships and their eariroes, taken liy private armed ships, fitted in the ports of the Uni'in i'; citizens of these States. The values have bi'en ascertained by the projier courts of justice, and revi^eil with all care and attention by the lioyal lioaid of ( 'omnierci''. In proportion as tlu- value of tl iliir ships stolen is in the same manner a.scertnined, their names, and the amount of losses, will be laii! before this (lovcrnnient.":!: Tlie value of the nineteen ships is stated jit 016,158 dollars. [n tiiis letter tlie (,'lievalier proposes the aiipoiutiiient of Commissioneys to "confer and agree upon Avhat reason tind justice demand." The projiosal was declined. The reply was : — '■ The ajipointment of (.'omniissiouers to confer and a.u'ree with the Ministers of Her Most Faitliful Majesty upon the subject lo whicli your letter refers, would not be consistent with the. (■'onstituli'm nf the United States nor with any jiractice usual anioiif,' civilized nation.s. The judicial jiower el' (h; United States is, by their • 'onstitntion, vested in their Su|n'eme Court, and in Triliunals subonlimitf ti the same. The .ludjiesof these Tribunals are amenable to their country liy impeachment, and if imv Portuguese .subject has siidered wroiif,' by any lu.'l of any citizen of the United States williin their jurisdiction, ii, is iieioro these Tribunals that the remedy is to lie .sought and obt lined. For any acta of citizen.s of the United States committed out of their jurisdicfinii and bevoud their coutiMl. the Vinvi'm- ment of the United States is not responsible.''^ • Britiih Appendix, vol. iii, p. 155. f IWrt., p. 156, No. 19. t Ibid., No. «0, § Ibid., p. 57. 61 IP (lovornmrnt of tho Uiiitil ■ I'llnl iluiii ihi^ Alrnan intiil.^l-. iriviitiMTs. Tlu'Viiic mitiicrnii, \('i'|i llii'ir i;miiiiil iL,'iiinHi th- y liivii hct'ii i'hIKhI in tin- lau iriii ililii'M, Dill \i iiiny l« (iii'fily coni'pivi.l tiicsi' ])r(ijioitv Hiiilcii, nf ilclii,. y iiijiiri'il ill ilioir tniiiiiies, iniil lll'iMil IVlllll riirlllHIl(>3(i Huild!, yiiHv ('(iiistiliiti I mil aiithoi'i/'i'd I, li ili'liiy in iiiitkiiij,' use of tlin / nlli-r. Tim iirr.inn;i'iiii'nt-( I'l.r 0(pii'nlly ill iiiv |io\vi'r to nmk.' II be alilc I will |iri'SL'lll iny^ili' 1 my ri'spocts lo you. (', o.-;i:rii ('iir!iu;\ i>r, Skiuiv.'* p of ffotting' tin Act passpd li(> Unitpfl Sttitcs, but this I ; iirivatccriiii,' iipiK^ars. if IS Ix'lorc. ittcntion to ii ship, takon Mty " ill Hnltimor(>, under taiuHnu: under an indiet- B it will iirovo, liy its size and 'ortii^ncsc Indiameii, ami t!i>' lor. nation has Imtli tliu iiowcraml I, as in tills casi', he lias timely stay*' of this inimical attomi''. JVihnJiifltou, July 16, lR2a namos and value of ninptten in the yiorls of the rnion in :• courts of juslioo, and revi^id rtion as the value of the ethi-r iniount of losses, wiU be laid rs. Commissioners to " confer osal was (leclined. [inisters of Her Most Faithful ileiil with the r'onstitutioncf 1. Tho Judicial jiower (if the lid ill Triliiinals subdrdiiinti' ti by iiiipeaidiment, and if iiiiy le United States witliiii ihtir iiid obtained. For any acts of oud tliei)' ennti.i!. the Govern- i., No. aO. S Ibid., p. 57. ,,„„..!^irzsl,r..^;;;:rL;;;i;i^f ;:;;;;;[]?r ^^^r- ■ v- '^— "^ »-^ United Stale, a,.,i ^^nhx\u'\J![TZ\^^t^t"'"'^-^'V''^'^' of citizens of the complaints of .M. Con-eti of ca u . m. n ' 1 t'"" '"!• '7 "'^' "••^^"••>^»">t to the States and partly n.anned hv ti" ,• ci i.J •■'"^V; ^^^ "".'"" tl'e linited perlorniance of the duties of' ueutrality i , l " .„.,.„ . • 'T' '"!' '^''••.'"•"'^' *•'« faithful restitution li.d I.een pronuuneed I I . . ll r, r'"^'''/ ')'"! '•'"-'■^•'"l ; decrees of captured vessels l.rou,!,. within tl • ,■ ' ; \fZl\^fTr''^^''''''^^^ tnonsures within tiuM-onipi.teiiey of thi rvem. v/.w '' ^^''''T' '""' "" ^^e of the Govern.n.ul lor .'epressi,,,.. , ! ( u n' . • " Z''^™ ''>• t'^it .U>partment ports, and ti..M.iili.stn,c..t of citizens it. tl.em^^^^ pmateers iruni United States' Mr. Athinis adds, in ji Ictfei- tn tli<. r,,;* i ^u j > -.,. . measures, howev.T, ,1, ,i t , U ' t ''1 '^^■•'♦'■;: ^I"»'^t^'r at Lisbon : "These Portu,n.e.se (iover.ilnenl, ,/.„/, t,„; /;;„: stitisfactory to the The l'ort«one.se Mi.iister thon^lit t JThe s o t •?, l"i^''T''' '^ '''''''''•^' '"^ '^""■"* to seize the ships, by virtue ..rtlu Fve, u ^ "'''l' '"'"'"'''" "'""''' ''"^^' '^t'ou thou^,tof^-t.u!ri.htsof':vn;;.r;;;;n':-;-e;;:;;,!;;";^;i;i^ .latii^,K-v^li^:;t:!s-^^.:'^!:,-^^^ - ti. t^ets wav, '• Wi.af ;hen r :•' we di.l ii.iuiv IS ;.;..' ' ■'''•)', '" '' ^""X'wliat ofl-hand the tivo ntit o,..,. some Ma eer i Teh , s ■ S f ; ' '" '• ^"''-i'll-^t Treaty between sustained b;, 'h .^pani^ conin m ' In u "h 'k^^^ll^ T''''"''' ■'''"""^ ''"' ''''''''^ ^'^'^^ witli the Unite.: >.'.-,, „mt S,.,in 1. /,?.,, ''^ V ,""''•""'" l"''^""toers.: I a-ree nothiu, nunc i. . be stu^l.n'S ll^ad^ Z^t^uli^ Z:;':^u'' ^^V?^^^-^' half a century u^o can with mn fairness be bn. .'''' )''"'^'' •'''l>I'oued the United .St:,.es in ansuer to\l ' .^ f 't'™"''^ 'l' '''^ ^''^^'J"^^^'" ^^ mii,'ht have been f,nven by th,. ass rti i ,, \ ' ""^ '■vvi . though provocation obtruded i,i the ph^idin.s ^A' ti K St -s En'^^^'T'"'^' '^ ?^^™t"tionsly maritime neutnilitv on so hu-e -ise't ,v . . ^'';^,;'"'^«' nistances of uifractions of show the dilHcult;^ of repfc s n' uitn' c^ ?t !"' ^^r' f ""V* I'"'"''"^^ = ^hey .superiority of the Atnerietln iau- Is , t; L f • , f, 7. r'"T 1''^'^ *'" '"'^'^'^ as to the allei,red power of the President *„ I ,' •' ," 'i'"'-^' '":'"' ""^ »"y view law as administered bv llic (..,, ts In I ' ■ ''''•^'''''''-'''■''^'>' "' t^"' o"li«ary llepresenta.ives ..f Sptdn u T" ^.^ as t t .Sr "^l T"''''""^^ '"^''" ^'>' "'« «bich from th.,> pors of tiie I'.iu Sta s H ,'"^^V l'7^^t"ers, of the issnin- of -mplains, or tis t!> the .wcity-sl; Lift e C^.l^'de's . '"" '''"^. T'^'^''^ I S- ---' "^ Virtue Of the di^lili;^ ^-l^ ^^eSS^l^^t The temporary Act passed bv the American Coiu^ross in iqqq .i liad "just been recc-ivel that no wi, ^ , lb i'.. ^n ' "i ''' '" '"'^ ^''"* information theStie. of New York at^ S"™ . :" S,^'^ '^ ^"^■•^™°^^ «^ unlawful acts witl.iti the t.-iTit..r f h u ij 'st,t '""'i to re . -am from any presence of the civil officers of ,h? U ite St- s ' ""'^ ""twithstanding the and otlier supplies have 1,,-en .io,.i., Iv "i t.: " •.• "!''"' ""'' munitions of war States; that i milittil; ;^,^"c t^ ;! ^ ' llj ^t:T^ ^'T'""' 'r ^' li'"^^^ States, had been actually organized, had e ..." a,:!/l N ' f 1 ". ''r' 1 ^^'' ^'^^^'^ amis under the eom.nand „f a citizen of t i.^ n he 1 Sf. to- ' .f ."'^^ '^'^^ '" constantly receiving accessions and aid" ^^''^''' "'''^ '^'"^ ^^'^*y '^^'^ British Appendix, ul. iii, p. 102. f Argnniciu of the United States, p. 83. . „ -, „ , ,, . ,;,"'-iti8hCoHntcr-Cnse. p. 35. f> See Case of the I'nited btates, p. 134. Argument of tho United States, p. 87. (I H * I ' > ,1 i' - J, I. f > l.U :rfi Expedition of I I^ppz against Cuba. G2 A])ril; even tlieii, it seems eilliei- lo liiive lieei; iiu'IUcaeioiis oi- ieebly enforced, as on tli(> 21st of NovemLer, the rresideut issued aiiollior Proclamation: — •■ AVhcrciis, tlu'ic is ton iiiurli rciisdii Ui liclicxe lliiit cili/ciis ni' llic I'liilicl Sliitt's, in (lisrc-iud df llii' siilciiin waniiiii; licivtotdiv ;_'ivfii lo tlii'in h\ tliu J'rucliiumtidii ifisiu'il l.y flio Executive dt ty •4ciicnil (idveniliu'iil, iillil li.V sc;iuc df till' (idviriidis of the SliiUs, liii\e rwnlMUed lo ilistinb the ]:viuv. df ii neii,'iitiduriii^' iiiicl IVii'iidly initidii ; iuid whereas iiildiiiiiilidii has I e( ii jjiveii to lue, derived liuiii dllieial a'iid dliiev'sdiiree.s, that many (iti/eiis in (lillerent puis df the I'niled States lire associated or assdciatin,^' i'dr tlie same luirjidfe ; and wlieieas distnihances have actuall\ l.ioken dnt anew in dilVeK'ni parts df the two Canaihis ; and w liereas a hdstih' invasien lias lieen naide l>y I'ilizens ol' the ['uiti.l Slates, in cdnjiinclidn willi Canadians and dthers, wlio, alter Idieibly sei/iii;^ ni'dii tlie ])rn)ievl,y dt ihci peaeeliil netj.'iilidur. lor tiu' iiiir|iiise of elieetiii',' their unhiwlul (lesi;,'ns, are nnw in arms a^'ainsl ih,. anihdrities i^' faiiada, in |ieil'ecl ilisn^'iird ' renewed from the Canadian side, and an Act was passed hy tlic Canadian rarliament when it nu>t in rehruauy ISO'i, ([iiiv- as stringent in its provisions as tin; Act of Conj,'ress of 1838. Lopex. a S))anisii adventurer, liad I'ormed a phtn in 1811) for an attack on Cuba, witli the object of ;iiuu\\ini-' it to the United States. 'ri|(> i(h'a of Cuban annexation vtas then in 'ureal fiivoiir Willi an important political ])!irty, who hoped to secure tiic entrtince of :i slave-holdiii'j,' State into the L'nion, and thus counterbalance the grouiii!; power of lite northoia or free States. Lopez accordingly met Avith much pojnihir support. On the lltli Atiu'tist, 1810, the I'resident of the United States issued a Proclama- tion stating that " there was reason to believe thai an armed ex])e(lition was about to bo iitted out in th<' United States, Avilli an intention to Invade the Island of Cid)a or sonir of the provinces of ,M( xieo," iind that "the best information which the Executive hiul been aide to obtain pointed lo tlie island of Culia as the olyeet of this expedition;" and ealliu!,'' ui)om " (wery olliccr of this (iovernment, civil or milit..ry, to use all ellbrts in Ids jiower to tiri'est, lor trial and punislimenl, every such otl'cnder against the laws ])rovidini,'' lor tiie iierformance of our sticred obligations to friendly PoAvers." Un the 7th .May, 18.")(), Ijopez left .New Orleans in a stea'>-,er Avith about 500 rn'ii, accompanied bv t\V(i other vessels, and, on the 17th, lauded ;il Cardenas, a small town on the north-west side of th.' island, and occui)ied the town ; hut trooj)s arrivin;; shortly afterwards from Havana, he Avas compelled to re-embaik, and escaped to t!ii' United States.* it ayijiears, from tlu' .\ oiieiidix toth(> American Counter-Case, fthiit, on the ^Stbof .Mav, (iriiers Avert! u'iven for he nrrest o!" Lopiv, ; but the Appendix is silent as to tlic result, Avhl-h av:'s that no delay being granted by tiie district judge to priieiire evidenei- against lilni, lie \.,is disciiarged amid the cheers of a large croAvd. The Spanish .\iiiliorities liherated forty-two of Lopez' bant!, whom 1h(\v had tnkcn lirisv)ner,s and tli"y were taken hack to the United States in tlii' United States' sbip Albany. A furtli'cr attempt seems to have be(>n made to brinir l/';)ez and his followeis to justice, as, on the :2b .Inly, ilie grand jury at >"eAV Orleans found a true bill aua'inst him and fifteen others, for violaiing the Act of ISIS ; but the American (iuvern- ment liiiled in making out tlieir etise, tnid linally abandoned the jiroseeution. On the 2'>\h of April, 1851, the President issued ancdher Proclamation, statin;; that " there \nts reason to helieve that a military exp'diiioii Avas ;;l)out to he fitted imf in the Unittvl States, with inl(n!i(.!! to invade the island (d' Cuiia," and waruiii;,' nil nelialtii s tliev IKM'sons of the peiialti.s they would incur by joining in it. The President concluded by " e.-illiuir u]ion eviiy oCiicer' of this (hivernment civil and military, to use all etl'mls :i his jioMrr, to anv^t foi' fiinl ;'i;d luinishment cvei;. such oU'eiider against the laws of llid (•(Uinirv *■■ |l^li^ll A|i|i-i,.hx, \iil. iii. IIc|Mirt 111" Nciilrjililv ha«a C'liaiaii^iun, p. 1)4. 1 Iji^h-ii I'Xt, |i. liflti : I'l-cnch text, p. Ii.''!l. * I'rilisli App'Mahs, \o\. Iii. Iti'pci' of Ncnir.nlily l.av.s diaiadi^hioa, p. lit. i .\ipun;i.\ lu .\im'nt,ni Cuiuitci-t aire, l-ai;:lisli texl, p. 7UJ ; IVciah tcxi, p. 120. ()!• loebly enlbrccd, as on atiou : — I'liilcil iStntt's, in tlisivt;uul (if si'.t'il ).y tlie Kxt'ciitivo of llir coJulMiied to dihtiiib the )irai>i; I'cii i^lvt'ii t(i iiR", di'rivL'd lidiii 'iiili'd Stiitc'S (ivc iisSDi'iiitcfl or \ 1 icliiii cmt iinuw in dill'croiii Hide liy citizens (i)' the rnitt-cl ;in;,' ii|i(iii tilt' ]iriiiioity nl' ilieii iin' now in mius iij,'iunst ilic ^\ni('iii.'iin citizens, and of liio sistaiicc was thus allbidod luriiii; tlic wliolc piu'iod nf ;iiio' ;uiy hostile operations Li IVoutier; and iliat, in tli(> bank at St. AJban's (a >ken to prevent any siicli j\.et was passed by tlic Hill- as stringent in its li) I'd!' an attack on Cuba, idea ol' C'ldjan annexation ^\■hn hoped to sceure tlio jiintcrbalanee the t^vowini; met with much poimlar States issued a Proelama- ex])e(lition was about to be lie Island of Cuba or somo i which the Executive Lad l)j(^et of tliis expedition;" 1 or milit..ry, to use all ■ such oil'ender against the lo friendly PoAvers." I'v.cr with al)out 500 rioii, al Cardenas, a small town own ; but troo])s arrivini; ibark, and escaped to tlf Case.t that, on the 25th of ijipeiidix is silent as to tlio district judge to pnicnrc a large crowd. ;tnd, whom they bad ttikcii n the United States' sbip i:;r i/'jjcz ;>nd his followers OrJi'iins found a true liill but the American tiuvwn- tlic jnoseeution. her I'roelamation, stntins was r.bout to be lltted imt f Cni)a," and warning all riie President coneliKlcill)} military, to use all etl'oHs illender against llie laws of miiftiiiii, p. 34. lnlll!^^ion, p. .'il. I'li'iidi lexl, p. \'2U. 63 NevertheloEs, in the following Anmiof t 4. j. i which the following details arrtaketXm' tt'^SesS' V '"'^'l -^'^'^ion. of December 2, 1851. "^ Jrresiaent s Message to Congress of Lopez left New Orleans for Cuba on the 3rd of Ai,<.,wf ;., fi . . with too men, « wi! ii evident intentions to Z.i. « ^ "\.*'"' ■'^^•'^™'i' I'ampcro island." The steamer left stealthny S wUlS . X "^'"" ''"^ at^thorities of \he Key W,..st, proceeded to the coast of Cubl ion , and d T,!.'!;] '"'^' '•"'''' ^°^'^'^"°-" ^* .. j;;pbS'::;\;i=^^^ the ,... ,, s,.nis„ S,Si;'^r^-^^^^^^^^^^ of Mexico and Centnd America, cupidity. Money wa.s a.lvanced l,y individuals/ rnbZv in .oil t;.'"'"' "'"l "'""'•^' "' '""''^'■■^ ^'» l,onds,as ti.ey have l.nen called, issn.Hl l.y bop v sol L ht e « "'"'""'ts, to purchase Cuban p.yn>ent of whicb the public lands and p.dd^ ^ , „ y ^ ■ 'i^i.^'-.^'^^i^ ''|'^'' .l^co,u>t, and lor the resources ol the people ,and (Jovernment of that isl ml f, ,n oV^ ^^l'atevcr kind, and the fiscal pledged, as well as tho good fuitii of the (iovvr "n e rt^^^^^^^^ ,'"'"? '" '"-' ^''■'ived, were payment, it is evident, were onlv to be obtaine, : ' or "s ,f 1 1 /'f ^ '''•^'"'■''- All these means of will .leny that those who set on foot .nilitary e^K^li i ms , ai I ^f'"^!^''"^ ^™'\ ""^l ■''^volution. Xone far n.ore culpable than tho ignorant an,l tin; nec!t' o^ w a^ fl r'"'," '^'"''" ''>' ""•''"''^ ^"^'^ '^^'-''^ '»'« parties in the ,,roceeding. These originators !'itll^^v,si,'L '" '". "'V'"'''' "' '^'^ '«'^""«i''l" coohiess and .system, upon an utuleitaking whicii sliould'dis 1,, . ^1 '" "'■'■'" ' '",'" •''■■'^•'■'"i"«i, with to hazard the lives of ill-inforn.ed and delude liei^^^m ""'T^,' ""'"'^' ''« '""■'^' '""' l»'t accessary to i.revenl the perpetration of such olfeu^.s in future''* ''' ''''"""'' ^''"''^'''' ^^'^^^^^^'-^ h. the tSlI? i[ w^^lrXS t^^^^^^ '^^'^ °"^ ■' "-"^'^ ^* -- -t long betbre Mexican possessions in Lower California " ^ possession of the «,ion against The attempt was made in October 'l853, bv an cxnedition fVnm «« i^ • 'fhe mvaders seized the town of La Pa/ ki led «nvo?, ir •. .• , ^'^^ l^i'aneisco. others, and committed various c^xce^L 'tHo, Ire Jli ,n ed t^^ """'^ '''"^^'^'^ havmg then- origm m America. ouuagts oi tins description, Filibustering became a sort of profession ; and, under the nimo of « ♦.. •.-. , llrr^" ^«-P--'-'-- -- -t openly ^S^S^^ iJtacklrCenS hewasrecogniz,-d by the United S ri^V R„?iivo Tp^Cjl^ '" ''^"''^' ^f"^ Rivas by the native Ibrces in M■,^v 1857 lb,™ ..i. b„ ..-'/.'^^'"S.'"''^'! surrounded at the United States' ship of wai- S rAIarJ's le "?s -il ou oir ' '" *'"' ^""""^"^^l" of tobec^nveyed aw^ in board lijat^^d.^^iXuf ^1 :SS.^^^ "^" x.w^i;r "^^«.- r- ^tt;::istf c£i. wr ^^- -' l-t and preptuing th.> nutans Ibr^ i a V ex^l l.m t^ 'l^w ^ "^ '''^^^ «" toiTitories of M<>xico, Nieara-ua and CoL 1 , ' ' fV .^ ''« rarr ed on against the upoti the District A tornevs an I M^dia " o u's.- ' /'/ '' ^'"'Y'^' *" ^•'''" Itlioniselves "of all legitimate me ns '■ b d,. « " f ' 'I'h'jcn; and to avail" Itho Act of 1818. ''^»"""^'^' '"''"'' -'^ < •"■'i- <'"niniand to enforce the provisions of b,o.^^^ ^id ti;;;; siiiiib^r being'ir" '"■"■""••"' ='••- p-^-«'. i.t Ml ,"',!."' "''^"^^'V'"'"'''' ^\"'J<'">' "as arrested and was held to bail in •) ()(),) d„ll.M.s ■ I Zl e S "vb' '''I' '"' "'>. -Hc'd .ith 300 ttnarmed Ibllowers frotn Xe (£m: i •Holnl, \Uy where he w.is jon.ed by Iresh recrnits in anotber vessel, the 1^ i , f fff 4i ! 1! , 1 11: ii HI i ' I' : < il - uniNeir, San J mm 1{ for i\ iciira; .. , ..I'll. Some of his baiiil occiiiih'd !'\)rt C'l-tiH-, ymMl,,. others, detained l.y tho United States' Conuuodore V !l (• was iver .■i!id taken to As [1451 ipiiiwall Ii British Appemlix, vol. iii. Koport of llio Nculnility C ij.ii.ui ouiic« v,omm.)(ior(> I'aiilding in tli ''^"''i<''' lie returned to the United Stales.f t American Countcr-Casc, Appendix, p. 14 'ommissioii, p. 34. K ii'^^.. 64 The Counsel of the United States have taken credit for their Goverrmieut for this proceeding on the pai't of the Commodore They say, " wheu wrong-doors manifested obstinate pcrsisUuico of wrong, the miHtary and naval oflieors oi character and discretion, like General Scott, Admmil Paulding, and General Al(>ade, were; employed to applv to siicli persons the only method of prevention applicable to tlie eate, namely, force, to maintain the domestic order and foreign pea^-c of the Government." As a ma'ter of fact, however, the proceedings of the Conmif)dore were at the tmo iustly censure I as having been in excess of his authority. Tlie Pres.dent, in his Message to Congress of the 7th of January, 1858,* uses tiii- language : — " In ciiiituriiiK tUMiuml Walker mid liis comiiiimd alter tliey Imd landed on the soil of Niaawi.iia, UouinnHlore i'auldui- 1ms, in niv.>})iuion,eoin)iiittediif,'riive error. . . . ThoLMTorofthisfialliint itkcr eonsists in cvcf^.dinf^ lii.s instructions and landiu!,' his sailors and niannes in Kicara^nia, wliother Mliior without hor eoiiseiit^ lor tlu' puniose of making war uiion any military foree wluitewr, whuh he aii-ln (iiid in the eountrv, no nmttrr from whence tliey came Under these (•iivumstaiires ".Im Marshal Jivnder.s presented himself at the State Department on the 2:)th ultimo with Cencral Walkrr m custodv the Secretary informed him ' that the Executive Deiiartmeiit of the liovernmcnt did lait nni... ni/e tieiieral Walker ii.s a jirisoner ; that it had no directions to .utive couceiniii;,' hiiii and that it is (,i.ly tlirough the action of the Judiciary that he coidd he lawfuUy iiehl in custody to answi'r any cluiiw that mi^dit be broujiht iij;ainst him.'" 'I'he protest of the Nicaraguim and Costa Rican Governmenis will be found in the d by th(> iililmsters upon tiiosp countries. G(>neral Ctiss replied, on behalf of the United States' (Jovernment— •' That unlawful warlike entcrimses have been carried lui from the tlnited Slates, conui(isi>,l ij persons from (Uliereiit countries, a(,'a.inst the territory of Nicaragua, is not to be deiiic.i. liut duniif; tlir whole pro>'rcss of these illegal elforts, the (iovernmeut of this c.mntry has faithfully perlormed the duly imiiosed up.m il by the laws, as well lhrout;h ])ubli" ]m)clamations a!,'ainst such enteriaises, as hyj^'iviiij; the necessary direcliwiis to the projicr oilicers to luvvent their oi^'ani/.aticm mid deiiaiture.a.s by invukiii.' the action of tiie Judicial tribunals, and also b^ the employment of its naval force." lie, at tlie same tiine, " denied that a fr(!sh invasion was preparing." Tliis wx> on the 25th of .July, in Octo'.er, President Ihichanan found it necessary to issue a Proclamation, containing the following passages, which show tluit General Cnss's infor- mation was far from correct, or that the (Tovenunent ofUcials, from Avliose reports he liad gained it, must have been singularly blind to what was taking place :— •• AVhcieas iufcivmation has reached me friim .source!,-, which I cannot disiigard, that certain persons, in viohiliou of the Xeurality Laws of the United Stales, are niakiii',' a third attempt to set mi foot a n'lilitary e.v]iedilion within their territory-, af,'ainst Nicara'.'ua. a forcij^'n State wuh which tlicy iif at peace. In" order to raise money for e((uiiipini,' and maintainin,^' this expe(iiti(Mi, persons eomiivtfl 'theri'with as 1 have reasi.n tci believe, have is.sued and.sold boudsaiid odicr contracts ]iled.^in,i,'tiie pulft huuisof Nieuiajjua and the transit route through its tenitory, as a .security tor their redemption lUiJ fiillihiient. , , ...,,,..,. .i . i i "The hostile ch'sif.'ii of this expedituni i.s rendered manliest by the lact that these bomLs and om tracts can be of no posMlile vidue to their hohlers uide.ss the present (iovernmcnt of Nicaragua shall !«■ overthrown by I'oire. "The leaders of former illegal expeditions of the same character have openly expressed tliw intention to renew hostilities ni;ainst Nicaia-rua. One of them, who has already been twice exjK'IM from Nicaragua, laus invited, throu-li the puldic newspapers, American citizens to emigrate to thai llepublic, and hiis ilesignated Moliih' as the place of rendezvous and deiiarture, and San .liuin del Norte as ihe iio'rt to wliich they are bound, 'fhis person, who has renounced his aHegiauce to the I'liittjl States, and claims to h; i'rcsident of Nicaragua, has given notice to the Collector (if the iicirt of Mob* that 21)0 or r.ltll of these emi;jrunts will lie prepared to embark fnmi that port aboui (':e niiddlc nf November." Two months afterwards, in December 1858, Walker's filibusters jietually emharkcd at Mobile in the sailing schooner Su.sau, without a clearance', on tlic pi-etence of beiii!; bound on a coasting voyage. An unsucc<>sslul attempt was mtide i)y the; revenue cutter to sto]) Ihem, but was resisted, and the SuMin was joined unmolested bytho Fashion and the Washington, with military stores. ,,-,,- n Th(> exiiedition iiftcrwards broke down from the Susan being wrecked. Walkoi and his band then proceeded, in March 1855), to Ctilifornia, wlience tb.ey were said t| have intended to make a descend on Punta Arenas; l.iit this attempt was not carnnl into ex<'cution, and VN'alker returned to liouisiana. In November IHnU, lu>, for tlu! third time, eluded flic Mobih> autliorities, and stt ^ail once more from that port in hia old vesw-l the IV-liion. The l^'ashiou put. lack AmeriMn Counter-Case, Appendix, p, 612. n ♦ 65 their Govcrmneut I'or this eu wrong-dooi's manifested oilloei's of character and ral Mcado, vfciv. employed icable to I he eate, namely, Government." )mmo(lore a\ ere at the time r January, 1858,* uses this amled on the soil of Nicaiar.ua. Tliu I'l'ior ol' tliis Ljalliint ilticw s in Niciiui^im, wliellier nith (,r i'orci' vvliatt'vcv, wliidi hu iiii<;lii muUt lliesc ciiimniHtar.rcs, 'vhui 1 ultimo witli (Jcncral Walker in r tlu' (iovci'iniii'nt (lid not vt-mi- iceiiiin.ij; him and that it k unly I custody to answer any chaigtj mienis will be found in thp America, together witlt :i y the iilihusters upon tlinsp tates' Government — tli(! ITuitcil Slati'S, comnoscl „| )t to be denied, liut duriiy ili,' las t'aithl'nlly ]ieif(inued the diilv nhtsucli enterprises, as byyivinj; on and de]jarture, as by iuvokiiiL' naval foree." was preparinj^." This wa, jul it necessary to issue a iv that General Cuss's infor- ials, I'rom Avhosc reports lie taking place : — cannot disreijard, that ciTtiiiii nakinj; a tliii'd attempt lo set m ireign Stale with wliich tlieyiffl' s expedition, jiersons coiiiiocte'J .her cttn tracts ]iled,!.'iiii; the ptiblii' lecui'ity fi)r their redeniptioii luni '. Ihot tliut these bonds and imi DVernmcnt ot Nicaragua sliidl !■ er liavu openly ex])resse(l their has already been twice exiwlW ;aii citizens to einii.'rat(^ to tlia'. !|mrtiii(', and San .hian del Nort* ;teil his alh'j^iance to the I'nilci e Cdllector of the jiort of Moliilr a that port abiaii l':e midilli' "f ilihnsters actually emharktxl •e, on the i)retence of hi'iii? was mtide l)y tlit; revcnuo s joined unmolested by the n being wr(>eked. Walkor I, whence lliey were said t*] lis attempt was not carried Mobil(< tititliorities, ami set in. T'.ie !'\>.shi()n put liack 12. Ifi The ] nt.si, CountCT-Oase gives a short aeeoui.t of the various Irish -American Fenan raid, societies which preceded he ].\m,an Brotherhood in the United States A'"^"'^^" This "American nstitntion," asthe i-Y>nians c.iiod it,cMnrcd its'elftohe" virtuallv at war mth hn,,avd,^,i a meeting held at Cinci-t^ati in Januan 1805 F nian boTds^weiv_iss.ied, a.ul soon alYerwtirds the ioHowing cxtniordin^- ^«,act; ^ P J^SS S'Ih^Ic rs,KS Si^;^S,,t numerous ,Md,li,. meetin-s and were made goo.l by a !;en,an miA on the 1st of June, ISC.,!. IVoni Ihtllait, S iS uolbome m Canada. Tins was s)wd Iv reniils-d and sivtv f!v,. ,„.; / ''^'""^^ ^on while the remanulcr of the Foniails rec^oss.ll thj' i^.t i^" S ^ S '"S whS they were nr estt.l t., Ih,. number .><• ;i75 by the Amerieau authorities, and lei. arms were taken irom l.em The subsequent events are Ihns narrated i the eS Counter-Case, tmd thr- statement has not boon contradicted :— "''^hu stores of arms at Finflalo Oi'dciwlinr.ri, .,,„\ wt '. n > , . , States' District Marshals. ()n the 5th 'r u t ^ !:,tS ,?the li"? T"' "'r' T""^ ''^' ',''" ^'"'^'^'l ,mthe fith, the I'resident issned a 1M-ocl ni t „ , i " | , ' ^ /' . '' V '"t"''"^ ' '^'"^ evil-di.p,.od persons had be.„n to set on r.o::':^fLut-.itX:^^^^^^ Lto,^ and a„.ho,.i.n, the United SuU.-\.:i^J';:i!:^Z.^^^^^^^^^^ p-event the .ettn,.- on loot ami carty.n,,' on the expedition and enterprise afores, '• '^ ^ * ""^ "Onthe.ameda,yo„ which th,s I'roelatnation was signed, the' Kcnian p.isoners at liuffah, were :S:;1 on S'' ""' '"'■'■^■"^"■''■- ^ -^'^ "" "'^' ■"'. '>'>^-l> -^l two other pllncipal I^'le'wtX appo2::':ra r;:;;:li,;^"5::.r ''' ' ''•^— '^- -- «^- A1'-.'s. but retreated i,n,ncdiatcly on the "Several ai tests were imule a', St Albin's and (jlu.ivfli.,, i i> i ^ n i> • , We. and chief instigator of the raid. wa;i^i:;:;'^,i'':;''5:;^''^^^^^^^^ .■oinnicncad on t!u^ , Ulr ; on the llith he was released -.n parole • and tli. uKindoned tli(^ jiroseciitK-n from want of evidence, with ihe intentioi- the (irand Jury. resohiti"- "■'"' ''"'"' "'" """" "^ >'''P'^«enttaives of the United Stales passd the Ibllowii.g "•Resolved, that the IIous. ,if Iteprcsentatives resiiectfullv rcouc^l lb,. Tn.oM,.,,. r fi tt •* i 8t«te. to u,^e upon the „.,ndau. authorities, and also thj lSShG:,^"n a L U S. • K£ prisoners recently captured in ( iinaila. 'iil.imi. hi uic reniMi "' Resolved, that thi.s House resiiedfuUv reouest the frcsiil, ml I, ,,..,,,.,,, I, ., ,• ... iajhe United stau.' t.ourts againi u. i^tiait^ t^^l:e :i;^;S;;,:;:;i;!-,;|;;;i;:i;r;;s;' t^^^^ " In pursuance of the second of these tiesoliitioiis, llic Attoinev-ticiicnl iiisinaicl il„. Hiot,; . Attortiey I. Ih.nalo 1,, abandon the Fetiian pniseeutions there, an^U^ Ihe prosecution was ,a so with \,iwii ii the cases of Svr,.,.„.,v C;, ,„ ai ir i ,.'"'■,' leaders .. \lie Vernmnt IVontier denionstiJiom' wir^lad'll^ira.;^ ^ 'l ^ S a:;/': tidf of .;,(I00 ilollai. alte,. a .lay's detention ; and the intended indictment of liobcrts was droppal as" niau!;;. of Feaii^-'i*""'""' ""' ""^°™"''"' '''■''''"' '" '■'""" "'""• "'■ "'" """^ ^^I'i' I' 1'^"' '•'■'•" t'>l<^" '■■om the VnlnDv'*^ "T" on this oc-casion taken from the editor of the " Huffalo Fenian WoMon >n'," n''". i-T '""" ^>'"T>='^l'i«'^r, that the arms should not be used iu violation 01 th(> Neutrality l/iws. folloJi,"V''!ear "'''"'" '^^ *''^ '''''"''' ''^^^'''" ''^ ""»''^'« and Ogd.Misburgh mnv. retiu-ncd in tho examiniiiion District Attorney eventually preferring an indictment before Briliih Appendix, vol. ill ; Kqiort of Ncatrality Commission, p. t British Counter-Cuso, p. 43. t Iliid., p. 41. K 2 l|!fi|ij '^ ;.■ ' !■ { 1 1$ '^^ MM: -^ :f: l'x))editions in aid of the Cuban insurrection. 66 During 1867 the Fenians were occupied in promoting disturbances and outrages in England and Ireland. In 1808 they obtained from the United States' Governor the reti '. i of 1,;}0I) muskets seized at St. Aiban's. In November 18G8, the I'Vniaii leader O'Neill marched in review tbrougli I'liiiadelpliia, with thi'ce regiments in Ecnian uniform, numbering, as report(>d, 3,000 men. Nothing however happened till 1870, when tiie second Fenian raid ' upon Caiindu took place I'rom St. Alban's and Jlalone. Repulsed at both ])lae(;s the Tenians sou^'lit refuge, as usual, across the frontier. SeviM'al of the leaders were arrested and a quantity ol' arms taken possession of by the United States' Autliorities. Altogether 13 tons of arms arc said to have \wn\ seized at the two raids, and conveyed to tiu^ United Stales' Arsenals; besides these a field-piece and numbers of rifles ^\ ere abandoned on the sc(>nes of action. On the 12tli (jf .luiy the trials of the Malone raiders took place ; two were condemned to two j cars' imprisonment and a tine of 10 dollars, and one to one year's imprisonment and a similar line. On the 20tli i)f July the St. Alban's raiders were tried : (J'Ncill Avas sentenced ti. two years' imprisonment and a Hue of 10 dollars ; another of liie leaders to nine months' imprisonment, and a*\no oi'5 dollars; and another to six montbs' imprisonment ami a fine of 1 dollar. The proceedings against two others were postpcmed. On ihel2tli of October, O'Neill and his companions received an unconditional pardon from tlic i'rosidei ' C .1 the day on Avhich the pardon was granted the i^rcsident j)ut)lishe(l a rroclamn. tion, warning evil-disposed persons that the law forbidding hostile expeditions agaiiisi Iricndly States Avould for the future be rigorously enforced : — " Wlicrt'ii.s (liviTs cvil-iliaposcd ]wrsiiiis Imvo, at .sundry times, within llic ttirritory or jnrisdictinn (if the I'niU'd Slntes bi'j^uu, v,r set on foot, or in-ovided, or piv]wred the innins for military exiioditioiu, or enterprises to he curried on tlience, ii,i;iiinst the tcrritoiics or dominions of "'owcrs ^itli whnm tlir United Sliites are at \m\w, liy or^'iuiizinj,' liodics, ]irctcndini,' to luivc ]io\vcrs of (iovcrinucnt nvir portions of the territories, or dominions, ol' Powers witli whom the United States are at ]ieace, or by lieiiij;, or assMininj;, to lie members of .such bodies ; by levyin;,' or coUectinf; money foi' the ]inr]iose, orfur the a'le<;ed jiurjiose, of usinj,' the same in carryin<,' on military enterjirises af;ainst sueli territdrifsor ih)minions ; by eidistin;^ or orf,'ani/in^' armed forces to lie nsed aj^'uinst sucli I'owers, and by fiilin^'nut, e(iui]ipin,L,', and armin<; vessels to transport such ori.':i!iized urnieil forces to be cinphiyed in hoslilitici ajjainsl siieli Powers. "And whereas it is allej,-ed, and there is reason to a])iireliend that .s\ic!i evil-di.sposed jiersons liiivi- also, at .suTiih'y times, within ihe b^Titory and jurisdiction of the United .States, violated the law tliwiui by a(^eeptini,' and exerei.sini,' commissions to serve by land or by sea ai,'ainst Powers with whom tin United States are at peace, by enlistini,' themselves or other ])ersons to carry on war aj^'ainst awA Powers; by fitting' out and arming' vessels vvith intent that the same shidl be employed to criiia' nr e(unmit hostilities against such Powers, or by delix^'rinj; commissions within the territcuy or jurisilittimi of the United States for .such vessels, to the intent that they nni^ht be emjiloyed'as al'oresaiil," &c. On the r)th of October last, less than a year after his release, and after this Pro- clamation, O'Neill led a third raid against Canada on the I'embina frontier, hut was arrested by the United States' troops, and tiiis time met with entire immunity, lieiii;; discharged on the ground that there was no e.-idcnce of bis having committed am overt act within the United States' territory."** As stated in tiie British Counter-Case, the Proclamation of October 1S70, reforrod not only to the Fenians, but to expeditions in aid of the existing Cuban insumction, some of which are mentioned. The corres2iondcncc between the Spanish Minister at Washington and Ihe rnitcii States' (lovernment on the subject of these expeditions against Cuba is, in parts, so applicable to the ])resent question, that I cannot refrain from (juoting some jjassas^cs. Mr. Lopez Roberts writes thus to Mr. Fish on the ]8tli fif September, 180!);— t "Certain malcontent Cubans have established themselves in the Uniti'd States, esiieciaiiy in Xe» York, and these an' endeavouvinj;, by every means in their power, not to conipier their iicleiu'iidiiifi' by their own eli'orts, but to ,i;ain at jiresent the ,s\anpathies of the American people, in (ndcr ■iflenvaiib to seek the aid of this > Jovernment for their can.se. The history of wliat has taken phici 'ii tlii' ta few months is the cli ..rest jiroof of this. In a state of ]ieace, it has been seen with astonishliu'iit tlial associations were ]iidjlicly (ir>.'ani/ed in many ports belonjiint; to a friendly nation, said associatimis being c(.m]io.sed of the agenls of the insurgents, with no other object tha that of diTcctint.' theirnltiicks • British Counter-Case, p. 45. f Papers re'nting to Cuban AlTairs, proscntcd to the House of Rcpresentativi's, February 21, 1870, p. 131. disturbances and outrages eriior the roti : i of 1,;}0(J iaii leader 0']Seill marclird iau uniform, numbei'iuij;, as i\'nian raid upon Caiindji L i)laecs the Fenians soiiiilil r arms taken possession nf rms are said to have Ijeen "Arsenals; besides tlicsiM les of aetion. Ou the ]2tli c cond(!inncd to two Roars' imprisonment and a similar . : (J'Ncill was sentenced tn tlie leaders to niue months' ontJis' imprisonment ami a postponed. On iliel2tli of iditional pardon from tlif lent ])ub]ished a I'roelama. hostile expeditions against tliiii tlic territory or jiirisdictiiin ' iiH'ims for militiU'v oxjieilitioiu, itioii^ of Vowei's with wluini tlif .e ]in\vOTS of (ioveriiiiK'iit nwr iiitcd States are iit pciicc, or U inji iiioiiuy for tlic ]niv]iosi', nrfnr ivinus against such tomloriM ur suuli Towers, and liy fitliiii^diit, ;es to l>e employed in liostiliiic< sncli evil-disposed jiersoiis Iww I States, violated the law tlii'iwil aj,'aitist Tower; witli whom tlit s to carry on war aj,'aiii.st sudi shidl he empioved to iTuizo ur ithiu tli(! territory or Jurisdii'iiiiii 'nijiloyed'us aforesaid, " Ac. release, and at\n' this Pro- Pembina frontier, hut was ith entire immunity, lioiiiL' bis having committed any a of October 1S70, referred :is(infif Cuban insiuTection, Vasliington and ihe Unitni linst Cuba is, in ])arts, so 1 quoting some ])assap;i'i<. f)f September, 18(ii) :-t ■nited Suites, es)ieciaily in Xe» to con((uar their iiidi']icniiMK'f iraii pcojde, in order ■il'lcrwanls liat has tiiken ]ilaci mi tlic last en seen with ustonishnicnt tliat ieiidly nation, said assiiciiuinns 1 that of ilireetinu theinittiicks 67 t:'l^JtS::S:^[:Z:''::^::;^ -'^o>« -e.. as if t,. o,^eet were to emiss..nes have carried their spirit of pe X^^^^^^^^^ ^'T ''' ^'"^ ""tl'oHties. These cnii-rants from Europe, sending,- Uieni to fLl r 1, , ,' "' '" ^'^^e advantage of the good faith of and other oflieers, wl'io h,„,ht on the' s de ot , S , h ',''' ™'T'""' "^'"^ '"-'"^^''^ ''^'■"^'"l •'""■'1^"' hkewise been si.llered to ,ake place -.gainst at' V;i ThH T) ^ "'"''^ 'l«"o>-trations have U, «-o,n..I the si.sceptihilily „f the U,?it..,l States „' • •' ""' ""' '7'''' ""•^^^■'■'' ("' "'•••'^•' ""t pepuiatioii iiuiidicriii.i; (i,O00,(.'()IJ nv 7,000 01)0 „f wl,ir..l .i ' '"■"'.^^'''•^"t'^ J'' I'l- given to an insurgent liepuhlic, and were in possession nl' :.udi r/ a, s He '! "'''"'""' '\"'"''' "'' "'" ''■'"""•v <'t the valour, nnlitary talent, and heroic Iiersev.. „ " ' ,,v''"^"''l'"" ""'>' '■■""'l»^''fd hy ,„,,di^Mes of Hlihasfring expeditions ii.hroad dav i.dii a „;„,,,;,.' 1 'v'"" v",' t''V'"l""-l""-- "f various the Minister of Spain (inailv f„i,„d hin.^df ] , " ^,t j '"" ^7 \'l'^' '"'^' "^''^■'' '■'^"''■"'l l«'>'t«. te,a,.t,.i.tnit,v..no,.dertop.ve,Uthese';;;;;,;:Vl^^^^^^^^^^ ro tins Mr. ]. ,sh replies as tollows. on the 13th October, 18G9 -* Jhis (.overinnent alhnvs freedom of siieeeh and of .„.ti,.„ . n •,• only to the observance of the rights of others'and o i u' ai H , l' ''"• ';l^'^''"« "'' '^"^"^'■■•^. •■-tricfd States secures to the jieople ll,,. ri.rl,. ,„..„...r„li ' ,, '" ' ' '■ ' w.nstitutioii „f the United tiu'n. in their perso,is'agii,„t unn^L 1^ ^ ' , ' ^'^^ l;.:'"' f'" "' l^'^*^'', '""' ''-' --- ■ '^ --"- but upon ,,robabIe cause, supported bv oath o it ., V .'''''''' '"', "" '^■"™"' ^'''■'" '''^«"^' •liberty, or property without .h,,. p,,„,;ss ilflaw ''■^"'"■'"""' '""' f''"' "" I"->-^"" sl'^dl l,e deprive! of life, " 11 certain iiialeonteiit ( 'ubaiis fsubiects of S-,.,i.,i l, „ thus accor.led by a liberal (b.verinnent tl e Unirsi' I '"'■'^'''^"•^"■'"■' "'"1 "'"'sed (he privileges tynces, daily reported Iron, across the o ^^i, ^Si "1 ;;;^':'■'"''''' '^'; ^''''^^^^ what /he oecm- tl.oir malcontent subjects or residents. Laws willK n;k n , 't "'"''^ '/'"""^ nlways rest.uix, (Jovernmeut that can control the tendencv o i i, 1 , i ,' ''"'•"' V'"^' ''"l'I'>- ''' "'"' ''"m of violence of evil passions. ' ' "'""'■^ ""'• restrain, by its jieaceful agencies, the "The I'lidersigned is forced to admit with iv.',,.i )l,.,i ,, i r , escaping from the I'Mited States and la Ui/,n. ,1 '^ ,"'''"''' ^^'^'''"'V'" ' its oflieers Spanish tJovernment. Previous to its h^pailu J 1/" ^,,:^^'i: l'" Z'" '^f ^'''' P'' "- 'W-ts of the (lovernmcnt wouhl a: „p„„ any iiifornn io. ,V s, ; r , •'"' ''■';H"''»tly informed that this i,e,.ts, or that might be fiir.iishe;^ h/uie's;;:;-;;; auS:::\;;i;:i:. «?' '"""■" ''"■""^'' -^^ "- Yot^ of the Jlornot, a notxS^^ J S "Si^ TwS '" "^'^f''''' /™"^ ^«"' Counter-Case, t has .since suceeedetl in Inn 1 no. , ^^oi Id appear Irom th(< Eriti.sli formerly a de.spateh-boat in 1 U itel S "t " ? tm-f^f iTl '" S"'"" /''''^ '-''''"' Navy DepartnuMit to a certain Senor Mach S £ \;. • i^' "'/^""f ^^^"' ''^ ^^"^ Philadelphia, bttt released, and proemle^lT IT.lS ; "^I!''? ™ ^''' ^ •'f'?'t"F l™m the British authorities, bttt di,sdiar<'e a no n ™s' wo^^^^^ Halifax, -die salL'tl .alo. - the Un ,7stV/t' '^"»^,^"''^ found on board. Leaving released, upon bonds bein-' -iven t lit 1 .. u';:?l '^^ T ^•'^^^.'^^^^l ^^«« eventually neutrality Lvs. Front v/iUn^l^r^ ^oce 1 S to New VS" ^'^ ""Y"'^ '' ''^' more seized, and a-ain released ProctLcK d to ^c^^ lork, whore she Avas once facts, the Consul goes on:- ^'^-"ornoy, in ^^lneh, alter recapitulatmg the above of ^^!^:^:z.lt::sz ::v:ii^u.^f^;':i'/;:i^'Si.tT'''r' ''v r--^ -■ ^^- '-^'^ military e.vpcditioM fro,,, Xa.s^au of ^„ e ,)) ■' i , l' ,\ "'„•?"'" •-''"' ' t"'^''' '"• '"''"'l ^'t .sea a VC..C1.' and' another military explin,^, K^vtJ^'u!n' ^" '"' "'" ^"'"' ^''^'•''^ "' » t moveme.it be ...ade, are t"re. Trusiing that in a i o uV av I I , , ,n^^^'^^ /^^^ " ■ ^'-'^ <^^''"'-«"':>'«»t against her depar- % complaints of t i d , e e.' belL h . " "'" .''"'If '",'«» "<' ''"« ^-''ven.n.ent that I ' . "I'l'iietL. tRlorc, 1 he.eby leave m your hands the responsibility of nennitting i i ( i.. i ,tivc8, February 21, 1870, p. 131 • Papcri relating to Cuban AfTairs, p. 33, ii m t P«gc 466. C8 (•f^iil expcililioii in the great injur)' of my Oovorn- this formidivbU' instrument to pit)ccoil on ment."* TVliat is the reply of the District Attorney ? Does he take the suspicions of tbo Consul as facts until disproved, and proceed at once to detain the vessel? Not so. He answers : — " Yoii iii'conipnny your lottor with no proof fv uvidfonco that svnild nutliorize mo to seize the Iloriut l'(iV llio a'l"!.'cil iiitcncied lireaches of our ncutialin laws, (i'- to tnkc i-iij steps 'oeyond those I have alrciidv Uxkm. 1 'mive Ciiiisi'il tlic most ri^'iil Hcruliiiy'to he •ixerdfiwl, ti see tlw'. the Hornet 1ms tiikcii cm (loard notimin ot ii iialiire In indicate the hostile inti iitmi,:- you imntinr. i am advised that her intcn- tim is tn dear iind sail in ballast for Nissan. What lici intentions ma. v he n i reaehiufj; that jiort aiv thin'js that ivniain un|)roven, and in -iwi.se ii.'lie.ited e.>'„pt i>^ 'he in' ii irtinns of your I'avour. 1 cani'uil le,i,'..!lv act on mere surmise, out if i',.rinslied with prnjier cvidei.e'' I shall not hesitate to takr uny steps necessary to preveiit violations of our lav. ."•'• The violntion of tlic liiws was not prevented. Mr. Rohcrts ''(jmplains that " that same day tli-- steamer ilftaet put to stp from the port of New York, without tlic judicial autiiorities of tin- Federal Government having lak >u suc'i measures to prevent her dejjarture ;is should ha\e hec: dicta' :;d to them by i!u. circumstances and criminal antecedents of \):'^ aforestiiJ vessel." To this complaint of reliant e isitoii the law f '■ preientive measures, instead ul haviup: recourse to prcrnfin'ire fot i:', 2»ir. Fish "hus replies:— "The Undersi^'ucd has the honour, in re])ly to this inrtion of the first note of Mr. Lopez Jtolieits, tu s.tv that it :t:>jiears from this corresiiondence that the Hornet, haviiif; been seized on the eonipliunt of llw .■'paiiisii (.'uiisid onlv two months befcae the date of the eorrespondeiiee, and a hearin,;,' in whieli the Sp:ini>.!i Consul took part bavin;,' resulted in the (li.seliarj,'e of die vessel, no subsequent pioof, ()?■ any- t\v.Uii ii! the nature ol le>;al evjdenee otli.a lliaii a repetition of that wliieli bad already been (la.'iswl upoi7b\ the Court, and been derided to be insutlieient for the detention of tlit! vessel, had been I'm-- wardeii bv the Consul, or bv any other Sjiari-ii otiicial ; that, nevertheless, the J)istriet Attorney olfercil tntiitions of the Consid, after the failure of thtit officer to furnish the reipiisite proof to authorize her continued detention."} After these details it can admit of no douht that the history of the United States has heen ntarked not only hy .systematic privateerincj ai^ainst nations with whom tiie United States were at peace, hut also hy a series of liostile (expeditions carried out in the most determined manner hy American citizens against the territories of neighbouring; and friendly nations. The C<)uiisel of the United States appear to have heen aware of the anomalous position in wliieli their Government is placed hy tli(> contrast hetween the manifest failun on its own ])arl to r<'pr(>ss these undei-fakings, and the strictness with whieh jt now attempts to enioree anninst (Ireat Britain the (luty of dilig'ence to repress far less flni,'i™it hreaciies of iKHitrality directed against itself. A number of documents have aceor(liiii;h heen ai)pended to the United States' Counter-Case showing (though in an imperfect and iVannientitry maiiu.(>r) the various insti actions and rroclamations whieh have been issu(!d hy llie i'rcsident and (ioveri" ' officiitls of the United States for the pre- vention of these eidei'iirizes. These . lents, however, omit to mentitm the results. : -'me of whieh i luive thouglit it U'' " '*aiy to stale. Nevertheless, tiiey tend strnnijly U) contirm the statements ot .'itH ■. tained in the A])p('ndix to the l{e])ort ol' the ' vitralitv Commissioners nr- - <5i . . made in tlie Counter-Case of the; Britisli Govenunen), ami whieh have h')' ;)een contrtidicted. The story of all these expe.'.it-ii'', as told in a great ])art in the Proclamations ot the diHerent i'resuh'nts, is prei:,x * Papers ntaiiiig to Forci^ Relations p. 781. t I'.ipors rt'Ialiii^' lo I'orciKii Ucliilions of Uie IJnitcd States, 1S71, pj). 78], 7.S2. :|: I « Sco rresiiliiils rroclaniutiuns of December 2, 1851, October 30, 1.S38, and October TJ Counter-Cuse, pp. 37, 3:', 'lu. the ,same.§ Some scheme of auuexation, nv 1.: ^Jnitcd States, presciueil to Congress, December •), IS" X Ibid,, p. /^(;. great injury of my Oovern- ivp measures, instead to Cungrcss, Dcccnibrr ■!, !S";, 69 otUor fonnof invasion is wtaited. nublii> innnt;nn.o r>p ..„w.«.,ii ■ , , , recruits »l»..rt,s..,l l.„- ,,,,.1,,. „,„„ t„„„p„v„l'v,!l„l ,»„c,„lm ., i'„;X (^^^ oc ™ft „„.„,» and l,l.,„,l,Uo,,ro,l,,„, ™tu ;^T„S:*,^.^^^^^^^^ find refuge oa board Anu^rican vessels (in some eas..s It U-,< lw.,>,/ i 1 , .^ and return to the protection ot tl.e UnEl^S.r^^:^.^ 'r^ ^i;^! ^f "kS country is able vi;,'orous v to repel them -is in fl> > -L,. ..• /i m ' . , ^^ "^" content themselves with Tt denK.Eraion'on le r^nTi r see '.t ,r" ™t' *'^'^ disarmed, and the rin^Wea.h-rs are i.erhaps tde^l Tims vd l'. -nf f ", '^'•^^'"V' '''^ In the eases i)artieularlv mentioned in tlio l?..;t;ci, o ,. * r- ditions of Lope/, Wali«.r, and tlu> 'e r^n mid it ' 'f IV''. '-^^ ^'" '^'-^l"-- said that thi Governnu^nt of the U i L S^ es Jd" ^f Sl/ "' 'V'rM" pn^eci..! enterprises, and an^ple time IbrVivhS^:;,.' ttSti^ sS^^^nr^o' l^ requisite lor their pn.v.M.tion. Indeed, it is^naiutained in tl.e A n „, nt ol" t e United btates Counsel (p. S)0), that "the President of the Unite I S a es lel -d in fromt^.r:Stl:;ttSsLS' '''''^'' ^^^ ^^^^'^^'^ -^ ^'' ^^"-ed In the lace of sue!, faets the following comi)arison l,et ween < he United States and Great JJritam as t„ th,> obs.Tvanee of neutral oblij^^ations. to the dispaiS ement of the latter, seems, to say the letist of it, sominvhat surprising? :— ^^^'-'I'^t-'H' at ol the "As to tlin (Icportnioiit of tlie Exfciitivc in tin. .■,,in<.. .,f .i, , to tl.o mas8 ot „m'i„l arts , „,| .ovrospum „ !. nt i e, i Ti '"-^''T'""' "" V'""'!"""^ appenl but di,l ev.rylluM. «l,i,.|, was luuna^lv ,.ussil,l., 1,^' ^t S. 1 1 nc^ 7,^' 1 '?' '''^''"!'■"''■ ..ntinual warla.v, l„„i, in K,,,,,,,.. an,! A.m.ri.a it i. , os. b^tlmt ^ H'' r'l "'t' '"' "'""'^'^ in spito of all proventivo <.|lort.s ot tlmt (iovnununt."* ^'ol-'tion. ot law may havo occuitwI, * * * ♦ « " Diirini,' all this IcinL' pi'iiod, tia^ United States stcmllK- I.t.r,,,,., i < i ■ it. thoir ports to tia. p.viodii.e of Spain Th' S r • s^;^ Pes 1 1 ' ^ I'-Jl^'!'" '"''"P""'"' "' vessels in instnUion to all s.dlla.linate olieer , ,u v i ■ n^in Z^ i,n\ :""'", ^^''^^'^ "'■l'^ l"«itive huvs of neutralitv, inten.ati ,1 as we 1 ,,7 i ,, , ' '''^"!'V^''' '^■^vcnfum of the vo..ls.ndawfnllyea,.n,.d we,, veston',:;; ;;;;:; !!;i'';a.!j|;^^ neutt^l.ty were ,.roehinned mul tua.nta.ned in every aet, whether „f the Courts /n ol tlu Kreeut!& r. . , , * * If- necessity allow th,.n.sel^'es t ^ft eon.'i.ulaUvt.^o';:' ^ V ^ m 1 T' aS'l o^Zr'^lf /""f '"' peace exeept an Act of l-a,liau,en., and that Vonlessedly u.sulhei.^,t;t \' ^^ S s ^'u^' ^ haml.have as constantly iiianitanuMl, an.l do now maintain that it is the ro-nl n'r . inclu,lin,espeenUly e,,,.,i,n,io„al .^,vernnK.nts,,odiseha:;:;helrne:; ,m^^ ot nf,'ht, nide])en(hint ol and suiierior to all ixissilile Acts of I>.,vli,n„e,o l„ """" ""-'".^ '" "•'«» ao^rine ,t ie, that eve,^ l-residel.t of the Uniled Sta.:^t,m ll"! Was e^ rio' "resh it 1^ ^ .nclusive, ha« never tade I to ap,.ly d.u, diligeuee, voh.ntarilv, s-,,„„lr s.d, in th v I a t 1 e n, 1 ^' 1 own ollaaal duty, not ,n mere eon.p a.sanee to foreign su,,,.;stion, hy hin.self or hy o 1 e r^ u L (.ovenunent, to prevent all unlawlul enterprises of reer.titmeut or efp.ip.uent in the UultS State^'f in .ir''V"n'^f."-'^' ''"^'V""'? l'-''''''^' ;""' Pi'o^-laniations in abundanee issued. But, in spieoi all this priyateerinj,s armed ineursions into eountries at peaet> with the UnUed Stattvs hostile raids, and lilibusterinj,^ exptMlitions have gon,« on is belbrc^^ The practieal result us that the Coimsel of the Unittnl States Tannot be ,h- it ted to prejudice the Jh-itish nation and Uovernnu-nt befoir the Tribunttl and (he woHd by an S?l?,nr'r'r*''"f if- '•' '"^""^H"' *•'" United states; and some alloMancc hould b. mule lor Gretit Britain il on a lar more liumbh> seale. something, of the same sou should have Imppcned on iier sliores, seeing that, with a law said to be perfect, and • United States' Argument, p. 82. t Ibid., p. 76. m u ; , fc. 1 lilJ i 70 with tho loftiest sense of neutral obligations, the Government of the United States have not found it altogether possible to prevent their eitizens from occasion in i,' trouble to neit,'hbourini,' nations, whether at war or at peace, and i^ivinj; to other (lovernments nuicli cause of complaint and remonstmnce against their own. The observation which thus legitimately arises is not got rid of by an attack on the past maritinu' ])olicy of Great Britain, or by a reference to "the numerous piraticiil enterprises iitted out in IV)rnu'r times against the possessicms of Spain in America, and the honour accorded to tiie chiefs of those expeditions, such as Drake and Hawkins." However otlensivc this telling sentence may have; been intended to be, tiiougb ati Englishman 1 rea fact that, at the time wlien Drake and Hawkins went fortli on the enter])riscs they term " piratical," the ancestors of their countrymen and tlieir OAvn still formed a part of tiie British nation. May not some ol' the old blooij which warmed ilie iiearts and anunated the courage of tiu)se bold fidventiu'ers, still tlow in tiie \ eins of their Transatlantic descendants, who have made the name ol' "filibuster" detract somewhat from our idea of the perfect character of American neutrality ? Complaints ot Having com])ared the law of the two nations in the matter of neutrality, I should, iiifriendliiicii*. ju the natural order of things, have now proceeded to tlie facts counccted with the ditferent vessels, were it not for the unexpected course ])ursued by tiu; representatives of the United Slates in seeking to prejudge the question to which tiie iiupiiry before this Tribunal is directed— namely, whether the Britisli Government Avas wanting in due diligence in respect of tho equipment of certain specitied shii)s — by imputing to tlic British nation an intentional disregard of its duties as a neutral, and to the British Government not only a want of diligence in the discharge; of its duty for the protection ci" tiie United States against violations of neutrality, but a icilful nryliyencc, arising out of an undue partiality and desire to favour the Confederates. For tliis i)ur])ose, the representatives of the United States before this Tribunal have gone into the wliolc history of the time; and, not content with disparaging the institiitions of Great Britain and reviling her law, have sought to cast obUMpiy on liei' Government, on Statesmen whom the British people have been in the lialjit of lookin;,' up to, and, indeed, on the British nation itself. We are told of " the early and long-continued unfriendliness of the British Govern. ment;" that " Her ^lajesty's Government Avas actuated by a conscious unfriendly purpose towards tho United States." Again and again we are tohlol" the untViendliius's and insincere neutrality of the British Cabinet. "TheCabuiet were actuated i)y an hmncere neutrality to hasten the issue of the Queen's i'roelamation." " Th(> feeling of personal unfriendliiu'ss towards the United St.ites continued during a long portion or the whole of the time of the ounnission or omission of tlie acts comi)laine(l of." I'inaliy, we are told that "the facts established show an unfricTidly feeling which niiyi'it naturally lead to, and would account for, a Avant of diligence b(n'dering upon irilftd ncijlltjrnce." Earl HusscU is made the object of unworthy and un)ustilial)]e attack. He is re])resented as having "evinced a consistent ccmrse of partiality towards the insurgents." "When information as to the Tlorida Avas ctmveyed to Her Mnj<'s(ys Pruicipal Secretary of State for Eoreign All'airs, he interposed no ol)jection to her sailing IVoni Liverpo(')l." Surely the Avriter must have known he Avas doing grievous injustice in making such a statement. The Florida sailed from Liverjjool on the 25tb of Maieli. As Avill appear w lu'ii avc conui to the facts connected witii that vessel. Earl Russell had heard nothing about her for a month before. Again, "avIkmi tlie overwiielniiiig jjiouf of the complicity of the Alabama was laid before him, he delayed to act till it was too late." He Avho' penned this must have known that the delay was not l.'.rd Biisseil's, andtliat, but for an unlucky dehiy, accidentally occurring elsewhere, .so far as the action of his Lordship in tiiat alli'iir Ava's eonccrned, the Alabama would have bei'n .stopped. Of the Cal)inct Avhich has been thus assailed, three distingiiislied meiidicis are no mcn-e. But he who, at the dillieult time in (piestion, presided over tlie fniviqn relations of Great Britain, still lives anujng us in the fulness ol years and honour. There have, of courses beeji many Avho, in the strife of jiarty politics, have liceii opjiosed to lv,n\ Bussell ; there liav(! been others Avho have dill'ered from him ir particular incidents (d' his 'lolitiea! coudiict; but never did it occur to iioliticai enemy — jiersoiiai (>nemy he never could have had — to (piestion for a monienl the lolly sense'of horunir, the hi'gh and unimpeachable integrity, the truthfiiliiess, the .straigiit- forwarduess, Avhich have characterized the whole of his long and illustrious careor. the United States have oewisidTiiiiu; trouble to to other (ioveriiments I of l)yaii attack on llic the numerous piratical Spain in America, and rake and Hawkins." ended to lie, thouiJjh an iplicity which has made nd Hawkins went fortli • countrymen and their ome of the (dd hlood hose l)(dd r.dventurers, have made the name of character of American oi" neutrality, T should, L'ts connected Avith tlic [ hy tlu! representatives lich tiic incpiiry bct'on- lent was wantini^ in (hu- ps — hy imputing to llic ral, and to the Eritish i duty for the protection ;/ nrijliijem-c, arising out es hefore this Trihunal t uith disjjaraging tlic to cast ohloquy on her in the habit of lookini; s of the British (lovern- a conscious unfriendly ohlol' th(> uidriendliiu'SN Jt were actuated bv an ion." "The feeling (if ing a long portion or the m])laine(i of." rinally, )' i'celing which iiiij,dit bordering ui)on wilj\d billable attack. He is owards tiie insurgents." er ilajesty's l*rhici|i;il tion to her sailing fmiii !ig grievous injustice iu on the 25tii (d" .Maieli. vessel, Earl ilussell liiid the oxerwhehuing jiiool mI to act till it \\as too was iu)t I;. .(I IJiissell's, ere, so far as the action d have been stojiped. distiuguislied nu'nihcis iresided oxer the foreign 3 of years and honour, rty ])olitics, have been ■ dilfered from him ir 1 it occur lo nolitic'ii for a monieni the lol'lj utld'ulness, the straii.;iit- and illustrious career. 71 ■\Viu'n the historv of (ireat Britain dniMn,,. d,,. , • ^ ^i <"''.v ^vill (here h'e none ^.muu^ZZ^^n^TT'^':''^'^^ '''''''" '"^ ^i«™. not ass/K-iated with greater ,vorl^i l' '„ ^' "' ", '"i:" '"1™":' '^'' ^vl'ose name will bo Earl Kusseil, hut th.-re will be no o to wll..'ll ''''"' '."""^".'"^^ ^''^'" ^hat of look hack with gr,>ater Acm-ration and v c ' ^T I '•' ''','• /"'""r'l'^' P"^terity will feel deeply aggriev.-d hy th.^uiworthA^ ttac'k i|„/A' , '''^ ' jstmguished man should he was a lea.ling nn.mh.-r, and „n liin e it' WT^nnnv^^^ there arc attacks whi.d. rc-oii upo,i Zs.^l^^^l'i^ '" ""'^^^ yndcrstand: but aspersions on the honest v and sinieritv of P, ,, "; ^'""' ' '"''* "^ "lis nature are Speaking of the Oliicials in th,>'C(donics iC.r ,• .. t- • Trihunal to bear in mind what it «' lis '" . ^i-o t-niH the Lnited States asks the the insiu-gcnts." " Thev show,"' it is sai '' ■ ' I ''^™™«trations of partiality for which shouhl throw suspicion upon the acts of ' u | !•?, ,"^',7'", °^" ''""^ "'-•utrality, and slundd imdine ,he Trihunal tlMdoselv^ndh.ietl^^lSs '•'"''' "" *" '''' ''''''^'' liie Jh-itish mition eouics in of eom-^,. r>.. ,. . bestowed. JJritish n.ndralitv is .£■ led Z ,i s!,s'':r" ?^^'" ,^!^"- "'"« freely times as " habitually insin.vre." '^ (;,•'• MW ', r i '-^^''^ '""^ '"sincere," some- and its instructions, and governed i,s c,m luc i Iw ''llw/ ' yues, construed its laws I have called this an " um'xnn-tHl"^^^^^^ the msurgents." Government nor the British T.eopl wct nre S . '"' ''^^™'' ly. '"'ither the British had not only expressed, openlv and bcj, iv ^^^ S V 'T'^ "'"-f' ''^'^'' ^'''^^ I^"tain have left her shores whil-h aft.>rw^ar lid I, m" .' ""\" ''^^^^'t " that vessels should vohmtarily consented to mak<> good that duna^^- if ; " ^^^'T*'", '-""^^"-^c, but had of snmcient care on the part ..f Hk« IJriSl AmLi/ic. iTI'^'^ \' ''f '"'^ "^'-^^ ^"^ ^™"t evasion of those vcss(ds p()ssiblc_on an lea io^ ^ • T,"'^"'"'^ ""' oquipmcntand settlement of any claim the United States mHdL''™'-'' ''r' ^'^^''^"^ "'^'^ ""''^^'^W^ branee of past grievances or past vsmtme^lfw. ,?l "'!• "'* OrcatBritain, thcremem- ties which should bind these two ^inX„ to. h' T "'^"' Y'''^' ''^^'^ ^he many come-advantage shouhl he tak,m to rev ^wit f^ "' '^"''^ f "■"'"'" ^^^^ tl'« time to H^eollection of the past, and, as it wind s«m f /^r "JX the'^^^ ^^'-'^^ ^^^y national and personal hate. l>(mlorinn. the course ?v, i ? ^'".'^-"I* '''^"""^ "^ onccalcidatedtomar the work o f „eace on wldT^v "•' ^'l"' ^'^^" ^''^^''> »» With the conviction that a great .^i^k "S^Sl^o/lHo '^^ '' ^ ^'^^^-^^ -y-If present attitude of Great Britain a cordinl nn 1 'i^ . H' ' ' ' '*'^^'^'' «-<'"iginthe Induring friendship, animated itJ 1 by kfndm S"'vl ,T, '' ^'oconciliatio^n and and insulting tone thus oflensivcly ar^l^tt"'^ ^'ado^,^^^^^^^^^^^ her statesmen, and her institutions, throughout tlie wbnl," ^"^^^^"^"^.^f "t Bntam, Argument presented on behalf (,f the UuiWtatcs. "''' ""^ "•" ^^''^ ''"^'^ In support of the alleged unfriendly fcclinn- Avhich fl.o TT„;f„ i e* x British Government, as the foundation of tl 'c dmr Je oi\ aTtiam^^^^^^^ ^'^ ^^' ^"^^'^ -'-^-^ States, where the Govei-mncnt should have been°n(^L-d tlcv^vlt^^^^^^^^^^ to c-rtain speeches made on dilferent oceisinn; W u^r ' "'^y,^'^!'''^' ^^ the lii-st place, ^^"^'"S- There Ln be no doubt thaUl ^ spc'X ui of the Ministiy. speakers, but maybe taken to have bmf he TxnS ^ ^^^^^ ^ Hdertained at^ the time. But it is a mist dec to sunnose i ' //"^ ^^ntimeuts generally any unfriendliness towards the United Stats Inffi wl v !1^' 1 f "'^™'°/' ^''""^^^^ liness have existed ? The cherished sen Snents of tTe Bri 1 7 i ''''^'' T^ '?^™^'^- shueiy had strongly tended to alienate tSftt^LSl/^r^^^ discussion of the subject of slaverv, on which the Sout foU?; ' • ^ f ''?''* P"^'^'^ feelings of by no means a frii-ndly eh- S^^^ Ih-itai-n. ThJNorih rni^^tliS^rr^^Z^l^J^ If ;Te"""^P'•"'^J Great Britain, if not on its active support in a "rt ct w H fl ?- T ! 'J™ P^^hy of to. ill, Mil cv.-ut< iMcen---tcnl nii-1. tlf-;,. ; V , ^^ , ' . ^'^t*-^ ^^"<'> " not antncromstic! . If ^i' i . : ; ;» f -■ • ■ • i ! ■J . ■1 ■ " ' '■ ; 1 I I , ! 1 A ■ ' r ' } Um 72 . C:'l 4 ■S '^ Others thoro were — mm of calm jiuli^mont and roflootion — who, whiU; thoy diplmvil a disruption of the i,'roat Amcriean Union, yet thonj^ht that a rounion cfrcclcd hy tlir suhjvisirod in tlic true interest eitlier of tlio A-ictors or the vano.uislied ; that before such a result could he hroui^ht about, a prolonpod and fearful contest must liave taken place, in which tlie hest hlond oC , '".; , Hi would have been shed, its resources exhausted, its ])rosperity destroyrd for \-{ir> i> . spirit humiliated and broken, makintr its restoration to the Union of ]'u\c value, except so far as the ])ride of the I'ederal States ini^hthe edii. cerned; that, conse(iuently, the Union haviui? thus been torn asunder, it would be better for both ])arties" that each should be left to av. rk out its own destiny, and develop its own resources, in the vast regions to which its dominions nii;,'iit extend. ]Many, too, there were who ch'plored this contest tlie more beciniso thev believed "that, despite the superior force and resources of the North, the sub'juiiation of the Se"*'. was impossilde, and that the ])roloni^'ation of the contest cou'uronly len'I in useless sacrifice on citlier side. This view ])rov(>(l erroiu'ous in the result, but it Avas not the less honestly entertained. A stronjj; iini)ression, too, could not fMil to be produced on the public mind by the eneri''^ ardour Avitli wliich ils nopulation risked lifr and fortuni> in the desperate stniLin'ie for national indep<'iulence, so resolutely main. tained to the last against infinitely superi(n' force. Whatever the cause in whicli they are exhibited, devc^tion and courage Avill ever command resijcct; and they did so in this instance. Men could not sec in tli(> united people of these Aast provinces, thus risking all in the cause of nationality and independence, the conunon case of rebels, disturlmn,' peace and order on account of imaginary gricA-ances, or ac'tuated by -h(< desire of over- throAving a GoA-ernment in order to rise upon its ruins. They gave eredii to the statesmen and warriors of the South— their cause might be right or Avrong — for the higher muim which ennoble political action, and all the op])rohri()us terms Avhich might be heaped upon the cause i. AA'hieh he fell, could not persuade the Avorld that the earth li 'iicatli Avhich Stoi wall Jiickson rests does not co\-er !he remains of a [latriot and a hrm. Public feeling in Great Britain, hov.ca'r, never Avent ])l^, ind this, that both parties having appealed to arms, they should be dealt Avith • terms of peii'cct equality, and t hat Avhatever Avas conceded to the one should not he Avil'. Ul from the otlier, to use a common expression, that they should be l(>ft to fight it out faulv, withont (Jirat Britain throAA'ing her Avcight into either scale, as the ISorthern States- nied to think she should have done in their favour, not perhaps by actual assistan nar, but liy Avithholdini!- from the Confederates the charact. r of belligerents, ami by treatii their ships 0? Avaf as i)irates and denying them access to British ports. For tl, States appear to huA-e been unable to understand the position assumed by the . Governnient in ^ iking any concession Avhatever in fav(mr of the Insurgent States appcM'-'d to th like an uct of perfidy toAvards a friend. Had not political commercial relations bound Great Britain and the Ignited States chisely tonvih, man V years 'r* Hoav then could Great Britain take any step which should giu' :my adva'ntagi! to an enemy of the United Statics? Tavo things Avere lost sight of in this ^uu.'.ning. First, tliat the In la-gent States, AA'^ith Avhom the United Stat(>s Averc now waging war, had farmed part of that Union Avith which Great Britain had lit;;! die intimate relations referred to — the sr^u.id port in the Emjiire, through which the cotton trade was cr'. . 1 on, having had all its relations Avith tlie South; sccondl). that Great Britaii, had llic interests of her oaah commerce to look after, Avhich were seriously compromi' n tin' warfare as carried on by the United States. The Idockade of the Southern ] <'- dished by the Js'dtth with a vicAV to the sp(>edier sid)jugat;..u of tin: South, dee I by North of sudi paramount imp rt a nee as to render all consiilcrafioii for the intei'-sts of (Jroat Britain unnecessary, Avas about to ])araly/e the industry of Liuicasl lire, and bring famine and (li>,i.>tcr on thousands. Gri-at Britain accepted f he ]K)sition and acknoAvledged the blockade. ^Vas she not, in other respects, to look aftu her oAvn interests ? It Avas natural enough that, in the first heat and ]) ssionate excite- ment, the North sliovdd take the vicAV it did of the conduct of Great Biiuiin. I eaiiuot Imt think the time has couk; Avhen it might take a calmer and jiist(!r vicAV. It will do so hereafter, in spite of tliost; Avho still seek to rekindle the flame of discord, the "iu'iie's" whicli in their hands may be truly said to bo "suppn itos cineri doloso." The charge of partiality and of Avilfiil negligence having bet n thus Iroiiirht requiiTs to be disposed of. Fm, thougii priitiality (Iocs uot necessarily lead fo at;!;:! of diligence, yet it is apt to do so, and in a case of doubt Avould timi the s(ale. Where a sinister motive exists, rulprt, which mii'-ht otherwise ho excused, becomes iudeeii dolo proxima and inexcusable. Besides, sitting on this Tribunal, as I Lave already said, iteJ tisb I; and lor *I1I 73 ho, while thoy deplored a a rcuiiioti cfrcclcd hy tlic •lie intci'i'st citlicr of tlic M \w l)r()ii!,'lit nhoiit, a II which the Ix'st blond (1, its |»rosfM>rity dcstrnvod [■(■storat ion to the Union i\ States mii^ht he con. torn asunder, it would I rk out its own destiny, liich its dominions iiiiu;iit ntcst the more hecniisp Lures of the North, the olon^'ation of the contest 'W proved ci'roneous in the nvj; impression, too, could etermination, and eouriije I its ])opidation risked lifc lenee, so resolutely niaiu. •r the cause,' in whicli tlicy ot; and they did so in this ast provinces, thus riskin:^ II case of rebels, disturbin;; ited by .he desire of over- :cave credil to tlu' statesmen ni^ — for the hin'lur motives ins which mii;ht he lieapod )rld that the earth bineatli r a patriot and a hem. nt be;, )nd this, that both with terms of jjcvl'i-ct . he will Id from the ot lior, t it out faii'ly, without (Jroat ern States ^ nicd to tliinlc I assistaiic , nar, but li_v ents, ami by treatii tlicir ;h ports. For tli ited :)n assumed l)y thi' . ,tish f the Insuri^cnt Stales, li 1. Had not political and States closely toiicther for ep which should !<;l\v any ^ were lost sight of ia this iie United States were now Jreat l?ritain had lui'l die n])ire, throuc;!! wbieli the I the South; secondly, that : after, which were seriously itcs. The blockade of the speedier subjui,^atiiiu of the s to render all considendioii to paralyze the industry of Great liritain accepted the )ther respects, to look al'i : heat and ]):!ssionat(! e.Kcite- of llreat Entaiu. I cauuot and juster view. It will ! the llaine of discord, the po itos ciueri dolo.so." Iiavini^ been thus liroiisht tt iH'ce.^.sarily lead to waal iht would tmii the s(ale. be excused, becomes indeed uial, as I have already said, ns in some sense ( 1 1 " pudet I did not SCO eow.i.ihortiu.rrc.ul:;tir':;;;::;b:.a^.;;t';-i-;;!S •""^- ' ' com,J;;K7hI?;:i olr^Z^ f ;^'>I-' '"- --> heads of Co.p,ain.or ncknouled^rd the (Nmte.lerate S,a I t H ;" e^ T^^ ^'"''" '^'•'''^"' -^- 'l''"^* '* ""'-"'ilyconduct. treat their shi|.s „f „,„• as i.irates admitted u 'ifv 'f '' '■'"'^'''l"'''"'''- '■'•rusini? to withthewar.ihip,sof(h<. Jnted\s tl! V''.',^^^ of the Confed.Tate States from proeuri .J shins ,1 n li" 'f'"''' ^" '"'"V"' theagonts war from Enuhind; ,'{. Tliat it ,hM n bin '' ' J ' ,", ', "'.'"' ''"'^ munitions of through the Jhdtish port of the ii;;;.I;!!'S tnZt '^^"^^"•'-•«""'''- -^™-l on The contention of lh(- United States fbnl fiw-.e »,.;* • neknou-led-in- the Conted.>rate States as belli .Lk,', ,",".;'''' ""*^ P^'anted in Acknowledgment mous . ..lu.urn.nee of the i,re:,t n.aril n e ? u rs , ' • / "' ■''"''"''; "^ ^'''' """'"■ "^ ''^"'S^^-y- pendently of tiiis, the course 1 b .o I -^ , ^^^^^^ '";'' r"'"!''"- '^ut inde- Irnve be..., strictly warranted by inte n7io n ' I w TTf ^'"'"■'\""' "»ly to whicIi c-onl.l with propri,>ty Inn',. l-e.^I ado,,ted. ' ^" '''''"" '"''" *'"' ""^^ «"« First, let us see how stood ilu> facts -it (In. fimn ,^r ti. rate States as bellio^^vents by ti,e (..ueenV/i'.venZ „" ^*>^'°S>"t.on of the Coufedc- Between ' Xovemhci' o|' isfjo .,|,,i A,,,.;! ,,r icVi . a ,, r- Union, South . .rolina, IHorida, il ssi ..V ( ,imn ('r ' ^""^ ' -^ ^^''^'' "*" ^'»° had not onlyrenoum.ed their alle-danee t ' he Vd'SV-^ '^ Louisiana, and Texas, selves independ<>nt, hut bad rovn^^ZZ^J^^yVr'?-^ '""' "'^'^'^''"'^ ""'"i" the " Confed.>rate States ;- had do, ,' e le.n ^'l /•^''•"'^"•"/ ""''"'' ^'''^ "tie of elements of (Jovernn.ent '; atul had^ a ,4^ f p;;^;!;^ ''^i^ ^\;;;;.;'- "-f-T l)os.session of the lendtorv of tb.'se States in +1.,. M i /"V\^^'" ^ exclusive former Fe.leral (Jovennn.-.nt. T . ^ h 1 d 'aken ensn es"l "^' •"'"*' ''''^'''""' "*" ^'^^ voted up^irds of 2 ,,o.),(«K) doiia^J'^ 't'\::;zr:/i ':::r r'u:n'^ s?;l:::i:a;a^.ia;;:i;;;:r^r:::ij^;ii^ of the United Stat!. eaUed "out ^^^^'n'ma^j'Z'^^^o^^^^^^ nth, 111.' rresi.lenl of the Confe.l, rat.- StWs issued 'l r "' ^-^" ^''^ Hons tbr l.-ttcrs of mar.,ue and reprisal, tt^J^;!, mule;: t'^ Zh^JISSS "^^'Stul"ir:S!Ti3e;;[i:Li:;;;tS'-iw;,:^ the ports .d' the s.-ven Stat.'s blocka.l,..! -t ' u " Ll^ JJA '' VT ™='^'7^' ']^^^^^'^S .iti: regard to the ports of North CV ro ii a a d Vir nh l/i^^^ *\ '^' I'me amation joined the Conled.n'ition. "'^""''' '^ '''"''' '" ^^'^ meantime, had Here th.'u were nine States, with a nonnlntinn <\i' inr„.f> +i,„ ^ -n- exclusive of the n,-gr„ l.oi.ulati,;n-in .JhJ ^ . r uSroJ^hru^ shortly afterwards to b.. joine.l by two other State;--whiX « Inch (iovernini'iit had nos- sion nftbo n„t;..n iT -l "" . '.^^ a cte facto .t „„o s,»„,, „„„ ox,.,ois,,i „u ,„.,' „„„,.;^';;, i ":^„ 'S;?„"; ;;; "■;//,;""■: organized army prepared to wag.> war witli tl r-* . r fl.n «♦ t p ., ,,' .^ " " '"^ 01 Mis oecu|»,.,l 1,.v lH.,l,.n,l U,„„. .\„ „„,. ,,,„|,| ,|,.„j. ,l,„i nm ,va° i, f, 7," .,»■„,■ »l„mt to 1,,. CO,,, «ctcd ,m „ g,,,,t „a|,._a „.ar Jo ,vl,i,-l, ,o ",,,„ "L ; : "Till: insuii,'t'ntti liavo iiistiiuucl revolution wiili (iii,>ti it.,,, ■,•.,>,( ,i...n * , , .- i Sa.t.s ,0 ac,„u.c.. in the ,hs,no™l.n,u.ut of tl.!; iSn!'' TI^'S;^ s'^rillA^^ S:- d 'u.i " t! Fn.rn th,. beginning the operations of the war were carried on as ui a war between nations, aeenr,|,ng t., the usages of war among civilized States. No attemt was made to treat lusurgeiit prisoners as traitors or rebels ^uiLmpi ^vas made Under sucli circumstances it is impossible to deny that a neutral State bad a i I! id I h'i if f! = ll .■ I Britiih Appendix, vol. ill, p. 2. t Ibid., p. ■}, § United States' Documents, vol. i, p. 35. t Ibid., p. 7. L 2 74 r Vittel, Hautefeuille. Professor Uluntschli. riffht to accord to the Insurgent Govcmmcni uo L-haractcr of a bolligcront. Wliotlipr it would be momlly jiistilicii in doini,' so nnist depend on the circumstances in whieli u found itself ))l:u'ed 'relatively to tlu; parties to llie contest. All publicists are a!,'ree,|. that where an inte!,'ral portiim of a nation separates itself from the |)arenl State, luul establishes (/(■ A(r/o a (iovernment of its own. excludini; the former (iovernnient IVui,, all po-.ver and control, and tlK-reupon a civil war ensues, a neutral nation is rully iustitied in recounizin-,' the (Jovernment (h facto as a belligerent, thoui;h it has not as yet ackiiuwledi^ed it as a nation; and, from tla; time of the ackno\vle(l'u:nient of its indliuerent statlis, the (iovernment ih' facto ae(iiiires, in relation to the neutral, all \\w n\'ht>i which attach to the status of a hcUi^crent of an established nationality. "When," says Vattel, "i. party is formed in a Statt> Avhich no Ioniser obeys the Sovcrei"-!!, and Is of stren<,'th suliieiont to make head ati'ainst him,_ or, when in ii republic, the nation is dividtnl into two opposite^ factions, and both sides take anih, this is called a civil war."* Again : — " Vviifii till' lici of l"iliticnl nssnriation nre brnkcn.nr at Iwist sus].cii(lf(l, lictwcou tlic Sov('ivi..'ii niKl his i.cM,!,!,., ihvy umv In* I'onsi.lorfcl us tw.. .listinut ]»,\um; mi.l siiur cmli is iM.lcj.i.nil.-nl ut Ml forui'Mi iiutli,.rilv, iiM oiu' 1ms llif ni,'ht to Ju.l-.. I.iaw.-u Ukmu. Kiich of tli.'iii may lio ii-lit. jt lo!U-, in vimw of Ihu'vohiutavy law of imtious, liifii, tliat tlu^ two juutifs may ad as liavnig v^w.a n-l,t. t Martens says ; — ■' Koii'if,'!! nations cannot irfiise to iMinsider as lawful cni'mics tlios( actual Govmimi'nt, whalcvfv that nuiy I'f. Tins is not rfi'oj^'nition of its wliii are (MupowtTcil liv ilnir lc;;itimacv." Ilautcfcnille says on this subject : — " Kn efti'l Ifs iK-ui)k'H i'tranj;iTs no pcuvcnl inti'ivi'nir entre Ics ln'lli,i;rrants ; la ((Ufiliti' tic suJihs revolt(;3'(iuu rino! iles duux donnu a I'autiv, iloit (tiv ('vaiti'i: \>nr m\ ; ils m- sont, vl w ]wn\ml kw. iu"es de la jiisticv on .ie I'iniilsticu di- la ;^ncm>. Lfs nations ((ui .k'siivnt iL-sti.T ni'iitirs il„ivfiil uccupt.'v la posse.ssion d.' fait; si idles veuK^iit .•tiv ivspectw ]m- lus duux imrtu's, v- ". § 56. I " Droits et Dei lirs de Nations Neutres, vol. i, p. 231. § "Revue de Droit International," 1870, pp. 455, *5U, &c. a belligerent. Whothrr •imunstani'es in wlUcli ii VII piil)li('ist.s lire ai^rci'd, :nni flic parent State, iiiul tbrmcT (Joveniniciil iVdin I neutral nation is I'lilly rent, tlioui^li it lias not i^ e aekn()\vleili;iiieiit ul' its ion Id tlie neutral, all \\w islied nationality. lieli no Ioniser obeys tlic linst liini, or, wbeii in ;i 1(1 both sides take anus, ciiiltMl, li('twc«n till' Sdvcni'.'ii CI' Cllcll is ilulclU'lllll'lll III ;ill tliclil Illiiy lie I'iLjllt. It I'lilliiW-, act :iM liiiviiii,' iM[iml I'iulil.'t ic, who are eiiipowi'vuil liy tliiir s li'uitiiuiu'y." lif,'riaiits ; la r|unliti' dc sujets s 111' sunt, I't 110 ]iuuv(,'iit I'tiu, k'siiviit rcstin' iicuti'cs duivi'iit (U'lix |iiirlies, cllcs ddivciil lis ■ i|iii icliisi'iait (k' r('iii]ilir l.^ l'i"ti'i; it';,'unk' cniiiiiiu lU'iiliv; il avi'c justice. U'liii iiutiv n'lii' ultOs iiu saiiridt sViHoiisc'r i|iii' lit I'xi^'i'V <|u'ils ck^vii'iiiiiiit sii :m'iil SL'H allii's, Its uiiiwiuis i|v Britain on tlie Alalmmn gcrents, lias the, followiu^' icnn'ut (ii'u'iiiusrs, vt (|iii entii>- ii's '/»'// Ul foniif piiint i/dEhil 111 Slaiitt'H statt). II alliniip la ' « nlli tjiii af jrrdiiiiiie di: divtl huxpiirtiii (ujiafitnt (k honnc fn iiiichisidii suivaiiti'. ("est que, iiix Kt"ts tJiiriijii'i IIS, I'll jivest'iii'i' vX la Cciuti'dri'alidii, cVsl-i't-cliiv, :tro i|uu k's I'llat.s I'nis fussent I'lil lu L'aracti'i'o dc ruissanws ^'ncrrc, suivaiil Ic iiiodi! iiiio li L'(^ . 231. 75 ,,,,,,Jl^,r;,:a.';^.i!;S:s'7,:::i':;;,S"';''^^ '--"-"- i-..'^-^ his edition of Wbeaton, in a not,. („ See'tion 2;i :— " The ormsion foi' tlic iiro.nl.inr,. „(■ l„.lli..,.n,nf iLl,".. • ';;r t ti„„ '!?"■ ■•'■""'' ,"'"'■'' ,"' '■ "! "' '" 'i ' ? sir H "'"•■' iiiiniti'V, H tliiit. Its own I'l-lils and inlrn'sts ai't ii'latidiis to till" |iui-ti('s. WhiTc, II |i:ii a i'i\il omiiicnt. lint tlidsitMalidn.,r„ „.,,'i;,r„ .^i^,, llttiiirs ln'tWt't'll tlin c'dliti'llilini' iiartii.j 111,,?- 1 1 d.'t.'n,u,„' will . statd oranidiaiiS'wirn ',a;;,::::':,niri!"'''^- "''^ '"■'• , , , Ht(d,v,',.,i u'":s;r'^T'''''^'''''''"'^^ I"--.', and tlu' msni'^.'nls riain, a indilnal nalioMalil „, ,1 ' | f, T" ',"" "",'"7"'''''i"" ''.v municipal m,'ntdd,.snnt,'dn,'c,k.,an'.'d;.Mi('dn i.v a Inr.' "l s," . '' •'i';'V' n-"''"'''' "'''"'' ""' I""''"^ "<'V..i'n- M,'i','ssity,i,sa-ratuit(ais,k'i,,di,st,',ai,ai\d'i,,dnd%,nini'. in.l "■'-'•'■''"', '■'.-''"■^' i'' >'"t .i'l^titi,.,! I.y '■' •■ ■' "■">- ».'..'■ i.'i;i:,;*l';:';;*;:: ;::;;::r;';iri:;;;;,ir:t It is iiiiiKirtant, llu'rcldi'i. to It is coHain that tia. st,u,: M'thin:;!;;;;;;:;;;:,!;;. "ii^^''^'^'' ^'''''j. i''^tity ti,.. u',„.„i,id„. toil u-itr, in the sens., df inlrnialidnal law ■ that is .,nv ,? ' '""J""' i,"'^""J-'''iils imist ana t, in fa.-t, (itherwiso til.' i-..,.o,,.nilidn is falsili,.,!, forth,. r..c'd.' n'i i i 'V ' r''''; .'' "•"'■"""^' l"M'iMrt,ial ,'x,,'i','i,„. ; Ml-,' viirious, an.l far nioru .Icisivi' whcro there is" uaritiM,,. «■',', i ' ''"'',*" '''"■'■'"in" H"' uucstion Aiaoni; tho tcst.s. ar. tlu' oxistcnce df a ,/,■ /'„/„ ,1, . ' "" "■'"' !""'>""i''ial n'latiuns « id, Idi.'i;;,,,.,,. i'liunii't<.r, poindation, an,l r,>s,mn;,.s. to <'dns'iit„t,. it ill.i ,' ■"i""u''""" "' """ '""'"-''■iit« NnHicicnt in I'lipable of diacliai'i,'ii,j,' the duties df a State ' ih,. ,„'.,„ ,1 ," ', ' ■^'"'.'' '""""- ""''mti'i'i^iiviwonahlv ,utin« in ac,;nrdai„'e with the nd.'s an,l elist'im^ , Vt l, ' "' ■|'''''"''S''' '"i'^^^'y I'"'"---' on end, .sid.s ,'XcliaiistMifpris,,nei'.s, iimltl,,. ti','ati,,,.nt,,f,.ai,i,i„Mli,,s,,n;,.'M,' I "n " '"'' "'' ""■-" "'' f"''e, <'iii'tylH, and at sea, en,,doy,„ent by the insur^.'nts .,l\' , , i ,; ''l ,f "'" '"T"! '^'"^'^"■^ l"''-'"^'"-^ "'' "■"'•; (;iiv,','>„„ent df the rij-hts df lddc^ka,kM,f ins,„ n ,n , I"' ,'""' "'^' "'''"'''' ''>' "'" 1"'»''" .scarchin;, neutral ve.ssels ,it sea. If a]] th,s,."el • ,, ' ts tTluVr"''''?'''; '"'"' "'' '"'^'^'"'''^ '""' war; ,iml it may h,. war, hefdre thev an. all ri,,,,,,.,! ,„ ■, iv'' '■"'"'"'"" "1 thin-s is uiukaihtedlv ■^Vs to the ndiition.if the f,,r,..iini State til the .',,,,ie.,-V' ,, , . is not ,'iinti«uous, it is (litlk'ult to imai'ii,,. a ,-,11 t\,v il . ■'" }■' "" '"'"'• '""' "'t' ''"'■''ifiii State .^I'oid,! formally i'...'d,.,ize liellii-erentTi J , n „ , ■' em'"' ""'' • '' ''"■ j"'^'-"'^'."'" l'"it.^l States ,m.c'„purt.s, it would re,|uire a lancHy s'uppos 1 1 , , . ^^; i '■"""!"'""'V'^ '"-■ '■^■"''■" "'' ^'-''-'IH', with "!■ ....mil sui,iMU't. I!ut a .'ase may ,u'is,.\ i^ !, f reh n S, 1' i ' T "'i'" ;' '''''' '•'■•""■'«t,„tion .State responsible for ,U'ts done by 'the insuri^e 't , ," l''^ , "'T' ''"■"''' ''^'''^"^' ^" '"'1-' t'"' l'""-"t in.',,,, air. Cannin. to l^ord (in;„Mlle on thM^eL u J., 'U'';'s';;:r I Ml '"f " '"' '''t ^'"^"™- i ,n/'.'s lii'lhjrereney in the insui'<,'e],t.s, it reh'as,.s tl„' mr,., , s' . "7 ^ ■ '"' '"'■'''-" '^'''l'' '■'■'■"^'- 1«' do,,,, by the iusui',.'nt.s, ,7r no ,l,i„e by t , , ^ '"' 'T" '•'■•^l'"".-^''"lily for whatev.'r may (Mr, Adams to Mr. Sew,ml, .lune 11. LSfll H ' ' , ^':f-"/^''r'" ^'»' '"■^"W't I'MWer exteiak I'onli-aoa.s State may be ,ddi-e.l to niak,. tl„. ,i,.,.is ,',„ Ji , ,/ ■ ' " '-'"""''■"^ ^^'''^''b' 'ip'iii laml, ,i pnu'ti,',', this ha.s no{ l„.en .lorn, by a ■,,'■, ,.,''r ''''■/''', "''^ *'' '•"-'"■■'' '^ ^^ '• ^^''r ; but, ,. i™.'sastl,.'yaris,.. AVhe.'e .h,Mus,,,^.,;;; 1 J ; ^r'^^}!; ^^^^^^^^^^ k>ext..„s.ve ,'omnu.r.'ial r,'latio„s and trade at I e 1 1 'ts 1 , ,":',"'""'"'': '""' '''" ''"■^■'^'" ""l"'" l»'tl,nftheeontendin. p,u'Ues have .'onsi le, ,] , ^ ,''''^''','''':' ''''■ ''"■'•'.^" nation ami either or I il*irdv,.r the .s,'a, then the relations of the IvmiS, ';,',''•'""' '" '^""'''''' '''"''''' '""Sl fxteild "In such a state of thin.-s tl„' liabilil v t , o t^ '', ,'" '■'"'''' "1'"' ''"' '''■"'''"■''• .l„ty to be deei,k..l at on,'e.",s„ally U'^ '' ^ T^T'^^r^ ""' '^""^V"'" "'' '''^''^ ""-1 ivi,m,vauautho,'itatiy..a„d ..vne.'al 'i;io„ a t the ,t s f h' n"" '"' "l'^''l. ""i«''''^. '^cm to ,'«nt('.t ,s a wa,', all fiir,'i;,n ..iti.en.s an,| otti,.e,'s VlMler ™, i''"-' ,''"'"'" "'™'^'^'''- "' *''« cinduct. If it is not a war, they are to tollow 1 " ^^ ,^^ ^ ^;: l^ ''"";-■ ">- '";;'"'- -..>; Hn. of Lmiwi-s ol both sidu.s n,ay st,ii), .search ami cint,,,. ,. ' ' !' ''"'■■ ^'"' '■""imissioned 1 1^': r '-i^'-'"« ^'"1 "'"^t ' ;'""it to ,;:,/" *: X ■-^',« '">;•--! ; and that vessel must iii„e,tl,er party <'an stop or m arch the fore^i a k y, d ,n 1 'l ""' " "■'"• ''"^ '^""^^'''^ \m that ili,'e<'tion, ami the ship.s of war .^f tl f ■ ^ TV "'"' ^''''^ ^'^'f "' "'^'.V r,'s,st all att.'inpt.s |l.':si.sti„,- in the .ittoiupt. If i i.s war l.re t, nti ,^ '.^^^^ "^'"^ ^ittack an,l capture any cruizer ;nt M not wa,^ no such Tribunal can W I,,!e a f Tis w the ' , '" ftt"'"'"'-"' J'"^*^ ^■■''""-'^• l.irc:,n,ll,i,a„nh^ insurgent ports, which fo.-ei'ues ...'t,., 1" ";"!;^ ".'^^ '"^'.v ,n,st,tutea Idockado favin, la,.o commereiaf inten.d,„;e with 1. n n ,'y Sl 'uom .'■, " ' ' • '"" I' ^''''' ''"■^'"" ""''""*' Ipaper decrees oniv. Tf it is ,i war the ins,,', ' ,'„ K'^ "" '''"'"'- "' '"■^"'•.i.'i'"t ]iorts by |officials,atsea:uid in rort, as lawni ' li "n^:" n":'':: 7" " ''I'l ''■''"'"' ''>' ''"■'■'-" ^'^'^''"^ '>"'' Ibu treated as .Midi, if it ,s a war the Fes ,d', 'is 1 " ""''' ^''""" "'''''''' '"'' l"'''^''^' ■■""' "'"y Imilitary person.s cane into play. If it not ' v , ,1, 'l 'r "w",''"' '■.'"".'■'''''•■"l. '"' 'l-'l^tehes, or Iwar, acts of the insnrj-ents in 'the w.iv of 'e,' , ,' ,' , ' , ''^^ ^^ '""" '"■'■'■-" .i"'-i«'li>-ti<.n, if it is a lm'.,trality l.aws ; whii;, if ,t ^ not a ^u t , y' 1, , '' "^'"^T'''^ '"'■ '"'^ti'i'v, may be breaches of Wynr of crimes by municipal law ' ""' """ "'"' '■"^^'K'"-^- '"'^ •""'^■'' ^'^ -^^tegory of L pS::;i1Ji?i=:u:}S;S;';r;;n::;;; t ,:;: ':r;r Tt r' ^""'r'^ ■""^'^'-'-' '-^ ^^ Ration., with the i.mi'.s to tl ... c mt s TI, ' ^ ' "" ' -l'*' '.''."'^'i'' """'"^■'' "' "" "''^'■'' Vo^^M^ banner for all possible contin 'en^s y the in,r T I"'":'-'"'' '" "" ^'^'^^ ""'> '"°«' intdli.ible Ireatedaswar. If tl.e stX, f thinrs ,.,1 declaration, tl„,f the contest is, or is not, to be |entof tl. Goyernme„t.'^1;^i'not^Mi;arca^:: sboukr'i.^It t "|Si'T ""t."'""^^' ^'^^T private cuiieus, or uayal or iudinnl otii,.,..-.. .,f i '" li tr to he ileckled ;ts they may arise, by Mr, Dana. I ( If > t. : ! ? I 1 1 ! p ; ' Tlio " Saiitisfima Trinidad." MM,l \\h\A\ it has no rmni.li'xilv, it i^ fi uraliiiioiH and niilVicndly act. Tf tlio ]iarpnt (Invprnniont rnini.liiiii of it, till' cdniplaiiit nuist hv niadt' U|u)n im: ol tlu'si' ;j;roiinds. To dccidi! wliether tho recofinition v,..s uncalled tor and ]in'iiiat>n'c, V('(|iiiri's soiiictliini: niori^ than a consideration of proximate fails, and tlic overt and formal e.ct.s of tiu'. C'outcuiiin.u rallies. The forei;^!! Slate is l«iuiid aud entitled to cousidw the iireeedin'4 history of the parlies; ihe ma.unitude and ecaapleteness of the political and nulilmy or"ani/.ations"and lueiiarations on each siih' ; the prolial'le extent of the "onllict hy sea and land ; ili,. prolialile exti at and rapidity of its deveh)pment ; and, above all, Ihe jirohabiiity that its own merchant, vessels, naval olliciav. and ('onsnls may he j.recipilated into sudden and ditlienlt coni])licatmns ahron,!. The best that can be said is, that the'forei;4n Slate may jiroteet itself by a seasonable decision, eillw upon a test ease that arises, or by n ■general jirospective decision ; while, on the other hand, if it niukcv the reco;,'nition premaliirelv, it is liable to ihe suspicion of an mifrieiidly purjiose to the parent Stai,- Th(^ recognition of bellii,'ei'ent ri.^hts is not solely to the advanta,i;e of the insiii'nents. _ They ^aiii tl,. of tlie points there raised heini;' that the fJovcriuneiit ul Buenos Ayres, under whose coininission the vessel had taken prizes, was invalid, tin- inde])endeiie(! of that iState noi haviim' 1)(>en riH'oo'iiized by (he Government of tin' United States, .Mr. Justice Story lints disposes of the objection: — "There is another ohjei-lioii urged a;,'ain.st the admiswin of thi.s ves.sel to the privile-(s ,i:,: immunities of a imblic sliip, tvhicli may as'well be disposed (if in connection with the 4iie.slion ah.in- considered. It is, that liueiios Ayres has Hot y^t, been ackiiowledj,'ed as a aovevei,t!n iiidc]iciMr;,i (biyernment by the executive or le.^i.slattuv ol the United Slates, ami therefore it is not entitk'il lu have her .ship.s of war reco.^'iiized jiy our Cnf.rts as national .ships. We have, in former eases, JuJ occasion to express our opinion on this ]ioint. The (iovernnient of tin; Ignited States has recopm,,! the e.xistence of a civil war between Sjiain and her colonies, and has avowc'd a ilelerminatioi! to rciiinin neutral between the. jiaities, and to allow to each tlu' same ri.uhls of a.sylum and hospitably and im-r- course. Kaeh party is, therefore, deemed by us a bclli.i:;erent nation, havinj,', so far as eoneia'iis us, tlic sovereiijn ri^,'hls of war, and entitled to he respected in the exercise of tho.se ri,!.,'hts. We f;miii'! interfeiv to 'the pr.'judiee of either belliifereiit, witlaait niakiii'; onr.selves a parly t.) the contest. Mil (lepartiii'.,' frran the |»isture ]m)perty of an Aiiicrican citizen, unprotected hy any connnission whatever, and a capture made by her could not be held to \k i,'oo(l prize. In the recent case of the Uritish l)ar([ue the ITiaAvatha, and of the "Mexican sciooiht .Brillante, which were ciijitured by ships of the United States, for endcavonriiin' to run the blockade, and which iiad been' condemned as jjrize, an appeal havinu; been l,roii!;lit, and an objection having; been taken that tiie Coid'ederate States could not propi'i'ly lio held to \k bell igeients, and that consccpicntly the i'resideut had no right ^'^ estiihlisli;i blockade, .Mr. .Justice (irier, in delivering the judgment of the majority of the Coiui, lay.s down the following important propositions : — " Insurrection nyainst a (iovernment mtiy or may not culminate in an^Jor^anizeil rehelliim ; 1ml » civil war always be;,dnH by insurrection agaiu.st the lawful authority of the Covurnment. A civil (v.ir case nas neen overriueu or siuiivcii uy iiu- wm;v;i-iiiuii, jmij^im ui^ m mv, v-n.^^. ui n Para, in which it is alleged that, notwithstanding tiie commission of a bel Power, a vessel was held to be subject to the jurisdiclion of a Court of the Stat( British Appendix, vol. iii, p. 86. J pnreiit rinvornmont rnin]iLiiii (• whether the recoi;intinii \' ,..< (Ill (if pi'oximnti' fuels, iuul ilu. hmiinl i'.ml eulilk'd to C(il]>i(ii'i s nl' Ihe jiolitieiil unci iiiilituiv '■(iiilliet liy seii nrul hiiiil : iho liability Ihiil its (iwu inerrham- (litlii'ult roiii])li('iitioiis iiliriv,.!. Iiy 11 seasoiuiliU! (U'eisimi, eilhiv (in the (ither liand, if it iiiiikts ly pui'pose to t!ie ]iiirent Siiu,. .lie insurgents. They ixaiii i!i.. inuiiissioned eniizevs at sea.iuKi I of foreign nntions. Thi'\ . ;, .iiist 1,'very thin.u hut neuiiah,, lire respected, and they aci|uiii' t is relieved from responsihil::v is respeete(l ; and it ae(|uii'i-,' iiaritiine war." and Avitli rcforcnco to ii, lis laid down enable! iis tn caso alrondy citod of tlio LI- iliat the Govormncnt of cen ])iizes, Avas invalid, tlif v the Government of tbc f)n : — is vesi-'vl to the privik'nes xA 'clidu with the i|uestion alirMv id as a sovevei.Li;!! iiide|ii'i:.|i!,i 1 therefore it is not entitleil u AVe liave, in lornier ea-se;;, iiaj ! United States lias reeoLriiizii owed a determination lo iviii.ii:: lylum and liospilalily and iiii-r- aviiii^, so far us eoneeriis us, iIb^ iO of those rights. We ('iinii'jt Ives a party to the eontost, aal . must lie eonsideivd as liaviiy iiiblic sh'jis ill our ports, iinilfr ;nd, as sueli. must be recounizel Tills is tlu^ doelrine heretnt'uii' judi^nter'a in the foregoing ent in the case of the Uran nmiission of a belliiiei'ciii of a Court of the LJiitcd th" validity ol' ;> ciiptmv, lestioned by reason oj' \k I ship of war eonunissiimca ■oniniissioned as a pvivalecr; •(^niz( (1 belliii'erent. Slu' ■an citizen, unprotected liy d not be held to be i,'oij(l Tid of the lilexican sclioonor es, for endeasoiirino; tu niu p])cal havino' lieeu bi'oii!;lit, ati's could not pivix'i'ly 1* had no right ''^ estalilislia the majority of the Comt, in auTort^anizcil rchulliim; ''"'* :' the (Jovernment. A civil wr 77 i.s never solemnly dcelared ; it Iiecoinos .such liv its ' 1 the persons who orif,dnale and earry it on. When th'' parlv^, ivI.X"'''''' ''""■"'' ""'' "■•^'"'"«'tion of manner a eertan. ,iort,on of territory ; have declared lliei , ,1 „ „ '/"""''^ "'"^ ''"''' '" '^ l"«tile have or-anued armies ; have eommeiieed liostililies • ' i i ^'-T ' '''"" '""''^ "" l''^'''' 'iUcKianee • Mses them as lielli^erents, and the eontest a !'r' '?% /d. l?',' ^T-'' '"^''^'^^ ' ^ '"' ^^orld aeknow-' ami mdependenee, ,n order to bee,,,,,,, „ .siiveivilMi Stal,il ?,''''"'''''' ^" ''^"''''■^'' l''^'"' li''^'''ty insui-ents and ,'ehels who owe alh-ianee, and wli,?sl,n„I i i,. ..l!' ,, S".^';''''?-". ''"rt.V "■•-■ats then, ,« miti USUI cour ui-ents and ,'ehels who owe alle^'iani'e, and wh,?s|„',i,l M, ,' • , "'i «".^'!''''''«ii I'iirty tieats them ,w . " The laws .d' war, as establis^.d aulo,,. no^s'', HIT''" "■-''' ''"'^'' '""■ ''"■"■ t'''^"*""- tigate the cruelties and missies p,„duce,T by the 4 ml f I'"""';""" '" •«'s,in, and all tend t« ,aUy concede to each olhe,. bcdtcrent ri'.];,," tTJ^LT ^^■'"'' ''"' '""'"'■« ^" " <^'^" ^™r irte.s,esandru]eseoinmon toiiublicornafi/inalwais ''^'"'^"o^' I'l'wner.s, and adopt the other "It is not the less a civil wa,' with liidli>'er>i i r ■insurrecti,in ' by o„e side, and the insm-ents be n!,'isij'l!r.K fl'V'"''''; ''•■'^'""' '' ""^y '"^ '"'"^'1 "" that t lie .ndepen.h-nee of the revolted ,,rovi„ce or Sla e 1 , .H- I'w ' ,'''' """"''•, '^ '^ ""' "^■"■««">-V party liell,-e,-enl ,n a war acconlinn- i„ ,i„ ],,^. „,. ' '" ■ rl^nimh-do-,.,], ,„ onh-,- to coiistitnte it a adechn-ation of neulralily, The condition of neuli'alit 1,, i,','"'"'" /' i'" '"^'"^^■I'^'l.^''' H as war by parties. In t le case of the ,V(,.//.s../.,. Tnn./ud 7 Vi e- ti ' '^ tl "'r'"' "'"■''" ^'' ''"' ^»^^mt of the rn,t(^d States has recyni/ed the existenc.Vof , ' vd w v'f ' ^T^'^y^ 'Tl.'^ Ooven.ment has avowe(_l her determination i„ ,v,iiaii, u.nitral lielween the , ,'• ; 'r-'", '""" '""' ''^''' ''"'""K'.s, and by us a bel .,-ereiil nation, havii,^, so far as concerns u I . : ■'■ ''";'' '"."''>' ''^ tl,erefo,« deemed "The law of nations is also eaHed the law of nt - ''."^•■"■i.un n-hls of wai'.' as the coiiimoii sense of the Wfirld. ll contains no 'Iwh ',„ '''' ,'"'""','''' "" "i" common consent as well arenowforthelirst time desired to pr,.,K!,,,,ert. w 1 Z ."■\^''"t -hid, tl,i,s CnnH ag:,inst their Sovereimi. expelled lier Courts, est, blisl,ed^, , v „ , '•'^''''''',^''''' ''"™ "«'" "' ''^■'"■Hion and eummeneed hos.iliiics, a,-e not en.:ni.sh!!^Z^ th'^'^^^^^^^ Governmeutbytruilurs, ii,.jr,ler to, lismeinl,er and, lesti-ov it '!,,,''"■/"''' '' '™'' ^^'"''•l '^" fl'o tion." - "■> "' '" ""t 'I ^Viir because it is an ' insurree- Chief Justice Taney, ]\[r. Justice Nelson Afr T>,«f;. n Cliiford, diifered, ind..e,l, from the niaic,ritv 7 i\e Co.irt 1 .1 '''''''".'•''''^^ ^^'- '^"^^^^^ the Idockade Mas, in its inception, hnvf^i Ibn li,.. .1 ' '?''-'l"''*'°^ ^■'' ^^ "'''^ther thou^-h by the constitution of l,o U, lec Sh f . 1>, "• ^ "/"""?, "I'«" "le fact that orinstirrection.call out the national ^^Cnn'^!^^^':!',:^'^'''' '''' of invasion Conj?ress not iuivinjj declared war till the 11 , X "^S ^^ T ''-'Y' ""'^ '^'''^' power to deehu-e a bIockad.>, and eonseouen v hJ l'' ' *^'''. ^}'''^''^^''^^ i'^ad no illci'ul. Hut there was no (lilercuec o f mE n n. '' T.''"'° ^^ ^'^^^^'^ ^'^'^^^l^ ^'as soon as civil war is declared. ^ '''''' "^ ^^'' "l"^^^^"" «^' l^ellij^^erent status so Ithe SS^natl:!!r!S:rw;r^2t^^ All I — , to the Cont.de.to Governmr ^'i^ Zj^i^T^^J^ But thoue:li it would seem impossible to contest thnt nf .• , . oontiimance of the civil war, the recoo-nition ol 1, in-' ?""^ *""'' '^"""^ ^he whether fedorate(1ov.Tnnientnu.stiia-(!takeupl. ii .inloi^^ ''"*"' "^" ^^'' ^'™- -i^-wledgnient IWtish Coverum.Mit Mas preniatiu- ' ^i .'Z^^^^^^ recognition by the P-maturer i passionate view ..ftb(-i),,sit ion of tiKM.MrieridnfV ? *'"'''' '' *''>'" »'«1 ^'S- Looking to tlu> state of tbin-i v i e ;?! lu < ''-'f' •''^■'^"^'''' 'l''^'^^'""" Government' couhl not but sc-e t ha vo 111 „ ' ' " 'T'T' "'' ^^^'-'^''^^.v'^ necessary to the protc^ction of British nte "n T I nc! Z^o S f' "^'^ •'""' "'^« elmi-acter of heiligen-uts. As .soou as it w-.s k , v, < " insin-gent States the t. 1,0 exten.led to naval onera iu he 1 iteirs n f I'^rS ^'''^"" '^''' ^'"' ""^^ ""« -hjeets required that the belligcre; 'sta us ' 1 o ,nrt s'' t.:';,;;"""?'? ""/ ""'"''^^ was evidently about to eusue, should b.-cl(- rl , f. i «'';oat struggle, mIucIi a state of things was about to prese, id u tZ\i!:t "■'"'• ^' "'^^ !'^""' ^''"^ recognition of bellig.-renev. A uch r d -i. , ' i^ 1,' ' i ■ ' .i / ''*"'': ^" ^' .n^^^ifyinj,^ tlie ■1^ i 'e h ( ■■ i ^ ^«i;i''5;il':'::;:i''w::.';::;:';;;.;''i]i::i:;;^ ^■^xrr '"'i «''"- ^'- --- I'^menl, if in(le...l it miKlitnoU,ee(,nJ5:rcd;o ;;,;::, l!, "^^"^"' "' "'" ''-'-l-aey was iMUluItl.liemislv with lliiMirrival of tlii.; ii..u^ , i 1 '"" iluHtux Horn the raited Slatitw, s 1^ ^1 I^, ! If ?'''M''h'''''''7'' '" ''"^" ^' -" '■""^-^'''1 t" l«dcr„ey had taken s.eps lor issuhi^^ellem^' Imu!.:' "'.I!!":''/''''' "": '''^''^•'""^ "'' '"'^ ^-''tl-em , *■ ■■' lilt. ►■UtliCll iiiue iinainsl the vessels of the Nm'tliei'ii Slates. Page 51. ! - i 1 > 3 1 * i." - " If such is really the cnsc it is obvious tliat much inconvenience may Ix? occasioned to il,,. nutnwnis British vessels engaged in trade on the eoast of the United States and ir the (!ulf of Mexi,,,, •ind that timely provision should be made for their protection against undue nif.iestation by reason nf the maritime operations of the hostile parties; and Her Majesty has accordingly commanded me to si.'nilV to vour Lordships her pleasure that adequate reiid'oreemcnts siiould forthwith ho sent to m-r Majesty's -^ciuadvon on th(^ North Amerii^an and West Indian station, so that the Acbnirai ii, eonuuand n.ay be able duly to provide for the protection of British shipping in any emergency ili„i ™'*^ "f"ie,,,l seareelv observe to your Lordships that it might be rigiit to apprise the Admirnl llmi. much as Her Majesty rcrels the']iriispeet of civil war breaking out in a country in the happiness ;n,i peace of which ILt Majesty takes the deepest interest, it is Her Majesty's plea.sure that nothni- sIiuhM bo tl(nie by lu'r naval 'forces which should indicate any luirtiality or preference for either party in n,,,. contest that may ensue."* TMicn I sav that the foregoing letter is relied on, I must correct my; oli'. It is relied on onlv iii a mutilated form. The third paragraph of the letter which gives tlie key to its purpose, and supplies tlie motive of the writer, is, I regret to say, oraitted- its" place being supidied hv asterisks— while tlu; otber paragraphs arc given at lengtiilr \\'ii( Earl Utissel! had in view was, not to give any advantage; to the Insurgents, but to secure i)r(>1cetii)ii to British shipiiing in case the invitation of tlie Confederate President sliould litnv the effect of letting loose a swarm of privateers in the American waters. There can, howevin-, be no doubt that, prior to the issuing of the Queen's Proclanm. tion of Neutrality, Her Majestv's Ministei-s, having become acquainted with tlic relative position of tlic two parties, and seeing plainly tluit tins was no ordmaii revolt, and tliat insurrection liad assumed the form of organized government :uul of organized wtirfare, and loe'ving to the dimensions the contest was about to take, had come to the conclusion t..at it would be impossible to withhold from the Insiii'ijcut Government the character and rights of belligerents. At the time the letter last cited Avas ^mtteu, nothing was known beyond the fiiot that the Conhnlerate CJovernment were preparing to issu(> letters of marc[U(' ; but on tlic cnsiiiiin- (l;iv, the 2nd, came the ucavs that President Lincoln had proclaimed a blockade of all tlie Southern pf)rts, though the terms of the Proclamation were not yet knorni, Hereupon the Ciovernment, in anticipation of any emergency that might arise, adoptou the constitutional course of consulting the Law Oflieers of tii(> Crown. "Her Majesty's (iovernment heard the other day," said Lord Russell in the House of Commons on the 2nd of May, — •■Tiiat the Coid'ederaled States have issued letters of ninr()iie, and to-diiy we have heard tliat it ;- intended there shall be a lihii'ka.le of all the ports of the Southern States. As t.) the general imn;. sions of the law of nations on these iiueslions, some of the points are so new as well as so imiiortaiit llui they have been referred to the Law Otlieers of the (.'rowii for their oi)iiiio;i, in order to guide the (Inwr.;. meiit ill its in.stnietions both to the Kngli.-eralivr dii'lv of iirot(M:liiig British interests, in ease they sliotdd lie attacked, ju.stilK's tfe (J.ivernnient in at a'U interfering. AVe have not been involved in any way in that contest, by any art or giving any advice in the matter, and, for tiod's sake, let us, if possible, keei> out oi it. + On tlio 0th of May Lord llussell stated in thr- House of Commons that tlic Law UHicei-s and tlie (iovernment had come to the conclusion that, accordini; tn prhieiples wliich seemed to them to be just, the Southern Confederacy must k treated as a belligerent. § ,., ^ , t. „ , i , A desptiteli lo iiord Lyons of the same day, in Avhich Lord Russell develops lib views on the subject, is wortliy of a wise tuid considerate btatesman : — " Mv Lord, , 1 ■' '"Her Majesty's ( MAerninent are disap]>ointed in not having received Iroiii ymi, I'V the mail whicji has just arrived, any rejiort of the state of alfairs and of the jiro.^peets of the .several piirtw, with retell lice to the issue ('if till! struggle which appears, unfortunately, to have commenced Ijetvocu them; but tlu' interniiilion of the coinmiinication between ■Wiishinglon and New York sutiieicntly exiilains the nnn-arrival of your despiitelies, "The accounts, however, which Her Majesty'.s Consids at dillerent poits were enidiled to torwui't by the iiacket, coincide in .showing that, wliatever may k; the final result of what eauuot iimv ><■ ih.si.rimted iitheiwise than as the civil war which has broken oof helween the .several States of tlii' to' ('iiir.ii, f.ir the present, at ' t, llmsc States have .separated into distinct coiiiederacies, ami, ii^ •^iw lire carryini! on war against each other. • Apiimalix to ihilisli ("asc, vat. iii, p. 3. + See Chbc of tlip Unitcl .Statcx, | I HiuiBaril, vol. cUil, p. 1378; Ihiited Statta' Docnmcnis, vol. Iv, p. 482. § HaiiiBrd, vol. cUii, p. 1564 ; United Status' DocuracntB, toI. iv, p. 483, , 01. 79 Qce may be occasioiicfl to di,. ates uiul it the Oulf of Mcxid., uiuhie moit'Statioii by reason nf ncror(linj,'ly commanded me to 3 should t'nrthwith he sent to tation, so that the Adminil in biliping in any emertiencv i \a\ flit to apprise the AdmiiMl llm!, 11 country in the liap]iiiii'>~ ;iiiii y's pleasure that uolhini: sIk.u],; irel'ereuce for either ]iaitv in i\f: nust correct m,.; oil'. It is ' the letter -whit!!! ijivos tlio , I regret to say, omitted— aphs are given at Icimtli !- lat the purpose Earl IJiissd! its, but ro secure protcctiDii ate President should liavi ican waters. ig of the Queen's Proclania- ome acquainted with the Hiat this was no ordiiiarv anized government ami of est was about to take, liad thhold from the Insuriicnt rt-as known beyond the fiiot tters of marque ; but on tlic had proclaimed a blockade ation Avere not yet known. ■y that might arise, adopti'd the Crown. ' said Lord Russell in tlie I to-day we have hoard tliat it ;< tales. As to the ^/eiieial prov:- new a.s well as so imi)()niiiil ihi io;i, ill order to i^uide the ( invcni- the C'oniiuander-in-Cliiel' 111' tin' luly to use every pos.si!)li' iiiraii' Aiiienraii States. Xolliiii^'lii: liould lie attacked, justilu's tl.f ,• way in that contest, liy iinvad Ijle, keep out nf it."! ouse of Commons that the ichision that, accordins; tn hern Confederacy nuisl k 1 Lord Russell develops lii* atesmtin : — received from you, by tlu' mii a jn'o.'^jieets ol' the sevi'ral ]Kirtn'- ly, to have coninienced l)tt«i'oii ^ton and New York sutllcicntlv jnt jioils were enabled to forwiipl al result of what eiuniot ndw !«' eeli the .sevenil Slates of liif l:il> stiiict ('oni'edcrucies, ami, a> «Hrli rtlic Unltc.l StntoH, p. 01. D, vol. iv, p. 482. 8, Tol. iy, !>. 483. laim l)renij,'iilives of a "The question for neutral nations to consider is, what is the character of the war; and whether it shoul. be reganled as a war carried on be'.ween parties severally iu a position to .;rage war, and to claim the rights and to jiurlonn the obligations attaching to belligerents ' . »" ' " •■ Her Majesty's Government consider that tliat (luestion can only lie answered in the ■ittirinative ,f tlie «-ern„.ent of the Northern portion of tlu! late Union possesses tlie advantages iS.e n in long-established Govenim(nits, the (.overiiment of the Soutlieni portion has, nevertheless dulv consti- tuted itselt, and carries o;i, iii a regular form, the administration of the .'ivil -overniiient of tlie States ,)f which it 18 composed. it.iut.i ■' Her Majesty's (Government, thorefoiv. without assumin- to pronou-:-e up.r.i tiie merits cf the .luestmii ou w iich the rospc^ctive parties are at issue, can do no less than accept tlie facts tire.sented to tliem. They deeply d(;plore the disruption of a confederacy with whicli thev have al all times .sou-dit „, call. vale the most Iriemlly relations; they view with the greatest a])i,rehension ami .■.Mieern the misery and dcsolatmii in wliicii hat disruptuai threatens to involve tlio imivinces now arraved in arms :u;ainst each otner ; but llii^y teel ihat tlu'y caniK.t .nie.stion the right of the Southern States to to he recognized as a lielligerent, and, as such, invested with all the rights hclliij;erent."* '" Whether tiie determinatiou to acknowledge the Confederate States ;is belli'^erents was come to a tew dtiys too soon or not is a matter on whicli th(>re mav possihFv be a ,liffer<>nce of opmioii. Hut, tlitit on tiiis account British statesm(>n, actin'" under an an.Kious sense of duty, in luvtlicnince of what t!i(>y beliined to be ;i just and uecessarv policy, should lie publicly accused of having lietm iiiHuenced bv the sinister (l(>si<'n of promoting the interests of the one party at tlic expense of the .dh(«r, while pvi'teirdin"- simply to fulfil the duties incidental to their position towards both partii>s, ii •/ iiainfiil thing. The world must judge between the accusers and the accused. Whether the resolution was comi; to too soon or not, it was not acted upon till the events which rapidly supcrv(>ned coidd letivc no doubt on the minds of llcr Miii(>stv's Ministers as to issuing t he Proclamation of Neutrality. On the 10th of May, ti dispatch w!is received from Lord Lyons, containing a copy of i\w Proclamation of President Davis as to issuing letters of marqu(>, and a copy of tiitit of President Lincoln declaring that Soutlu>ni privateers should be treated as jjirates, and announcing the blockade of the Southern ports. f " Tli(! British (iovernmeut contends, and, as it seems to me, most justly, that when, hy declaring the Southern ports blockaded, the President openly ackiiJiwledged the existence of a civil war, and thertdiy recognized the T'onfederate States as hellurercnts in the face of the world, he thereby rendered it not only the right, liut the dutv^'of the British Oovernment to tr( at them as such. 'I'liat it became the right of Her .Majesty's (lovernment so to treat them can admit of no possible doubt : no jurist, I am satisfied, will assert the contniry. The prettmsion that the Federal (iovernmcnt coidd treat the contest as a war, so as to declare a blockade, and thereby exclude neutral nations from iicc(>ss to the blockaded ports for the pii: pose of trade, wliil(! ne;>tral Governments, on 1h(> other hand, were not entitled to treat the war as one going on between two belligerent Powers, is a proposition which is, [ say it with all respect ibr Mr. Adams, really preposterous. .\pplying the principles laid down by the I'^ditor of Wheatoii, in the note which I have quoted ;' length, as well as by the other eniiniMit jurists to whom I have referred, v.an any one doubt that Her Majesty's (Jovernment were fully justified in ircognizing the belligerent character of the Conf(>d(>rate States. AViieii th(> war between the tAvo parties to the contest became extended to the ocean, the int(>rests of maritime nations, and more especially of Great Brit.ain, Avith its extensive commerce with the ports of liotb .Soutlii>rn ;uid Northi'iii States, became at onc(> seriously involved. BetwivMi (Jreat Briiaiii and the Southern ports ihcw wtis the constant intercourse of an active and (>xtensive eominerce. The British shipowners and merehar.ts had ;i right to look to the Govi'rnment for protection to ships and cargoes, if interfered Avitli, in time of peace, in any Avay not warranted by international law. It w!is the duty of Her Majesty's ships of war stationed on ilie iieigbboiiriim- nav;;! stations, or (h'tacbed from them, lo all'ord thai protection. So long as the war Avas not aeknowledged by Her Majesty as a !(>gitiniate Avar, any interfereace by cither bclli- LreriMit with a liritish shij) in'glit havi> proved the occasion of some serious collision. With the recognition by Her .Majesty of the war, till her subjects would know that tlie blockade must be treated as a lawful one, and that any ti'a(l(>alleni|)ted (o lii" carried on with the blnekaded ports would be tit (he ])erii of the parties attempting; il. Unless the blockaded ports were treated its (he port-- of a bidligerent, theiv couhl !;;■ 110 lawful blockai'e. Tlie Idockadc of it.s own ports 'oy !i State, to the exclusion of I hose who have a right to trade with its sul)jeets, is a thing unknoAvn and unheard of. i,« ■ ! 145 * 'Tiiitc^il State-' Dociimunts, vol. i, p. 37 t liriiisli Ap|u>iiilix, vol. iii, p, 0. M 1 1 n I< ■( ft ■ \ 80 The subjects of Great Eritain had, by existing Treaties, the right of trading with those of the United States. I f tlio eitizens of the SoutbeiTi States were still (o be looked upou as citizens of the Tlnilc-d States, British merchant ships had a right of free access to the Southern ports notwithstanding the blockade. Nor could the British Goveniniciit deprive tlumi oi' this right, or refuse them its protection if forcibly int(>rfered with. The cllcct of a blockade in the disturbance of contracts previously made, makes ji of the utmost iiujiortaucc to the commercial world to have the earliest notice of tlic fact, and of the recognition of it by the Governnu'nt; the more so as it has been con- sidered that ollieial notice of a blockade to a Government is sullicieut notice to its subjects. All these important considerations appear to me to show, beyond the possibility of dispute, that it beeomos the duty of a neutral Government, when it is made aware dj the fact of a blockade, to give notice of it to its subjects at the very earliest moment, The alternative of refusing to acknowledge tli(> war, as a war between two b(»lligerenl, Powers, A\as therefore to refuse to acknowledge the blockade. Would tlif United States have preferred that Great Britain should adopt this alternative? By establisliing the blockade, tliereibre, the (iovernnient of the United States niiidc it, as I have said, not only the right but tln^ duty of Her Majesty's Government tu acknowledge the bcdligereney of the Confederates, and thus to give to the war, so tar as {British subjects A\ere concerned, the incidents which attach to war, as respects tlic relative rights and obligations of belligerents and neutrals. 'I'he ])olicy of the Govenmient was explained and justified by Lord Russell in a letter t(i Mr. Adams, of the -itli May, 1805 :— " Let :ae remind you lliiit when the civil wnr in Aiiierieii broke out so suddenly, so violently, and »i) extensively, thnt event, in the prepnrntion oi' whieli tircnt liritaiii had no ,iluire, eau.se(l ndtliin; fnit ileliiiiient und injuiy to Her .Mnje,sty'.s suii.jects ; (ireiit liiitiiin Imd pievioiisly eiinied eii u lursjc ( onnneicc with tlie Southern Sliiles of the I'liion, and hiid ]proenrcd there the stujile wliieh f■m■ni^ll,(i niuteriid^ tor the industiy of millions other peojile. • Jfad there lu'en no war, the existint; Treatie.i vvitli the United States would have ,'iecureil tlif c-onlitnninee of ii (onimeree niulnnlly iidviintrt,i,'eons and (k'sirahle. lint wliat was the first act ii one irronnd only, namely, that the Southern StaU's were carrying on ivar agaiii.'^i tin- (lovernnienl of the I'niled States ; in other worils. thut they were belligerents. " Her Mujc-ily'.-i < ;.i\ei nnient, .'ii hearinj; of tlie.se events, had only two <(nuse.-i to pursue, naimiv, that of a<'knowleil;iini,' tlie Mmkade and proclaimini,' the neutrality of Her Majesty, or that of refiifiiig lilockade, and insistini,' upon the ri^rhts of Her Majesty'.s .subiect.=t to trade wiili the Her Maji'sty's (Jovernmeiit )iursned the former course as at once the most ju.'^t ami the mo.st friendiv to tlic United States, "Jt is obvious, indeed, that th(! course of treatinj: the' ves.selH of the Soutlieni States as [iniliial vessels, uial their i-rews a.s jiirates, would have been to rei ounce the eharaeter of neutrals and te liilii part in the war; nay, it would have been doini^ more than the United States themselves, who liavf uuver treated the piiscuicis they ha\e made either by land or sea as rebels and piirates, hut as pripninR; of war, to be dclained until renuhirlv e.Nchaujied. ".So much as to the sicp, which you say your (Jo\crTi)nent can never n;,'ard 'as otherwise tluii precipitate.' of ackno vleilLrinu' the Southern States as bellifierents. It was, on the contrary, your uwr (iov(U'Miuerit wliicli, in a.ssuminf; the belligerent right of blockade, veeojinized tlk' Southern Stiitci ;i,s belligensnts Had they not been liellijiereats, the armed ships of the United Slattis would have ImhI iii. rij(ht to .stop a siiijj;le liritish shi|) upon the higli seas."* But it is siiid that the recognition Wiis premtitiu'e, because, when it was made, tlir oHlcial jinnotineemcnt of the blockade had not yet been r(>ceived. AVhat if thisliad been so r The blockade existed in fact ; it was known to the British (iovernment ; and it was importiint to 11 (>r Majesty's subjects that it should be made known totlieraat the earliest im.ssible moment. But this assumption, rashly made in the Case of the Unitid States, turns out to be in<'oirect. The facts stood thus: The Proclamation of the ]'resi(lfMil with regard to tiie ports of the s<'ven .States was issiu-d ou the I'JthoI Aj)ril. It \\!is l'oll()W(>d liy a siniihir J'focliimatiod of (lie 27tli, tis to tlie ports ot'Nor'li Carolina and Viro:inia. The blockade was ertcctually established on the 30(1). The is-suiiig of the Proclamations was eominimicaied t^» iiord Lyons, the Minister of Great Britiiin at Wtisliington, on the 29th, On the 1st of May, Mr. SeM'ard, the Seeietary of Statti of tlie United Stt»<«s, writes to him a« follows : — "The sn-ealled < '( nfe.lerate States iiave waired an ;usunwtionary war uuaiiist this (ioveranii m They are buying, aiul nveu seizing, veasela in several places for tl* purpoou of I'uriiisiung tlieiii.siivi- • United State*' UocumentB, »ol. i, p 396. to ac.knn\vled;,'e tin ports of tbe South, . tt right of trading with tliosc were still to ho looked u|)ou d a right ol' tree aecoss td id the Eritisii Govcnimrtu rcihly iutcrrcrcd with. previously made, makes ii ! tlio earliest notice of tlic nore so as it has hecii eon- is suDlcieut notice to its V, heyond the possihility ol , when it is made aware of lie very earliest momeiil, , as a war hetweeii two the hlockade. Would tjn' : this alternative ? of the United States made Majesty's Government tu give to the war, so tar as ;h to war, as respects tlif led hy Lord Russell in a t so suddenly, so violently, imj 1 liad no shiiiv, caiiaect imdiinj 1 jiKivioiisly (•aniccl on ii luriic tiurc Uk! slui)lf whicli I'livrii^lmi Stiitos would iiavo secnn'il tW t wlmt %viis the fii'St ucL nl' ihc 'i mi, till' blockade of ihf jiurtj ■ e of neuti'ulsi to the' SuiuIutii .! carrying on 'var uj^'aiii.q ihi' :erents. two course.^ to pursue, niiiuch, ler Majesty, or that of refasijig ■sty'H sulijeets to trade villi the rse as at onci; the inoBt j'u.vt ami U! Soutiiern States as [iiaiii'al arai'ter of neutrals and tu laki (1 Stales tluniselves, wlm have els and jjiiates, but as iiiisniiiiT !vei' reganl ' as otlierwis-e tiiaii was, on tlio conlraiy, yoar (j»ii ojjnized the Soutliein Statw ;i.< lited Stales would have hud iH' ise, wlien it was made, tlie i-eived. "What if this liad British (iovernuieni ; and le made known to them at made in the Case of tbe hus: The I'roelamation of vas issued ou the I'JtIiof Ii, as to tlie ports of Nortli ilished on the 301 li. Tlic ons, the Minister of Great Mr. ScM'ani, the Secretary war auiiinst this (loviiiiiniiut ['pot)«i uf furuisiung lliei ejii.'ifivfs 81 with a naval forro, and they are issuiu" Ipftn-.. r the commerce of this eo„nto^ You .ao awi^ie thT'iuf Jvi^^'lT ^ l'^ ern,,loyed i. preyir ports mcludeil within (he insu,g,.r,t St,„,s. Al t i ■ . c ' 'T. '"', '"•'"■'"'""■'I " hloekade o, On the ,'5rd of Ma v. the „ro,.I.,nv,f;^ "'^V, ™ "''""^''' '"'^ '^"""■" '" ""■ worhl- ^n newspapers, wa^ pulJSinf^;;. tll]!''^!