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 HoRTicrLTiRii IX Canada 
 
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 ( )T1 AWA, CANADA 
 
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 7 / L 
 
 HORTICULTURE IN CANADA. 
 
 The subject which I have the pvivileye of bringing before you 
 on this occasion is that of Horticulture in Canada, and in tht; dis- 
 cussion of this topic it is my purpose to treat of liorticulture in 
 its widest sense, as embracing the art and science of tlie cultiva- 
 tion of trees, shrubs, and plants for both utilitarian and decorative 
 purposes. This subject covers so wide a ti(dd that the brief 
 period of an hour will admit of touching on but a few of its 
 more important features, and, with the view of presenting these 
 in a clear and intelligent manner, I shall Hrst give you a very 
 short sketch of tht> country whose horticultural j)rogress 1 am 
 expected to outline. 
 
 The Dominion of (!anada consists of seven ])rovinces. four 
 provisional territories, and a vast area to tlie north, nuu-h of 
 which is yet unexplored. If the traveller through this country 
 takes the train at its eastern boundary, at Halifax on the broad 
 Atlantic, he may ride with one change of ears through to the 
 shores of the I'aeitic, co\ ering a distance of three thousand six 
 hundred and sixty-two miles, and all within the settled area, of 
 Canada. The three most easterly provinces form a grou|) partly 
 surrounded and more <'.■ less intersected by the ocean, known as 
 the Maritime Provinces. Following these come the goodly prov- 
 inces of Quel)ec and v >ntario, the latter stretching westward 
 along the margins of tlie Great Lakes — Ontario, Erie, Huron, 
 and Superior — until its western boun<larv is found beyond the 
 Lake of the Woods. Here Ontario joins the " prairie jirovince" 
 of Manitoba, west of which lie the four gigantic provisional ttMri- 
 tories, — Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabasca, — 
 comprising vast plains. In a part of the territories a wide l)elt 
 of the country, lying north of the 49th parallel, — which forms 
 the boundary line between the L^nited States and Canada, — has 
 a dry climate, caused by the hot winds which blow northward 
 from the great American desert, lint beyond the spent forc(^ of 
 these hot currents, beginning from one hundred and twenty-five 
 to one hundred and seventy-five miles north of the boundary, we 
 
find iinmensc. partly wooded areas, watered by streams flowiii!^ 
 northward, with a soil woiidori'ully riidi and fertile and with eon- 
 ditions favorable for mixed farniinij, especially for the raisin;,' of 
 cattle and for dairying. Still fiirtlier west stands Hritish Co- 
 lnnd)ia witli its sea of monntaiiis encdosing an area abon-idiiiK in 
 minerals, coal, and lumber. Its waters teem with lish, and some 
 of the fertile valleys are beinj,' fast converted into smilinij fi(dds 
 of j^rain and prolific; ondiards. 
 
 Ijet us tou(di brii^Hy ou the conditions found in ea(di of tlui 
 divisions of this your neij^hl)oring country, and note the indica- 
 tions of horticultural progress. Prince Edward Island, the 
 smallest of the jn'ovinces of Canada, has an area of two thousand 
 one hundred and thirty-tliree srpiare miles, is one hundred and fifty 
 miles long and varies from nine to thirty miles in width, and has 
 a i)opidation of one hundred and ten thousand. This island has 
 a fertile soil ; the climate is cool and bracing in summer, but 
 rather sfivere in winter. Many varieties of apples, plums, and 
 cherries succeed well tlHue,. and gooseberries, ciirrants, and otluu- 
 small fruits an^ ])roduccd in abundance; but the winter season is 
 too severe to admit of growing the more tender fruits suct^ess- 
 fully. The cultivation of Howers is very general, especially in 
 the cities and towns, in which many avenues of stately trees are 
 found, uost of whicli are European. So also are the shrubs 
 which decorate the grounds about rural and city honu»s. The 
 nund)er of varieties of trees grown are few, and in shrubs one 
 notices the absence of many beautiful forms whicli are grown 
 very successfully in other provinces, and which will, no doubt, 
 when introduced, do well liere. Horticulture is encouraged by 
 the ludding of exliibitions of fruits and flowers in tlie capital at 
 ('harlottetowu and elsewhere, Aviiicli are assisted by grants from 
 the provincial treasury. There is a Hue park in Charlottetown, 
 comprising about one hundred a.nd tifty aiu-es, with beautiful 
 drives through the wooded areas and along the seasluire, — a. 
 cool and delightful place of resort for the citizens throughout the 
 summer months. 
 
 Across the Northumberland Straits from Charlottetown, some 
 thirty miles distant, lies the I'rovince of Nova Scotia, with its 
 twenty thousand five luindred and tifty scjuai-e miles of area and 
 a ])opulatinn of four hundred ;uid tifty-one thousand. The 
 climate of tlie eastern part of this j)rovince is mild and well 
 
