IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) k /. >'»Vp. i^x A^ UNITED STATICS GEOLOGICAL SUUVBY (;UAKLKS 1). WALCOTT, UIRECTOll SURVEY OK TIIK Northwestern Boundary of the United States 1857-1861 BY MA^llCUB 33^VK:ER ;■ WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1900 CONTENTS. Letter of transmittal 7 IntrfKluction 9 SourceH of infon: atioii 9 IvstubliHliineiit of the liiu! 13 History of the Hnrv«!y 13 Cost IS Maps 19 Orijriiia! iiiiuinscni>t inapH 19 Preliminary 19 Final drawingf" 21 British maps 25 Geographic! coonlinatoH 27 Magnetiirs 40 Elevations 42 Indian names 58 Seientifie results 61 ApiKjndix A. Mo»lo of dctermininj,' points on the parallel 64 Ap . endix li. Report by J. (i. Parke, November 12, 1859 66 Appendix C. Keixjrt by Archibald Camplxill, February 3, 18G1) 72 Index 77 ILLUSTRATION. Pi.ATK I. Index map 22 jL>ik.'Ai'^7 Si bull< aiyl pam • H • , LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Dki'autment of the Interior, United States GEOixxiicAii Survey, WaHhimjtfni, f>. C, Juiw 9^ 1900. Sir: I hiive the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as a bulletin, an account of the establishment of and survey of the bound- ary line ])ctween the United States and Canada, along the forty-ninth parallel, from the summit of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. Very respectfully, Marcus Baker, Cartographer. Hon. Charles D. AValcott, Director United Staters Geological Survei/. SUR^ By til the boil extends the fori througli boundai boimdai with th( arbitmt deciding part of .well kn< I rial. T I known. gathercc tures, c( From Executi' by Cong Idaho. the surv records : a conciiS suvve}^ i history i These three, vi (a) Gc executiv» I SURVEY OF THE NORTHWESTERN ROUND- ARV OF THE UNITED HTATES, J«5M8(il. By Mahcf ' Bakkk. I TNTIl<)I)i:CTI(>N. By tho Northwo.storn Boiuidury, as hcr(» uHod, is meant that part of the bomuljiry line between the United States and Canada whieh extends from tlie smmnit of the Koeky Mountains westward alonjj the forty-nintli paraUel to the seacoast at Point Roberts and tlienee throiigli the waters of Georgia, llaro, and Juan de Fuea straits to the PaiuHc. This line naturally divides itself into two parts, the land i)oundary and the water lioundary. This paper treats oidy of the land boundaiy. As to the water boundary, tho joint conunission eharj^ed with the survey disat>reed, and its location was finally determined by arbitration in iSTl, +he arbiter, Emperor William I, of Germany, deciding in favor of the American claim. Tho prominence given thit inirt of the lino, growing out of the arbitration, has made its history well known. In regard to it there is an a)>undancc of printed mate- rial. Tho history of the land boundary, however, is very imperfectly known. Little has been puldished respecting it, and its story is to bo gathered hugely from manuscript memoranda, notes, sketches, pic- tures, correspondence, and the memories of men still living. From time to time inforu.iition respecting this line is needed by the Executive Departments. In 1897 the Geological Survey Avas directed by Congress to survey and mark the boundiiry between Montana and Idaho. In performing this duty it became necessary to connect with the survey of the forty-ninth parallel. The search then made of the records in the State Department showed the desirability of preparing a concise history of the northwestern boundary, its establishment, survey, and marking, with a summary of results. To exhibit such a history and summary is the object of. this bulletin. SOURCES O^ INFORMATION. The sources of information from which this account is prepared are three, viz: (a) Government publications, consisting of tho Statuteo at Large, . executive documents, official reports, etc. 10 NOKTHWKSTKRN HOUNDAKY OF UNITED STATKS. [M'u..n\. (b) Manuscript records in the Stiito Dcpiirtnient, consistiii}^ of the original notebooks, ol)servations, computations, plattings, sketches, maps, correspondence, etc. (c) The memories of some of the surviving participants in the survey. These will be discussed in the order indicated a))ove. (a) In the Statutes at Large are contained all laws enacted by Con- gress touching the boundary, including also all the treaties. For the original treaty of Juno 15, 1840, see vol. 0, pages 8({!>-!S70; for the act creating the commission to survey and mark the boundary, vol. 11, page, 42; for various appropriation acts, vol. 11, pages 1:2, 159, 312, 403, and vol. 12, page 20. On Novcm])cr 12, 185J), Lieut, (now Gen.) John G. Parke, chief astronomer and surveyor, made a short report of progress. This is a document of 7 pages and is printed as Senate Ex. Doc. No. 1(5, Thirty - sixth Congress, first session. It is here reprinted as Appendix B. Nothing further, in official documents, appears for nine years. The civil war turned attention to more urgent matters and this subject was dropped. In Februarj-, 18(58, however, President Johnson sent to the Senate a long communication on the San Juan boundary question. This document (Senate Ex. Doc. No. 20, Fortieth Congress, second session) of 280 pages, though dealing chiefly with the water boundary, nevertheless throws considerable light on the history' of the land boundar}'. On January 13, 1869, the House of Representatives, by a resolution, re(|ucsted information as to expenditures by the Northwestern Bound- ary Commission. In response, a message from President Johii.i»> » was laid before the House of Representatives on February 13, 1809. (House Ex, Doc. No. 80, Fortieth Congress, third session.) This document of 102 pages is almost wholly given to a detailed tabular exhibit of expenditures. There is, however, a letter of 4 pages from the commissioner, Hon. Archibald Campbell, summarizing the entire history of the survey. This is apparently the nearest approach to a report on this subject that has ever appeared in print. . Finally, in 1889, Capt. George M. Wheeler, U. S. A., published in his report upon geographical surveys west of the one hundredth meridian (vol. 1, pp. 614-G19) a short account of the Survey of the Northwestern Boundary of the United States 1857-1861. (b) The manuscript records of the survey are nearly all contained in two blue chests stored in the division of manuscripts in the library of the State Department. Some of the maps being too large to go into these chests are kept elsewhere in the library. The memorand.i, notes, correspondence, maps, etc., in this collection arc the chief source of information from which this account has been prepared. But unfor- tunately the most importjint document of all Avas not found there, and a diligent search has failed to bring it to light. This paper is the final report, written on foolscap paper and consisting of four parts, one by [IU'I.I..17I. llAKEIt.] SOURCES Ol-' INFORMATION. 11 ir of the ft ketches, 1 survey. l)y Con- For the ; for tlie , vol. U, 159, 312, kc, chief This is a 5,Thirty- iix B. irs. The ibject was out to the question. IS, second )oundary, the land esolution, n Bound- Johii.s* » 13, 1801). m.) This cd tabular asres from the entire roach to a Idished in umdredth ey of I he ntained in library of to go into idci, notes, source of iut unfor- there, and ■is the final ts, one by Archibald Ganipbcll, the coniniissionor; one by (ren. J. G. Parke, chief astronoinoi' and surveyor; one ))y (1. (Minton (rardnor, assistant astronomer and surveyor, and one l>y .]. S. I [arris, jjeneral assistant. For this descri[)tif)n of the missing manuscript I am indebted to Mr. William J. Warren, Bui'eau of Engineers, War Department. When Captain Wheeler was preparing his account of this survey he made an unsuccessful s?arch for this missing report. He says:' I liiivc biH'ii uiial>lt' til trace the iiiiinuscript (if tlu> liiuil rc'ixirt, inchidiuf? tliat of the <'liicf u.«trnn(iiiicr anartnieiit, nuuhi at my rtMiuest by Mr. I)\\if,'lit, librarian of the State Department, remainetl nnavailing on June 1'), 1SH7. Mr. William .1. Warren, seen-tary of the (((nunissioner [and] now chief clerk [in the oHice] of the [Chief er of that commission, but it could not ]>e found by Mr. Dwight in the records tmnsmitti'd at the trlose of tlu^ latter survey to the State Department. The s'aich al)ove mentioned I have now repeated and with like result. Tiie manuscript has not ])een found. The existence of the manuscript is attested I)}' Mr. Warren, who gave me the description al>ove written. The call for it made l>y the Senate in 1871 is set forth in the following extract from the Senate Journal of Fcl)ruary J), 1871, page 254: Mr. Howard [Jacob M., of Michigan] submitted the following resolution, which Wi's considered by unanimous fonsent, and agreed to: ' Jicsohrd , That th»! President be respect fully requested, if not incompatible with the public interests, to transmit to the Senate copies of the final report, and the ai'com[»anying (iocuments, of the commissioner on the i)art of the United States to civrry into effect the first article of the treaty witli Great Britain of June 15, 1846." An examination of the records in the office of the Secretary of the Senate reveiils no other entry concerning it, from which it is concluded that it was never sent. Similarly an examination of the records in the Index Bureau of the State Department shows the call, but no action is indorsed thereon, thus (K)rroborating the belief that it was not sent. When the Nortltern. Boundary Conunission was created, in 1872, Mr. Archibald Campbell was appointed United States commissioner of that survey also. He found at the outset that it was desiralile to have for reference the records of the Northwestern Boimdary Sur^'ey, and accordingly wrote to the State Department asking permission to withdraw those records for temporary use. The following is a copy of his letter, which is now on iile in the Index Bureau of the State Department: U. S. NouTnERN Boundary Commission, ]Vhingtmi, I). C, June 27, 1S73. Sir: In preparing for the duties of the boundary (rommissiou it would be of the greatest iissistance to have the use of the records, notebooks, and other pajjers of '(1. M. Whoclcr, r. S. Uedff. Siirv. W. oiu- Hiiiii1rocn going on for a year. We th'ut it was )n. )f Wash- anployee -) the sur- of Engi- veyor of William U. S. A., ntlemen, d in pre- astrono- in Peru, it North- it of the men I am I have ESTABliISIIMENT OF THE lilNE. The present boundary line between British Columbia on the north and Washington, Idaho, and Montana on the south was established in 1846. Prior to that date the boundary was in dispute between the United States and Great Britain and the Oregon question was a Imrn- ing one. Great Britain claimed as far south as forty-two degrees north latitude, the northern limit of California to-day. The United States claimed as far north as 54° 40', the present southern boundary of Alaska. The slogan of the day was "Fifty-four forty or fight." But there was no fight and no fifty -four forty. A treaty was arranged by which the disputed tract was divided between the claimants. The boundary line adopted was the present line along the forty-ninth par- ellel from the summit of the Rocky Mountains to the middle of the channel between Vancouver Island and the continent and thence south- ward along the main channel and Juan de Fuca Strait to the Pacific. The diplomatic agents who drew this treaty were, on the part of the United States, James Buchanan, then Secretary of State, and on the part of Great Britain, the then British minister, Richard Pakcnham, The treaty was signed at Washington June 15, 1846, ratifications exchanged at London July 17, and proclaimed AugiLst 5, 1846.* The first article of the treaty describes the boundaiy in the following words: From the point on the 49th parallel of north latitude, where the boundary laid down in existing treaties and conventions l)etween the United States and Great Britain terminates, the line of boundary between the Territories of the United States and those of Her Britannic Majesty shall l)e continued westward along tlie said 49th parallel of north latitutle, to the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver's Island and thence southerly through the middle of the said channel, and of Fuca's [Juan de Fuca] Straits, to the Pacific Ocean. HISTORY OF THE SURVEY. «)n August 11, 1856, almost exactly ten years after the proclaiming of the treaty of limits, which for brevity may be called the Buchanan- Pakenham treaty, Congress passed an act to carry its first article into effect. This act provided for the appointment of a commissioner and a chief astronomer and surveyor on the part of the United States to unite i8tat.L.,vol.9,pi).86l>-8"0: vol. 11, p. 42. 14 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES, [bull. 174. with similar officers to l)e uppointcd l)y Great Britain to survey the, })oiindary and mark it with monuments. It also provide(^ for the ap- pointment of an assistant astronomer and surveyor, a secretary, and a clerk ; it appropriated $11,000 for the annual salary of these five officers, and $60,000 for provisions, transportation, and contingencies; it re- stricted the work to the northern boundary of Washington, which then extended from the Rocky Mountfiins to the Pacific; and finally it authorized the President to direct the employment of such officers, assistants, and vessels of the Coast Survey as he might deem necessary or useful. | Under this law Mr. Archibald Campbell was appointed commis- sioner on February 14, 1857, and on the same day Lieut, (now Gen.) John G. Parke, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., was appointed chief astronomer and surveyor,' each at a salar^'^ of $3,000 per annum. Two weeks later, viz, February 28, 1857, Mr. G. Clinton Gardner was appointed assistant astronomer and surveyor, and on April 5 entered upon his duties. On April 9 Mr. William J. Warren (now chief clerk Office of Chief of Engineers, U. S. A.) was appointed secretary, and on March G Mr. John J. Major was appointed clerk to the com- missioner. Mr. Campbell remained commissioner to the end in 1869. On the outbreak of the civil war, in the spring of 1861, General Parke left the work and never returned to it. Messrs. Gardner and Warren served Avith the commission until December 31, 1868, and perhaps a little later. ^ Mr. Major resigned December 9, 1864. Of the other principal employees, Mr. Joseph S. Harris, now presi- dent of the Philadelphia and Heading Railroad, is recorded as assis*i».nt surgeon and naturalist March 27, 1857, to March 31, 1864, wh- left the survey to engage in private business. Francis Herbst and Henry Custer served as topographers, the former about two years from April 16, 1857, till March 31, 1859, the latter about seven years from April 16, 1857, till Juno 30, 1864. Mr. J. Novino King served as quartermaster and commissary from May 21, 1857, to January 15, 1861; Mr. George Gib])H as geologist and interpreter from June 22, 1857, till May 31, 1862, and Mr. R. V. Peabody as guide from August 1, 1857, to January 15, 1861. Dr. C. B. R. Kennerl}' served as surgeon and naturalist from March 22, 1857, till his death in 1861. i On February 28, 1857, Mr. Campbell received his instructions from the Secretary of State, dated February 25, whereupon, he says, "I proceeded at once to collect all such information within my roach which might contribute to a proper understanding of the meaning of the language of the treaty, and in the execution of the work intrusted to me.' Having arranged with Professor Bache, Superintendent of the Coast Survey, for the use of the surveying steamer ^c^m'<3 and the brig 1 House Kx. P<»c. No. 8(>, Fortieth CoiiKri's,s, Third HCKsioii, ]>. KX). " Housi" K.\. Doc. No. H(i, Forticlli OoiiKrosN, Third .session, p. 23. sSenutc Ex. Doc, No.'-W, Fortieth CoiigreBS, second soiwiou, p. 8. [BULL. 174. BAKER.] HISTORY OP THE SURVEY. 15 irvcy the )!• tho jip- ,ry, and u officers, es; it ro- m, which id finally 1 officers, necessary commis- jow Gen.) ited chief mm. Two dncr wa.s 5 entered low chief secretary, the com- d in 1869. , General irdner and 1868, and 64. low presi- s assis*i».nt , wh- erbst and two years veil years ng served nuary 1.5, Juno 22, ni August IS surgeon ions from says, "I my reach eaning of intrusted ent of the d the brig Fauntleroy^ with the officers and assistants att^ichod,' Mr. C/anip))cll sailed from Now York April 20 and reached San Francisco via tho Isthmus of Panama on May 15. On June 17 the party sailed on the Actwe for Victoria, where they arrived five days later and learned that the first British commissioner, Capt. James Charles Provost, R. N., commanding H. B. M. S. Satellite, had arrived at Esquimalt ten days before. The second British commissioner was Capt. George Henry Richards, R. N., whose ordinary duties wore those of chief astronomer and surveyor, he being empowered to act as commissioner only in tho event of the death of Captain Provost. Captain Richards, commanding the British steamer Plumjter, left England at the close of March, 1857, for Victoria. By an accident to tho Pluni2)er''s machinery ho was delayed at Rio do Janeiro for some time and did not reach Victoria till November, 1857. The powers of these first and second British commissioners did not extend to the whole lino, but onl}- to the water boundary. " So much of the boundary between her Majesty's possessions in North America and the territories of the United States as is comprised lietween tho continent of America and Vancouver's Island.