^:^::-^- ^;"l nppoared in the wards that there were inaeeiiraeies in the v( •eying on ■ the Boston newspapers, was puhlished in the I „n,l,... "■ "^ ^uc ,vards tlmt ther,Mvere i,.a«.,n..cdes i the -.STL"'" ^< t'"''"''! '^"^ after- hat the suhstanco of th.' thin:,, ren.i.d *''''' ^":?'^ ''>" ^'"^ »^"'^ton newspap.-rs; hlockade ha.l heen declared. '^'"•'""<1 the same; there was n.. d.n.ht tlitt the On flin rwli ,.(' -\r.>.. ii. r. ^.i^<^!i^l^Y!^l^S;::'l -™^«''^tter of the 2.rdor April iV the proclamation of the U:>!ST2: TS^J^^T' "^ ^"^ T^^""''' 1-'^'' '"'•-. of inviting applications for letters of marnile.t (,?lil! '""If ''i 1\'''^ "^" i'i'<'.sident Davis rom ■s, of ret(?rred to, and nine days aftei' a eonv l..i,] i ' ■ ""^ "'""^'*" eomn Now York, that IIerM4.stv'srroelL.tt,r ^'''''' ""' l^'ifi^it Cmsul tit Bttt it is said that tit e expec-ted ^ -'l „ ? A^^ V'f ' 'T T""''' What dilference could it have nia.le ^N',"'^^; ■''"'',''''' *' ^'''''' ''^"' ""''-lited. could have altenul the lacds-faj' whidt n2 i/' ^''^"^'■''*:^' ,''>• *1'^^<' ^^'^'"tloman advise Her Majesty t., recognise the va itv "f .. Id 1 T^' " ^^"" Ciovernnu.nt to rec.ogni.e also the helliuvrent status (.1 i/1. 1 Pn T ?''' ' "'A'^' "^ ""^'' '" *" ^J"- to I But the not wnitin.H iV... m.. a.VI.'"' /''•'""" Conle(h«rate (ioveriunenf. The .solicitude felt l.y Lord. lohn KiLssell as t, 1, , «• . . ..be adopted by the I'lvsi.lent induced him ™^?to en i"m '" "''""'"" ^';!"-«"^-l - likely aid so. He told „.. that the three nrresetitative^of thrkluth^m cii;^;;;:; ^T"'':"^^' >'"^"-'''^'>'- ' iioL HtM'ii tlK'ui, I'ut was ii,)t imwilliii.f t t l*tweei,.he(J,m.rnn,entandthatof i'Yanee !;dlicil'^v3;■M^^ l^'f tlieie existed an un.le,sta,„lin. m-oj-nition, whatever tlmt course iMi^ld be/. ;,,^;'^ '" t^''t,n ,■'';'":'''/'''',''' ,^'''>' =""' "''" '"' ^^ould e^ ..f disregardni, mere r ou. ami tZ^t S'tuSell-'t^-llZS;" ^ I^J hJlJ'£!:iZ ilr Z'lL?:'' J"!!i:j,J'- --"',«'■ ^"•- A-lan. was to ohtain (meditated hlockade;" not flu. I .,,.1, ' ' "'mour '- ,hat is, " rnnionr of a Ihe question of the i^^Kdama o ^ ' N^^S'lf' SeV'' '''~'^,-'l' '^- A.lants Imthentie information cam<. in the eon s ?^ t <« rn.onr proved ,.„rrecl. AVhen Wshed to the Forov.n OfTee fuH J ^K ^r'/'*'"' "^ rroehmiation .dlicially Urhecame convertn i .;,: ' ^''''tn'"'' .'"^!''^l>!'»•« "f rmn.nv, and ij fime for action had arrived """"^^ ^11 motive for delay then ceased, nnd -h,. |hislS^S;?ti;:;a. ""'"'"■'' '"""• '"■"'"•'' '"• '^"^"- -"» <""t hy pers,.,. who 1 felli^onf^'^Sdlowe.UriltJ'Hm^ ''1^ Confederate States as Heco.aition of ¥ -I'lne ; iiy tlu^ Kino, of tL. \,wl ' i '"''' '" " I'melanialion of f - lOtli Mligoroucy. U^,iL i:.n;::.;j:'r B«j;; L';;ii;rJ;,'':.5:;,;,;!,'' • "• "- ""■ '• « ' - ""■ ,-.- ..1- ... l»> (uilj «l,al Mr. .s™,m ,. . ,. r . ■ "' "','' "-•<•"''"■■! »l»l'.»- In ««.». (l,„. i A„,.di. ... B,i,„a c™';';";'.';;,,';'i"''''' '•'■■yst ■"• l-niU'J States' Documcnis, vol. i, p. S4. § Ibid., p. 7. M 2 [ '.i ; s V - '' Ii i t 82 ■ Tl„. r,i,u-(l states canno;. for a moment allow the French Government to rest under the.lelnsiv, l..H..tt ^. wllhoc^^^^^^^ ^'■''^^' recognized as a bdli^erent 1-nw,., l. s 1 t\ vL' I th is n,ui m is in auiity. No concert of action among iore.gn btates so recgnu,,,, uX^^^ri^ n^^^ 11.0 Vna.d States U> such a pro..ceding, whatever may he the consequ,.,,,.,- "' '"in a (ulpatch from Mr. Stnvard to Mr. Dayton of the 17th June, IBGlMhc lor.u.r ^^''"' •■TWrnilcd Slates .i.rhUy jcah.us, as wc think, of th.ur sovereignty, cannot suffer tliemsfh,..,,, .,ehate^;:vlii.n:;ntofU.a^ S:U ;i:^r :: v':::^"n:;Vaud\i;;r^r"::"W":v t... .aw ..f ..anous and ..y Treaties, not ..,„. K ka'u.cn two inn,ginan- ,.mics here, la,t a thcnd ol ,ho I n.tcd States. throw the '■';^-';''"'"; j;:\'i' ' / ,^' .^ rowers, and modiiying the natu.d these lads do not con,stitut., . ar I"- ' ," , .^ i„'[,^., ,,„a res,,onsil)ilities of foreign i.ali„ni, cltarmaer, rights, an.l respons.b.htu.s, ' - ^ ,' ";„ f, "^ 1 volution thus ripened may exti>.m4 U, is tru.. that i-'>-'^^;';;j->;E if , u t' '^t Scpint States, a^d that iUu.h St«,. '■' 'r;''';tir;ri"'fSm. in then tlu're exists a state'of war aflecting the characters, ,i,l„. ShulsofaSt^;:eSiis ILrncd.' liut this only happens when the revolut.on has thus run. suc.c.ssi;ul course. .„^ ,, „, ^.e instruction which has been tendered to us. that a,ta,j lie hum II "■''"'.";•> , :n.,iu..,t.,its of this countrv, in the eyes ot foreign I'oww, all tacts uh.ch U '^^«"""7. - ;^ ,. ''^;t^r^:e.^L, whatever may be it. r^rets, the Frettch (Inv^. ;!:::,::'r;rcon:ide;\t:: t:v;;';^l;!d4 rabies as employi.tg the tbrces at their disposal „. co„,„n,„,v with the laws ol war. nations entitles any insurrectionary tktioi) .. This statement f «7«« "^^^^.^^^^ , Jt t tr^U belligerent, but also that the liat ol ,1. „ \,.n U estabh.shes a \ '',""'; ;'\,"' ,,1 ic in the eyes of foreig.i nation,. It ,a„i,,„.,.,,, „, 'l''-l"^- -,f; ^ r' XL le lu mid tin insist that ih. existence of a ,A >. oov:n;;:ll;:':^n;i.H;:';H4!i^;:::t i:^ .« uot estamished m ti. present case."t In a despatch of .luno 19 he writes :— ,. , . „ .' What is now seen in this co.uitry is the occurrence, by no means peculiar, but frcpant m ,.B NMuit 1.S no\v •'^"" "' ' . , ^ I'.iitain than here, of an anned insurrection cngii-i.l m ..,u„lnes, ntore '^l"*^ .,^,:" S^^.^^^^^^^ Z\ est abl shed (lovernment. There is, „f ,„„^ attempting to ovcrthnj^^ , J u e Svenim n u.p.ess the insurrection, as every other ,l„MMuploymcntol '',''" y\,;',Y'"^^^^ these incidents by no means constitute a stat. -I « ne-'essanly employs '«'7," / ^^,1; ^„ J cvea i. " WUigerent sections, and entitling Iore.gn S,at. i;;'!:;;:;':;,:;':;';:;:::^" nj:il 'c^r t£^: >;. i.rany oiher way to cast o,f the. lawiu. oMi..,.. t(i tlic nation thus for the moment disturbed. \ Writin- to Mr. Adams on the 2l8t of July, he says :— •■'nie rnltcd Stales and Civat Ihitain liave assumed incompau^-le, and thus far inecoiuilaW '"'^'";^h;i^n;;:.d 'K; c,l^mS,;nh;r£mteg,.ity of the Republic IS unbroken, and that .y, llie I nitcii c^iait. I i.i „„fin„.. in-e ciinccrned as we 1 for war as for peace, over idltk ..ovenum.,.,, is -'P'-7' -,;"•.:;!, ''^^'"SZl moiv am tli bsloyal, the patriots I'nd the insun;.* "rifr^'f ,:::i;ueK' h V si ;iua KSsh Government slial^ in no way intervene in .1. i... m'lon. .;; hold Sulereial or other intercourse with the it.surgents ,n derogation ot ,1. lc,H | ""'"Ttlo^ition as,sumod l.y tl.o United Stuffs Gov<>rnraent was plainly tmtenablc. b,.i,,. m^Wr not' nor less than this, that when a hody o States secede from f ,n t7.r o e nment and form one of their own, the ori^mal Government ,s t<. • Ij i t.l.'e as to wl,.M, the sltd.is of helliscrency can he coneeded-a proposit.on .l.oHj ' .L • " ..wi. ..11 riweived nrineinles of International Law. I '^^"'uowWKi-eUvl^lSJiUatter appears from a despatch to Lord Lyo,,^ '^""" nm7to state to your Tx^nlship that I have every re.^on t.. be satisfied with the langn.u..d| conduct of Mr. Adams since he lias arrived in this country. • United States Appendix, vol. i, p. 192. J Ibid., p. 206. + Ibid., p. 202. § Ibid., p. 214. ment to rest uiuk'r thu duliisivi jed a3 a buUif^ureiit I'nwfi l,v ; tbruii,'!! Status so reco^iii/.in';. itever may be the coiisequi'iuiv rth Juno, 1861? the I'oniur ty, cannot snfior tliuniNrhi.-. i,, fiLT nation. Mucli Ifss can i„ iigniiist tliat sDVCveignty, wliiih e United States on tlic siil.jiTt ded natinn, especially sii I'ai n^ and by Treaties, not a neutral >tates. » » oso that any war exists in il:, there is no war. There is licr. s of America, competent tn tiuiki nations. There is none nth,- rmed sedition seekinj,' to uvir. naval forces to re^iress it. Ilir ers, and niodifyiiif,' the iiatioiul jponsibilitics of foreij,'ii iiaiiniij on thus ripened may e.\tiii;.'iuA t States, and that if .stieh Stat,^ • affecting the characters, lii'lit? the revolution has thtis run ii^ ;en tendered to us, that ccitiun the eyes of forei|.'n Towers, a!! itc regrets, the French Cmvini- 3S at their disposal in eoiifeniiity ,les any insurrectionary liutK.n it, but also that the fact nt tin 1 the eyes of foreign nati()ii.<. If that the existence of a (A jmt isent case.""f ins peculiar, but frequiiu, in .lii aniied insurrection engu^rnl ;i: lovernraent. There is, of idiiric :tion, as every other (!oviMiinnii; means constitute a statr "f wni jons, and entitling foreign Siaii; to cast off their lawful (iliii.i.Miini> u"le, and thus far niicilalil' )iiblic is unbroken, and tlnit ikii 1 for war ua for fieace, (jvit id! thi 111, the i>atriots and the insiiiu-Hii- in no way intervene in thi' mm- nts in l,lic .,rders • that I, "^ '^, , nnTcaii tie tnanm.., to leav. then, batnl uf adventurers eh.stered in so ,e n isf , , 1, ''r T'l V'^ 'V '" ^^")''^'' '""' '■''I't'"- ''>' a suhjee'. them to the lH.nalties.,f ,.irar - ■ « . l <" •'■\Alviop,.|ag,. or ,„ tl,e .Mlantie would independence, like Jband of .Inln; lle.^ ^1 b ^ "VZwTr '" "'"" ^'"1 J'T' ''^'1"''"'' ^'"^'^ than the United States the,u,.elves Their r, l,'.,,! , ,1 ' ' '''' "'"',''' ^'"''' "'""" "»"'■ (.'onfedera.^v, but I e„uid not perceive to , 'm> pnsoners tuany of the adherents of t]„. prisoners to trial lor i,igi, treai o- h I .m s X r'^'waK l' " ^t""" 'I'''' ''"' '"■""^'" ^'"•^" ItSa^^i'tThe-ifiiih;?;;--^^^^^^^ eon^tatnl of oHU.. dt.ly .•onJisJi^;::^^. '^ I::.! tll^ss! r'!; t nio'.^ oi" ll;;: liips ol war. They insisted, (iaestiori as to ('onfcderato I ff , , , ,, , . "'"> "" ""ni)i-inu'iie leuged, eoiild not "ive to its siiitis (ho ,^U■^,^■^..t^, ji (• i\ , , . ^"'1''' "" ( iiaiaetei- oi snips oi war 'Ibov iinii.if(.#l fhereiore, on these vesse s he nip looked inw.n ..c „;,.nf„. + V- , "^ "i^'^""> PH. 01' other ttatiotts, and all t^s" it^ .ll'^ei^ ^InS d.lt tSl ^"Se tic!;;^ (.overnnietit ev.>n went It.rther, a,id threatenetl' to l.ohl t.entral (Jo^n'mnen resnon s,l,le lor any assts(a,.ee„r supplies aHorded to Conlederate ships. Z^^ '.E (.overunients wen> ,n,a,.„nons n n-ittsh... to tu-eede to these den.ands, and Sn e fn ™'siL!es ' """'""'" ''''' ''" ^^'"" l'^'^'^"'^- - --- allbrdedt tKose ^Ihe Th.- question lirst aros,. with the (Jovernnumt of the Xetherlands. on the occasion ,>• • , of the visit ol the Conlederate vessel, the Sumter to the Dut.d, T.l- nd ,>p n occasi.jii .scuss.on wtl. Ate'ust 18G1 and of Ikm- lioi,,,, ..ii.l,.- i ""'"'' "/"'l uutcli island ot Ciirayoa, m (Jovernmentofthe <:ZtL tlw.n' Tb. (• f 1 ^^ .'• ^;* H'pleiush Iter .stock of coal and ohtain N'«"'"luad«. supplies there. I he laet htiviii"' eome to the kiiywied.'e of Mr Sowird I,nfl.fi-i ittstruet..! M.-. l>ike, the Unite.l States' Minister ^it t H.^X^t!"^^ immediately t( the notice of the Governm(>iit:— " "it niatlei "You an^ instrueted to britiir this matter ion Il.,i,.l, , ii, . i' .i ., Mr I'to a,|,.,„-,li„sly |,rot«t» against th.' i.l.'a " that aid and countcnan,-,. ,.,„d,l n hi" h .'tn . ^^' "• "■"'^'" *''""-!^'ritte States, as a i.r«.iieal me!,s„re nf ree,,;, i.^ tl t^ .i^hphke the Sumter idaunmg t,. be a uatiomd ve.s.sel of tho.s,. .States, should be permitted to l^trhn n..,gl, boanog ports „1 b,re,gn nat tons, and there nbtiun the neeessarv means to e,u 1™ " , ^1, e.iate tp-m the eomtnerce ot tlie M,te,l Stale... Th.U s,ah a ..onrse on tlie part of a„v "ower , ^n^S h"! the act that she w.us u.ndMe to obtain .suel, .supplies at home, so fa. from lieimr ,.eu ral eond, t L { reaUy to altord the n.o.t el!ieient_ iiid to the n.e.; 'who wee in ,;.l,ellion auain h, ,. v "n ner t 2 pu.menngan.ldestroy.ng the vessels a.nl p...pe..ty ,.f the.r fellow.Mti.ens on the hi 7 "us 1 .routed ag,u..st such a .loctr.ne ius tending neeessi.rily to the temiination of all tr.e, ly r la ions tetween our (n,vun,...e.,t and any Government that would tolerate such pmctices, whether that t)™! tl Briti«h Appendix, toI, vI, p. 69. ' h ] t - * !• ; i Jt 84 luenl were Frnnce, or Eii},'lmi lnsnii,'ent Sttites the eiiaraeter of a heUiirenmt i'ower, iitui insisted that the vessels of the Confederate (ioverninent were but '• ])iratieal eraft," or at liest eotild only be hioked niioii its jirivateers, in whieii eharaeter they Motdd be exehided, exeept in case of distress, from ports of the Netiierlands. M. \an ZiiyU'it stated llie views of liis (lovernment in it most abl(« paper, from whieli. ho\v( veiCowiiiu,' to its h'liijtii, I nmst eonline myself to a few extracts: — " It is not sutlieiint to dispose of the dilficnltv liv tlie declaration '.Imt the Sumter is, as is .statcil in your .lespalelies, 'a vessel litted lait for, and actually eu^'aj,'c(l in, jaratical expeditions,' ov ■ ;, privateer stcincr.' Such an assertion sliotdd lie clearly jirovcd, in accordance with the rule ol l;i\v, ' aflirnianti incuiuliit pioliati (4 the I'nitea States themselves in their strni;'irle for iiuiependenee, •' Is there n.'(Mi," he asiss " to i^eniijal voit that at the outlet of the -.var of Amerienn lit(h>peTid. •'.•(>, in 177s. the Kngli>-li refilled 1o reeooni/i' American privateers as l-s^fiil enemit - under pretcMice that tlic letters of marque which they bore did not isnwiiiate fro'T the S(,'vereiji:n biil liom revolted subjects r Ihit Cavni ]5iit:iin smm had to desist \mm\ this ])retention, and lu aeeiil(l l„. ,, Tim u„i„.,, st,al\S;::yi:::,;r:^^.''''^'''''';'''''-i'.'iz..s ships ith- '«-Y"mout„llmSuac...-Uo,m,alof •a-iMl. I Ml' Cimcil ,>ital(m, Wllusc l)(.||i.r,.|(.||h ' l""^"'- perioil tlH! same tTiiatiimnt in i!,e ,,„7i. „,M'"i.'* "'"!?' '"" ''■•'"UMi/oil l,y Kn"h,u\ ,-.,;, „. i . .i engaged i.. a tiiil.ust.n,,. ,., liti, .J!'. , ,,, ' , ""' .'-'"' ''•' ^l"'^ 'nonlh). .„■ ..m. r Im S , '" ''"Ts:;;;:r ;::;;:,;■';;;":;-*- i""s:?K:;a;^r' ■•» •■"■"-^'■r.c i»iiuii^ 111 pcnmiptorv • Tlu' r(!a|))iuuiaiic(', ul' tlic •Stales' (iownnrmnt 'l„ ..vmlis. o Im , ' 1"''-."V>'^'''M'-'I weakness of the |)„„.|, ('.„.,.,„„' ''"""''' """ Ifi-rciicr, th ■•J)ann- a period of |l,My-,ix ;iavs, dunn.r the and ,ateisoh,etan,uterval,see,nsto '" Hi'' ic^helhoM against tlm U„jted ■' i'xjieetetl favour, or tho fancied West IndiesJt wonl.l appear' (Ir^ "hioTJ'" ''^'J''^' "'' ''"^'' '"'•"'' "f this ..ivrtie.,! vn» 1 • .pent eighteen da^s „„del 'thi.ir "^mi!' ''"' '"'"" '-"" ""^-''--ed .nd .npldiiiut 'li^rtl' ••Jhiseanbem.areidentajeircumstance In the mnltitn.h. of Imrhoiirs with uIm',.), .1 »r , "ccasion to eontine her visiis so entirejv to I ' ,"' ^"'''" "'^'■^ "'""""1. tlm Sunitor hns I, , i with then. a.s Holland. And the f t that , . ,' "' ""'' "''"'""• '••^P'.'.'iallv one so ™,ntih s, r .' other interpretation than the one I hlv^l ^Jji!;;' ''"" '" '^' ■" '">' 1'"'^'"' "t, not faiH;;n:;"!;^il,,r';!^t:J su.aJ ,s t n^i:!:;^,^^i;-~^^^^^ .e .„ ..d. .,«.. ... of ... ia.d down .11 vour KvcL.llei.ey'.s ':*.'./'.'■ '"."-^^"^''''I'"" ol it :,lK"!;:r".!''",/:^":.''"- ^'- ---^r^ti^ ™io,. of „s ,„„.,;,.::•■;■■:,:- v-- --'I't"-"- ias,,and For I'ontrov ""■?■;" ". " "• "'" "I your K.v«x-lle.i..y'.s eon, ,mni,.-,.i ,, "'' """"■'"'ty aeco.-di,,,, t„ if treat the same ■ H(nvev(!r, the (Jo\-,.|-nnmiit of the Xeilie.l.,,, i . .■ :.vo,d] all that conld give the sli-l. e t su f ' ''"''1"^ ^" "'^''' inatruetioiis to tlm eolonial anthoH a • ' '•'""pl'""t t'> (he |..-t,Jyof ...I nmre than sn.lieL.t al- a r:^; ^te.S^^r h,;;-- - an.' whieh sho,;; i,..|f es,:! 1,r ,,: tu.;ifer' ^""^ ''^^ ''^■^''"^^'' •"■ "- «"' -^ this n,ontl. |Won„.,entoftheN-ethe,.|ands .4st, Imh ,7 ^'"."-^'.'-'""'^ Mpp,veiau„„s of the eond.ut " i' J"st ,.,.se lor astonish,ne,.t, A^ iL:,' ii^'c^C72Cu ff '"'li "'■' "* '^^ '-'""y -te "" Itliat it iiiav I i.spe.ise w th nnderliliM , , ■ ,■, ' """'' ' 'ni^^ t hi I- ,«sio,., thJ events wLmh 'hli^'lll^^l/jS;:?:;;'"" "-■- ^<' "" III the mean time, Mr Sewnvl i...,i -n. ■Goy.>rnmeut of the Netherlands, just wh- ( e r >' . ^f /''" /"'"'•'»ation of the fsirard t() the matter in " ^ ''"'*^''' ^^'^^"^-^ «ltum and expect in -' 'PI 1 .... 1 .ivsn pi'oof of its desire \U> lilted States, laus .j„st .sent two , ill''' ' ••"■'^« '"' -^'"-'Ite.' f.-om Uvo l.ellige.-e..t part.es, „n]e,ss for twice stea.,m>s, n, pn.vide theiaselves with .^ of till .. ■I I'iive the honour to for.n'partrdoeius ■vho exa-nme impartially, and with- Tiiey have iwked for au exi ■•ttiouof tlm cu.se, p„..e„ted by tlm adn.is.iou of the Sntutcr by i n i* t »; I ! 1 1 I 1 ! jid.i pp. 7G, 77. • Britisli Appendix, v., '.vi.pp,7G77 t Ibid., p. 8a. S ""il.. p. 85. ^ t Ibid,, p. 84. J \. V 'iri! II ill % J 1 1 1 1 ' li 86 U. Ciovevno. of Cu.a,oa, if one can .-af "-n^^;- ' -' '^ -^' ^'^ ^'^ '^ ^"""^"^'" " '"'' • tUu denm.Kl. have 1...U made, not 1 •'''> '' ' •;\' , ^ ^ .,, „,„,,, Ui. UKoiuy ot 'li-loval to ,nak. it .uie Una Lwuefoith any v a ic <-^^^ ^^^^^^ ^,,\,,, Vnilod States, .skdl ...a !,■ Anu-rioan .iti/ens, and -vysn,,- •" l;>" " '' " , „ ts of the Xetheilauds, under any jnetox, udndtled into either the Conlna.ntal ';,,,, '."^ ;,»;,,, ,ve nn..t provide for the pvolecfon ,. wluaever. If that assu.an.e ^''''''i;^, 'V' ^''su i ct i" one'of a ,,uvelyVvactieal elairaelef, .t neu!,„ ouv ri>;htM in sona- other «ay. l''"^" ''',;'', ,,.i',, the Vnited Stales. If «hut is thus des.n.l re,.,uire,s nut adni.ls of dehate or ^^^^'^■^'^ ;" ^ "'J ' ,J^:\vill l>e salislied ; if U fails to he ohtauu; shall he ohtained l>y the /'l^^'',^^'^ :,";'; ,;;'Vei,evlands, its i-roeeedin^js u, this re.,.,! .,11 through tlH. disinelinata.,. "^'l'!^ <''7^' '^-'^ , ll^^^s The I'nited States heu,). thus d..i..e,l t„ he deenied unfriendly ^"'1 ,u.,u.'..;.|s 1' .'^^' /,. ;!^^ t„s ahout the n.an.a r or fortu in w uel, the , „• treat the suh.jeel m a rraetieal ^^>>; ^'''>-'",";\, !,,,,,,, t ,.f the Xetherlands, and stdl ess ahout l!,.. ves,.eet to their rights is n.andestcents u,,.a. M ." ' „,,f; indee.l, they helieve that the attemrt They regard the whole .nsurreefon ';';'> ,' „'■ „,,,„>ts has already well .u^h failed, \\lu • at pimey under the name o ,irivatee n^; ma " f ■,,,„„ ,,v nations i„ friendshii. with the thereto^., they insist that shelter shall not ' ^' ' / / ,, :l,,,v..dehates eoneernin. their right, United States, they, at the same ti.ne, are not " ^^ , .' ;,, ;„ ,„is eonneetion that the .uu,.,. that n.i«ht survive the ex.st.iiu ''''"l''''^''' ;.,,,.' i, l\\,, G,,vernnienl of the Netherlands is „„i ;^:;r ';;/£ .; s:r ^mr s hi,;:: ;:;::: "^I'S. Un i. .ur.a.d towa... ..., .... .1...... ,,i,„ Uiat the I'nited States unreservedly '■;'''"'';:;'' ,1 tnUdireeted hy Anieriean eiti.en. .1. the Sumter, she hei,^ '^ -'^r''! ^^ es" ml Ul r -e nor ean, in their ..iratieal ,au|,ose^ .1 owe alle-ianec to the ^''"'^■•^.^.^'^Vn',: ri v IV. in iiv lawful souree whatever. "-^^^fi.'t'!r;rstates, therelo.. cannot admit ^hatt,,e..u^^^^ ^^^^^^ .^'^^rEr^:^:; so entitled to any piivih;j.es - f f;«'';,";,,^^^,^ ^^^,, ^ ,,'1\:;'n^^^^^^^^^^^ they .lehale any sneh suh.eet with the (.oveinniu.t ot the ' ^ ,j„^.^,,.„. Mr. Pike oxpesscs l-^,-^^^- V^.^;,;^; ..^Sat" -f^-e.s ,l,a, nr-nt of the Netlti'vlamls oti the ^onie^^rut ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^,,^i^,.,, ^^^,,,^ the same treatntettt sh.,nhl '''^^ ]> \™ %\* f j?^ stVt -s' (Jovemnte.tt ht.viu.. .losing to whieh M. VauZtiyhMi replies that, tlu ^nm .-^ ai ^ j. ^j_^ Sat measures shottld be tt^ett to V^^^^^;;^ K 'S'sl ov'.tvnettt hLl adtnit.ed states' steattter Ifutiitois avr ved oil <'';; 1 7, /X,?,!^^Xt'h r stavint.st ho lit..i.«i Lieutenant Ptthnev, who was nt ^'r^^^l^^i;n^honvn eons'umption, altl.o...h to lorty-ei^ht hours, antl her stipplv ot ^^ ' , ' *,^^,J^ J,, *'„f ^...al at Cnraeoa. uhieli, bvtlie at th.> time the Unite.l States had niore a^> j^^ t< ^ « ; ,^,,,,^i,„,,, ,„ ,„,, ,vay, shows that th.-y htt.l ^'^'f^^^^'^^f^"; doin" vt^ approved hy Mr. S.nv.rJ ' Sr.'?;:;ii:KXa^i;';^;^^^^^^^^ „„, .uthorilies of the Netheilamls in similar eases. j^j.^^.^;,,,, ,„. „„• l^.tite.l Stat. | Thus, while the re^tdatton was J^^ ^ ^;' ^^^ ^ pt to entor...- it n^tti. Government, as a restr.et.on on ^^^^^^'^'^^l^'J^nJ It so hapi.e,..!. i,o.- it. n^storation. Mr. I'ike ^>^ -^f'^''^^'^^ J'^.Z pintti.-al Amerieat, ves.k Mr. Stnttenus to the suhjeet he "'♦ ^"^ * !",d fheir eolotiies. If yott cannot seeking, shelter in the ports ot ^l"' ^ 1'" '' ^7, ,, V< ^^,,, the (ioverttn.ntt rf ^TTi£^aft;;:^^^uS^^^^ \ British Appendix, vol. vi, pp. 86, 87. t ^^''^■' 1' 91. i Ibid., p. 95- leii Ibv II iliHavowiil 111' llint (ibility of imliiiiiiil I'li'li'. ''»' umlw tlif iit^fiay ol' tli.-.l'i\,i; I'liitt'd SlaU's, wliiill iii't I"' ■tluirliuiilM, uiukT any \nv\vv ,viivi(lc lor till' iiniluctinn r iivactieiil ilaiiacUM- ; it uiMtln i en. If NNlull is lllUM (lf!-ilMl liwl ; if ii l'«il« l" '"' "'''"iii'ii K'cwliiii^-^ '" '1''" >t!*l"' j ttempt to enforce it n'^'m^ ■ncc. II so bappened, how- le siiu;o;cstion of tbe (iovonior| of tbe United Sttit.'s (li'""l--ta,„l how vour (iovern- to hoth imrties, an,l whieli were, „i ,!,,. tin. ]..?,;' 'r''?l"^"'''''' '""' """"'' ''.^'^'in he, ai'Xahlo Uioporto. Curavoa ,„„ler the rnle of said ^f J iv i' , , !,V''" ^ '""■' ^'''l' f""l""ix -ouhl 2 nS " It was on that oeeiis on that tiiu last «-,.,■ ,',.'"' ""i"*' "" Deccuher. ISOl '^^ -"^ '-'" -I, u iiieh was hronght to your notice the ;..th of •• It loilnws, Irom advices whhh have siiiee re,.,.|, l,i <■ thelroijaoishas ex,„ess,.,l l.inis..|f well ,.;,itisHe,| t In | I,', ;;;'''T'''i'''' ''"•" .""' »^^^- t'mnniander of and thus to have tl,,. ,„,v,le,^., of takin;- as mm, eh 1 1 ' ' ,"^ .v«lnctive measures withdrawn tavei,„ihle to Netherlands commerce wi,l7ti,„ l' d '^i at?. " 'l',"-''" i"'^''' '''''^'«" ""^''«">v-^ nv, nl o m m per eel accord. •^'"t<'>. -' that the interests of the two co.tntries •■lithe instructions -ivenlief,.!,.' ,„|, „,• i, , , laent of the Xetherlands mi,d,. „oi w th';';,'; ril' ' "'' '''T 'T ''''""'"«'' *"• 'he CJovern- luterests as well a.s those of the Um, ,,, erin" ,r ' ""'"' "'"' "■'"'"J-'' '""t ^^■""Id Imit as hits la-en remarked in the eonn.iunieution of^lE, rZ'l''""'" "'^ ^"''' ''"^t'-^tions vessels-of-WMi' ol the I'nilui States als,, ,.,,,,1,1 ,, i , '^".^'''l' liKhan ports more than twic« twenty-io ' ""'' ^"' "'''" than twenty-four hours."* ' -i ■ v -.-....^lhus wiui toui lor a, run of more its own , , w-ould he, 1. dated ()ctol,er2!», l«(il,that the y-nntr hours, uor'^upply u;;:;;^^'- .l'-'^- J^""'-i-'is '-t A similar corresnondcnce Ind in ti„> States' Govenrmont a.rd that ot' Bii- ' in Z^oZ;n^of^f 1%"" Y'T"" ^^^ United Correspondence 7th ot September, 1801, been alloweti t , ent'- th } ,^^^ f""t' ''''^''•"- on the -"' Bra.l. take in a supply of coal ther... .lot^vithsta i n /f 1 . •'^'•\'"'""\.I","-t ot ^Maranham, and to r. Webb, the United States^ Mi..i;te;^ ' 7 S.^?' •"* r" ^'^'^'^'^ ""'''''' ^on^ul. "lose no tune in caUini,^ the attention of the Enine In.' V ^"^P"'"!'. is instrncted to "Vol, will n,sk ex,,lanaiion. thereof a , ^"M>orors Government to tbe affair." then intonn His Majesty's (fovernnient tliiit illJi Xlu'r 'tf "^ ^Mllanations are rendere.l, you will sheltered and supplh.,1, in the p„rts of I!ri/il r,. i ''"Pplvinj; of pinite.s, as the Snmter is will ask th:asn,.h measures shaA he tain hf 1, , tZl^u^ .Is S;"""T '^ ''>'.''"^ * -v.nnnen; L s sdJe ot ,s Ma,|. sty's displeasure, and will p tev • "um. '"f " "" ^''!''""" ••'■'^I"«"d'am btates herealter. 1 uvcni a recurrence .,t such injuries to the United " I hardly need say that the iiroeeedin- Mt AI.,v.,„l . sipuet to the ir,dted States. That w-e lau su i i! "tle,rir'''r'"r "'' -''''' '^'"'P'''^^ ^^^ deep . laencan continent have an interest see 1 only , ^""' '""' ''"''''y "*''«• '^tate on the lie downfall of which would, in ,a,r helie n i' ■. • , •li '" '"' '^'''''ilily "f the American Union .11 ol every mdependent nation on this c It , u " ' u, h nm l'^'" , '"""''' l" '''"^•' ''>' "'^^ •''^^'i"'^ '" d lor the anihition of Kuropean I-ow,,,..s. ' ' '"""'^ '" ^'"'^ ' •'•^•' ''>'*-''""e once more a theatre ".Such respect for tlu! .soverei"nty of tin. Unit . I sit imlispeirsahle condition of friendly^clations with .n'eo "p',l'" ""T"' "''''°" "^^'^^ ^o another is an I inquiry:- l^oai^ioub length, but which ends with the pertinent "Whether it is or is not the intention ,,f tin. Pv, T r^ ol namiue and privateers of the rehels of the Unite I .Crtn "T""?' \" ''"'""^ ""-' 1"™*''=''! letters ol bolliproney carrietl witli it he cons^n S Irih ^'''^ ""'• '''* f""' ^-eeognition laoknowli^dgod belligerent could not be hi- 1 cl ... 1 ! ^''""""'^^'O"^'! vessels of the Itreatmeut as those of the opponent '"'''*'-''' ''"*^ "^"^'^^ ^''^^'-'^^0 the same ln,Sr':!:;^tn ■S:";;;:!^^^^^ f ; --Hng t.rti,ity of M. Webb. kady mentioned; which rt-o- .Xn ? . P • \ ^° /'\'' ^'^■S'llutions which I have hforce. u filiations the Presidents of the provinces were ordered to Mr. Seward reviews the c.om.spondenee .vith evident dissatisfaction :- ,5 ! [145]' """''' '^'''""""''' '"'• ''• P- '''''^- t Ibid,, p. 4. t ibid., N IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ // ^t \° 1.0 I.I IIM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 4 6" ^ V] <^ /] "3 # ^>. V ^1 /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4S03 8S i:: m " Wc cimiiut iiilmit, mid wo are iioi likely In iuliiiit, llmt imvlliiiy lias occurred to relieve nnizil, ,,r any other Power liuldiiii; Treaty relations w itii as, (rem t'liililliu'i; tlie nldinalioiis of frieiidsliip towanls us whieli i( has herelolove volaiilarily assimiea ; iimeh less eau we adiiiil that any such nation lia^i u ri.i,'ht, by ad(.i)tiii,u a eliaraeter of neutrality, to .yive hosiiilalily, shelter, and supjilies to i.irates eU!,M;;nl 111 destroying; (air eoiunierce, whether they atleet to h.. puliiie vessels ol' war, or arc content to sail und^^r rover of pniteiided letters (if iiian|ue -ranted hy the chief of their treasoiialile faction. "At the same time we arc not loohinjj; nut fnr causes of coiiliicl with maritime I'owcrs. We stiitc our cnui]ilaints whenever ,t;ri('vaiices an^ cninmitted hy them, and we ask the redress due to us fmni friemlly States, rnwilliii.i,' to draj; such Towers into (air own domestic strife, wo are crmteiit with ii practical respect for our lla.i;, and we cuLiuuc in no (li.scu.Msi(Uis willi them aluait the unjust or uniVieiidh- nianifotatioiis with which that jiractical resiiecl is s.auclinies attended. Actinir (ai 'this ])rinci|.lc, «v have hriai,i,dit to the notice of tla^ Ihazilian ttovernniciit the jiiievauce cnnimiited a,i,'ainsl us liy'tliu Governnrof Marauham. That (ioveriiment, instead of ■^ivity us redress, (a' tauinj,''any nioasurcs to prev(Uit ii reiietition of the ,i,'ricvaiico, has avowed and sanclioiicd it.''* " In the positi(m thus a.ssumed, the I'.razilian (hivernment .stands single and alono. AVe caiiiiin with self-respect, further remonstrate iinr dchate. I confess that tla^ 'attitu(hi assumed liy Brazil emharrasses us, hpcanse it tends to encnurane (air internal "liemies. We trust, howiiver, that wo iios.s(.ss the ability to maintain and preserve our (lovcrnmeiil ayainsi all enemies at laaue, however much ai'l and encouragement they may receive from abroad. " It is not needful that you state to the llra/.iliau (ioveriiment anv jiart of the contents of ilijs despatch except its conclusions, which are these : 1st. We stand upon the iiositioii herclntore assinin',! that the procoediii;,'s of the (ioveriior of .Maranhain are iiiloleralile. :.'ii(l. We cannot further debate a Rio, nor can we chan,i;e the field of the di.scussinn fnau that capital to Washiiii.'t(ai. .Srd. ('on.sciini^ of our ability to protect all (Uir national rii^hts, we iicitlier importune lau' menace any foreij,'n Stale whi.-li may deem it lit to do ns wrcait,'. l!ut so fast as every such case matures we ilotermine, with v.lmt prudence and lirmiies-; we can, the cniuse which the cmeiveiicy rei|uires."f ^Ir. Webb re-ccbocs : — "We cannot ^'o to war with all the world ; and while circiimstaiici\s compel its to awuiiesce in the coniluct (.1 hn-laiul, Spam, and Ifnlland, we cannot insist iiiiou reparation from P.razil for liavin" adopted the sanu; line of (inlicy towards us."-" Tbe Marquis d'Abvantcs bavins siic'coi>(lo(l Sciilior 'J'aqucs as Minister of IWi-n lllaii's, in relerence to Mr. Seward's last despatcbi-s writes, on tbe 16tb of Jiino/to Mr. AA ebb : — _ ■■ [n view ol the conclusKais of the last nf the despaiehes ivferrcd to fnaii the (lovcriiniein, ol' the Union, th,! Government nt His INtajesty the Kmperor Jiah^es convenient to rey-ard at an end ik di.scusMuu ol the .subject It treats, it bein- tlatleriim lo nl,M.rv(> that from it iinthiii't; has rusidted ui tlw least, alteriii,;,' the relations nt Irielidship and ^nnd lUuleiNiaiidiu.;' between ihe two countries which it «) much interests both to maintain." Hereupon Mr. Webb breaks out. After repeatiIl^• verbatim the comiilaiuts at out in bi.s letter of the 18th of Mareb, bt> eoiitiiuies :— " Here, as your R.\eclleiicy will perceive, is not (udy ;;rave cause for complaint .set lortli, but a im* IS pmnted (lut m whirli the friendly relations here|(,tnre cNisliu.; between the two cmintries can b' restored, viz., by a .simple act of ju.stice, reversing.' Ihe decisinn which Hrazil has ha.slilv made If Jirazil cannot meet the rea-scmable e.xpectatinii nf Ihe (Jnveriimcut nf the riiit(!d States then tlie Secrelary nt State, speak iii.i; in the muw of the ['resident and the ( biveriimcnt, claims at'hM^ihn rjmees.sioii to the pa.st Iriendly relations nf th(. twn ciaiiilrics that Brazil will nn hai-cr occupy tow,inls the L lilted Slates a more unlriendly position llian am nthcr I'owor; but, by fnnowin- the example dl' other nations, jilace herself ' .ai the .same -round in relation to (he I'nilcd States whi(.'h is occupied l.v other maritime p(jwers, and thus miti.^.ire Ihe discnntent • which it is naide mv duly to report to tlii'^ tiovernmeiit. ' ' ' "But this i.s not all. In a (lesp.itch I'mm Wa.shin^lnii, dated ilii^ :h-d April, the Un(h'ivi..:io(l i< instructed to .say to tla; (biveriinicut of His Imperial Maiesty that the (b)y(.rnnient of the'riiitcl Slab's, staiMlin^' • upon the position herelnbav a.ssnmed,' declare ' that the proceediims of the (lovciw (it Alaranliam air uitohmhl,' ; and we cannot I'urlher debato at Iv'io, nor can wo change the lield ef llie UiSCUssKUi Irom that ca|M'tal to Washin,i,'ton.' "And how are these cniniilaiiils, remnustrances, and friendly intimati(ai.s to Brazil, fmiii tlic (.overiimciit nt the \ iiiled Slates, received by (he Imperial Coverniuelil >. Why, the fndersi.'ilcd is called upon to ajiia'i.so Ins (b)vcrnment that Brazil has ' put an end to this di.siais.sioii imkui the albicsiid aubjeci an-l is liapi)y to perceivo il at 'not the lea.st aherai ion will result from it in the relaiiaiis ct' triendslnp luid ;,'ood understanding,' between the c(ainlrics.' " Must a.ssuredly these ani not the results which (he ( bivcniuient of the I'nited States pidniisal il.sell when it or(hav(l the rii(lersi;,'ne(l to jdace b,.|'(a'e the linvermuellt of Brazil the (kspatchcs of the ]M 1 ol March, mid the very si-nilicant extract fmni that of the ;hd of April ; and while it is the duty ol the I ndersi.u I to c(,iivey lo his (bnerninent an answer so very dill'eront from what he anticiinUcJ, Hclt-rospect (hauands that he should not act as u nieiv auliaiiat.ui in the matler; and an earuesi desire to n'storo and pcrpctiiato llio friendly relations ^hieh formerly existed lietwecn ihe two couutrie^ • Uritiib Appendix, vol. vi, p. 83. t Ibid., p. 36, ^ Ibid., p. 33. Iiiis occnivi'cd lo ivlicve Brazil, nr liliniitions (if tVionilsliij) towiinls liuil tli:iL any siil;1i nation lia.s h and su)i]iliu,s Id iiiratcs enna^ul ul' war, 111' arc ucinlent to suil Iroasoiialilc I'aclimi. ill Miaritinii! I'liuvrs. Wu hiati; isk tlid ri'dro.ss d\K> to lis frnm til' HtriiV', we in'o cimtL'iit with ;i II aliimt the unjust or nnlVii'iiillv 1. Actinij; on tlii.s |)riiKi]ili>, w',. .'0 connaitted a.yaiiisl n.s by the •OSS, or taking' any measures fi sin;j;le and alone. We faiiiini, lie uttitudi; assiniietl by Hrazil 1' trust, liowever, that we jiossess ies at lionie, liowever much aid iv part (if tile contents of ihis the iiositinn lieretol'ore assiinu'J, 111. We eaiiiiot further deliati' ,i: Washina'tiiii. .'inl. t'onseious nf lueiiaee any foreij;!! Stale wlijrh :luri.'s we determine, with wlmt ^s compel ii.s to acquiesce in tlie aratiou from Rrazil for haviii;; lies as Minister of l-'orciini s, on the 16th of Jimc/to to from the (tovernuien.t. of ihc lient to re;i'ard at an end iho ui it nothing has resulted in the 11 the two eoiintries which it .so I'batim the complaiuts set •eniii]ilaiiit set forth, but a uimli' 'tween thi^ two countries can 1»; I Brazil has hastily made. If f the I'liited States, then llio ivermiieiit, claims, at least, a.sa I will no longer oeeu]iy towiinh ut, by follciwinj; Hie e'xaiiiple uf led St. lies uhieli is occupied by iiiiide my duty to report to this •■ ;!rd A]iril, the Un(lersij,'ii«l i.s the (biverninent of the United he proceedinu;s of the (lovuninr can we ehun.ye the held of the itiniatiou.s to Brazil, from the '111 '. Why, the L'ndersipunl is is discussion upon the afoiv.siiil esiilt from it in the relatiiinsul' if the United Suites promised of Brazil the despalehes of the \pril ; and while it is the duty 'I'cut from what he aiiticijuiteJ, matter; ;ilid an earnest dcjiiw I'd between the twii cnuntrii'S i Ibiil., p. 39, 89 compels him to remind your Evopllenrv tbnt . i • , , i,norm,o,„. -oniiilaints, l,- ,,,.„thi" h n ,h like tlln 1 " ' '"f ''"""°' '^ °^t«ineJ '^7 utterly nolhin? has oeeurred to iiiteriniit the .ro | , , ■ -"^ " ""(',ss and umneaninij, and bv --.ssuiMim' il , countries. The Undersigned ''.,,, ^r XnTv' 'm""''' V'" ''■''■"'">• '"^^'"^ IZnZ t n friendly relations between ihe tw-o , . •, , ' '■"^■"''■"<'" ut he i^ not uln! m^ IS for their eontinuiinee have been i,iM i •;, , "^ "'"' ''n-^<'d, am! w iieh s ever ibn l,n-( ,. , conduct has be le,-'! i ,, s s ' ' .mi^nm ^'"7;""'""^ '' 'he (iovernor of Ma d, m aS wbn' nanied'thelniperianiiivei'nniiml'j'n;:;^,''!'!'"'^-'''' '•>•>■- IJiedovernnieiiliifili,. I'-,,i|,,,iv<|.,, , ,v, down th. greatest reUdlion lecord.:! i,:^,;:' ; . ';- --,y''--.''- •-.. actively en,a,od in putting held more han a nnlhon of .soldiers, and which i „, , ' , ,,,, ').'''''^ ^^•"■' ^^■''"■'' I'ns railed into the raisinj- and eijuipp,,,,^ of an armv of .seven hn dr , .^^ ' ^''" '■'^■■-""''"t "t the United Slat, .tie vessels to do battle Ibr our national existenc^ . , . '^ 1 '"r"' '""' ^ ""^'^ "^ "«">'ly Ave hu...S ot a mi;,d>y people ; nnd yet, in the hour of .n u, ' , , ''/.'" '■'"'■'"■^■^ ^""1 exhibited, the resources nations o the world which l.ne done her w;;!\w,^';.'i ■'.'', iV''";'''"''";' '''''^ ""' '"^''^'''^ted to t el 1 .^ the United Slates will not debate Mitl, other St^, ''/■''"■ '', ""''' '''"'"'^ ^^•'■^ impossible that horscll with pomtin, out the wro,,,, done hie ,;■,:':'";■""//; "'^ '"^•'! ^-'^''^tence but con n|ury.soh.|yt^ the .sense of ju.stiee and niao, , in! V' ':rT ''^^ ■^"«'' ^™? "nd llcm-e, as our Secretary of State ,^,stlv .savs '.;, '•-^''''■•'' ."' '° ""™ ■^t.vl'"! themselves fdends .lu. Brazihim (b.vernmen, the „:!e^ ance ' ommh e^ ' :;^';;rb;f' hH- '"^T 'Tf^ '" "'^ -"" -^ .i-.iinsc us i..\ (he l>r,-s,dent of Jfaranhara. That ,' us redr I'c.s.s, or taking,' measures to -■■ ^..1. ..1 jiarannara. Tiiat prevent a repetition of the gi'ievance. Government, instead of j^iviii has avowed and su.staiiied it. ' " - - '" r" ->•'" a reiieiition of the gi'ievance sta^; f lu^^k V;:;: •r;^::'^;s!:£;Thr:l,!::,b;;: ;:;:!;;:,';:-;"- :'"7~ • ^.at whue t.. united as she does alone anion, nations, in the ex en 1 , r Jl J'orr ''"v Y" ''^'^'^'""■«' >'«^. «tandW .iron the .same .round i„ relation to the Un te 1 Sta b ; "''''^''•' ' '}'' ''^""''l '^"t'place herseff • ;;"."1«1 "'"'.'/"A' the discontent whi,-!, vou aiv. mil ',;,,'' " '"^"1"^"* ''^ "t'"-'r '"arilinie Power his appeal to the friendship and iu.stie l^ S t ! 'u l''"'"''' '•""' 'T "' ^''''''^''^ ^I'^ Mme dint^ cu^eious of .a,r ability lo pro..,, all o r m ' ,'i ,^''37 ^ "'•''^''"' '" ^">'' '" '^°"<=l»«i" ' oivion State M'h.el, may deem it lit to do u.s r,^,^,^,^.^^^^^ miporluue nor menace auy deteriiHne, M-,th what prudence and linnness w e ,;;,.,, ".f ?f '''''>■ ■^"^■'^ ^^'^^ matures we ■•Ina.mnel, as the (b.vernment of H,,. Unh . s „ '"" ;\'."'.''. "''' ''^"'^^^'■wy requires.' of the allair of the pirate Sumter, either heii ' W: , ' on n'n'"''''' V'";"';' ^''' ''"•^''^"' '"«<="««'"» de.spatch; n.s sole object beii.', lo point out ovo/rf' .7''' ''''''''''''''' ''^ "^^^^^^^ occurred to disturb the «ood /:'.//.y'n,,n ,ie i' • V r'-'' "'' '" '''"' '■'•'"" ■""1'"'" I'avi ' .States and Brazil, the wlmle eour-e' ,f v ,• r i' ''■"'"'"•'' '''''^"^'""■■^ '"■l"''^^^'" th^ Uni d ;hu.nl,am, ami the present attitude ',1' li: i i^?:;",,:;',,;; [S'.'? ^'r ^f "' ""^ l''™'"' '^^^^^ aim too,,,' national vessels, is .'onsidced bv the I ve „ ent ofW 1 'r''^"'^"".^' ^o the rebel States 'wtolmhh-: ■ "'""^^"' "' "'i-'lii'i.^'t"" untenable, unjust, and more iltmanellrr'^ha-ae; hi^weenUaruiTited ShZ'o IT'"'''?"' "^T '" ''""^ '^1«^«>- '^>"' ■■e"Jer aii'Ammean policy,' i,, eo,,,,'adislinc ,n ,t t e 'ri^l t r ''^''''''^''"'^'"^ ''>•"''''" ^ .Welnpedby,,,,o,'IWe.icewitlithei,,!,.r,ial,,i;r' ,A.r?^^^^^^^ '"'''7 "' ^^''''''P^'. "« is hein, this regard, and all the wishes of his (bner men setn; ' ""''f "r""^"'"" «'^' "" '"s fllbrts in com.edeclai'edbvthetb,ver,unentofWisr/Z, 1 " '.' ^^' "'" l'^''''^'''^'"'"'H'« of Brazil in Riwcr: and by i^noi'ln, everv to s i^i a "^ "!«"'"«■ '''t/^v.'W/y than that of auv othei^r^m 18tl, March a,id ;!rd of A,„ii; ,tn ,,t f j.' ."'";" ''^''' '"/'".' Washington despatches c7 h • ag?.'icn;od In- the conduct !,f /h.zil Imd ., S 2 Eh^'i;' ''n ^'"'^ "" ^'"'^-' «'"^«« 'eels a position mo,;e uiilriendly than that of anv ,,t e" m ri mJ IWv U '"" 'T'n^'" "' """"t^imm; unfriendly atlitnde is deprecau'd by the Umie i n b i A'",'"'""'" '•>■ ^"'"^'1 ^^> l'^'^' Pr^-«"„ toeausea disi'upiion of /he peacefid relaUo xHl , : 1 J^!; 'n't ''^ """'^^ ^"''"'"'"l daiiOT'. The (b.vernment of the I nited Sbit 's I , 1 . i-'ountries ; there exists no such fTits national existence against a '." Ui. eMli m : '";;"'^";"": ^'1 I'"' «ml,l that while stnio^linl! '•""."'i'.V '" t'"' in'ilalin, irssaulis mad, ,. i "■,,; , ' :^" '"" ""'' ^T ,"'"' " ""^ ""becominr. am'iont ciemies or proles...,! f,.h.,„ls. „ itinli'/l/jt'l'''''-'',"' ''''>'■'' '''">' ^''""""te froin in.l>iries,,to not alwavs fu,;,,l them Ami , s ' "i'liMil•'■ -^.i.: tiii'ihe i;,;;;:^ K:;iri;:!:decSm'i't;^sr^^^^ The discussion 0,1 tlus^Oyect .-as revived in the ensuing year bv the nrriv.l of ^ Wh"'''^ ''" |'lori»1 «'« Tlu' Florida was alh>wo,l ioZ.' ^^^^1^1^!]:^''^" \ ^r^''^''' ''''' '^''V^'''^''^- 'IHlospite of the protest of thJ LZ/it.tJr::^:^'^: ?^^'^ ^o refit and coal, was a pu-atc and ti„>„ i. . , I"" "'"" "' i'»: ciuu'd fsvaies Lousiil tha tlio consort of the Alaham'i which In-l u, ' i y . ,' L'liited States' Consul tiiat the Florida water Md tho neutrality of Brazilian * British Apiioiidix, vol. vi, pp. 40, 41. N 2 i. f H ri i- f; f !, 1 i ■i ' 1 i i -■ 1 !■ M:p 90 " Novovtholcss," says Mr. TVebb in iv-riting to tbo Marquis d'Abrantcs on llic 2l9t of May, 1863— " lU'ciuise Ik'V coninmiKli'i' iv]m'si'iitoil lliiil the sliip i(M[iiin'(l vcjMiiis toiler cii^iuc wliicli could ik,- lio iloiie williiii the tUfiity-Cour lionis, the (lovi'iiior, in a (•oiiiiiiiiniciitioii to the piiutf, now lielori' tlii' X'n(k'rsij;m'(l, dated the '.'tii ol' May, iiiroriiied the a|i]ilieaiil that, inasimu'li as he lepn'sented to liim thill a eoiiildianei^ with his order to leave iu twenty-i'om- hours will eoinpel him to do so in a distresstil condition, heeausi^ the repairs to his eiij^ine, nei'essary to his sali.^ly, cannot he eoin|)lete(l in lliat tinii', and would IxMllilieral and inluniian, and expose hiin to danyer, and lirazil to the consecpienees ; ninl inasiniicii as \u', the (lovernor, does not wish to lie iiihiinian or illiheral, or endanj;er the safety of tlic pirate, or to lessen his means ol' lU't'enee or to ex]iose him to imminent risks, therefore, lielieviiiL^ tli.' representation to have been made in pood liiith,and that he cannot in safety continue his crnizi^ (ajiuiiist American commerce liound to lirazil) unless niven time to rejiair his en^'ine, the said (iovernor, repiv- .sentini; the sovereipity of lirazil, and ivcounizinj; tlit^ traitors in rehellion a;,'ainst the Fnited State-i ;is bellitierents, does accord to the connnander of the jiirate hearing,' their tlaj;' all the time he asks im repairs, and privilej;e of takinj; in such coals and )irovisions as may place him in a condition to coniiaui. liis depredations u]icin the commerce of a frienilly I'uwei'. A j,Tosser lireach of neutrality has iicvit come to the kiiowledjje of lh(' Undersigned."* He adds : — " At this moment the ports of I'lra/il are niadi^ liarlioiirs of refu'^'eand ]ilnccs of resort and dejxirltm. for tlirei' jiiratical vessels, avowedly desiL;ned to ]irey upon the commerce of the Vnitcd States. Tli,. waters of lliazil are violated with inqmnity in tins jiiratical work, and after the Imperial (Joverniiiiiii lind admitted and declared its indii;nation at such violation of soverei,i;iity, the fjnilty party is receivi'il with hos]iitality and lriendshi]i hy the (iovernor of liahia.and instead of lieinp'ca]it\ired anil im]irisiiii(i|, nnd his vessel detained, he is feted, and suii])lied with the necessary |irovisions and coal, to cnaMe hiin to continue his de]iredatious u]ion Anu'iican commerce. The wliiirves and streets of liahia mnl I'eriiamliuco have hei'it, for weeks ]iast, swarmed with American sailors and ])a,s.seni;ers from merrliimt. men tradin;,' with Hrazil which have been ciii>tured, and the ])ersons on lioard rolilied, tiy the jiirates „{ the Alabama, Florida, and tieort,'ia, and they have been comiielled, in tlu^ ports of a fiiendly nalicn, ti. witness their clothing,' and jewellery, and even family relics, .sold on the wliarves and in the streets nf Bnhia and J'ernainbiico, by their jiiratical cajitors, at a tenth of their value ; while the piratical ve.«.H'ls and all on board were rei'cived and treated as friends, and sn]i]ilied with the necessary materiiils i,, continue tlieir nefarious ]iracticcs. The scenes which history informs \is were rife in the seventeenth century, in the islands of the AVest Indies, are now beini; ciiaded in tins nineteenth century in the jiuits of Ih'azil, and that thnai^di no fault of the Imperial (lovernment — which has already done its wliulr duty as rajiidly as circumstances havi^ jiernutted — but becau.se the (iovernors of rernambnco iiiul Bahin, iu their .sympathy with ]iiracy and ])irates, have neglected their duty to lirazil, and briniL'ht discredit upon the civilization of the a^'e."f As regards the Alabama, wbicli at tbis time bad come into tbe port of lltjiia Mr. Webb insists tbat sbe sbould bare been seized by tbo Governor for Iter vitiation of Brazilian neutrality : — " Yo\ir Excel!?' Governor of Peru- sovereignty of Ih and by his captun. • will not for a moment deny that, havinj,' by your olUcial acts, and those nf the , recognized the fact that this pirate has violated the waters and ontraired \h is your duty, when opportunity offers, to vindicate yoer violated so\erei;,Mity, possible, renmnerate the injury done to American connnerce within vour whIik And shouhl the pirate come into this ]iort when the ability of lirazil to capture and detain him iiiliiiit* of no (juestion, leyond all doubt the neglect to do so woidd be not only an UTifriendly act lowanls thi- United States, but would render lirazil res]ionsible for all and every aggression which he might cniiinm on Amorieari connnerce after leaving this ])ort.| .... At this moment, the ports of liiazij mi. innde harbours of refuge and jilaces of resort aial departure for three iiiratical vessels, avowedly di'siuiml to prey upon the commerce of the United States. The wateis fif lirazil are violated wi'h iupimilv in this Jiiratical work, and after the Imjierial (iovernnient had admitted and declared its indignatiniial such violation of sovereignty, the guilty jiarty is received with hosjiitality and friendshiji by tlif Governor of liahia, and instead of being cajitinvd ami imprisoned, and his vessel detained, he in'/ehl. anil suj)jilied with the necessary jirovisions and coal, to enable him to continue hi.s depredations upon American commerce. "i} The Marquis d'Abrantcs answers, as to the non-seizure of tbe Alabama, tbat ih Governor of Eabin bad not sufficient information to warrant him in takini; siiclia measure : as to tbe Florida and (Jeorgia, by going over tbe same topics as bis jircdo- crssor bad done, and witb equal ability. Tbe Government of Krazil did not seize tbo Alabama ; but it did exeltidc tliat vessel from its ports for the future, lor having made prizes in Brazilian waters, and applied the same rule to the Tuscaloosa as being a tender ol' tbe dolinqiumt vessel. It was immediately after tbis troublesome correspondence that the Imperial Government promulsrated the rules contained in tbe Circular oiMiine 23, ]8()3 (set nut in tbe 7th Volume of American Documents, p. 110), which, in point of stringency, far exceed what any otlier nation had ever thought it necessary to enact. Tbe Unitnl • British Appendix, vol. vi, p. 49. f Ibid., p. 51. f ""id., p. 50. § Ibid., p. 51. /Tarqnis d'Ahmntcs on Ww vs tolii'V cii^^iiic which Cduld nut (111 t(i the iiiiiitc, iKiw licfiirc tile imii'h us lie ri'invauiiU'il Id liim n|H'l liiiu to do HO ill a distn'sscd mill li(^ (■lct('(l ill tliiit iiiiii; Ih'uzil to the ('(i|is('i|iii'iic('s ; ainl il, or i'ii(huii,'i'i' the sut'i'ty ol' tli,. lit risks, ihcri't'ovo, liclieviiiu tiii' iil'pty coiitiiiue his ci-iiizi^ (ii.U'iiinst 'ii;iiiu', the .siiid (loveriior, ri']iri.. ion ni,'niiist the I'liited Stiitc^ ,h ■ir liiin' nil tlie time he iisks im I'e him in ii eoiniition to coiitiiiin. 1' hreiich of uutitrality has ni'\cv iiiid ]ilri<'es ol' resort and de^iartinv i'rce ol' the I'liited States, j'h,. d litter the Iiniierial (ioveiiiinint j;nly, the ^.'iiilty ]iarty is reecivnl it lieiiij; eajiturud aiul iiii]iiisiiiinl, nivisioiis and coal, to eiiaMe him irves and streets ol' Daliia ainI ■s niid jiasseni^ei's I'roni inerclwiiit- :i hoard rolilied, hy tlie jiiratrs ..f die ports ol' a I'l'ieiidly nalidii, to le wharves and in the streets df ahie ; while the piratieal vcsr'Is with the iieeessary materials tn lis wi'ie rite in the seveiitefiitli :is iiiiii'teeiith eentury in the ]iiiiis liich has already done its wIkiV liovernors of I'eriianilau'n iiiiil heir dnty to IJrazil, and liiiiii;;lit no into the port of Ualiiii jrovemor for her violation of our ollieial acts, and those of tk- ited the waters and oiitrai;e(l tlip ilii'iite yoer violated sovenMi;iitv, 111 I'omnierce within your wiitrt'. to eaptiiri^ and detain him aclinii* ly an unfriendly act towanls tlir ,';,'ressioii which he iiii,i;ht ciiiiiiiiil i nioment, the [lorls of liiazil iiii' ratical vessids, avowedly ilcsi;;iiiil zil are violated wi'li inpuiiity in land deelareil its indi^nalinii at is]iitality and I'riendshiii liy llip id his vessel detained, he is J'ihil. I continue liis depredations iipini ?o of the Alabama, that tlio rrant liini in takiiii; siicJia 10 same topics as liis predo- la ; l)tit it did oxcliidc tliat WH in Eraziiian wtitors, ami 1" thd delinquent vessel, londenee that the Imperial ar of. I line 23, ]8(i;5 (set mit 1, in point of stringeney, tar sary to enact. The United .p. 50. § Ibid., p. 51. enii it 91 States havo never fulopted any such rules, nor Britain ought to lie bound by them This is the country of which, in Ihe Ar..,,„i,,,„ , presume m comphmtMit to our distinguisl.,. P "In the American Case and 11,. i • " ■> ...„. i:u.ic;imu, Mty and eflieiencv win: wllh ,: nn^ir ','"''''•'' '" "■''-' ""■'" '^ ftj-ivssive efforts of the (.•onfedeiates.-* < '"Venniicni, nr.T momenl be c.^],] (!,„( (i^.^^^ lied, r .,. 'Il'- I'm-fed Slates it is St: I'a/iliiin coll(>a 'uaililaliie. into raise were /^iilliciciit iii(licati,,n of ih,. Us s„ve,-..ioi,ty i,^,,,i„.,^ ^1,^ A similar question arose wKh ii„, Snnn; i r< isedby tlie United States' l^'|.ivs<^MtMlive .or ' '"•''"'''• '^^^'''' '""iculties «i' ,ro limited to what ^vas absolutely neceiaVy.t ''''''' "'' ""'"' ^''"""'' ^^'^ '^i^^^^ Coircspondenco ' h Sjiain. I on the allowt to Her insuri siifficic It was obvious that the Confederates havino. the atlmission ot their ships of Avar to the 11,.," necessary consequence. pondenre ritisli 'overnment. ^^' „(• ii. ' ^1 ,. , ' * ' ■^''' '^ lOOk a .* telling form in the case of the Conl'..fl,...nf„' V- ^, .. soinewhat different and more ^vlneli, Iiaviiig left the On tiiat voyage the xXashville committed "The net of wilfully hiiriiin.' a hHvh,. >,, 1 . ilestinat^ninitsow-neoiLiyseJlnsIJi,^ ^ iXl;r''" I Hviiizc. and commercial nations ev<.i. wl„.> ; • I delimtion ot piracy t<. receive the snialle' "" ■^I'ij' whilst, ]„nsuinjr i„ „,,^, , , "'"■ "'^';,:£;""^";r-'^"-^"'-ta:, : ^^^ tinder the aiithonty of -a recoj,'nized I .--not pennit himself .;donhuharH;:Mr;;:";":'r''' '''''" ■''^■"'Sn' p^opi;? ^•!l!*'^.-'^'^''"l.^ I ^onty to wa.e private war at sea, t^Z^i-^ n^;:;""^- "'-'' '^ ' seek sjielter under its jiiris.ncii,,,, f,,„n the iiiiniitliorized acts ol violeiiei? III! the ocean."*[ ;;:;!;;^i';«»"-i;:i£s;^S™r;;;fEt ''""■■"■'I'"'! ^ of indiil-iii - ' ■■' l"'i'i'ly parlizan iimlicc ju Mr. Morse, the United States' ('rmwni o< r i when he wrote to Mr. Sewanl _ ^ "* ^^""•'""' ""'.^^ ^^P^'^^^-'^ ih. public feelinc ^ f Tile leadiii!' event of tile iMvivmi .,11 1 I Cliarlestoii in Kumpean wUi:, ami h!,::;!:!':!^ '"":" "'1'. "I' "'-- '■'■ ^™"^- -"' ''-'i-'-':i;:;t,:nj;L;;':;fT •lir Xashville from Aiiierioaii ship hy British 1^ i ,i t I tliat whiit(>v(n' tends to iin])()verish the enemy is allowable. The practice had been sanctioned by tlie conduct of the United States tlioiii. selves, in their last war with Great Britain. When the civil Avar was over, it occurred to the United States' Govorinn(>nt that, though Captain Semmes had been admitted to parole as a prisoner of Avar, and could not therefore bo proceeded against criminally und(>r tlie laAV relating to treason, lie might, nevertheless, be made amenable to the penal laAV for the destrucition of .slii|)s and cargoes belonging to citizens of the United States. But the idea Avas abiindonc!], and Mr. John A. Bolles, Solicitor to fbe NaA^y Deparhnent of the Fnited States, in aii article, bearing his name, in the .Inly number of the " Aflnniie ?routhly,"t und(U' tie title of " Why Semmes, of the Alabama, was not tried," lias fully explained the reason-, and among them has made us acquainted Avith tlic course ])ursued by the United States' GoA'ornment in the war Avith Englaiul in 1S12 and 181.'5. The question AA'hether Semmes should be prosecuted or not seems to have been relerred by the President to Mr. Bollos and the Law Officer of the D<>partment, a\1io ap]K'ar to haA'c eiit(>red upon and conducted th(> inquiry Avitli a discrimination, ability, and sense of justice Avliich do them infinite honour. In the article referred to Mr. Bolles, in the first ])lae(', observes that — ' ]Jy estahlishing a lilockade of Confedernte ]iorts, mir Ciovernnient had recofiuized the Conft'ilc- and had thus confessed tliat Confederate otliccrs iiini lirates or ^;uerillas, so Ioul; as they oheyed tlie laws rates ns lielli.u'erents, if not as a helli.^erent Slate, men, military or naval, could not lie treated as of war ; tlie same recoi,'iiiuon was made when cartels for excliaiif^e of jirisuiiers were ostahlisln'il betwei'il tlie Federal and ( 'oiifederali' autliorilies ; courts had declared Coiifederaie privatccM'siiieii to and, nlioxe all, when the Federal Executive, alter tlu' lie pirates, I. •! ihdilieiately set aside those jud'^'nieius, and admitted the ca)itured and coudeiiined oHicers and men "f the Savaunali and the .lelf. Davis ti exchange as jirisoners of war.":): " » * » • • • This promised, Mr. Bolles Avrites : — " Without consultinj,' ]iuhlicist or jurisconsult, it was easily possihle to see and .show that we, .is a f'loveriimeiit. could not afford to prosecute and punish as a criminal any naval officer for eapturini; ;niil destroying the enemy's trading vessels, as fast as ])ossilile, not only withnut a'ly attem)il to send them in for ad.iiidication, hut with a determined juirpose ami jiolicy not to do sii. "This conclusion was the result of a careful study of our own naval history, ami of a tlKniglitl'iil examinatiiui of future ])ossil)ilities in the event of war hctwcen the I'niled States and sniiie givat (uin- mercial nation, " I will not dwell upon this last divisicui of the tojiic, hut content myself with a reference to ilua past tiieory and iiractiee of our naval warfare whii'h rendered it im]"issilile to jMinisli .Sennnes fnr having learned and jiractised so successfully the lesson taught hy oiii' own instruction mid cNaiii]i|i' in tint Hevolulionary War, when we wen; lehels, and in the last war (l.Sl'J) with (Ileal liritain. "The earlier rccia'ds are iiuiicrfeet ; hut enough can he gathereil from our naval historiiin, Cooper, to show that many of tlie \essels caiitured in the war of the Kevolution were ilestrnynl at sea. "Of the history and ]ioliey ul' the later jieriod we have ahundant jimofs. Not less tliau seventy- four British merchantmen were (:i[iturcd, and ditstroyed as soon as captured, under exiu'css iustniutiniis from the N'avy l)e]iartment, and in |)ursuaiice of a ilelilierate jairjiose and plan, witlKUil. any aUciii|it or intent to send or hring them in as jirizes for adjudication. The orders of the I)e]iartiueiit upon this subject are nunierons, eni]ihatic, and carefully ]a'epared. They deserve to he studied niul rememhered ; and they etfeetnally silenc(! all American right or dis]iosition to coni]ilain of .Stuiius for having imitateil our example in ohediem'o to .similar orders from the Secretary of the Coiifedcrati' Navy. "The in.stnictions to which I refer were aildresseil to Ca])taiiis David I'orter and 0. II. I'i'Itv. each in command of a squadron ; ti Captain (.'liirles Stewart, of the Constitution, twice; to Cajitiiii I 9r'! '8- * Uiiitcil States' Di)iairiicnls, vol. it, ji. .J4,'). f I'ape S9. \ " The reliu'larici- with wliicli tl.is recognition was craiited lines not atTcet its valitlity. After having refiisoil, nsaia anJ aL''-!!ii, !'!-'."'!iif!!t I>:iv!b's titVcra nf cxchanc-i'. tlie I'ciicra! Kxcp.iitivc. lieiaL' tit last e.iitifisv.! thnt. fniirtf.'i'. Uuion prisoners — six loliaiels, two liiMitenmit-eoloneU. three iiiajois, anil tluce captains — hail been shut up in I'elonii' cells, to lie liiiuji; wiioncvcr llio C'oiifeilcrate privateers were exeeuteil, eoncludcil to regard those "pirates" as lawful belligerent* untitled to exchange. ' cniist of Trrliiml, niiil lier hnlil 'iiiniiiittiil 111' till' I mil 111 roil 'I :i(| I'llH'llt lll'l'l'. ILT 1111(1 llUlM|loU(Ml ill Clliull'lllllillij ii;;lisli iic(i)ilc liy siiqirisf, iiinl i^ liciiii wc ;iri' lU'iiliii;,'."* ad of exclusion, nowovor, •n ])i'in('ii)l(' ol' intornationiil lio (lostniption of cnciiiy's to iin])t)vcrisli tlu> eiioiiy is of the United States tlicni. 1 States' Govcrnm(>nt tlmt, prisoner of war, and could aw relatinijj to treasoji, Ju. )r the destvucit ion of shij)s ut the idea was abandoned, of the Tnited States, in nn ntie ]\[onthly,"t unchn' th fully exjjlained the rtvisoib, rsued by tlio United States 3. The question Avhellicr >ferr(>d hy tlie Presi(hMit tn ;i])('ar to linve entered niioii u;d sense of justice wliidi EoUes, in t\u' first place, it liiul rcoounizril tlic f'liiifcilr. I'll tliiil Coiitoili'inli^ (illiccis a:i(| ) loiif,' lis tlit'y olicvdd tlio lawv ! ol' jpi'isoners were. ostiilili«li,-i| tlie Fcdcnd Hxrcutivi^ iificr tlii' lately si't iisidc lliiisi' Jii(Il.'iiii'IU<, iivaiiiiali ami tlic .li'll'. I)avis in ill' til SCO and show tlint we, as a y uavrtl oHicor I'nr cajrtui'iiij; ;iiiil iMil iuiy iitti'tn|it In send tlii'in in ival liisliiry, and of a tlHiu^'lilJi!! iteil Stales and .smile },'reat mii:- iiiyseir with a ret'ereiiei' In llut ]inssilili' to laiiiisii Seiiiiiii'< fr 111- own iiistnieti'iii and exiiiiiiil' MIJ) with (Ileal lii'itniii. .'ved from nnr naval liistniinii, the Itevoliilioii were destiiiynl ]iroiifs. Xot k'ss than soventy- iiired, uiiiter express instriietiinH and iilaii, without, any atteiii|it orders of tliu I)e])ai-tnieiit ujinii ey di'st'rvc to he studied uiul ositiou to eoni]pliiiii of Semuiis he Seeretiiry of the ('onfedci-itc David Porter and 0. II. reny. Constitution, twiee ; to Ciijitain its Viiliility. AUi'T having rtfiisfii liplnu' Hi inut !in!ifii-il tiiat. fiiurtf;'!! ■e capluliis — hail been shut up in included to regard those " pirates " 93 Charles Monis, of the ('(lU'Tess- r, . , i i "Exlmet..; trmii the instructions of tlii> I) . > » ■ ei crtptured ve.s.sels will hesl s|i,,w tho o. i • "''P""'tinenl which led to the.se imniedinto K,„ • thL.0. cnote lirief .^.^Jr^ ^^e^ '::'::-. ^HjiS';-*" V^^^y of ^lie'S^S^'i^^ilf _ '"The great ol,,.cf s„y.s „i,,. of them 'is llm , n, ""';.''V" '""'I''''''' "•' ''H- hniiKini,' mto i,.,r( th,. ]n\s,mviv. ii, order to'ovrl, m'r " "' *■'"' '■■""'""-''(-•e of the enemv and thn into his hands.' ■ V, „ .-ill theiW.ro nl;.;/ ^ ;'^,;:!::7;;:: -; '""'f """t. eonntryn.r wS; Zj m aMe c.rcnnis ane,.s, .hall render sale arrival „, ily c . ^, " ' 'l^"' f'"';? "^ ''^Pt'"'^. ""'1 othorSS^ ;un-lin/e. '(.rant „o .artel nor lilicralu aiiv L[,,t'" ',,,,, ^ ^ miavoiduldo neee.s.sily.' •> ' "'""^'•" ^'•'^w'pt nnder circumstances of extrenio nnH " In another it is .said, 'Vuii u ill theivlir 1 • '-■^iremo and warmnt an exeeptiou, destroy all you eaptn-'cV iu^nyi|„r";:,';'^"''''''''"''''>' '^^^^'^^ that shall clearly crm/e, your services ,uay he enhanced tenfohf ^ ^'"" "■^^"""^^' your eruw and contiuuing yoiir "•I have It 111 coniniaud from ihe l'resi,lc'„t «f,.i .i , , ., indirectly, a cliallei„c to coiuhat ship to ship' ' " 1"'"'"'"^ 'l'^' ^'ving or accepti,..., directly or ' Af^am: '» our own sound juih'nient'ai 1 1 ■ '^ J •^ oxtremely precarious and injuriou,; is U,.. att'e.m," iTs';!!,''; ,', "'", ^^'IH^'io'tly demonstrate to you how port, am under the n.ost tavouralde circumst! «• ""' '" " l'^'""!-^ taken very near .^ rl.nZ ' Anottr .' Tl '" "' "" "'""'"■■^' ^^"•' tl'^' al.ove 'ex^'epUous ' '"'' ''''"''''' '""^ ^'"^y eombine to Auotliei . 1 he coiunierce of the ciieiuv k tl, , . ' V and its destruction the niaiu ohiect ; and Inh'^ tl aU 'v^a ^ei; l' 'T I'l' '^ ^""">- -^ ^-' attaek unless your jin/es should he very vahiahle ami ne I'v ■,•', 111 ""'"/^ ■^'"'.'"l ''^' diiected. Therefore than u,,eless to attempt to send them in ; the cl ,1 , 'J , I''' Z " '"^^ ''", ""'^■'"'J'^""' '^■hI ^•o^o .salety ot the ship under your command, would he di, i in s .,' ' ' "''''T'^y ^'''--'at; the erew, tl o and the national honour, hy hiuardin- a hattle aftei v i ,'. '''.^'"""'■>'^'' >.•'•'' "ell as your own fame prizes. In every point of view, then.lt will e , ic^^ ,?"" V' >'"''' "'"'''^'^ '">'l -rc'W liv n ".S compact articles, , lat may he transhipped. T li 4en d v 7 '"""' i"- " V'""'-^' '^'^'V^ v.xli " ]" and " Another order says that ' a sii.i/e crni/,'r if ' ,.' '',^'',r, ,/'' Tl '^'"I" '^'^ fo-''^*^ "I' ."any.' **'"* every prize i.s a serious .limiuutioii of la,- f,„cc • liut •! si' de e ''• ' i'"" """' "^"^ ■' ''«v prizes and has the capacity of ..ontinuin.r, in lull vigour L'r 1 stl ■ hV ' destroying every eaptuLl \\s ' can he replenished, eit^her IVom iriendly porl; ' tm £ X^ "' '"'" T ''" l^^^'^^^^n. .Ind IZll siude criiuer, upon th: (hutrnrtiir »/»„ il,,, ■ , ^'-''■''-'s eajiturec . . rp, , '•""^'' alone; . and thus nia^Uu^ttphl , 'r'oj^r n!:;i if" "^ "^'"r" "^"" P^"'^ ^ grea inequality [of our Imve] compared with that o I,, eici " " "' '™'" ''''""'"'^ compensate for tlL "Such were the policy and the or.h'rs of Presl.le, Ar i'^' 181LM813, 1SI4 ; and siadi, heyond ipu'stion, tiM £ ^''X^t I'V'"^- ^''''''''y °'" ^''^ Nayy^ in lustration under the eircumstauces."* "- '''"' 1'^"" »"^1 the instructions of any Adnii- In conclusion, Mr. EoHes says :~ " It is evident that, after it had heen as ii soon «•.,. , i , ., te dunked against Semmcs hefor.. a military or iiVv'.li'n ''',"','"'■'''''''' t'''''"«on or piracy should ■phuulering,' and destroviiig vessels shou i t 1 . t In''' '""' "'''' '"'« "'^H'-ds of cmitSnl that he should he dealt with as a Indlii^'reu n\ . / o I ,' 'f "" 'i""^" ■'-"^"^' P'"^"''' I'^w ami d t " t to their protection, it was needh'ss t,? i. i ni w , T ::"'" ^" " ^V t''^' l'"vs of Mar and enVittd armed, or commi.ssioned ; .,r whether a, go nm t% 1, u ,""" ''" '-^^'''""'"^ ^^■''"' I'uilt, manS employ a naval force. These in,,niries, him-eve UVi / "'"" ^""'^ ™" '"^'itimately o«^ or ipn. ^m.e of no sort of interns, or inipoit^mt^llS^,,:;^^; '"" '"'Ki^v:.: ti;MUdJi:s ':^'£Tr'^-^^^'{^^ ' '' '''"' '' '-'' ^" priBoners and perlidy towards Captain Winslow'!i;;7the"LuS"'cmescnt ■ r '"'^'^'^ "' ^'^^'^ ^o The two (iiiestion.s tiius left are dealt with hv AT., m n • ''i, of the same .Review, in a most interest hiV^Ci-^ '" the followin^^ number Semmes of every char^■e of ill-treatment ol'S tV to , H o ,. '"f '""'^ *° '^"^"'P'-^^^ charge of perfidy dm-ins the enirai,'ement wh t S K- ? i ^^^^l"'* '"^ "f any was gtiilty of a violation of miliFai;- hon n i, m^ ^ stn "' ' ','"* *" "'^^^^^^^^ that he war after being taken otFby the DeerhoZl. '^'"^'^''^dering himself as a prisoner of "t'hc British Government bavin'' thus decided on nnl-„^„.i 1 • States as a helli-erent Power, and as I mcesvm '^'-'^"°" l^lgiJ^.^T the Confederate Confederate ships of war into British ports on tlie samrfnnl;?"'''' 7 the admi,ssiou of Regulation, of States, it only remains (o 1,(. seen wl .'ther the une fvon %"' "'"'". °^ ""-^ United fin of January. ; ^vhieb impnvtial netdrality w.ndd require treatment M'as afforded to both ''''• er w; i ■' been unusual in ihe case of modern niariffme as issued prohibit ence topri\ateers, the introduction of :> wars, and lia.. be mir. as ba s no prizes by the ships of either belli u Scnvriil with reler- gorent into * Page 97. . • ' 1 94 JiogulntionH of 3l8t Jauuurj', 1872. As to Nassau. British ports.* Wliatover may, generally speaking;, be tlio motive of such a re<»iila. tion, it was, in tin; present instaue(>, obviously a measure the efTeet of which was to place the Confederate vessels in a position of considoitihlo disadvantage, seeing that, their own ports being strictly blockiided, they were thus left without any port into which to take their prizes. Accordingly, as rejjorted in a despatch from Jjord Lyons to Earl Russell of the 17th June, 1801, if was hailed by Mv. Seward as -'likely to prove a deathblow to Southern privateering." As it was clearly at the discretion of Her Majesty's Government to adopt this regulation or not, it must be admitted that thus far tlierc was uo manifestation of the partiality by which that Government has been said to have been animated. In January 1802, after the war had been going on for some months, circiini. stances arose which made further regulations as to the admission of the armed vessels of the two belligerenls into British ])oAs necessary. Instructions, bearing date the 31st January, 1802, were accordingly issued by the Government.* One of those had reference to the i^i-ts of ilu^ Bahamas in particular, the others to the ports and waters of Iler Majesty's dominions in general. Tlie following state oi' things had arisen at Nassau. As has been so often repeated, the port of Js'assaii liad been made the entrcp6t for the blockade-running trade, the natural consequence of which had been that the waters of the colony were watched by, and tiieir immediate vicinity made, the cruizing groimd of Federal ships. In October 1801, Mr. Adams forwarded to Lord llussell an intercepted letter from a Mr. Baldwin, whom he stated to be in the service of the Insurgents, addressed to a Mr. Addcrley, of Nassau, from which he said that it appeared that Nassau had hecu made, to some extent an cntrep6t for the transmission of contraband of war from Great Britain to the blockaded ])orts.t The matter Avas referred by Lord llussell to the Colonial ofllcc, and by that Department to the Governor of the Colony, and the latter forwarded, in reply, on tlii^ 20t]i November, 1801, a report from the Ileceivcr- General at Nassau, stating that no warlike stones had been r(!ceivcd at that port either from the United Kingdom or elsewhere, nor had any munitions of war been shipped from Nassau to the Conlederatc States. J This report, received liy Lord llussell on the 31st of December, was communicated to Mr. Adams on the 8th of January, 18G2.§ Upon this the Case of the United States makes the following remark : — "The United Stiitcs wMi enuliileuic iissei'l, ill vit'w (if wjiiil has lieuii alroiuly sliowu, tliiU, luul Eiii'l liUsSL'll seiiiiusly iii(|uirt'(l iulci the cniiiiiliiiiits (if Jlr. Ailaiiis, ii stalo (if faets vcmlit liave ln'tii (liscUiseil (.'iitirely at variance \\itli this vr|Mirl — (luc wjiich wmild have iin]iclle(l Her Jhijcsty'^ Government tn suiiincss wliat was <^>mii (in at Xiissan. The love.itdinij: facts were all within the reiuli of Her Majesty's (.idvcrnnient, althiiii},'h at that tin'c luil within the ivaeh iif the Ciovernnient of tin' United .States. The failnre lu discdvev them after Mr. Adams liiul called attention to them, \\m a no^^lect of the dilijrcnci^ in the ]ireservation of its ueiilndity, which was ' due' from Great Britain to the United States; and it taints all the siil)se(iuent conduct of Great J5rituui towaixl the Umtcd States durinj; the struy,L!le."jj Further on, Lord Ihissell's communication is described as the " announcement of an imaginary condition of aH'airs;"^[ thus making it appear that, at the date of Lord Hussell's communication, the report received from Nassau and transmitted by him was an unfaithful out' ; \\hereas the fact Avas that, at the date of the report, no vessel laden with munitions of war had arrived at Nassau. It was not till the 8th of December that a vessel, the (Jladiator, with a cargo of arras, suspected of being intended for the Confederate States, arrived at Nassau. The United States' Consid ;it once sent a message to the Commander of the United States' naval forces at Key AVest to request the presence of a cniizer.** On the 13th of December lie reports the " most opportune"' arrival of the United States' war-stcamcr Flambeau from New York, and adds that her commtinder " is watcliing intently the movements of th(^ rebel sti^nmci's.'tt From a letter addressed by the Governor to the British Naval OH'kmh' on the station it appears that the Flambeau kept her steam up ready for instant movement, causing considerable alarm among the shipping iu the port; and that a rumour prevailed that luu- commaiuler meant to cut out the Gladiator, or, at all events, to seize that vessel immediately on her lcaving.|t The dispatches rejiorting this state of ail'airs were received in London on the 16th of January, and the attention of tiie Britisli Goveniraent was necessarily called to the • British Appendix, vol, lii, p. 1 8. I- Unitcl Stntcs' Documents, vol. i, p. 520. X British Appendix, vol. V. p. yu. § United Htntcs' Dorunients, vol. vi, p. 67. II Case of the United ,State!(,p. -jai'. H Ibid., p. 234. *• Uuitcd States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 44. ft l^^'J' P- '^^- tt British Appendix, vol. v, p. 27. On the 13tli of 95 would lormaconvcniont placo of irsc.rtVor rm.r. i "'^ ''""''• '^ ^^''■'' "J>vi'"is tliaf if sec-mod likely that its po.'ts and S to^^Jt ^^'^1" ^^'''"'^ "" "-otl' Avitl. t le hloekade,! , orts, s(. tllut (-..llisions ^ Ih u- f T:;*'""'''''"-''^''^^ ,mn.e'- i" their necessary to provide some .sjuvial r..i.,datio„ "''^- ^" I"'*-'^'''"' <>""^ it was .Vbout the same time tiie N'? I '11 V' tl.e ,H,.J «r Southan,pton (;>; n-pairs^u I eoalVhe r' nSilS rr'^""""'" '"'^-'"^ I'"^ "'to wl.ieh had coaled attlu-same port \vnsVm I V i . .^'''''' "■'''■"t..ani,.r Tuscarora parpose of intereeivtin, and selzil^ he t'!. "i;;'';!!; ^^'f "'" '"'' ^^^ ^'""---^ steam u]) and kc.ipin- slips „„ his eal)!,. t ., p, .^ *^"''" ^" ■'**"^- '^y J<«'<'|)in-. his keepin. the N..hville Idlkacled /li s'p, ,^ ^j;^;;;;:'- "t the Tus<,aror^was li^t^Jly ol naval operations.* ' " -^ m-iknig' tlu- waters of the .Solent the base Upon this M. Calvo in the < i i international," alter sta.in:^ ti>e lae s' re ativeT if ^T """■•^"""n work, " Le Droit Federale la Tusearora ent^n .la t S^ ,W ♦"" vessels says: <• La corvette 'attaqucr d,\s qu'il r.-pren.lrait la me Dev. t Ve r'.r/'",''' '"" "'" <•""*■'"!' '^t l..eales mtei-vmrent, ..t laTusearora, abando nvm tsn / ^' ",''" ''"'*"'" '''^ '^"""it.'s reaoneor a ses ,,roJets, resta pres < '. , nS hns . ' ! ' '^ l'''^";'V"xcdnsiv(dv pri i " l'^^^ '" t'"'''' P-'rts.J ' (Jover.im(>ut wen> at all ealled ....onN,, iJnll f ' •' •""* """ "''''''' 't"' -^[:liestv's S,.mte,., a,.y „.o,.e than the oth!! n .SS ^^^^TtTT' ^'''^r'^' -- --»' - fi.2 this respeet, altogether .nistak.M,, as was "own vn '"'' ''""^'-M'-- Reward bein^., iu .naritimo Powers reeeive.l t^a,f,.d;^U : -os t ^of w.. inV'?.''"''-'' "'''*' "''"•'' ^'''' '"t'.er to stay there. Still, when to prevent the noss^bi Z . *''f-f I'"'^' '""' """"-'''I tb.-m ports, the British Gover.nne..t' foun i t U S t o ll^ r" "" ''"""'"^ '" "-'^- -"i mdiscruninatcly, they mi-ht b(. assnr. ,1 il nf • i • ^ ^ ''^ *^'" ™''' <" V(>ssels of war satisfaction rat4r th^n oi^o,., .hi ' \i :=^^, /[.J™!!;,;-' ^-"l'' ^'ve cause of The instructions issued xveiv to * .• • ^^r ^'overimient. privateer of either lK,lligerent\ as „t;SiT ^"^'^ ^'"> ^'f" --• «'• i.. th(> Ealuunas except by special leavl" X i' "" ''"7r''"''^' '•'^"'^■'^^*''"'' ••^' ^™ter stivssof weafl.er; and i.i l^asi such pennisLK.nfl '''''• ^"^'"T^^ "' '" «>«« of fheless.to be required to i^n to sea Vs "tr. ,^ -•^en, the vessel Mas, never- such .. might I, necess^.^. iS i m. , "" . '"^''t ^T" '''f ''' ^^^^l^-- ^^^^o^t either bolhgerent was to .. . -..miUed t se n-fi:!'. > '^' "' '""" "" P'^'vateer of plaeeof resort for any warlik.p„VH.e or Ibil' J"»''-^/>V™^^'''^ ='^ '^ -^t'ltion or warlike equipn.ent. '3. Su,-!, ll^'^^^ ^itatS ^^ E" "' '''^i^'""- '"'>' '''"^^^'^^ ^f n..p..red to depart withi,^ twcmtyJb,.,. hJul.s •^•^ .', ? ^^"^.sh waters w.^re to be ucather, or requirm- provisions or fhin..,s ibr the .,».;. ''' ' •'" J^'' "^" "^""'^s «f »civ to -o to sea as soon as oo.sibi,. rm-rTl, V '^''?"''' "^ "''''''' ^'i^'^ they !ai '" P«« l;. sueh ships or privatee.-s wen, to be li,^ e ' ]" , Sf?^ ''^''''''- ^ ^"PpHos sistenee of the crew, and to sumc-ient c-oal o t ,k tl , v " . "' !]'"'"'^'^ ^"' ^'"' ^"'^- own country, or to some nearer d.-stinat „ ,' , TJ'i' ' 'V'^''^''''^' i""'t of its .•oal in British waters, c-ould ..ot be 'a 'sui U Si "■,'•'■ t^'^ ^^^^^'^ "''tl' untd after the expiration of three n.o.iThs (V n / , I ['"V" ^''■'''''' 'uisdictiou, n 15.-itish port. "" '""" ^'" ''"t.- ol the last sui.ply taken fro.u S.a,S t'SJ:^^.:S^-' ^'""""■•"'"^ ^--' ^'- Case of the United ■ An onlur more unlniniillv to the Ciiii,.,! vi(.,(,, , i- , . -..la not havo lK.,n ,„u,l.., .Von if 1^, „ ' ,^ t "iS;? ''"''r"'' n '^'' ^"'''''' ^"' ""^ "-"'^^"'^ -.tl.onl,.s. lln-lcr the construction pruct Iv , f V '"'"'''' ";l"""fi""'^ '« "'" ('"N.niul w.iv«xchui,Hl Iron, this hai'Lou,. lor u v L ^ \ '; ' '"''"^^^ "'''"' "'' "'" ""'""' ■'^t='t''-^ vossols ot'ti.o insurgents. purcl,n.sc,l or Pit' .'I'Sl^ T".'"'" '^'''* "'-"''■^^ '""' '•-•'■"«« "■ •"" ''''"'-•' ''y ^l'« authorities ut liiciun.,.,,!, hmr^in.. their * British Appendix, vol. ii, p. lao [145] /cuiiiA, vui. n, p. lau J. ^r 1 .. « VM Sl,».' I)„n«i„, ,.1. : „ 3,t '^"'^ "' '■ «"■ 11 i 4; ■J 'i ■ 1; t 1 •■ t ., i !i t i ii -11 L : i ■ ■-■ ll i i ■^ ' V . r t f ■ \r ;, !)« ciiium to ln' traiusliipjud in i'.iiiiMh lioUoius tii I'msur, 'rifiiholni, uiul Co., in Livorpool, nnd lulvinn on lK)«r(l tiu! ciirjjot's (if araiH ami nmnitions of war wliicli Imvu Inrun ilispatcluid tliither from Livttrjtool."* And ill uiiotlicr pliu'o it is oliscn'cd :- - " Tlir iiisliuilidiis dl' .tiiinmrv :il, ISti:.', turluwli' IkjUi licllif^ciniUs iiliku In inter tho pml ol' Nuhmiu (•xci'pi liy ]ii'inii.ssiun nl' tlic (Juvi'rnoi-, i of wfiillicr. That porniissidn wiw luvislily givi-n i,i I'vn-y iiisurf,'i'iil crui/cr. I'Ut was ;,niintcilrliiii'lislily, if iit nil, to Llir vi'mscIh of llii'. IJnitod Statos.'f llow devoid ol' all loiiiidalion aiv tlieso complaints will appear from tin; facts Ntatcd in tlu- Hritish t'i)unt<'r-Casi', wlu-ri' it is observed : — '• ll will pi'iliiips 111' a niiitlcv of sonii' lilllf ^iiquisr In lln' 'i"iil)iiiiiil to learn, that wliuritas on Iw.. oci'iisioiis only iliil vc'Fsiils visit the iiorl of Niissun ,is Conft'ilcinli' ciiiizcrs, tlioiit nri; nolea.s than tliirtv four visits of rnitfil Stales' ships of wiir to the i'lahaina Islamls leeoiileil iluiin,!^ tho time thai ih< ref:iilatioii was in loiie. " »n fmir oeeasioiis, at least, vessels of the I'niteil States exeeedeil the t\veiil\ four hoiiis liniit, anil took in coal liy permission ; one i)f tlieiii also reeiiiveil jierniisuioii to re|iuii ; several were eli^'a;,'eil in (inrsnit of \fssels sns)ieele(l of 1 ein.i; lilmkaile-riinners, anil did not in everv instance reliiniuish the clia.'^e within I'.ritish limits. Two prizes appear, indeeil, to have lieeii capttiroil hy them, one within a mile of the shore, the other almost in jiort,"* The taliiilar statenKMit of visits of United Siat(«s' vess,>ls to llu^ l^iltainns during tlie civil war. which is jiriuted in the ih'itish Appendix, almndanlly hears out the answer thus givcu.§ The general regulations api)lieahle to all llir Slajcsly's ports, which, as we h;ivi seen, were in conformity with the wishes of the United Slates' (iuvernnienl, though imi intended by ihi^ British (ioveniment to have any opcnition more favounilde to one bellig(>rent'ihan the other, nevertheless could not lail lo |)rove very prejt'dieial to tin Con fed( rales, llie sirict blockade of Avhosi- jiorts left their ships of war vviiho. ^ any porN to which they could resort for repairs or supplies, or into which they coiihl ike their prizes. The rule forbidding them a greater supply of cotil t ntin would sufRcc to lake tlieni to their nearest [lort, and prohibiting also a renewal of the supply within three months, was obviiitisly ctileulated to phicc them at the greatest possible disadvantage. Compelled, from having no ])orts of their own, to keep the sea, their mtvtns of doing so were necessarily lessened, and Die regtihition, in rtself so unfavourable to the ('onfedei-ate vessels, was rendered slillmoreso by the strict constnu'tion put im it by ller Maj(>sty's Governmoiit, bv whom the (iovemors of the difl'erent Colonies were instnieted that, in case if any special a]ii)lic!ition for leave to coal at a British i)ort within the three months, if it tilipeared tluit any part of the former supply had been consumed otherwise than in gainiu;; tb(> nearest ]iort,' nolcven stress of weather should fomi a ground of exception. I| As no Confederate vessel could seek its m^arest port, this was ])ractically to prevent tlie possibility of a renewed supply under any circumstances within the three months. The'a1tem])ts on the part of th(> Uni'tedStatestoshowthat any favour was extendeil to Confederate erui/ers which was withbeldfrom IhtMr own vessels, appear tome. sigiiiiily to tail. The only siiecitie instances in which :iny complaint litis been mtulo (and if there had been any othiM's wc mux be quite suri> we should have hetu'd of them) art! the casiN of Ww K(, Quaker City, tmd the Dacottth. As to the two first, the answ ■ given in the ISrilisU Counter-Case 'on the authority of a l(>tter from the Covcmoi ■ ?{(>rmu(!a to the Sceretiiry of State for the Colonies, and which is furtljer borne out iy the hniers oi' the commanding officeis (>f the vessels thiMnselves, is as follows :— " An allusion is made in a foot-note at page '■'•24^ of the C"a.se of the United State.s, to the failure nl the United .States' vessels Ki^ystone State and i22H. + Pasre 316. i PoRes 101), 110, "§ Hritish Appendix, vol. v, p. 2'.M. || Ibid,, vol. lii, p, 1». ^ British Counter-Case, pp. 115, 116; British Appendix, vol. v, p 7; United Sutcs' Document, vol. vi, in Livorpiiol, mid lukiii;; nn ul I hither from Liveriiool."* k{! til ciitur tho jMnt of Niihmiii miissiiiii WHS liiviHlily jrivcn in Ih 111' 111.; UnilLMl Stuti's.'t 11 appear from tlii- lU<'t> 1(1 li^arn, tlmt wiioK^iis nii iw.. i, llicii: iir(! no less than thirty eel (iuiiiig llio time ihia tin il Stiilc.a oNcoodi'il tlic tuciiiy (•(■('ivcd JICMllisiiidll to ITpuil ; iiiiiiiis, anil (lid not, in ivcrv iiiili'cil, to have t'C'i'ii ciijitinfil It (he Haitainas during llir lly l)oars out tho answii ports, M'liich, ns we li;iv( Uovcrnrncnt, tlioii<;li imi I more; iavouri>l)l(! to (iiic ivc vory prcjii'licial to tin ^ ol" war witliOi * any pnrl^ eh 11i<>y oould ikc their would siiflicc to lake Ihrin pjtly within thro{> nionlli^, iisadvantaf^e. Compcilod, if dointij so wove nooossarily ' (}onfo(loi-ato vossols, was or Miijosty's Govornniont, uotod that, in caso .)f any n liio throo month's, if it othorwiso than in i,'ainiii!,' •oiiiid of oxcoption.!] A^ [iraotically to pvovonf tlic in th(^ throo months, taiiy i'avour was oxtondi'd isols, appear to mo sij,'iK'.lly 1)0011 made (and if tiicn' ;ird of thorn) are tlio oasi". I the two first, tho answ- or front the Govemoi ' h is further horno out i.y OS, is as follows : — Ihiilt'd Stiitos, to tho i'uihnv nl iiiil at H(!rnnidn in Dccciiiltii lit viissels. All tliiit huiipcncil itidimd from tho Goviiriinieiit r liail, in the forogoiuj; Octnlitr, nist'ir from private sourcus, Imi nny, tlu! United States' otlici'is rsolf with coal at Nass™,ti?;::;£= Anoth rsiihjoof of (■(.iiiplaiiit is tlu( oxhihitod towards Confcd Stmitor, wori ■rale vessels l,v tlio su| that an poniiitlod to ooal, wliilo lil partiality, iiiconsist reason that tlieso )|)ly of tlioir sh i|)s of \VI y member of this Tnlmiuiloouhn that to allow one boih'L,' herty io form a depot of fual at vas,o„„.,| ,_„,|,, U„i,,,i's(atos, 1 ''nt will, neutrality, was Alloffcd p„ti«I ■ fis m tlio case of the "* '" coaling. >e niislod l)v such the otiior to take I vn'utlo have a supply always St on-d J5ermii(];i. foi OaiUlol M|p|KISO us ehaueo of tlio i)iihi tiiat, far from the refusal oj'sm-Ii an •!(] of neutrality, tlu^ eoiieossioii uo siioii an aot involves a fori-otdd piihlio market, are Ih o eoiieossioii would .liave 1 vantage to tin- T^nitod St aoontentio,,. |t is obvious up and ready, and to leave I'lS's e.ssontially dilloront, and )e(>li so ill (I, law. A neutral is only jirslill, ,| i,V a!| and aooess to his shoi luwiiro. He has no iif'ss ofono of thoolonient opposite diroot lies Iieiiin' a viojat ion. M ion oreovor, liores to obtain the th ""•ini,' to !i l)e]|ir.,.reni iiry prmoipios of international shore for bclli''ereiit iiivo live. I'lio piirj ri«;ht t,. allow the i;;:iii:;;::;;, ^i; ve.ssH iii,> lis,. ,,r Ills ports ip whioh the 1)01 lii^oront may 1; loses, n le use uf I: practical answer to all tl ,;,,l, fi, . : -■ ■ ■" "" "SO ui ills "cJi tile permission to form a dop6t woul !lWfu]l^> is territory on Id neoessarilv lOM' Stated in tho nritish Coun(or^C\.„> , ,v.ui ports by the ships of war of tli<. two boll com])hiiiits is to 1 ISO, with reference to tl l)c i"o Hind liy them respect ively. The sttil Durinj; the mmiliti' of sue <■our.se or the riuj Wa,. ly,, ( i^orents, and to tl., cmont 111 qiiostion is as follow in the sfrikin>>> facts le niimiior of visits to .Hritisli ■ 'piaiititv of coal I'eooivod 's :- visits WHS tweiitv-live el I'oid was tiikeii in at si.\(c,.|i of tl liltiuus w ;inotlii as exceeded. I lose visits, an leveii of whicl olifederale cnii/ers visited I'.iilisl 1 were inaili 11 one r, the delay was enforced II III on sixteen oeeasii il ;iiiit,-< for llie purpose of elU'ilii iiese eases, hinvcMT, th 'ns the limit of st . United .State.s' nierehaiit- m Older to allow t 10 e.Nce.ss was no i iiy fixed liy llie i iiiore than two In, in wlucli li.ave li.rn proeiiied of visit ves.sel and that of the('„nf weiity-four hours to elapse hetweeii tl 'lie ti.iiil 1^' repairs, •egii- s, and in I'oloiiies, thoui'h piiirs were efl'euttui necessarily inipeifi .unit o stay on f(ir|y-|i\ of I •el,. si lilted Stat ledenile erui/.cr. On the other hand, 1 1 departure of es' vessels of war t( us lortv-foiir ti e occasions sii ow ail ai,'^;re,u'ate total of 2:i,S sucl ports ( e returns ,[1111': III British purls diiriiii,r tin. \vli,,f liies exceeded. The tuta lif coal !i vi.ats. On thin, leat liriiain ind tin Wereoi,taiiied ; ami the t •11 of tl liese le estiiuated to have iiiiioiiiitcd to al le course of the Civil War t| iinioiiiit of ooal ohtaiiied l,y Coiifedeialc weiiiy -lour hours' 'S'Selsof the United S| lout L'.SOO tl H"i^di iteaiiiiot I,ea.sccVtaiiied«il i.ses, hut tlio.so cases al :iles caiinnt he o.stiinated, from tl llii.s, iiotwith.standiii.L,' the 1 li;iiul. In one c one ill which tl 'iiiLed States' navy had ipialilities are i Tl lie want of data as to I eriiizers I accuracv. le a;i^,L;re^r„ti, amount, .similarly supplied (•corded sli to 10 supjilirs ill many •MBi\ il vessel of war of the (' :ilatdilferentl!rili.s|| Iiorts within the si,ac, trie ui^ce.ss to tl iw a total of over .■"),()0I) t and llic whole amount oht li'd States, the Vanderhilt, al icir own coaliii!,' depots, orteii dose at iiiiied from fjr.st t,, ].,,^t ly ■ of less than two nionil. 'iifedenite vessel,s."f Olio received I'.ilDO tons of l"■ill,^ more than two-thirus of * British Appendix, vol. i, p. 79. t Paere 118. n 9 IIP %M' il'iH h ; 08 in GiTuI ]{iitain in ihimdiincc Tlie commort'ial relations of the Southern States liad lu'cn ]»rinei|)aliy with (ireat Ikitain. It was natural tliat in (iroat Uritain tiny should seek the arms wliich were so essentially neeessjiry to them. Hut arms and munitions of war are not (o lie had lor uothiu!,'. It was, necessary, (herel'ore, that a>-nni|,'ements should lie made I'or the deposit of I'liuds in Knu;iand to pay tor the arti(des houfrht there. 'I'd earr\ on these operations -to pin'elias(> the articles reipiired -to pay lor them — to ship them— a;,'ents were, of eoiu'se, necessary. Aijents uere aceordinf;-ly estahlished in Kn^laiul and provided with the necessary i'unds. Thus I'ar, no one can say Ihi.t then' was aiiythin- contrary to the law of nations, or to the nnmicipal law, or to olili;,Mti(in» morally imMimliiMit oil a neutral (ioveriunenl or a ncMitral people. As .lefferson said, more than thr<'e-(juarters of a century au;o: — '■ Our ciii/fiis iiiivi' Ih'i'H always lice In nmkc, mmhI, iiihI i\|)(iii iiiiii.><. It is llit^ coiiHtaiit ikc ii|,;,- liim 1111(1 li\ihlhMHl (if sdiiie of H'li'in. Tn siiiii>iv.ss thcii i iillin.Lrs, liic (iiily niciiiis pfrliuiis of lliiii Milisistciici', liccmiHi' 11 wiir fxi.st.s hi t'(irci<,'ii ii'id (lisluiil (•(Hiiitriis, in wliicli \m' liiivc no conccni, would siuiccly lie cxpi'ctf'l. It woiilii lie liiii'd in priiK iidc, iind iiii]iossil)lc in idiuticc. Tliu lav of niilioih thcri'loic, r('s|rt'ctiii,i; the ri;,'lits of lliosi' iit iiciicc, docs not ri'(|iiir(' fn.n liiini .siK.'h iiii iiittnim! dcniML.(- niciil in tlicii' (iccnpiilions. It is siitislicd willi llic cxtcnml iiciiidl.v iironounccd in till! ri( sidtnlV I'ldilaiiialioii, lliiil of (•(Jiiliscalion of siicii portion of tlii'.-fc arni.s iis shall lull into the laiiid.s of any of Uk )i(lli<,'(iciit I'owciN on tJK'ir way to tiic ports of llicir cncniics. To this jicnalty our citizens arc wariiid lliat they will he ahaiidoncd, aiid that even private eoiitiaventions may work no inwiiiidity hctwci ii tin parlies Ml war, the liciielit of tiicni will lie left c(Hiiilly free and o]icn to all." Suhstitute Jler ^lajosty's rroelamatitm and Jler Majesty's sidyects for tin American phniseology, and the ciises are identieally the same. uinitions of war were jmrehased hy tlie United States in Great Britain to the lit of 2,()0(>,(IOIt/. sterliiii;. Sevoral' ai,'ents, Colonel Thomas, Colonel Schuyler. But had the United States no arsenal in (ir(>at ISritain ? As we have seen, ariiiv and nil aim tint Mr. .1. ]{. S(d;tiyler, Mr. Tomes, were sent over to order and select the arms, and forward them to the United States. It apjx'ars from the British Counter-Case, and the documents therein referred to. that— ■ Colonel Thomas, of tlie I'nilcd (Stales' iiniiy, was in En^dand during the war, und came ovi r ii Kn.udand to ,si '.ciiiitend the purchases of military .stores. Colonel (i. L, Schuyler was, in ,Inly IKlJl, a|i|ioiiitcd hy tiic i'lcsidciil of the I'nited Stales ' a duly authorized iigeiil to ]iuichaHi; uniis in F.iiio|i( ha' the WarDeparlmenl.' He received his instructions from theVccrelary of War with a MenKaaiidiini from (icneial .1. \V. liipley, of the ()r(hiani'(! Deiiarlnient at Washiii^iton, si.ecilyinf,' the aims i.i lie iiurcliascd. vi/„ KHMUiu'rille muskets with hayonets, 10,(11)0 cavalry carhines, 10,000 revolver,-^, mid 20,0110 sidires. The liiiancial iirnin};enients hir these purchases wck^ to lie nuulc hy the Secretary to !!■ Treasurv with Messrs. liurinj;, liuanciid u-^eiits for the I'nited StiileH in London, and a dcdil ni L'.ooii.iiuii (Idllais wa-' a|ipii'priatcd for the pur]iose. " In the suiiiiner or auliimn of 1S(;1, Mr. J. II. Scluiyhr .uid Mr. Tonics, of the firm of S( luivli r llarlley. and Ciaham, «{' New York, visited lUrmin;.;ham, and, after comniunicalinj,' with the ])riiiii|al rille, liayonet, and sword manid'acturcrs there, ^'av-torders for as many of tlioscaiticles as tluir icsjicctivi iiianuliictoi'ies were ca]ia)ile of sup|i'iyinj.', the ^timuIs to he paid hir on delivery to Ihein ut u place to Ic sulise(iueiitly iiame(l, or (Hi shijmien't, Messrs. Schuyler and Tonics made no conceulinent of the lint that these iunis were destined for the Aineri(yin (iDvernnient, and they intimated their iiitditioii (.1 (■(aitinuin;,' unlimited orders for a jieriod of two years. They took warehouses in liirininf^haia fia' tlic rc(cipl of arms when ('(Unplctcd, and slii]iiied them ihroic'h the af.'ency ping the goods through the agency (d' tlii' same Ikuiscs al l.ivet'iiool. The efl'ect of these orders was to raise the prices in the Birmingliam liiiii trade to thecMcnl of 20 jier cent. ; indeed, the ]irice of rifles rose from •'■)2.s'. bilHs. each," A Mr. Laiimont Dupont also came to Enf^land, furnished w ith a credit of 82,800/, on ^l(!ssrs. Barini?, and purchased and shipped saltpetre to the amount of very neti ly 80,000/. Messrs. Nay lor, Vickcrs, and Co., of New York, Liverpool, and London, hoiijjht and shijiped to the United States large quantit'es of small arms. They were supplied from Birmin^^llam aloiu^ with 150,000 rifles between June :8G2 and .luly 1803. Tlicy acted very extensively as agents of the United States' Government, and submitted to that tiovernment large proposals from tlio Birmingham Small Arms Company, ihv Assistant Secretary of War at Washington, in a letter addi'essed lo them ou the 201ii October, 1802, directly sanctioned an arrangement for the supply of 100,000 rifles, and ho Southern States liml Iroat Hritiiin tlu'V should (lit arms and uiiiriilioiw don', that afniiif;«'rnfiil>. hf arlicU's lioiifrhl there •(l--t(» pay tor tlicni — In aci'oniin^ly cslahlishci' \n OIK! can say tlict tlicrr )al Uiw, or to ohhfialioiis il)l('. As .lefitTsou said. Il JM lIlU COIIHtailt veili.s Ua,,!..,, ..C fhe of stnaii ttnns in i..„d.„; dttrii-, ih./i.i.in'^ft,;';';;; ;;;:;;'; "iiT;''^ "'•'^" i'"-'--- Warehoiisi's wciv oni'iiiv I'llveo ■^^ u; . ', "" .\*'" l>oJ.» "-■ l«mwn. Shi.dey, and Co.. and \\>!Jl.l aid r!:! of' Li;;^;;;3;' ''"^"•^- ^^'"''"^^ -' ', f [ li .^ I Had the United States no (I'e'wm.v ;.. i- .t i. • •'' ,reat house of Marin, Mroth.; ;, h ' ;^. /C t' n" ^ "" "^ ™ ".an the appenrs (o have h.-.'n ener-etie in i s • Vn •. • f ''" "'*'■'' "I"'"'"''' ''''"" l">ii.so .''lou u in ph.as,. express n.;*;..!k no: i'lr^^^^^^^ Wm-to Mr. Selu.yler, • to' Messrs. Ha.^ hJotl e ''r "''e'' '^^^^^^^^^^ patriotic action in laeiii,;„i„. vo,n- i S,, t '" ^"ir ''"i ;'""''' '"■""=''* '^"•' and wealthy hous... its leadi.iir n e . ;. . l^' "''?'*' ^^'^ '"'P^ «^i>l. i'' that ,re; in . leadin- niemher Iiavlnc^' "'.rn inVi"" T\' '"''^'^ ^^'"'' " "''it -reat Commons, iiad ..n.h'rfaken tmd ex ihte.nem »"*"*'"' ''"'"''' '" ""' Jl""^« o*" laeilitatinf, Contederate open.^L is o ' , / 1^^^ J'^l'^^l T' "^''^''^ '"'"""" '" ee.it. interest ? or, was there to he .,ne I uv ; , The V 's . «!*< '■"'"'V'^^'"" ^lul 5 j.er Confederates? Her Majesty's iovc . „ d no H f '^'' '^"V"'"*'"''' '■"■' "'« reniaitietl at, arsenal f.>rti;. latter as well Jtl//;^;-^^^^^^^^^^^ ^"' ''^"'^ ''-^^^ J^ritain .^^^_ Nox. as to Croat IJritain having hoen, as it is said, "the navy yard of the Sl.i, „u.„. '* " -'' • •• - from Great i:f ^^^^^^^l^^^^a^ Government, reduced to " shiH...ilder.s\vavci;of(;nvat rH^^^^^^ ^""^ resorting to the «iw. looked upoti the l\..-nishin! f ud Mess' Is n ' ;'" *" I""'"™* ^'"' ^'"■l-'>"il'l«'rs, Messrs. Laird\vlu, huilt the ^t^m 'h;S^;:^SrS;:;;v'wH^"' ^^ ^'— "- tlieir correspondence with a Mr. Howard vl o , m f •"''tb "''''"-• "^ "I'l'wnvs from a contract with them to h„ild v ..ssr ' tl J.^ n'r '"''' "■?*''""*'^' *" '''^'' '^^^o the latter as Hell as to the insur.-ents--a„il 1, , • <-'vei-""H;nt, to supply ships to the .!ups were not :u-,ned in J Fisl vi,!^^ hi'' r^'"" ^'',"1'=''^ *''''f' ^° !«"« as IWeiijn Enlistment A(d_IVo ent n- . int^^ transaction would not h.> within the eotdd do was to u.e reasotial le ' rrc to >^^? S^ '"^'^'^ .^1' tlu' Covernment Two ves.sels of war, and two , d t e li^iJa amUir; hit ' ""''''"^- , • waters, found their wav into th,. hi mis of h r ■ V^""lf ' ''"l^'PI''''^ '» ^^'''tisl' tl.em, the British tuithoritie.s we e w tn" i due .rh^^:''''''-''- ,,^y''«"""'-' "' ^'-'^P'^ct of consideration, when these vessoirj. .!".... ^ '^"^'P"*-'^' ^viU he matter for future consideration, when these vessels come s.rvieX P"'"^ ^'^ ""'"^'■" ^"'- ''"ture able charge that the Coveriiment vm^tSl? ij.^ "T^- ?'" "^"^^ ""J"^""" from motives of iiartialitv htis 1 lope hee -Za Iv nf '". ^ '•' '^'^'^'^', »*' their ,luty oreqttipped in ^British water fo the wa seV^^^^^^^^^^^ f very other vessel huilt prevented hv tlu, a.-t of the 1 riti^h rnv' / "' ^'"nf^^'ieratc Covernment was InunediateaWuiitiri,,. ttention r^ini^^^^^^^^^^ ^'"""l '^"T "". '"to their hands, f 'ep,Vakc'a by t: "liicli for the most DarF ti nVed n .f t.'i Irequent applications of iMr. Adams "-""r'' ^■°^""- .uay have, hee.i a in the cl s oi^ t, I:",!; 'T'^'^^ ?» '^"oneous i.dbrmation. 1 ""="'• tiie traditional view of the matter not o,?lv ; n I ' i ^ we have seen, had hcen These ..Ulcers mav have a Jdud t\, L 7 • "" ^?"'''""' '"'* '"'"''^ United States. ti.ou.d. etpiippedl, recS rm we;:^ ,';";P«rtance to the tact that the vessels, port. In that they onlv share: t^' '*^"'. »«\P^tiuilly armed hcforc leaving the Court of Exehe tti. Tut wl e " T21i" '^ ^^^^"'Suished Judges in the -- - .oin. u no vess?o? .:!;r t;:ts^^i^iir:?trssi:!;a:: * «""'•• Counter.ase, PP-^^-M; British Appendix, vol. vi, pp. ,53-160, 173. ,88-193. T Uritiah Appendix, vol, y\, p. ,54. lOU (•allod, and whit-li proved to be intended for war, was suffered to escape. An eniimp- mtion of the instances on which incjuiry was instituted liy ilcv Mnjosty's Crovemmont, witli the results, will set this part of the case in its true liirht, and show the flaijrant injustice of the wholesale accusations which have been so unwai-rantahly made. The Bermuda. The first case in which a representation was made hy Mr. Adams as to a vessel supposed to he tittinj;' out in Enijland for warlike ])ur])oses ai!;ainst th(> United States, in violation of the Foi'e;sz:n Enlistment Act, was that of the Bermuda. Mr Adaiits's letter was dated tho 15th of Aui>:ust, ISOl. Tht' priuci])al iri'ouiuls of suspicion alloi,'('(i ai^ainst the vess( was armed with fi,'uns, aiul had been !'(«• some tinu" taking in crates, eases, and barrels, believed to contain arms and ammujiition of all kinds ordinarily used in earryinu: on Avar. Mv. Adams continues : — " This caifio is uoiiiinally i-nlured us desliiu^l U) lliivana in tiii> Lsluiid of Ciiltii, 1ml her aniiiiiiiciii nnJ carj,'o are nfsiicli a iiuliiiv as lo iviulcr it iiuivully (.■oiiaiii lliat Ihv nicicliaiils wlici claim lo lie tin owiHn's"an liavc no intonlioii of (lis]iateliin^; her on any cn-and of nicicy or of ]n'ac('. "I am infoinii'd that this vi'sscl will sail in a day or two; I tlicivfoni feel nndcr llie 1h;;1i(... ohliijttion to submit the information 1 liave obtained as the nround for ajiiilieation for a iirniniii aiid'efleelive investipvtion of the IruUi of the allegations whilst there is lime. Not doiibtina tl„, earnest disiiosilion of Her Majesty's (iovernnient faithfully lo adhere to the principles of ueutmlity to whieh it liiw piedj^ed itself, I ask, on the part of the I'niled Stales, for no more than a siiniili. uuforeement of the law, in case it shall appear that evil-minded persons ari' seeking; to set it m naught."* Mr. Adams, it would seem, entertained none of those notions of the duty or \h necessity of havini>; recourse' to preroijative force in order cfTiciently to (;bserve tlio obligations of neutrality, of which we hear so nutch in the Aroumeiit of the Unitnl States. Inquiry was at once made by th(> fiovernment. 1Mi(> Collector of Customs at West Hartlepool, where the vesselwas, reported th(> next day as follows :— " Finding, from a eonnnunicaliun which I had seen from the American Consul at Leeils tu Ins brokt'r here, that the steamer in (luestioii was sus])ecteil to be tilting out at this ])orl for the junposcnl being used its a i)rivateer for the Confederate Slates, I have been keejiing an eye on her, hut I ,~rt nolhing to indicate sut'h to 1)e her object, either as regards her exlcirnal ei|uipments, or the ehariirtoriif her crew, nr anvthing in her case more than usual lo give ground for remark, unless it be the ciieuin- stance that a large portion of her cargo consists of arms !ind anniiunilion ; and it is possible tlml although the ih'.stination of the vessel ost^nsilily is Havana, it may be the design eveiUually U> niii some, if not the whole of the goods on board into tin; States referred to."f The rest of the information collected pointed to a similar conclusion, ami ^rr. Adams was accordiuijly informed, on the advice ol" the Attorney-General, that the vessel did not eonu' within'the terms of the Eoreion Enlistment Act (to whieli, in las letter, he had referred), and that there was no g^round for any interference with tlio clearance or departure. The Hernuida turiu>d out, in fact, to be a blockade-runner. She sailed from Liverpool with ear^o for Savannah, and succeeded in enterin"' that port and ivtuniin? to Liverpool. On her second voyage she was captured by a United States' siiip, anil condemned as prize. 'I"h(> nt>xt eases in order of time to which Mr. Adams called the attention of tlip British Government, were those of the Oreto or Florida, and of the Alabama, originallv known its No. 'J(K). As I shall have to enter in dcdail into the tacts c(miiecte(i with these vessels further on, 1 will not here allude to them more particularly. On the Ifith .lanuary, 18(53, Mr. Adams made a representation to Ear! lliLsscll The Gctrifiana. respectiiiu' tli(> (ieorgiuna.'a vessel built at (ilasii;ow, and tlieii fittinii,' out at Liverpofli, which h(( stated he "had rea.son to believer was intemhul to puisu(> a similar course with that formerly called No. 2!)() — to wit, the destriictioii of tlie conimei'ce of the Lnitnl State,'.." Mr Vdams inclosed a letter from the l.'uitcd Sttites" Consul in London, " Ejivini,'," as he said, the " jjarticuhirs based upon credible information received li,v .f-'tifjiilHi I'fid to escape. An onl\m^ H(>v AFajosty's ( lovornmcnt, lifxlit, iuid siiow tho flai,'mnt mvarrantably mado. y Ml'. Adams as (o a vessel ii;aiiisl: tlio United Stntcs, in Bermuda. Mr Adams's fvounds of suspicion alleged ■ tli(! coiiunereial house df rnilcil w Collector of Customs at ay us follows : — iiicrirnii CoiisiiJ at Leeds to liis Hit at this poll for the ]nir]ioseo( ieejiiiiji an eye on her, but I .-.it 1 e(|iiiiiiiu'iits, or the charactor if eniaik, unless it be the ciivmn- uniitioii ; and it is ]iossililc tliai, 10 tli(i desi^ni eveiitimllv t(i niii a similar conclusion, ami Attorney-General, that tho itment Act (to which, in im ■ any interference' mth tho '■runner. She sailed from ino' that port and returnin!; ■ a United States' ship, ami called the attention of the d of the Alahanu). orininally to the laets coniu'ciod with •e particularly. resentation to Earl RilssoH HMi tlttiuii,' (nit at Liverpool, |)insu(> a similar course with he eonnueree of th(> rnitcd States' Consul in liOiulon. hie information received liy 101 him, the authority for wiiicii it k „f.f ;„ i • his letter :- '^ '^ '^°^ '^ *"« Po^er to disclose." and he thus concludes to ])K\ " I tliereforo solicit I ho inlernosiiion of H At ■ Iimeiire lurther ..vide,,,.,. i„ ,.,„|,|i,|, .irnnT'^Uie ''r"T"^' ''M'"''' ^" ''''' '^« ',. enable ine mention ol thus nelarioiis eiii,.r,„,se."* ' "" ■'"''.^''"-'""s here niaile, i„ .s(,a.soii f,,,- the . ,, , , ■ -.• ,.>,,.,„■.■„ ,„ (.arivin.M„Ii''!l/^'' *".''''"""^'"l ''""""t he answerable for ,.„ which (he stat..n„.„i of the r„it,.d .States' ', ,1 ' , 'T '!"''''': J'l ';";.se,ue>iee of tho evi,l,.n,o. Inquiries were acc-ordiutdv nrade ho , ' . n 7 "',"■''' '''"■" ^''^^'"'"t police t,t Utverpool, hut it aau's f,„uni ,1,, „ ,' ,^"f ""'' ""'^•?''^ "»'l '\v the detective warlike purpos.-s, :unl that, from the nattire of h, r Im! 7? '" '""'>' ^^''X "il^'Pt^l for circnnistances, sh(> s.-onn.! to he i.itend.-d to r. n h. i 7 ''''""'^ *"""^ "*''"' 'Attendant to be tho. case. '" "*" <1"' ''lockade ; aud such, iu fact, proved On th(> 21st of .March ^H(\•\ l .^..,l i> n areport that vess.ds .,f wa^ ^ii'l^i^l hS'/ct '* '!" ^)^''""^ "^^■■^" -''-"-• ^- Stat..; that it appeared i^-om iniormat J" L: e,^ ;r h Mhe'c ' ^'-^/''''l ^'"'"-'-ntte Vessels a that there w.n-e only two hu-e steamers h ,„ . ' r ^;"'^™^^">""' of Customs c; SV Messrs. Thompson attd Co.; ,|^r <.n.M he," I ,' ^l^ :i;™"'""''^ "1' ^^ ''"" ^^fd of '"" receive armour j.lates, hut that tl„> h(,it , ,s \l t ' 'I""";1'"'^\'>V."'""-^' ^^""^trut-ted „.e plankino. of her top sides had onlv u™ im^i d" ^ ' 7 ''f/ ^'''f ''' ''"'' ^'"'^ Hrot.>, was a screM-steanu-r intend(>d t(', he en., , , • l'. "\."^''<^i-. Lord llussell noitl,.n. of thes.. vessels could he conrjd.ied t v' ™^ l^ C, ^'^-^^^ru.-n trade, hut n iorwardm, tlus letter t(, Mr. Wwara, Mr. idlrS^l- ■'Ilis],r,,|)ertoii,ei,t,oii that the iiv,.sti.i-,i,Vm Sr;;;;;.'? '■"'■■■'^""' ' "- ••'-'"- -•• '"-t;;:? nidrJ:::,;:;;;;;:;:;!:;^;;^^-::;;^ ^^^ Mr. Adams' letter o,' acknowledgment to Earl Russell is as tbUows :- "I had the hoiioiiv to n.,.i.iv,. viiii,' I..,i-ds liiiii.s uiiikiiij; in the yanl of Mi'ssrs. puqinscs -::*i;-:.vJ-;;,7;:S;;ir:;;;^;:;;:;;'i;-is "Infoniiation of the same iiatiir,' rei.,.ive,l *w.,„ „.i .fanmaher i„ten,h.,l to earn- on ^U. ^^M ::1^^1:Z''7V''\T ^i-''^'^'^'' "-' this is one omimeire ol the Uiiit,:.l States, in a,' 'onlaia.e w I H , l , l""^"^'^^'' ''X H'" nis„r-ents awiinsi the toico wliieh I ha,| tli, honour some tinu. si ee o !,v J^ i!!': '^"'' t''' "' """ '''"P-l ^^>n.Jr^ Phe interc(>pted correspondence alluded to hv Vl \ Z V ,7" 'l':arlin,ss(dl,,,,tlu-)thlVhr.,arv ISO' i H, ]■..< '"^ '"'"'' Ibnvarded hy oan in Ih.i^latnl, on aec.tmt ot'Vhe GnL e,n 7 ''"'^"^ iotts of war to the Conf.,C.i^li^.}'^^^'^^^: Government, for the ex,>ort of ilenco wliieh I „,.,. u,L. „„„„,„. some ii„u. sinee to lay beibr,. vo„ u"; ""' "".""■''I'"-'" L-orrespo,,- I .otae to learn that t iis proeeedin, is exciting the atL,;i,ro^ J^cr IS:;TZ1:Z;^ «'^^"*'^'"'"" The mt(>rce])ted corresp(ni(leu( " - - - - ■■ ' '""^""'Hnt. Iiimto l']a ' of a loan manitions of war to (he C(ml\Mlerate'st2-s"nuni^'^ government, lor the export .. theC(),in.,lenit.>AavvJ).-nart..um twill , U.: ^ t'> a supposcul contract made by of six iron.,.lad steanrers ^ i^, u.^ '^;i; 'i;; ''■^.'^' the constr.tctio.t i,t England in a manner which could enable 1. ^ t f(iTtl hi iX T^^'^^ ""'^ ^'-''^''^" ^''^l'^' iawhiel, Lord Ituss.dl denied tha In^ v ^n- '^^^ ' ^^^^^^^^^^^^ A correspo,ule,u.e ensued "Iii-'l. warranted t, criminal pr.,s(.. t o , f the nn > '"^ "''f ="'^« ''^''''"^^^ the law i>> =1 note of the 2.ul of April! IHtili! tlmt- ^ ^o"cenied. lie added, however, "111 view of the statements coiitaiin'il ill tlie int.. i.,..,.,t , a»^•o ronewcl tl„. i„stru,.,io„s alr,.adv •' ve to tl^ r,^ ll :'''''''^?r'''''':^'' "^"i ^''^i'^'^'^'^ <'"vern.nent hvhoHi ships of war may b.. ..(.nsirneiT „ i^.^s r'.''""^'"'' "*''''■ '^^^ Uritish ports Imm a,ill,ori.,ieH with whom he is ^.H ,,,•'' ';'■': ^"'^^^ '"'' 1'"' """" "'T^iHineiit t„ .vdeiicoef any yioh.tion of the t'oveh.,, I-nl i,.^^ "^'''"'^'^ ""^' '>l'tai,. le.-al S,atut« whenever it ..an n v be sh.nv fri 'T 7 U '''^ '!"'' '■"'•"•'■^■■m.nt .,f that lliKcl to y.,„ to .■.unni„ni,.at,.-,„ tiie ii .■ i . ' i,^^^^ "^''' ^^"^"''y' d Stales' Consul at Livev 'd, „n tl„. suhiect of two vessels, the I'iiantom ami the S.)uthern(>r, whieh the Co,.- .lieved t„ he intemled for Contederat(M-rui/ers.* Tlu- principal r.-asou tor l\lr. i). ..ys siisi„. oions seems to have heeu the eonm-ctiou of the tirms of l imi)()ssilde for me to (d)tain l(>u;al evidenee against these two vessA, •ind nothiii"' slu.rt of this will satisfy ti>is (lovernnuMit." Kven of th(> intormiiliui, furnished hv :\Ir. Dudley, part-namely, that tlie last-named of these two vesse s tli,. Southerner,' had arrived at Liverpotd— was (>rroneous, and was eorreeted hy .Mr. Adinih hi his m)te,"aeeordin'? to later adviees reeeived from LiverpiKd. . . :Mr Vdarns was informed on tlu> following' day that immediat(> nnimry W(nil(l |„. made on the suhie.'t, and imjuiries were aeeordin-ly at onee made, as in the case orih., Geor-iana hoth 'throu-lH he Customs aulhorilies at Liverpool and hy means ol d.'lcctivr poller ullieers, as to these two vessels. Tiiey faih>d to produee any evidence a-aiiN them and indeed one of them turm-d out to he a hloekade-runner, and the other w;,. afterwards cu'-a-ed in trade in the Mediterran(>an. In acknowledgment ol the slip. wlii(di had heen'laken, Mr. Adams wrote as follows to Earl lUissell on the (ith ol A])nl, 18(i;J:— ■■ It is ■! si.iiivc .if "iviit SiitisliU'tii.M 1(1 UU' til i.r(i,i.'lli/»' llic iv;i(hiu'ss wiiii'li tier Maji'^stys l.n\,n.. „„ut lus thus „mnir.'st'f.l te i.mUe llu' inv.'sti^'i.lioiis .losiiv.!, ms writ us K, ivccivc thf assunnurs„i ,, ,l,.t,.nnin,iti.m to iiiiiimmM ,i closu (ibscivatinu of fulmv lui.vmu.i.ts „t ,.u luiusuid clinnu'fr tli.il jiwiiy sMS|iii'iciiis of any t:vil iiilL'iil."t On the 28th ]\lareh, ISti;!, Mr. Dudley, tlie United States" Consul at Li\cr|io..l, wrote to tli(> CoUector ot Customs at tliiit port, foiwardim-' six deiiositions relative n,;, vesstd caUed the Alexandra, ami ajiplyin- for her seizure. Copies ol these depcisiii,,:.. were also forward(-d to Earl .Uitssell hy Mr. Adams on the IHst of March; and alir, further imiuirv hv the authorities, the ship was seized on the .-jthol April. . Mr. Adaiih, heiii- inforin.Hl of this step, wrote on the (!th of April to Karl lUisscdl to express his "livelv satisfaetitm."! • ,•. , The historv of this vessel is well known. The proeeedmss, which were iiistitm,,! hv the (loveriiment in the proper Court, failed, under the direction of th(> Lord Clu,: liaron to tlie iurv that, to estalilish th(> intention that the vessel had heen eiiiuiipnl Im tlie purrx.se oi' war, it was necessarv that she should have heen arm.>d as wcdl as litinl for tin- reception of -uns. The jury havin- i;iveii ti verdict a-amsl the Crown, il;, •niplieation to the Court of l':xeluHiuer for a new trial, on the -round ol misdirection ni tlie .hido'e in so direetin- the jury, failed hy reason of the .Itid-es ol that ( oiirl ,1k'1!i: (•(lually divided in opinion. Writin- to Mr. Adams after the verdict had heen i;ivrn, Mr. Seward says: — "You aiv authori/.fd aiul i'.xikh'Ic.I to assuiv Kail Ku^mII thai this ( lovoiiun.'Ut i.s , uliivlv si,iii;tHl,-uu,| lam, ,„',| lionoiiv and 'thai llioy arc wi^ll .lisposcd to fivviit the litlin- out .it anii.'.l vessels in hnlish i-i,:. lo,lHMv.lat.MiiMiii AnuM-i.'ani'.miin.T.'.Min.l l.Muais.'Nvaia-ainst til.' I iiito.l Statis, , , . , . 'Thistoiv.Tnniciit is satisli.'.l that, tlu^ haw Dlli.vvs of lii.' ( rowii liav,. i,..|l..nnc'. lluir .hiti.- r, iv-i,r,l lo llu' fasc .'f llic Alcxaii.lra with a siinrr.' .■oiivicti.ai ol tla- a.lc.|i v «i th.- law ..I (.r.v, llnlain, ami a siiiciTo .l.'sirc l.i ,oiv.' it .■ll.'i't."55 \n aimeal was math- to the Court of Extdie.pier Chamh.r hul il lunicd on: liiat.owini,' to an omission in the Act eonstitutin- Hie latter, no provision ha.l luv. math' for stadi a case. . . , , i , 1 1 i Alt.T a detention of a year, pendino' th.> trial and appeal, the Ah'Naiulia w;h "^'si'u' went lirst to Jknnuda, t lien to llalifas, and from Iheiice to Nassau, wlim, •iftcr ivpcated investigations, she was a-ain s.-ized, in Deeenilier iSCt, on a liv> char-'.' <'f tm intention to emiiloy her as a ship of wtir in the C.mledertite .s.>ryur, ami •hoiioh the imiceedin-s in th.«Vie(>-AdmirMlty Court there emh'd in an aetpnltal, th; decision did not ttike place till the end of .May IsCo when tin- cuil war was at an .%i The costs and (hima.oes incurred hy the (iovernment tm account ol the two seizim^ amounted to over 1,()00/. On the (ith of April, 1803, fi despatch was received from the Hritish Consul :i! • British Appendix, voh ii, p. 107. , „ . „ ^ 'I*''':' ''• .'„u" 1 Ibid., p. 231. § United Slates DocumcntB, vol. ii, p. i'Jl. Kavl Uussoll ibrwarclinn' an 'oiisul at Live- "1, on the liicli the Co..-; .lievcd t(, on lor IMr. 0. uy's suspj. iscr, Tr(>i\holni, and Co.. ami t tlio end of tlu> letter : '• | (•(; ai;ainst tlii'sc, Iwo vcssils, ' Even of the infonnatiiji! ii'd of these two vessels, the ivas eorreeled l)y ^1 r. Adiiiih ool. immediate in([uh'y m(;u1(1 h,. e made, as in the case of ili.. lol and by means of detcctivt' ivodnee any evidence a^aiiw :le-i'unner, and the other \v;h i'kn()\vh'dij,'ment of the stcpv Ihissell on the (Uh of Ajiiil, ii'ss which JU'f Majesty's (IcAiHi. as to R'ccivt' till' as.suraiR'cs nf i;< fan iimisual cliaract*'!' thai jusiify States" Consul at Livci'ponI, ;• siv d(>])ositi()iis velativc t(i;i Copies of these de|iositiiiii> lie iJlst of ilai'ch ; ;ind alti'i le ."tth of April. . Mi: Adaiih. Kai'l Uiissell to express \\\. 'dincfs, \\hieh were institiitnl ' direction of the Lord Chii; vessel had been e(iiii])p('(l I'ur heeu armed as well as llttcil I'diet ai^'ainst the Crown, tiir he tji'omid oi' misdireetidiinl ' .liidu'cs of lliiit (.'oiirl h'h.v: I lie verdict had been ;,'iviii, is (Idvcfniiiciit is ( iitiirlv sutislii-ii I thai case witli |iciicct i; 1 I'iiiil. t (if aniii'tl vi'sscls in iiritisli ]«i];. Cniteci States, wii have pelieriaeil liieii ihiti. - ;: ihi' ;Hlei|ii;iey iif tlie law ef lin;: Chamber bill il imau'd oiil [liter, no ])ru\isi(iii had l)(vi. I appeal, the Alexaiidra \\> 111 iheiiee to Na--saii, wlu'iv, December ISIil, on a fnMi I the Ci)ii federate .service, ami c ended in an ac(|nittal, tln' II the civil war was al an oihI, aeeount of the iwo sciziivi- from the Hrilisb Consul t Ibicl., p. 171. imentB, vol. ii, ji. liUl. 103 New York, in which alhision was nndo t« n ^ , . papers of that city, that t^el^jS^lS":!^'''' '"'/ "I'l'^-'l - «- -ws- than a blockade-runncr, and whil is s^ cn^mnLr" " '''••">• ^^'"'l. ^vas no rnav ments,» was intended to ho armed as -. r„r ? ?^ ^"' '" ^'"" ^^»'t«I States' docn called the South Carolina, was bi?„Vin tt clS " 7 ""'' T' "'='^ '^ -"''-• v - . Co,nm.ssionci. of Customs, and the latter repoSlon t o'i'^h"'? r^^'*>-'■'l to the "(hi ti.o receipt of the said letter we ref . , '"'''' "' ^'"""'^^ =- iniuiry reapectinj,' the ,S„uth Caieli,,,, . ...'i ,. "'"^"■'•'« the .sniiui to ntir (.•,,]ie,.ioi. .,t fi,,,, ,. , . Shipping at tliat port, whi,.h has h e V/ni, 1,1 '?''''', "'"'," '''" ''^^"^ "'' ^^^ M - ri : S Z' *'"' '"-^ haildinf; at the present time in the port a a '1 '''' "'" ''°"«'t<"-. thnt tl,e. v e 0,,^ V'"",''-''' tl. only ^.ip appai^ntly .lesi.nedra;?.,?^;;;^^,';;;:-:"^";;! ^ive one ot iC^fX^^^^^Z ..a. to .eep the Collator hilly i.fi.St^lie? ^I^Sr.^^^!;;:^^^}; ^'- ^^^^^^la'StS ffH The Oibraltar or Sumter. Tron-clads at Uirkealiend. A report having anncared in tlm « t» -i a- the Gibmltar which /f!er aetin,^ as'a CoSl^te; ,iZ>f " '^"' 1 ^'^'^'■^''' 1««3, that bumter, had been sold to private owners am la in, -^ I war under the name of the month, wasfittingout at Birkenhead a ^ • II '"fwar't n' ^'''T^ ^" '^'' P^'^'^iou that inquiries might be made on the sitbioet "m ' ^^^^ Mn Adams. I s^lUiave subsoquentlv to ?, flairL T^'"'"''^"^^^^^^ *'^« ^•'''iilt to which was an object of constant vi-ilaAce dnThJ, i ^ ? ^^^ ''^■'^^ "t' this vessel also not pennitted to leave until the A^^S^^Z^I^f ^r^"''' "^^ -'"^''^'-^ a?am equippmg her as a Confederate cruizci" that there was no intention of On the 7tb of July. 1863 Mr T),„lln,. *• , , at Liverpool several deVositioJs ^lath"' t^ ^7?^^^/'^ ^°"f-*«^- «^ ^-^^oms Messrs. Laird's yard at Birkenhead, which wore all rdol'T^'fH'^ ^'"'^'1'".'? ^^ of the Confederate States, one only of whicl 1 ad at fh^ ^r^n V "'^ ^"' *^" '''^''''' being still m process of construction. Representat o, . , ^i'"'' ^»"^«J'«1, the other by Mr. Adams, and a lengthened correspS donee Irt '"^^^ T^' "'^ "'^ «"l'j«^-t the fn-st kept upon the vessels, and inquiries mn,?L?... A ^^"^*^ ™tch was from It was at first reported that tiiey weTb,^ tTo ! the Cot'' ''''Tf ^^^^^ ^estinatir quently, they were claimed bya M. Bravay of Par s S)T T'K''^ ^''^''''^- S"I^«e- irom which it appeared that tlie vessels had ^n l^?n '1 /""m ^"''•''^ "" legal instnunent Bullock (the Confederate agent who ha ton S ''" ^/^•* *" ^^'' "^^^^^ of Caption a,ul Alabama for the Confelorato (^4^4 on?) bu'TnM^M^ t'^^'^'^" «'« ^^a interest in them to Bravay. M. Bravay taS at it^li^f"'^ ,^'^ '»« J-oy of Egypt, but the Viceroy, on ^uii^f ^LtJlrSt ^L^ in.rS^g«^mffle7!;;;;i;sS:s^ until satisfactory evidence could to giv^rofther;^ '' ^'■^'''^ ^''^ ^^^''^e^ then being prosecuted on the subject should hi, /,t'?*'''°' o'" "°^^ the inquiries 9th of October following, both veSs we fse efe ^" ' '"^'^"'^^°^ ' ^^^' «^ tlie Captam of Her Majesty's ship Maiestic thcncfof f "Tr .°'''^'' '"*« the care of the was sent to Egypt 'for^he ^70^ o^p ^f^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ol. A Commission aeiniiatiou, but the result appearing doi^^btfu Tt ' " 7 V^,'^^; '' 7'^™' *° ^^'''^ con- purohase them, though it was not inlut of hen ''"1"^ ^l^'" ^^^^rnment to tlieir passing directly or indirectly Tnto ?ho nndsof ?' 1 •'"'' "'"^ ^^''^ "«k of accordmgly purchased in May 1864 for the sum of 220,SoOA| '^"'''''*- '^^''^ ^"'« toveSX-dt:r&ui^^^^ by the Government as xheC . of October. 1863, Mr. Adams .Co to S t^l^^^t?- ''' ?/"'=""'• ^^ '^' 17th It^T " fonnidable steam-ram in process of constm; iouTt ' ^^^^^^^ *'^"*' ^^ ^^^ition to a ' steamer ready to be launched, called t^.o Cm ton m^^ Port. nere was also another war-vessel, which was about to be litt .1 nt nT, iJ.!t^f^,'"-,fl", characteristics of a the same place. Mr. Adams inclose one ItrS f ' '"^^ II'' '^''' "^^^^^ ^^'or^ States' Consul at Glasgow, who, he s^^'d "i^^ ^ f'^T u^'*^'' f™"^ *'^« ^^^^^ the vessel, although, from the ^vcrSe d £ tK^^^ doubt as to the destination of j t^ad been^low in gaining ^^^o on ^S^S^^ ^^^^SS^ P'^^^" li} ; , '■ i ' ■ ' U'i t > i 1 .•■ -r ? I 3 1 It]: Vol. i, p. 772. 1146] t Ibid., pp. 457-459. t British Appendix, vol. ii, p. 163 § Ibitl, p 467. EV :^:^*.l : 'M' Ii'on-clad ram nt Glasgow. The Rappa- hannock. m 104 ■Dirpctions n-o at once c;iron to the proper anthorities to make inquiries and to talc.< anv nicasuvos Avliich mi-lit loRally be possible. The investii^ations renuuned lor s<,nu- tinK« AvithoMl anv detinite result. The vessel yns card. illy examined. It api.eav.>d that, though i.; eouvse .,r l.ein- litted as a passen-er su]., she possessed son,. pmdiarities of eonstruction Avhich v.M.der.Hl Iut eai.ahl.- ..t bem^ converted into a iossel serviceable for Avarlike use. T'he buihh>rs, houever, and tlu- lirm thro.i^li ul.