\ 
 
 iulaptod for the grouing of maiiy viirictii's of fmil- of hvrh 
 • luality and in ;,a-eat perfection. Tlie Annaixjlis valley, so well 
 known as the scene of Longfellow's beautiful and tragic jiotMii. 
 is specially adapted by clinuito and situation toi- fruit -i'(.\\ in,-,^ 
 and is rapidly being converted into a, vast orchard where the 
 choicest sorts of apides, pears, [dunis, and cliei-rics grow in the 
 greatest abundance. In this valley there is a HpcvXid school of 
 horticulture, receiving a liberal provincial grant, wiu-re practical 
 training is given to students in tlie i)r()pagation and growth of 
 fruits, ornamental shrubs, trees, and flowers. To drive union*'' 
 th(! beautiful scenes in that charming valley, when the trees urt^ 
 covered with bh)ssoms in the spring, or wlien their bran(;hes are 
 pendant with gcdden fruit in the autnnin. is a deligjit not soon 
 to be forgotten. There are many other localities in Nova. Scotia 
 where fruit culture is carried on very successfully, and tlie 
 e.xports of fruit from this province are large and constantlv 
 incretising. ^IMie Fruit Growers' Association of Nova Scotia. 
 which is also aided by provincial funds, is a strong and active 
 organization, bedding meetings at intervals during the year foi' 
 the discussion (d' subjects relating to I'ruit growing ;,iid otjiei 
 bramdies of horticulture, and the information brought out is 
 published in tlm proceedings of the Association. During the 
 ]»ast year the ipiantity of ai)i)les exported was about live hundred 
 thousand barrels. Some of this fruit, J am told, linds its way to 
 Boston, where the Idgh-flavored Gravensteins ai'e said to be 
 much appreciated ; but much the larger portion iinds a readv 
 market in the larger cities in Great Jiritain. In Halifax there 
 are several parks, including in all about two hundred and eighty 
 acres. The Public Gardens, containing about sixteen acres, are 
 also very attractive and contain some excellent specimens of 
 trees, mostly European, and many varieties of shrubs and coni- 
 fers, imduding some choice specimens of Japanese Retinosporas, 
 notably oi Chavuvctfparh pliiwosn and (\ p/innosa aurea. The 
 Scotcli heather, Cdlhma vulijuris, also luxuriates here, and some 
 of the fine flower beds are margined with this pretty i)laiit, 
 which has become naturalized and is growing in large patches in 
 
 the public parks. Truro and other smaller cit 
 
 ies and towns west 
 
 of Halifax are emulatiu!' tli 
 
 parks, adorning th<dr streets with aven 
 
 e capital in the establishment of 
 
 ues of trees, and embel- 
 
 lishing their homes witii groups of choice shrubs and beds of 
 
 fl 
 
 owers. 
 
6 
 
 ill Xt'w r.rmiswick. witli iiii arcii ol' t\V(Mitv-eiglit tlidusaiid 
 .s(|ii;in^ iiiilos iind a jMipiilatinii of tlirt'(> luiiidrcd and t.\veiitv-on<' 
 tli<msand, the oliniat*! is not. so favovahle For j^oiici'al iin»<,M'ess in 
 liortii'ulturo as in the sister provinee of Mova Seotia. While 
 ondiards have been snceess fully estal»lished in the valley of the 
 St. Jolm river, the varieties of Iriiit urown ,ivo ehii'Hy of the' 
 hardier sorts, and the enltivatioii of lar<^e fruits is not .general. 
 Small fruits, however. ar(> Ljrowii in abundance, and the cool 
 weather in early summer retards the ripening' season and permits 
 ol' the growing of large (piantities of luseious strawberries, whieh, 
 rij)ening after the main supplies in the New England States, tind 
 a ready market in Boston and other eities, with Init little eompe- 
 tition and at good prices. 
 
 Recently a public park comprising two hundred and forty 
 acres has l)een established at tin; city of St. frohn, 0(;cupying a 
 commanding position overlooking the turbulent waters of the 
 Hay of Fundy. Througli this jiark roads are l)eing laid otit 
 amidst charming and, in some places, rugged siienery. Tiiis 
 must in time become a most attractive jdace of resort. 
 
 The Province of Quebec, with an area of two hundred and 
 twenty-seven thousand square miles and a ])oj)ulation of about 
 one and one-half million, is also making progress in horticulture, 
 in the valley of the St. Lawrence there are many Hue orchards, 
 and iu.)where does the celebrated Fameuse apple reach so high a 
 di'giee of perfection as on the Island of Montreal, where many 
 varieties of pears also, and jdums of fine flavor, thrive well. In. 
 the eastern townships, on the south side of the river St. Law- 
 rence, fruit gr( wing is carried on to a considerable extent and 
 ([uantities of ap])lcs from this territory find their way to Mon- 
 treal or are ship[ied to foreign markets ; but on the interi<M' lands, 
 on the north side «.if the river, only the hardier fruits suciieed, 
 and the orchards are few and snuill. In Montreal and other 
 cities and towns in this i)rovince, much taste is dis])layed in the 
 laying out of the jxiblic parks and squares, and in the ornamenta- 
 tion of the grounds of the more wealthy nu^mbers of the com- 
 munity. Horticultural sotneties and a I'rovincial Fruit Growers' 
 Association have been oi'gani/ed. which are aided by [)rovincial 
 funds : annual exhibitions are held, and thus the love for the 
 (.cultivation <d' fruits and flowers is fo.stered. 
 
 Ontario is the lianner province o\' the Dominion, and its 
 
\ 
 
 WdiKlcrriil varift.y (.1 clmiatr ami n.-li IkuI icnlt mal |..i.ssil)ilitu's 
 ;irt' as yt't l)ut |iaitia,ll_v known. W'ltli I he nolilr ar<M nl' twi) 
 lumdred and twenty thousand si|iiai't' niilcs. and a |iM|Milation of 
 two million ouo liundrrd and liltct'ii tiionsand. this [.roviiicc has 
 lw(dv(' and a halt' million at-res of clfarcd land, aixmt thn^e hiin- 
 divd and twenty thousand acies of wliieli are under (»rehanl, 
 ,ij;ar(l(!n, and vineyard. The nundx-r of apple trees ol lu-ariiig a,ue 
 in this province is abuiit six nullions. while there are three and 
 a half millions nior*; of younj,'er trees, most of whidi will 
 soon he in hearin-- eundition. Tlu; yield of api)h's in iSiXi was 
 very lar-,n', anil is estimated at lil'ty-six million bushels. In the 
 Niagara peninsula, and along the shoi'es of the western part of 
 Lake Erie, peacdies are grown very successfully, and there are 
 .said to be over half a million of peach trees planted in that part 
 ot Canada. (Jrai)es, also, are grown in imiuense (piantities. 
 There are about three million of beai'ing gi-qte vines in Ontario, 
 producing annually about fifteen million pounds (d' grapes. Tliere 
 are also large orcdiards of pears, plums, and cherries, so that 
 Canadiau markets are well supplied with home-gi'own fruits (d' 
 excellent (luality throughout the .season, and a large <piantity <d 
 ajiples is exported to Great liritain. During the past year more 
 than two million barrels were ex])orted from .Montreal. Ontario 
 also sends large sui)plies of fruit to the prairie districts in the 
 west. A thriving organization, known as the Fruit (Jrowers' 
 Association of Ontario, has been in existence tor the past twentv- 
 eight years, and has done much to stimulate fruit growing through- 
 out the i)rovinee, and also to cultivate a taste for oriuimental 
 trees, shrubs, and flowers. This As.sociation receives a, liberal 
 aiiiuial grant from the provincial funds. The large display of 
 fruit and flowers at the leading annual exhibitions helps to draw 
 further attention to these interesting and important subjects. 
 The Ontario government also gives annual graids towards the 
 support of horticultural .societies, which are established in most of 
 the towns and cities of the province. Under this stimulus, fre- 
 <|uent floral exhibitions have been held, and the people hav(> been 
 led to vie with each other in beautifying their homes by tlu; 
 planting of trees and Howers. ]\[any large tloral establishm.Mits 
 are well supported by lovers of Howers. In the cities and larger 
 towns public parks have been established, valuable not only as 
 health resorts, but as reposittiries for sonH> of nature's (dioicest 
 
