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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely Included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmis d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, 11 est film6 d partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la methods. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 i 6 -■i n CANADA: ITS GROWTH AND PROSPECTS: TWO LECTURES gi^ELIVERED BEFORE THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE. TORONTO ON THE 13th AND 27th FEBRUARY, 1863^, BY THE REV. ADAM LILLIE. 4GC0HD EDlTiOH OF TUREB TUOUI^D KaQHf €um\r, THOMAS MACLEAR, 46, YONGE STREET, i'RINTJED AT THK GUARMAK STEAM POWEIl PBES3. 1852 "7 80 gV( and i tunitj Carta LlLLI Toron for th Plied > with f PREFATORY REMARKS. i " The Growth and Prospkots of Canada" is a subject of 8o great importance, of so univereal intereat, so little understood and so much misunderstood, that we are happy to have an oppor- timity of re-pn'nting from the Journal of Education for Upper Canada for March, 1852, the very ahle lectures of the Rev. Adam LiLLiE lately delivered before the Mechanics' Institute of the City of Toronto. Mr. Lillie's talents and industry f dmirably qualify him for the statistical investigations which he has imdertaken and pur- sued witli so much fairness and so great labour, and we may add, with so satisfactory, and to many unexpected, results. " It is below the impulses of a generous and noble mind to seek to depreciate the character, and institutions and progress of a neigh- bouring community, whether of a citj', a church, or a country; and we are persuaded every true hearted Canadian will cordially res- pond to the remark of the eloquent Macaulav, in reference to the people of the United States : — " It is scarcely possible that an En- glishman of sensibility and imagination should look without plea- sure and national pride on the vigorous and splendid youth of a great people, whose veins are filled with our blood, whose minds are nourished with our literature, and on whom is entailed the rich inheritiince of our civilization, our freedom and our glory." {^Mis- cellaneous Writings — Review of Southefs Colloquies on Society.') But it must indicate impulses less generous and noble to depreciate the character, the institutions, the progi'esa of one's own country. •M PRBFATORT RXMIRKS. Too miicli of this spirit has been indulged in Cnnadu, to the great injury of our social contentment and public happinofs. One of the most formidable obstacles with which the Department of Public Instruction has had to contend, has been the impression and asser- tion that Canada was too far behind the neighbouring States to adopt such a system ; and the arguments to the reverse have often been received with great distrust, and sometimetimes with absolute incredulity. Mr. Lillie's Lectures is the first attempt by a general examination and comparison of statistics, to remove the erroneous and injurious impression which has long and extensively prevailed, as to the comparative progress of Canada and the United States. By this inquiry, we think Mr. Lilub has rendered an important ser\'ice to his adopted country. We are sure every American will admit the candour and diligence with which Mr. Lillie has prose- cuted his inquiries, while every Canadian must rejoice at the con- clusions which these inquiries have established — conclusions which should excite in the mind of every inhabitant of Canada increased respect and love for his country, and prompt him to labour ith more confidence and energy than ever for it* advancement and prosperity. The present edition has been most carefully revised and corrected ; and some slight additions have been made to it. \xe great te of the f Public id assor- States to we often absolute I general jrronooua )revailed, sd States, mportant rican will las prose- . the con- ns which increased )our >ith nent and »rrected ; FIRST LECTURE. Ladiks and Gbntlbmbn, — The subject to which I am, this evcmng, to call your attontiou, — interesting in itself from its relation to tho progress of our race and the providence of God, — must lo us have a special interest, because of its reforonco to ourselves. My themo is the growth and prospects of Canada — in other wordi, the ad- vancement wo are ourselves making, with the anticipations we may cherish for ourselves and our children. By tiio excellent lectures delivered by Mr. Robertson, in tho early part of the season, on the history of Canada, I am happily relieved from the necessity of occupying your time with preliminary details. Hence, with your permission, I will proceed at once to tho topic announced, only premising that 1 speak chiefly, though not exclusively, of Canada West. This I do partly because I am better acquainted with it and have the materials relating to it more within my reach, partly because it is newer than Canada East, partly too because I think the comparisons so often made between the two sides of the Line fair only when confined to Upper Canada. The population of Canada at the time of its surrondor to Britain in 1760 is variously stated at 60,000 and 69,276, exclusive of In- dians. Of these estimates, tho former is that given by the Board of Registration and Statistics, which I extract from one of Mr. Scobie's very valuable Almanacs (that for 1850) ;* the latter tlvat supplied by Mr. Smith, (in his excellent work on which I have taken the liberty of drawing freely) j- from the report of Governor Murray. With the exception of a few trading stations, of which Kingston and Detroit were the chief, this population was confined to the lower * Scobie's Canndi.nn Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, for tiie year 1850, containing Statistical, Astronomical, Departmental, £ccle8iattica4, Educational, Finan- cial and General Intbrmatlon. Svo, pp. bU. Publisbed annually. Toronto: U. Scobie. t Canada, Tast, Preaont, and Future : being a Historical, Geographical and Statistical account of Canada West, containing 10 County Maps and one General Map, with a tiuaineas Directory. By W. il. Bmith, autiior of the Canadi.in Gazetteer. Royal Sv9., VOL I., pp. cxziv, :i90, QOt & 34 sm 51.. Torouto^ Thomas Maciear, Publishor. 6 part of tho Proftnoe; nearly tho whole of its upper portfon being then a vvildorncHs, occupiod by tho Rod Man as u hunting ground. From 1770, parties, chiefly old soldiers, began to come in from tho other side: to whioh some considorablo additions were inado after tho Declaration of tho Indepondonco of tho United States by United Empire Loyalists from New Jersey nnd Ponnsylvunin, who located themselves along tho frontier Townships. So late, however, as 1791, tho dato of the Constitutional Act, the whole population of Upper Canada is declared to have boen " calculated at less than 60,000." According to the authority already quoted (that of tho Board of Registration and Statistics) it amounted in 1811, twenty years after the separation of the Provinoop, to only 77,000. llenco it is not more than forty years since its growth can bo said to have commenced, if so mud', as that, F-om that time it has, with occasional interruptions, advanced Bteadily, and, especially during the last twenty-fivo or thirty years, at a rapid rate. Bouehctto reports the population to have boen in 1821 — '.51,097; which, taking as ho does, 77,000 as the number in 1811, makes it nearly double in thirteen years. — (Vol. I. p. 108.) If for tho sake of securing all possible exactness we connect with tho above Mr. Smith's statement of tho numbers in 1814 (95,000) and 1825 (158,027) respectively, the rate of increase, though somewhat reduced, is still 67 or 68 per cent in cloven years. Between 1824, (from which period tho calculations agree) and 1834, a rise takes place from 151,097 to 320,693 ; which is doubling in ten years, with 18,499 over. The next fourteen years bring ua up from 320,093, to 791,000— tho return for 1850. Within the brief space of a quarter of a century there is an advance from 161,097 to 791,000 ; which gives us at the close of that period over fire times our population at its beginning — more than ton times ©ur population in 1811, or according to Smith, close upon ten times that of 1806. Lower Canada, during the same time, rose from 423,630, to 791- 000; the same number with the Upper Province; being an increase of nearly 90 per cent. Taking Canada as a whole its population has increased fron> 00,000 to 1,582,000 in 90 years. Hence in 1850 it was over 26 times what it was in 1760 ; more considerably than 2i times what it was in 1825, when it numbered 681,657. "Alt this," exclaims Haman (Est. v. 13), at tho close of a glow- ing deeoription of the height to which ho had been elevated and th9 £ ion boin^ g ground. I from tlio II a do ut'tor by United lo located wcvor, as Illation of IcHN tliuii lat of tlio , 1, twenty 0. Hence id to liavo advancorl rty ycnrs, ve been in B number [. p. 108.) meet witli (95,000) ?, though irs. ^reo) and i doubling s bring ua V'ithin the inco from jat period ton times ten timos 0, to 791- 1 increaso ised from ) over 26 mes what >f a glow- id and tho ■:V glory with which ho felt himnelf encircled, '* nil thin availeth me nothing, ho long ob Mordoeai the Jew nitteth at tlu» kiiig'H gate." What " availeth'' if, eomo of uh peevishly oxclniiii, that we aro growing at a rate which cannot bo d(!nied to bo rapid, 8o long an our lU'iglibours on the other side of tlio LiiK' are ho far ontwtri|)piiig us 1 How far do you conceive, are tliey outftripping uh ? liCt us look at the facts, however tenihlo they nuiy ])rovo to be. Wino men liold it well in very bad cases to know tho worst. Compare wo then Upper Canada, first with tho free States of tho Union, then with the State of New York, and loHtly with Ohio, Micliigan, aiu' Illinois conjoined; and eeo what the result will bo. According to tho America!i Almanac for 1851, pngo212, and "Tho Workl's Progress'" (a ''Dictionary of Dates" publislu'd by Putnam of New York in 1851) ])ago 481, tho Free population of tho United Statep, wa.