„m s1u> had been eontraeted for, diselaimed any knowh. i;v of soeh an mtention, uM declared tlu-ir beli.-f that she uas intended for the men-hant service. Ihe evuhMUT ns to her bein- intended for the Confed(>rate service, which was snppliod by tho Lml«l States' Consid, did not ijo beyoud vai,'ii(> rumour a)id hearsay. The vessel was lannche.i on tl... :2i)th of October, 1803. On the 10th of ^oveml,or the Collector of Cust.mis at aias|,^,nv reporte.l that as sh(> Avas bemt? rapidly u„t readvfor sea. he had arrani?ed with the Cai-tam ot Her Ma.).-sty s ship ll..t,'ue, tlu,, stationed in the Clv.le, to prevent the p<,ssibility of a d<-partu,v pend.ni^_ ho decision .,1 th(^ Authorities ;* and a we.-k later a i-'un-boat was moorcnl ahm-side ot her to prevent anv chance of Ikm- leavin?,' sinnvptitiously.t , , , , ^.i i r .. ^ Bx the end of November the iiupiiries of the Government hvl to the production ,,1 evidence showin- Avho were the real owners of the vessel, and that they had contractrd to sell her to one Sinclair, eallin- himself a citizen ot the Conlederate States. A !.■ i, r from Sinclair was produced, dated in the previous September m winch ho said tliat "the determination of tlu> ClovernmcMit to prevent the saihnsj of any vessel that iin,!,! 1„> suspected of bc>in- the property of a citizen of the Conlederate States was mad.- s„ manifest, that h(^ had concluded it would be better lor him to (>ndeavour to cIom' t ,o c.ntract and -<> wh.>re he could have more liberal acti.m ; t and it appeared Iron, t ir further correspondencr that he had a-reed to do this, even on condition ot forfeiting tlio cotton eertilicates which he had already din'ositcd as security. T'he Pamp.M-0 was seized on the lOth of December and le-al proceedin-s wro instituted, a verdict was entered a-ainst her by default, aud she remained imder seizure until some months after th(> termination of the cival Avar. \s r(>"'ards the other vess(>l huildins,' in Messrs. Thompson's yard at Glasnw, onAviiich the Authorities, as has been mentioned, Avere keejiiui? Avateh, ]Mr. Admiis, Avriting respecting the seizure of the Pampero, reports as follows (January 28, 18(11);- " Ono "oo,l ctUrt of tlifse various iiroa'cdiiijisliiis lii-cn tn ivimivcall furtlii'v anxiety rcsiKriiiiml,,. deitiuiition'orth.. r.irmiduMe ivon-clad ram in i.idecss (,f .■onslvudion at tiie same idace. Tliat slic wn, ordcird in tlic tirsi inslaiuv l.y tlic ivliMs, 1 liavc w nianniT of d.nilit ; slie has now bt-un piuvlias,,!!,,- the Danisli Coveinnicnt, as ] learn from the Minister, ?*1. de Jiille/'ij In September 1803, an old c;un-boat named the Victor, being considered as rotten and nusorviceable. Avas sold bv'tlio British Government to a private lirni. Tiie iinu Invin"- afterwards aiiplied for the mtvsts Jind sails of the vessel, the qiiesticni of -Taiitin!; the applieaticm Avas referred to Marl Hussell, Avho advised, as a measure of ]irecaiit[(iii, tint tll(> masts and sails should for the ])resent be reserved. || On the 21th Novemljer, ISO:} she suddenly left Sli(>erness, Avliere she Avas being prepared for sea, at miduiitht, 'iml crossed over to Calais.*]" She Avas still in a condition quite unlit to go to sea, Imr ri-.-iuc boin" incomi)lete and her crew delieient. At Calais her Commander deelared her't vessel of Avar, thougl; she Avas neither equipp(>d, manned, nor armed She was .allowed to remain, and to make such repairs as were necessary to render" her seaworthv, but tiie jjaxvautions taken by the Authorities to prevent her being ]rad(« more serviceable for Avarlike ])urposes rendered her iiractically usel.>ss for the Confederate service. It having been discovc^red that large additions had been iiiadiMo li( i'reneii Governmeiit Avith that of the Eritish Government in lik(? cases. ■\Vliiit vessel bearing a commission Avas evi>r disturbed by a Brftish gun-boat, no matter liow ila'-rant might have he(>n In r violations of British sovert>iguty ?" Had those who ask ] this quest iou forgotten (he case of a certain vessel called the Canton, or ramjiero, \yliicli AVJis served exactly in the same manner, having first had a gun-boat placed alongside ot her and having been afterwards seized ? ' • British Appendix, vol. ii, p. 499. f Ibid., p. 508. f Ibid,, p. 511, United States' Documents, vol, il, p. 225, II British Appendix, vol. ii, p. 615. % Ibid., p. 611). *• Ibid., p. 672 J United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 174. < it ? to make inquirios nnd to nvL'stitcations roinaincd lov i cavcfully oxainincd. It, LT ship, she possessed sdiiK^ of l)(-inii; coiivertpd into n ud the iir:n tlivouii'li wIkihi (if such an intention, ami :, service. The evidence :is vas supplied hy tho rnittd y. On tho IGtli of Novemlior s1i(> Avas hcincf rapidly unt .Majesty's ship Ilot^ne, tlun lure pendini; the decision (,]' ahmij;sidc of her to pvevciit ent led to tho production nf lul that they had contrnctrd 'on federate States. A Ictur iiher, in Avhieh ho said tliiit nf? of any vessel that niiulit fe(l(>rate States was nnidc sn n to endeavour to cIo^jc tho " { and it appeared fi'oni the on condition of forfeiting' the and legal proceedini;s wnv \ she remained imdcr scizmc lompson's yard at Glas;;mv, kee])ing Avatch, ]\li'. Adams, iUows (January 28,1801):- f all further anxioty rosinMlim; ih at the saiiio jilace. Thai she uus ; slio has niiw liecu piiirluisi'il In- jv, hoinf? considered as rotten to a private ih-m. The fmn ssol, the (pieslion of i^Tuiitiiii,' , as a measiu'e of jirecautiaii, d.|| On the 21th Novembi-r, prepareil for sea, at iniduis;lit, I quite unfit to ajo to sea, hor lais her Ccnnmander declared either equipjied, ninnncd, iiov repairs as were necessary to ithorities to prevent her l)('in:» ler ])raeticaUy useless for tlio V additions had heeu made to departure, and she was even- sa triumphantly, " tho course I'rnnient in likt* cases. 'Wliat ftish i,'nn-l)oat, no matter how 'ignty ?" Had those who ask 10 Canton, or rani))ero, ivhi ' I guu-boat placed alongside o( I t Ibid,, p. 511. irol. ii, p. 615. f Ibid., p. 61i). 1. vi,p. 174. cion 105 No\ nfoi-mation liad lioon ropoivod hv +l.o r .. ^ on tho Victor before her d.^Sc^TVn ?"'?''* ^"^'''»?? ^^ ^''row any suspi by Mr. Adams to Lord llussell Sn, to SEte'T'"^'^'''""^^""^'^ »'-" '^^^ this yo^sel and bo obtaining a crow foi ben—?,,?"""' ''"''""•' '" ^^'^ 'ittin^-out of them a. seemed to have rendered tbemseivrS f' "'"'^V^^^'tuted asainstlueb them were conviet(Hl or pleaded j^uiUy. Wn-'ot o ' I'""'«l'm,nit, and several of Mr. Eumb le, an officer in tho Gover.me >V,hX^^^^^^^ l'|-ocoedm^.s Avere taken against acqui tod, the Government marked tla-ir i £ ", 'h^.^'''"''";^^'/""'' tbou,^b he Avas irom ins appomtmeut and placing him u^o n • f, "' ^•"•"luet l)y dismissing, l.im no longer put any contidence.* ^ aau-pay as au ofbcer in whom they could Government at o,!c(^gLord™bat"r'Sl^^^^ S' !^ }Y^'r>^^^^^\^ock, tbo British durmg tbo contmuauce of the war. ^^ ^^'^^'^ ''<^ «oW out of the navy two vesselsX'K^^nf ^i^TSriJ^" "S^kl^J't^'^^y'l^P'^'^^ov 1803, ibr the matter Avas referred to Earl lUisse 1 "ho ,1.' "' ^^"-^^* •^^"•"'''*^' ^" 'lispose of, much bettor at tbo present time not to seii"^^' "' ''1 ^'"""'^ ^bat "it Avould be inipossiblo to obtain any sufficient assnvn,,. • ^ '""^f^ ^" l'"™tc firms, as it is vessels Aviien sold out of the naA^'^f "''"''''"' "^ '"-^''^ ^o Avbat may bo douo Avith It Avas also thou£>:bt ri"-lit to keon /.ov,ve i ^ i which bad already been sofd to a pr'vato 1 .nl n n , ' I °" T^^''' ''''''^' t'^« Ainpbion, The AmnV to make inquiries on tbo subject in l^iiua ! TAw J TiP"''"' ""l^'^'^^'^ ^^ero di'reetod '" '""'''"°''' dismantled and dismasted. In March IbUo'wi,.. ■ Al',. a T ^''''"'' "■'^' ^^ ^''^^^ ^'"i'' 1 ving attention to the subject, and a constant VA^L^'^irrf Y'l\ "^^'-i^-^-^^' seems to liavo boon m a state quite mifitted Ibi av^ ,„, ^ ',' '^ ^'''^ I'^^i'-'C- Slic i:rL^stE.,f - ---^ --K tb2 is^bi-s z W,i^^^t^^tri;,S:iiS^^ ::!!;;S' in^^^^^^I ^* Olasgowbaving Tbe „a.. Reu rew, and named tbo UaAvk, he referivdtlenittr Tf/ 'r^'™"-^ ^^"ii< at Pon.hng tb-M-r decision, he refused the a, p J ,.n , d > r ' ^^ •"^ntios in Loudon, for the latter port. || On tbo lOtb of t s^^m ', mV' IT' '" ''l'^'^' ''"' *» ^'^^'^ sentat.on to Lord l{ns,sell on the same subjee 'n e hwl i '.T '?'^"'^'^^^'' ^ ''l''^' London as Ava.s at first believed, without a elrarai ice • n fl •■' ''^''^^"™«'« ^^^'^ ^r for explanations. The v(>ssel Avas also snbjecie Urst .iou Castonis Authorities. The explanation,s'' of b ^ V Zv"'^'"'V''^' ""^ 1'"^^^^ ="^d oTidence appearing to justify further meas ires sh w k J A 'f'^^'^'^-y' «>"! no West Indies, and .tiu^ied, and Avas nove;^:;b^^ir ;:^::!^;;jXr^' ^^ '"' ^r^^^^^f;J::^^:!^^ at tbo ...,. Ami Fanny. As to tbo first of these vSls im e ti" f ' f VT'""' ""'^ ^he Louisa tho Hein.Ie,. the Customs Authorities at Dubli , whi e i^ w U f ^'-''^^ '^^■"" '•"»'•'" ^'v fl'" y''^'"'"' .use huiuiries Avero made not on v v the ion;^^ ^, f "?,^^"'P »'/ ^^'^''^o-i"- in oach t^v"'" ^'"' Bermuda and Nassau. None of tbo V sels rnut^ J^ "^ '^'^ tjie Governors of '""^• commercial piu-posos. qutstioii A^ ere oAer used for other than Chi.i^S,v2mS^b;'^r t^^^^S t tH^"" f f rr « 1-cured fVir tho A„„o.Clii.e.e officoa-d by Eritisb sailoJs under So Jimmai 1 ^^hSi^^^'S,,!^^ ,^^' ^---^ -^ «ej. On the 28tb of Eebnnrv ^^M o L>fl ^-^ipt'ini Mierard Osborn. KussollWireetil,t<;;iS;h;g^iim?f'J^. 1^,^ ^^r. ^^ay, by Eari h-m for that puqiose, and tl^> intbnnation o^^ ^ M \ *^^^ °''*^"'^'^, ^^ Mr. Adams, to whom it was likely to be of servJ ■ i wrT" "'^'^y; '^'^ comniun]cat(.«d to •lostiued for tho service of tirWior of f'l be? ^ '^^^tj^^'-'^l'i'-S' the vessels really l-t,;vt ior otlu. purposes connoS^^S^. tluS , ^^^Ser^"^''^' '" '^ '' '' ' < 11 the arrival of the (leet iiiChiim,.-. ditleivn.v -in, mvI .Vl? .'ni • "^ <<> 111" (onus on which the eoinniand of the licet si o d I T.'" Crovernmont 'veutually declined the appointment ' ^"''''' "'"^ <^ "!''■■"" Osborn i. I rl ^ : a II !^ lii-ili.li Appuiulix. V,,!. ii. i.._ (w I, _ t U,i,|., vol. V, |,. •-'01. 8 Ibid., pp:5ua, ,71, :„Ki ,7r ■-■ ',; 'i,[;;:;,,,,, JJ^l; -'• 'i- r- ^'^'i- r 2 106 B '•, Under these circumstances the British Minister at Peking was of opinion— an opinion which was shared by his American colleagues, that if the fleet was allowed to remain in the hands of the Chinese Government, there was great danger of the vessels heiii" bought lor employment as Confederate cruizers. It was therefore arranged tliat Captain Osborne should take back part of the fleet to Bombay and part to England, and there dispose of them for the Chinese Government ; and the vessels were brought baek aecordinglv. ^ , ,, On hearing of this arrangement, the British Government gave orders tliat everv precautiou should be taken to prevent their passing into the hands of any belligerent Power. The sale of one of the vessels at Bombay was stopped : but as slie was merely an unarmed dispatch-boat, the prohibition was subsequently removed. The other ships were held in the custody of the Government, and the Law Ollieois having advised that the sale within the British dominions of armed ships of Avar, abcady equipped for a diflerent purpose, was not contrary to the Poreign Enlistment Act, the Government determined upon taking upon themselves the responsibility of detaining them unsold. A committee was accordingly appointed to assess the values of the vessels, and the Chinese Government were assured that they should not ultnuatcly lose by any delay in the sale. Several overtures for the purchase of one or other of tln' ships fell t'hrougli in consequence of the stringent nature of the guarantees required against their employment by belligerents, or from other causes ; and they Avere in consequence not disposed of till after the close of the war. The delay and consequent deterioration of tlie vessels caused a loss of over 100,000^., which was made good by tliu British Govermnent to that of China. Gewral rciult It thus appears that, during the whole course of the civil war, two ships only wore built in Great Britain for, and actually employed in, the service of the Contedei-ates. Pom- others were intended to be built and equipped, but Avere arrested Avhilc in tiic course of construction. Pour merchant-vessels, though not adapted for Avarlike i)urposes, Avero converted into vessels of war by having guns put on board, but out of the iurisdiction of the British Government— two of them in Confederate ports— and this hy reason of the impossibility of getting ships of war built, owing to the active vigilance of the Authorities. And it 'is upon this foundation that Great Britain is represeut(-d as liaving been "the navy-yard of the insurgent States," and that men Avho must ho supposed to have a (!onscientious appreciation of Avliat is just and right, accuse Earl llussell and ller Majestv's Government of " a consistent course; of partiality towards the insurgents," and of'" a want of diligence liordering upon Avilful negligence !" In the United Slates' Argument, the proceedings of other Governments are compared with those of Great Britain, to the disparagement of the latter. Thus, of Brazil it, is said : — "Vro W'" luivc to ivlev Uiis lii.'li Tribuiml to the lulministKitivo ref,naiitions of tlic Jhmhm Knn.ire for tho unfonciiienl of neulralitv iu all the ports of the Emiiire in the mnplest maimer, by emciunt aetion on the. pari of tlu' Imperial Ministers, and of the Provuieial l-residents. " In tliu \nierican Case, and the documents to which it refers, there is suflicient indication of the loyalty and etlieiency Avith wliicli tlie Brazilian Government maintained its sovereignty aganwt the aggiessive efforts of tlie Confederates." After the con-espondence which I have already inserted, I may very well say that not (nen with Her Majesty's Government or officers did the correspondence of the United States' Government assume so angry a tone as that Avhicli pervades the letters between the American Minister and the Brazilian Government.* Portuf»l. Portugal is referred to in the American Argument in these terms :— " As to rortni'al, wc refer to the correspondence annexed to the i\merican Counter-Case, to slioir that she also never pretended that her neutral duty v^'as confined to the execution of the provisions ol her I'ciial Code. Slie also put forth the executive power of the Crown to prevent, repress, or repd aL'.nessive acts of the Confe.lerates in violation of her hospitality, or in derogation ot her sovereignty Nav more, the Government of Portugal, lindiiiK its own naval force inadequate to preveii he Confederates from abusing the right of asylum in the Western Islands, expressly authorized the American Civernment to send a naval force there for the piirposio of detendmg the sovereignty iiiiJ executing the law of l'ialugal."t Proceedings of other Govorn- menta. Brazil On tiiruin" to the documents referred to, I find that Portugal did what, :is ii * United States' Argument, p« 66i Ibid., p. 67. .^* ; • '%m 'eking was of opinion— an if the fleet Avaa allowed to preat danger of the vessels cas therefore arranged that bay and part to England, . the vessels were brought smment gave orders tluit ig into the hands of any ly was stopped : but as sliu I'as subsequently reniovoil. ent, and the Law Otticovs IS of armed ships of war, ,0 the Foreign EnlistniLiit iselves the responsibility of inted to assess the values of they should not ultimately chase of one or other of tlir )f the guarantees required causes ; and they wch'c in The delay and consequent hich was made good by tlie dl war, two ships only were 'rvice of the Confederates. vere arrested while in tlic idapted for warlike i)iu'|)()scs, on board, but out of the ifedorate ports — and this by ig to the active vigilance of it Britain is represented as id that men who nuist ho just and right, accuse Earl ourse of partiality towards Du wilful negligence I" L- Governments are compared itter. Thus, of Brazil it, is ivo ve^ulations of the Brazilian ipiiu, in the amplest luauiiur, liy it'iiil I'vesidents. uru is suliicient indication (jf tin; ined its sovereignty agidiist the id, I may very well say that the correspondence of the which pervades the letters ent.* hesc terms : — j\uierie;an Counter-C'aae, to show ,he exocution of the provisions of ■own to prevent, repress, or reptl in derogation of her sovereignty. )rce inadequate to prevent the slands, expressly authorized tlic f defendiUL' the soverei''nty ami it Portugal did what, as a Ibid., p. 67. lot neutral Power, it was hmm,! *« i naval force to the A7fm.« nii ,,- Miiiiii.' ov lla' ( ( was arrested; a„,l wh,n u ll, , 'V /''r'' "'' "'^' ^'''^^^'l Mate 1 ' '"f ''' ".! ['"' P»'''« of France, intended f„r the (N.„lWler ,. '■'."'''"'' "'"^ ^■^-s''l.s »"(!..■ ens'i .,'■'',''''" ''' ""^'^ ^•''«-^cls Minister „f Marino, as n .^ ""^' "' '''^ ^'''''-lerates. „„ {,,if , t^'^^'^'^l '".'"^'l^" ^-re that I'liiiit wc ijiKit,,. (In; lan<,'uage of the The vessels iil' war until it shall Iiave liccii iMjsiiiv..i,'-"i '"'" '"'*^' ^''""''' ""r allt^iiiin,, sjiill ,„,f i ,, -t...ity.whiei,ti,ots:':.!-;:~^:s;^ The docum(.nts annexed to the Counfo • r ' 7T """''^ '"'^'' '-"'>-u« ''*^ more than a sn.all s.doction of fh . cZv^.m?'' "^ "T ^'"^^^''^ »^^»<^''^ ^o not contain gn-en ni greater detail in tiw Men ..;.,? /"'''"'''' ''^''"tini,' to this subi(v.t \vi? • to the French courts of j„s !,, in V Ir'! 'l"cr.ments sulmTitted by tl e fi^ te^'s H '' wordsoftheMemoireiticli;'^Ji' ,,^^5;^^^^^^^^^^^^^ associates exposed the maintenance Xa J,! filtnT"''^ ^"l"'''' ^'- AnnaS J the ^'<^flTS^^:;^ by the British Government in respeet^of nims had compelled the ConS te « o l?ri;^ ''"' ''f^^"^'™ ^^ tile BiS ad ontheoUier sule of the Chamiel,''nhe^i 1 ^™:!! j^'V'^^^ they were iS on the other side of th^U^ZT'^uJ^^'' " ^""^'^ '''« ^^-^^ t ^v w^ bS. Ml on 11. Lucien Ai-man (n e , ;. < r Bov?"'""'- ^T'''^' ^« ''^'"te that the r cwf ;' whose official position see o d ^a 'ciSt I'n "^ *''« ^'''••'"'•'' ^legislative 'wm^^^^^^ impunity for the execution of ties ,, w!» \ ''"""'"'^ S'^'^^'^ter IreeeLm and cert' /n mto witlr Arman by Bullock, w, aSl in n ^S'i'c™ient was accordingly entered estaWisU regular conrnrrniications h:''I"!„!^ ^!>.^__ ™^<':'«t that, "with=a\Sv fo . and titled to parts. "<^ NablisU regular ^ornnZ^h:r,::^^;^^^^^^nir.ct that, "^mr^^S San Francisco, he wished to procure ir^^J'r 7" '^''''^'^-1»"<^' O^^aka, Yedo, carry irom ten to twelve g„ns| for tl.oi profo i„n1 tl ™'"rV'^«'"'"* '^'''^^' ^"-« to Arman undertook to build Uva nf fi^^ . '"'^ distant i)art.s.'\S -d suidet the building of the tl^two tr'anT/"''?" ^''' "^"^ ■^-•''^ ^'^ Bordeaux ■ Vomz, of Nantes. Besides th,>se 1 , i' ■"^'i"' i^'r «ial 1 Memoire pour les Emu Unis d'i^^'I.IJri^'^"'""'"' ^"'l ^^ Si' i - ;,;; ;!' J Ibid,, p. 6. i The Stonewall. 108 M Armnn nppliod to tho Govornmont for pomission to arm tlio four vossols, wliM, AVc"ro Iniildinu- osU-nsibly Ibr sorvicn in tlur Cliiua Soas, and this Avas readily .u;nuu.d, on the iaith of his assurance, l)y tho Marquis do Chasseloup-Lauhat, the iVluuster ol '^^"in the followinc; September tho knowledso of tlicso facts was betrayed to Mr. Bi-elow, then United States' Consul at i'nris by a elerk of U. Annan, «l,n furnished him, at the sanu; time, with the ori-mals ol the deeds drawn t.]) betw.rn lus cmi.lover and tlie Confederate a-ent, Bullock, as well as ol the corresp.mdence exekm,, ,1 betwecMi the parties, and other i)apers, which jdaced beyond possilnlity ot doubt tlio existence of an iut(Mition on the part of Arman to violate the neutrality ol bmnce Jlr Davton at onc(> brou-ht the matter und(>r the notice ol M. Droiiyn de Lhny>, then ]^linister for Forei-n Alfairs, and followed u]) his lirst rt-presentations with a h.nid demand, on the 22nd' September, that "the perniissi.ni to arm the vessels shou ,1 l,. withdrawn, the manufacture of the -uns and shot suspended, and it already (■onip , w.l, that the deliverv should be prevented." lie called on the Irencli Government to ' t;, . such steps as it mi-ht d(>em l)est calculated to stop the budding or departure ol the above-mentioucd vessels." , « ., i * i i •\Vritinir, on tho 9th October, to express bis approval of the course adopted l.y Mr. DavtoiCMr. Secretaiy ScAvard says— ^, ^ ^, ,, ., , ., .,, , "It is liardlv necessary to inform you that the Tresident awaits with imicli solicitude the (l(>cision of His Imperial INInjesty's Covernment upon the application you have made, and cannot but regard an adverse decision as pregnant \Mth vtny serious consequences." , . • - ai l^ i ■ \- On the 1st of November Mr. Seward writes again to ]\lr. Dayton, expressnii,' his disappointment at the mdirect and inconclusive answer rec(>ived from the Firiuh Government, and relying on Mr. Dayton's endeavours to obtain a more oatisiucton' ^^^ ^Tho IMinistcr of Marine withdrew the permission to arm the vessels, but jiistitlml the course he liad taken in granting it "on the builder's declaration." This inrasme, hoAvever the memorial informs us, " did not put a stop to the construction or littm- out of the vessels," which Arman continued, possibly in the hope of disposing ol tliein to the Confederates ; but this the measures taken by the Erencli Government prevented, exci>pt in the case of one of the steam-rams, building at Bordeaux. The history of this vessel, originally known as the Sphinx, may bo thus siunmod up from the Memoire and corresi)on(lence annexed thereto. , ^^ -,^ . On the 1th rebruary, 1801, M. Drouyn de Lhuys inlonned Mr. Dayton tliat Annan had-nven him tlus'most positive assurance that he had sold the Iavo iroii-rlii.ls, viz the Sidiinx and her sister-vessel, the Cheops, to the Danish Goveinnu'iit.t Mr'DaA'ton made inquiries at Copenhagen, which resulted in a fonilal ccmtraduMioiinf the fact l)v the Danish ]Minist(>r for Foreign Allairs. M. Arn.an next rei)ivsciitc(l to :M Droimi de Lhuys that he had sold them to Sweden, and M. Drouyn do Lhuys ivpi'ated to Mr Davt(m,on the 7th of Ajiril, this new statement of Arman (which, howc'ver, was almost immediately afterAvards contradicted by the Swedish Foreign Minister), declarni^' himself " satisfied that the sale had been ccmipleted."* Mr. Dayton did not i)lacc tk same confidence in Annan's assertions, and continued, in obedienci! to tluMust ructions of his Government, to make serious re])rcsentations to M. Drouyn de Lhuys on tlie subjcct of the rams. On the 8tli June he, Avrites to Mr. ScAvard :— "1 ]m\ ■ilmuly intnnaeil .M. Dniiivii dt' I.liuys of tho vm- wiimis cliiuwlfv of those nuosiimi!. iind the pmlKinio eoiiso(.uenccs whh'h wnuhl rosult from tho .•oniplction oiul doliv.'.-y ot thoso v.ssol.M the Coiifedenites. I havo, .mi all o.'oasions, usod stror.- lun-uii-c when ai^hcd to those u.iesti"ii-. told him to-day that, in oxi>m:sin- the viows of tho I'rosident on this snUjoct, 1 oo.ih s.inroly s,.,m | Avith tho nocossarv earnostno.ss and diruotnoss, uith.nit tron.-hinj; on that lospootlu or ho.mnnM Luo'Uior,. to wliioh"! dosirod at all times to limit niyselt in ohv ollinol mtereonrso. 1 toM Inui tut. -lumicflhese vessels pass into tho hands ol' tho Confederates, beenmo armed and ooinmonor t. svsOhpI | doi.redi.tion on our eonnueroe, tlio exasperation wonl.l lie m.eh that the (lovernnient, il so ,l,sv«;l (Avliiuh 1 di.l not iiitimtito that it wnikl bo) conld sotirooly keep the itoaoe botueon tho two oumitii.>. In the meantime, Arman had succeeded in defeating the vigilance of the Frcnoli Authoriiies in the followi.ig maiuier :— In [March ISC. 1, he had concluded a <'.mtr;iotof sil(> with the Danish Government, then at war with the German (.\.nlederati<.ii. hut I c .•onuitions of the conti-act not having been observed, the Danish officer, to whom ilie ^ - , of the course adopted liinx, may bo thus summod 109 Spliinx was to have hoon hnmlnA «,,/.» „* u , l:o^v.. ...s took advant,,,. oF I tntnet t , ." Mf"^' ''^T^ '' ^^^^^'vo hor. Arman 111 tlic'ir ivlMsal to |„„,.|,;,s,I tli.M(Ns,l ,,. n • ' ''''''''''''""''^ •"'^i'-i;' IXTsistcd r.Tl..ist.l:iinto ansoz no>ul„vus,.s' rt „ss,.. i:nm.M."'n''im';v'!v'n''" ""!''''l"''^^ 'l^'"^'^«tt,. uflimv, ,1... causes nana,,, avf. crs ,a„ss.,,a.s, ,,l„i,M ,„,',|.. ,,vl„. 1, " ',, " ^ "'f'^^'^T' ^" ''^''^' '''""•' 'i'^ e From this narratiA-e it Avill 1)0 soon l.nwvm-,. r,v . ' ' oircuinstanees l,y th.> tiovernm.-nt of the l' dtejst at 'sTf ^l™!-^^'" ''!""' ^^''^'^^ «f «'f>so ironi the colour noAv sought to l.o put upon 11^^!;!^^^^; SIJILS "'^""^'^' The runnin- of the blockade, as it is termorl 1». -r -f i the Rahamas an,l Eernui.la an.l other islands a Tl^'s^.v^^ ''T '•' '''"^^ "^^ "«« "f nmnmg mic^ht he facilitated, avcv, thr(.,,..|,;n tt .l!.-^^ ComplainUof loud complaint on the part of (he Cniletl st.,to«' r ' "" '''''''° of unceasin- and '''<"=l'^<^«--"="'i= very i^reat annoyance to' the United St tes A mt f ^?TTf '"^;. ^'' '^""'^^ '"^^^ * cause of grievance. ' ""* '^ ^"^ ^^'^i^ty afforded no legitimate That when the arms and munitions of war nocessai-v fo iho r r , . diasedn. Ewmp, means should he sought ">^>m^.S!!^ ^^t!^™*^^ ^'^'^ ^^'^^ ^ . .u.i , „, „ , ,K- amis anu munitions of war nocessai-v in +l,n n /• , . imrc-hased ,n llurope, m,-ans should he sou-l, tTn ,n I ?l n ^°^\^«l™tes had heen I" the nature of things. That the high ra^e ^i' , i^^ r/" ^''- I'"«'''a«"-« ^"as imi,ortance of obtaining these suppli.N; the CVm J, 1 V^^^ ""'»- ^o the vital |)ay, should have, induced shipown'ers t^ m tl ri k ' f" .n "r'"""'?* ''''' ^"'"i".^' <« that the l,io.h premiums for insurance whie |' oav itis ,^^l '"' ""' ^■"'^«-^^'ation,'lind lathis trallie avciv Avilling to ],av, should h' v ,Z l ''" '""^ '"''"-'"'' "'^^ged of insuring them, cannot, knoAn- ,^n T^oZ ^Gij^'^'T ^" '''''^'''^^'^ '^^ ^^^^ andonterprizcatall surprise us. A,r,"li„'.h Jn? i^^^^ of mercantile specidation vossols Avere employed to run th<. bloi^kaih- An't , ,°,,. "'^*. ™' '',P"''°'' °t" ^^'^^ war, Before longasy^eniatic traffic ofthisdc'cLmbS'"' "* /"•^^'^^ of warlike use nahiro of the Southern coast and the local vH-HHsof^^T ''^ '''^]'^'^>^}^'^^^- As the difficult for ocean-going vessels to aA-oid „u ui n ^' '°'^' /"^^'^^' ^^ extremely them, advantage Avas n.ken of tl, ' prox ni y of , «nJ^^^ >n endeavouring to enter I to the Southern ports to tranship th Mv.r Sse,Vt^ on , M'^'"'^^ "'^'^ ^^'nmul^ fast steamers of light draught, which, tal , ::. a, han I c^" sh /H '"'^' f ^^'^'' ^'^'''''' "^t« could not easily he pursued, could thus hi d ™ , ,J" 'v' ' ".l'^^"""- waters into which tli.y these means, though ships and earc!,,e t 1 1, "'a 1, . t • "f ^i o l'"''^'^" ^'^■'"^«'«- % into the hands of "the Federals, a ^"^-v 1 r ' nn n itv n^^' "^ ^'T'^^^^" '^''^^^S d of A^-ar found their way to the ConfWmt!' GoA^munc'ut '™' '"'' ''"'"^'^ contraband Tliefirstquestion Avhicli presents itself is "VV'o^f I, > / «• i undoubtedly, by the law of "aLn^a Xe^The^^^^^^^^ ?, So far unlawful that if the belUgerent could catch the vSeUn u- Ic ol" bv r belligerent, an cargo Avould become laAvful pri.e ; 1 1 f c hi of n^in^"^ the b bekade. vessel Jhahility. By the mimicipal law not proh biLd nn'r^hnvn • .""'"/""^ ^" ^^^^^'ior ff -Slciently so. as has bJen latelv hcdd W ^rfAVtin '^ L* -asse in re Grazebronk,* ...d b- Dr Lishin^ ,^ f T^^p'"^ ^^^ "^^'^ «^ '^ P^rf" - -, .._c lu vr, i^ushiDgtou m that of the Helen,! to avoid a fl M f I' ' t \ f • '« iowiiid, iSyir'd 7, 1SC4. • 11 Juris, N. S., p. 400. t 1 Law Rep., Adm. and Eocl. 1. no contract mado in contemplation of such a transaction . ITow as between the blockndm.. bcllisercnt and tlio country of the blockade-runnins trader ? Clearly and indisputi'bly ■without consequence of any sort. . , ^, . ■ , It has nev(>r been contended by any one that a neiitral State incurred any respon- sibilitv bv the "vneral law of nations bv reason of any violation of neutrality by its subjects, "ill carrvin- on trade witli a blockaded jmrt. It is therefore clear that a neutral rnmVnt is not bound to prohibit such trade by its municipal law. W ith the siii"lc exception of Denmark, if my memory does not deceive me, no European State has proliil)ittHl it. The United States have no law which does so. Such hcino- the state of the international law of the civilized world and the municinal law of Great Britain on the breakinn; out of the war, not only was it iu,t incumbent on (ireat Britain as n duty to alter its law, with a view to prohiliitiu-; its subiects from tradint? with tlie bh)ckaded ports, but to have done so would have been.,,, it seems to me, iu r its law, or make 'new reo-nlations, havim,' the object or etlect of liivourini,' one bellii,'erent at th,. expense of tlu« (.ther. But that sueli would have been the ellVrt of an alteration of tli,. law as desired bv tlie United States, by passint? an Act to make l)l()eka(h'-rumuii- non'al is manifest'. Tlu; United State s, as I).-tween them and their adversaries, wiv masters of the seas, and had th<«ir ports open, and could tliereforcs freely reccur tlie car"oes of arms and munitions of war whieli were bein- daily supplied to them. To tlie''Confederatc Government, the blockade-runner ailbrded tin- only means ot obtaining' the arms with wbicli he was to tl-lit for iiuleiiendence. An alterat ion oi the aw would have been to iilace him helph-ss in th<^ power of liis enemy. A\ ouhl it have bwMi consistent witli neutmlitv to alter Ili(> law at such a time, and with the certainty of sucii a result '- 'I'he ri-lit of a lielli-erent to exelude the eoinmerce of a neutral IVom a blockad(>d port is too well estal)lislied to l)e shaken; but it is the most odious ami arbitrarv form in which the freedom of the neutral can be interfered with, and I can see therefore no rcastm wliv a Gov( dimensions, tin- cause was to be tound in the forced interruption of the trtuh' with the Southern ports through the blockade. Ucre a-ain a neulml Goverument could not bc' called upon to make new laws to prevent the ncutnil trader from avitiliii!? himself of such means, not inconsistent with law, as circumstances placed at his disjiosal in .seekincr to compensate himself for the ;;straints imposed on his commercial freedom. When the ordinaiy course of things is disturbed by iutctvening forc e, the t.-nd.Mu-y is always, iu some shape or other, to a restonition • United States' Documents, vol. i, pp. 536, 537 US hctwcpn tlvo blockndiii!:; Clearly and indisputulily Stato incurred any rospoii. ation of iKuitrality In its is tlirrdoro clear fiiiit a itH mimicipai law. Willi doeeivo me, no European •h does so. i civilized world and tlio war, not only was it nui 1 a view to prohibit iiit;' its one so would have been, as il prineii)le of iieutnility, endins? war, e.Kcept so far s a neutral, alter it?, liuv.dr iii; one b(>llii^erent at Ihr tl'eet of an alteration of l lie to niak(! bloekade-riiiiiiiii:; ind tlieir adversaries, wciv lierefore freely receive the lily supplied to them. To he only metiiis of ohtiiiniiii,' alterat ion of the law wmihi my. Would it have bwii , and Avith tho certainty ol" nniercc of a neutral from a it is the most odious and interfered Avith, and I can to make the exercise of tlic subjects than it neeessarily r is to take place, it should I to one of the combatants, in answer to a remonstrance iliu Crown, or by aiitliority nf 1 I'l-itisli inercliant-slii|iM iit'iinu* 111 (il'siieli contniliauil nl' war to il liave departed from tlio neutral anil coidd havi^ pre vented the would luivi' (Icpvivc'il tliii Uiiitoii ,var. 'fill' arms and anininnitiuu vocnaliU'd the I'niti'il StiitfSto ist till' Soiillieni States, wliilu liy ;huni States liiivu oecu (It'iuived y's Govennnont law thus been contending' ]iaitii!S.".* porta of the Bahamas and (1 the transhipment of the any way contrary to law, )rts had a perfect riijlit to '. If this tralhc, suddenly 3e was to h(5 foiuid in the rough the blockade. Ilere ike now laws to prevent the , in(!onsistent with law, as ite himself for the "straints ourseof things is disturbed 10 or other, to a restoration 537 excitement of Ih,. tiuie, saw in if „ . • ' . ""•'<• '"^'.'ites' (l.iveniiiH'nt in tl>.. " iMldniialiiin (Icii\ci| III |||. CI tl.alinM^•.M,,v,.nu|,anil^si^|•:n.-|:u,,ln,v'in'.?,,;l'[,/;';.■::'^ '"""',"•' ''''""'^ ^^''i'''' '"'vr iva,.|,..,l ns vo,ss,.ls enn.vni,' contralianil nf war. Tliis s ,^11^ r ' ""f''^"" '" '■"""'"" ""•' ''I'-l<»'l.' 'v n ;!"!'l";-7y. f l^yy war a.rainsi, tl,i. Vu u '^a ' ^^ I'M'alioM of It,i,i.|, ,, ,„|i.ts, n, ' I wlucI;wili,,oo,|^n.n,, ^"'^-^ "' '"' ■""-'" ••:a.l K-.. n,,.,! i., ,,|. ;.,,,„„,„„. „ ^„„.^ ,^„,,_^ -- "^"" ' "-" '-—. ..1. alMli,, .._,_ ,,, in eit^;^:.i; :^-'- ^" ^-"" 1>-H, of „. .,„. ., ,_,,^^ ,^,^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ;ri^ ::;:^.:ri:1,:n,,; ■;;;;;;' --^:r^ this kin,iii,n,, with till, n,;: , „: ' 1. ;'\,;;;f r' " "'t'l' "'-'■'-"« i-..h ';„'!; ;;;.::"■' t;. 1« l-voMi! ilLMial that J:,nish hi. u I ' v;^ ■ il,s,,aU:h.,l i;,. ihat ilK.p,| pnq,.,^ ^t i V : til.' siMTic,. of il„. in.sMP'..|)», will .1 • '"•'•"■ "iiil cunliiiui. I,, l„. ,.nlist,.,l l„ fl.il i "V"^"' i.ii..ka,i. h':.iii.Hat..iv s^i i;i,. ' ,, 't,,"'"'" '" "''''^" -'"• "" "- i-nhv s i'; 'If';;";" •-Mi;;. -.1 e„ni,,Hn, siii . ,7:,.;" ,, : 'i-^^i'^i -"^ 'Nf -d dh^it,; anil i!i,;;^: i wth tho hn|„,n| Mi:-lainii,.;- til.. insnr,.,,nu , 1 ' "'"•'''''' '''''I'^l'in^'iMoni'v as well a.i;,Ji ^Toat ,-„tM.,:oi lor III, ,,,„i,„J „;• ,„,;,, '^ .,•/''''''"'■ ''^'^ "■"" • h', ami Mill ..„niinn ' o ' .nmlin, tho l,|,„.ka.l... In sln^^t.so f ' s | h! rtl?"""^'"' ''''"" ^'"""•- ^^'i"' "- ^" ■ t'v Almi.ly l.nlish pinpiTiy, valuo,! at ..j.-lit niilli„,K ( ' "".^ i- on war a-anist llio rniml StatoM hy tlu. vossols of tho l'nito.1 S,atos,1 n- ; '';"';t '''f'lf T '"i""'"""" i'uvo ho. i , S :;;:;■;- ,-r" -• ---->-' -.■>- '"V:!" -t: ^^:,;::Hr'r::r;;s::'' -i;:S sy.,S:;ns;';;i;;;,x;;7r£^^^^^ Consul-tieneral, to -Air. A.!;nns, „r ,1,,. oT, k,,. ?,,,."''' ^^'- ^l'"'^'' <""' ^^"ited States' ddlerent steanuTs e„,a,,.d i. tiu 'lilll-fc,!;!!,;;^,;;:;; ™-;-;^ Aikr metUiouing tho "Till' owni'rshi|> i,f (lies,, st'"inici ■ tl i ' ' tmil,., is a iinrsiinn „f ,|„„,,, i,,,,,;.,^ „: .\ ;;;;,:!;;;;:;" 'h'nHrV^l'""' T^ "" """"»•'• -f eomlmtin.' the mni'il on ,,rni|.,,,ally hy a.^.'ut.s sont ovor , l,^ r,, % <.''''''^' ^^;'-''^ "*' "'^' ^^•"' "'>■ t>Md;was ;;;; -tni' svni,,a,hi.i.,s in, iiis ,.,,,,,,,,,'',: :fj^^^^^ -: .;.. h^Vion! ti;':::^i";:;:;;; .; ,,: ^[rl;-;:;,l-[■t ;■"• --r-i '"■ •>- i- -.11.0.., is :^r',;: ■,ir;i;;!;:'">- '>■ ""''^" -■^-. '■' i^-iti:;: ::i^;,;'i :t::r^i^:strt^^;, i '^ a. vSp;:.?i;;,';!',ir;|,^ ^w.-, >,,,. ,:,,„., ,„..,.„„ ,. .,,hi ,„,. ]!nt,si morrhants h.'.on.o inton'stoil in loso o tn , s • , ""'r:'':''^'"' !""''^ "'' l'"' nrtiolo.s .spi..i/ 1 -" thi' partmulais .,f .,,,0 sn,h oont.ai, Ih^wn t , ^1 S 'nliu;':"^',"' f '^ ''V"''^ '" '"''■ ' ''-" Ihoroaro-ooil roasuns for hi.liVvin.r ii,,, ,, 1,, , "'" '''^^' '"'aril ol others, anl nf the ins.r,ont« han ho. n .ont hv ^r i .Is ^f t ^ ''w' "'^'^"''1'"- -"- '■"-Mtly sent to tho charter a steana'r ami make np a ear,,, iml' |„ ' „"" ' ^T'- "^r>''"' ^^'"'i"'" '".'•""■>• • ™ti.r,,nseasho„my.Ieen, ox,V,lien.:ai.eo li' ,'^^ rrohtjromthespeenlation. "' ''''"' ^'" ''^''"'' '"'"■'^e, or his hojio of rwdizini' "A^rain iHiiino ono will inu in),| si,.,,,,„ „ . ""^ -tiipiatsonthoAtlantioln'tll, t r.^'Tli^nlJi^H'v^ .t'ylu, to ho f,„n, ,|H.,., ,,„|,i, ,.1 ,„ J^' 's ,,,,'''"• ^"■■^■^""' "■^^•^"'^'. :\h.l....ioras, &c., at u C f-.TN'^mn,;; an entraneo. shi ,' |„„„„i „„ | , ' , " '"' '^ % "I'l"^'"-^ ^o allonl tho hest oiiporlnnitios """ »-li' known ,0 tho pnhlie. Their "^Z ':t::J"V:7-T T ;"^"'''^'^''' '"• ^'' '"' '''-'i''" ^ " ''••'■■''■'"•''•■•■ ■'''■■'l«''!riiionts, on aeeount ami I i I ^ [1451 United Slatub" Uocunivnts, vol. i, p. 720. t tbiJ., !>. 7-20. Q m ;i8 4 r * i I f (« I I 112 vink 111' till' stii|i|)('r»,ni' >xi> iiil'i ii ji'iiit stnrU (■imciTii. dii in'c iiiuit uinl riNl. ol' the ciiiii|Mmy, t'licli uu ihlu tlic'ivipf iviili/:iii,' prcilil III' sulfciiii,' Inns in proiMiiiiun td the luiimnil, lie iii\ cxti'il in llic mi\ fiiliiri'. Ilnil, I'lally, iiisiiivil in Kii,:.;imi(l "b> a^ to Anicrica with libcilii I; it, letter I'rom llmi sU'iinii'i's mill I :iiL'in''t mi' ultrii, il imt mil ih< (>\ iriort lo lln' |ioii|'-iat(' lor sulisiriU'liru, mv iuf,' In lliis Mnckaili'. Vet Ilii Alaji'slv's (iovrrniiuait liavf iifvcr f.oii;,'lii lo lake ailvaiitiiu'c ol the olivioui iniiMTrirtions of tin, lilihkaili', in oiilor to .li-claiv il iiiflVi'i'tivi'. Thcv liiivc, to tin Ioh. ami dilriiiii'iit of tlir JJiitisli nulimi, siTii)mliiiir apijeins ta liave iH'cn sent llicre as (he Auv-nt oi' tlie Cont'e.h'rates, and a letter from him to llic ruiit'edrnite (lovermnent of Di'ceinlier 27, IHIi!. is (iiinted in Ihe Ca'.e of tlie Uuiti'il Siiites4 in wiiieli it is said, " We liavi; sneeeeded in (d)tainino: a very imiiorhmt luoih- tieation of tlie existiiii? laws, viz., the in-ivile!,n' of hreakiiio' hulk uiul transhiimient." It is said in the Case of the L'^nited Stat(>s — "That iiioililieatioii wa.s all that the insnr;.Aeiils wauled. That |irivile;,'e converted^ llie imii „1' Nas'-au into an ius\iri.'eiit port, which eoiild not lie liloclsuded by the iia\iil forces of the I'uited Stll^■^ Further .stay of ihc United Slates' vessels of war was theielore useles.s. Tile. United Stales ask ik- Triliiinal lo lind that this act. heiii;,' a periiiissinn Iroui the lirili.sh authorities al Na.ssaii, enahliiij; a vessel ehartel'ed hy Ihe insuruenls, and freiL^liled with articles coutraliaml of war, to diver^'e li'iun ils voya>;e, and lo tranship ils ear^o in u Jhilish pint when not made necessary liy distress, was a viuliiliini of th^ duties of a iieiilral." I ])ass hy Ihe admission eontained iu this passage that Nassau was heinm used hy the lliii*cd Slates' ves.sels of war as a post of ohservallon for the (h>teelion and puiMiit of vessels earryiiio- ci)ntial).iiul of war to tlic 8oiilh; in other wm'ds. as a hase of naval operations. The exjjhiruiiionrd Mk- ])assa|,'e in .Mr. lleyli,o;er's letti" whieh 1 (ind in IheBrifiMi Counter-Case and Aitjnn(!ix, is sinnde ouoti'i,h. 'J'he Customs UeLjiilalioiis of tin' Colony forhad ''s'/ ti m, ; pment ol yuods in its ports or -waters, unless they were hiuded for exauiiuulion hy the Customs oflieers. Tliere was nothin- however lo pivveiit their heiiio- at once r(--shipped in other vessels after heiiii;' so hurled and examined, ami the lleeeiver-(ienc;-al (d' llie Colony had power to o;rant iiermi-siim for (lispeiisino; with the lauditi",' of the i>'oods if he thoui,'ht fit. It would seenithat this permission had liecii customarily LCfanted, tis a malterof course, in th(> case of o;oo(ls in transit. In con- formity wi'tirtliis jiraefie;' .Messrs. Adderley and Co., of Nassau, aijjdii'd to the lieecivcr- General, shortly lud'ore t!: • date of .Mr. ileylio'cr's letter, for i)ermissiou to tranship tin' caro;o of the idiza Honsell, stated to consist of assorted mi'ivhaiidize, to another vessel, i,he'"i:ila Warley, hound osteiislhly for St. .lohn's. New Brunswick. The Beceiver-tJeneral, havi'ni,' rei,'ard prohahly to the destination of the Ella W'lrlev, 8t. .lohn's heim,' thep;n-t for Aviiicli hloekade-riinnini,' vessels Mere in the liahit of tak'in;,' clearances, refused to y;ive the usual ])ermissii,,! iinh'ss autliorized hy 'In Governor. Thereupon Messrs. Adderley wnjie to the (loviriiorexplaiiiino,' tliiil all tlie.v aske-d ibr was to he dispensed from tht^ 'formality of hmdinp; the iroods on 1 ho wharf, and United Statcb' Documents, vol. i, p. 731. t ibid., p. 723. J Page22G, lis < (if till' 1 OlUIUIIiy, t'licll IIK Mil > : ivo^iti'il ill till' iiclvi'iituri'. I'mih til ,mi to Aiiinii'ii nitli libeiii/ 1,, I'lli ill .1 li'tter I'rom Kail I'iiicilliy Hi'i' AIiiJcHty''^ Miliji'i wliii'li I Hill mir|iriMi'(l li;ivr ih. II |/crviiiliiiji ivmii mill' tn rlr\i illlril III llliiilltilill U lilni'loiilr ni . lull wlll'll cnriUVt'd, I'lltiilrnI 'liitcil KiiiLjiliiiii. TliiiusmnU nf \iiif,' til this lilnckailc \v\ 11, i lillvinllH illllil'lll ctinllH 111' lllh ilrlriiiii'iil III' till' I'llitisli iinlii.ii, <\:M\ i'llt V. Iu'll lli'f Milji'«l\'< IIIIK Jiiiwcl'S jj;ivi'li til tllflii In ir^ilvii'tioiis 1111 till! tniilu nl \\<\ ii'iciiuily of ]ii'vwiiiis i!iii;ii,i;nl in nil' I'lnlll cnilMlirlciill illtl'U'lMU-' M llii'ir intrroi ti> iiitlirt ilns ipi'iili I'lnvi'VM hIuiII vcspccl tlux,. 'i'lii' I'liilril Sluti's' (idVi'riiiiH'ii! i: Ki'ili imI lili'i'kiuU', '111(1 III I'iiiTv licirnwii iniriui'^i's, Imvi- tiiiiii:;lii ) vitliiii till' l("'iliiiiiiti' limits nf idc to y^w\\ partiality mid L ill-. ll('ylii,'<'f iipiH-ars t;i , a Icttii" ffom liiiii to tiii' ill Hi(> Cil'^l' of liu> Uuiti'il ,iu- n very iiii|)ort;mt uioili- I,' hulk iuul ti'aii^liipiiu'iii." llVivilf^f I'llMVl'l'lcij tin; ]ln|t iij' v;ll t'lirri'S iil' the Uiiiti'ij Stiilir ■HS. The I'liiti'il Stall's iisk the iitliiii'itics at Niirtsaii, ciiiililiii^ ;i laiiil 111' war, til (livi'ri,'i; I'mm ii- ssary liy ilistii'is, wii.s a viuliiiinii t Nassau was bciiiii; used liv ir tlio (Ictcctiou ;iii(l jaivsiiit 'r words, -as a l)asi' of iiavul ■ wliicli I find ill tlu! Bfitisli Listoms Uo!,'iilatioiis of the ir Avatt-rs, unless tlicy were nothiiin' liowovcr lo jm'vciit ) laii'li'il and i-xaiiiincd, ami nni-^ioii lor dispciisiiii; wilh lat tliis ])i'rinissioii luid liron goods in traii'-it. In con- ;au, ap])li<'d to !!ii> IliTi-ivci'- • permission to trausliip the Vi'iiaiidi/e, to another vi'^si'l, nswifk. he (U'stinntion of the Elh ng vessels wen; in tlie liaH' lU imjess iuitliori/ed hy Vin nior explalisiiii;' (hat till liii'V the ti'oixis oil 1 he wharf, mid i;i. X I'iigi! 22(). thrn rosliippinn- tl.rm, a rorpiisition wlilH. h with by the Customs Aiitlioiit lie had no cotdd landed ad on irromwl for his ohjeeti„i, "| '■;<; and statin- tlial (he l( provions oponsions heon d lie carrii'd oi't, and H IXMIl •-;■ III le e;ir<'o ns c llv of :i'-ilv e eked thore cuso I The C :"™::;n".''''''''"*'''"*''^''<''nusCo,nieil '<'>nf» nnnv eiyer-deiiernl Jidmitted that "li''fi of th,. imy ■' another as if opinion that theoj tioni ine vessel seems no suflficient rr lave prevcnf.'d the imods 1 'nson why he s!i,„,|,| | iirnnterl the penni i^^i'in. and in(h« in -e Colony, pr.ihahly misii,„l,.rstood the dun ,,' ' h,; '"-'"'■• '' ':" ''•'"' '"'^ .i"^* i'.'rivrd been sorry (o ev:,._,i,n-ate it to his snneri •>. T ' '■""(tsmo,,. .,„,1 ,„,,^. ,„., , the ease of th, \\hn HonsoU n'vn «, li "'V'T'"^^""' '"•^'■"^' '"'•"i' ''•■anie , ditiieiiit to iindeist.id „, JCv^-^^i an*i>e ^;, :;.:; T^"" 'vf-' --• ''-i '^ ^ tiodntiesofaneutml." ' " «.in m allei-ed to ,.-.>nsfitufe a " vinlali,,,, ,if Complaint is nmde that ili<. v,...u,,i i ■ >•"-" '''■ ' .■;". ■;;'.'■ I,;,:::; =r.r;;: ^.rr;'^ "r, '^f- ••"■" '™-^- thnii-h It wasAvll kiioun that their (h-stiinti i J, . ''"'" "' ^•■"' Jf, h. u fiinti'iit, ,ivi„., ,1,,' iMiniliiT anil d.U ■ o tiv . ,.'1,1 "''' " ''i'"""' ' whi.l. ex,.,n,,ti„„ I'riiiu.or ivinissiiin „1 ' , „ , ,1 '1 | ?? ''^ nu'ivhandi,. •MiiKlry ]iai'kaf-,'H nf f,,.,. f;,„„ls ' Tho ma' i ll ' '" , " '"''^y '^l"'''">" aiiiniait ,if slnivs lial.l.. „r.h„v (^n!^^w" ^^J^^ " j' 'i ^;:,'"""i"^ ■ the list, of his ,;,vw. Tlii's.', iiaiii'is aiv ■(,,.,,;,, ai i i"' '""' ""' '''^''^. «-l''''h i«-'ssi,i„ of the ,:,„,„„. iiaih'hi^s iMrT,'?;, J'',r ;'r:^''ii'^''''''''^''''''' I < 1 1 1 UK aios, arul litcse ji!i|)i>rs arc "I "• Aa ihi'io am in >iii; liiitcd Kiii^'d,,,,,, '' "I'tll.' J,'00,lsslli|,,M(l '"■''■'I '"III,. shiiii,u.„t '■'•II wsioii of import I''"'' of llii> ilispctioii ■■ ■^liipl -il mill niiii,.,! \l',I'iiitimiit with 1^ llii' duty of till. 'ii-*P'aid with tlii'sn '""• a pajiiT callcl '•'•d on hoard, on "I her II I tick's ns I laiiiiciaiiiiir tlio 1"K ship|*,l for s aht'iuly in (]„, ,^ ■ ■111. V 1 Mini V I pi jri'uu , IS ;i ilcliverrd to the master as his ClcaiiiiiK.. "It is till,, that, for statistical imn,,,,. fiiriiiali to the Customs Dcpartiiicnt a list iv Iiiiikiiiii's nf ^'oods, whether liaMe m duty or iiri'Xliiii'ti'is are also ivi|iiired to l'iinii-.Ii%„, ,i,a 1. ... .' ,■ . I .the ii-cats to ihe mii,.ter,>f the v,.=<:el , . ,. • , i'^S:^:n:aiS;iti:;:\.;:r;::.r;i''7^^^ tlH.hiw,lo..snol ie,|„i,.e that these partieiilai. d,,M,l,l' ! i ■. K , .''.r'''''"' i" ^t -^'""''''■'^1= '""' «.tliJ..ovid,il they li.. f,„„i..l,ei| within sis ,lav after she hiH ,V,' ire,! ""'' ''''^''' '" '" •""'l'''''-''l .r,'i.i ;;r3h:,; tl' ;;:an,ir;;L';;en?;-;, i^s:;:!":' Si.::;::; '"v"-'"- - ^ vcss,., ,. ... iree ^or had paid diit. Si „.. date, h, .ever, .,:;-V^::l i:,'!: le^K r^;:, l'';; ^j ^ until such a ,l.',.lalation has he, n n a, e T ^l W ' '" '''"' ""'""" " '''■'"'""^^ >"''v I'c de , ^ "«■"•""' "f 11- ,l-hi|.atio„. As to tiie Iclt |. . ; ^ ' '■•■'.;'•'"" ;i'"''^'r"' •■■• '■-l-nVe ,>r, ' f .fci.,if Customs Iiav.. little i,, „„ ,„,ans„f a !.iy!u-''r^'''r' /'''■.'''''''''' '-"^^leiii, th!; n,;i.sti.|; or inyner ,,aves on enteriiiu- .aitwards. 1, |„ .,„ n 1 In , n ,' ,'i , ' ''""""^"i'"> ^^I'i'h the a speeifii'd destiiMtioi, i.h,ini:..s her ,:oiirse when at ml oc e k t ' Vlr"'' 'T'^''^ '""""^''^ ''"' are ii,i means of pieveiiliii- this."* I'lou'cils to a ililleniii ,1, stiuatioii, Tlieu. If these vc.s.sols had idcared out for a <''onfod(>rnte .,n,.f *i born allowe.1 to leave. It ],as Invn aro^...,! f tfo,^. ^i ''''^•^' 'V"^S^^ uit? contralian, ' war lor th,. use of t , (' lo W in ''"'l*'".^""' •» <'onv.>v- Wn considered , Inu.sports, aiul I erlre as io,^^^^^. 7 ^"'y"'"'"^-"! -^Imuld Jtafo Act; an,l therefore thatVhey'slioidlnK;'" l„^i "d^'y?." .'^"■-^" l-Hstn.ont fi!!;uni 'I'?'»^(l. If th lit It. I n ^ i . ! 4 ■ t » Svmpatliy in tlic Colni.ii's, P". Application to particular vessels. .J^:iM 114 or fittoA out for, Jind mado ovor to, thn Ccmfodorfito Govornmont, to U\ usod hy thom as transports — in whicli caso only tlicy Avould coinc a\ itliin tli(> t'orciirn llnlistminit ^(.( tlio answer is, tliat lliorc is'not only no ovidcnci' of anytliiiii; ol' the kind, hut tliciv is (n(>ry n^asoii to htdicvc that the contrary is tho c-aso, and tliat they roinaincd the i)ro])orty'ori!ii^ oriunnal owners, Avho Ibmid 11i(> (>n\])!oyniont of them in this trade profitahlc, notwithstandinu: that many of them fell into Ihc hands of the hlockadiiiL; ships. It is plain, i'roni tho letter he'fore eited, that this is the view that ^Ir. Consul IMorsc took of the matter. Antfry complaints are made in the American documents of the sympathy oxliibited at Nassiui', and in siweral other British Colonies, towards tlie Confederate cause. When it is asserted, in particnlar instances, that this favonrahle feelini; towards the insurgent States led to partiality, inconsistent with a due observance of neiifrality on tlu> mvi of the Aiitlun-ities, it will ht; hett(>r to deal with these char^'os when 1 come to the mrtieiilar cases in which it is alle^'cd to have occurred. As re^-inls the iidial)itauts of these places i^encrally, il seems to m(> that it was quite natural that, at iho J5aliamas ami Bermud;>, and possibly* in the other West India islands, th(> tide of ])ul)lic i'e(>lini>' should run strongly in favour of the Confcdta-ates. These Colonies lay move or less coutiLjuous to the Southern coast. What trade they had had before with the United Stales was principally A-.i 1. 1 the South. But what was more likely to operate in J'avour of ilic latter was the active trade which tin; transmission of ships and carij;oes to tho Southern ports suddtMily broun;ht to them. Human nature is j)retty much the same at Nassau as it would be under similar circumstances at London or New York. We are apt to look with favour on those who brini? us business or promote our wealth, or who in any wav cause the sun of prosjicrity to shine upon us. jS'o (iovernment can control, or ouiiht to endeavom- to control, or'to interfere with, pid)lic fcolini,' in such cases, if leadiii!,' to no violation of the law. Indeitendently, however, of any influence exorcised by local iiderest, I cannot doubt that, as tlie great contest wont cm, and while the inferiority of the means of upholding it on the part of the South became more and more manifest, thrir ii'.Uantry and com-age shone out tho more brightly in continuing the unequal strug^'lo, there did arise the symi)athy which enduring c(mrag<; struggling u ith adversity never fails to inspire. And I can not hel]) thinking that the haughty and oll'eusiw unu' assumed l)v many of th(> llepresentatives of the United States helped u're.atly to turn the tid(> of pidd'ic feelinu' in favour of their opponents. Men refused to see in tin' lea(l<>rs of the South the "relxds" and the "pirat-s" held up by the United States to l)ul)lic reprobation, and thus the (>ffect which a more generous appreciation of tiio ijositicm and qualities of their adversaries miuht iiave had in neiitrali/.ing the fediii!,' in their favour, tended only to increas(> it. Be this as it mav, I assert that, whatever individual jkh'sous may hav(> thought nr felt, (ireat Jiritain as a nation was throni^hout the contest between the Northern ami Southern States honestly desirous that perfect neutrality slnmld be maintained, ami that the Queen's (iovernment, from the beginning to the end, were animated hy tiio honest desire faithfully to discharge the duty which their position as the .Ministers and servants of a great Sovereign, pledged tf) neutrality in tli(> face of the world, imposed upon them. Having thus passed in review the geiu-ral h(>ads of complaint ]nit forward in tlio ..eadings of the United States, for the ])urpose of vindicating the British (Iovernment and Brilish authorities fnnu what ai)])ear to me unfounded and luijust aspersions, I procetHl to the cases of the individual shijis, a.s to the equipment of Avhich it is alleged that the British (iovernment were wanting in diligence. But it is here, wIhmi m'c proceed to apjjly, pracdically, the test of dui> diligence to the conduct of the (.iovernment, that the iinonialy of the i)resenl position, to wlueli i adverted in the outset, makes itself sensibh ftdt. As 1 have shown upon abundant authority, tin? e(iui])piug of a ship for sale to a belligerent, in the way of trade, was at the tiuK- in (piestion no'oiTcnce against the law of nations, or a violation of neutrality, tiioun'h it Avas an oll'ence against the municipal law of (ireat Britain. Tin- (lovernuumt, of Jk'r Majesty thoiii;h, like every oilier (iovia-nment, it was boiuid to jireveut any known vioiaticm of the hiw, Avas under no obligalicui to a Ixdiigerenl to enforce tin' law for his benerit, and incurr(id no liability to such bclligcn-til for u'lt doing so, S" pl • Ilritish Case, p. 57. iiont, to li(> uspcl hy thom tli(> l''ori'i'j:n lltilistmciit iiivtirmp,' ol' tlic kind, but , and that tli(!y rciniiini'd out of them in tliis tradii liands ol' tlio blockading; Iho view that Mr. Consul of tb(> sympathy oxhil)it('(l Conf('(h'rat(' caiiso. avourablo I'cclinn' towards ;> obs(M'vaiK'{' of nciifrality hcso ciiari^os wlion [ eomti As vc^-u'ds tlic inliabitauts >1 tliat, i>ttli(vl5alianiasaiKl (l(M)f ])ul)li(! I'l'cliii^' siiould ay more or l(>ss contiiiiums 'ith tiio United Statos was operate in lavoiir of ihc id caviijoos to the Southern innc.'h the same at A'assau i(>w York. AV(> are apt to our wealth, or Avho in any nvornuKMit can control, or ng in such cases, if leadiiin' ,' local iutenvst, I cannot inferiority of the me.'ins and more manifest, tiuir itini;' tb(> une((ual strii!f»'li', jliuu' w ith ad\i'rsily never lughty and oU'eusiNc inno es liclped u'reatly to turn den refused to see in tlii' ip by the United States to emus appreciation of tlio n neutrali/.iiin' the foi'lins: ■rsons may have llioiiijlit or between tho >i'orthern and hould be maintained, ami 'ud, wcw. animated by tho position as tlu> ^MiiiistiMs in the iac(> of the world, 115 long as tho law was not euforcod against tbo Un^ Any hostile expedition permitted ir^t'^Kr^ T<". ^ his onon-.v. (J'-n'rnmeut by th,. excr..is,. „f reasona Ide lil 'o,,, ' ', ," ^""'' '^'•'■''"'". "hie!, the anuumted to a brca.-h of m^Uralitv, h, V^^ "„ull Inve Eutforthc m.Te ...piippinn- of a u-s d bv si r , f ^ ''■'''; '"''"" '"'''1 '^sponsible intend,.l lor a belli,..!.!,,,; ti„. (o^.i^r^^J'^::;^:''^;^^'^^^' -'^'y "nrndel tl,on,l every (Jovernmeut is no doid)t l.ound t™ Ivo f . '" '''''''''^'^^^■" • ■•'nl tlion^d. knows of th.Mu and can pnwent the s ]/ ">''f '<>"s of the la^., so (;„■ as it co.mt.y is ol)viously a vS,- di.Ierl , ^h / 1,?' the' e'"'^ -['r'^ '■' """^ ^" "^ ""' sentni- the State, in ndation 1„ a f.nrio^ IW f";/'^l""i^''"l'f.v •« i"<-"rs as renr.>. tlu" l;nv is left to the .nvlinarv Autl o i i . and ' tb'! • 'r"",' 'T' ^''" "'=>!"''""nne,' of seek protect on or n.lress from its o Xn . i, ' ' ^^ "«-nsion to meat by its uunnvliate ofllcers becomel ^Zirvr^ur' "'V'^'i'"" "*"^'"' <'"^-<'''"- a mat er of comity, and from a sen.e .H ii ' , f "" i»-"(«H.t,on. Xo doubt, as nt nation to the Iteprescntatives of a Indl o. . '^ loi vi''*''''''7 ''"^^^ "'""''' i''''.^" ''"■■^'l^^ ol the municipa law in a matter iu wbiidi h / i. t >iv t ofS'I^''^';''''^' "'; '"' '"'''••'*■< '"^^ -more (-specially m a matter Ivin- as it were n f? ■ '■''"'-''••"»< va-re ailected national law-and would 'v'.ll into mMion'l u i,." 'n i'v^^^^^^^^^ •/' '"""'^■'l"^! '"i.l intci- law from bcin- brokiMi. Hut under i„ 1, ^i" ^•^•'^^'' l'""''""^ H possessed, to kce.) tho Roprescutativo of the l)olli,ci.;.S la^ .ra ca^^Sr' '' "^^"/^ ^'"''^^ ^'--"^'' ''- as It ,s left so to do to an ordinary individ in wbn l • ^'"/'I'l-lx-ition of the law, just ord.>r 10 obtain redress on his own behalf ron"'^'''''T *\' '",'^' ^''" '^'"- ''^ >'>^'tion in rominon to the Gov.>rnmcnts both of the United Saf.? i ".'' ''i"l,''.'''^''" <'•<' pniclice, tho Kepresentativo of a helli.erent P w m i, Ll ' V '''^ ^-T'^ '^'■"'"■"' "'" I'^'-luirin..' produce evidence I'y ^^Olich thi': a.Sn bo W 1 '' i"''^ ','' ^''" ^<'vermnent, to judicial inquiry, can be justified and iiptlil'^""''''"''^ '"■""-''* ^o liic test of It is obvious that the decree nV f n- pxpoeled from a Government under si d.ch.rmnsta!?''- ^^''"■''l',''""''^ roasonablv be «''ul.l he bound to exercise in or.Ua to .^7^ ^ "^^ ^'7 '^'""'•"'^^ ''^'""^ "'''^^t i t tho law of nations, for which as a rjU~/t Vun ','''/ "^ >H-utrality accordimj to b-'lli-ercnt State. *'0^( lament it would bo ]n'operly responsible to a It seems to me that thniHi, bv the 'i'rcatv of ir, i • . Groat Britain was bound to use .lue Hi u" ' 1";"" " ^'^"'' '" ^^^on that matter of neutral obligation, and not a e c m' ' ? f '" "•'•"'T';'^ '"" *^'"''^ "^ " 'Ifnnninmi, whether due dili.vnce was tlu ^ I , ^ '""'"'■'i'^'l law. yet, that in rolativ.. position of the parties at the tin. uu' I " "'•^' '"' '""■^^ '""'^ ^" <•'" fi^liodtiuM.xi^eneyof.lldi^ations :„ o".;- U^ nil' ''" •";'""''" """''^ ''"^•'• i I mplaint ])ut forward in tho It? the Hritish (iovernmont ;l and unjust aspersions, I lent of which it is alloijed the test, of due dilifjenco prcseu! ])osition, lo which lave siiown upon abundant iu tho way of trade, was at ir a violation of neutrality, liritaiu. The( Iovernmont, was bound to prevent any b(dlii;'eri'nt to enforce tho cruul for not doiui; so, so 116 4 « t H ' .. ..J.J ^1 •flic Flor At 1. I'lmnl. Case of the Florida. TliG follcAviii'; aro tlio facts volatiii!^ to I lie I'loi'ida as tlioy avo to ho lyathcvod IVnm tlio Casos, C()iiiit( •r-Cascs, Arnummts, and iirintcil i;\ iiK'ncc siinniicd to the Triljii IKll Tl us ves:-ci. oriLi'iiia lly named tlic Ovcto. \\as no douht builf i'or wnv. Tlic confvai'; for licr consli-jiclion was niad(! l)y .l?ullo('k, who, it has since lieeoni(> known (llmu'Ji at the (imo tlie laet Avas alto^'elher unkmiwi) 1o Her Majesty's (!()V(M'iinient) was ; u affcnt ot the Coiil'ederate States, Avith Faweett, Tn'ston, and Co., of Liverpool, hywhoin sulih^t to ]\riih'r and S the eoniraet for the constnietion of tli(> liull was ay-ain suni(>r ro .Miia-r and ^lllls shi])huilder:^ at that port, 'fiie attention of Mr. l)ndi(\v, tlie United Stales' Consni at Liver])ool, v,as a(traet(>il lo tlie vessel as early as the <-nd of January 18()2. In despatehes to ilr. Seward, of the 21th of .January and tth ol' Fehruary, he calls attcii- tion to this steamer nnder the name of tliC Oritis, or Oretis. In the letter of the 2itli of Janunrv he says : " She is reported r . the Italian (iovernment, hut the fact of llic " heinu' supplied liy Fawee'.t and I'reston, and other cirenmstanees conncftcil me to believe she is intended for the South. "* mneliiiuvY with it, nnke mi> suspicious, and i aus On tlie Ith of Fehruary lu; writes to '^h'. S(>ward as R)Uo\vs : — " In niv last twn I'v'SjiaU'lii'M 1 riilU'd iiltfiilinii In llir iioii scvi'W steam ^un-lioat (Ircto, or Oiji hfiu',' biiill lit l,iv('r|in(i!, and liUi'il (lilt liy hawci'tt, I'n'sdiii, aial ( Slio 1 H now takiii'' i II lua- Will, I iililHiuiir.i'is iiuiiciit.^liiiL slic will IimiviUh'Vi! till' liitter jiait nl' thisi wi'ok witlinnt jujr ai'iii.niinit The |ii'nl'a!.ililii': lit' will run into sonu' suaill imil, ami take it iiml aniniiinition on hoard. Tliisui' itscll' i.s Koiiicwhat siisincains. T licy lacU'iul she is liiiill- lo tlic Italian (in lit; lull tlic I tllllUII lii'iiii; Imilt i'o',' Ills ( lovciiiniiT.t'. Tlifveis niui'li sciavcy olisi'rvcil iilioiil licv, anil I liavc been uiialili' tn u"'t ill IV ill litre inl'ornis ns tlial lie kiiuwri notliiiii; almiit it, lias no knowleilu'i' whatever of any liolll tliii.L; iletinite, luit iiiv ini)iressioiis iire stronj; tliat she is iiitemled for the Southern ("onl'i lave eoi.iniiniieaU'il my ini|ire-;si(ins an llie I'aets lo Mr. Ailains, our Minister at l.onilon. Slu' h; 1 one funie'l. tiirei' luast-. liari|iie-rii;!. ■a, U;lin It tl •ILt'lt |10l lliiiles lor ''uns oil eaeli side, and i.s t' .0 carrv .sixtm'iL i;!s a!) irs that, hv the tth of JM-hrnary, ).\\: Dudley had i)ut Mr. Adams possi r.slou of siicii iiil'ormation as he p.i-^'^esseil concerning' this vessel. The let I en if Mr. Dudley to Mr. Adams has not been piihlished ainono' th(> American doeiuneut hut it is evil 1 [lent thiit Mr. Adams did not consider the intbrnialion communieateil to uni sulVn ient to WiU'r.ant any application lo Her Majesty's (iovernment, t or iiimc was m;iile iiy him on the subject of tiiis vessel till the receipt of another leth-r I'rnm Mr. Diul'i'v'. a rortninht later, indeed, Mr, Dudley expressly states tlitit luMvas unalili' to li'ct anyiliiu'j; dellnite about tlie vessel. He speaks only of suspicions and iiniire- sions. tie had noihini^' to conmiimicate b(>yoiid reiiorts and nmioiirs. Annnif^st other tliiims stated by Mr. Dudley, he mentions that he had inailc inquiry of the Italian Consul at Ijivcrpoil, who had told him that li(> knew nulliiie^' ri the vessel. Hut if, as was stilted by this builders, tlie order for the vessel had hern by Thomas lirothers of I'alerino, Ihi' Itiilian Consul at Liverpool niii;'lit liavr ;1 v.itlioiit information on the subject ; iind Mr. Dudley, Avhile nientioniiin' wimt im and t!ie Italiiui Consul to Mr, Sewiird, does not iippear In liavi' iiiven rer.iamei liiid ])ass(>d betwci mentioned it to Mr. Adiims. The lact Uiis unknown to Her .Majesty's (lover'miciit. On the 17lh of February, Mr. Dudley ai,'niii writes to .Mr. Adams about the Oreto as follows : — 'The Lrun-lmal Ori'to is slill al this port. She is niakiiiL,' a trial trip in the river lo-diiv. Xo -slaelv siiiee I wrolt iSlie ilicrofniv iirnianieiit as yet on hoard. She has put uji a sei lias two I'nnuei-i, tlnee mast'i, ami is hari|iie-ri,u'^;ed. I am now inroniied that she is to carry ci:;!!! rilled eaniion, aiiil luo loiii,' swivel-.irniix on ]iivols so arraiiLted as lo rake liotii lore and aft. Nnniiis (lY e.\lieiise has lieeii ill her eonstrnelioii. and when I'liUv arii led slie wi II I le a forniiijalili' iaimer'Uls erat II Allien '111 id ar 111 !t! ,d lo tlie Tl Ml I sh'.iiilil jnd;'e fiiiia v.i 1 learn. ' Mr. Miller, who built the hull, .sava Im was ciniiloycd by Kaweetl, I'reston, ami {' tint till UiiitcJ Stnli's' Dociinu'iit'i, vol. vi, p. '2\4, t Ibid., p. 215, 117 tl, I'lvstoii, 1111(1 Cir, iiiid Hint till nwii tlie vossol. [ linvo tiiat «iio is int.u.ic..i (o. .he st^.i-ia;,;;:;;,;!;!;,;;"" ;":::;^-:";;:r':v---. ■'" ■■'■ wind. ..... to .ii,... M take hor arms <„i l,„:,r,l, I ,,u,„„t loam u- li^i^.e,. h Ti'f ' ",',' ' ""^ '■"^^' '^''« ''^ ''"'"ly ami Mill.T 111,, l.uii.hT." "'"'' "'1™''*-L"« to Fawcott, I'lvston, and Co , This .tatc.nu.ut as lo l|,o .„n ,-an.ia=,os was wholly iucorrcet JIavin- rcc-civcl the luttcr of Mr ]Jii,ll,.v M.' v i ' ■. . 1 Eiissell, as follows :— JJiuiU\, Mr. Adams writes, iuclosuig it to '■ '"'I'niir tn siil„„iL lo v„m-^'ni;li!t,'ii'i'' n"'"''' '^"^' ^'""^'"'- ^W;vw^v/ 18, 18{;2. icT c-vidontlv ii,h.,„l,„i (•„.. I.. ,■'••"""- ^" ■•'!"'"• (lie iwiMirutid Lord •'My Lini, aiT ti) 111! fllort to 1 Imvo tlir l.nnniir tn siil„„iL to V, .iir^'niilt l', 'l ;,'^ ,'^'"'''^ '^"'^' ^""'^'"^ ^W;'( lo nie liy tliu Co ,111 iiriiic'.l stcamcT c-vidontly iiitni(lo.r7op"'lm!;t"iVr'''t:i:T>!'" ^" ■"""""'" P'''lWiitioii iit tluit ikuI of funiisliwl ill tl„. names of the ],ers.,iis state,! to |,e eon n ', ''"'i "" "'^' ''"'"'■ ''"'''"" ""= •■viUeiieo little cloulit that llie imemion is ,aveiselv that iiidieu ., ,1 '^;'; -^wistriietioi, n„d „„ttit, I entertain wnrnf.'ainstthe riiiled Slates. The Parties aivu..,,.. i,"'' "', ""-' ''""^"'' "'<' ''"'■'viK^' on mtrahand ot ^tm• at the time, in Aiin'nst last vi j, 111 "l i ''"'1""^'"^' ^''^ ISermnda, la.Jeu with tini, to her iiositinn, whieli vess,;! H,:,, sue.t^Med in , n i , , '''''l'',''' ','' l""'"";ymir ],or,lship's atten- jiu ahout a-:ain to depart on a like errand. '"■iniii,, ti„. I.ln.kade, and whieh now ajipeai-.s to "Should I'urther evidence to sustain tin. -ilLur,.: . .lle.tlheol,jeetorseeurin^ the i,iterpositi,m ol U ufi,.T''"r'''^ ''"' <»'-'^l" '"■ '"^M >H'.;essar limcure it in a more iorinal niamier. -"'ii Ji,ijtNt\ s (,ov, " I have, \-e. . (^'^'"^'^0 " C.l.VKLKS KlIANTlS AlUMS."* Itisclear that, in tlio nilormatiou tints convcvr.l in Tmvi n n ., far, uothh.o. that could .jttstir.v th.' s.-izn.v of th< rsil W^, H T'H' '""" '™'' '« iiiralcdto ilr. Adams tin- lotails of Iho inl ..,V.r /^ '','-' "'''i' ^^i'- U^uHoy commii- terms in his letl.r of the 17 or no if ^ f '>^■^^'^V"^'^'^•^ "' ^'^'"^ral uicutcd to llor MajVstv-s Oovei^n o. t No ,i , ^hat no details wore eommu- tianios of the parties for whom d L- wh ,m ?1 . v '^''Tfy 'Stated l)oyond the tl... Ibnner weri .he same as had, Se' " ,, 1 "u t'df'TT Yf''' ^"^ ^'"* latlm with munitions of war, with whieh sh • d s.;;, ? ' '''^1'"^'.''"''' ''^' 15^-r>mida Eoyond this, till is suspicion, or, aV h t he e i! /"' 'T'''^ "'^' ''^"'^'^^"'•-'• United States' Ciovernme.it, witl onlv a . i-n ova r ™ " j"';}'' '"^ •-''vauts of the one of tlumi from " manv dillerenl so\n ■,;'•,; diik^'\l •;'''"'''•"" ''''''"^ '>->^ allorded of testino. its aecHfaev (..■ trtts .^'id , s Ui ' ^ •' 'Ti" .^v""' "^" "^^'-^"^ ivpresentalion tlu- fiin . ui^^ n ,/"''"''* -^^''-^^I'^^.s himself Gover.,ment eould act without furt^I.e n, . • • I • i T^r •""? '"^ '''^'''^' *'>« "Should further evidence to su s a h 'h * i ., ' '"r" ^'n ^T' '>J' ^'•-Vino, ..ecessaiT (o .-Meet 11,.. object <.t'tc u hi {,^^3 I "^''r' n^ t •; Oreto l,e held nictt^ 1 will n.a.e an Hid, to p..u«; it i!! a mo;:^!^,.:!;.^:;^''^"^^^^'^ ^^-■^^•^■ po^^si^n :;!• ev^ir t ;SiH.Siriii' h^^^'; ;t,;;i;"s ?!;-^"-r ™ •■^-^ '- the Government. "'"^ ^" ™'^ ^"^ ^''^' i.iterpositiou of Nor docs ^Ir. Dudley annear to li'uc wiu./.on,!,.,. ;„ m • ■ mlbnnation. On the UHU hi writt. alah; t "A;"s;.;v.nV:l:!'''''"- "'^^" '''"'' ^"''^''l" s.na,:el;';:;ii.;^;:S/^::. inaZ/'i- ::;: :;;;:nrd'i',ntt'';;;ui;i''S '^ ;"-'"''■" "i "■'■ ■"-^"•^"^ Soiidieri, Agents have admitt,.d i,. ,,„ F,i,h, : „ ,' ," h ,,.'''' "■ '""' "'!"" "'' "'" inii^li stale, were tak.-ii on hoard and put .lou n u Ih 1, , 1 I '^ ^ "";«''^' ■" P>;.ees, and .some in a l".>.KhyotKaw..et.,l'rest and (^, S i i I l! t! nav /w'T "''''"S''''' ''^''^ .lKT.etoiittosea;la,tlhaveiiothin,LJn; i, '^,^^!^^ lioiiijr .aken on hoard in the iii;;ht . nie and In the nun,: l''.' ^ "" '^"■t,!;' ''^' .^■"■'-^nia-e.s sl.vnt.th lui.l urnianunt to the Tusearora whei , i p t s ' n, 1 , ^"^ T '",:''""'' '"I"''! "' F,to,h,v. I haveinadelhlsve.ssellhesnl.ieet !• s^^^^^^^^^^^ a • ." T^ "'''' " '"'^'"'■^ "'"'''* i" hini all the partienhirs."t ^""J^^l "1 l"'> d.spatehes to Minister Adam.s, and .Mnimnnirated ITeiv aiiain, wlien Mr. Dtidlov profcssovj to ho in nfv«o«;„, f.e fi. . • . r . ^^aUonie^titc Soutlua-n A.cn.s 'had adndt,.!;i l^^^Z^H'j::]::;^^^^ * UritUh Appendix vol. i p. 1 : (;„i,„i sta,os- Doaimont,.' vol. vi, „ T UiiitPd Stales UocHiiiont*, km. \i, ,,. ^18. l(j. The I'lorii'.a. At Liverpool. :»(; " I' Th,- V\ .riJa. Al Liver|ioiil !fMi^i 118 Soiitluiu Confederacy, he commimieated the fact only to Mr. Seward. No sudi infonnutioii is -ivwi to Mr. Adams, still less to the (ioveninient or to the (.c;,! Aiitl orilies, hy whom, had it heeu imparted to them, the iul'onnatioii ini-lit have hwn Ibliowcd up. , . , . , ,1 liotii ill this and his former leth'r :Mr. Dudley s mlonnation as to the ^•un-carrl;u:vs hi vin'" heeu coin eyed on hoard the Oreto, with the additionally suspicious cireunislaiHr of this havin- he(Mi .hme hv ui-lit, proved alto-ether mistaken. Tlu> report made liv the Ciislom-hous(- Ollieers of Liverpool of tin- 21st of IVIiruary shows that (he vcvmI had no Muu-earria-res on hoard, it fnrllier aiijiears hy reports uiiule at a hiter pcnu.l that she had no irim-carriai^es on hoard when she tiually left Liverpool, blie iiad imiv oil Ijoard when she arrived at Nassau. All that under the circumstances could possihly lu; asked for, on the inforiiKiiinii nmveyed to the Government hy .Mr. Adams, was iuquiry ; and this iler ilajcst); Government at once proceeded to institute. Immediately on the receii)t of :Mr. Adams' letter, Larl Kussell took tlu; neeessiuy stei)s for causiii!; h)cal imiuiries as to the Oreto to he made hy the officers to wlids,. Department it api)ertained to investigate such a matter. No clue having' heeii -ucu to the secret sources of information which Mr. Dudley may have possessed, tlicsc oiheers could only apiiiv in th(> llrst instance to the huilders of the vessel. The result «,f tlieir iiKUiiries,' as siiown in the rei)orls made hy them, apjieared i)erlectly satislaetdry. The Commissioners of Customs, on the 22nd of rehriiary, report to the 'Jreasuiy n> IblloAvs : — ••On iv.riiitol' vour hiinlsliiii's n-fcivlRr, wo tovtliwith instructud our Collector at Livcij 1 i„ Uiak,- innuiiii-s in n-i.nl to llie vi'ssol Oivl.i, ana it iiiMiciirs lYom his iriiorl tliat sliu l.as liwn Imilt l,v >h'«v^ MilU-r aiul Sons lor Messrs. Fawcrtt, I'lv-K.ii, and Co., I'li-inuuis, ol Liverpool, aiul i~ inlriule.l lor llie use of Messis. Tlioiaas, iirotUors, ot 1-ulurmo, one ot tliat linn laivm- Iruqucinh visited tlie ve.ssel il\inii,u' the jiroee.ss of luiiliiin,!,'. i i i ,„ i i " The Oreto is iiiereed tor four -ans ; laU she lias, as yet, taken notliin- on hoard lu t coals „„| Inllisl Slie is not, at pivseiit, tilU-il tor the reception ot -luii, nor are the huihlers aware that she M" he snimliea with i:uns whilst slie roniains in tliis c(ainuv. Tlie exiiense ot her const nicl a.nl, as 1,,,,, paid and she lias heen haiah'd over to Messrs, Kawee , and J'rest.ai. >Mes.sr.s. .Miller and Sons st;* tiieir helief tlial her destiiialioi, is I'alernio, as ihey have heen reiine.sle.l to reeoninielid a master tu t,,k. her to that port, and our (•..Hector at i.iveri 1 states that he has every ira.son t.i helieve lliat ihu vessel is t'..r the Italian (i.jverniiient, .,,,,• , t- i, "We he.'fi'rther loadd, tiial sj.ecial direcli..iis have hei'ii ,L;iven to tlie oilicers at J.iver|..i..l 1.. watch the movements of the vessel, an.l llial we will n..t tail t.i report lorthwith any cin.uui,-,t;.iia' which mav occur wortliv ot vour l.orilshi|j's c..;.'nizaiici'. •' " ' (.Siyneilj " iin'. !'• Im!i;m.\nti.i:. " CiiKNvii.i.r. ('. h. rii;i!Ki;i.i:v."* The statement of the Commissioners Mas hased on the foUowiiig' reports wliidi they had received from their (jilicers at Liverpool :— ^f,■. Kilinii-ih In /hf C(uiinii.-i.-iion'rs of Ciaili'i/ia. , , ^- " /./)V',7)'.,>/, /''//v«rv LM, I.St'.L', "~ Imildm's ..t llie vessel Oivt., are Messrs. Mill..- and Sons. ^Ii. Miller is tiie coiet sunvv„r for lonna.'c l!v thiar note inclosed the vessel is cm-rectly ih..serihe.l,an.l I have every reas,.n t,. l.(■l)>^^■ tluilshei'^h.rti,eltahan(!overninent,aiuliiotlorthet'..nlederates ■• It will he seen hy the note of the Snrvey.a-, Mr M..ivmii, which I anne.v, that, as yd, she h. „„lhin.' in laa-, so tliat the inlorniati..n Inrnishe.l to the (ioveninient is, .so lai, incorrect. •■Spe.id .lirections have he.ai '^iven I., the olli.'crs to oh.serve the ni..vements ol the ves.scl, .so thai what.Acr takes pla.v can h' nia.le kii..un to the !l..ard al any timf. _^ ^^^^ ,^,,i,.,,,^. ^^.,, (Signed) " .->. ritiei; Hi.w.Uii.s," Mr. Mill' r /'I .!/'•. FM"-'ii;U. " J ii-ci'piKil, F'linirii'i/ lil. I8ii2. " ^"'''^ We have hnilt th.. dis,,at.d,-vesscl ( Irelo h.r M.'ssrs. Kaw.vtt, I'reslon, ami Co., engineers, ut tto ,„wn via. are the a.'ents ot Jh'ssrs. Tla.mas, llrollaas, ol I'alenno, h.r wla.se use th.. resse,«.. dels sh a.hnilt. She is pierccl lor h.ur „ii,s ; she has take,, nolhm, whatever o„ .,:„ r., iN lid halla.st; she is in no way htte.l tor the receplim. ol guns, as yel ; la.r do we 1 „..» ll' ,l'J,e is l.; Imve. gans whilst in England. Mr. Tla.mas. ot the tirin at I'alerim., Ire.inently v,s„c,l ik ""''' MVe Invl' h;:ml,':l "'.'llie; t.. the engineers, an.l hav,. 1 n ,.ai,l h.r ^.r. A. ■din. to .!,.■ l«s. .{ ,„v inl'a-nr'uoli ule present destination .,f the v,.ss,.l is Pahana, ; and we have heen ask,.d L. r,.,,.n,n„.l ma.-lcr t.. take her ..at to Pai'Tino. I rciniiin, I'v-c fSigne.l) 'T. Jlil.l.Ki;.' to Mr. Seward. N(i s\icli )V('ninu'u1 or to tlic lucul I'drinatiou nii^'ht luivc liccu itidu us to I ho u:iin-carri;n;vs jilly suspicions circumstance kcii. The rcj-inrt made liy •iiary sliows that (he vcvm'I i)rts'i!iadc at a later pi'rind t Liv(>rpool. She liacl lumi' ked for, on tlw iiirornKitimi y; and this lirr ^[ajcstv's Kussi.'U took the ncccssiirv i(h; by the olUcers to whusv No ehie having been t;iviii may have possessed, these s ol' tlie vessel. The n-suli peared ])eri'eetly satistacinn. -, report to the 'J'reasmy ms ud our Ctilli^etiiv :it I,ivci]Kiipl in ri'lKirt tlmt slic liiis lieeii Iniilt i'ii,i,'iiR'i;rs, (if Livcrpdol, uiul i^ of tluit lirui luiving frui[ii(iiil\ iKitliiiiL; (111 liiiinxl liiit eiiajs mii! .' till! Iiuildcis iiWiiio tli'.it sill' i^i I" uiisu lit liiT ciinstnictiiiii l.as Imii 11. Messrs. Jliller luiil Sons stntf 111 1(1 reeimniieiiil a iiiii.sler tn tiiki' ovei'V viuSdii til lielieve llial [h \ to tlic ollicers lit Livel]iiinl in 'piii't furtliwith luiy eiiviiiu.-)tiiiii.t 'I'uo. F. Imikmanti.k. HllKNVIM.r. ('. I,. r.l-.llKKl.IX"* the t'ollowing rei)orts wiiieli /I'lllS. '■ l.irrrif.il, Flniiin/ '2\, ISi'i2. Mr. Miller is tlie ei.'iff survtvnr iiel I liave every reiison te lieli.vi ieli I iiimex, thiit, us yel, hlio li>,s is, s(i fai, iiiCdiTeel. ■ luiivi'iiii'Uts ijf till! vessel, su tliiil liesiieetlullv, iVie. it) ";-). I'liiL'K Kuw.viiii.s." " Tiirrpiiiil, Fihninri/ 2\. 18li2. I'l-cst'iii, ii.iiil Co., eiiLriiii'eis, iil' this 11(1, fur wliiise use till' vessel, w lakeii niilliiiij,' wliiilever mi limii'l if j^'uiis, as yet; leir do we kim\( at I'aleriiid, fre(|ueiitly visited llic . Iiir 'irv. Aeeiinliii',' In llii' liesl "f we have lieeii a^kcd tn recoiiiiirinl " I ri'iiiaiu, (Vc (Si;.;iie.l) "T. Jhl.l.Kl:' 119 " ''<'>i _ ^''- ^omn to Mr. Edwards. (lirecUonlTLuel'ul^.Jlf ^ '"^^^ ^"«P««ted the Oreto, now lyi„„ i„ Toxtetl, T. 7''"""'-" -'- ^««2. ^ ;Sl.o is a s,.loudi,l «tea,ner suitablo fr, r ' """''"'''^ "'"' ^"^''^ board, nor are there any guu.cani.Sc'ou^^ pierced for ^.tn.s but h., n . o l^oal,, and bolla.st nre all that the hidd.s contahi ""^' °'' " Ji(!Sl)uctfulJv, &f.. Here, therefore, was tbo assuranoo nf o "'^ " ^^ ^^^"'"■"^^"' ^'"'''^^""•■" for »«■ ■■,.o.,„i„„ „f g„„, ™S no sun-camagc, on boai^ or prcparaS™ S ty S If, prior to the ropcipt of fhcso rrmnWo +k scisurc- OP detention of tlio v«out tho v ™ or either to tl,e offiee. of the ^1i .M t'lZZ^rS.S^'^^^^^^-^Sl The reports r(>eeiv(>(l from tlm ^,^^ • • at once communicated to ir A ',£ T''''"" - "J" ^"'^""^^ ^^ ^he Government w for putting Her Majesty's GwemmSf fn '^'^'^"^^''^'^l' thiuking that tl.«r™tt h' obt^ained by Mr uiue^ iVor™"''^* " ESTV'' '"'"^ ^"^^^^^^^ l-S £n have been made available, and foT,lcurLf ,r"'''^.'T' ^^" ^'^'-^^ ^"fonuation eoulS expressed himself willins? to make nn e Fnvf "i } ■ '^^''^f''!"' which Jlfi- Adimri n 7 from that gentleman tUl the Stl. n?Afn /*' "''*"'"• ^»t "otbin- fu 'tl ^i i? i bd actually sailed. EitW IgJ^^S^ "Kt"' ^ T^" ^^^^^^^^^l^t^ h S by ite otBcers, that the zeal of Mr. Di.dhn^iad Ul • 'Tt "'^'^'^ *« «'« GovernmSit the information, though derived Irom "mam h'ffi f *" ^°™ '^^^'^^ eonclusior or ^ could not be relied on; or the ^^^\^^..S^^:^T^T"^'^'' "^ ^ ^^ M),u ley, whose untiring industry and/,>aHntrr* *'' ''° f^^'^'eoming. Ev« entitled to admiration, does not apptir to hive «,.r,'^ '''""'' «^" '"'^ ^l"tv is certai il Ins period with any evidence of hnp^rtanee or ff""' ^V'' ^^^^''^'^^ '^«"'^^' the vio e if to procure evidence upon which tl e Onv J''"""'" '"^^•■" «^quircd bv ^Ir \?lfn? apFnrs to me, undei- the e c^s S '^""I- "' Tf '^ .*'« ^■''^"'-''l ^^^oi 1 a^t T >mpute as matter of blame to STeuS' T^f^^ 'i«0"«i^stent\.„u'e(.t ums to tin- <>fr,-^f ^ .-y .m,n by ,ho Conumssioners of Customs, and the vessd t.s IhHgS; The Florida. At Liverpool. [145] British Appendix, vol. i, p. 159. *f •5). w 120 The Florida, watched until the hour of her departure. If evidence ^5;^ ^^^^,f«f ^^^^^^^ tliiit the Government officers were deceived, it was for Mr. Dudley, avUo proiesscd to At Liverpool. £ t't^^^.ljnjwas to be found, to produce it. He would have been ^vho Uy wantin, m brdutv if beiu- possessed of, or enabled to obtain such evidence, he had tailed to p -od CO it tScI that neither Mr. DucUey nor Mr. Adams made any communication Fot ^Government till after the vessel had sailed is. as it seems to me, very stron-^ to slinw flisit no such evidence was to be had. , , . i ii • i show that no scucv ^^ ^^^^^ had anything to comniuicte could tind nothms on which his superior, Mr. Adams, ever rea< y to add .ss reSb^^^^^^^^ to Earl Russell, could eaU for the intervention ot Her iwe iriove nment, it seems unreasonable to reproach the Government AVith wan of &Ui^™c "in not making inquu-ics which, there is every reason to think, could '^^^S thlXSnmeilT^r; sincerely desirous of ascertaining tlie true eharaete.. of this vessel lest, possibly, any violation of .neut.-ality ^^'\}^^^^^;;^ by this, that instead of resting satisfied with he inquir es of the \";^ 7^';^;'^^^ havin- been expressed that the vessel was bemg bmlt tor the I alian bovciimun, Si r HuSl 1 the 2Gth of February, telegraphed to Sir .Tames Hu.lson the Bntish 'Sstei at Turin, desiring him to " ascertain and report whether a vessel called the OMo row f^t 1^ out at Liverpool, is intended for the use of the Hahan Government. » Sk James Hudso^n having referred to Signor Kicasoli, the Minister or Foreign Alluirs. SleL-m, hs, in answer : " Rieasoli tells me he has no knowledge whatever ot the slnp O otcrCt will cause inquiry to be made."t As the construction oi siieh a vessel woiS hLlr to the Department of the Marme. the fact ot S.gnor Hicasoli bemg Zmi o? anv order having been given for its construction wou d, ot course no be Ze s ve Indeed, Signor ilicasoli would not take upon himselt to nega ive the tact, bu , romi ed to make iSquirv on the subject. Unfortunate y the result ol the mq.ury whicl S that the vessd had not been built for tlie Halian Government was not communicated to Sir James Hudson till the 25th of March, by which time the Oivto had ^ctuaUv sailed.! The delay is believed to have been owing to a change lu the Itali^ M ii istiv, which occurred' about the period in question ; lor the answer to bir Jane iulso/ was given not by Signor Ilicasoli, but by Signor Eata/./.i,wlio had succeeded him as Mhiister for Foreign Affairs. The delay is certainly not one lor XdiX Majesty's Government can in any way be held responsible. Lntil he final answer to Sir JaniL Hudson's inquiry had been given, the uncertain answer of higno Saoli could not, for the reason ah-eady given-naniely, that he matter was not cue bei n" n.' to his department-suffice to warrant the seizure or cietentimi ot the yess 1, The fgnorance of the Halian Consul at Liverpool, who )vould not necessarily l,c informc'd of an order given by the Halian Government, especially if the order had been S ?rto Thlas Brotliers of Palermo, could not make it unnecessary to wait lor S.gnor Saazz?s answer. But the alleged ignorance of the HaUan Consul was never com.nu- Seated toThe Government or to the local authorities. The mformation was given by Mr. Dudley to Mr. Seward alone ; in other words, was tlirown away. Mr. Dudley continued to keep a watchful eye on the Oreto. On the 27th of 1 ebruan he writes to Mr. Seward :— , „ , „ ., c, .. 1 luiv. positive evideuco that the Oreto gun-boat is intended for the bouthern Co.if.H enu^y i>.e is t.. c'UTV s xlecM .n.ns, is iut..Rled .^ a privatour, and, from presen appearances, looks as .1 she MmQ 1 r n her cru^/ ■ d rec^t from tliis po»t. She has taken on iK.arl, this in.rmng, seventy barrels ol i.uik S heel! sLtv s^'ks o'VavT and I hanvls of cabin bread, together .ith other provisions. Ihe guBS are to be shipped at some othei poi* .n Kngland. § Again on the 1st of Marr^ :— , , , " The day before yesterday I i.role the ■n..i.artment tluit 1 had obtained ex^denc^e that the .'un-l-oat Oreto w i ended as a privates, and that she was taking on her ,,rovisions, &c. bince then .1.. ;. inTm ie lis in takin pi'ovisions. She has a very large quantity, enongh for a h,ng mn- Se • m 'e i .' " nianv Snuthlrn sailors as they can. They want ISO men it hey can procure to H;£trs^r;;ii:i"''r^;:,J;»';i:ti;:::^,;;;f;tr:';r,; '.^ will be male ts.^^ Man, then to Holyhead, an.l some other i.oitem * British Appendix, vol. i, p. Ibid,, p. ( 3. + Ibid. § United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 220. Ben forthcoming to show Dudley, who profossed to L> heen wholly want in u; in Dvideucc, he had failed to made any communication Dms to nie, voi-y stronj,' to rtod who had anything; to [ams, ever ready to address : the intervention of 11 or R Government with want ry reason to think, could nindge whatever of the sliip itruction of such a vessel of Signor llicasoli heini^ L would, of course, not be imself to negative the fact, y the residtof the inquiry, !ian Government, Avas not I, hy which time the Oreto owing to a change in the on ; for the answer to Sir ' Signor Eatazzi, who had y is certainly not one tor -sponsible. Until the final uncertain answer of Sii,nior lat the matt(-r was not one or detention of the vessel. would not necessai'ily he cially if the order had l)een necessary to Avait for Sii^iior . Consul was never comniu- } information was given by wn away. o. On the 27th of rebruary the Soutburn Coiifederiicy. She {iliL'arancos, looks as if she woiilJ ; ni-.:niing, sovenly barrels of pork with other proviaionis. The guns tained ovideiieu tliat tlu^ ;,'un-lHiat ivisicins, &c. Siuei; then she la' entity, enonjih for a huif; eriii* ;il) men if they <'aii proeuve Ihcni ilioj; for the arrival uf the Wtst to (•(iiiK' by this boat. A mnii liy ) ail Kiij,'lisli vi'ssi'l. Hor tnuister vfrjiool after hor trial triji. litis lolylu-ad, and soiiio other ]init'-, in ;v at v)iiee on her eruize, and sail t Ibid. )ocuineDtB, vol. vi, p. 220. 121 *o the Mediterranean. I have nm,io will be eonimiinieafed to u,e w "™?Sement.9 by which I think- fnf v seaport of Sm,u„ I'oh ' }t'sterduy I ad(hcssed'),.tt,.rr o tl r '" '^"'Sence of her movements report her if 'siie'sh:.^:^ ' j .;- "'!--. -'visi,,, 'S,:.m ° '' h stt/'/'r ^^"^"^—''"S The programme wa.s not carried out T. n ' '^"^'""^ '"' ''' nor Holyhead, nor the Jleditemnenn V'? ^^'^*« "^'"ler went to the T.ln r ^r In the foregoing lettcu^s M Sej sn?' f" '^'"' ^'^^ '"^".V Southern sSloJ'' "^ ^^^""' Oreto was intended as a nri r te,M ,f . Y '"; ''^*' " I'^'^'tive evidence » tbn t tl'.o , light, he wa,s more dis, o i i i. ^'"\"1- ^^^^^ anxious to si ow hi ' if". '"T"' Minister in London, and was somoii f ''""■^'""' t« the Secretm-v of S^; ^^? ^''^ faet,hehad„otIuagmoL>tt^^^^^^^^^ "^J* *« '^"«**t of pZssiJ.evlb "'"''/'' ^'^" with probability, p^o.ssSsed'^ S ^J^' T^'^'^^^^' ^'^'^^S^^'So:^^^ information was obtainerl U^ .,„ , "''""''^^ m available realitv P n.. "/consistent if produced P """^ ^^ ''"^'^^ "^'^^^ which would 1 ave tLoed iV^ ?"^ ^"« On the 5th of March Mr Dndl • ^ '"'^ '^'''"^'^ ■ Owin,. as it is alio. o L ^^ f' T"" '''''''' '' ^^^'- toward :- English vessel, an.l l,e re^lllX ,ileS '"''■■ "'^ P''"^ '>«« ''««" compelled to r " . Jamaica, m the Wost Indi,.s AV (' Vr i '^'"' ^'"«''«''l "» Saturdav Ikm n^i , ^''^^*^'^ ^ an board. She shippod hci '' ew on VJ '''' '? "'"'''''• '""' '>>^'md r' mi ,' , "A""""' '" «''^%. and captain t,. one of the men V v if '"'f- ^"^^''^^'^l ii'al a t, ' ''■ ""' ^'"'"'^ '"'« ""' on pay tlio men. f have 1 is d ^ , , ^Z '"" ''' ''"^f- ^^-''i'*' ^il er s V nl "S''*-''^'"'^''^ given by the Lthern Confederal ; Sr"''. X'V"'V'' '"^' '-'-^^^ Bermuda, but most likely at son .' , ''"'^'"-'■■'r- 1^"^ at .some place outs ,1, f /'"' ''"''''"^ *" the given to understand tlJl^ ™' .J^^,:;' |;'f ^>I-literranci„, t, Zf^t 1"'"^!^ '' ^"''^^^ °^ yoan^r man formerly in the emnlov ot t .f "'"'■ ^'"^ '"'■'•''"an in Fa'vce t 1 '. " ,'"''" ''"■" "«^^ Palermo, and ,,nt o„ boanl at I '? , l, " '7T"'y "'at the f.„„.s for the O If "' "",'' ^"'^ '"'^ « th.ttl,e,unsi,ad l-een seiu, , l' ^^^ ';^' a-ther porJ^n iJ"] • li.^T';^!/" ''" ^iPP-l to Oretn was to call th,,v for them \V uV i M ^''"'''f'' and were to be Ian 1 at w' " "^ '">' '"'^^ gives some stren^-th lot i,o latt "r st , , . T' 7 "■'"'""■'' "tl"'r of th.-n t ,,' " '' T^ """ 'I'e ;- in the river,' and .pist bSb^lh ' ^^'s t^rt''"" "" ''''•"■''">■ >-''" " a t'^^^; ; J-' -'f these person.s in the emnloy of Fau-n„tf i. ■^'-^'^'•" larire cannon were nl,ir,>,i ;7„ ' ,'" .V" J*''niiuda ates. Tia.. report is tha sIkms Um !, 'I'f l'"!' "V ^'"- '''''^ ^^>^^ ^^^o^?/'^ f %. ^"''' ^^ arrau^-ements with o„.. of tl,e , u ,? "."IVa^ad. J have sent a nen, L . f I ?''/''^ Confeder- nambcr of comnmnie ti is t! C \ !,?''' """''"ati"" from .ini. to t , n T'''', ''"' ""^' '""^^ Mediterranean, requesti,,;; then, to look T,y'""' "." ^''"^'y a^l'l-essed a ci^c lia to d '"' "'." '^"^f^^' "*' '^ port The provisions of 'the ( c v o f l"' "' 'T'^ '° ""■' ^'^'Part n -nt Jn c^s o""''^'",'-T''' ""' "'« ' „„„.,., ' "'"" ''•"i'P^'l '-^onsists of fifty-two the conflictmg statements set fnrfi, • ,i, • . unreliable were the^-eports Avh h tn-e emivevo , T 'f^^ ^''ow liow uncertain and eir conjee tires a.s tacts,as well as how StKti! ''^- ^^^^.^'^ ^'^ P^rson.s whogave of ilr. Dudley, and how readily that a-on/L ''''''' '"^P''^««l on the informS Kw ^l^^f^-l'ltionof dJ^rS'"^ S?^'"^ """"•'^'^«« n'mrsS but as we shall see in a moment, Mr John i ." n' "''''' "°* ^^'g^^tered as o™ not go ou^ in that vessel: ''' ''' "^ '' ^™^ ^^^^^^ted were to go out in the Bermuda did Mere, again, I cannot but renoif tlm .i If rue, were no doubt of importancfe .J ''^''''^:^^'^^ tliat wLiie facts wlnVb mation respecting them is g^lStok7laZT'''f *° '^^- ^-ard -tS turned good account, or to the local AuthoW?i^' F T^'°™ ^''^^ ""«'»* liave been a clue to get at the truth. The stlm "mdo t't^V'''' '"^°'^^''*™ "^^-1^ ^^ ^y *^« foreman and workmen of The Florida At Liverpool i i4 ■A • United State.' Documents, vol. vi, p. 220. t Ibid., p. 221. R 2 122 The Florida. At Liverpool. mm 11- Fawcett. Preston, and Co., if montionccl in the proper quarter, might have led to making the tbUowing declaration. a<;cordirs to the usual form :- 1 • „ 1 T ,i,„ TTpi.rv Thumns of Liverriool, county of Liinuaster, merchant, declare m Sti!:U.is':i.lon.u declaration, conscientiously lelievin, tV.._^ to be true.^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ .' Made and subscribed the 1st day of March, 1862, by the above-named John Henry Thomas, in the presence of- „ j ^ Johnstone, Jun., Registrar of Sldpping, ^ ° ' " Port of Liverpool."* The fact of Mr Thomas, who thus declared himself to he a native of Palermo, hcins; Sn buiTfor the Palermo W. and that tins statement had received confirmation from *'^ 'SSTep^SrnlSinr^ he handed over to the Italian Goyemmcnt. as a Satch hoal'yet if built in the first instance for a private firm, r^wa^ not impossib SaUtr^htL intended that she should make a voyage to the West I^du>s he m. S" parted ^Uh. Even if her being cleared for Jamaica, as weU as Palermo Id &deemed a circumstance of suspicion, it would not have justified a seizure oik ve sel. uSess there was something to show that the clearance was fictitious and traudu- lent It was only by subsequent events that this was made to appear. ,, ,. ^„ AttentSn is inited in the Case of the United States to what is caUed the "easy crcdumv" of thc^^^^^^ "who to the first charges of Mr. Adams rep led by puttm^ forwa 7the be ief of the l^ilders as to the destination of the vessel, and who met h suhseJuent complaints by extracting from the Custom-house records the Mso c earance whth Bullocrand Eraser. Trenholm, and Co.. had caused to he entered there, t . . This repr^ appears to me very unfair These officers, on receiv..g instruSns &)m the Comm ssioners of Customs to make inquiry, had no one t|) resort to on the fiit " ecasion but the builders. They could report no other than what the «er\ Stated, which was that "to the best of ^ ^^^^^^'^^S^^^^ of the vessel was Palermo, as it had been built for the firm oi ihomas, lirotlicrs, oi ?h'it Place and they had been asked to recommend a master to tak.^ her out to Palermo. wtnTt is said that on the second occasion the officers extracted Irom the Custom- house rfcords the false clearance which Bullock, and ^^^f^.^, IVenholm, and Co Im paused to be entered there, it is again to be borne m mmd that it was thcu- duty to 'oZuinkate the entry of the .hip's^lcarance to their superiors according as it stoo onThrJ^g ter : besMes, there s no evidence of the entry havmg been made by • BritlBh Appendix, vol. i, p. 10. f Case of the United 8tate«, p. 337. ♦C T, raif»ht have led to 123 Bullock or l)y Frascr, Trcnholm, and Co. Indeed, that Bullock can have been a nirtv to IH. c leamnco IS .mposs.l.l... Tl.. recklessness of the assertion is . purenri -om^TS iad that, the ,• ..anmee .vas Hr..,.te,l, and the onU-y ,.t it nwuh-, ,.n thel .rofZre ■ M. Dudley : no sugUn of the l^S^l^:^^ S:;Vu^' ^^^ ^^ any ground ^v1>ateve^ lor supposing tluvt the dlu-ors had anv knowlolgo ^on o suspect th t the eutrv had h,..on made hy these parties, or vas i.i any re peet false The slur at emp(.;, to he j-asi on these ofhecrs, who are said to have he..n d .' ■ v,d onlv "because they wished to h,, dee.Mved," appears to me, I must say. wl olirun fo uXd and one cannot but regret to sco mputations of +}ii« l.-in,i ;«f..Li i • / ^ ' stated on the part of the American G(,v«.nme;u introduced into a Case «ut the question, it must never h,> forgotten, is not whether these ofTicers were unduly credulous ; the question on which the liahihty of the Uritisli 0.,ver.imeuTmust depend IS whether there wer.; tacts, ascertained, or capable oi' bein-^ asceXm im.n which hey would have been justitied in talking possession of 1 sN-es'er I seems to me that ther(! were not. >i»»t.i. a. i stems Upon what evidence could Her Majesty's Government have supported the seizure or asked tor the contiscation ot this vessel in an Englisii Court of law' seizure. It 18 here all essential to keep in mind what it was which 'in a Court of La«r It would have been incumbent on the Public Prosecutor to establish, in oXol^.e condeinnation of the vessel under the Foreign Enlistment Act. Jlo. woul, have had in the fu^t place to show that the vessel was equipped for war As to t « fn« +, there would have been no dilliculty. The vessel w'Js piSced for 1 1 , td' had li" necessary iittmgs for war: she was represented as a dispatch-boat, which mcls a vessel capable of bemg armed, and herefore of being used for war. But it would have een further necessary to prove that the vessel was intended to be usera^a i t a belhgerent with whom Great Britain x;.is at peace. Here lay the difficulty. 'l"or on this head the evidence totally lailed. Beyond surmises, suspicion, rumour.^here wa^ nothmg, at least nothing tangible or that could be made practicably availabb According to the safe and sound rules of evidence, which happilyVrevail in an EnS Court of Justice, as also m those of America (for the procedure is the same in bo h) the suspicions and impressions of Mr. Dudley would have been wholly inadmissible • he reports repeived by him from persons who could not be brought forT^'ard would have been rejected as mere hearsay; the gossip of the docks or the shipwi-hts' y^s would have been at once excluded ; insinuations, imputing to rcipect°able officers abandonment ot duty ami complicity i,i crime, recklessly made and unsup- ported by proof would have bcui treated with proper disregard. But, bevond this what was there to show that this vessel was intended for the service of the Confederate States ^ rositively nothuig : while, on the other hand, there was the fact that an apparently respectable merchant, a native of Palermo, had registered himself as he oivner; that the vessel had cleared for Palermo and Jamaica, and that her crew had signed articles tor a voyage to those places. A circumstance to which the ofiaeers at Liverpool appear to have attached consider- able importance, was that the vessel, though pierced for guns, bad not even "■un-carria-es on board, and was wholly unarmed and destitute of munitions of war. It mi ■ ■ ht indeed°he surmised by Mr. DutUey that the vessel would receive her armament elsewhere and the sequel proved that his suspicions Avero well founded; but on his own showing he was wholly without evidence to prove that such was to be the case. Nor must it be forgotten that the Florida was the first vessel of war built in England for the Conft-de- rate States, and that the artifices and tricks, to which tlu; unscrupulous cunnin- of the Confederate Agents (Ud not hesitate to resort in violation of British neutrality liad not till then been brought mto play. The officers therefore finding, after havin" uuceasinnly watched the vessel, that no attempt Avas mad(! to arm her, may not unrea'sonablv h-uo been satisfied that she was leaving on an innocent voyage; or, at all events without there bemg any intention of arming her in British waters. To some minds this may seem "easy credulity." To others, less astute, it may seem natural enough, and not to be justly imputable to want of proper diligence or to intentional neelect of duty. ° If, indeed, the officers had become aware that another vessel had been at that time taking on hoard gun-carriages and guns capable of being put on board the Oreto after The FloricJa. At Liverpool. I ' ih fi United States, p. 337. • United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 223. J1 ' a I 124 The Florid.. She hml loft tl.0 port, Buoh a cirrumstnnco wo„M havo heon well <-^l,^"^ jjf j" 3"; M.svici.m tlii.t tlu' profossnl voyai;.' to I'alormo and Jamaica wis hut the jnitnid..,! At Liverpool. ji,.^,i„.,ti„„ „r (1,.. V(>ss(>l. „. , , • -.i l „ (V. f lU.t n..tl.inu- '.r tlu' kind rxist.-.l. M. Staompfl.. who has insisto.l on such a fac as one of tlu- niaiu -rounds of a .hTision ai,'ainst the British Government, has hero lall.u into a vorv s<>vious .>rror. [ustoa.l of the -uus ;,nd their oamases heini? hrou-ht, as „. has ima-iued, from Hartlepool to Liverpool and th.nN to office.-s at liartlepo.d knew nothi.,^- of th.' sailiu^^ of the Oreto Toth.s it may l,o added that, tlu.uuh Mr. Dudh-y was aware of the sailmg of hoth .1k> sh.ps, and als,,,,! he transixirt of' guns and munitions of war from Liverpool to llartlepooll.y lawr, , av.d Co. to form'part of the cargo of the Bahama, it never omu-re.l to hun to Le-iue that t her. was any com.ection hefween the two vessels. While he hehev.! lu.t^l..> Oivto was ahout to proceed to th.> Mediterranean, hi. letters show tha l„. believ.Ml that the guas and munitions of war sent to the Bahama were m tende. t,, run the l,loc-kade or be taken to B<>rmuda or Nassau, to be there transhipped for that purpose. ,,0, 1 On the 7th of March he wntes to Mr. Seward :— "S,„M.. tlnv. w,.,.k. ix-n 1 v^as rn.liblv inlnrnie.l tlmt the same parties v.l.o had purrhnsod tli. Howhl h,„l hcmu'ht th. s{:.M„u., lialKun,,-, llua th.-y wouM lead her wUh umnU.on^ ol ^vav 0, „, " .a 1 .,1 S, MllK..; (•ontVa..,-a.-.-. a-.l either run the hloek.ule er else la.-.l her eav;^.. a .IS''",, a a an, .„„ i Charl stun ,„> s,„aller ■e^-.-ls. I .na,le inqm-nes to t,ad her. mwl wrote to .1. le.enl ( o„sula.. i I, Itdnin,' any i.donnati.n ahout, her, or any vessel of .hat .auue, \osterday we d seov,,.,] a I'aw.rlt, Pn'sto, , atid Co. we.v shipim.^', hy .-nil, cases eontannnt^ shells aud sho , also n,s« s L t ^ M.tai,^ ea.M.ou and rilles, directed .0 • Tieklord and (;o.,West Hartlepool, tor slu,.a,ent ,., stea.uer Uahania, for Ha.nhur,!,.' This Hartle,KHd is the same plaee where the lier.uuda on he t,v. endeavour to learn soniuthin;^ more ahout this husiliess."* On the 12th of March :— •■The Vi.'e-l'ousu! at Xeweastle writes me thai there i.s a steamer, ea'.: ■.! the Bahama, loadn,;- at West llartlel (.•' He no douht will advise tla. department and -ive all ih.^ partieulars ,n reteren-'C to 1" ■ Faweeit i'reston, an.l Co. ore s.nd.nj; hu-e quantities of mnn>t,ons ot war to tins wsse ; liey have already s,.n» iVom Liverpo.d ,^00 on.ses of shot and shells, upwards ot 21 ons ot eannon and a horn 4 ton,s of -in-earria^es. This vessel will either run the hlockade or la.ul her eargo at liernuul. ,. Nassau, ai'id have it ferried over in smaller vessels."t When Air. Dudley liimself had not the shadow of a suspicion that the guns sent over to Hartlepool to he loaded in the B;>hama were intcnd(>d for tl.e Oreto, it wmild bo unr(>aso.iahl(S even independently of tl.e mistake 1 bav.^ adverted to, to expect that the Liveniool officers should have seen through the contrivance. ^,ny, indeed, we are enabled to see these things by the light of subsequent events and si..ce-ae(p.ir(>d knowledge. We now know that the Oreto was ordwcd by Bullock for th(> Conlede.-ate States," and that Bullock was an agent ot those States But at that time theses facts w(-rc entirely unknown to Her Majesty's Government, and tiie fii-st of them, at least, equally so to Mr. Dudley himself. Subsequent events have shown that the suspicions entertained by Mr. Dudley and others were well fouiidod; but though these suspicions may have had more or less of probability, they were but suspicions, a.id were, therefore, incapable of being made practically available. It is easy to be wise aft(>r the event,—" Eventus stultorum magister, says the adage, lie Tribunal must be on its guard against the impression likely to be produced by the adroit way in which, in the United States' pleadings, the story of these vessels is told without clistinguishing what was formerly known, and what is now known aboiit them, But obviously, notliiug can be more u-rational or unjust than to say that iler Majesty s Government were bound to nave seen things then as we see them now, or to seek the condemnation of the Oreto on such evidence as was then fortbcoramg, because sub- seciuent events have made maniicst what was then incapable of bemg proved. The inability of Mr. Dudley to obtain any evidence as to the destmation ol tlie vessel bocomi's tl.e more remarkable from the fact that, owing to an accident, aa additional three weeks from the clearing out of the Oreto vyas atfordcd _ him tot discovery The vessel in going out, after she had cleared, sustamed some mjury, and ! 1 1, i • United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. SaS. t Ibid., p. 323 woll calculafpil to oxrito I ^yils hut the im'tcndiMl insisted on siicli a i'act as vcmmt'nt, has h^re lullpn if»cs boini; hi'oiij^ht, as lie :h1, thoy wore, in fad, in to tlio autiioritit's, triim ;lan(l, and tlicrc shi])i>i'(l; hipmtmt of tiio Riins, tlie Oroto. To tiiis it may lio )oth iho ships, and alsodf to llarth'pool by rawtdt fvcr 0(^eurivd to him to aspls. While ho hchcvcd hi.-^ letters show tliat lie 3ahama were intended to [here transhipped for tliat mrtics v'.io had pnrcliasod [V ivitli iiiuiiitidiis of wnv f(ir thn licr ciivi^ii III lii'i'iiuida mid nin I wrote til (Ulli'i'i'iil ('onsuhitw nil-'. Vi'sti'i'iliiy, \\T (liscovirnl iii< sliidls mid sliot, alsii i;i.*s '.si llartU-poiil, till- slii]iiiiioit j.i'; luTO till' I'lormiida, oil licrtii-t it I.i'i'd,'* and Limdoii, mid "'J , rali'd tlin lialiania, loading at 1 till' iiarticulava in ri'lVri'ii'c to mis of war to tliis vo.sstd ; tlipy ol' lit) tons of cannon, and nlmut land liL'i' ('ari,'o at Burmudii nr ispicion that the guns sent .I'd for the Oreto, it would adverted to, to expect that nee. light of subsequent events ;to was ordered by IkiUock t of those States. But at sty's Government, and tltc Subsequent events have others were well founded ; ' probability, they were but praetically available. It is ster," says the adage. The kely to be produced by tlie :ory of these vessels is told ; is now known about them. m to say that Her Majesty's e them now, or to seek the L forthcoming, because sub- e of being proved. s to the destination of the , owing to an aeeidetd, an Teto was afforded him for , sustained some injury, aad t Ibid., p. 323 :_'nd of I ace Ml. ! I utcmk'd lor rcli, when she lley appears to he Coufederate Tlii,-^ i.s 111,, thill! tini,. sliu to iiiioiiiit fur hi'r roiidiii-'t. .soiiii. two \vi'ok.s iiy,,, tliiil II iir; it i.s ])ii,s.>tilik' tlioy 135 had to put back for repairs, and was detained (ill anally sailed. Notwithstanding this lavoumble eireim have been unable to obtain any proof of the vessel bi in service. On the 12th of March lie writes to Mr. Seward :— "Tho sti'am Ki.n-l.oat Oroto p„t l,„ck into tli. rivrr v,.sii.„|„v M-ain hjus cnmo liai.k. .Sho u now m,.. loro.l in tho „;n.nn,. I am ,,i,it.. iiiTaM. Silt, no donlitmHtlH'r waiting f,r iior .lui.s or .sonio ,,..,■.,„. ' 1 was toll Siiithrrn naval otlui'r was to comoovor to take command ait.r tlu.y tran..fc.r.v, MV wa.tmi,' tor liis arriva'. • ■' '■"'"■'"-"i' Again, on the l!jth he writes:- - "Tlio dri'to is Htill in ilw river, Ivin" off F".nii,iiit vi, . ; , • i .i , . waiting; tor lu'r j-un. or .'1.., lor so,,, ^r^l^ w^lf £i„. Jv t 7 I ^ i"" ''"■"'^' ''"' '?• '""' '^ 0,1 hoard iH'for,. .slio leavvs this ,,orf that ttu'V a,c' t \ "'^ ^'"" '"'''.'^'"l'" '"'■ '" '"■ '''"'■'"l Placod on tnKs o,. li.-ht.rs and n'.v .yV 1 to li. « s.d I, 'l " ' "''"" '""l' '" "'.■'^'■"'"■•'.'l. '""' ^'-'^^ I have co.nmiininited it to oi,r Ali.iil.r at Licl,,,, "f '"■'"" '" '"'"""" ^'"'^ ■^"'^'""•"'' According to these letters, ard th-if ni' d,.. - f^''' Tn' 7""". '^^v^' i^si l,.ft ,„y vessid cam., over with tliciii i i the (■ ], s T ,^' ''';''''' "'f '""■'"t "'.•otliccrs 1„,. tlii.s th. fuunh wiLS called Kddv ; iho (irsi t„ /arc ci f ■ T'^' ^■"'"' i'""' '^""''^ "'' •^'""'^• taniicr state that^iicso ojuce. .,i,ri::,\h,: ";';;::^;r;:'::;iv:d'.:;:n.i::: ti^'^ i:::^ ii;";:;::: c.S:f: wa. liciii. built in En.da.,d tor the S il,; .^^ ' lev', iS ""TT"" "' '''' ''''"^' ^^''''■'' in W,l,ii,n,tonJ,eh...e they le,U.,at sev:;::^:^^;:!::^^^^^^^ they were com,.,j,^ np the r.ver ,n the Cliilds, a.s they passed the Oi'l'to, she lippn i , , /n '',,1,:?: Ihavo had tlu.s la.st ti-om several sources, and the addiHon il f'i,.t fh.,tH,ol„ "■i-, to t le (.ini.is. of this stumiicr, a di...,er wa.s ^iven in the C)r et to the ii ,.« i^^^'^^^^^^^^^^^^ T^^ ^'"' ""'^''l st«ud she W.11 n.ake direct foPMadelm td Nassai.."J ^^'" """' "'"' "' "'^' ^'"^^'^^' ^ ""^^"'- Here was. indeed informatiou of importance, but unfortunately it came too late- nor was i communicated to the Government or to the local Authorities ^Ul the sh n had sailed. Had Mr. Dudley, instead of contenting Itimself with writing to Mr Adams? once put tlK> Collector oi Customs in communication with the part of t h' m-w of he Annie Childs o whom he refers in his letter, the statement thus ma.le, had a ™ b sttch t.^ cou d be depended on, might have made it incumbent on that o I ee to d tain the vessel. But this obvious course does not appear to h.ve oceurrcl o ^V ^'^^''' *^^'' ohsovycd that a considerable portion of this information turned nt M ' """"f^™'- fi '''-^ ''f^'^^f "' ^^' '^''''Sohi I«^tter as to Captain Bullock nd Zt I T"' ''''" intended for the Oreto, Mr? Dudlev was again misled bv hi m^^ mants, whose names as usua are not given. Only one of these parties, a Mv. Low. r -n '^ P . ""' "'"f 7 ^^'^ ""'''' ^^"'^ Jiiigli«l>;and slupped, as we h^ve sceS the voyage to Palermo and Jamaica. M. ?? the 25th of March, having received Mr. Dudley's letter of the 22nd, Mr. Adams, for the hrst time sinc.^ his letter of the 18tb of JVbruaiT, a period of hVe weeks, agam writes to Earl Russell on the subject of the Oreto — The Florida. At Liverpool. i^ ■r : i Unitcil Slates' Documeiita, vol. vi, p, 223. | IbiJ n 004 t United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 228; British .Appendix, vol. i, p. 5." ' At Liverpool. if) 126 The Florid*. " My Lord i liiiv(^ the liiiiiimr to milunit to y'Hiv cniisidcnitinn tti(' ropy of a Icttpr Tcrpivwl t'rnin the f'on IMll ■ tllf _ __ _^ __ vbicli 1 liaVJMiliiMilv limdc thf Miilijoi'i'nr u .■niiiiiiiiiiicillinii HiiiiH' liliU' iv,'cp. Il is with ^'ivnV ivIikUiim .■ tlul I iitii tlrivwi i,, till' roiivictinii tlmt the ivinvsi'iilaticiiiM iiimb to your Lonlshi). of ih.' puriuisw and .IcHtiimtioii ol tl,:,t vortsi'l wc'iv ih'i\isivf, mill tliat llioii-ii at lirsl il may iiavf Imvii iiilciali'.l for s«tmc.' in Sicily, y.i tl,,t Hiirh an intclilion lian htrii loii;^ siiifc ahanduiu'il in fact, ami tho la-clcnci' lias Imtii li.'id up only ll,„ licltur to .(iiural the tnio ohjcct of tho iiaiiics I'lif^aj^oil. 'I'hal ohjwa is to make war oil thn Lnit.,1 StntCM. All tho iicis(iii:< lliiLs far known to hi', most coimwafd with the uinh'itakin^' mv eitlu'V diiviilv I'miiloyoil liy thy iiisiii'iciits in tiic United Slates of America, or residents .if (iivat IVitnin noUuKm-ly in svinpalhy witli iiiid >.'iviiii,' aid and comfort to them on thin »iilo of tlio water."* Tli(> lottor, wliich is of coiisiili-riihli- lciiij;th, tlion quits tlio stihjoct of tlio Orotc, and "(H's into tlu- qiicslioii of tlic iissistamr derived liv tlie insur-^eiit Statos fivim Hii"iaiul. It is so far imiiortaiit to tlio iiresnit inirpose, that it shows that, wliil,. niakiiii; Lceneral complaints on the part taken hy IJritish subjects in what was goini; on, Mr. A(ianis had no specific eoinplaiiit to make on the score of the Oreto. lie nouhoro c(nni)lains (if the Ureto not liaviii- licen sei/cd, nor had he ever called upon the (ioven,. ment to seize her; nor has his comphiint reference to the insulliciency of the exiMinn; municipal law to meet studi a case as that of the Oreto; the complauit relates to tl:,; assislarice derived bv the Confederates from (Jreat Britain m other ways— sucli as blockade-ninninir and importation of contraband of war and other articles— and nut to the special subject of the (Jrcto, or tiic iMircii,'!! Kulistment Act. At this tiine ller .Majestv's Govcrnmeut were not aware that the Oreto liad, m tact, sailed. Earl ilussell, tlu'ivfore, on receiving,' the letter of ilr. Adams of the mi immediatelv directed that the Treasury ami Customs should be reqiu-stcd to take siuh stei)s as niii'bt be necessary to ascertain whether the Oreto was equiiiped tor the pnqKKc of makin-'var on th(> United States, and if that fact could be proved, to (h>tani tlu' vessel.t lie informed Mr. Adams that he had done so. In reply to the j^emral complaints of Air. Adams, he observes :— " You have not yourself hitherto furnished mo with evidence tliat any ve.ssel lias received a liostil, or wnrliUe equiiiiiient in Uritish waters, wliich has lieen afterwanls used aj;ainHt the United States. Tlw care that was taken to prevent the warlike eiiniliment of the Niwhville m British waters iin^t 1^. familiar to your recollectiun."| The reference to the Commissioners of Customs led to the following report of April the -itli :— " Your I/irdships liaviii" ivfen'ed to us the aniiexe.l letter from Mr. Hammond, transmiiun^', l,v desire of Karl liussell, a copv "t a turlher letter, adilresse.l by the United Stales' Consiil at l.ivci],,,,,! to Mr Adams the United Stales' Minister at this Court, in which it is a-ain alliriiied that tla' Oiviuij beiii" tilted out lus a vessel of war for the Southern Cmifederacy, and vari.ais slateineiits are ivpniu.,! iii BuiiiK.rt of that assertion, and rciueslinj,- that your Lor.lships would instruct this HoiU'd to j,'ive. diivcti,,,,. that the Oreto mi-hl be vif,'ilantly watched, and tliat, if any armanieiit prolubited by the iumfli Enlistment Act should be discovered, the vessd iiii;4lii be ut once detained; " We report — ,. , ., ,, . .. t • i • "That on the receipt of your Lordships' reference, wc directed our ( oUector at Liveriiool iiiimp- diatelv to inouire into the further alk-alions, made in re-ard to the Oreto, and t^. f,'oveni Imuscll m accordance with the inslniclioiis eontaiiUHl in Mr. Hammond's letter, and, havui^ received the report .H the Collector, we tind that the ve.ssel in .luestion was rejjislered on the ;ird ultimo, in t he name ot ,Julm Henry Thomas of Liverpool, as sole owner; tlmt ,slu^ cleared on the foOowniK day lor 1 iilernio mid Jama"ica in ballast, but did not sail until the 2l'nd, the day on which the American (luisul s h'ttcr u dated havin.' aTrew of lifty-two men, all Hiitish, with the exce].tion of three or tour, one ol wli.im only was an American. She had no gunpowder, nor even a single gun, and no colours, saving MaiyiUU Code of Signals and a Brilish ensign, nor any goods on board except the stores enumeratea ou tlie accomnanyiii" copy of her victualling bill. , ^- ■ "With i^.-anl to the statements in the letter of tlie Consul, the Collector further reports that it n clear the tias.sengers brought by the Annie Childs, the vessel therein mentioned which has rcc.'iitly arriveil from one of the Southern Slates, were not intended to form any portion ot the ciw (.1 the Divto inasmueh as thev were still in Liverpool, and that the dipi-ing of the ensign on board the latter vtssi on the arrival oftlie Annie Childs, a-s fnr as the Collector had been enabled to ascertain, wa.s iiiondeJ as a compliment to one of the Cunard steamers and another vessel wbudi saluted the Aimia LbMs on her aiTival, the mastera of the several vessels being known to one anotlier. ' (Si"ned) " Tiio. F. Frkmantlk. ° " Grenville C. L. Bekkeley."§ * Uuited States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 227 ; British Appendix, vol. i, p. 4. t British Appendix, vol. i, p. 5. 1 British Appendix, vol. i, p. C ; United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 30. § British Appendix, vol. i, p. 7; United Sutes' Documents, vol. ti, p. 231. m Bttor Toroivctl from tho f'niiMil lilt Orctii, which I liiivt' iilu.iilv •fhuUinci' tli.il I iim ihi\iii |,, ir|iiisfS mill .li'.Htiiiatiim nl l|i;it I till' s('r\iir ill -^ii'ily. >ii' tli.'t iv. lias Ihtii hrlil iiji only ll„! < to iiiiikr war on Ihn I'liiiul undi'itaklii',' I'li' cithir ilin.'ly itn (if (Iri'iil I lUiin mit(iri(iu-ly B water."* tlic Hnl)j(>(!t of tho Orrto, Hie insiiri;(Mit. States IVnm that it sliows that, ulnl,. nets in wlmt was ^(nn>i on, if the Oreto. lie nnwlicri' cr called upon the (iovmi- isuHieieney of the exist in j 3 complaint relates to tin; 1 in other ways — sucli as other articles — and nut to ict. that tho Oreto had, in tart, ' Mr. Adams of the LTitli ho re([uested to take siuh 18 equipped for the imqifN' 1 he jiroved, to detain tln' In reply to the i,'em'ral my vessel lias rcceiviMl a linMil' ajjuiii.st tho Uiiitcil States. Tli,; illc in liiiti.sli watois iiiiisi Iv iic following report of April Vlr. Hnnvmond, transniilliiij;, ly tod Slates' Consul at J,ivcr]«iiil ai^'ain alliniieil that tlio Uninis ividiis slati'iiioiits tuv rc|iiirtfil ill •ncttliis ISciard tojiivo iliivetiini'! lent proliihitod hy the Foreign ;iud ; ir Collector at Liverjiool imnif- )i'ot,„. " I nni oni' of the Suivoviu-s nf Ciwtdiin nf iluj ,, ..< i> . , ■ rolUrtor .... tho lilst „f Klanarv in I , .,',,'■ ' "'"""/'I t" '"^'^'etions I .vcei^od fromthe ilick, ,...d 1 a.ii ,,.,i„i„ ,1,M. w|„.„ si,' l,'i -> "-Hni, Ironi t.n.o t„ ti.iu. i„„il sho l,.|t the iKiard. ' "'' ' ■ '" ''"' "" ""•■'''«• •^t"''''H"f i",y kind whatevc.' on a-rccuit .v;;:iir'i;:' T:i:J::i:; ,:;;;^:':rt„::"";:";' ''V'r l""^"'""^ """•"^' ^^"" -- i,l,|..i.i■s,lll.^v.tat,.d.loU,iM,Mv,,s,,,,^i,;,|;..|,i;^,;V,,^;;':' ' '"""-l' '"".'■• '■^•Ply to my fre,,„enl (Sium,|; •• KiiUAitD MonciAN, Sunryor." " In consoiMKMico (if iustnutidiis icii'iMMl iv,,iii At,. At ^. other Ihreo Siu'vyms „1 the liv,.,- ko, . |, ,. , ,' '^'" "'"'' ■^.'"7''""'' '' '" '"".iunction with tho left tin. ToNtoth I k, „n tho .til, M ,!,',, i""';"'"'^.: " / '^' ^r^ < ""l" '■'"'" tl-e time she, oneocnisio,, Iw,isahi.,,sid,.,irh..,/:,a i!' ;^ '' ,;;^-:';;;^ on nnranv of the .nl.or l!iv,.,- Si,rv..vo,s .saw a an hi oiv ,'' i'l'''' '''''''' """''• ^'''if'"''' ^ '■^itriie'l; •■ II. I.uivi,, RnuinaiiH, Officei-." Sk'leinr,,/. 0,1 0,if/, of Mr. Willi,,,,! I\n;ui never loft her .save on Si.ndav wiien a I 1 k w 1 r\ . '^ -T"'' ''' ''^^ ,„■,. isiuMs wen. taken into her 't^' ■ we ' m, .,ns ?;'' ": i' i '" n "" ^'''•' ''"'''■••■ "'^ -"'^ ^""^ 'ariiii.-e.s, .shot, .shell, or |,owdo ; la,,.; i | ,' I V'{ """ " '" ■'"■'V'"' '""' "" """^' out. It-, 1,0 Morsev o I'oint Ia^u , otl „ 1 . V ., , 'h^ nmsl have seen ,t. 1 piloted the ,shi,, ,imr uhieh she Ims „nl rotun.ed. •'.•o . t ^ , ni 1 'si , *; ' '"''' ''"' '";VT' "' ''"^^" ''""""■'• cnnii.iuiiieatio,, with the sho.v. or «it aiy i 1 ,V U 1 ' ^ ' 'l'*' ''^■'- «I"> lidd .lo ™- '■" • " ' ---"^- -"• ^■■■- •;•-'.'';" Th^:''i:;:;;..^;:;:si,;:! r s? ^S:z ';S Upon the facvt.s to whid. 1 hav.- heen r, (.overmnet.t mt.st hav.- broken .l„wn hopelessly, and the u.ssel mmt have been lo th^^.th released. In d.senssn.o. th,. lej-al .lueslions'bearin.,. on this par Tthe case, 1 have already i-nven n,y ivasons for (binkin-s that under siTeh ciretnnstances a Government win, d not be. ,ust lied in instituting lei,.,l proceedings. I rei mtc J.? opmion luM-e. I h.nk > wo.dd have been nseless, and therefore WTong, to se^e a, d take iiroceedmgs to condemn, the Oreto. ° ' The ddicieney of pmof, uii to the time of the departure of the Florida from Liver- poo , as to be vessel hemg mtem ed for the Confederate States, is now sought to be made g'ood by a general am sweeping statem.ut as to the " notoriety" of the fact « All the tacts about the llor.da ' it is said, '• and about the hostile expedition which it was propos. against th,> L ntted Stat.vs, were open and notorious at Liverpool "t Of (•o.um; notlung is moiv easy \h^^y to make a general asserti.m of this kind ; but such an a.ssertion ought not to be mad(> without some evidence to sup,)ort it. The only nroot? w lud, we arc relcn-red are the dispatelies of Mr. Dndley during the period in question ; ... hav.ng goneearetuUy through these despatches, almost all of which I have herein: DeloiT set out, I hnd nowhere any refeivnee whatsoever to the " notoi-ietv " which on the authority of th.