8 
 
 ;irl)(irr;il tjifts.' Ildrticiiltiil'o iilso forms uw iiii|K»it,iiit |iiirt in 
 tilt! curriiniliiin of tin- Ontiirio Collfj^'c of Aj^riculfciiri', uliidi is 
 lociitf'd ;it (Jiiclpli. 
 
 Ad j(tiiiiii;,' ( Mitiirio ;it its western cxticniily is tin- Trovincc of 
 Manitoba, witli sixty-four thousand stinan^ miles of fei ritorv and 
 a jiopulation (d' one Inindred and tifty-two thousand. Here tin; 
 (dinuitie conditions are too seven; to admit id' the lajiid extension 
 of horticnhnre. The hir^er frnits are not sneeessfully j,'r()U'n, 
 Imt many of the snniU fruits are proihieed in ai)un(hinee. The. 
 l»eo|de are everywlun-e fond of Howers, and the h)n,i,' days and 
 abundance of siinsliine in tlie summer niontiis ,i,Mve a wealtii of 
 bh)om to many annuals and hardy pereniuals unktu)\vn in eastern 
 (dimates. 
 
 Westward of Manifiiba lie tin; four oi'<,Miii/.ed territories of the 
 Canadian Northwest — Assiniboia, witii an area of eii,dity-ei,i,dit 
 thousand square miles; Suskateliewau, one hundred and one thou- 
 sand ; .\lberta, one hundred and tiv«! thousand ; and Athabasca, 
 one hundred and thi'ee tlujusand. These threat divisions extend 
 friuu the western boundary of M.anit(jba, to the lioeky Mountains, 
 art! partly traversed by railways, vvhicdi Imve opmied up the 
 country for settlement, aiul a sparse pop\ilatit)n of from fifty 
 thousantl ti> sixty thousantl ])eo|)le is scattered here and there 
 throughout this very large area. T'he love of trees, shrubs, and 
 flowers is universal on the plains, and luxuriant gardens full of 
 bloom are frerpuuitly fouml among the settlers, fn the country 
 to the ntjrth lie the unsurveyetl and but partly exphired districts, 
 occupied only, as yet, by witlely distant trading posts and otu-a- 
 sional settlers, but mainly in possession of Indians and fur- 
 traders. In this wide expanse are included the districts e<^' Un- 
 gava, Keewatin, Kranklin. IVlacken/ie, ami ^'ukon, comprising 
 in all about a million and a half s([uare miles, exclusive of the 
 water areas. 
 
 The most westerly province, British Columbia, imdudes three 
 hundred and eighty-two thousand square miles and has a popula- 
 tion of about one hutulretl and twenty-five thousand. In the busy 
 mining districts not much attention is jiaid to horticulture, but 
 west of the Coast Range of mountains, where the climate is mild 
 
 ' The lecture was illiiBtrnted with lantern elidos, showing scenoB in the public parkB and 
 gardens in the different cities in the Dominion; also views of many beantiful individual 
 specimens of ornaniGutal trees and shrubs grown on the experimental farms. 
 
\ 
 
 J> 
 
 and jjoiiiiil, luiicli likr thai u[' lai^'hind. I'liiils ;ni<l tlnwiTs ■^ii>w m 
 pnifiisioii. Tlicic tlir holly, laun'l. rliodiMli'iHlrnn. ami yew 
 tioui'Lsli with the aiiplr. |if>ar. [jhiiii. and (diiTry, ;iiid. in suiiif 
 lucalitit's, the i)t'afli. In thosf pacts ot tlic |ii'()Viiiec iM'twccii the 
 Coast IJaiij^o and the llockics tliero arc many line valleys, sonic 
 of uidcii have not sutticient rainfall to adnut of the successful 
 (tultivatiun eitliei'of grain or fruit without irrigation. I'licrc arc. 
 howevcu', many mountain sti'cams availaldi) for this pui'itose ami 
 on sonu! of the I'anehes very tine a[)i)les ave grown. The taste for 
 Howors is almost universal, and the long, mild season ])erniits of 
 many of them being grown in perfection. 'I'his [)r(ivincc ha^ also 
 a fruit Crrowers' Association, assisted hy a grant frcjui the public 
 purse, ami exhibitions of fruits and Howers are ludd tMinually in 
 the larger towns and cities. Vancouver and Victoria h both 
 very tine public parks. 
 