«, in 1800, 5,305,925. Tho hitter work, (Ap- pendix, p. 704) states it to amount to 20,250,000 in 1861. in 1810 it was 7,239,814, (page 481.) Thus it is in 1850 about (not quite) four times what it was at tho commencenient of the century ; while U|)|)cr Canoda contains, as we have seen, over ton timos tho population it posscssoil in 1811 ; or, at tho lowest calculation, ton timos its amount in 1806. Tho slow growth therefore turns out to be a rate of progress not much under thrico that of our neighbours who are supposed to bo moving ahead of us so fast. Slow growth this of rather an anomolous description. Taking tho ten years between 1840 and 1850, tho difterenco is loss : though during that time wo have advanced at a rate fully twice that of tho Free States, whoso increase has been 46 per cent, (that of tho whole States being 334 ; World's Progress, p. 704), while ours has been 94 or 95 per cent. In Lower Canada the increase for tho thirteen years between 1831 and 1844 was nearly 35 per cent — to wit 34.94 (Scobie'a Almanac 1850, p. 53.) An increase of fifty per cent, has taken place within tho last seven years in tho county of Quebec ; which has advanced from 12,800 in 1844, to 19,074 in 1851. Let js turn now to tho State of New York, one of tho best in the Union. That State contained in 1810, 1820, 1840, 1850, 959,049 Inhabitants. 1,372,812 do. 2,428,921 do. 3,200,000 do. [World's Progress, pp. 443, 704.] r Tn 1860 its population is thus 3^ tiinos (a trillo ovbr) what it way forty ycnrs* botbrc, iliat of Up|)or Caiiuda hv\\\\r in tho mimo year ohtio upon H^ times wliut Smitli maltoH it in 1814 ; ur ovor tun limos its amount in 1811, an stuloi! by tliu Uoard of llcgiutrution. Not amiss tliirt, wo uliould think, for a country of whoso alow growth HO mucl) its hoard. It iM, howovor, uwnrds tlio West tho tido is flowing. Lot us pauii witli it, and laarii tlio results. For tho purpose of comparison wo huvo chosen tho States of Oliio, Micliii^aii, and Illinois (•ombined, cliieHy for those two reasons; lirst, because they liave been, wo believe, among the most rapid in their growlli — sutticiently rapid at all events to malto tlio compari- son fair for tho West ; and Hccondly, because our statistics enable us to take in a longer period than wo cnnld imvo done in the case of some other Slates which wo should olso havo been disposed to include. Availinjr ourselves onco moro of tho aid of our old friend " Tho World's Progress," wo ascertain the united population of thoso three Stales to have boon in 1810, 24'?, 670 — viz. Ohio, 230,760 ; Michigan, 4,528 ; and Illinois, 12,282. Thoy stand as follows in 1850— Ohio, 2,2.)0,000; Michigan, 305,000 ; and Illinois, 1,000,000: in all 3,5(i5,U00, or fourteen one sixth times their numbers, forty years before. This assuredly is a splendid increase; enough, and moro than enough to justify tho most glowing of tho descriptions we hear of what tho West is destined to become. How will poor Canada West stand in comparison now ? Lot ub see. As already observed tho Board of Registration and statistics gives tho population of Upper Canada as 77,000 in 1811. lietweon that and 1850, when it is set down at 791,000, there intervenes a period of 39 yearH, within which wo have an advance of close upon thirteen times (twelve six-sevenths) to set over against fi)urteen ono-sixth times in 40 years. Does not this bring them fiufficiently near to prevent their despising ono another ; to mako thorn regard ono another with respect and interest 1 Here, it will bo observed, tho statomont of tho Board of Regis- tration is followed. Should it bo objected that Mr. Smith makes the nun crs larger in tho earlier period, being unwilling to ques- tion the accuracy of that gentleman, who has evidently taken great pains to inform himself, and produced a work eminently reliabler- '^ 9 hat it waa Huiito year r ton limos irhoBU alow '. Lot us States of o roiiHons; a ru))id in oompari- lios onublo 1 tho cuHO liapoaod to LMid "Tho I of thoso , 230,760 ; follows ill 1,000,000: bcrs, forty lou^l), and ascriptions 1 Lot us statistics Between tervcnes a close upon t fourteen sufficiently em regard of Regis- lith makes r to ques- iken great reliable-r" thorcby laying the community under an oblifyatlon, of which, I trust, tlioy will sliovv ihoir appreciation in the prnpor way ; — I know only one Hativfuctory method of dinpoHing of the (liirn'ully, nntnciy, to take ao tho basis of comparison a period at wliich the rej)resentationH lubstantially coincide. For 1810 tiion lot us substitute 1830, which will allow twenty years for development and comparison. In that year Oljio, Michi- gan and Illinois contained in all l,rj(),85l inhabitants : Ohio num- bering !>37,(i37 ; Michigan 31,«)39, and Illinois 157,57.0. IIonoR tho number in 1S50 (3,5()6,UUU) was three and onc-nfih or one-sixth times that of 1830. Canada West contained in 1830, 210,437. Twenty years after, namely in 1860 (1849, Smith) it nnmberH, as we have seen, 701,- 000— over three and throe-fourth times what it did in tho former year ; wliich makes tho scale descend liandsomely in our favour. Thus it turns out that Canada West is advancing at a rate fully equal to that of the best of the Western States. Those comparisons, trium|)hanlly as it has come out of thorn, can hardly be denied to bo unfair to Upper Canada, or at all events to atretch fairness to its utmost limit ; because they set selected por- tions of tlm States ngain.st her as a whole, and because the Wes- tern Stales are growing, to tho extent of the native j)ortion of tho immigration, at tlie expense of tho others. Of the inercafio of tlio Western States a largo portion consists not of additions to tho country as a whole, but of mere removals from one part of it to another ; wiiilo the increase shown to liavo iukoix place in Canada West, is an increase on tho whole. The differenoo which this fact makes in the calculations will bo illustrated immediately, thouTh already it can hardly fail to have been observed from the di *o- portion in tho rate of growth above exhibited between tho newer States and tho Union as a whole. ■t There are one or two remarks of a general nature which I would first make in relation to tho States in the West. Their most rapid increase takes ploco usually during tho earlier periods. To no ineonsidcable extent it springs from tho wish to obtain possession of the lands at the original Government prices. As soon as tho prospect presents itself of an early sale of these, often before they are surveyed, a rush is made upon them. By and by, the best portion of tho lands being taken up, while numbers, large numbers it may bo, still come in, the crowd moves in another direction ; or waits in anticipation of the early opening of some 10 newer territory. At this moment parties arc passing on from tho older to tho nowor portions even of Iowa, while others are looking with desire mingled with hope to the vast regions on the Missouri River, still in tho hands of tho Indians. How far our friends on the other side are gainers on tho whole by these unlimited facilities for the obtaining of new lands may admit of a question. From what I observed in the West last sum- mer during a journey of 3,200 miles through Michigan, Illinois, Missouri and Iowa, I should doubt the immediateness, at all events, of the gain. The issue will by and by perhaps be good ; and that is a great deal — the grand point indeed so far as the race is eon- ccrnod — but this spreading out so largely involves now, I am dis- posed to think, no small amount of unnecessary hardship ; holds civilization, for the time being, at a lower level than it would other- wise reach ; and tasks the church and the nation to supply to the extent needed, the means of Christian and general instruction ; though in tho latter case it may bo chiefly tho agents that ore wanted from abroad, as an appropriation for schools is generally made in these newer regions, at an early ^enod, if not from the very first. Let us look now for a moment or two at tho effect of comparisons of soloeted portions, that the severity of the test to which Canada has been subjected may be seen. Take, by v^^ay of experiment, the Home District* — (wo use the old name for greater convenience) — setting it over against the States selected. . That District contained in 1799, 1824, 1831, 1842, 1850, 224 Inhabitants. 