>se dispatches, is thus boldly asserted to have existed I iind' however, strong proof of the contrary in tho statement of Mr. Dudley himself as to the great secrecy that was maintained about the vessel, and his consequent inability to [14:,J British Case, p. 58; British Appendix, vol. i, p. 34. t Case of the United States, p. 335. Th* Florida. At Liverpool. w ^ % 8 i«s>*. The Florida. At Liverpool. ■ilsil i F' V « 128 obtr^i any "definite information" couceniing her, as weU as in the iact that lu all his statements respeetini? her he seldom adduced any detinite or speeiile miormation, which did not afterwards turn out to he incorrect. The British Govcrinnci.t is tlicrctorc as it seems to mc, well warranted in askin-, Where is the proof of these assertions ." W iicre is the proof that even the American Consid at Liveri)()ol, whose activity in himtm- lor secret information api)ears to have been indefatigable, and to xyhom evci-y one resorted who had information to disclose, knew of the contract with Bullock or o the dis])ateli, carso, and destination of tlie Bahama r And if he knew tliem, why did he not cither communicate his knowledge, and the proofs in his possession, to the British boverii- ment, or himself lay an uiformation on oath against the ship •"* But there is an important fact, which appears to me conclusive to disprove thr aUeeed notoriety thus positively asserted. The crew of the Oreto had shipped at Liverpool for what they believed to be a mercantile voyage to Balermo and .Jamaica. By the tiino thev had arrived at Nassau, they began to suspect the true character ot the vessel, and that she was intended for a vessel of war lor the Contederate States, whereupon thev refused to continue in her, and insisted en their discharge. It is ,ilam that those men, coming from the port of Liverpool, iuid been ^v•holly unaware of what is now represented \o have been there mattev of open notoriety. No one, acquainted with the habits of seamen, and aware of the mterest this class of men take m the character of a vessel in which thev are about to ship for a long voyage, can be credulous enough to believe, upon the mere credit of an assertion unsupported by prool, that a crew of My men could have shipped on board of this vessel in utter iguomnce ul a fact alleged to have been notorious to every one at the port ; and which, it known to them, would, as the sequel showed, at once have deterred them Irom taking service m h'^r ? It is impossible to believe in anything so unlikely. But even if this alleged notoriety had existed, it would have availed nothing towards proof of the tacts to be established. If tacts are notorious they can the more readily be proved. But if notoriety rests, not on proof cai)able of being adduced, Imt on common talk and rumour, evidence of such notoriety is inadmissible in an English Coiu-t It would have availed the Government nothing to allege that the destination of the Orcto to the Confederates service was matter of notoriety at Liverpool, even had the fact that such notoriety existed been true, which, however, appears not to hiive been the case. The substance of the facts to be gathered from the correspondence, as stated in the British Counter-Case, appears to me, after a careful examination, to he so aceiiratply stated, that I have no hesitation in transcribing it and giving the sanction ot luy confirmation : — " It is dear that Mr. Dudley himsdf was in i-iioraucc of thi; fuels wlueh, in the t.'ase of the riutiVi States, are assertwl to have been open and notorious to all. His '.Muni had he.n ea led t.o h. Florida, then in the builders yard, as early as Novcn.ber 1801. On the 24th .January, 1802, he ^^n os that 'siie is reported for the Italian (Sovernn.ent ;' but the Iact .if the n.aeh.nerv beu.i; supplujl 1.) Fawcett and Preston, and other eireunistanees, make him ' suspienais, and eause huo 1,. lieluve she i, intended for the South. On the 4th February the eireunistanees are stdl < s,;niewhat suspieious. •There is niueh seereey observed about her, and I have been unable to -et auytlnn- dehnUe, bu lay impressions are strou/that she is intende.l for .he .Southern fonfederuev. I have eommnnieated my impressions and all the facts to Mr. Adams, our M mister in London. ^^V n'^'r^ 'nf'?i'tb! week' in her eoal: ami ' al)l.earan. :es indieale,' he wrote, ' that she will leave here tlie lal er part o th . « eL He makes, however, no representation to the (iovernmenl.nor d,.es Mr. Adams '"■'l^'' "">' ^>» "-l'^^ Y' he wriU's to Mr. Seward that everything he .sees and hears eontiinis him m tlu', behel tiiat the v.,s.s, b intended for the Confederacy ; but' he mentions no fact, except that Miller (the '-';;>,-;'-,; Faweett, Preston and Co. gave him the contract. Still no re],iesenla loi, i.s nade On the 1 nh lie la • obtained information from many dillereiit sources,' which ' goes to .show that s le JY'I ['j" " , '. * Confederate States. Nevertheless, the solitary fact mentione. is that J'awcetl I "'^'''''''^ ':,;,;' J to be the owners, with the addition that advances are saul to have been made to thei.i and '^ "' > Fraser, Trenholm, mid Co. Afterwards he tells Mr. Sewar.l that he has n,. doubt, and has ..m Uu evidence, that she is for the South; ami, on .h>- olh March, that two per.sous m the empl. > o Sett, Preston and Co. had said so. P.ut up to the time when she le t Liverpool, Ins -n-l" ' J' J mentions not a single cirenmstanee proving, or tending to prove, lor what purj.ose she as m dt , bevond some rumours as to her lU'obalile movements, winch turned out to be euonem s. A\. • notorious faef that she had been ordered by UuUoek he is evidently .juite unacquainted As U liahama, so far is he fnmi being aware of the ' noU.rious tact 'that she was about '' t"';' ,•' ' , ^ Florida's armament, that uj. I., the Olh March he is making truitless inuuirR.s abo t that ^ ... , .a Jan obtiun no informati..n about her, or any vess.d of that nam... Several days f 7'^>:J.1' , 1™ that «ha is loadinL' with cannon and other munitions of war at Ilarllepool, and 'will atlur um th, British Counter-Case, p. 74. .J^ tlie fact that iii all his L;iiic information, Avhieh uneiit is therefore, as it Bsc ussi'rtions ? AVhere aetivity in huntini;' J'or horn every one resorted ock, or of the (lis])a1ch, 1, why (lid he not eitliei' to tiic British Govern- elusive to disprove th( liad shipped at Liverpool [ .laniaiea. Eythe time •haracter of the vessel, .'rate States, whereupon It is j)lain that tlipse naware of what is now one, acquainted with en take in the charaeter yage, can he ercdulous upported hy proof, that 1 in utter ignorauee ul' a uid Avhieh, if known to u from taking service in [I have availed notliin!? rious, they can the more e of heing adduced, luit admissible in an English lege that the destination L'iety at Liverpool, even ivcr, appears not to have ondonce, as stated in the ion, to he so aeeurntply ing the sanction of my ioh.iii tlio Vaw^ of Ihi! riiiteii tii)ii liud been I'ldk-il to tlii' :4lli Jaiumi'y, 1802, lie wrilcs iiac'liiiiery \mnto heing i ni ^ ''f'^' "'"""'^'' '^<^^"« to establish where sueh ftn'thor i-.q.d^v 'n i t hh i 1 W ^^^^^ 13«t we are not told evith.nce e,mld have been-obiiZl \\" 1^ • \r'n' '?^^ 8ecre<.y was observed, so that Xu lie co.d l.li. "' ^^ti'; .^^^'H^ that the greatest would, of course, be cmtfine.l to ai^yy^i^^'^Z Z.'"""?" '^'^^'''- '^^^'' '"''^^ may have soon sprung up and -WnV K bf ' '^"•' *''«"S ' «»™"se and conjecttu-o which found tlu'ir wa^v t . J ID . ley '/," i^^ '""''T' ^"'^ V^^^^^'^^d information be little likely to repeal ii Uo^i;,^^"^:^"^^ in all probability have been persild i„ ' l^e In. il .;"?">'■'', ^''", 'T' '^''y ^^^^^ and had gi^en an apparently satisfaetry an wci A , "'T'^^ ^^^ "W^^^^'^ *«' his letter of the 2.-itl of Man-b) t. la o Imlh - wl n ^V-^'''"i^l»msolf appears (from first have been intended lor s' ,t ^Si iTamrMr ''T '''"* '^"^^^^^^ wards been aband,.n..d. Th<. iinn bv wlu '. d, 7 * ^T\ '''' "^tention had after- and it eottid hardly be ass nenhaUb vo h^U ''' V"V^ ^^^^^ respectable one, intetttionally false ■statement. I tn nV £ ttX^'l '"'^ 'I'f °""^^« *« ^^ imtrue; but there was no reason to b"l eye so then . statement then made was selves misled. 3[r. Thomas and the P- wL> f lossibly th^ firm were them- pin-po.se of ,h-eeiving Ali i'r a S ns / o i lT l^^F ^.^•'\'^':?^ introduced for the were doing nothim,w^on,^ Be this as it m. il '* ^'^•* "' ^V'^'^"'" the vessel they ment the.rhad of knowing otwUs'eo v,n n. K tt\ir''"" '' ^i'"* '''''''' ^'^« ^fovem- Thomas Brothei. of Palermo, bt.tZ^a bel i™t\^^^^^^ "^A!-"'] "^'T '^'■^^' ^ ""^ that the authorities conld have i.tquired anl^::e;iained th h-^tlT ''" " '' ^"^="^^^ telogSpSt'u.ritiS:^.Sf i^'^,^1- ^"- ^^ the C^ernment had again elaplJ shtce anythin, hJZnlZil^lXv X " TT\'^ " monthW was still tmarm,.,!, nor had the t .n'mime t vas ^n ^^ °"*, *'" ^''*« ' "'« ^'^^^^el It may, perhaps, be said that uiS'y Z I t? . '"''1^' .?'l^ '"'"' "^°"* *« ^''^^•^■ Co, ; and L ag.ve that It wou - , lee 1 e { a''Zt"et/S^Tr"' F'^*""' ^""^ greatly doubt whether it would have nmdn e 1 oVv n '" ''f,'^ ''"'" ^^''™' '^"^ I been given by Miller and Sons ^ ^ '^"^ "•"'''' "^'^^^'^ ^^^"^ that which liad entity t^reiS! t^^^^SlV'^irS^^^ -^7^*'-. -re or less secrecy, ilr. Dudley mor- than on nf J f Ai -'f '" ^=™«'lence and insisted on confidntee he is S af ibe y t ^ i c ,s n >» ^""'•it on having been given in that these parties would m^ 1 e k t'r. ve sImiS if" "^-"T"'. ^* ^« "^'^^«"« who certainly wouhl not have tr it 1 ^a^lorS^^ Tl^'"'' *° "' Authorities, the officers for omittin- t<. make ium r! T S • )^ '"''^ 'i^PCi-sions arc cast on such inquiry shoidtl have been made^ ' ' '"' ™'" ^"'' "" ^"gg^^tion as to where whotft!;;^L;^;^sri;;iS';irim^^^^^ that of America; namely, that perso n'a ? i ' 1 ' j'"' '''V^'^t is identical with recover penalties, is cnther pendi,^ or d. ia o be ih,^^^ proceeding to nor, if persons are called on' to giu> eviZce as wit less e^^^^ n.^ ' '.• ^"^T'^^ted ; «,eni which have a tendency to^inplicate'S^m ii; an^bi^^a^^^W "^^ '' ''' '' with^;i^io^4;MSr^"s SM^r-^sts tift "T -"^^r^^ ^^^^'^ law; or to search a person's rmio oi to [ml' t 7 "f ^'"S^^^' ^'''''''' «^ suspected of liaving cLmitte.l' n Sic^ .StiS^ he aS"' 'STL'"'"'" ^f^TT Lastly, there is not m Lngland. any more than in America, any system of espionage I- I * British Counter-Cage, p. 74. ■J ' 'f a? S 2 130 Th. Florida, or secret police to pry into men's secret actions or obtain information for the Govern. TTiPTit bv vmderhand and unworthy means. , . . , , , At Liverpool. ^^^V [^ V°,'^^. contended that (Jrc'.t Britain shouhl hav.- abandon.-d principles and rul.s of puble conduct, hUherto lield sacred, lur the hcuelit of oth.-r nations e.nbark.;d m lamls and wars in which she herself hacl no .■oncern-at all .-vc-nts betore experience Imd shown that her existinu; law was iiisiilhcient r , . • , i ,■ When therefore, a member of this Tril).n.al states as the principal gi-onndoi a iud-ment adverse to Civat Britain tiiat, nolwithstandiu- the (•oiuplaints o Mr. A< a,ns, tl-Msh Authorities did not take the initiativ..; that they d.d not insist on its b.Mu^j ive wfXwas the true destination of the ship, vvh.. was the true owner, who had V Ml the or^^^^^^ for it, and who was to pay for it ; an. did not insist ..n he true pos.tum C- r-aser Trenhohn, and Co. beia^^ shown by leL,'al piv.of, or upon houv^ positively formed as to the cew of the vessel, I am at a loss to know whether he means that tie law of En^^land was such as that th.> Ciovernment could have exercised the powers whicSe says they ought to have used, or wheth.«r be means to say that Great 1 ri am TuS to Imve chan-ed the tenor of her law and the c.urse ol her procedure l.e ore Eneci y of S charge had becr. I mus be a lowed to express my regret that Great Britain should have to sullW by reason of a.pidgment iounded upon "^TS^S 3v^£tc;1^-ai!^«-t Great Uritain is to be held responsible beeau. her law ou-ht to have been other than it was, and ought c. have been such as to .'n e power to the Executive to insist on proof of th.. inn...ynt ,h-stination oi this vessel, and fo deta n her till such proof was given, or to .niabl.. ,t to exercise inquisitorial powers as to lu"- .diai-actcr, I fall back on the position I ass.>rt.Ml some time since, and say tl.at not onWc. nW no Juch thing reasonably be expected, but that, inasmuch as the G..vern. ment of the United States "possessed no such p.,w.n;- ..r th.Mr assertam that th.-y < id ^Z..\^\^ .,s i have shown, but a i)retcnce— and therefore, if the position ol the rGovemments 1 S bcHM^^^^^^^^ could n.,t have don,> for Great Britain what they now^rGre" tiSi. should have .l.nie tor th.. ben..rit .,f the United States, tb.-y ejn have /o claim in justice or ciuity for su..h an exercise ot power on the part .,1 tl>e ^"^AtoTcSd review of the whole case, my opinion is that upon the then exist n,g «t.to of facts and with the amount, ..f evi.lence they then possessed. Her Ma.iestvs Gomlent w^U^^^^ of no want .f due .liligvu.;.. in suilering the Oreto to leave the portTLiverpool, an.l, on the .-ontrary. woul.l u..t hav.. b..en .pistihed in detaining her. ^ Further, 1 am ..f opinion that Her MajestyV G..v.;rnment wcr<; not wanting n , Ine diliKcnceiuU procuring the evhlence lu-cssary to insure the c.m.h-ninati..n ol the oS for t»ie simple reason that 1 am satislH".! that there w..re no means whatever m *'"7rv;^'Si^ying that ..incrs to wb.nn is conimitted the duty of guanjin, aeainst any infraction of this'part ..f tlu, law ar.. justilie.l in cHmsidenng th..ms,.lves Sdy as^the recipients of eliilence t.. be furu sh.-d by the Agent ot a belhge ent UoSn ent, and that they may remain iuactiv.. til tin- latter has mad., out a conn. case a-abist a vessel, as to' which a vi..lati..n ..f th.. ioivign l'mhstm..nt Act is suspe t d Swaken place. If reasonable groun.ls of suspi..i..n appear, ,t becomes tlwu- du y t mnke nnuiry, according to th.. best of tlu-ir ability, an.l t.) tak.. active m.-asures t.^ event aXcholtbe law. On th.. otlu'r band, it is the duty of a lore.gn Ag..nt ■ nformati.,n comes to his knowledg., of whi.-h tl... Auth.-ritu.s are not possess..,!, to s t tSn ti.m and to aid tlu.m in their pr.H...e s tos . ret sources of information not ..p.... t., them Uo^ ^ r. )udl..y ..her had in .'.nation which could b.. made available, or lu- had not. It lu^ ha.l, h.M)Ug. t, have i .Tthe Auth<,riti.-s some clue wlu.reby th(.y might have got at tlu^truth Had S^h^ili^d them, or Mr. Adams, of tlu; la., s which, ^ru^^J'^:"^:^'^ became useless, inquiries might have b.'en mstitut.-d which night have 1. 1 to tic became uscjtsh mq „ j, , , , ,,,,,ii,ji,i,, i„forinati.)n and n..glect<.d to Jommrcll^VS^Up r^-l.^^^ lUult was his, an.l ll..r Majesty 's G.>y..rnn>eut ;,:;s^rtbei:idrfp.Lia...rtbe.i.^^^ SsSlefol^l^SSrmaiti^t:;;:^^^^ nc"li"ence that they were unable to do better. " Irr^Shs 7I1Z '"irit ^o™. mB .» . violas „f .cWity. ta. si.,„lv )rmation for the Govern. Diicd ])riiK'il)les and rules UH' uiitions ('inl)arki'(l in t'vcnts before cxperionco ic principal cjround dl' a ■()ni])laints of Mr. Adams, lid not insist on its liciu!,' lie true owner, avIio liitil insist on tlie true positimi or npon beint^ positively ' whether he means that lave exercised the powers to say that Great Britain ■ of her procedure, hel'ore because -war had broken in Union. If the former, be tiUowed to express my a judgment founded u))on e held responsible because have been such as to ^ive tinatiou of this vessel, and ercise inquisitorial |)i)wers e time since, and say that , inasmuch as the Govern- cir assertion that they did n-e, if the ])osition of the r Great Britain what tlioy le United States, they can power on the part of tiie :lmt upon the then existing 1 possessed, ller Majesty's rini^ the Oreto to leave tlie justified in detaining' lier. at wer(^ not wantini;,' in (hio the c(md(Mnnation of the [>ro no means whatcAer in nittcd the duty of tcuarding in eonsiderinu; theniselvos 1u! Agent of a bellij,'erent er has made out a completo Knlist nusnt Act is susi)ected i])ear, it becomes tlieir duty to take active measures to duty of a foreign Agent, if ies ;u'e not possessed, to set especially if he hapiH'iis to n. llere'.Mr. Dndhy either lot. -If he had, he ouglit to lave got at Ww truth. Had iiitted to Mr. Seward al ,ne, ich might have led to the rormation and neglected to Her Majesty's (iovernment t, of the United States, \yheii 1 Ills snoerior opportunities, n])ulcd to the Authorities as ion of neutrality, but simply 131 to a breach of the Forei'm Enlist monf a,.* ♦u-. r< , , , it by tho more oxorci» ,f thfSSXwM.o''''""'""'\ ''°' "° """'""'y '» "■"■'' '"■' ^"^ power. I(s noivors ,vor,- ,lo vo 1 r™, I ,. "',h ""-V T ''■' """" "' ""f '-■xeentu-o , ,— ,io„ S;: rcSu'sr,;',,st,'" """ "■'" ''"^' "'"' '° °* ■■"'■ '-■ -"*-»■ ..riap:^s'E"i,;;;*:»;'sr;;il; ;s^r --'■' ">■ •- ™'» ■ i-i-i- la. »nd „„ver„„„.„t .,,1., „,„. .i::^^^::;!!,^,-^;:^:!^^"'"- -' "'■ sufficient. ' ' ' ' '''''" ^''^ ''^'stmg law had hitherto proved .vo " :?1ho'uiSt:!r^;S^r;.&^j";:r^S^^^^^ to hoM the contn^i^ in absolutely, the same as that of G cat Britain an ti,.^^^^ ''"' substantially, if not more efflcadous means of prevention jLarthr^fGVar^S ^'""' '"''^ ^" aJtz is ^r^£^ f^:i^, sr t -^^^f^ F^- ^^^ the 28th of of Nassau, and procee,led to Cod ranK \ , 1 '^^'^''^"^^^^'I'^J^ isad acent to the towu about fifteen miles. It was statei t hat tl i wnf i' '^ f'^T '^^^^""^ ^'""^ the town had charge of her, for th( Siso L U er^^.Tn f°' \^^''\ "'^'''',''^ the pilot who it is probable that this was oSy a pretext '"°'^ ^°' ^''' ^" the harbour ;t but Ten days afterwiirds, namelv, on the nth of Afnv Ar,. wu-*- xi. ^ El!!"- - ^■--. ""- '» Mr. £i;ik-fs^'^>s;rst'^sii*: " I liave the lionour to oonimuniealo to vmn- T."v,.,.i !,>«.,,, i /■ "On the 28th ultimo tht! stoaiuor Oreto -lUn ni->.;,..,.i ^n- .1 • . ,. p«!F»l««l filial ""» a i;o.if*m«iiSL°w'^mv,I^r''" "'" '» '""S Ameriiu pnvMicr, to p.o} on Uio commerca of tho I'liitod Slates of m'ljf "" '•"" ''""""■"''• ■"'"•1 » "'f '•"' "» Wil„h,sto„ Kortl, (tal™. „or of tho .*;';ori;riL:;",;^!;;,ts;.,S2';^^^ r'"",;' '""'" "« "»• ■■«i"»t --^ i» tellcioy's high ihomcwr whon 1 oxpre,, i J ,i™ ,...!■ ,1 , 7 i'" " ''""™™' "''""» '» Voor .h.«.k ■„ ,„hvo,t tho cove„,„,e„rEh7hirth:tai\'"4s,*^^ ""' "" """"•' '" '■"" n • Hritish Appendix, vol. i, p. 58. } Ibid., p. 14. t Ibid., p. G3. § Ibid., vol. V, p. 3S. 132 The Florid.. " The British steamer Oreto entered at this office on tlie 28th April from Liverrool (E"glMd) i„ _ir bullnst. She did not ent«- the harbour, and now lies at Cochrane's Anchorage, and T have no intormation •' The British bvi- Kminv Lewis cntcvod Tth May from Livcrprol with assorlcd on go, m.f to k lanciedr She now li,'. near i'olter's Cay, and I an, conlident that she has not t'->'>'f;'';;«> ""7 P''' ^f her carcTo, as no porniission to do so has b.on asked, and without a povnut she wouhl be sabjoc t to u heliVT penalty. 1 rannot tell whether shr ha. any powder on VK.ard, as no sneh artule ,s n,ent,o,„>d „, the manifest. The mattov Avas at oncf> rolorvod liv tho Govovnor to tho Attomcy-Gpnoval oi the Colony in tlto usual cotirso. Tho Allornoy-tioncrnl. on tlio samo 9th of May, roportrd as follows : — •• Assmoin- the ear<'o of the Fannv Ia'wIs to b,. siu^h as stated by tho TTnited States Consul, it i. nevertlieless one that can lo-allv be in.ported here from the I'nited Kingdon., and tts future pre„u,u«| desti.-ation does not invest it with any ehanuter nf illegality whieh calls lor .,r would authorise m,y action witii respect to it on the part of the iOxecutive oi' other authiaHies ot the Colony. •■ 2 With respect to the Oreto, the Consul's allegation is to the ellect that it is believed and rquaiej by many residents here, that slie is being prepared and fitted .ait where she now lies at Cochrane's Anchora justify inoceedings either against the parties or the vesse , tl„. matter must lu.t rest on repute or belief alone, but the authorities must liave positive lacts to ground tlieir pr.iceedings on. and. unless the Consul can adduce sucn, or thc^ can be obt^ained tlimuuh other clmnnels. no steps can be taken either for tlie arrest of the vessel, or those |]» '^^f ^ " l"''^';^ „, (Signed) lt. C AMihUSON. The Attorney-General was perfectly right on both points. The Governor had no power to iirevent a merchant-vessel, such as the Tauny Lewis, with cargo, from attempting to run the blockade; he had no power to seize or interfere with a vessel as fo" a breach of the Poreign Enlistment Act, unless it could be shown not only that she was equipped for war, but also that she was destined for tho service ot a bcUi. ^'^'"^"r'pon the latter point, evidence was at this time wholly wanting, and therefore, so far, all was right. At a later period the cii-cumstances became materially altered. On the 9th of May, Governor Bayley wrote oflicially to Adderley and Co,, a mercantile firm at Nassau, who wore the consignees of the Oreto, not dying to them that " if thev were arming or putting arms on board that vessel, lie should enforce the rules laid down in Her Majesty's Proclamation; a«, in such case, looking to the description of the vessel, lie must infer that she was a vessel of war intended to act a-ainst the United States;" adding that, "as Her Majesty's Govomment bad expres.^cd their deliberate intention of observing and enforcing neutrality in tlic Queen s posses- sions, he should use his strongest efforts to prevent either of the belligerent Powers from'armingor equipping ves,sels of war in that port."t The reply of Adderley and Co. appeared qiute satisfactoi-y. In positive terms they sav "We be'' to state, for the information of bis Excellency the Governor, that we ha\T veither "attempted to arm or put arras on board of the British steamer Oreto, consigned to our firm ; nor are we aware of there being any intention on the part of the owners to arm that vessel."t , , ^ , ac vn .i So matters remained till the 2ftth of the month, when Commander McKillop. tiien commanding Her Majesty's ship Bulldog in the port of Nassau wrote to the Governor as follows : — ■• Several steamem having anchored at Cochrane's Anchorage, I sent an officer yesterday to visit them and niusU'r their crews, and ascertain what they were and iiow employed. "The officer reports that mie steamer, tho Orel.., is apparently lilting and preparing lor a vessel of war- under these circumstances, I would suggest that she sh.aild come into the harb.air ot ^as^.,mto prevent any misunderstanding as to her eipiipping in this port, contrary to the loreign J'jihstment Act, as a privateer or war-vessel."^ On receipt < " this letter tlie Governor desired the advice of the Attorney-General as to whether he had power, in point of law, to order the removal of the vessel irom her then anchorage to Nassau, a question about which ho might well entertain serious doubts. Thereupon that oflicor reported as follows :-- •• Any British or foreign trading-vessel has a right, in carrying on her lawful commercial pursuits, Britisli Appendix, vol. i, p. 15. f Ibid. t ii>; 16. Ibid. from Livevpnol (England) in mge, and 1 liiivo nn information itli " iissorti'il cargo, nut to be IS not translVTrpd any pari of it sho uould liu sulijoit to n sni'li nrtitle is nientionod in Attoraey-Gonoval of tlio imo 9th of May, report od 10 I'nitcd State's' Consnl. it i< ;il(iin, and its I'uturo presmiu'il s for, or would iintliorize iiiiv s of file (Colony. ; that it is buliovcd and rcjiovteJ re she now liea at Cofliraiiii's crate privateer. Now if such iiitted, all jnirtios implicated in 1 the vessel may lie seized \,y the parties or the vessel, tli'e must liave positive facts to they can be obtained tiirmi^ih ar tiiose on lioard of her. 1) " G. C. AXDEKSON."* ;s. The Govcmov had no Lewis, with cargo, from or iuterfcro with a vessel lid he shown not only that for the service of a hclli- wanting, and therefore, so n..3 materially altered. y to Addcrley and Co., ,1 i Oreto, notil'ying to tlicm ssel, lie should enforce the 5uch case, looking to the sel of war intended to act Government had expressed lity in the Queen's posses- ■ of the helligerent Powers ry. In positive tenns they ncy the Governor, that we :he British steamer Oreto, intention on the part of the :!ommander McKillop. then issau wrote to the Governor 3nl an officer yestenlny to visit nphtyed. :ng and preparing for a vessel of lUMnto the haiboiir of Na.«snuto y to llie l''oreii;n ICnlistinent Act, CO of the Attorney-Goneral •emoval of the vessel from might well entertain serious her Inwfid commercial pursuits, ;i.p. ic. $ Ibid. poHfc.o ..„„.., cu ,M< ■iiin r,y tiM. trade laws, his Fxcelkr,.;.v"i,'r" '" ^'"■"'"' ' "'"• "^'>'""" ^'^fi'Cising tno Oreto from her present anchorage, m.less s >u ' ,f : 1 '' " '""■■"'' ^" ''""^''^ "'" '■^^""'val of the constitute a violation of law and subiect 1,,., is anything disclosed ,n y.a.r com^^lil^i , ' S" removal o. tlie vessel tr„m i,er present position, Tl.;'' ..,. „ .-■■ anni^s'i:;';;:^;;;:--;.:^;:- '^i;--! '^ "■^--^•3; iitt.ng and Officer on tlie statidii Ims ollicia'il preparing fur a vessel of war, „^,_,, ,,, ^"''";' '"'It^ss (^aVtain^'jlcKill iM^Mi d,„.e in respect of l,er, wliicii would i s ,n„,,s ,„, to the question whether tiiere .^^'HUd,lll a Court ot Law, justify tlie IWreible ';;,:!':::':':'':i"'» "'!'-'"'« to this, that the J.:;:ioSSi arming herself some overt act, such i. ihe p dX;:;!^, 1 ^1 ii;;;--''! "- "l-'i- fbni.d a^^^^ Ld I^SZ sanction of the Revenue i .. „,i,„H:„t ll .' , ^X^Z '" ^ "" '"""' "^ ^'"'^'^^ ^^ the the persoiLs ,n charg,. of the vessel to (it |,e,. nut ■> i ' '^"•''■"""- '^" i»tention on the part of foreign belligerent Power, the forcible liiHn'.d "u; v "S r r','' '" ''^' -'i'l-'.V-' *» t'-' •servic'T^f . against a possible infraction of the Lne. ,„„i,i „„ i,' j ' f • '""' ''V l"'-''»t position, merely to guard a 'seizure which the parties making woul,l be re on , ':, . .^"'' ' ''"'"''^ ^^"""U. i" fact, constitute. legal justification, which nui^ 1 fC u non"':'":!'''^^ 'V "' ''"'"""- '" suspicion is not sufllcient to autlioize . eZ T '''V'^^'''''^ mere sus sufficient to call h,r precautionary n^^.ln" ;:!]:, 'T^^''^''''"''^^^ '" ^^ imnuteon theHeceiver-deiicrarslert,., .•..,.>. ^ 'W.ised in respect of . position, merely to guard Nuch removal would, iu fact, constitute' m (laiiia-es unless they could show a ispicion; but while mere ■ . »i 1, -'"^ -...„, V measures, sucli as T ■nl.-; ./.'.i ; — your letter, it is certainlv inmuteontliel^iceiver-CkMieralsletterreleiTelh, i n r! '" ^'""^^'^"^ «' ""« very ve.s.sel in mv that tlie Keceiver-tieneral should, uik;;:i. ul '^ t : (^ iLc'nh""' T' '"''''''' "^'^'-iSiIiel?, to watch the proc,.ed,ngs of the parties on bLanl i^ or V 1,, 'i ' '' ^'",'""'" "^^''''' °" ^oard of lu^; took p ace, ,t might l,e at once reported and o, , ,, " '"T ''""'"^ contravention of the law otherwise tc, punish all parties implicated tiSun."*^ '"''-'' ^"'''" ^V «'^i^"''c of the vessel and So far. the opinion given by the Attorney-General was perfectly sound. The letter of the lleceiver-General hero vof... w .x '«■ May, in which that officer stated thafle h.S everv v n *'. 'V'V""*^ '^^^"'^ ^^^ 26th of of the vessel intended shippi„o. lar e nuan«tie. n7 "" *? ^''^''"'^ ^^'^^ ^lie consignees and might probably app y ro^ pmm^s Z o fvn. "1"™' ^'"'^ """"tions of war as cargo, where she lay.f ^ pci mission to tranship cargo to her from other vessels GeneSltite^::^' ''" '^^^^™^ ^--^-7 of the next day (May 30), the Attorney- "Any act of arming, or any aiteiui.t to in,, o ,•„■..„! • coiumonly known as the Koreign Enlislment A w irsnbiect'tr'v'''''/";' "'•""' ^'""^'""' '^'«'"to, imnuleria m what manner the violation of the Ilw k t ?' ^? '"""'''' "'"' '* '» ^uito estttbhs led, the only necessary requirement 1 e n, t hi ,e f , 7 T' ' "'' ,''>' ^^■''^''^'^ testimony t is ™ in a Court of 1.. . ,,}, P-'-of of the^i^l^ o^'ESaSi^K^^^ ^« ^^S:XS^:^^^SS{^^^ '''^''' ''^ «~. - the 2nd of June, .iuy s;i2:?;>£S.uU. t?s;\;s^::i;r r "-^'^^ f t ^'-^^-^ ^^^ -^^ ^^ And were she to change her nation.'dity a id to I 'm u npS Vo h,"''"'''''"^* ^r'}'' '"^ '^ "''"'^ °^ ««^ States, with both of wiu.ni C.reat P.rita u is rt n a.l' F, . 1 1 T'''!'" "' '-■'"'"' "*' '^^^ belligerent Govenimeut, be precluded from reni i .. ? ' ,^1 ii v^ t" ' in','"''''' ^''V^'i'f ''«"« "f Her Ma^sty's " Ihit inasmuch as it is .ml ye,. .U'ovC, «von lo 1? /.mT '7f ''""''^ "^ ""'' ^'U'bour. jast possible that she may be o. Iv a nie^h t n Sn " , f "'t " ", ''''''^ "*' ''''• '"«» «^ it is ospoitation,itis.lesirabh:thatain..res,ec ,u m'inl^^^^^^ "' "'"^ mip lements ot war solely for ment should be made before she can b' re tlra Tn^ ,f ''"•'" '"^ "^ !''" ^''""•'''""■'' ""'I iip- .it in our waters ; for, whilst it wouhH "' ,^,^S 'J^ \^:t''- "'' ?'?'«" '"^"-of-ar arii^ English vessel for tlie service of a Ibrei-rn bel i Z^^^ t .^^^^^^^^^ , '" \'''''^" l^"l'«t'"«nt Act to arm an Queen's Government to allow a vessel o w b^^l u t he tl T/\ T^ f'" ^''''V' "''^^'^« "^ ^^e numttoarmhersidfinan Kuglish port it m,' bfeon. ' i ■^''^"'"' °'' '-o"f^-^lerate Govern- ve.ssel honestly und exclusively ..niploxui.h",'^"-^^ 'Hegal o„ our part to seize a merchant- " Therefore 1 re-iuest that vou will ,ke el """ '"' ^ '° ''"''l'"*^'^ "^' <^ommeree. Ue imrpose of ascertiiining ii^'Z^llj£^:'£':^:':'^Z^""'T'''1^ ^^^^"^ '^««' «>' » er inspecting her guns, her crew, and il e g ira di i io " d the x"'" l" '''' "'"'J""'="' ' ""<^' ^ she IS m reality a man oi war or i.rivaleer annin- ers d f 1 ,1 n . ''' '^■"" '"'' '^o"vinced that concert measures for brin-in.r the OrJ do • h, ; ''/ '"."^ ?'" '^^'^'"""^ >''""' ''"ty either to mi.e, to remove your Cn a shir o CoZr ! ^ "' "'■" 'i"'"^''"''' "''' ^^'''"' ''^'^'^ ^^ " safer day to day. ^ ^ '" tochuuie. Anchorage, and there watch hjr proceedings from • British Ap,.enda. vol. i, p. 1 7. f Ibid., vol. r, pp. 35, 36. t Ibid, .vol, <, p. 18. The Florida At Nassau 3 rioriaa. ' Nassau. f 14 Ml 4iA 1 f I 134 u ■ TV^ Florid. " I should much regret to -disarrange your plans in any way, or to impose on you any irksom, tn tlip obli'TiUion oi obsorvui" tlic siiu,ieML lumi.uni n ■ n ii';.!. "♦ American tt.tions. and canyin,' out the t^een's ...Ut. v.tl, the n,„.t pe.lect ,c,u.l laUh. Can it be doubted tbat tbe Governor in tbiis ^vritin- was acting according to au ^°""lVa;;e.^^ IbaTabout tbis time a ntan of tbe n.ne of .Tones .vbo bad come otjt as boatswaiS^of tbe Oreto, togetber witb two of the crew. I'^vnig go on «l>o;^. ^^"^ ^-^-^l to return to tbe vessel ; wliercupon, be and Ins conipanicis bad been, at tlu instance of tL Stnin, apFeben^ and sent to prison, as having deserted from a Ibntisl, vesse Tll^nan Jones, i.ut himself in communication witb Mr. A\ luting, the Liuted States Consid On the Itb of .Inne Mr Whitmg forwarrs, ports and holts for twenty j,nms. K^n- In,,, . K alr^ea.lV ^ n> u,„li.,,'; .■ve>. all tl,- arti.'les ne,.,..sarv for seamen, sueh a. hammo k 1 v ,„„, k.4tles 1 mns with tlnve years' p.ovisions. In shnri, sh.. is a pe,lert n,an-.,l-wa,-, aptaiu .1 ,„« ?hS lief oHkei! William Lu^Jin; second otheer, - lluds.m ; 1, Su', was thn.l ntheer and 1,,.,. swain ; the chief stcwar.l and purser, who refuse.l .Inly, a,e ni jail here, t This letter only confirmed what was already known, namely, tbe capacity of tli,. vessel for the purpose of war. No evidence- of her belligerent destina ion was allorded inTt orinthJreportof Command.T McKillop lu tb.> Governor ot the 0th ol June vherein he savs that be " has visited the se.-ew-st.>amer (Jveto and examined bev, a,i, Ihat she is ti't d out in every way lor war pnrposes,-maga/,ines, sbell-rooms, and other fittings, totally at variance >vitb tlu, character of a meirhant vessel. She bus no euns or ammunition on board. Tlu captain does not deny tbat she is intended lor a 1 " + ^""'^ On'this,' taking the samc^ vie^v as before, tbe Attorney-General reports :- "There are no facts set forth in tla' within letter whieh wouhi, in mv opini.m a.ithorize the seizure of the Oreto. Thev constitute only eircnnstanees of suspien.n winch, il eou].led w,tl, some Tctual overt aet, would doubtless materially sti^ngtheu the ease a.a.ust the vessel, hut wind, do not ,„ themselves Ibrm a {ground of seizure." § In a note of the 8th of June, Commander McKillop again adverts to the Avarlikc character of this vessel, and states bis opinion "tbat she was not capable ot taking in anvcar-o, having no stowage ; adding that, should she take m guns or ammimit.on, he should consider it his duty to seize lier. \\ „ , ,, ^. n ^i n On the 12tli of Jum. Mr. Whiting again calls tbe attention of the Governor to the Oreto "One of 1. ' ofiicers," he says-I presume he refers to Jones the boat- swain-" testifies to her warlike cbaracl.>r and equipment, with everything tbat marb a vessel of war-ports, magazines, shot-lockers, &c. He aA;ers that shells were trans- feJred from the steamer Hero to the Oreto at Cocbrane's Anc-borage tin act which I suppose, would warrant her seizure and detention. Tbe steamer Melita Irom Eugbnd, landed here last Sundav Captain Semmes and officers of tbe pirate Sumter, and 1 have no doubt they are here'to join tiic Oreto and pursue their maritime depredations. H The Colonial Secretary replies :— "His Kxcellency has been assured by the a;^entH of the Oreto that it ;s ll,en' intention t.j elear her in Wl st for Havana ; and he has received from the ■freasurer (as '.aieeto,- ol t ,e (olomal till nVan a plication to j.'ive her this .dearanee, an application to which he has aeeerded his .ssent. ^''''?"hL Kxiellenev has, therefore, no ri^dit to a.ssnme that she is now equiiipin^' herselt, or will ''■'". Whi^hiri^Siiie; VtSly Ins instructions to observe the strictest neutrality between the United S ate and the (Vmiedenite .States of North America, he has no power wliatever t,> act on ,'enenJ ^■smetm he r av He is bound to give the twenty-four hours' notice to any known privateer or Z of ar nL'in« to either of the belligerent States which may put into thi.s port tor rndBpen- sable impliebnt la- is not bound to .letain or obstruct any vesse s professnij,' to be ensn.'ed n a conimerldal vo'va<'e, unless he has evidence stron,- enough to satisfy the Canrt of Admiralty ti,,.r Ax,. in fact a belligerent vessel, proceediiif; on a belligerent mission. ,. , ,^ , , „»,,„. ''Not Imving any proof which would warrant the condemnation ot tlie Oreto by a competou British Apiicmlii, vol. ii p }^ t Ibi.l.,)). 19. X Ibid., p. 20, 4 Ibid. Ibid., p. 'i\ % Ibid. o impost! on yo>i iiny iiksoiiie i yoii will concur with me in to tho hnrl-io\n') must fjivo wny i,HM with the two contemlius pi'iffct p»A faith."* as acting according to an )ucs, who had come out as J got on shore, had refused lid hcen, at the instance of •rtcd front a l?ritisl) vcssii 'hiting, the United Statrs' ic Governor the tbUowiug Xnnndu. Prison, Jane 4, ISiVJ. /oqiool, iiftcv llio niotU'l of the IV twenty f,'uns. Evurytliiiiu' U on, such its hannnocks, boililiii;;, •t man-of-wiir. t'aptain, .Iiuum Sir, was third otliccr and limit. •t unely, tlie capacity of tho ■nt destination Avas atfordixl ernor of tlie 0th of Juno, 'to and examined her, and agazines, shell-rooms, and ■reliant vessel. She has no that she is intended for a jcncral reports : — I, in my ojnnion, nntliorize the ;in, which, it' coupled witli some t the vessel, lint which do not in igain adverts to the warlike las not capahle of takins^ in ike in guns or ammuuition, tention of the Governor to he refers to Jones, tin' boat- Avitli everything that mark ,vers that shells Avere trans- Anchorage, an act wliieii, I >amer ^Melita, from England, lO pirate Sumter, and 1 have uaritlme depredations."^ eto liiat it is tlicir intentiuii t'l lu'er (as (Jolleclm' of llie (,'olaniai vhich he has accurdeil his assent. IS now e(iuip])in]^' herscll', or will ic Rtrictt!st neutrality Ix^tween the I ])ower whatever to act on general notice! to any known privateer or V put into tiiis jmrt for iudispen- els profe.ssin;,' to lie engaj^ed on a the Canrt of Admiralty th,.' sht Is ion of the Orcto by a competent 135 innocent voyaRe to Havana."* ""''"ciu with this vessel, or prevent her nresumahlv np..„f„i „„., . or prevent her presumably peaceful and Oreto had csscl with destination •-General, ship the cargo was granted" 'imr/n eon «on '''"'"'' "?• \T ^"^■^•"«i-- Tl'<^ permission vessel, the following .rda wa 'a the sC^? ""T 1 W' T^^^^^""' ^"'-^^'1™^' *« the the 4th of June :_? ^ *'"' '^"''^ *""^ ^'^"Pted by the Governor in Council on to n.2\i;e Sn:- ;:;'(Srl^"^ ^^^'^"-^^ ""^ ^'-0-0. with tl. advice of the Bo^::i. Sed sl,e cannot conveniently take in he '\t£\ :,''':, r;^'''':;''"f";'" '"''' '" '"^'''''^''' ^^at forhranes Anchoraoe, under the direct s u ,it ,,f of, ' . m" ^'' '''" " I"'>'"itted to do so at appointed for the puri,usc. ^ ^ ■ ii|,ii\,,,on ol olhcersot the Uevenuo Department, to be speciaOy it is 2:i:;:u:ii:r:rz^u':::r,rsz2'^^^^^ ?- ^•■■'•-ter of the oreto. vicinity of the Oreto, while she is takin./ , ' ■■' !, '-'"•■■nmes Auchora^-e, in the immediate nnchoia,;;,. an inconvcnientlv iun-r ti„„. there lih.mi '"'''™'; .■"""-'f' vessel hein- detained at the 1" l.'^'d without the port, that sIk! c ud J ' hZ "' I'r ■'' >'""''''"",'• ^°,' "'« Vonnh.ion for the Oreto desi^najcd hy the ( 'hief ( )llicer of thL llevenlu! Spart.ni.i" "'''"' ^^"^''°'''^«'^' ^^'i""" ^ P'^nod to be r.rn:^^::'o:J^^S:^^ latter determined to on tlie 7th of Jun,>. On tlieT) h she cZme,.^>i f ^'^ ""^ ^^'''^"' '^'^"'''^ ^^^^ ^^^'^''^d wbicii upwards of K)T) boxes weiv shipped r"*^*-'^ ' '"" ''' '"^^'^^ '^''^^' ^^ ^^^g°' ^^ cbani:^'£i;:'pu;;;;:r3 ^"ss I'^^zr/ T- ^t-;-; ''^^ ^-^^g-- the shells were therefoir disc!hai-™§ '' "'^ ' "''"^ '^ ^""^^^^ ^^'' ^^vana, and which all that had fallen ito sE ho ve el b^^^^^^ form of an affidavit, in the true character of the vl.sel plaSd tyonc; a Vouit '^ '^''''''''' "" ''''''^''' '""^ The following is the affidavit :— the fom;wl;;i'S:t'i '''"■'"■' '"''-'■ '^^^^ '''' ^•"'-' •"• "- «tean.er Oreto. do solemnly swear to Mi:^^'S::::^£i:':;,X'^!;:^^ ^'- «t-"- oreto at Liven,ooi.as tonnviKM^intheMediterranemo U.eiw^^^^^^^ Kin,-ilo',n ; the term of service not loexc;;;i six month" '"''' '" ' ""'''^ 1"" "^ '^'"^'^^^ '" "'« United of sa^hnill'tii'sKXn;;^';^ n:':'::::^^^^''- "" V'"^ -■"'} ": "^ '^«^""-' *- ^'- ^-s „e to this port. breecl.,s-d .-S wi^'i^raXv^ll^ .ere l:'!;:^::^ tt:'^!^:^:^^!^:^?^^^^^ ri -^ -pi^inns tl.nt;-lifth day out, wc. anchored olf the port of Xas a \ - , id' n '^ ''"'•[ ' ,"'''' "" ^^'^ ■o,..'i;:!«:;;^;S,:rA:!;;;lr^,::^;l;:,;:i,;";;:;,STl. -'"""i';' "»■"«' ">-^'- '->■*■> Ibid., p. 20. t Ibid. Diilisli Appendix, vol. i, pp. § Ibiil,, vol. i, p. '2-i. [145] ■-'1,22. t Ibid., p. 53 The FlorhU. At Naiiau. I . t ">'<'- and vbl. v, pp. 38, 40, and 47. Lnited Slates' Documents, vol. vi, p. ;!j]. T (:'l ■ M- II The Florida. At Nassau. r ; ^' i 136 Mr. Whitini? committed tho unpardonable mistake of sondirp: off this aflidavit to Mr. Seward, instead ol" makin;» it known to the local Government. In tlie nie:iiiliin(>, Captain MeKillop liavinuj pone on other seiTiee, his place li; I taken liy Captain lliekley of Her ]Majesty\s „hip Cnrylioimd. On tlie lOth L'aptaiii lliekley, havini; previously had a conversation v/itii the (ioveriior ttornev-Cienerat, relative to the Oreto takini? m warlike stores lor the jjiirix. III or tnil ISC oi' been June C becimiinLc an armed vessel, and pereeivinu; li^'htcrs alons^'sid'! of her, went witli competent surveying' officers to examine her; after which he and the other oflicci's made the following repoi't : — " Oil "oiiij; on lionnl thu Ovcto tlii.s nioniinj,', tlu; ciiptiiin iiiloniu'd nn' that tlic nvw Imil lofiisi'd t,, L'ot the anchor u]i until tliov nmld Ik; mliiiu us to wheiv thu shii) viis j,'i.iii,i:, us they diil iKit kiiMW wlmt iiii"ht liwouic df tliuiii ulU'i- k'liviiig jioii, iiiiil tliiil tho Oivlo wiis a susoirioiis vcssul. I tliin iivocoeMli'd louucl luT ihrks to uoto lii'f tittin.u's, >>tf., ami to asccitaiii wliolhcr shi; had any warldi nialssel, failed to carry the ease any further as to any attempt to equip or arm her within the waters of the Eaiiainas, the Attorney-General, to whom these documents w(>re ref<»rr(!d, still adh(>red to liis former view, and ulviscd that there was nothing contained in them whicli would justil'y the detention of the vessel. From the fon^going letter of Captain Ilickley, it appears that, on finding that the Oreto Avas discharging shells out of the vessel, and on being told by Mr. Ilarris, one of the consignees, and by a revenue officer on board, that she had cleaned out in liailast for the Ilavana, and was to sail, as he understood, the next day, and that (lu(> notice had been given at the Custom-house, Captain llickh-y, however, desirous of preveiitiiii,' with infiexible rigour any breach of neutrality iu a port of Her Majesty, considered that all ground lor furtlier interference with the vessel — provided always that this undertaking sh(nild be carried out— was at an end. Two mor(> days, howeyer, having elajised since his last letter, and the vessel still remaining at her anchorage, the suspicions of Captain Ilickley became aroused anew. lie "* British Appendix, vol. i, p. 23. t Ibid., p. 22. leavin;,' and suLsciuontly to u-i- iS, ' '" '"' ''^"'' "'"''''•' '"'f'' "" I'^n- first thoOn,to,asthoyi.„,a?H>tasc.t^^^^^^^^^ th.-y l.a.l now loft tho Uavana somo davs sinco.* destination, altliougli she had cleared out Ibr niekl!;'wHK^thi;"(;:v:::r^""'''^" '"^^ '-^ ^»- ^-tswam and crow. Captain "ThoHC! circuinstiinccs, Uw Imi.^ rluti'iition in tl • i am also timt ,lun„j; 1,,^ ,„, ;„ ^|„. - nnnu^Jla^l^^iJllu^TT'- '"^'' '"'"'f^^' <-»vi„cnl as I tor war purpo.,., alll.o.yh not at inv4,„ „":",.' ''"'^ ?"^^ "" '"■'•■''"'• "vi'U'nt .o„ip,„.„t tor war inirpos,..., alllioiyh „„t at invseiit ana,.,! .,r t,i n,v- r-„„;;i TT ■'"'•'"''' ''^""'''t ^'quipinunt mycoiu-u-.on as also tliat of n,y oiluvs an,! n J / ,' i ^ 7' '' ''"y'"^"''>- anas on boani, and mtent.o„aliy for a >var-v.ss..l an,l not for a .n.'vl „ hi ni" ', '•'" '"'",''' ''"''• ^'"'^ «''^' ''^ '^"ilt Oreto, as a V(.ss(.l that can bo no ni,.,v rn.wM ,,.,.. 1''' '''''K' "'. "i''lcuh,te. to „. tunu.,1 into a fo,.,ni,labl.. v s . of Wu' in'; v '.', l'''' "" '"" ■^''" '^- "" "'" -'»f™ry. mvincu.1, wll be tla. ..aso if ,sho is p.„uitt.,l Jlo.uu ^U, ,,." ^ ''' '"""'"' "'"' ^''"^ ^'''•^- ^ «"' Captain Hickley accordingly proceoded tn «,.;,„ fi Governor that he l.ad ,l,,n., so? ^ini^l He. Iw "" vessel, and re,,orted to the Comn.odor,> or Commander-i.i-c.hief o his v . L """^"'"^ ^"^ " '""^ "'"^ ^•^•^^''1 *" the O,. the otlu-r hand GovTrno7]JaXv V rl ??"'l''. '''''I^""^'"'"'^^ the opinion of the Attomey-Gtnieral f_ ' ^' '^ general concurrence with the castas i:irS;:,S,S"^^^^ "'0 s-„reof tho Ofeto, and ■■And tho susi)ici(.n itself altaciws imt tl, ;""" •^"''I""""' of her o,p,ip.nent. ' Indeed. ,iu, te::;:,;,v of' h " ^ I Inl.'^'Tt' "■'■'"' '"^ ""'^ "' "'" "■'-^-" expression ol snspie.on. Xow, 1 do not eonsid r tl L 1 . ,' ' " ","""",'^ "' "" '""■" l'"'" '"> merely on the ,snsp,e,on of her intentions. It see „ t „ e tl ,f '[ '^ "'^'"''''*>' '" ''^"' '' ^•"•^^el the hosp,.al,.,es of the. ha.lua.r, and be a |nv..edent i^, v ve i /^ "".■'"'' "" '">' I""'' "■""''' ^i-luto ■'The Oreto, as you are aware, has in defe e e .fv '' ''" "" '"""''' '"■''''■"«■ l.r cat^o of shell, shot, and annnunition, and rc^ ^. t , l^" '^ZuT'Z '"?' "T ""^""'' '''-'""S^J »i the elan^icter of an armed vessel leavin.- t i rt o 1 II ^ '^'"' l'^'« thns divested herself o)ns,ste,.t w,th law or pnblie poliey that she .^,onI . he ei on til /""'Tr''- \ ''" "'" ^'"""^ ^^ out lor the |air,,o.se of arnun- |,,,s,if as a vessel f wa/i.ev i.VT"tlH'sis tliat slu. is elearinj, •1"'- our dutv in ..eein,^ that' she does u„r^ Mu~ I ,0 ? , i " "'"*? "'' '''^' ''•'"'"""■• ^e have ^'^'"'" And :? s::' \:^^j^V!?::::^; -tr" ■"■ ----^- -S/i^L'^rr' '- "^' -"^-^-'^ 1-i.ou.^i think this eonid b^.S^ur :':;;:;i^,;!'S:\::i;f ;''''"'?^ '^^""'"-' -tidn ti. supposed to be frei;,d,t d with her arnrs, and to be , v,; . 7. '"':'' "^'V'"" /'■'' "'i' ^"''''■^'■'^ "''i'^'' '^•■« toho.ir wilhin hMly-ei,uht h.airs after the Oreto Ins left it '" '''" ""'' ''"""''' "°' ''^'^^'^ ^I'o wa. ;;■;• air u,:;^ ^"^'iiirS;;:!;; jr:,,;;;s- r"'"^ ""^ ^"^ '^ f -^ ^" -- - -^ -sei of a^iinst a belligerent Stat.., whieh s at ea e Z" i ' t^" Lr;'''' ''"TT"' '"" ^'"^ '« ""f^"""'' '" act that objeet, yonr proper coarse u,ah,ulV:!llv o /^ ! ^j 'So'V)>.;: T' '\' 1-^ enlisted a erew for omlenmalion to the Vice-Ad.uiralty Court of this Colonv " ' ' '"' '''" '''"'•'''"" "^ ''P"- "To remove her to li.Miuuda, Halifax, or anv other Colnnv f , n fomlemued there, wo.dd be a course not ..nly at v,r an ■ .1, " ' . "'" f""'''"'''' "' '"'^■"'^' ''«>■ thiakiu,,', open to censure, as implyin.^ an m ur t i , , '"^^'^'ll'";'" '"^'W. '^"t. as J cannot- help rourt of this Colony. It is a\.ourse,cr ,,';,';.' Z " '""'!"" ""'' -'•"•'^'''■"^■y '"' tl'- .lopted by yo... tuust be adopted on your own ivs 1 i/i J "|' lecommeud or sanction, and whieh, if The opinion of tlie Attomey-Gcncral remained unshaken •_ "The rejiorl, of ('a|)taiii Tliekley," he writes "d„e= „.,i- „, Oreto further than that shown in tho I.revi.a.s \J ,rtVrfldSf Tr!° '"^^ '-"tend that no case luus as yet been made on (vtl.. 1"' '^""""•'""l'-''' -^IcKiHop, and I Kulistau.Ht Act. ^ "• ""' '"' *•'" ■'"''^•"■« "f that vessel ,inder the Foreign '■ With respect to the .succestioii in tlie enii,.i,,.i;., , „ >. e r~, nmark that, if' the vessel iHiable ,0 JS^.^ t '^' "J,f ij^"— ' 7 """^'^'^ ''''"'• ' ^'^^^ '' KulLslMumt Act, and if so sei.ed. the question of k li ,bil „ ■ '""^" ,"" l"';'vis,ons of the Foreii;n ill the Court of Vice-Admiralty in his Colonvas b "'''>;'V^'" ''y '"J'' ''"'''"'"'^y '* ^'«'''l-' Poaseasiou.s.m,d consequentlv that no Lce^';^"^:-!.'^^'"'..'- ..""^ I:'"",""' '" 'I"'' ^-^fajesty's Colonial iiiK- tlint any excuse can be tiiacle r, . , ', .' ■" ""'^ v,ou)uy as ijclore anv ti Possessions, and consequently that no necessity exist.s, nor do I tl • British Appendix, vol. i, pp. 23, 24, t Ibid., pp. 24, 25. T 2 The Florida. At Naiaau. I 1 I' h . . > ' ■ his Kxrelleney lo withhold hn sanction from the course of action suggesleil,' * On tho n'coii.t of those comimuiieations, Captain Ilicklcy ivplios, " ropcatini-' liis professional opinion, and that of his l.rotlnT oiruTrs, and a-ain exinrssm- his conviHion tint th(> Orcto was a vcssid of war that conld he (■(inipiu-d m twenty-lonr honrs lor hattk%an(l that she was then -oin- out of Ihe harhonr as Tiearlv e.,u.ppe.l as a vessel of war ooaid he without i,'nns, arms, or ammunition ;" but " deeliiiini;' to take on himselt the resnonsihilitv of the further detention of the Oreto for the j.urpose ol plaeini; her lu the Admiralty Court, it heini? eontrary to the Law Otrieers opinion, or ot adopting' tlie course of sendiii'; h.>r to the C.>mmander-in-ehief eontrary to the Governor s wishes. He announced his intention, therefore, of removin- the olheers and inen Irom 1,.- Oreto, and, " as a final decision had been como to, of olleriuf,' no iurther ohstaele to her ^^ '°0n the 17th, Governor Bavlev replies that ho " had felt it to be his duty, in his letter of th(> day before, to expr<>si unresenedly his opinicm on tho case ol the Oreto, and the doubt lie (nitertained respeetin^ the legality and policy of proventm- her iiom leaving the harbour— doubts which had boon much increased by the stron- opinion expressed by the Law Officer of the; Crown, who disehar-ed tlu; conjoint duties ol Queen's Advocate and Attorney-General in this Colony." He contintios :— "In deference to the views entertained by that ollicer and luy.self, you have, 1 now understaiMl, removed the otUcn's and crew who were in chai-e of the Oreto, and thereby given her the o,,Uu„ „1 leaving the haiW^^^^ which ann.a.nces this proc-cling, you re|.eat tlie exi-ression of your own ;,„,! your ollice'rs' conviction that ' the Oreto is a vessel of war, which can be ciu.pped in twenty-lour hours for battle' And, in vour brief conversation with i.ie this uiorn.ng, you stated that, though the Oretn had discharged .some of luu- suspecte.l ergo here, still she was not leaving lb, port empty. A pro- essional opinion coming from an ottieev of your characfr and rank cannot la. lo have its .h.e we.gh with me. On the one Imnd, 1 a... u,.willi..g to phae a.iy rest.a...t o.. a vessel wh.c i ha.s not as yet been formallv ,>.ovcd to have violated the law, or imia.gn- \ the neutrality ol llie harbour by m'.V mm act I am ciuallv unwillin- b, place any limit on the nghts ol hosp.lahty usually accor.led to vessels of all nation.s in K.i-lish ha.ln.u.s, 1 a... most unwilling to stra... the lawto lla. prejudice ol any vess,.| seekin.' that hospitality. M.it, at the .same time, 1 cannot fail to recogn.ze the great importa.ice ol il„. totinuW ^vhich may Ik. brought forwa.'d by y.airself a.al yo.ir crew ; nor can 1 lad to see tl,.. gruv,. consequences which "might result if a ves.sel, eipiipped a.al t.tte.l a.s yea. rep.esent to.' the purpos,.s „1 war TOuietly allowed to take a crew here and cpiit the harbour with the ...tent..... ot lighting on the side of one of two belligerent States, with each of who..i ( livat l'.r.ta... is at j.eace. " To the .hnibts which this dilemma creates, 1 can .see only one solut.on. The e(iu.pnieul o t :.■ Oreto, the object of her voyage hither, the intent of her voyage hence the nature ot her crew a.al ih. purpose of their e.disl.neiit, are all the fair subjects ot judicial uivest.gat.o.i. ^Ve ca.mol detail, „. condemn her on mere suspici.m ; nor, when suspicio.. hits been so generally aroused, can we ])erinil Irt to depart unexamined aiul unabsolved. ■ . i ■ .i " Under every a,spect therefore of the case, I think the best course which can .e take.. ... th. interests of yourself, the Colo.iy, and the (;over..n.e..t, will be to se./e the Oreto, a..d at once s.dmni the question of her co..de.....ati,a. to the local Court of Vice-Adnumlty ; a..d 1 am glad to .see ha y.m abandon the idea of carrying her iKdore the Cca..t of any other C-dony. It, o.. he '^'Vidence wh.c. ym. adduce, the C.a.rt ca.den.n her, you will have the sat.stact.o,. of hav.i.g i.rcven e.l, ce ta.nl. ... lk-,il and prf bably a disastrous, voyage. If the Court do not conde.n.. her, you w.l have the satish.ctiui. o havil." which Clin lie taken in thr he Oreto, anil at once siilimil and I iini ^;liu! to see tliat ymi If, on the evidence wliicli ymi [iieveiited, certainly an ilk'giil, 1 will have the satisfaction of itliculty, the solution of which in;,' and eniluuTiissiiiL;. ■-Adniiriilty Court is the best tttr. I will give the necessiiiy > Oreto was seized, and or lier condenmation, tho ons made, I have thought efcnce, to set out in some lis, it is apparent that two f seizing tlie Oreto. Tlie 11 her presence at Nassau, t Ibid., pp. 26, 27. ;ind the otlier suspicious cireumstaneos connected wit I, l,^.. * i • • douhl that she Nvis intended fur ti s^..^-^, V 7 n . f ' '"tf^i'*"'"'",? no moral The Flor States, uere lor sei.in^ he i, , I L, ' "^•t 9'?!'':'*'?^'- f"^ai"^< the Unit.d . — States. u..re lor sei;,!,,^ |„,,. will, •, i-h , ■ 1 Tl ^:"! '^'''f '''? :"^=""^< ^1'" Unite. sei/.e the vessel, mdesslhev ." d- f ™ Is u Id! '''"' ' ""';"''^'"'' ^''"^''''1'' ""^t to tion as a heili^'crent ve sel • ' s u i , 1 ^''r" T" '"f '' ''"""'■ "'" ''"'• ''"^«'"'-^- worse thttn ..seh.ss, and se .jn u s 1,,. V V' '•" " ^ "'"'' "'' Law, would ho apou the. .selves the re;..,;;i;ni, ^ ^ ^ li !' S" r'S' 1^""', T'fir ^" ''^"^^ hr attended u ith serious eunM,;„,-M,- s , \?r ' W ^ T'*''^ '" *'''''"'^' "'""I'l appears to have entertai,', .,,;),■, i! I?" /" ''"^' ''' 'V^^>'-"T-(J say .1..' Governin-an.I Attorncv-Oeneral in the cou,' e7 1' I , "";.^"'"^ 1'"^ forward hy ml sinc(.rely .M.tertained.' ' ' "* ^'"^' I»i'"<-''''^l"',;;s were not honestl> Hut while 1 feel hoiuid to "Ivo rTodit +n ■ , ,,..rfect honesty ol" intention, am ot t . t l] tiuT' 'T,'^ -)<^"''""y-Ceneral for tidirment, a dei^ree of activitv s.ic 1 as t lei I ' ". ^'' ''T""' " f-^"'- <'"'t. in my iscertait.in^ ,he true charactlt o n'^^ « T^'^i^o f!'"'"-'^ 'T "/^''"''^"^ "' .ions as to th,. antecedents of th.- vesser m-e , n 1 t ' '"'^''V'' T ,""" '■^'^■'-''"- hadlutpp..ed at Liverpool remain,:! u:L;;; T t 'Sd ! T^t "i! ii''"/'^- ^^"^ i[fw;;;;-;.^;;;;ia^^^^^^^^^^^^ hecamo known to the A.tthor ties that ^h^^.Z^^uLZu^^^'^ '■ ""\ '^ "'"^ u-ith tliis vessel which the men mI.o 1 ul com ut , ,,, ^^^^^^71 TT^"'' jnd I cannot hut think that, i.t such f ^a™ ol" l^tin^! h.^ ^ ^a'^^ akl^f S iinm,un-e n.to and tisei-rtam the facts. In all prohahility the oni,,ion--as I t link n jutstakeu o>te_,hat nothin-^ h.tt wht.t took place in the^vt.te.^ 1 e Colonv c u.'ld he tnade avyiih.hle a,,nunst the vessel, ntay have had (he elfect of dttch •[,im o .vmam passive. iimui.m^ nim to Hut the qtu>stion, whether the omission to resort to this source of informntim, d;,i not amount to tt want, of ,lue dilio,,,,., i„sos its itnportane^ ™u S" the Sut ^tanee that, ,n .sp.te of the opinion of the Attortley-Gcttera , t rSreto wasTSct .etzed and In-ou^ht into court with a view to her condemnation. Upon that fact uper venm^^ any p,^>vious omission in this respect hecomes, praeticallV speakii l.thSlv itnmatcrjal. Whothei- the vessel was seizcl a few days'sooner oV a lew cfay later can. ohvumsly, under the circumstances, not hav.- heen of the slio.htest eonseqienee In like manner, when M. Staem,,lli su-^ests that tho Government at home w-re antms in dn. dil-gence, hcc^use, on Ihuling that tlie Oreto had not i,-(H.-n huilt for ho than Government t.ey did not send out to Xassau and other British Colonies to direct the seizure oi he vessel should she conie into a British port, the ohv ous answer, wlueli I should have hoped would have occurred to his own mind 1 1 that even ;.ss«nung that tlu> Govemmen were hound to send instrtictions to that etfe.t all over he gohe, the only purpose which such cxemplaiy activity could hare served would liave been to secure the seizure of th(. vessel and thi' hringim,^ her into coiu-t. But this ml having heen otherwise eirceted, hy the action of Ctiptai.i llicklev and the Governor any want of dihgence m any other quarter hecomes wholly immaterial When once the end to he ohtained is hy some means or other effected, what matters it whether some other means, wh(>rel.y the same result might possibly have been brought about, may have been omitted to he resort(>d to p i J It cannot surely he necessary to jioint out that the omission to use duo diligence U It produces no injury to a party c-ntith-d to claim the exercise of such diligence' allurds no ground for compltunt or compensation, if, for example, a vessel were, by the iieghgem>e ot the Autliorities, permitted (o he equipped and armed and to go forth to wage war on a bellig,>rent, hut before doing any actual mischief, were fallen in with The Florida. At 140 The Florida. At Kn»«au. 1 ^t fTirri .1. . \ ^% (■ by n moro powpifiil pnctny and taken, no amount of nocrligonco in suffering her to c;n forth foiilcl cnnstitiiti' a ^'I'ouiul lor iiskiiii,' for pciMmiury ooniiMMisiitinn. Wp may, tlu'rcforc, ]):\sh over nil tlii- Ihcts |)rcliiniii!UT to tlic sciziiro of the vessel. and come to'tli(> trial bclorc tli(> .liidnf of tin' Court of Admiralty of tlic Colony. Now I at once feel liouiid to say that with the result of this trial I am aiiytliiii- hut satisfied. In mv opinion, the Oreto on-ht to have hecn condemned, and there \v;is n misearriai,'e of jus'tiee in her ae(|niltal. Nol that, on the point which the .hiduv (,| the Vice- Admiral'tv Conrt thoii^'ht the only issn<> in the case, namely, whether thciv had heen anv e(iuii)ment of the vessel within the waters of the Colony, I am prrp;,,,,! to (inanvl with the jndL^ment. 'I'iie nnstake of the Judi^e, which h>d to the ac(inittiil (,| the Oreto, consisted' in holdini,' that the e(ini|rnent of a vessel in any part of the lhMli>li dominions, for a purpose prohihited hy the t'oreii^n Erdistment Act, wouhl not, so Idn- ns the i)roperty in it remained in a Jh-itish snhjcct and had not heen transferred ton foreii;u 1)ellii,'erent, of which there was here no siillicient i)rooi', form a sHlljeinn ffronnd of condenmation in anyeoin-t of comiH'ient authority, within whose jnriMlieiion the vessel nn'-rht he found, th'oni,'h no part of such e(inipment mi-ht have taken phuv vithin such jnrisdicti.m. Fitt 'd out, ed as forfeited. 'L'lie clianietir of forfeiture once attaehini:? to her remains ])ermanently allixed to her, and the jno. ceedin" heini,' Iti irni, any competent Conrt within whose jurisdiction she may he, niiiy adjud^e her "to he the property of the Crown, and !,'ive eilect to the seizure of her nx sueli. It is admitted hy Her Majesty's Government, upon tlic advice of its Law OfTicers, that such is the law. . • , ,, It is clear that, if the ,Tndi,'e on the trial had acted on this principle, there was ahnndant evidence on which to condemn this vessel, and that she owjht to have hern condemned. , , , ., n, , That she was equipped, thoiic^h not armed for war, not only when at the l?aliainns, imt also when she left Ijiverjiool is umUmhted. The (d)stacl( to her seizure at liivei|Hiiil Avas the ahsence of sullicient jn-oof of her heini,' intended for a hellii,'ercnt. Ihit wiiiii it turned out that her asserted destination for a firm at Palermo, or for the Italian Government, was a mere pretence, and that, havim? cleared out and shi])ped her crew for ralermo and .Famaiea, she never went near either, hut proceccU'd at once to Nase fact's was added the evidence of the statements of those who Inul had charge of her that she was intimdcd for the Conlederate service, evidence wliicli acqim-ed additioiuil force from the antecedent circumstances, no rational donhf eDuld nunain of the service for whicli the vessel was desiijned. Had the adjudication pro- ceeded on ri<:lit Icical principles, the vessel nuisi clearly have heen condemned. liut, when I am asked to sanction the imputation that the pros(>cnt u n was conduetod hv the AVorney-Gcncral in tin scandalously corrupt manner imputed In him— that he directed [ with the ]n'edet< rmined purjiose of settint? the Oreto ndeased ; that lie hurried on the trial heibre evidence could he ohtained fnmi Liver; 'ool ; that h(> conduetcd his cross-examinations so as to suppress evidence nnfavoiirahle to the Oreto Avlieii it enuld he done; that he ne^'lected to summon witnesses, who must have ])een witiiiii liis control, who could have shown concdusively that the Oreto was huilt for the insuri,'ents, and was to he converted into a vessel of war,— witnesses, I may add, hy the Avay, who, if called, would Lave been privilej^'ed from answerins?, or certainly would have heen hostile, and whom, therefore, a Counsel, in the exercise of his discretion, Avould senivcly think of callini,'— witnesses, too, who could have added nothing as to that wliieli liic Attorney-General and the Judge helimed to ho the essential matter to bo proved- iiamelv, an equipment of the vessel in the port— and when I am asked to ascribe to a ,Judgli :, Act, woiihl not, so hm-^ not heini transferred Id n proof, form a suH'iciini vvitliin whose jnrisdjctiiin t miu'ht have taken placi' itliin Ih'itish (loniini(iti\ 'ited hy the eifeel of Hi,' orfeited. 'I'he eharact.r lied to her, and the jno- idietion .she may he, may t to the s(MZur(' of her a< dvieo of its Law 0(T1 eers, this principle, there was she ou'jht to liavt! hccii ily Avhon at the Halminas. (() her sei/nreat liiverimul a hellii^-erent. lUit when ilernio, or for the It:diaii lit and shipped her vm\- L-eeded at once to Xas^'i > he Southern States, ,mi s of tliobe who had had service, evidence which ^, no rational douht eoiikl ad tli(! adjudieatiuu pro- heen condemned. :)r()S(>cutii n was conducted imputed to liim — that lie Oreto released ; Hint Iw orpool ; that h(> eondiictcd to theUreto when it cduld ist have heen within liis IS l)uilt for the insurgents, lay add, by the way, who, ^rtainly Avould have heen discretion, would scarcely thini? as to that which tlic il matter to bi^ proved— am asked to ascribe to a nust refuse my assiMit to h le^^al functionaries, who o me of the most shadowy ilous dereliction of duty , are of a very grave and u|,'ht never to have been leWty in wbicli they ari' thin};s of the kind, I cau the observations in that i.nnecessary to Tiai;v of justi,,. on as n,..li,enee. so as to render I ~ £ ^ '- ""P-.ted (o.he Mri.ish d.^vernme." es,:;n or mistake of law. It wonl.l snrelv ' he ^1^!''':'^ 'T" '"'•"•" '•"»•■•"!•*■ (" !•' »r.m:,^ without assailim,^ men's cl amH J V ', •■''''^'''. ■'''••^^' *•'" .i'l'l^'n-'tt motives ami corrupt disregard of duty, '"^''^^l^*'* % tin- uiiputation of base and evil .c.d^.|mir .:^S;;!7;:>;i;:!'Si:i ;;;;';r ,;;" »"v-' '"• '- ^'^.i'->'^ "-m. .vr .am that, as soon as the fact of the sV u ' ,, n""' '^T "-'."'^' ""' ^■■'"^•'''''- It i-^ sill was communicated U> the (iovrnnient i ^*'''*"' "'"^ ""* '"■^•il'ition of the i.ulemnilied ai,^amst all th,. expenses uf . ! ! ! ' , ' , ''?' "f. '"''' l''-"s.Tut..r, shuuhl be witnesses tn.ni IJv..rp,K,|,^vlM)c,,uld.Mvevi,I,r.:. ''"'.'''I''''""'^ ^^'■••«' l^'iven that any .Nassau. IJut when th,. ,vi,u.„o,. cain , ""'''l' '" H"''-'^"- ^I'-'dd b., s,.nt *, then succ,.eded to the oince of Ce," .u''''^'';' "'•!'' ''>'«''' '«• I'l'iHi.nore. who had Mtnesses could really a.hl „„(hin^ f-. le'e id;?':;: .l /''r'J "'," ^''"* ""' f^iv..rpool Their evi(h-nce wviit to i.rov.. lint il... v "<■'' ain.ady forthcoming at iVass'iu * as t. he eapahle of beini .rmed V t^ "^^ I!; ' ''"' '"\ '''''"'^""'' ^^^ -l-np.' so litTsell. _ ' '""'' ^^'i** '•'«' vessel at .Nassau to sjioak Ibr The Liverpool evidcncf. would I'n i i i out 0,1 what altc.r events show..d to t^ll^ ;:;':".;t''f ^rV'''^^ *J'^ ^'"'^^^ ^^^'l ^•l^^-'ed doubt a most material fact- but off, „ • 'M .'"'^'''^ ''""""■t'ti'"i>< v(.va-e,_no from the ..vidence of thee .; ,,,.,',•"'"'," "!",'"'""< "^■'''""'- was forthn, iii, ■lamaiea. The evidence was?;i;;.;;n!;;:'\:^;:^;;''<''-'- ''T ?'"• ^^"^^ ^'> l''^'-™. alui l■omnl^^ it would hav(^ i,rov,.,I unavaili, .. I v , ,T '' ' «■ Vi' T T"'' '""^ '^ been forth- of equipment at iXassau to be fat to^m^ov; :: ' "^-^ '^' •.'^^'^l'. '"'IJ'-i^' tlu' absence vessel. '" ^'^^ cxeicise ot Ins jimsdictiou to coudcmn the It is comjilained that the Attn,.,,.,,, n i , . -videnec of the Liverpool witltl. ^^.^^'^'^''^Vr'"'"''- "!^ ''"' ^'''^ *" ^''^'^^^ tJ'O «m' sent, or were thoii-ht bv Sir i; I'hillimnl •"'»■•'•" /''■'"'"''"'''• "" witnes.ses fur the purpose .,f the trial; which i a s i i^ V ' /'T,"^ '"M.ortaiu.e to be sent is complained that .Maflit and tl • • . o,v '^"'T" ^"^ ^'''^ '"""l •''■ complaint. It ™ the trial; and this ^n-Tlrl!:ZT^::ZT'''VV'^^^^^^ -»-l the .^rounds of his ju^^ li^™ been hostile, a„d it is not ." b.' calle.1 on the other side, 1 a th™ 'T "V"""' ^'''■>' ^^'^^^ ''"-™ tliNii, which th.'y are not perm t ted to l,-, IZ "" '" '"l:'"'t='S''> of c-ross-examining , A.torney-Ucm.ra'l called tl.s^ w t ne sc 1 „ '/^ ^ "r'-'^ tlu.msc.lves. JIad the taken the opposite tbrni. It woul 11 .n T ' ^'.""'Pl^i'"* would probably have |.M....«1 from sivif,!; oSm' ,i "''• """^ """'''• ^^ ^^-sUsL la^v, liavo bSi llurdly, all that these iiersons if Pnlln.i „ n i ws intended ibr the- Conle leSrsmiS MuM K ''^^''',P'"'Vod, wa.s that the vessel l-ythe Judj,^c,that c>nin-pi,ient vitliii h,: 1 ir ; "J / '^". ^■'™' "'ilortmiately taken W .xs the tbundatio 1 Lf I is Z " ^ '' l"^i»"^'li^-tion was inclispens- The Florida. At Nuiiau. * L'ritisli Appendix, vol. i. pp, 30-a(;. f ' ;i The Florida^ At Nassau. I ? r 5- 142 • IP 1 • „„„+ ,.f +hmr fliitv IS to allow tho wltncsscs to bo examined w™. » unmimlM or Ignorant of *™ ™ g » ".^^ „., ,,o,,, r„„„d,,l „„ >,„ ov.,. „1 a mistake »"»■''■' ,'.'',.;£;,,„'',,, rilicd to tl,c Govmmcnt V The ,,,.c»ti,.„ of these remarks^. Ent -i fuvthor cluivge of nei^lisenoe is brousht u-'uiust the Govovinuent of tlir Bnhamt l.v rJason of tl^^ Oveto having reeeived her armament m the waters ot ,!>,. '^"^"'£;vi;^ll:^:XS;S'irthe court of Admi^lty, the Oreto elear.l out a. a ,uerc"r;^s':i'L- St. .lohn's, ^^^^^-f '^l/S^i^'^vS^^^ intending to run the l'';-'<;;* V^ ^^J '^j 't tir i^ stoTt She was at that tin. out Jntc, t H> nei,^hbour K,c llIoM U^ ^^^^^ T^.^^^^ ^^,^^^^, c,„„, ,„ s-s:s.!TSth^.^ a,ul that t u> oiTlcers expressed g^<; J^ ^ " f \^ ^ ^, gt.tes' Case that the Oreto lay -¥SEstiS^ss:.%^:ii^.-». to Mr. Seward as loUows : — " Sir, " United SlatM' Consulate, Nassau, N.P., August 9 mi the port. t,t.ein;, tliLSO suspu.ious inoveuu.ut t ['' ;'';;"■;;;;,'' ,„^ , „ ,,„iml, ^nvin,' him nil tho to leave his ship, but -"^ ;;'-;; j;;^^;;',': ^^ ^"^rNorth-xvest I'assat^eras i u.lvis.l th:« '"^" A person l.ndin, at Nassau, i,„on„t of facts would ~ly thmk that this w.vs England's wav, from the ■tetivity of the people here to lorward supplies to the rebels. __ ^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ "Hon. William H. Seward. . (Signed) "Saml. WiiiTiMi.S " Secretary of State." Full explanation of the cireumstances referred to, so far as the^Petcrel is coneenml, J^ull cxpianau 11 u . iy.^tson who was in eommand of the ship ui (luestion, '^f^Z^^^^'^inS^^^" -l-'y from the AduJiulty in eo,™„.,», of this statement :— , o, io-o " IfJf.S PrmlmiL; .S7)cnv(m, Mcirh 22, 18,.'. " ^"''. T have the honour to acknowlcl.e the retail. .,f your letter dated the lUth histaut, with n- inclosure IromAihuiral Sir Alex Alibis Jl-lHn>^ cireumBlancc counected wul, a "Inreply, ^u^, leave to a tl.t I'' J >,,„,,„ ,,,^,,„, ;„ i,„, Vice-Admindty Coiut a, ^. S' : 'i:; n;:uni; in:;.!;::." H;'; Mi^e^ty. sHi^Clreyhound, and that aher a trial of length she was relea.sed Kxrellency the Governor of the, I'.aluuims, to ih- effectthatthereweret^o Allien at.sl. s I uuK (,,^,,t,,i„s, and offer them the oistimiaiy Usiiir rstL;;':n;"K;:s;;:?-"™.-»^> "i- — •" -« "■» •'"" "" ' P K !prai| British .\iii«'ii(lix, vo). j, p. !>8- lents, vol. vi, v } UiiitccT States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 307 + tTnltPil States' nocllIIlent^ vol. vi, l>. 305 ; Uritisl. Aiipondix, v„l. v, p. ,'50. ik that this was England's wai, 143 '"''■ ''il'li'".. W.nslou-, 1 think, was his niu,i". '" '""' *™"^"y convorsatinu with '■At the turn! I wiis on liourd tlic I; I; c,,.!,... ,i, ,> , •,, A I. Nassau. I'l^'«"l ii' tiu, \-i<..-Adn,irahv C.urt ' '^ ""''' ''■"''' ''"" ''''^1 ''^^' ""-'' ^t^^"" up since beh,<^ ^-'^^^^^''^^^^^^ ^r'^'7 "/ ^'"' i'""^. i™--iea tKk. -natrnrss .,!■ ti,„ ,lato prevntin.,- n.V ivcol^ini it "'''''■' ^''" ''"'' "''""- f*^''""l' «!« sum. .niMrnnd!'r\h!!'i;llu;ll7<'iSlmian'c^ '" "" ''"'" '''" O"""'"' "^l^'-'S '''^ t'"' assistance of a,,,, ;^,e;i' t;.::;;^::;.'^; ;; Iir t:;r,:r^/;:,;;::n:ir;!,;i£f ^^^ -*? ^- -- ve„ sho,.t.hanaea not sui „.,ent .mvw „, ^^..i.h Ins anchor, an,l Ik'^' 1 1,1 "'■'•. S'* '" r"''?'''^'^ ""^^''''^ ''^ '''''I " 1 decline,! len,iinu hiiu unv men hut I, iT 1 , , ''''''. -'f"^^ ''"" ''}' I^^hn- him men. wnuhl ,.ive hin, a line for that ,,urp,!s,.' '"" '"' ''"^'' ''"''' "" "'^t^'n' of the I'eterel, and I to dimje!";:;;,;';;;;;: ^:im; ':;;:r,r;:::,;^:,;:'-^;':;;.!'"''''"- - •■>■ --^ ..,• on,, hawse... i went do.. 0. Ibrci,n^ and nn.il the .e,:!| ",/ v: ' i^,:S;, ;t ..^•:?:;^' '-- -"-'-l to any ship, British have considered it too trivial '., mention in le , ,,l^ " " T-",'"' ^'"'"«''' ' "' ''^>'=t' ^ '""^t laalter of far ^-reater interest, ' " pi'ocee.Un,, 1 '"."'."■'^'■'.^' *" S''i'd men on hoard was in all conunnnication. as far as praCicalje, with ti'el,. '''""- '^"^ ^^"■'^^'"'-'■hI 1 l'"'l pn.hihitud " Vernnn I",nsIn'nf,'ton, Esip, " I have &c M\-ith reference to mv letter of |1„. -),„1 i,„,,, '! , '^;''| ^;"''"'"^;. '"^'W/zc.., M,rrch :)1, 1872. iwra,-rai,h :_ """ '"^'•"". ' ^^'^1' I" make tlu; following alteration in Ma,;;:.':;;- ;'^,,;r)";;n;l i'Llnusif ri;,::;;;':;;:7;;:r-^ i^ t r^ ^"°'^ •^'-^ ^^'-- "- "■'"■" ^' '-t cana. alo,„si,le tVo.n tiu. (Ire o':,^ :;";''' ^'"^ '^'""-"'^ ^^''^"■"S (Satnr.lay), ''"' I'ara-raph and letter remains the sanu. ^"'- "" t.Hl at ti m' 1 v 7is m. , ' ' '"f f '"'v r^'■ "•^' '"•'"I'^^'ited. * Hiili!.h Aiincnilix, vol. v, |i. jO. + United btttlcs' Docuini'iits, vol. vi, p. 3'24 [i4r,j t Ibid., p. 61. § Ibid., pp. 30-/, 310-321. u 1. r [ •A |.. iftu 'iiihi»fa»a 5' 144 The Florida "On the 9th, tho schooner Prince Alfred, which had lioen pinchrtsed by Lafitte, the Confoderato ' A"ent here, lel't this port, and it was currently reported and generally believed that she liad on board At N«ssau. the armament for the Oreto, and as that vessel left the same nii!ht (both eleariny; for St. John's), 1 think " I have given full details of these inovemeiils to the eomiimndei . of the Adirondack and Cuyler, and also sent such information to the difl'ereiit Considati's.* On the IGth, a report ol' the two vessels having gone to Green Cay appears to have reached Nassau. Mr. Whiting writes on that day : — "The Oreto is reported to have gone to Clreeii Cny, about 50 miles south-west from Providence Island, and it is also rejiorted that the seliooiier I'rince Allivd has gone there to deliver to the Oreto her piratical armament. , , , • i ^ ..j. " I have sent despatches to the United States' enii/.ers by tlie best enannels oiien to me. f The faet did not, however, hecome aiitnally known at Nassau till the Gth of Septemher, when certain men, who liad been eni-ai-'ed at Nassau to go out in the Oreto for the pmiiose of assisting in transferring the gnus and arms from the Prince Alfred, having returned to Nassau, gave to the Amerieiin Consul an account of what had happened at Green Cay. t That, till a Aveek after the vessels had left, no one in the Colony had any idea of an intention to transfer the armament in any ])liiee in the IJaliamas, is plain. So far from expecting anything of the kind, Mr. Whiting e.vin-essly states, in his letter of the faith of this heliei", Mr. AVliiting, as he tells iis, "gave full details of these movements to the Comnmnders of the two AmerieiT' ships of war the Adirondack and Cuyler."§ What then is the negligence coniplaiiied of in res])ect of t'- : -ing of the Oreto Avithin the waters of the Colony :- In the American Case the argument is i)iit thus :— " The arranu;ements for arining were mad(> in the harbour of Nassau, and the two vessels left that ptu't almost simultaneously, and proceeded to (ireen Cay together. The purpose jbr which thev Avent was notorious in Nassau. This was so palpable ;m evasion that the act slioidd be assumed as having taken place in the harbour of Nassau." I This is a very atiroit way of piit'ing tlie case, but is it a just one r in the first place, it is a ijreat deal too mueli to iissume that it was "notorious" that tlie Prince Alfred had on board the armament of th(> otiier vessel. T'he Consul ])iits it no hi"her than that it was so rejiorte,;, and tiie (lox'ermnent could not act on mere ivjioft. The fact was never said to have been notorious till 18()5, tiiree years later, Avlud Mr. Kirkpatrick, the then Consul, who knew notliiug of tin; facts when they happened, thought pro]ier so to state.H ,. • . r. ^, But the Argument further puts it as though the purpose ot gomg to Green C;ij was notorious; whereas wi; now know that neitiuu- the Consul nor any one else Imd the remotest idea that the transfer of the armament was intended to be eil'ected witliin the limits of the Colonv. 'I'b(> Consul believed that l)otli vessels were going to Charleston. Can it be sa'id that the (iovernor otu;bt to have sent a British ship of war to accompanv the two sbijjs some sixty miles or more, till clear of the waters of the Bahamas, to 'prevent the possil)ility of a" vioUition of neutrality in this respect? But then, it is said, "tiie act was committed witliin Uritish jurisdiction, and was therefore a violation of the first clause of the lirst itule of the Treaty." But, with submission, the act is not neees.sarily within the first llule of the Treaty, because it was committed in British jurisdiction. To bring it within the first Rule of the Treaty it must lie shown that there was a want of dut! diligenci! in not preventing the act so done, and of this 1 find no proof in tlu! American documents. To be sure, our honourable colleague M. Staenipfli, in the grounds of liis judgment, says : — "Que (ireen Cay etail eloigiie et jieu frr(|uente ; eetlc oliJiM'tioii est d'autant luoins im]M)rtaiite i|Ui' tout . II l'"i'"^'' «'"•'•« <-«»'•> P- 4Jy- il United btatei' UocuiuouU, vol. vi, p. 327. ■ A by liUfitto, the Coiifedorato iuvud thill she liiul on board u'int; t'ur St. John's), 1 think the Adirondack and Cuyler, cen Cay appears to have louth-west from Providenco to deliver to tJie Oreto her nnels ojK'n to nie."f Nassau till the 6th of Li to go out in the Oroto irom the Prince AllVod, II account of what hud )lony had any idea of an s, is plain. So far from in his letter of the 9tli, 'est Providence Channel, ported to he hoimd for he tells us, "^ave full [ier<.e",:i slii[)S of war the 1'- : : uinj? of the Oreto iri^ument is put thus : — of ^'iis'^.au, and the two ireen Cay tog'ether. The his was so palpahle au dace in the harhour of it is it a just one r In as "notorious" that the Tlie Consul j)uts it no not net on mere i-eport. three years later, vvlu.n cts when they happened, » of i^oing to Green Cny >u\ uor any one else Iiad ded to h(! ell'ected within vessels were goini^ to ent a British ship of war lear of th(! waters of the in this respect ? ish jurisdiction, and was ' I'reaty." first Rule of the Treaty, 1 witiiin tlu! first Ruh' of jj;eiice in not preventing )cuments. j,'rounds of Ids judgment, I'liiitioil luoins iin])orliuitt! ijui' 'ujiercevoir dejiuis ce deniior I Ibid., p. SOU. Caac, p. 43'J. Tlie Florida. M sLr/rcal ta^tir^^^^^^ '« r'^t V this. I do not suppose miles off. I n.nsf, tlien-foi A t it Z ?T'' ^''^^ ^""^'^ ''^' '^^'^i at A^nssau Kv Prince Alfred and the ne/,rlV s nu Ita ,,r ?^ ''1' '''''''' ''' *'>''>^ ^he loa in' ^f thj could lmveheens..n at NnZ^^^^^itlSSi:' '*•''" 'V ^'''I'^ iW'^s^ But It he means tl,,t, heeause tl,e carlo of J. i"^" '"''''' '' ^'''l-cvideut j.roposition arms that might he t.-ans(orve,l f^ tWn f i ' ^""^''''^ '^^'''^'^ consisted of l- ms 3 stopped the Prince Alfn'd Lc atwi ?'f\ '/'""T^" the Authorities ought^ to have place, or was al.out to take 1^ ^ Vl '»' " ^^"^^ ^'^'^'' ^'''^ '-^^-tually takin sei.e or detain the vessels. ' ' ° ^"^'''' ^'^■'''■^' «"' Authorities ],ad no power to whether ller Majesty's GovenmS'l ^^^^ ;;:;[;j';^7- 'V'' ""'''' ^^ ^"^^tion of h,s or that particular instance. Thoi.^JhLs is a ^ „?..'''.'' i^''''^''^ '"^ Prosecution in dwelt upon, ,t IS wholly irrelevant to uu m.irv ^ '^ ^''' "'^'""^ ^^''''' ^^^^ been However, let us see how the i'lct^ «f.„. ; .V- Mr. Whiting having seen th "men S^ ^Vr^rff ^^^ ^'\,"'^^"^ ^^ ^eptemher obtained a deposition fn,mi;hem. writes l" the Gov™ '^'' ^''^^' ^^^'l Wing I hiWf. t!ie lioiiiitir to iufonii vr ■ ■ I'v ■ill i Mliooiici- I'rinn^ AllWiI, of Nassau [ook'Il,,. )„V, '"''^ '"'" f^™"' -Titlioiiiy for Htatin" flm ,1.. »«oi ,ia,i .,oa,„„ ai ,>,.„;<;;;, ':;t' %",j;™":;"«^ To which the Colonial Secretary answers :_ ''In rejdy to yonr l,.ller of the Sth inst.-it ,hrert'n,ri''"Vl'' ^^'''''' '^''"'•'"'"- '^'•^''''«*"' f. 1802 Excellency to ,nfo„n you that, if y„„ f..l a,.s^x 1 i • , l''.', '''ll'^''^-'-"''"'. ' '"" instructed by his tmm your uIleKat.on, and will put vour eviden v i. t . „ I' 1'"'?"' '"''^'^'^^ "•■'•^•'•'-•^' tosur^ta! will direct a i.ro.secution e-aiust tJi'e ('■„, -li , '.l i , "' "'" '■^«>'niev-(i,.ueral his Fxeellm.^l .f violntin, the Foreign I^nlist,;, 'lit i;!?"" ' "" ''''''"■ ^'"■'^'J' -' ^'^■-'^ -ho ,uay lllu'e i;^*^!!:;!!^]: Kx.elle,;ey'« jL^dS- '"' "" '"""""^^ '" ''"^^ '>"y ^"^1« ".^inst the Oreto, which is out If his "Ihave, .tc. Instead of n>,H->,^ 1 • •, • '^^ " ^■'^-^^^^^^r, Colaial Secretary."* insteaa ot putt.!ig his evidence into the hniirk nf +i,« »*i ^ oourse, ^yas not hims,>lf ht th,> pos,.e.ssion (J an An 1^ f^^^^'n"-^-^""'^'''^'' ^'J'«' «f Jop. He prohahly thought, alul thoug], ri' frly h^if "u^ ^"r^^^^^ States Gov(u-nment very little to punish d,L man. ^' ""''^'^ P'"^* t^'^ United without .nore,setsthisdow^sa;-oS^;^.K^^^^^ silent^as toany negligonce of the local Governmet t in t i „1\ -^ ^'''''^'' "^"^ is wholly ^tatej'a^^lrii^i-i^;;^]:;-^^^^^ iniput,-d to the negligen,.:'of"t Pr i , .' .tho i ? 1, fi ^7'' '', ^'a««au i.s'to be appear that the Authorities knew ■ v(^i„" . ^'' '"' ^''^ I''«'•^^ 't does not second place, the Oi-eto at the t?,.. /l i " ^^ ''''t'^ocver about the matter. In t!ie f^Jr of k ship or:;;;rf ift:'; wnZtTfr vSr;;;!' ''''-r '"^"^•^•"' "•' to the local Government, or even to il r Vvl ti> " (I m . i '" = '* '''"'' ""^^ ^»'»^ • British Apj)cndix, vol. i, p. 87. U 2 Th» Horid*. Florida after leaving Gre«n Cay. It 1^ 146 as their officer; Dugiud, who liad brought her out, still romainod arpnrenily the mastor of C her ibnu<>i"erew had all h>ft her; the erew she ha. rnj,^aj;'e(l Avero wholly nsiiffic'ient as"iJi^^hti,„' used toi Ik 11 -(in urposes which indeed she could not he till a different crew could be obtamed .1 tS she might I'o liable to capture as contraband of war, but she would m,t be liable to seizure as lor a breach of the municipal hnv. . ,. • ii , i coniSs I do not see the negligence which M. Staempili's keener sight is enabled to discover. When the Florida had taken in her armament at Green Cay, the crew shipped at NaJuSn- altogether inadequate for the vessel as a ship of war, she proceeded to Urport oJ^ardenas in Cuba, where she remained ^[11 the Hist oAugus^^ attempted to ship a crew, but the matter having come to the knowledge ot .lu- A t ii„ itu s, ?ho ofl cci in command repudiated the transaction, and left the port withou any ucreas of his numbers.* Unable to keep the sea for purposes o war, w. 1 so nsifflcient a crew, the Florida ran past the hostile cruizers, though challenged and invd at and succeeded in getting into the Confederate port of Mobile, where she armed .,u ''" t^e'remSS'n Ilie port of Mobile upwards o^ four months ; at the end of whieh time, havingsbirped a c/ew, she was sent out, rn the 15th of January, 1803, un.l.r the command of MalTitt, as a Confederate ship o^ war.+ n .• ,n A "rive ouestion here presents itself whether Great Britain, even if open to tho £r;:^ into ^li^oZ^::^ ^oL,^.o m respect of the original -;"il— "i he Or.J. and remaining at „j. '^f ]^^^, arming at Green Cay, can properly be held responsible loi the acts ot tins '^''*"'®" shin subsenuentlv to her entry into Mobile. . ,,.,,• , ^ it i^all important to bJ-ar in mind that the original ..qu.pment ol this vessel. thou'h an oflcnee against the municipal law of (hvat Untam, was not, there being n,, o the time she arrived at the Bahamas no present intention ol war, an oilenee aga nst nteriia mial law. All the power which the Government could exercise against ho. re "c of anv oilenee against the municipal law, was such as was /^^'^ved In.ni t a aw t at i tJ sav, fro.n the Foreign Enlistment Act Nonv, all that the laltc nTpovered the Government to do was to sei.e the vessel and to hnng her be ore cZp St Court for condemnation. If, when such a proceeding has been adop ed re its the acquittal and release of the vessel, the matter becomes rey«rf,a,/«, r Sinai vir. becomes purged, and no further pr..ce.-ding t« rem can be had. As cannot be seized, and brought into Court again and again, when once it lias b.'ou d^ Illy a competent Court that she was not lialde to s.>izuv. and condemnation u a 1 After th- Oreto had been thus acciuitt.xl, all power of lurtl.er sc./.ure, as lor an inlVaetion of the Foreign EnUstment Act in her original .•quipment, was at an eiul. 1 : hat the right of a belligerent to redress for a brciu-l. of neutrality against n or- n "Inal law would not be allbl^tcd by a judicial proceeding ^'-'';'- '^ '7;.!;;;^=^ ,^^; but theiv having Ix-en here, according to my view, im. more hai a bieacli o n . .1 law, all that the bellig.-rent could possibly exae was hat the ninnu-ipal Zild lie put in force by a proceeding against the vesscd. \ hen under such a pio- c:,.cding the vessel had been acquitted, the matter was at an end. It will be said that a second offence was committ.>d in British jurisdiction by the arming of this vessel at (ireen Cay ; and this may be so ; but here agai.i we lun n like maimer no breach ..f neutrality according to international law it. owmg to the i^jAm. * United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. .131 British Appendix, vol. i, pp. 117, 120, and 122. t Ibid., p. 332. (1 apparonlly tho mnstor 1 (•ni;aji;('(l avitcs wholly V.o, iiny prc^si'iit purpose to run the lilockiulo. il' , crew would lmv(! 1)('0U of a crew ? I neutral Govcrumeut is b for the reeruitinent of it was known that tii(> not known tiiat she had be used ibr bellii,'ereiit could he obtained. Till , she would not be liable s keener sii;ht is enabled lay, the crew shipped at )f war, she proceeded U> t of Auj;;ust. She tliero ivledt?e of ih(> Authoi'ities, 't the port with(>ut any irposes of war, with so nifjfh challenged and fired die, where she arrived on hs ; at the end of which of January, lb03, under air., even if open to tlio r(iuipment of the Orete, isible for the acts of this 'quipment of this vessel, , was not, th(>re heiiii,' u\) uf war, an oll'ence against luld exercise against her, as was derived from that Kow, all that the latter ind to brini,' her helbre a ling has been adopted, it bccouies res judicata, the rem can be had. A ship I, when once it has been zun and condemnation at ' further seizure, as for an i{)ment, was at an end. I )f neutrality against inter- under the municipal law; ore than a breach of the vas that the municipal law AVhen under such a pro- ;nd. in British jurisdiction by ) ; but here again we have tional law if, owing to the t Ibid., p. aaa. 22. 147 JurpteTf t?" ''■'"' *'"^'^ ^^'-^^ "" present intention of applying the ship to the The M.. mi • ] . . After iMobile. to tiJ n^.::;t;n:; • ;;;\;:'thrcST th/ uiih 1 ^n ^'"^;":^ ?''-- "'""" '^ -^ p-^ ^- - ^^^ eth volume of i'.>t-rs' il..ports ingcAllv- ^''*''"'- '^" ^«''""*''^' '■"l"""'"''l ''^ the j'nited Stau.,. Act cJ X^Z havbfbltKr..;;:'!^''*^ J^:?'^ ""^ ''' -^^^"'" "-• "- A.neriean ' '"'"^' afterwanlsLasDani A;.,'!n in-i"S ""-' '' '"f ^ ^''"*''^ '''' ^^""^''^r' the service ,,f the Unite.A';Sc;,i ,H 17"^ 1"-"'l'' ''' '"''^'^^y'^ ^^ of Brazil, with who.n the r nite I Sat wc ! 7 "^ ^'"' 'nl'^J'"^' "* ^'"^ ^'"P^'-^^' originally a pilot boat, had 1 lei.; m al i'li- .CTn- h" JT^'V". '^''f ^''"' Armstrong, ajid adapted for carrvin./., ,, J. '^■"'. """ '"• the delcndant and one owners. On the way to s7 lli^ias' , tf 1''^/', ,""'»"f/^>^'l '^'^^'nt for the other tiou and wish to ernplov he '^^ V SS^v 1 '! ^.'^"^ ' '^V^ ^™^ '"^ "^t™" spokeof the " ^^^^^^^ days at St. Thomas's, Armstrongsi eec^ded in obV-inb r ""T'T'l, * •'' ^"'^ "^ ^^'""^ out as a privateer; and, Armst'ron.^ im- > r^^^^^^^^^^^^ '' u ' ••*,'"^ ^^"^'™" '™« ^^"ed the Bnenos Ayres GovemnS e v «sr?^n'^^^^ inmselt with a conunission from cnn-zed umhu-^he fla? 7 h U n™^^^^^^ J'''i '"""' " ^'f '^'"""'^ Argvntinas, presented themselves ?or \h.^^Z^7^o^i'i't T'T^ r'":' '^^V* ''""^^'""^ be "iven to the iurv The « If , T " ^" *'''' •'"■<'fti'>n which should ^^J LcSii^S tiitild^sh^uM £;;•'). ;;;;r;jt,;;; tu^i^ ''' ^f ■ decision on which is inunaterial to the ,)resent r rn, s, T altimore, the which touches tlie present case. 1 ,ar o ,e oC , V f-f""^ '^"r'^'"'' ^f ^'''^ "^« jurj- should be directed :- ^ ^ ^'"^ 'Iclendant it was submitted that the the s,ud vesLi;Ld had „„ im.s"i 1 ,^o; ■' : o^zl,: rif ■ "' ' "■'"^^' '" '""! '»"' -1-p intended, when he ,.,|uipped her, t., .., to u V t „H < ' ^ ' ""•'' \"'"',^ "' '' l"''^-'t'-'«'-. ^^^ . cruize, then the deivn, lant is .lot .Tuiltv "ud.uN ,„„• to ra..se fnnds to prepur. her for employ l,er. the rullil'MAll of whirh wi 1 , "p , 'i ,; ^V i ,''"?'7' ''"S''^"' '^ ^^'i^'' «" t'> the purpose of.nnin, ,e,a pr.parin, !,.■ ^::^^::'iZ ule dSlIllu^^^i'Su'" '"''"' """"^ '"' The Court stiid : — " " ' must he made Jithin the liiukVol ^Unl^ 1 S ^Z ^ 1 'iu''?'' n''?! '' "" ""^' ^'""^ '"' ^'"' ^'^t' «-;th respeet to the en.plovment of the ven i shm k u'. 1.1 iTfT'^'T ,■'' ■'' ''" "'''"''''^'^ At the same time the Com-t, at the instance of the in-osecution, held that if there was an intention of empoying the vessel as a privateer'when sh.. et B^tl re tho pllence would be complete, _ though subsequent events niiodit have p 'v eiited thaJ nitcntion frcmi being carried into etl'ect. |"«vinuuuicu; The distinction is a sound .me.' A present intenth.n does not the ..ss exist ecause unexpected events may afterwards change it; hut an intentio wl icli is to depend on uncertain contingencies cannot be said to h,- a present om> I is the preson int nfon of the unmediate employment of the vessel d host^^^e mpo es wh h :;ukcshesendingoutanaiMne,lsl.ip an, ,in.n,.et.gain'.t the law of nations asav.Son neutrality, as d.s inguished from meivly makh.g it cont rabancl .I'r As iS^^^ A similar purpose, in like manner, mak<>s the equinpin"' of a vessel an oftencn jmst the municipal law, when without it-as if, fo? ils'^^ nrces tl^ vc" 1 had S ready bu.lt r. id (.qu.ppcd-the transaction would b.> simplv one of trade. Xow in the case h,;fore us, it may, perhaps, be (uiestioned whether there wa.s any pr'^^t * See also Uritip' Appendix, vol. iii, p. 92. rilf M t IbiJ.,p. 9.'J. 148 on ag;iin comini;^ into a British |iort. Wif, , 1 Th. Flofld«. intention of usin^ tlio Florida na a ship of war, or whether such employment was not contin-'ent ou her obtainincj a Avar crew. If no crew could be cfot, the cruise was, as llie sequel shows, to be i^iven up, and an atteni])t made to run lier into one of her own ports. He this as it niav, tl.i^ l)elliKer(Mit ])iirpose. if any sueli exisUul, was fruslratcil bv the ship not obtaining a crew, and the voyage was lost. This beini? so, wliy, as S'ir lloundell ralmcr puts it to us, sliould not a vessel, equipped in a neutral port, contrary to tlu; nuuiicipal law of the ntnitral, be considered, liki; any other contraband of ^var,— sueh bein'-s on iier employment as a ship of war,— as no longer in delicto when she has one(> r(>aehed tbr' ])ort of "the belliirercnt. Having shown, as i think, abundant ^I'nnuids for saying that as to what passed at Green Cav.'^no possible imputation of want of due diligence can attach, it seems to me that it would be carrviiig the doctrine of neutral resiionsibility to an unheard-nf and most unreasonable leiigtli to say that, after a lapse of five months, during which no vessel of tlu! United States was "captured by the I'Morida, and after this vessel had been four months in a Conleilerat(> port, and had tiiere shipped a new crew% Great Britain is to be ludd liable for damage afterwards done by her. I agree Avith Sir Kimndell I'almer in thinking that, with lier arrival at Mobile, if not with her departure from the Bahamas, the illegal voyage ui)on which any liability sutached came to an end, and with it all responsibility which can reasonably bo fastened on tiie Government of Great Britain. But it is said that the I'lorida, having again come into a British port, and hein:; tttoTida .tould known to be .'iigaged in hostile operaticms against the United States ought to have been have been seized detained, it bring obligatory on the British Government to stop such a vessel, by reason of tb(> admission in the second branch of the llvst Bule, viz., that " a neutral nation is bound to use due di'igeuce to prevent the departure from its jurisdiction of any vessi'l int(>nde(l to crui/e or carry on war" imder the circumstances referred to in the first branch ; " such vessel bavin'g been specially adapted, in whole or in part, within its jiuisdietion, to warlike use." 'fhe qut\stion is one of considerable importance, as it may affect not only the riorida, but also the (ieorgia and the Shenandoah, vessels as to the equipping of which it will be impossible to fix the British Government with want of due diligence. I cannot inidei-stand how such a contention can have been riised. It appears to me to rest ou a tliorough iierversion of the obvious meaning of the Ilule. It is inipossibh' to read the ilrst Bule without seeing that it is intended to apply to two branches of one entire transaction, which ecmsists, first, in allowing the vessel to be equijiped, next in allowing her to d(>part ; tlu; second branch of the Ilule being intended to meet a case in wliich a vessel may have been etiuiiiped in such a manner as to elude the dilig«Mico of tlie Authorities, lint where there may be an opportunity, on her character being discovered, to arrest her before she has quitted neutral waters. The second branch of the Ilule is obviously intended to apply to the first departure of a vessel— that is tj say, its dejiarture from a neutral port before imssing into the hands of a belligerent Government — and to that alone. It is absurd to suppose that, if it had been intended that, Great Britain should be held liable for not having seized these vessels on their re-entering her ports, this Avould not have been exj)ressly stated ; especially when it is remembered that this might have b(!en virtually to admit liability in respect of all tli(>se vessels, if shown to hav(! been specially adapted for war within British territory; for every one of them returned to a British port at an earlv jieriod of its career. It is plain that it nc^ver could have entered into the mind 'of the British Ministry that the Ilule Avould be treated as applicable to anvthinu' beyond tlie first de])arture of (he vessel. The moral" bearing "of the question has been admirably pointed out in Sir E. Palmer's argument : — " JL wniilil have bcconn; ibc jilaiti duty (it .'iiiy iic\ilral Stato wliich hail wiUiml into such an (Mr'aut'iiicut 1(1 •,'ive iKilict' ol' it lii-lbivhaiid to all ln'ili.maviit Powers, licl'oiv it ('(udil lie ]ail in I'oivt' to their" inviialicc.'' It is Itiiiiossililc that an act, wliicii wi.iihl lie a lavacli oi imlilic i'aitli iiial (it inter- national law towards one lielligevcnt, could lie held to constitute! any i-iart of tlw ' lUliiimrr iln,:' hv.i neutral I i the other ljelli),'erent. 'the linlc says nothing' of any olili;4ation to i.irliidc this class el' vessels, when ()ne(M'oininis,sioned as imlilic ships of war, from entrancii into neutral jiorts n]ioii the ordiiinry If thev were so excluded liv proiier notice, they Would not enter; and the liule (in tha lootniu'. w coulil ihlik)' never ojierate to )ircvi!Ut their departure. If they were not so excluded, instt-ad of liciiij,' 'dun ici-,' it would li(! a lla,i,'rant act of treucliery and wronf,' to take ndvanlagu of their eutrimce, in uch pmployment was not be f»ot, the cruise was, as I her into one of her own ell existed, was frustrated This beiui^ so, wliy, as lipped in a neutral port, like any other contraband 3lmracter of such a vessel ■, — as no longer in delicto that avS to what passed at > can attach, it seems to \sibility to an Tinheard-nf Lvo months, din-ing' wliicli and after this vessel had lijtped a n(>w crew, Croat her arrival at Mobile, if 3 u])on which any liability wliich can rea-ionably be a British port, and boin;; States, ouji'ht to have been )p such a vessel, by reason ., that "a neutral nation )m its jurisdiction of any ■itanees referred to in the vholo or in part, within its t may afff^ct not only the to the equipping of which t of due diligence. (en mised. It appears to ning of the Rule. 11 is intended to apply to two allowing the vessel to he of the llulc being intended su((h a manner as to elude > an opportunity, on her >d neutral waters, ipply to the first departure rt before pas.sing into the t, Great Britain should be n-ing her ports, this would hered that this might have Is, if shown to have hi>en one of them returned to a that it never could have Inlc would he treated as el. rably pointed out in Sir liiidi hull (luU'rod into such an 'Ibre il I'ouhl lie put in loive to ■li lit' ]iiililie t'aitli iiiiil of inter- piu't of tlio ' (lih)/! iicr dill.' by n ti to f.icliiilc this eliiss of vessels, loutnd ))iirts ujion thi^ ordiiinry tcr; anri thii liuh' (in that case) >x('ln(!eil, instead of licini; 'iIud (idvftulago of tlieir entramc, in 149 order to elTect tlieir detention or cantnre f'.,n U,... \r ■ . , retrospectively jud-tMl as uantin- in ,lno' diH,' . „, 1 ''"^ ^' ''" ,«"W'"*^1 to have consented to l,n ships of war from iwr ports l,y a, y • •.""^'-"''' ''^^^'"'«'-'. ""t havi. ' ■ • - "' ''^ The Florida. H:- .harp j.rndioc indccl, ir, wliih tl„, BriliS,?!'.. '1.1 ".'''' ''" !°, =''"' ""■"' "«lil '«' ' quite preposterous. But it is said, in the second Dhie.. tlmt *i.„ vessel frona the port of a net.tral bcVn- a viohtiould- •!''' ""'^r^'^'l'^Sout of an armed and theretoro a hostile act. Great Britain hi ...Li \^ '''''■ ^""'^^ "'"^ ^^''"^'''1 ^.^hts, a^am coming within lier jurisdiction it^s In „ f / ^'Z '"''' '^''''' '-''''-'^' «" thei contmumg to make war on vess.-ls of ti.e U i"ed St' ' " '"' ^° ^'"'''''^ ^'"""^ 1™"^ i r 'Iw in'T"/^;'''^'! (Government is ii^'^ia- in. lliat it liad not the r ('lit •ic<.m.,i;„,.. < ■ i . seeing that wlum tlu.y ea.n,> a^^in^S b,^;;;,!.^';'^*'"'^^^^ ^'''\' ^" ^"^« these vessels, sioned ships of war of a belligerent State ^ ' ^'" '' ''''''" --^'l-'iittodas the conunis- 2ndly. J'liat, independently of the for(-oin,.„.,oHnd the T?,.;f; , n not as a neutral Government, seize a shin Cf m?,.? ' ?• n ' i f' Government could n.„. ^.f „ ,-:,.i.>+.-„„ ..r .. . '.., . '""P '>. .1.11 ot a belligerent State for ^hat which I If s fl ..s not a violation of noutr. lilv Im , Z „ i "' " "•'•?""' «,. That oven if it >'«^C^^^ltl£S:ZSi^ aw. ion to exercise it. The first of these grounds depends on the r.fT'or.f c +i vessels had in the meantim,> received from the Go m-nment ofX'f^'tf ''^'''^' ^^''''' ''^'^"^ "' ^°"™!' ships ot war. ^ 'jovtinment ot the Confederate States as "'""^ »" 'hips of It is a ftimiliar principle of Internationni T nu- n.o^ vi , • entitled to tlie ,>rivil!.ge o/exterritori S Tl^ a n inWm "if; ' T:'' "" '^^*«"^'^ ^'''"^ "^ — arc agreed. M l.euton, in his " Element's dc Crinteilom?- JvS ^ '^"""""• " Une arniw. .„, ,„u, fl„tto annirtoni,,* .V „„ • ;^'^^^"«iuouai, - writes :— lesliiuites du territoiro cl^n, auu':" S'^iS^—'u '''''}^^''' ^' '™ver.u.t ou stat,,, mriJietion civilo ,.t criniintdlo ,lu pav. ' '" l'"''^«''>ice, sont e-ahnnent exm nnant dans ^xeniptus do la les liinitcs du ippartienncnt, 11 .sensnit (pu' les liersiinni's ct Ifs ,.lww,.u „,,; i I toiTitoire d'nn Ktat t^tra ....r r e t ., t un t ** ' 'V "'"'■' ''''• '^^ "•""^•«"'' ' «mn.esielh..Uaiontenen,v-s^;;s,!!f,::;;™ ''' •""■"''•^^"■" 'l^' l''^t"t au.p.d , "S'll ny a jias d„ pruhihili.Mi express,. k,s ,„„.,s il'ini Ft.,f i|:mres de -ncrro d'um. uutro nation avo.t lamiel ,. ^n J.', ,t ! 1? '','■"'"'''■' ':"",""« ''''^"t ouvuiLs aux im les ports ttran^vrs, soit en vertn <1. I'alisene,. .hm ,,.;,,(,,' f' , """^"- ^"'"^ ''"''"'''• ^'"t'''-'^ aprosse, .tipul^e par TraitO, sont cxen.pts tie l^^ ^^JZJai]!;ltZ':::l::^::Z£ ' counS^tC^S^l^Sl^tlrr""^' ^^" *'^ territorial jurisdiction of the I... Sir 11. Phillimoro writes as follows :— + ;,i"L'S!!"' r:;'::''™^'.«"^'™\.-''it'" --t -.^h ship t,i .owhieh she b.u.n,s. and to he ^:cf^::^::n;:z:T:£ii:::r^ "^^''^ «-- «>' "■ ••'•"'^-- ile.go ho fonndi'd . 1, p. 1 19. I .. v„ik r.,,^i,t jp^ (iegcnwart," § i48. ; "liiteriiatioiialLaw,"To!. i, p. 3DP. MH p. 'the Florida. Oi lolan. 4 .i I I Ji, Ca'P nf the Excliaiige. 160 ,„.,., ,„ 1,, ,i,», ,1... i-ivi I..,.. -^jir:;;!:;;;!::? ' ,; :.;»L :«;i, m ,„„ i,,,,,,.,,,, Will- Iviiii; ill ilf Imi-liours' ' No writer 1ms, liownvr, .Hs.m.ss.mI th.; sul.jo.-t witli so mucli cloanicss an-l fore- as SI. Ortolan in liis " Diplomat io dc la Mcr" :— io,vi. pn).liMUf ; .rs l.Atiijicnts, vcvsimiiitu's, soul uiu' ].i.vlinn inilriM'iiil:uits ct v('S!iiTt('s i'l son iVal. CiiuviViiiMiu'iit ct (loivciit I'ire „„,,u.l ils iiU^mu...,, u-a U. .h-oit .1. sinnmsa-r .u ri... -l.u.s ... ,pu sc pass., . lour l.-nl, ct .....c !nii| luiiill jivivili'".' nil Ir droit t\',ylu-ntori((hl(: t The matter is so w.>ll Imndle.l l.y this al.le writer that I am indueed to eit.- on. or two more passa ires : — j o« -Ij'ii^^^';::;;^,;!^,!;;,;;;;^'::: ,,,„,,, „ ,.,„t,„,>o int,.nKaio„alc .st ...mBtm.le; cos „a^^rc. n.st.,,l n:,i. ^" ■'■-"' "•''""- C , i„„,. ,,,,,..• 1|.s loi< 1,.« i,i,l(irtos, ct Ics lurulictions de IhliitdiUi!,!.'' „„i,|,u,„u.,U par la snuvovaiwt. ,lo 1... l'^^'? '_,,;,,' ;.''.,; '.,,t,^;,,, ,,,t ''j.ltat que des relations inter- pt daiiH 1 nrdi'c 1 I'aiitic cliaquc Ktiit soiivcmni son ludrpcudancc l,'itiiM,.nH do "Ufrrp, ivnir iiiiiiiiiiilig r'liiv s'ur CO hord aote d<' laiissance ot de souvcraiiiolo. In th.. CISC or the EKelian.'e, reported iiiCraiich's Eeports (vol. vii, pa-es m-Ul) the i;i^,S;.le^ud a vesMd l.eadns t^e lla, and eontntis^ion of a helli,ereut Tower was • Vol.i, p. 181. t Ibid., p. 186. I Ibid., pp. 188-191. 151 nth ivaiiL'cl tn tliu Statu in its III 111' a ri;,'lit, is a coiiHiili'viitidii !■ liL'ttcr (i]iiiiiiMi lio, asitwiiuM I'diiiily, it may, "ii <\w ncitiir rsc. wiiicli <'mil(l luit liapiicii it I' f(ircii,'ii Mliiii III' war, or hI' tli" iiitilii'il its (lr|iartiiro from tliis rivilr;4i' to tin: foirit^ii ship nf inch eloarncss an! forcp as I'l pour sa ili'l'i'list', 1^11 sniU lis iiiumi: (Irs (l('li';,'U('s lUi |Miaviiir Cos liatiiiu'iits (loLvfiit il ICO fiiii les anno ; ils nut (irnii ■(' qtii' rcfoiniaissi'ut I't in iiuc mivornonieiit il'un Ktat ind' j.i'a- siint ik'S roiiclioiiiiaiivs iniMiii i mrmo la pnissaiioo jmliriuiro, (111 ill! 1,'raili', est nii ajjiciit do 'm (iiiuvcruiMiiciit ct (loivi'iit ('liv link", ('■trniijii-'r an (!ouv(>nKint'm SI! jias.sc. a lour Viord, i.'t I'liciirc issi'c en I'liiitiimo, ot tclli'iin'm .' est ili'vciuic coinnu' uiic riiisim ivssioii ti^fuivc. On (lit (|uo tout I ajiiiarticiit : d'ou la consi'iiuinin' tiiuto jicrsoiinu mu'leoiiipir i|iii 'iisi' passo, sur oc torritoiri;. i'\'<[ re, (lu'oii apiii'Uo co jirivili'uv lo I am induced to cite one or iivcc ma: population sonmisi' mix , jilacec sous la protection ili' ii:t I'c, il est, en outre, nne lortii't'ssi! ue lie cut Ktat, des ollicieis ct uii nctionimires et d'ageiits luilitiiiivj nistanle ; ees navircs resteiil ri'iris , lea juriilictioiis do I'f'tat dans !« cet'Ktal ([ue dcs relations inter- r de paieilles relations. . . . aiieo inililiiiue de I'Ktat aui|iiel il lissaiiee dans I'orilre adniinistnitii iKii'te aux lois et anx aatoriti'.s ilii 1110 de ees rnissances a rautiVj oe ■I rautre jiar batinieiits de I'Etiit. is iiidisin'iisables pour iiiaiiitcnira rard (Irs liatiineiils de ouervp, pmir (•s du droit lies j;ens, leur iiitenlire ' to into,- ~ ," By tho unanimous [J u Z^" 1 V ' ! ^"T^ ^""'^ "' ''" ^'"'^'"^ ^♦»^-- llH' laws ol'tlio pla,r, lau .rrtaiidv i ,i',, ' ,, '"',' •^"^^"■" ^^'"-'^l'""'. '' '^ '"■ei.V'Mer is amci 1. ,o pnidic armed ships ,„' ,. ,.,.i,„ s^;:^ , ;: -::-;;'^,3;:'t ass^ thoir jurisdicti,,,, ..cr t£ then, to tho Court to u; ,i iirin,.!,,),. ,'7r „„| ■ f ■ ' 'eecptiun. . , , Jt «,.,.„,, a IVieadly INnver open IWr tl 2ep in n to'V' ^'"^7'^"?"'' ^''il- -'' 'var entoiin/tii. , n ^ Power I'roni its juri.sdiotion." '^'"" ""^ ^" '"^ fonsiderul as ox.mjit.d l,y tla, cms.i.t of lliat It lias boon ino'(>nioiislv attomntivl i„. n n , „ . ' decision in thisci.so au.^ !•,£,& ChiH'T"^^ ol^ the United States to place etUral Cotu-t has no jui^isdic m om V^ ij'l''^ ieial authority. Ikit ids is ^0 S ot.l Tr'^ ''''"'^ "' '' ""'«er simply of ' ■ plac-es the matt n n .,n ll ^ >r:' h ''''•'V"-l thejudi^nt oneofinteniation.-il ioM 'j, ''" ^ *;! ;' j^ .i""'ll^'>'.l'orts, bo dosed a^^ainst ileterniination. If there be ,,., iiroliibition tie lo ■ ?„ ■ n '•' ""'"''• ''" "■""■'">■ f^'iveu of .such public ships of all l-,iwers with'whoin it Is t p ,1' |i!?' '' ""'""' '? '■'""'''^'■-' ^ "!'-' ''> t^« rem:.... .1. then, while allowed to remain, nude the i^ I, ;;,;';; ''T "'/"^wJ' "'^'' ^'"'''' ""^' ''^ "tint Ml all resiiects d Iferenl is tin. ' "'''iel' S'leh vessel ciiitaini.ij- an cxanpti,,, /■„„, (^ jnLllc^a^':^\ '.".'•'" \''" *'"'"' """'" ^" ''" ''"■'^trued, a,s of husi.itality." •' 'J "" "" ' '"i/" ^^-"l"" ^vhose territory she claims the ligiits No doubt the ell'ect to be oiven to tho oonimis^mn ,^f• „ 1 n • depend on its j.ower to act Is a Go crZS ^h^ V "'"'^'T"^^ endeavoured to make -ood : „anielv tl .it u o ■ ."n • Y f '''"''^"''^ '"''"'^ ^ '"'^'^ '"^^rc itself from the parent State, a, '.;i;' .!,''. ;'' ",'^';^'''''' I>"''t'«>i "^ '^ natioti sej.arates i"e.rnt s^itiis f , • P ' , '"^^ ^™" ^he time of the to the n,.utral, all the rio:ht; wli^^di -it' d-.t ?!''?";'"* f>'/« acquires, in relation llshed nationality. Th.. nra,-t e. , f .ti, L L^''V '' • '' '^'''l'>''^'"t, of an ostab- maritime nation.s concur ciacn no th . ^ZT'TV"' '^''' 1"»'^< ' ''^^ ^^^ and rights of a belligerent. Tl ^c n dss L is f^l ? ^iovernnumt the status fore be taken to have been valit an h v 1 ,1 ^""'^"'H:'"^" ^^^^''' ""'«* there- coimnissions of any recognized Ji.niimont woS'ha™ hT '""^ "^' '^^^^'^^ ^'^ *^« It has, nidced, been contended that, in the Dartienbn- ;'nwfn,.„„ ^e ,^ , , , ing to the Confederate States, tlie eomn issions f tho fv v ?i *l"' ^''''^^', ^'^^"°"- have been respected. After having listeS w hfhe utmos r''T ''"fT ""^''^^ '^°* *« Mr. Evarts, I protest I am at a l7)ss to k , , 1 w .t has beeti bitten and spoken X, U "S^y'^,fS;;!,f "Jf f J ""^'^^ ^-S-age •()vi.iccs, havingan organizlul Governn-u., ^S.n J "'!^"'^*''": '"'^ Commission of mere belligerent. that pn.vinccs,havinganorganimlGovernmentamle^vL r^* f^ recorded in history, could be called nitos tb>' T"^*''*''^''*-^'^^ oou,it.y,theindepilentnationaHy„f^S^USr,Sr^ !" ?'^ = /^'f^ f has not been admitted into the fmtituty ^nat o s bL n "^V°^^>'''S'«1. and which consequently cannot by it. c,)ntnussic; Lxl J^J "'ri ht ^t .'f ^'^^''F'^"/-^ ' ^}^^ one of its vessels of .var if any infraction (,i' the mn, t Ll I , , **o^-"'"Sn .t" seizo i-espect of it. ]3ut what is this „mc S, v Imf ^ T^ • Z ^'''' ^'"'" committed in ^ucy of all the eflbcts it ^n^^i^^l^^ \^ ^"^ ^TZ^ ''l^l ports (v.d. vii, pages 13.1.) | ^I SS^lltS ^he'chtj f Z' ^t '''^^' ^^^^^^^^"^ ^;.d.S.e,Hgerent Power was| A:S.t^S^ ;::!t :^:^^:C^!Z::^^ SwtT"^"" '''''^' aad cn^ic^n, vel^e. of war, aud^cilijill^^ho^L^S^'-i^tll^^^^ bid., pp. 188-191. s. I i. V 152 Tha Florida, Effect of ttUeKCil TioUtion of neutral territory. Uautefeuilte. . . ., • • c ;«vnatm1 wifli tho DrivUc'SOs concodod to ships of war, they may be. vc,»eb .,.ii!l,l m-v,.,Ui.'l.'» I" ''' '^ 'i "l l-ll. » i'-i IVom ...■utn.l l.-.Tit..r.,, 11,, CJrelit Ikitain ou^ht U. have ^'''^''J^ j^'^lj; '^l;;;; ,;,,,,f^.„. is dtod from HautclbuiUe :- lu support ..!• this ar^u.nent the l'>ll^'^^ "^''^^ ^- ,„ ,,^,,i ,,,„„ „, .,« ranu.r du,. 1... Kt.!.: !;l^..t.v., ..St u..e nolatiou .U. <;;:— ^.^i;;^; ^^t ' rV:Jv:;; •..' il^.s,^ a le.ln,it.U. .Vn „„„„•.- soul ill.-i.i...c's, ... -i-U'lHU.' li>'" 'l'":"'V ' , s ., 't .V... .V. 1,.....T la .vstitulini. lnrs,i,.Vll,.s ,.p,..vv. .M.-UH. ,1,. nuv... s, ..1 -s s,,,.i ';;'!;;--,; :^:;,^,,. j;. .iu,i.ii.tio,., n ,„...t .^,ah..,„.„t After whioh the loarued --^^^-^Z^J;^\^^^C^Zl,.o far as"l u.a which, l.ow.ner, app.-ars t.. expres. a n u v ' . /^ aware shared by uo other wnter on x,>t.>r..a. o... Luv • ^ ^^ _,^ ^^ _^^^ v™,.a,,...V.Ja ,.atio„ a la,,,..no ,M a ....do., a .^^ ,, ,1,,.;;,„„, ,„ „,„h. ,,.. .. u„ ,i.,st,. s.,j..t d.. ,...MT.., On - '^.J, ; ^ :*,!,, ,; ,,,, ,,i... .m •in.ne, a,. i,.vj..d,c.. d. ra..tn., et B„..vt..a....U'. d.. s.a. ,..d,.i.e..da.Rr, .' ' ' ^^ _ „0 , , ...aitvu lo RCCM.d devoir d.. k >.e..tr.d.t.. f par co„..:..iu™t de ...a..,,....- d ..apa.uahio, d. '--'"' n.utofeuUle means construetin. It; indeed, by constr.tcUng "•"''-^'•J^^^f ^ ^^ " ^ ^i^^te a hostiU. expedition or arming for the nnnu.d.;)te purpose ot ^ ; .^' [^J ^^^ jjj .^,^^„^,„t, t.. a viohitiou of Sl^U^Urn-ia.— ;;la vllialln !• Story. This distinction is all in.portant. but ai.i.ears to Have been wholly lost ^'^J't " . ., ,, monstrous to assort ,., r ,-2,?S^;.arS: r^;;:^e to^ i-lved in war, for the benetjt of the ''ll'"- If '^-'Vli.a.uiUe before he came to the subject of ships, had t^en ^.^IllJrS^LI^tl.l^t^^^^ territory by acts of hostUity, such as t.. taking of a ship i^W';"!''-!.!!;"!^!'- ,„.„ u. co the h-nirth of saying that the cbndestin.; Ortolan. '\ xu 'A "WW u declaration of war. M. Ortolan di.cu,»» tUo subject with the calm judgment «hic1, dUtinguisk, """■it ■» ,vue Itot hi, reading i, a.ldre.,ed '» «"« ""'^'^ il'l'-i.^llt SLb bcUlgeieu . , , i i „ o„„y tpn-Uoriales d'iin(3 imissu.u'o iii.itn! .. L'illo^alit.^ dcs actes .Hioslilit^ .x..«^^ ;':^fi;;^,i^l ' U.^ d..s naviivs .lo jr„.nv, soit huVU.s Cos lU'iscs ..e so..t ,,as valal.Ios so. ^ ^^ ^ ■^"j! ^ ^ , ,, ^^ ,^,.,,1 i, ,,,,,ie,iv .!.■ 1-s .vstit...,' aiix ruieut ^t.; imr .Ws corsauvH. L est, Ic ' - J^,/ ^^ J, '^ ,^, ,.y„t „.„„,o do.,t le t.-.Titoire a eto v.ole pre.i.iers la-opvi/tatres ; et l.ie.i.e c e^l le •"- . J^;, 'n , ,,,, ,„,,„^,, .I,,,, lui, Ic in-o.ioi[ee,' lui-.aHi.e.ette tv.sUtt.tion s, '^.^'^;,^^' ';,,:,,„! ,,,soli.e .lu'idlo ,misse etre invoquro, ^ " Toutefois la ..ullit,' p,.ndently of any vicdntion of tcrritoiT in the sense of int/^r n . «• • ■ national re a n.ns— hccaiise the vesselw-m ..m.t...wwi .,.„t "^', . -^ ,\. ^^riHC o\ inter- Duty of semng of th<" mnni..i....l I-.u- J (\ll nu ^^*.';' " *l"'Ii'<'d and armed ni .hdiance, or in fraud, for breach of ot tlie mun.cpall.iu ot (ir.'at 1 rilain, d was nie.,nil„.nt on the British ai.tiiorities to ""'nicipal law. r^l^avll will m r^Vi'"""' '\ '^'•'"■^'^I""''- '" this contention then! .« t bcv-Isay t VN'tl. all possdderespect-eons,d,.n,|,l,.conf..si,n, of ideas, and a los... si-lit ot (deinentary I'nne.p <•«. I a,i,ree with M. Stae.npfli that, these vessels havnr. e'n ordered by a^^ents o the Confed.H-ate Government, it is the same tbin^ as tl lotHt t .ey had been ordered by t n.t ( uvern.nent itself; and that there was, "conscauu" v ij respect oi them, a ^ udat.on of tin. nunucipal law of Girat Ih-itain bv the C mfe -^^^^^^ Government itse 1. Hut it is a -reat mistake to snpp„s., that a b.vach of the nun e nn^ ;■ by a b(dli;,'ereitt 1* ower. Th( territorial ri,<,'hts of the lUMitral, because committed character of the offender .Iocs not .d.an:,n« or allect the eharacfr ^n- nuality .d" the oflencc. ^otbm,^ short ot a brea.di of nentrality, aeeonlin,^ to international aw can ieutml'ri^bts ' ' " '"'"'""■' "" "" ^'""^ "^" *'"' "''^^^'•''' '^'^ ^''' ^ ^"'l^tion of his Kow,°the e,,„ipment of the I-Morida in l^n^land for the service of the Confederates constituted no violatn.n ,d neutrality by intenrntional law, the vessel not bavin- hvZ armed or sent out lor the prc-s.-nt ,„irpose of war. ( )n her wav to Nassau sbe^vould have been sub,|.;et to seizure as conlrabaiid of war; but that is* all. In like manner, thoui,'b the anum- ol the vessel at tb., desert island of (Jreen Cav may have b..en strictly speakmi,', a yndat.on of British law, yet, there beint? no present purpose of war, It was no vio ation ot neutral territory within tli,. rul,>s of internatimial law. It wa.s, at the ut.nos, a breach ot the law of Great Britain. And hero the distinction shouh he kept in view to -.Ahich I have already ref.MTcd, and which seems to nie to have aiiosetber been lost si-ht of, namelv, tl.r , breach of the municipal law, thon-h it may be-of a law relatiui? to neutralitv, ,.,es not constitute a breach of neutrality as betwe.Mi nations. That which, if done hv a subject would simply amount to a brea.di of his own law, does not b( a violation of neutralitv because done by a forei-ner. Nor is it the more so because done by a hidli-erent Govenim.Mit, or the ai;.>nt of su.di Government. Let such a Government s.>nd a-ents topiu-ciase ship.s equipped and ready for war, not with any imm(-diate purpose "of usmg them as ships of war on leavini,' port, but that thev'mavhe conveyed to its own country, to be eventually used for war, if such an act is an olfence by local law it will still li<' an otrence a-ainst tlu> loeal law alone. llo\v, then, can it be said that for a violation of municipal law alone a neutral can seize a vessel, in respect of which that law alone has been violated, when it has b.voiuc the property of the Government of another State ? No principle of the law of nations is more firmly settled or universally acknowledged than that an independent Soverei-,m or Government — and, for this purpose, tlH> Government of a State, as yet acdviiowledged only as a belligerent, must be taken to be an indejiendent Governin(>nt— is not amenable to the municipal law of another country. All rights, all obligations, all duties, all liabilities as between Sovereign and Sovereign, State and State, Govenim(>nt and Government' depend wholly and scdely either on express cmivention or on the principles and rules of the common law of nations, llow, tlu>n, in the matter cd" an intraeticm of the municipal law only, could a lUMitral State have recourse, as awiinst a belligerent Government, to the powers wdiieli that law gave it against its omu subjects alone ? But, assuming even that a neutnil State would be entitled to seize a vessel, thoun-h !'j t Ibid., p. 296. " Regies Inturnationales et Diplomatic de la Mer," vol. ii, p. 298. X 2 154 El , •' The Florida, nrmod with a commission from a bcUisorent Power, liy rcamn of somo ofTonro com.niltcd a-iiiust lis ni.utci.litv, iiH ii rc|mrati<)u for a wroii- (lono a-iiinHt its.. I, lu.NV can it possii.lv Im- iissrrtnl iliiit it is mi.lcr any ol.litratiou to do so ^ It, may !><• said ll.al a i.alion 'is hcnnd to i.iaiiitain its .mt. sov.Tci-nty. to viudicato its lionoiir, to maiataiu tin- invinial.ility of its fniterity ; and, morally spcakm- tins may bo tni,-; l,ut, [ ask, wiiat law is th.-ro whidi makes it oMi-atory on it to do tins A Htat(>, ik.- au indivi.luai. mav (miit to insist on its n-I.ts,amon- others on .Isn^dit ot n-paration f„r Nvro...' d(.iu' to h—iinusquhiiue potest rrmntian' juri pro sr vomtitutn I cmmot admit tho ar-.m,rnt that it is l.-ss f.v.. to do so, h..c-aus.> it is to tho intorost of a h.-lii- trcvnt that it should irs.M.t a wrun- hy foiv.-, and so inthct dama-.' on his advorsaiy. To ask for apolc-v or ivparation is on.- thin-; hot to s.-i/.> llu- ship ol ano Wr Stat.- is ,..-ith.-rm..iv nor i.'ss than a step towards war. It isana.-t wlu.-lino pow.;rln Stato woid.l siih.nit t..; whi.-h would l.-adto .v,.risals, in all ,n-..hal.ility to war. It is, th.-ivloiv, .m.- Avhi.-ium pnw(-Hul Stat.- sli.Aild lu. v.- iv.-..nrs.- 1.. as a-ainst a wcMik ono A?am, t .<- nrM. n, St-it.- mav h.. a w.-ak .m.-— tlx- wi-sti.m Avheth.-r a hreacli..! its n.-utril ri-hts shall he r.-s.-ntcd or not is matter lor th.- n.-iitral State to det.-rmiiu-. " CVst h lui ?i imrcr s'il v a eu. on s'il n'y a ])as .ni, v.'-ritahl.-ni.-nt att.-iiit<- port.-.- a sa souv.-rainet.-; s'il .h.it -i sa i.n.i.ro .li-niti- .-t aiix ohli,-at...ns .1 impartialit.- (in. hu iuiimse sa qualit.- d.- n.-utiv, (U- reclamer c.mtrc cctte att.-inte et .U- d.-man.h-r qiu- l.-s ,.o„s.-(iu(-n.-es .-n soi.-nt annuh'-es ou repar.:-es; ou hi.-n s'il veut gardcv k silence i.-t n'elever aiiciine r.'-elamation." ,^ n • . No donht a neutral State may, and in some instauc-es ou-h -as for instanco, m such a tla-'rant .-ase as the captun; of the Flori.la hy th.-Wachiis.-tt ,n thep.n-l o J^alnii -to insist on r.-divss. If the Flori.la had not sunk in tin- .ncinitmie, 1 n./al w.u,]. have ha.l a ri^ht to insist on h.-r h.-in- s.-t at lih.-rty. But what it th.- H.n-ida ha. uot fortunat.-lv sunk, an.l tin- Unit.-.l Stat.-s had refus.-d to Heaschcr on the demand of Brazil '^ Thou-li the Intt.-r mi-ht, if so miud.-d, have mad.- reja-isals, or -on.- to war in vindicati.u. of her ..wu ri-hts, will any on.- say that Hra/il niust n.-c.-ssari y, ami as m-itt.-r of ohii-ation to the C.mfed..ratt- Govornnu-nt, hav.- -on.- to war with tl;.- Unit.-a Sfit.-s- Surelv it is fot a nation whos.- n.-utrality has heen mtnll^•(-d to judije tor its.-lf wlu-th.-r 'it will .)r will n.-t r.-sent it. In s.nno cas.-s, as where the disparity nl force is vcrv i,'reat, it mi^ht not think it politi,- to d.. so. In others, wu-relu- dcn-cc of olienc- is comparativ.dy sli-ht, it mi-ht not h.- thoii-ht worth whil.- to t.jlhm th." matt.n- np. In th(< pres.-nt instance, (ir.-at Britain, liavin- no diplomati.- relations with th.. C.HitV.l..i%ate (i..v<-rnin.-nt, ha.l no ..i.])<)rtunity <)f iTmonstratins. Ihis is an in.-onv.-ni.-n.-.- which n.-c.-ssarily accompanies the ivco-mtion oi h.d i-ercncy without that of sov..rei-ntv, thou-h th.- in.-onvenience is c.Mint.-rhalanccdhy other wcif,'lity coJisiderati.ms. Bein- thus unable to n.m.mstrate. will it he said that Great Britain on-dit t.) have thrown the Avc.ight of her arms into th.. c.mt.