 The progress of horticulturt.', as w.dl as agrieultu'. throi ;hout 
 Canada has l)een greatly stimulated by :he organiz.iLion am! nr'';i- 
 teiuuuM' oi . -. i.M'iiuental farms by the Dominion Govennnent. 
 Ten years ago tins gooil work was begun, and w Idle ! iie greaAer 
 attention has been given to nu'asures looking towards .the im- 
 l»rovementof farnnug, many lines of horticultural W(U'k have been 
 vigorously [)rosecuted. These experimental farms arc live in 
 nundier, tin; central or principal farm being located at Ottawa., 
 the seat of government. — where, on the boundary line between 
 Ontario and <^uebee, it serves the purpcjses of tlu!se two important 
 [uovinces, — and the four branch farms in the more distant prov- 
 inces of the Donunion. A site was chosen for one of these at 
 Nappan, in Nova Scotia, near the dividing line between that I'l'ov- 
 ince and New Brunswick, where it nunisters to the needs of the 
 three IMaritinu^ Provinces. One was located near lirandon, in the 
 central part of Manitoba. A third was placed at Indian Head, a 
 small town on the Canadian l*acitic Kailway, in Assiniboia, one 
 of the Northwest Territories; and the fourth at Agassi/,, in the 
 coast climate of British Columbia. The climatic conditions [U'c- 
 vailing at these several points are all very dilferent. and each 
 location in this respect fairly represents a large area. 
 
 At each of these farms, ondiards and fruit plantations have 
 been established aiul a large nundjer of vi-rieties of fruits tested, 
 while sinnlar experimental work has be( n carried on with nuiiiy 
 different sorts of ornamental trees, shrubs, and Howers. The 
 
10 
 
 selections iiiatle in ciicli case have been of such varieties as were 
 thouglit to be most likely to succeel in the (jliniates in whicli they 
 were to be tried. In the Maritime IM-ovinces the climate reseraliles 
 that of many parts of New England, and the branch ex[)eriinen- 
 tal farm at Nappan oceui)ies a fairly representative position. 
 The climate is inihler and more jnoist than that of Ottawa, and 
 all the varieties of trees and shrubs which succeed at the central 
 farm do quite as well, or better, at Nappan, and many varieties 
 of fruits which thrive in Nova Scotia are not able to endure the 
 more sevens wintcM's at Ottawa. At this eastern branch farm 
 there are now nearly four hundred varieties of large and snuill 
 fruits under trial and ahdut three hundred varieties of ornamental 
 trees and shrubs, and most of these are uuUving satisfactory growth. 
 Many additions are made to these lists every year. Already these 
 plantations are proving a useful guide to the [jeojile in the Mari 
 time Provinces, whether they desire to grttw fruit or to beautify 
 their homes by ornamental jtlanting. 
 
 Passing now at one b<miHl over a distaiu-e .of seven huiulred 
 and forty-two mill's west of Nappan, we find ourselves at Ottawa, 
 the cai)ital. Three miles from the centre of the city lies the cen- 
 tral experimental farm, consisting of four hundred and sixty- 
 five acres. Ten years ago this Luul was liberally sprinkled with 
 stiimps and stones, and encumbered with out; hundred and forty 
 acres of second-growth timber and forty acres of swamp. This 
 has all l)een (deared and reclaimed, and brought into a fair con- 
 dition of cultivation. About tlii'ee hundred and thirty acres are 
 devoted to agricultural work, thirty-five acres to the testing of 
 fruits and vegetables, twcnty-cuic acres to experiments with forest 
 trees, nine acres to ornamental planting along the margins of the 
 roads and about the buildings, and sixty-five acres to an arbore- 
 tum and l)otanic garden. 
 
 There is an office building with chenncal lal)oratory below, and 
 overhead a museum of farm products, in whicdi the fruits grown 
 at the several farms make a striking disi)lay. Near by are the 
 houses of the chemist, botanist, and horticulturist, about which 
 there are some pretty groups of trees and shrubs. 
 
 The conservatory consists of two glass structures, each 
 seventy-five feet long, in one of which there is a fair collection 
 of economic and ornamental plants. In the list of the fornun- 
 will be found tea, coffee, cinnamon, camphor, pepper, cinchona, 
 
 A 
 
\ 
 
 w 
 
 If 
 
 ^. 
 
 11 
 
 '■<"•>•;' and other pUuits servicrahlf U, iiiaii. TIi.mv aiv ;,ls.. ,•(.!- 
 lections of oi-oliids and cacti, with palms and ferns and many of 
 the commoner house plants. Another ..onse is used, durinp-'the 
 <'arly months of the year, for testin- the vitality of seed J'rain 
 tor farmers and for K'eneral propagatin-- ]iuri)oses. 
 
 Tlie l.arn with adjacent [.hinting shows that the snrroundinijs 
 of even ii harn ma.y be made attractive i.y a, jiidi.'ious use (;f trees 
 and shrubs. 
 
 Orchards have been [.hinted and are used for testin- fruits, ami 
 the number of varieties of hirge fruits under trial liere is about 
 ei-ht hundred, and of small fruits about as manv more. Many 
 new varieties have been i)ro(luced on the farm, l.v growin- large 
 nund)ers of seedlings of choi.'e sorts and selectiiig t.-ie best, and 
 by .u'oss-fertilization. Comparative tests have also been made of 
 a large number of vegetal.lt;s. 
 
 A useful adjuiujt to the hortieultuial departnu.nt is theaj^iary 
 u-here the busy bees work all the summer dav. gathering stores 
 of honey from the Howers ..f various plants and tro-s, and in 
 ';:»rrying on their regular w..rk render value.l assistance in 
 lertihzuig the blossoms of fruits. 
 
 Some people object to planting trees, fearing thev mav not 
 live long enough to realize nuich enjoyment from them.' To 
 produce the b.'st results comparativelv small s^.e-'imens should 
 be selected. A young and thrifty tree accommodates itself to 
 ehange of location much more readily than an older cue, an.l the 
 young tree usually develops its normal form more perfectly. 
 