16,609 do. 40,288 do. 83,301 do. 113,607 do. Here we have an increase in 51 years of more than 500 times ; while Ohio, whoso population amounted in 1800 to 45,365, shows in fifty yoars an iuarease of between 48 and 49 times. To be sure by carrying it back ten years farther — to 1790 when it numbered 3000~ii is brought up in 1850 to over 730 times ; but this only increases the advantage of the Home District, which in the year in question contained none at all. * In 18j2, the United Counties of York, Ontario, nnd Pee^ -th*^ metropolitan Coun- tlei of Upper Canada, contnining, according to Bouchetta, ':,Wi,'iOQ acres. from tlio Q looking Missouri ho whole nds may QBt sum- Illinois, 11 events, and that Q is con- am dis- p ; holds Id othor- )ly to the triiction ; that oro generally from the nparieona h Canada se the old he States 3. times ; 5, shows obe sure lumbered this only year in itan Coun- i 11 The population of Indiana was in 1860, when it numbered 1,000,' 000— 177J times what it was in 1800 (6,641) ; but this it will bo perceived is greatly under the Homo District within the same time. Here wo see how conclusions drawn from particular cases may mislead when applied generally. Whilo in Upper Canada there have been differences in rate of growth, yet the comparative rate is hardly less satisfactory than the amount on the whole, the different sections having generally main- tained a fair proportion to one another. The Gore and Wellington Districts (formerly one) present us, for instance, with an increase of more than 19 times in 33 years; having advanced between 1817 and 1850 from 6,684 to 130,661. Within the same period the Western District has risen from 4,158 to 31,193 — an increase of over seventimes ; London from 8,907 to 46,805 — between five and six times increase ; Norfolk County from 3,137 to 17,504 — between five and six times ; Niagara District from 12,540 to 46,543 — nearly four times ; while in seven years Oxford has nearly doubled, having increased between 1841 and 1848 from 16,621 to 29,219. The following extract from a statement furnished by the Clerk of the Peace to the Board of Registration, and Statistics, shows the extraordinary progress of the Huron District in a period of 9 years: The population of the Huron District, (now the United Counties of Huron, Perth and Bruce) in 1841 was 5,600. In 1847, six years ihereafter 16,641. Increase, 11,043 In 1848, one year tliereafter 20,450. Increcse, 3,807 In 1850, two years thereafter 26,933. Increase, 6,483 The last quotation is nearly independent of the new and fast set- tling county of Bruce, which, owing to the infancy of its munici- pal institutions, only returned 360 persons for the townships of Huron and Kincardine, but which mav now confidently be assumed to cnntain from 3,000 to 4,000 inhabitants — say 3,007 — or a total population of the three united counties of 30,000 Being an increase for 1849 and 1850 of 9,550 Or a total increase, since 1841, of ." . . 24,400 an increase almost incredible, as by reference to Smith's work on Canada, it will be found that the Huron District has made more rapid progress since ils first settlement in 1827, than Lower Canada did in one hundred and four years, its population then being (in 1721) 24,511. * By 'he census of 1852 jiiBt taHcn, the population is 37,480, which shows that in tti9 short sp. of 2,267,563 bushels; 3,764,243 lbs. maple sugar — an increase ot 64,384 lbs; with 2,339,756 lbs. of Wool — a quantity exceeding that of the former year by 1,037,246 lbs. To illustrate the increase in stock, we g've (Smith, vol. i. p. 122) the returns for Upper Canada of horses, milch cows and oxen lor the years 1825, 1835, 1845, and 1847. These are :— In 182.5, - - 183.5, - - 1845, - - 1847, - - A table is given in Scob'c's Almanac for 1850, of the crops of the United Stales for the years 1840 and 184 T ; from which if, appears that in proportion to population, we are much before our :> neighbours as to quantity of agricultural products, with the excep- «* tion of rye and maize, in which, especially the latter, they greatly • exceed us. There were produced for each inhabitant in the firstof the years compared — 4.96 bushels of wheat in the States; in Canada — 6.62 : in the States — 7.21 Oats ; 9.85 in Canada. Canada yielded If.L . bushels of potatoes, while the yield ef the States was only 6.35. For the second year (1847) the quantities stand: — the States — whent, 5.50 bushels ; oat?, 8.09 ; potatoes, 4.86. ",^ Canada, 10.45 wheat; 9.75 oats; 0..57 potatoes. The assessed value of property in Upper Canada was: — HORSES, MUCH COWS. OXEN 22,589 51,216 23,900 47,724 109,606 46,066 98,598 199,537 65,127 113,812 218,653 72,017 In 1825, 1835, 1845, 1847, £2,256,874 7 8 3,880,994 13 6 7,778,917 9 6 8,567,001 1 16 Of these returns it is to be observed that they show only the relative increase of value ; and not, except about the earliest periodj its true amount. The difference between the real and the assessed value, about the times compared, will be illustrated by the following extract from a letter addressed by James Scott Howard, the ihtelligent and respected Treasurer of the County of York (late Homo District), to William Gamble, Esq., Chairman of Finance Committee, bearing date, Treasurer's Office, County of York, January 30, 1850 : which confirms at the same time tho view already gr-ven of the progress of that District. "In 1801," that letter says, " the population was only 942 ; in 1848, it had increased to 83,000 ! Making an average increase in the 47 years, of 1,746, or a total of 82,058 ! The cultivated land in the same year was supposed to be but 4,231 acres, while in 1848, it had reached to 370,909 acres. The assessed value of pioperty in 1801, would amount to £12,555; but in 1848, it amounted to £1,105,390, The great increase in the value of laud, is strongly illustrative of the progress made. When the assess- ment law of 1819 was passed, the legislature estimated cultivated lands, on an average, at 20 shillings, per acre, and uncultivated at four shillings ; in 1848, tlie people themselves valued the former pt £5 15s. 5d. per acre, and tho latter at £3 33. 3d., — nearly five hundred per cent, advance on cultivated, and nearly 1,500 per cent, on uncultivated. But to show in addition the rapid progress, it is only necessarry to take one example out of many, and that is, that the entire taxes of the now populous and wealthy townships of Whitby and Pickering, in 1801, amounted together only to £3 Os. 3d, while in 1848, the former paid £864 15s. 5d., and the latter £695 18s. 3d.,— making altogether £1,560 13s. 8d." The letter from which the above is taken, is accompanied by a set of tables, which show, on an estimate, excluding a considera- ble number of items in consequence of want of information — "Real property to the amount of £4,992,236 ; Personal property £1,206,- 487, and the products of 1848, £517,359 ; making a grand total of six millions, seven hundred and sixteen thousand, six hundred and eighty-two pounds." — [Minutes of the Municipal Council of the County of York, 1850.] Tho general correctness of the above estimate is corroboratea by the returns of the aggregate value of the assessed property of the County in 1851, made by the several Township Clerks ; which show a total of £5,865,627 — the particulars of which are given in the Minutes of Council for 1851, > W 6 17 only the t period) kbout the ;t from a ■espccled William ng date, which progress 942 ; in increase cultivated , while in value of 1848, it e of laud, le assosB- cultivated Itivated at he former learly five I per cent, jress, it i3 lat \9, that tvnships of to £3 Os. the latter mied by a conaidera- 3n — "Real y £1,206,- ind total of indred and icil of the )boraiea by erty of the ks ; which re given in The rise described in Mr. Howard's letter as having taken place on the prico of land in the Home District, may, we concuive, be taken as not far from tlio average rise throu;^hout liie Upper l'r()vinco — the greater portion of it at least. For examph*, in Oxford, wild land co-si in 1795, 23. 