-st s■olll^' on hetwcen „■ Confederat.- Stati-s and th.-ir more iiow.-rful oiijioiK-nt, because these vcss.ds ha. mana.'.'d to -et awav from her shor..s ? especially wh.Mi there was very gi^at douh wh.-thcr in n-sriect ^of vess.-ls arm.-d out of British juris.lictum, any ollcnce lia, been committed ai^ainst international law. Would tho world's opinion liavt^ sanctioiiccl such a proceedino-? At all events, would not ,,ublic opinmn have n^prohatcd the sei/ure ..f these vessels as an act of impar.h.nable ,.erlldy, if tncy had been allowed t.) ent.-r British ports without notices a d.-lih.-rate intcnti.m of scizmg them havjng heoii first fiirmed^.^ ^^^_^ c.ont(mtion on th.' part of the United States is entirely an aftertliou^l.t. Durin- th.- whole cours.^ oi the war, amid th.- numerous demands and n-clainatwns ina.h- T.v tlu! Unit.-d States' (Jovcrnment and its l{ep.vsentativ..s, it newr occurred to them, so far as i am aware, 1.. sut-'-est to ller Majesty's (Joveiiimeut to detain these vess<-ls on their ..nt.-rin- British ports. The c.mclusi..u, I hen, at which I arrnr is that oven if Great Britain had a ri-ht hy international law to seize these vessels, she was liol bound to do so, and in common honour could have not done so without giving son f)f somo nffonoo ; (limo against itsolt', :o do so? It nmjlio iM(lirai(i ils lionoiir, to nir, this mav l)i' ti'iii'; lothis? A'Statc, 1ik(> ils rii^ht of n'|)arnfi(in rnnstitulo. I caniint tho inttTCst of a bcUi- aniic on his advrrsaiy. li]) ol' aiiotlici' State, is () ])o\v('ri'iil State would It is, then I'oiv, imi' inc. vVgaiii, tlKMu-iitrnl ■ft'ul one. The neiitviil () he said that, in spite rse to foreil)]!' nieasincs I) (h) so, no matter wliat ht to insist on it? Yet I cannot, for my part, ncntrality of wiiicii is ;iinn, wen^ to Ihul itscll' ;•(• hecaiise a !)ellin'eveiit s Ivnowiedgc. I caniuit ion -wlictlier a hreacli nf ral State to determine, nt atteinte ])ortee a sa < d'impartialitc (|ui hii 't de (h'niander (jiie les cut gtu'dcr U; silence et ^ht — as, for instance, in isett in tlic port of Haliiii meantime, Brazil would •hat if the rh)rida liad 'as(! her on the demand i'e])risals, in- p;onei to w:ir must necessarily, and as to war with th(> United infrini^cd to ,)udi,'(' lor s wlicrc the dis])arity of In others, -vvlicre tlic ■ht worth while to foll(i\v ' no (li])l(miatic relatieiis lonstratins. This is an of Ixdli^crcncy without \nccd hy other Avei^lity said tliat Great Britain it soint; on hctwccn ''ic lause these vesscds had Tc was very great douht liction, any olfcnce had 1 opinion have sanctioned on have reprohatcd tlio hey had heen allowed to I'izing thi>m having hoea i entirely an afterthouijlit. niands and reclamations res, it never occurred to enimeut to detain these ■n, at wltich I arrive, is :o seize these vessels, she t done so without giving excluding neutral pom. 135 iy reaso>;of' i^i n,:;'ha;;; ^t:::!!!;;;! '" '" -" '•"" '"'^■" "•> '■'^'" --^ »'^ ^■'-- «•->-«- — between (i real Hri am an( t W ( •(.iiredcnf.. St .t,.c .....i "."".^ "-ly < " nucsugateu tlH' intlnen,-e of this ,m,tive, il .lee 1 1 Is i ir • i 'li;"''^ T^ '^ '™1<^^- !j.tw.-enn.e.,im.re„tve.Hsl,,.:.WnJ,i:';:ld;::':i;;:;^^ ..,> HdlgaUonrancUhe tv o^'llli;^ iill^t^^:!;''^*- ''- -""^'^ ^''-^ as to any IV- nncstion as to the elle.t of a h,.llii,^.rent commission in the case of a vessel degalb armed m a neutral j.ort ean,e uud.r tlu,. consideration of a Srcnit Cour at the n.le.l States m the case „ the United States .. l'eters,*.-a eat ivMiv' to a uS^^t^^'oi^iiilnsSlSi^ ''' '-'''■ '''•"' -sultVasremar.ahl^^.^S she^"p;::rcey;i;c!r.):^n;f ''i'^' " •'•'*;? '"''''' '^-^-''^ ^^ *'•« «"'-- t^^^e. ca. of u.. , ' ^ pi* '< ' ' tor t\u nt> guns, hut only earned fcnu- guns in hroadsi(h> and two swivels CR.siua. lavmg passed mto flu- omu-rship of one Lemaltre, a I'rcncinnan, she came into 'luladelplua wi h cargo as a ,nerchant-vessel. Lemaitre having admitted o^'er^ of I..S countrymen to jomt ownership, ,t was r.-solved to augment the force of the vessel With a view to her sale to the I ranch Government, then at war with Eng and a a '' 1 Tp. •,",";■'•'"•'' ^T1" ^■"" VroyonU'd hy the United States" Govemmc t ho vcss<«l lett 1' uladelplua m hallast , hut some sixty nules down the river took in mSc 4ns and a cous.derah e nimher o men. There was no .h.nht that what was done amounto to a hrea,.h oi he >.eu rahty Act of l?!)!. One (iuinet, who had taken mrtin armmg t he_ vessel, was md.cted under that Act, found guiltv, and was .sentenced to a years imprisonment and a fine of 100 dollars. "--m lu lo a The vess.d was sold to the French Government and duly commissioned as a vessel of war. Coming agam into I'h.lad.dphia, theyearafter, witlfa prize, m, less than three suits arose ; one uirem lor restitution of the prize ; om. in perJnavi against Davis, Z ohcer m command ct the Cassms, for damages for taking the prize vessel, neither of which are m point ... the present purpose : in the third, a Mr. K.-tland nstitutod a ... to hav,> he vessel dccdarcd forfeit..d. The Act of 179 1 giving half the value o^ del ed vessels to the mfoi-mer,K<.t land filed his information for the forfeiture as it .> technically term(-d qui tam, lor tli.> henellt as well of the Treasurv as himself, on tho ground oi the illegal equipment ol the vessel, the vcar hefore. On ^"l. Adet the French M,.ns .>,s wTiting to complain of this procedure, :Mr. Pickering, tluni Secretary of State nulled that he Executive could not take this case, any mor.> than it could the preceding one relative to tlu; same vessel, from the judiciary; and that the court had decided that n coil d not, m this penal proc(M«ding, accept security for the Cassius in lieu of the vessel hcrsell. lie stated th.« vmciuestioncd fact that, the Cassius was, the year hefore fully equipped and amed in the United States, and that the acts done had heen already decided (in the trial of the United Strifes versus Guinct) to he a violation of their laws of noiiti-ahty ; and h.^ added that the French Minister ought not to he surprised that this matter should hecome a suhject of judicial inquiry, and the effect of the subsequent alleged transfer to the French govcrmnent, a matter of judicial decision. riie United States' Attorney was instructed hy he Government to intervene m these suits, and to sugg(>:,t for the consideratiou of the Com-t, as matter of * Reported in 3 Dallas, 121, and in a note to Dana's edition of Whcaton. reprinted in the United States' I Uocuraents, vol. vu, p. 18. "^ ( , ^;! 156 The Florida. dofoncc, tlic transfer of the vessel to the Preneh Cxovernment, and her having heen com- missioned bv the latter, wliieh he did in th(> lonn of a su-^esiion. In th(> suit in rm a"ain>^t the' vessel, at tlie tenn of llie Court in Ai.ril ITWi, tlie Seeretnry ol State, ^Ir rielcerin-', requested ^l. Adel to I'urnisli the evidenee of the hoim Jidc transler to the rreneh Government, for the use of tlu- United States' Attorney. M. Adet replied, declining to furnish proofs to the iudiciary of a sale and ])ayment, saynit? that Ins relations' were solelv Avith the Exeeutive. He, hoAvever, S'^vo a eertifieato that tlio vessel Avas a Treneh" i)ul)lie ship, duly eommissioncHl, toAvhieh he after^-ards, on request of the Attornev, added the date of her aequirin;;- that cliaraeter. Mr. EaAvle, tlic United States'* Attorney, expressed his fear that this eertiftcate Avould not l)e accented as len-al proof; hut M. Adet deeUned to furnish any other, as liencath tin; dignity of his nation, and informed the S(>eretaiy of State that tlie Prench Governmnit ha^Il ordered liim to ase(>rtain, in confeivnce Avith the Secretary, the reparation for tlic iniuries jind dama-(>s from the proeeedini?s in tlie matter of this vessel ; and tliat lio furnished the eertitieate as a eourtesv to the United States' Government and not fnra cause in Avhich the French Governnient had any further interest. In October term, 179G ihe motion of the United States' Attorney for a dismissal of the proceedm-s emne on for arn-ument. At the heariui?, another question presented itself imder the statute, namelv whether the Circuit Court could take coi;nizance of hiformations for forfeiture iinder'ttic \et of ITOt; and tlie Court di, mis. ■ ' the ]m)ceedini,'s on the ground that such a suit must be instituted in thi^ District Court, and, consequently, that the Cu'ciiit Court had no jurisdiction in the cause. Thus no decision A\as actually given by a Court of LaAV on th(.' important question- hoAV lar tlie commission of a belligerent PoAver Avould be a bar to the seizure of a vessel illcallv equipped or arincnl in the port of a neutral. But, on the otlier Jiand, the inten-ention of the Government, through its chief legal odicer, Avitli a suggestion to the Court in Avhich the suit Avas pi>nding, that such a Commission attbrded a sufficient defence, shows, lievond all possibility of doubt, that the United States' Government coiisid(>red the quP^*'"'^ "« "'"■'^ ^^''"''' '^^ °""'^^ ^" ^^^^ ^^ ^^^'"i"^. "'' ^'"^ belli-'ercnt who had iicquired property in the vessel, and had commissioned it, not- Avithstandin-' that there had l)(>en a flagrant violation of its own neutrality and of its OAvn law- and, Avliat is of still greater importance, that the United States' Government Avould not itself seize, or be ])artv to the seizure and condemnation of a vessel under such circumstances, but, on the contrary, did its best to oppose it. With Avhat pretence of reason or iiistie-c, then, can it be said that Great Britain was bound to do, lor the benefit of the "United States, in the case of the Florida, what th(> American Government not only rcfiiseul to do, but opposed being done, imder precisely the same circumstances r I iiroceed i the consideration of another subject which arises, in the first instance, Avitli rt'siiect to the FLn-ida, but which apjilies equally to the whol(> series of vessels with which we have to deal -namely, Uiat of the entry and stay of belligerent ships of Avar in the ports and waters of a neutral, and of the supplies Avhlch may be there afforded to them. There are certain points on Avliich all Avritcrs arc unanimous, and, as I bad till now imagined, all nations agreed. A Sovereign has atisolute dominion in and over his oAvn ports and waters, lie can permit the entrance into tiiem to the ships of otlier nations, or nd'usc it; h(> can grant it to somi", can deny it tr. otliers; lu> can subject it to such restrictions, conditions, ur n^gulations as he pleases. Ihit, by the universal comity of nations, in the absence ol such restrictions or prohibition, (be ports and Avatcrs of every nation are open to all comers. Sliijis can fr.H>lv eidvr, and freely stay ; can have necessary repairs done; can obtain suiiplies ol everv kind, and in miliinited quantity; and, though their crews, Avhen on shore, aiv subject to the local jurisdiction, ships of Avar are (ionsulered as forming part of the territory of the (;ouutry to Avhieh they belong, and, cnii- Si'quentlv,'as exempt from local jm" diction ; and, save as regards sanitary or other port regnlati()ns, as jiroteeted by the'llag under which they sail from all mterfcroiice ou the part of tl.t- local authority. Such is Ihe state of things Avhilc the world is at peac(>. 13ut if a Avar arises between any two countries, a considerable modification, no doubt, of the rights both m Sovereigns wiio remain m«utral and of tlio.se engaged in the war, imim-diatcly arises. Wiii'-c the neutral Sovereign has the undoubted right of imposing any restrictions or conditions ho pleases, in respect of any of the foregoing particulars, on the ships of Stay of belligerent ships in neutral ports. Supplies of coal there. Power of neutral Sovereign. #, .fijto,. mimous, and, as I had till | 157 equally n,,aLt Itl . On lo t , ]'ul ""T, ''^"^'^ "", ''"^'•' 'T^^^ ™f"r«« them — bdligerent is hound 1,. ivs ,oc' ih" n I, •' iK- f l'"V"'l'^ '''"""'i'^ f "'^t'^^^' ^'^^ attack liis (MUMnv withi , ,,'„ m i - '^ !, l"*™^ "i^^"'"' ''''^ then-lbrc cannot subject, also to res i t i 1 '^o iHM n ""^ ^" ^''r" f ''"'^'^^' "l'<'mtions. lie is crei from the nei 1 p'?, , c " ? f "f ''^'^'^'''''f " ''« ''•™""t' I'^'^'^'iiit !"« him of Imvim,^ iv," ' d ,; '' ;!, 'V' ''"^^''^^"'^ "^ ''^> «,>]K.rtunity alforded vessel; he ca.uiot mch 'e on tlu ^ ! , Z^lr '"'"'" '^'' ""^'^^ '''''' "^ '"« use of it TIics,. ,•,!<(,.;<• , ! '' ^'""ly ^'"n'i or munitions of war for the .u.a,.,»„ti,,„r.,i,,,,,,„i.;!r,l.!;;;;:S;;::\.:;r vpssel;" would limit ren-iir. t . Iw. ,, """''^ 1 " ''"^ "suceessnv supplies to the same Law as asserted lately neees^lyrUn ^ "n ^ :^;f li^ir-'^rV" T.^ ^^^ "^'^^°- '^^ ^"'^' afforded to a vessel tC take Avhat it eils ' nnli ^ • ' ? ^''l "'''^?, t'"" l'"™i«sion performance of the duty of Ilie .uHitril ''''' '"^1'''^' "^ ''"^' =^ ^"^^^^'^'^ ^^ ^he .avef S-S^t'l^SenS^ KS^Ii^rS- '^^li: ^^^" "^ ^^ local sovereign, authority is adduced in MmpoiV ol t ,' 1 Z V n mv 1 V '"i ^""t™"", ^o it. No national law, in speaking, oi' thV "Inei ' 1 ilKrlv of Slli '...o'f ^" 7't' °'' "^^'^- done ortoohtainiuppli;; sp™k;o/;i^u;.;:^:i.t^ local R-uat,ons. The authorities are conclusive to the contrarv ''^'^^^'^nd.ntly of 1 wo leadm^^ authors are express on the point. M. Ortolai/writes thus :- States. iui «t;|(iur inoiueiitiiiR' dcs liiuimciit.s daus 1 I'liiiis tie piiix iju'cu lcmi).s ilu yuurrt;.'' li-'s 1)' rts ut diuis le» Los righn rcliitivcs a l',icc,'..s ct radts I'tiau.m'i's ivsteiit Ics nu'iuus l'U I M. Ilautefcuillc sjiys : — :isV«-' '"" ' " * '^'" --^-^S""K»".r'str;,:ts,!: While restraints may he and often have h,>en imposed hy neutral Sovereigns m rospee ol the entiy of he i^vrent vess.-ls into their pol'ts and wateS of the kSi f tlieir stay, and oi he supplies to hc> allovded them, no one has till no^ ever ™ the I !jg£hlr'"' '''' '' ^"'"^ '''' ''''■' "'■ ''''' "'•"^=»^^"- »f the neutral to make su!:^ I M^^ZZ7:^!~^r!'^ t '""''*r"' states made none such on the occasion of tho id! .' 'f J'V'^ '^ ^' '■ 1','V'''"""' "' l)rivateers, it hein- the apparent (hvsire of 11 rations to put down lor ev,-r tins vvorst and most noxious form of n aritime w- Sre ome impose, a restraint on ships of war hringinj.. pri.es into their poi r::h ,^ X s was conlined to i,r.vateer.s. Spain, l^.anee, IJrazil, and tJreat^Uritain afc te th^ ndc eontaj>.e.l m Her Majesty's Instructions of the ;jlst January, 18(12, of lim ' o fr^ ;; f-r'V'Tu' ^" ^^<'"ty-''"H' lumrs, exeep- in cas^J of necessity JkaU is to H^H ' 1 ?'";^'';!''"^^ ' "'"/ "*■ "'""i'V^' the supply of coal to th^quanti y sullic lent to lake the ship to the nearest, port of her own country. ^ I ilic Govermneut of the Netherlands issued instructions to the Governors of it» :p| 1:1 ; ff ■i t • "Diploirmtie dr la Mor," vol. ii, p. 286. t " Droits ct Devoirs des Nations Neutres," vol. i, p, 347. 158 The Florida. West India Colonics, limiting the stay of li(>lliij;cr(>nt vessels of war to twice twenty-four hours, Imt afterwards did away with such restrictions on the occasion of a complaint made hy the United States. By Aa-ticlc 4 of the present Maritiiui' Regulations of the Netherlands it is providjcl that— "The whips dt' war iif the liclli^vivul iiailics, jivoviili'ii llicy suhniil ti) the international rcfjulatinns .",1' th.'ii' aihuissidn into neutral ports, may remain I'ur an nniiiiiil(ul time in l>nteh harlienrs and tMtnaries' they may also jirnvide themselves witii an miiiniitecl qiianlity of co:-,!. The tioverniuvm, '.Kiwcver, 'reserves tn itself the ri^ht, whenever it is tiidU^lit nin'ossary for the preservation of neutrality, to limit the ilnralion «{' sncli stay to tweMty-fniir luairs." Italy had at the time in question no ret,nilati()ns on the snhject. By the prosont Italian Naval Cetle (chap. 7), whili' it is jirovided tliat "nothini,' shall he furnished to A'cssels of Avar or to hclliii;ereut jii'lvatecrs Ix'youd articles of foe d and commodities, and the actual means of repair necessaiy to lius sustenance of th;nr crews and tlic safctv of their navigation," it is furtluu' provided that "vessels of Avar or helligerent priA'ateers Avishiiii,' U) iiU up their stores of coal, cannot he furnished Avith the same before twenty-four hours after their arrival "- -tliis reijulation being to prevent hostile vessels from leaving togctlicr. Nothing is said as to the "navigation" being to the nearest port, and "stoves" of coal are .spoken of Avithont limitation. Tl is ("videut that this code contemplates uo such restriction. As, then,,tlu" general laAV neither imposes any limit on t lie stay of a belligeroiit vessel in a neutral port, nor any restriction as to (|uaiitity in respect of the artieh's of Avhich it sanctions the supply, no (piestion can arise as to the stay of any Con- federate vessel in a British ])ort, or as to th(! quantity of coal supplied to it, prior to the Queen's Regulations of .lanuary 111 , 1802. After that date, the stay of ludligerent vessels in Jler Majesty's ports having been limited, saA'o under ex'.'cptioual circumstances, to twenty-four hours, and the supply of coal to so much as should be necessary to take tln>ni to their nearest port, and a second supply within a period of three months having been pr()hihit(>(l, it became the duty of Her Majesty's otlicers not to alloAV either of tiicse limits to be exeeedcd ; and it became the duty of belligerents, knoAving that they W(>re admitted into British ports on the condition of complying Avith these regulations, honestly and in good faith to conlbnn to them. "What if tiicre should have beia nt any tini(> an uistance of deviation from the strict tenor of these regulations? The oilici^r fjlfending Avould, of course, he rcsnonsiblc to his superior. Would tlu! (iovernmcnt bo responsible to the other belligerent for any damage done by the vcssi-l ? In the first place, it being the luxloubted rigid- of tlie lo(!al Sovereign to iinpnse such conditions as lie pleases on the entiy of belligerent vessels into his ports, hut tiie regulations being directed to the Sovereigu's own ollicers to Ix^ carri(>d oiit by tliom, and thus forming part of the municipal law of the neutral, Avhat yight docs a belligerent actpiire to insist that the regulation shall be enforced against his enemy? Simply that Avliich arises from tin; duty, always incumbent on the neutral, as being of the very essenc(> t)f neutrality, of enfo'rcing against the one belligerent any rule Avliich lie enfo-ces against the othe'r. If both arc treated alike there can be ao cause of complaint. Again, to constitute an offence against tlui laAV ol neutrality, there must be, as to constitute an oilence against any law, a vialim tinimvs, a mens reit — an intention t.) contravene the law— In^re, tliat of showing umlue lavoiu- to the one belligerent to the disadvantage of the other. When, 11i(>refore, any departure from the letter of a regulation ha.s arisen from mistake, as Avhere a (joveriH)r believed that, because a vessel had suffered from ris major, as from storm and tempest, the case fornu'd an cxceiition to the ridi'; or wiieie he considered that, because lu^ hnd furnished an extni supply to one belligereiil, lie might, under similar circumstances, do tlu' sainc! for another; or, Avhere a mistake might be made as to the precise cpui iti'y of coal necessarj^ to take tlie vessel to the nearest p(n-t — therc^ woidd, as it seems to .ne, he no violation of neutrality for Avhioli, on rational grounds, a nation could lie held responsible. jj,^ .,]} ^^isch eaK(>Hof allcL'tMl ini'nictiou of neutralitVi the true question should he, not whether a vessel has been permitted to stay in a port a l<'w hours more or le'ss than the ])recise time ])reseril)ed, nor whether n lew tons, nnireor less, of coal have been nlhnved tc bo takcu, but whether there has been an honest iutcutiou to cai'ry out the regulations U war to twice twenty-four occasion of a comi)laint I^ctherlands it is providt'd tlic international rcKuliitiHus iniu ill Jiiitvh iiavlHmrs iiiid y ot' ('(iril. TIk! (!iivt'vniii','i\t, the preservation of ncutriility, uibjoct. By the present tliini,' shall he fumisluMl of foe d and commodities, of thnir crews and llic els of Avar or belligerent funrishcd Avith the same being to prevent hostile rarest povt, and " stoves " this code contemplates no the stay of a belligerent L respect of the ariieles of to the stay of any Con- il supplied to it, prior to ijesty's ports having been hours, and the supply of nearest port, and a second t(xi, it became the duty of I exceeded ; and it Ijeeame into British ports on the in good faith to coulbnn bistancc of deviation IVnni iiig woiild, of course, 1)l' responsible to the otlior l()(!al Sovereign to impose ids into his ports, but tlie b(! carried out by tlieni, utral, Avhat xight does a orced against liis enemy? n the neutral, as being of l)elligerent any ride wliieh there can be ao cause of ality, there must be, as to mens rea — an intention U the one belligerent to the >gulation has arisen from beUigereut, lie ther; or, where a mistake to take the vessel to tlie )n of neutrality for wliieii, true question should he, not hours more or l.'ss tiiiin the f coal have been allowed to 1 carry out the regulations 159 ..a, not sh,„v„ l„ thoiwsoh,. ",;,:, ''•-''■"'■"■ 'l'«.'>m»int«l that cs..|,isivc faS t^^::it^^ '-"• '"* » ■■■- '"»- - e^u%i;rS^?fe;* wlH-chthe less favoiuxHl^-dli-™ iini.tt ? 'T'^'^" ^ ^''''^''^' ''* neutraUty, of have a right to complain. AMX'ii^^Vi^'.r"''^'^ T'^r'''^ ^^ ^'™' ^™uld not to >ninute questions of hou.-s of stuv or tons ,? • '^ I ^ v T^ ,''"' P°"^* "^"'^^'' ^^'^ relerenceto Avhat has been eall,,! tiie < L t v F?l ,?^T^n-^' ^^'''^ ^^'"^ ^"^""y ^"th dire, d. Wliether Her Majestv^s v.ndSns ^wf V' \^^}'^^'-^''^ ^'-'^^^^>^ «lwuld be the dUlerent j.orts fah iy an,li.,nsden,l is r^i^tr ,^^ T^ '^ "^*; ^"^"^ Governors in in ol-edieiu-e to those ;e^M,]ati<,„s il si, 1[ CI 1"> icst dcsn-e to discharge tlieir duty tl'-e is no groun,l tbi raying X\h> si p:S?L>'lV'f?^f l '^"'^ ^^'^'^ ^^ ^'^'^^'l Brit^ish ports as IV^oly, „/,ve^.. ,;i ZS y£^J^^ '\ ^^'' '''''' ^°* ^'^^"^'^^l ^^to as tiw. ships of liie Confed(>races 0- „r fi 1 , '•"! "^''"; "^^<-^-^^'i"<^^s as liberally, during the war will be noticed hy-an. by iZfincJtr''' ^]{ ^1"^™^°"^ '^^^^^'^ I "J. in suDslance they really come to notliing. namelyl^JalTl wiiler^ ^^fis '^l^^o'S^'^Z^''^?^'''' ^^ '^°^ V^t forward. Whether coaling as a slup of war, this Ls to make' the .^t ."n '^ , tl. '?'"^ "™ ^" »° '"^ '^' ^''''^''' T"'"/ '°''/ ntoalg ^1 ■ .r;;;.:;:!;;: ;;;:S^a?^;^;:r:;> ff r ''-- r^^ ^r ^ -^ ^'- treaty to a coiieerued-intcnd,Kl to bear. It m n 1 h ■ bs,' ,1 V *"" !l Contrac'ting Parties is ment, hx asscMitins, to the ilule as )• d ,wn . i i ^''^V^ *^^''* ^^''' ^'^^^' Govern- v.r had taken in eoal at U H ^1 , rt "u I 1 1^ 1 ' '7'^""' ^''^^ ''^'"'''■''' ^ ^''^P "^ Hahihty lor all the niischief d, n K ht; s i^^Sr ^ V """ " ^"/^ '' '''' '''''^' ^ States' Covernment had any sucii Jr^,l ' , t . t • T, ''?. \ '"^^'"^^^ ^he United hoen tlie c-ase, it is impossibl to s, n fsc« tl • ,. l",'^' ?,' ^^"^?.' ='-^' ^*' '^"^J' ''^''l the Eritish Governmeit of the ex cSS n, mb, L i'^^ ^^ ''"^ '''T '"^""^"^ "^"^^^l . xitudttl ai)plication they proposed to give to the Eule. the I'^^U "^;S '£"Sc5 'm'r^* "'^^1 'f "'^^^'^ --^-1 ^-itory inviolable hv the lHdli.«\ „ 7, t tl 7?"T'? ^^ torntoryto I. us.-d I.v^ n j,^^ ™^^ ""-'"t^"'! "«t to allow*),is other. ■Tlnsisn..wiu'^lX 7^phh^ arre^uT I'-'V"" "l'*™^'«"'^ "^""^^^ *'- in the following passage :- ''^l''^""'^'' '^' '''S''''^' «1"P^ "t war, than by M. Ortolan, -t;,iu,iTi::'i:!;ar:;;::i!^.;;'::;;;;;i'';;? t::::iii'^:rr rlr ^"^^^ '^'"^ ^'^■""^"' •'^' - '™'^-- '.IW^lion ,.o„,. ,.l,.,.ua ties lu-lli^l^rant ,1^ ""^ .u, erf ""''' T'^ ^'"""■^- ^'^^' •"'- I" i't''<^ de ,|,ii ,|,M r.,, ,s„it. Ainsi il nmnwi.M.r ,,",'■ don niaiiilenir l'nl,senati„n I'l '1- iMviiv. l,..lli.,4a,H., soit do une,T ^t' no -n't V' ™"""'l='^'" -'"'r '"« '^'^"^ "-"t.--, .,^ ""P' 'li'T nprch n.nl ,,u-il no th.vi..niK. ,. i ■, ' "'"'".' '"'''»'>^^ '■"""■'^ 1 un do.s l.olli,^vran« ; pour 1"^ nan,vs ennonns ,„„■' los p,, ,^ i" ^^ ' ^ ' n 1 In, I'T"' '''■^"^"^"" '^« ''"'■'^"i'vs survoiL„t na-(lo!a do la nuT loiTitorialo. ' Uu. 1^' cos no^n^s' '^'^'7I'^7■'^' ^^I'^'iu'ds soront ,,ano„„s ^'M'unonant a do3 pui.ssance.s ennoniioH l\,no ,1 l' u,tre '» ' "'"''"'''"' '' •'^""^' ^""ultanco dos naviros in ti.l';;;dLar;-ini;';!iiSi5ti!r a:s; V"'^ ^^tr'r^r^^ " --^ '^^ --p^^'^i n iiii'aa »»«.,,!;,. a„a.,,,n.-a ,,„k »„i.;>;,:;xi;^ „^i ^'i'^,:?:;";;;: :™; it S'li 160 "■^- Si- ,=?.s.s rj:;Kr.3U'-..'5:a;'.':sS";, S t or befoi^ referred to saying, in addition to the passage cited above :- autnoi Utioic ,,„„;„;;,,.,,,. s„nt .tationiK'us .luus i.i.e h:ne. dans u.i llouve, (m a 1 .^mboiuhur. " Si dfs loivus navalfslii'Uij! ■i.mUs sniit ''','"""'; ■ cKercer Ics droits do la -uciiv, cVuu llouve, d'un litat .outro -l^;-;-'^^];^';^ i'^i^:^ A X"vm navivo boUigoraut n.ouill. ,.„ S-;:!r:.^rEi:uri:ol;r^:^^^^^ j^^'- il:::/ro;^a:::^Tto;;!s;"'S - --^ ^- - ->-- etim tol usa<'o pour des dessoias liostiles nest pas ponms. t <,■,,, vessels boyiaul it. + .^.^lll^'irioit pns povmettrc ,ue sos vadcs ou sos .ne.s tenlt,.viales servent do station. ,u„ brainioiil.-i di-s I'nissancos bolli>.;''.-antcs rubstention absolne de tout mU: r'"'^ '^'^'''■^Tv^^:^:^:::^:::^:^:;^ oS i^.isr;ou,.;;Lv io^atta„uer ho,. ,. Hun,. :inr;;;ndi;tt';;:^:uru::td:nK.n.^dolondn do cruiser da., les eanx reservoes pour arr.vov «. memelnit.!^ So i'istove and Duverdy :— ,, ,,• , , ■ I 1 lli.V.r Hits no doivent ni par eux-mou.es ni par leurs oorsanfs, sY'tabhr dans les nuis „.,,..J''; ;r":^;o;£r lV,:!:^:":i -ul ^ourir sns. us ne doivent non plus rester en cro.s.re dans 1. I'rs n.'.ulros, pour saisir lonnonu a sa sortie des ports neutros. |1 X.mo ol' ll.e instances thus given have the remotest reference' to the case of a yossol .vhieh whili cmi;;;;5 against an enemy's sltips, pttts into a port and, aUer ohtannn, '^'''"S':^:S^X'^^^^ '-SS .hethev a ship merely putting in^. a pm ^I;;S S t td!l Vclk' Shig it as " a base of operations," he wotdd certatnly laugh at the simplicity of tlie (piestiou. Tl.nt tlte United States arc putting this construction on the term tor the first time But, in truth, such a construction is altogether unwarranted. * " DipUimatio do la Mor," vol. i, |). 291. d above : — IS uu llouvo, (lu a rumlioueliure :erecr les ilrnils (k' la jjucnv, iiavivt! licUigorant nicmilli' mi 11 ln'tiinout (lui sn triuivi' fii 1 (|iU! I'diililoi (le 111 toivc u'ail tat (le I'usage de ce turritniiv : tor a huUi.m'veiit sliip to takt' or to send her boats to caijluru , ■(■ialcs sei-vent de stations mix stonUou alisfiluo du tout iiili; EOS actus. Ainsi uiio llotic uii do ti'vriloire, s'rlabliv siiv uu do ^'uenv, suit iiiarcluiiuU, d<' ;v les attai|Uor liors li's liiiiiics iiix rO.iorvoL's pour iirrivuv I'li vsaivi's, s'otalilir dans les iiU'i-; lus rester en croisiero dims ks rcncv to the case of a vpsscl , port aud, alter obtaiuini; merely puttinir into a port lar warlike expedition, l)ut ell port, for the next three " be would certainly laugh tbo term for tbe first time r • unless, indeed, they are itrality on tbeir own part. isli ports of tbe amount of these vessels received over made by the United States Lbe purs'uit and capture of ■ss tban 4,000 tons was had • sbips. juma, is a striking insiani-e, tbert! took in lOO tons (all ok in 1,000 tons ; she then Lruction put by the I'nited Drreet, in every one of these ion of tbe second aud third uotber ibr Great Britain ? anied. V I'lufessor Abiiy, p. 326. 161 y^^^^rSrS^R^S^,^^:::^^^ ^^tanee occurs in this inquiry of a asyhun is not subject, as is K M^ f ? ' " v ^^' ? '"""y' "'"^ ^'"^ '■•"-''^ "* "'^val of di«armin^- or dismantlin^l etssd ^ , !l"'^'''^ ^"''""/"^ '""'1' *" •'•">' '""Hl'-f"" refu-e from an oncnnv to a^LuvoLm- I l.'"" P'''>P"-^«1 ^" ^''bject a a'cssH scckin- admitted that no preei^^t u fbrto mul " b' " ,'• "'""P S""' "'^ '->'•' '"^^ ^ have repudiated such a notion. "'''' "^ ^^"''=' ""^^^ ""^^ subsequent writers M. Hautefeuiae for instance say.s :— "I/', droit d'asilon)iiritiniP(lifn'TiM"s tro„p,..s on lenii... nvHruJ-i T ^^''''^" Ihhi .ranirainsi .pio j,. vions remettre .lo l,.,„.s fa.i.uos. do'soin " r,' i li ' ''"^ wros, l.ur ,|onnor„it !,■ t',,,,! ,lo s'e n^tourner snr lo tlioatre des op.n.tiiais ni 1 ,";':, t ^Z T'''' '"'"' l'">'»-t>-it His„i„. do a ous ^s devoirs do son Ktii," L'asilo nmH ,0 , w ' "' " "'•' ''"''""' '"■""" ' '' "'^""luerait memo dans 1,^ po,,s. los liAtmients des iu-lli.. " uts ' ^ u ^.i n ''' 'rT'''":'''"'^ I''s rades IblnnH tcmpete, par lo n,an,,uo de vivres on par to,, ! a . ,. , 'I «'»t volontairo o„ n,Ve..siteo j.ar la ya.9seiu,x adnn-s pouvont n-'beter les viUs S 1 n ra ; o ''' '""•' '" '"""■■'"''^' ''^' ''•■'""■mi. Les les amdonts ,lo n,er, soit par ], „„„„„, JZ 1^^^^^:^^' T!"""' ^'" "^"'''"^ '^'i^^'^' «"'* P'"' troupes do terro."* ''''"■ '''" '-""-'•'Iti'-ut, .soiiniis an desarmement commo le.s M. Calvo in his recently p.tldislted work on « International Law " says - "Tons les auteurs sont (I'aceoi-d siir 1, dill',. „ r 1 . - •" .i-i'H>, hajs. — navales et celui ipii lest anx troupes d- tem Fn elll.' I ' ''' • ' '''"''''' '"''"' ''"^"'' "'•'■'^■■'''' "'•■^ f'"'''es les frontieres d'une nation nentro cello-ei doira,,tl?^'-'''''"'''''v''' ''"'''""'-'" ''^''■""'^^ '"■"^ possible du theatre des iiostilif^s. Los nien^^ u" t' J" r'"'";'' ^ '■''^••■"'■■. ^^ IVloiKue. le plus des .avn-es ,p,i ontrent, dans les ports, ot H-^iu :r,ud^ ' li: i^tir'nM-'"", ^'"''''''''''''^ '' '"'^i"^'' 8,ippiovisionner, a so i/.paror, ot k lUii'o so .'uer loui^ .' v aiitorise, an eoutraiie, a pniirvu a leurs l,e.soins."f " "-' '^"" '''^^■^'■■-'' '^'"'l ■' lenieUre en nier des (pi'ils ont 3[. llautefeuille {jives what seomQ in mn +r. i,„ ii j. Gallant and Azuni bad aserS it tTtbe n^Hls ^- '"i "V • -™"?'^ "^" ^'"^ ^''"^Hnction. the seas. " ^" ^^"^ P"'^' ^° ^^^'"^''^ «l"I>s "id men are exposed on M. llautefeuille says : — " II y a done i\ cetto ilifli'ivneo imniensn nnn o„^,. , „ i-i qu'elle est tout entiero dans la Huailu' ™ aiZ . u t~t ''u ^1 "'"'" '° 'T'"^'^'""'" '' "-« l«ys; pour tout ee ,,ni eo.icerne son u'ouvernoiu ', t , W , 1 . 'f """ ''""'" ''^' '«"'''to»'" ^''' «''» tiou .le son Souverain. Or, il estevi.knt Mu^n , I ! ' U ;., .™™f ' ''?'*f"'''''^ 1'''"=^ *'"^ ''' •1'"^'""- meiit mterieur du vais.soau. cV.st fabv „„ oto de rMirio,,'"*^ '',""',''''■'" ^'''"'^ le^ouverne- drait ,le le faiiv. II pout ivI'iisiT l'asilo ■ il 'm t l' ii d ' ''' 'f"'""" ' '*' .^ '''"'=" '"■""■'■ "'" l'^'^ le «..trietions. S'il veut reniplir les devo r d , li h ..u ^ r T-r"' T'"""'"^ .-ditions. luie des menacer, il ie rec^oit ^ ' ,^ f tp !" ^T'^ /*:;' ^v ''"^"^^ term can only hav,> r(.fe .,,, e to nn.nitio of w - U- "1 Le Treaty. Ti... a-s powder, shot, shell, and the m^ZZ^^H^ iias ?^^"T' '"'^ '■"V''''^ ^''''^'' ever cnbu-tained a doubt-as to the perfect Mv T^^^^■^.i"Tt~'"' ''"" '''"^^ whatever was necessa.y to it lor the ,. > pose V .-w''' t:' ° V Wiu, taken iu a ,reat tneasure, the ,^L I, uJs d s; Is^^hc'ame'S-"'' "" ocourse apply to them. It was upon this prineipic that the 4eJt ;/ Z, "* Irance, Jlolland, 8|d in ailowino' coal t . le "s, m.li i t P "'■; .'"V vessels; it was on this principle that so abundant as m - t.. T . • ,^':".'7''''-ife to vessels of the United States. 'i^^'i'l^H't a supply m as allorded m British ports In the result then it seems to me beyond all doubt that no question c,„^ arise R The Florida. ■gilt of asylum. 'ipply of coal. 1 "r'n" "•1''t' '!^'°''-' ''[P'^T" '*" N*''""' Neutres," vol. i, p. 307. t " Le Droit Internationa!," vol. il, p. 420. t " Droits et Devoirs des Nations Neutres," vol. i p. 309. Y 2 HV4^ li 1 '. 1 The Florida. At Na:!«iau. m t \ ■"^liii* 162 as to the stay of l)olli£ccrcTit ships in British ports prior to tho issiiins of tho ro-ula- L s o 31 ?^f Januai-v, 18(52, or as to tl.o e had entered, hich her Commander desired." Whitmg to Jlr. Seward, of tho 2Cth, Ik^ in a lliiv but ended hv -ivL ^ her ,;11 the hospimii In an intcn'.perate letter from Cons- says : — «.Si.--i have l!... lu.nr.ur to iui„vn. voa of the „nnal at this port. this innrniup, of the Confederal,. steamer Flor. late U,e ,...,., :1 Oreto, in eonnna.ul of one Matlit.nnee a heulenm.t in the TJmte.l S a ,. mvv This ate .ship entered this port uilhnut any restrictions, w,tl. the >eeess:on ens.^n, al ll„. eak'and e S eessinn var ,H.nnant at 'the n.ain.and anchored ahreast „MIerMa,,estv s ship 1 arrae.un,, Mit and his otlieers landing' in the ;iarrison IkuH, escorted hy the hort Adjntant, hieiitcn.nt '^■'"^:^^:;*^;£j^SJS.c::£/'::f"--to me 1.,.. victoria Hot^d .. hreaKhist .vith U. Confederate^ ".ents here, and they were reccivd with nuad> entlnisiasm hy the Secession sy.Mi,atl,u..,s Sd a Hdayof Seeesii.M hiintin. The pirate ship, soon after ai,chorin>^ eoninience.l coali,,,, ,v r n ss n o^the Govern-r; an evUlcnce of the perfect neutrality which exists here, where t u, I iiu,. K-' earner Dacotah, W.v. a few months since, was .ndy permitted t,> take „n hoard twenty tons , cot from ^ Anerican ha..,ue oif H.^j; Island, and then only on t'aptain McKinstry aiul n,vs..lt Plei-in ' cairselves, in ,rnli,',, 'that within ten days after leaving this port .she would not l,e cruizii,;, withni live miles of any islan.' of the liahama Government. " Pretty neutrality tliis, 1 must say." , » • • " J,onw/'v 27, 18r..'5.-Tho pirate ship instill at anchor having exceeded her time of lyin^' neutral tOan.'s worked dl night takii.i; in her coal, and she is ordered to sea liis forenoon Stime. liowever,';ny despatches have most likely reached some ot our war vessels, and 1 trust 711'iv he aide to caT)ture this formidahle pirate. i n i ^ ' At oon the pirate .'"t under way and stood out of the liarhonr, hu cont.mied all «% coast,,, uu and down the H .<' Ishu.d shore, within two miles of the land Iwen y ol her men lett here, ai,.! otCs^mVshipped "in their place. From one of the deserters I gleaned the lollowmg mloriiu.,,,,,,, ''^'■'"The Oreto left Mohile, .Tannarv ir.th, under eonnnand of Maffit; touchc.l at Havana, where sli. lav twei tv-1 u ■ hours : thence sailcd'for Xa.ssau, where she lay th.rty-six hours and took on hoard c. She 1ms .sbc 32-i.ounders, two H-inch piv<,t guns, two brass 12-pounders, ample stores, anmiumtioii, ai,a OHO hundred aud thirty men."t I do not sec why it should bo stated in the Case that the Florida remained iu the port of Nassau thirty-six hours, when Mr. Whitinjj's letter states that si. arrived on the mornins of the 2(;th and left at noon on the 27th. In ponit ol lac slic r(>niaincd twenty-six hours. It behoves those who make accusations to use du. dilitrence " to secure accuracy hi their facts. ,,,.,.., i, i It is to be re<'rett -d that it should be asserted that this steamer was allowiHl to take in coal for"t! >■ months, when the other lacts .stated in the Case show this to have been impossible is dilficult to suppose that the Consul should not have lion. ware of the circum^ta. , :.. under which Captain Maffit, the Commander o he Honda. iiTleen bm 'tor. ..vo in the garrison boat. It is to be regretted that his statenum on this subicct '....■' '.ave been repeated in the Case of tho United States, ac mpaiin'd by the olfensiA '.aark that " tiie Governor wach ;< feint of iindii.f;' fault with t le nind- in which tho vo',.. i ; ad entered, but eiuled by giving' her all the hospitality w hudi 1. Commander ren.ur,., •■-especially after the full .>xplanation afU.r for Uie Ccihmic. wlii(!ir was in duo c^-' communicated to the Government at Washington. It k Pane 350. f United Sutes' Documents, vol. vi, p, !?33. tlio issiiinc; of flio rop;u]a- il Kupplird to tlu'tn bd'oiv li; iiiul tlmt, sul)S('((ii(M\tly woi'o lioiifslly iuul I'liii'ly 1 ivow proceed to addnss Florida arrived at Nassnu ates* that " Iter entry inl(i Ml;" that the visit histcd exceeded largely what ^^;l^ " l,y the permission ol' tlic lonths." "She entered till, anded in the jjjarrison hoat, !nd W(>st India Keginient." n Avhieli she had entered, mder desired." '. Seward, of the 2Gtli, lie this morning, of tliu Confeilciiiii' lii'iitonautin tlu' Unitoil Stair-' til till'. Secession ensi^,'!! at tin' if Her Jliiji'sly's shi]i liiiiTaciiiiiu, the Kort Acijulaiit, Lieuleiiaiit Hotel to breakfast witli tin. 1 liy the Seeession synijialliizers jliorin.i;, eonimenei'd eoaliiij;, liy eh exists here, where the I'liite.l o lake on board twenty tdiis nf I'ajitain ]\IeKiiistry and niys.lf , port sho woukl not be cnii/iii;^ exceeded her time of lyin^' in ;i rdered to sea this forenoon. I'.y o\n- war vessels, and 1 trust liny r, lint continued all day coasting 'weuty of lier men left Jiere, ami caned the foUowin>,' infnrniatioii, :, ; touched at Havana, where slie six hours nnd took on board cmil. I's, amjilo stores, ammunition, iiml that the Florida remained tini^'s letter states that slio ; 27th. In point of fact slic ;e accusations to use "duo it this steamer was allowed ted in the Case show this to !onsul should not have been c Commander of the Florida, i regretted that his statement 11 United Sttites, aceonipaiiieil f iuidini-' fault with the niodo all the iiospitality whieli lier lation atforded l)y Governer ary of State for the Colonies, it at Washington. It is tlie 163 Comn.t.nd.M- htid, iu Jjk,. n.-, ,,um ,,- ir , . T" ."'^'"'"^ I'ePnission ; that h-.r the entry iuul 1. HM/ili. ;;,''. '"'f' ?.V^''"';'^ ? <'"" .^'''"•'■->" '««it; and tht.t e harlLu. Ibr rept! s T w due";; T li •?' .^'''' ^'''l' "'^^ ''^ estion I think it right (o <■ 11 " S onVt ! ^""'V'"' ^"''^' *''"^ ^l''"'! "^ elf. ^ .itttutiou to the corrosix.ndc.iee, which will .speak for th( the (pies itself. Lord?^;;, Ivu;:;^;;;;!: .7,l:?;;;;;.ir\,';x^^ *« <•- -^^^^ '' 'r' ^^■"-' -'^ j- of the 11th of Marel, 18(W, n^.u'-s as l!dbws !^ '"" ''^Pl^'-^^t^"^' ^^'^ l^^"^'''- "^ ^^ hotter ■MvLord, „,, ' ,^ "I have the lionour to a..know]ed.-e v,, nv'T^TT? ■ ,'"'' '^'T'^''' ^'''''''''"•'' ^^'''•'■''. 11. "ISC.S. UnitedS,alesM^.,s,datti,is,K.rt , Kew 1 t ' s"'" ''"''f '' ""■''""'- " ''""•I''""'' '■'•'"" t''« '"^"t'.i;;;rrbe.:';i:;:vrt''"V;"';f''-'-^ arrived in ou/ havliom., hiivin, si^Z^t^vuTi:^"^^^^'''-^'' r'"'^''^ '" ^'"^ ^l™''''"' S''" of .bmuaiy. I was nr,t awa,; „l' i 1 ,S or ,'.1,11':, " v\"'"'' 'f^ ,"' '''" """"i".'^' "^ ^'"^ -^"th (1 tliitik in company with the Fort Adju.a t) t ex,,hin l,.,; ^'"' '"""' ^''l^^''"' ^^^""'' ''"""l rcininn^' that ,,erniissinn should be for, mliy ■ ske 1 b • i ■ m " 'T '"",'"',"" "'' ■"■>' ''■■"'•l'""«ti"» tu-o belli,,rerents ,.nnld enter the harbo, d 1 , of ! ' """-."'-«•'>• ''^'lon-inj,- to either of the letter fron. him, of wiiich I trans, dt ur .M^L':.''",' ''"' 1", V^ "''•"'^ '""" ' '•''^'•'^^•-1 '^ endorsed on it bv mvself before 1 sent it to t e ( ,', 1 '7' ?"^ '"t\ ""' '■""'>' "'' ^"'^ Memorandum about twenty-six iionrs, duri,.^- wl,i,.l, time I iK^itl. e, snoteT,',' n '?'' '•'' I "''','? '■'''"=i"'«' "• l'."'l>our "So far from any advant ^r.. bavin./ e, n ■ 1, n 1 n "7 S'!' "" ^^f"""- States- vessels, she did not re<.e^ve ja vOe'^^ .; , , '^,':'r';''' ''^'''^ "'"^-''t accorded to United hoat Stars and Stripes. That ve.sel e .n ,i ' , ""'■■"'.'"'■'•' ' ■^''■"'t'''' t" tl'L' United States' gun- she had eon.e in).' Her Conu^a e ' ' alTu^'lr^:::' r^'TT ^'"''^ ^"' "^'^^■•' '^ ^ft^ ^f riet- ^.ir--' ■■' "-• "■ ' ---"s^Kti^^^^ pe..\s.;ii:i7.£s^;,::;,Si£ " 1 have, &c. I^Jtt^rder to ohtain a ^;:i^t^:l^^]£lSi;Z'::: 1^ Z ..Jw^t\^IZ'^'^:Z,'r:^^^^ -^-"'"r t'- ronlederate steamer tho to male tbirrc.uest should be ^Ih^tl^lC d t , ' t' ■dj^oti ^ "e ^'r.'T"'?'^' !" •'"^''^^•"'S Fka'i.ia without my permission.'t ' '^•^1^^'"" '"''^' ''« "J'l'itted the of.%^t^r535:^3l:i:: ^ ><^«- to the Secretary of state tor the Colonies. of the pertimicity with winch Feiil^'v^ 'S^ut\l t i;:;^:!:';';^ '":, ' f'V'''^ "^ consec.uence cnaling, but reallv with the object of w-atchin. the -m a , 1 , ,'H ''•".■'',"•»• "" iwteuce of sup,.osed to be f,vi,l,ted with iaiMoes I ' sl hi 1 "" Jl^ir I'? '"""'T'; !"-^'';^»'t-vossels, tlie harbour would have become a u.ere c"m v ie Je f^^,^ .^^^^^ , i ""^■'' I'-'ohdation been i.s.sued, iatercept British shipping At.d th'it sud. c n i i > ^i \l ^^^^^^^>^^^ ''""""'" '" "'"' ""^ to I'V a proper feeling of com-tesy ui „ ,n hv d. A ""'^^^ " •",''■''"/■■ 'l^ ""I"''^^' "■^■'■« tempered lh.m'tlJ Anzerica^. t^onsul oif the si il e t t, '; "tar the'i" S/ " "-"!"1-'^-"'" ''"-'« of my replies endorsed upon tli..m by mys..lf oi-«a.,tlio L. Ciiyler, and the memoranda Fede;;i*;:.?c::n;e :;;.;a;;:''m;i:;;^i:r La'rri-ri:;r;:;;trt;:r:'^'^^ i" :" r^^f^^^ ^^■'^" misrepresented by so hot-heated a pa.'ti/a as tl V V e i p! i i '"w •"■^ ''"",'''' '"'^■" ^^^'^'^ innusconstruetha, is well illustraL^ ",",!, ''',;" UealS^Sh^^s V'^'T'^^ lane Ihave appear..,! to a,s.sume an unfriendlv ,.r inhospitable mien tie', i".;^^ ' • "'^ .d de^mled by my desire to maintain the security oi' a British lisl^J^.d ti.e WglJlf ^i^ft;;^!! The Florid*. At Nassau. luments, vcl. vi, p, '{33. British Appendix, vol. I, p. 77 t Ibid., p. 78. i Ibid., p. 79. The Florida. At Nassnii. ■ i 164 It is not worth while to set out the inclosuros, with the exception of the letter of Li.nitcn!u.t Williams, the Tort Adjutant, wliich is of importance, and is m these terms : — „ j_,. . " A^nxmu, Nnr Prnvidniir, April 1^0, lS(i;!. ' "'•• In answer t.> your l.'tt.T of yestevday, rwiUDsUn- luc to stato, for tlie iur,ai,iation .if IiIh Kxicl- loiun- IW (;.,vc..u.>r, wl.i.ll,t.r Captain Mallil, ,.f tho ('unlVdemte States steanuT Horula, ....... asl.o.v „, " ;.arrison boat, I W'^A t" "l-'vv. that, i„ th. .uiddl,. .,1' last year, 1 nHT.UMl .nstnul.ons nna ,h Fx.Tllenrv tlirnu.'h the Colonial S,-oivtavy, tliat wtu^n I hoarded any shi)) ol war l,elun-in- to eihr, hilli.-erent' I was^to l,an,l to the eaptain ot sueh ves.sel a eoj.y of the Froelanmt.on rej,Mram^M.entralMy, and To i.oint out the elause forl.iddiii- belligerent vessels to anelior in the port or roa^lstead ot ]Sassau Avithou havin- previously ohtaine.l the (lovernor's purn.issiou, a.ldni- ut the same tune iha . eireuia- stauces pernduin>z, his Ekcelleucy wcadd always he n.ost hnppy to extend the hospUalUy ot the p(al t„ ™'''^^^u"hl4' vessel wliieh T had oeeasion to visit after the receipt of the above instrurtions was ll„. Fe^leral .Min-boat Stars au.l Strip-s, 1 pointed out to the Captain the re,|u.ren|ents ol th.' I roelama- tiou hut^he said that. ' .nvin- to certain injuri.'s received hy his jnaehinery and the rme^hness oi „. weaiher.he nn.st anchor at once, or his ship ^vouhl f;o on shore,' 1 iheretore su.u^'estea to uni !.,■ propriety of c.ndni,' ashore ^vith nu-.and ],roce.Mliuj,' to (lovernn.ent House to explan. personally to ,,s Excellency the necessities of his position, lie landed m the, -arrison boat, and went wuh me to tl„. Governor^^^^^^ ^i,,,^ .,fi,,,, ,ins the Coiifi'd.'rate States' steamer I'lorida ran into the port at daybreak, ai„l cast an'eh'or before 1 was able to board her. I j^-ave a copy of the I'roclaniation to Captain Matht, w b„ stated his entire i^Miorance of any such restrictions, and express.Ml his re,i,'ret i,.r havinj- unwit,,,. v violated the re-ulalions of llic jiort, and also asked mo what course ho had better tol ow. I MM him that he had better come ashore in my boat, and f,'o with me to the (.overiior, ex]ilain inaU,.rs, and obtain Die necessary permission to remain. He therefore, like the Captain ol the Stars and Strip.s, landed in the (Government b,«t, and proceeded with me to his Kxcellency the (■overnor " Trusting that his Excenencv will consider the above exidaimtion sutiicieut lor tlie jairpose t.,r which he may^rcnirc it, 1 have, &c. ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^_^^^^^^^^^ "Liiiilcnniit, '2nd IVrsl JiuUini Jouiiiunt, Fort Adjulant."* Tlie ''Viloraal must juds^o for itself how far, after tlieso explanations, which wore cominunicateci to the United" States' Government, and llio lact tiiat precisely th(> same circumstances had previously occurred with a Federal vessel— unless, mdeed,_ the word of -i British Governor or of a British officer is to he discredited or set aside by an offensive sneer— the colour attempted to he ^iv( n to this transaction in the Case ot the United States is just or rii^ht. I pass on to what is of greater relevancy to tlu; present innuirv, namelv, the quantity of coal taken hy the Florida on this occasion. It is stated in the American Casef that the Florida at the time in question " received a three month's supply." A moment's reflection would have sulBced to satisfy those who make this viv'a assertion that, upon their own data, it must necessarily he incorrect The only evidence adduced in siipjxirt of it is a loose statement from the "Liverpool Journal of' Commerce " of the 27th February, 1803, in which, after saym? that the Florida had an-ived at Nassau on the 3()th .lanuary (instead of the 2Gth), it is snid l)v some one writini;; on this side of the Atlantic, that she left on the eyenln,^' of the Slit (instead of the '27th) " fnlly supplied," it is not said with what, " for a three months' cruisc."t To which must he ad(U>d a passage from an anonymous .loiiriKil afterwards found on hoard the Florida, in which it is said, under the date of January 20, " AVc took on hoard coal and provisions to last us several months." § But ^vheu wo come to th(> only evidence Avorthv of a moment's consideration, namely, the dc^iiosition furnished to Sir. Whitini,' hv John Demeritt, who assisted to put the coal on hoard, the quantity is reduced to 180 tons. " I suppose," lie says, " she had on hoard over 180 tons that we put there ; she did not have less than that quantity." || Yet «>vcn this must have been an (>xai,'geratioii. According,' to the report of the British officers, wliu afterwards smneyed the Florida at Bermuda in June IHiVl, and which will Ijc set out hereafter, her capacity for carvyin-,' coal was limited to I'M tons, Demeritt, it is true, say.s, " we placed some on deck, and in every pliice thtit would hold it; '" h.,' a vessel of Avar 'would not he likely to encimd)er her decks Avitli very much con' f r in such a vessel would there he 'many places in which coal could ho stowc(,, except those expressly appropriated to tlie purpose. Ilcar-Adnui-al Wilkes, writing to Governor Walker' at Barbados on the Gth of March following, says that the Florida litul "obtained a full supply (100 tons) at Nassau -."IT but gives no other authority than the public prints. But even if Demeritt's statement as to the qua- hty having been • British Appendix, vol. i, pp. 70, 80. X United States' Documents, vol. vi, p, .334. II Ibid., p. 336. t Pages 351, 352. § Ibid., p. 333. 5[ British Appendix, vol. i, p. 93 •Ml- ccoption of tlio letter of •tauce, and is in these ^rnriilnirc, April ;?0, ISfil!. J iuroiiiiiitidii (if liiM Kxccl- muT Floridii, camo iislioic in ceivcd inslnu'limiH fi'oiii \\U 1 s|iitiilily ct' tliL' \m\ i, > abov(> instruct imi'^, was llic iHiirciiii'iits 111' tlic I'niclaMiii- IV, ami tli(! V(ini.'liii('ss of tin- rct'olV SULIJicstt'll til liitii tllr to oxiilain pcrsunally tn liis lat, and went with iiui to 111.' iitn tin' ])(irt, at daybreak, aiiil aticm t(i Cajitain Mallit, \\h> jrivt lor having; unwittiiidv ; had lictti-r follow. 1 t.iM ic (iiivcrnor, explain matters, tain of the Stars and Stripes, the (lovernor. iHieienl for the purjKi.se fur r.T.TA.MS, Joi/iniint, Fort Adjutant."* explanations, ■\vliicli were i tliat precisely the same -unless, indeed, the word [lited or set aside by an action in the Case of tlio relevancy to the presetif this occasion, it the tiiTie in question Avould have siilliced to data, it must necessarily loose statement from tlic 3, in which, after sayiiii,' nstead of the 20th), it is [; left on the evening ut I with what, " for a tln'ct; . an anonymous jf)iirnal n* the date of Jaiuiary 20, aonths."§ But when we \, namely, the deposition put the coal on hoard, ' site had on hoard over antity."|| Yet even tliis the Eritish ofTicers, who nd Avhich Avill he set out ns. Demcritt, it is true, hold it;" Iv,/ a ves.scl of uich coa' II r in such a he stowcf,, except those ces, writing to (Jovernor 's that the Florida had no other authority than lie qua' h'ty having been 352. 3. pendix, vol. i, p. 93 165 180 tons could be taken as true, it would fail to bear out the assertion of i three months supply. For it is stated in the United States' Casc^ Jb t tlu> FiS "_ gen..ral]y saded und.M- canvas, and that, wlum usi„^. siea.n in ' nn r t -u d caZre wS b^r^-m , '^.;t .i. ':;;:'; f^u^tZbfe';^ ''"•^ t'^i^"^ """"^'^^^^'^ Dem.M-itt's stateuKMit she actually to;k1n^^ '^""'''' ^'"^ a'»"i'»t Mlu,.h according to ibiio^ti thJ'An:;:£!n c^ti!:";-!""''"" "' "" ""^^'"" '^ ^" '^^ ^""^'^ - -1-* • Til ,,..... :\i;jtiLt,K^;^Sr;;,-,;;rir;:'.S;,£;ivili!::»:.rs,,^^ 11 (viiiiiiianil (if till! I'niteil Slates' S(iiia(liiiii1'n HiirAV.','.', i',!'i;' . ,. ,, faet (If the "lorida liaviie^ h„( a fc.J , vs' e^^^ , |. '"'""' '"'"'" ^" '"'^ 'inii,enl, Ihns :_• Tho whicl, is the only island at w , , ' ^ l'^: , 'anv'eod' " " '"' r ^ T'V I''- ;\'-'^i'-l"e. cut oil; under the rules ol H,.r >L,i(:st -'s Vi verm i^^^^^^^ "r supp les, the En^^hsh islands heing possiliility, unless by ehieanerv or fa, o e f u'e 1^ "^^ ''r''*t ^^ '"'''^l ,'"■!"■','"''" ^'"^ hopes were destined to disappointineii On 1, '• t, , V ' r'"'",''^ "'r''"' ^^'''""■''' "^'^^'^ deWh, the Florida had 1,.'( i in t u a.rl 1 r IW , ^l n"?;?" ^'">T ^*1'"V ^'"^ ''"'" "'' ^"« coal in violation of the instruetioiis of .laii.I; 'u! iiw " '" "" ''"'"'^' "^^'"^ ^'"^ ""''' '^ low in a ..tai^.t's time, even though si;i hLlll^llllIJi^ :!,;;:;; ta";^^^^ than usual, owing to bad Aveat her— or liou- f.,,. i.n,;,,,? ♦ i '"l'^""" '^->ii'"ti quantity could by the 2 Jth of February ^^^y:^u':nj£'u:^^ 2:"^:^^^^^ being limited to 1 ?() tons-,t is for those wiio make tbeso appZ tlv incoi shtcut Wc'ma^ S "rVl 'T '"^ r'' ' '""^^ '^"'■""" '" ^i^-- '--'^t to till "'''''''* ^\c may tluMi, 1 think, saleiy assume that tlu> Florida took UAvav with her from Nassau little ,nor,> coal, i ttny, than what iu>r capacity enabled her li m v o cX At be same tune, itmust b.> admitted that, refeivnce bc'dng iiad to the Regu a om oJ tl e 31st ol January, b.s quantity was in excess of what would have suflic.d to tal c her o he neares port ot the Southern States. But up to this time, there being OAdntfo the blockade ol t ,e Southern ports, no ],ort oi their oavu country to which th - CouIIh era S ei-u..ers could resort, and tiie.se vessels being con^-^uently compelled to renia n a sea he Ciloma Governors appear to have relaxed ^ .vhat^of tbi rigour of th Iluk' a hue ot conduc , bowcA-er, Avhieli Avas soon aftei . uaeged bv reason^of Avhat occurmro! he occasion ot th,> vi.s,t of tins same vessel to Barbados in the ensuing mouth ote tacts ot Avhich I am about to refer. ° ^^nin, lo uic The Florida arrive.l at Barbados on the 2Mh of Februarv. Her comman. stated to t^he Governor that, un ess he Avas alloAved to have some lumbeiToT mb damages which be bad sut ered m a recent gale of wind to the nortlnvard, and s'lme coal as everjMnt he had had before had bc>en exhausted in the same bad Aveathc'i" he could not go to sea, a.ul should be obliged to land the men and strip the S He received permission O ship 'JO tons of coab No comphunt is ma.le as to the .luantity thus allowed ;J)ut It is alleged that a supply of coal having been granted Adtln a month previ(m.s th.> turtber alloAvancc IL.h.s accorded Avas in contravention of ttie llegulations ot danuary 31 1802. And -. ,; , doubt, strictly speaki.ig, i tn e, -uid it Lf l^e ? orid. lirr' ^^ 'T^T ''""'' '}'''^\!'' ^'"'^ ""* ''^'^^ ^^^^ iafonnation that the Honda had received the supply at Nassau, yet the tact had transpired and va-s not unknown to urn But it appears that the view ho took was that the rule laid doAvri ANas not ^iIMjlieable to a case of distress, and the case was dealt with by him as the earlier case ot the lederal ship San Jacinto had been; both vessels having been. use GoA^emor^\alker sown expression, "dealt AAitb s,,ecially as being in distress." and therefore, "Avithout retereuce to the circumstauce of having been in British ports Avithin the previous thrije months, f '■ I trust Ave are not called upon to doubt the word of Governor Walker that, in granting liberty to the Honda to take in a fresh supply of coal, be believed himself to be toUowmg a precedent set by himself in the case of tlu- San Jacinto. It has, hoAV- ever, since b( United States, that it was a mis'take to suppose that the ^an .laemto when, on the 13th of November, 1802, (the occasion to nbicli Sir .lunie.s Walker bad iderredj, she took in a supply of 75 tons of coal at Barbiulos, had had a The Florida. At Naiiau. Barbados, I .-. i'' 166 I ' mi Tht Florida, supply from a British port within throp months hoforc* That tho Govornor bpliovod she hiid (lone -o imist lie tiikcn iis iiiuloiiljtcil. lli' ivl'cnvil Id thi- lact ill llic liim-, in AtBarbadot. ^^._, ,,„|,^,.,,^.,, j.,,, ^vitli Ailininh Wilkes, its tlic pnrcdciit \\\\u-\\ lu' liiiil Inllowcd uitli rcfcriMU'c to tlic FldHda. How the mistake arosi; admits of easy sohition. Il appears from !i letter oi' ^Ir. Robeson to Mr. Secretary i'isii, that on the 1st ol' ^oveiuher, IsC.i;, tlu! San .laeinto "eamc to niielior in Grassy liay, oil' I'x'rmiida, and (here nnnained till l!i.- moniinu,' I'f tiie Itli, havinn'heen in jKn't sixty-three lioiirs, hventy-seven minutes." 1( apiH'ars Frcm a return oftiie United Slahs' men-ol-war that visited I5ernnida durin- tlie civil war (set out at pat,'c 220 of Volume V of liie Ajipendix to llie Ih'itisli C'a^ , that tho Sau Jacinto and another United Stall >' ship of war, the .Mohican, entered Grassy Bay toi,'ether on the 1st November, and that the latter was allowed t() repair damal'es, imd, as not hcini;' on a belliucrei:! errand, to take in 100 tons of coal.t The fact of the two vessels lia\ in;,' ])ul into JJernuula to^•ether, and of (he one havitii;' coaled d' I"'"' heir stay, a fact whieii must have come to the (iovernor's knowleduv, would easily account for any confusiim which might have arisen as to which of them it was that bad coaled on that occasion. Ml The coalin;; of the Tiorida at Ibrbados c^ave rise to a more rigorous iijiplicatii of the rules contained in lh(> Regulations of .January, 18(>2. The American Admiral, AViikes, who, as we know from his lett(>r of the 2(itii of I'Vbruary, had been lying in wait for the Tlorida olV Martiniiiue, no sooner heanl dl her having i)ut into and coaled at Barbathis, than be sought a peisotial explaiiutidi) from Governor Walker. The Governor explained the principle on Avbicii be bad acted, and referred to the coaling of the San Jacinto as a precedent directly in pohit. lie failed, however, to a])peaso the anger of the Admiral, who, having I'eturned to his sbii), addressed to the Governor an olfensive letter of remonstrance, or rather el' reproach, with a demand of ex])lanalion— a proceeding wholly unprccedcMitcd ami irregular, it being altogether beyond the authority of an ollicer of the United Slates' Nav.\ to address a letter of remonstrance to the Qui-en's lleprescntativo in the ijcrsur. of tiic Governor of one of Her '. ..Ionics, in rcsi)ect " acts done in the execution of his duty, such Beprescntative being responsible to liei Majesty alone, and any allegeil misconduct on his |)art being matter for discussion bet ' n the two {Jov(>rnments. tiovernor AValker, of course, dcidined (o furnish u.e,' explanation in answer to such a ilemand, and transmitted Admiral W ilkcs' letter to tl • Duke of Newcastle, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, with a simple stateme- ' the facts. Both these letters wen^ submitted to the Uiw Olliei'rs^ of the Crown, to report whether there had been any breach o' llcr ^Majesty's llegulations The Law Ollicers reported as follows : — " We are of oi)iiiien tliiit his fAcelk'iicy tlie (Jevenier of Uie Windward Islands dws not appeiir to liaM; bt'cu ;jiiiltv of sliowiiiLC any umliie "]iartiality tn the Oreto, or to have cunimittid any litiv;il hreacli of Her Jb.'sty's liogiilations. \Vc would lake the, lilierly of observing,' further, liiiit liis Excelleniv owes no Mec to the Coiif ii/'-ate States. " W i el oerselves ealled uihiii, whde ,1,'ivin',' to novernor Walker full credit lui- honest and imparliiil rmduet, to add that, in (air opinion, tlie letter md .si)irit of Her Maje.sty's Jlf^mlaticais ((piotcl in i--Admiral Wdkes' de.s)Mtcii of thc^ (ith Mai.ji, l«(i:i), have not lieen adhered to with snilicitiil 1.11. II either of tla; easi-s iiienlioiieii, that of tlie San .laeinto (a- that of llie Oreto. The limits ni ■ su, of coal, in iiailieular, in-eseriheil hv tl;at l!ej,'ulation, (ae^dit to he ohsoryed, both as to Ilic Hiiantily ot coal to he su]iplieil iu tlie first iiistaiue, and as to the interval of time which, in the alwin. of "8fM?cial pennission" (a jicre iiai not ciaiteinplaled cxcent under "special" circumstanrcs of a k'm\ dilTerent, in our opinion, from those uliich occurred in the two eiwes in (piesliiai M^ht to ckip-i' between two .successive supplies of cu ' Irom British ports. (Si^'ued) "Wm. AriiKiiTON. " hoU.MiKLI. I'ALMKU. "ItonKKT l'llll,l,l.\ln|!i:.' It will be observed (bat (bis opinion boars (lie signatm-e of Sir Robert t'liilline e, who, as we know, is held up to us, and deservedlv so, in the Arirunient (d' (be I'lii:. I States, for mr anid.'iiieis as :i Ln-etit authority. From this (into forxwird to the end of the war, Sir Robert riiillimorc filled the high olDce of Qmrn's Advocate, and must share UDited States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 345. f British Appendix, vol. v, p. 220. J Ibid., vol. i, p. %. tlio Ciovornor bolipvod llic ImcI ill llif time, ill I 111' liiul riilldwcd with iy solution. It n])|)('ars 1st ol" ^■ovl'lul)('l•, l.s(i-J, mill tiici'i' rt'iniiiiii'd till twi'iity-si'viMi mimiti's." visiti'il Mrniiiulii diiriii!;' ;lix to the l?ritish C;isi . r, tli(> .Moliic'iiu, fiiti'ii'd V was allowrd to ivpaii' in 100 tons of coal.t and of tilt' lino haviiiu' (iovi'i'iior's kiiowli'duc, II as to Aviiirli of thorn it ore rigorous applii-ati (Ml is Idtor of tlir 2(itli iiC [jue, no soonrr heard nl' a pi'isiMial I'xplaiialidi) ' on whii'ii 111' had actril. t dirri'tly in point, lie liavin;,' ivturni'd 1o his unstrant'i', or rather nl' oily unprecedented anil er of the United States' ?seiitative in the jiersor. one in the exeeutiuii iif y alone, and any allei;i'il ' two (jtovernnients. :planatioii in answer lo Uuke of Newcastle, then the facts. .)f till- Crown, to ri'port ons n-nrd Islands il'«'S not iipjH'iir Imve ('"1111111111(1 any literal obt^tTvin^' i'uiilR'i', tlial liis iiatt(.'r of his ilischarf^i' of liis ii^it:i;,'ii of that iilli(.'i'r'.s k'tlci' i'\ ii'ws ami oxplaiuitioiis \(illi I'vic.ws anil i'.\|ilaiialioiis arc lud to 1": usi'd I ieaftcr vcrv vii hy llui' Miiji.'siy's Ulliiiis ;redit lur hoiu'st and inipaninl !sty's Jifjjulutioiis (([iiiili'ii ill 11 iKllii'icd ti. with siilliriciii , of iln.' Oivtii. Tlic liiiiils 111 :n lit; iilisorved. liotli as In llic 111' tiiiK' wliicli, in llio aliM'im 'cial'' circiiiiistaiicfs of a kiiul n (|UL'sli(iii ULTJit to claii.-c "Wm. Athfi.'Ton. " liolNIilCLL l'.U.Mr.l!. "JidllKUT I'llII.I.IMiiHi:." if Sir lioliert i'liillini' •. ArLrmnent of the Ini: 1 for\\ ard to the end of the dA^oeate, and must share 167 t ur ;a "' "'"'^^ ^"•'^"^ -'-^ - -^do matter of complaint on the part of Adn.-:vivi.r:;'T.;;:M^^r).,::ri.:;;:;:;^r^^ ^--'^^-^ ^^ >-' !.-« disci..i,,.:n:v;Mi;^,i.;;;^^;'';:;:;;!;n from tlu.Mi, ..v,.n i„ fau,nr ,.f il„. Vun.A SuZ/lmZv UU^f •' ."'", '•'""'■'"^"^' A .l.-iiai-tnrc lead to iniHniuleritaiidiii-.s ivsiitTtin.' ll,,. .,■ i ,V, ' '. ^Tt ^'^ """'"'^ liapi.cned at, IkdM ul.) to fVir similar nin,...s.i,ins ^n. ,.,,i,. 1^":; t S h "m!! .^U''" """"^?! "'^?'''"'' "'"' "' '^"^ too JIler^luiL^'SS^^;'-^ .^;: >vp.-t of the Law Ollice. of C.d.mies in the ;,m-a( .lillleui y ,' ,? : .^ ' ?""'""" -""^"" ^" """ ^'"^'mors clifliculty which will hi' tin ' ... Jii. :';:;; ''i; "-7;" ^'r "-''Higorentparties-a questions put to the L-.w ( „Heers to i • I, , , . f ' '™''''' ."''^'''•™fi"»** "ud the ior their future guidance. ilis^rnii^^sltelln^^l.f'SHrSiS':- " '^ ^'"^"™'"^ (.'■race olis.rves that the Law Olliorm li v , 1 , ,; vW . '^"' "''• .'" ''""' "'' "'« •^•>" ■''^''i" ., L asmi.lit l,.M.,niid.tol,in, in I'mii e 7 v U , V ''• ^^T'"'^"'"'" "*' "'« (Hiv.nior's -iC .-e^'uiation should he ailluavd to. Tuit tlu;- d^no 1 o„ "u ^ V T^'^P' °'' '""^ V^'^'^^nhod liy the that It has l,eou «xree,le(l, Th,. si.pplv i^t h^ ni 1^ o i v" n '^\ .'°'"' '" ""^ ' '■'"«'"" nea^^st of its own pons, or anvMieaiU d.si i v,i in, T '', '"'^ ''"'^'''« ""' «''ip t" read, the do nof >how (thuui possii,i;^i:"C uSh , J ';:;;[;!^ ^- ;;; '':? ^^-'" -- ^"^ tons' n. papj;:; to the San Jacinto. The ,.,u..stion. thcivf..,.,. aH m- m.nn Z "•'' "'V'?^ "■'"'' '™« "'" ■^"PplV would h.: rcpiiivil by .such a v.'s.sd as t O rtSh 00^^'^,'?' '''f''' '"' '""'^ '^ """■'^ ^''^ ' destination. ^-reio 10 leach the nearest Confedcrato port, or any nearer /V'' "'"''''''''■''■'■>■'''''''''•''''''' ''^^Plni'il'' '■'•ovornor Walker In.- «•(,,( 1 f .■ • S^Sr K ai,:;;;.;:i";:r;;ttr!:;',r •^-•" "^ -^ ot,;:!f\^:;' a:^;^^ Srris^i^s (It war, or privateer in the sanits or anv,i,e,V,mJ '"^ '"''"'""' '^H'l''''' ^o n.iy siieh ,shi,, .jurisdiotion of Iter M,,je^tv, witlio, a spe. al ermi^s n' nnm ' ,1'' ^^'"V''^' .^"'^"^^t '" >1h' terriiorial tl>*' >iiH(' when sneh .oal ,„av have he n Iwt'^^S o \ lb h l^-'l'"'"''''" "^' '^"'' '"""^''^ ''■°'» •■ The Oivto appears to 'hive coaled , Vm n .V', "" '"'""'' "''"■'■'• »'' •""I'f-vsiid. ■> her arrival at llJrhados; ami h ,^ w" I'" ''''■''';.''''^^ ""^' ""'-'• -ill'i" thiitv days K;.niaiy a.ainst her 'H.i.«^ill.nve.U:: (ll.l'uia^ 'u 1^";^ -i^' XX' '^^ i"' ^'"^ -^^" "itnrniation of the laet, he d' '''■■^"■^''''^' '" "^'"id ^^llich muro or less doubtiul and c .. i ' in ' t 4imo„ ^^^ /^ the results of inquiries in allc,,.,;on that a vessel is destitute ., i, UlS^^ ?„ e^,' ,3;: Z'^-^'f J^"'' '" the ease of an wla I her there is coal there or not. i'-.hapsi theOovM' itw^^^^^^^^^ L V7' "" ""'^'-■'' °" ''"«'''l '" see Admiral hir such a fact, and were to send an S e , f ,an o' 4 1 h: n ' "i''^ °' 'V'^ proceeding as olfensive ; but, nevertheless his (ncVt o ks 1 , 1 ' 'i '^'''"™' ''"'^''^ '''-■^^'''"■'' '>'« before he should be all, wed to coa 0,^01 m , ml tcf, °" '' '" ''"^""''-'^' ^° ^^"''""^ to it Confederate otiicer bein, taken in like iLnm'r witlioiit inquil? ^ "''"'"' '° '"'"''"' '" "'^' "■"'•^' °*' " LawS:,:;^^3:';t^^^t'™::;:.i-;:i'^ s.xirti-L..S.3^;;-r;:^:i;^^\- rr ;:^d.t ai -:;r,h:;iSi^^^^^^^^ the .a,':'::.-':;";!::;;.::!:"'' "'' ''" ""•' "'™'' ^^"^'^^ ■■' ■"• '"'^•"'" ""- •' ■- 1- -ai witho,,, verdyin, she is not bound lor any particular port, s 1 is , .jt vj E/o ' e s^:,:; h' '""T- i'^'^^^"'!'! T'' «" """• t.i a rcderal crui.er in ad lespects s nilarly eirc.:;.s!r it exc. It Saui:';:;:^^:!^:!';;:'!:!, K^^!^ :z.Lr;n;x£ i:;r=.;iy;i:ianti— ;i^tb^-:5:;[ ''-' '- '''^ ^^^^^'^" ^-^^-^ The Florida. At Naisau. 226, X Ibid., vul. i, p. U6. 145] * British Appendix, vol. i, p. 97. if. ft 1 k i!t. lit Tli« Florid*. At Nusau. 168 " ITi, r.rnce would l>e clad to be Mr bled to send out instructions to Governor Wnlker, founded n. , o^i fionsot tt Tn^ OtlicvM, so turn, t !,..%■ .ludl nrpruv to hinc fully i>.,.l concrtly und.vstoo.l u].oii 111.' 01.11 ions ot tin -:\ _ '' , v,tli"ni.viurth'i' inslHRtiunn «likh would scivc Uv.Uo that coal nu.hi not lo !„■ suitli-'d to dth.r l,dlij;v.v.,t. oxcqit m such .,uauiuy .s 8ina> •'''"'':;''' ''.,,_,.y ,, J, ,.,,,,,,) ,„ ,i„. luaivsi i,(,it of luT own cMUitiy.or to snuiu ufunr m.,y b>. n ress, I "^ :' ^, , .7;., ,,, j, i, „„i i„t, „,,.,! to includr ;, uur.. nuizin^' .lostinntiou w'" H . 1 r ^cr T a lutvfov.. .na! ^raut.,! at anv of ll.r Ma.i..stvs j.orts, and Ssur;; ; " L . l.t . t.' ;;; ;. ;i:.:nsl,..d uu.l,; .1. ..... of Ua. l-„.lan.a>iou : la. that a ^"s^ hu^. d 1ms. ^viuj: to r.al nc^rss.ti.s arising fon, stns. ut w.alhw, h.H. pnMualuro y ox V us-t, r^fo ' ho c .uld (if tiua. and w.ath..- wc.v .ho only ..l^sUuLs; km..!, la-r l.u.l ,.t .U.sl.ual.un, oSt -i to bo forbiddon^ by the Uov.rnor to n,al, although «..h... tb.. t.na. spfed.c.d ... .h. ^'""'"u'!uiuld a,,,.c.ar to ..s that the s.,-ostio., of s..ndi.,ti au oili.vr nu bna.d .o vorilV in oa.h rnso 11 wouiu ,11 1 Y" likflv to .'ive .'.rat ollf.io; U> bo iufiuiil luon-dl-uar ; but ot courso l^olddT:!.:;::^:^:^!:!.^:^;;^^^ tlu.y th,a.,ht m.to n.ako suol. a vonUoation tho co,.d.tion of Lberty to cotd h. Hor M..jesty'H ports. ^^.^^^^^^^ ^ ^^.^_ ATn.:uTON. " Ki)i-Niii:i.i. rA.,Mi:i!. " l!(ii;i;i!T l'iiii.i.iMui:K."t Hereupon ihe following dcspatcli of the IGtli -luly, 18U3, was ad.lrosseil to Governor Walker : — •• Jhiniiiifj Stinl.Jii/// Hi, IROo. " ^"'- I have receivod a..d had under n.y considei-ation vour despatch of the Tlh Jla.yb Mivi",^ '". accou... of eertain co.u,......ioalions ul.ioh have passed betwee.. youi.ell and Kea.-Ad.ai.al \\ .Ikes ot "" ^''S wl^c'quile'ri^ht in refusing to e..tev i..to eo.re.pondeuee with thai ..ll^er up,... ihe inatltr adverted to ... his despaleh of the .-,th Ma.ch. (>.. this ainl mher oeeas.nns it has b.M;ome evide.il that ^Ss . d expla.'..ions s,.d. as y,a. aceorded lo Iteai.Vdnmal .Ikes were ,mu!e the pre ex or D ae in on .vord l.a.ges ,.,ore or less di.ect agah.st otli< ers uf Her Majesty. A,.d think that as b Sve n. o one of He^Maiesty's < ■olo.iies o^^ es no expla..atio,. of his eonduel lo an olheer ol the L ..it.d «Ht.s N'avy ^vill be pn.de.U he,-eaf.er to avoid s,.eh ex,danal.ons as lar as the rules of courtesy ^Sdlow I is the wish of Her Majesty's Oover...ue.,t .hat .uatte.s ot co.uphu.a should ... ge.Kial Ud cussed between the iw,. Gove...uieuts eoneerned rather than betwec. any suboi.l.i.ate o hce.s. ■' With re'i d to the iss.tc of coal to the war-vessels of the bell.ge.enls, you have, 1 t h.nk allowed yourself too .m.ch libeitv in giving the 'special pe.niissio.r lo lake in l..el conleii.pla ed m ler ■ Etv's l'roela..iation. 'Coal.ln tht. opinica. of ller Majesty's (,over.,rao.,t, o,.nht not to be suppha to a vessel of wa.' of either bellige.ent except in such Huant.ly as may be necessa.y to ca.ry s. ch e».c io the iiearest port of her own country (o.-, of cou.se, any ..carer po.t). and tins, 1 w,l adc , w.tl.nu Se cn'^Tto tle\|uestio,. whether the ports of that co,..u.y are or are not u.ider Idockade In case o such Wkade it will .est with the otlicer i.i cu.uumnd to seek so.ne n.ore convenient dest. nation. It dt i he perio.1 presc.ibed by the I'rodanu.t.on, a vessel thus tu.n..shec w. h coal in one ot He- Mi e X posse^iois should arily lor a second s..pply in the san.e or another Col,„.y. the app^a^a icn inavbc.nnted if it is n.a.le to appear that, owi..g to real necessities ar.s.ng .-oiu stress ol weaihe , trcod';!.'! "in.'ilv given has beei/ luen.aturely exha.istcd befove it was poss.ble that the vessel cc«ld, under cxistni- circumstances, have .cached the destination for which she coaled •■ nu if ilsho.ild be the case that the vessel has not, since taking in coal, been ?«.„•,./,'come evident that 1 were nuii'.e tiie jiretext tor )'. And I tliink tlmt, as the ct to an ollicer of the United far a.i tin; rules of courtesy Lomiilaiiii shiiiikl in ijenciul any sulioidinate otliceis. i, you iiave, 1 tliink, allowed 1 fuel contenii'hited in Ucr :nt, ought not to ho suppiial lece.fsaiy to cany such vessel ind llii:^, I will add, willn'Ul under Mockade. in case of ! convenient dentination. If ed V ith coal in one of Her iitlier Colony, the aiiplication m\\!, from Hiiess of weather, lossilile that ihe vessel could, ■oaled. coal, lieen InnA Jidf occupied :ing, the coal should nul ho ; one to which the 'special the Proclamation thus iuter- either belligerent. It is by most certainly avoided. An not he accepted by those to iiection. •ring the Government of tlie vessels of war hud called at , 100. 169 all -sJ/I"^:r;"i' i ":;::;" in" n^trK'^'r'^ '" 'fr !'"> ^•"'- c«i,r...eo,„ni„nica,in« i.. quantity allowed to be pLoronhranr '''^■«^'"«""". «'h1 the data ol r.....c.v..g the coal, an.rthe 'I have, Ac. (SiKnod) " Xewcasti.e."* The Florid*. At fiurbadof. "'I. -lint is n,on> /l^ n-v w.^^^! ,:, ^Ij^ f) ;"" j'' '\ •"''"^•;i"-" '' """fality^ cstn out niK of tllCSl' positintx of .n.itilisHlv n ;■ ,i V h, ' '''^;'"'" "^ ''^ bi-lli^ornits in a sl.m.l,! iWrn, t, >^vnyun\ lor all/, vi , f ,1 '"•"""'•'•." -.""f, ''v-n dist.vss „f woatl.or that tl.oir .noa iJ . , r: , l, ri'"''';^'':'':'' ^'> '^'■'Ttl'^-"a at tliosam. time reco,n.sMot.,nn.o..MtppIi,.s;F:;£;;i;;;J^ r"-'^^ "I-.-»'d "l-y« l-ve 8tri„-o,u-v. on tl.r ap,,li(.,tiu If '.:,/' '''%'''' ''"'^ "'""'' '•'^^••'iv'l, iu all their BarI,ti,Io..'tor ll,.- pi, , , : (• , ,, , ; tT'- T '^'"■' \^"!: ^" ^"^"^''^ " ^"^' '^^^'^ '-^^ of Iiissin-p.tlu.cIninrti.M , i ; | .7 i ' ''n t" ""'^ f''«"'l"'S'-p'.mp of the (Mi.^mie san,.tio,i a' star h.votu I jn J . . ,' ' , ! Vf"l» i "r"'!'''^' '" '";''"'' "'"^ '"' ^''™1'' 1 itt 1 V was i •„. ' • ' ?; ' """ '" *^''"'^''""' ■^'"'"''' ^'-M'^'-uuice dilheulty in obtaining l n Vl iilormed that there was no steam e,.al whatever in the Colony, except in thi T: "f f'"^ '''."'Kvard; and that he trusted, under the circumstances, he wouhl b- pen it d to receive f.oM. tins .soure.- a., much as would s.rve to carrv him to a i,o t of hi wn ci „ t v hS "'l ' , 1"!' nn'^i^nln^n'? l''^ '"'"r ^"" '"^ '■'■«""-^-'"l --I'l I'ave the C^C^ tohw Ir 1 tol i ( . jitain .Maliil iha his application for coal from Adminiltv stores must" be made to the senior naval oihcer, but I assured him at the same time that it would not be eomplied witltaud I glLtS At Bermuda. British Appendix, vol. i, p. 101. f United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 178. Z 2 in ! f 170 The Flori la. At Bermuda hiiu ptrnii^siou lo ronudu .o long as might be necessary to fit Lis ship lor sea, and to procure from in'ivatc sources the coal actually required."* Ill supi)ly of coal from the dockyard was refused. Thereupon Mr. Walker. a merchant of the colony, applies on hehalf of Captain Maffit to the Governor :- ■•A. the Florida must of necessity bo detained at this port, as a vessd in distress, ""til the arriv.lor 3al.s which are dailv expected. Captain Mallit be,s me to inquire ot your Lx-'ellency l 1 e p vile'-o ill be, accorde.l to liini of procecdiu.- to the dockyard lor the purpose ot having elleeted some 'vp'nrs to inaclnnery and hull of shii>, which are of essential importance, and which cannot he ell'ected in the i)ort of St. (!eorue's."t The a;i^\vcr of the Governor was that the application could not h(> -ranted, to which lie adds : — . . •• lu makin- this conininuieation I have to express a hope that Captain Mallit nia^v .vei Imd it in his pow r to ob^in IVa' his vessel such supplies of coal, and such necessary rei.airs as wil ei.alj to to nrocced wii!-out delav to her destination, Imt 1 ■nust at the same tune pout out that Hei Majestj s isti ,• i tl a copv of which Captain Malht was supplied ou the Kith >ns lam) are very s triugeut " o I !niitati„n of 'the stay in UrUish waters of vessels of war ol the .""^j; . ^ ?^- '''■ ^"^ ^!f ^ :^ State, and that it is necessarv that whatever may be rciuiml to enable th.. '' !"7^'-\';!' '^'^^ ''^' In.rtu Iota these islands' should be provlde.l in the shortest poss,l,le period. 11, however, J"du Malih sLuhl lind it iu,pos.ible to l-->v-'t the prescaittinte whatever ,m,v^ this purpo..c, 1 must, rcptest that he will at once proceed w.lj the Honda to (.iass> Bay, thcic to remain until his departure from the Colony is rendered practicalile. , Mr. Walker wrote again, suggesting that there ^^^s a,lf ^:^;|"^"'3^>' "'" ^f^rhF^ in the Conmiissariat. Deparl.nent, and applying, on behall ol Captain Mafht, m lis oToat emet-tMU'v, for tt sufficient quantity t.. ctirry nis ^^ssel to some coaling dep6t, olllrinu' to pay for llunn. or to return them In kind withm a week or two. Ihis agam was refused. ^^^^^ ^^_ ^^^^^^ ^^^ Governor writ.s to Mr. Walker, requestiitg him "to asc.Tlain. for his satisfaction, when the necessary repatrs and coaling ol f^ho Honda will 1 ■ complct.'d, so tis to enal.le her to proceed to sea." Ln answer, Mr. ^Va.kcr say.s he is iVqtusletl l.v Ct.ptt.in Mtillit to inform his Excelh>ncy that he ,s using every effort to i.roceed to sea 'with as little dehiy as possible. ■■ Captain Mallir " he savs, '• is fullv aware of the stringent character of Her Majesty s uistrnctioiis with .iSo U^e St V in Hril sh waters of men-of-war of the United States and ol tl... Lontederntc St,U-1 1 be' me to assure vonr Excellency that his detention has been ...-casioned not by any dkio it'o" .. eont avene Her Majestv's instrnctions on the subi.;ct, bu. Iron, th.. great c ehcicncy ot S;,;, at this port, an.l fro... causes to which the nttcnt.o.i ol yon.' Excellency has already been ''''"'-'he .lecessarv repairs to Captain Mallif. ship a.v .low nearly m..pl«ted. and he will com.n.3ncc . ^'\ ,,;:■,. ,'.,.,, ,„.,iiv \s it is probable that it w.U be nnpossible to hnish conhng ;£^;".,o:;ra5ln;^, ("plain Mal.;;w,].dd L happy f^ r^eivo the permission of your Excellency to rem.iin in the port of St. Ceorge's until Saumlay n.ornmg. 5} The Governor answers that— " \ltl.ou'rli the instructions of Her Majesty respecting the limitation of the stay ii- B.at.sh waters of veseSrwai of he Confederate and United States are very stringent, yet as 1 have reason to i::i;^£;!; .^l;:;v!.^i:^h l:L';i:;:^Ta.::i l : 'ordlngly a.,thor.e UJ; F,or,da remaiuing in these wate.s until the morning of Satu.-dav the 2.>thit.stant,lmt no l(mger.§ A car-o of coal had, in the meantime, arriv<-d in a vessel called th.' Harriot Pin.d-nov (Hit of which Captain Maffit was enaliled to obtain a supply, d is stated ii t^ I S;i Sates C se and Arg,iment|! that this vessel was ,me of the " msurgont tmi, is '• from which it is sought to be inferred that the cargo ot cotil brought ouit. 1 n, Jns inteiuled expresslv for t 1h« I'lorida ; ami upon this a charge is lonnd.-.l ol a "h n. inu!?; in a breach of the rule thttt tu'ltlu-r belligerent was to he ,Sl I to estnbiish'dep6ts of coal on Ikitish terrttory 'lo prove t ha the llarne Pi - i ..V wtis tu, " insurgent tnvnsport," a letter from Mr DtuUey to Mr. Reward .. J^ imV ISO Ii is r..tevre.l to ; Imt, on ttirtiint^ to tlmt letter. ,t w.l be lound Imt M 1 dley is no speakinu' of or ivlerriu. to " ins,.ri,.;nt trtmsports ,•.! all bu to iiiti velels emposed in rmming the bh.kade w,t , are.s and eot.tral.and o wa The word " rai'isport," which, hi the Argument, ,s pr.nted belw.-en inverted ♦ British Appendix, vol. i, p. 108. + Il>i'|.. V- jO^- . J, . , ,]Q § Ib.d., p. Hi. II United State,' Ca.e, p. 358; United States; \>gument, o. Itil. m United Smtes' DocumenH, vol. i, p. 73^ r sea, mid to jirocuie from ci'eupon Mr. Walker, the Governor : — ?s:;i'l in distrcssi, until the uiri' of your Excollency if purpose ot liaviut; effected ,ance, and which cannot hi) aIcI iiot bt' i;ninted, to in Mallil may yci lind it in ;('])airs as will cnalile her to nt out that Her Majesty's 1 instant) arc very stringent nilcd Slates or Confederate I' the Florida to take her ilile period. If, however, latever may be recjuisilc for ida to l.irassy Ray, there to quantity of coal lyinir Captain Maflit, in his some coalhit;' depdt, ^ck or two. This again or, reqnostint^ liiin " to roalini; of the riorida nswor, Mr. Walker says he is usinijf every effort ■ tier Majesty's instructions tes and of tlii! Confederate been occasioned not liy any •' '"""' '^''^'''''' '^''^^ the of a moon." Tlds s|h vs t n ,ln' i ,", ,V ""'"■"'''' "' '" ■'"'" ^'"»^ ■■^^«'"-'"' " ^ho lo.-s and that t!H> visit oi/^rSi;'^"^^^^^^^^ ""V'? ^"I'l'lv the i^iorida with coal; voyaj^n, of the Jlarri.-t Pinc'k ! • ti 1 ^^ ' ""' '" i'-'' "''•'' '•'"^"<'''t"'l witit th<. stt^pieion of sueh a kind o hJ 'cd > a V 'b 7" ''''-n"-'r ^" ^""^''^^ <'"' ^"'"''test Ca/.tain Mafflt to obtain .i. 1 1 ,nt .^ n l"''"'" ' "•"" ,'''"^'''' *''^" ^'"'^"^v "f tion of a spceitle cargo iK^it^s^ I I'r idrJes:;!'"" ^'""^'^'"^ '' ''■''' ^-I'-^- visit,^p^;"^.o;lyt:ffh;f "" "' "-'^-''^^--^ tl. occasion of the last ntontioned the United «ta!.-s; vet the , h n , ' ''f''''.^''''"! cautiously in tite Case of British ports is but \riliin. .^o^^ZJ^U^V'T^'''^ ^™"*'''' <" *'"^ ^-^"^^''l i" Frenei/port: ami tin. ev -nt; v3 ^ ,^, u !f "'^''V'' "^^ to Ium- iu the French Governtnent e.ttertained n ti^ ,s ,. m" :r;;"'''''''"^ ^"'"^T^ ^''^^^ '^'^ iiospitalify to be extended to hHli ' vn .' S . I ';"• 'T ""•'"' ^"^'^''^ «<" to lier Conner and nmrd. m' i, ., i • '^'' ' 'I'l'l "^"stamed considerab e iujurv Lateria^'E^oS Z^^T^Z SSur^-idZ^e r"'""'"- ^1 T*™- -^ period of several months i'or their ac ci m; "' '' V ''''-'1 '"m ^'''"'''' *" '''^'' »' the time for which tliev had e ■ - , 1 A ^onsideral.le part of her crew, .1.0 despatches of Jb^a ^ „ th ' ' ni ' s7.;'?Mr ' •''""'" 'l''^ '^'''^'^'^''- ^^^"^ Seward it appears tlutt \ r I • 1, ,, , In -^''■"^^"•'' /^t Pans, to ]Mr. Secretary being given to tlu- i' Ida a(' nll^ I ut T . •' ^"^"'^^tratn.g against any assistance imlinary assistance re,ul.-re,l to sin, s of u u^ , 1, V -^ •■i'>t^.i'''l"s" tl em the it woiUd he no fair answ(-r to sav the .h.ck u I, < .,,/ n n ■'^' '"■"'^•'*- ^^^ ^«id that, in addition to this, the ol v ' ., ' ^ ', i ? ,' " "ft ^'^^ "':'''^'''- ^^' '^'^ the vessel was lealdng badlv t at L e w i ' 7 I' the Government that measttrcntettt) and unless repairell she wouM sinL^I "' ^" ""'"'' ^'"' ^"^'^ ^^'^"^^ "'« 'lhei'(> being no conunereial (l(jck at Brest C-intTin Afiffif .i„„r i i- ii Governmenidock. .>!. i:>avf.)i,remonstra <., b ,'. \ 'n -^'-^ ''* = Pl'''f'nad« rs;::::;;:;;^:s-:r;s^;?i ' f^^^^ J.hnys ,Mt„rmed nie thai tin. ( ;,,vernnieni. aft, r much conference (and [ iliinlc .;: "'"'^f' '"" •;' '-"■ ■■■■'^ "'■■l">' !'•' I'itin,' an accession to tL c t , ' Jj nmsnnteh as s„el, accession was necessary to her navigation. The^' 1 ad nS ♦ Britiih Appendix, vol. v, pp. a, 13. I Ibid., vol. iv, p. 132. + Ibiii., p. 56. $ Ibid. The Florida, At Germuds At Breit. 172 ^! The Florid*. •• The detcnuinatioii wliieli liM bcfii iviuiluid liv llu' ImviuU luithoiitifst to allow the shipment of a crew, or so large a liuition of one, on ljo;ml ol llie Klnridii while l\iii^ in Ihi ir port i^^ 1 ihnik, vvroiig, At Brest. even'siipposin''^ lluvt vessel a ivn'nlarlv enniiiiissidnetl ship dl' wni I tnl,l M. nrouyn dc Lliuys, tliat, lookin"at it as a mere lawyer, and elear of prejudiees wiiicli my ot ^ial po-^S!lt :;> III diirkvard, a' id atterward-t took mnorintjs in t!;,. merehaiit harlmur nf liiv.st, where she wa> dowlv irlillrd. On ilie UTtli of December she was ni..v,,i to the roadstead. ., ,.,•,. i , "It a]ipears that .some of the meehanisin of the mnre heavy ^'ims ot tlie I'lon.la lia(t never lioen remilated, and her (Jommander de.sirint; In have this iloiie, an application was made lo tlie Toft Adinii,,! for iiermission to land the f,'iins fia' that purpose , lait this was at (Hiee and positively refused, on tl.o urouiul that such an act ini«ht he interpreted as eipiivalcnt to allowin;,' a reinforcement of arms. " But, it appears, her small-arms were allowed to lie lamled, in order In he repaired hy a <,'umn;ikit of Brest, I'lamed Kock ; this iiermissioii was :,'ranli'd, cii tlu' a;ii'iil, M. Aumaitre, ;,'ivin|,' a ■,'uarautei.' t. the authiiHties .f the Custoni-hinise that tlii'V slaiiild he lestiipprd eii hoard the Florida. " No arms or ammunition were furnished to the Florida while at Hresl. "Throuuh Al. Aumaitre, the ajjent, M. Uainals a.sVertaiiied that thirty-live seamen claimed aw! olitniiied then' dischar^re from tla- Florida here ; llial, tluty wt'iv, in part, reiihued hy otheis cliicllv natives of Belgium, (iermanv, Italv, ami Southern Austria, hroUKhl to Ihest hy railway direct 11™ Paris, in numhers never exceedin,'; four at a lime, and that they were quietly sent on hoard in siiiii!:ii numhers. , , ,. i i o ■ < i "The Federal corvette Kearsai^'e reaiiiieared In lirest waters on (lie lird ot .January, 1Mj4; ami after steamini; about tlie hav to within a mile nf liie tnwii. again proceeded to .sea. "The Florida, heinii ready for sea, left lirest hetwei'ii 1) and III o'clock on the evening of the ilth of Fehruarv, \HM, in charge nf a jiilol ; ami at a distance of iilmui thirty miles from that jiort, passed throu'di thi3 dangerous passage Du Ua/., inside the .^.liiits, landing the pilot at Audicrne."t I cannot help surmisin;sio'; to have the iiecessiiry rcjiairs to tlie i.iopcllor and l)iow-valv(,' done al Her Majesty's Dockyard, its they ctnUd not otheruiM' in' eifected;f and (iovrnior Munro liaviiitr ecrert'cd the a|i|)liciitinn to Sir .himes llo|i', the Admini! on the station, Sir .lame- ll<.|ie directi'd ti survey of the vessel to he iiuidc by competent olficcrs, who, on the 2ilili, ivported as follows;.— " We have the hnmair to report that, h,i\iiig, in ohi'ilicm e lu your dirciicm.s, been nii lie.iid ihcl Florida, and with the a.ssistance of Messrs. Thniiipsnii and I.eitch, a.ssistant engineers, e.xaiiiiued licr| machinerv, we bet; to maki'tlie following lepuii ; - " 1, Sh 11 jJi'dceed to sea with such repairs as <'iiii be made good here, which, as far as \vu aiie| • British Appeniiix, vol. vl, p. 13G. t Ihiil., v'.l. i, pp. 12fi, 127. § Ibid,, p. 132; United HIiiIch' DucumutiU, vol. n, p, ."Jflj. II British Appendix, vohi, p. 13'-'. f Ibid., vol. v, p. p, Ibid., vol, I, p. 13). itifs to allow tlie sliipment of k ill lln'ir port i.'^, 1 lliiuk, ivroiig, tiilii .M. nrmiyii (!;■ Lliiiys, that, ]iii-iiti(iii iiiiLhl ciculc. I thoiif;ht ci' llicy liiil reiu'lieil tliiit iiiiaiii- uix' hiw yoi'H,"* ibjoct ol' t lie rpception and the Adiii^rnl of tlio Tort (I'v.'fei llcot the iv|i;iirs of the .slii]. aii.j * * * I lie ri'iiairs of tlu' I''l■ "til of I)('('oiiibov she wan iuii-mJ (if the Florida had nevtr hoen n was luado to tiio I'ort, Admiial anil i.oditively nifust-d, mi tl.c a roinlorceuicnt of avni!-.. IcT lo lie rqiaiivd liy a uuniaakii Anniaitiv, .^ivinf; a ituuiaulLf ti lioavd thy Florida, tri'st. tliivty-fivc seamen clainiod luid )ia:'t, n'plui ed by otliui.s cliiollv to liivst by railway direct firm iiuii'lly sent on lioard in siiuilii the :'.rd of January, 1 \vnvl.l.i.» ,i.,,. , , neeess^., .epai..t h.J:X::^.^^:, :^ SS^lSV^al' what^^rdo^^ontl^SStr''^^^ r; 'i-^'t ''T' '"'^''"^^ - *« beetx .ranted, that stay was evc^tl" 1: "''^Vi;^' =^ f>^ "^^^^^^^ leaving inaccurat.' statements t.l'iael . the elf. of win" V } J •' . ^T ''^"^•'^''" °* *1^°«« star of the l-'l,„-i,la at liernu 1- ,1 i' . 1 "'^ 'f ^" ""''''''"' ^'"' 'A'^l'iin--^!- The til-' ™rli..r portion .^^1 1 1 S ^ s ^.v. nf I ''^™' ''" ^' "™' '^'^^'^ '" ^''" ^'l'"'''- «»t the survey.^ The st^::^V"Z^t'S:Zll'V^U r''™""''^' -mnnunieations and in Florida left on tl.. 27th. Tl ^tof^I st I 'i '''^'''''^'^'''•' -^"'^"*"''""'-'^ '^'1»' the stay aft.n- the ..rantin-^ of tl e tv, d- vs 1 U "" ""' ''^'^ ^'onfointded with .uis,vp;v.s,Mif:di,,n was iit^nlio ;i V .i'.^,,/!^^ ^ns in attteority of n.iseoni:2 2li ^ ^^^ ! Jt lH' tciSL ^^^ = But on'>-H'™f to'l;^.;:;:^^r'l?^^ ^':r-'--^ ^-'-od to ta^o i35.§ I'llis ooiliion - ^'"^^"' ""'''''' '"'"^'"•^" ^ ^■'^"'■''^••' '<'^' ^=55 tons of coal shipped 11 '"'-M complaint is, that whereas five days' wovu was ivnorted hv the su rVevors Jb. all tha was necessary to ho don.- to the Vessel, iwentv d'lys ol tSpenter"' work wi;; TT n'r^' ^'"'"-^ ^"='^ lo:. car onten,::flp,::^5 Lookino-to the small quantity of materials charged for, it is probahle was done to lier.Ti Ifor fi)tir da..vs.JJ • Hii..sii An-ienili\, vol veil v ' ■■ 1 1 - Uaitoa Slate. Docun^^.^ob vi p. 3.. tl S.'^^^ [iaSs.te,. p. 36. ++ umtca Stattj Documents, vol. vi, p. 361. The Florida. At Bermuda. Q^mm. I" The Florida. At Bermuda. 174 tluit, if ail uiulu(> amount of time was oecupiecl in carpenters' work, it arose from tim unskilfiilncss of the Avorkmcn. Tho number of men required for the rojiairs of the maintopmast is not stated Ji, the report of the olUeers. The Mork of four men for four (Uiys may have proved absoUitely necessary. But 'even if a small and niiei'ose'opic eritieisni (•(Hild hen' discover anythiiin' t„ find fault with, here again the fault was that of the oHieer .•ominandiii!;- th(> l-loiidn, not of the Authorities. Or, is it to he said that here also a watch should li;ivo been set to measure the precise amount of work to which the carjienters shouhl luivo been limited V But complaint is made that, h('si(lcs coal, the Florida was allowed to take iu large sujiplies of ])rovisions, clothing, and otlu>r stores, even of medicines .'* For wliiu purpose this is stated I cannot conceive. If it is meant to be said that herein there was any breach of neulralily, such a pi'o|)osi(ioii implies ignoraiie<> of the Ibt principles of" international law. ' All the articles cuumei-ated are things which a belligerent has a perfect right to procure in ;i neutral port, and which the Goverivir could neither iirevent the coiumaiuler of sueli a vessel from buying, or the Quoeirs subjects from selling to him. There is one other comiilainl. whieli I cont'css occasions me botli surprise and pain. It is that, although tlii> surveyors had reported that "the vessel was unmanageable with her screw u]) in had \v'eath(>r." and that " her defects aloft (cross- trees) rendered the maintopmast unsafe," yet, as they had reported that •' she could proceed to sea Avitli safety in her then stiit'e uudi-r steam," the Governor ought not to have allowed the rejiairs necessary to iviider her safe Avhen under sail.t We have iiero the converse of ifr. Dayton's co'iuention with the i'rcnch (iovernment, but in a mnre objectionalde form. When it is borne in iniud tiiat in a screw-steamer steam is hut an auxiliary power, and that no such vessel is ever committed to the ocean without every- thing necessary to her safety under sail being in a seaworthy condition; when it is remembered tliat all inacdiinery is liable to accident, especially such as is exposed totiic action of t!ie elements, and that if anything had ha])pened to the machinery of this vessel in her then condition, she would have been exposed, with her living freiijlit, crijipled and helple8.s, to danger and disa^-i' r, 1 think the proposition whiidi llii' Tribunal is asked to adojit ought not to fii i much favoui ia its sight. For myself I can only say, that I trust mid lielieve no Uritish Governor, placed in similar circum- stances," would— let our deeision be what it may, h>t the political consequences he what they will — be so wantuig in a sense of what is due to humanity and to the honour »!' ids' country as to act otherwise than I am glad to think the Governor of Bermuda acted on this occasion. r have only further to observe that when much is made in the Case of the United States of the fa'ci that the J'lorida, instead of proceeding to the nearest port, was kept cruizing oti' the islands, looking out lor United Ntati's' vessels, which no doubt ap])eai's to have ])een liie (!aw',{ the same observation occiu-s as before. Siudi a course uf conduct may have been dishonourable in Lieutenant Atorris, as being in breach of tho good faith he ought to have kept with the Governor, but it certainly cannot be ascribed as a fault to the latter. No (lonhr the coiidtict of Lieutenant .viorris is open to obsen'ation. lie eamc back afterwards to the island, on the pretext of dtdivering up two deserters, hut in fact to try aiul get more coal, whi«'h, however, was p(>remi)torily refused. § But tlio answer lies "in a word: Lieutenant Morris Avas an ollicer bearing a commission aul weariiiifa sword in the service of an American (ioverninent; as such, he was entitled to tlw presuni])tiiii' wiiich aliaciies to such a pesilinn, and which presuiijiosi's the impossibility of acts ineonsi.sf cut with the highest sense of honour and the most scrupulous sood fiiith. To iiave acted on such a j)re-um]ttion ought not to be ascribed, by a tribunal of honoui-able nu-n, to those who did so, as a want of due diligence in tk' discharge of any duly they were called nn to fulfil on the part of a neutral Government. Ontheotli of Ocloiter, TW51., the Florida entered the jiort of Hahia, wheieu|K)ii Mr. AVilson, the I'nited States' <','onsul, faiitowik addressed a letter to the I'residout of the Province in the accustomed terms>— ' Cft«e of tbp United Sto.f.^'^, \). 36!. t Sec Pritiih Appeniii*. vol, i, p. 133. t Ibid., i>. 362. § Ibid. ers' work, it arose from flip, lintopmast is not statcil in our (lays may have iiroved liorc (lisc'ovor aiiytliiiis' ti, 'V i'oimiiaiulinii,' tlu> I'lorida, also a watch should lutvo the carpenters should luivo la was allowed to take in 11 of medicines !* For what mt to be said that herein plies ij^noraiiee of thi> fliM Lcrated are thinu's whicli a t, and which the (jrovernor om buyiiiij, or the Queeirs jcasions me both snrpvisi' 'ted that "the vessel was lat " her defects aloi't (cross. d repin-ted that ■' she could ' the Governor oug-lit not to under sail.t We have hero (ioverument, hut in a morr rew-stearaer stcnuii is hut an to the ocean without every. jrthy condition ; when it is Uy such as is exposed to the led to the niachiuery of this ed, with her livini? i'i'ei2;ht, the proposition whicli the i.i its sijjjht. For myself I •, ])laeed in similar circnim. litical consequences he what inanity and to the honour of : the Governor of Bermuda le in the Case of the United ) th(> near«'st port, was kept lels, which no doubt apjiears < before. Sucli a course uf is, as bein;;' in breach of the certainly cannot be ascribed to obseiTatioii. lie ciuni! riiiii,' tip iwo deserters, Ir.it niptfirily refused. vj Ihit the • bearini^ a commissiou anl lis such, \u'. Avas entitled to the )resuj)poscs the iinpossiliility 1 the most scrupulous cood not to be ascribed, by a ant of due diligence in the jii the part of a neutral ' port of Hahia, wheiPU|K)ii| 1 a letter to the I'resideul oil t Ibid., p. 362. § Ibid. ■ To his Kxcollency Antonio .lomiuiii .Sir, 175 " 'l.'^ Silva Gomes. President of the Province of iJahia •• CcK^laU of the United Statr. of A, an lea, Baku, October 5, l,S(i4, !) a.m. ' Uu.s mornin" e q|.inmnr ,.,...i„ . i • ,■ uctooer 'j, ,s(!4 o « vt ;;nolvedinthcrol,Ai,.,S^—,i-t:S,:. :,':;:! ;^^ '^'p ^^",,^,1 ^\ho.e who are hat the said vess,! i.s the Florida, which i.s e, , ' .1 i, .''!'"'"' " '^""•'■'"'*' ^""' I ^"" informed rhe^^ muted SUU. of Anierieo. and in <'-r^'i;.;; ll-rnliJl^fL-ir ! Mhcci^:;;;/::; z:':::s;zJij'i.:z!:t::i:- ;r^ -?r"\ '"--- - ^^•'---. -d he, "al.onu orcivih-.ed hnv, u,u] are ewuse^ .cut vn^iT ,''''' "''•; ''''■ "'" "''■■i-'' '<-.., • io vv^Hcls navi^atinj^ u,„ler the (la^ of a ci!^liie,l nlS ■ • ^''^''''^''^ ^""' imun.nitics . |-MuWc,i u. supply her.solf will, coal, provision.s, tackle ho.u-d any_p.,-.o„s whatever; linaliy, aMMin.t a,iv assistance I ,1,* ,. " ;■""""" "^-"^ '''needed I theretoi'c p.^otcsl, m the „an,e of the l'nit..l_ State, of An,eriea, against' U,e ad,uissi„„ of this ^•;;.sei to'nV,:';'r, 'r "'T' '",'";' "'""" "^ ^ho •'"I. "■■ pi'otection ui,ich nii.uht ho conceded '" '"■'■ in this port, or in anyother helonj^i,,. to this p,.„vinec .,.sw..r to,. ., ,ia,,.a,a a vioiati;.,. oi Ih!' so i- ' ;, 'i;^; ;[:[ ^ ■; ''-■;""-- -"1 --v, i,; :;x,.' : ... '■.u.'.s of the i:,„ted State, withi,, tja. ..risdicu I' .^ t \^;a:dr 1 ' ;l.,I;;;::::!. '""' '"■ ""■ •■•^''^'' The Presideut ivplies/'"'' '^^'^^^ ^ ""^■'^^ "" ""■^'^^' '"-" '^''^^ ^"^ --'••* .e.,u.red hy hun.arjily ,nay l,e furnisia.,! her, uh c i ,a'wn o w ."' '^^ ''^'■'''^"l^: ^'H ^''^ ''^^istanee t'm-poses, a.s laid down hy international law an,l 1 n ' en I ""T^f'' ussislanee for wai'like ( o^..,•nn.ent .studiou.sly .seeks to preserve, and I u a , vs ,1 1 'h^' ""^ '"'"t'-'^li'.v whicli thi.s .il .Vorth An,er,ca. The (Tnde.-'i.-ncd c iniiot t ic vfo' . '' ^■'■^""'1. '" "" "'''^'''^' ''^■"^•>^'-'" ""^ 'States ro,is,il, in the „.neral manner in mImcI, " ', ' ' if" ''" "f ?"''"'"" "'' ^'"' ^■•^»"' ^'f ^^'^ ;yn.,dered as oo„t,aha„d of war in .-nlo,- m v\ 1 i ^ , " ! i^t 'n"^'"'^ n '"'"!"" '" "'"^'^ ^'"'^1'- ;r;;mS';iulx;;siS^:.:!;;e-'^'^--- nipliiiv."-|- '''^'■- "I'uli ,,-, 'uie coiiipetciil in auliiorize sucii a Before daybreak on the mornin" of tlie Tth ,. i.'i -i '^f. Hahia and taken hy the United «t= s ar t^r Va! i!.:''';; -rj.nsed in the port priv,,.. ".u sie.iniei Uaehusett and earned off as a She sank .shortly after her arrival in CluNmcake M^v ;,. :.s.serf,ed,of her iiavin- sprinio- a Icakduri,,... h, v v^' . > i''e ^ ""^^'fl»«"Lv, us was diilst at anchor by a^ulut,Hrstai;s- JnllwImH ^ ^ ' "'^ '" ''"' '"'^'^'^ ^"""' ''U"rc'-i« much to hhinte :i.s tilt. Captain of the Wachiuiett. Mriliu',' tiiUH to Mr. Webb : — as wc liiul him. on I leariu- uliat Iru! OCCIIITI" ■In the years If^GJ and I8,J;Uemo,istra,,cSC .l^ltf 'l 'i "^'''^'"^f"". '^-v-/. . i I, (HW. .'^..nst the policy, .lillcrent as ,l wai Iron, h X^l t ' 1 u " L l^ "" '"''"^'■'T''' "f "^'-1 ~ eller and a haven to pirates who were e ..-d in | , i^'d ,/ r^.^f ? ' '''"•"",'' ''''^' '"'•"'■«'"n.^"'|- 1'nii.cl ,Stat,^s. Th.. ,M.,,v.po„aenee eanie U, a do' • t' , i '^ ■ ^ ^ " '?' ■"'' '•""""eree of the -I not withoat leavin, a' painful pn^",, ,, .^a ! ,. nn;ni'''r "'"' ^ ■' '''''''''"y '-""• ...;:;;' ''ntf£.s':i;;[:f i^ ;i;e sr t.:!t^z t!^tn;'- 1'- '"'- -" -*■ i"^ n^fHrniation of ihe .tiivun.stance^ whi.^h p.cceiled ihe col lisio, ,„^ .l ■ '"'' "" V'Mwvhiv n.'ns:,ctio,i it.self i.. ii,c.,n,.lete. At the , sane ,, . ', , T •'':""^'^"'" '''m'-^niinK 'I'o — pondence .hat it may have elieiteS hetwven ^^.^^^^l^t^Lr'^'^'" "'T''''^" '"' ""^ 145] Driiish A|)|icndix, vol, i. p, 14C. t ibid., p. 147. 2 A Tiie I'lorida. in n •v-'i n! I« ,i 176 The Florida. cniisidiT wliuLcviir ((ucstions timy uiisc (nil (il' ii, in ^i bocominj,' and fiiiimlly sjiirit, if iliiU s))irii st(>(l iinnio(liiiti>ly in strouLi,' (onus asjainst this violation of its sovorciiA'nty and tlu' niuitvalily of its waters. ly written by Senlior IJartiosa da Silva, tlir Til le roUowiiiii; left er was jniiiu 'diati Bniz ilian Oliarire d'Alfain^s at Washington, to Mr. SeAvard ; /lll/JC rial J^ci/cliiiii iij' lliir.il, II UMliini/fin (Traiislalioii.) ■ IM j, to llie navy of tlic Union, an ael wliiei; involves a luaiiilest violation of tla' territorial Jmi ion ot tl Km])! re, ami an o ffenee lo its iionour anil soveroi^iity On tlie 4l,li dav of Itio month refeiTed to tlieif entered that jioit, where already 1, id lieen lyiii- for soMit Commar the VVaeluisett, the Coid'ederato steamer Florida, for the jilnpi der'to the I'r'siiJent of the piovinee, to sui>iily herself with alimentary ]irovisioiis and ei id to re|iair sonii lnl);'.s of her maehinerv. The I! President, iiroeeediirj in aieordame \m ith the iioliey of iieutnilily whieh the Knipiri resolved to ado]it on the ([iiestioii i whieh uiil'iiiiunatelv ll States are invoKed, and, in eoiilornm\ th the instiuetions in this resjieel issued li\ the Imperial (ioveniinent on the •d of dniie of till year ei,L;ht In last ]ias!, assented to tlie .ipplieatinn of the rommaiuli of the Ar- indispensali for takinu; in .supplies, an r of the l'"liirida, and lixeil the term of fortv- 1 tixiim, ill depeiideiiee on the liiril exaiiiinatioii liy the i'ai','iiiici- ll, the deta-liiinition of the residue of the time whieh, [lerudveiilniv. slmuld he deeineii for till liiiiiletion of tl Th e SiUne aiitlioritv at onee look, nit h the u'lvalesi iiniiartialiiy, all the meusures neee-^sarv ir [ivoid aiiv eon Hiet lietweea the two hostile sti^anief- 'fhe Florida 1 ued under cover of tl lialteries o I' the lira/.iliaii eorvette l),.laiiuaria. on tin iiisliore side, li tlu' reiimsl of her Coi inlander, who, reposing on the faith with whieh, withont doalit the chief authority of tl attack of his ailversary P'eat part of the i re >vince ('ould not fail to iiisiiire him, considereil iiinisi If sheltered from I in this eoiitiib'tice not mdv stayed a niiilil on shore. Imt j^'ave liherty to n w' of his vessel It liehoves ine to siv that, as the ( 'iiiifederate steamer entered the port of Hahia.lli. American ("onsul. Wilsni, addressed to the I'resideiil a despatch eliiinun^' thai tin should In that vc in l.'^il: dmitli 111 tree piMt 11(111 lad. in etinc-ion hetweeil the Imperial r.overnmem and the l.e^'alion ol' the I'niled Slates, eoiild not U f till I'residiiit should have ivfused llie Im-pilalilv solicited hy the ( •omiiiander of the Fleiiil he would have infriti','e 1 not only the duties of neutrality of the F.iiiiiire, hiil also those of linn iatut\. consulerin - (hat iiiier, eomint; liinii TellerilVe, had heeii sixtv-oiie days at sea, was unprovided with III \Mlli m:e hinerv in the worst condition " .\flerward loyalty toward a idellt slati'd 111 till fllell llv nation, that he would settle with the (' I'onsul that he hojicil, from his honour aim ider of the W'aehu.selt tliat \v should iv.^pcct the neaii'Mlily and .so\erei!.;ntv of the Kmpire, he was answereii allirniatively, the (.'onsal pledL'in'i his word of hoiiouV. Thiii-s were in this condition, the term of forty-eiirht hours heiiij,' In ex))ire a steamer t 1 o'cloek of the atternoon iiisell, smldeiilv leaving; Wael led the Florida. f the Tth, when about dawn of that day, the Conmmnder of tl ]iassed throimh the Iha/ilian vessels of war 'On passing; across the hows ,r tl lis anchoraLTi ra/iliaii eor\i ll. Ill he must anchor lei!. iie did not attend lo this intimal mil, and eontinned to approai li ili^ aiipri that Florida, at tin Empire stationed in llm that the ships of the division and the hirt-i woidd open tire upon her if she shon The Hnizilian ollicer was liaileil tioiu mi h ll). .an le time tirinu' a pin and some musketry, the romiuandcr of the Naval Itivi.sioii nl'ilic it'ers'sent an ollicer on hoard the Waehii.-^elt and infornied her commamlir iitlaci th was not allowed to make fast to the VVilcliuscIt, Iml the oltieer of the deck huiloii ])ly tli.il he accepted t was goin;,' to return to his anchi iini.sayinj; in n le iiiMinalioli uiveli thai he would do notliiiiL; more, and that lie The Coniniaiider of 'the Itra.'ilian division then tlion;.,'ht jir n|iel In ralifv his inlimation hy lirinj,' a gun. ii)" III Wlllell a ei "tnplete silence IoI'liwciI hetwecii the two slii)i- Wi icliusi tt and Florida. At I le time tins was piussi the eolAelle aiuiaria, on hoard whieh the ( 'olilIiMlidiM nl Divi.sion had hoi.sted his flnir, lay head to Hood, the steamer Fhnida anchorei nil. liV side of lid. hetween her am he (Jonimander of Division thci iind ipiile clo.se to the shore, am 1 the corvi-tte the Waellllsett sli her wliei 1 ohservinu — no twithslandiiiL,' the darkness of the niijht- the Waehu.sett, from the ])osition in which she wa keiU nioviii'' oiiw ml Iml and was passini; alieiiil m tl le eorvette, in a coii rse lvH., heeann I thai, in fact, slic wa.s steering loi her anchorage 'oni)ilyin;,' with thi! prnmisi; made. British .Appendix, vol. i, p. 152. ,• spirit, inlint sjjii'ii ri'*-;aiy lu I rni'vcttc It. .Iiiiuiaria, mi [\\v li with whii-ii, without ilmiKl. il hiiiisi'lt' slii'lti'ivil t'riiiii aiiv II slionv lint 'fiwc libi'fty tu ;i iti'ivil till' |ii'll 111' Maliia. till' U that till' l-'loriila slmiilil iml i.'liim.'i.l, allru'iii.ii lor this, tliiii (■ I'!iu|iiri' liy making i'a|iiiMv- had alifady tweii tlic siilijiTi (• riiitcil Stale's, cuiilil mil In- ir < 'iiiiiiiiamlcf 'il' the Kloiiilji V. lint also ihosi- of hiimaiiily. < at sen, was uiipi'oviilril witli 11' liopcil, I'foiii his homiiir ami (lor iif till' Waclm.st'tl that li- c'fcii alliriiialivi'ly, tlic CoiimiI if foi'ty-ciglit- liotirs liciiii; tn at (lay. the ( 'oiniiiaiiilii' of I lie I limzilinii vessels of w.w ami li.' wa-i hailcil fumi mi luKuii III rmitiiiiicil III ap]ii-oai li tin' 1 ill' llii' N'a\.il Itivisimi nl' the ami inlmiiicii lii'f roiiiiiiaiuli'T she shmilil attni'k the FloriiL the olliccr of lh(^ (leek liailcil ilo iiolliiiig moil', ami that In- (livisimi then tliimi;lil ]irii)ici ilLiwcil liit\v(.'cii the Iwo sliips iril whirli the I 'niainamtci nl iircil l!.l>,, side liy side of liii. isctt slopped liel' whei N. e darkness of tlie iiieht — tliiil 111 and was ]iassin,ir aheiul of 'ei'ilii' lor hev anelioraL;e, llin- ill Illy ^^^^^:'^:Z::^:^^ ■■•'".■i-ia.wa. i,. ,m.ti„.., the Com„.ande, ".M.rpnsi.il at sneh an exfaofdinat^a ., I , ' ""?"'■"' '" ""- '^''''''■' 'l^'>*''''ve. I •> - '"'"'"""■'"'■• '™l '-■^'^'I'l'i^' the, i„st jmnishment he to lie Le^^ilion „f the f„it,,| States a^ 'l', ',"'■' '''f ."""'j-l nilofniatim, of the eve.it, a.hlressed - . tt lie. ared that i, had m. hesitation i ■ ev ,, it w! oH ' 1' "'^"'^ " ""•- ''"'^ '^^'"'^'"'^" "*' ^''^ •lint the Coveniiaenl of the Tnio,, „o,il(l a uViUtl, , ''''■"'''"'';' H' ''"'" I"'"l"'>'">^^"l'a„<3es ^""1 l"lly n.sthe,un,vily of ihe ea,se detnatal.'d '' ' '■'*'l""'^"""' "' ""• ''■■'U'i'" :w pmmpllv M-stainj 'rih '''r:s;rs;:,;:?£,"^^;;'i,;^ -i-pk i- ^^i-i. .1,,.. p,.i„i.ipies, ^.,,..,,1.. IVesident of the ITni,,,,! States a t i 1 ,. i I 'o- '" ''''•'• '''^' .^''"^t Yashin,!,,,, then l,e„ •■ lemtonal sovereignly of 1|„' rnited State' Ti,. '' "'"' ^"'l''t"W H'L' nentralitv and the iigninst thi.s violatam, ,ni,| ivonired I'lom 'tl„'. c, -^""■■''"'I'li (.overnmeiit reiiionstrat( d eneVgelicallv iliale delivery of the (■apiutv, es e 't . Vl '."l ';',"'" '''■'"■'' '''"l'"'-''" ""t ""'v l'^^ i " m^ This reelaniatim, .a. p!.m„p,l;:.:;^i ^ M ' n:;;;:;'™''^'' '1 '">",""■ '"^"""" ''•"'"' "■' '"-^• •iHM'roviaee of I!,|,ia, wl'iel, ,„akes the si ,.,r •'■'''''''>'' '"^ ""' "''I'tim.nee in the jioH of "•I'U'I, receded and attended il, thi^aea^S ,,■,': h""" T\ "^"i "'^' ^''"■'''' ^■i>'^>'">'t">.oes •■The Con.niand.a' of the Waehnsel n, ' i , '' '"'"•''" "' """'''''" ■"uritinie war. Empire^ passin, heymal tlu! l^I "^ . ^1 SpT;:?'^ >;;f '''•''•| "7 tytritorial imuntnities of the ship, who.se erew, nineh rednee.l, l«'au,s,',Mov a, m^v ''■''"''•'■' '\''''''- ''"' "'^■'"' '' '"'■''■"•''■l''«-s several ollicer.s, leposed unw,,,-; he , , , 1 i s . ,w , f "'" "'f "■" ''"",''• T'"' "'^' * '"""""•>«1''>' -"cl Kmpiiegnaranl..edlo,la'nt;a,i;is,M ' iw St e I l"'^'t,';^''"M. whteli the nentralitv of the S;r ;---" - - ^■-•'^"'^'-''"■"^Hirri:^^ " (3li this oerasion, reiniudiir' ih,' I'lui,.,! s;,,,, 1 Ml hist,.ry hv the enmgetie deleneiMif and v It ' ''l." I!;';' ■ '1?'"''^'^ "«' "^" '^"""■" -'"' ""tfd " " '- i^'M".''! .'.1. I eonsider the eve, t w hi'l'' ei „ I ' V'^^ '^ "* f'"-' >'"^''^'1<''" Pt'i.f -ples, the "'■ "'^' <'"""i,,,niler of the \\aihus('t „ „tl H^ ,. L ' I'l''^'^^^^^^^ ""'" ^''^ ""' ""'i^ i''""! .ict .mse.pmntly give to the (iovernn.eu u'' , , '''r'"'''' ''>' "'^ '■"V"mnient, and that it will « 'i^''. i" ''"rmity with internali, d a aSn li a' I wT''!' ' " '■^'''^"-"""^^ -»' •■"!-«ti"" relations will, the United States "'■'' "''"''' """"tains jriendiv ami paeilie ■he .'ii'lJ ':/:tt:r,d:h. M;''siS;;r^ ■•; i-"^ >!'- i'--n..'d. .i,e .'nde,.,, , ,„,,, "f tlK. (iove.rnineiit of the fni e. S at . ' h.;,/'';''^' ''•.''- '" '"'^ '•■'^"'•'■'' " '■^''"•"' ""'' ■" l'- i"'Stiee ^i-'i'^ti'^tory as the i,„ teslahl, Im hi 1 T' ''"' " TT'' ''""'"^"' '"" "'''' " " i" '"' '^^ «^t^ done to it, may ie,|„iiv.'« ' "" '■'"'"'■'■' '""' ""■ ^^''^^ .-'-'^ity "!■ Ill-' ollen.e whiek ^il.ilitv ..f III.- ' , .',1'.*;;^^^^^^^^^^^^^ porsist.Hl in taking a. t,. tin- inadmir. all 11.;- Kmit ..u.,. ,^ ^it^ d w' irn 7 " l-"'^''-"<^: -).^yiti,s(a^di,t. that ^uu(.Avueh,.sm iZ;; ,:;!t '!; ti;;;;'"'''"^ ""• •■"''^""^' -'■ ^''" »'i""'i'^ ••>• 'i^ r-'i'-i «.ates- wa,' -.1 mi'ii; yilnr' m;;::';d;h:3";' c:z. lir :;;'; ":', .^ir^i r- '"i "• -" '-'---'i"^ ''^^-"" yo.. lite I'isi instant. ''' ' ' ''" '""' "'■^■'-•"''''■'- «'a-s m.t si.lauiited to me until I'W, ju.stlv eMieeteil tr 1 h, , , '"""1*? " *'"■' I'"'";.^ "' ^t'" " "il'''l «tilt,es. \'n„. have, there- J .> XI II idl tlial tla I leMd, ut would disavow ami regret the proc(;edings at liahia. He will The Florida. . I HritiBli Apiiondi X) vol. i, |). 15;j 2 A 2 iH t' i III Tne t'lorida. 178 suhwiid Captain Collins, and direct him to appear lieforc a .ourt-martial. The Consul at liahia -.ulmn^ that \k advis.'d and incit(!d tho captain, and was active in the proceedings. Uo will therefore !.■■ (liMiiissetl, Tiie ila<,' ol' I'-ra/il will receive lioin the United Stales' Navy tho honour niistomary in 111.. intercourse ol' Iriendlv niarillnie Powers. ,■ . . " It is, li()wever,niit lo lie understood that this (Joverninent admits or gives credit to the charges .,1 falsehood, treachery, and deception which you have hroughl against the captain and th(^ Consul, 'llii-v charges are denied on the autliority oi' the otlicers accused. " You will also lie jihiwd to understand that the answer now given lo your repreaentatnin resis exclusively upon the "round that the capture of the Florida wius an unauthorized, unlawlul. and indelensilile cNciris,. nfiW naval forci' of tin- Fnited Stales within a foreign country, in defiance of it- established and duly recognized Government. , , , , "This (idverumenlilisalliiwuyimrassuinption that the iiismgentsof this country are a lawlulnaviil belli-'erent • and on the contrary, it maintains thai tlic a.scri])ti(Ui of that character by the Covernimni of Brazil to' insur-'cnt <:iti/.eus ol' the United States, who have hitherto I ee:i, and who still are, destUut,- of naval forces, .pi ats, and ('(airls, is an act of intervrutidii. in derogation of the law ol nations, inul unfriendlv and wrongful, as it is luanifestlv iiijuricnis to the United States. •• So' al.so this (lovernnicnl disaUow.s vour assumption that the Flonda belonged to the atorc- nienliouM'l insur-'cMls, and maintains, on ihe'contrarv, that thai ve.^.sel, like tho Alabama, was a pinu, be!on"in" to iio"nalioii or lawful belligerent, and therefore that the harbouring and supplying of thcsr piratical "shiiis and their crews in I'.iazi'lian ports were wrongs and injuries for which Hrazil ju.stly ow,- reparation to the United States, as amjile as the repanition which she now receiv(;8 from them. Thc\ hope, and conlidi^iilly e.xpeci, this reciprocity in good time, to restore the harmony and friendshiii wIimI, are S() essential to the welfare ami safety of the two countries. " In Ihe iiositions which I have thus assumed, the impciial (iovernment wdl recognize an iwlheivnr, lo the ri'dits which have been , i.n.stanllv asserted, and an enduring sense of injuries which have been tii.' subjects of earnest remonstrance bv the" United Stales during the last three years. The (Jovernm.'iif ..f ;ain informed thai these positions of this (iovernment are no longer deemed open if war of the United States, or lo il.i I'liiizil is argument. " it does nsj)()mlone(% together with tliat which passed cial admiral ion in contrast to the (lofiH-t.ive neutrality of Great Britain. Our Monhy Biiizilian Colleague will, I doubt not, appreciate th(i compliment thus paid to the country of which he is the distinguished re}«res<^ntative. * British Appendix, vol. i, p. 156. 1 1 l/!t Tho Consul at lialiia lulrnii- ngs. Uo will tlierdbrc Iw ho honour ouatomary in thi' ;ives credit to the charKr.s nl ;ain and the Consul, llir^.- to your represiintalion rcsi^ mauthorizcd, unlawful, lunl ^n country, in defianci; of ii.i is country arc a lawful navnl liaractcr by tho (iovcTnimin 1, and who sdllari!, ileslilulr of the law of nations, mul irida belonged to tho afurc- e the Alabama, wa.s a piriiti iring and .sujijilyin;,' of thcsr for which Brazil Justly oui~ I' receives from them, TIm'\ imiony and friendship whirh it will reco;;nizeau iulliereiici f injuries which have been the i years. Tlio Covernmerit nf no longer deemed ojicii !■• he United States, or Lo il»' ictiug without th(! autlmrii) 11 ti'ne, tiuuiner, and oii a,«i'>ii m be lawfully exercised irdiiiate nj^enta without tin unauthorized, irregular, aii'l ing to this (lovernnient l"i id set an example worthy ni ipon the principles which I 1, as they contend, enemies ul ,'lit into tho custody of I lib the puinshrnent which tlu\ otection of the United States lay find it, with the liaznni ul under navaJ surveillance iiinl ISrazilian Government, on the ily stopped. The leak was a; A'ith a war-transport. ()nlw> he occurrence. It seemed i" ilitary ('otirtof Intiuiry wer. leport, and a copy thennl b : its labours shall have enilcil 1, is a:s8unied that the lois.s m t no responsibility upen ili'- ed im the occasion of tlie nd w hich I have alnwh Uvazil should bo held u|i :y of Great Britain. Our •ompliment thus paid to ('(if.r iif the AInhama. a.v turn- i„ possc-ssion of (h ! w I , Xof !!" '\ '■"'''"" ''' <'"' '''""''"■ ^^•' ^s,v. waiitini,^ in duo di]i^n(Mlcv,i^ „,, sriir ,,'''/,,- l' f^^'^^^ <^wvonun,-nt th- io,.,iu.,>,ni,„ t.,,j„sii,y a,.d suplJ;; ho's,:::''' "'" """""^ "»■ --'"'''- "vi-i.-.. I horc IS no l"'ll.v Coniin(Mi(!(>d in (MoIh-,- or Novonibor l«fi1 l.v m> t • , ., sl.i|.-l,..ihlcrs of Liv,.rpool, tho vossoi k ow , f ,', J * -^'f'' ^^^ ^-'^"''l' *".<" woli-known lutnchod on the 15th May, 1862. " ""'•'' ''^ ^"''" "»"'''"'' '-'«'^)- ^va.s Slio had idivady attractod tlio tittoiition oi' Mr M,„ii < i . , about hor to M. S..<.n>tary Soward on i^^'^ .;;!.'„,' "SutS-"' "" """ ^'''''^ In :i proviou. do.spatoh 1 montionod tlio (Vt f b-, Al i'~ i , Ixiiltlin;,' a -un-boa.t at lirkonhoad wi i 1, T 1 li, v i "'''^^^''^^•^•, l^''"''t ^in'l Co. uoiv This boat was lauoobod y 4 la v lio ^Vl r *'"' ^''^' ^'-'"^'-'-'''X'.v. Ilo thon o.ivos a do.sorintion of ho,' -in I u „ ' '•"•'''"'' '' ''''>' ^"1"'»''"'"' ''"=1^-" what sho i; intondotl fo 't ro o 'Th v ' /''-H'^i ^""^'' '"'''"''" '^ "" <^""''f '"" in tho yard; ho said sho Iv!; S.o t o ^il^ ^ ! "t ^.S;, '';;; ^ and .service." t '''• '^' "*"" "i<^t<'. :"h1 tor tlio .sauio purpose t.,ai,; :- ■ *''" ^''■- '^""^^"^ '""'"^"^ ^"''^^ '•"• '^ '""'"^'' ^ '"^t 0,1 tho l^^th of Juno writes " Thegini-liiial, liuildiii'' for the ConfG(leriie< liv Vf., ■„,. i i n . trial trip last Thursday. None of th Ji' tn- \S^ " No ' ' '"" """; ''" "';'"'''"""'■ ^'"- 'H'"'>' ticket. They were issued only to the pe rsoi's Active .m , \ '."''' '^'"""'"' "" ''"^"■'' ^^■'l'"'"" '■' persons and houses engaged in fit m-'o ,t iIh I % ' " '' '" ":''."" '"' '■'''"'l''"'>- ^^1" l'"" '■''tive have publishe.! artiel,.;sutii,g tiinj ^b .. To^ hi H ■ ll^i^ l^'r ''"\ ^''" ^"^^- ^^^'^ '"'I^'^- ■n.nt. The.se piec^^ have been eonied in he 1.. ^ i " , * "" I""-* '^ '^''"t I" <.iir (ioverii- l«-|'le much nnre e,,..,-,,! a d .3cd I s Z n l^r'' 'i''''- '''" ''""^■^ ''^'^ I'e.n. tomake the ■'•''.■y will no, admit a„y one exe^^Si l::.::::!is:t ^z:^:^ ^•' """"'" '""" '" ^•'■^^•" Alter iiivin- a full dci.soription of the vessol, lio adds :— ■; N.) pains or expense ha.s licen spared m her construction, ,uid when tinishe.1 sh.. u,n i, Mi,,er,or boat ol her class. Jndeeil. they say there will he no ikt ^ loa t!. '; ^1 " ""? satislaetory. She will be tinished and ready for her arnmn t , hn „ , i'' ''''' T"' '■"'"''''■>■ not yet learnc^lnf\^ln!^o^^ Pnge nr.- t United Slates" Documents, vol. vi, p. 373. \ Ibid., p. 374. I'he .Alabama. \A. r { *■ 1 ■ «fW4Ali:f.^ I ■ mii I The Alabama. At Liverpool. Writiu'' to 180 tlin latter, :i letter to be forwarded by hiiu to llor Maj' ity's Government. Mr, Seward on the iJTtli olMime, Mr. UiuUey says :— -IVin.' fiitirelv wiliHiicil in mv own niiiid tliut this vussd wan intoncUMl ii.s ii i>riviiUrr tnr Uw „.|«'l"ov(.mn.rnt.iiiultlmlil w,i.s my .lulv t.. iw cvm- .•llV.n t.. imwHit Ii.t .s.uImi- I wci.l up l„ \.,niliini.>». At liis instiiuv.. ! divw ui. and mldivs.sra t,i Inni ii nolr, ,i c.py „| win. 1, is iu.ln.s,.,! nmik.'.l N'<.. I. I'-' in-in.snl a . ,.|,y ul' this, iinMmipuni.Ml witli mm .•ncr-.4n' n»h: Inmi liiiiwclt to I'lirl Um ean to c.m.iliate ns, and will stop the littin- .ml „l this vessel It is t.) he'hia.ed lliat thev will do il. a.s she would do nnuh nus(duel to onv eoinlneree il she .'oL out in some .puute,- distant tnau our eruizeis. One .,f the l.airds, an aetive mendier ot tins tinn"is a memher of I'a.liament. Thi.s ves.sel is ready lor .sea, and il not prevented w_dl .sailheloie the fP.rof l.eM week, faptaiu I'.nlloek will e.mimaud hei: She wdl enter upon the hn.sme.ss as ;. privateer at onee. mid not attem|.l to niii into a Suutheni poll, li is said lliiu her armament w.ll eoli-.i-t of eleven i-'uns, all of hea\y ealihiv.'