 During the ea,rly years of our work co]lect,ions of bulbs — in- 
 cluding lilies, hyacinths, narcissus, and many ..ther sorts — were 
 planted in the autumn; but the ground being open and without 
 shelter, the snow at times was so blown off the ground as to 
 leave it nearly bare and most ..f the bulbs were killM durin-- the 
 winter. To provide shelt.u', and collect and retain siu.w^ov.u- 
 them, an enclosure hedged with arbor vita> and Norwav spruce 
 was planned and the bulbs plante.l within it; since then m-arlv 
 all have wintered well. During the winter the .Miclosure and its 
 surroundings are prc.tected by sm.w, which gathers within and 
 about it to a considerable depth. The evergreen margin is now 
 about three and a half feet high, and p..rtions of it are almost 
 '^'^'^'!!i^;'^''j:""''' '^'"''"^ ^ ''^ *^'"''^'''" l*'i'"t '»t' the season. 
 
 mJri!lr\'7? '^T'l' '." ^'«'"°'"'"'"« 'bo ,Iovelo,„nci.t iTKi^h^nd beauty 7hIchT.^o 
 made In a brief period of eevon oi- eight years. 
 
1% 
 
 Tilt' beds ojifsitlc tliis fiii'litsmii attonl dill'tn't'iit asiu'cts, wljicli 
 iimkc tliciii vtM'y suitable lor ct'i'tain classes of plants. 
 
 Within, a (constant succession of bloom during the sunmu-r is 
 maintained : liyacinths. tulips, and other bulbs in the spring, and 
 later tint; masses of lilies, herbaceous [)eoni(!S, and irises are 
 ;^fro\vn. 
 
 The lilacs, when in bloom iu the spring, art; among the most 
 lieautifid of shrubs, and what delightful improvements have of 
 late been nuulc in this old-fashioned favorite ! Mt)re than sixty 
 varieties an; under test at (Ottawa, and nearly all are doing well. 
 Charles the Tenth is one (jf the, bt!st ; it is very rich in color, 
 a wonderfully free bloomer, and the clusters of flowers are hirge. 
 Alba grandiflora is also a good variety; its large white flower 
 clusters contrasting with the rich dcsep green foliage maki' it very 
 attractive. '' 
 
 A grouj) of Scotch fines, J'i/i.ii.s si/Zri'sfn's, is a prominent 
 feature in one part of the grounds; this was phuited eight years 
 ago. The trees were then eighteen inches high ; now they 
 meiisure from thirteen to fourteen feet. The rich green color of 
 this species, which is well preserved throughout the winter, makes 
 this tree an attractive object at all seasons of the year. 
 
 The Rocky INIouutain Mliu^ Spruce, J'icea piDii/eiis, is one of 
 the most valuable introductions of late years, and ranks among 
 the most beautiful of hardy evergreens. The foliage in some 
 specimens assumes a rich shade of steely blue, most striking in 
 the early ))art of the summer. Many of tliese trees hav(! betni 
 ])lanted in different exposures on the central farm, during the 
 past seven years, and all have proved perfectly harily. 
 
 The Euro])ean jVIoiuitain Ash, or Kowau Tree, l^i/nis Jiicii/Kirid, 
 is a Hue object on the lawn when well-gi'own and clothed with 
 branches to near the ground. Its beautiful foliage and abundant 
 clusters of white blossoms in the spring, succeeded by bunches of 
 scarlet berries in the autumn, make it attractive all through the 
 season. 
 
 The Katsura Tree, ('(■ri'i(/i/>hi///inii Jdjioin'ciini, from northern 
 Ja[)an, is an interesting tree, which is (piite hardy at i,)ttawa. 
 The nni([ue character of its foliage as w(dl as its handsome form 
 render it most desirable. 
 
 Tiie Sw(!et Chestnut, ('(istom'ti satii-n va,r. Aincrifnmi, is a native 
 of the western part of (Ontario anil is grown with some dithculty 
 
\ 
 
 i: 
 
 in Mh' .•liMiMtc of Ottawa. After soveral (Milures, tw.. or lluve 
 trees have now become established and are doin- well. (),„. „f 
 these blossomed last spring. 
 
 The variegated J3ogwood, Coni>>s mas var. rana/ntu, is one of the 
 most beautiful shrubs at all seasons of the year. The foliage is 
 richly variegated with white and the variegati.ui is well main- 
 tained tln-oughout the season. 
 
 When speaking of the divisions made of the land at the 
 central farm and the purposes to which the severa,l portions 
 were devoted, T stated that sixty-five acres had i)een set aside for 
 an arboretum and botanic ga.rdeji devoted to the testing of trees, 
 slirnbs. and plants from all parts of the world. Work was begun' 
 111 this branch six years ago. and already nearly two thousand 
 species and varieties of trees and slirubs, and about one thousand 
 of herbaceous perennials, have been brought together from all the 
 iH.rthern sections of the globe and are being tested as to their 
 suitability for the climate of Ottawa. Canada, was f..r a long 
 tinu; the only important British colony without a botanic garden"^ 
 This stigma has now been removed, and it is hoped that this 
 institution at the farm will soon reach that stage of advancement 
 which will make it a credit to the country. 
 
 Permit m.- tu direct your attention lor a short time U) a few of 
 the individual speeinnuis on this part of the grounds: 
 
 Th(> Eui'opean Larch, Lurir Europm, is a very handsome tive, 
 valuable for its timber. It is a rapid grower an.l has a most 
 graceful drooping habit. 
 
 The Golden Arbor Vita) is a beautiful form of the common 
 Arbor '^'-V^ Th>i,j,, orridentalis, in which the foliage assumes a 
 gold.Mi yeHow hue. This is a brilliant object for' a lawn and 
 makes a beautiful hedge. 
 
 The Pyramidal Arl)or Vitai is another interesting form of the 
 same species, (piite jiilhir-like in its growth. 
 ^ The Austrian Pine. Phn,s .lHsh-i»,rf. is a stately .nergreen, (jf 
 Hue form and habit, very hardy, and a fairly vigonius grow(!i'. ' A 
 tree in the Arboretum which when plant^id six yeaTs ago was 
 eighteen inches high now sUaids about seven feet. 
 
 The Norway or Red Pine, I'inus rrshmsa, has also a stat.dy 
 habit, but is of softer outline than the Austrian Pine and makes 
 a handsouK! tree. 
 