6u. per acre ; in 1817, 12h. Gd.; in 1S50, £1 lOs. to £2 lOd. Its price >n the Township of Townseiid (Nor- folk County) was, in 179G, L 3d. per acre ; in 1817, 73. Gd.; in 1850, £2 12s.: cleared land £5 Gs. In Pelham (Niagara District), uncleared land brought in 1790, Is. 3d.; in 1817, £2 ; in 1850, £3, per acre ; cleared £G. In particular sections of the country, prices range much above those just named. Uncleared lands on the road between Brantford and Paris, which were purchased in 1334 at one pound per acre, could hardly be obtained now under £7 10s., if even at that price. In this District there are Tovvnships where they would run quite as high ; and we believe it to be the same in other parts of the country. We have seen that the returns of the Township Clerks for 1851 rate the property of the County of York at considerably over five times the estimate for 1848. During the three intervening years, an actual increase had of course taken place ; though to what ex- tent it may not be easy to say. P can hardly be supposed to have been such as to reduce the difference between the real and assessed values (as formerly calculated) to much under five times. Suppose four times to be about the difference obtaining through the country generally, that would make the value represented by the leturns for Canada West in 1847, £34,268,004 4s. Lest I should have made the difference too great, throw in a year, and rei^kon the above as a fair approximation to the actual value for lfc48. Is not ihis a fair amount of property (though certain descriptions are not included in the estimates) to be distributed among 791,000 indivi- duals, old and young 1 It allows for each, children as well as adults, an average of £43 Is. 4Jd. Can the country which is in the pos- session of this be justly held to be very poor 1 (Convert the above sum into dollars and cents, it makes $137,- 072,016 80 cents. " Well," say you, " what of that ?" You shall see. Whether the real and assessed values correspond as nearly in the State of New York as they now do in Upper Canada, I cannot say ; but suppose them to do, and assuming the calculation given above to make a fair approximation to correctness, the not disagreeable fact is brought out that, in proportion to our population, we are not much poorer than our neighbours of the Empire State. f 18 "" According to the American Almanac for 1851 (p. 237), the value ff thn inxnblo property of the State of New York for 1848, was $f5GO,080,r>-(»: somelhinjr less than five tim^-s onr?, with a population over fonr times ; including also, bo it remembered, tho wealth of the City of New York. While thepp calculations are not given as certainly representing the facts to which they relate, but rather as suggesting an interest- ing subject of enquiry ; wo may claim to have been at least as phi- losophically and as profitably employed in making them as in grum- bling over our pover»y, real or supi)osed, compared with our neigh- bours on the other side of the Lake. in The contrast which Canada West presents now to the published descriptions of it by travellers of comparatively recent date, ia remarkable indeed. Talbot states (vd. i., p. 110) that when Col. Talbot commenced his settlement in 1802, " there was not a sinple christian habita- tion within forty miles of his . . . residence." This city, (then York) he describes, after 1818, as being the most westprly town in the Upper Province ; and asserts that between this and Amherst- burg, u distance of 325 milcp, few villages, and ihose few of a diminuti\p size, are to be met with. Dundas, Ancaster, and Bur- ford, ho lieclares to be the only places which, from tho multitude of their inhabitants, bear the least resemblance to villages ; and tho whole population of the three together, he represents as ''not ex- ceeding 600 souls." (Vol. i,, p. 120.) Thirty years before the time cf his writing (he published in 1824), "there was not," he says, " a single human habitation between York (this city) and the French settlements on the St. Clair, excepting tho widely scat- tered and undisturbed retreats of the numerous Indian tribes, most of whom," he adds, •' have since retired to more remote regions." (Vol. i., p. 121.) Dr. Howison, the third edition of whose sketches bears date 1825, in describing a journey which he took from the Talbot Road to the head of Lake Erie, mentions (p. 199) that his road lay through what were then called the Lovg Woods, where there was a stretch of 37 miles of uninterrupted forest with only one house within the whole distance ; just such a solitary trip as I had my- self the pleasure of making last summer in Iowa, with the exception that the solitude consists there of prairie, instead of forest. These wildernesses are now filled with towns and villages — many of them of considerable size and beauty ; and numbers of chem wealthy. Let us look at a few of them. At, va am the .'•Mi ^1 ■ ■! ' 237), the for 1848, ir.-, with a tbered, the presenting in interest- ast as phi- 8 in grum- our ncigh- e published nt date, ia commonced lian habita- city, (then >rly town in d Amherst- 36 few of a ;r, and Bur- multitude of es ; and tho as »• not ex- 's before the Lvas not," ho is city) and widely scat- tribes, most )te regions." I bears date Talbot Road lis road lay c there was y one house s I had my- he exception irest. ages — many bora of chem W Tho feite of tliJH Inrgo and handsome city, wns, In 1793, occu- pied by a siiiMrlc Indian W'iMrwnni (1'ulboi, vol. i., 100) : intmbitod L as \V(»iild appear from Uouchclte (vol. i., p. HO), by two lamilioa of MiHsiri8uugns. A few years ago I lind tlio |)leasuro cf dining « with an old turnicr on tht; Dun, who told nie that hi3 built, I for^'ot wlicliior the first or Fccond h()ll^•e in it. The Idt, on Kii)0, Belleville con- tained a population of 3,500 ; and Cobourgand Port Hope — the two yillages, I presume, which he thought too small and insignificant to name — the former 3,700, with seven churches, a college (Victoria, which is rendering important service, especially to that region of country), with an attendance of 60 students, 2 grammar schools, and ft cloth factory, "employing about 175 hands, and turning out 800 yards of goods, per day ; and the latter (Port Hope), 2,200, with four churches, three bank agencies, several insiirance societies, and % weekly newspaper. Since Talbot's time a number of new towns hrve sprung into I'i 24 existence between the cities named, of which wo* can notice only Bowmanville, laid out about 1832, which contained in 1850, 1,750 inhabitanis, with eigiit churches, two bank agencies, a weekly newspaper, with four grist mills, — the proprietor of one of which, Mr. Simpson, obtained a prize at the world's fair for a barrel of flour ; — saw and oatmeal mills, a cloth factory, three tanneries, ond two potteries. To compare any of our cities, as to growth, with cities of such world-wide repute as Boston or New York, may perhaps be deemed somewhat too bold. As this, however, is an adventurous age, it may be worth while were it but to prove we are not behind the times, to run the hazard. f Begin we then with Boston — New England's Moble capital — which taken all in all, is without question one of the fmcst cities in tho world. Boston contained: — In 1790, 18,038 inhabitants. 1810, 33,250 « 1820, 43,298 " In 1830, 61,391 inhabitants. 1840, 93,000 « 1850, 135,000 " (World's Progress, pp. 212, 694.) Dividing the above into two periods of thirty years each, Boston contains at the close of the first, about two and a half times its number of inhabitants at the commercemcnt ; while the close of the second shows three and one-tenlh times the number of the uegin- ning. The population of 1850 is 8 times, or nearly, that of 1790: Toronto being in 1850 over six limes what it was eighteen years before, to wit, in 1832 ; more than 75 times what it was 49 years before, or in 1801. Between 1840 and 1850, the increase is — on Boston, 45 per cent ; on Toronto, 95. The recent census makes the increase between 1842 and 1852 — 100 percent. New Jork, the emporium of the Now World, — a city that for its age, will, we suppose, vie with any on earth — numbered: In 1840, 312,710 inhabitants. 1850, 517,000 « In 1790, 33,131 inhabitants 1810, 96,373 « 1830, 202,548 " [World's Progress, pp. 444, 701. Its increase thus stands as compared with Toronto, two and a half times in the twenty years between 1830 to 1850, against six times in the eighteen vears between 1832und 1850, or nearly eight timea in the twenty years between 1832 and 1852 ; sixteen times in sixty years against seventy-live in forty-nine ; sixty-six per cent, between 1840 and 1850, against ninety-five. tie I l»e| f 25 lotice only (50, 1,750 a weekly rhich, Mr. of flour ; ond two lea of Buch be deemed [ous age, it behind tiia lital— which uties in tho nhabitanta. (( (t 12, 694.) each, Boston air times its ; close of the f the i»eja[in- lat of 1790: g'hteen years was 49 year:h til times — now over two and one-third — and Sorel about ^)ur and one-half times, or 6,646 inhabitants in the place of 1500. ^c Perchanoo we nrtiy be asked how our Canadian cities compffre ia (fr( vvth with Cii>cinnati, or Saint Louis 1 Very favourably, wo epiy, as the following sttttistics prov2 : — The population of Cincinnati was in 1850, — when it reachod 115,590. — about twelve times 14.8 amount in 1820, (thirty yearn before,) when it numbered 9,642 — [World's Progres?, p. 245]; — ■while Toronto had, in the same year (l850) eighteen times its popu- lation in 1817 — that i», 33 years befoco ; aud has m.w (1852) •over twenty-^iive and a-half times. Davis's "Half Century" (p. 29) reports Cincinnati at oiily 82,0v. J — nearly 24,000 less than the statement wo have adopted. We have given the larger number, because being professedly taken from the census of 1850, we suppose it the more correct ; And ^CKUse too we would do our neigiibour full justice. Saint Louis contained in 1820, 4,597 inhabitants; and in 1850* 70,000 — a trifle over fifteen times the previous number. Toronto, «• we have seen, had in the latter year, eighteen times its popula,- •lion in 1817.