* Diidlev's letter (o ^Mr. Adams, under date of the 21sl of dune, was as :Mr follows : — ■• The ,1,'Uii-lioat now hein.u laiilt hy the Me.ssrs. l.aird iiiid whieli'"l mentioned to ytai in a previous despatch (ioveruineiit ill the Southein States, not think there is tlr' lea.sl room for privateer Sumter, stated tlmt this vt Messrs. i.aird's vard savs she is th mid Co., at I'lirkenhead, opjiusile l,iverp(jol, is inteiiileil for the >(j-ralled Confeiii'r.ile The evidence 1 have is entindy eoiielusive to my mind. I du diailit alioiit it. I'.eaiifort and Caildy, tw.i of the oHieers from the >sel wiw l)eiu,u' liuilt for the ('oiifeilerate Slale.s. The foreman iu • sisli'r to the onn-hoat Oreto, and has liceii hnill tor the saiae parties and h,r the same ,M,r,m,.e; when ,,ressed lora IuhIu. cNplanatiou he stated that she was to he ■i M-iviteer hir the 'Southern (loveniment in the rnited .Stales,' riie captain and olti.'e rs ol the steamer Jnlia t'sher.miw at Liverpool, and which is hmded to run the Idoekade, state tliat this -uii- hoat is for the ('(Uifediaates, and is to lie i-ommamled hy Caiitain i'mllock. . "The strictest watch is kepi over this vessel ; no person exeeiit lho.se immediately eiiea-.ul up.iii her i- admitted int<. the vard. On the ueension of the trial trip made last Thursday week, u» one was udmitted with.ait a pii.ss,^md these pa.s.ses were is.sued to hut h'W pers.ms, and tho,,e who are kno\Mi here as aitive Scce.ssioiiislseii'^a^'ed iu.seiidinjiaidand rehet lo the reliels. '• I understand ilial her armament is to consist of eleven -mi^ ioid tiiat she is to cuter at once, as soon as she leaves this ))(,rt, upon her hiisiiicss as a privateer. .. The ve«el is verv iiearlv completed ; .she has hail her hrst trial trip. 1 his trial was sueces.shd, and entirely satisfactory to the in-rsnus who :i- superinteiidin- her construction. She will he Innshcl ill nine or ten davs . . ■ , , ■ i i. i •. . •When coiupleied and armed she will U' ii most lormidaMe and daiyerou.s eralt ; uiul, it unl i,re\eiite,l from •;oiu- 1., sea, will do much mi.schief to lair (ommeree. The ].er,soiis enj,'aj,'ed in her constrmaiiui .say thal'lio hetter vessel ol' her class was ever laiilt."t Transinittinu' this letter to Earl llussoll on the 23rd of June, Mr. Ackms, titter tidvortin- to the allair of the Oreto, i,'oos on to stiy :— ■ I am now under the painful nee. s. v' of aiii.risim^' your Lordship that a new and .still more iMiwerful war steamer is ucarlv readv hir departure from tlie port of Liverpo.il on the same errand. I Ins ve.s.sel has been laiill and launcheii Irom the do,;kyard of pur.soii,s, one ol whom is. now sittinj. as :i Memher of the ll.ui.se of Commons, and is tittin- out lor the especial and manliest ob,|eel ot earrym.' on hostililieshv.sea U isiilMUit to he commanded l.y one of the insui-eiit a.L'eiit.s, the .same who sailed in the Orelo The parties emia^ed in the enterjui-ie are jur.son.s well known at LiverpiMd lo he a-eiils labours an and otlicers of llie iiisui-ents in the ruiled States, the nature and exteul ,il whose 1 exnluiiied ill the roiiv of an intercepted letter of one of them whndi 1 received Irom luy (.overniucat .some davs iwo, ami which I had the honour to jdace iu your Lordships hands .ai I hersday la.st. •• r now a.sk permi.ssiiin lo transmit, for vour consideratiou, a letter addressed to me hy the I unsal of the t'nilud States at Liverpool, iu cniilinualiou of the statements here subinilted. and to solicit such action a.s may tend eilher to stop the luojecled ^expedition, or lo establish the l.ic; that e purpo.se ]^ mil inimical lo the peoide ol the United Slates. "J T!ie evidence which was coii(dusiv«> to ^rr. Dudley's inind, and left no doubt on it, •md .ni whi(d) Mr. Adams asked for the seizure of the v.^ssel, was wholly iiisitilleient to iustifv such a i)roeeedino:. The statements of the two oHieers of thi> Sumter, and those of the cant.'iin and otlieers of the .lulia Ushi-r, then leavins-' Liverpool m order to run tbe l)h.(d of evidence on oath, would htive fallen short of wiiiit pr(d)ahly wouiu have lieen deemed judicially requisite. The jissertion of Mr. Adtims "that the parties cno-ao-ed in the entorprize were well known at J.ivcrtiool to lieaoentsandoirieers IJaitud SialLs' Docuniiuts, vol. vi, ji. 377. t Appciulix ta British Case, vol. i, \< 17;(. I Hiitish Appendix, vol. i, p. 177. cmmcnt. Writ in;; to luU'il as 11 id'ivali'iM' I'lir tin.' lii'T .s.iiliii;,', I went U]l In (!ond hand, Avould liavo i])|)ort('d slatcmcnt ol' a uiiM should 1)1' williiiiz; to 11 short of what prohably of Mr. Adams "that tli'c 1 to hcai'eutsandoiRcrrs British Case, vol. i, p )T.h rune :- '"'•'" '" ""' l'">'< "t Liveriiool, i„ul,.,. ,|,.ttt- .d" the 2Ath of h. Comn June ' Sir, noti.'.' of' tiie rieil, ,„ .,„, ,„„; ,.; „;i ■„;;;,, iiri' ";;7"''' ";'"'' ''"'"''" '^■'''^- 1-'* ""t <'«'iipeti"th.- tieman;! a speenil l;ep,.,L ^ '' """""" ' '^ ti""^P"vd eoiuviniin^ her uliieh appeLIl to ;;^l';iv|'oil ihal ll,,. vessel l,, uhiHuli,., " Zii-cr/i'i,i/. JuHf 2H, l.SOl". „ ,... • . ■ - •■• • ■•"" 11 ii)i|ii'iueti t ia.aii,.wi:r: - 'i^'iiid ;t,:M;r: M;;,;'::;:ni';.H:'; 'r"'""'-^"''" ■"' ""• ^•'-- '--■••. -'> nirk... '"^■■A;;:;:h;v:-V'i:!;;:r:t::.;:;^'lt?^ "••■- • ;-.;.-atmn of the 1^,1^ ^i:;;::- K::?:;;::;;^,;-:; '-'. "■- ^"^ ^^ -'.-.-y I': Her iliini.nsions arc as f,dl,nvs- h' '.(,■■ , '"'.""r""" '"'' '"" "" "'e ' I'-l H Miehcs, and her^ross toniia.e^'' ,,;',,, '^ ,';';''■'''- '■•-I'l'. :■' i^^et I" ' '" 'I'll' ol adniiMsurcment i.s "' tI;:: la;;;;::;,,!;:;:?!,;;:;;:::;, ,: ;;:;;■"', 't -v"- ,^.- - cama^es as vd, is not ilt'iiied l,y the \lcssrs. I.ni , U^ ^-^ tiZr" "' " 'T " ''""'-" ^-vcrnmen., and that |.ppt,ar disposed ,0 reply ,0 ,.ny iMestioii w ^ ■ ,W . i;;";;';";'' T" '^ "'''i'''^'' '""■ "-^- ''•■"" tins port, ai.tl vvt, have no other .diahh' sonree of 1,, ''''^""'" "' ""^ ^■'-^■' «fl^''' >^>'' l-^nes It will lit! m voiir r. II,., .(I ..., .1. nii.nion. A,!;rceahly uitli your iliiveiions I de.scrihed in i|],.,.,,| (wcillatiiii,' priiita\ 8 inches; depth. 'l7 (i82TVii ton ' Shi It Will l.t!inyiairreeone,.(i„„ that ihe cnrrc iK.n hnii, lor a n,r.:i,n < ^-vern,,;:;: ^^hUr v::::7;:i,:r,.,;;' .iir rv \ '"'■'" "-• ^"-^ ^''" "^ imyKunsoranininnilnaiia, l,o,n',l,asprt'v,^H,slyn.po,l!!!| '""' "'"'''■ " "'■"'•^'' H";-'. without «di he i.::^::^:::::;; n;oned!:s;:::;d;'wui: ': '"" -'-^ ^.e vessid ..cerred to "Very respect fiillv, TI . . C'^^lHlletO " !•:. JIoiiOAN, Sum-wrr '"^ .1,0 ulZ^"" '•""••™'- ""■ '■»'■ "" '■"■■"■<•'■. ""■ •'*'>lirit.«- or ,1„. r„,,„„, ^.wJed .rtiJf s;;;,^!i'u:;;;:;;:;s,;;-jx.;'« ,;;'--;; i»,j-;™ «.». .nji , i.i„ til interfere in this ca.s,.. The olh ...rs at Liverimol Ic ve ■ . \"V •"^"' ."''"''''■^ "' H"'^ »'venue pmvcr ™> « "-'''l '■-"'i' >n .10 so, inniiediatcl ■ i r^,,''' ;;' i^'^y "' '^'■"'''"" " "^"■'' "I""' ''«''. .msnier to cull lor ilireclioiLs, or advi.sahle'lo 1 r 1 m, r li I' ,"• ^"'>;.'"'",'"^"^'"'^- I'kU ihcy may tn move ,n the mailer without the clearest ev th' ^,' " V. ti, e v Vr''''' '. ''? ^'iV ""^^-■^ ""^^1'^ "'^ Act, nor unh'ss at a monu'nt of ^r.'at emer.t'nc/ he e . ^ It n 1 l'"' "' "" '""''"■' J''"'i«""^'"t. tl»' n'nuireni.'nts as H, intent hein^. very ri^i,! " It L v ^ It 1 T'"^' ''■^"'■"^■"y U-chnica], ami -"'■■"'-nil of war, nn^h. he umpicsthmahlv lia H, ,i ..' 'f ''''' V""- '■'-""' ''' '"■'• '"'>^" '"^ liitcnlion under (he lorcini, Kidi.sn.eiit Act ^in tic 'V^r, I V ,''','''''■'''''''' >''' "'^* '*'''''<■ "' coiisciiuenccs. ' ■'"" ""- "''''""' ""n'll '-nUnl ujum tlieni.selvcs very serious "June 30, 1862." C'Siyncd) " I''. .T. ll\mi: In -..ir'^i^^^zrirsriSXa:;:;;^:^ ^^•^'" "^^'^' ^^^^^ ^^^viser. r^ardrilli/ts^elllit'Sr tl,:';^^^ t;--'^ "- ' "i-'™ 1- 1.. in .^. f.itircly conchisive to his n.in.l, vve ^ve, iV W '^^^^^^ ^" "'' ^^""•l"''" 'States trl-i;;!.,;;i'S;:;;S:'ii i;&,s' H?" ""' -;Vi-'™ - -= " iinil as • British Appendix, vol. i, p. 1 78. t Ibid., p. 366. i Iliiii., p. 183. If. ? !' Ai . II !U 182 The Alabama, tlit- piuvisious of the Foreign Enlistraent Act would require. Without the |)roiiuctioii ul" full ainl suftioicut evidence to justify their proceedinjjs, the seizing officers might entail on theniselves and on At Liverpool. the (lovernnient very serious consequences."* In t'orwardiuj^ these Reports to Mr. Adams, Earl Russell, in a note ol' tiie 7tli .1 iilv to Air. Adams, sus^i^ests to Mr. Adams " to instruet the United States' Consul at [iiv'er|)ool to submit to tlie CoUeetor of Customs at that jiort such evidence as he mav possess tendinis to show that his suspicions as to the destination of th(! vessel in question were well founded, "f Mr. Adams accordingly wrote to Mr. Wilding, the American \'ice-Consul at Liverpool, inclosing a copy of Earl Russell's note, requesting him to "comnuuiicate as soon as may he any evidence which he could readily command in aid of the object designated." Referring to the retpiisition thus made, Mr. Dudley, in a despatch (o Mr. Seward of the Oth .)u?y, writes :— "I do not think Ihe I'.rili.sh Government arc treating; us jiroperly in liiis uialter. They an' hm deidim; with n.s as oae i'ricndly natiim ought to deal with another. VVlicu 1, a.s tiie Agent of niv t'.overmuent, tell iheni, frnm evidence submitted to nie, tluit I liave, no doulit about her character, thii oui'ht to accept tins imtil the parties wlio an; building her and who iiavc it in their ]io\vcr to .show if lier destination and purjiose are Icgitinuite iuid honest, do .so. It is a very easy matter for tl..- Mes.srs. Laiid and Co. to show for whom they arc building her, ami to give .such infornuition a.s to her jmrpo.se as to be sulisl'actorv to all panics, the burden of proof ought not to be thrown ujion us. In a hostile comnninity like this it is very dillicult to get information at any tinu' upon these matters, ami if nauR's are to be given it would rentier it almost impo.ssible. The (lovernnient (uiglit to investigal ■ ii and not call on us for jiroof'j Notwithstanding the vi(>w thus exi)ressed that his belief as to hi'r destination was siidicient to c;>ll for" the seizure of the vessel, Mr. Dudley, on the sam(> d;iy, addressed the following comnnuiication to the Collector ot Customs : — .. ^j,. " l.iii'rpool, thilij 'J, 18tJl'. •■ In accordance with a suggestion of Karl lius.sell iu a communication to Mr. Adams, (he Amerinin Minister in London, I beg to lay before you the infonnation and circumstances which have come to m;, knowledge relative to tlii' gun-beat now being titled (ait by Messrs. Laird, at lUrkeiihcad, for the Confcdenitcs of the Southern I'liited Slates of America, and intended to be used as a privateer agaiu.si the United States. "On my arrival, ami taking cli.irge of the Consuhiti! at Liverpool in No\c luber la.sl, my atteiiii..!i was called by llu; Acting Consul and by other persons to two gun-boats being or to be lilted out for tlie .Mi-called Confederate (iovernment : the Orelo, lilted out by Mr. "Miller and .Me.ssr.s. Kaweett, I'restun ami Co., and the one now in question. Subseciuenl events fully proved the siispieion with I'c.nanl to the llrelo til be well founded; she cleiired from Liveipool in March last for ralermeuiid .lamaica, but sailnl direct for Nassau, whe-c she now is receiving her annaincut as a jirivatecr for the so-i'al!ed Confedevati' Covenwucut ; and my attention was called rciieatcdly to the gun-boat building liy Mr. Laird by various persons, who slated that she also wius for a Confederate (irivatcer, and was being built by the Me'^-ii>, Lairds for that express purjiose. •■ In May last two oUii . i.. of the .Southern privateer Sumter, named Caddy and lleaiiforl, pa.^x.1 through Livcrjiool on their way to Havana and Nassau, and wliih> here stated that lliere was a gun- boat building by Mr. Laird, at liirkenhcad, for the Staulicni Confederacy; and iiot hing after that ^i lorenian emjiloyed abiuit the vi'sscl in Mr. Laird's yard stated that she was the sister of the Oreto, und intended fur iju! .same .service, and when pres.sed for an c.xplana.lon further stilled that she was to br ;i |irivateer Ibr the Southern (iovernment in the l.'nitcd States. ■When the vessel was lir.sl trieil, Mr. Wellsniaii, one of the lirni of Kraser, Trenli(p|m, and in uho ale well known as agents for the Confederate Oovernment), Andiew and 'I'lion.as Hyrmsand ollirr persons, well known as having been for months aelively engagcil in seniling nuinilioiis of war for saiil (;u\ernment. were, present, and have accomjianied her on her various trials, iis they had aecompaniid the Oieto on her trial triji and mi her departure. •■ In April last the Soulliern screw-steainei Annie Cliilds, which bad niii the blockade oui .., Charlt'sloii, and the nana' of which was changed at (his jiort to llie dulia I'sher, was laden wiili iiiiinitinns of war, consisliiig of a large ([uanlity of powdvr, rilled canmui, v'v-c, by Messrs. Frasii, Trenholin, and Co., for the Southern Confederacy, and lefl Liverpool to run the blockade under tin (■(ininiand of a Captain Hammer, and having mi b'lard .several of the crew of the prixaleer Suinler, I" uliicb I have before refeiri d. " h'or some reason unkiioun I his vessel came hack and is nowhere. Since lur return a yoatli named liobiiisoii, who had gone in her as a passenger, has stated that the giiii-lioal building at LiiiiF.-. \\w the Southern Cunfcderaey was a subject of fniiueiit convcrsatiiai among the' ellicers while .she ulu' .lulia I'sher) wius out. 'I'lial she was all the lime spoken of as a (.'oni' ilerate xtv^sel; that Captain Ihilloek was to commmid her; dial llie money for her was advamx'd by Kriiser.Trcnholni, and Co. ; liml she was not to make any alteinpl to run the blockade, but would go at once us a pri\al(er; that slir was to mount eleven guns ; and that if the dulia I'sher was not going, the six men from (he Sunilci, wild were on boaid tho Julia Usher, were to join the (,'un-boat. Tliis youth, being u nativo of Now ISiilisli Apiieinlix, vol. i. p. 182. t Ibi'l., p. 1K4. I United Slulcs' Docuiiants, Mil. vi, \k 'i'i'l. ■ tlie |)ioductioii of full iiinl entail on thuinsulves anil (ni A\, ill a note of tlio 7tii United States' Consul at iucli evidence us he nui_v Q of till! vess(d in question Luaerieun Viee-C(jnsul at him to " (tonnnunieate as md in aid ol' the object . despatch to Mr. Seward in tills iiiallc'i'. Tliuy arc iHii Wlicn I, lis iIk! A^onl oi' niv loulit iilioiit lu'i' cliiiriU'tt.'V, tiui ,ve it in their ]iii\vi'i' to .sliow il , a viiT easy nialtor for tl.i- ;ive sui'li iuCnriMalidii as to ln'i nut to lie tlirown upon us. In / tiiiu' >i]M)n llicsi! matters, nml n'lmicnt (iu;j:iil lo inv('sti;,'at" ji as to iiei" destiaatioii wns n the same (hiy, addressed " l.iii'rpiml, Jill// 'J, 181)1'. 11 to Ml'. Adams, (lie Aiiieriinn taiKi's uliicli have (.■oiiii! to m;, Laiid, at i'liikciiiii'iul, tor the ) he used as a [irivateer agaiiisi n Nii\iiiilit'r last, niy attciiiii.ii lieiuj,' or to lie titled cait for tlir .' and Messrs. Kawcett, rreslun tlie sus|iieioii witli re;;ard to the 'aleniKiaiid .laiiiaiea, liut saiieil er for tlie so-ealled (Joiifedevati' lildiii;^' hy Mr. Laird hy variou.- as heiii;4 laiilt. hy the Me^siv led Caddy and lleaufort, jiasscil .'ro .stilted thai (here was a t^iin- icy; and not lout; after that ;i rtiis the sister of the Oreto, and her ."laletl that she was to li>' ;i II of Kraser, Trenliulin, and in, \v and 'I'hoir.as liyriie, and other idiiii; innnitions of war for suiil rials, as they had aecoin)ianiiil I liMil nni the hloekade (an iri ; .liilia I'slu'i', was laden with aniioii, A-e., hy Messrs. KrasiT. to run (lie hloekude under tin !rew of the |iri\aleer Suintei'. In here. Siiire her return u ymilli he i'un-lioat luuldinj,' al. i.airl^.^ iielij,' the ollii-ers while she uln' oire derate \e.^sel; that ('aplaili I'Vaser, Trenholni, and Co. ; lliul It onie a.-i a privalier ; thai ^lir g, the six men liiiiii (lie Hunitei, is youth, being a iiativo of Nuw .!., p. 184. 183 p^^^S^S^CS:::^^:^^ ;vi..od tho po.on he ^ade "■en removed to a seliool ,„ London. Wi h re £ ' ' • "? "' ''^''""- "" '"•% ' understand, Ifaninier referred to is a South Carolinian has e,?fo J^^' ^'"^-""^Ht, I may oh.serve that Captain '■■"i;l".V, >s Kn^atly trusted hy thimi a, s ' 1 o ^i , ".' V'^.^''^'^. "' J'>-««^'', Trenholm, ami Co.'.s ''<"lv to he well i„r„,„H.d ;,n the\ he . ,1 ^'n^tr/ ^'''f'"" ^^'t'"'^' ^" ^'"'""^ -'"''l ''« Liverpool, jio would have no hesituioM i , J, \ r "" ""'"'" ''' ^liat time of returnin.' to tl- Sumler. I may also s a e h t ;' inSl^';' ,"'" T"^""' '" '''« "'"->-. '""l tl'o pe " \,m Hie Contederate Navy, that he was ^ f ^ . ^^u ;:';"; , '" '^ '" ^''^'^r"^- t'-'' !>« i« >>■. otlicer of .sendm- over munitions of war ■ that he tr Vns. i V i ' "'"' '""'l'"''^' "' '''''"j; ""t privateers • nd t ^.t he has heen all the time coiin "^ ' n ^^H "r "' /''^o'"^ Oreto, and with J.airds, who are littin. ' ve s ] It il > '''"' ^ r'""'/"!'' ''-■' ^vlm fitted out the and .seems to he reeo^r,,:,,^ ,,, j,, ,,„ti;;,,Uy "" '''■^'•' ' "''>' ''« «"^« "h"nst daily on hoard the gun-boat, Imals:,s;IuJ'Jta;JlS'mthws'a;;di^^^ tl"> ^''l-i-s of the Laird gun-boat IMS a,,proval, idihough paid for h^ m!.. i"'';''"' ''''" ''^^'^'''^ ^'^ ^'^Pt^i" Bullock, and uere .siihject to " the intorination on which r leiv.. )■,,,. i„ , I i , ■ out tor tne so-call.a Co„,V,l,,,t,. (h^ J,, .^ , y^'l'-J^!;!" W '™""" '^^''^ ""^ ^''^^'''^l '« ^^'^"'8 Atted United States, has come to me from a ^■ i ety so . ve 1 ' " '''"Tf T "■'^^ "'" conimeree ,,f the "'■ahle. I have given you the names of , eSi niXi. il st i .''""'^"^ '\ '" ^''"' "'^ ^'^' "'^ l""""" ciuses ,s given to me hy p,,.sons out of li e, dl fe ,, '^, '^"^7^' ''"^ "« ^''^^ information in most -unot .slate the names of my informants ; iwl a "^, , ' ,V" ''" ^''f''' l""' "' ''"'' "m'i'lenee, I Mill eonlirm its truth, ' """^ ^ iiave stated is of such a character that little inquiry .he has a mmdi'r of eaiiSei^'';;;'';; Kn'lhr'ni,I",vf " "''"' '''''''' ' '^'^ '"^^ ^'^'^^ constructed nuL^azines • I'laUorms already screwed to hel dJd ' " U e r S" ot^'swlv '1'"'' ''"T''''"""'" I--'- > ^^^^s nar vessel ,s not denied hy Messrs Laird hut thev v ■ '"' r'""- ^"^"'-''=''' ^'"^ ''"'^t that she is a stilted on the :ird of Ajiril ' hist wlie. ■ ne V ^ '^ ''^ " ^,"' ^''^^ '^1""»«'' Covernment. This they tl"' ^■arious vessels being hu U 1 ere U sr fl'^'y "T"' ""^''' >""'' '""' ^^•»« «l""vn over it and ■■'•polled In the ,mpers artlie time! ^ " ''"'"' l"""''. J '""»>•. '""I Houry 11. Laird, as was f;aiy '•'■" ';-'"u the Spanish Knihassv wtt t ' u'n t' w?' 7'''"'' ';,"" ^V'"^'"' "> London to a.seer- lliat she was not tor the Spanisli ( 'over met 1 ai ll^ ''"n •"",' ''^'^y ''"''' » l"'^=t'^-« "««""">«« 30U Z re:;:iS^r^ — explanation or'lntorlnSl^Si^n'^r^^^ . .tend you whenever heen^r^Sl;:1nrStrCo:;ri^^^^^ *''° ^-*- P-^ -^'' -t have the k,os(« .sttitenients made J;^. M DuZ l,v! o^- '''''°°' / ''^'''' "^"'^'^^ mentioned ments of Cathly and Jk.atd4t on « i iay't Hel'h T^''\ ' l^ ^ "«^«"^«l «tate- and equally unauthorized statements of he nft ov ^V"T"°\ ^ the loose conversations I)y the youth Kohittson, winf iS" . " !lf T I? ^^ *!"' ~^^!^ Chihls, reported I)y the youth Kohinson, who iiad'heen Vmm'eTt'nT «"?"'"! '.'"'~rT ^'''"''■''' "'P"^^"^ ■-' -.1 all have heett inatlmSm^^ tt^I^^^t^^ l:ii' tiersons, sunnosixl to lie r.on„o,.f,w. „.?.i. .,. V^.\l"°^^^"''^-. ^^"' ^'-^^^ where, woiil Ihat partieulnr pet.;;is, Jmip^slT'lo'be eon.'S"';''"^,*?, Englislt procedure. Tl.. tact in the v.>ssel on her trial trip ts ennnllv 1 1 '"^ u the Confederates, had ^ono out were of a dilferent Xin V,; , ,? ^V "'^'''A ^^^^ there were other facts which received. "^ '""'^ '^'''''''^ "^"^'^ '^"ention than they appear to have eommiJ^iSt tZn^'lZ^'^? ''7'""'^'' '''''^'''''^^ ^^^^^ ^'^ ^-^^^f^ nietit made hy that "e,uK n " wa ', "^ ''"^^"T'i' .'^'^^ ""''^ "^""""^ ^^^^' ^he stato- llio .vvetti.e, tinlcs's lei 2^1 tat^Kt hv ev! f^ ^'"•' J 1>« ■'-<*" las n n.'. d ' ""'loses a report from Mr. Mor-an, n^'ards In-r arnia.nn t s , tlu^h V.t' i ''"^^^^^^ ?f ^''j'' '' "^ *'"' ^"""-^ *^tate as on hoartl, ,to,. were lui dtli^nt'Sed to^. "d":;; "^< I ''^^^r ^T "'i '"^'T^^:^ for tiie Confederate stTvice the builders ,,,,1 i.-c • . ^*'/fy'^ ^^^^ l-^l^vards, "she is tlicnselves by anv act W> el Inl 1 ' , i; 1/^^ '"torested are not likely to commit EulistnuMit Act."'I ''-'""^ *''"""' ^" ^''^' P^^"=^l provisions of the Eoreigu ^^^^^ ^j;^;; «;;H-tor of tho customs adopted the views of the Collector, and thus atlviscd .uii;r:-r'-;:LiT;:.:z:i;i^ ' Hrltlsh A|i|ieinlix, viil. i, p. jsj. I4.'j| t I bill., |). ISO. t Ibid,, p. 184. 2 B The Alabam.i. At Liverpool. Pt •^1', The *labain». At Liverpool, m Cmn of Law, nna to pnv dama-os and costs in case of failure. Upon caveftdly reading the statement 11 ,1 iL 1, ■ ^reM.erV.rt, if nV.l all, is hearsay an.l ina.hnissil.le, and as to a part the witnesses are not o 1, ... ■ ev.m to l>e nan>e,l. It is perfectly clear to n,y mind that there is nothing n. ,t anion nt- ; , Wi /;,nV proof siilTicient to justify . seizure, nn.cli less to .i.pport it in a Court ot Law, and the CoMsu/ could no', expect the Collector to 'take upon himself such a risk in opposition to rules and principles hy xvhich the tjrowii is governed in matters ot this nature. ,, ^ ^ ha.mel.* " Jiihj IL 1801-'." Aetiii'- on this odvic-o, the Commissioners of the Customs acquainted Mr. Etlwards that thoro^did not anrear to be primd facie proof in the statement ot the Consu suffieiont to justily the seizure of the vessel, and dii-ected him to apprize the Consul accoi;dmsl^^_^^_^ 1,^^,^ comniunicated to Mr. Dudley, we find him writing to Mr. Adams on the nth of July.— . •• The Collector ^eenis disiiosed to hold our Government to ns strict a rule as il we were in a Coiirl of .lus i e We a e required to furni..li legal cadence (I take it this is Ins meaning though it is „vo T n some ol scur tv). that is, that the onus is upon us to prove and estahlish hy egal evu en c 1 a tl essel is .ntended as a privat..er. If this is to he taken as the answer o the ,ove m en . hai iTv wor^h spending our time in making further application to them. 'Ihey show that the, ilMilraliU- is a mere pretence, and that the United States cannot expect anything like nnpartiahty and *""'"'^ Wh^llhe'nlited States' Ciovernmeiit, through its acknowledged Representatives, ^y to the Ih-itisl. illN'ruiuent that il is satisfied that a parti.:ular vessel, which ,s hemg huilt a a certiim , a c n the KiiK'dum l.v certain parties who are their own subjects, is intended as a pr vateer t . the lehe! ■„.,«, it is the duty .\ that Government to call upon the parties who -^ "l';'^';;' ^ J^^^^^^i h tell them what the cliai-e is, and re(iiiire tiiem to state lor whom and what purpose she is being built ml t lu. ge is adndtted or sliown to be true, to stop her sailing. Our Goveriinient has a righ , ■ s" u t nie imt „nlv to expect la.l to re.iuire this much of another friendly Government. And il theie was 'ii.y dispusiti.ui to !lo right and act honestly, this much at least would bo accorded. I inclose a descriiilion'of the inside of this vesseff Th(^ pretension thus put forward hy Mr. Dudley in this and in his former letter, that as soon as the a-ent of a forei^^n State declares his conviction that a vessel is he, n? huilt for another helli-erenl, it becomes the duty ot the neutral Govennnent to nil on the parties enmi-'ed in buildiri- her to show that her destination is lawful, and it thev do nut do so, to seize her, is one which cannot be admit^ted. It proceeds on an -nu'irelv mistaken notion of the powers of a Constitutional Goveniment m a tree State ' As I have alreadv pointed out, by the then existmg Law ot Great Britam, as bv that of America, a vessel could only be seiiicd with a view to its being brought forthwith into a competent Court with a view to its condemna ion ; nor could the Government call on the parties interested in the vessel to show that the pui-posc ior which she Mas h(>ing built was a laAvful one, •■ hey had made out in a Court ul Just ice' at least a sul'licient priwd facie case to c on these parties for an answer. But it is a very diilerent thing to say u , .. when persons capable of giving cvideiKv are expressly named, and sources of information are pointed out from which the truth may be as;-ertain(Hl, the Authorities are to sit with their arms fo ded, and do nothing towards satisfying themselves whether a vessel is one the luilawul purpose o which it is their duty to frustrate hy seizure; and although the Bntish Government had no power to insist coinpulsoiily on explanations being given by shipbudders as to the destination of a particular vessel, yet I can see no reason why, in a case oi suspicion, oflicial application might not be made to the builders to relieve tlie Govern- me It from its embarrassment by stating for whom the vessel was being built. It an answer were given to such an application, its truth coidt generally be tested. I all explanation ^"-re refused, or if that which was given turned out on inquiry to be un n.c, thi .^vi.len.'e against the vessel would become strongly confirmed. It is true the builders of this vessel appear to have been very shy of ansAvering inquunes about her, but 1 do no iiud thiit any inqnin- of an ollicial character was ev. gentlenuMi would d.mbth-ss Im^- insured either a refiisil to answer or a trutiiful answer. The former would have helped ma erially to cstablisl, a case a<,'ainst the vessel, the latter would have justified her immediate «Mzurc But beM.h- the omission to make any ofHcial inquiry oi the buildei-s, no attempt appears to have been niiide to utilize the reference to persons specified by Mr. Dudley- a subject to which I shall return presently. • Hrillsh Appendix, vol. vi, p. 187. I United Slates' Documents, vol. I, p. 38G. reftiUy rondiiig the statement, to n ]iiirt tlif witnesses nvc not there is iidthiii,;,' in it nniount- •t it in a Cnnvtot' Law, and tlu^ jk in opposition to rules and ;ucd) " ¥. J. Ha-Mel* 1 acquainted Mr. Edwards statement of tlio Consid dm to apprize the Consul liim TVTiting to Mr. Adams a nilo as il' we were in a Couii is his nieaninj,', thou,i,'h it is nd establish liy leizal evidenir answer of the (lovennnent, it them. They show that tlaiv anytliin;^ like impartiality and ed liepvesentatives, say to the 4 lieinj,' built at a certain placid od as ;i )irivateer tor the rebrl iho are tittin.i; old the vussel, to hat ]]ur]iose she is ludnj,' Imilt, Our tiovernnienl lias a right, it friendly (iovernnient. And if t would be aeconled. I ineloso is and in his former letter, ction that a vessel is l)cin2; eutral Govennnont to call estination is lawful, and if itted. It proceeds on an al Government in a free Law of Great Britain, as view to its heing broui,'lit lemnation ; nor could the show that the pui-jiosc for made out in a Court of e parties for an answer, persons capable of givin? ire pointed out from which h their arms folded, and do lie the unlawful purpose of h the British Goverujucnt If given by shipbuilders as o reason why, in a case of Iders to relieve the Goveru- sel was being built. If an t;enerally be tested. If all mt on inquiry to be lui^nie, ned. It is true the builders iries about her, but I do not ;sed to Messrs. Laird. If it |jtl(>ss have insured either a have helped materially to ified her imnu'diato seizure. )f the builders, no attempt 8 specified by Mr. Dudley— At Liverpool. 185 ^^l t^^eSdtte^i!;; ^s:^--^^^i:t^S'P^vi to contend with," writes Mr. Dudley to Mt^ Sewtd" was'^gfS ^^^ '"tiS were men enough who knew about her, an.l who understood her d aract;^r but hor wex-e not wdhng to testify, and in a preliminary proceeduig like t .is U " - Is im t iuJ to obtain process to compel them. Indeed/ no one in a hostile con nim £ Un tlie ilst ot Juh, however, Mr. Dudley with his solicitor wa ted on Mr F(hv,v,1« wi h SIX depost ions one of which, that of a man named Passmore! w^umectW^^^o ^^^^^^ point to show that the vessel was intended for the Coafederat., s.> nice I was shoAvn Do k mS;^s W tf '^^''^ °' ^'r- ^''r'^ '''■'' ^' ''^'^ ''-"--'i the 1 irke he d Dotlv-masters book, and found an entry relat ng to a screw steamer ^n 200 f „ number of the vessel in question, of the registered tonnni of ^OoT.;. t^" '. ■ f entry it appeared that thel.me of her maste? wariaX^v J Bvriiei^' '"" ^''"^ Then Passmorc deposed as follows :— ' follow^;-""'"" ■^"""'™"' "f I^-kenhead,iu tI>o eounty of Chester, ntariner, make oath and say a., Crimean \Var' ' '''"''''' ''"^ '"^^^ ^"'^"^ "« «"«'> "» l^^^rd Her M,jesty-.s ship Terrible during the Captain Hutc'Ler, who. i was infbnned, was en^a^, V 'n h^'ti s ;; ^!^1 ^^^"^ 'Y' "f ' *° Idi/i^iSS^^SLS^^^^^^^^^^^ the C,,n.l.d.rate States of An,eriea, I asked hin, i^^Jn^'^uM hel^yZmnXZhl^7"""^ 1 yes, t^,ey w..re goi,^ to fi.ht lor the Southern ( lov.rnn.ent. 1 tidll 1dm ^J t^ ^ iwi; hi; ' vessels ami showed hnn my papers. I aske.l him to make me signalman on board thvesstt Sai,l;:n:if l,;^^..:;;iSt, xlftt; t- 1:1:1::' ^"^ '-' ^-^ ^••'-^' - "^ ^-'^'"^- the'mnul '" SI;""'" ''™''^^- "^^ ''"''"' "" ''' "^' "" ''-■''' ^"P^^" '^''eher gave l^^f^S^l " o. On the following Monday which was, I h-jlieve, the 23rd of June last, I joined the said vessel n, Me.ssrs. L,urd and Co's yard at Birkenhead, and i remained by her till Saturdav last b. Ihe said ves,sel is a screw-steamer of about 1,100 tons burthen as far as I mn UuUa n„ i • buih and htted up as a fightin,-,hip i„ all respects ; sh^ has a magaS ^ nd s ot anj i S;^ 'o^ deck, and ,s pierced for guns, the sockets for the bolts of wliieh a.e laid down. T le s'.id t' s 1 lias a large quantity ot s ores and i.rovisio.is on board, and she is now Ivin.' at the V ctor a Wh»-t'in til nlf float at Jbrkenhead, where she h.is taken in about .MOO tons of coal ' *'^''"^ " 7. There are now about tlurty hands on board her, who have been engaged -to "o out in her • most of them are men who have lavviously served on lioard fi.'htin--sl,i„s • .md <,ne o(" rt,,,;, ; ' ? served on board the ConiWlerate steamer S.imter. It is w-cdl fc,;'b; /b^, L^' 'l^a . Ilt^nle vessel IS going out as a privateer for the Conlederate (^,v:n.uaeia. to\,ct against the I ,delS.,tes umler a eommission from Mr. .iellerson Davis. Three of the crew are, 1 believe, eng , eeiV , I i ro are also .some liremen on board. <-, ^.w^iuccio , ,uiu uieie •' 8 Captain lUiteher and another gewtleman have lieen on board the ship almost every day It is reported (ai board the ship that Ca])t::in liutcher is to be the sailin.'-mastor .nul tl,,,/ ?,; fi gentleman, whose name, 1 believe, is liulloek, is to be the fi.dl;in7c;p| ",," ' ■'" ' *'"' "'" "*''"' "!). To the best of my iidbrmation and l,elief, the abm-e-nu-ntioned vessel, which I have , rd is <> be ealk^ the l-h,nda is being e,,uippe,l and fitted out, in order that she may he emplovc, in the rvoe ot the Lontedera le (ioyerument m America, to cruize and to commit hostilities iains he bovernment and people ot the United States of America. ^-i-uiues a^uinsL ine (Signed) "William Passmore. " Sworn before me at the Custom-house, Liverpool, this 21st day of July 18G2 (Signed) "S. Thick EDwmua, Collector:' f * United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 390. t Appendix to British Case, vol. i, p. 189. 2 B 2 I'H i ! ■i 'i 1! ■* li r .: 1 The Alabama. At Liverpool. 186 Tims it appeared that the registered captain of the vessel, and who was in charge of hor, had actually engaged a seaman expressly for the service of the Con- federlite States. The other depositions went strongly to show that Ca])laiu Bullock was the agent of the Confederate Government; that he had superiTitended the huildiiij,' of the vessel, selecting the timhcr to he ns(>d for her, and directing and giving ord(M's to the workmen ; and, this heing so, that lie had proposed to on(> Brogan, an apprentice in the shi|)l)uilding yard of Messrs. Laird, and Co., to (mtcr as carpenter's mate on hoard th(> vessel. Now, if this evidence could he relied on, it estahlished a strong case against the vessel, and afforded sufficient reason for seizing her. I hy no means go the length of saying that a pul)lic prosecutor is hound to accept as trustworthy evidence the statt^- ments of witnesses furnished to him liy a party interested, till he has had an o])portunity of satisfying himself that the evidence is deserving of credit. But here the officer whose husiness it was, neither acted nor inquired. He made no inquiry in the tirst instance of the Avorkman in Messrs. Laird's yard, who appears to have heen willing to speak. Tlio important statement that it had heen represented to Gi^neral Burgoyne, Avhcn visiting the yard, that the vessel was heing huilt for the Spanish Government, while the Spanish ^linister in London denied the fact, was not followed up. Wlien the evidence of Passmore and Brogan was hrought hefore him, he took no trouhle to communicate with these witnesses with the view of satisfying himself of the truth of their statements. The blame of tliis inaction, however, attaches rather to those under whose direc- tion Mr. Edwards proceeded, than to himself. He cannot, I think, ho justly hlamed for having sought for and acted under the directions of his superiors in London in an afFau' of so much importance. The legal advisers of the Customs Department of the Government did not see in the evidence submitted to them sufficient to justify the seizure of the ship. The Assistant Solicitor reports as follows : — " 111 my opinion tliure is not sufticient ovideuro in this cnse to justily the tlutentiou ol' tlio vosscl under tlie f>'i (leor';e III, c. 69. The only athdiivit that professes to j,'ive iinytliiiiL; like positive evidence is that ol' tlu! seaman I'assniore ; lint, assuniiiif,' all he states to lie true, what oceuiTed lielweeii the reputed master (l^ntclier) and himself would not warrant ii detention under section li, nor sup]ion an inl'ormation for the penalty under that section. Nor do I think, however proliable it may siH'iii that the vessel is litted out tor the military operations mentioned, that sullicient evidence has been aildm > ' to entitle the apiilieants to the intert'erence ol' the Collector of Customs at Liverpool. The only justifialii^' j;roiinds of seizure under section 7 of the Act would be the jiroduetioii of such evidence of the fact as would support an indietnient for the misdemeanour under that section. , , , . , n . , ., (Signed) " J. O'Dowi).* " Ciistmns, Jul// 22, 18G2." *■ " ^ This report of the Assistant Solicitor was upheld by his principal :— " I entirely concur with Mr. O'Dowd in opinion tlmt there i.s not sutlicient evidence to waiTant the seizure or detention of the ship by the oHicers of Customs. There appears to be some evidence of enlistment of iiulividiials, and if that were sutheieut to satisfy a Court, they would be liable to iieeuniary penalties, for .security of which, if recovered, the (.'ustoms mij,dit detain the shi]) until tlio.se jieiiaJtics •were satisfied or good bail jjiven ; but there is not evidence enough of enlistment to call ujioii the Custom-s to prosecute. The United States' ConsiU or any other person may do so at their own risk, if they see lit. .../„., 22. 18G2." ^''^'^''^ "F..T.H.MHL.+ The Commissioners adopted the \aews of theu* advisers, and on the 22nd ot July reported to the Lords of the Treasury accordingly, but accompanied their llejiort with the very proper suggestion that shoidd their Lordships entertain any doubt u|)on the su1)iect, the opinion of tin Imv Ofhcei-s should be taken. The papers were forwardinl bv the Treasury to the Foreign Office without a moment's delay, in order that the opinion of Lord Russell might be taken, as appears from a note from the Secretary of the Treasury to the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs : — " My dear Mr. Layard, " Tira.wr)/. Jul;/ 22, 18G2. ' " As the coinniuiiication may be eonsidere t Ibid., p. 193. :|: Ibid., p. 18S. rcasel, and who was in tlio sorvico of ihc Con- w lliat Ca])taiii HiiUock povintondod llic Ijiiildiir;' ctiii^' and givinu; orders ic Jirofijan, an ajiimMitiw' as i-arpoiitcr's iiuitc on strong ease aijaiust the no means go the longtli ortliy evidence the state- 10 has had an ojjportimity i. But here the offitier ! no inquiry in the tirst to have been willing to id to Gcnieral Biirgoyne, le Spanish Go\crnmcut, lot followed up. Wlion hira, he took no trouble !ng liimself of the trutli hose under whose direc- think, be justly blamed ipcriors in London in an ^vcrnmcnt did not see in lizuro of the ship. The y the detention (if the vessel ^'ive uiiythiii^' like positive .! true, wliivt oeeuri'ed lietween under seetion li, nor supiiuil ver proliable it may seem that it evidence has been addui> ' liverpool. The only justifialji.' such evidence of the fart as gned) " J. O'Dowu.* rincipal : — ieient evidence to warrant the pears to he some evidence of y woidd lie liable to pecuniary e shi]) until those jienalties enlistment to call u]ion the ny do so at their own risk, if lied) ' F. J. HAMEL.+ md on the 22nd ot J uly lanied their llejiort with ain any doubt upon the (> papers were forwarded delay, in order that the )te from the Secretary of irs : — " Tmimr}!, Jiilji 'l->, 18GL'. foxi unoilicially to save time. wo should take the opinion of rly ready for sea. rely yours, "Geo. a. Hamilton."* X Ibid., p. 18S. 187 ■• 1 have (he l,„nnur ,„ „,,„„„„ ,„,„•., . ^'f"" .'/''"^ Ufcd SMrs, Lomhrn, Jo},, 22, 1802, H.e el.m.eter .nd destination of I, "v.: ,'1 .^ 'dh I'": !' "'I'l •'^""•"""': ^'""""^ '" -'"''J-'' 2:ird ol .lune la.st. ' " ' ''"'"' •>'"" '-""Iship.s atlention in mv note of the ^^^:Sp^:^^z ^-:;:z ;;:;:i;:'^;-::;^!:;-;:,- 1 f ""-";:■ i ^'"^ <^"- ^ - that las.s ot an a,,pli,.MliMn <„ |,i,„ ,„ „ , ,„„,„,, „ ,. ,„\. ',;'';''' ' "'f' \'. f "' H'^' 4th of .Inh, as the to be M>y duty fnnher to ..omnnndrate tia 'ts , . . ' r,' ^ 'f '••'> ':*f"";'t Act. lint 'l feel it n-.|"est that such further jiroeeedin-'s may 1, , ., , , '^ ' '" ^,^'n •^'''■l-'sty's (ioverumenl, an,l to I doubt not it en.r ent..,' ains ,„ pr. t v ' tw T^ '" ^ "l ' ■''""' "'^' '•'•t"'"'i"''ti'm which a.^'ainst the (iovernnu,nt of a country with uik'l' it ,-"!/t peace. ' ' '"' ""^ "'' '"'■^'"'^' ^^V^'^^^iom " I avail, li-c. their^SalS c-^S™,:':^ "^^^^ ^^^'^^^ «^ *^« 2^^^' -«^ ^ -^uest ibr tiieo!i:;t^l;;tS:id;;'rc^;;,S"s'd\c;r^ f'z ""i^^^^^"* ^^^p-^-"- as carpenter's mat., in bc.anl is\ o S im^^^ ^ ';'* '"^ '''-"l !«'"' •'"'?"^cil and that Captain Butelier hLl s ,o] '|« ' e t^i ;;&^aC/';'-*^^ I'.v appointment, generally understood on board of the vessel W 1? '""' """^ "^''^'^ '* was Southern Government ;t the otl n- an nfld- v t n^ ^ \T,""r^^ '^^'''^^''^^^ ^"' ^''^ cr ::;^jiT5tenS;;r^'C ^^S£P^ s ™o,^ Whereby to getU to ul£^ S^^^^f ^ ^^hi^=^ ^ c^y^n'a.^:;'::^:;^:::^^^ i„ whid. i wa. yard, Birkenhead. 1 had previouslv ea I ed mM j/ L'. ' ''!'t I' f'' *" ''"i'"' '•'"'•''^■'' »' I'"i>'^l's as the Northerners had [oblied n>e of my Hth; w'i', '''',''''' 1''^'^ V™"t-» '" ^-^ «">'th, satisfaction. ^ ' ""'" ' ^^"^ cainuivd, and I wanted to have " I first .saw C'a])tain lUitclier at (uie of Mr Tainl's .,fIl..no l., .. ti i ,■ of July las.). I told bin, that 1 had been s," ^S 1 a In nf TT 11 "' v^'' ^"'"""^'y- "'" ^'^ of the yes.sel which was lyin,' in the .[ock. l' t Id lit" r" ," ''^' ^^■'-'';" tl.c captain captured in on,, of Mr. liickarbvs vessels and that w.,n .< '.'"•"' '"'"'"" "'"' '"""*™ of the Northernors for robbin, me of n v X I c s' 1 h°.^ f t'""' "' '^'^'V" ^'''"' ''^^'"li'^li"" should very shortly have thatOpportnui'ty ^^""^ '' ^ '''"'" ''"h hnu in his vessel I "Caiitaiii liutclier asked me atthe i'ntei'view if T M-nu 1.-..1I „, • ^ ■ •, ■ tohl him I wa.s. I asked him what port he va ■, i„. u'^njl'TTf^ .". *''!'/'""' ^''•'^'- '-""l ^ hut that there would be an a.reen.eut made i fon ,^^, 1 a' t e, ' i "'"' 'l" "f\''"' '"^^ '"" "'^'". and I was to f-et 4/. Kk p.T n.onth, pavable weekly ^ ""'""'"'^ '''' ^° ^"'"^ ^'^ °^ ^™Ses, M,.. ™» Sh. liobort, Collier. „„ tl,; „1,„l„ Ca^c,",',!'.! ^ISSr.™ Sl H^itnl lI!" "^ i«..i« l;;i!;;i"~'.!l;;';;'3 "Srri.;;,;;;,;"™:' r. '"r ''';"":"■; -' '■"■"«» -"" '» .,..ii'K;p,;:s;;;;Ar;;:-;:-S;x:;=i^^ " rcw^r, Jii!i/ 23, 18()2." CSigued) " J{. p. Colliek.+ Notwitlistanding this additional evidence, and the decided oninion nf \r.. n^u- ^ T, ■ . , . * Appendix to Brliish Case. vol. t British Appenilix, vol. i, ji. 159. ». 193. t Ibid., p. 18G. The Alabama. .^t Liver«!ool. w i f" The Alabama. At Liverpool. [ 188 "I have rend the ndditional evidence, and I do not think that u ">a.t«ri^y «tro"g Jena the case .^ tl„. 'u.iOic nits Vs n..MV.ls the ..pinion of Mr. C..llicr, 1 cainiot concur in his views ; but udvertiUK' to ' ' irUT^wi:' »^l^ in his ,.ior,.ssiuu, I submit that th. li.uinl inif^.tac judiciously u, ii^oiin;; ti:. blld. of the Treasury I. take the opinion of the Law 0.1k.j.s ot the Cr,^;a ^ Theso papers wore immediately sulimitted to the Law Officers. On thr251h of July eamo a farther ailidavit from Mr. Squarey, that of a man named Redden, who deposed as foUoAVS :— . ^^ , , , " I am a seaniau and have followed the sea for tifteen years. I have been hoatswam on board both ^'^""XZt f ;^rS' l'i'tS^^:n;^";;'in1'^"l- (with whom 1 had previously sailed) ""'^ 'f'Th"'rrow now on boar.l the said ves,sel consists of about forty men but J believ., that she will take to t'a , u 11(1 ncn, all told. It is f-encrally understood on board that she will clear or .V.ss.n,, take ^Y'-'\^'"}1 ;,,, • , I j,„^ ,jU her stores and coals on board remly tor sea. She i.; lir ,:''S ri as ^ a ,:l.^utS caW six broadside-.uns aiuUbur pivots, but has no ,uns ,,. tilted in all u.spcds lus .. .^^ ^^^^, ^^^ ^^ man-of-war, and tin. Z::TZ. allwln^ Jas]f::7^ao :;;: m:;;Lt,nan. TI. caU is used on board. The said vessd " '' "I'kmnv l'",!lah/lS;^. He has been superintending the buildiii« of the said vessel in Mcs... Laird and Co 's v aid and is, 1 Ixdieve, to take charge of the vessel when we get outside "It L generidly nndcrstood on board tlie said vessel that she belongs to tlie Confederate Govern- ment. (Signed) " Hkxky EEDDEN.f Nevertheless Mr. O'Dowd still clings to his opinion with the pertinacity with which men sometimes persist in adhering to an opinion once lornied ilc says :- " I submit a reference to my former Reports, to the <-.uiiions expressed in which I eel still buun,l ^ 1 , ,^, • ,, ,, ,Mvin.' additional foree to the application, tlie aflidavit of lleiiiy Keddeii apjiean to adhere. So <•'/'''''' 7, "'f '7 '".,.,, ,,,,a days since the date of the former allidavits, tin- ajtU- to me to weaken ■ "^. ^ , ".X - t^ 1 er uslificatiou tor detaining the vessel. It is. no deal,,, contemplates. „ (Signed) " J. O'DowP.: " Uiistoiiis, July 2o, 18G2. v o ; There was, however, ahundant evidence to make out a primd facie case; and of that opiniim w^re the Law Officers of the Crown, Avho, on the 29th of July, reported as "^ "''ll'^r opinion, the evidence of the witnesses who have made depositions (we allude particularly toWilnVri ore, Edward Roberts, Kobert John Taylor, and Henry Redden) coupled with t. . f ,„ «t ■ ct.m. of the vessel makes it reasonably clear that such vessel is intended for warlike '^t:^.^iS^S.J^^uM^^, and in the iiJrest of the (so-called) Confederate States It use, .igamsiutzui-, I cirstructed and adapted as a vessel ot war; bciii.- ; -JS " : ru.e^.'.ke^ i^ Sie td^; lor which, IMssinore states, are alre.ly laid d,nv„. and Imvin, n n-i K>"a I'shot and cannister racks 011 the deck, and a certain number of cannisters «"»?,' ;'^> '1) ani,i{,.uim,anu 1 Commissioners of Customs ot July 1st tlnu ^?es^r'l aird thl SlcS ^o Z .£y UiL the vessel ha. been built for some ' foreign (iovernnient,' vltl o ,?n ' lev maintain ap.arentlv a strict reserve as to her actual destination, and as to the 'or,.,,,, cS,. '^rZ whose service she is intended. We do not overlook the fa., s ,1,,. ; , hmr unnunitioiihaveasyetbeenshirped; that the cargo (though ot the iiatui-o ot naval neither "''",'',",.''." \'.;,,.^,^^^ ,nay yet be classed as a mercantile cargo ; ami that the crew ,1. st..res ... ;'' '" \- 'l ^' ;'i ' ^.^.'i^'X^ , least, rec-uited or dialled as a niilitary crew. It is ,„ W ..x'^.lX 1 t J ir s' m be ai.l upon thes^ circumstances by the ..wners an.t others wl... i„ay be expected tliai o'i'«'.'t"-^« " " , .. . , , ,^| j^ (,f ti,e Customs ; and an argument may T:!^S::zi^'X^'^^-n^'^z^^^^ -/^- 7th Action ,.f the .....i., Fn i U-i 1 1 \ ct ' ..quip. f-""^''. «t out, or arm,' which words, it may be ^ffij^'^. P">''t. ""b' t" '"■ I^^de i 1 1 v.'siel whScver may be the character ..f its stnicture, presently ht to engage in host.htu... We Ik .we Jr, that such a narrow construction .aiglit not to be adopted : and, it aUowed, w.mll fXtP wiv Uu. (ct and give impunity U. open and flagrant violations ot its pr.,visions. \\o, S^ir Jc.i.endU^^^^ the vessel be seized by the proper author.ties. aft.. which ^' opportunity wiU be afforded to those interested, previous to condemnation, to alter the luct< Britiih Appendix, vol. i, p. 197, f Ibid., p. 198. t Ibid., p. 199. iterially strengthens the case d"" ill his views; but, ndvertiu},' tu rxmid Iui^'ht act judiciously in ■ Ollicers (if thi! ('inwn. ■iij^iied) "J. O'DOWD* fficers. r. Squarcy, that of a man e been Voatswain on botml both whom I had previously sailed) diiij; yard, but now lying in th.- .ill lUitchel- olVca'd iiie 10/. \v] He told 1110 that we should liavr 1 States on a .speeiilation to iiy nen, but J believe that she will d tiiat she will eleav for Nas.'oni, ill board ready for sea. She is four pivots, but has no juins m in use on a niau-of-war, and tln' used on board. Tlie said vessel liiif,' of the said vessel in Messi-s. u wo Ret outside. ongs to the Confederate Goveni- lud) " HkXUY EEPIJES.t with the pertinacity -witii c formed, ilo says : — 3ssed ill wliicli I feel .still boiiinl (iidavit of Henry liedden apiionr^ the fornu^r alfidavits, tlu^ aji].!!- ning the vessel. It is, no doulit, seiice of at least a clear primd ieli the Foreign Enlistment Act (Signed) "J. O'Dowd.; a primd facie case ; and of he 29th of July, reported as epositions (we allude particularly inry I{edden), coupled with tli.' k\\ vessel is intended for warliki- lo-called) Confederate States. It ijited as ii vessel of war; Iwiiis,' ire already laid difwn.aiid haviu,- iiiiber of cannisters lieing actually 3 of Customs of July 1st thai for some ' foreign (loveriiiiieiit.' itinatioii, and as to the ' foreiu'ii do not overlook the facts tii.it n (though of the nature of iiavul intilo cargo ; and that the crew ili lied as a military crew. It is h< f the owners and others who may Cu,stoni9 ; ami an argnmeiit may the 7tb section of the Korei;,'u be suKtiested, point only to the esently fit to engage in bostihties. adopted : and, if allowed, would ulations of its provisions. We, I by the proper authorities, iiflir condemnation, to alter the kcU, t Ibid., p. 199. 189 if it may IxMind to .show an innocent destination of the siiip. In the absence of anv snob rm,nt«r vading ease, it appears to us that the vessel, cargo, and storeJ may be ,L"S?.'co,lZed'« orders to''Xf'lt^'v:/T'' "\ l'",' ^'^' ^T""^'*' "^™*^* ^«" ^^^^^ ^'^^-'^ '^'^ "^^''^^^^y ordds to sei/.e lie vessel eould bo issued, a teh-ranhic message from Livornool roVoiu;r;L7nVve';iUed.^^"" ""^^ '''^ i^^*^^^*' °^" "^--^'^''^^ ^ ^-^ ^^i^' ^^^^ Upon these facts it appears to mo impossible to say that in respect of tliis vessel here was not an absence of " dne diligence » on the part of the Irtish a lor ties Ihe delay winch oeeurred in the fumishin- of the lleport of tlie Law OlC is is no till. Uiutul States-an illness iinliappily atleetin- iiis mental laeulties and which m-cessita ed las entire ^v4thdrawal from ptiblic life." As senior in st^d m^o^the Law Officers, tlie papers would b(! sent to him in tlie lirst instance irom a letter from Mr. Adams to Mr. Seward, of the' 1st of Au-ust 1872 it Kr^i ;•; 1 ZT "T}-''^?'^^^^ '^^ lormer with Lord Ilussell on tTte°pe;ious da^ Lord Russell had explain.Kl to him tliat a delay in determining on the course to be taken with respect to the Alabama had most unexpectedly been cause bv the sudd,^ development of a malady of the Queen's Adv^^cate, ^Sir^oiri la Jlinr tSl^ mcapacitat.no. him for the transaction of Inisiness, and that this had ma e it nec^s^^ ^.S* S^S.t"'''7'''''"\ '!'\'rV' ''''^''''^' *■- the detention"! S gun-hoat. Upon this it is observed m the Argument of th(> United States tliat no Try^ *^'"-,^"'' Officers was signed by the Queen's Advocate alter ;'30tl of June, whence, it is said, the United States infer tliat tliat officer " was unable to attend his duties as early as tiiat date," and, it is a ut^uuu u^!~:, "::::!i:!r'''u\'^:r..'l'" }^!:'.:^''\''^ ■hm.my2, and did not, after that time, attend as make to o rinient business. I was not, however, known, tiU some weeks afterwards, tha he w nlikely to recover: nor dul be disorder undergo, till the end of July, such a development as to m^ the t.oyeriiment axyare that the case was one of permanent mental alienation " Altliough, when a Law Ollicer was ill, he would not l,e troubled with ordinary business it was 1. ite oiLsis ent will proh. ality and exi-erieiice that, in a case of more than usual imiMirta.icc't woukl be .le ired, U possible, to ., , am the benefit of bis opinion. Under such circumstances tl e ,.an"r would naturally be sent to Ins private house: and, if this was done, aval if he was una le to att n t^ diem, some delay woidd necessarily take place betbre'tiie "ii^^' :T ^f '{■. Xndiml to°t^"m tls "Lord Kussell told Mr. Adams (;J1 July, IHijo) that some del y bad, m fact, occurred with sMeitn^ni I 7w ;" 'T'T"''"^' '"'■'^"''," '^'"■^""«''* '""'-■««• "•-' coidd not' have nialeZ statement, 11 the act were not reaUy so: because whatever the fact was, it must have been at the time S'^rli ,'. i'n"' , ?P' '^"•^^""'^^'^'f • .tl^'f »l\ •!• IL'nhng had not already advised upon the case in its earher stage, might be a reiusoii why U should be wished to obtain his opinion "Sir .1. Harding, and his wife, are both (some years since) dead: so are Sir W. Atherton (tlie then Attorney-t.enerul) and his wi e : no mtorniation, tlierelbre, as to the circumstances which may have caused delay, with respect to the dehvery at their private houses, or the transmission and cousidemtion. ot any jiajiers on this subject, can now be obtained from them. " The then Solicitor-tkmeral was Sir I!. Talmer, who is able to state i.ositively that the first time he saw or heard of the papers sent to the Law Officers {i.e., all three Law Otticers) on the 23rd and 25th oriOth o .liily w.as on the evening of Monday the 28th of July, when he was summoned by the Attorney-t.eneral, Sir W. Atherton, to consider them in consultation, and when the advice to be .'iven to the Governnieiit was agreed iijion. Sir It. Palmer thinks it his duty to add, that no tiovernment ever had a more diligent, conscientious, and laborioits servant than Sir'VV. Atherton: and that it is iii the hist degree unhkidy, that he woidd have been guilty of any negligence or uimecessary delay in the consideration ot papers oi such importance." j j « As I think that a Government, in the habit, according to its constitutional • liriti^h A|.p.ndiN, vol. i, p. 201. f United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 414. I Ibid., p. 191, The Alabama. At Liverpool. In V: m ill The Alabama. At Liverpool. K M 1' .': J After leaving Liverpool. ■- 1. jyuj^JM 190 practico, of consiiltincf its Lopal Advisors hoforn taking action on mattors of importance, would be entitled to reasonable time ibr doinu' so on swell an oeeasiou as tiiis, and wnuld not be liable for delay occasioned by an unlbresec-n accidenl, I slioidd not have been prepared to say, bad tbe delay in lii'e Iteport of Uie Law Ollicers thus arisinu; been tlie sole cause of the dela,\ in ('inlerint;' tbe sei/ure of tliis vessel, that a (lelay arisiie;' from s\icli an accident could properly be attributed to a want of "due dili,i;cncc " in tb(! Ciovernnu'nt. Tbe want of " diie dili^icnce," on \vhi<'b my judi^nient in respect of the Alabama rests, is to be found further back. [ (Mitirely a^n'ce with Sir Kubcii Ccdlicr that it was the duty of the Colicctor of Customs at Livcri)ool, as early as the 22iul of duly, to detain this vessel. When for bis better miidance and protee- tion the Collector soun'ht the directions of Ids superiors, — for whi(di I can scarcely hlanie him, althoui,'b the case apiu'ared clear eMout,'h,— it became, in my opinion, the duty of the Conunissioners of Customs at once to direct the sei/ure to be made. Jilis'ied by advice Avhich they ought to have ri'jected as palpably erroneous, they imfin-tuna'tely refused to cause the vessel to be seized. The matter properly beloni;v(l to their Department; it was comiietcnt to them to act independently of any oilier Department of the State; and tbe case, as it seems to me, was too clear to re([nin' the opinion of tbe Law Ollicers, altbouuh, after the decision of the Conmussion<'rs, it might well be deemed i)roper on the ])art of the Heads of the Government to consult the Law OHicers befon^ a(ding in op])osition to it, At tlie same time, I must not be understood as holding that a mere error in judgment aiuoiiuts to negligence. Questions jjresent themselves in the business ol' life so dillicidt of decisitm tliat the wisest and the ablest men are apt to err in resjieet of them. Humannm est errare. In such cases the (piestion must always be one of degree. Eut here I cannot help thinkhig that tln^ mistake was such as to carry with it legal resjionsibility as its consetiuence. 1 readily admit that, in a ease of doubt, a ])ublic departnuMit may properly tu-t on tbe advice of its constitutional advisers, and would not be liable to the iin])utatiou of uegligciu'e if that advice should turn out to bi' unsound. But here; I think there Avas no room for doubt. My judgment is fouiuled on the view that the course; to he taken was plain and unmistakable, but imfoi- tuuately was not pursued ; and that there was consequently an absence of the dm; diligence which ought to have been exertdsed. The vessel having thus escaped through want of due diligence in that department of the Government to which it si)ccially appertained to seize her, the cntin; British Government, and through them the British people, become, as it appears to me, by necessary consequtmce, involved in a common liability. But how far, considering tl;e fact that, while the British Government Avas d(>sirous of doing its duty in respect of this vessel, the escape of it was, in the event, practically sj)eaking the result of an unfortunate and unfm-oseen accident, the Tribunal should aAvard to tlu; United Sttites damages to the full extent demanded, as though tin; result had arisen fronr negligence alone, is a question which may deser\'c serious considemtion. But it belongs rather to a dillercnt department of our labours, and I Avill reserve it till Ave enter thereupon. But, I am sorry to say, the charge of want of diligence in respect of this vessel docs not stop Avith the fact of her escape. On the morning of the 30th of July, a letter of the 29th, from Jlr. Squarey's iirni, informed the Commissioners of Customs that the vessel had come out of doi-k tbe night before, and had steamed doAvn the river between 10 and 11 that morning, as tiie writers had reason to believe, cnr her Avay to Queeustown.* At that time, indeed, the Conmiissioners of Customs Avere under the belief that there Avere not suflieient grounds for detaining the vessel. It Avas, therefore, not to be expected, that on being informed &he had left the Mersey and gone to Queeustown, they shoidd tak(> any sti>i)s to seize her at the latter place. But' on the preceding dny, the 29th, the opinion of thi- Law Officers had been given that the vessel should be seized. Had that opinion l)e(>n at once communicated to the Customs, as the emergency of the case reqiuretl, and the Commissioners had themselves immediatidy telegraphed to the Collector at Liverpool, as it would have been their duty to do, desiring him to ascertain * British Appendix, vol. i, p. 209. on matters of import anoo, iccasioii as lliis, and would I sliDiild not luivc lii't'H VVH thus lU'isiiiii; been tlic 'uidanc(> and ]n'i)tcc- I'or wliiidi I can scarcely 'came, in my ojiinion, tlir tlio si'i/uro to 1)0 made, palpably orronoous, tlicy mattor properly iKdonnvil dependent ly of any oilier , was too (dear to ro([iiire of tlio Comuiissionors, it a Guvernment to consult in^ that a more error in ielvos in the business of I aro apt to err in rcsjioet n must always bo ono of IS such as to carry with it in a case of doubt, a public ional advisors, and would ice should turn out to be My judi^ment is I'ouiuled unmistakable, l)ut uid'oi- ly an absence of the due igcnee in that departnienl ize her, tlie entin^ JJritish ', as it appears to me, by ; how far, eonsiderini;' tl.e vj; its duty in res[)ect of jjoakiuf'' the rosidt of an k'ard to tb«^ United States (I arisen from negligence boiu^, and I will reserve !C in respect of this vessel from "Mr. Squarey's lirni, imo out of dock the niglit 11 that morning, as tiu; At that time, indeed, the I'ore not sufliciont grounds 'd, that on being informi'd uld take any stops to soi/.e h, the opinion of the Law Had that opinion boon at f the case requiretl, and hod to the Collector at 'sirim? him to ascertain 191 to xMoelfra J{av on the \yi}TrJst,\ "PI' 'as that she first prod to remained crui/ing olf he c, On , l^, '"" "!i' "."''i^ ^T' I^'v-n'ool, and the Me.^..y, wilh"thirtv r 1 v m ' wl , w l'"''.'''' ''" ^*'"' ^ ''' ^"" ^^"'"'"'"'^ '^'^ found herin.M„..llVa B=U' wlerMl hvo^^^^^^^^^^ *" "'""' ■'';"'^ "' ""' '''''j'^ '•'''''' "'^^l and the war steamer re mi o I 1 / ; Z n "^ " '""^^^^^^^^^ of the mh, prior to the 1 o " i'n IomvI ,• I'P '^ ^''^'^l^^- ;d t'Ki' .^^;S;;7tr; r'"r 't' Yn ^""S^" <"^" coneetor at lbll..wing the Hen.ui;s, lu Jlb^n nii>l ^.^ t^^,;; l^^'^, ':'"' '? u' '" /"'"''V ''^ waters, as being boyoml his iu.is,li,.ti,, ^w ul e v i " ' ""''• \''"""'» "^ these her, he might have 'caUed ..n tlu-Sl t',, ,.l ' '"^^%l"|'l »«> authority to seize miles olf, within whoso jurisdictn sd e wa tc t-d e ti !>'no ^'^"^r""' ^ ^''^^ '''^^'^ KiKwing that sh.Mvas If that nurtol^bW i . necessary steps tor doing so. lion t„ the oVidcc wl,i,-l, 1,. 1 1 ^^i^ °^ , ""T '" "*"• vessel, haviu.. ..,„„. „,it osteiisil, » , ,, , j 7 ■ ,• 1' " '-"I'™'"'- lenml tlmt Iho steamer), se.i,,,- that, ^^•'^ttS ^^ JZl£J:::^'^St::^T ,^ H British Cou„ter.Case o„ this head al,„ea.s Kte striellfZuie - ""'"' " "'° ' K iir >,5f' ;;;';„;'S. s, :- ^;r -■"■^ -'.^i~ !C**;s,:;ir'K;s, ^s ii«». ,L, „,,,.„ ,„„' „,ii„i „i,i, „V" ,;,,;?:' "i^^^^^^ sltariuT i.je^Kid s.. ]•„■ i. !l,.,- \T..i..", ' .■ i't^'i^^'M. tjiu deiiiaucu nu.t .Iq^iiiiire nt this f,.,. J!«:^y i::^2::^^L^ S'm:;::;!T'-:^j" """■- ■"• "«•««»>»„„. ,ii,„i'„,„i,,i,i„„ ,,„ iigg 11 Mi.iin,ieu LX>.ted iluu l.,r cargo wiis exported with tlic inteiilioii tliut it should be i| t: Th« /Inhftipa,' i1 • British Appendix, vol. i, p. 249. [145] t Ibid., p. 205. J Ibid., p. 201. Ibid., p. 205. 2 192 n^ 3* ■k: " The Alabama. used, citlifv in tlio Cmirt'dcralu Status or oIhcwJiw, in iiniiiiiKa vossol wliit'li Inid Wn iinliiwfiilly lilti'd — — ill lMi;,'imict I'nf warliiic cnipiiiyiui'iil, lliis woiilil nut liiivc nin'" it tlm iliily I'l' liii' (illlccr.i nl' Ciistnuis in diilaiii iii'i'. or lia\i' ciiiiHiwiTt'il liniii lodn mo. Sm:li a Iraiisaclidii is not a Iii'imlIi cI' {■lii;,'!!^]! law ; uor iH it iiiR' wliich the I'liilisli ('iiivciiinii'iit was uniicr any (ilili;.'atiiiii tn jnc'i'iit. Wiictla'r llic taij,'" was sent from tlio saino jioit as tlir sliiji, oy tVoiii a diHon'Mt poi1, and liy I So sanio or dilU'rcnl iicrsons, is maniti'stly immaterial tor this |air]ioso. Tla^ distinction is jilainly not such as to create in the oliu case a duty wiiich would not miso in the other."* The nminmcnt was, liowevor, i)ri'i)!iri'(l in ]'j1io;1iiik1, and it wtvs [mrt of the same scheme that th;> vessel, haviiii;,' heeii " eiiiiiiiped," that is to say, prepared to rectuvti her avmanient in llnoland, slionld liave her armament and erew sent out and put on hoard out oi" the Queen's dominions, ior th<' purpose ol" innnediate warfare. II is fairly open to eontention that under sneh eireuinstaiu'es the whole shoidd he re|;arded as one armed liostih> expedition issuini? from a British port, or, at all events, that the ulterior purpose of armini,', tliou','h out of Jh'itish jiu'isdielion, ii;ives to such an ciiuiinnent of the vessel Avithin the Jurisdiction the character of an eiiuipmenl with intent to carry on Avar. On the wlude, I concur with the rest of the 'fribiinal in tlnnkini,' that in respect of this vessel the liahility of Great Britain, in respect of want of duo diligence, is estah- lished hy the facts. It Avould he iinnoccssary to pursue the history of the Alahama any further, were it not that, in respect of her after proceedintcs, imputations of insincere neutrality are cast ui, ho continues (p. 492): — "'The engineer liaving now rejiorteil to nie that we had no more tiiau atuait ' ui' day.s of fuel on board, I resolved to withdraw fnjiu the American coast, run down into die West Indies to nieet my coal-shiji, and reiiev my snp]j|y. Heiiii,' uncertain, in the commencement ol' my career, as to the rece])tion I should meet with in neutral ports, and fearinj,' that 1 might have dilticulty in procuring coal in the market, I had arranged with my ever attentive eo-lahourer, t'a]itain liuilock, when we ])arted olV Terceira, to have a supply ship sent out to me, from time to time, a.s 1 slaaild indicate to him in the j"iidezvous. The island of Jlartiniipie was to lie the hrsl rendezvous, and it was thither accordingly that wo were iiow bound. This ri..-,ulution was taken on the iiUth of Uctoliur.' " After cU'scribing several other cajitures, and lii.s arrival at Martiniipie he continues (y. 514) : — " ' I found hero at her anchors, as J had expected, my coal-ship the Agrijjpina. .She hud been lying hero eight days. Her nuustor, an old Scotchman, who, like most old sailors, \.as found of his grog, had ■ been quitu indi,?creet, as 1 soon learned, in talking about his stiip and her movements. Instead of ])reteiidiiig to have come in for water or repairs, or to hunt a market, or for something of the kind, lie had IVeiiUeiitl}', when ' half sea.s over,' in the coHeo-liouses on .shore, boasted ol' his rounection with the Alabama, and told his brother tars that that .ship migiit bo daily lookeil for. Eight days were a sulticieiit space of uiiie fia' llie.so conversation;' to be re]ieatod in the neighbouring i.slands ; and as I knew that llie enemy bad several cruizeis in the West Indies, 1 was only snr]irised that .some one of them had not lookeil in upon the Agrijipina bel'ore. It would not do for me to think of coidiiig in Martinique, inider the cii'cumslances, and so I ordered my coal-sliiji to get under way forthwith, and ]iroceed to a new reni'ic/voiis — a suadl i.-^land on the' Spanish main, where, in due time we will rejoiu her. I hail tin,' natisfaetion of sooLug her get a good oiling liefuro nightfall, and know that .she was safe."j ,Mi an, :. • British Coiiiilcr-C'.i-c, p. K,\ f i'iii;u li'M X United Statub' JJocumcius, vol. vi, p. 4U0. (\\ Imil lw>('ll )inl;i\vriillv titled ■ III' lllc litlinTS lit' CllMlnMlH III I lu'i'iicli (if l'!iii,'lihli liiw ; imr 'lit. Wlu'lllcr I lie viWHn WHS 1' Hiilili! or ililli'iciil iicrsoiis, is ■li M to iriMitii ill tin- one ciiHo 1 it wus psirt of the samo I, [ircpaird to reci'iv(i licr I'ut out ami |mt on lioiii-d uirlavc". It is (airly o]i(mi be n'u;ar(li'iit to carrv on A\ar. Iiiiiking that in resiiect of f duo diliyeuce, is estuL- bama any furtiier, were it sincere neutrality are cast ) say a word. was at ISIartiniquo. The vVlahania, was there; by IS stated iu the ib-gvuiieut f;et imdpv wny fovtiiwith iiml illl (if /■lllllilUI ill Arnr/illir/lh' Fi'uncli ClDVL'niim'ul luiil iiol ;n tlu5 journal of Captain )endix, pai^e 191. on that Captahi Semmes it of the strictness of the arts within ller ]Maj(>sty's bound to denomicc this ir of the United States' ,'aptain Semmes to seek a uips fj). 4! I- J : — 111 iilimit ' iiv (iiiys of fuel on 1 iliu Wi'sl Jiulit's lo iiu'L'l my iit'iit ol' my nu'i'i-'r, as to llir ivc (iilUciilly ill ]ii'0(iiriiiy coiil w I'liilldik, wIr'Ii wi' ]iiirlf(l (iir licmld iiulii'iiU' to liiiii in ihi' nd it was tliillifr accordiii},'ly >|]L'r.' lie liii continues ()>. 514) :— Lf,'ri]>j)iiiii. Mie Imd liwn lyiiij,' IS, \,iis Ibuiul of liis gloi,', liad . tier iiiovt'iiieiits. Insteiu! ol' fur sonH'tliiiiLC of till! kind, lie ted of liis roniiection with tlie ir. Ei.ulit diiys were a sullicieiit islaiuls ; and as I knew tliat tliiil sonic one of tlieni lii d nut f coalini; in Martinique, under tliwitli, and jiroeeed to a new e will rejoin lier. 1 laid llif , sliu was .safe."! I'dku i-'Ui!. 193 Inm. the Hritish (.'u„s, | at^I-rti .„ r in ^^•"h''''''''''^ "''^ "i..,!, ,, letter Ih'i.ish Appendix, IVom wth i^Z l';*,,^"! ,/ r"^''' '"'l' ''IT ''"'•"^''••'' "' "'« tin- master of (he Aorippina an . , M^l . • ""1"', "'■^""">' ^•••"'-'""'Inited with tmusaetion. as an i^u i.'op; ! V ' , .i,'\' ^ ^ (-vemor ,„ „., allowtn^. the same facilities to h Ah tm- n ''T"".'" ''"''''"■"' '''' '''"^■""'"■' <'»' Suint(-r. "'" -^l'""'"''. ns i,e had previously aifonh'd to the The letter is on lollows :— "MyL,„d, " I liave ll,e iionour to report to voiir Lordslii,, .1,,, „ , ,. r 'I'''''' ''"'■'■'■ -'^'"■' '"'"''• 2iJ, ],S(;2 Seliiliies, lias visiled lliis island. ' '' '"""'I' "I'l' .Me ( onfcdiMiiti "The folhiuiiij,- aiv the eireilliislaiices criKzer : - '" loiiiiei Hon \vith t u' arrival ■-teaiiier Alahiiinn, (.'aptain lint lire of I liis noted I iininediately sent for the niasi;.,. 'm T "" '"r""';",'!"' H"' Alahaiiia. .xpres^in, niy surprise and ditlasluvs'Z' :;;;;::,;?:' "''^'^ ' '""' I'->' : ■'t the same tinm iissureil nie posi,iv,]ytlml these leiiorls «(.|Mrii . ■ '" \""."''''' '".V Ulilne with siieh H said that, when ahoiit to' h it wouM, no doiiht, arrive hy tlio •ueh a niattur. at Man iiii,„,e wherehe -oidd v;;:;i7i;:i;;v:;f i.:;:;;,:::';: j;:;;;;;;;;; "-'-^ -^ ';•''•.-» dl::;;;'; i-l. ul'S ^^^^^ ;;;!;-'-'-.. him that ■ had reeeived J!:::\: l^S^^Xr:;^''''''' '" '">• ^"-' "'file liarl r renuliilions not alloui...r v,.-c,i. , ;'imr^os,i^avehi,ii,aiiiisn.,,iest,ando„ t i,;:,';;i;;;^^^^^^ to t le authorita.s to „I,laiii permission to awail tl ' i i 'T T i , '"'■ ^" '"' "'l'l>'<'.'s«l 'On ihe same ^'>1 l";^trded the .ship in the ollii,.-, i„ l,i, ,,,!,,,,,' '.^'" '""' '" .'' '•'!""'"'■ "''■"'■^'i ^'^^I'taiii, who V'H-lh the master and the pilol,'7,„t tliev' i'' 4 ' ,, \\;r f'T'' t"'/" ^^^"'"""' ^ "'""-' '-"t 'ad made was lo the elfe,.t „„,vlv that 1,;. l',", ,,..'.. ."'".''"'^"'""1'^ "'" ^""^""'' "I' the .Wiimiim on h .^pressed to him my .,,11110,:^,;,!^ ll^ . ae n iril^aCir^riV ^"'"" '""'- '" ""' ■^'"'-'' the eoii.se,|iiel,ees that mi.di. follow Ihe ivo,. /,■.?. • '."'■'•,•" '""' '"■^•'^""'. •""' I "arue ma ma. I im of the eoiise,,iie„ees that mi^la fWHow the J ,i i, ^ ^ s ^ ^1 "" '"'"r""' "'"' ' "'"•""' ''"" "f ii^iuvd of Ihe veraeity of his inotesfations an 1 ' „ ,0 '' "?'' 1"'7'"''>W^- .,>^" J-nj^er feeling addressed a letter to the Seiii'or ( Xlieer of tCs tio 1, , I '',r'.' '"""■ '," '"" ''"' '^'- ^""^^■'^'^^^ I procure for 1110 the lienelil of his advice. "" '''"^""'' '" f"' '""I"' "'at it mij,dit find him there, and " (^M mv I'l.tui'ii f,. I 4 i>: I' 1. rumours afloat eoni-erninf; tlio Oil mv return to ' '. Pierre lindin.r evervwl tl dav wi!..x:;'rrL;;;i;::!;-sS,S"t\j;ni;;. ;^^ -..an ti. previous ;-ame to tell ui.. !.e had a eoi.tidential eon an 1 .^.kf"! '''^""' ^'l';,"'^'^^-' ">' the A^rip,,i„a hear any statement he mi,,ht wish to make [ , ^ 'i ^f' '''"■;;"■' tliat 1 would not ref.i.se to to the eour.se 1 should adopt aft..rwards ,,a ie, / iv if "■'''" ' T'\^''^' "■*"'''""' "''"^■'i"" "^ in eirculation eoneer.dn,. his vessel. H t pt r-^^t 1 ni ," "'"'''''V';'' '""' ''^'''T'' *" *''« report cai-o wa,s, in truth, for a .steamer that he 1 lexne /.".;' '"^''^ "»"'"' ^^ "'« '■Ifrrt that his rca,son to believe was a Confederate en.ilcer ' ' ""' "' ^"''^ ''" ^''''''' ""'I ^^'"■^'l' 1k^ had reinoi;^S";';;;;;S:nr;;v:S'^''''^^''^''^^ '^ "■"■ <"• -duct, 1,,. tl. se,p.el showed that my ji^^^>!:^''::'':::lji'::sx:^ -•^^•■•^'^ ^ ^-d just leamcd. exiutlyas he had done mi a fornier oe asi a , 1, ;, ' ,• ' Jil '?"' T' V"",!"'"' '"' ^™'''' "^^ had alt^etlu.. approved of the measuivs hJ'i:;;i'I;;k™ ' .' .,r ^'lEl S!:;!, ^'"^ ^■"■'"■" ^=-~"t .\otl.iiijr ,K,w occurred until the morning of the F.^ll i„s t vl . n .ill i-, , screw-.steum.ir was .seen approaehin- the hn,d si,.en'„ , i' i "'r'"^' ^'''^" ' !''■'> 'v' •Aisli-h.okiiiL' thi.s town, she showed a I'l'tisl, hhie si': a e in, I ^ ,'','''''•''% '^' '\V''''''^ '■'"■^" ^^'^'"^^ had thus a.ssunied. She was at once |>i I do , Vl le ', I, , " '"'f •'"":"'■'' ''>' ^''" '■'''""^■''■'' «''" Oil his arrival at Port de Kiaiu-. 'i i , 's .es '" '" '"''"'^ '^" ^'""''^ ^" ^"^' permission to land liftv-three prisoners wli i | , li I vi ' ';''*'"" '" f''^'nor to request liuuled, and sent to the IT lit^l States' (", aJ' li wt O^'T'JTX' ''"' '"'r'' 1'"^ '^*^^« whose master had ^mne on lioard of the Alaha.ua as l.C^he L I ' U T''"'',' "" .^^""I'l"""- t.tken a cloaranco for Deii.erara. " '"""' '" •"^''"' -"'^ "'"•'-'' ^™'.^'Ii> having " The Alahama apiieared to lie si ill well nvoviMf.,! „-;n, f„„i i i ,, would leave during the ni.dit. Hut he wn stil , I ' '""' " '^'™""'^'«1«>' ^'lid that he VA.>t.,a I^odcml ;ar^.tlislied his lU'si.mi so siiccesslidly tliat his adyflisary did not even perceive his tlif,dit; nor was it until after remainin.u tiiirly-si.K hours lielbre Fort de France after the Alabama hail left that tlie ca].tain of the San Jacinto could believe that slie had really e;ot away. " The movements of the Alabama had been well calculated. "Slmrtlv before sunset a boat had conveyed to the San Jacinto one of^ the masters who had been lately releaseil from tlu; Alaliama, and wlio was sent by tlie United Stiites' Con.sul to aiTan,i;e for the s'ipials to be made from an American scliooncr aneliorcd near tiie Alaliama, in case the latter .should attemiit to leave durin;4 the nij:,'ht. . . , ,. •, , " Suspecting' their intentions, Captain Semmes sent word to llie caiifaiu oi the jiort lor a pilot, who came olf forthwiUi, and at dusk he ,i,'ot uiidei- wei-h, tirst runiiin,!,' towards the inner iiovt, and when out of sij;ht of the schooner, alteriii,!,' liis course so as to run out on the siaitli side of tlie bay. The pilot left him, already, nearly half an laair, when the master of the schooner, on his return from the San Jacinto.'tindim; the Ahibama had gone, sent up three rockets in the direction which his crew told liim she had taken. ,.,,.,, , • i . i , " The San Jacinto, under all steam, ran to the south side of the bay, and not meetinn; the Alabama, she liaviii<; already passed out, Captain IJonckendolf remained all nij,dit oil' the entry to the bay, within which he placed fiis armed boats in a line, to prevent all egress. So certain was he of the result of these meiusnres, that, as 1 have already said, he was with difficulty lirought to believe the escape of his adversary."* It is thus alnmdantly cleat- that it was not because IMartiniquc was uot within British jurisdiction that Captain Scmmcs did not coal there. Ilavini? tlius left tho port on the evening? of the 19th, on the afternoon of tlio next day the Alabama joined the Asri])pina, and the two ran together to the api)ointe(l place of anchorage, Blanquilla, descril)ed by Captain Sommes as " one of those little cortd islands that .skirt the South American coast, not yet fully adapttnl to tlu> habitation of man."t There the Alabama took in a sui)ply of coal, after Mhicli tiie Agrijjpina, Avhich had still another supply of coal on board, Avas sent to the Areas, smtill islands off the coast of Yucatan. The' two vessels met th(>re on the 23rd of J)ecember. The Alabama took in the remainder of the supply of coal, after which the Agrippina was sent to Liverpool to i)rocure a fresh supply. J On the 11th of January, the Altibama encountered the United States' ship of war the Hatteras, when, after a short engagement, the latter went down, there being just time to save the crew. After this, the Alabama with her prisoners made for Jamaica, and arrived at Port Royal on the evening of the 20th, This was her first appearance .n a British ])ort after her departure from Liverpool on the 2'.)th of July, 1801. It is obseiTod in tlie Case of the United States that the "promised or(U>rs ' of Earl Eussell to detain her for a violation of British sovereignty were not there.§ Earl Russell had promised no such orders. The only orders ever spoken of were * r!rlli»li Apperaiix, vol. i, pp. 257- '-'59.^ + Scmmt's' " Adventures Afloat," p. 5 10. J Spmmcs' "Advpnlures Aflont," |). 519. § Case of the United States, page 382. United SiBtPs' Documents, vol. vi, p. 491. United Sl.ilcs' Documents, ubi supra. lio wmikl liavp tn remain in :u inl'iiruiuil, hy ii lelU'i' IVoni ni'avest liind, nnd tliiit iiiiy r iirnis, if nocessavy. L was sent out, and todk n]i a hips. At tlu! sanio time, the r cacli f,niu lioariiij,' suuwaiil; intaiu t\w San .laciuto al the ;i)nio till! assailant. in mind tlic vai,'ari('s of ttii vkaisly lo thi! Coniniandcv (if lla' San .facinto \vould liavi: sucli iii'i'um'ncc, fovtiinatfly, ,' I'mjiloyc'd in jiaiiiting and II the Sau Jacinto for anothiT say tlad, inlcndin^t,' to ;^(i out lini to deposit, at the I'nMiu 1 ; tlii.s n'iiia'.st could not he :<) receive it at a certain ]ier- word tJKit he would kee]) llir at his adversary did not even no Fort do France after the le had really f^'ot away. of the masters who had hecn :e.s' Consul to arran,t;e for tlie una, in ca.se the latter sluudd nn of the ]iort for a pilot, who the inni'r iiort, and when out 1 side of the hay. The ])ilut, on his return from the San tion which his crew told him md not meeting the Ahxhania, (1'the entry to the hay, within ■rtain was \u: of the result nf it to helieve the escape of his xtiniquc was not within on the afternoon of tlip togetlicr to tlio aj)])ointo(l " one of llios(> little coral ijitcd to the liahitation of lich the Aijrippina, whieh reas, small ishmds off the December. The Alabama c Agrippina Avas sent to United States' ship of war it down, there being just laica, and arrived at Port departure from Liverpool 1^ lJnit(Hl States that tiie on of British sovereignty ders ever spoken of were cnts, vol. vi, p. 491. snts, ubi .mpra. 195 Sv^^::.^!n.:^^:;S=.^.:T^'"-f ? 'y ^^- ^- oncers u..... federate State.s wa's kno^vnto Z^Z^^d^*"^^^^^^ tlie C.n- .Tanaau-a she was a eon;nn.ssi,„.>d shi^of ™ 'and s s'n ""■' ?/' ^^'''•''""''^ "''^^ ''^^ IVfajesty's Government, protected from seiiiire ' "' ^'"' "P"""" "^" ^^'■'• inor|::\.s^^!s^;rc;;^rmS t f ^h^r '\t- -^ -^^^-^ -^ t,. gave h,n- imnumity fronr seizure f.rthe bread, of Bif?) T "\ ^'"' ,^'""^'"'l'">'^^t« States m a J?r.tish por^ But this question is Z vl. . •'/'"■ '''^' '™^ ''^-'"^ l""""'l ment is liable, as wo arc all a-reTd ?t t ;,^ f "Jj" ''""'"^'■'" '^' *!"' J^"tish (lovern- of due diligence in not prevenUng hcVdepatiS^^^ "' ""' '''''^' ''^ ''^^'^^ ^^ the want The morning after the arrival of a1o1>„™ ± -r on Commodore Bunlop, th^'S^f.^ ^tuf n Ttli "^^''T "'""^^•'' ^^''^" Admiral :— '^"iuuutud .it tiie station, who reported to the "I have the honour to inform yen that, nu the evenin.'"of'H,"'''^',U'' '^""""'''"' J'l^^mnj 23, 1803. raaa-of-war, wa.s .seen olf this port ahout sunset ai«l!! " -'^"'' '' '^"'''"•-steanier, apparentlv a ^^^^f^^ ™nea,on me and asked .r nm„,,.s,wO,ent_heHatteras,hein.ina\inkinSCue nS I™" ^' t" 1^ tlie Alahama winch there was j,:st tin>e to e&ct he f^ J 1 u^r s w .'^'"' '"''■" '■'^""^^■"'' "» '"«"! "o. Captani Semme,g then sto' ' tlmi- 1,,, i i • i y'"w!iiw went down. ahsolutelynecessaiy should he rep ■ ' hS h^ co^Nl Z. f it'"'"' "'/''^' "-''t^^'-l"'-. ^vhicli it was to receivo coal and neces.sary .sl.ppi.os. ^^^^^^'7t^':'^:^'^^^^'^^-^^^V^^^^^ 'aptam Senimes that no time nnjt he lost in clj^ S/ 1 . ^. ClnT'^ "''" r"' ■''"'' ^ ""•'"-'l to sea, n e.xact contormity with the spirit of Earl I^,s dp, j 1, ! \' " ' '''^ .^"1'1'1'"S and jiroceedin- wor,l „1 honour that no unnecessary delay slundd t d . ,, . ' i- "I'^'i"' ''^^■""""•^ ^""'-^ ""= hm i.v.nMance with your wishes on this Joint, fori I mah fc,"' '"'- ' ^^^ Y^^^ « «>>ti.vlv in .shal n.n the nsk of finding a s.p.adion of my enei ies outs de Z I' T'1 "'"" ^^"" ^'^ ''^''"''e'l I me immediately.' ^ enemies outside, for no d.niht they will he in pursuit of " 0. Owing to the delay in receiving the I ientmnnt- r ,„ the prisoners ^.m Spanislf Town, it was m,Mn d" e ^S"!^; T^>! 'T 'T' ''''''''' ^o landing reached Captain Semmes, and too late- for them , e h uf ,, '"' " f "^l"' "'" V^nnksinn to .lo ,sC vesse previous to the laiuling of the prisoners on h ^nl ', Ji o , ■'^", ^'f "T'''"' ^^^'^^ "<' t''" with the necessary repairs, and no doUi cau,sed oi e Zv 1 I . 1'""'' '' '""'"''^ ^" P-'-^^ced completed, the Alahama will ,n'ocee.l to sea."t ""'i^""l"W^' il«lay. As soon ,us these repairs are The Governor at once consented to the landin- of tho r...- "common humanity would dictate such a XmS"' i • V^™^^^, observing that or pestilence migh? ari.se fronran overX-^^^^^ which would ensue should the Alalnmi a.?ni i • ' ^-''^ ''"^'""- "*" ^''« l'"™''" Governor Eyre added that "of cou^ on^^^ with them on board." against tlieir' will from Brit sh soil "f The m-isonc' ™ P"'««^,V""W ^^ re-euiharked Assuming that the Alabama ^as'prV;^ •" eZd "TTtSt''"^^^^ i question can arise as to the proi.rietv of a lowinn- tl.o , . '"-^'if^'ci-cnt vessel, no "The fractures made by six large shot oVshe I on fi f^'T "'i''"^'^ *" ^»' '1™^- says Commodore Dunlop in his Rcpt to th7 Adm ?• 1 "" '"''^P'-^r' f ^.''^ Alabama," I presume it can lirdly be said that Z shh" ou- ht ?]'nv T''":' ™ Tl"""''^ sea ;n bout the.se "large fractures " having been^o mle d m, ^''" ^''''"^ ^° '^' *« with the Hatteras the nextTomin- 1 uf 1 o^P '^'T"^^' 'Tf"''''^ "^ "le actio! "eouldnotbecompletedbythersShvmW^ "''?'. ^l'''^* ^'^^ "^P'-^i^s of the 25th, and the Alabama s™ at 8 jO ^^^^^^^ therefore, be said that she was permitted to st ,v ton l -1? ^^'^^'^S- It cannot, the Commodore .states. « a supp^^^S provilns Ld -o ''^ 1" / 'f T'*" f^'' '"'''''^ was the quantity. No complLLl has'evJl^^ ^A Tir:^JZ o^S^^^S The Alabama. n •,• I. A * ^j. ""','''■ •'^PP«"<1'''> vol. i, pp. a02. 203, 212, and 249 Bnt..h Appendix, vol. ,, p. 264. '{ iwd., p 265. § Ibid., p. 269. ^! M^ ?: t * i: lA JM ll 1 if V'» 1 S f b' m\\ .) ii 19f! The Alabama. lifwiiiE,' l)pon alloAvod. Commodore Dimlop oevtaiiily appears to liavo hoon qiiito alive to his^'duty of onlorcing the regulations, ile foiieludes his report hy sayinj? :— "111 coiii'liislnii, f lave ciulr In slair ijr.it tlu' (■'iiiirt'ilcratc \cssi>l wis litatcil strictly ill nminl- iiiur with the iiistnii'tiuiis coiitai'mMl iii Karl liiisscll's l.'ttcr o( tli,' ;ilsl .laminry, ISIil, and exactly as I slaill ai 1 towards aiiv I'liitcd Slates' inaii-i.|'-\var thai may licivallcr call licir. •• Two I'liilfil States' sliijis (if Mar, the l.'iiliiiaaid and I'liwiialtan, arrived tieiv in ISiil, cnaledauil provisioned, and rentaiued in ]m.iI, the lliciiiiioiul four days, and tlie I'owliattan tlireedays; thu Sun.lacinlo was also here, and leniaini'd four hcairs."* I am thcrcibre unalde to concur in an opinion (>xpressed by the President of this Tribunal in Ibinkini? that "the recei)ti()ii of tli(> Alabama at Jamaica f;ir exceeded the measure of what the duties of lu'iitndity would admit of." If, by tliis, reference is intended to be made lo the Tact liiat a younu: oflicer, in the absence of his suiH'vior, Ibonohtlcssly tdlowed the band of a Queen's ship to play a Southern national uir.':i ciieumsttince afterwards fuily (>xi)l:iin(>d, and for which he was severely rei)rimatided, or tliiit Ihe oilicevs on the station went on board of tlu< Alaliiima, and treated her caiilaiii and oHicers as olUeefs oJ' a ni;ui-(d'-w;ir, or to the jiossihle fact tlial the inhabitants of the ishind may liave ; lioAvn some kiiuliiess towttrds, or sympalliy with, the Southerners,! can United Sttites themselves. Tor ncirher''iu Iheir Case nor Argiinu-nt ha^e the latter gone so far as to assert thiit, saving in the mtiiUn' of not seizing the vessel, ihero was any breach of neutrality iu ■what passed at Jamaica. . i At the Cape of But the same t-xception is also taken to what passed at the Cape. It is necessary uood llujiu. therefore to revi(nv the lads. The Alabaniii arrived in Saldanha Bay on the 29th of ,luly, 1803. It appears from a desi)ateh of tli(> Admiral on the station. Sir Baldv.in Walker, to the Admiralty, of Auo'iist the I'.hb, liiat, on receivino' infornitilion of her being there, he innnediately gave orders to Captain Torsyth, of Ilei' Miijesty's shi]) \ ahirous, to hold himself in re.-idiiiess to proceed to :inv of the parts of the Colony in which the Aliibamii migiit anchor, in order to preserve' the rules of strict ncutriilily.t On the nth of August, having received a telciiram Ihtit the Altibama was oif Ttdile Bay, the Adnural ordered the Valorous to proceed thither. As the Alabama was standing into Tabic Bay, she fell in with anil captured a United States' vessel, called the Sea ib'idc, and a qu(>st ion arose Avbctbcr the capture had not been made within the wiiters of the Colony. ]Mr. Crtiham, the Unifnl States' Consul, immediately called the attention of the (Jovernor, Sir Philip Wodehoiisc, to the <'ai)tin'e, alleging it to hiive been imlawful by reason of its having been made Avithin I mites of the siiore. He writes : — " I belii've tlien^ is no law dellniii^' the word 'coast' other than inlcrnntional law. That law Im-; always limited nentral waters to the liu'htin.u' distance from land, which, npon the invcntiiui of u'uii- i-xteiided to tlie distance of three nautical mih's from land on ii strai.u'Iit coast, and liy tli.' rule, since the invention of .\rmstronj,' rilled cannon, to at least six miles. " r.ut all waters inclosed liv a line drawn lietwt'cn two ]ir(imontories, or headlands, are recojrniznl by all nations as neutral, and' Knj,dand was the lirst that adoiited the rnle, callint; such waters tlii: ' kiii'/s Chanihers.' l!y referriuj,' lo ' Whetitnii's Di^'est,' juit^e 2.'i4, or any other good work on iutcr- natiomd law, you will find the ahove rules laid (hiwn and elucidated."^ Mr. Graham also sent allidavits of the Captain, the steward, and the cook of the Sea Bride fiving the b(>arings of the vessel at the time of the cajjture to prove that tin: vessel when ca])t tired, was within the waters of the Cohmy. Captain Semmes having been called upon for an explanation, answered:— " In ie]ily. I havi' the honour to state that it is not true that the hari|iie referred lo was ca])timMl j'owder. Slime (n Imvo boon quito alive port l)y sayini;' : — as tui'tcil stiictly in lU'cord- iimiiiv, I.Sdl, 1111(1 1'xiiclly lis I viv. itliiii, iinivi'tl liciv in ISiU, iii llic! I'dwliattaii lliU'c (liiys ; I'ossod by the Prosirtont (Vliihama at Jamriioa fai' I admit of." II', by tiiis, fillicor, in tbo absonco ol' ■^liip 1() |)lay a Soiitheni or Avbicb bo Avas sovoroly ai'd of Ili(> iVlabaiiia, and ((I llic jiossililo I'act lliat ss toAvards, or synipalliv boint,' inado a ^Tomid Wiv lilt oan bo tixod on the ly rospcct wanting' in due s, the I5ritis1i ))^'()pU^ arc a lial)ility on the part ol' or tlio iiibabitants of a 1 of a Confodorato sbip — tlio oansc of tho South, m to mo, 1 nnist say, to 1 Statos tlu^mselvos. Tor so far as to assort tliat, ly brcacb of neutrality iu tbo Capo. It is necessary ly, 18()?5. It appears fnmi kor, to tbo Admiralty, of lioro, bo innnodiatoly gave bold binisolf in readiness Vlaliama inii.;'lit anobor, in if i\iiu;ust, bavin;;' roeoived ordered tbo Valorous to ■ Bay, sbe fell in Avitb and [uestionai'ose Avbotber llic ilr. (iraliam, Ibe rnitril lor, Sir Pbilip Wodeliouse, L of its bavin;;; been made' crniitiiinnl liiw. Tlint, liiw Im-; li, iqioii tlic invcntidii of i:iiii- oii 11 stvai,L;lit ccinst, inid liy \]if luik's. s, (iv iK'iidliiiuls, lire icciiijiuziil .! rule, (.■iilliii},' siuli \viilcrs ilic my ciilici' gcHul work mi iiiliT- ward, and tbo eook of llie ' eaptun; to provt; (bat tin: it ion, ansAverod: — iiir(Hu,' I'cl'crri'd In wiis cniitinvd t Ibid., p. 302. 197 "- '-'- ^-m ' •.. -inv,. n.ilos .,iit.i,,e!;r tT S,:*,,;!;:::!';^'' =""' <'"■>■ "" "^- that tlio cpte o Customs, of the si;,nml n^au at the Lrs]\,, ,''"•''' /'"'"t b,!.!, of tiie C.dleetor all ef wbom bad seen the positi„u of / "t vo - Jf ^'■"'' ' f/ "'"'i-""! ^'l'^^ boatman, omeius.on that tlic Sea Eride was bey on ^.h^^^^^ ''^'^ '"' ^'-l '■">»<• to the Alabama.! ^^""^^ ^"^^ Jmiits assigned Avben eapturcd by the '^''"'<'<'<'isi(m of tiio (iovernor ivlilr.l, „(• of Captain Forsyth, baving been 'an ^ rio'^AL'T '^'"7?=^""' ^"^''«>« «Pi-ou sense ol ,.roi,riety, a,ul, l•or^•ettin.n that e , hvs l.".""\ ''•' ^•^'■itleman loses all writes :- = ^"^^•' ^'^ ^^ -vtlcbessm- Her Majesty's llepresentative, " \iiiir ditcisiiiu in the case of tho S,..i T,.; i i , "^Villh" Hml.l..l '||:'t>;U.smitiurRlia;;;i:\lu;;:^(;;^^^^ v..iHi.d„i.ivb„it..,l h.iv, n,„. lun I meat la ^ a.sh„,,ri„„. An invitation to h. , o "n" '"'""' "^"' '" ^''" ^'^'^-l .Slates' (iov.n- c'XtoMd..,! to me,a,„l 1 a,„ ,i„.,.,l'o,v i,,„„,,„'i V,*; ,, . ' "'" ''■ ^""■''' ^'■•^ti'"""y was tak,.,, «a, not 0.1 tmiu that whi.i, was ar,v,,n.,|. ' U v,,^i ',';'''',' '''''"'"""^^'"^"'^1' t'"' 1""^'"" t m,"" -■xtoid a distane,.,,,' thv.e niih^s IVo.u laiai „• Inva t ^ It' I ^ "V";"^''"' ^^'^'t*^''^ "I' this Colonv oX 1 itol to the ,„.o,,lo of (.'a,M, Town l,a,l an A i,,. i : v I '''""? '^■""''^ ''''^■^' '"''^>' "pHv ill,/ ^ labaina m ha.,., J„ „.,,.it ,.o,„est, with ' ,',;:,:*' I'^'J""""' "" "■^' ^''^"^ =""' '"W'^-'l t k> tlu3 -- ;m;^ l.'nMni^s iu Capo Town woiiM hi . Z ^ ^ jt^'"'"' "' :'^ ""'^ ^f'"'- "v*^'' l'">d), H..>^- will ho .hon tho .nitoil Stato. Ch,. — '^^1.!; -rS ^rih^S^S^ lleferring to the Tusealoosa, he ends by sayin... •_ ,.n.. ..,pr ;;:l;i:.-;V;2-: -- -^^ .,0 Tnsoaloos,., 11.0 a The ollensivo tone Avbieb the United Sfn J ' ' '"' "'" ^■'^•^'"■" towards UritisI, attthorities is uota imi™ ^'""^^'^'^ themselves to assume Tho Sea Uride bavin"' been nut in ..i,.>. .■ oharsewas '^olow, the vessel Avk^'c^^.'hS-.:^,.;;..^"'T; crejv, while the offieer in t«'o miles of the slior<>, .and tliis as," ' .^'t't <'il< >u-e, allowed to l,e brou-ht within Governor by Mr. (Iraham ^t i ^t ^J lll^ ve T^l'^lf T ^'""^"^^^'^ '^^^ appeared from Mr. (Jraham's c.Nvn wi tnesse Antth n '''"'^'^' '^'' ''''^'^^- I't.t it lus foot as if vexed at seeino- tl e ve^ . ^ , .v .1 ''^''''' r'''""- "» •'•''-•'^' -^^timped to be kept iurther olU The^iovoimr ,^,;'^,,S l^'^T'Tf^ "^j'^^^l"'- ■ai'ds apoloo.ized for .^ as an aet ot madvertenee, . ,, ' '• ^'"' '.io\ernor t lereiun especially as it Mas tif.eruards apol„o.i,,,i fo, s .ot,,eZ-!;,~^'''^^^^^'^'^^^^^^^U>taiu«e Semmes had Avritten from Saldauha Bay to (lie (lovornor ^^i.ich i';;-;i;i;;:;i;i;:^;irn;S?^ '"^^ i'yti.-oastin,sohoo„o,.Atiasto oo„i,..„,ioaio.ith thoca,. ,!r «; I Pi-rood to .soil, iiu.l iu the nuMiitim,: voi.r 1 v li o , V ,;, " 1 I '" 'T y"''' *-'"" '* '^""'Pl<''ed T •"t>'i>Uou to the uoutndity of your (iovornnu'iit 'il ' ^^ ''' '"""'^■'' ^'"'^ -^ ""i" !«>' U'e 'ficttvst ..^Js;:;i.:"=^^^^^^^^ rPi-f:-:i:™:;'»:i:n:^:,:£,;;;::i^;;;;i;;,'-;:^ ..-:;~:1;^<.„. '-voniniont ..xaoi,.,! ,ii„io,. ,ho Fo.vi,,, Kiilisl,',!' ,, .\ ] ' """"'^ '"""'-^ "' "^'''''^''^ "''H'l' tho Jiiiti..): Now, iK voiir ( Invi'i'iinioiii hi< i 'ri,i..i,. f i ■ ' •'- '^ ' -Mt) ol A,H„y and , •o„n,„.,co with tho Unitod Stalo,, and 1,i,h '"■ ririti.sh Apiii'iKiix, Vol ,, ,,. ;)l.-,. S IW.I., PI). 3iu, -117, audU'^U. I- II' M., I'. .'Jll, iluil., 1). 3US. The AInbama. At the Cape. I !■ 'H^ 'ijft tr .fcV 198 ■ :! i The Alabama. At tlio Cape. illod upon aftonvards to ad^'isc■ as to the propriety of what had taken place witli ('(> to the Alabama at the Cape, the Law OfGcers, Sh- 11. Palmer, Su- iJ. Collier, not iccoj;iii/o(l tho ixTsons in revolt agninst the United States as a Government at all, the vessel alhulfd slimild lie at (mce sci/.ed and sent to Kn;;!"' l h'oin wlienee she claniU'stinely eseaiied. Assuniin^' that the I'.vitish (iovernment \vas sincere in i cthi^^ the. honds, you have (K)iditless liecii insuiu'le'd 1(1 send her Imnie to En;.'Iand, where slie lieloii<;s. lint if, from some oversif^ht, you have not received such inslnu'tions, and ycm lU'cline the res]ionsiliility of niakiu;,' the seizure, I vvcndd must rcsiiectl'nllv jtrotcst au'ainst the vessel remaining' in any ]iort of the Colony another day. She has liccii at Saldanii'a i'.av hair [six] davs alrendv, and a week previously on the coast, and has forfeited ill rij;ht to remain an hour lonjier hv this hreaeli of neutrality. I'aintinjj; a ship does not come under the lu'ad (if ■ necessary repairs,' and is no iiroof that she is unseaworthy ; mid to allow her to visit other iiorts after she has set the (.)ueen's rroclauuitiou of Neutrality at detiancu would not be regarded as in accordance with tlie s]iirit and purpose of that document."* Mr. Graham received for answer :— > "His K.xcellencv has no instnu'tions, neither has ho any nuthority, to seize or deti j lliat vessel; and lui desires uw U< ae(|uaint you that lie has received a letter from the Connnauder, dated the 1st instant, statinu' thai rejiairs were in jiroj^ress, and as soon as they were completed ho intended to f,'o to sea. He further ruuiuunces his intention of res]iectijij,' strictly the neutrality of the Jiriti.-h (rovernment." , . . "The course which Caiitain Senimes liere ]iroposes to take is, in the Governors opinion, in conlbnnity with the instructions he has Inmself received relative to slii}is of war and jirivateers belon.uin,!,'' to the United .States and the States callinj; themselves the C'oiifedenite States of Anu'ricii visiting' Ihitish ports. "The rciiorts rcceiveil from Saldanha liav induce the Governor to liehcve tliat the vessel \\ ill leave that Jiarhour as soon as her rejiairs are completed; but he will, iinmc(liately (ju receiving; intelli^'enee to the contrary, take the necessary steps for enforcing the observance of the rules laid down by Her Majesty's Government."f Called reforenc(> to tlie Alabama at tlie L'ape, and Sir 11. Pliillimore, the latt(>r so deservedly held up as an authority by the United States, on the li)lh of October advised :— ""With resjiect to the Alabama herself, wc are dearly of opinion that neither the Governor nor any other aiitlunity at the Cape could exercise any jurisdiction over her; and that, whatever W'as her previcais history, they were bound to treat her as' a ship of war belonging to a belligerent Tower."! It strikes me that this Tribunal shordd hesitate before it decides that three sncli letral authoritic^s wcvc wront,^ Or are we to suppose that an _" insincere neutrality" liu'ks beneath their opinion, though given in the course of official duty? On his arrival in Table Pay, on the 5th of August, Captain Semmcs wrote to the Governor, iiifonnino' him thai be had come in for sui)))lies and repairs, and requesting to be allf)\ved to land his prisoners, thirty-three hi number, lately captured on board two ships destroyed by him at sea. The GoVcrnor gave permission to land the prisoners, but desired' tbtil 'Capttiin Semmes would " state; the nature and extent of the supplies, and repairs reqiiirt'd, that lie might be enabled to form some estimate of the time it woidd be necessary for the Alabama to remain in the port." Captain Semmes replies : — " In the way of sujijilies 1 shall need some provisions for my crew, a list of which will be baniteil yiai to-morrow by the paymaster, and as for rejiairs Uiy boilers need some iron-work to be done, and lay "bends re(Hiiiv caulking, being (piite open. 1 propo.se to take on board the necessary materials here, and to proceed with all dispatch to ."Simon's Hay, for the jiarijose of making the.se re]iairs."ij On the morniuLT of the 0th tlie paymaster of the vessel called on the Governor, Avith the merchant wlio was to furnish tlie supplies, and leave was given to the vessel to remain till the next day, the 7th. In a despatch to the Duke of Newcastle Sir Philip Wodehous'.' states : — "On tlie night of the ,"iili Her Majesty's shi]i Valorous had come Kaind from Simon's liny During the nighl'of the Hth the weather' became iiiifav(jurable ; a vessel was wrecked in the hay, and a iieavv .sea prevented the Alabama from receiving her su]iplies by the time arranged. On tlio morning ot' the Sth, Cajitain l''or,syth, of the Valorous, and the I'mt Cajilain, by my desire, jire.s.sed en t.'aptain Semmes the la'cc.ssity for his leaving the ]iriti^ll in the Governor's (ipinioii, in I sliijts of war and privateen^ Confederate .States of America to believe that the vessel will ,vill, immediately on receiving jservauce of the rules laid down vhat had taken place witli 11. Palmer, Sir 1{. Collier, 1 authority by the Unitecl it neither the (Jovernor nor any ; and that, whatever was hur ^ to a lielli.Ljerent Tower."! it decides that three sucli III " iusincere neutrality " lieial duty ? :ain Semmcs wrote to tlu; id repair.s, and requesting tely captured on board tAvo ion to land the prisonei-s. Old extent of the supplies, e estimate of the time it a list of which will he handcil e iron-work to he done, and my le necessary materials here, and these rejiairs."!} sl called on the Gov(>rnor, :e was given to the vessel 10 Duke of Newcastle 8ir onie round from Simon's liiiy. 'ssel was wrecked in the hiiy, by the tiin(! arnuif^'ed. On tin.' jitain, by my desire, jire.s.sed (Hi ressary delay; when he ]ilea(li'J icli had been sent on ;:liori,' fur lointcd, and intimated his own on his way round to Sinmii'.- [ waters, immediately leleasud j; Ibid. p. 323. 199 Wenti!el, ,stamlh,Vil^"|(;" -r,,,l'"p j'"''^ ,^>t«in Semnies chased another Amm.,Vn. , , At the C.p,. waters, lie assurJ^l me tl at t v, ^ ^^ > " '"^ ?'""""« ""t to liin, tint . ' T''®^' ^'"^ ^^a^ha ^ "ot observe that he 1, L I p T,'"' ""'"'^' -'^''^Und, hein it . i, '"''^/'°"'^ «" in neutral Hope to Ca],e Ha , , ''f /^"''"'H""'^ miles of an ima<^ina v°] ne ,S "''," *^°"? ^l-e land, ha did conmderedsitiicieni;''*''' '"" "" ^^'^'^oyevu.^ it he did not dlSie v ™ ''""rr ' Cape of Goo3 jr . "^'"^ explaoiation I capiat, and ta- ^„. „,, „,r„„. „ .J™J\K''„tr,LS!u a'i''' ^',f °^' '- From the C-ipo of 'q 1 tt """urauon aU the world over."§ as a itel, instance XMmi'n'^''';^T''' '° ""^ C Jof (V UnS sff *; seems to have t,.W ii Ct^SvT^'^""^ 22nd of December ; and aTthoXV hi '''^ ^ Singapore, not on the ^Srd n.^^ ^^'l'* did not commence coSs f hf 9?'', ^";''^"'^ ''^ '^'^^^'^ 33ay on the 20di of Ar T H'^ imf'lrZlfa te tot?™? 'Srr "^V^^ '^ - «^-- On the 11th of T Kearsarge, appeared sliortCafteLrST^- •?,'' ^^'^"^^ States' Srstea^^e/^^^^ At Cherbourg, etwen the Commanders i ItX'^ ^sS^ 3 on^lf """ "''^*-^"- ^ ^iue^Sst ed the Alabama steamed out of Phn,./,^ 1 ' " °" ^^^^ morning of the IQtl, r.p t ^^,.„ na uiiush.mnnnod cnuzer went down mdcr tlic Eof AmSSl j,onc out f Cherbourg to witness tlie co,iiWf • "'^'^Slish gentleman, who had J gged by the captain of the Kearsar4 to he n /' "'''"''1? "^ ^* «>« '"%ent S Ihe boats of the Deerhound havin- bell ^ i^"" '''''''' *^« P^opIe of the Alabn^f and many of the crew, who\ oil In '^•i"'^:"?^^ succeeded in sa^inir Cn.L.r^^^: ': V I. n ' stru Captain Semme Bntisli Appendix, vol. i, p. 307. § Un.t.d StatcM' J)„caM„.,„8, vol. vi, „. 437 •• Case of the United Stales p •>- ' ' ^ [145J . 387. t Ibid. tt Br't.»h Appendix, vol. i, p. 3^4."^- 2 D Hf m i'li !IM L,t 200 Th. Alab«na Others were saved by the Alabama's boat, with the beforcraontionod ofiicer in her. Th. Alabana. ^^^ ^^^^^"^^^ J^^ J,^ t.^eu on board the Deerhound, and were eax-ned by the nximpr Mr Lancaster, into Southampton, and there set tree. Th™e cfa med as prisoners by the United States' Govermnent on the ground that the Alabama having surrendered, her crew were necessarily prisoners. If saved fC co^d onlyTe saved as prisoners, or, as the alternative, they should have been kit * M?* Adams having ^mtten complaming that the owner of the Deerhomid had taken away the persons thus saved. Lord Russell answered:— " I }iavo tho honour to state to you, in reply, that it appears to me that the o«Tierof the Deerhound war for one of the belligerents."* The alternative is thus stei-nly put by Mr. Seward in a despatch to Mr. Adams :- " The Earl ar-'ues that if those persons had not been so taken from the sea they vould in »11 ^•obabntvhSererd.w"ed, and thus would never have been iu the situation o prisoners ov v. Stls?ell fui^^^^ in that eonnection that it does -t appear to hiiu to be any part ot the duty of a neutral to assist in making prisoners of war for one of the beUigereuts ^"I have 10 observe, upon these remarks of Earl Itussell, that it was the riglit 'ht of the Kearsargo thai l,«f1 Hi.> ■ulvaiita.'e of a lawful destruction ot so many enemies ; it they Had Dtui reLOveiwi ny xist-e wi m w tLu t le aid of the Deerhound, then the voluntaiy surrender ol those persons SSe ll^en p^^ted and they would have been prisoner.. In neither case would they have r^moiml hostile Confederates ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^.^^ ^.^. , ^^^^ juriscUc^l!.n,^lepS^^^^^ States of the lawful benefits of a long and eostly pursuit and suecesslul ^*"^'' T freelv admit that it is no part of a neutral's duty to assist in making captives for a belligerent ; hut I nmSfn if Ke equally clear that, so far from being neutrality, it is direct hostibty ior a stranger to intmeranJr e'seueTen who had been cast into the ocean iu battle, and then convey them away from under the conqueror's gun3."t Possibly, in strictness of law, Mr. Seward was right in contending that a belligerent is entitled to the death of his enemy, and that a neutral cannot mterfere totve tEe latter from destruction. But it is idle to propound legal theones m such a S«? the instinct of humanity wiU be certain to prevail over all consideration o?W righ?-God forbid that it should not!-and the neutral who has rescued a sbS felfow-creature from impending death may be excused if he does not dehver un as a nrisoner the man whom he has saved from perishing. , i^ „ "P %eSs as it may. the British Govermnent had but one ^^^Xt jioweve 'the demand that these persons should be given up as prisoners namely, "i^.y^^J^.^ *^^^^ had reached British soU, when on it they were entitled to the protection of its law , and that the Government, which had had nothmg to do with the manner of theu escape, even if it had the will, had not the power to dehver them up. * United States' Appendix, vol. iii, p. i2€3. t Ibid., p. 273. i-raentioncd officer in her. and were carric^d by tlir vemmcnt on tho ground arily prisoners. If saved ley should have been Icit IV of the Deerhound had lattlie owner of the Deerhound, Dy in savinfj t'roni the waves thi! ), iu all probability, have been 1' wi\r. ) assist in making prisoners of cspatcli to Mr. Adams :— 3in the sea they would iu iill situation of prisoners of war. to liini to be any part of llic .i;,'ereuts. the right of the Kearsarge thul ;s and erew of that vessel, or liy ther already actually prisoners, led, the Kearsarge would have ley had been recovered by the aiy surrender of those persons neither case would they have veying them within a foreign and costly pursuit and successful aking captives for a belligerent ; t is direct hostility for a stranger e, and then convey them away jht in contending that a t a neutral cannot interfere md legal theories in such a lil over all considerations neutral who has rescued a used if he does not deliver me answer to make to the namely, that, however they ) the protection of its laws, witli the manner of theii' them up. t Ibid., p. 273. 201 Case of the Tuscaloosa. sidrnno. hvv m tl.e l.^ht of a tender, lie, theroibro, wrote to tlie C ve m |r P^^^^^^^^ the V. •'IT'' '•';r"1"i^'''f ;« "^'*=''^ tlie opinion'of the Law O im. "to "vhe h ? the Bay* ' ^" ^'"^"'^ ''^''' "' " l'"^*-' ^^'"^ ^^« ^'^'^^ P^'^l^Wted from rntenng The Attorney-General of the Colony reported tliat the Tuscaloosa could not hn looked upon as a pme, on the ground that she purport. ,1 to be a Tldp oTwai and Uiere ^:rZ-'^'^±:t'' ''''' '''-'' «-~^ tluatstteh^was'not he tne Snfl 1 'i .1 •? / S'-'"™^. as commanding a ship of war of the Confederate States had authority to convert a captiu-cd vessel into a ship of war, and so C invest er witlj all he rjghts andimmunities accorded to such vessels, and that i was „ot fol the local Authorities bu for the c'om-ts of the captor, to determine her ria d aracter JS^%^:;s^iiT ''' '"'-''' '-' ''''''^'^' ''''-''- ''^ *-^ -'^^^ +i,of ?'''''"° '''^'^''''™^^ foun'l tbat the vessel had her cargo of wool still on board, and Jthf ?^T''tf'"'* ^''f ""^ ^''"J ''"^ '"^™ ^^'•'ted. Sir 13. Walker felt Smoie ot- luiusrhe savs •- ' "' ''" ''"'"'• ^^^"*'^" *" ^^' ^"^''^™«^- «" «'« ^t^ '■ The adiiiissiun of tliis vessel into port will, I foar, ,,,,.,1 the dour for miu.bers <,f vessels captured h . ( :, ' Z"^""'^"'"'" '''";7 ''""";','",'"""l t"'"'^"'-^. ^vilu a view to avoid the prohibition en Siie idiI:uo::':^iui5 ;Si:;"rvo;;i:"' '"'"•'"•'^^■^' ""^"^ •"= "■ '"- ■"--• ^'^^^^ ^-i-. -^ing ti;: 1„> fif','.Vl'T''''^'•'1' '^""^ ^" '"'"'" '^ '"''^'"■'■'' '■"'■'*'^' '"'^l^''' ^''« 'l'-'"'"»ii>"tiou of a vessel (,f war she must be ht ed to. warhke purposes, and not merely have a few men and twosmaU guns on board her (in fac notluug but a prize crew) 111 order to disguise her real cliaracter as a prize ^ liL-„ r,,,. "''' Yf ''^ '"" '"■'■ '"■'"'","^ ""-"' "'■ '"'""^ «'*" "" '"«"■''■ ^^'"^'l' ^■'""'"t be re<,uired for war- itffi^^o::';/s:t':ieS^"' '"^ ""-'"^^ -' "^■■' --- -- "-- "-•'"-"^ <- ->• -'^11 =tvi 'l ^!';"''"" "," ^.''f '^irc'i'ustnnces of the case, tliey afford room for the supposition that the vessel is Sf u, -f';/''''' ''"''''''f r' ''^"i''"'.^' tl''^ I)ruI,ibition against her en/rance as a prize no o, ports, uhere, it the captors wished, armngcnu.nts .„uld be made for the disposal of her valuah caZ tt .nZ,"^"""l',l' r"-''- y;'",'-.l«-;l''""^y «-ill'"^t tail to see, might be reidilv efteeted on a, v pS the coast beyond the limits of this Colony. ■ 1'"''^" neutr.al%^"»'" "'''"'''^ in calling your Exeellency's attention to the case is tr. avoid any breaeli of strict The Attorney-General, however, on being again referred fo, reported that "if the vessel received the two guns from the Alabama or other Confederate vessel of war or il the person in command of her has a commission of war, or if she be commanded' by an oflicer oi the Confederate navy, in any of these cases there ^^iU bo a sufficient settmg fortn as a vessel of war to justify her being held to be a ship nf war : if all of tlieso pomts be decided in the negative, she must be held to be . y a prize and ordered to leave forthwith."§ ° > i -^ f"/io dua -^-^j The Tuscaloosa. • British Appendix, vol. i, p. 308. t Ibid., p. 309. Ibid., p.310. § Ibid., p. 311. 2 D 2 902 i , I i The TufcalooM. TJig Admiral on this gave way, and the Tuscaloosa was treated ns a shi]; of war, and as such admitted into the hnr])our and allowed to ohtain provisions. She left tlio bay on the 14th of August,* and Captain Semmes having contrived to dispose of licr cargo of wool at a place on the coast beyond the precincts of the Colony, dispatched lici- on a cruize to Brazil, t Whilst thus occupied she is said to have done some mischief to United States' vessels. The Tuscaloosa again put into Simon's Bay on the 26th of December, 1803. J In the meantime, the Government having reported to the Secretary of State for the Colonies Avhat had happened on the occasion of her former visit, tiie Duke of Newcastle had deemed it right to take the opinion of the Law Ollicers of the Crown as to the law applicable to siieli a case. On the 19th of October the Law Officers reported as foUows : — " Upon tlu^ ])i)iiit raisi'il with n';,'av(l to tlu! vesHt-l culled the Tn.-tculdnsii, we iiro nut iiWe to ai,'ivi; with the opinion exjiressed liy llie Attorney-tUmenil of the Cii]ie Colony, that shi^ hiul feasecl to have the character of a jirize i'a]itnied by the Alabama merely because she was, at the time of her heini,' bro\i<,'ht within iiritish waters, armed with two small ^mus, in chari^e of an otlicer, and manned with a crew of ten men from the Alabama, and nscil as a tender to that vessel, under the authoiity of Captain Sennnes. " It would apjiear that the Tuscaloosa is a Imvque of 500 tons, captured by the Alabama ofl' llu^ coast of Brazil (ai the 21st of .lune last, and liriniijht into Simon's liay on or before (he Till of AufjusI, with her orii,'inal car;;o of wool (itself, as well as tiu' vessel, prize) still on board, and with notliin;,' to give her a warlike character (so far as ajijicar'; from the ]ia]iers before usj e\ce]it tlie cireumstances already noticed. " We therefore do not feel called upon, in the circumstances of this case, to enter into the ([uestioii whether, in the case of a vessel thdy conniiissioned as a siii]i of war, after beinf; made jirizo by a belligerent fioverumcnt, without lieing lirsl bmu'.'ht i;(/'/v/ ;y/v/ .ropcsition that, ' admit! iiKj her to hnrc hccn vfijilinril hi/ n uliip of var of the Confederate States, she was entitled to refer Her Majesty's (Jovernment, in case of dis]mte, to tlie Court of her States, in order to satisfy it as to her real character,' ajipcars to us to be at variance with Her Majesty's undoulited right to determine, within her own territory, whether her orders, made in vindication of her own neutrality, have been violated or not. " The question remains, what course ouuht to have been taken by the authorities at the Cape, first, in order to ascertain whether this vessel was, as alleged by tla^ I'nited Stat(,'s' Consul, an uncon- dennied prize, brought within Iiritish waters in violation of Her Majesty's neutrality ; and secondly, what ought to have been done if such had ajipeared to be really the fact f AVe think that the allega- tions of the United States' Consul ought to have been brought to tla; knowledge of Cajitain Semiaes while the Tuscaloosa was still within Iiritish waters ; and that he slundd have been rcMjuested to state whether he did or did not admit the facts to be as alleged. He should also have been called upon (unless the facts were ndnutted) to ])roduce tiie Tuscaloo.sa's jiajiers. If the rcsidt of these inquiries had been to ])rove that the vessel was really an uncondennicd jirize, brought into Iiritish waters in • violation of Her Majesty's orders made for the iiurjiose of maintaining her neutrality, it would, we think, deserve veiy serious consideration wiiether tiie mode (if jirocceiling in such circum.stances, most consistent with Her Majesty's dignity and most proper for the vimlication of her terrilorial rights, would not have lieen to prohibit the e.\ercise of any furtiier control over the Tuscaloosa by the captors; and to retain that vessel under Her Majesty's control and jurisdiction initil ]iroperly reclaimed by her original owners."{j It will be observed that in the foregoing opinion of the Law Ollicers, the question whether tlie Tuscaloosa should, under the eiroumstances, have been detained for the purpose of being restored to her original owners is suggested as one deserving, should the like case recur, of very seri(jus consideration ; it is by no means one on which a positive opinion was intended to be given. The Governor and the Admiral, boAvcver, * British Appendix, vol. i, p. 313. t British Appendix, rot. t United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 499. 330. § Ibid., vol. ii, p. 323. 203 rmtcd as a sliip of wnr, provisions. Sho left tlio ntrivod to dispose of her lie Colony, dispatched her lischicf to United States' )f December, 1803. { he Secretary of State for onner visit, liie Duke of w Oiricers of the Crown )Ws : — iKisii, WL" aru lUit ;ili]i' to !ii;ivi.' , lliiit slui li:ul ci'rtsiMl to lliivc • us, 111 the lime cif licr liciiii; ;iii otlircr, mid inainiud with a essel, iiiiilcr the luithimty of ,111'cd by the Ahihiuiia nfl' thii 11 (IV hetbiu the, Ttli (if Aujjiist, 11 hoard, and with iiotliiiii,' to lis) exi't']it lliu cinnmistaiKjcs cusi', to enter into tlio i|nestiou , uflL'i' heiiif,' niiidu jirize hy u duiiiiR'd hy a (.'ourl oi' l'riz(!, thii ' would iKil lie iiieip'd in that Jlr Wheatciii's lioolc hy the ■ili^ 11)1(111 this question, [ptured vessels, whidi is noticed We think that, aeeordinj^ tn II jirize uai'i^'oes of every kind 'rent into liritish waters as to itieles whieh nia_y liave formed armed slii])S or jirivateers (if may chum ]ii(iporty in them Colonial Attoruey-Cicneral fer if any inquiry) that ' no means ly condeniiied in a Court eiuii- '•. hcai mji/iard hij ii aln'ij iif var iieiit, in ease of disjiute, to the rs to us to he at variance with ,', whether her orders, made in y tlie aiitlinrities at tlie Cnpe, iiited State's' (.'oii.sul, an uneon- istv's neutralitv ; and aeeomllv, et'? AVe think tliat tlie iiUega- ciiiiwled^'e of Cajitain Semnit's d have been requested to state ihl also liave been called iqinii f tlie result of these imiuirics brought into lUilisli waters in t^' her neutrality, it would, we nj; in such circumstances, most cation of her territorial rights, the Tuscaloosa by the captors; lilt 11 jiroperly reclaimed by her Law Officers, the question lave heen detained for the d as one deserving, sliould no means one on AvhicL a md the Admiral, however. jumonts, vol. vi, p. 499. p. 328. S"SS^rir.S't&jSa:!'t:;'!;j ^^'.'^ ""- ''"tahted the Tt.scaloos., The T.caU.. now that, having returned riop"'' i '"^''"^^'".^ '"> <"''•' -- '^'''''V addressed the folio ving prote to he Govn-no """''""' '"'""'""' ^""■' ^''-•-'l'""" " .Sir, "Aa tho olfmer in coiuinaiid StaUis' steamer Alabamu, I have was not only reeo;;iiize(l in the sliip ot war helongiiij,' t,, u belli-went siiveii (lavs, lakiii- in siipplii'.s ,ind " Tnmi/uom, Siow„:-< Jiu,,, C„,,r „f Hnod Jfope r !.(• ( (lufederate States' ship Tuscaloosa, tender to the Cmfederatu wind, have been ;uhipt;:d' ,ow:;;.;i; i u I e"^si;:r ;i:i..:^"r' "'^ '"i-"^ -.r„oi,i„,„:; ;:!i;i:s this colony. "" ^'■'"" ""»''•' '"> '■"nilnand by llie Ihltish nmhoijties of "In Auj^nstkst the Tuscaloosa arrived in Simon'. i>„. ^i itnurt2'±'--'^::r'-'^i'i;'^i=^ she was considered to Ik, W.ilatiu, the h^,; '^l "I J^ ,r"'' V," ; [i 'l^'? '"' T "'T^ '"■'^^' '"' "'"^ on active service, was any intimation whatever eon (I'hi.o ' ""^"'""'^ly I''!' I'-r a cruise I'ower, where she had been receiviMl as a iii ,//,■', T, ','''' ''''''','''' ^" ^''" I""'' "'' >^ ''it'ndly -If the gueen's l-roelauiation of ^^. t I v ,.";,;: ,,;:''|'' "V"-"''''-^'' "'^ " * I"''^^' ' "« '^ ^iolatoi of Her M(gesty^(b,veriiimMit,] retunlS' : i ; 'i;'^, i;^"r'"r, ^'"'"' ''>' "'-""J"et repairs an, supplies ; to my surprise I lind the Ti isi-il, Ja u "''t'' ""^t'mt, in very urgent want of war, ami .she ha.s, by your orders, as I lean leen izi , , ,I "" '""■^'^■■■/■""'''''^■'^■'l ''■^•" "mn-of- |iei-8on who claims her .ni behalf (,f her late ;,wli J, s^^^^^^^^ ' imrp(«e ot bein^nianded over to the " Tho character of the vessel vi/ thni- „f „ i '„ c i States of America, has not been dtered ince he i '1 .n'ivT'''''''^"''' ■"'".'-"'•-"•^"' '"' tb(. Confederate once fully recognized by the British author tes ,,^,^ ^ '"'■; ""' '^'^ '"'^-"^ ''^'•>' ol change of o]iiiiioii or of friendlv feelin- , , v, ,V ''"">'• '""' "'^ ""ticc w warning wise, I was en/itled to expect to le ^it-.i-^'tent^r's';''"'.^ ''^' '-'l''"" ■'"''''-' '"■ '"'-" " In perfect good faith I returne.T t(^ ,SW I ^ ' , , ' '^"""" ' '^">' ''''^'""^ niolestaiion. faith in return J Should, on clian.- o .^S ro; '" v" 1'"'' '" ^'" '"""""' "'"' S""-' been desired to leave the port again. ^ ^ "'' "" ''"' '^'^^ "' "'^ ''"'ti^'' ""tlioritics, have "liut, by the course of pr(jcuediii(Ts tnk-i>ii T l,n-,-,> i / • , Kxcellen..y's(bn.ern,nentt(,Le(.ri.:^^S^^ K, '^:;:;.a^^^^^ '"^' ^'^^ -^ '^'K- '-X your My position and character of my sliii, will m ,st , , w,,; ,iV. i" r . , , am powerless to resist the affront oir..