 The Mountain Pine, Phn>s .Uonfuna, is a very desirable object 
 
14 
 
 for 11 liiwii. Its Idw-ij; rowing', hiisliy luihit, \vit,li l)r;uiclies vluav to 
 the i;r(>uii(l, iiKikcs it well a(l;i[)te(l tor localities wiiero s|);i(',t! is 
 limited. 
 
 The 'I'artai'iiiii or IJusli lloiieysueklc is a t'ree-Howeriii.iLf shnil) 
 and one of the earliest t(j bloom in the s[»i'ing, and when covered 
 with its pink oi* white fiowers, or later with its bi'ight-colorcd 
 berries, is very i)retty. 
 
 Van Houtte's Spinea, Spmva Van. Ifmtttei, is a lovely shrub, 
 which. (luriii,i,' the latter part of May and early in June, is 
 literally covered with masi-es of white bloom. In growth it has a 
 }>endulous habit and is very graceful in form. 
 
 S/)!r(ra finmalda is another species of the same genus, whi(di 
 has an upright form. This lo tilso a free liloomcr and is very 
 attractive. 
 
 The Weigelas are very beaiitiful shrubs which are not entirely 
 hardy at Ottawa, the new wood being usually kilhul back iuore 
 or less by the severe weather in winter. In most instances, 
 how(!ver, a sufficient ipiantity of the wood survives to give a 
 considerable amount of bloom. Siebold's Variegated Weigela 
 has proved one of the hardiest foi'ms ;it the central farm. It 
 blooms abundantly in its season, and its variegated foliage nudves 
 it at all times very attractive. 
 
 The different species and varieties of IMiiladelphus (known 
 also as Syringa and Mock Orange) are charming objects for the 
 flower border, and quite hardy. The flowers vary in size from 
 one to two inches across ; some of them are single and sonu^ 
 double ; most of the varieties are richly perfumed. 
 
 The Snowball, V)l>iifimiii, opiilus viiv. sfi'ri/ls, is an old-fashioned, 
 but most desirable s[)ecies for the shrubbery. During the bloom- 
 ing season it is literally covered with masses of snow-white 
 bloom. V. limtona and V. dentatan) are also very valuable 
 hardy ornamental shrubs. 
 
 The Siberian Cornus, Conins n/fxi var. Si/iin'ra, is anothci' 
 very useful and hardy sort, it is a pretty shrub when covered 
 with its flat, white clusters of bloom in -lune ; and when devoid 
 of foliage during the winter, its brilliant red stems form a beauti- 
 ful contrast with the white background of siujw. 
 
 The Russian Olive, said to be a hardy form of KhviKjniis luti- 
 teiish var. oiKiuxtifoHa, isasmall trct^ of very graceful habit, with 
 foliage aiul branches of a charming silvery hue, which is best 
 
l'> 
 
 brought, out, where it luis a l>ack.,n-ouu(I of dark .careen growth. 
 This is a very liardy tree and (Midures tlie severe (•limate''of the 
 northwest plains well, and when in hloom its numerous small 
 yellow flowers till the air witli their fragance. 
 
 Later in tlie season the Japanese Hydrangea. JJi/,/ranf/ea 
 panieu/afa var. (jrandljiora, becomes a very prominent object in 
 the collection of shrubs, from tlu- larg.- bunches of Howers so 
 freely produced at the ends of tlie branches. This species has 
 found its way into public fav r very rapidly. Only twenty-three 
 years have passed since this slnub was tirst introduced from 
 dapan, and during that comparatively brief period its merits 
 have been universally recogrdzed and it has become one of tlie 
 most widely distributed and favorite shrubs in cultivation. 
 
 rnpulns liemrnii'nsis is a Russian I'oplar and one of tlie 
 hardiest sp,.,-ies tested. It endures the (dimate in all parts of 
 C!ana<la well, making a str(;ng and rapid growth. Many thousand 
 cuttings of this tree have iieen sent out from the experimental 
 farms to settlers in differenfc parts of the Canadian Northwest. 
 These strike readily and soon form handsome trees, wind-breaks,' 
 or hedges. .\ specimen whicdi was planted in the arboretum at 
 Ottawa SIX years ago as a small tree now stands over twentv- 
 tive feet high. 
 
 Many inquiries are made every year as to the best sorts of 
 shrubs or trees to jilant f..r he.lges. T.i gain exiierience and fur- 
 nish object lessons, many different sorts ;ire being tested for this 
 purpose. Seventy-five varieties ha,ve already been ])lanted as 
 sample hedges, each Hfty feet long, and a large proportion of them 
 liaAc had Hve or si.x years' growth. These are proving an attrac- 
 tive feature in connection with the urnameiital plaiding at the 
 central farm. 
 
 A journey of one thousand four hundred and thirtv-seven miles 
 west, by the Canadian Pacihc Railway, brings us to the Hourish- 
 ing town of Brandon, in Manitoba, adjoining which is the 
 experimental farm for that province. It is located partly in 
 the valley of the Assiuiboine river and partlv on the heights 
 above the bluffs wliicli margin the valley. This farm has been 
 greatly improved liy the planting of trees, about sixty-Hve thou- 
 sand of which hiivc be.Mi put out in avenues, shelter belts. 
 clum])s. and hedges. .Most ..f the hedges have been planted with" 
 quick-growing trees, such ,is poplars ;ind willows, iuid Hnch.se 
 
 i 
 
k; 
 