- During the last thirty years our growth has thus, in its rale, «ftceeded that of both these cities, which amon^ those of the west hold flrst rank. «* To the specimens already given of rise in the value of land In the rural districts, we add a few illustrative of what has been taking ^lace in the towns and citiesj; In 1840, tlie Government paid £19,000 for 32 acres of land in Kingston ; part of a lot of 100 acres whic'.. had cost the party from whom the purchase was made £500. Bishop Macdonnell -paid, in 1816, £500 for 11 acres in the same city. The front por- tion of the block wpk laid out in 1840, in quarter acre iots, which brought from £160 to £250 a-piece. Perhaps it may be said that land in Kingstonhad, at the time in fguestion, an undue value given it by the circumstance of the city'^ Heing made the seat of government. Be it so ; Brantford has never jfceen the seatof g;oveEnment.: yet two lot? in Colborne Street, which ae coit ortglnaQy £10 for stxty-elx f««t, were sold last summer^iha one for £25, the other £30 per foot. A lot was pointed out to me last autumn, in one of the second or third rate streets in London, for which I was told fVom £7 lOs. to £9^ could easily be jj;ot. Quarter acre lots in Guelph, which in the year 1830 were puN chased for £5, command now from £300 to £400^ and in some spots even higher prices. A lot in Goderich was recently leased at the annual rent of £30, which the proprietor bought ^0 years ago for £10. Forty acres of land in this city, extending from Richmond up to Gerrard Street, were sold (how long ago! cannot say) by Hon. Mr, Crookshanks to the latb Hon. Mr. McGill, for 23s. Qd. per bcre; Mrhich now average in value, I presume^ not less tUan £750 per acre. The McGill property, valued by the proprietor in 1823 at £4,000, is now supposed worth from £75,000 to £100,000. Si\ acre lots on Yonge Street, which cost in 1825, £75; could r ot be purchased now, probably, under £1000, Between 1850 and 1852, an increase of 9,622 took place in 2fontreal, which makes it now more than three and a ha'i times what it was in 1816. Bytown is described hy Bouchotte (vol. i. p. 81,) as oonlaining when he wrote (about 1830) nearly a hundred and fifty housee, Its population, reported by the late census as over 8^000, is there- fore now probably eight tiroes what it was in the year above-named. The knd on which Bytown stands bought for £80, is valued bj Smith in his Gazetteer at £50,000 or over. Those who have been fbr any length of time acquainted with the country, must be struck with the improvement going on in tlw character of the bouses ; the handsome ft-ame, or brick, or stone dwelling, rapidly taking the place, in all the older localities, of the log-cabin. The roads are Hkewise in»prcv}ng fiast. For example, in the spring of 1837, I journeyed from Bran tford toHanviltoa in company with a iri-^ijd. We had a horse which, according to the fashion of these now ancient times, we rode in turn. Night came on ere we reached Hamilton. The load was in such a state that neither of us could venture to ride. Compelled to dismount, we had fbr the sake of safety, to plunge on through th&ioud, leading our horse,, and sinking deep at almost every step. Su«h was my exbausbion, that wi reach- ing the fdend*« house whither yge were goings 1 had to rest layseU ex Itn^ oht heir int The in a doll) renc yea I ed out to me in London, be goU wero puN and in eome :ently leased jfht ^0 years ;hmond up to by Hon. Mr, M. per bcre; an £750 per in 1823 at )0,000. Six cauld I ot be took place >d a half timet aB containing fifty houses. 000» ia there- ' above-named. 0, is valued bt;; inted with the mg on in tl)e )rick, or stone :aUlie8> of the e, in the spring >mpany with a ^ion of these »re we reached er of us could it the sake o- je^and sinking thaA o« reach' to rest iBjtseU S7 by leaning ray back against the door. A mac&damised road of the first class now stretches, and has long dune, over the puddle through which we thus laboriously forced our way. Twelve or fourteen years ago I travelled several times between Gijelph and Hamilton. Of the character of the road it would be useless to attempt giving a description to those who have not seea it. The thought of the journey used almost to terrify me. On one of these occasions — of which the reoullection is still fresh, and likely long to bo — I met a friend midway ; when turning aside round a large mud hole, half occupied by a great stump, we halted under the shadow of the huge pines which skirted the road ; and inquired of one onother's welfare, and of the "going,'' very much as ships meeting at sea make mutual inquiries as to longitude, latitude, course, and so forth. Not far from the time of which I speak, a minister, who had just come out from England and was going to Guelph with his family, was, by a shrewd friend w.^o accompanied him, takfn round by Brantford — a distance of 57 miles or thereabouts —instead of proceeding direct from Hamilton (26 miles), under the idea that had the new-comers gone through the roid I have men- tioned, they would, on reaching their destination, have imagined themselves to have got whence there was no egress. No trick like this, which was reckoned a clever one at the time, would now be necessary; ns between Hamilton and Gtielph there is an excellent macadamised road. At present the journey from Toronto to the latter place, which would then have required nearly two days, is performed in about twelve or fourteen hours, and will, when the projected rail- way opens, be accomplished, without fatigue and at a trifling expense, in a couple of hours, perhaps less. Ere long, the plank road, which is so 'ast pushing the venerable corduroy back into the woods, will have to retire before the railways with which th$ land is likely to be covered. •,* How improved is our condition in regard to the conveniencea of life, compared with what it was a few years ago. The first steamboat on the Saint Lawrence was built In 1809. It n^ade its passage between Montreal and Quebec, for which it charged nine dollars (eight down), in thirty-six hours aciual sailing, being sixty-six in all between the two ports. A second was launched in the spring of 1813, whoF^e time was iwenty-two and a-half hours. The passage is now made up in fourteen hours, or less, and down in about eleven, at a charge varying from two and a-half to three dollars. The year 1816 added two to the number of the S<\int Law- rence steamers. The first Upper Canadian steamers belong to tho year 1817, when two were built, one to ply between Prescott and 28 Kingston, the other on the bay of Quinte. Now they cover cor lakes and rivers, and every year in adding at once to their comfort and beauty. The charges too at which their accommodations are afforded, are generally speaking moderate. In 1849, their number on Cana- dian waters amounted to 103; with a tonnage of 16,156 tons : since which time, we presume, a considerable addition has been made to both. We are to have daily this summer, it is intimated, a through line to Montreal; and a mail line, touching at the intervening ports. In 1792 we were blessed, it would seem, with an "annua/ toin- ter expreit between Montreal and the Upper Countriea,^^ compre- hending Niagara and Detroit. The improvement was thought very great when it came as often as once in three months. Now we have not merely the mail distributing its precious load daily through almost every part of the land, and in its remotest regions once or twice a week ; but the electric telegraph, by which we can, in a few moments, communicate with nil the main parts of the country^ and the leading c'tics on the other side of the linos. A message which I gave in last summer to the office in Chicago about 12 o'clock noon, was delivered in Montreal within two hours. iii To get an idea of the post office accommodation we enjoy, it is worth your while to look into Scobie's excellent Almanac for this year, where you will find over five pages of names of