^ed , tie Sede a e St. tt''\ v"'"' ''^'"•^' '■"^-^■■■"""^^"t- I conduct and proceedings. i^oiucauate States ol Anienea by y„ur Excellency's . " T demand, however, the release of mv shin • n.wl if ♦!,;„ i i i I^;e,d,y Ibrmallypri^test against her seizi-'-;™iVUt uphehl. It was obviously one thiU to Im-esSth^^?^^ as a prize brought into a port of Ht^ Maiestv fvenMiW treated as a ship of wt.r, and allowed tt'- o liw to hVl -T ^^'"'F' l'^'-'^- ^•i'^' I'^'l been chamcter withm.t notice of anrio le i St ^ X condemn her. Assuming~of whS owev( r I ,m I /*" T^f -"'"^ I'racticaily doubts-thc right and power of cGoe^me^ttn^f^^^^^ ^\^ onU^yi:i»n_ very serioim intieh of i,erfitry to be a coiirso wl H, 7 W A • V" n^"" '""^'^ ''' '"''''''''' '^ '^''^^'^i''^ too due re,.Jl to honour and S f^ i t h Orde^^^T? H ^"7'"'"'".* '"''^'^ »'^^^'^"^ ^^''tb a of Stttto for the ColonSs " to re;^^o e th^tse to if'T '?'"*.""!■ ^' '^'' ''""'^^'''^^^ States who lately contmatuled Et ; or V he shoiU^ the Confederate her until she can be handed over to sle ne so w i nv l' 'fF''!!' \"" *" '"^''''' Semmes. of the Alabama, or .om the So^^ ^I'l:^ ^ (i' dS^^St^'^'S st^lt S tr^t^i!;rtir^-«^tr"ti\j^^.^^ "^ '- v^^^^ under tho circumstances, perfectly ri-^ht • not oTlv fo, fbe vn"^ Omernment was. because, whatever might have been riielwei^rthe British Cnvo? "'''f f*' ^"^ "^^'° vessel while still retaining the character of n m-i. she 1 1 ^°^"r'"* ^"^ '"'"'^ *'"« that of a vessel of war^elonging " , ,)ellKnt^ nJf w 7 ''''^ amenable to the municipal jurisdiction. "''''='"''"^' ^-i^ ^^^'^ therefore no longer The question is, however, of no practical importance wliatsoevor ilio niscaloosa never was delivered up. Lieuteniinf T,mv bn,;'„™ i„w ^i ^ .'hen the order of the Duke of Newca.t/came ^X^i^^^Z^ i\ irl • Britiih Appendix, vol. i, p. 333. t Ibid., p. 342. t Page 273. 201 The Tiiiir«looia. Mio local nuthoritics till the end ol' th(> wnr, and was then {Iclivcrotl up to the United States. No claim ol'damaices can arise, tiicrefore, witli vei^rd to her in this respect.* A serious tiuestioii of law, however, presents ilsell" in respect of whatsoever dama!,'e mav iiave lieen done liy tlie 'ruscaioosa, wiiile crui/inL,' in tiie interval lietween her leaving' tlie'Cape anil her return to it. 'I'iiis liaiiility niay lie asserted on two i^'ronnds : first, it may he said tliat, tiie Alahania havini,' i)i'en enahled to make war on tin- eonunerce of the United Stat<'s thronL,'h th(> want of due diligence on the j/irt of the JJritish (iovem- ment, and tiu< Tuscaloosa having; ])een taken hy the Alahania and coTivortcd into a ship of war cmi)loycd in the same warfare, the mischief done hy her must he looked upon as the cc/nse([ueuce of such orii;inal default of the (lovernment and must he answered lor acconlini,'ly ; a proposition ohviously involvin-,' \ery serious consequences, as h-adin;;' to a liahility of a most extensive and unlimited character. S('crnnient nmst, as havini,' aUoAveil her to "o free, he held lialde fur any damai^e alterwards ddne hy her. Hut this ari;u- nu'utof course assumes, lirst, that thi'(J()\criinienl had the power and riuht tcseizethis vcs.scl ; secondly, that it was under ai.y oldiiial ion to do so; thirdly, that if such an ohli^'ation existed, it rendered the (lovernment liahle to do more than conii)ensale the orit^innl owners, and involved them in liahility towards the United States' (jovern- ment. The question, thouijh of some leii:al interest, is otlier\\ise hut of small importance by reason of the very small amoui't of damage done hy this Acssel. On the wiiole I am disposed to thiidc, thous;li not without some douht as to whether tlie damage may not he too renu)te to found a legal liahility, that the mischief done hy the Tu>cah)osa heing the direct consequence of the e(|uipment of the Alahania, on the princijile that j'lirn^ " ()mne accessarium sequitur simm prineipale," those who are answerahle for the (me must he answeral)le also for the other. I acquiesce, therefore, in tiie decisiou of the rest of the Tribunal in respect of this vessel. Ill • Britiih Appendix, vol. i, p. 3'i3. 205 vcrcd up to tlH> United () lior in tliis rospei't.* ct of wiiiitHoovcr damni,'!' Tval li('t\v('(>n licr Icavini; )ii two f^rouiids : lirst, it ,var on ilii' comnxTco of ft of till' Ih'itisli Ciovcm- md converted into a ship er must be looked upon it iind must lie answered eonseijuenees, as leading' Secondiv, it may lie said p to luT oriijfinal owners, nnist, as liavini,' allowed liy lier. Hut tliis ari;ii- .er and rii;ht t(> seize this tiiirdiy, tiiat if sucli an ;)re than eonipensate the United States' Oovern- hnt of small impor^auee vessel. On the wiiole 1 helher tlie daniau;e may done liy the Tu>ealoosa na, on the principle that ' answerahle for the one e, in tiie decision of the Case of the Oeorgia. matron „i,i„Mof„;n„u el j^;.s;Lt;?VS"-;;"c"' "' " "'"""' •" ""■ " escape of the Florida and the Alalimn tl e ,111?^. Ti" 'T'"'^ 'll"'" r'""**"'^ ''^ *»^" scrvic," haavnmster IVom tlHkl a un^ tells me'itT^ always !)een a favour te idea of Mr. Mallory, the Secretary of the Confe L. . \W ?' i • and writes that she has iio anuaiueut, and he is stiU there wakhiiifr her. I have d lied him e't l he returns, to visxt the yards m the Clyde, and to go down to Stockton and Hartlepool.''** From a letter from Mr. Adams to Mr. Seward, of the 9th, it app,^^rs that that ^n?*lTii-^'^ ^T? ^^-.^f possession ox information about the iSnstruction and outnt of this vessel m the Clyde ; but," he adds. " nothing has ever been fm-nished me of a nature to base proceedings upon."t+ Neither had there been, assuredly, u pto this time, anjrthmg which would have justified Mr. Adams in applying to Her Maiesty-. Government to seize tlus vessel, or the Government in seizin"- her The measuring sm-veyor, who had surveyed her on the 17th of January, and had been on board on two subsequent occasions for the piupose of completing his survey, stated that she appeared to bun to be intended for commercial purposes, her framS work and platmg bemg of the ordinarj- size for vessels of her class."! t The Collector ot Customs, upon an mquiry being afterwards directed by the Government, reported — The Georgia. M Appendix, vol. i, p. 424. f Ibid., p. 426. t Ibid., p. 404. S ibid., 413. II Ibid., p. 404. f United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 509. •• Ibid tt United States' Documents, vol. ii, p. 667. ^ British Appendix, vol. i, p. 404. tiir I) III If ;*? 206 The Ocorgi*. " I have quostioiioil tlio ofllcor who perform« Tide Surveyor's duty afloat, and who visited her on the evciiiui' of tho Int instant, to see that the stores were correct. He infonns inn he saw nothing on '«i:v.-l which could h'ad liim to suspect that she was intended for war purposes. I can testify that .sliu iicti >i«iivilv xparrnl . indeed, .xhn coidd not spread mon! canvas t)ian an ordinary uierchnnt- .mwer. 1 1h')/ ''• mid, when the Tide Surveyor was on boaiil, the joinure wore titling doors to the ,aWi«i,"» Tlie vessel IvH mtonsMy for the puqwsc of trying ber engines, and an intention wuH pi'ol'fsstHl of returninp to Jand tho joiners who were on board. But wbllc tbus leaving in Mie disguise of a peaceful merchant-vessel trying its engiiit's, the Jiipftn was intendi-d (n be converted into a ship of \irar, and was not to return to nrocnock. When she got well away from Greenock, the join(>.'H, who had been fittinf,'-!.!) cabin doors when she left, were employed to fit-up a ninj^azine, and were al'torwarils l.inded lf,*» or down in the Clyde. Up to this time, no information had been furnished, or commu*" '"ation made, to Her Majesty's Government on tho subject of this vessel. Having left tho Clyde, the Japan proceeded to tho coast of France, where, as wo know, sIh" was joined by the small steamer Alar, which brought out to her her ai-mament of guns and munitions of war. Let us pause here for a moment, to see whether, thus far, there was anytbim.' iu respect of which negligence could be, with tho slightest show of reason, imputed to Her Majesty's Government. It is certain that, though the attention of Mr. UnderwooJ, ihe L'n^tcd States' Consul at Glasgow, bad been for some time fixed on tliis vessel, there vm nothing on which it was tliought that the action of tho Government coidd be invoked. It is said, indeed, in the Argument of the United States, that the reason was that he " bad not and could not, with his means of information, produce ' such evidence as woidd support an indictment for misdemeanour;' and nothing short of that, Mr. A-dams had been informed iu the July previous, would, in the opinion of tho Solicitor of the Customs at London, furnish 'justifiable ground of seizure.'" But, whatever might have been said in the preceding July, at this time there was eveiy- tbing to encourage Mr. Adams, if he had possessed any ground for asking for the interposition of the Govcriiment, to take that course. During the last three months be had made representations to the British Government on the subject of three diflerent vessels, the Gcorgiana, the Phantom, and the Southerner, in regard to which, at the time of his fij-st oii aunication he had no evidence to produce beyond the statements or suspicions oi' the United States' Consuls at London or Liverpool ; and incpiiries bad Itecn instantly made in each case, and in regard to the latter two vessels, Mr. Adams was writing at this very time (April 6) to express bis satisfaction at tho steps which had been takf.'n.f He was, moreover, in correspondence with Earl Eussell on the subject of another vessel, the Alexandra, which was seized on the 5th April by order of ' flu; Government, a fact of which he Avas informed on tho same day, and at which lie also wrote to testily liis " lively satisfaction.";!; He knew too Ihat, on no better autliority than ])ublic rejjort, the Government bad of themselves instituted an inquu-y in the n'lonth of March with a view to ascertaining whether vessels of war were being built at Glasgow for the Confederates, the result of which inquiry had been com- municated to him on the 21st of March. § The reason Avhy Mr. Adams made no communication to the Government rektive to this vessel was, as he expressly stated wlien writing to Mr. Seward three days later than iije date of the vessel's departure, that "nothing had been fuin'died to him of a nature to i as. proceeding'- upon. ' Upon what, then, can any charge of negU-" .'e agtij'.'.t Her Majesty's Govern- ment be founded in respect of this vessel ? Simpiy upon the old allegation of the notoriety of tin; fact that it was being fitted out as a vessel of war for tho service of the Confederate Government. And bow is this notoriety attempted to be established ? Solely by an anf)nymous letter, puq)orting to be addressed to Lord Palmerston, publi'slied iu the " l):uly News " of the 12th of February, 1863, in which the vessel is ^p'n en of.'l 'f'.ie letter is a very long one, and not written in a style to command •/iiu.h a- -.ilion, tleclianges being rung on "pirates" and "slaveholders" in a very (■ h; *ii!aal style. The probability is, that this letter was never seen by any of Her 2.'mJo sty's Ministi V : still more so that, if it was, it was not read through. If it is • British Appendix, vol. I, p. 404. f Ibid., vol. ii, p. 71. t Ibid., p. 231. ^ United States' Documents, vol. ii, d. 203. |{ Ibid., vol. vi, p. 503. Inat, nnd who viaitcd her on Ibniid iru* ho hiiw nothiii); on poses. I can testify that shts tliiin nil ordinary merchant- era were tittiug doora to tho izincs, and an intention crchant-vesBcl tryinjf its of virar, and was not to (?k, the joino.'s, who had fit-up a ninpfiizinc, and time, no information had (vemmcnt on tho suhject of France, where, as wo brought out to her her r, there was anytbiuir in iv of reason, imputed to '00 J, ihe Tnltc-d States' icl, there \\i\h nothing on be invoked. that the reason was that i'0(hice ' such evidence as lothing short of that, I, in the opmion of tlio lund of seizure.'" But, lis time tliere was evciy- ound for asking for tho g the last three months on the subject of tlireo rner, in regard to whicli, to produce beyond the ndon or Liverpool; and to the latter two vessels, is his satisfaction at the idenco with Earl Russell seized on the 5th April on the same day, and at lew too Ihat, on no better ves instituted an inquiiy essels of war were being inquiry had been com- y Mr. Adams made no s, as he expressly stated if the vessel's departiu-e, iroceeding'- upon. * , Her Majesty's Govern- he old allegation of the of war for tho service of tnpted to be established ? .^d to Lord Palmerston, 13, in which the vessel is in a style to command slaveholders " in a very ver seen by any of Her read through. If it is + Ibid., p. 231. d., vol. v;, p. 503. 207 meant to bo suggested that tho author was writing upon facts notorious to tho world h Ml l^u .t v^ ' ,lulT ''■"'\^ ""'»•"<•''• '■« IXTsonaify familiar with t e A,„,,.,,.„„ Cas. :md Arg.m,. Mt wouul lead us to suppoHr - N so X^ '■^ •""';'."".«'^^,'l ll"'l '•l"' >« s<'on to \m i. in t,..neral nse in tl,.. laiildin- T V M,J (v I iV, T'" " "'^^ "'^'i""'- Tl.e term ■ Chines.' l»avis. Tlu. •(■hi,K..se' h,tve lu^n "crivh, ■ , . >"'>"Ption, tl, u. to luTsonily .Iellers..n '^n,.,iM.nn,iMheir n,en;":t i:;;.;;;:;k^^i : ;L';'^^^^^^^^ .Me • Celestials ' to pay ea.sh dou n l,et„,e h. parts Villi Ins [.IV^ty'- ^''•■"''''"'' ""^' ^"^ '''^'"''' It need hardly bo p..i„t(.,l „ut that, Ix'ing " employed „n a line " with reforenre tn a vessel, means being employes! l^ tn^trs uatKwarcls ana There was, therefore, notliing in this letter, anv more thin in fl.n fontu f^ i i * In the meantime a small steamer called the Alar, of London, saving taken the arma- ment ot the Georgia on board at Newhaven, as well as some twei,rv to thirty menTim were to form an addition to her crew, set sail from Newhaven on tl, ' 5th of AmS Imv J eearedout torA (lerneyand St. Malo. Keeping clear, however.of -otlitk^^K e steered s ra.glit for the west coast of Fi-ance ; which, howevc-, mvin.^ to accilK wh ch happened to her maclunerJ^ she did not reach till Wednesday th. Sth. llic GrorL^i was then sighted far away to the westward, and the machinery Jf tl. Alar havLg agdn broken do^vn, the former vessel came and took her in tow, and took cr into the nan ow passage between Usliant and the mainland. There the Iranshipm. .t of the ™ and mnmtioTis ot the Georgia from the Alar took place, the whole being ii .ally aecoSished by the atternoon of Thursday the 9th, when the Georgia stood out ^o sea, 3e the Mo\';ynumfh.r ' "''^' ''°^' "^'^ ^''^''' ^"^^°' '^'' '' ""^^'^'^ *» ^^ Prior to the Alar parting company with the Georgia, a Captain Lai .ont, or Dupont. who hnd come out in the Alar, assumed the command of the Geor -ia, and, havW called 11,.- crew together inlormed them that the vessel was not bou, ' for Singapore! .It wi.s intended for the Confedera(.> service, to "sink, burn, and lestroy vessels MoiH^ng o the United States." He then proposed to them to'sign , tiSo se^^c for three ymi-s. Part of the crew agreed to sign articles accordii. .ly, but some seventeen refused, were paid their wages then due, and returned in the Alar In the meantime Mr. Dolan, the Collector of Customs at Newhaven, had. the day aftcrjhe Alar lelt Newhaven. written to the Commissioners of Customs respecting "Honourable Sir. " Custmi-Ho,,^ m-whavcn, .nril 6, ms. Ihe steam-ship Alar of London, 8,5 tons, owned l.y II. I'. Maples, sailed on S^ nday mornin" ,,M,1 St. M.d... On .S,.tnrday, ,it nndn,j,d>t, tlnrty men, twenty of whom appeared to he Iritish sailors, teu meehanics, arrived hy ra.n. Thre.= gentlemen aeeompanied then,, Mr. Lewis, of Alderney A.r. Ward, and Mr Jones, llie men ajijieared to he iu-norant of their precise destinati, n ; some saki they were to get 2U/. each lor the tnp. A man, r lame, .superintended them. siWtlv .after iuiduight, a n,an arrived ux.,u Bnghtou on horseback, h a telegi-am, which, for puiposes of aecresy, Tht Giorgia I H • United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 505. f British Appendix, vol. i, p. 412. tlWd., pp.409,412. [145] 2 E 208 The Cieorgia. had licen sent tliero nnd not to Nowhnvcn, it is suspected. Mr. Stanifortli, tlie agent, replied to my — iiu[uirii.'.s this niorniiin' that the Alav liad innnitious of war on luiavil, and thai tlicy were (.■onsiirncd liy * ti) a Mr. Luwis, nf Ahh'rncy. His answers wviv bricC, and with reserve, Icavin;; iin diadit lai my nnnd, nor on tlie miials (it any liere, that tlie thirty men aial nuinitions (if war arc (h'stini'il for transfer at sea to some s'n'ond Alaliama. Thi^ ])rivate teh^'rani to liri^diton inliiiaiti:d, very ])rolia1ily, laivini; lieeu reserved for the last licair, where that vessel would lie found. Wliether the shipment of the men, who all appeared to be lirilish sulijeets, can, if it should lie hereaiter ]iroved tliiit they have lieeu transferreil to a. Federal or Conl'edorato vessel, lie held a.s an infrin^jemeut of the Forcij;!) Enlistment Act, ami whether the eluarauce of the Alar, if hereafter proved to lie untrue, can reialtr the master iuuenable iiuder the Customs Cuu.sulidatioii Aet, is for your consideration respectfully submitted. (Signed) E. J. Dolan, Collector."'^ Thus, Alderncy was supposed to bo the })]aco to \vhicli the Alar had gone. Similar infoi'mation appears to have reached Sir. Adams, though Ave arc uot iulbrnied from what quarter. C.)u the 8th of April ho writes to Earl Russell . — " My Lord, " Lrr/atum of the 7,'iiiM Sfafis, Lmihrn, April 8, ISd:!, " I'Vom information received at this Legation, which niijiears entitled to credit, T am coni)iellc(l i.i the jiaiuful conclusion that a steam-vessel has just departed from the Clyde wit ii tlie intent to ilcprcihiti; on tlie commerce of the ]K'ople of the United States. ,Slu' passed there under the name of the .lajiaii, but is siiu'c believed to have assumed the name of the Virginia. Her immediatiMlcstination is tlic Island of Aldcrney, where it is supposed she may yet be at this najnieiit. A small sleaniev (■ailed \\u: Alar, belonging to Xewhaven, and eonmianded by Henry ]'. ^faiiles, has been loaded with a lari;c su]ii)Iy of guns, shells, shot, ]niw(ler, kr.., intended for the ecpiipment of the Virginia, and is either on the way or has arrived there. It is further alleged, that 'onsiderablo number of British subjects have been eidisted at Liverpool, and sent to serve tai board thi., ..'rui/.er. " Should it bo yet in the power of Her Majesty's Covernment to institute some inquiry into tiio nature of these la'oceedings, in -eason to establish their character, if innocent, or to put a stop to them, if criminal, I feel sure that it would be removing a heavy burden of iin.\iety from the minds of my countrymen in the United States. " I pray, Sic, (Signed) " CltAItLKS FitAXCIS ADAM.S."f This was the first commttnication received by the Government on the subject of this ship. Not a moment was lost by the Govcmmcut iu institutmg inquiries, and a hotter was dispatched the same day to the Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey, Major- General Sladc, from the Homo Office, to whose department the Channel Islands belong : — " Sir, " Whitclinll, A}ml 8, 1803. " I am directed by Sir George Orcy to transnut to you herewith, as received through the Foreign Otfico, a cojiy of a letter from the United States' 3Iinisler at this Court, res]iecting .1 steam-vessel named either the .lapan or the Virginia, re]iorte(l to have left tlie Clyde for .Alderney, wlwre she is to receive on board an arnaiment conveyed to that island by a small steamci', the Alar, belonging to Newhaven.and is to be eventually emjiloyed iu hostilities auuinst the United States ; nnd [ am to re((uest that you will maie innnediate incpiiry into the truth of tlie allegations contained in that communication. "Ihavetocidl your attention to the Statute 5i) Ceo. Ill, cap. till. Section 7 aii]iears to Iw applicable to this case, if the information which has been given to the Minister of tiie United States of America should turn out to be correct. In that ease the Law OlHcers of the Crown should be instructcij to take, w illiout delay, the pro]ier iiroceedings authorined by the law of Alderney, to enforce the provisions of the Act in ([uestion, and the Otlicers of Customs may Iu.' called ujion to assist, if necessary. " Sir (ieorgo Grey wiU be glad to be informed of the result of the in(iuiry, and of any stejis that in,ay be taken in cousequence. " I have, lie. (Signed) "H. Waddington,"* On receipt of this letter General Sladc immediately sent a ship of war to Ald(>rn(>y ; but, as neither the Japan nor the Alar had gone to Alderncy, of course neither of them was to be found there, I should have thought it dilFicult under these circimistances to raise an accusation of negligence against Uor Majesty's Government. Nevertheless, the Governnu'nt are charged in the American Case Avith neglect in not having, on the receipt of ^Ir. Adams's letter ul' the 8th, dispatched ships of war from Portsmouth and I'lymouth to seize llio two vessels. " The sailing and the destination," it is said, " M'crc so notorious as to be the subject of newspaper comment. "§ A suiglc newspaper, the "Liverpool Jou-nal of Commerce," of Ajiril !), is referred lo in supjmrt of this assertion. I turn to it, and I find it tlierc stated, indeed, tha; tlie vessel had sailed, l)ut "for unknown (h'stinat'wns."\\ 'J'lie only direction, tlierel'or(>, given to the Government in([uiiy was Alderney. To that island it is said to have bc(;n incumbent on the Government to send ships of war from Portsmouth and Plymouth, because " Aldcniey and the Chamiel Islands were lilank in original. f nritish Appendix, vol. i, p. 405. \ Ibid., p. 401. § Case of the United States, p, 398. || United States' Documeuts, vol. ii, p. G6S. 209 ■til, the agent, replied to my lliiil llicy wvvii KinsigiuMl liy iff, ami with ivsuivo, Iciiviii;^ II luul iiuniitioiis df wiir im; 11 t(i liii^'htdii iiilimaU'il, Vfiy iM li(! fdunii. Wiictlu'r tlic (inlcl li(^ Jiciviirti'i' |in)vi!il tliiil 1 iut'iiiif,'i;iiieul (iftlm J''iiivij,'ii eil It) ho iiiilruo, cnii iviidir av coiisicleriiliuu I'L'spuutt'ully I'. J. DOLAN, Co!/(rto>:"-f cli the Alar had goii(>. ugh Ave are not iulbrnicd isell . — ifis, Lmihiii, April S, ISIIM. to credit, T am fDiiijicllcil in (' with thi! iiitoiit to dt'picdiili; llldoi' the lulling of tlie Jap;!!;, iiiiiucdiate (lestiiiation is tlic A siuall steainev I'alltMl llm IS hui'u loaded with a Iai;i;i; lie Virginia, and is either on mbcr of British subjects have stitntc some inquiry into the ent, or to put a stop to tlieni, siety from the luiuds of niy lAItLES Fhaxcis AnAMS."f mont on the suhjcct of lituting inquiries, and a Lor of Guernsey, Miijor- at the Channel Islands ' inutc/ia//, April 8, 18G3. eceived Ihrongli tlie Fori'ign [leeting a steam-vessel named iiey, where she is to receive ', iielongitig to Newhaven.and [ am to ri'iinest that you will t communiealion. ISeelioii 7 ajijiears to ho lister of the United .States of e Crown shouhl lie instrneted rney, to enforce the provisions I assist, if necessary. piiry, and of any stejis tiiut ive, &c. "H. Wai)Dington."J ship of Avar to Aldernoy ; 1' course neither of them OS to raise an accusation SH, the Government arc lO r(>e(>ipt of ]\Ir. Adams's Plymouth to seize the ;rc so notorious as to bo e •' Liverpool Jou -nal of on. I tiu-n to it, and I f unknown n by the navy, directed inquiries to be made by the Treasury and Home Office, the Georgia escaped." Is it to be said that Avithout having the least idea of any other destination than Alderney, the Government Avcre to send ships of Avar in all directions in quest of tAVo vessels, n(>ither of Avhich could possibly be knoA\^n to any officer in ller Majesty's navy ? Even had the spot Avherc tlie tAvo vessels Avere to meet been knoAvn, it Avould scarcely have been possible for a ship from riymoutli— much less from Portsmouth— Avhich is more than 100 miles further olf, to have overtaken them. The letter from ]Mr. Adams Avas not Avritten till the 8th. and Avould appear from ]\Ir. Hammond's lett(>r to that gentleman of the same date, to have been received in the afternoon of that day. Had instructions been telegraphed to Plymouth that afternoon, it Avould have taken some short time to carry the orders into execution. Steamships are not ready to start at five minutes' notice. From Plymouth to Ushtint is some 120 miles ; and, on the Otli, the Georgia had left the Preneli coast and Avas on her Avay upon the ocean. But for the delay occasioned by the breakmg doAvn of the Alar's machinery she Avould have betm gone several hom's sooner. There is a homely, but expressive, English saying that " Any stick serves to beat a dog Avith," but on(> must have a most determined intention to beat the creature to make such a case as this a groimd of complaint. It has been sought to" fix the British Government Avith the responsibility for damage done by this vessel on the ground that, until the 23rd of June, Bold continued to be on the register as oAvner. It is true that it Avas not until this date that Bold informed the Collector of Customs that he had parted Avith the vessel, and returned tlu; certificate of registry. No such consequence, hoAvever, as is contended for, at all folloAVs. The oAvnership of a British vessel may be transferred, though the evidence of it, as afTorded by the register, remains incomjdete ; and it aa-ouUI be absurd to suppose tluit Mr. Bold, if the true oavuch-, lent his vessel to the Confederate Govern- ment, or failed to take care to be paid for her before he parted Avith her. The delay in cancelling the registration Avas, no (h)ubt, for the pur[)osc of delaying as hmg' as possible the dischisure of the real transaction. ]\Ir. Squarey, the LiA'cn-pool Solicitor engaged for the United States, being consulted on this point, gave the folloAving very sensible advice : — " It does not appear to me the en;,'agenieiit of the crew can he treated iisan offence against the .Act, hoenuse tlie only legal eontiiiet binding n]ioii the \.\v\\ was tiiat a]ipeariiig u|iii)i the article's. Tlie men were not liable to do anytiiing exee]il wliaL tliey had agreed to do by liie articles ; and from tlu^ state- ments of the men wdioiu I saw, it did iiul ap]iear that they knew wlieii tliey shipjied tliaL it was expected or intended that they slioiild serve on lioard a man-of-war or jirivateer. As reganls the, lialiility of thi; lirilish registered owner to make good to llie owners of the American vessel destroyed the loss sustained liy them, I conceive it mast depeiul n])on the iinestion wlieliier those in I'omniand of the vessel at tlie time can be <'onsidered to have been tlie agents of the Ih'itish owner. If they were such iigiiiits, and there was any evidence to show that the destruction of tlu! American ship could bo considered as an act within the scope of their authority, 1 have no doubt that the owners wotdd bo liable ; but it a]>])eav» to me that the eircumstauces to which 1 have jireviously referred go very fa- uo rebut the presiiiii|)tiou that such agency existed, and to prove that, in destroying the Aiuericun vessel, the The Georgi*. * American Case, pp. 398, 399. 2 £ 2 Tk* Georgia. 'fill ! 210 officers and crew were acting not for the British owner, but for the Oovernment of the so-called Confe demte States. In such case I do not think that any liability could be established a '«„st the Bri" I owner, for it is now well established tliat the mere fact of bein^ on the register of Oie hip does , invo ve habihty for the acts or encasements of the master and crew, and that such Uabu'ty^s n faj • question depending upon express or implied agency in every case. "'".uuity in met .i "Althouf-h therefore I do not see how a British owner is to be made liable there is in inv TZi^rr "^ ^T^''^ '^'' ^"?'"'='"^ Government in bringing the matter before he ^o^JZ the British Government, and rciuinng explanations from that Government of the circu nsta ic nnder^which a British vessel is found to be engaged in the destruction of vessels belonSnglo Amerka,: It appears to me, therefore, beyond aU question clear that no char-c of neRli-cnco can by possibibty attoch to Her Majesty's Government in respect of this ship " AndJ W H % m'^'aT* ""'^T^ 'V^'T- *¥* ^ ^'"""^ ^^-^ ^^'"^"'r "t- this Tribunal say that Whl fn ' If*"' ""^ '^''' T'^ '"^ ^^'^""'' °*'*''^ ^^''^''^' Cxovernment on this occasion he should have been prepared to pronounce « a more severe " judgment. If such view are to prevail, the responsibility of neutrals will be a serious thin| indeed. • vR ?J^ remains to be added in respect of this vessel that a prosecution was SSwrV'^ *''' Government under the Foreign Enlistment Act, ag^ainst Jones 3 Highatt, two members of the hrm of Jones and Co., of Liverpool, ofwhom the men ad been engaged to serve on board tlic Japan, and as to whom it Avas alleged K «iey had engaged the men lor the purpose of their enlisting in the Confederate service when the true character of the vessel Avas declared. The ease was tried before me at Liverpool, when both defendants were found guilty by the jury, but points of lavv M-ere reserved mvolving considerable difficulty, particuiarly that the men, at the t me they were engaged at Liverpool, were not aware of the ulterior purpose which t"e defendants Avere alleged to have had in view. nnnco^^i^f'' defendants being brought up for judgment, the defendn-^ts havin-^ consented to abandon the points reserved, and to foreiro n>, intended a,.^■;^■ation Ibr a new trial, an arrangement Avas come to between the Counsel for tlie Grown and the Counsel lor the defendants tiiat a fine of 50/. should be imnosed ,.n each of them The punishment might at hrst sight, appear inadequate, but looking to the lega difficulties It was on the whole, I think, a prudent arrangement; it havin- bcSi better that the law should be vindicated, though with a less degree of pSment than that the chance of a defeat should be risked. b ^ "^ pumsnmeni, Hi f i s ; > H Si 1 t • Britiih Appindix, vol. i, p. 428. irnment of the so-cnlled Confe- stablislied ngiiiiist the British register of tlie ship does not . that such liability is in fnct a 3 made liable, there is, in my e matter before the notice (if rnment of the circunistanivs vessels belonging to American t no charfjc of negligence pect of this sliip. And I )f this Tribunal say that, crnment on tliis occasion, iitlgment. If such views iiing indeed. tliat a prosecution was : Act, against Jones and ■pool, oy whom the men .'liom it was alleged that 1 the Confederate service e Avas tried before mo at jury, but points of law liat the men, at the time M'ior purpose which tlie the defendo'its liaving intended ap;;.]; -ation for I for tlie Crown and the posed on each of them, ut looking to the legal ;ement; it having been 1 degree of punishment, 'ill ^cse of the Shenandoah. ^SrB'B^^^^ ^-nt at Messrs. Robertso?" nd Co"' f 't ""T "^''''"^^^^^^^'VSt^^^^^ .She had from S^nl^^S^ T "'^-"-" 'Z^'V' ' "'' °"°""^^ are m the habit of carrying as ygn^lVu JZ/t tr ™"'''^'^^^' ^"^^ ^^ merchant-vessels In November 1863 sho Ipft t i ' "* notinng more.S vessels guns. She had on board only the" Zu fe J V"' ''^^°"-^' ""adapted to receive He could not discover any ma"-./ m^ fi.n " ™°'^ ^'''''" '-"i orflinarymerchinf., f^T or pistols; no shot r^cl^slTotZl u^ZmZ''' '^'^"''^ ''' ^-^-^l^ntm^^:^-- nothmg he says, " to protect her nUn^- • '"^ '*''' ''^"•^' '^^'''ll room aloft « TI oi-f '' and the principa part^of her 'inE ' ^'"^^^ '"^'"^ '^I'^H; in het her n certainly are betVeei the nmdlei^^^^Z T ^''^T ^^'' ^^^er line. He bunker': hey would offer but sniall StTnTe to shclP^pf ' '"^^'''^ «'-"^' ^^"^aU d imen In boilers. ,s left quite unprotected"** - T '?, ' J}'' T'^ vulnerable part, viz the Payne, "that there is nothine in her 1,,.;.^ "^^^S^^her of opinion," \ndd. Cn^fain Wbt,,orth guns), and equipm^ent t^at stukl S'T'^* ^"'^'' "'^ oxcepliun o? wo Bhe IS an ordinary merchaLtiesselaZ:,.S^^^^^ '^'"'^'^ '^«ti!..e than thT? It IS plain therefore that Hli +j,„ Wn -V '^.^ ™ guns." there wa^LtliingwhaiSv^i^^^^^^^^^^ he slightest suspicion about her St this wn'^' ^? ""^^'^'^ attention, or to Scite ft^beheved that she was really boun^j ^^l^tZ^J^^ ^-* "-* the S + n ■^•'"l'''!' ^PPen'J''". »ol. i, p. 724. J uritish Appendix, vol. i, p. 494, % Ibid,, p. 496. f The Shenandoah." k *i t United States' Documents, »ol i Ibid., p. 725. •• Ibid., p. J.57. vi. p. 634. (I Ibid., p. 4»S. 1 m&umi 212 The Shenandoah. But it appears tb.t the Mr HieUard ^ngM -ho Jmd bo^^^^^^^ — father-in-law if Mr. Pnoleau, the managmg par er jf - ^ J^^«^^^^^^^^,f ',,^^ ,;„;,,, and Co., of L vovpool ; 'ylx-veupon u ^^^^^Jf^^ of th.ir firm, of a fast- States, that " the aeqms, lun. l.N = ^^^ ™,' '. \,,, .^position to send her to sea in rS^^tSr '^f th^Selt ti::^T^:^ l^ the due diligence re,uired i, ^^^ SCsiightest intim^i^, ^^:->^s'ii:^:^£^ t^^:^ S^\^c;-SSUn:Sin;^S;S. K:i..egoiu, statement .c have. rhSS;^.itseomstome,anunwar^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^, ,^, ,„ The Sea King lelt the poj^ f^^^-^^^ ^^ n 'aut me a small steamer called the • Madeu-a. where sl.e arrived on the IS ht J, ;\^i^ '^j^^^^.^, ^,,,x Kassau. She took out Laxu-el had left Liverpool, having c d ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^Vhituorth guns, cases marked as machincry.t hut "^^^f!^]; > .''"IXtoi^etier wi^th sheUs, small arms, and and four 8-meh smooth-horc guns ot oo e^s t. cacu, to^euiti ammunition for the use of t^cSea K-ng. cases contained guns and gun-caniages, Mr. Dudley was somehow infomcd a eca^^^ h ^^^ ^^,^,^^^ ^^ and believing they wc-re intended to ^^^f °™^A"!^,^f„,J^ateer. At the same time he Mr. Adams that ho apprehended slip ^^ '^.^/^ "^^^^^^^^^ the guns in cases.s^ admitted that he had no ^.^ ^^ .^^^^^^^ c«tion between the two ^i;f ^^Ilf^S wal ^tSgtin ifl^the ot J .om Liverpool, and I am at a loss to sec how any could possibly ^ave been s^urmiscd Lieutenant AVaddell. the iijtiu^^ptamft^^^^^^ and seventeen men ^^^o wcre^tol()rmpait oil.a c^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ Before the Laurel lef ,I^""T ° ' ^;^- 1>^^1^^^^^^^^^^^ than would • i:^ i::j;iiri^: ':s:tt^t:^t^\^s^i^^^^^ altogether without a„ the same time. The followmg ^^^y,!(«th;^-'J>^^^^^^^ j^ ,,,,^ transferred Dccrtas. where the S^- and warl^e sto e^^^^^^ ^^^, „^ tohcrfromthcLaiucl.H ^^^tbcr tl^cn, oi jnioi to lea^^^ „ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ the power of attorney ^■C'^f^''='l,.^™^J^ -^ ^r^^^^^^^the d^ Confederate Governmcut. ^ccordrng to his accom^^^^^ 1 Confederate ship. On that day, the captam and «flj^^^%too\posse^ loy t he,^ a ^^ ^^ ^^^^ Coiifederatc to induce the former crew to en er the C^^^f;"'^^^^^^^^^^^ ^,„,,ter, refused, and were Tvith the exception of two or three, all tt'^J.^fJ, louj u^o ..Jtui-ncd to London. conveyed m the Laurel to Tenerillo from ^^^^^ gt^k^^^^^^^^^^ thenceforward The C^nfedemte flag ha^nng been hoisted m tUc aca i^m„, under the name of the Shenandoah. responsibility who could say lliat lo oircL ,vl.a.cvor had I™" ^-^'glj';"';'.'.' ?'" 1, X'' »,■ " amort," »i.l,i„ :l,c international law, was such a bale iu any way lUcgal. • United States' Case, p, ! 13. .„ , i : „ + TKi,! n 4°3 k United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. * '^' V'Uritish Appendix, vol. i, pp. 478-482, 486-480. + British Appendix, vol. i, p. 485. ■ 556. II I^"'- P ■' *• Ibid., p. 481. 558. ;ht the vessel, was tlio n of Trascr, Trcnholm, le Case of the United • of iheiv firm, of a fast- )n to scnil hev to sea in ip])ly of provisions and I oll'k'ials ; and that the .e diliyenee retiiiired hy notiee should have heon thing that eould, m any aiug statement we have, oliev, and proceeded to small steamer called the Kassau. She took out onnder Whitworth guns, h shells, small arms, and I guns and gun-can-iages, of the Laurel, wrote to n". At the same time he ing on the guns in cases. § Lueetion hetAveeu the U\o n Liverpool, aud I am at ^•, and the other oflieer-;, ) passengers in the Laurel, suspect tliat the guns put. )ro innumher than wtjuUi f altogether without any ctoher ; the Laurel ahont aic small islands calli'd the Sea lung were transferred iglaud, Corhett, acting ou , sold the vessel to the took place on thel'Jth.** r as a Confederate ship, ship to the Confederate service, and that he had ! bounties and high wages, in l)oard the vessel; hut, uumher, refused, and were ivards retm-ned to Loi^don. she cruized thenceforwanl Ibility who could say tliat )uld he.attrihuted to llor ached to this shi]), which But besides this, uglaud. '" or "armed," within the t as a merchant-vessel, shi' nent; and neither hy the the United States, nor by 1 Appendix, vol. i, p. 485. ; " II Ibid., p. 558. *• Ibid., p. 481. 213 S^^^^Sl'l^^ "if the Shenandoah at this tho Laure arriving at that place, the mas%. j' v%^''^''^ <^«"«"1 at Tenerilfe. On he Consular Oilice, stated t'hat lie wish^l to lt^(?t^•' '^ presenting hhnselfat to Lnglaiul by the next Liverpool steamer uk Itl nt flf "'''' ''^'° '^''^ *« P^ceed c-ewof the British steamer Sea Kin., of L 1 ' T 1'"''°"*^ ^^'^I'^the master and the pcsertas The Laurel continnecfh,: .\.^^4 ^Irth^ ^''^^ wi-ecked off getting up steam, and not befo-o. lauded (he above mo ^.f' "''*"''*• '^'^« ^««ter, on . '-lliema-sterof theSeaXm- P s rl !l/^ -T r'™^'^ ^^^^n^-n- IS usual in such cases, cither iVn-'^u/purpo" 1^^ > 'J^l;"'* call at the Consular Office, as i ir^T'',' r ^'.P^^' "^^t'-'"^' Consu cir; r ^ P™^^?*^^; to claim assistance, demanded the certificate of registry of his vo^.hi. '^'''"'^ '"'^ attendance, and m paragraph i\o. 13 of the Board of iClw'r^'''''"^"'' "^ "^tructions contained Corhett informed Mr. Grattan that h s vcs ^1 1 ™f l""'" ^'^ ''^nrling in his crrtificate sold m London and delivered to ha^ oCVo fZ S ^"'"•^-'S'^"* that she luadS crew bul landed here for the purpose of lotn-n, '' -'^T^^^ ^nd that himself and his ^Vest Coast of Africamail-steaL. lie l^h^^ as passengers in tie The Consul, having been struck l)v ihn ,r ^ , "^^^^ mstant. two masters madeinqumes of somt o^ ZtS^'^^'il^T' «''" '.'"^''^'-'^ -'' «- taken their depositions, and being of opinion tlnTf hov n I ^^'\^''' ^^»- ^'''^ leaving mb.stantia e a charge against the masfe CoS ^ n7/ f'""^ '^"'^''^^'^ ^^^tficient t? L ihstnieut Act, .sent him in custody to Em^hnd nVl i^^t-rmgement of the Foreign «itzons of the men in a despatch to EaS SsS ''''^' ^"^' forwarding the depo^ ^^o^o^ll.Z^£:SS^ happened in relation to Corhett that n^pl^LSlf eoL;;^LS;^^ ^-Officers at first advised on the high seas, and a British ship on tlS I .--..h .Pn« ' ^ f ^^"^ ^^^'^^ ^^'^ taken place as "yith n Her Majesty's doininionVor a plaXonlh^^^^^^ not properly be considered T^^ further afiklavits having been after Ss IS .fl?' '.f^ had been engaged by the defendant in £ Ion "^^^^^^^^^^^^ suspicious character then used by him t o r'n,^ n^ ' 'P°''*' to language of a suited, thought that there was sufl[cien";n nee iSr; ""f- ^T" ^^^ ^'^■ ami they urther thought that as the ship had left In ° ^^"^'^ '^ pi-oseeution ; might, prund facie, be considered as such tint is f 1 i°'"'*f^ ""' "" ^"tish ship, she Y^' wa.s ,sh ..vn ; and that it mirfit h^d^sln « ''bf s,t' " '"'^ ?"^^'^^' "^ P^'oP^^tV in deck might not be considered as "a place l^^Llin?r''T?°''n''r''"^^^«^ ^^^^therh Language of the Act.! A prosecution aS, SS^Sn^n "'^-'^^^J'?^^^^^ ^^'^thin the Government, for a breach of the 2nd' sSion 7f 1 ' V''^^^^^^^^ ^y the endeavouring to procm-e men to enlist and S^e o 1 o.S'^l. ^^^f tment Act, in Majesty's dominions to enlist and serve in t .. Pnn'fn . ^"^ '^ ^"'^ ^o out of Her Lofore myself and a special ju-y, a Wei nbsS H T ' T''''\ ^^" ^^«^ «ame on nesses for the prosecution were six sailorst o ha S^ ' f' ^f T'^f ^' 18G5. The .vit- Kjng and who deposed that, after Capt" n Se hn li f^'"'* fu^^"' ""'"'^ "^ the Sea sold the ship to the Confederate Govm ment c * i^^^ ^^' '''''' t^'at he had onhst, pointing out to theni the advanta.'c ol 'o oi.T^ n fl? "^ ^1- ^'''''''''^'' ^^"^ "^^^ to There was however, considerable ineoSstency S ?le >v^^^^^^^^ prize-money. tlu-m ascribing to the defendant what other nuinfn T ''^'^^ ^I''''' "^^'"' ««™« «f ami rice versd. The men appear to hav h ul ^t^ th« mouth of Captain Waddell, reason of their intended v.. ago to th,. Past u' n . " f^'"^ ""P"'''^ the Captain, b^ to their not having v L f^ U'i •^1 214 lleShenandoalu Confedorato ship, all of whom had witnessed all that P'^««d^'^,^°^«* P°fjy^^^^^^ . Corhett had taken any part in persuading the men to sign articles, but attributed ^o Captain WaddcU, exclusively, the language which the witnesses for the prosecution had "nr£:!inVtoi;;S1n the part of the defendant that, while, in order to constitute an oflenco under the enactment in question, the ac ««7 X " S'^en Jone been done within llor ^lajcsty's dominions, what was here alleged to have been clone bv the defendant had taken place in Spanish waters ; it was answered by the Solicitor. General that, if the act had been done on board a British vessel, that would be sufficien to safefv the statute, and that, though he could not deny that a sale of the vessel ha taken place, vet that, so long as the British crew remamed on board, the vesM I cou d not Veonsidoved as having been delivered "l\to tbe purchasers and must ^^^^^^^ upon as a British shii). I was, however, clearly of opmion that the defendant Corbett Eg openlv announced the sale of the ship and that he had ^f ^.''^'l ^er «ver to Waddell, anc the latter having assumed the command, and, with his officers, taken posscSonofher,the.leliveryhad been completed and the propMy efrect,ually trans- ferred. I, however, desired the opinion of the jmy on this point, as well as on th questions whether the defendant had endeavoured to induce the men to enlist m tht ConS-ate service, as crew of the Sea King ; and, if so whether, Avhen he engaged the men in Lon.lon, he bad the ulterior design of inducing them to enlist when beyond the Queen's dominions. The jury thought the evidence too conflicting upon which to ?oS tit defendant, and.'it Ling vW doubtful wlietlier the ftnesses or tj.e Crown were not confounding what had been said by Waddell with what was said by Corbett, I think the jury acted wisely on the whole in acquitting the defendant. I have adverted to these circumstances in justice to the Government and the Solicitor-General who conducted the prosecution. No public P™«f ".to'* , ''"Xt J^^^I; discharged bis dutv more honestly or zealously, or with a greater desire to obtam a conviction if it could legitimately and properly be done. At Melbourne. I return to the Shenandoah. Nothing more was heard of her by Her Majesty's Government till she arrived at Melbourne on the 25th of January, 18bo. Before relating the events which occurred during her visit at this port, it may be well briefly to describe the locality, some knowledge of which is necessarjrto a thoroiigh appreciation of the facts. Port Philip, at the north-easterly end of which Melbourne L s tuate 1 is a bav of irre-ular oval shape, some 60 or 70 mUes m circuit, openmg iito^fs ivw a nL-ow entrance to the Luth-west, called the Heads. The harhoiir of Melbourne: situated as has been said at the opposite end is called Hobson s Bay and S)rms the estuary of the Yarra-Yarra. Melbourne itself is about two mile« i2nd up the Yarra-Yarra; on either side of Hobson's Bay are two suburbs of Melbourne, named respectively WiUiamstown and Sandridge They are each con- nected with the town V a mihvay, and a steam ferry runs between the two from one railway pier to another across the bay, which is here two and a-half miles wide WilliamstowJ is the place where shipping operations are for «^« ?«« PJ'"* ™^^^^ on, and where seafaring men principally frequent. It should be added that the Gov™ had, at the time of the arrival of the Shenandoah, a small military force at his disposal but no vessel of war of any kind ; the Bombay, which is spoken of m the Argument of the United States as such, being merely a contract steam-packet belonging to the Peninsular and Oriental Company, with a naval agent on board in charge ol the mails. Tlic authorities were therefore dependent upon the Customs officers and the ordmary water police for fie surveillance of the harbour. -nr :>-, ^^ i. + iJmiediately on the arrival of the Shenandoah her Commander. WaddeU. wrote to Sir C. 11. Darling, the Governor, to announce his arrival :— t " Cmfeilerate Stales' Mcamn- nf war Shenaiidoah, " Port Philip, Januari/ 25, 1865. ' '"I have the honour to announce to your F.xrellency the arrival of the Confederate SUtes' .steamer Shenandoah, under my conunand, in V..rt I'hilij., this aften.oon and also to communicate that the fltp'inier's inacliineiT leiiuires repairs, and that T am in want oi coals, ' 1 d" .o.!^ iwicllencv to ^nint permission that I nmy make the necessary repairs au.l supi-ly of coals to eaallleme to^et to sea '^«;i;»;j;L;^,I';;!t^^^ ,„,. „,i.nners I shall observe the neutraUtv, " I Juaire aloo your Lxcellwicv s pcmiiaaion to una mj piiHnnesM. x numi ..t>-i •' ' "I liave, ixc. (Signed) "Jas. J. Waddell." • See Reporti of the Trial, printed in United States' Document., vol. iv, pp. 618, et leq. f Appendix to BritiBh Cwe, vol. J, p. 600. 21 : nder, Waddell, wrote to eccssary repairs and siipjily but not boyo.u ^yI.at would ,o necessary ]ur inune.liate uso; and tluit when Ilio (... v,>n.nient ot Victoria were in possession of ti,e nature and extent of the su „ JS and ivpairs winch were necessar.v, lu- si.onld h.- inibrn.ed of tlie time wl ie his v el Avould be ijerinitted to remain m tlie wat(-r.s of the Colouv and fhnf \l II lltt I 01' his letter which referred to prisoners, he must e™u;,k.r\o S^ So^t.^ /tile ivuniiit s;;;,{;;r'""' ""' " "^ ^"^'"'''" ^^^^'"'^ ^^ ^'^^^'^^ whid:;;^sSt!l;: The api)lication of Lieutenant AVaddell to land his piisoners was ilsn dirpcfn,! fr, be conununieated to the United States' Consul piisoners was also directed to sbo had been sold at sea to the.Conlidena.rc:;^;;.:;^!^.;^;^:. ^3 S.n! stances was unlawlul; that be.ns- a British-built merchant-ship, she S not b^ cornered into a war-vessel of the Confederate Stales ,m the hi^Ji seas. 1 t o h bv proc<>ed,no. to, and sa.bn^^ in such a ehavaeter from, one of tin- port! of the Confederacy^ and that, "not bein;,^ legally a man-of-war. she was Imt a lawless pirate. dishonoiS tictinS'''" " " '™' " <'^<'^'''''«l"''l ""d "nder which she de^-oyed her Ilavins eonsulted the La^y OllL-ers of tlH> Colony, who advised that the vessel purported to be, and .n their opmion should be tn.ited as, a ship of war belonc^inl to 'a bell.,.erc..it I'ow.-r, the .overuor and Council decided that, whatever might be he previous lustory ot th.> Slumandoah, the (Jovernment of the Colonv was bound to treat her as a ship ol war beh)iiging i,, a belligerent Tower. ' It is clear that the Law Oflieers of tiie Colony ^v(>re perfectly right. Even had here been any foundat.on lor f u> notion of Mr. IManehard that the sale of the vessel on the high seas was n.vahd t he Slu-nandoah arrived at the Colony as a commissioned ship ot a b.>lhg(-iynt l'ow<-r, wh.eb, accordmg to the usage of maritime nations, was a suffi- cient_ ground lor her reception as ;i vessel of war. It is to be obseiwed that no question can arise m respect ol this vessel as to its having been the duty of the British ,overnin(>iit to seize her m spite of the commission of the Conf.-derate States She ha( nedh.T been equipped, nor armed, nor specially adapted, whollv or in part or warlike use, in British territory, nor was the sale of her to a belligerent on the ugh seas any viola ion ot tlu.' rights of (Jreat Britain as a neutral, 'j^ have seized her would theretoro have been utterly unjustiliable. A question, it appears, arose as^o wh.^ther the officer hi command should not be required to show his commission, and the majority of the Council decided that there was no necessity lor doing so. And nothing having then occurred to lead to any doubt as to the vessel being commissioned by the Conled(>rat(> Government, or as to the honour ol the oflicer avIio eommanded her, to have demanded to see the commission he professed to liear would have implied an unworthy suspicion. AVhat ioll..wed is thus rehited in a narrative signed by the gentlemen who were at that (mH> Clue Secretary :\limster ot .lusti...-, Commissioner of Trade and Customs, and Attorney-deneral ol the Colony : — ' "Oil v,r..iviiiL;- tlR. roiiMiuinifi.tion r,,.m lli,- C.v.Timr, Licnilcnaiil Wuddeli eiin.lovHl .^los.rs biUiulmHls l.i„llK.rs, ,m,l n imidnuiukn-s, .,t M.-Ihuuvi,., l„ exaiiiiiK. tl.o vessel mid lo uiKU.vtake tlie iv|,nn-s, and liiey, ,m tl„. ;,(ltl, .laiiiiaiT, n'].nXv,\ that il was absolutely neeessarv toiait the Slieimndoah mi the (..iveniiiieiil, slip, as the diver mIio inspec^ted the vesseliia.1 repurteil tjiat the li„i„„ „r the uuter steiii-liaek was eiitirelv j;,me. iiiid would have to he vephieed ; ad tiiat, as three davs wouhl elapse lelore the vessel was slipped, it would take ten davs IVom date to aeconiplish the reoairs "It may he leie remarked that the slip (UTiiied the 'Uovenimeiit slip' in the ];'ei.ort of Messrs .an.ulaiids, l,r„theis, and Co.) was not i„ possession ot, or iiiuler tlu; eontrol ot the ( level niiumt the tact heiiiv: tlial, although it was oriiiinally luiil!, by the (iovenillieilt, yet it ha " ' leasi.'d, and at that time was under lease to Air. tjioeh t'liamliers. L-'n for many years iv, pp. 618, el teq. fi4r.J Ajipendlx to British Case, vol. p. 511. 2 F 1J||B9 1 II' mm The At Shfiiandoah. Melbourne. 2l(i ,,n,;;^tS:i;;?s"-t:;:U':tr;rpt;5;!:;!B't;t an.l Mr. Wilson, th. (i,.v..nnm.nt Mann,; '•■>'^:'" '• ;- '" ,. Imt r.^mirs v-.t. lUTessary. "l!t S til!' siulL'uWU was not in a lit slat.- tn ,.nH.,....l to s.a as a stean.-sln,,. the exSit ,ytlL\la,!.a,o .ild no. ->--'--|;^:^|;::';: i;; -^ :i?;r : \o 1. pla 1 .,n tl.o ],at..nl sli,,,an,l li.' rcM,uest..d tlu. t oniniission.., ol ';'; y',, 1! ,,,„,„,,,,,,,,,,,, a air.^^^ ;,htainin.,' daily r-'i-orts of tin. pro^arss o r-iuurs and pros sm n ; * " ^^ ' .^ , ' „, ..xl.ndin,' j.recantion t,. W takon a;,ainst tlu- ,.oss,lal,ty ol h. . ''•'; 1 ''/ J ';'.; ,,7, ,,",,,;,,, ,v.r. cuvlully its arnianirnt, or naidfrin- tlic inrscnt annanu-nt ,nor.. rllorlnr , an.l 11.. m "'"'.(M, .lu. ..h of FoUrnary, IS.;., an appluau.,;, was.nado ior I-;;-;'- ,;;:,.;-'' -"'•' -''''- Btores tV,uu the Shenandoah, whieh Mas ndnse.l on '''>■-'-;;;'; ,*!,;' !',,;, ,r of Tra.l.. and "The reiiairs of the Sh.'nan.loah n.,1 havn.;.; ''' '^t' ,. / 1, t hi •^.■e^en(.v desired thai Cnston.s wrote on the 7th of Kehrnary to Lu.ntenant V^,-'' '- :^' ^^ ^ ^ 'if ^ „„t, ,„,,. carefully n dav shouhl he named i..r jiroeee.hn- t.. sea, an th.it '» ^^1^ !' , j„ jhe present e.,ntest, tla. eonsi.lerin, the Muesti,.n of the position of (heat ■•■'t''''Vr,,; ,;;;,, ".vs.istan..e rendere.i use of ai.plian.rs— the property ..f the (loverninenl-eoul. not he -lant .1 n.a ans 1^; ZLtly or in,lireV. towards enW.tin,t^herepa,rsol "h'^';;-- ;;;„„„ „ ,,„ ,„ „„ ,,,,,! ^ •' Lieutenant AVa.l.lell replie.l that he ..add not name a da .1 ' "/ . " Jja f , r its repair, the was taken on th.. slip, when the injnry eonld he a.seertan.ech a I t ■ ;"'",,,, , „ ,i„,V t. recent ^-ales havin, prevente.l hin. r.an h,hten,n,; the sh ^'^;^^^\C% 1.,' hop,..l the poh„ on the slip, in whi.d, n.at.er he ha.l urn y'l'f' ' " ' ^ t ie' S e an.loah on th,. .'lip the weather w.add permit th.' .■n-ineer m ehar-e oi the slip t.i take in.- '''''^^'firv^iefwas not hanle.l up on the slip until the u.ornin. of Uie loU. -h- the Koard «ppointe.l hy the .h.veruor ha,i au^-laa. inspection amU^^^^^^^^^ ,^ ,, ,, " 1st. That the !l vita' staves l,.rnini^ the lieaun.,' .>! tn, na«,ii,i the screw .shaft weiv entir.dy ,lisplace,l. ^..^^ ^^.,,^,. ,n,,„,, c.^,,,!,,^ about fiv(! ch^ar workinj^ days from that date. » n „, , i Ji thus t,i.iu>ars that on tho 3rd of :i-Y>hr„avy, the Commj.ssiotu.r of r^^^^ Customs was Ustmctcd hy tho (}ov<™ to mttk<^ '^"riS:^"^:; uJlf^^ ^ -m^^^ reports of tlte progress of the repau. atul Fovtstomng ot ^ Je ^hu^ b^^^^ ^ ^ nicated to him th.,< hiformatiou s„ obtamcd; attd to ^^^^^^ ^'^^ '"I "',^teudi ig his against the possibility of the Commander ot tliat vessel . an> (U „i* l c Men „ annament, or reu(h>ring the present armament more eflective.f ^ Thus matter, stood wltett, o.t tltelXHh of '^;>;--f ' ^l^;;,!;;';;^;,;^;:;:'';^ ll^^ hadloined the ship sinee her arr.val ut ^^^^^^^^^^^^'t^^ZJ ahoanl whom came on hoard the vessel since s]„' arrued m 1!u P"" , pretended they did not know these men wt-re liul. § |.\.l)ruarv, are marked L,,ri=2;sit.^;s™;:u:e\Sir;izi,^r!;,;^:;..,.Ai..- minute of their proeeedings:— II -The further lioport of the l.,u.d of Survey ou the Shenan.leah, after viewiu, that ves.^el on the «lip, is suhniitted and e.onsidercl. • British Appendix, vol. », p. CO. X Ibid., p. 6oa. + Appendix to British Case, vol. i, p. 529. §lmd.,p.0OH.^' II Ibid., p. 520. 217 ii'iiriii'' of tlu! .■icvew-sliiift, liiiii tip liiiitl soiiir siiri.liw ly), iMiukl I'c ffl'i.'cU'.l in ^ciirinu' thenrselves to ho Kn^ilishiiicn iiad ;,ron<^ on loard the Shenandoah since her anival joiniiiL,' her, and were now concealed on hoard. • The Law ( lllieers heiiiL,' ol oianion that there was suHieient evidence to take step.s for iirosecutinft had instructed the jiolice to lay informations au'ainst these men for a misdemeanour, and to aiiiily for a warrant f(a- iheir ap}a'eliensiiin, "On consultation with liie Council, it was not any further steps in the matter until the residt of Jlr. Francis is lnslruct(>d au'uin to ini|uire, hv proeeed to sea. "A Iteport from the det(;itive ]iolice at .Saiiillirid','e, of this (hiv's date, on matters relatiu" to the Shenandoah, IS hiid up.ai the tidih' of the Council ; and as, from infomiaticai wjiich had readied the Governmcul, .some suspicion had been nttac'hed to the movements of a vessel ealliM the Kli Whitney now lyin.L,' in the bay, the Homairable the Commissioner of Trades and Customs undertakes that her movenients shall be carefully watched. " Tlie Ibaiouralile tlie Attorney-Ceiieral then submits to his E.\cellencv deposilicais taken on oath by ideven jiersiais before the C.aisul ,,f the Cnitcd States in Melbourne, whicli dcpusiticais have been placed 111 his hands by the ( oiisiil." The Eli Wiiitiicy was wtilched iicconliiioly, and if any intention of iisin" her aa a mean.s of sliipijint,' tlic men litid l)c('n entertained, it wa.s abandoned. On the l;Jtii of i-'ehntary a warrant was i,n'anted hv a ina shan't oo over the shij)." The next niornino' the ])oliee oUieer returned to the' ship, a..^ shitetl tliat, information having been sworn that persons liad joined the vessel 'frorn Melboimie, aiul were now on hoard, he had eomt! with a Avarrant. Captaui Waddell replied : '• [ pledge you my word of hotiour as an oflieer tmd a ovntleman that I have not any one on board, nor have I engaged any one, nor will I while I ain here." The Sui)erint(Mid(Mit answered that lie understood that the jicrsons he wanted were Avearinn^ the uniform ()ft lie Confederate States, and Avere Avorking on hoard, but this Captain Waddell distiuetly denied. The Superintendent asked to go over the ship and see if the m(Mi he Avanted w(-re on board. This being refus(>d, he'said that lie must execute his Avarraut eviMi if lie iuu' to usi> force. To wbicli Waddell replied that he Avould use force to resi.st; that he dare not allow his .ship to be searched; it Avas more than his Commission was Avortb ; and that such a thing Avould not be attempted to a shii) of Avar of any other country ; that a great sUgbt iiad been ])ut upon Iiim l)v sendin"' any one to the siiip with a warrant. On the Su|)erinten(h'nt again asking if the Captain refused to allow him to look for the man for Aviiom he had a Avarrant, Waddell ansAvered that he " did ivfitse it, and would light bis ship rather than allow it."* ' Tli(> Governor liaving called the attention of the Council to the circumstances, and to the necessity of considering Avhat st(>ps should he taken, by the !idvic(^ of the Coi'mcil directed the Commissioner of Trade and Customs to Avrite to Captain Waddell and to r<'(piest him to reconsider his determination, and further to inform him that, ))eiiding bis reply, the iiermission Avliicb had been granted to him to re])air and take in supplies'^had been suspended. Tin; (iovernor then issued a dir(>etion that, (ni receipt of an instruction to that eii'ect from the Clii(>f Conmiissioner of Police, none of ller Majesty's subjects in the Cohmy should render any aid or assistance to, or iierforin any Avork iu respect of the so-called Confederate steam-ship Shenandoah, or in launching' the same. The Chief Commissioner of Poiic(> was instnu'ted to send some police to "VVilliamstoAA'n, to take car(> that the direction above-mentioned Avas duly observed. t On the 1 Itli, ;i 1(>tt<>r was addressed to Captain Waddell, informing him that the Government conceived it had a right to expect that those Avho Avero receivino- in the British Appendix, vol. I, pp. 524, 525. t Ibid., p, 624. The Shenandoali, At Melbourne. i 2 F 2 a rfl Tke SlD^naudoali. At Melbciiirne. it i> 218 port the assistnnco claimoa as a bolli^orcnt, should not oppose procoodinss intended to lMit(.ir(> the nuiiiiten nice ol' iieutnilitv. He was Iherelore appealed to, to -veorsuler lim detevniiiiatio.i, and was iutovmed that, pendini,' his answer, the pernuss.on -ranted t() him to repair and take in supplies was suspended, and that Her Majesty s subjects had Ijeen duly warned accordin>j;ly.* Cajrtain Waddell replied on the same day in the following terms :— " 1 l,„v.. t.. infnrn. liis \i^M\.wy tl.e (!.,v..ri.<.r Unit 111.' ....rntinu of tl... Nvanmit was :,ut .vln.o,|, v.n .. A onliuK t.M.ll lh..l,.ws„r Imlinns.tl... .I.vk of . vrss.! o w„r ,h ..onsnl.nMl „v..,,,..Hont u , ios V of tlK. .ountvv vvl,n.,. H.,' sh.. Ili..s, and sh. is IV.r fnaa all ..xrTMl.ons, «,...,,t lov .• ,m„.s ^^S^.m7Xv.^^^y^ ,,..vfon,aMl l,v tl,- p,.li.r of the ship. Our .sln,,,m>,r a.tu.h.s havo lurn show,, li 'iv3 Zv va.Mva to snuvh if unv «"<■!. huv. he.u l-ft ou boar.l, Thoy i,avo .v,„,rtn o .■,.■ that, 2:. imikin.' . tho,o„,'h scarrh, th.y ran fnul no ,,.rso>, on hoanl ..xr.,,l thos.. wh .t.n.l tins ,,o,l as ^"^'^S'lh^SlolSv of tl„. ship, .presenting n,y (;,,v..,.nn...,. in liritish waters, have to infnv,,, l,iM l-\eell( nev that there are no oei'sons on l,na,a this shi], except those whose names are^ on ^Xpn!;nes^.n;Ulm^.o..nel,,.i been enlisted in the se,.iee .,f the «.lerate States s,n,.e V ,r ■ val ,n this port, nor have I in any way violated tl,.. ne„t,-al,ty ol the port. ■ "a In tlenuneof the tlovernn.ent of the Confeden.te Sh.tes o An.unea l.ernhy ent,.- n,y solemn llvotek agau.st any ohstruclion whieh n.ay eause the 'l';';;';;;-,;';^,|,'"« ^'"1' "' ""'* l'""' (Sii'iied) ' "'Ias, J. WAnnr.M.. ■■ To the Hon. .Tas. ( !. !• mneis, " I-in>lnw >d ( 'nn. „., ivim,, ! Wfcdrrntr Sfn fcs Na n, f " Connaissioner of Trade and Customs, Melbonrne. ' It appears from a report of the Superintendent of Voliee that, in order to earry ot.t the instruetions of the (Jovernment, he proeceded to A\ . liamstow.i on the aiternoon ot t e Ui\^ took possessio.1 of the slip on Avhic^h the Shenandoah was plaeed, and eleared the Srd he wo kmen em],loyed on the vessel. The eileet of tins d..ter,n,n.y stiul they liad bee.t on boa speetin^' tln.n. Towards , :o-nin^' u^^ steamers eatne to tow the veS off but wc^re .mlelvd away by th(> Sn.perinte„.ienl, who als., (Tu.k steps tor prevetjt- inTfhe vessel heim,' fnrnisbe.l with a pilo^ The four men wer(> taken betore a ma-s- trate on the Kith. One, bein^ an Ann-riean, was diseha.-ed; the three others ou, of whom Avas the man l3aviso.t (" Charley "), were eo.nmttted tor tnal Two ot them riEwaitim,' their trial in priso.i for a month, were sentenced to a lurther impnsonnn^t oncn days; the other, beini^ a m(>re youth, Avas, on that account, discharged. ^i The vcsscUtill rernained on^ of the slip wrote to the Chief Secrctaiy, stating that his manai^-er had infornied him that should a -ale of wind ocem-, he wouk either be compelled to laimeh the ship, or riui a -real risk ..f her sustmnm- serious dama-e [n coTqueuce of her unsafe position on th<> cradle.|l This hem- so, and all motive Z searcllin^■ the ship bein- now at an end, tli.> man a-ainst whom the warrant had been dreXl bavin- be,-n taken, and there b.-in- no r.'as.m h.rs.ippoM,,- that there Averc othcn Mclbomnie men secreted in the vessel, it Avas thou-ht tulvisable tbttt tneorjr s isVendin- the permission to repair slumld be, r.-voked, and the necessary repairs to the shirb.alh.wod to be c.(,inpleted! the Commander beins "'tormed that he was expected to use e^ erv dispatch in -ettin- to sea by the time i.reviousiy lixe.l. _ Cai.tain Wmldell bavin- written to comi.lain of U.e ship haym- been seized Avas informed, in reply, that the ship had not ber'n s.-ized, hut that lurther progress with l^lie XT K ir had been arrested by reLon of bis refusal to allow the ship to be searched e wa also reminded of the four men bavin- been caught leavmg the ship notwitli- Btandin- his statement that there was no stranger on board ; but he was a the same t .> ii-rfovmed that, as tin, man against wbtorniiiH'd course of jiio- 1 to leave the v(>ssel in a t<'r ))olice, and Ijroiidht I'V liad been on hoard a they were on board, lie e American Consid wa,i \ini(>rs came to tow the ) took slejjs for ])revent- > taken before a niagis- tho three others, oiks of r trial. Two of them, a I'urthcr imprisonni(>nt unt, discharged. 1^ The Chief Secretary, statint,' occur, he would either stainin"* serious damage beiiiLi; so, and all motive )m tilt; warrant had been i])])osing that there Avere advisable that tiie order necessary repairs to the ed that he was expected lixed. bavins; been seized, was in'ther progress Avith the hip to be searched. He ving the ship, notwith- but he Avas at the sr.me td been issued Avas noAV e that no persons other f. 528. t Ibid., p. 527. 219 tlmn those on her shippin-? articles were now on hoard the s|, p, .• x.ork niii-i .roeeed In acknowiedgu.g this conuMnnication Captain W.-ul.h.il (o.,. .1. , S ;, , i Iv l" observing as loUows, with relereiUT to tiie four men ;— ppm ,mm.a oi " Th.i four ni.-n alliiilcl to in your .onnnnni.alion aic no pari of ii,is vrssd's ,dn,i.|..t,id I mm i, was all. 1 n \ Inter ,,•„! h.-.n uispairl inloinnn- his Hx.tIIwicv |]„. (IdNvrnor Ilml iImmv w,.,''no . - =":;::i;:;;;'s, ::;r:^ ~::::;n- :^;^:::; ;:::r:;i-;--;;;r > '- • '■'• ' ''-' ''i'':nJn;'':f innn,?,n,/J"' ''V,'""',"' "''",'"' '?"''V".' ''"''■''''^ liavind.be..,. eompletc.l, th- v.-ssel was .Whedfn.nithesbpan.l anchoivd in li,.. bay, wh....- she proecded to re-ship h e ■ S'ions.t '■' ' -tic!.. slH. was allowed to take i.t a Inrther snpi'.iy of She finally quitted I'ort J'hilip on themornind. „f th,- IStI, of F,.lnM.arv JJlame has been cast on the (Jovernor for having all.,w ..1 th.> repahs .".f the vessel to be competed and the vessel b. In- laun..h..d, or n.al to b.- snppii t. hei in con Ssh;^ t;"b:t^;;;;f -'' ''^'-- —^ ••>■ ^^^^^^^ ^^■=""^'" ' ■- .^nisi;;; t.;- x The position Avas however an eiubarrassin" '-'•"^••.^''" ----"t.- The position ;;t.; V Captain VV.i de 1 that a ship ot Avarol ai-oth.-r nation is not stibj..ct to local jurisdiction IS undoubtedly ru... Upon a request of .Sir V. Darling to b,. infornted as' ., t lie ,'o pnety ol cxc-cuting a wai-mnt under th." J'orei.n l^nlistment Act on board a C"onf > r^ e ship of Mar, the Law (Jflieers of the Cr..wn, on being consulted, advised as follows :- "it a)i|)..ars to us Hint, in tho circunislaiict.s stated his I.\(rlk.ncv tlm Cnvin, ,■ ,. t l .i i;:'!i;;:;;,:;:it'>i;;i;u"'li:™;,;l;™'""" ■ •■" -:u::w » ~;:*i:,:;^sl; .„:r:rr;f; !;:,;;";;:!;tsi:E;s::::;, t;'2i::;;;;-;,r:s^ toontora. tlu. ex....Mt.on : Imt I mt, m tins .as.., thr C'dnunan.U should I.. .1 .sir J' t, v' . .« si.ee.lily .u p..ssil,le, an.l slaad.l W intornu.,1 tla.t h,. will not W: iv-adniitl..,! into it ''; ' _ There can b.. n<. doubt as to the soundness of this advice. AVhile'a ship of Avar IS thus exempt irom local jurisdiction, the right of the local autlioritv to with hohl the accommodation <> the port is equally undoubted; and the ex<.rci.;. of this poAVe applied here in the l.rst mstanc.., might no doubt hav<. b.en pr.donged. But, the honour o the Commander of th.. ship having been pledged, ought tlu^'searehof he vessel to have he..n urtlier insisted on ? By the comity of i.atioiTs th,. Avord of a com! missioned ofiicer IS held to be sufficient guarantee for the truth of anvthimr to ,S It is oflicially pledged. The rule is a sound one. Th,. b,.st sc-untv-for ho K.urable conduct is unhesitating confid,nK.e Avhenev,.r honour is i,le,lg,.,l. It is of inSelv greater moment than such a rule should be maintained than that a " Charlev " sho.i d be aiTcsted and undergo a month's imprisonment. Anv vapou-ing langua-o Or in Transatlantic phrase, ".tall talk" of Captain Waddell might ll.. excused owin -Mo t lie unproprii-ty of the polic,.-officer's threat of using fore, to search the ship imder 1 is command. ^ "muh ui!, It is true that the fact to Avhich the word of the Commander had been pled-red turned out to be othenvis,.. But Captain AYaddell exi)lain,>d this bv saving that the men had secretc>d thems,.lv,.s m the hott,.m of the vess,.l, and had onlj be,.n diseov,>red on a tliird s.-arch ^ow it is Avell known that men do contriv,. to sc/et,. themselves in .ships .so as to ,.lude search. A striking instan,.,. occurrc.d in the cas,. of th,. United States ship the K(.arsarge. Wlu-n that ship l.-fl Cork in Noveinl„.r 1S(i3, 10 m.-n cm- trived to hide th(>mselves m li(.r, nor was their ])r<.sene.. in h.'r kn,)wn to Captain TH* 9htn*ndoili ' ',.|l)uiirii. • Uritiih Appendix, vol. i, p. 646. X Appendix to British Case, vol. t Ibid., vol. . p. .ISS. '^M n nl' f' "ii. The Slieninilnnli At Melbniirnu. f I Supply of coal. 220 AVinslow, hor conmmndor, till Iho day after llic vossol had ffono to son, notwitliNtandiny; Hint scarcli Imd been made, and otliVi- men, lonnd conccali'd on lioard, liad lii'cn H(>nt (lilt (.r the sliijt just liclorc her (icpartnrc.* U slioulil he aildi'd llial WillianiH ami Madilt'M liavinLj Miiti'd in tlicir deposit i(.ii>i tliat certain of tlie suliordinate ullicers ol" tin- slii|) iiad lieiMi Mwarc oftiie pivs.'iicc of "CliaHey" in Hie foivcastle of the stiip, llicsc olliceis iiiunediately pulilisiied in the" .Meihoiii'ii(> Ar-ns" deehii"iti<;iis sf^ned l)y tlieni denvini,' in the nmst positive terms the statements alfeetin^' them. Sir Uonndcll I'aliner puis the pertinent (jiiestioii : "Can it be imputed as a want of due dili^'ene(- to the (iovernmeiit of Melhonrne (wliose itood faith and vii,'ilanee had otherwise lieen so manifestly proved) that alliioiiL-li not entirely satislird with Caiilain W'adch'll's demeaiionr i'>r caidiiet, they aeec|ited the si.leinn assiirane(>s (.f not one, Imt several, onieeis of the same raee and Mood, and with the same (dainis to Hie character of u;entleinen as the ollieers of the I'nited States?" The matter was further eomidieated by the fact that the owner of the slip had reported tli.if the posiliuii of Hie vessel on tin'' cradle was one of danijer; and that, if a iiale of wind should arise, a disaster woiUd probably ensue. It is (divioiis tliat, if sncli ii tbinn' had happened, it would ha-i" been very awkward for all iKirties. The wisest, thinu', therefore, as it ajipeared to tlie (iovernor and his Council, was to allow thini>'s to be completed and to iyet rid of this unpleasant visitor as early as ])ossibl(>. That the conduct of Capt.aiu W'addi'll in aii-^nieutin'.;' his crew from the Colony, as it afterwards turned out that he did. in sjiite of his solemn promise to observe neutrality in this respect, was conduct disi,'raeel'ul in an ollicer and a li'eiiHcman, \]u'Vi' c;iu be n<) (loubt ; but, as I have before (disorved, no (iovernor or other Authority can be blannvl for Irustiiii,' to the word of any one bearimr the (iommission of an ollicer. I am bound to respect, but I ciTtainly cannot share. th(> o])ininn of some of my e(dleaii'n(>s that Sir C. Darlini;' Kliow(>d any indnl^'cnee to the Commamb'r of the Shenandoah, in further extendint; to liim the i)rivilei,'es of a bellii,'erent, inconsistent with what, as the (iovernor of a neutral (lovcrnment, be was fidiv ein])!)wered and entitled, in the exercise of bis judnment and discretion, to extend. Still less can I think that, (>ven if there was any error of judi;'- ment in this respect, and the Governor of Melbonrne was, under the circumstances, —as I beard it two or three times said in tli(< course of the discussion, too civil ("trop |)(di") to Captain Waddell. that the ib'itish nation is therefore to incur a liability to a claim of some (i.OOO.dOO dollars. If siicb a c(mclusion is to be arrived ;it upon sucli facts, T shall be half disposed to as'ree with ^\. Staemidli that then> is, ind(>(>d, no snch thin,' as international law, but Hiat we are now creatiiiLi,' it for the liust lime. I pass on to anotli(>r snbj(H't of comi)laint, namely, the supply of coal wbich Hie Sbenandoab was allowed to n'ccive and which is said to have been excessive— an asser- tion whi(di, I confess, 1 have heard wiHi no litH(> snr|)ris(,>. It is trm^ Hiat the Sbenan- doab still bad, on ber arrival at Melbom-ne, if reliance is to be ])laced on a journal ke])t by a midshipman on board, tOO tons of coal in her bunkers; it is true that she was there allowed to take in 2'A) tons more. Hut internati(mal law, as we have s(>en, imposes no limitation (m Hio quantity of the sup]dies which a belli-ercnt vessel may obt;\in in a neutral port. The oidy restric- tion in this cas(! would therefore arisi; froiu the (iovernnumt Jle<;'uhition that no vessel should be allowed to take more than sulFieient to convey her to iier nearest port. Now the n(>arest port of the country of the ShiMiandoah was some i;3,()(K) to 1 IsOOO miles from :M(dbourne; and all tli(> coal Avhich could possibly have been stowed in the vessel would have falh-n infinitely short of what she must have consumed on such a voya^'c if she had bad recourse to her steam power. It is true av(5 are told that she was an excellent sailer. .Mr. Evarts informed us, I believe, on the authority of a mid- shiinnan's journal, afterwards publisheil under the title of "The Cruize of the Shenan- doah," that her speed under canvas was at times (>qual to K! knots an hour; but it did nor, oeeur to that distiiii^nisbcd couns(d tell us how the (iov(>rnor and bis Council could possibly know that fact, uidess, indeed, they were to know it by intuition. Althouj,'li, from the vess(d's build and appearance she mit,'ht be thou'j;ht likidy to be a fast vessel, all they knew of her Avas that she was a screw steamer, adajited to .sail or steam. Tlie arn'ument that a vess(d is not to be alloW('d coal because she is not likely to use i;, strikes me, I must say, as a very sins^'iilar one. If sIumIocs not use it, what barm can arise to any one from her bavins; it on board r " Ves, but," says Mr. Evarts, " this coal was to enable ber to have an advantap:e over the wdialers wdien amonn; the ice." But licK^ we must have reeour.se again to the intuitive [lowi-rs of the Governor * Sec United St.ates' Documents, vol ii, 1>. -129. 221 to son, notHitliNtandiiii;' )ii board, liml licrii sent (led tliiil Williii'iiM iiiiil ihordiiialc odiccrs of tin- castle ol" till" sliip, tlicsc araliciis sli^iicd l)y tliciii '^ tlii'in. Sir IJouiidcll a want ordiic dilii^i'iicc net' liad otlici'wise Ijccii vitli Captain Waddtdl's ol' not one, l)ut several, nis to the (diarac'ter of le owner of the slip had f danijer ; and that, if a t is (d)vious that, if such ail ])arties. 'I'he wisc^i il. was to allow things to y as ])ossihlc. That the Colony, as it afterwards neutrality in this res|)cct, ' can lie no donht ; hut, I he Idanied I'oi- trustiii!,' [ am lionnd to respcci, tijnes that Sir C. Uarlini^' , in further extendini; to he (Jov(M'nor of a neutral cise of his jndi;inent and e was any error of judi;'- mder tlu' circumstances, ;cussion, too civil (" trop ore to incur a liahility is to h(> arrived at upon that there is, indeed, no it for llu! tiiist time. lUpply of coal which the lecn (>xcessivc — an asscr- is tru(^ that the Shcnan- ])lac(Hl on a journal kept ; it is true that she was ation on the quantity of port. The only r(>stric- ici^'ulation thut no vessel ) iier nearest i)ort. Now 13,0()() to 1 1.,()0() miles :)een stowed in tli(^ vessel imcd on such a voyai^'c if ire told that she was an he authority of a mid- lie Cruize of the Shenaa- :nots an hour; hut it I'id or aiul his Council could by intuition. Allhoui^li, likely to he a fast vessel, ■d to sail or steam, cause she is not likely to sill' does not nse it, what •s, but," s:iys Mr. l^varts, vhalers when amon^ the [)o\vcr.s of the Governor It InJenirof (^;'r<^::i;:i^t:Tf i""^ <" '--■ •••"^ ^'^« •'"""">• whalinir-vessels •- C . i,. \V i i ^\ ""."'"" *'"' '""'•'''^ '" P"''^"i* "'" <•'<' . , n.^ ^ . ", * "Pf" " >>a(hh-ll kn.'W his business too well to lei l.ll lnf.,„il :.. At M,[. ,rne. whalinir-vessels •- S,. i,. vV i . \ '^'\ ""."'"- *'"^ '""'•'''^ ''" V^''^n\i .d" the [t wouidhe absurd to snoiHise tint In ev....i- < ti. i i .1 •. ■ , In this instance, had ih- sh! „ u i,. ite,' :'::;;,;!',:;';?; ••''"viY'^' 'r '""^^^; when she was thousan.ls of ,„i|,.c (Ton b, ,7 l< , ' ',""-'''' '"'''" ''•'l'l""'i«'«l "ot a ip.estion luMhe in.^:l (eru ,;,,,' ,i,i;'ve 1 "'" "'"'''"'r"' ^ '"^ '^ ^™^ 'Hw only ,,nestion was. what anu.un U, i v s , M^ v to h..?e"; ""'" *T 'n"- United States (d)taiiied inanv thousand tons of e,nl inuler evu-ilV 11,. baseol opcmtmns;" .and is, more.,vrr, in th,. n,o.t'fIa,rant lecrce nn 1 f it i n uvve the HU-ct o nnposin^ on the neutral any responsibilitv ul the o r heii^ eivn^ thos.. made by any other nation; nor has an.y publicist ever su.-est'd l • s cl a proceednm^ should be .adopted. No such inquir/c.ould with ;.iv.n.i;.f v, 1 e 1 de or could the Coniniander of t ic ship he called npoirto answer it i in ulc " T e 1 n vieili ot Ills intended ,.ourse nn^ht expose him to the attack of an enemv. Xo s d Z ion o tar as L am aware, was cvr i.ut lo a belli^vient vessel during tiu> wli I^ rs^o^ the war. None siudi was ev.n- ^nit to a ship ot the United States wh.m ,p i e f^J coal at a En isb por . This heiii,. so, to'say that, the h„.al ,..ven, ,; t "im. Ignorance of the destination of the vc'ssid, a responsibility is to^bc incur, Vbc™ e be lipnvnt, in obtm,l„^^. this accommodation, has an uitcrior ojieraticm in view as n ' '•' '"'"'V;.''"':^. "^t;>''<':>'> «>'• '■■•"^••.a^e, the port mav be said to be tlm cmler.>l a base, but ol whndi ulterior opc-ration the n,>utral knows notliiii4., appear ?o pumesst aietates ol coinmon sense. i " ■ ■ Thus far T am unable to discover anythin- but .-i desire on the nn-.t of il-e Ir"-! Oovernment to comply with the Qiuvifs lle;,ulatious, and to d seCe h^^ cut; uthiully and conscientmusly, iu prevcntii.i,^ any breach of neulralil v .;u tli • u 5 the commander oi the Sheuaudouh in the enlisting of men ; nor does ^it appear to xr,e %) 1 1 i.' 222 the Shenandoah, that iuiv l)laiuc can iviisoiiiiblv ..r justly attach to them m respect of pennittiu- lUTossai'v ivi)ah-.s to he doiu- to Ihc shi]), or as to the time aUowed or that pm-pose, or At Melbourne. .^^ ^^^ ^,^j_ f,„aiUity of coal \\ liich thi- vessel was sulhu'ed to tala; on hoard. ■riu< onlv (|iii>stioii uhieli presents any real diflieulty is whether suffieient care was exereised to prevent men iVom enlistin- in the Shei. indoah humcdiately prior to her ' '■"'"iv^it is an nndouhted laet tiiat, on tlu« ni-ht before the vessel left, whieh it will he remembered was on the mornim;' of the l^th. a I'onsiderabh! luimber ot men contnved to -vt on Ix-anl and sailed away in the! Shenandoah, as part of lii>r crew. ^ Jn addition to llii" snspieions eireumstanees e(nmected with the seeretion ot tlie nnn " t'harlev ' and tiie otlier three m.'n, it api)ears that a detective named Kennedy, bavin- been directed to make- incpiiries^on the 1 at h of February, reported as lollows :— •■ Tli'il tw.ut v iiuMi linvf Ikh'Ii .liscliiiruvd (nnn lln' Slieiiinidcmh since lior iinival at this ])ovt. '•Thiit CiiiitiUii WiiiM-ll inlc'ii.ti In sliip torty liiiiuls hviv, wlio im-- to he taken nii lumnl dnnnj,' tliu ni"lil :iml 111 si.^-n iirtirlr< when lliry iiiv (iiilsKie the Ik'iuls. , ,, ■■ i- i ■■ It is stilted that t'.M' Caiitiiiii wishes, if iiossilile, In shi). toivi,i.'ii seiuucii (inly, and all Kii,L;lwlinieii shipiMMl here are tc^r///r. * The Superintendent, in forwarding' this report, added the loUowino;' statement :— "Mr Scott Resident t'lerk. has been informed— in fact, he overheard a iierson reja'csented a.s an assi'slant-pur'ser state— that aluait si.Mv men en-a-ed here were to be sliiiijied onboard an old vessel, helicved to he the I'.li Whitnev, tc^'ether with a iinaiility of ammnmli \c.. about two in- three days before the Shenandoah sails. The former vessel is to he cleared out for Portland (,r \\arrnamhoo], but is to wait outside the Heads tor tla- Shenamh.ah, t.i whom her car.L'o and ]ias,sen,t;ers are to be transferred." ll(>renn(ni, the Coinmisstoiier of 'I'rade and Customs nndertook, by the desire of the tloveniment ami Council, that the i:ii Whitney should be watched, and that vessel -yas watched accordiiiiiily. . ,- , ,4 Notwithstandiiio' tliat the foren;onio; rejiort ot the detective Kennedy appeared to pouit* to specitu! tacts, and the police weiv on the look out to detect any attempts to enlist men notbino- of a dethiite or certiiin (duiraeter came to lit,'ht. In the report afterwards made bv the :Minister of Justice, the Attorney-General of the Colony, the Chief Secretary, aiid the Commissioner of Customs, which has been before referred to, it is stated that :— "Whilst the Shenandoah was in jiort, there were nianv va;4ne rnnioiirs in circulation that it was the intention of a number of men to .sail in her, but alt'hiai-h the police authorities made eveiy c.xertion to ascertain the truth of these rnimairs, yet (with the e.Ncejition ot the l.mr men already t ailuded to) nothiii" snilicienllv dclinite to justify criminal proceedm-s c.aihl he ascertained ; iiuleiul, at the best these runaairs justi'tied noihin.,- mcav. than suspicion, and called (Mily t.a' that watchlulnesa ^ which liie (iovernnieni exercise,', to the fullest .'Xteiit in its ])ower. It was not until alter the : Shenamloah ha,l left the waters of Victoria that the (lovernment received intormati,ai colltlrInln,^' ni a ! manner thi' truth Ueito " L^™ dfse Sed anv^•^f;^^^^^^ 'e ^-''^ ^''''' "^^"^^'"^ to Jiirn a« appears IVom the letter o t'hrpri™to s'eer^tnl^^^^^^^ .^'""" "^''"'" ^" ^''« Consul, the Consul, Avhieh is as iblloAvs J secretary of the Governor to Mv. Elanchard, "Sir, " I am desired liv his Execllenrv tlm Pr>,.„,. . • , " Fchmarii 21, ISGo 1811. instant in the .Uu.rnn.in oj ^^ V'^^Zl^^Z'Z^ '1/''^ ''' T^'^'^'^'' >■-' '^tt^^onhe refen-ed, through the ][„noural,le the A^y^S^i^ ^^^l^''"''^- "' 'T'' ''^ «^'"^«1 '^ to be iniglit Mish to Oder. ^ ^^eneiaJ, to the Crown Solicitor for any explanation lie past 57.;!!;?efit a/l;:::,^i:::;Sr;:r?;:T *- ^- °'«- at haif. uJl, Mr. (iuner «tate,s that he iniornied v m 1 nt ,mt ei ^^^ l"^'''*i" ^■"" '""^ ^'^'^'-'l'' °c™'™d at tH.n, and adds .h.t he was in a hurrv t,'s v ^x ,^ ^^" ^T''^'"" f"''' "^'* ^'^I^^ '»' i»fo""a- othe™sh,„dd have done; hnt he V^^^^yt:^^'^.':^^^^:^^'^:^:^^ and contidently assures you that theiv ^^r^'^'i^i^:ii:>u:::;^:^^Tf'^^ -he Consul of the United States ol .WerS"t ^^ '" '*'" ''"'?"'" due to your iHisitiou n,s tin What occurred after the Consid left flu> r,.f>,™ o v u . «. the statement of a Mr. Lord an Vmeri.^ n „ fT^ ^°^"tp|^> o^^'' '^ to be found in for the use of the Consu M W nviifc? """'' "^^'f"? "^ ^^'^"'""nio, made cnde^ot^s to secure the art;s?!;ftl;:lir'SL.r;rS^^^^ ^^ ^^ hhu '^^^S^:^^X:t:^^yS:^tl;^^ ..r rolice..., .. «ndin, either Atton>ey-Oen,.ral he at once came out and asl e ,s nti t h ' ''"'1 "" '•'"'"■- ^■^""' "'""« 1° the had to say, and then sn-gested that if vo , w , 1 1. p . ' "•"'",' ^^'^ P'>t'^'"tly li-^tened to all you lay it h-tbre hi.s eolle.^-ueH ; tl,at ; U s n, t^^.^ "^^^ I'V' '^'T "f "" "<^'''^^"' '>« -"" d upon M\, then left and dn,ve to the otl e e he dZt e ll^U "' the i,nTn.n,ent to proeeed who heard the man's statement in full, In t as he e. ml i,.'^ ';,'"''', "^'^ ^^'- ^i^''>»I«0". the Chief, thoPolieeMagistraU^Atr.St,u^an,Uaa\ar n le, e«^„n^^^ ''' ''""■'""' "^^•'■^'"' "« ^o to we went to the residence of Mi StuPt i S e "• V S ",.''' '•' "f " "''' "'"'" "' ^^'^^'i-'K 'here, what you had to say, examined the man, la t'^ d .^^."1,^017; 'T '"^' '"'J''^''^' ^'^^^'^ ^ a wan-ant on the evidence of this man a1;uK^ an a hSe 1 :. '; . W"^^^^^^^ i-o.simns.bihV of granting perhaps would he in iiossession of (■inT,.l,oi itiv . ■ ; ,\">' u'oing to WiUiamstown to Mr. Call, who it being about halt.pLt 7, and T-a m "^ 1 tSiii;;? -^''^ ""'-' l-^'-' ^^''= then iSi decu edt., take the deposition yourself an end kU.theS^^^^^ TT ""' '• "^"^ '» '''« '"^tter to tak.. such action on it ,u. it might deein im a ^'(^''V f t^''"'^^>-(;f' '"raUea^^ng it to the Government and a copy inclosed to the AttorneN-C , ,; .^Zl ^ uZ V"? '"" '"^ '^'^1'"^^""" ^^ taken, " I took it to the Houses of TN'irlianaM wl h T f 1 ^" ""f ''• decided it was tr,o late to .stop th,. i «'o e ,,1^ .^ '"."' 1' ,''''"'" '''^'» '^^^^ "Ixx't 9, I and I went home ami ,vtur„ d the c >" u on S ?,; v ""''^''^'r' "'" ''^^'^'^^ ^^'"^ '" '«'''^'^ «t 5, I again went to the detective ofUce saw Mr K c mlso 1 , '""f ^ '"'''''"I" ^^ """■« ^•"""^ ''"^vever He expresswl his regret but «etu^gthe.ide„:.Mi;e;L;;';;;-n:ri^r^^ could not act in so in.p<,rtant a mutter without a wuiTa,.t."t GeneSrSSecS:ri;^rtJl;SXSiic^^ suggested,., the Attorney- affidavit. This the Consitl, ha i t-' th™-i to tn^Tr^^^^^ ''' / ^" '^^"^"^ «f ^'^ done, in Avhich case the re.;non^bili ,, t .fl.o^ n f '^"''^^^'^'1' ^"'ild readily Lave Colonial authorities. iSc^of tL the Ssnl '' '''?1 ^'^'', '''^''^ '''^^ ^^^ detective police, but as die chief offiL-r eo.STf l"?'^^^"^ f« the office of the properly aivised Mr. Elanchard t ^^J^l^d TltshtifrMr Sle'pT'^ Magistrate, to procure a warrant ThisaeeoiYli,XlvM «? °V i" v , ^*' *"^ ^^^^^'^ that Mr. Start, having beard the statomi c^^f^^^^^^ '^"^' hutit appears it or disposed t« tvct on^is L ml -teK^^^^^^^^ T^f''^' was not satisfied with warrant, bttt advisod that the ciLufl^Sll pScd^T^K^SSl'^S; Z The At Shenandoah, Melbourne. ^M [145] • British Appendix, »o). i, p, 618. t Ibid., p. 619 2 O 224 th The Shenandoah At Melbourne. IM ^Tfn 1 t ii ¥n head of the water police, who would probably be able to procure evidence of a more conclusive character. It beinp; by this time almost 7 o'clock, the Consul decided upon taking the deposition himself, as the Attorney-General had desired him to do some two hours before, and dispatching it to that Oflicer by Mr. Lord, leaving it, as ]Mr. Lord savs, to the Government to take such action as it might deem proper. The Consul himself proposed to follow Mr. Sturt's advice, and to go to AVilliamstown ; hut we learn I'rom his own statement tlint when Forbes, his informant, " found he liiid to go amon"' Iiis ac(iuaintances, lie was afraid of bodily liarm, and refused to proceed."* In the meantime, Mr. Lord went witli tlie deposition taken at the Consulate to tlie House of Parliament to find the Attorney -General ; but, on arriving tliero, lie found tlie Ifouse Avas up, and it being then about 9 o'clock, concluded it was too late to sto]) tiie shipment of the men, as it liad been understood the vessel was to leave at 5, so he gave the matter up, and went quietly home. 1 am at a loss to see wlierein it can be said that there was here negligence on the jiart of any one, unless it may liavc been on that of Mr. Lord, who, liaving undertaken to deliver Torbes' deposition to the Attorney-Gepeml, left the task lie had undertaken incomplete, because he did not succeed in lindiug that oflicer at the only place where he sought him. But, in truth, the whole matter becomes perfectly inunaterial from the fact that what Avas desired to be done had reference solely to the preventing of the men from being taken off to tlie Maria lloss by the boats of that vessel. But, as it turned out, no intention whatever existed of conveying the men to tlie Slienandoah by means of the JMaria lloss ; or, if such intention ever did exist, it was afterwards abandoned. No boats of that vessel came to take the men off, and she left the next morning upon her own destination. But, as shoAving the anxiety of the local authorities to prevent men from joining the Shenaiuliiah, it should be mentioned tliat it appears from the report of tlie detective oflicer subsequently employed to make inquiry on the subject, that the ilaria Ross was searched, to see tliat no men for tlie Slienandoah Avere on board of her, both before she left, and again when oif the Heads, that is, before she finally quitted the bay.f As lias, hoAvever, been said, there can be no doubt that men did contrive to get on board the Shenandoah late that niglit, under cover of the darkness. It appears from the statement of the Consul, tliat one llobbins, a master stevedore, liaving observed bo.ats taking off men Avith their luggage from the pier at Sandridge, went up to the American Consulate about 11 o'clock at night, and gave information to Mr. Blanchard of A\hat AA^as going on. Mr. Blanchard, hoAACA'er, did not tiiink himself called upon to repair to the s])ot, or di'em it necessary to call upon the police to take any steps to yirevent the men from being conveyed to the Shenandoah. He contented himself Avitli t(>lling Bobbins "that Mr. Sturt, the Police Jlagistrate, l.ul told him the A\'ater-)K)lice Avere the proper persons to lodge any information Avitli," and that, " as a good subject, he (Bobbins) AA^as bound to inform them of any violation of law that came under his notice."} This Bobbins jiromised to do, and to convey a message from IMr. Blanchard to the police. Thus the interests of the American Government avcuh! transferred by their proper rejiresentative, AA^ho no doubt AA'ent quietly to bed, hoping for the liest, to Hobbins, the stevedore, avIio, hoAvever, seems to have been, 'as a good subject," more zealous in the uKiintenanee of neutrality than the Consul ; for it appears that lUibbins actually Aveiit to Williamstiiwn and gave information to the police, lie crossed over to Will iaras- town, hoAVCA'er, only in time to see the last boat-load going towards the ship. In the meantime, the water-police having heard reports of Avhat Avas likely to take place, Avere out in t!ie Bay in their boat; but WilliamstoAvn, on the opposite side of the Bay, lieing the ])rincipal sliip[)iiig place, and the place from Avhich men Avoiild b(! the most likely to embark, their attention had to be directed to that quarter ; and it Avould seem that Avlien they approached the pier at Sandridge, from Avhicli the men Avere putting off", the latter secreted themseh-cs in some rough Avood in the immediate' vicinity, callivl scrub, and, as soon as the police-boat had gone in another direction, slipped olf in Avatermen's boats, and mffnaged to reach the Shenandoah unseen by the police. They Avere seen by two (;onstables Avho Avero successively on duty at this spot, who must, one Avould suppose, have been pretty Avell aAvarc of Aviiat Avas going on, as the men had their British Appendix, vol. i, p. 587. f Ibid., vol. V, p. 121. t Ibid., vol. i, p. 587. m: 225 focure evidence of a more decided upon talcing the im to do some two hours g it, as Mr. Lord says, to )I)cr. The Consul liiinself itown; hut we loam from ind he had to tyo among to proceed."* taken at the Consulate to on arriving there, lie found ) eluded it was too late to le vessel Avas to leave at 5, re was here negligence on f Mr. Lord, who, liaving peml, left the task he had ig tliat oflicer at the only- matter heeomes perfectly liad reference solely to the lloss hy the hoats of that of conveying the men to atentiou ever did exist, it take the men off, and she IS showing the anxiety of Shenandoah, it should bo 'tive oflicer subsequently Ross was searched, to see Ijcfore she left, and again •t t men did contrive to get the darkness. It appears master stevedore, having pier at Sandridge, went up ind gave information to ver, did not think himself pon the police to take any enandoah. lie contented gistrate, L id told him the on with," and that, "as a my violation of law that and to convey a me.'-sagc ransferred by their proper "or the best, to IJohbins, subject," more zealous in rs that Robbins nctually crossed over to Williams- owards the ship. In the likely to take place, were iile side of the Ray, being ould be the most likely to and it would seem that men were putting off, the at(> vicinity, called scrub, slipped oil" in watermen's ; police. They Avere seen )ot, who must, one would n, as the men had their X Ibid., vol. i, p. 587. At Melbournf. bf£!^!LS i' ^? ""* f^\ T^ of the night could have had no business on board The Shenandoah. the Shenandoah ; besules which two_ American officers, one in uniform, the other in — plam clothes were on the pier dn-ectmg the embarkation of the men;* nit neither of these constables did anything towards preventing the men from -ottin- off A■^ f ?i ^"ri. *" ^1''''*^ """^ ^'''''^•"" '''"^ warrant for the api^rehension of the men, they did not tliink they had any poAvxr or authority to detain them ; or, the mimbei' S formidable ami the place lonely, they may have thought it w s(.r to ab tai i fi'om mterfering. By the time Robbins arrived at Williamstown and gave information of wh had occurred, the last boat-load of men must have been already on board -f and he police were powerless to act without orders from the Authorities, which would have Ztf^'' ^''^'^^\''^''^ ^^^^' ^^^> «"d which, therefore, the lattei co Ud not properly have given, f I will not go the length of saying that, in my opinion, the police were on tliis occasion as ngilant and aetiv^ as they might have been. There was reason to suspect the off icers of the Shenandoah of a design to recniit their crew from the port ; and as the Ell A\hitney and the Maria Ross, suspected of being intended to take the men t J the Shenandoah when outside the waters of th,> colony, it was not unlikely that, on the eve of the ship sdepar lire, some attempt would be made by the men who wi;hed to ship in her to get on board. The polie(> had received instnictions to use the most vigilance to prevent anything of the kind being done, but they appear to have failed to carry out their msiructions at a critical moment. A few rc-solute officers, stationed on the two piers of Wilhamstown and Sandridgc, would ]n-obal,lv have piTn'enled the men from embarking, or deterred the watermen from conveying tJiem to the ship. But the Govmior and Council acted throughout under an honest and thorough sinse of duty, and exhibited in all their relations with the Commander of the Shenandoah the fullest determination to prevent, as far as in them lay, any infraction of neutrality l-ossibly their suspicions may have been removed too easily bv the liosif ivc 'word ot honour of the American Commander and his officers, but, as has been more than once observed, it has ever been a received rule of official conduct to trust implicitly to the honour ot an officer. ' -^ To hold, under such circumstances, that because the local police were not as vigilant asthey might have been, or because under cover of the darkness men may have contrived to elude their vngilance, a nation is to be held liable for damage done by a vessel to the extent of a claim of many millions of dollars, would be, as it annears to me, to cany the notion of '' due diligence" to an unheard-of and unwarranted ength, and would he calculated to deprive the decisions of the T\-ibunal of respect in the eyes of the world. '■ Questions have been raised as to the number of men thus added to the crew of the Shenandoah, and as to the proportion which the number thus added bore to the number of her crew on her arrival in the port. But to this I attach no value. The second Rule of the Treaty prohibits any recruitment of men. There can be no doubt tliat tlie number was sufficient to constitute a recruitment. And thou-h it may be true that, independently of the addition thus made, the number of the cmv reniaiuin.- after the desertions at Melbourne would have been sufficient to enable the vessel to carry on operations against ordinary inerchaut-vcssels, and therefore, if the oi)eration8 of t'us ship had been directed against the same class of vessels as before, the au "'men- tatioii ot the crew would have made no difference as to her caiiacity for mischief yet I agree with the Counsel of the United States that it is unlikely that without such augmentation she would have ventured into the dangerous polar seas to destroy the whaling vessels. My opinion is based on the ground that the authorities cannot justly be held responsible for what happened in spite of their anxious desii-e and endeavour to ensure the observance of neutrality. It only remains to be stated that on liearu:g that men liad been embarked in the Shenandoah ])rior to her departure, the Governor caused inquiries to be made, and find- mg that a violation of neutrality had taken i)lace, he announced his intention of refusino- the hospitality of the port to the captain or any other officers of the Shenandoah, should they again visit the colony. He, moreover, wrote to the Governors of the other Australian colonies, and to the Commodore of the station, to warn them of what had • Britiih Appendix, vol. i, pp. 651, 653. f Ibid., p. 66.1. t Appendix to United States' Counter-Caic, p. 1185. 2G2 226 At Melbourne, H':-l': Th« Sheniudoah. occurred. As the Slienrintloah did not visit any other British port nntil she an'ived at Liverpool to ho surrendered at the end of the war, no op])ortunity occurred of taking proper notice of thccondnet of her commander on this occasion. Importance has hcH'n attached to the language of this letter of the Governor. It is in the following terms : — " Sir, " Govenmunt Hoii.ii', Melhnvrnc, Fehrvari) 27, ISC'. " T oonsitk'r it my duty to place youv FacoIIcuct in posset . (ion of the iieeoiiipanyini,' coiTesiJoiKleiiee and other (hieuiuents (•(iinieeted witli the ]u-oeee(liii,t;s of the eoiiunaiider of ilie Conlederate Slates' vessel Shcnan(h)ali, while laying in Hobson's Bay, lor the purpose of having necessary ie])airs (^Ifected nnil taking in supplies, under permission granted by me in accordance with the conditions jirescribed by Her Majesty's Proclamation and Instructions for the observance of neutrality. " '1. 1 have al.'- 1 the honour to forward copies of letters from the Chief Commissioner of Police in Victoria, acconiiiauied by rejiorts and statements which leave no ilonlit that the neutrality has been flagrantly violated by the connnander of the Slienaudoah, wiio, after hi'ving assured nie of his intention to respect it, and ])leaded the privilege of ii belligerent shi]i of war to prevent the exi^culion of warrants under the Foreign Enlistment Act, nevertheless received on board his vessel, before he left the port on the 18th instant, a considerable nundier of men destined to augment the ship's comjiany. " 3. 1 have thought it right to comimniicate to your Kxcellency this information, in the event of Lieutenant Waddell or any of his officers hereafter claiming the privileges of a belligerent in any port of the colony under your government. " I have, &c. (Signed) " C. H. DARLixn."* Our disti'iguishcd President dwelt, as one of the governing motives of his decision against the British Government as to this ship, on the admission thus made hy the Governor, that the neutrality had heen flagrantly violated by the Commander of the Shenandoah, as though this were an admission made by the Governor as against himself. The Governor is complaining that the neutrality of a British port has been violated hy a belligerent, in spite of the endeavours of the Authorities to maintain it, and of the pledge given by the belligerent to respect it. To hold the Governor responsible for ■what he thus complains of is to reverse the nature of things and to make the party toronged liable instead of the vrong-doer. The violation of the neutrality of a British port by the commander of the Slienaudoah could only affect Bi-itish liability if there had been negligence ou the part of the British Authorities, whereby the violation of neutrality liad been allowed to occur. I cannot, therefore, concur in the decision of the majority of the Tribunal that the British Government is responsible for anything that happened with reference to the Shenandoah at Melbourne. Looking to the Eegulatious, and the distance of the vessel from her nearest port, I cannot agree with the President that too much coal was allowed, i cannot agree that repairing or taking in coal at a particular port, on the way to some ulterior operation, makes thi port a base of naval operations ; stiU less that the neutral can be affected thereby when he is ignorant of the ulterior operation so contemplated. I cannot agree that where the government of a colony is honestly desirous of doing its duty and maintaining neutrality, the fiict that men anxious to shij) on board a belligerent vessel elude the vigilance of the police in the night time is to make the parent State liable for all the damage such vessel may afterwards do. And I protest, respectfully but emphatically, against a decision based on grounds to my mind 80 wholly untenable. After leaving Melbourne. The remainder of the history of the Shenandoah may be told in a few words. On leaving Melbourne in February 1865, she proceeded to the Arctic Seas in quest of the whalers of the United States ; and docs not appear to have touched at any port, with the exception of the Island of Ascension, until she arrived and surrendered at Liverpool, on the Gth of November, 1865. Meanwhile, however, the great contest between Federals and Confederates had been finally decided. General Leo had been forced to evacuate the lines of Petersburg and Richmond, and had smTendered with the remnant of his army. The President and Vice-President of the Confederacy had been arrested ami the principal European Powers had withdra^vn the recognition of belligerent rights accorded in 1861. Under these circumstances, Mr. Mason, the Confederate Agent in England, applied to Her Majesty's Government, on the 20th June, 1865, for permission to send, through the British authorities, letters to the Commai.der of tlie Shenandoah du-ecting him to desist from any further hostile proceedings. This application was acceded to, and the letters of recall were sent to Nagasaki, Shanghae, and the Sandwich Islands, and copies * Britiib Appendix, vol. i,|p 666. lort until she an-ivpcl at nity occurred of taking H' oi' the Governor, It miiriir, FchnKiri/ 27, ISC'). CI mi|>;in villi,' (•oiTi's])im(U'ii('o lit' llir ( 'Diilbctcvale Slatt's' iig neciessiiiv rupnii-.s (illbctcil the conJiticiiis jn'ci.scribeil by '■>■■ ! Commissiiiiior nf I'olice in liiit tilt! iifutvulity Im.s been assured mo ol' bin iiitontinu lit tlio 'jxix'Ution (if waiTiints 1, li(.'fi)i't; hf k't't tbo ])ort on ii'.s coiiiyiiuiy. iifoniifttion, in the event of of a belligerent in any port liave, &c. " C. H. Darlino."* motives of his decision sion thus made by the the Commander of the ernor as against himself, irt has been violated hy maintain it, and of the overnor responsible for and to make the parti/ itrality of a Rritish port li liability if there had lereby the violation of of the Tribunal that the L Avith reference to the d the distance of the 3nt that too much coal il at a particular port, naval operations; still of the ulterior operation of a colony is honestly tat men anxious to sliij) in the night time is to afterwards do. And I on groimds to my mind Id in a few words. On tic Seas in quest of the ched at any port, with irrendered at Liverpool, ontest between Federals n forced to evacuate the le remnant of his army, been arrested and tlie ligercnt rights accorded :ate Agent in England, for permission to send, e Shenandoah directing ion was acceded to, and wich Islands, and copies Aher leaving. Melbourne. 227 him after the close c^f tli(> w..- l.n,l 1,0,,, !i • ™P'*"««^'l "'-^t the captures made by that he had reere,rthriiM intHliience^?^^ TT'' '/ !''"* ^'"^'^' ^""'^ '^'^'^'^'^^ Actmg upon tlie advice of tlie Law Officers fho T?v;t,-ci. r '^^"0'i-+ . setting free such of tlio er(>w of tiK.Slu^n indnnb n. ^'^}\'^^\^^''^^-^^^^'^t decided upon .vlio asserted among othet things ?lS ,mt of 1 ^^pw^'' Tv?,""^'^^ '^''^^^^' sailed for New York in November 1805.f ^ American Consul at Liverpool, and doahi'tt^: Silt Srr^i j^ixf r ^^'t ^'^ ^^^^j-^ ^'^ «^— exercise of the prerogative \n L a m-tain s nit f f'^'^i'l I" ^^'^'^^'^^ "^ ^^'^ vessel wheresoever found. "= ^ ''''''^ ""^ ^'''' ^^^J^'^^ *» ^'^i^e ^^^ " ' ^' '*^' H Ibid., pp. 688, 689. it' 228 Casef of the Sumter, Nashville, Vhickamauga, Tallahassee, and Retrihution. The five cases we arc now about to enter on belong to a class differing altogether from tliose which have hitherto occupied our attention. We have here nt; question as to the fitting-out or equipping on British territory; none of these vessels having been fitted-out or equipped, for the purpose of war) in a British port. The complaint, Avith respect to them, is that they were permitted unduly to enter and remain in ports of Great Britain, and to procure coal, beyond what Her Majesty's Regulations of the 31st January, 1862, prescribed ; or that they were treated with a degree of indulgence refused to ships of the United States. The Sumter. First, as to the Sumter, ' At Trinidad. rpj^jg yeggei ^^s a steam-ship ; she Avas purch. "d, at the commencement of the war, by the Government of the Confederate States, fitted-out, and armed, and duly commissioned as a ship of Avar. As such she left the Mississippi, on the 30th of June, 1861, under the command of an officer of the name of Semmes, holding a commission frorn the Confederate Government. She cruized for a period of six months, and during that time made seventeen prizus. She coaled once, and once only, at a British port, namely, at Trinidad, where she arrived on the 30th of July. But prior to arriving at Trinidad, she had put in and coaled at the Spanish port of Cienfuegos, and the Butch port of St. Ann, Cura5oa. After her visit to Trinidad, she put in and coaled at the Dutch port of Paramaribo, and after that at Martinique. Besides stopping at these ports, she put into Cadiz for repairs. It Avas in respect of the Sumter, the first ship of war of the Confederate States which appeared upon the ocean, that the United States' Government asserted the untenable position that, Avhile itself treating those States as a belligerent PoAver, and shrinking from treating Confederate prisoners as rebels, or Confederate ships, when taken, as pirates, they Avere entitled to call upon all other naiions to treat these ships as sucli, and to refuse th^ ordinary shelter accorded by the universal comity of nations to vessels of Avar in neutral ports.' Upon this assertion, Avhich was at once repudiated by every other coimtry, I liaA^e already taken the opportunity of making such remarks as occuiTed to me. I refer to the subject in this place only for the purpose of pointing out that, as regards the assistance afforded to the Sumter at Trinidad, the complaint preferred by the United States' Government Avas not in respect of any excess in the accommodation afforded, but to the vessel having been permitted to enter the port and receive any assistance at all. On the 7th of August, Mr. Francis Bernard, an American gentleman, residing at Trinidad— there being at the time no United States' Consul at that place— Avrote to inform Mr. ScAvard that, " on the 30th ultimo, a steam sloop of Avar (Semmes, Com- mander) carrying a Secession flag, five guns, some of a large calil)rc, and a crcAV of from 120 to 160 men, sailed boldly into our harbour, and reported herself to the authorities of this island as being on a cruize. She Avas last from Puerto Cabello ; and since she succeeded in getting out of the Mississippi River she has already captured no less than eleven American vessels." Having given the names of some of these he adds : — " The Sumter remained here till the 5th instant, .ind w.".s .allowed to supply herself Avith coals and other necessary outfits. The British flag was hoisted on the Government flag-staff for her arrival, and the oflOicers of the British war-vessel Cadmus appeared to be on amicable terms with and Retrihuthn. I to a class difforing on. Wo have hero nu I'ritorj' ; none of these ' war, in a British port, id unduly to enter and id what Her IMajesty's ley were treated with a commencement of the t, and armed, and duly )i, on the 30th of June, 5, holding a commission d of six months, and once only, at a British )f July. But prior to port of Cienfuegos, and uidad, she put in and t Martinique. Besides the Confederate States ivemment asserted tho belligerent Power, and Confederate ships, when ions to treat these ships ersal comity of nations ras at once repudiated r making such remarks the purpose of pointing rrinidad, tho complaint it of any excess in the d to enter the port and I gentleman, residing at it that place — wrote to of war (Semmes, Com- calihre, and a crew of reported li(>rself to the n Puerto Cabello ; and las already captured no Sumter remained here \s and other necessary taff for her arrival, and )n amicable terms with 229 Mr. i^StST^S^Z^.^i^'^'^^ *« ^-1 I^--" an extract irom rogn,ts to 1,0 .,l,li,„i ,„ i,,,,,,, >|,^ J S J 2,;i^ r^?;, ,^ '^^ -:'■ t'- l'"it-l states, of State to,. F,„,.i,;,. Atlairs that 1,. ),as 1.. n td v f ,' , 'i 'f ^''T""')'' '''■'"'^'1^^'' «<^'^''''^t»>y claniiition ot Neutralilv liv .rivl,,,,- .,; i '"-'"'•"'"<" iniiidad lor a violation ol U,v Maicsiv'^ P.v, ;'r.p-a..s ,,y an ext..;. i^;!;^ .fi • t^i^iz'^fi^::! \" '!rr'T "' ''■" ^ ■»' 'i «t:u, ' ' i 1-: ^vorthy of .Tedit, a r.,si.lt.„t of Trin,al Mi ,>.,'''"''''' f '^'^'^'^ <-" '- K^'ntlonian helieve.l to ^vah, that a steani-ve,s,*l known as an ..'.f; Ih-'''''''^!, a (.o,,v of wliid. is sidmntted liere tl.e 3Uth of July last at thJt i:, ^ d w ^ , ™|;i;;;i' .'rr'!-;-''^^' V" '"■'"-■■ ^™^ -™ ™ .™s not only furni.h.d with all necessary n, , 1 > :'',■'" '^"' ■^'-:: ;'">•■''■ ^'"""fc' "I'i'^l' time she of the Attomey-lieneral, Init that Ilur Jlaie v's !■ w "'f ',"""™ "'I'"' "uize, under the sanction ni lU'knowl.Hi^anent of her arrival '' ^ ° '"" """'^^^ ^'^^^^^ "» t''^ Government Hn-staff ;,.p.,2» ... „„ u.,^y. „„,„„,„ uJ'r^'!ssJ:i!szzzsti>:'i!^t:ris^ supply herself With coal and necossaa7ouS." f .^hat^^ic vessel "was allowed to is converted, without any rSenS^tr S^aPf,!^V ' ^".^r^-*^" ^^^ coal."t ^ itierencc to the actual quantity, mto -a full supply of not ^IS^iSs^srL^Z^^ "''''' " "^ ^'^" ''' ^'^'^""''y -- theseT- ^^''*' ^^'""^ ''''"'''^'^'^ ""^ ^^'^ ^™™1 of lederS"sl|?X":t:ia;:! '^^^^ ^'T "f /* ^^^^' *^« A-* --* of a Con^ Her MajestVs slui/aSmutlen t^" Hillyer, commanding presence, l^eforc receiving tie letter CaE S;n ' ' ^^°«'^'^*' requesting his Admiral Su- A. Milne of the Gth August ^lo.-'?'i ""' "^^'^T' ^^°^^ ^'^ '-^P^vt to M-as informed by the aXir AlaS iin-o ff.nf "*, *" '^^'^ ^^'' ^'^^^"^""^ °^" Granada. Southern Conftin-ation. w^at S d.^^ to the had dispatched a letter o him at St Vbcen fl 11 f v^'"'''''^^' °^ ^^' ^^^^ter island with his sWp to Trinidad, aiT^vkg ILere on t^^S ^'^'''' ^^^«^^"P0'^ l^e proceeded He reports further as follows :~ «>;''iriS;^.Si:S?.Jr:rSS ^"i f'r '?• r^^^ ^™ «'- -^ pendant after, I sent the Senior Lieutenant/ M^Sitt mstm.^witrlr' ''"r '''' "^'"P^'""'^ '''^•'P'^'^''' 8°°^ p,od enout-h to show his eommis'sion ni d S,c^,T ^ k " ^ ;°™l'^'"";t«'.''«^4.»esting he would Ije Mr. Sittin^stone produced his commission he did ' '"' '"'"' hesitation, and not before 8tate;']^;rtrff •£i:T'rm;^:s:" '^.S'rr ^°,^?'r ^— ^^^^ ^^ ^he united between decks, vi^„ four heavy 82-pounl.rs . n 'o m ?^ o T« '"'"'f "' ^'''f *'^'"' '"°""'« ^^'e S^ns boat,herscantlin.isso lij^l.t (not ,.01^2; or (i .h^^ but, lumn. he.n a pnssenger- hnuf-. ami the .un.s bein^M.nly from 4 to 5 fce from , u 1 '"' ^ ,t ""', *''"'^ ^'''^ «°"W stand any " She broke the blockade at New r leans a ,d w ,1 ,"'' ''T^^' T^ '" ^™'''^^"' "^ '"^'1 ^^-C'^ther. ^ successful, havin. eleven ,,rizes; two she sank « f, T f '7^^^' 'T' *'''^"' '^''^ ''"« 1^««» "'"«t tionofthetlovernment.with tie sanctLi ot\r; -^K'' "*'''' ^'" Cuba, under the protec Spain as to th. matt,.-. "" "' ^''" t-overnors-in-Chief, untU they receive ordew from the l^J^!:Z^'£^i ^it^^Tl^Z^I^tT^ ^r "'^"^'' ""^ '^-^-"- ft-- tlus place. "I caUed on Captain S^mnes\i!;:t 'iw 'h^CsIi It'J "n'7'^ I^'J^al to supply her.^ „ u_ jiL H,is ijCttiiig lua atcam up, and he gave me full the Sumter at Trinidad were lirilisl ti /»i)])eiidix, vol. ii, p. y. t Case of the United States. [>. 321, t Ibid. The Sumter. At Trinidad. u r'l f II ;!i-!i i. !: ii\ \mi li..^ zA 230 The SumUr. assurance that ho would in no way interfere with British or neutml trafle, hut complnined Rrontly of tlie Sciutlu'riiers luivin;,' no |inrt to Hcml their ]irizi's to, iind that lu! woidd be olili;,'iMl In drstroy idl he loo].., At Trinidad. in (.oiiseinuMice (it'Uic strict liloi'kado on tlie SoutliiMU ports nnd tlii; striiiucnl iirocliiumlidHH of all tlio .'real TowtM-s. Mi' tliiidvs liiiiisi'lf snle at Ciilia, as tlie (iovi'ruMKnit of Simin's I'ro.'ianiatiou is only nj^'aiiist jirivatei'rs ami tlu-ir jiri/cs, and says iiothiiij; ;dioiit lucn-of-war. "Sill' sailed yesterday uiidi'r sti'iiin, at I r.M., and IVoia the sij,'nal station was reported ^oiiij,' |o windwanl, and, IViuii his ([iiestions, I should fancy he is •,'oinu' to enii/e lor some of the Calil'ornia and China hoineward-liouiid shijjs, and there is no doiibt he will do an eiKanious amount of dania;,'e lielbiv liu is taken, for he seems a hold delennined man, and well up to his work."* Thti Govonior, ^\v. Koatc, iippoars to have boon mneli on his guard against any c'oin]mnniso cd'tlio noiitrality ho had l)eon enjoined hy llor ^lajosty's CJovovnmont^ to ohsorvo. In his dospateli to 1h(> Duke of Newcastle of the 7th of August, announcing the arrival of the Sunitor, he Avrites : — "1 have the honour to re] lort that a steamer, puqiorting to be a man-of-wnr, and to helonj; to the so-called ('onfederat(^ States of Xorth America, jnit into the harhour of I'ort of Sjuin on tla^ ;Utlh ultimo. The vessel is called the Sumter, and ap]iears to he a converted iias.sen,;,'er-steamer. Slio now carries, as 1 am ;,'iven to understand, tivi^ ])o\verful .uuiis, "2. Ontheilavof her arrival, oue of her ollicers (all of whom seem to have been in the naval service of the Tnited States) ealleil upon nw, sendiui,' in liis canl, with the wcU'ds written under hi-; name, ' Lieutenant, Confederate States' Xavy.' Uefore receivin,!,' him, 1 directed my Private .Siicretnrv to inijuire of him whether my doiu^ so, alter readiuL;' these words, wcadd lie construed into any sort of reco,i,'uiti(Ui of him nv his sliiji in their assumed charai'ter. I did this iu consequence of the injuinlinu ill your (Irace's despatch 'on no account to rcco,uiiize ' any shiji ' in any other caiiacity than that of a United States' vessel.' Mr. Kvans, fta- such was this othcer's name, replied that he was sent hy his Comniaudiii.t,' Ollicer, Captain Semmes, who was himself unwell, .simply to jmy his respects, and thai to iireveul any such construction he would withdraw his card and only send in his name vcrhally. I then received him, and had some conversation with him, taking occasion to refer c.Kiiie.ssly to the neutral ]K)sitiou occuiiied by Clreat IJritaiu in regard to the two belligerent parties in Nca'tli America.''