 good-sized plots of ground. These liedges grow quite tall and act 
 as wind-breaks during the summer and help to collect large banks 
 of snow in the winter, which, on melting, leaves the ground in a 
 very favorable condition of moisture. These plantations have 
 placed examples before tlu! settlers, which many have been 
 induced to follow, and this incentive has produced gratifying 
 results. Tree j)lanting has been further stinudated by free dis- 
 tributions of tree seeds, large (piantities of which have been 
 collected, especially of the Box Elder, JVef/inu/o (ireroldes, and 
 the Green Ash. Fraxlnus n'ridis. These set'ds have been 
 hitherto collected in the river valleys and ravines in the blutt's in 
 Manitoba a,nd the Territories, and during the past seven years 
 more than five tons of such seeds have been distributed free l)y 
 mail, and during the same ])eri;od about six thousand ])ackages 
 of young forest trees and cuttings have been sent out in the 
 same way to settlers in that (tomitry. Last year the native trees 
 planted on the two western expei'iinental farms produc^ed seed 
 freely, and more than a ton of this has been collected for distri- 
 bution during the coming season. An arl)oretum has been 
 started at Brandon, and there are more than one hundred species 
 and varieties of trees and shrubs in it which have proved hardy, 
 and many more are under test. A large number of varieties of 
 Howers have also l)e(ni tried. Nearly all the animals do well, and 
 the large amount of sunshine they enjoy tliere brings many of the 
 si)eeies to a higher degree of perfection and results in a greater 
 abundance of bloom than is usually found in the east. In ))eren- 
 nials, tlie hardy list includes 1'ulips. Herbaceous I'eonies, several 
 species of Iris, Hemerocallis, Aipiilegia, Aconite, .Delj>hinium, 
 and many others. The love of Howers among the people is very 
 general, and many take great pride in their gardens. 
 
 While most of the hardier varieties of small fruits, such as 
 ras])berries, currants, and gooseberries, are grown with success, 
 all attempts to grow tlie larger fruits ])i'0(luced in tlie east, such 
 as apples, r^rab apples, pears, i)lums, and cherries, have failed; 
 the trees do not endure the climate. There is, however, one 
 small wild crab, Pi/nis haccata, with a fruit about the size of a 
 large cherry, which has been obtained from the northern part of 
 Siberia, that has proved perfectly hardy, having stood four or 
 five vvlnters without showing any sign of winter killing. This 
 bears fruit very freely, and notwithstanding their diminutive 
 
 I 
 
U\ 
 
 17 
 
 size theso tiny apples make excellent jelly, and in tlieir [)re,sent 
 unimproved state would be much apprecuated. Efforts are. how- 
 ever, being made to improve this small crab by crcss-t'ertilizini,^ it 
 witii many of the hardiest sorts of apples. A larj^e number of 
 these cross-bred seedlin.u^s will l)e ready for plantin-r on the north- 
 west farms in another year. Suitable enclosures are being ]»re- 
 pared which will afford the young trees some ])rotection and 
 within two or three years it is ex[)ected tliat some of these will 
 bear fruit. Similar experiments have also been carried on with 
 Fi/)-iis hacciiia pt'unifnl'ni, whitdi has also stood one winter in the 
 northwest witliont injnry, and this fruit is about donbl(^ the size 
 of that of /'. hai-ratii. It is probable tliat some of these cross- 
 bred seedlings will bear fruit of larger size and imiu-oved qnality, 
 which will be valuable to the settlers there. These trees are 
 both small and low-branched and well adapted to eiuhire the 
 clinuitu' conditions prevailing in the prairie couidrv. 
 
 The wild Plum, PrimiDi Aiiwricana, is found nativi^ in ditferent 
 pa,rts of Manitoba, and is common in the valley of the Assiuiboine 
 river and in the other river valleys in the scmtluu-n part of i.hat 
 l)rovince. The fruit varies iiuudi in size, coh)r, and (piality, 
 some trees producing red fruit and otliers yellow, and while 
 sonu! of tlie fruit is but slightly astringent and of fair (puility, 
 other samples are scarcely eililde. Efforts are being made to 
 improve the wild plum l)y selection from s(>edlings grown from 
 tlie best varieties. It is pro[iosed also to follow this up by cross- 
 fertilizing with better soi'ts. 
 
 The Sand Cherry. I'niims j)inn'il(i, is also a native of tlu^ far 
 west, ft is common about the Lake of the Woods and has l)een 
 fouml on tlie prairies as far west as the l()8th meridian, and as 
 tar north as Prince Albert, whicli is about three hundred miles 
 north of the ITuited States boundary. The Sand Cherry is a very 
 variable fruit: the con.moner forms are about the size of a large 
 Marrowfat Pea. with a disproportionately large stone and astrin- 
 gent Hesh, while occasional imslies are f(mnd bearing IVuit as large 
 as the English Morello Cherry, with a nuieli larger pro|>ortion of 
 pul)) to stone and a superior <piality of Hesh. Fruit", subject to 
 su('h free variations in the wild state may be expecte(| toim[irove 
 still more, in size and (piality, under the bitliuuices attending 
 higher cultivation and cross-fertilizing. It is believed that the 
 [•rospects in coiuiectifui with the efforts which are being made to 
 
 . 
 
18 
 
 improve the fruits referred to are hopeful, and that there will in 
 time be produced such varieties as will prove useful fruits to 
 the people of the northwest (iouutry. 
 
 A further journey of one hundred and eighty-tive miles over 
 the plains brings us to the ex])erimental farm at Indian Head, 
 in Assinihoia. one of the Northwest Territories. This farm is 
 about the same size as that at lirandou, viz., six hundred an<l 
 eighty acres. When this land was purchased it was a pie(!e 
 of bare prairie, without tree or bush. During the eight years it 
 has been oc('U})ied tree jilantiug on a ratluM- large scale has been 
 carried on. and there are now growing on this farm, in shelter 
 l)elts, blocks, avenues, wind-breaks, and hedges, more than 
 one hundred thctusand trees. Ditticulties were encountered 
 at first from tiic very strong winds, whicli gave the trees a 
 stunted appearance, but these obstacles were gradually overcome 
 and the trees have now made such ;i free growth that they protect 
 one another, producing a vast imju'ovement in the a,i)])earance of 
 the place, and affording much shelter. 
 
 Although the climate is more severe heve, tlie ex])eriences had 
 with fruit trees and with forest and ornamental trees, as well as 
 with flowers, are nearly the same as tho.se which have been gained 
 at Brandon. 
 