offices and post-masters. For the trilling sum of three pence we can send a letter, or as many of them as may be brought within half an ounce weight, from one end of (he land to the other. Nor is this all, we have a cheap book and parcel as well as letter postage. The mercantile progress of the country outstrips, if possible, ivS progress in the respects we have been contemplating. At least it fully equals it. In 1805, 146 vessel?, with a tonnage of 25,136 tons arrived at Quebec ; the vessels numbered in 1827, 619, with 152,712 tons ; •while in 1849 the vessels reached 1,184, besides 144 to Montreal, in all 1248, with a tonnage of 502,513 tons. The tonnage arri- ved at Quebec last year amounted to 531,427 — besides 230 vessels to Montreal (G/oie 3rd Feb., 1852.) In the year 1S49, the ton » nage of vessels registered in the Province was 87,461 tons, nearly 3 J times the amount of the whole tonnage to the country i.. 1805. The vessels were 723, (Scobie's Almanac, 1851) all but five times the number trading to the country in the year 1805. The value of the imports to Quebec w&s in 1850—^^688,441 lOe. 9d.; in 1851 — j5833,929 6s. lOd. thj 1^ -% jar lakes ifort and aflfordcdy 311 Cana- ls : since made to i through iig ports. nual win- coinpre- ught very Now we y through once or can, in a e countryt mesflage ) about 12 rs. enjoy, it is manac for B of offices ce we can within half ther. Nor U as letter e. ivS At least It s arrived at J,712 tons ; to Montreal, onnagc arri- 230 vessels 49, the ton- tans, nearly itryi.. 1805. ut five times rhe value of 9d.; in 1851 29 According to an agreement nade with Lower Canada in 1795, by which thi? Upper Province was to receive an eighth of the " du- ties pnyable on goods, wares, or merchandise, ent«ring the Lower Province," the share of Upper Canada amounted in 1801 to £903 currency. The customs of Upper Canada yielded in 1846, £391,- 171 1b. 3(1. For the United Province the duties collected in 1850 reached the sura of £615,694 13s. 8d. Canada imported in 1850 articles to the value of £4,245,517. Its exports, during the same year, of its own domestic products, amounted to £2,660,998. — (Scobie's Almanac, 1852.) During 1850, 1250 vessels passed down the Welland Canal and 1259 up; while last year the down vessels amounted to 1752, and those going up to 1748.- -(Quctec Gazette — Toronto G/#ieir bigh- ing tulieii SECOND LECTURE. e country ictice -i»ii her inter- •acter, — a» lUX pcrrais- Ladiks and Gentlbmen : In nccordniico with the iiilimutioii ffivon ot the close of last Lec- ture, I Imve to call your attention, tlii.s ovcninj,'', to the proyross wliich id being made by Canada, Canada West especially, in her liiglitT inleretitfc', or those of u nienlal, spiiiltial and civil chuiacttr ; J with the proBpectd whicii are opening upon her. Mr. Smith tells us that t'.io number of newspapers in Canada in 1810 was five, which were all published in the Lower Province. Kingston has now, if I am not nii.st; ken, as many ; Hamilton has, I believe, one more ; (Quebec somewhere about twice, and Mon- treal and Toronto each more than thiice the number. Canada West, which ill that year had none, and only eight or ten when Bouchelto published (vol. i. p. Ill), must, I conclude, from a list I have jnst seen, have over ninety— i.v>t much probably under a hundred, Tlio whole numbtr in the Province I cannot positively say ; but judgo it must be nt least a hundred and fifty — or thirty to one what it was forty-two years ago. This, I am disposed to believe, our friends on the other side would call ,'soing ahead. Nint ty where within the memory of by r no means "the oldest inhabitant" there were none, they would, at all events, recognise as a very creditable advance. On few things do our neighbours prido themselves more, justly wc believe, than on their newspa|)ers. Yet, yout)g as we are, we have nothing to fear from comparison even here. The number of newspapers in the United States, ns stated by ji; Davis in his "Half Century" (p. 9.3) was 200 "as nearly as can be ascertained," in 1800; 359 in 1810; 1,000 in 1830; 1,400 in 1840 ; and in 1850 about 1,600. Of this last number 371 were in the New England States, and 4G0 in New York. The " World's Progress" (p. 445) reports 1,555 in 1339, A calculation 1 have la'ely seen reckons them now 2,800, 32 Taking this lottor n§ lliclr present number the cupply would be, in proportion to populalion, equal to about 180 to ub; or 90 to Canadu West, whicb ia rniher under lima over the fact. With twenty millions of people to whom to look for subscribers provided ho succeed in securing the genorul respect, an Editor can, oi coursi', ttflnrd an expense for the procuring of information nnd tlic command of talent, which would othorwiso be beyond his reach. Ilf'iici) t^hould individual papers be found nmotig our neighbours ex- celling (>ur8 in fulness and al)ility, it would be but what was reasona- bly to be anticipated. Whctlu-r this be the case in fact, or to what extent, I cannot say ; but fron) the specimens I have seen on both Fides, which have been somewhat numerous, 1 question whether ourd will not, on the whole, compare fuvourahly witli theirs in char- octor. ^ly im|)res.sion is that they will. Without pledging my- eclf for tho correctness or propriety of all their contents — which, I conceive, their conductors would not always defend on rcflfction — I but state the truth when I say that the amount of good writing and good thinking contained in them has often surprised me. The number of book-stores found in our cities and larger towns, viewed in connection with the extent of their stocks ; and the books contained in the libraries of our various institutions and met in our dwollingp, would seem to indicate that u taste for reading exists : while the character of many of them shows it to be to a considerable extent correct; ihoi'gh, we doubt not, improvement in this particular ia at once po&sible and desirable. In Education — one of the first interests of a community — a prooress highly satisfactory is being made, as the following par- ticulars derived from the Chief Superintendent, the Rev. Dr. Ryer- Bon'a very valuable Report for 1850 demonstrate.* The number of Common Schools in operation in 184G was 2,589 ; containing 101,912 pupils, and being sustained at an ex- pense oi £07,900 196. Ud. In lb50 the (schools numbered S,059, and the pupih 151,891 ; with an expenditure of £88,429,- 8s. 7id — an increase fif 470 on the schools ; 49,979 — close on fifty per cent., — on the pupils ; and, on the amount of expenditure, £20,522 9s. 5Jd. Besides this, £14,189 Hs. OJd. was appro- priated to the erection or repair of schoo' -houses — an item of which, previous to 1850, no return was made. As compared with 1842 the sum available for the salaries of common school teachers i was * Aiitiual Report of the Normal, Model and Common Scliools in Upi)er Canada for tliQ year IH.iO -, witli an Appendix. By the Oiief Superintendent of achools. Printed by order of Uie Legislative Ageeinbly. Crown 8vo., pp. 306. f wouUI be, or 90 10 ibscribors (litnr cat), lalion nnd hia reach. iboiirB ex- 8 reasona- tr to what n on both 1 whether rs in chnr- Iging my- — which, I lection — I )il writing me. Ter town?, ; and the )S and met or reading to be to a provement Tinnity — a wing par- Dr. Rver- 184G was at an ex- nnnibered £88,429,- — close ou cpenditure, .'as appro- II item of pared with )1 teachers r Canada for )0l8. Printed was considerably more than £41,500. 33 double — being £88,429, against Between 1847 and 1850 the private Bchoola have increased in a still grearor ratio, havin; advanceti from 90, wilii on attendance of 1,8;U, 10 224, Willi 4,G65l Bcholars — a result gratifying on a va- riety of acconnta. The Academies and District Grammar Schools have advanced, within the eame time, from 32, with 1,1J9 pupils, to 57, with 2,070 ; which is nearly doubling both the institiiliona and their attendants in the brief space of three years. The grand total in attendance on educational institutions was in 1842, 65,978 ; in 1846, 101,912 ; and in 1850, 159,678. Compored with previous years there ia in 1850 some diminution in the number of pupils in Colleges nnd Uiiivcrsitiee; which will, we trust, prove only temporary, the attendance having risen between 1847 and 1849, from 700 to 773. The following particulars, derived from the Americon Almanac fur 1851, will assist ua in forming an idea as to how we stand when compared with our neighbours, in regard to the number of our cum- ninn schools and the parties being educated in them, with the ijuma expended in their support. In Oliio, with a population over two and three-fourths ours, there were in J 848, 5,062 schools, with 94,400 pupilt--, sustained nt a cost of $224,801 44 cents — or £56,200 7*^. 3d. ; of which Si 49,205 44 ci9. were from public funds, and $75,596 from other sources (p. 277). Illinois', whoso population i.