-' Such is the language of the instructions to Captain Provost. Tho British and American commissioners held their first meeting on Saturday, Juno 27, 3857, on board the Satellite in Esquimalt harbor. The respective commissions of themselves and assistants wore exhib- ited, read, and found in duo form. A second meeting was held three weeks later in Nanaimo harlior on board the Satellite. Captain Rich- ards not yet having arrived, it was decided that nothing further could be done with the water-boundary f of the entin* land boundary was nearly or quite completed. I have not found any statement as to just when the Held work ended. The Auditor's accounts indicate that a considerable luunber of laborers, axmen, packers, etc., were em[)loyed durinj^ 1801, of whom 22 were dis- charj^ed on March 81 and 14 on fFune 80. Others received their final pay at various dates in IS()1, the latest beinj»" in September, (leneral Parke, who came out with the last party, tells me that on reachinjj the Columbia Plains he heard of the first battle of Bull Riui. . It seems to nie likely, therefore, that the field work closed late in 1800 or early in 1801. Durinj^ this season, then, the surveyinj^ and markinjr of the line was carried on over a distance of 170 miles — between the suuunit of the Rocky Mountains and the Columbia River. As to the disbanding of the field parties and their return to Wash- ington we gather some facts from the Auditor's accounts, so often cited here. It appears that all returned via the Tsthnms of Panama, the fare ])eing $258 from San Francisco to New York and $7.50 from New York to Washington. Conmiissioner Campbell, Secretary War- ren, Geologist Gibbs, and Artist Alden left the field November 25, 1800, and reached Washington January 10, 1801, the journej'^ taking forty-six days. Henry Custer, Charles T. Gardner, T. Hudson, and James Noone}-^ left the field April 30, 1801, andG. Clinton Gardner on May 10, 1801. All these came direct to Washington. Finally, in the lastcjuarterof 1801 (exact date not given). General Parke, J. S. Harris, J. V. Wurdemann, and John »!. Major returned to Washington. With these returning parties came instruments, records, collections, bag- gage, etc. There is a charge for freight on " 41 packages instruments and baggage" and "24 boxes natural-history specimens." Arrived in Washington, the couunission rented rooms and estal)- lished an office over a store at the SE. corner of Peiuisjdvania avenue and Twentieth street NW., and there proceeded with the plattings, computations, drawing of maps, and pi-eparation of the final report. The scientific reports appear to have been completed iiv 18()2 and the drawing of the final maps, at least of the land l)oundary, late in 1805 or , the House of Representatives, by a resolution, ivijuested information as to expendi- tures on account of the Northwestern Boundary Survey. The reply to that request has furnished the ('hief source of information for this history.' In October, 180J*, the work was brought to a close and the results deposited in the State Department. But the report, unfortu- nately, was not published, and the manuscript has for many years ' House Kx. Doc. No. 80, Fortieth Congress, third session. Bull. 174- -<■! 18 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY <*V TTNITKH STATES. [mn.i.lTl. bakeb been lost to view. Itw whereabouts arc wtill unknown. The roa-son it WOH not published, I am informed, in that Mr. Fish, Secretary of State at that time, deemed its publication too expensive. The war had brought a mountain of debt, and under these conditions he refused to sanction so costly a publication. COST. The total cost of surveying and marking the line, including all expenses, was about !^<)00,000, or $1,463 per mile. The first appropria- tion for the work, made August 11, 1856, was $71,000. This and the subsequent appropriations arc as follows: ApprojmeUioiis for unrveifing ami marhiny (he iHrnnilary alouy the fvHy-idnth jMintUd, between the United Slates and the BrUiah l'o»aesiiiuns, from the liockij MuuiUuhi^ to tlif Pacific Ocean. Date. Fixed salaries. Other expenses. TotJiI. Autliorlty. August 11, 1856 February 7, 1857 June 5, 1858 March 3, 1859 May 26, 1860 Total $11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 ««30,000 60,000 60,000 139, 000 139,000 $71,000 71,000 71,000 150,000 150,000 Stat. L., vol. 11, p. 42. Stat. L., vol. 11, pp. 159-lW). Stat. L., vol. 11, p. 312. Stat. L., vol. 11, pp. 403-404. Stat. L., vol. 12, pp. 20-21. 55,000 458,000 513,000 The amount actually expended somewhat exceeded this sum, aggre- gating nearly $600,000. In response to the House resolution of January 13, 1869, above referred to, Mr. Seward, then Secretary of State, transmitted, on February 9, 1869, a detailed reply, consisting, in the main, of a state- ment by Mr. C. M. Walker, then Fifth Auditor of the Treasury Department, of "disbursements on account of Northwest Boundary Survey from February 14, 1857, to December 31, 1868.'" The total expenditures in that period were for — Salaries $385,508.78 Contingent expenses 209, 724. 25 Total 595,233.03 Most of these were made in the five years 1857 to 1861, inclusive. After the latter year a small oflSce was maintained in Washington at an annual rental of $250, which, with various minor items, entailed an annual expense of from $1,200 to $1,400. The work was finally closed up and the records deposited in the State Department in Octo- ber, 1869.' » House Ex. Doc. No. 86, Fortieth Congres.s, tliird session, 102 pp. s Letter from Archibald Campbell to Acting Secretary of State, June 27, 1872. KS. [llltl.I,.171. BAKER.) MAPS. 19 'ho reason it 4iry of Stwto he war had J he refused ncludin^ all it appropria- rhis and the il-vitith pantUd, (ouiUiiiiM lo tlir trlty. ,1>.42. , pp. i5n-i()0. ,p.312. , pp. 403-404. !, pp. 20-21. sum, aggre- 1869, above suiitted, on of a state- le Treasury Boundary The total , 508. 78 , 724. 25 ■5 233. 03 inclusive. shington at entailed an was finally nt in Octo- L872. For the prcpamtion of scientitif reports on niagnetii's, niainnials, birds, tishesj plants, insects, fossils, etc., including the making of drawings, there was expended about $3,600 ' and for the drawing of the final maps about $9,400. For building the initial monument at Point Roberts was paid $7,590.38, one-half of which was paid by the United States and one- half by Great Britain.^ The cost to the British Government of running and marking the boundary line I have not found. A single item bearing on the mattei* is contained in Parliamentary Papers, 1803, volume 37, page 287 (55-v), where there is "An estimate of the sum re^pilrcd to be voted in the year ending March 31, 1804, to complete the expenses of sur- veying the lino of boundary between tiie British and United States territory in the western part of North America, 4,300 pounds." While the boundary survey was going forward theie Avas another independent exploration by the British in progress in the region, under the direction of Capt. John Palliser. Early in 1857 the president of the Royal Geographical Society reconnnended to the British foreign office that a grant of £5,000 bo voted to cover the expense of two years' exploration along the forty-ninth and fifty-third parallels and between tho one hundredth and one hundred and fifteenth meridians.-' This sum wa« voted and Liter on i;i,.500 additional, to continue the work one year more, making three jears in all. Among the estimates for the year ending March 31, 1861, is an item of .€0,300 for com- pleting Palliser's explorations. The results of Fuiliser's work, his route of travel,, etc., are set forth in the tlournal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1859, volume 29, pages xcvii-c; and 1860, volume 30, pages 267-314. ? MArs. ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT MAPS. Two large blue chests in the manuscript room at the State Depart- ment contain the original observations, computations, sketches, notes, etc., relating to the Northwestern Boundary Survey. They do not contain tho final maps, these being kept among the treaty maps. They do, however, contain the following manuscript map material, which may bo classified as preliminary and final: ; Preliminai'y. — First. Several rolls of rough sketches of reconnois- \ sances, triangulation, trails, office plattings, field sketches, etc., on rough paper, drawing paper, tracing linen, and tracing paper. Some of this is original field material identified by title, date, and signature. Much of it, however, is of the nature of office studies, plattings, etc., which served a temporary purpose and is no longer of value. 1 House Ex. Doc. No. 86, Fortieth Congress, third session, p. 101, s Same, p. 97. 3 Parliamentary Papers, 1857, vol. 26, p. 29 (38-vii-sess. 2). 20 NORTH WErtTKRN KOUNDAKY OF UNITED 8TATKS. [Biu.ni. Hccoiul. There i.s a hciIoh of lU sheets on tracing linen eovn'rinj,' the entire line from the .sea coast eastward to the Rocky Mountains. These sheets aro numbered from west to east, 1 to lU. Each sheet except the first embraces 30' of lonj^itude and from 15' to 25' of latitude. Sheet 2, for example, includes from 128^ to 122^ 80'; sheet 3, longitude 122° 30' to 122^, while sheet li>, the easternmost of the series, incUides longitude 111° 30' to 114°. The relief is shown by broken horizontal curves. The scale \» not stated, but the parallels and meridians enable us to infer that it is 1: 0-IOOO, or about 1 mile to 1 inch. These sheets bear no title, no legend, no date, and no names. Third. There is a scries of five manuscript maps (not numbered) on a scale of 1:120000, showing the entire line from the sea coast to the Rocky Mountains, They appear to bo unfinished drafts. Relief is shown ])y contours in green, trails in red, and there are a few nam(\s. They are drawn on backed drawing paper. None of them have legends or titles, or names of draftsmen or any authority. They contain no dates. The}^ appear to bo compilations from original sketches, notes, and surveys. The}' are not numbered. Beginning at the west end of the line, the sheets cover the following areas: The first sheet covers from latitude 48° 40' to 41)° 25', and from longitude 123° 20' to 120° 50', being 30 inches high and 01 inches wide. The second sheet covers from latitude 48° 33' to 40° 35', and from longi- tude 121° 15' to 119° 12', being 38 inches high and 50 inches wide. The third sheet covers from latitude 48° 30' to 49° 18', and from lon- gitude 119° 35' to 117° 40', being 29 inches high and 50 inches wide. The fourth sheet covers from latitude 47° 35' to 49° 10', and from longitude 117° 50' to 114° 40', being 59 inches high and 55 inches wide. Owing to its inconvenient size this sheet has been cut into two pieces along the parallel of 48° 21'. The meridians aro erroncousl}' num- bered. The fifth sheet covers from latitude 48° 15' to 49° 35', and from longitude 116° 08' to 113° 13', being 50 inches high and 71 inches wide. This map also has been cut into two pieces along the meridian of 114° 55'. Like the preceding, the meridians arc erroneously num- bered. Owing to its size, this roll of maps is not kept with the other material in the chests above mentioned. Fourth. There is an unfinished manuscript map, in two sheets, on unmounted drawing paper, covering the entire line from the sea coast to the Rocky Mountains. It includes latitude 47° to 50° and longi- tude 113° 30' to 125°, is on the conic projection, and is projected on the one hundred and nineteenth as the central meridian. The eastern part includes longitude 113° 30' to 119°, the western 119° to 125°. The scale is not stated, but appears to be 1 : GOIOOO. There is no title, no date, no signature. It is an outline map, no relief being shown. The camps are shown, but the boundary monuments arc not. 1 Index . Boundar j IT (iu'i.i..l7l. IIAKKR.] MAl>fl. 21 iM'inj; tho ^. These »t except latitude, longitude , inrUides lorizontal ms enable i3se sheets il>ored) on list to tho Relief is »w names, hem have y. They 1 original Beginning ireas: The longitude idc. The •om longi- ches wide. from lon- ches wide. and from che.s wide, two pieces )U8ly num- J° 35', and i 71 inches e meridian 3usly num 1 the other I- » sheets, on le sea coast and longi- ojected on 'he eastern o to 125°. } is no title, ing shown, ot. Fifth. The foregoing four groups T have called preliminary maps. There is, however, a fifth group, a set of seven tiacings, which have an oflicial character Avhich places theni in a difl'crent category. These seven ti'acings, on tracing linen, are on a scale of 1 : 120000, a'*e num- bered from west eastward, and each sheet includes 1*^ 20' of longitude and 80' of latitude, l>eing 15' on each side of tho forty-ninth parallel. Sheet 1, the westernmost, includes longitude 123'^ 10' to 121^^ 50'; sheet 2, 121'^ 50' to 120"^ 30', and so on; and sheet 7, the eastei-nmost, 115^ 10' to 113 ' 50'. On these maps are shown trails, camps, caches, monuments, and names; the relief also is shown by red contour lines. Sheet 1 has the following legend: Tnu'injjH miin])t'rin>^ from 1 tf» 7, Hhowinp tlic topojjraphy, iiamoH, and HcaloH adopted l)y the liritisiraiid United States Boundary ConuniwHionH for their final iiiaiw, liy order of the coninuHHioncrH. R. W. IlAui, C(ipl'n 7?7 ArCj/, Axir. liritlsh Committ^n. (i. Cmntov (Jaudnku, AmU Anlr. and Snrv., U. S. ]i. ('. Wasiiinciton City, May .10, 1SG3. Final (Irawiiu/s. — The final original manuscript maps resulting from the survey are thirteen in number. To this should be added the title page, making fourteen dmwings. They are beautifully drawn on "smooth antiquarian" drawing paper, backed with umslin,and bound with blue ])raid. The sheets are of uniform size, being 30 inches high and 42 inches wide. They are kept among the treaty maps in the library of the Department of Stjite. They are drawn wholly in black and show trails, timber, camps, monuments, etc. Topogmphy is show a by hachures. The scale of the ten detailed maps is 1 : 120000, or 1.80 miles to 1 inch: of the two general maps 1: 720000, or 11.37 miles to 1 inch, and of the index map 1: 1200000, or 18.04 miles to 1 inch. This series of drawings was obviously planned to form an atlas. Of this the con- tents would be: 1. Title. 2. Index map showing location of ten detailed Hheets. ' 3. General map, eastern section. 4. General nm]>, Avestern section. 5. Detailed sheets numbered 1 to 7 (from ca.st to west), showinj? land boundary. 6. Detailed sheets numbered 8 to 10, showing water lx)undary. The title is as follows: Maps of the Boundary between the United States and the British Possessions as established by the treaty of Washington, June 15, 1846. Surveyed under the direc- tion of the Joint Commission appointed to carry into effect the First Article of the Treaty. The index map is entitled: Index Map showing the limits of the detailed sheets of the II. S. North Western Boundary Survey. ' The iiltttu which accompiuiles this bulletin is a copy, on ii reduced scale, of this map. 22 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED 8TATE8. (bitm..174. Tho general map (wcstorn soetion) haw outside the border the legend " U. S. North We,st Boundary Survey, Archil)ald Caniplwll, IT. S. Comniissioner; John (J. Parke, U. S. Eng., Chief Astr. and Sur- veyor." Tho title is as follows: Map of Weatern Section. From notes l)y John G. Parke, U. S. Engineorfl, Chief AHtr. antl Survi'yor, G. Clinton (iardner, AhmH AHtr. an«l Surveyor, and .laH. S. Harris, Henry CiiHter, Chu8. T. (Jardner, Georjye ii'Mm, Francia Huduon and R. V. Pealxxly, Ass'ts U. S. Boundary Survey. Compiled and drawn hy Lemuel 1). Williamn, Theodor Kolecki, and Kdward Freehold. By order of V. S. ComininMioner. (Sipned) G. Clinton (Jardner, AHH't Astr. and Surveyor, U. S. Boundary Survey, Ollice Washington D. C. 1860. Scale 1: 720000 or ll.:}7 miles to one inch. This map incrludes from longitude 118° to 125,° and the eastern sec- tion, l)earing a similar title, includes from longitude 110° to 118°.