^ It seems pretty plain that the presence of the Sumter was by no means agreeable, for Governor Keatc adds : — " The avowed and principal object, no doubt, with which the Stunterran to this port was to obtain coals and provisions. A great dealof trade goes ou between Trinidad and the northern jiorts of North America, and Captain Seinmes, I imagiiu;, has not failed to take this opportunity of obtaining iuforina- ' tion with regard to the vosae'i.s employed under the Hag of the United States in this" traflic. Fears are entertained with regard to one or two now e.\])ected. It is to be hoped that the presence of the Sumter in these waters will soon be made generally known, and that, while the civil war continues, the lumber and provision trade, any interru])tion of which would cause .serious embarrassment to this community, will be carried ou iu Biiti.sh bottoms. 1 have communicated with Aihniral Sir Alexander Milne, now, I believe, at Halifax, on the subject, and since the an'ival of the Sumter, Her Majesty's ship Cadmus has come into the harbour, and her Commander, Captain Hillyar, has veritieil^ the character of th(! Sumter, and the eomndssions of her officers, and recognized her as a man-of-wav."|' It appears from these letters that the Governor, beyond rccognizii;g the Sumter as a belligerent, as ho was bound to do, acted with the utmost caution as to recognizing her nationality ; that the production of Captain Semmes' commission was insisted on before any accommodation was afforded ; that the supplies which the ship obtained, beyond pro- visions, were confined to a new main yard and 80 tons of coal ; that even this waa not conceded before the advice of the Attorney-General of the colony had been taken ; that the ship came into port on the 30th of July, and left on the 5th of August ; a period of about six days. We are now able to estimate the correctness of Mr. Bernard's opmion as to the amicable tei-ms on which the officers of the British war- vessel were with those of the Sumter. Their intorcousc appears to have been purely of an official character. It is important to observe that what thus took place at Trinidad occurred in August 1861, several months before the issuing of the regulations restricting the stay of belligerent vessels and the supplies to be obtained in British ports, and when the matter stood simply on the principles of international law. The Sumter, in her short career of six months, put in and obtained supplies of coal, as has been stated, at ports of four different nations, Spain, Holland, the Brazils, and France. It may bo interesting to see how the Governors of these ports understood and acted upon the principles of neutrality which they were bound to observe. British Appendix, toL ii, p. 4, t Ibid., p. I. J Ibid. lit pomplnined p-catly nf tlio i;,'('il t(i (Ifstriiy iill 111' liioK, It )ii'(icliiiimliiiiiM (if all llii^ mill's I'l'di'laiiiiitiim is "iil>' linn was ivportcil ^ciiiij,' I'l sdliiu of tlic Caliruniia iiml , aiiiimiit (if (laiiiago liefnii' his f^iiard afjainst any ijcsty's Oovcrnineiit lo ol" August, aiiuouucino' iii-iif-wiir, and to biiloiij; to r of Port of S]iiin on lln^ lid |iassunj,'in'-stoann'r. Slv, to liavc luM'ii in till' iKiviil 11! wiii'ils wrillon iiiiiici' iii-; licled my Triviiti'. Secretary i I'oiistnH'd into any sort of isi'qiR'iii'i! of the iiijiiiniioii lier ea]iiu'ity tiiaii that of a ed tliat lie was sent liy his ) jiay his respeets, and thai d in his name verhally. I ision to refer exiu'essjy to ellii,'ei'eut jiarties in North by no means agreeable, an to this port was to ohlain the northern ])(Mt.s of Xortli tuuity of oli|:niiiin;,' informa- ' ;s in thitf Irallie. Fears are 1 the presenee of the Sumter il war continues, the hunher aasmeiit to this community, I Sir Alexander Milne, now. Her Majesty's sliip Cadmus eritied the ehariicter of the f-wav."+ jognizirg tbo Sumter as ion as to recognizing her a was insisted on before ip obtained, beyond pro- that even this wa^ not ly had been taken ; that 1 of August ; a period of ard's opinion as to the were with those of the [flcial character. ,t TriiiiiLid occurred in as restricting tlie stay (d' ts, and when the matter ad obtained supplies of n, Holland, the Brazils, ,e ports understood and to observe. 231 ac the i[,,,nu, of the 15th An- ' , ' f| nt tho SnZf ^'''''''■'' *," *''" U^^^d states' Minister tlHU7tl. July. ,„a that she tr. re '^^^^^^ «* St. Anns. Cura^oa on ^omn„,s' Journal and from a lettt. o't o Un ?.^r^t ?' ' J^-'^PP^'''^^*' ^«-°"^ ^'"P ain -;m..l,asaH,ea;.sirom;S;^n;::rS^^^ f'fates iM,„,so,l of twelve dtiys, liavin- k , , llnu, l f "","'^' ^^'* ^''^*^ «" the 31st, makin" a ^afed, m a latter ^Ml, "L^tl^U. ! ' . °/^j//°v^,-«t- ,Tl>o n.mntity of coal i^ Aflairs to tho U.tited States .Minister to Im ho '^ f '^J^^''"'''^ Minister for Foreign ^ iVom the V^Z^^^J^t^^^lj^^^^ ^PP--' ^om a 1801, ti at she arrived at Maranliam on IwWH.nn.'™'''^!'^ "'^ ^^^^^ September, obtained 100 tons of coal, havhTn^lav^nn , '""?'°'^'^ "'"'« ^i^« days, and "would make an ample supplv foi" ten or 'Tiff ^"°' ""^ ^"'^''d' "which," ho adds suppl es sho was allJwcd t'Jprocire L /,j^ "''' "^T ?^ "^^'^^^'^t running." OthS stated that she had enough toC ?or tJire minthrif' "''" ^'" ''''' ^'^ Commander — c.al as her commander re.uired.^T ^:.^ST^SrZ ^£ the I^H^I'Siri^i^LSt 'SJ^:^^S^^i'J;-:^PV^^^ from a despatch of repairs her Commander requested t le u o of L^rVv ^^'"^ T?"'"** ^' '^'^ "^^ded The request was gmnted, though with IS' lim nfS f"""'?* ''"""'^ ^°'' ^^'^^- Purpose, necessary. She remained at Cadiz ti.irteen da^J f 1 ^' '"'^^ ''-"P""'^ ^' v,-ore%trictly ^l^^^t^:3,!;X^^^ ^-1 occasion to coal, and that on every one of such visits SfP l^anhty than she took in at Trinidad remained a greate'r numlWd^jSa^ In ttBSlTorS. "" °"^ '^ Cienfuegos! she as ^}^^s'!\;:^SszS^f:^T^^ '-^^^ «r ''-' *-« -^^ ^ ^^^^ state for tiic Colonies required the Son o^ tS T^^'^r.^!^'^ °'"'"™''' t^« Sccretar| the propriety of the course pursued Tv^S L ^''' ^i^^*^"' ""^^^^ Crown "as tS Majesty's sldp Cadmus;" and also «Ts to Shli^''" '"''^ ^^^ Commander of He? belong ng either to the United Sates or to thfsn ^ft.'^^^r' ^' P"vateers, properly b(. required to leave Brit sh tiorf s in 7i w^^J^'t Confederate States can ^^r.A^r^Z^TZ:k%S.'X^:X^ ''^ P^^- ^« the letter of ron,;:i;':f Sr^ij^S^'^^Sir'i^ir-*'^^""^^^ ^"--'^ ^— ^^ ''- 8-^- hy tho -patch, of August 7, on)y%tate?tlmt St.i^Hiitr?"^ ''«", ''."^ °*«'^'^^: '^"'' GoveTno Keate'a M:r;:X;^V;S^r^^^^^^^^ character of t.. Sumte,and "Pon what instruiS f h^ iS' ""t'^ ""^ ^"'^'' '-°S-'-» -''"t-er. We kno^vnot r«.son to disapprove of tho co^duc of eS ' ^e sZe^''/ 'T' "^ "' ^''^^-^ advised. ^Sre„o "Aui.u.hit.Lompetei'?xra;s:-:7^:;-^^^ t Ibid. [1451 ' P- '7. •• British Appendix, vnl- »i- - .no .. ..'! ,"'"*' P: 2-. Th« Sumtor. M Trinidad. t - f British it' i • p. 108. ft Ibid.,pp. li3,'lI6. 2 H i !, The Sumtor. At I'rinidad. f } ■ 'he 232 -;::;::;;:;::,';;;;:l:f:::;vf."'™3f-;s»;-::- ■"'■ ■;;;;:';;™;:;i::: 1.:" ;^'n .. !...■ .- on,,.,,, k^^ «„.c,, »„ rceoM,,, n,o letter ..f 31.'. A.ta„» <-r tUe til. OeloLer, m.!"' - '""— ^-. ^^^.^^^^ „^,. „ „^„,„ , ,„, ^'"«.; „ „„ ., „„,„ il„, „. ,„>. ,.T.iv,l „l ,!«■ , vl,,,i.,V ,m» ...J «t 11,0 A.l„,i„,lt,, .l,.t „ v™.l *" "'" Tlle'l .l^- oml^ers ..!■ Uh' Crown have rcpovteil lUut thu cou.luct of the G.^vomor ^v.s in coulbrnt.ty to Her Majesty's rroilaiuatiou i,„i„Ht.,T tho British fln<' on the Govummeut Hus-stafl'; „„ ;,t';i;:rrirr'i:^.sy'i;™:;r;^':i:rs;S!'i;«.c, .., .1,. ..i..,i 1 ». 1.. ackmnvlotl-mfiit of the nvnval ot tht^^ Suii.lur. jraji.stv's I'niclanmtion of K„,;ji;ri,:»""=i t'S^-s- "«■!"-' '?•"» -"™"'""^ '»»" -' "- Mujes.y's ship Cadiuu.s."t ^ . n ,, TI.0 Government of the United States instnicted ilr. Adams to inform ller ,r . \ . r-n^f +lnf'Ml..> President deeply ro-nvts that Lord Rnssell -s unable Ma csty's Government that tlio luMdcnr aupi.>_ ,-, o,.,„..inent the insurv ^""^^wflmve seen, when considering how iar, according to international law, a nouti^r^o^eSni: bound to place any restraint on the st.^ m h. porl. J'^.o hj..n vn^ ..seK or on tl. SSltt^lnSteSle^^^'if ^^^^^^^^ Kej^ulations oi .laiuuii.Y lj - • i. xf \^■m^W indeed he stransie il rc'nuatious, ;;;;:„";;:• Ii-eiftitirxS' zLJU:^ti.t^ % » .e,5.. s„v r,.i,,> ., Cvevv ™Ie to '-™l'' »» those regiuations were issued deprives it of uU importance. i • British Appcmiix, vol. ii, (i. '-i. United States' Documents, vol. ii, p. 487. t Ibid., J). 5. j Ibid.. |i. 488. II P*g« !<2-*' IV inivntfcrs, of hellincriMit iwaiv) diiiii' so 'luring; lln'. a's in tlio (iiriiitrdi iiistruc- (.irlimiii (illtriii^ : M\'\ lli'i' l^'i'iiciiil iii.sliiirlicms I'll 111'' Tti'lliatioiial ]piilirv ; Ulilrss, ilii|iu!lii."' liy ]il'i/('^, slK.ilId lussoU on receiving tlic ii/il Offin; (Moho- -U 1SC.1. nivi;,'li Ailiiii-s, liiiK liiid tlir MilTislcv l'k'iii|ioU'litinry of iiidml I'm- a violiitinii nt' Her hu iiiHUiyiiiils ol'llii; I'liilud tho Adiiiiiidty, tliat a vessfl it. to iisci!Vliiiii lii'i' niitioiiiditv, Diivis, fulling' hiiiisrll' iho Ik diiys 111 Trinidad, and to slanii iieiri'ived no illuyalily (lovunmi- was in coid'oiinity m the Ciovomnicut Ha;,'-stal1'; er (if tliu island, and not in • Jlaji'sty's I'rocliiuiation of Jonunaiuling Dtliuer of Her Adams to inform llcr Lord llussell -s unable^ L-nVcUnont, tho insursoni ilic Governor, as tli(\v er is and can be not'iino- o-ht not to be roe('iA\'il in 1-, and that Great Britain some Euro])oan Govern- tlian twenty-four hours jyons, as appears from a But the assumption that sioncd sliip of war of tho ^ to international laAV, a hi las ports of bellii^'ereiit it by that law, no such Jnited States || that tlierc ty of coal that mii,'ht bo )f)serve that it is noAvlierc )oses any such restraint, in respect of this vessel (lly say that tlic Queen'^ cto to create an obli;,'a- e strange if ret^ulations, .y a neutral Sovereign for n be made to create an hem. Even if the hospi- )0 great with reference to j'red some months before 1., 11. 5. Page aa-i. i 233 dep6t would necessarily involve "'"='''^"^ l'"il)oses, ;,hich the permission to lonn a GoAernment, it appeared that this sliip captured in t!.ewho\c'ei' hScM vesS o «^^^^^^^^^^^^^ iiliiiliilPl of the eighteen vessels taken by tho Sumter eio^lt were' tion ,** i^'^'^'''^'''"'*' ontero ; j ^^^ notwli-lhcr the Government or an declared by your <^"^'^™"«"';. 1, i'ul' X lli tJ deSL Lxious ,. unnoxious. The fiovern- individual may sup], v the artiele,but '' ^ «/'", ;Xl^^^\l,,,y hav, ivcourse to the market, but ment may not suppl;. me ^nth l'"-! '^^^ ■ ,,^,;i;^'^'Xn I was in C.diz recently. My ship was SnU^d'hillfa'al^en^ di^cL^^-ur C .;;i^veLf .^JT J/'-. '-^ ^^^ ^^^^ -- ^""-ri;Vr =Se '::^£::i^Z irr S mSaccessible to .e) ; .hy .ay not ^-^ "Tr;S'l'r::;eetMly request that you wiU ^^^^^h'^ '^l^.^f ^S'cSl £^5 returning it to Her Majesty's dockyard. § Here was an occasion where an Mtabitvxally insincere neutraMy ^^^^^^^J^ fonndVt^nds for making an exception to rtUes 'r^JL Warden's SmetTons howev.^, which Captain .^^-^--^.^-^^^'i^^'^,,,^^^^^ nS with coal, either the market." II • United fitates' Documents, vol. ii, p. 500. § British Appon.l vol. ii, p. 18. t Ibid., p. 501. X Ibid Il Ibid., p. 18. 's strift inMiti'.ility in Fcbniiiry Mr. Spmsuc it Imvius yi't rccfivcd a Lott(H' iVoiu Mr. Sproguc iiH 111' wiiti'V, [mill for 1>,V n ■hw iiiul chain. Tn-ilny lit^i' ; ill iliis iiuuUet, mill F Hill V on HJiorc, mill lo-dny Uii'y I st;iU', callcil uiinn iiii' tliis rilil\ shili liii'iu \m- Sliit"^: mill iliul 1 iliil not llii'sr iir'll oil lioaril of tin' .• Iitrn givon to tin' imlicf iiuiliT liy lii'v ollii'crs, and u]> I. iimtiT fnini this port ; still 1 ny fuiihrr trnuMi' iilmul this lit she is very luully vroviilfil seems, in the meantime ;s('(l ;i pressing' letter to ) piircliuse coal from tlie SV((^,s' Mcdiwr Siiiitliu-, hndtitr. Fdmuirii Id, IHUl'. 10 iirni'iiro a Hnjijily ol' coal iituil, I Icavn, by the United 10 furnish the .Siiniler with riit of Her Majesty will tinil xonsislunt with neutrality for ords, the article has heen pro- ;c nil dilferenco whether it he iihursed the expense), and this ivernmeut supjily me with an conic into port destitute ol lie luarkot, would the lirili.sli ) anil had come in dismantled, II have denied me a nuist ; and ■ me coal, both ailicles bciuj,' ivhether the Oovernnient or un s or unnoxioua. The (iovern- }Q. recourse to the market, but Cidiz recently. My ship was irst, iKicauso the repairs were jcessible to me) ; wliy may not li 150 tons of coal, for which I th an agent, who can have no oni some one of the hulks and . neutrality " might have strict. The only answer, n Warden's instructions y nation with coal, either long as there is any in X Ibid Ibid., p. 18. roL 1 ;, iw llnT •;?''• '7 the Aearsarse, and hiter by the J no, and these hnv r H .' '"^ "'"* to intore(.pt the 8umter if she att^mrrfcHl to leave the hnv. [ntlK'nieaulmie her condition remained n.s IH-Iph^s as mL. On the 18th Mr. Sprai^ne wntes to Mr. Adams-" The Snn.ter sMl remains in port Te Coal ir f ''.''• *'""•' ''^ "*' l**'^ «™t. over tlie market prifu- "• ^taur;;;;;;;i::; ""■ """■"°" •" """""■'" "' ■ '«■■'■ i"«» 'w ti.. «,„■.. I'artvv" Si '^''"'rr't2i"*'^Ii'-Spraguowas founded on two i,m)unds • first that the Si,n,fn,. wn. a United States- vessel which had heen made pri«- l.v tl <« C miMmt. • Cl f that the sale was mad(^ in order to avoid capture hv the vessels of ih l-Jt] Z.^', nay.v.§ The local Ciovemn.ent refused to interfere J prov . e a ^ .tV" offiS connected wijh the house ^^ ^J:^Zi:^:^.^'^^ that tlie purchase was m rca tv made on helnlf of tho In+t,.,. T+ . 1 , A , • , ^i the time that the sale wa. (i.-titiotis"anJ t U .^d was int^ad;d i in t '"'''" -^ the ,.roper,y of th. . .ifederates, and \o he cmployetHrtXm " e^i^'L^^li^S^ objection to the sjUe , more especiallv when tlie vessel takinn- ndvnnfno., ,V" ^ • , wind, slipped away at ni^ht and escaped the v c, In^^ee of t ," l^stM. 1 , 1 7 'V"\' ins^rnctions IVom Mr. Adams to sei Jher, notSlai, i^^' .e "ab^ Te'mdlted the port and was eauj^ht on the high seas. Had the sale l.eer, to an hie Siom lie p^r and ■esiin.i,,, herVrn.er earee^ you IS' calf E u! , it l'fu7^,v X'^^d Ihv T ""T pn.c...,linK, mid invoke their mterlerenee. Should it apj^J? ?"^i ' Z tll^ . 1 r hu,:^ Z^'iS purchasuiL,' parties are foreiirners actiiiK in "ood faith for the < nnmr^fn, , • i I. ', -^ "'® and peaceful trade, I see „C better wuv ol^^^t !' J o ., , .^"^^^ property of b'ttle value than to acHuiesce in ■ . ^ t • h t 1 . d iri, n '''''"'""? "^'"" '^ LT;rii-rreSivr;^ti^^^ The vessel aiTivod at Liverpool on the 13th of Februarv 18G3 Thoro «li« „r,,i„^ * repairs; all fittings for warliL P^irposes wore removKf L w^" 5 xce^^^^^^^^ eonihtion of a treight-earrymg merchant-vessel, ft But Mr. Dudley maintSl to the • Unitpd States' noiMiiiipnls, v § British Apppiiili.x, vol. ii, p ** Ibid., p. 514. ok ii. p. 505 t Ibid., pp SOS, 510. I Ibid., vol. ii. p. 507 . 4o. II Ibid., p. 44. f United .St,ttc.s' Documenta, vol. ii, p'; ft British Appendix, vol. ii, p. 64. 515. The Sumter At OibralUr. if 236 last the belief that she was again intended to be employed on ber former service. The consequence was, that vigorous remonstrances were addressed by Mr. Adams to Her Majesty's Government for havmg permitted the sale of the vessel, on the double ground that the transfer was fictitious, and that the sale of a belligerent ship in a neutral port, elfected to avoid capture, is, by the Law of Nations, unlawful.* Three complaints are put forsvard with reference to the foregoing facts : — (1.) That the vessel ought to have been compelled to leave the port in conformity with the Regu- lations of January 1862, as soon as those regulations came into operation, namely, on the 17th of Pebruaiy. (2.) That the Authorities ought not to have permitted the sale to take place, more especially as it was fictitious. (3.) That when, after the sale, the vessel entered the port of Liverpool she ought to have been treated as a Confederate ship of Avar, and as such compelled to leave the port imdcr the llegulations of January 1862.t The first of these heads of complaint is brought 'forward for tlio fii-st time in the Case of the United States ; it never having occurred to the zeal either of Mr. Sprague or Mr. xidams to insist on the Sumter being driven out of the harbour into the very jaws of her enemies. It is now put forward as a flagrant violation of neutrality. As regards this head of complaint it is plain that the only Avay in A\liich tlio United States could be prejudiced by the Sumter remaining in the port is that, if compelled to leave, she would inevitably have been captured by the Eedcral ships which were waiting to seize her. Biit for this, the longer she remained idle at Gibraltar, incapacitated by want of coal and want of funds, the better ; while there, she could do no damage to the commerce of the United States, Trom the hour sh(^ entered the harbour of Gibraltar all complaint of prizes taken or destroyed necessarily ceases. All that the United States could have gained by the Sumter being forced to leave Gibraltar, and being taken by their war-vessels, would have been the few thousand pounds which this old steamer would have sold for ; to which, however, should perhaps be added, that the employment of ships to watch lier would have ceased to be necessary. But was the Governmei\t under any obligation to compel the ship to leave on the expiration of the twenty-four hours ? The answer is that the Regulations of January 31, 1862, did not apply to, but on the contrary excluded, the Sumter, which entered the harbour on tlie 18tii of January, 1862, tho regulations applying in terms only to such vessels as should enter ports of' Her Majesty, '* after the time when the order should be first notified and put in force," in the particular place ; which, in this instance, was not till the 1st of February. Even had this been otherwise it would have been impossible Avith any pretence of justice to apply, ex post facto, to a vessel which had entered the port, when no such regulations existed, a rule whicli must inevitably have had the efi'ect of delivering her into the hands of her enemies. Again, even if the 3rd Article of the llegulations had been applicable to the Sumter, the fact thaL the necessary effect of forcing her to leave the harbour would have been to give her up to hostile vessels, waiting just outside to seize her, would have afforded, I think, a sufficient groimd for suspending the Regulation, and extending the time beyond the twr;ily-j' !ur hours, imder tlu; discretionary power which admits of such extension in cases of necessity. Xo Governor, as it seems to me, is bound to force a vessel to quit a port in which she is in safety, when the necessary effect of doing so must be to throAv her into the hands of a more 'powerful enemy wlio is waiting for her outside. It is admitted that by the Law of Nations a vessel taking refuge, when pursued by an enemy, in a neutral port, cannot be ])ursued. She is protected by the reason of the inviolability of the neutral territory and its waters, and by the right of asylum Avhich the neutral concedes to her. But of what avail Avould this be, if the neutral were bound, at the expiration of twenty-four hoars, to say, " You must quit my port. I am aAvare that your enemy is waiting ouside to seize you, but your time is up and you must go. If, indeed, your enemy were inside the port, I could give you twenty-four hours start of him, which would probably enable you to escape ; but he is just outside the jjort instead of within it, and I must therefore leave you to your fate." I cannot think that any Governor would be ))ound to drive a vessel out of a port wliere she is in safety, when the neces- sary consequence! must be her capture or destruction, any more than he would be bound to do so if the consequence! would be her exposure to a hurricane. The Regulation never was Intended to apply to such a case. * Britiih Appendix, vol. ii, p. 68. t Cose cf the United Sintes, p. 325. former service. The ly Mr. Adams to Her on the double sjround (hi]) in a neutral port, )inavc; tlie ease would ])e witliin the exception: but what masts and saUs are to the sailing vessel, coal, m addition to her maehinerv, is to the steamer _ It, as I have shown, the Queen's regulations did not apply to the Sumter, a fortiori: mthe exercise of his discretion the Governor ought not to have compelled her to leave under the cu-cumstances stated. Ill ans^yer to the remonstrances of Mr. Adams as to the sale of the vessel liavin<^ beim allowed to .take place. Her Majesty's Government, under the advice of its Law Olhcers, took this position. The sale of a belligerent shij) in a muitral port to avoid caplure has in it nothing unlawful. It may possibly be invalid agaiust the other helligerent, into whose hands, but for such sale, the vessel would have fallen ; but it is good against the rest of the M'orld. The vessel may be subject to capture, wlien again at .s(-a, by a ship of the belligerent, and the new owner must abide l)y the decision of a 'rize Court of the belligerent as to the validity of his purchase; he cannot claim pro ectiou from his own Government in respect of the seizure. But the Government of the neutral ])ort cannot interfere to prevent the sale, nor can it prevent the imrchaser from (lea uig with the vessel as he pleases. It is under no obligation to do so ; and- wliat IS stiff more to the purjiose— it lias no power to do so. It was tlieref:ore impossible that the British Authorities coidd, consistently with the law, interfere witli the sale or movements of this vessel. They had no power to try the question whether the sale was real or fictitious: even it the transfer had been plainly fictitious, they had no power to prevent the vessel leaving the port as freely as she had entered it. This position appears to me impregnable. I wUl only add that I do not find any- where pointed out by what ])f)W(>r, whether derived from statute or common law, the iiritish authorities could have seized or interfered with this vessel after her sale Even if the British Government could be held to have incurred any liability in respect of the Sumter having been suffered to leave Gibraltar, as she never a-ain appeared on the seas as a vessel of war, or did injury to an American ship, no claim to damages can arise in resiiect of her lieing permitted to leave, beyond, possibly, the mconsidemble sum whieli may been her value. The portion at first taken by :M. Staempfli that, by analogy to the case of a militaryforee taking refuge in a neutral country, in which case aii'^ established rule of international law requires tliat such force should submit to being disarmed and dis- handed, a ship of war taking refuge in a neutral port must in like manner lie disarmed and disniaiith>d is, as 1 have shown elsewhere, wholly untenable the distinction between military and naval forces in this respect being universally admitted I am glad to find the honourable gentleman no longer insists on it. After the arrival of the ship at Liverpool Mr. Adams, addressing Earl Russell msistetl on her being still considered as a Confederate vess(>l of war, and therefore Mitlun the (iueen's regulations relating to the stay of ships of war in British ports.* Earl Russell gave the proper answer : — " r Imvc tli(^ hiuiMur to iiitnrin ycni tliat irei':\riijesty'H Oovoniiiu>iit have liad under their cousidera- tinii, 111 (■,miiiiiiiiUMti..ii with the prniicv Law Adviscis of tlie Crown, your letter of the 18th ultimo statinu tliiit you had veceiveil iiiforinatiou of th.^ arrival of tlie steamer Siunter at Liverijool and calfintr my attention to the l)eariii,i,' on this ease of Uer Majesty's I'roelamntion, limitinjrtlw stay w'itliiu British ports of vessels of war lielonum.t; lo either of the lielli^'erent parlies. •• f liave now to iiilonn you that Her Majesty's (ioveninieiil, in the present state of their informa- tion on the snhjeet, are uiialile to assume, as ym appear to do, that the ship hitely called tjie Siintei- has not been h^-ally ami lumd fulc sold to a Dritish owner for eommcrcial and ])ea'eeful purposes • and. unless it were eslalilished that the sale was merely lietitioiis, Ife! Jlajesty's t'roelamatiou, to which you refer, eannol lie doeiiiud applicable to that vessel in ihe port, of Livei'pooi.''f The Sumter. At Gibraltar. At Liverpool. If * Britiah Appoiidix, vol. ii, p. Hi. t Ibid., pp. 57, 58. The Sumter. At Lirerpool. 238 To this might have been added that she was no longer a vessel of war. Even if this view were erroneous, the Sumter, never having done further mischief to United States' vessels, no claim to damages can possibly arise in respect of her having been allowed toTemain at Liverpool. This being so, it may be scarcely worth while to say more about her. But as this pitiful claim is made the occasion of studied insult to Great Britain, on the score of her •' habitually insincere neutrality," it is right to observe that, as soon as this vessel was known to be at Liverpool, she became the object of watchful attention on the part of Her Majesty's Government. On the 4tl.\ of April Earl Russell writes to Mr. Adams, as follows : — " Sly attention Imvinj,' been drawn to a paragraph which appeared in the ' Daily New.s ' uf the 17th ultimo, in which, under the heading of ' Confederate War- Vessels/ is included the Sumter, now called the Gibraltar, as having been thoroughly repaired at Birkenhead, and being ready for sea, I deemed it advisable at once to request the proper authorities to cause particular attention to be paid to this vessel. "I have no^v the honour to acquaint you that it appears, from a Report which has been reoeived from the Collector of Customs at Liverpool, and which has been communicated to me by the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, that, since the arrival of the Sumter at Liverpool on the 13th of February last, she has been carefully watched by the Custom-house officers, and that, although the vessel has received some repairs, nothing has taken place regarding her of a suspicious character. "The Sumter appears to be laid up in the upper part of the Great Float, at Birkenhead, and there seems to be no sign of her being at present intended for sea. " I have the honour to add that the authorities at Liverpool are instructed to continue to observe this vessel and to report without delay any circumstances of an unusual character which may happen to take place with regard to her."* To which Mr. Adams replies : — " I have had the honour to receive your note of the 4th instant, in reference to a paragraph which appeared in the 'Daily News' of the 17th ultimo, respecting the immediate preparation of the Sumter for departure from the port of Liverpool. I must confess thnt the information received by me from Liverpool, frcu; \yholly independent sources, iiad led me to beheve the newspaper statement to be tme. It is, however, ^•. ith very great satisfaction I receive the contradiction of it i'rom your Lordship, as well as the assu.-ance that the movements of that vessel are under the observation of Her Majesty's Govern- ment. I am the more led to indulge this that the notice appears to have been spontaneously furnished to me with a degree of courte.sy which I should be wanting in my duty if I were to fail properly to Bppreciate."f A month or six weeks later, all her war fittings were removed ; and the vessel, having been adapted for running cargo, it wa.s proposed to loaa some heavy ordnance on board of her, tlie intention being no doubt to run the blockade and convey the guns, which api)ear to have been intended for purposes of fortification, to one of the Southern ports. Tlio Autliorities immediately interfered, nor would they allow the ship to sail Avith the guns, till thoroughly satisfied that they were incapable of being used on board, and were to be carried only as cargo. On tlic 1st of July, M.. Dudley, for once giving credit to the Authorities for a desire to do their duty, writes : — " The steamer Sumter is still in port. She has taken on the two large guns referred to in previous despatches. The Collector refuses to clear the vessel until they are removed, and threatens to seize her if she sails without her clearaiice. Either the Government or owners will have to give way. Thi.«) looks H.S if the authorities were in earnest; at least, so far as this vessel is concerned."]: On fiu'tlu'v- Inquiry all doubt as to the guns being cargo was removed, and the vessel was al!>)-,»ed to clear with them on board. The coTuident exi)octations at first entertained by Mr Dudley of her being destined for further use as a vessel of war proved unfounded. She assumed the humbler character of a blockade-runner, and is supposed to have been lorit in attempting to get into Charleston. It is impossible to say that any responsibility attaches to Great Britain in respect of this vessel. British Appendix, vol. ii, p. 59 t United Stat»»' Document!, vol. iv, p. 203. t Ibid., p. 61. sel of war. : done further mischief irise in respect of her bout her. But as this ain, on the score of her oon as this vessel was ention on the part of ollows : — ' Daily News ' of the. 17th led the Sumter, now ciilluil ig ready for sea, 1 deemed ittention to be paid to tliis ■t which has been receiveon Ca.H d to, lit 1? '^''^>"." ' '\"^' L-entenant Poagrara to supply their vessel with 000 tons'of c^jlt llcilJ^S •;4!:h t^^S'S^t ^^i;:^^^^^ .Plus rcquest_ Captain Hutton declared himself unable to complv with and ih. The Governor further states : — supplies of n^aterial and stores foithfsupport of their caLe 'P'"" '°""^' "'"^ ^'^'^'^^^y '° "^'^''^ England; that she ha.l 2,000,000 dol. on \,oard L ... 3nse of n^^^^ ?'?""' '"^ " I trust my proceedmgs on this occasit,n will meet your Grace's approv;a."t It is stated in the Case of the United States, that " the Nashville took on board at Bermuda, by the permission of the Governor, 600 tons of coal -mrl tW%ll f approved by Her Mtyesty's Principal Secretaiy of StatLfthrCdol f'Ul" i ll wS seems to have been elicited by the complaints which had been made to th^ Govomol v the Consul of the United States at tliat port. It may also be that Her lAIajesty? Govern ment prelerred to have the question settled, before it could be made^ t e su ?Jc't of diplomatic representation on the part of the United States " t-uijjtct ot This statement^ requires correction. In the first place, no permission was civen by the Governor. At hat time none was required. No regulations havirtheuC issued as to the stay ot vessels m British ports, or th,> supplv of coal to be a Towed to them It was free o a vessel of ivar to purchase as much cf^afas she required In the second place Ihe quantity was, in ti.et, not COO .;ons, but, as ai^pears from a despach from Governor Lefi-oy to the Eari „f Kimberlev, Mther 142-1 or 472uSis according as the n^port ol an oflicor of the port, who took doAm tlu, amount oi the m(>mni'v nf flio nsivfv wbn Bunnl ,>/l +l.,> ,.„.,i i . , . , "^ *""ui, ui luc memory ot the party who supplied the coal, may happen to be con-eet.t This iact appearmg m the evidence furnished by Her Majesty's Gov cmment, it is * Page 328. 145] f British A|ij!endix, vol. ii, p. 87. I Ibid., vol. V, p. 13. 2 J I The Nashville. At Bermuda. 240 now said by the United States' Government to "matter little which is the true account;"* yet we have seen 150 tons treated as a considerable amount; and while on this subject I cannot help obser-.'ing that although it is true tliat Governor Ord, in writing to the Duke of Newcastle, says, with rtferenco to the amount of cual taken by the Nashville, he "has been informed tl\ey liave taken in about 600 tons," the United States' Consul, Mr. "Wells, who no doubt kept a sharp eye on what was doing, and was more likely to be well informed about it, states, in a letter to Mr. Seward of the 8th of November, " the Nashville took in about 500 tons of coal."t "Why should the larger figure at once be assumed to be the right one, Avithout any reference to the statement of ]\Ir. "Wells? "When it is stated that tlie approval of the Colonial Secretary of what has been done ' jcems to have been elicited by the complaints which had Ijeeu made to the Governor by the United States' Consul," I am struck by the fact that there ia a total absence of all such complaint. Beyond an application made by the Consul to the Governor, on hearing of the ship's ai-rival, soliciting that an order may be given that no supplies shall be granted to the vessel, no remonstrance or complaint of any kind is made by Mr. Wells. J "When it is insinuated that " ller Majesty's Government prefeiTed to have tlie matter settled before it could be made the subject of diplomatic correspondence," two things should be added ; the first, that the supplies furnished to tlie Nashville at Bermuda :.".\cv ilid become the subject of diplomatic correspondence, no complaint having ever been addressed to llcr ^iajesty's Government, either as to the fact of coal having been supplied to the Nashville, or as to the quantity furnished to her. The subject is brought forward as a matter of complaint, for the first time, in the proceed- ings before tins Tribunal. Further, it should be stated that the approval of the Secretary of State was elicited by the request of Governor Ord himself, who asked to be informed if he had acted rigTitly in allowing the vessel to coal. It is distressing to have so frequently to advi>rt to inaccuracies of this kind. The approval of the Secretary of State for the Colonies was in these words : — "Tlio courso'puv.suiHl liy yon in the jn'e.sent instance was in strict uccordiiuce wtli tlio principles which you will tind laid down in my Circular des]wtch. " i have lurtlu'i- to state that Imth ynu and Cai)tain Hi'Uon showed a very in'oper discretion In declining to Ciirnish supplies tu a war-vessel of one of tho belligernnt parties from public str.es belonging to the British tiovernnient. " Her Majesty's Government entirely appro\'e of the whole of your proceedings on this occas''jn."§ The Secretary of State, by the same mail which carried out the approval of the Secretary of State as to what had been done, sent a Circular to the Governors of Her Majesty's Colonies, containing instructions for their futm-e guidance in such cases:— " Having had occasion to consult the Law (Ifticers of the Crown on the subject of remonstrances addressed to the Governors of some of the Colonies by Consuls of the United States, in regard to certain particulars in the treatmei't of vessels bearing the Hag of the States which have seceded from the Union, I think it right lo communicate to you, for y-^our information and guidance, the principles which ought to be observed in cases of the kind which raised t\w present (juestion. " You will \uiderstand, therefore, that no foreign (Jonsul has any power or jurisdiction to seize any vessel (under whatever MagJ within British territorial waters, and that the British authorities ought not to take any steps adverse to merchant- vessels of the Confederiite States, (jr to interfere with their free resort to British po'ts. " With lesjiect U> sui)]jlies, even of articles clearly " contmband of war " (su(;h as arms or ammuni- tion), to the vessels of either party, the Colonial authoritii's are not at lilxaty to interfere, unless anything should 1)0 done in violation ol' the Foreign Knlistmenl Act, .'iO Geo. Ill, cap. O'.t, which prohibits the equipping, furnishing, lilting out, and arming of ships or vessels of foreign belligerent Powew, and also the supply of guns or equipments for war, so a.s to inciea.se the warlike force of ve.ssels of war, but which does not render illegal the mere su]iply of arms or ai.imunition, &c., to private ships or vessels. "If it should be necessary for the Colonial authorities to act in any such case, it should only be done when tlie law is regularly put in force, and under the advice of the Law OtKcers of the Crown. "With respect to the supplying in British jurisdiction of articles inii-ipitia ntsus (such, for instance, 08 coal), there is no ground for any interference wliatever on the part of the Colonial authorities."!! It is plain from these instruet;oIl^! that Her Majesty's Government, acting under the advice of tlie Council of the Crown, took the same view of the law rpplicable to such a case that all writers on international law had taken, namely, that in the absence • Argument of the United Stales, p. 301. I British Appendix, vol. ii, p. 88. + United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 207. § VoV,., p. 89. II Ibid. is the true incl while on ii-nor Ord, in oal taken by > tons," the it was doing, r. Seward of Why should >rcnco to the at has been made to the ere h a total onsul to the )e given that of any land to have the idcnce," two Nashville at complaint ! fact of coal ;o her. The the proceed- roval of the ho asked to listressiug to ivords :— tlio principles r (lisorotion '.n 1 piiblic str,'es this occas- jn."§ iiroval of the mors of Her ;h cases : — renionstrancea ?giir(l to certain roni the Union, es wliich ought on to seize any -itius ought not with tlicir free nif! or aminuni- mk'sa anytliing I prohibits the owera, and also sels of war, but pa or vessels, slioiild only be the Crown. '.h, for instance, horities."!! icting under applicable to L the absence 207. The Nashville. At Bermuda. 241 of regulations made by the neutral State, a belligerent vessel in a neutral port enjoys perlect lil)erty to obtain, from private sources, whatever supplies she may require. .Nois even it the Governor had had any discretion in the matter, could it be said that lie had exercised such discretion unwisely. The Nashville did not aijpear to be going on a mission of war at all. She was imperfectly armed with only two rifled t_pounder guns. She was conveying to Europe agents authorized to communicate with Eiu-opean Governments on behalf of the Confederate States. The quantity of coal allowed her was no more than Mas sufficient for the purpose of such i. voyage, and there was then no rule hmiting the supply to the quantity to take her to her Searest port. As a ship ot war she Avas at liberty to buy what she wanted. I am therefore quite at a loss to see how the supply of coal at Bermuda can be made a ground for asking damages at the hands of this Tribunal. The argument that what was done at a time when then; was unrestricted freedom in respect of such trans- actions, IS to be tried by the test of stringent regulations, afterwards made for the purpose of placing restraints on that freedom, is obviouslv unsound. When it is said that there was a ^uolation of lUHitrality in allowing a Coufcd.n^te vessel to take as much coal as she wantc-d, w-hi e th.^ United States were not permitted to establish a depot of coal for the supply of their vessels, the argument which confounds the obvious distinc tion between a public notional store and the resource's of private dealers, if indeed worthy ot attention, has already been disposed of. .h. J^'' Nashville arrived at Southampton on the 21st November, 1861. On her way At Southampton, she seized and set fire to a United States' merchant-vessel, making her crew T.nsoners ot war On this ground, as well as her b(>ing a vessel of the insurgent Government, Mr. Adams objected to her being received into a British port. It was ascertained that the N^ashville was didy commissioned as a ship of war of the Gontederate .States, and was under tlie command of a duly commissioned officer. The Law Officers, on being consulted by the Government, gave an opinion in strict conformity to established principles of international law :— "The NasliviUe appears to bo a Confederate vessel of war; iier commander and officers liave commissions in tlie Contederate navy ; some of them liave written orders from the Navy Department Eichmond.to report to Lieutenant I'eagrani ' for duty' on board the Xaslivilk, and her crew have si-ned articles to ship in 'tlie Confederate navy.' Iler having captured and burnt a United States' merchant-ves:-l on the Ingh sciis cannot, under these eircumstanci^s, be considered (to adopt Mr Adams' words) as voluntardy undertaken by individuals not vested with pcwers generally acknowledged to be neces,sary to justily aggressive waiiare;' nor does it at all approximate within the deKnitwn of piracy ; nor is it an Unautlanized act of viole.-ce ; and if (as Mr. Adams suggests) Her Maiestv's Govera.nent is called on in this case 'either to recognize! a belligerent, or to denounce a wron- doer' Her Majesty s Government must, upon the facts and do.- -nents now appearing, adopt the Ibrmer " With reference to the idlegation that some of her officers are to be put in commana of vessels now litliiig out in I^ritish plain I'atey reported that I)o,.kniaster at Soutliampton had on mevious mght found two othcers (one w.th side-arn.s) and three n.en belonging to Tu.se urander 0™^ Dock ieneo on jaer between Docks ; they slated that thev were stationed there !,>• their Ca ain's onle rs sst^;tn;;;:;.d tirSo:;:^"''' " '"^'•' ■'^^" '-" ^""""" ""^'-"^^ ^^ ^^T^X Iwnf'lVf !,'""•' ^"- •'"'"">'" ^''''.^'.^^ ,"'«'! '•''I"^>'t^''l tl'^'t Tnscarora had received 150 tons of coal and had kept her steam up sn.ee her arnval, with a sjn-ing „n her cable, apparently ready for sea Jmuuu-^ ] l.-Captam Wdcox, .,f Jler Majesty's ship Dauntless, sta{ oned 'in .Southampton Water nlormc.l taptams of fuscarora and Nashville that he had obsc^rved pre], arat ions >,a tdUrtue' and had.nstruetmns to prevent any hostilities in liritish waters, and' bri.nght to their no ice tC he Lawoi ^at.on,s rerpnrcs that twenty-four hours shoahl elnp.se before the .Feparture of on Uiient Z. I'r ";■'"' ',"f '" 1""'""' r' •■'■'■'''■^''•- <'^'Ptain I'atey, as Senior Officer at South. n>p on al, m orn ed Captams ol luscarora an.l Nashville that he had received (alters to detain one vessel'un 1 he o her bad twenty -lour hours' start. Captains of two vessels answered they would conforn, o 1 w aid Captain Craven (of Tus.-arora ch„,aed right of free access to and egress from ' waters of nae behoved to be in amity with United States,' trusting that strict impartiality would be observed be" ee the two vessels. Ir. reply. Captain I'atey referred to fact of Cal.tl.in Cra4n liaving .sent c^ cers an men i. to Docks to watch Na^diville, and also pointed oat that a boat, a,,,,arentry an a 1 i'nn tie Tasearorn had l,ee„ obsen-ed pulling in an,l out of the Docks without land ng during the nLd C pt in Craven gave assuvance that this would not be repeated. " ^'^I"'"" b-„l,t "J^r'7i ^--'^"f !"™'^ Y\ ''"'■'«"''-"; "^ -t ^^-^l-. ^"'^1 proceed.,.,i to anchor one mile west of Calshot bgbt-shi).. lleturned at 4 r.M, to iornier anchcaagc at entrance of Itchen Kiver " Jaiinavi/ 15.— Tnscarora at 2 1'..m. weighed, and pas.sed Calshot, " Janniin/ IG. — At 2 i'..M. returned to original anchora<'e. Ca.stl'e.'^'""'*"''^ ^^'~^ '^ ''■"■ P™™''''"'' '^""■" •^™t"'"i"!'tou Water, and anchored outside Calshot " Jnnuanj 22.— At 10 a.m. returned to aneliorag.! at mouth of Itchen lliver ■• Jrnwfn-!, 25.-Cai,tain I'atey reported .\ashville ..oalcl, and necessaiy repairs completed and Tnscarora ready lor sea; also that, in conversation with him. Captain Craven, of I'uscarora, had avow' that be would do his utmost to render rule as to twenty-four hours' start null and void by c(,nstantly kee,.ing up s earn, and having .slips on he, eable, .so vliat the moment Nashville might move Tnscarora woihd precede ler, and elaim i,nor,ty of sailing, returning again wit'n-n twentylf.n.r hours, and so actually blockading .NiUshviUe in a neutral jKU't. ' ■ , .uiu so " •/■""'/-ov/ 2i;.-Under instructions. Captain I'atey obtained written promises from captains of Tusearora and Nashville not to leave their then iK.sitions without yiviug twenty-f,uir hour.s' n.'tice Jummn/ 2 /.-In order to prevent any hostile i.roceedings between the two vessels in liritish waters, a messenger was di.spatched in the morning to Siaitbamiiton, witii instructions to Captain I'atey to require Nashville to depart by 12 o'.dock at noon oi. Tuesday, the 2.Sth danuarv, and Tusearora on olowing dayat sanuMiour; but at 1 !;,m., and before receiving these last-nienthaie.l instructions Captain 1 attiy telegraphed that Captain ot luscarora had nutilied to him that that .shin would put to sea on the IrjUowing .lay, namelv, on 28tli January, at 1 1 a..m. To this telegram an an.swer was at once sent^tha Tn.scarora was accordingly to be alloucl to ].roceed first; and, un.ler the circumstances Captain latey did not think it necessary t.i ac.iuamt the captain of Tusearora of the orders he (Captain Patey) received subsequently (on the afternoon of the 27th), reiiuiring the ship to quit Southampton Jimuun/ 28.— Cai)tain of Tusearora reporteil by letter to Caj.tain I'atey that be should defer departure, m consequence oi inelemency of weather, until 2'.lth, or first fine day Captain Patev in answer, toUl Cajitam Craven that he saw iipthini; in the state of tli.. w.'ather 't.i prevent Tu'-'-TOrn • British Appendix, vol. ii, p. 1 14. The Nashville. At Southampton k 244 The Nashville. At Southampton. Again at Bermuda. proceeding, and requested she would lose iio time in doiiif; so, observing tlint, lia\'ing received from Cnptiun Craven ii written ndtilicnti.m of liis intention to proeeed on the 27tli, nt 11 A.M., he (Captai Patey) had not deemed it neee.^sary to eoiivey to Captain Craven tlu' instruetioiis he had received fo Tuscarora to leave Southampton at noon on thi^ 2>Slli, "Jinuutnj 2S.— Ciipiiiin I'atey diivctcd liy telegraph ucit to take any stejis, at pre.sent, to compel liniain.s in x'armouth Tusearoras (le])arture. 'JaniKini I'll.— .At S-jll a..m., Tu.scarora proceeded down Southamiiton Water. " Jnninir/f :W. — Cnptnin I'atey, hy telegrai>li, reports Tu.searora, at 2 I'.M., reu Roads, and he asks for in.structious as to 'Xa.shville's dejiarture. Informed, in reply, that the time of AashvUlcs tuparture will date from hour Tu.scarora shall really go to .sea, in aecordanee with notice. " Ailmifulli), Jainiurij 'M, 18(i2."* TIlis summary wa.s forwarded by Earl Russell to Mr. Adams, with this obser\-ation : — " I think yon will see from this smnmary that Her Majesty's (iovernnient have reason to complain of the conduct of the eoiumandcr of the Tuscarora, as an attempt to carry on hostilities in the waters of a neutral. " I have the homair also to inclose a copy of the ' London Gazette/f containing tlic rules which I mentioned to vcju in a ]irevious letter." On th(> 1st f)f February, the Tuscarora, having left Lvmington, to which place she had previously sliifted her bertli, six miles to tlie Ave.4 of the Is^ecdles, is seen steaming to the westward. The ^■ashville is aecordiuEjlv informed tliat she can leave on the onsuuig- day. The next day the Tusc rora is at Portland. On the 3rd, she is at her former station in Cowes Ifoads. The Xasiivillo havini,' in the mean time given notice to leave on tlie 3rd, notice was given to the captain of' the Tuscarora not to leave for twenty-four hours. Bnt so suspicious did the movements of this vessel appear to the commanders of ller Jfajesty's sliips, that it Avas thought iieccssarA^ for a ship of Avar to accompany the Nashville past the Tuscarora, and for a watch to be kept on the latter by the Dauntless. It thus appears that tlie Captain of the Tuscarora systematically endeavoured to elude the twenty-four hours' riilt! by keeiiinu' i;p his steam and having slips on his cable, and by making a series of false starts. Indeed, he preceded the Nashville only to return at the moment of tlie latter's departure, and he was therefore not permitted to leave for another space of twenty-fcmr hours. Nevertlieless this officer, who had himself been treated Avith scrupulous impartiality and attention, but had giA^en to Her Majesty's Government just cause of complaint,'having been lialHed in his endeavours to elude the necessary regulations of iieutralitv, did not leave Southampton without '■'^iplainingtbat "ajustand rigid impartiality did not appear to have been extended to hiin,"| in connection with " the escape of the pirate Nashville." It Is true that ]\Ir. Adams admits, in a despatch of tlie 7th of Felirutu-y, 1802, that "he (Captain Craven of tlie Tuscaroraj Avill doubtless lay the blame on the action of the people and (iovcinment of this country; my oAvn ojjimon is, that if he had been a little more cool and quiet, he Avcmld have fared better." § These proceedings of the Commander of i\w, Tuscarora have been referred to by M. Calvo in his recent Avork as a clear violation of neutrality. The Nashville, tm" leaving Soiithamiiton, recrossed the Atlantic and airived at Bennuda on the 20th of rel)ruary, 18li2.|| The regulations issued by the British Govemnient on the 31st of January ])revioiis, limiting the stav of the armed A-essels of the belligerents and the siipi)lies to be ol)tained by them in British ports, did not arrive m lliat colony until n(>arly a fortnight later, and Avere unknoAvn to the Governor at the time of the Nashville's visit.lT There Avas no ground therefore for placing any restriction on the coaling of the Nashville, and she is stated by the United States 'Consul to have taken in 150 tons.** She left the folloA»ing day, and apparently went straiglit to Charleston. ^Measures Avere taken bv the Governor to insm-e the observance of neutrality during her visit, and as at the "time of her departure several merchant-vessels were in sight, some of which might have been United States' sliips, the Admiral in command desired the Commander of Her jrajesty's ship Spiteful to proceed to sea and Avatcb that the Nashville did not interfere with any vessels of Avhatever nationality until beyond tlie limit of ihitish territorial jurisdietioiuft Here the career of the Nashville, as a vessel of war, seems to have closed, and on 1*., i^ntivM Appendix, vol. ii, pp. 120, 12\. j Ibid., p. 121. I Ibid., p. 125. S Lxcciitiv.. iiocunipnts, 18Gl-fi2, No. 104, p. 38. || British Appendix, vol. ii, p. 178 ir|British Coimtcr-CaBp, p. 108. *• United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 213. t+ British Appendix, vol. ii, p. 178; vol. v, p. 2. lint, lm\nng received from 111, at 11 A.M., he (Cnptni utioii.s he liad received fo tc])s, lit present, to compel nter. M., nunains in Ynrnionth ill reply, tliat the time of iccordiuu'e vitli notice. . Adams, with this t hiive reason to complain 11 hu.stilitie.s in the waters taining the rules which I )ii, to which place she 'dies, is seen steaming dio can leave ou the the 3rd, she is at her can time given notice rora not to leave for vessel appear to the y for a ship of Avar to he kept on the latter cally endeavoured to ind having slips on cceded the Nashville lie was therefore not ertlu'less this officer, d !itt(>ntion, but had ng been hallled in his A leave Southampton appear to have been S'ashville." It :s true ary, 1802, that "he on the action of the hat if he had been a re been referred to by antic and airived at ssucd by the British >f the armed vi^ssels British ports, did not ■re unknown to the ground therefore for stated by the United ' day, and apparently vernor to insure the ler departure several United States' ships, sty's ship Spiteful to with any vessels of u'isdii^tion.ft have closed, and on Ibid., p. las, ipeiidix, vol. ii, p. 178. ts, vol. vi, p. 213. 245 her return to Cbarlestou she was converted into a merchant-vessel, under the name of The Nashville. the Thomas L. Wragg.* It i.s idle to say that any responsibility can attach to llcr Majesty's Government in respect 01 this vessel. T/ic ChicknmaiKju. The claim put fonvard in respect of this vessel is founded ou a single act of coaling at Bermuda. I must express my surprise that Ihelimeof this tribunal should have been occupied Avtb a chum so groundless and frivolous as this This vessel was originally called th,> Edith. She was a double screw steamer, and was employed m running the l.lockade. She was purchased bv the C<,nfed.>rat(, Go^em- Skamau-r^ "" ''''' """'''''''^'''^ i"to a vessel of war, and named the ,. ,T'>" ^,f\'>^ .}^"' United States " invites the attention of the Tribunal of Arbitra- ihL t"n / ■ ''T'"''' 1" V.n"^' *'"' •'^'^'1 "^•'"' ^■^^^^^^'^ ^-^"^ P«'»"t.tod to adapt themselves to cu-cunistances t Why om- attention sh(,uld be thus invited I am at a loss to miagine Is it meant to be sugg<>sted that Great Britain could, or ought t» have, prevented vessels originally built as trading vessels from being converted into shipsofM-ar, or should have rel used to recognize them as ships of war, when so con- verted and commissioned, because ^heir original destmation had been of an humbler character r* Litlier supposition is ulmously absurd. Having rim out from Wilmington on 'the night of the 28th of October, 18G1, and succeeded in evading the blockading slii,,s, she destroyed several trading vessels belonging to he United States. On tin, 7tli of November she put into Bermuda.t Her Commander, Lieutenant \\ ilkinson, applied to the Lieutenant-Governor for leave to coal and repair his nuichinery. The Lieutenant-Governor thereupon requested the Admiral commanding on the station to cause a survey to be made to ascertain the repairs required by the vessel, and the time uecessarv for their c()mi)letiou, as well as the quantity ol coal now in lu;r, and the additional quantity, if any, that would be requu-ed to enable her to ])rocee(l to the nearest Confederate i)ort.§ The officer appointed by Captain Glasse reported that certain repairs (specified in detail) were necessary to render the vessel fit for sea, and that these repairs would occupy from four to tive days ; that they were informed that she had about 7o tons of coal on board while her daily cons^umption was 25 tons; they therefore considered that 25 tons more wouh bo sufficumt to enable her to reach the nearest Confederate port. 11 Orders were issued by the Lieutenant-Governor in took Beniuulii jiilot. At H a.m. let <,'o the port uiichor with 25 t'litlioin.s chiiiu in Five Vathoni TIolc nfl' St. (icor;,'!'. 1 wi'iit in ashore in ('har{,'e of uaptaiu'a boat. Captiiiu wont to Hamilton to sci' tiu' (lovcnior lo j,'('i )it'riiiissi(iii to lirin^; the shi]) in. " AlKT/ziic)' 8, 18(14. — Sill]) .still anchored in tiie same, iiliuc. We will |,'() in this evoninf». They Imve decided to let iis cour! in lor live davs, llo\c up anilior at 4 P.M. and uiinio into St. (ieorge, and let go anchor at aliout 4;ill. " Adrcinhrr it. — Slii]i in the stieam, Ui^ceivinu! Ircsli water and jirovlsiona. Siiip is Hwaniiing with hnnilinat women, wiisherwomen, ^.-e. .Met IMidshipman Warren, (.'onfedorale State.s' Navy, who is waitinj; lor the Florida. Went out into the iiaintrv and .staiil all nij^'ht with him. " JVoiriiilin- 1(1. — Ship still in .stream. At 4 P.M. the hark I'leiade.s hauled alongside to give lis coal. Coaling; shi]) all ni^;ht. (!ot in aliout 72 tons. " Nmriiih-r 11.— Stopped coaling at 4 .\..^t. " yomiihi- la. — Keturned on hoard at l.':!o p.m. (Idt under way and Stood out of the harhour. I'ilot left us at 3 r.M. " I^Wfiiihrr l!l /(> D(Cf iiihr r 20. — lleached Wilmington at ahoul II A.M. Found the Tallahassee safe ill port. She had destroyed si.\ vessels, nne of which was a hrij; that we cliased the .second day out. . . . . I'ntil about the miildle el I '••cemher, nothing occurred. The otiicers were granted leave. The Tallahassee was put out of commission ahont thi> loth ol' Di'cemher, and hiaded with cotton. The commniul was given to (Ja])tain Wilkin.son, Captain Ward taking the Chickamauga. I expected to go out in the Clmineleoii, as she is now called, but I slipped upon my expectations."* We thus lind that leave having been given on the 9th of November to stay till the 15th, the vessel left on the 15th, the day on which the permission expu-ed ; and avo further see that by another unlucky inaccuracy, tho 72 tons in tho midshipman's diary are magnified into 82 in the Case of tho United States. From the ibllowing affidavit of "William Gilbert Outorbridgc, the revonuo officer who superintended the lading of tho eoal, it would appear that the Avriter of the diary must have been in error as to tho quantity shipped. The affidavit is as follows : — " I, William Gilbert Outerhridgo, of Hamilton Parish, lieniiuda, make oath and say : — "I wa.s employed as a I'c'venue Oilicev at St. (ieorge's in 1804. I was ordered to .see that tho Confederate cruizer Chickamauga did not receive more than twenty-live tons of coal. I saw her receive twenty-hve tons of eoal, in tlu! stream, and left her between .'i and 4 in the morning, or, perhaps, between 4 and 5, I cannot be ))ositive to the hour, nia' am I sure whether the date was the lOtli Xovembcr ; 1 have a iiote-lmok of 18ri."i, hut have not lieen able to find the one 1 kejjt in 1804. I swear that she did not receive more than twenty-live tons in the night in which I was on board her. She was coaled fnun a baniue alongside, but 1 cannot recollect if she was called the I'leiades. J mad(! a report to Mr. Edwin .Tones, but kept no cojiy of it. The bar(|ue was still along.side when they ceased coaling, and I lelt the (Jhickaniauga, and 1 am positive that she wa.9 uot alongside at daylight in the morning. " I -went on board about p.m. the jirevious evening, and did not leave my post all the time she was coaling. I took an exact account of all the coal put on board, and swear that she did not get seventy-two tons while 1 was on board. 1 do not believe .she got that (piantity at all. (Signed) "Wjr. Gildeut OuTERm!iDrrE."t It is, however, possible that the opportunity may have been abused and the vigilance of the officers eluded. It appears from tho affidavit of another revenue; officer that there were at that time frequently as many as fifty vessels in the harbour of St. George's. Mr. Brown, a merchant of the jjort, says : — " I, John Tory Bourne, of the town of St. (Jeorge, in the Islands of Bermuda, merehant, make oath and say that 1 well remember the ■ rrival of the Confederate State.s' cruizer, tho Chickamauga, in the jiort of St. tleorge, in the .said Islands, in Xovemlier 1804, and that she obtained ])ermission from the Colonial authorities to take iin lioard twenty-live tons of coal, and no more. 1 cannot positively state that she received on board no greater i|uantiiy, but 1 know tiiat the oflicers and others connected with the .ship expres.sed great dis.satishiction at the restrictions placed on her and the very small quantity (jf coal allowed. The iiort of St. George wa.s so crowd(>d witii shi]iping at that tinu; that it would liave been ea.sy for the Chic^kamauga to evade such restrictions, antl no vigilance or activity on the part of the Colonial (Jovernmi'Ut could, in my Judgment and opinion, have prevented such evasions if the oflicers of the vcs.sel cho.se to jiractise them. " Sworn at the town of Hamilton, in the Islands of Benniida, this 15th day of Febniaiy, A.b. 1872. (.Signed) ".JncT. BoiTENE."i * United States' Docunieiits, vol. vi, p. 726. J: Ibid. t Britibh Appendix, vol. vi, p. 139. pmnnwlio was8orvinf» vithoiit its value. It ly out of tho question. i^o thii pfirt iinclinr with 1 {'Imrge of captain's boat, slii]) in. ,'0 ill tliis inoninj;. They came intu St. Ocorge, and s. Slii]) is swanniiij; with III! .Slates' Navy, wlio is Iiiiii. iilcd alongside to give lis stood (lilt of the harbour. '"oiind the Tallaliassec sai'e lasi'd tin; second day out. ficcis wan' granted leave. L)aded with cotton. The iiauga. I expected to go )ns."* November to stay till ssion expired ; and avo 10 midshipman's diary ;c, the revenue officer he Avritcr of the diary th and say : — IS ordered to see that tho )f coal. I .saw her receive the inornin«-, or, perhaps, hether the date was the tho one 1 kejit in ISG-t, vhicli I wa.s on board her. led the i'leiade.s. I made ongside when they ceased ongside at dayliglit in the my po.st all the time she ear that she did not get ty at all. ILBEKT OUTERBIiIDrrE."t )een abused and the t of another revenue ssels in the harbour of Jemiuda, niercliant, make zer, tlio Chickamaiiga, in ibtained jiermission from ore. T cannot positively ers and others connected iid the very small (piantity that time that it would ce or activity on the pint ted such eva.sions if tiie i 15th day of February, "Jno.T. Bourne."' 247 Afisum in? however, (hat the Commander of tlie Chickamau Olustee, was built and originally The T.llah...ee employed as a 1, „,.kad.-.nmner under the name of the Atlanta. In the ..onvspond- — eneeol tj,,- Lniled States Consulates durin- the first six months of the year lS(it she IS several times spoken of as a blockade-runner of supiM'ior i)ower of spJivl.* No osi'"of wa "^''''" '^ ^" ''"" '''"''"^ ''"''" ''"'^^ ^'"■' "'■ ^''''"■" "'^"1'^'''^ ^''' *'"- T^"*" In tho Au-ust of that year, som(> -uns were put on board of her at Wilmin-ton, T^ith a crew of 120 men and liavm- contrived to eseaiie from the bh.ekadi.i- vess.-ls she commiMieed h<;i' "_'.'y'^" "'' '«- , ^^" <'>'.l.«'t""' ;vas made at the time. If there ha,l been, 1 was prepared le naud foity-eight liour. „r repa.i.s. The Cove, nor asked me to call next .lav an.l let hini know h. « I wi,s ,,r..gn.ssnig and when 1 woul.l Iwive. 1 di.l so. and then was told that he was suriuis,.,! that Iwas slill ,,, port; hat we miLst leave at on.-e ; that we c.aild h'ave the harbour willl o„lv Km tons of coal on Imard. I proleste.l against this, as being uttialy insutlicient. lie re,,li,.d that the A.iimial lia.l ivpoi- ed tl,a .|naut,ly sulti.;,..|.t (and, in such n,att..,s, be miisl be gf.verue.l bv his .state- ment) to run ... ship U-> W limingtou. Tii, Admiral had obtained this inlbrmati.m bv sending .,n b.mrd hr.... o his otlieers, ost.-asibly to ook at mir machinery an.l the twin scivw, a new system, but ivally to>r.rnh,ufu'./n,a,t,fni/ '■''ol <,n hoiml, thai h„rmd dail;,, Ar lam uiid..r many oblii;atioi,s to our ageii , Mr. \\ lar, tur raiisacinig Tallahassee remained at Wilmim^ton some months ; and she was then sold by th(> Confederate (Government and purchased by a private merchant, and became, and alterwards remained, a merchant-vessel. In that character, and under the name of tho giiameleon, she visited Ecrinuda in January ISfio, with a earuo of cotton r.nd *^obaeeo The vessel bem- identified as the former Tallahassee, inquirirs were set on foot by the Authorities, when it was fully shown by Mr. Wilkinson, the consignee of the car.'o that she had passed into private hands, and had be(>n duly registered as private property. || Upon what possible grounds, i\\m, can we be asked to award damages in respect of this vessel '^ Simply because, as it is said, " the Tallahassee was a British steamer fatted out Irom London to play the part of a privateer out of WUmington."f But upon vol. vi, p. 139. t U, X United Slates' 1145] States' Uociinii Uidteil .Slates' Di (icamoiits, vol. vi, pp. 727, 7'2S, Docunients, vol. vi, p. 729 ; Britisli vol. vi, p. 729. § I'age 411. Apppn.lix, vol. V, p. 143. t \ Case of the United States, p. 412, Britisli Appendix, vol. v, p. 150. 2 K \i re known u.s tli(^ TalliilniK-it'c, iind still I'liilicr iis iv lint 111' a )iiiviit('cr (int df Wilinin^xtun, wn.s lyini' i,t ■ li.'f u'Miis, lint still ivtiiininij HI till' iiltiilmtcs dl' 248 Tht TnlUhiMOf. whnt autliority is this statomont mado ? Simply on that of a paHsni,'o to tlmt ofTfct in a h'ttor of Mr. Adams to Earl Russell, written iniieli liit<'r, namely in Marcli iMCi'), in wliieli, eomidaininu: of the system of hloekath* runnins; carried on by Hritish slii])s, he thus sjjeaks of the former 'riillah!isse(> : — " Tlu! t'lmnicluon, iii't inuptly iiimn'il, Iml lu'lu Flritish sti'anii'f liltiil cml IVdin Lniiilnn to ]ilay the | that very tina^ in Nasaan, iclirvrd, inili'nl, ol' \a>v hostile orcupntion."* Every one knows that ^Ir. Adams would not say aiiythiii!^ that ho did not fiillv Ijclieve to he true; hut he must foi'tjive me for sayint; (iiat in this instance h(> must have been mistaken, possibly confoundiii!^ the vessel in ((iiestion with some other. In the earlier correspoinU'iice of the United States' Coiisiihile res])eetiiii,' this v<'ssel there is not, as I h.tve alretuly mentioned, ;my reference wliatever to it as haviiii,' he(>n intended for a i)rivateer. She wiis, in tact, sold tiftcr a three Aveeks' cruise, because, as the consifjnee of her caro;o iit Hernuida tells us, sli(> had been "found 111 adapted to the purjKises of war."t Mesides, had she b(>en built as a privateer, ir is verv unlikely that sht; would afterwards have been b()uii;ht by ti m(>rchant its a ciU'ryin*' vessel. Every (me acquainted with tln^se tliinij;s knows tliiit a vessel intended for war- purposes ditfers essentially, in point of construction, from one intended for trade. When a Govemment is unable to build or to jjrocure ships ])roperly constriU'ted for war, it may be driven to the expedient of convertinLf nierchant-vessel's into vessels of war ; but a merchant does not buy shi])s of w;ir to liiru them to a j)urpose for which their construction makes them wholly unlit. But what if this vessel had been orii^inally built a- ;. privateer? Is it nu'ant to be asserted that this alone, without any su<^i;estiou, mm h less proof, of defiiult on the part of the British Governmeut, is enouj^h to lix the latter with liability for the acts of such a' vessel ? But it would he a waste of time to pursue tliis further. Here again, I must say I think tills claim ought never to have been submitted to us. The Relribution. The Retribution. This Tcssol was a small steamer built in the State of Xew York and originally employed as a tug-steamer on Lake Erie. Just before the attack on Fort Sumter she was chartered by the Government of the United States and sent to the Southern coast. Having been comj)elled by stress of weather to enter Cape Fetir lUvcr, she wiis there seized by the Confederates. Her machinery was removed, and she was ecmverted into a sailing schooner and armed ; she then started on a c.iiize under the name of the Retribution, t On the 28th of January, 1803, she captured near San Domin;,". the United States' merchant-vessel Hanover, laden with a cargo of ])r(;visions. The latister and crew of the vessel were 2)ut into the boat, in which they rowed to San Domingo, and the chief otTicer of tlie lletrihution, a man named Vernon Locke or J'arker (for ho Avas at dill'erent times known under both these names) took possession of the Hanover with a ])ri/e crcw.§ The Hanover arrived on the 5th of February at Loni? Ctiy, a small island of the Bahamas, about 210 miles from the seat of Government, in compiiny witii a wrecking schooner named the Brothers, and owned by Messrs. Earrington, inerchtmts, of that island. Here Vernon Locke represented liimself to be the master of the Hanover, and stated that he was bound from Boston to a port of Cubii, \\ her(> ho was to luive sold his cargo, and to run the blockade with a cargo of salt. On tlici jdea that his vessel had run ashore oir a neighbouring island, and was in a leaky condition, he ohtaiiu-d the permission of the Customs Collector at Long Cay to transfer part of the ciirgo to the Brothers, and to land the rest, and eventually to sell the whole through Hk? agency of Messrs. Farrington. For this purpose ho produced the manifests of the cargo, and • United States' Documonts, vol. i, p. 709. } United States' Documents, vol. vi, p. 730. t British Appendix, vol. i, p. 151. § Ibid., p. 740. sn!,'o to tlinl cfTt'ct in a 'l.v in Marcli lH(ir>, in 111 liy Urilisli slii])s, he ISCl', llllil still ruiliiT lis a Wiliiiiii;,'tiiii, WHS lyiiij,' id 111! llif iittiiliiitfs III' licr that lio (lid not fully tin's iiistancf li(< nuist with some oilier, in rcspccliiii; this vessel tever to it as iiaviii;,' I thiTO weeks' cruise, ■ had Ih'ou "found ill ! n privateer, if is very I'vcliatit as a carrying •ssel intended for war- I'nded for trade. ( ])roperly constructed mt-vessels into vessels :o a j)uri)ose for which tccr? Is it ineant to •oof, of default on tlii> I liability for the acts re again, I must say I ' York and orif,'inally k on J'urt Snniler she to the .Southern coast. ? Pear llivcr, she was iiid she was converted under the nauao of the v.',n the United States' c master and crew of :)niini,'o, and the chief for ho was at dillereiit Hanover with a prize a small island of the pany with a Avreckini,' in, merchants, of that r of the Hanover, and was to have sjld his I'a that his vessel had ition, he obtained the irt of the cari,'o to the throui;;h the ai,'ency of ,'sts of the cargo, and ipendix, vol. I, p. 151. p. 740. 249 ^!^tj^J^;'J;\J:S^';;r:l: *'"' .tf-.^-tc. of Uu, ve«sel, one Washington Ca«e. TK, ISflSjirs;;;!:;!:^'""'' '"■ ''^^■^^^"'•^ '''••■-'■"•l ^-^ ^'- «"^^rnor, of me 20th of Apnl. Act.n;- T,.U, W.it..r, tlmt tiu. nu-,.1 was really onc/of .MuvlL'ns "'^^•'""••''■^. "" ""l""y ho.„ the •Mr. faniiij,'t(Mi iKliiutlcd tliut iiu al.sii ilmil.1,.,1 ul„.ilwn.' .1 . xr i , , "'■tin,' as .aptain's a...,,!, a. .1 t u ,. ' Z nU ;:':"'■"'' '"n''"' ,'""• '"'[ ""-^' ""l""i'n'^ty ,„ his iHMV lul.l thai I an. un.irr th. inijav si , it, .;,„',?' '^m'V" ■'" "'""^■■■-"'"1 ' "-Ht tho real (arts „1 the nise as I was. It ml,"' ... ,, ''!!''! il^^''' *'"•""«""' ^^'"■^ "« i«'""-^'"t "f ll.at the re^-ister ami urtieles „f tlie Ihu ove w ., i '. -'Ptaui was a perCeet .stnu,;,.,.r ; knew thai lie ha,l the ship's clear ...', 11, ''"'''• ''"'"^^■•;. »t t'"' fulleetoi's efHee, la,l I house i„ l!„st„„ that the ea , a , .I, , , V, 7 ",'7.;"" ^'V" ''"' "■'■''"^"•" »•••"'" ^ho Custoni- as Captain Case, an,l sl.-,ie,l all ,1 eu ■ e , \ 1 ' t':; ;•' h'"''' ^ "'""•.■ '^' '■^•I'"'*"t<-"1 '"'"^olf on the doeunients."* .'>lniigt.m ( use, tiie name of the eaptain as aj.peariiig Mi Sh^it ™ wlf"'. ;;;r:i^rV "" 'r^} r' "' ^'"^ '--" "^ the Hanover. only went in ]"r)rr';.,"uS S otC^iihS 7t''^^^ '' T"" ''''' ^° was taken olf ],v the Re ri',- ion I'l ■ '? 1^»''"»"^«. from which he tw l{mtl ers 1 .d ■ rand '."'•./^"""^'^'V'-'J""""''! .^t Lon.i, Cay for a day or Southern States.f i?te ,,1 ,. '' ^^^, ^ t^^t 1\ S^''! T l' ''' ^'""^ '''"' ''^'^'^ Authoriti.''^" '. "M.l, I am under the i7,ip e.ssi i M 1 ■', n. "''' '",'' ?""'';'",'' '"■''"""'^ '" '"■'■ '''^1"^^- persun u h„ had repre.sente.l hiinsell' a the (^ n, J " u ^''" •'''^''"'■■■^' "'i.^^'ivin- that'tho ()neo.;thesail„,.„,\la.Hannve,nl.;thriidlS \ the Culleetiir'si.re.seneehv .some .,th,.r name I was wifl\l .,","' '"I'l"'""'' '"H't'"" in the eire.imstan'e; referenee was i, 1 le 1 it I v m . l-^nnnj-ton when the C.dleeter m'ntionecl tures ennlinued vhat t , ( ' ,11 ■ ' t, Vi /,' ^^^^^^^ "'" '""■^'''^''"^'^ '" ^1"^ .siKna- J5rothers,and no aetion m.ld a li tin eve f Ti;': iT "'"""1 '''T '""' ""^" '"'^ '» "'« we were iindei. the impre.ssion that in . h .en . , ^V'iilTr'' "'?' '"r^ '"'^ ''^•^■■' *>'«" some other |,er,so„ to iicilitale Cantain ('as e's 1,. ,, U , ^'",' "^"""-'""i«'. in Hoston, 1,y lun^on ; and it was onlv , 1. • 1 le t To, .M'^^^v 7^^^^^^^^^^^ '"''''"?'"" '""',"' ^'■''' ''^■''" '' •^"■^i'i'^ious !■"■« n,d I received a lett.n- rS £ S^ ^ ;, nib . he^.r^ha, 1"""'' '''"', "".'"^^ '^ '"'^ *^»'" the Jhinover was a prize to the I!el,-iln,tion '■ """■"""^' ""^ ^''''^ 1'^' "as nn.le,' the imi.ression that knovvletl.n. of the facts c-onne .fed wi the\; t rof J >^^ r 1 i f " r"''""'^ Retribution. British Appciidix, , p. 168. t British Appendix, vol. v, pp. 1G5, 1G8, and 130. ' J United States' Documenti 8, vol. p. 736. 2 K a 250 The Retribution, second lieutenant of the ibrnicr vessel, and " had a general talk about the North and South."* According to the statement on oath of Mr. Staples, the lormer master ot tlie Emily Fisher, which, however, was only made in Septemher last, eight years after the event, he was induced hy the assurances of a eaptaui of a British wrecking vessel, to come within rauije of the Retribution, by whom he Avas captured. Tlie Emily Eisher was then run on' shore by the orders of the Captain of the Jletribiition, and was taken possession of l)y some wrecking Itoats. Th(> vessels afterwards proceeded to Long Cay, where the Master Avas eventually ])laeed in possc-ssion ;)f the vessel by the Collector, but not imtil he had bargained with the wreck(>rs to pay them 50 per cent, on the cargo and 33i ])er cent, on tlie vessel for salvage. Staples adds, that "he was told by the Authorities that, though the huv Avould not allow the privateer to touch the brig," yet, " if he wished to do so, they had no means of preventing him ; that the captain of the privateer told him, th(> dei)on(>nt, that he had given the cargo to the wreckers, as he wanted the brig; that he was going to put his guns (m board of her, and destroy his schooner;" "that he further told the deponent that the wreckers were to pay him something handsome, and that tlie deponent believes that they did so; that deponent was o'l'liged to accept the wreckers' terms at the port of entry, becauije the brig lay under the guns of the privateer, and the Authorities declared their inability to protect him."t Having recovered possession of his vessel and a portion of the cargo, the master of the Emily Eisher proceeded on his voyage. It is admitted, in a memorandum inclosed in a despatch from the Acting Govi .or of the Bahamas of the 17th of Eebruary last, that "from inquiri(>s which have been recently instituted, there is very little doubt that the statements contained in the deposition of Captain Stai)les are substantially corr(>ct, so far as they relate to what took place in Eortune Island."! It seems not improbable indeed that the Authorities mav have really been unal)le to afford any protection to the master of the Emily Eisher, the place being a small port in a remote island. The Magistrate, Mr. Biirnside, who was at this time absent, speaks in his report, quoted abov;>, of his inability to take action against the supposed Cai)t,>in Case, " even if he had been anned with power."§ The Authorities, in Mr. Burnside's absence, probably consisted (Jiily of the Customs Collector, and perhaps tlie " Assi;.tant ]\[agistrate," mentioned in Sampsons affidavit. It does not, moreover, appear how far Mr. Staples made them acquainted with A\'hat had happened previously to the arrival of this vessel at Long Cay. The question of the capture of the Emily Eisher, as 1 have already said, seems not to have formed the subject of any complaint up to the me of the present arbitration, and all the infoi-mation that appears to have reached tlie Government at the time is contained in the following passage of Mr. Buruside's report, which shows no trace of any improper proceedings having been committed or tolerated at Long Cay : — "Ihavii heard fniiii l-oii',' (':iv lliat the liclnlnitiuii, s\ilist'i|U(;iit to tlui iiH'air (jf tlie Ifaiiover, captured an AnuMiean lirij,' in' the iieiuhliouilKuJil of t^astle tslaiul— the. Kiiiily Fisher, with a eiirj,'o ol' gu.rar— that the C(.iiimamlei- of the JJelributicm ordered her to lie niu on .shore near [.(jiij,' Cay, and that subscuueiilly she was exlriiMLe.l from tlanj^er by the wreckers, who earried her t.i Leiii!,' t"ay, wliere salva"e was awarded to the wreckers, and a ]iortiou of tlu^ cargo sold to jiay the salvage and e.xiiense, and the Kniilv fisher then jirocecded with the balance of her cargo to \ew York. "On this" latter occasion the P-tribution did call at Long ('ay, and some ol her olhcers liait com- munieatioii with Jlr. iluhanl farrington, and at that time the supposed Washington Ca.se waii seen on board of the IJetributiun ; liut 1 do nut know in wliat capacity."|| There seems no ground whaievt r for saying tliiit eithf>v in respect to the Hanover, or tr the Emily Eisher, any charge of want of due diligence can be sustiiined agaiust the British authorities. The 1 tribution reimined at Long Cay, according to the evidence afterwards given by Mr I'arrin-'ton tvt the trial of Vernon Locke, not more tiiau a day.H Shortly before the end of Eebruary she arrived at Nassau, where it must be rememliered tluit none of her prevlr -■ proceedings were at the time known to the Authorities. It is .stated in tlic Argument of the Uuited States thtit— " The ' .special l»uve' called for bv the !!ritish (iovcrnmi'iU, nn.ler dale of January .'il, ISO:.', .seems never to liav.' asked i .,■ or granted. Ih'r cs adds, that " he Avas he privateer to touch prcventiu2j him ; that lad given the car^o to , his s?uns on hoard of lent that the wreckers believes that they did at the port of entry, thorities declared their le cargo, the master of 1 the Acting Govi 'or ri(>s which have heen cuts contained in the as they relate to what 'd that the Authorities master of the Emily gistrate, Jlr. Eurnside, jf his inahility to take armed with power."§ only of the Customs in Sampson's athdavit. acquainted with Avliat y. :ilready said, seems not the present arbitration, 'rnment at the time is hieh shows no trace of Long Cay : — till! ufliiir lit till! lliuiiivi'r, iiily Fislior, M'itii a ciir;,'(i oi' 11! uiiiir 1^)11^; Cay, and that _'il 111!!' til linn;.;' C'ay, wliuvu IV tla! .salviigi! iiiiil uxiii'iisc, York. luc (if licr dHici'VS had riim- i.sliiiigliiu Caso was sl'I'u uu pespeet to the IIaiu)ver, lu be sustained against idence afterwards given L day.1I Shortly before niembered that none of ies. It is stated in the of .'ainiary 31, 18(JL', set'iiis ion lor hi.i cDiiiiiiissimi. All i£Hll (III (leek, Till! C!H[)tllill vol. vi, pj). 738, 731). d., vol. V, pp. 11)8, 1G9. 251 told 1110 lie was fioiii Loii-; Cay. I asked the ea]itain whore he was from. Ho answoiod " T/m-,' Cay." The netribution. I saw troiii the look of the vessel and the appeavanee of the erow, their elothiii';, that she was likelv'to Jie all armed vessel, ■|iartiei ve.ssel.' "* «ie an arnieil vessel. 1 then asked him il' slio was a vessel ol war, .so partioidar, as I was instriieted to do so, to jnit sueli iiiiestioiis. I liej;;.'i'il him to oxeuso my heing He told me she was an armed Here the (luotation ends, biittlu! depositiim of the pilot, when referred to, is found to continue as follows :— " I then told him he could not go into port. We rounded to inmuMliately, and came to anchor ;" and the pilot goes on to say that the captain came on shore in his boat.f And in the evidence of Mr. Taylor, at that time the Acting Receiver-Gcnieral at Nassau, given afterwards at tlie trial of th(! Etta, it is stated that " the l^■tribution did not enter as a trader in the port of Nassau, she was treated as a Confederate vesselof war."t It seems obvious, therefore, that her cliaraeter was veritied and the necessary permission obtained before she was allowed to enter the (lort. Tliis view receivis addi- tional corroboration iiythe notice inserted in the " Bahama Herald " of the 28th of Eebruary, to the folloM'ing elfect : — " The Southern Kun-hout Iletriliuliini ]Jiit in heri! on Thursday last for the |airpo,so of niiderf;nins repairs, it' permitted to do ,so hy his Kxrellemy the Governor. Hh: has siiiee lieen eondemned, and is to be sold at jmhlie auction on Moiiday."{} The vessel was, as is stated in this announcement, condemned as unseaAvorthv by a board of survey. Iler hull Avas sold on the .'Jrd of March, IHCui, for 250/., to Messrs. Perpall and Co., merchants, of Niissau,|| there being at the time no regulation to prcA'cnt the dismantling and sale of bciUigerent armed vessels in British 'ports. I?y Messrs. Perpall she Avas again sold for tiie same -Mm to a Mr. Tiiomas Stead, Avho Avas at the time a el(>rk to some parti(>s engaged in tlie blockade-riuuiing trade.lf Ey liim she Avas registered on tlie lOtli of Ajiril,' l,S(i;3, as a Eritisli vessel, under tlie name oftlie Etta,** and it is said that an attempt Avas made to run tlie blockade with iier, but failed. In June ISGIJ, she Avas again sold by public auction to ilu; iirm of Ilenouard and Co., of Nassau, Avho, having bought her for 158/. and repaired her at a cost of 200/., sent her Avith a cargo of fruit to N(>av York, where .she Avas seized, libelled in the District Court of Ncav .lersey, and idtimatelv adiudged as forfeited to the United States.tt This terminates the history of the Ketriliution. Into the steps taken by the authorities at Nassau for the punisliment of the princijial olfender, it is scarc(dy necessary to enter in detail, as they do not aihx't the acts previously committed bv the vessel. Tiiey are brietly as folloAvs :— The iirst information received liy the Ciovernor as to the sale of the cargo of tiie Hanover at Long Cay, Avas given in a letter dated the 11th IMarch, 1803, from a ^Ir. Jackson, Agent at Nassau for the American underwriters.!}: The lletribution had at this time been sold to private owners, and altbough it Avas said by Mr. Jackson that tiie ofTicers of iiiat vessel Avere residing in Nassau, tiie Attorney- General Avas of ojiinion tliat tlie i'acts as relafed Avere not sufliei(>nt to render tlie parties criminally liable. §§ A fiirtlier r(>presentation Avas maih? on the same sid)ject in April 1803 by tlie United Slates' (Joveriiment through llie British Minister at Waslungton. Inquiries had in the meanAviiile been made by the Gov(>rnor on the advice oi" tlic Attorney-General, Avliicli led to tlie report of the resident Magistrate, iSlr. Enrnside, dated Ajn-il 20, 180:5, of Aviiicli I have quoted some passages. Tliis report rendered it clear that tiie pretended master of tlie Hanover had been guilty of forgery and personation, and the Attorney-tJeiieral received in the following month information pointing to Veimm Locke, tluMi in the Colony, as tlie guilty person. vVs the witnesses Avere all at a c(msideml)le distance, the ordinary process of olitaining sAVoru information on Aviiich to found a Avarrant Avould iiave caused considerable delay, the Attorney-General there- fori! availetl himself of the power given him hy a h)cal Act, and issued' a precept to tlie police magistrate at Nassau recpiiring iiim to issue a Avarrant against L()ck(\|||| The latter Avas accordingly arrested, and, after a long e.vamiuation, Avas committed for trial, but escaped, Ibrfeiting his bail. He Avas, liowiner, re-arrested and lirought to trial ; hut the evidence being insiillieient on some of the essential points, he Avas tiiially acquitted.^f^f • Page 308. f Hntiuli Appendix, vol. v, p. 191. Ibid., p. 193. ir Ibid., p. -Jl, •» Ibid., p. I!),). §§ Ibid., p. llitl. nil Ibid., p. '23. I Ibid., p. l!)t!. ft Ibid., p. 1!-J. %^\ Ibid., p. Ib7. § Ibiil., p 52. ,•; Ibid,, p. igj. 252 ^ i Cases in whicli I have now goiio throiisrli the eases of all the different vessels in respect of which Great Britain has claims have heen preferred for losses sustained thnmi?h the alleged want of duo diligence b«.n held respon- ^^ ^i^^. ^,.,^.(. ^f ^ho British GoM!:nment. After all that has been said and written, it is f)nly in respect of two vessels, both equijiped at the very outset of the civil war, and before the contrivances; resorted to had become known by experience, that this Tribunal, whicli has not shown a disposition to take too indulgent a viow ef the fultilment of neutr.il obligations, has been able to iind any default in British Autiioriti(>s jit hoiiie; wliile, in respect of a third, the Tribunal, by a majority of one voice only, lias fixed the (ioveriuuent with liability for an alleged error in judgment of the (iovernor of a distant Colony in respect of allowaneo of coal, and for the vrant of vigilance of the police in not jmjventing men from joiliing a Confederate vessel at night. "NVe have liere the best practical answer to the sweeping charges so perso- veringly brought against the British Government and i)eople. The Tribunal having tints settled tlie in8t4Uiees in which it is prepared to hold Cireat Britain n'spinisible, we have next to consider the important ([uestion of damages. As to the award of The tirst qucstitm which presents itself ou approaching the subject of pecuniary a sum in gross. com))ensation is, whetbrr flie Tribunal ought to award a sum in gross, or whether it would be advisable to refer the amount of compensation to be settled l)y assessors under the provisions of the Treaty of Washington. On the one hand, as it is admitted that these claims htive never been audited, (u'cven been bondjidc examined, by the Government of the L'nited States, it must jieeessarily be extremely diflicult to estimate the amount w liieii should be awarded in respect of them ; more especially as it becomes apparent that a large ])ro|)()rtion (jf them are most extravagant in amount, while none of the ordinary documents evidi^ncing the value of shipping ]n'operty or merchandize have been brought before the Trilninal. On the other liand, it is for many reasons desirable that till! iiiatti>rs in (lis])ute should be disposed of and settled as soon as possible, so as to ])ut an end to all further disputes, as Avell as to avoid giving the opjjortunity, which would be alforded by sending the settlement to assessors, to invent fresh claims and ])resenf them from day to day befon! the latter. On the whole, I have come to the conclusion that, if the clearly inadmissible claims be rejected, and the extravagant claims jjrojjerly reduced, justice may substaiitially be done by awarding a lump sum, and that the advantage of such a course Avould coanterbalanc(^ the disadvantages wliich it no doubt involves. Amount of cliiims Claims for cost .-if piirsiiit aiul cautuic. The claims for individual losses, which Avere ii\ A])ril last advanced in tlie Revised Statement, amounted to 2.j,.") IT-KH dollars; besides which a claim for "costs of pursuit and capture," exc(ls in respect of which !il Avant of due diligence heen said and wiitten, jry outset of the civil IV n by experience, that lo iudidgent a viow ef any default in British 1, by a majority of one d error in judgment of al, and for the viant of L Confederate vessel at ping charges so perso- it is prepared to hold it (luestion. ol' damages. ic subject of pecuniary in gross, or whether it ttled by assessors under it is admitted that these , by the Government of ) estimate the amount IS it beeonujs ap[)arent unt, while none of the ,• or merchandize have many reasons desirable i soon as possible, so as the opportunity, which nvent fresh claims and e, I have come to the the extravagant claims ; a lump sum, and that dvantages which it no Ivaneed in the Revised in for " costs of pm'suit 10 part of the United interest of 7 per cent, lis have, however, to be l)y tlie Tribunal to be )rida, and Shenandoah, •Ibounie. On the other ted, tile nijji'esentativcs [iiid increased claims to 1 l)y tbe United States lield liabl(>, amoiuited, (i, 1 14 dollars, over and ptiire in respect of the that the cuiim for cost se formed part of tlie ■rvice would, probalily, 1 uever lel't the British 253 Wc have, therefore, only to deal witli the claim for losses sustaiced by individua' Q""tion of citizens. ilania(j( s. Now there can be no doul«t that the only damages which the Tribunal is authori. -d to award under the 1 reat-- urt be ind.-n.nilieMlion of Ameri, un eili>;,.ns must be cmfiu..,! to loss actually susiamed by desir.icfion of ships, cargoes, or personal etfects. Where damage o prop.>rty arises, not .H,r,.tly from wMful injury, but indu-cctlv onlv. from w..nt o. due care, an indemnity against actual h)ss is all that, bv the law of England or Amevica, or Ijj- any prineiph^s of general j,irispriidemM>, can possibly be awarded" Tf, therefore, tins li bun.-l, instead of sending the amount to he paid by Great Britam to be ascertained by assessors, should think fit to award a smn iii grosses it is empowered to ,'lits :iiiiouiitiiiL; to .. ... (C.) Thu (loiiiilo claiiiis, :niic)Uiitiiii,' to ..." ... (D.) Thy now dniiUH, presented for the Hrsi tin..' oiTlOtii August, umouiuin- t,,'.'.'. Dollars 4,009,301 l,tM)7,15;{ 1 ,(i82,24.'l 2,loU,000 8,848,697 .f J \ 1 '■'' ''''?'■ ^.^'*"'' ^^""^'* ^^'^* ^'"^ '•^"^■"""t ^l'"^"!^^'^ for tlio prospective catch Claims for tl 'nM^f ''' '"'"t ''' "" ^*' '1^""' '^""''l^' ^^''^ ^■'-'1"^' --^^^i"""! ^<' the Ss an P^" .t caul.. Sm '■' "" •^'^^^^'^Sant as almost to justify at once the rcrjcction of the w'lole The triK^ character of thes.; claims will be seen by comparin- the amount of the ^^i:^rZnJ:'\wV'''''^^1'^irlT "^■*'" '^■'^^^^'^' ^^ «- original list of la t e^to t n^ H L V t ^\' ^V"- -•^•'"'"•'^ *" '^^«''' '^°'^ communicated bv the latt, I to tlie Ikitish Governinont. Iv thus app,>ars that these claims have, without anv assignalde reason, increased to such an extent that thev are now sometinies doub"e sometimes trebe, and soni(>tinies even more than five imes what thev avt^ in 1^ ""S'"»l »'»t- The tollowing Table exhibit., some of the more strikino- cases 2 Alort Kate Corv Lafayptte J. Howland Sir. 'lar Claims in 'lie i.cvispil Statp- Claims for Pro- spective Rarninesin! tlie Original List. '"*-'"' I'^'s;"'!''''! i" April last. Dollars. 30,000 1,820 33,446 5^075 Dollars. 144,863 19,293 .'JO,(IOO 196,158 Many other similar instances of extraordinary and a rbitrarv increase mi-ht be cited but the above will ..uffice to show (what, indeed, a mere comparison "of tie c aim themselves with the value and tonnage .f the vessels but too clearlv prove ) that these d.>mands are ot a most extortionate character. But, independentlv of the undeniably exaggc-rated amount of the claims, a demand for oross prospective Jar liiills as di.stingu.shed Irom nett earnings is quite incapable of b.ijng main ained. This Is admitted in the Argument of the United States, and is ciearlv demonstrated in tie Butish Itcpoi-t. According to the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States the only allowance which ought to be made in respect of prospective catch is in the nature ot interest Irom the 1 ime of the destruetion of the ves.sel '' i shoidd myself be disposed to adopt a mor.< liberal mode of compensation, and to award for prospective profits a reasonable per-ccntago on the values of the vessels and Clnims for pross freights. Double clnims. 254 outfits ; but T cannot hut tliink that if a yoar's wastes is to ho awarded as prnposod for till" officers and ci'cws, tlie anioinit of 25 ])ci' cent, on tliosc values as claimed in tlio Anici'ican Tahlcs ])r('s('nted on lln^ '2(>\]\ ol' Auu,'iist, in case of ilie cl->ini lor ])rosj)ectivo catcii heiiii;' ilisallowed, far exceeds Avliat is |)ro|)erly assi^'iiable. I'lie iolal amount claimed lor lliowhalin^-vi^sscls and outfits, an am()unt,Avliicli,asI shall ])n>s(Mitly show, bears every si^'n of i;Tcat exaL'i;'eration, is 1 ,780,(501 dollars. A claim of (i.')0,021 dollars is advanced for secured caruin^'s. To ;i\vard a fiu'tlier sum of 100,000 dollars, as claimed, in lieu ol' ])rospcctiv(> ])rolits, would make a total allowance of over 1,000,000 dollars (or (50 ])er cent, of the oriijinal values of llie vessels and outfits) for s(>cured and ])rospectivc outfits alono; in addition to a sum of 588,000 dollars, or more than 30 per cent, more, for the Avap;es of the ofllcers and crew (which arc supposed to come out of the gross earninijs), and this irrespective of the fact of interest bcin^ claiuKMl on the whole from the date of the captiU'P. (H.) As to the (daims for ij;ross i'rei^'hts amonn(ill^• to 1,007,153 dollars. That these claims are also greatly exa£fi;('rate(l a|)pears I'rom the several instances to be found comincuted on in the British l'(>ports ; hut the same fact foUowsj^beyoiid a doubt from tl ' followini;' consideration: — In a lvei)()rt presented by a Committee of tlie House oC Representatives of the United States in 1S70 a Table is to l)e found (Table W'l) giving tlie value of the r/ross yearly earnings of all American vlss(;1s ssels, an ass(Tlion that chiims amounting to more than 47 per cent, of such values wcreadvanccd for nett and not for grots freights on voyages not exceeding, on tlu; avei'age, half a year in duration, is oiu; which carries its OAvn n'l'utation on the face of it, especially when it is remend)ered that these claims are geniM'ally presented in the Revised Statement as claims for chaiter-party or bill-of-lading freight. Under these circumstances I cannot but think that the allowance of 50 jier cent, on these claims, which the Tribunal received with favour and is prepared to adopt, is far in exv.'ess of what would in justi(^e satisfy them. (C.) As to the double claims. They consist in the main of chiims made by the owners for fhe value of their property, simultaneously with claims advanced hy insurance comi)auies with whom the ])roj)erty was insured, and who paid the owners the amount of their loss. To pay the owners and th(> insurance com])anies these double claims Avcmld be clearly ciiiiivaleut to paying the losses twice over. One of these claims, tliere<'ore, must necessarily be rejected. One cannot but regret that these claims should have been advanced, ami that the United Stiit(>s' (Jovernment .should not at once have expunged them as inadmissihie, instead of allowing them to be included, without exception, hi the total claims of tiic I'nited Stat(>s. These double claims are of two descrijitiems : first, those whi(di arc avowedly and intentionally made, or Avhere, to use tiieir oAvn words, "the claimants protest against any diminution of their claims by ."eason of their having been paid by insurance companies; " seeondly, thos(' which arc tacitly made. As regards the see(}nd (dass of double claim'-, viz., those tacitly made, it i~ onongh * See l!i|inrt oF (^)lmnllt(•o .ippoiiitcd liy Boiinl of TraiJu ; liritisli Appendix, vol. vii pp. 9, 10. 'ardcd as proposed for lues as claimed in ilio ) t'l-iiin ioi' ])ros))r('tiv(! 'riic total amount [ shall iu"('s(Mitlv show, i\im of ()-)!),02l' dollars )(' 100,000 dollars, as d allowanco ol" over ossols and outfits) for 8,000 dcdlars, or more which are supposod to fact of interest heinc; 153 dollars, lie several instances to fact folio ws^Leyoi 1(1 a lepresentatives of the tlie valixe of the r/ro.v.v ryiiif,' trade from 1801 to amount to 83', jier ihles it will he found voyages not <>xceedini? cent, on the allegecl nis are exagg-eratetl to ; clear that a claim for i])ort(;d by any sound . American authorities >mselves tiiought such nie, ass(>rte(l tliat these this point to say that, iccoi'ding to whicli tlu? unted only to ;J3;V per muting to more than >y,s freights on voyages ^vhich carries its own that these claims are -party or hill-of- lading wance of 50 per cent. ])repared to adopt, is tb.v the value of their ompanies with whom )f their loss. To pay ms Avould he clearly aims, there'bro, must Ivancod, and that tli(> them as inadniissihlc, the total claims ol' the ich arc avowedly and luants protest against Gu paid by insurance tly made, it i" onough t, vol. vii pp. 9, 10. 266 to observe that they were pointed out many months ago in the British Reports as double claims, and the United States' Government, although it has had in its possession all the evidentiary documents bearing on the same, has never denied their character as double claims. It is, tiierefore, clear that all these double claims amounting to the large sum of 1,082,243 dollars must be struck out. (D,) As to the new claims presented, for the first time, in August last. . New clalmi. As a majority of my colleagues have already intimated an opinion that these claims ought to be excluded from, consideration in a- -arding a lump sum, it is only necessary lor mo to state that I am decidedly of the same opinion, because the claims are entirely imsupported by any evidence, and are merely based upon assumptions as to the amount of wages the officers and crews might or should have been receiving, and the amoimt of personal elFects which they miglit or should have had on board at the tim(! of capture, and which they have lost' in consequence of it. 1 find, moreover, Li the i{(!vise(l Statement presentiMl with the United States' Counter-Case, claims to considerable amounts actually jiroferred by the officers of some of the vessels for loss of wages and personal elTects,iind,as I shall show, those gentlemen have been by no means disposed to undervalue their property. Finally, it seems to me entirelv inconsistent both with the letter and the spirit of the Treaty of Washington that, at the last moment, .he_ request of the Tribunal for explanatory Tables to assist it in the discussion of the various, items of claims should be taken advantage of to swell the amomit already presented, without giving the British Government an opportunity to advance argument aud evidence in opposition to such increase. For all these reasons I am clearly of opinion that the claims for prospective catch and for gross freights, the double (daims and the new claims presented in August last, altogether amounting to the sum of 8,848,097 dollars, must be rejected. I now proceed to consider the questions relating to the value of the property Property actually desa-oyed. It is admitted in the Argument of the United States' Government destroyed, that these claims had never been audited by that Government. 1 cannot help thinking it would have been b(>tter if, before the United States called upon this Tribimal to estimate the value of claims to be assessed by it -vvithout an inspection of the documents which are said to be filed at Washington, these claims had been audited under the authority of the United States' Government. Had this been done I think it is only fair to assume that the veiy numerous demands which are manifestly extravagant would have been diminished in amount in the same manner as the claims in respect of the vessels sunk in the River Seine (more than once referred to in the British Reports) were reduced after they had been thoroughly sifted by Her Majesty's Government. The Tribunal is, in fact, called ujion to estimate the values of vessels,'the age and class of which are not given, and the values of cargoes, of which neither the description nor quantity is stated. Under these circumstances it is manifest from the experience every day gained in c:.arts of justice, that a very considerable deduction ought to be made from the estimates presented by the claimants in respect of the losses for which they are claiming compensation. To hold Great Britain simply liable for the ariounts deuianded by the claimants would not be to award the latter fair compensaC/jn, but to grant them enormous profits. I now proceed to consider tlie values of the vessels — and, first, the whalers. The Values of whaling fact of the extraordinary express double claims advanced in resjiect of these vessels is of ▼^ssels. itself sulficient to make one look w\']i some suspicion on tbe other items of claim. I believe that the estimate of 100 dollars per ton for ship and outfit, proposed in the British Reports, is such as would be accepted as iV quate by persons a- :> inted with the characti'r and value of whaling- vessels. It is, moreov'er, borne ou' ■■, the fact that the claims for insurance in the Revised Statement show that these , essels were not insured at so high a value. ^ But I am ready to refer to a standard given by the claimants themselves. I find thai,, i-- *he case of the fourteen whalers destroyed by the Alabama, Avith a total tounagft of 3,560 tons, a claim is advanced for vessels and outfits of 409,233 dollars, which is equivalent to a valuation of less than 115 dollars per ton. In the case of the whalers destroyed fay the Shenandoah, on the contrary, vvitii a total touuagc of 8,560, the claim under tho same hoafl amoimts to 1,825,768 dollars, or very nearly 155 dollars per ton. I cannot see why the average value of the whalers destroyed by the Shenandoah should so vastly exceed that of those destroyed by the Alabama, and I certainly tlunk the average in the latter case may bte taken aa likely to be more near the mark. 1145] 2 L Values of mt 'client vemeli. Claitrs for cargoes, Claims for personal effects. !■ .a! :^£ m 256 A^ regards the men i ant-vessels I see no reason to doubt tliat the ]3ntish aver^f^e pstimateol' U) dollars pert:. n is adequate; but there is one mode of an-ivini,' ;>( an average cstunate whii-li is open to ao objection. It appears Irom the same Table, in the llepurt prf'?- i ted to the Congress of the United States ah-eady referred to, that the average r.dhv ol American vessels engaged in the foreign trade was, in the year 1801, 41 dollars l>- ' ton, and tiiat it has, since the year 18(52, been 15 dollars per ton*. It will b(> found, on looking at tlie United States' Argument, that it is tlierr '.on would cause the British allowance to bo inereasec i.y200 iOU dolliu,,, but it would cause the claim of the United States to be diminished by more than 600,000 dollars. I now come to the claims for cargo ^rjiose claims, Jt must be remembered, include claims for t!ie value of goods, insurances, <>)i):missions, and profits on the same cargo-js ; profits which will be found to bo claimed at the rate of sonietii.ies 2-'. som 'times 50, and sometimes as much as 100 per cent. Moreov'.'r, it is 'mportant to obs, rvn that, as merchants gCiicrally considerably ■ vei-value ilich- properly in policies of inaiuame, and always include in tiie amoantinsm-ed the premiuru oi iusarauee it's* ':', a considerable rediiCtJ'.ii. ought to ))c made from the amounts clai.-i fed iniusiuanec con.panies. Again for reasco:^ jully staled in the lust Briti.di llcport,* it is genera;) - impossible to tmce the dou- i-. olaiiiss which are advanced for cargoes; and yet the pi-obabilitv certainly is that they exist to at least as great an extent as they have been proved to exist in the cases of ves'-els ana ir<.'ight.;. Taking all these circumstances into consideration, I beizove that rii.»t persons who study these claims, an.i who are acquainted with the subjects to vhieh they relate, will consider the reduction of 12 per cent, whicli has bo-n inade in the British estimate from the total claim for cargo, commission, profits, and iusm-auces on the same, a very moderate reduction. The last item of claims to be considered is that relating to personal effects. That si>rac of these claims are exorbitant is proved by the various instances cited in the British Exports. I will direct attention to a few of them. Ebenezer Nye, the master of the Abigail, a whaling-vessel of 310 tons, has claimed upwards of 16,000 dollars, or 3,200/. for the loss of personal effects on board that vessel. Again, the master of the Rockingham, a vessel of 976 ton-,;, lias claimed for personal effects 8,054 dollars, or 1,600/. In the Winged Racer a passenger claims for loss of office as Consul 10,000 dollars, over and above 1,015 dollars for loss of personal efiects. Finally, in the Crowni Point, a vessel of 1,100 tons, the master and the mate each advance claims for 10,000 dollars. Excepting in these and some other similar cases, in wliich the demands are evi(l(>ntly grossly exaggerated, all the claims for personal effects have been allowed in the British estimate, and I see no reason whatever for adding to the amount which is proposed to be allowed in that estimate under this head. On the whole, therefore, I am of opinion that if half a million dollars were to bo added to the British estimate, more than adequate compensation will in all probability be granted for any direct losses which may have been occasioned by the Confederate cruizers, and that, therefore, the Tribimal ought to assess these claims at an amount not great(!r than 8,000,000 dollars. In the observations on M. Staempfli's calculations which I submitted to the other members of the Tribunal on the 2nd of September, and which will be found in the Protocol of that date, I have shown that, even including the allowances of 988,000 dollars for profits and wages of the whalers, and the allowance of no per cent, on the claims for freights, and striking a mean between the British estima* ■■ i the gross claims for the other items not absolutely disallowed by the Tribunal, tl )unt should not exceed 10,000,000 dollars in roimd numbers. Claim for interest, _ The Tribunal ■ . ■ ,ig formed its estimate of t' ; ships aiul properly <^i. .ue time of their destruction, i itself, whether, to such actual value, interest from added. Upon this question, which is entirely in .! . . loss sustained in respect of lost important question presents i ime of loss sbinjld bo super- .1,1- (Si^cretion of the Tribunal, * British Appendix, vol. vi!, p. 1 lat tho British averazc an'ivmi,' at an av(!ragc lie Table, in tlic llciiort (l to, that the aA-ovagc lie year 1801, 11 (lolhirs ton. It will bo i'onnd, troii^ly nvged that the very seriius diminution ^mn dirotidy ojiijo.sed to ! ^); bur ■whefiicf it be '.eiehant-vesiseis ;ii the loj.itiou of this \riiiia) 'on larw, lint it would cause »0,000 dollars. 3e remembered, include ts on the same rargo disposed, when able t'> deal with a case of indemnity, unfettered by leehnical considerations, as I think Ave may do in the present instance, to hold that vihere a ])ecuniary indemnity n^'aiiist loss is to be given, such indemnity is not complete unless the ])arty is eompensated, not only for the property actually destroyed, but for tlie profit — here to be repn'sented by interest — Avhich that projierty a\ ould luu'e brought iiim._ If a man loses propc^rly worth 1,000/., Avhicli, but for the loss, he Avould have eontimied to turn to some ])rolital)le account, and after a giA'cn period the actual value, namely, the 1,000/. is given to liim, and no more, it is plain that he ivmains a loser of of all the profit he Avould li;ive realized in the meantime; in other Avords, he remains lo that extent unindemnified. L'nder ordinary ciriaimstanees, therefore, I should have been Avilling to aAA'ard interest, Avhen aAvarding compensation for property destroyed, Ihit there are in this case most peculiar circumstances which make me incline to a different conclusion. The first is, that neither the British Government, nor British subjects, AA'cre the authors of the damage done. All that can be ascribed to the British Government is want of diligence in not preventing these vessels from leaving British Avaters on their Avork of mischief. Professor Bluntschli has done justice to the British Government in this respect : — " 11 lie taut d'ailli'iirs pas iionlni ijo vue ([ue tons cph ulfets ili'sastreux snnt en premier lieu impuiables, aon ])as an (icmveniemcnt Aii,i,'lais luais aiix rroiaciirii eux-nu'iiies. I'orsonne n'nccusera lu Gouvenieiueiit AiiL'lais d'avoir (Ioiiik' luissinn de (Ic'tniiie les iiavirea de commerce Amuricains, on d'avoir, par .ses a,L;issi'iiK'nt.s, cnlvave ou eii(luiiimage la marine Amerieaine. Ce (lue Ton pent lui r(!proelier a lion droit (en sui)iio.sant (pie les faits cites jilns liaut doivent etro consideres comme avoLu's on proiivc's), ce ii'ost pas un /d through breaches not of international but of her oaa'u municipal laAv; next, that if she, on the one hand, Avas liable for injury done to American citizens, because her Government by greater diligence might have prevented them, she, on the other hand, might have claimed to be recouped by States, noAV IbrnAing an integral part of the Union, as having been the actual Avrongdoers through A'iolation of her laAv, Avhatever sum she Avas obliged to pay as compensation. For, had the Confederate States possessed, or had they succeeded in acquu'ing an independent nationality. Great Britain Avould have had a perfect right to insist on being indemnified for a pecuniary loss incurred through a violation by them of her neutrality and of her hiAV. The nationality of those States is noAv again united Avith and merged in that of the United States, uoav plaintiffs against Great Britain. And though, the compensation being asked for losses suffered by indiA'idual American citizens, and not by the (loveinment of the United States, ller Majesty's GoA-ernment were, in my humble opinion, right in not taking their stand on such an objection, I (iaiiuot but think that, looking to all these cireiirastances, this Tribunal, in the exercise of the equitable and unfettered jurisdiction Avith which it is iuA'csted, might well decline to add interest to the amount of the loss actually sustained. Even if interest should be given, it seems to me that, as the United States might have had, as far back as the year 18(59, an arbitration for the purpose of having these identical claims adjudicated upon, an arbitration having been offered by Great Britain and accepted by the Executive of the United States, and having only failed because <• R«Tue de Droit Intwnatlonkl, 1870," p, 478. Concluiion. 1, I' 258 rejected by the American Senate, all claim to interest, as iVom that date, should, an matter of equity, be disallowed by the Tribunal. At all events, I can see no reason why, under all these circumstances, anything more tlian the lowest rate of interest anywhere prevailing in the United States 'should be allowed, and I canuot concur in the rate of 6 per cent, adopted by the IVibunal. I have now tmvelled through the wide range of this inquiry, partly in order to place the facts, over wliich a cloud of prejudice has been raised, in their true light ; partly to explain the reasons wliicli prevent my concurring in the award which the majority of the Tribunal have thought it right to pronounce. The result is that, while I differ from the grounds on which the decision of the Tribunal in the case of the Alabama is founded, nevertheless, owing to the special circumstances to which I have hereinbefore called attention, I concur in holding Great Britain Iial)lc in respect of that ship. With respect to the Florida, on the best judgment I can form upon a review of all the facts, the charge of want of due diligence is not made out. I cannot concur m thmking that anything was left undone by the Government of ller Majesty which could be reasonably expected of them, or tlie omission of which can justly subject them t() the charge of want of due diligence and care. I cannot agree that the law of Great Britani slioidd have been changed because of the breaking out of the civil war. First, because the existing law was adequate to all that could reasonably be expected ; secondly' because, at all events, there was at the time no reason for believing it other than suffi' cient ; lastly, because, evpn if the law might have been improved and the hands of the Executive strengthened Avitli advantage, the United States could have no possible right to expect any amendment of the British law so long as their OAvn remained unaltered. As to the Shenandoah, I cannot express too strongly my dissent from the decision 01 the majority. Not coneuning in the decision as to tiie Florida and Shenandoah, I cannot, of course, concur in awarding the siun which is to be paid on account of the damage done by them. ^ Even if this were otherwise, t should still hold the amoimt awarded greater than it should have been. Lastly, under the very special circumstances out of which these claims have arisen, it appears to me that the allowance of interest was uncalird for and unjust. But, while the award of the Tribunal appears to me to be open to these exceptions, I triwt that, by the British people, it will be accepted with the sufemission and respect which 18 duo to the decision of a Tribunal by whose award it has freely consented to abide. The United States, on the other hand, having had the claims of their citizens for losses sustained considerately weighed, and compensation awarded in respect of them, will see, I trust, in the consent of Great Britain to submit these claims to peaceful arbitration, an honest desire on her part to atone for any past errors or omissions, which an impartial judgment might find to have existed— and will feel that all just cause of grievance is now removed—so that, in the time to come, no sense of past wrong remaining unredressed will stand in the way of the friendly and harmonious relations which should subsist between two great and kindred nations. Geneva, September 14, 1872. A. E. COCKBURN. ;e, should, an es, anything States should Tribunal. )rder to place light; partly the majority cision of the > the special olding Great ion a review nnot concur ajeaty which lubject them aw of Great war. First, :l ; secondly, ■r than suffi- hands of the ossible right unaltered. the decision I cannot, of aniage done greater than claims have unjust. ! exceptions, and respect onsented to citizens for ict of them, to peaceful ' omissions, bat all just nse of past harmonious LBURN.