-i over a fourth more than ours, had in 1948, 2,317 schools, with an attendnnce of 51,447 pupils, supported partly by the proceeds of a school fund and partly by tax. 'J'fio amount expended for the year I could not gather fiom liie slnlenient given (p. 286). Michigan with a population nearly two-thirds ours, had in 1849, 3,060 schools, containing 102,871 pupils : towards^ the support of which $52,305 37 cts. were paid from the School Fund, and i^lTj,- P04 92cls. from taxation— -in all $128,110 29 cts., or £32,275 is. 5d. Michigan had thus in 1849, in proportion to its population, about the same number of scholars we had in 1850. While, how- ever, the number of schools was a third more than ours, in propor- tion to population (one more only in fact); the sum paid for their 34 Btipporl waB much under otifi Imlf — a circumslnnce which, when wa con.sidiT that onr loochcrs nrc uiidor, rather than overpaid, siipijosli d()nl)t BH ti> t'lricii iicy. With tln'iti tlio nninbfr of fi-tnak' toncherd is mucli lurgcrthan with uh, which uccuunts, in parti fur lliodinerpncc. Willi a population a fourth over onrf, Illinois had in 1848, 271 fowcr 6clio()|.s than wo Imd in IHIO, with only nboiil half our ninn- bor of pnpiiri ; nboiit one-iiiirJ uur number of pupils in IduU, witli 742 fewer schools. II:' Ohio hiid in 18 tS, with a pnp-ilaiion two and thr'^p-fourihs ours, ibnut ditubli' our iiunibcr of schouls, with 7,470 Icfh than our ntinibor of pupils in 18 10; consi lorably under iwo-tiiirds our nnmbor in 1850. 'I'lio iimouril pai I for tlicir support caino short of ours in Id 16 by £11,700 IL-. lOid. It would thus appear that in the? very important matter of Com- miin Schools we nio decidedly beforo the ntaies just nanjrd, which may, we suppose, be tuiten as a (air i?pecimcn of those of ih:) west generally. Th? numb?r of schoola in the State of New York in 1849, was in, 071 — a little more than four and ono-lialf ours for 1850, with a popululion about four and one twttity-stToudlli. Of pupiU iri altcnd- anco, the uutnlter vviis 778,1509 ; cxcecdiu}' our?, according' to po- pulation, in a proportion srmewhoro near four and one-fi;lh to four and ono-tweiily-H' eomltli. On llio stipport of ilifjip schools the enm expanded was $11, 1 1;',!;")!) 0*2 cimUp, or jC'i7rj,7'^8 73. 7id — under three and one-fifih times ours. For our population then we have in 1850 spent a cnnr vnlumcH each ; two 11,01)0; fivo 12,- (100; ono 14,000; ono ir),000; throo 10,000; ono 17,000; one 10,000 ; ono 23,000 ; ono 2r),000 ; ono 31,000 (Brown Unl- vcrnity) ; ono (Yale) 40,000 ; and ono (Harvard) 81,200. With fcomo of tliofio wo hovo nothinjr to coniporr, onr inctiiuliona bcinj as yet in their infancy ; though wo hopo to have in timo. The ng-jrogato nnmhor of volumes in the 121 lil)rario8 Ih 780,007. Hcriidcs these there ore libriirioB found in ail their liirgor cilitJB ; many of tlu^m of considerable extent nnd value. Ah much na ten yearH aj;o I had the pleasure of loolong at ono in New IJedford, MnSHacluisett-', which coritniiiod 10,000 vdIuiik's ; ond I spent a couple of hours oti the evening of the 3rd of July lnf«t, in examin- ing one ii) Biiiiit LouiH — tin? Merrantile AsHocialion Library — which, though including only obout .''),(H)0 volunu's, \h of the flrat claKs as to chnrocler. Tlio books cmbrnco iilnioft every department of knowledge — history, civil ond ecclesiastical, theology, law, nuidi- cine, science and art, poetry, biogra|)hy, trav(ds and geiiernl litera- ture ; arc admirably choBcn, and mony of them tlio best editions to bo had. To the yii declares the " soil" of Upper Canada to be "in general excellent, and likewise of easy cultivation ;" (p. 247) — points out its superior adaptation to the production of fruit (246) and flowers (281); and affirms its capability, under proper culture, of yielding crops very much superior both in quantity and quality to ihoso obtained while he was resident in it (248). The ''climate'' ho describes as beinjr, ** in the westerly parts of the Province particu- larly, alikft hcnllliful and agreeable." (242). lie looks also with confidence for its improveriicnt as the land becom'.-s cleared (242— 247). In respect lo the prospects of emigrants, he expresses him- self as follows : — After relating that he had " re:^ided eight months in the most populous and extensive new settlement in the Province, and daily witncsK^il the increasing prosperity of thousands of people, most of whom n,'i been forced from their native land by poverty." he continues: ** " . v e who emigrates to Upper Canada with ration- al views, wii! Af opointcd. The ctiuntry is becoming more agreeable every da), .net only requires a large population to render 't equal, in point of beauty, c >.nfort, and convenience, to any part of the earth. Tne delightful asylum which it aftords to th'^ poor and unfortunate of every clas^•, is a circutT^slance that has hitherto been little known or appreciated, and one which is uf particular importance at the present time, when agricultural and cor^mercial embarrassments have reduced so many individuals to a state of des- titution aiK^ r'sery" (272). There is much in this writer of a simi- lar charac?' . »vhich we cannot quote. (See pages 214, 215, 252, 271, 278, 2': * 'JBS.) 4'^ 111 "The climate of Upper Cunade," Talbot writes, (vol. ii. pp. 157, lOh) " alUiouirh verffiiifj toward tlie extremes of heat and cold, la very line, liiirlily favourable to liio growth of jjrftiii, and the production of the liuest fruits ; and ihc soil, thuufjh badly culti- vated, is not surpus.-ed in fertility by any tract of land of equal extent on tlie Aincriciin continont. All kinds of jrrain which are among the productions of the Mother Country, uro culiivated iniro with astoni:iliing' succi'ss ; and many fruits and vei^elablrH, which In (iroal Uritain and Ireland are only raised at immonso labour and expense, attain in t'anada, without iho assistance of art, a degree of perfection wholly unknown in more northern countrits."' Theextrernes of heat and old are less in the western peninsula of Canada than liiey are several d-'f^'reoe south of it, as proved from observations extending over a period of from 10 to 20 years, which may be seen in a Trcjitis^' on tiio Climate ol Wostcrn Canada, by II. Y. Hind, of the Normal Sc' ^1, publithed in 1851. " In point of salubrity," Botichei rs in his accurate and fino- Bplrited work (vol. i. IMO), '* no dim ,e in the world can perhaps be found to exceed that of Canada, which is not only a stranger naturally to contagious or fatal disorderp, but extremely conducive to longevity. In the early periods of the settlement of the Upper Province, the fovcr and ague were indeed very prevalen'- ; but as the cause of this local afTcTtion was gnidually removed by the drain- ing of mar^ihes in the prog*ess of cultivation, it has almost entirely disappeared." Of tlie difFL'/ent portions of the country lie tpcaks in terms very similar, while passing them under review. ' The geological survey which has for some years been going for- ward under the able superintendence of Mr. Logan, is brinj^ing to light a variety and amount of miiieral wealth surpassed in few quar- ters of the ylobe. An interesting catalogue of the minerals already discovered, with their respective h)oalities, prepared by Mr. Logan for the World's Fair, — may be seen in Scobie's Ahnanac for the pro- sent year, as also in the Canada Directory for 1851. Facilities for commerce, almost unbounded, ore furnished by our rivers and splendid lakes — justly termed inland seas — which will bo ere long increased by our raihoads already in progress, or projeclcdi with others sure to follow them. For a vigorous and honourable use of these advantages, and bene® for the future greatness of the country, we have a guarantee in th^ character of our population. We have to bo sure the reputation of being deficient in enterprise. On the su;)position of the truth of this charge, I should like to know 43 157, Id, ia and ciilti- cqiial li uro li(>ro A'hicli utid how llie progreps we linvo been contemplating:, of wliich but a very hurried and imperfect sketch has been prc-8ciitod, is to be occountcd for. I can think of only two theories on wiiich its explonotioii can ba attempted — to wit, that of the celebrated David Iliune, which would annihilate the |»ondsome buildings and well-filled stores which wo imagine ourselves to see around us, with the elegant steamora that i>i:em to ply on our lakes and river^'^ and the culiivated farms and barns burAting with plenty, apparently presenting themselves to our tision — and the comfortat>le looking people with whom wo conceivu ourtselves to bo meeting and mingling, where so lately there was nought but wilderness; and have us believe them to be all puie mat- ters of foncy, ideas existing in our own foolish brains (though on that hyp' heisis even these must be unreal) ; or one on wiiich, when a boy, I have heard the