* The detiiiled sheets showing the land boundary, numbered 1 to 7, are signed " Jno. G. Parke, Major of Engrs., Brevet Major General, U. S. A., Chief Astr. and Surv. Archibald Campbell, U. S. Com- missioner, etc. etc. etc. and J. S. Hawkins, Colonel ll'l Eng'rs., H. B. M. Connuissioner." Tho date of signing is recorded as May 7, 1869. The detailed sheets showing the water boundary, numbered 8 to 10, have no titles, })ut each has the following written upon it: '*That part of the boundary line described in the treaty of Juno 15, 1846, between the continent and Vancouver Island not agreed upon by tho Joint Commission." These arc signed bj' John G. Parke and Archibald Campbell. They do not ]>car the signature of anj' member of H. B. M. Commission. The date of signing is November 3, 1869. Of these final maps, the seven detailed sheets showing the land boundary have been photolithographed and a small edition printed. Just when they were n'int«d or how large tho edition I have not learned. These photoli> ographs are on dou])lo the scale of the origi- nal (i. e., 1:60000). The> 'ere printed by the No w York Lithograph- ing, Engraving, and Printi. • Company, Julius Bien, superintendent. The sheets are ninubercd f roi ' east to west, and the seventh or western- most bears the following title. Photo-lithograi>hic Copy of the detaileil maps of the North West Boundary from Point Roberta to the Rocky Mountains between the United States and the British Possessions under the Treaty of June 15th, 1846, showing Monuments, Cuts, and other Marks. Archibald Cami)l>ell, IT, S. Comr. N. W. Boundary Survey. Scale 1 "COOOO (enlarged to twice the scale of original drawings) . Photo-lith. by New York Litho'g Engrav'g and Print'g Co., Julius Bien, Sup't. The sheets are printed wholly in black, are 28 inches high by 71 inches wide and printed in two pieces. Relief is shown by hachures and timber by the usual convention. Boundary marks are shown by iln the library of tho Coast nnd Geodetic Survey I huve hcuii a photograph of this western sheet. It is a pale and faded copy, 18 by 24 inches, was made by Alexander Gardner, and is on a scale of 1: 1070000, or about 17 miles to 1 inch. (BUM.. 174. ;ho legend ?1I, U. S. and Sur- noors, Chief and Ja«. S. I and R. V. ind Edward irdner, Ahh'I 1800. Scale astern sec- ) 118°.' red 1 to 7, r General, . S. Coin- fr.s.,H. B. ly 7, 1869. ed 8 to 10, it: "That 15, 1846, pon by the [ Archibald )f H.B.M. V the land )n printed. 1 have not f the origi- .lithograph- rintendent. or western- oundary from d tlie British ite, Cuta, and lurvey. Scale by New York high by 71 by hachures e shown by lis western sheet, d Is on a scale of 118* iETS OF TH 7£ U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IS. II"- S. V. ir.1 HH't kali' liil, m- JH. Pi). 10, lilt M5, Iho lid VI. liid Hi hot |o"i- ■ .'"^ if hit. p'om ItiHh land rale I ork , 71 iros leet, J lllt3 Ol ^ 124" iL'a" 12 1" 120° ir i> K Ef V^l!,* \ . 'V V^r^tv i- -i Sheet 1^0 i Pt.Bob r r^ 4 %:^l -^^ •o^,-■; "■#"''6^ 8' * '^ Bh(?etNoi^ ..*r' ' St 't U.-y^ >--^ j....i •.•1 V, ItM V, & vll^V rf •-i I I '^''^ '^■•. (^'■s-. f'Nisqually k-_ t^... W ii 1 ; I[ a Kj © i2;i° 122" 121" 120° Heduced ft-om Original Mimuaoript in State Depai'tmoiit TNDKX M.:\P SHOWING THE LIMITS OF THE 1 U. S. NORTH WESTERN HOITN SouIp of StHtiito MileH 10* H 4 2 10 an no «> so mo > BULLETIN No. 174 PL. I HE LIMITS OF THE Dr^ri'/MLED SHEETS OF THE WESTERN BOUNDARY SIJRM^ri' Sculp of KlHtiiU>Miltell, U. S. Commissioner. John (r. Parke, U. S. Kng., Chief Astr. and Surveyor. (i. Clinton (Jardner, Ass't Astr. and Surveyor. William J. Wi'.rrcn, Secretary. John J. Major, Clerk. Scale 1: 120000. 18G6. The titles of the others are identical with this, except as to the country covered. This easternmost sheet embraces longitude 113° 45' ,to 116", froifi Mooyie and Ya/i'k Divide to Eochj Mountain Divide; 1 House Kx. nnc. No. SO, Fortli'th Consreas, third sesalon, p. 96. tl 24 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES, [m i.i.lTl, tho next, longltudos IK) to 11S.V^, from Ii)ch)ilnfKiit Ji!t'(i' io }roniilt' ((nil Y((h'J,' Dirldc; tho next lono-itiulos, llS^ to 121 , //v/// I)! rid,' of ('((N<'(((lc 2F(>ttiif(itiiy to f)i<'hi(l>iti(iii; and tlio last, louo-itudos I'Jl to li^B:^^, fi'oiit Point liolncix io Piiudc of ('((Kcadc 2f(>r)it((inx. Tho jfoographic positions of tho various camps, stations, otc, arc given on thoso maps, as are also the lonofitudos of th(> ]>oundary monu- ments, accompanied by brief descriptions of the locations. These positions, classitied in two groups and arranged in order of longitude, are pi'inted on pages 2S-8t> of this bulletin. Tho preparation of the 13 tinal original drawings was apparently begun in 1803. There is an autograph memorandinn by Mr. (1. Clin- ton (Jardner, dated June 30, 1863, containing an estimate of the time required to make these drawings. He estimates that the drawing of seven sh(>et of l:l:i(K)()0 scale will take elgiity-two weeks' work, and that two sheets of the general map of l:7!iOO(>0 scale thirtv-llv(i weeks' work. After discussing methods and costs he adds: Tho scale spoken of hy the English coinniissioner for tlu^ general map was 1 :()000()(), l)ut that scale woiiM recjuire larger sheets than those nsed for the detaileil maps. I have therefore ]>ropose(l to use for the general majM 1,(1 instead of 1/5 of that of ihe detailed maiw in order that all the sheets sliall be of uniform size. As to the drawing of these sheets and their cost, there are three memorandums in the handwriting of Mr. Gardner. The tlrst, undated, is tis follows; Seven detail sheets from Point Iloberta to llocky Mountains, at ?600 !if4, 2(X) The water-boundary sheet 1 , SOO The two general sheets, one from (!ohunbia River west I , r)0() And the otlier from Colund)ia east to Fort Benton 1 , 0(K) S, 500 The second memorandiuu, dated October 31, 180-1. is as follows: The seven detail sheets have cost $4,085, [and] when com- pleted [will cost] $1 b5 [more] §4, 200 T)ie general sheets liave cost $1,807, [and] when ccmipleted [will cost] $813 [more] 2,500 The water-boundary sheet lias cost $750, [and] when completed [will cost] $925 [more] 1,075 Total 8, ;i75 The third" memorandum, dated January 1, 1805, is a.s follows: Water-boundary sheet $2, (X)0 Detail Bheets, 7 at $G00 4, 200 General maps, No. 1, $1,800; No. 2, $1,400 ;{, 200 Total cost of tho drawing of maps 0, 400 Thus it appears that the drawing of these maps was completed late in 1804 or early in 186.5. The photographic copy of them in the Gen- eral Land Office is dated 1800. J Tin 1:00(»( (»>) to ea." II. B. dersoi omer, and 3, (e) as fol furi.i,. 171. HAKKU.] BRITIHII MAPS. 25 (HI) hll'lilc tudos 121 ' inn. ,s, etc., arc liuv inonu- i.s. Tl u'se longitude, iipparently X. (1. Cliii- )f the time (lniwinj>' of ' work, and -livo weeks' ral map was r tlie lU'tailcd -tead of 1/5 of 111 si/0. L' are three st, undated, $4,200 1,800 1 , 500 1,000 S, 500 follows: . $4,200 I , 2, 500 I . 1,075 . 8, 375 lUows: . $2,000 . 4, 200 . 3,200 . S», 400 mpleted lato I in the Gen- The dl•a^s•in<»• wns done hy Kdward Freyhold,()f No. 11 Shai'p street, l>aitiinore, by \j. D. WlUianis, and )>y Tlieodor Kolecki. Freyhold did the ''hill woi'k ' ' — i. e., the hacluii'es — and the others the outline, letterinji'. etc. l*rior to Fel)ruaiT, ISOl, Freyhold had drawn the hill work on detail sheets ;> and 7. Anionj^- the papers is an unexecuted contract (apparently the orit^inal draft) ])etween tlie United States Northwestern Boundary Conunission and Edward Freyhold, where])y Freyhold ao'rees to draw the hill work on sheets 1,2, 1,5, and (> "similar and not inferior to certain other work executed by him on sheets 3 and T'" for $1.75 per square inch, and to complete the work "])efore the 31st day of August, ISGi." Sheet 1 was Hnished March 5, 1861, juid contained 211^ square inches of hill work; sheet (i was finished April 20, 18<'»1, and contained 2ll>i^ scjuare inches of hill work; sheet 5 was linished June (», 18G1, and containoundary monument, IMooyie River. IJoundury monument and cutting, Kootenay East. Boundary monument and cutting, Yak'h River. Boundary monument and cutting, Kish-e-nehn. Boundary monument, watersl iid Rocky Mountains, looking north. Boundary monument, watershed Rocky Mountains, looking south. The second doul)le page contains two tables of geographic coordi- nates, with descriptions of stations. These tables arc printed in this bulletin, pages 20, 31, 33, 35, 3T, and 31). vVccording to these tal)les there arc 161 monuments, marking parts of a boundary line 410 miles long. These are: stone obelisk 1 Iron pillars 42 Pyramids of stcuies H Bench marks 2 Mound of earth , 1 Piles of stones 112 Total 1(5 1 (e) Lastly wc; have this double title, page: Maps to illustrate; tlie boundary line established by the convention of London, 20th October, 1818, and the treaty of Wsishington, 15th June, 1846, l)etween the British Possessions in Nortii America and the United States, compiled from tlie following authorities: ******* Scali; of .0528 inches to 1 statute mile, or 1:1200000. Photozincographed, etc. 1869. This is followed by three double-page photographic maps showing the country Iwtvveen tho forty-fifth and fifty-first parallels of north latitude and from the Pacific Ocean eastward to Minnesota. 3. [bull. 17-1, UAKER.] GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES. 27 appointed to ivtute mile to superintend- :. K, F. R. S., rest to east, S H. B. M. I'dinates of r hachures, uments are by a round pear to be le parallel, ;hoets them- hotojifraphic oatrh face. phic coordi- •inted in this arkin^' parts 1 .... 42 »> .... o '2 GEOGIIAPIIIC COOKDINATES. The geographic positions of various camps and stations in the vicin- ity of the parallel were determined astronomically. Latitudes were determined with the zenith telescope; azimuth and time with the tran- sit. Longitudes were determined l)y chronometer, by moon-culminat- ing stars, and at one station. Camp Mooyie, by the solar eclipse of July 7, 1860. It would seem that 28 fundamental or base stations were established near the boundary. For those stations measurements were made to the parallel. Thereupon other stations, with monuments, were estab- lished on the parallel.' Of these stations on the parallel there are 161. The description of these fundamental or base stations and of the 161 stations on the parallel, their location, longitude, etc., are given in Tables 1 to IV herewith. Tal)leK I and III are made up from data on the photographic copies of the tinal map which were deposited in the General Land Office in 1866. Tables II and IV are copied from the British atlas in the State Department, which was presented by the Brit- 1 ish minister. Sir Edward Thornton, in 1871. The results from the two sources are almost identical, but as they are not absolutely so, and as the originals are not conveniently accessible, it was deemed ])est to print, side by side, the results from these two sources. i 1 For iiielhoil (.'inployL'd see Api'eii'Hx A, pp. (VI-Cm. 1 112 1(51 tion of London, 6, between the ipiled from tlie i(!ograplied, etc. naps showing llels of north )ta. 28 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [m'U..m. ^ Tabi.k J.—drniiraphienl roordhnilcH of rmnpn, KlntlniiK, dr. FKOM AMKUK'AN SOHHCKS. UAKKK. No. H '.I 10 11 12 i;i 11 i.'i If) 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2t 25 20 27 28 29 :«) 31 32 33 31 35 3f. 37 38 SUitiim. l.tititiiiU'. flump Akainina Ciiinii K islu'iu'lin • ■ ■ Ford of Klntlifiid Ui vor •innction oftriiil to Wiffwiini Station WiKwam SUUion Camp Kootciiay Kast Yalikli Station '. Camp Mooyie Slooyio I rail montniient Aoklvw Caclif, junction of trails (^amp Koott'iiay Wt'st Kootonay Monntain Station IVnd d'Orcillo Station Fort Slicplicrd Station Camp ('oluml)ia Camp Statapoostin Inchniiitnm Station Camp Nelioialpitkun (•amji Osoyoos or Osoyoos Station Camp Similkami'cn Nais-nn-loli Station Junction of trails. Xaisnuloh Camp I'a-say-ten .TtniPtion of trails, I'a-say-tcn Valley Roche Station i Camp Skagit ! Crossing of Skagit Ulvcr on trail ! Camp Cluioh-chc-h>im Camp Cliiloweynck j Kn-sa\v-k\vatch Station I Sen-eh-say Station j Camp Tummeahal ; Intersection of Whatcom and Lake trails... j Chiloweyuck Pepot I Camp Stimass ] British Station I Camp Simiahmoo •19 19 •18 •18 •18 •18 •18 19 ; n 00 .'■)2.2 00 1)2. (i f)" 01.1 59 59 59 01 00 31.1 '12.8 11. I ,5,5. I 25. 19 00 01.3 18 ,M 21.1 18 .59 ,51.9 19 00 12.8 19 00 03.5 •19 00 00 18 ,59 19.1 19 00 13. 9f) 48 ,59 ,58. 5 59 02.9 ,59 5(1.1 ,59 ,59 07 '18 18 •18 18 19 •18 .59 ■19 09 18 59 •19 00 •19 07 49 00 19 00 49 00 19 00 ■19 02 ■18 0(i 49 09 49 01 49 ■19 00 43.1 12.0 .52. 9 51.8 42.2 38.8 49.8 01.8 12. 7 03. 5 21.9 30 31.3 01.9 0.5.4 28.2 25.8 Longitude. Ill 03 21 21 43 15 U 38 12 14 22 31 10 21 37 ;i7 10 28 44 119 24 115 110 117 118 120 121 122 34 00 00 32 33 39 02 08 10 23 30 30 47 .57 11 37 45 M (K) 20. 33.7 02 19.2 51 40. 5 59. 2 02.1 10.2 48.4 52. 9 19.1 41.8 1.5.0 12.3 28. 5 12 53.2 18.8 ,59.9 12.8 38.9 11.8 1.5.2 29. 2 11.4 41.8 11.8 1.5.1 31.1 50. 8 ,59 52. 8 01.0 30 ! : ! 1 1 'i: I HI' 1,1,. 17-1. — ■| tUllc. 1 ■M O'.t ■2('). (1 ! :«!. 7 ) 02 19.2 < 51 ) 10. 5 i 59. 2 ) 02.1 1 16.2 1) 48.4 1 52. 9 7 19.4 7 11. S ('. l.">.ti « 12.3 1 28. 5 1 12 1 53.2 « 18.8 H) 59.9 !2 12.8 53 38.9 ffl 14. S V2 I.'-). 2 JS 29. 2 1(1 41.4 2:! 41.8 !0 41.8 Mi 1.x 4 17 34.4 54 50. 8 W .59 11 52. 8 37 01. G 45 30 BAKEU.J (JKOdllAI'HlC COORDINATES. Taiiijo W.—di'iti/tii/iliiciil ciKiriliiiiilin itf I'diiijiK, ni(iliit-k \vn Camp 0-so-yoos A O-so-yoos Station . Camp Simil-ka-mcen Nais-nu-loh Station IS 59 12. S IS .'>9 11.(1 18 .'I'.l .V>. I 19 01 2(i.O III |."> 02.0 115 II 19.2 115 38 .57.0 11(1 12 10.5 Camp Pa-say-ton Koche Station , Camp Skagit . . Camp Chnck-fhe-hum . Camp Chiloweyiick — Kn-.saw-kwatcli Station Scii-eh-s«y StjUion Camp Tummealiai L Camp Stimass and Station Briti.sh Station Camp Siniiahmoo Observatory Obelisk at Initial I'oint 18 ,59 5.5. 1 ■U 00 12. S 49 00 03.5 49 00 00.0 48 59 50.4 49 00 10.8 18 ,59 58. 5 48 59 01.3 49 00 00.9 IH ,59 12. 1 48 59 53.9 48 59 42.0 18 ,59 49. 8 49 00 02.3 49 00 03.7 49 00 22.2 49 00 30.0 49 00 34.3 19 02 01.9 11(1 117 117 117 117 1(1.2 IS. I ,52. 9 19. I 41. .S •11 10 21 37 37 118 10 1,5.(1 118 28 12.3 118 44 28.5 119 24 12.0 119 34 ,53.2 120 C) 18.8 120 32 12.8 120 39 14.8 121 02 4,5.2 49 01 2,5.8 49 00 00.0 49 00 43.1 49 00 00.0 121 1(1 41.4 121 23 41.8 121 30 41.8 121 3(1 1,5.4 121 47 31. I 122 122 122 11 43 45 123 03 ,52. 8 59. 9 30.0 53.0 'M) NOKTHWESTKKN UOUNDAKY OF IIJNITKD 8TATKS. liiru.lTl. I I N". •S.i ■M TaiiI/H III. — LofdtioiiK null loiiijiliiilix of Ihi' lininiilnrii iiidiiiiiih nh, FKOM AMKKKIAN SOl'KCKS. is •J!) ;!() 31 35 30 37 38 ;'0 •10 I^)cntlnii of moiiuinfiit. Itividi'iif Kiickv Moiiiitiilns. 1,1'ft I (link of Kislii'iK'liii (Ircrk Nuiir IriiiU'iitiTint,' Uouiidiiry I'ass Second tcrriicu, luftlmiik of Kliitliciul lUvci Firwl lu'iicli, rl>?lit Imiik of KliitliciMl KiviT .. West blink of river Hillside, wesl of river Small ereek, fool of mountain. Seeond i>latean, left liank of river , Kijflit bank of river IJrink of ravine, base of niunntain . Side of lull Uid^eof bill Kliit, east side of river Klat, west side of river Klat, west of river IliKli bluir, left bank of ereek Left bank of creek, water's edjje I'latean above creek Side of mountain, west side of valley lirow of first li ill, ri^rbt bank of river Mountain slope, west side of valley Heneli, west side of river Mark on face of rock on liillsidi' Ili^'bt liank of river, meridian of I'enil d'Oreille Station. Bench, west side of river Sharp ridge, west side of river. Near east bank of river On brink of hill, west bank of river. On hilltop.wcst of Camp Columbia . On ridge ....do On ridge ))etwoen streams ....do LotiKitilde. Ill 03 JH. I ■-'0 M. y •Jl 17.3 ■J7 oy. I ir, III. I ■ir. IJ lir. 03 j.s.? \o II. u 11 11.2 It; 01. 1 •.]» 02.8 38 -jy. 1 39 10. 5 39 21. 5 39 10.5 a] It) 11 21 11 2r>.(; (111 51 12 22.3 31 05.9 35 11. 9 117 OH 55. 9 09 M. 5 21 52.9 22 03 22 5-1.8 3G 59. 4 S7 36.2 38 .19. 1 41 17.7 I 45 49.5 53 08.1 59 00.9 On -slope of hill between streams ! ] 18 01 52. 2 On slope of hill cast On hill between streams... On hill west side of stream. 03 17. 1 05 15.8 09 26 rt.'Vppro.ximate. S. [iti'ia. IVI. lilx. \ LoiiglluiK-. m m is. I •JO f);t. u 21 17.;! •-'7 m.i •js (»'2. r. 15 111. 1 ■ir) 12 iiri o:i 2H.7 10 11. 11 11.2 Ki 01. l IMS 02. 8 38 29. 1 39 10. 5 39 21.5 39 40.5 alio 11 21 11 2.5.0 till 51 12 22.3 31 05.9 35 11. 9 117 08 55.9 09 5»). 5 21 52.9 22 03 22 51. 8 30 59.1 S7 36.2 38 -19. 1 41 17.7 45 49.5 53 08. 1 59 00.9 118 01 52.2 03 17. 1 05 15. 8 09 26 „AKKit.