 A further railway ride of five hundred and fifty miles from 
 Indian Head brings us to the end of the one tliousand miles of 
 plains wliich stretch from tlic easterly part of Manitoba to the 
 Koeky mountains, and now we find ourselves ascending among 
 the foot-hills, the landscajie broken into bluffs and valleys with 
 clumps of wood and park-like openings between them, and after 
 two or three hours more of journeying, Banff, where the Can- 
 adian government has established a national jtark, is reached. 
 It nestles among the nunintains, and the efforts to improve this 
 beautiful spot have been nuiinly in the way of nuiking roads so 
 as to open up the romantic beauties of the place, and render tho.se 
 points which afford the most striking views easily accessible. 
 As we a]»proach this elegant resting jihu'e for tourists, we [)ass 
 the "Three Sisters,'" a lovely group of mountains ; also the Cas- 
 cade mountain, whose bold ro(^ky summit rises abruptly from near 
 the railroad track more than five thousand feet above the valley. 
 This mountain derives its name from a snuill cascade which dashes 
 down the mountain side, in wliicli it, has worn a distinct channel. 
 
 » 
 
 ' 
 
^1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 19 
 
 SoiiM' of the iii()>t Idvt'ly vi.'ws to hr liad uiiywhciv in the iiiouii- 
 taiiis arf to Ix' seen at J'-atitf. wliciv there is a delightful ('omhina- 
 tioii of mountain, watei', and forest. A nuisenni lias l)een 
 estal)lished here bv the ,f,'()veniment. which contains collections of 
 the nianinials, birds, and plants found in the natitjnal park. 
 
 There ar(! also some beautiful lakes in this neighborhood. 
 Lake Louise is one of the prettiest. The bright green color of 
 its waters contrast.s strongly with the pure white of tlie glaciers 
 beyond, while the many-lmed cliffs, with various shades of brown 
 on the one side and the deep green of the spruce-elad })anks on 
 the (jther. all help to form a most harmonious and striking pict- 
 ure. Xear by, but about a thousand feet higher. Lake Agnes 
 Imrsts upon the view, with wilder and totally different surround- 
 ings. 
 
 One more stretch of about four hundred and eighty miles, 
 through wonderfully varied mountain and valley scenery, takes 
 us thnuigh to the valleys and delta lands of the coast line. Here 
 we have the coast climate, which, on this part of the sh(»rc of the 
 Pacific, is cool in summer and mihi and moist in winter; but 
 returning eastward towards the interior, it becomes hotter in 
 summer and colder in winter, with less raui. 
 
 At Agassiz, seventy miles east of the ocean, tlie most westerly 
 of tiie exi)erimental farms is located, in the valley of the Fraser 
 river. Seven years ago this place was a wilderness. Now 
 there are one hundred and thirty acres (jf land cleared and 
 under cultivation, and about half of it has been planted to fruit, 
 and more than two thousand varieties of fruits are under test 
 there, nearly all of which are doing well. The climate is mild, 
 and suitable for this industry, and nowhere do the plum, ai)ple, 
 cherry, and pear Ijear fruit in greater profusion. Every variety 
 likely to be of benefit to the country is lieing tested, so that the 
 fullest infcn-niation may be available to the settlers as to the 
 best and most jirotitable varieties to jilant. 
 
 All sorts of small fruits succeed remarkably well here. A 
 very large number of ornamental trees and shrubs are also suc- 
 cessfully grown, including some of the more tender varieties, 
 wiiich are not hardy at Ottawa. Flowers also succeed admirably 
 in this moist climate. The dapauese and other lilies grow^ 
 luwiriantly, and during the Howering season they till the air 
 with their fragrance. 
 
L'O 
 
 1 iiiust not trespiiss furtlicf on your tiiiit.'. I liavf hut toiiflied 
 here and tlieie on th<^ almost liniitli'ss field (,'overed by my sub- 
 ject. I hope, however, that 1 hiivc ,suc<'t'e<lc(l in sliowinsj; that 
 liorticulture is not entirely ncjjflceted in Canada, but that indi- 
 viduals, communities, and <,'overnments (both Provincial and 
 Dominion) from one end of the country t(j the other are striving 
 to help along this good work. While we cannot expect soon to 
 reach that degree of horticultural advancenu'ut which we see 
 and admire so nuudi in older and wealthier communities like 
 your own, we are striving to follow in u measure your noble 
 example and to proHt by the generous help which you are always 
 ready to give. Your Arnold Arboretum lias aided our experi- 
 mental farm work in a princely manner, and your ever welcome 
 publications are a constant stimulus tf)wards jirogress. Although 
 not under t^uite the saiiu' form of governnuMit, we are of the san)e 
 stock as yourselves, and the love for and appreciation of the 
 marvellous beauties of nature brings like pleasure wherever we 
 dwell, whether wo acknowledge as our ruler a wortliy [iresident 
 or a matchless ([ueen. Horticulture is Ijounded by no political 
 lines, but in every community where the mind is sufticiently cult- 
 ured to appreciate the wonderful beauties with which the world 
 is studded, there these lovely trees and shrubs and flowers, which 
 combine so much of grace and beauty, become a perennial source 
 of quiet delight. They are but expressions of the thouglits of 
 the great Creator, who established and sustains the laws which 
 govern their growth and development. Some love for the beauti- 
 ful in nature is found in almost every breast, and conqianionship 
 with such charming objects tends to deepen and enlarge that 
 feeling of admiration, to elevate our thoughts and lead them 
 from Nature up to Nature's Clod. Their beauty is inspiring, 
 and while we study them we catch the spirit ami gladly follow 
 the teaching of the great Alaster in his inimitable Sermon on 
 the Mount, when, gazing on the lovely flowers growing around 
 him, with the deepest insight into the perfection of their beauty, 
 he exhorted his hearers to *' Consider the lilies of the held how 
 they grow. ... I say unto you that even Solomon in all his 
 glory was not arrayed like one of these.""