erection nf the old Glasgow Cathedral ex- plained, which has been declared to mo, without if or but, to have been built by the fairies during the night. Perhaps these benevo- lent gentry have been and may still be at work here ; and it may be to them we owe what we speak of in our ignorance and pride, as the works of our own hands. Should these theories be repudiated, a fair measure of enterprise must, we think, bo granted us. Look at the manner in which nuM- bers of the cities and municipalities are taxing themsolvos for the railroads referred to above, and other improvements. Is it thus people void of enterprise are wont to act ? He must be somewhat fool-hardy who will charge the citizens of Hamilton with want of enterprise, in the face ot the fact that for the completion of the Great Western Railroad they are voluntarily paying ninepenco iu the pound on their assessed value. The value of enterprise to a country like this, to any country, we are disposed fully to admit. In so far as deficiency may exist, we would, therefore, counsel improvement ; but we hold the represen- tations often mode on this subject, and believed, it is to be feared, by not a few from the confidence with which they are uttered, to bo altogether contrary to fact ; and, to parties situated as we ore, most ungenerous and mischievous. Prcm what has been shown above, in relation to schools, churchcB, and the other means of christian instruction, the inference is irre- sistible that our people ore to a gratifying extent, though by no means the extent desirable, imbued with the love of knowledge and impressed with a reverence for God. It is Irne, difTerences of opinion exist among us, pa exDcrienc© shows them to have always done, though in varying degrees, wherever freedom of thought and discussion — rights most precious — 44 hpve been conceded ; but in ona thing 1 trust we shall be found to Bgroo, namely, in the recoirnition of tiie fact, that it is " righteoiiH> noss" which "cxnltcth a nation," together with the determination to be governed in all thing-s by heaven's revealed will, and to act towards one another in the spirit of the gospel which we profess in comnrion. But are we not slaves, prostrate on the earth, foaming with rage, and struggling to bite the foot that tramples us 1 or at best held back fvum rebellion, with the spirit of which we are penetrated, only by the bayonets which guard us 1 Would that Her Majesty's troops, if they bo indeed charged with keeping us in order, found as easy work elsewhere ! Soldiering would then come «3 near as might be to a sinecure. It is neither force nor fear, but a love— warm as it is true — to our noble Fatherland; a respect for hor cha- racter, a gratitude for her liberality, a confidence in her justice and honour; and a fulness of sympathy with her, that holds us in our present connection. Our " love makes duty light.'* Here, as elsewhere, there may be something to mend, and time and patience may be required ere our institutions are perfected ; but, in the mean time, wo are free, if undor heaven there be such a thing as freedom. Where is the nation that ean claim to take rank in this rospect before us 1 "Slaves cannot breathe" in Canada; ** they touch our country, and their shackles fall." Of this we have among us thousands of living witnesses; who feel themselves here to be not things, but men, and ablo to call the wives and children • horn they love — their own. So long as earth shall contain within her wide circumference a single slave, mny Canada be ready to wel- come him, not to an asylum only, but a home ; to endow him with all the rights which her own free-born sons enjoy, and know so well how to value ; to show him the sympathy to which the injured and the distressed have everywhere and at all times a right at the hand of those to whom God has given the power to aid them. Thus, we trust, it will be. Large as the numbers are who are flocking annually to our shores, I have often wondered when looking at the advantages which Canada off-rs to the virtuous and the diligent, that they should not bo very much larger. Such may command, almost anyw^ ^e they please to locate themselves, all the substantial comforts of lite with a very moderate measure of exertion. Who are the owners of our handsomest and best-stocked farms? Generally speaking, men who have procured and improved tliem t)y their own labour ; many of vvliom you find in all the older parts of the country — living like patriarchs, surrounded by their children to whom they have given inheritances. For example, I was myself intimately acquainted 45 a fow years ago with an old gentleman thus Bitiiated in Flamboroitgli West (where there are others in similar circiimstanceR), whose pro- perty consisted wlicn he cutne into ttic country of notliing more than the oxe which he carried on his shoulder, with a moderate supply of clotlies fur himself and his young wife ; and who, ero ho could pro* cure a place whore he might lio down to sleep, had to make himself a tent, by throwing a blanket over a few boughs which he cut from some of the tree^ in the yet unbroken forest. Meeting some time ago with a countryman and fello^v-citizen of my own, a native of Glnsgow — who had occupied a respectable posi- tion at home, and whom I found living in a handsome stone house, with all the evidences of comfort around him, and in the enjoyment of the respect of his neighbours ; — 1 remarked to him — "I suppose you do not regret having come to Canada." "Oh no :" was his prompt reply ; •' it has, to bo sure, been pretty much a struggle all the time; but I have brought up seven sons, to four of whom I have given farms, and I hope by and by to be able to provide them for the rest." His time of residence in the country had been, I believe, about twenty-seven years. No small amount of the property in our cities and towns, the mass of it might I not rather say ? belongs, as those wl:o hear me know, to parties who have earned it by their own exertions, some in mechanical and others in mercantile pursuits. A remark made to me lately in relation to Parip, that the property in the hands of its inhabitants had been nearly all made in it, applies substantially to the entire country. Its wealth is, under God's good providence, chiefly the creation of its people — not those of other generations and the present combineJ — but those who occupy it now. Generally speaking a kindliness of feeling prevails, a freedom of action is allowed provided propriety is not violated, and useful labour is regarded with a respect, which makes the country, after a time nt least, very pleasant to those who seek a homo in it. Few, it is well known, who have lived long in it, leave it without regret. These various advantages, though yet to a considerable extent strangely overlooked, are beginning to be on tho whole better understood. May we not hope that they will be, ere long, oppre- ciated as they ought to be; and that we shall have increasing r.um- bera of such as shall prove themselves useful to us while benefitting themselves, taking up their abode among us? In the mean time let us each seek to acquit himself faithfully of the duties he owes the country , among which we would take he liberty of specially naming — the recognition of the country's advancement and advan- tages ; co-operation^ as far as practicable, in every prudent and p [ 46 honournblo effort for Iti improvement ; with tlie avoidanco of every things wlietlier iti word or act, iiaviiig a no '.ral tendency to injure it. Wc Bometimea thinlc our neigfibours say more tlian enough of their growili ; but depend upon it, if they at all err here, their fault is a much leea aiischicvous one, lo say nolhing else of it, tlian lugubrious wailing in circumstances which ought to call forth gra- titude. Feeling themselves carried forward with the general move- ment, a buoyant and hopeful spirit is excited — which gi7es them strength to battle with and overcome diHiculties by which they might otherwise be mastered. It would bo well were such a dia- logue as the following (which it is but justice to tiie parties to say took place at a time of some excitement), a specimen altogether unique among us. A friend of mine being gravely told sometime ago by two of his neighbours, that " (/anada was no country for the farmer, who could moke nothing here," turned quietly to one of them and asked : " Friend, what do you reckon your farm worth" ? " Two thousand pounds" was th- ready reply. " How long hnvo you been in the country" 1 " About twenty yeors." " Did you bring much with you when you came" ? " No : nothing," " Tiien in twenty years," retorted my friend, " You have besides bringing up a family, made two thousand pounds — cleared a hun- dred pounds a year — and you tell me Canada is no country for the farmer." Addressing himself to the other he now enquired — "and what, my good Friend, may bo the value of your farm ? Is it worth L