| BOIINDAKY MONUMKNTS. Tahi.H IV. -//"■'(//"/'•>', l'>,iijiliiil(!<, (iiiil (Irsrriiillonx <>/ llir huiiiiilnni inoin; mnilx. KH<»M HKITIHII HOUUCKS. in .No. Lociitiii:. of iiioiiiniu'iit. LoliKltiitlf. licscriplioii 1 . . .1 . No. ill iTom Willi sliilioii 1,^1, ,^|, (lotiriiiiiud. Mills. I 20 53.9 21 17.:! 27 09. 1 2S 02.5 45 111. I 15 42.0 10 11. (i 11 11.2 If) 01.4 3X 02. H 38 29. 1 39 10.5 39 24.5 39 46. 5 I'llf of Kloiics. Ciiinp .\kiiliiiiiii mill ."^liilioii. ,1(1 Ciiiiiii KIsIh'IU'Iui. do 'lo ill) ilo .do ' do . on tlii'divlili'of llic Kocky Moiiii- ; 111 03 28.41 lilllis. On li-fl liiink of KlNlionclm Crfck.. Ni'iir trull ciitcrliiK Hoiindnry \'nss. < In lirsl hcni'li, rlKlil Imiik Fliilliciid Kivcr. on second tiTriici', left liiink Flat- lii'iid KlviT. .Near west bank of river On lilll west of river .\l fool of luoiintiilns, left l.iilik i 115 03 28 small creek. on second pliitean, left l>aiik river On rlKlitliank Kooteiiay Kivcr ... On east brink nivine bcyoml wliicli the mountains rise. On hillside east of river ] 13 do 11 Near east liiiiik of river 15 On west side of river j h; do ' 17 on high blnlT, left hank allC. 11 24 j -lo I CampMooyic 11 2.5. i; I ilo : <1" ...do ' Wigwam Slat Ion ...do do do Camp Kooleiiny Kiisl. ...do ' <1<' »- ...do l li;ii l.v.i \:,s |.>7 l.V. l.">l 1.53 152 151 \M 119 IIH 117 iii; 115 III u; 112 111 nil 139 138 137 13(i 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 32 NOJiTllVVKSTKItN H< H'NDAKY OI-" I'NITKI) STATF.S. Imi,...i7l. jhakeb.) T.'.HI.K IW.- Lnrillliilix itiul loml'ilinlix cf /In hnlliKliiril iiiniHiiln iih Cnlll llliud. KUnM AMKIIICAN snllJCKs c it I. No |jii i>r iiiiilillliii'lll . II I Slili' i>f iiKiMlilaiii I'lOt i>r ri I IJ : (iriivcl liolicli wcsl "f river i;t i Nciir llic triiil to ('nlvilli' II i roliit iif ridnc III liciicl iif viillc; |.'> North sJojH' 1)1' iiitiiiriliiiii soulli of ii\ IHkIi rlilKf south of rivir IliKli rl(lt;<' south of Nchoiulpilkwu li ilo I'.l lu viilh'.v lit liiist- of iiiouuliiiii,soiilh. ad ' ilo Til In valU'V soutli ot Xulioiiil|iitkwu Kivi 5'J riii 51 iV.I (i;! Ill (1.-) (■)(•) (IS C.'.l Jii valley ('list of Colvillc trail. Near t'llf,'"' of lirst iiliiteau Kirst i)lateau west of river... Kirst hench wi'st of siiiiiU creek Suiuniit tietweeii creeks Divide ill lieuil of the Nehoialpitkwu Uivc Shiirj) ridjre lietween creeks Northern slope of luouiitaiii.. «lo open cDUiitry east of Uoek Cn ....do do Kast of Col villi' trail Foot of mountain, right Imnk of Nelioiiili>itkwu Kivi Tointof ridKO in hend of river. ....do Fool of iiiountains south side of valley. I'oint of hill so\ith of creek Kidgc lietween two creeks . ....do ....do ....do Summit east of waRon road In valley east of wagon road. High plateau south of Ilock ;(s. • I •ji; ;v.'. li ■J7 10. S JS Id. s •-".I IS. 7 ;u is. I x\ i;i :(;. IS i:.. 1 •!•» IS. i; •Jl (17. •> ■2-< ;i,s. •_» •-'Ci ;fj. i; '~i 10. s lis Id. s •J".t IS. 7 :!1 'JK. I ;i;! i;! :<(; l:t. I ;is 21.') ;j ri i.s. y ii; 1.'.. (1 IS ■J7. ;i .')! 11.'.) h2 'JO.Ii T)!} 0(1. (■( .V) O."") ,V) 58. '2 5(1 rvs. iiuineitln — ( KUOM HHITIHII H()IIH(!KH— Cinllmiid. 88 oiit'd. No. Hi 17 W I'J 50 51 52 53 51 55 5C 67 58 5>J (10 (11 C2 03 (11 (15 6(i G7 (18 09 70 71 72 73 74 76 76 77 1/H'utloti of moiuimeiit. OiiNldoof inouiitaiiiL>iiMtii( Nohol- uipitkwii UlviT. Oil iiKnivi'l rIdKc wr.Mtot rlviT Ill viilk'y lUMir trull t<» OolviUc On point rlilKf riglit Hidu of viillcy. OiiiiortliMloiieof iiiountuliiM soiitli of rlviT. On liltfh rltlKc Noiitti o( river. Nil. 78 On Cn 79 Onr 80 On s Cn 81 On \ we 82 Onfl Cr 83 Nort 84 Sout ^ 120 121 28 48 29 62. (1 33 24 36 14. li 37 46.9 89 66.6 40 32.7 42 20.9 68 38.7 69 67.9 00 46.1 32 00.9 32 29 " 38 61.9 39 47. 2 02 26. (i 04 22.2 16 41.4 16 66.3 18 57.3 23 11 23 48.5 80 08.4 30 21.2 86 8(i 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 i .02 Nort Ons] ( Sum Os East Os Wes Os Nea riii of On] On Oni Si Eas n On 01 On Atf a On Eai On m \ 103 On KM On 105 On lot; 01 107 Ol [ 108 At 109 W no El 111 '.)! 112 113 O 114 -^ [bull. 17i I itinued. BAKEK.] BOUNDARY MONUMENTS. 35 •H Taulk IV. — Locatiou^, longitudei*, and descriptions of the houndarij monuments — Cont'd. FROM BKITISH SOURCES— Contlnucil. liongituilc 119 ai 36 06 15 08 02. ,s 09 32. « 10 18. I 11 5(i.,'-. ' 14 27. '1 17 10. I 18 58.1 21 26. I 22 37. C. 24 08.il 26 Ot. f) 28 48 I ! 29 52. (; . 33 24 36 14. i; 37 45.0 39 56. f) 40 32. 7 42 20. « 58 38.7 59 57. 1) 120 00 46. 1 32 00.9 32 29 "■ 38 51. '.) 39 47. 2 121 02 26. t! 04 22. 2 16 41. 4 16 56.;( - 18 67.3 V 23 11 ; 23 48..'-) ; 30 08.4 , \ 80 21.2 N". Uwation of monument. Longitude. Description. From what station determined. No. in British Atlas. O / II "S On high plateau .south of Rock Creek. 119 4 36. Pile of stones. Camp Osoyoos and Camp Ne-hoi-al- pit-kwu. 86 79 On roeky ridge east of small lake . . On summit east of fork of Rock Creek. 6 15.0 do do 83 W 8 02.8 do do 82 81 On valley of fork of Roek Creek, west bank. 9 32.8 do do 81 82 On first bench west of fork of Rock Creek. 10 18.4 do do 80 H3 84 86 86 87 88 North of small lake 11 mi. 5 14 27.2 17 10.4 18 58.1 21 26.4 22 37.0 do do 79 78 77 70 75 74 Southeast of (/'olville trail do do North and west of small ereek On spur from mountain to the north. do do do do do do do Summit of first ridge east of Lake Osoy(X)s. East of trail up ea.st baul- of Lake Osoyoos. do do 89 24 08.0 do do 73 90 West of trail up west bank of I.iake Osoyoos. 26 04.5 do Camp Similka- meen and Camp Osoyoos. 72 91 Near divide between Osoyoos and Sirjilkameen and near junction of trail. 28 48.0 do do.... 71 92 93 94 On i)luteau north of Similkameen.. On southern slope of a rocky knoll. On summit of ridge east of trail up Similkameen. 29 52.6 :« 24.0 36 14.6 do do 70 69 68 do do do do 9.^, East of and near trail m]i Similka- meen. 37 45.9 do do.... 67 96 On summit of isolateii mountain of Similkame'.'ii. 39 56.6 do do 66 97 98 On left liank of . Similkameen •. At f (X)t mountains we«t side Similk- ameen Valley. 40 32. 7 42 20. 9 do .. ..do 06 64 do do.... 99 On flat east side of f\,icam 58 38.7 do Nais-nu-loh Sta- tion. 63 100 East and near to stream •59 57.9 do Nais-nu-loh Sta- tion. 62 ^ni On sharp ridge west side of stream. 120 00 46. 1 do do 61 .02 On bench, east side of Pasayten Valley. 32 00.9 do Camp Pa-say- ten. 60 103 KM 105 lot; On slope west sideofl'asayten Valley On hillside east of river ... 32 29, 3 38 51.9 39 47.2 121 0.,^ 26. 6 do do 59 58 57 56 do do Roche Station do. . On side of hiM oast of Skagit Valley. Camp Skagit 107 On side of niou! 04 46.2 .26.t; 06 31.'J i^ No. 115 On S< 11« On 117 ■ . . . lis On of 119 On F 120 On 121 On 12 55. ■• On t •'a ' On 1 ini ):il '■v, On i of l:)7 On f 1)2 On n of M:! On I ill On an lir. On t scl in; On 117 On fl MS On r Mil On f IM : On fl IM 1 Latll irvj I On fl a A pencil note heru says: "All \ion pillfirs Irpui w<;8(«ru ^nd (o Wbcttvom (ndl— 43iu all— ^^ fiven here." ;S. [BULL.iH 1^^^^^^ I iontinued. BOUNDARY MONUMENTS. 37 I Table IV. — Locations, longitudes, and descriptions of the boundary monuments — Cont'd, I FROM BRITISH SOURCES— Continued. Longitude. O ' II 121 35 28. I ' 42 6«. I! 43 31. C. 43 58.1 J.".' 04 45.2 I .20. ('. 06 31. 'J 07 21.7 07 50. I 08 38. 1 10 02. 7 II 00. S 11 52. 8 12 4G. ;i 12 55. -l 14 01 15 04.1 16 29. \ 18 '10.- 19 o^.y 20 29. 1 21 47. (i 22 20. 7 23 05. ',» 24 22. 7 25 04 1 :■• iy.;! 2!. 32. •! 2fl :..■. • 30 07. '.) . 31 05. 1 32 13. 7 33 27. 7 34 46.7 36 08.O i:;i 37 01. il 37 26.1) trail— 43 In nll-»| .No. 115 llij 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 121 125 12« 127 128 129 130 i;i! ^'!3 m "■(; 137 138 139 140 Ml 142 l-JH 111 1-ir. iifi 147 118 14!) m 151 152 Location of monument. On ea.st side of Sen-eii-say, or Selaeee, River. On side of mountain south of creek. do On side of mountain west of falls of creek. On De Lacy's trail, Whatcom to Fort Hope, cros.sing line. On bench at ba.se of hill On top of mountain east side of Sumass Prairie. On bench above rocky precipice east of trail. On face of hill 5 chains from base and near trail. On bench west of stream On flat east of stream On mound east of latitude mark. . . Ijvtitude mark gumass On ef .Ht side of Sunin.ss River On Whatcom trail west side -umass River. On trail crossing boundary line On top of hill west of swamp and on trail crossing line. On flat north of trail and west of swamp. On hill 20 chains east of trail cross- ing line. On east side small lake oil trail crossing boundary line On west side of swamo and north of trail. On flat north of trail On trail crossing boundary line On trail crossing boundary line east side of creek. On flat south of trail . ..do On slightly elevated ground west of creek. On belt of timber between swamps. On edge of slope west of stream and south of trail. On trail crossing line west side of Seh-ko-mehl Creek, On ridge west of Seh-ko-mehl Creek. On flat north of trail On ridge south of trail and stream . On flat south of trail On flat near stream south of trail . . . Latitude mark, British station On first bench south of trail Longitude. O / II 121 35 28. 4 42 66.3 43 31. 6 43.58.1 122 4 45.2 5 26.6 6 31.9 7 21.7 7 50.4 8 38.4 10 02.7 11 00.8 11 52. 8 12 46. 3 12 56. 2 14 01. 15 04.1 16 29.1 18 00.6 19 08.9 19 55.1 20 29.4 21 47.6 22 20.7 23 06.9 24 22.7 26 04.1 27 19.3 28 32.9 29 37.2 30 07. 9 31 06.1 32 13. 7 33 27. 7 34 46. 7 36 08.6 37 01.6 37 26. 9 Description. Pile of stones, Pyramldof stones. .do. .do. Iron pillar. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. •do. .do. .do. From what station determined. Sen-eh-say Station Camp Tummea- hai. .do. .do. Sumass Station and Camp. .....do ,....do .do. .do. No. in British Atlas. do , ....do ....do British Station , do ....do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. •do. 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 16 14 13 12 11 10 1 Si ■ I i: 1: '[ m II 38 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES, [bull. 174. Table m.—Loccdions and longitudes of the boundary monuments— Continued. FROM AMERICAN SOURCES— Continued. No. 163 154 155 166 167 168 159 160 161 Location of monument. Longitude. Slope south of trail Flat w est of ravine ....d Small 1^ len swamps. Parallel su East side of Point Roberts Ridge on Point Roberts Flat east of Obelisk Initial Point, Obelisk of stone O I II 122 88 45.5 40 04.1 41 22.7 42 20. f) 43 69. '.) 123 00 42. 9 02 12.7 03 02. 9 03 53 BAKER.; [ • I T.^HLE IV. N(p. irjs On si 154 On 11 155 (3 156 On 8 157 Near Ba 168 One 159 Onr 160 Onf en 161 On \ I ■k [BULL. 174. itinued. Longitude. I II 122 88 45.5 40(M.l 41 22.7 42 20. f) 43 69. U 123 00 42.9 02 12.7 03 02.9 03 53 BAKER.] Tamle BOUHDAKY MONUMJiNTS. ^^ l\.—Locatiom, longitudes, and descriptims of the iHjundarij monuments— ConV d. ?'ROM BRITISH SOURCKS— (loiitinued. N(p. l.')3 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 Location of monument. Longitude. Description. From what station determined. No. in Britisli Atlas. On slope soutli of trail 122 38 45. C On flat west of ravine ....do On small ridge between swamps . . . Near high-water mark, Simiahraoo Bay. On east side of Point Roberts On ridge On flat east of Obelisk, Point Rob- erta. On west face of Point Roberts 40 04.1 11 22. 7 42 20.5 43 59.9 123 00 42.9 02 12. 7 03 02.9 Iron pillar. do do do do ...do. .do. .do. 03 53.0 Obelisk. British St', in the "lost report.'' Mr. Campbell, writing in i860,' says: "A magnetic survey extending over ii range of 3^" 20' in latitude and 4 in longitude, with the necessary observations of the magnetic elements of the astronom- ical stations, was also made." The work appears to have })een done by Mr. J. S. Harris, whose results were secured by the; United States Coast Survey. From these it appears that the observations covered a considerably larger extent of territory than that above indicated by Mr. Campbell. The chai'acter of the instrumental outfit and its fate in the field can be inferred, in part, from the two following pas- sages from General Parke's report of progress, written November 12. 1859: "A full set of magnetic observations were mad(; at one station' (in 1858).'* Also, "I am happy to report that we have got thus far through the season's Avork without any damage to our astronomicui instruments. I regret, however, that Ave have been less fortunate with the magnetic instruments. The mule carrying these missed his footing and rolled down a precipitous bank. The magnetic theodo- lite will have to be replaced, and the other instruments will require repairing. " '' The Coast and Geodetic Survey has furnished from its manuscript registers the following table of results for declination, dip, and intensity. 1 House Ex. Doc. Nc. 80, Fortieth Congre.><.s, tliinl session, )i. 9.'). -Senate Ex. Doc. No. l(i, Thirty-sixth Congres.s, first session, p. 6. •'Same, pp. t)-7 r ;1 -I I [BULL. 174, 1; BAKER.] MAGNETICS. Declinaticm, dip, and force for the mean epoch 1860. 41 ►ped with slination, it Grecn- y Captain tie Philc- •inted on tunately, the "lost ic survey ude, with istronoiii- een done ed Statos povered a icated by d its fate v'ing pas- 'inber 1;^. ! station' thus far •onomica! fortunate lissed his i; theodo- 1 require anuscript dip, and ■ V. ,-.u„r.H « Harris United States Northwestern Boundary Commission, r' St4Vtion. Magnetic station Do CiunpNo.ll (amp No. 14, Joseph I'rairie Magnetic station Do Do I'uon Prairie Spokane Ferry ColviUc Depot Tukannon River •• - Liigenbeel Crock Cow Creek Dry Creek Magnetic station Do NearWallnla CampOsoyooH Magnetic station Do Skagit Magnetic station ( !amp Chiloweynck Magnetic station Do Do Semiahmoo I'olnt Roberts 42 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OP UNITED STATES, [bull. 174. BAKER.] I w. w Declination, dip, and force for Ihe mean epoch 1860. [Abstract of results obtained byCapt. R. W. Haig, R. A., with standard instruments, between August, 1868, and August, 1861, in connection with the survey of the northwest boundary. From Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1804, vol. 154, pp. 161-166.] Station. Alcamina station Wigwam station Tobacco Plains (Kootcnay) . On Kootenai River South Crossing (Kootcnay) . . Chelemta Pacli River Sinyak wateen Chemikane River Colville B. B. C. Barracks . . . . Inshwolntum Osoyoos station Afihtnolou station On Ashtnolou River Do Dalles, 8-milc camp Dalles, 3-mile camp Chlluweyuk Schweltza Lake Sumass Prairie Nlsqually Fort Vancouver Esquimau Latitude. 49 01 19 00 48 57 48 40 48 22 48 41 48 22 48 09 48 00 48 40 49 00 49 00 49 00 49 07 49 10 45 40 45 35 49 02 49 02 49 01 47 07 45 38 48 26 Longi- tude. 114 04 114 45 115 08 115 17 115 21 116 19 116 28 116 44 117 45 118 05 118 28 119 24 120 00 120 00 120 00 120 49 120 49 121 23 122 00 122 12 122 25 122 28 123 27 East dec- lination. 22 56 22 60 22 36 22 28 22 27 22 19 22 10 21 57 22 11 22 15 22 07 22 12 22 04 22 06 20 27 21 44 21 42 20 51 20 13 21 20 Dip. 73 38 73 30 73 24 73 09 72 55 72 59 72 43 72 30 72 12 72 39 72 50 72 34 72 42 69 49 69 46 72 21 72 14 72 11 70 39 69 28 71 30 Total force. Br. units. 13.522 .496 .481 .460 .443 .423 .401 .238 .334 .367 .361 .306 .315 .091 .087 .267 .234 .226 .111 .026 .148 C.Q.S. units. 0.6235 0.6223 0.6216 0.6206 0.6198 0. 6189 0.6179 0.6104 0.6148 0.6159 0.6161 0.6135 0. 6139 0.6036 0.6034 0. 6113 0.6102 0.6098 0.6046 0.6006 0.6062 EliEVATIONS. Elevations were dotermined along and near the boundary by both the American and Bvitish parties throughout the progress of tue sur- vey. Most of them were measured barometrically; a few were deter- mined by triangulation. Among the State Departmen*. papers is a short summary or table of heights determined ])y the British, and a longer and incomplete list of elevations determined by the United States parties. The British list, contained on two leaves of blue foolscap paper, is enti- tled: "Abstract of the principal heights determined by barometrical measurements on the line of the North American boundary in the years 1859, 60-61." The table contains eight columns. The first ? i es the year; the second, name of station; third, latitude; fourth, longitude; fifth, barometer (always marked A or M, meaning probably aneroid or mercurial); sixth, number; seventh, elevation above sea level; eighth, how determined. The paper is not dated or signed. Columns 2, 3, 4, and 7 of that table are here printed on pages 43 and 44. ■BUtl,. 174. BAKER.] ELEVATIONS. 43 I, between }y. From 1235 1223 [2O6 K198 p89 JlW 1148 il59 ilCl The American list is entitled: "Data concerning the determination of altitudes by the U. S. I^. W. Boundary Commission in the years 1857, 58, 59, and 60." This data is contained in two cahiers, of six double sheets each, designated Vol. I and Vol. II. The first one has been revised through- out; the second one is apparently revised in part only and is incom- plete. The data is in nine columns. The first gives the date "when occupied;" the second, the name of station; third, barometer (desig- nated by number, 790, 1224, 1219, 1226); fourth, number; fifth, lati- tude; sixth, longitude; seventh, observer; eighth, altitude; ninth, remarks. We here print columns 2 and 9 (consolidated), 5, 6, and 8. Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel from the Pacific Ocean to the Rocky Mountains, determined hflrometrically, in the years 1857-1860, by the British Northwestern Boundary Commission. No. 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2G 27 2H 29 30 Station. River about 'j miles below lower end of Chief Mountain I.«ke Watershed in South Kootenai Pass Mountain near following station End of boundary line, watershed in latitude 49°.. Terminal latitude station Watershed on trail below Summit Station Mule Camp Junction of trails south of Kootenai Pass Flathead latitude station Ford of Flathead River Flathead Valley, upper terrace Wigwam River Station Watershed, Tobacco and Wigwam Camp [near head of Tobacco River, homeward] . . . Camp near head of Tobacco River [outward] f Camp on Tobacco River— home ward ICamp on Tobacco River— outward Mooyle cutting Crossingof Mooyie River Second ridge west of Yakh River First ridge west of Yakh River High peak above following station Watershed, Kootanie and Yakh rivers Watershed at head of Mooyie River Yakh River Station Latitude. 49 49 49 49 49 49 48 48 48 48 00 57 01 5« 18 69 43 57 23 8 53 0« 18 49 Oi Third crossing, Kootanie River on Tobacco plains near trading post Secpnd crossing, Kootanie River Chelempta Kootanie River Slnyakwateen Ferry Lake 9 miles south of Slnyakwateen . Edge of wood, Spokane plbins 49 48 48 48 00 00 54 08 51 17 33 65 58 13 27 00 48 69 55 48 37 30 Longitude. 114 3 25 3 34 3 54 7 30 11 42 21 06 24 24 28 40 45 02 45 02 45 43 53 •Xi llfi 11 40 11 38 8 30 4 00 115 116 26 00 46 00 38 48 10 00 48 22 01 26 30 48 41 15 116 34 24 48 09 16 50 20 48 00 03 52 00 48 48 35 117 00 45 Eleva- tion. Feet. 5,028 6,970 8,451 7,524 6,548 5,859 6,191 4,753 4,136 4,073 4,267 4,694 5,332 4,350 4,358 2,998 3,103 2,252 2, 142 4,460 5,791 8,631 7,664 2,920 2,927 2,998 2,228 2,296 2,300 2,136 1,712 1,996 2,192 2,143 44 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES, [bull. 174 Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. — Continued. IlAKER.l No. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 62 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 64 65 66 Rtation. PlanUi house Little Spokan Springs Spolcan River— west bend . Cli£m-a-kaDe bridge Latitude. o / 48 42 48 46 47 53 48 N. A. B, C. Bataucks, at Colvllle, Columbia River. Fort Shepherd Third boundary crossing of Colville River. . Statapoostin Station Camp 8i miles below In-ohil-in-tum Station In-chrt-in-tum Station Camp on line near Roc): Creek Haigs Pond Camp Archer, near Osoyoos Larchtree Hill Similkamecn River, near Vermilion Forks . Camp above Similkamecn (^amp near MfKxlys Flat Camp 21 miles out on roiul Fort Hope 48 39 58 49 01 48 58 49 00 49 00 49 00 48 59 49 00 48 .59 49 00 OsoyoosLake 49 00 00 Similkamecn River Haynes house , Similkamecn— lower ford Highest Ashtnolon Mountain . Ashtnolon Station Upper Ashtnolon Ford Ashtnolon Cache Ptarmigan Hill Mouth of Pasayten River Roche River Station Mouth of Roche River . Camp about 600 feet below summit on east side of routward Ho»>n»een^retuming Summit of Hozomeen Pass Skagit Ford Chuchchehum Pass Chiloweyuck Lake . , 49 02 49 12 48 58 48 69 49 08 49 07 49 08 49 G9 48 59 49 03 30 |49 02 49 02 49 08 00 01 Longitude. O I 117 17 29 40 116 46 119 43 63 120 01 02 03 19 26 36 41 118 05 10 117 36 118 13 17 25 30 119 02 8 19 13 119 20 40 44 40 69 30 121 00 46 11 05 17 40 25 10 Eleva- tion. Peel. 2,018 1,6)1 1,42:! 1,890 1,2C.« 1,:{36 1,405 1,51.-, 1,871 1,991 2,351 3,784 2,880 3,964 1,697 3,031 4,119 1,652 rdlO 757 928 949 1,180 1,130 1,244 ')7,600 5,658 2,431 3,656 6,331 3,060 4,300 3,774 3,459 5,538 6,527 6,277 1,640 1,63'J 4,719 2,052 a Assumed. b Approximate. BULL. 174. IIAKER.] ELEVATIONS. 45 leva- Ion. Kh'vnlioiiK (il DHj tlu' forhi-ninth pnralli't from the I'lirifu: Ocntn In thi' linrkif MowikihiK, determined barometricaUi/ in the years 1857-1860 by the United Stateii Northwestern Boundary Comnmaion. ■ No. 10 11 ]'2 Vi 11 15 16 17 IH 19 20 21 22 2a 24 25 20 27 28 29 .SUltioll. Camp Simiahmoo , Camp SuinnsH , HiimaHH Crwk, mouth of; by the (Teek and lake about 15 miles below Camp SiimaKs, aljout 57 miles from the nea; onli; 'iry tides ri.so liere ulM)Ut Ifoot Mountains east of I'ckosie I^ke Harrim^n Lake Harrison or Shook -o-meh River, moutli of Chiloweyuek River, near Hudson Bay Company fishery Hach-teha village, alMHit 77 miles alxive moiitli of Fraser River Skow-mil-lni village, of Fraser River. . . about 90 miles above nioutli Fort Hope, altitude of Fraser River Indian village on Chiloweyuek River, 5 miles above Chiloweyuek Depot Foot of first high ridge a'i r leaving Chiloweyuek Depot, Chiloweyuek River, north bank, 11 miles alxjve Chiloweyuek Depot, in flat below mouth of Tum- meahai "Creek, at foot of first mountain over whieb trail pas.ses Chiloweyuek River: Frenelnnans Camp, 21 miles above Chiloweyuek Depot Chiloweyuek River; moiUh of rtzetza (second large tributary from the north), 2(i miles above Chiloweyuek Depot Latitude. 49 00.7 01.4 0«.7 48 .58.6 49 19.1 Chiloweytick River; Sainana villiige, 24 miles above Chiloweyuek Depot and 2 miles above mouth of Seuelisay Creek Chiloweyuek River; 'X\ miles alxive Chiloweyuek Depot and :! mile.s. Ijelow ('hiloweyuek Lake Chiloweyuek River, 10 miles al)ove Clilloweyuek Depot Trail, Chiloweyuek Depot to Chiloweyuek lake; spring west of summit of first liigh ridge Trail, Chiloweyuek Depot to Chiloweyuek Jjikc, summit first ridge , Tummeahal Creek, mouth of (25 feet above water) , 15 miles above Chiloweyuek Depot , Chiloweyuek Depot (15 feet above mean water), 63 miles from the sea Camp TL^moahal, 3 miles above mouth of Tum- meahai Cnjek Forks of Tummeahal, Tumnieahai Creek . . 7 miles above mouth of Put-lush-go-hap Lake, on Main Fork Tummeahal Creek, 10 miles above its mouth Foot of rapids in Tummeahal Creek, below lake, 9i miles from ereck's mouth Divide between Tummeahal Creek (Main Fork) and 8en-eh-say and Nooksahk, 12 miles above mouth of Tummeahal Creek, 11 miles from mouth of Sen-eh-say Creek, and 5 miles from Nuquoichum, tributary of the Nooksahk Timimeahai Creek (head of South Fork) , 11 miles above mouth of Tummeahal Creek Divide between Nooksahk and Tummcahai (South Fork), Hi miles above mouth of Tummeahal Creek and 14 miles above Cowap, tributary of the Nooksahk 49 07.8 06.9 05.0 05.1 IM"). (i 05.8 OK.U 0(1.0 05.7 05.5 01.4 09.5 02.1 00.2 48 58.5 59.2 57.4 57.8 W.4 lx.ngitude.! Eleva- 122 4.5.5 11.9 04.3 01.0 121 43.4 121 56.0 .■i6.2 51.9 42. ;i 3fi. 8 39.4 44.9 44.8 Feel. 11 14 7 4,991 :io 20 15 29 7(1 120 77 179 419 723 1,071 39.3 913 30.7 1,560 r.7,« 167 A. I 1,027 54.2 l,2t)8 19.3 100 58.0 :« 47.6 1,146 43.8 2,066 41.0 3,639 41.3 2,916 6,117 3, 745 4{\ NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [boll.171. Eli'vatiovM (ilonij thcjorty-nhuh pnritlld, etc, — ContimuHl. IIAKEH.] No. au Stntion. 31 32 3t 35 8C 37 ;i« 3!) 40 •11 12 i-i 41 15 •16 •17 ■IH •19 50 51 52 53 51 55 56 57 68 58 60 61 62 63 64 Iji-yomo-sln Crock, proxsinir ftbout i inllo abovo mouth, 11 miles above Clilloweyiick Dl'imjI Lii-yomc-sln Creek, 1 miles nbovo mouth Summit, cost heml of La-yome-sin luul Nooksfthk, H miles above mouth of Ln-yome-sin Summit of mountaiu in ilividc between La-yomc- sin and Tummcahai, near junction of tliis ridge with the^Chiloweyuek-NookHahk divide (Ihiloweytick-Nooksahk divide, hiKhest point in this immediate vieinity Summit Kaisootst Mountain Summit Signal peak Summit Tummcahai Divide between Nooksahk and Tummeahai Summit La-yome-sin Mountain Summit Klehtlakoli Mountain Near summit Put-lush-go-hap Mountain Summit Put-lush-go-hap Mountain Sen-ch-say Creek, mouth of, 22 miles above Chllo- weyuck Depot Sen-eh-say Creek, 5 miles from mouth, at mouth of Chucnum Creek , Sen-eh-say Creek, 8 miles from mouth, at forks . . . Sen-eh-say Creek, 11 miles from mouth, at head of West Fork En-saaw-kwatch Creek, mouth of, 29 miles above Chiloweyuck Depot Kn-saaw-kwatch Creek, 4 miles above it.s moutli. . En-saaw-kwatch Creek, heads of, 10 miles above its mouth Divide between two western tributaries of Klab- neh Creek, 4i miles from mouth of tributaries... High point on same divide; En-saaw-kwatch and Klab-neh First western tributary of Klab-nch Creek, 4 miles above its mouth First western tributary of Klnb-neh Creek mouth of, 2 miles above mouth of Klab-neh and 42i miles above Chiloweyuck Depot Camp Chiloweyuck on Klab-neh Creek, 1 mile above Lake Depot , Lake Depot on Chiloweyuck Lake (6 feet above lake level, approximately) Peak west of Chiloweyuck Lake , Pekosie Lake, 4 miles above mouth of Pekosie Creek Nooksahk River, 46 miles above mouth, and 4 miles above mouth of Pekosie Creek Nooksahk River, 60 miles above mouth, at mouth of Cowap Creek Nooksahk River, 63 miles above mouth, near mouth of Noochsakatsu, South Branch , Nooksahk River, 56 mile* above mouth, near mouth of Tchahko, South Branch Nooksahk River, 62 miles above mouth, right bank. Nooksahk River, 66 miles above mouth, right bank, at mouth of Nuquoichum Head of Nuquoichum, 4^ miles from mouth Lalltude. 19 04.3 02.8 00.0 (H). 1 IS 59.2 57.8 59.2 19 01.9 48 57.3 •19 01.9 11.0 ■IH 59.7 59.7 •19 04.0 02.0 48 59.8 57.7 ■19 a').,-> 02. 2 ■18 58.5 57.4 57.0 58.2 59.6 49 00.4 01.8 02.2 48 58.9 M.6 53.7 53.3 53.2 53.9 54.1 67.8 liongitudo. 121 M.O 52.9 19. 4 49. tl 53.0 57.0 122 00.1 121 46.1 ■13.5 50.5 10.0 ;«.8 38.8 •10.8 38. () 36.7 39. 4 31.7 32.7 29.4 28.3 28.4 27. 3 23.5 23.7 •a.o 26. 6 122 02.8 02.6 121 57.0 65.1 52.0 44.7 40.3 38.0 net. l,02(i 5,212 4,930 5,200 6,289 4,991 6,633 5,893 5,884 '• 840 j 823 1,621 2,394 3,302 1,296 2,900 5,073 5,617 6,866 4,317 2,076 2,002 1,997 7,244 790 636 701 6936 1,299 1,307 2,044 5,461 a"Sammlt perhaps 300 feet higher." H. Custer, 1?63. b Observations taken on the trail find ' ' should not perhaps be taken as the height of the river." (BULL. 171, Feet. 1,026 5, 212 4,9;«) 5,200 5,289 4,991 i\ 633 5,893 6,884 '■ S40 823 1,621 2, ,394 3,302 1,296 2,900 790 635 701 6936 BAKKK.) ELKVATIONH. JClevatiotm along tlie Joftij'iihUh jxiralld, dr. — ContiiuKMl. 47 No. . Station. Latitude. Longitude. Kieva- tion. (!.'■) 06 67 (W 09 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 8-1 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 Limit of growth of timber, IMit-lnsh-Ko-linp Moun- tain O ' 19 00.0 48 57.6 l«.i 05. 7 07. 2 08.8 09.5 09.6 12.3 10.0 09.3 07.8 08.0 10.6 07.7 01.6 02.4 01.6 01.2 01.9 00.6 00.5 00.4 00.9 00.4 02.3 00.1 00.2 48 58.0 57.2 66.8 64.8 64.0 54.0 o / 121 39.0 37.5 26. 2 25. f) 24.8 24. 3 24.4 21.4 18.0 16.8 13.6 13.0 14.5 08.5 14.6 14.3 14.4 14.4 13.4 15.3 16.3 15.1 16.3 15.6 16.3 16.7 20.2 22.6 23.1 23.3 26.2 25.6 26.9 net. II, 593 11,117 1,973 2,662 2,843 3,259 3, 132 1,917 1,927 1,948 1,820 1,860 6,480 1,752 3,ai7 3,491 3,5.50 4,080 5,718 4,505 4,445 4, 143 5,664 3,726 6,837 3,420 2,592 2,078 2,090 2,M3 2,414 2,638 4,410 do Kockolum Crock, half mile nl)ovo mouth (mouth Ih hiilf mile Iwlow Chlloweyuek) Koi^kolum Creek, 3 miles nbovc mouth, outlet of first lake (Kehkawalum) Kockolnm Creek, 4i miles above month, between two lakes Koiing Fort Hope trail, summit between two crossings of Similkameen Camp on Fort Hope trail On ridge south of vallfv of Similkameen Encampement des Femmes, junction of trails to Forts Hope iti f.ivt near river, one-hulf mile above mouth of large creek coming from west, its UKmth 31 miles above mouth of Similkameen Camp on side of mountains, one-half mile north of creek coming from southwest, it.s mouth 2() Summit of ridge bordering Similkameen Uiver on west side Camp Similkameen, 12 miles above mouth of Similkameen Camp on Similkameen li miles above mouth of Similkameen Camp on Okinakaiie 11 miles below forks, 61 miles above mouth of Okinakane; 567 miles above Lake Osoyoos, foot of (4 feet above w.iter), 76 miles above mouth of Okinakane Lake Osoyoos, camp on cast Hide, 82 miles above mouth of okinakane Lake Osoyoos, north end of (inlet), 86 miles above mouth of Okinakane do Bull. 174- 50 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES, [bull. 174, Elevations 'long the forty-ninth parallel, etc. — Continued. No. Station. Latitude. Longitude. Eleva- tion. 163 164 165 166 107 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 196 196 197 198 Summit of ridge, 3 miles costot Olcin-A-kane River. Summit of trail, Similkameeu to Okinakanc Lake Haipwil (2J miles long by three-fourthb mile wide) 1 49 07.3 11.4 1.0 55.6 47.0 48.9 40. « 48.6 45.1 47.5 46.2 45.9 47.8 47.9 50.9 53.0 49 02.3 02.1 01.9 02.0 02.3 02.5 03.0 03.2 03.5 09.6 48 59.7 49 08.7 07.5 08.7 08.6 07.5 07.5 07.8 08.2 08.3 o / 119 27.8 39.0 37.0 36.8 37.9 38.0 39.1 36.4 23.6 48.7 62.0 52.6 5'. 5 ■9.7 29.0 27.6 1?J 57.4 57.1 56.5 65.3 53.7 64.6 60.0 48.6 42.9 33.6 32.2 32.0 29.5 31.3 30.8 28.3 25.5 23.5 22.2 21,6 Feet. 3,027 4,251 1, 120 4,565 1,370 1,360 1,643 1,701 2,487 4,699 6,851 6,220 3,296 4,627 1,819 1 1,766 1 5,900 5,281 5,591 5,570 i 5,819 6,221 6,233 3,860 3,431 3,194 3,676 4,880 6,456 4,777 5,157 4,701 6,433 6,466 6,494 6,170 Summit of mountain, north of lake Camp on Haipwil Creek 3 miles above forks and 12 miles above its mouth Camp on Haipwil Croek one-half mile above forks and 9 miles above its mouth On Haipwil where it enters coulcd, 20 miles above its mouth Divide between Haipwil and Okinakane, near two lakes Summit of hill, Okiuakane Valley Camp on Haipwil (West Fork) 8 miles above forks and 17 miles above mouth of Haipwil Summit of trail between a tributary of Che-wach (branch of Haipwil) and [Lake?] Methow, 20 miles from mouth oi Haipwil and 5 miles from mouth of Che-wach West foot of ascent to summit On Che-wach at forks, 67 miles above mouth of Methow and 559 miles above mouth of Columbia. Near mouth of tributary of west fork of Haipwil, 9 miles from forks of Haipwil Lr^rge lake southwest of mouth of Similkameeu, south end, 8 miles from Okinakane River Smaller lake southwest of mouth of Similkameeu, cast side, 2 miles from Okinakane River Summit of trail, Skagit to Pasavten Saddle Divide, waters Skagit and Tasayten, 10 miles from moutli of Ne-po-pe-eh-kum Creek, which is 100 miles above mout i of Skagit and 21 miles from mouth of N'-shitl-shutl River Summit Cache First depression east of Summit Cache Third high point east of Summit Cache Summit to north of trail a Summit near end of ridge First water bolow ridge on trail, 15 miles above mouth of N'-shitl-shutl, which is at I'osayten Cache Camj) on N'-shitl-shutl 101 miles above its mouth, at moutli of Cliu-chu-wun-ten Ptwayten Cache, atmouth of N'-shitl-.shutl, 24 miles above mouth of Pasayten, which is 82 miles above mouth of Similkameeu (;amp Pasayten, 36 miles from mouth of Pasayten. First knoll on mountain east of Pa.sayten Cache... Top of rocky slide near which trail passes on same mountain Camp on west slope of mountain Elevation east of hill Camp Western principal summit Eastern principal summit Camp cast and above tributary of Nais-nu-loh Elevation li miles east of above oTo the north of this trail, in latitude 49° 03.7', longitude 120° 53.6', is another divide, between Ne-iH> pc-eh-kum and N'-shitl'Shutl, which is about 4,600 feet high. It ia 11 miles from mouth of N'-shitl' Bhutl, [BULL. 171 I BAKER.l ELEVATIONS. 51 Elevations along llw forty-ninth parallel, etc. — Continued. Eleva- tion, Feet. 3,027 4,251 1,120 4,566 l,3"ti 1,360 l,frl3 1,701 2,487 4,599 6,851 6,220 3,296 4,627 1,819 I 1,766 ' 5,900 ; 5,281 5,594 5,570 5,819 6,221 6,233 3,860 3,431 3,194 3,676 4,880 6,456 4,777 5,157 4,701 6,433 6,465 6,494 6,170 No. Station. Between Ni'-im>I lUth of N'-shltl-l 199 200 201 202 203 204 206 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 Camp on Nais-nu-loli, 18 miles above Its mouth Camp Naia-nu-loh Cache, 81 miles above mouth of Nais-nu-loh Saddle between two principal summits, 26 miles above mouth of Nais-nu-loh Camp on Nais-nu-loh, 7 miles above its mouth, bend, mouth of creek nt Camp on Nais-nu-loh, 5i miles above its mouth, at trail cros.sing On Nais-nu-loh, J mile above its mouth, where trail leaves it Camp on southeastern tributary of Lake Osoyoos, 6 miles from its mouth, last trail crossing Summit of trail, Lake Osoyoos to Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu River Highest terrace cast of summit Fourth terrace east of summit, just before descend- ing to valley of Rock Creek First crossing of Rock Creek, 6 miles above its mouth Fourth terrace, just after ascending from valley of Rock Creek Upper terrace above town [? Twai-yecp] on Rock Creek, just before descending to Ne-hoi-al-pit- kwu River Upper camp on Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, 80 miles above Its mouth, at mouth of Rock Creek Camp Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, Cfi miles above its mouth (20 feet above water) On Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu River, 44 miles above its mouth Camp Statapoostin, 30 miles above its mouth En-chAhm Lake, outlet of, li miles from Ne-hoi-al- pit-kwu River, at a point 32 miles from its mouth. Camp on Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, 29 miles from its mouth Camp on mouth.. Nc-hoi-al-pit-kwu, 16 miles from its Camp on Nc-hoi-al-pit-kwu, 9 miles from its mouth. Camp on Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, 1 mile from its mouth. Camp on Nc-hoi-al-plt-kwu, at mouth, 746 miles from mouth of Columbia '. Columbia River crossing, 1 mile below Kettle Falls (20 or 25 feet high), 782 o miles above Its mouth.. Columbia River camp (26 feet above river), 766 miles above its mouth Camp Columbia (63 feet above water now nearly at lowest BtJige), 783 miles above Its mouth Camp Columbia (another measure) Camp on summit on trail westward from Camp Columbia Camp on tributary of Y6me-t8in, 4 miles from Y6me-t8in'8 mouth, which is 775 miles from mouth of Columbia High point on trail Camp Summit on triiil, divide between Yome-tsln and Ne-hoi-al-plt-l-wu •.. , Camp on tributary of Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, 5 . > les above its mouih, which is 28 miles above mouth ol Ne-hol-al-pit^kwu Latitude. 49 48 49 48 49 48 08.8 07.2 07.5 07.8 09.1 13.1 59.5 00.6 01.1 02.6 02.7 02.8 03.2 03.2 59.1 00.4 00.2 02.1 59.4 50.5 46.3 40.9 40.0 36.8 51.6 59.8 58.6 68.1 58.9 58.0 67.7 57.2 T ^.„^i;,A^ Eleva- Longitude. jj^^ 120 15.1 17.3 24.2 00.6 00.2 119 67.4 j 16.4 j 11.8 I 09.3 ■ 06.4 , 0.5.2 I 04.9 118 69.0 58.7 44.5 23.4 16.3 12.7 12.6 10.4 06.8 06.5 0<;.2 07.6 117 63.9 37.7 46.4 48.1 49,6 58.7 118 02.9 07.0 Fed. 3,568 3,678 6,005 2,625 2, 171 1,616 3,092 4,068 3,476 3,032 2,762 3,101 2,366 2, 163 1,820 1,663 1,636 1,531 1,468 1,466 1,226 1,271 1,262 1,202 1,341 {;: 317 514 3,410 2,166 4,660 2,684 4,739 3,363 a Apparently an error for 742. ^'^Z'^^i'i 52 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES, [bull. 174 ■ pakeb.] Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. — Continued. No. 232 233 234 235 236 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 246 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 Station. High point on trail east of divide Crossing Creelc, 3 miles east of eamp — first plateau, 2 miles alx)ve mouth of creek, which is 59 miles above mouth of Okinakane Crossing Creek, 5 mil("< east of camp — .second pla- teau, 6 miles above mouth of K wanaloose Creek, which is 57 miles above mouth of Okinakiuie River.-. Divide between Kwahnloose Creek and large east- ern tributary [Lower Bonaparte of Arrowsmith's map] of Okinakane River Camp on first largo brunch of Lower Bonaparte River, 3 miles above month of branch and 12 miles above mouth of river Divide between 2 branches of Lower Bonaparte River and a southern tributary of the Ne-hoi-al- pit-kwu River; 11 miles above mouth of first branch, which is 12 miles ab(,ve mouth of second branch, which is 33 miles above mouth of Lower Bonaparte River and 22 miles from mouth of southern tributary of Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu River, which is 63 miles above mouth of that river Camp on second branch of Lower Bonaparte River, 9 miles above its mouth Camp on second braju-h of Lower Bonaparte Summit of ridge north of No. 2,3.S=average height of mountains in vicinity Crossing of Lower Bonaparte, 38 miles above its mouth Divide l)etween Okinakane and Columbia, 45 miles from mouth of Lower Bonaparte and 19 miles from the Columbia, at a point 7.39 miles from its mouth on divide between High point north of trail Okinakane and Columbia Camp No. 3, on Columbia River a Camp No. 2, on Columbia River Summit of ridge bordering Colville Valley to north. Camp No. 1, on Pepta.shin Creek near mouth Summit of ridge=averagc height of ridges in vicinity Camp No. 15, Pept^ishin Creek near town Colville depot, at observatory , Camp No. 1, Mill Creek near Colville depf)t Iiake 5 miles southeast of Colville depot , Summit of mountiiin west of Colville depot Summit of mountain 6 miles east of Colville depot Camp No. 2 on Mill Creek near Stugar's farm , Mountain east of Camp No. 2 Latitude. 48 57.8 43.7 42. 1 40.6 39.6 48 41.3 40. 38.7 41.0 ■M.7 37. 9 39. 2 37.0 Longitude. 118 02.0 119 19.2 15.2 13.7 08.2 118 58.3 54.7 118 47.8 56.6 39.9 32.3 33.1 06.9 Mountain south, on same ridge, and north of Fran- cois' house Camp No. 3, near Francois' farm Mountain southwest of Francois', near trail On branch of Mill Creek, at cro8.si"-g of trail, 5 miles south of Francois', An-i-aht-wa or Oit-chin Prairie Crossing of first stream south of Hughes ranch on wagon road On wagon road between Colville and Spokane at small ponds On head of small lake, cast end, near wagon road a Second cahier begins here. Kleva- tion. Fed. 4,707 1,383 2,158 3,350 2,563 4,312 3,531 2,459 5,220 2,746 5,662 7,035 1,207 1,622 3,017 1,636 3,718 1,9,57 1,96:5 1,65;} 2, 153 3,3:J0 5,697 1,629 4,880 4,096 1,717 3,186 1,765 1,734 2,119 1,970 No. 264 Hig 265 Che r( 266 Sui S [BULL. 174. PAKER.] ELEVATIONS. 53 Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. — Continued. Kleva- tiori. Feci. •1,707 1,383 2,158 3,;«o No. 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 { 290 291 ; 292 ! 'i93 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 Station. Highest point on Colville wagon road Chemakane bridge, junction of trail and wagon road Summit of trail between Mill Creek and Little Spokane Walker's Prairie, on small branch of Chemakane. . Mouth of Chemakane— approximate Summit of trail, short cut between Chemakane and Spokane Trail at northernmost bend of Spokane River, 13 miles below mouth of Little Spokane a On plateau above Spokane River, 7 miles below mouth of Little Spokane On edge of Spokane River, 7 miles below mouth of Little Spokane Little Spokane, mouth of, at water's edge Summit of hill, northeast of mouth of Little Spokane On little Spokane, near crossing of trail On plateau south of crossing On plateau of Spokane River Hill in bend of Little Spokane, alKiut 5 miles from mouth . . . .■ On edge of plateau .south of trail On Spokane River, water's edge, near Plant's On plateati north of Plant's Plant's house , Trail to Sinyakwateen, 11 miles from Plont's , Trail on Spokane, 3i miles below lake [Coeur d' Alene] Cceur d' Alene Lake Hill near lake, south of trail On small lake north of Coeur d'Alene Lake. On summit of spur bordering lake Average height of rolling country north and north- east of lake Plateau north and east of trail to Mission , Creek 3* miles cast of arm of lake [Coeur d'Alene] Pliiieau north of creek crossing '. Shore of large lake south of Checolsum Mountain . Point on mountain spur between lakes Trail to Sinyakwateen, 19 miles from Plant's I.,ittle knoll 5 miles beyond ond west of road Tcsemmeus lakes, [? Tesimini] On edge of |)lateau 3 miles east of road , Top of plateau on road 4 miles south of Pekowla Lake Bottom of plateau On Pekowla Lake Sinyakwateen depot, right bank of Clark Fork of the Columbia River Veimilion Creek, mouth of fall of Clark Fork from (Pend Oreille] lake to falls about 0.44 foot per mile; falls about 5 feet .'. Checolsum Mountain Crossing of trail near forks of creek north of Che- colsum Mountain Latitude. Longitude. Eleva- tion. I Feet. 4,033 1,922 2,7a5 1,897 1,366 2,809 1,500 1,563 1,035 3,140 1,609 1,760 1,878 2,355 2,266 1,901 2,375 2,08 2,228 2,135 2, 151 2,499 2,205 2,862 3,170 2,767 2, 121 2,681 2,262 3,577 2,200 2,835 2, 322 2,540 2,539 2,333 2,200 2,084 2,074 5,706 2,455 (( Frum the northernmost bend to mouth of 8i>okane the average fall is about 9 feet per mile. 54 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OP UNITED STATES. [BuixiTt BAKER.] Elevaiion8 along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. — Continued. No. station. Latitude. Longitude. Eleva- tion. 306 307 308 300 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 832 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 3-15 346 347 348 349 360 351 362 Crossing of tributary of Little Spolcane. Little Spokane has an average fall of about 16 feet per mile Lake on Little Spokane Trail north of lake On plateau above Little Spokane On high plateau on trail Lake at head of Little Spokane Trail between Spokane and Clark Fork Divide Clark Fork at outlet of Pend Oreille Bay Clark Pork 8 miles below falls Clark Fork 4 miles above Mission Clark Fork at mouth of Skomln Creek St. Ignatius Mission Skomin Creek, 6 miles above mouth Skomin Creek, 9 miles above mouth Skomin Creek, 11 miles above mouth Divide between Skomin and Chelonscan creeks... Mountain 1^ miles south of divide 2 miles below divide on eastern slope Trail from Mission to Kaniksu Lake, 7 miles Crossing of creek, 12 miles from Mission Trail above and beyond crossing of creek Teh-kwat Mountain, north of trail Water on Teh-kwat Mountain, south of trail Crossing of first creek east of divide Creek 5 miles west of lake Kaniksu Lake Upper Kaniksu Lake On creek, 2 miles above Upper Lake Long bridge on trail from Sinyakwateen to Che- lemta, 6 miles Clark Fork, 14 miles above Sinyakwateen Kalispclm Lake Pack River crossing ; Divide between Pack and Kootenay rivers Small lake west of trail and north of divide Trail in forks of creek Chelemta depot Kootenay River, 18 miles below Chelemta Crossing of Acklew Creek Acklew Cache Camp Kootenay West (about 50 feet above water) . Mountain N. 42° E. from Camp Kootenay West Trail from Chelemta to Acklew, 8 miles, first water. Trail from Chelemta to Acklew— lOi miles Trail from Chelemta to Acklew— 14 miles — cross- ing of stream -. Trail from Chelemta to Acklew— 17 miles— grassy mound Trail from Acklew to Mooyle — 1 mile— divide on trail Trail from Acklew to Mooyie — 3 miles — divide. Feet. 1,880 1,947 2,093 ?2,441 2,358 2,237 2,335 1,942 2,024 1,937 1,926 l,d94 2,769 2,901 3,736 4,199 5,218 3,438 3,041 3,536 3,640 5,770 5,443 2,740 2,606 02,443 o2,435 2,409 2,086 2,069 2,096 2,101 2,138 2,090 2,064 1,796 1,802 2,248 2,304 1,823 5,573 2,695 2,694 2,567 2,548 8,260 2,985 a The contradiction here by which the upper lake level Is less than the lower one Is ■ original MS,, ')ut not corrected. in tlK' [Bni,L.l7i ■"'^''"•l '. In tlH' ELEVATIONS. Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, file. — Continue R Kam-i-na=' watershed. * Perhaps this is Yolcinlkah Creek of the Land Office map of Montana. » Tobacco River=Qrave Creek of Land Office map of Montana. ot\ No. lU, 36th Cong., 1st Hess., pp. 2-7. liAKEK.j REPORT BY PARKE, 1859. (>7 riu! zenith telescope and transit instrument were put up and observa- tions made for latitude and time, lleconnoitering and surveying parties took the field, with instructions to connect Sumass station with the depot and continue on over the trail, connecting the several astronomical stations, and to ol)tain the topography of the country along and adjacent to the boundary line. The pack mules were sent from their wintering station to the depot, and arrangements were made for the delivery of subsistence, stores, and forage, at that place. A chronometer trip was made Ijctween Camp Simiahmoo and Chilo- weyuck depot by a party under charge of Mr. Harris. Eleven chro- nometers were transported back and forth, and the entire trip being performed in whale-boats, it is confidently expected that a very nice determination of the difference of longitude will ])e obtained. The observations for time at the depot were made by Mr. Gardner, and those at Camp Simiahmoo by myself. On the IDth of May, Mi-. Harris left Camp Simiahmoo with the outfit for an astronomical and surveying party. On arriving at the depot, he started for the Tummeahai station, Mr. Custer having previ- ously found a practica})le route for a pack trail to that point on the left ])ank of the Chiloweyuck, it being impracticable at that time to cross the stream opposite the mouth of the Tummeahai. Mr. Custer commenced opening the trail; and, on Mr. Harris taking charge of the party, Mr. Custer continued his reconnoissance over to the Nook- sahk, and up the tributaries of the Chiloweyui'k. The trail from the d(^pot to Chilowej^uck lake was reopened and made practicable for pack nuiles, requiring bridging, corduroying, and heavy grading. The high water of the streams, and the great quan- tity of fallen timber, made the work very h(!avy, and required a strong force. On the third of rFune I arrived at Chilowej'uck depot, and on the fourth, Mr. G. C. Gardner started for the hike depot. Arriving there, he put the boats in order, built a storehouse for the supplies, and com- menced marking the parallel by cutting a vista through the timber across the valley, at the >()uthern end of the lake. On the completion of this, he proceeded to Chuch<'hehum station, and made a cut there on the parallel, embracing the two crossings of the trail. The parallel at these stations was marked by pyramidal piles of stones from six to eight feet high, covering posts accurately marking points on the line. Mr. Harris marked the parallel in the same manner at the Tunuiieahai sta- tion, haying cut a vista through the timl)er, embracing the two forks of the stream. On the completion of the work at Tummeahai, Mr. Harris proceeded to the lake depot, and commenced opening the trail through to the station on the Skagit I'iver. Here again the work was very heavy, it retjuiring a force of from ten to eighteen men nearly one month to open about thirty-five miles of trail, of which nearly one- 68 NOKTHWJfiSTEBN BOUNDAUY OF UNITED STATES. [mii.Kl. m half had been traveled during the previous year. On reaching;- the val- ley of the Skagit Mr. Harris loeated his observatory, and coinnieiui'd observations for determining the point where the parallel erosses the river. While at Chiloweyuck depot, I found that our supply of pack nudes was insuflScient to enable the parties to progress with the work with- out great loss of time. Mules, apparejos, and paek-saddles were pur- ehased, and additional packers employed, so that th(». suppliers ami outfits of the several parties were carried forward as rapidly as the work progressed and the trail was opened. On Mr. Gardner's completing the work at Chuchchehum station, we proceeded to make a reconnoissance of the country to the (^ist of Skagit station, with a view of locating astronomical stations and detei- mining a route for a trail through to the Similkameen and Okinakanc valleys, a region of country that had been heretofore unexplored and known only to a few Indian hunters. We found a mass of rugged and heavily timbered mountains, extending north and south, and hav- ing a breadth of about seventy-five miles. Through ])v far the greater portion of this distance, no trails were found; but, l)y dint of constant work of four axemen, we were enabled to forc(» our way through the Similkameen. A good and practicable route was however found, crossing two summits having an elevation of about six thousand feet. A road party was immediately placed upon this route, under charge of of Mr. Gibbs. He was supplied with axes, picks, and shovels; and, after five weeks' labor with a strong force, a trail was opened, so that our instrmnents and supplies could be packed through without difficulty. On returning from this reconnoissance Mr. Gardner started with his party to occupy a station on the Similkameen. And Mr. Harris, having completed his determination and marking of the parallel at the Skagit station, proceeded to occupy one nearly midway between the Skagit and Similkameen, on the Pasayten, a tributary of the; latter. In the meantime, the survey connecting the astronomical stations was continued by the trail, the nearest practicable line to tht^ parallel, as well as the reconnoissance of the country on l)oth sides of the parallel. On the completion of the observations, computations, and marking the parallel at Pasayten, Mr. Harris's party moved on to the Similkameen, and remained there in camp, while Mr. Harris accompanied me on a reconnoissance, to select another station on the Nehoialpitkwu, a))ou( thirty -five miles to the eastward. After reaching the Similkameen, wc had no difficulty in traveling, the country being open and grass}', and occupied by horseback Indians; numerous well-worn trails were found running in every direction. One of these we found particularly advan- tageous, leading eastward from the Similkameen to Fort Colville, on the Columbia river, a distance of about one hundred miles. After crossing 1 the Nehoi ing the p: From t parallel, marked I th«> other voning c< lection o affording The fii and the ] tory, on across tl stone. the para The s( by the t party is mouth allel wil with th( to this i at pres' inches < mornin To r( by part A CO three j A c( which the f ol (Lake parties detern Nehoi A ( Simla Ob> at tw( At Ac the a three . Ifi.r.. 171, nAKF.n.] REPORT BY PARKE, 1859. 69 !<• v;il. [K'liccd f«'s the mules Mil li- re pur- los and as tlie crossinj^ the divide to the east of Lake Osogoos [sic], the trail strikes the Nehoialpitkwu, and follows down the vallej' of this stream cross- ing the parallel three times. From the astronomical station on the Similkameen, two points of the parallel, at an interval of about fifteen miles, were determined and marked l>y triangidation: one at the crossing of the Similkameen and the other at Lak<^ Osoyoos, in the vallej^ of the Okinakane. The inter- vening country is generally destitute of timber, and made up of a col- lection of kno])s and high hills with intervening plains and valleys, affording good ground for the location of well conditioned triangles. The first station on the Nehoialpitkwu was occupied by Mr. Harris, and the parallel was d»»termined I)}' a measurement from the observa- tory, on the meridian, and marked by a cut, nearly a mile in length, across the valley, and l)y three monuments — two of earth and one of stone. At this station the stream passes from north to the south of the parallel. The second station on the Nehoialpitkwu, aliout thirty miles distant by the trail, is now occupied by Mr. Gardner's party, and Mr. Harris's party is in position on the right bank of the Columbia river, near the mouth of Clarke's Fork. It is believed that these points of the par- allel will soon be determined and marked, when these parties, together with th(^ surveying and reconnoitering parties, arc instructed to repair to this point and go into winter quarters. The weather, however, is at present very severe, the ground being covered with three or four inches of snow, and the thermometer giving readings for the last three mornings as low as four, two, and ten degrees below zero. To recapitulate, the following is the amount of work accomplished by parties of the United States commission during the present season: A completion of the determination and marking the parallel from three points astronomically fixed at the close of the last season. A complete set of ol)servations for latitude at four stations, from which the parallel has been determined and marked at the crossings of the following streams: the Skagit, Pasayten, Similkameen, Okinakane, (Lake Osoyoos,) and Nehoialpitkwu. And before the astronomical parties leave the field, the necessary observations will be completed for determining two other points of the parallel, the third crossing of the Nehoialpitkwu, and the Columbia river. A chronometer trip for difference of longitude between Camp Simiahmoo and Chilowayiu'k depot. Observations of the transit of the moon and moon-culminating stars at two of the latitude stations for absolute longitude. A triangulation covering an area of about fifty square miles. A survey of the nearest practicable lines to the parallel, connecting the astronomical stations, making a total distance chained of about three hundred and seventy miles. 70 NORTHWESTERN HOUNDAUY OF UNITED STATES. [mii.iTi. Itcoonnois.siiucj's foi- (Icvclopiii};' tho t<)p()fifr!ipliy ulono- :uul adjacctit to tho Ijoundurv liMc, aiul foi' lociitin*^' r()iit«'s of ('onimunicatioii. These recoiinoissaiices have extended ovvv an area of about six thousand square miles. A full set of magnetic o))servations were made at one station. And throughout the work, all the ne»'essary o])servations for time, a/inuith. micrometer value, and instrumental cornM-tions wei-e ear«'fully made The two astronomical parties and the i-econnoissance party weir furnished with sets of meteoi'ologicai instruments. Full and detailed registers have been kept at th(» different stations, and, as far as pos- sible, simultaneous readings of the ])arometer have Ix^en taken, while the parties were moving from station to station; which, with the cor- responding observations at camp Simiahmoo and the tixed stations, will enable us to give very exa(^t profiles of the country traversed. The geological reconnoissance has ])een extended over the Held of operations, and valuable collections made of botsmical and natural history specimens. The forty-ninth parallel, as far as determined during the present season, traverses a mountainous country, and, excepting a few locali- ties, the entire region is eminently unfit for occupation or settlement. The mountains are rugged and precipitous, and attiiin great elevations; the ridges and peaks of the Cascade mountains being covered with perpetual snoAV. Glaciers were discovered; and during the months of June and July snow to the depth of two feet was encountered on oui' very route of travel. A heavy growth of pines and fir abounds throughout the entire line from the Gulf of Georgia, with the excep- tion of short intervals in the valleys of the Similkameen, Okinakane. and Nehoialpitkwu. Under the fortj^-ninth parallel the Cascade mountains have a breadth of about two degrees in longitude, and as the general trend of these mountains is at right angles to the line of our work, we were necessarily forced into crossing the ridges with our routes of commu- nication, involving much labor in cutting, grading, and bridging to make these routes practicable for even pack-mule transportation. The water courses are numerous and rapid, rendering the fords fre- quent and dangerous. A slight rise in these streams makes them impassable. Notwithstanding the difficulties of the country and the precarious mode of transporting the instruments, 1 am happy to report that we have got thus far through the season's work without any damage to our astronomical instruments. I regret, however, that we have been less fortunate with the magnetic instruments. The mule carrying these missed his footing and rolled down a precipitous bank. The magnetic theodolite will have to be replaced, and the other instru- ments will require repairing. 1 also have to report the breakage of our barometer. We were, however, able soon to replace this instru- ment from the lake depot. mals fl'll.. 171. BAKER.] REPORT HY PARKE, 1859. 71 IjiK'CMt I'iitioii. )u.saiid And linuti). IniaHc. were ^tailed IS pos- whilc lie coi- [ation.s, led. Held of fiatural Oil roach iuj'' tho valleys of the Siinilkameen and Okinakane we were met by our additional escort, under the command of Captain Archer, United States army. I take great pleasure in acknowledging my obligations for th(; timely and valuable assistance rendered us by him- self and officers of his command. Preparations ar(^ now making at this place to winter tiie several parties on their i(»turn from the field. A great abundance of material for building (juartcM's is found directly at hand. A supply of pro- visions has been procured. The winters of this regioji are reported to be very severe on ani- mals, the snow falling to a great depth. We have laid in a good stock of hay, and, ))y erecting temporary shelter, we have little fears of losing any of our mules. Our work during the next season will extend from the Columbia river to the Rocky mountains. From careful inquiry, the entire dis- tance is represented as mountainous and timbered, excepting perhaps a short stretch in the valley of the Kootenay, near the base of the Rocky mountains. In this valley the Hudson's iiay Company have a trading post near to the parallel. This post is supplied from Fort Colville, and the companj^'s trail to that point will no doubt be of great service to us in sending parties to the line, particularly to those stations close to the Rocky mountains. In reference to the mode or order of proceeding with the astronom- ical stations during the next season, I would respectfully suggest that we be allowed to proceed directly to the extreme eastern stations, so that on the melting of the snows, we will be able to complete those, and retire in good season, leaving these nearer this depot for the last. By following this plan we will have less difficulty in falling back on this place, in the event of any great detention or delay from rugged- ness of country and swollen streams, or even should the winter set in before the completion of the work. It is confidently expected, how- ever, that we will be able to complete all of the astronomical stations during the next season, Mr. Gibbs is at present making a reconnois- sance of the trail in the direction of the Kootenay. This will enable us to commence in the early spring with a working party on this route. It is believed that we will have to build bridges and make flat- boats for ferrying Clarke's Fork (Pend d'Oreille) and one of its tribu- taries, besides much cutting and corduroying. Before closing this report I take great pleasure in again convnend- Ing to 3'ou the great zeal and devotion to duty evinced by the assistant astronomer and surveyor, and the several assistants engaged upon the work; and I am happy to say that the amount of work accomplished during the season has quite equalled the higheist estimates. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, John G. Parke, Lieut. Corpn Top. Kng'x., Chief Astron^i' and Surv'r. APPENDIX a IlKPORT OF AIldllHALI) (lAMPlVELL, FEnilirAIlY 3, ISOJ).' I'nitki) Statks Nouthwkstkhn Boundary Commission. WdMhington, D. C, Fehruary S, IRGO. Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 10th ultimo, asking far information concerning tlie matters men- tioned in a resolution of the House of Kepresentative- of the 13th of Jaiuiary: That the Secretary of Stato be dirpctcvl to communicate to the House the total iiuonnt expended for tlie northwestern boundary commission, and to give in detail the items of expen Pacific ocean, the President decided to carry out the law ])v the appoiiitm(»nt of officers authorized thereby, and to notify the British government of the ditl'erence between the powers of the two commissions. In Feb- ruary, 1857, 1 was appointed conunissioner. Lieutenant .John G. Parke, United States army, chief astronomer and surveyor, and (i. Clinton Gardner, assistant astronomer and surveyor, on tlu; part of the United Sttites. Under instructions from the State Department, the United States commission was duly orgiuiized and directed to repair to Fuca's straits, via San Francisco, to meet the British commission. At the close of June, 1 met Captain Preyost, the British commissioner, at Esquimalt harbor, at the southern end of Vancouver's island, and was informed by him that until the arrival of Captain Richards, second commissioner, with the surveying party, he was not prepared to enter upon the determination of the water boutidary. The Ignited States commis- sioner therefore proceeded to the western terminus of the 49th parallel, on the main land, and established a depot and located an observa- tory, for the commencement of the survey along the 4!>th paralhd, eastward, to the crest of the Rocky mountains. The British govern- ment not yet having provided a commissioner ft)r that part of the boundary line, we were obliged to connnence the work without its co-operation. Reconnoissances and explorations in the vicinity of the boundary line were at once commenced, and contiimed as long as the season permitted field operations. Before the spring, four astro- nomical points on the 49th parallel were determined, and the country thoroughly reconnoitered in the vicinity of the parallel, for a consider able distance eastward. 74 NOIITIIWKSTKKN HODNDAHY «)K I'MTKI) STATKM. [m 1.1.1:1. Towiinls tli»« clo.st' (tf Ociohcr. Captiiin IM-cvost visitod thr 4lttli piinilli'l iiiid iiifoi'iiH'd iiic tliiit ("iiptiiiii Kicluii'ds hud not vt't iiiTivinl. Imt that, us he hud .sutisticd hiinsidt" ot" tht' {••ciicrul ucciinicy of tlic Ignited States Coast Siii'vcy chai't of thr chaniicls and islands iM'twccii th»' continent and Vancouver's island, he should act independt'ntly of iiiin. He then'fore jn-oposed that we should ut once jn'oceed to tin' detei'niinution of th(> water l»oundai'v. Se\'eral ineetinjfs of the joint connnissi(tn accordinj^'ly look place, at which the cpiestion of the l>ound:'.'"y channel was verbally discus.sed. The British <'onuuissioner (laiined Kosaiio straits (the chaiuiel n«'arest the continent.) whih' ! claimed the C^anal de Hai'o, (the channel nearest Vancouver's island) as the boundary channel, intiMuh'd by the treaty. Between these two chaiuiels lies the Haro ar survey of all the channels and islands between the continent and Vancouver's island south of the 49th parallel was made. The map above referred to is the result of this joint survey, which occupied several seasons. In the summer of 1858 Col. J. S. Hawkins, royal engineers, appointed by the British government commissioner to determine the boundary line along the 49th parallel, arrived from England with a suitable party organized for field operations. At the time of his HA K Kit. KKPORT «Y CAMPBELL, 18»i(>. " r < i) iirrivul th«^ cxcitcmoiit arising from the diHcovcrv <>f j;olxten(ls over iin area of about 80,(»()o 8quan>, miles. Within this spaco thf^ baroiiictrlcal h('lj»'hts of over 800 points have loen ohtainod. A inaj^nietlc survey, oxtendirij^ over a ranj^e of IV 20' in latitude and 4' in l()ii<(itud(% with the necossir y ol)servations of the magnetic elo nients of the astronouiical stations, was also made. The entire length of the land boundary line is over iP in longitude, or a])out 410 miles, ajid the length of the route traveled in surveying it is double that distance. Trails had to be opened for three-fourths of the distance traveled, involving great la))or in cutting, grading, and l)ridging to make the routes practicable for pack-mule transpor- tation. The water-courses weie numerous and rapid, rendering the fords frequent and dangerous; and a slight rise of many of the streams would ha\-e made them impassable ])ut for the timely precaution of building l»ridges at small streams and ferry boats at the river cross- ing.s. Manj' of the trails opened are now traveled routes to the mines then and sincte discovered, which are rapidly developing that section of the country, whcn'c almost every valley of any extent aflford,*- facilities for agricultural pursuits. In collating the results of the survey reports upon the geology, botany, and natural history of the country reconnoiterod were pre pared, and complet«' maps, on a large scale, made of the entire boundar\ and the adjacent country. A general map has also been made, show ing the extent of the country traversrsd. And to facilitate the survey of the public lands, photographic duplicates of the detailed sheets, showing each monument on the boundary line^ with its geographical position, were furnished to the General Land Office. Photogi'aphic duplicates of the detailed sheets of the water boundaiy have also been made and furnished the Department of State in illustration of the question of the boundary channel. 1 have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, Archibald Campbell, Coin missioned' Northwest Boundary Survey, Hon, William H. Seward, Secretary of State. \ liv4 SI'CIl' ottici plain CdinmiH nrit Nor ('(Mirilii Ciistot CustiT, t<>l" D<)'>lilt Httlt ICU'vii Kxin'i »r KiiHsil'- Giirdii 111' If I" (U'lini (ii'oli 1. Cill. Uuu Uar |i.. in. ' 80(» and olo [udo. fyino' irths linfr. ■ipor- thc lesinis bn of •ros.s- tlK> that fords 1 V 1 1 E X . Alil«'ii,,I.M.,arlist (U left field 17 ski'tclics nmdo by I'lli Astroiiiiincr, Aiiicricnii II a.ssistiiiit l;! Bri t ish 15 Boumliiry, iinrtlnvc-t.ilflincil u,l:f Buchiiiiiiii,.I.,iiK<'iit fur ''iiitcil Stalls i:! CaniptK'U, A., iiiiixjiiiliMl (■(iniinissidtiiT of NdrtluTii Honmlary Cominissioii 11 ai>prdinates, tables of. 1!M, 12>) Cost of Survey to Uliitt 1 States '. 18 Custer, II. , left field 17 topograplier It Doolittle,C. L., acknowledgments to ];! stalen)ent regarding report of commis- sion 12 Klevations, tables of 42-57 K.xpenses, American 18 Hritish 19 P'ossils, svork on (11, ti;! (j!ardner,( i.e., acknowledgments to 12 appoiiitcil assistant astronomer 13 left field 17 paper in final report 11 Geographic coordinate.H 27 (ieologist,servici' of II Gil)bM,(;., geologist and interiireter 14 left field 17 Olll, T., acknowledgments lo 13 (i'dde,servieeHof 14 Hawkins, J. S., commissioni'r for (ireat Hrlt- ain, arrived 15 Harris, . I. S.,ackiiowledgmuutH to 12 rage. Harris, .|. s., appoiiiinl iissistnnl surgeon and naturalist 14 left field 17 pajHT in final rc,iort . II Herbs!,'!'., toi>ograi her 14 Indian names .';S-(ii Inl('ri)reter, ser' ices of 14 Ivennerly,C. 15. H.. surgeon .-u id naturalist. . II King,J. N.inuartermastcr 14 Line established 13 r,ocalion and longitudes of monuiricuts, tables ;«>-39 Magnetics, tables of I()-12 Major, ,T.. I., clerk of com mission 14 leftfiehl 17 .Maps, Knglish 25, 20 American, dctailecl description of I'.l-25 copies in Lil)rary of Congress 23 copies in (Uneral Land Ollice 23 Meek, F. U., work on fossils (i2 Messn,^ ■ of I'rcsidcnt .lolmson referred to.. 10 Moninncnt at I'oinI Roberts, cost of 19 Monuments, Anu'riean anci Hritish, tables of location and Icaigitudcs of ;;()-;!9 Names, Indian 5S-(')1 Naturalist, service of 14 Newberry, .T.S., report on fos-sils referred to. 63 Northwest boundary, definition of 9,13 oniceof connnission in Washingloii 17 l'akeidiam,K.,ageTit for(ireat Urilain 13 I'aliiser.,1., survey by 19 rarke,.I.G., acknowledgments to 12 appointed chief astronomer 13 left field 17 paper ;)y, in final report 11 report of progress 10 text of report ()6 summary of work of, ls.«9 l(i I'eabody, K. V., guide 14 riinnper, Hritish vessel 15 Point Roberts, cost of moiunnent at 19 I'revost,.I.C., Hritish comnds.sioin'r 15 liiuirternnisler, service of 14 Report of Honndary Coiiimission, a descri))- tion of IO,U called for by Senate 11 information regarding 12 not found 10 not published 17 notices of 11 reason for nonpublicalioii 18 Uiehards, d. H., Hritish astronomer 15 77 7K INDEX. Page. SiUitllitc, British v.-sscl 15 Scicritilic ropdrts •'1 HcfTftii ry of coiiiiuissiim T Siukli'V, (1., P"!"-'" "'". ri'f<'rrc(l I" i« Siir;;(><>n iiiul naturalist appniiitcil 1 1 Siirvoy of iinrtliwest boimdary, cost of, to United States '|J liislory of I'^'l' TopoKrapluTS ^* Treaty l)etween I'nited Slates and Great Britain, first article of 1^ Vessels, American 1* Page. Vessels, Hritisli ' ' Warren, W. J.. aeknowlednments to U if eomniission. II 17 appointed secretary left field Water boundary, arbitration before William I of Germany •' WluH'ler, G. M., extract from report 1 1 report made use of '" William I of Germany, arbiter of water boundary '■' Wurdemann, information from 1^* left field '" o Tlu statuti following' pr '•Tlicpiibl aiulocdiiomi iindoiMiiK'iiii sliallaccoiiil of said Surv wise ill "I'di awl for sail) sball bo till money re'sii States." Except ii to tlie Sill" otViee lias ii I. First Imap.— -^ II. Sdci) 8°. Iv, 5t III. Th go. xviii IV. Foi 8°. XXX' V. t'ifl so. XXX VI. Si 8°. xxi: VII. ^ 8". XX, VIII. 8t'. 2 1 IX. > 8". xii X. T 8'\ ■•■ M. 8\ - ' XII. «\ 'J xn isfi;). \i> i8oa. XV i8or.. xv WflU junpt ^v J) \' }< wr 1 s h: M h] X T. Ihullcliii 174.1 The .stilt nil) iipiirKVcd March '.i. l«7!l, cHliililisliini; llii' I'liitiil Sliiirs ( icdioyiciil Siirvi'v. roiiUiiiiH I lie following; proviaioii.s: ''The |ml)li(>ati()n.sol' the tii'idojriciil .Siiivcy mIimH cDii.sisl nl' I lir .mmial r<|)i>ri uropiTat imi.t, ;;i)i»h){;ical aiiilocDiiomiir iiia|i.H illu.stialiin; tlic rcsouiccs ami cliis.silicalinii nl' I hi' hind.-*, ami i(']iipil.s uimpii y:i'in'ral aiidocoiiiiiiiic u;(Mih)j;y ami palcdiildlDiiy. Thi' annual rciidi't ol' dpiTatidns of the tii'dldi;iial .Survey •shall .KTdnipany Ihr annual ri']iiirl, ol' thi^ Sccrrtarv of thd Inli'ridr. \\\ .special nicnioir.s and rcportH ol' said .Survey .shall he issued in iinilorni s. IV. Fourth .Vnnual Iteportof the United States (ieolocical Survey, 18,S2-'K;t, by .T. \V. I'owell. I.-;k4. 8°. xxxii, 47.'l jip. 85 ])1. and nnips. V. Fifth .\nnual Report of the United Slates (leolonical Survey. I8HH-'H4, by •!. W. I'owell. l.ShS. 8^'. xxxvi, 40!) pp. 58 pi. and maiis. VI. Sixth Annual Report of the United States (ieoloKical Survey, 1884-'85, by J. W. I'owell. lsH5. 8°. xxix, 570 pp. t)5 pi. and imii)s. VII. Seventh .Vnnual Reporl of the United Slati'S (ieoloi;ical Survey, I.S8.'')-'8(), by .1 . \V. I'owell. 1,-IS8. 8". XX. ().")() pp. 71 pi. and maps. VIII. Eij{litli .Vnnual Report of the United States (leolonical Survey, lss(i-'H7, by .1. \V. I'owell. 1.-I81I. 8-'. L'pt. xix, 474, xii pp.. .'i:! [d. ind n.'aps: 1 p. 1., 47.'i H)(i:i pp. 54 70 pi. ami maps. IX. Ninth .Vnnual Report of the United Slates lieolojiical Survey, l887-'88, by .1. \V. I'owell. 18H!). 8". xiii, 717 pp. 8.-< pi. ami mai)s. X. 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Fifteenth Annual Repml of tlie Ui.ited St;iles (ieol,.nieal Survey, I.s!t:i-'1I4, li\ .1. \V. I' . veil. 180£. 8". xiv, 7.55 pp. 18 pi. .\\'I. .Sixteenth ,\niiu;il Report of the United Stutcs i vdloiricd Survey. 1804 '!I5, Charlies 1). Walcolt Dirrelc". KSlln. (!';nt I, l«IO.) H . 4pl. xxii, 010 pp., 1 17 pi. and ma|is: xix, .'i08 pp., 4:1 pi. anil Uiiips; xr, (UO ]>p., 'j:i ]il.- Nix, 7:j5 pp., pi. ft II AUVEKTISEMENT. XVII. Hcvrntcciilli Aiiiniiil Knpoit of tlii' liiilftl Slalcn ( iccilnijicul Surviv\ , l*l')-'!i(i, (Jliarlrs I). Wiilc.olt, Uiirclor. IHlMi. H . :! jil. in t vol. .\xii, InTO iip., (i7 pi. and tnaiiH; xnv. St;i pi)., li:t i>l, :iii,| iiiiipH; xxiii,r>41' pp., 8 pi. iiiiil luap.s; lii. ,'i4:i 105K iiji., !l-l:i ))1. X'VIII. Ki;;lile(!iilli .\iiinial Itrpoil ol'tlio ITnilid Stali'.s (i(Milo;,'i(al Snivi;^, ISUli- llT, Cliarlcs I>. Wal pi. and niap.s; \ , sGl pp., 118 jd. and maps; x.TSOiip., lOJ pl.and niajis; xii, ()4'J pp., 1 jil.; fUii 1401) pp. XIX. 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A SynopNiH nC .Vnierlcan FosHil ISrachiopwln, incliiilinK JHltlioKnipli.v uikI Sytimiyiiiy, liy Cliarii-, S< liiii'hcrt. 18'.»7. K. 464 pj). I'rir<' 'J.'i (•ieHHihiiity of r,i cents. 94. The Meebanisin of Sfdid Visciosity. by Carl nnnu. 1892. 8°. KfS pp. Price 1.') cents. 95. Earthquiikes in California in 1890 and 1891, l.y Kdward Siii<,'leton Holden. 1892. 8". Ill pp. Price a cents. 90. The Volume Thcrmwlynamlcs of LIqiiidH, by Carl Uarus. 1892. 8^. 100 jip. Prici; 10 cents. 97. The Mesoz-oic Rchinodermata of the United Statoa. by AV'llinin linllock Clark. 189:t. 8~. 207 pp. 50 pi. Price 20 cents, 98. Flornof the Outlying Carboniferous ISasins of Southwestern Missouri, by David White. 1H9,T, 8°. 139 pp. 5 pi. Price 15 cents. 99. Record of North American Oeology for 1891, by Nelson Horatio Dartoii. 1892. 8'. 7:! pp. Price 10 cents. 100. Bibliography and Index of the Pnbiicntions of the U. 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The Trap Dikes of llie Lake (Jhaniplain Region, by .lames Fitrijiau Kemp and Vernon Free- man Marstera. 1893. 8'', 62 i>p. 4 pi. Price 10 141. The] lain B ullocl 142. A Bij land Yaugl 143. A Bi| 15 cents. 144. The I 1896. 8^. 145. The! 140, Bib] alogy for 1 147, Fail Earthqual 148, An| Geologica 149, Bill for tilt! y[ 11)0. TlJ Geologicj 151. Tl| 1898, 8° 152. A| 1898. 8= 153. 8^. C,')3| 154. 15.-. Charge | 1.''.6. for the I 157 Webbel 158, Todd, 159. pp. 9l ADVKKTISEMKNT. VII II-' |.l. |liarli"i lipl. [IIMIIIIIC KlMllll I'lil'C ftiiirirM :ii pp. Merits. |8^. 207 rj4. Ui'visioii ipf Niirtli Amrriciiri KdhmiI ('uckruailifM, liy Siiriiiii'l lliililiard SiiiildiT. IHltri. 8 . 176 \>]i. 12 1)1. I'ric (I 1,'miiiIh. rjr). 'I'll!' <'(mHtiliitii»ii(irtlii> Silicalcs. by Kiaiik WiKKlcMWKilli CliiTkc. 189.1. H ■. 10!» pp. I'rict' l.l COIllH. 120. A Miiii'ralo<;ii'al la'xicnii ol' Kiunklin. Ilunip.iliir)', ami IlamiMliMi ( 'niinlicH. MuMHai'lnisi'ttx, liy Hi'iijainin Ki'iitlall Kiiii'i'.soii. \h'Xi. K. Iho |>|). 1 ))1. I'rici' LI reiitH. 127. (,'alaloj;ii« and Iiidrx of ('i>iitril)iitii>iiM to Nortli Aiiicriouu y ('Inirlrx A. \Vliilt>. 181».'i. K '. lOH PI). 11])1. I'rii'O l."> rents. 120. JCartlninakf.s in California in 1804, by Chnrlos I). Porrinp. 180,"). H\ 2.1 pi). I'rico .1 rentM. i:iU. lSil)lio;;rapli\ and Index of North Anieriean (leulo^y. Paleontology, Pctrolo;;y, and Mineraloi;v lV)rl802and IHO:), by Kred Hoiiirliliui \Veekn. 1800. 8. 21 > jip. Prieo 20 eenlH. ll!l. lleport of Progress of tlie Division of IIydro;;rapliy 'or the Calendar Voars 1801! ami IHOI, by Frederiek llayneH Newell, 'I'opoyraplier in Cliar(;e. 180,"). fi '. 120 pj). Priee 1,1 <'enls. 1112. TliuDLsHeininatud Loail OroM of SontlieuHtorn Missouri, by Artlinr WiiihIow. 1800. H '. Ill |)p, Prieo il cents. 133. Contributions to Mie Crvtaeuoiis Paloontfdogy of tlio Paeitic (^oasf: The Fauna of Ibe Knoxville Beds, by T.W. Stanton. 180.1. K '. IXJ i)p. 20 pi. Priosits, by James Edward Todd. 1899. 8^. 171pp. 27 pi. Price 25 cents. 159. The Geology of Eastern Berkshire County, Massachusetts, by B. K. Emerson. 1899. 8''. 139 pp. Oi)l. Price 20 cents. VIII ADVERTISKMKNT ICO. A IHotlonnrv of AlfltiHicn In llit< I'nitt^d HtiiJ«s (Third Kililioii), ronipili'il by ITonrv 'innintt. 1899. 8''. 77.")i>|p. I'iir<^ lOcciil.M. 161. Riirlliqiinkt'H in Cnlironiia in IhiiR, liy 'liailcH 1). rririhi'. .XHHJHtant AslronnMioi' in ('Initio ol KarllKiuukti ()l)Hcrvatii)nn III tlif I riMils, 16'i. nililiograiiliy and Imlrx nrXintli Anirvirnn (!rolo;{y, Palcinilnlogv. l'olii)lo){y. anil M!ni fiirtlio Viiar 189K, by Tuil IJiiiiiU'liton Wo'ks. 18!m. K. ir.:i pp. Price LI contH. 10:i. Flora of till' Montana Fotination. by Frank Hall Kiiowllon. I'.tOO. 8'. IlHpp. litpl. J'ricc ir> c«ntH. 104. UocunnaiHsancd in tlio lilo (irondo Coal Fii'ltls oI'Tcxhm, liy TliomaH Wnylaud Vaiigliiin, incluil inK a Kepoit uii IjtnuoiiH UorkH t'roiii tlio San (,'arliiM Coal Field, by K. C. K. Lord. lOOU, K . loo pp. 11 pi. andinapH. I'ricu 20 centH. 165. ('ontribntionH Id tlio Gwdogy of Maino, by Henry S. Willianm and Herbert E. Gregory. I'JUii. 8". 212 pp. I4))l. Prico 25 centH. 166. A (lazettecrof I'tali, by Ilonry (rannolt. 190U. 8''. 4;( pji. 1 map. Price 15 contn. 167. Contributions to (jbeniistry and Mineralogy from tlio Laboratory of tlio I'niled .SlatoH Onolof; ionl Survey; Frank W. Clarko. (Miief Clioniint. liHXr. 8''. lliO pp. Price l."j eenlH. 16H. Analyses of Rock«, Laboratory of tlio United States (icological Survey, 188U to 1899. tabnlatcil by F. "\V. Clarke, Chief Clieniist. 1900. 8=^. ;i08 pi>. Price 20 cents. 169. Altitudes In Alanka, by Henry Gannett. 1900. 8°. i:i ]))). Price T> eonts. 170. Survey of tlie Jloundary Line between Idaho and Montana from the Internal iouul Boundary lo the Crest of tbii Hlttorroot Mountains, by Kicliard UrqiihartGoodo 1900. H'^. 67 pp. 14 pi. Price 15 cents. 171. lloundariea of the Unitod States and of tlio Several States and Territ«ries, with an Outline ni the History of all Important Chancres of Territory (Second Edition), by Henry Gannett. 1900. 8*^. 142 i)p. 53 pi. Price 30 cents. 172. Itildiography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontolony, Petrology, and Mineralogy for the Year 1899, by Fred IJimghton AV'eeks. 1900. 8^. 141pp. Price 15 cents. 173. Synopsis of American Fossil Bryozoa, iuchuling Bibliography and Synonymy, by John M. Nickles and Kay S. Bassler. 1900. 8°. 603 pp. Price 40 cents. 174. Survey of the Northwestern Boundary of the United States, 1857-1801, by Marcus Baker. 1900. 8°. 78 pp. 1 pi. Price 10 cents. In press : 175. Triaugulation and Spirit Leveling in Indian Territory, Ity C. H. Fitch. 176. Some Principles and Methods of liock Analysis, by W. F. liillebrand. In preparation : — . Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of Norl li America-, by Oliver Perry Hay. WATER-SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION PAPERS. By act of Congress approved June 11, 1890, the foUowinj.; provision was made: ^'Provided, That hereafter the reports of tlie Geological Survey in relation to the ganging of streams and to the methods of utilizing the water resources may lie iirinlcil in octavo form, not to exceed one hundred pages in length and five tboiisaiid copies in iiuiiibor; one tbon.sand copies of which shall bo for the ollicial use of the Geological Survey, one tbou.saiid live liimdred copies shall bo delivered to the Senate, and two thousand five hundred (■opie^4 shall be delivered to the House of Rep- resentatives, for distribution." Under this law the following papers have been published : 1. Pumping "Water for Irrigation, by Herbert M. Wilson, isnc. R'. 57 jip. 9 pi. 2. Irrigation near Pha'ni.\, Arizona, by Arthur P. Davis. 1897. 8". 97 pjt. 31 jil. 3. Sewage Irrigation, by George W. Rafter. 1897. 8'^. KHI jip. i\)\. 4. A Reconnoissance in ooutbeasteru W.isliington, by Israel Cook IJiissell. 5. Irrigation Practice on the Great Plains, by Elias Branson Cowgill. 1(;'I7 1897 8-"'. 8°. 96 pp. 7 pi. 39 pp. \?. pi. 6. Underground Waters of Southwestern Kansas, by Erasniuth Hawortb. 1897. 8^. 65 pp. 12 pi. 7. Seepage Waters of Northern Utah, by Samuel Fort ier. 1897. H". .50 pp. 3 pi. 8. Wiudm-ills for Irrigation, by E.C. Murphy. 1897. 8^ 49 pp. 8 pi. 9. Irrigation near Greeley, Colorado, by David Boyd. 1897. 8'. !)0 iip. 21 pi. 10. Irrigation in Mesilla Valley, New ^Mexico, i)y F. C. Barker. 1898. 8''. 51pp. 11 pi. 11. River Heights for 1896, by Arthur P. Davis. 1897. 8^. 100 pp. 12. Underground Waters of Southeastern Nebraska, by N. n. Dart on. 1898. 8''. 50 pp. 21 pi. 13. Irrigation Systems in Texas, by William Ferguson Hutson. 1898. 8^. C7 pp. 10 jil. 14. New Tests of Pumps and Water-Lifts used in Irrigatiim, by O. P. Hood. 1898. 8°. 91 j.p. 1 pi. 15. Operations at River .Stations, 1897, Part I. 1898. 8\ 100 pp. 16. Operations at River Stations, 1897, Part II. 1898. S\ 101-200 pp. 17. Irrigation near Bakersfield, California, by C. E. Grunsky. 189H. 8. 96 pp. 10 pi. 18. Inigation near Fresno, California, by (.'. E. Grunsky. 1898. 8". 94 pp. U jil. 19. Irrigation near Merced, California, by C. E. Grunsky. 1899. 8°. 59 pp. 11 pi. 20. Experini 21. Wells of 22. Sew at:*: 23. Water vl 24. Water II 2.'i. Water K 20. Wells (it 27 Opera! Ki 28. OjieratK 29. Weill ai 30. Water II 31. Lower N 32. Wilier II 33. Storage 34. (icologj 35. Ojieratii 30. Operatii 37. Operati 38. Operatic 39. Operati When, in 1 States, there The preitarat ureaof tbeco each sheet r separate ehe ordered in 1( cents each. 900 sheets hi Publications Tlie map i text they ca series of toj colleges. O 1. Physio of doscriptij maturity (Cal.), a yo| sonville (Li] coast. 2. Physii of descript (Nebr.l, ai T.), Ozaikj (N. Mex.)| (Greg.), a The Ged geologic 11 is deseni| Umler (designatl anit of pil the Geolq Each descriptij natural Two sheets the shec Undeij The reiil are pri« ADVKHTISKMKNT. IX Miiiiit. |'riilon\ ('rice 15 |iiicluil' . I'.tUI). lr(j<' \V. Uullrr. l*«l. H. loii pj). 7 pi. 23. \Viit«r ii);lpl ri'oldcMM (if till' ni(j;lii)rn Moniitftiim, liy Khvoixl Moiid. I.'^OO. H . IVJ pp. 7 pi. 24. Wilier Ucsdiiici's Dllliii StiitiMif N'.w Vfirk, I'lirl 1, liy II. \V. l{nrt<>r. \x\M. s . oo i.)!. |:i j.l. '>:>. WaliT Itc'somriMol' till) .Stall) of Xc«- York, Part II, liy I i. \V Kaflcr. IHW. H . l:il-2i)i) pp. I'.'i.l. 20. WolU of .Simtlii'iii Indiana (Conliiiii.itiiiiml' Nil. '.'1), liy Frank I.hviti-ii. IHOO. S . 04 pp. 27 Opcratioim at Uivi'r SliitloiiH for 1808. I'art, I. 18»0. 8\ ItiO pp. 28. ()i>(>rat)o.i.s at Uivcr .Stationn for 1808, I'lirt II. 1800. 8 . lol .>ii() pp 20. Wi'll.i and WindiiiillM ill Nebraska. l>y Ki win H. 15:irl)oiu. 1800. 8 8.'. |.|i. i:7 pi. :iO. Watrr KpHnurccHof llio Lower reiiinsiilaof Mi(',lil;;aii, liy .Vlfrod (!. liiiiic. IK'.iy h . 07 pp. 7 pi. ;il. Lower Michigan Mineral Waters. l. 299-3S0 pp. 39. Operations 111 nivor Stations, 1899. Part V. 1000. 8\ 397-471 pp. roPOliUAPIIK; MAP OK TIIK TNITKO STATES. Wlion, in 1882, the Gooloi;ieiil Survey was directed by law to make a jjoolojjie ninj) of the Tnited States, tlioro was in existeiu^o no suitable topo;:rapliie, map to servo as a base for Hie neoloyie map. Tlio preparation of such a topoj;raphie. map was therefore immediately begun. About onetiftli of Ihe urcaof tlieeunntry, excluding Alaska, has now been thus mapped. The map is published in atlas slieels, each slieet representing a small quadrangular district, as explained under the next hcadinj;. The separate ehcets are sidd at 5 cents each wlien fewer than 100 copies are iiundiased, but when they are ordered iu lots of 100 or more copies, whether of the same sheet or of ditl'ercnt sheets, the jiriceis 2 cunts each. The mapped areas are widely scattered, nearly every State beinj; represented. About 900 sheets have been engraved and jirinted; they are tabulated by States in the Survey's " List of Publications, " a pamphlet which may bo had on application. Tlie map sheets represent a great variety of topo^ra])hie foatiires, and with the aid of descriptive text Ihi^y can bo used to illustrate topographic forms. This has led to the projection of an educational series of topographic folios, Ibr ii.'^e, wherever geography is tauglit in high seliools, academies, and colleges. Of this scries the first two folios liave been issni'd, viz : 1. Physiographic typos, by Henry Gannett, 1898, folio, consisting of the following sheets and 4 jiages of descriptive text: Faigo (X. Dak..^Iinn.|, a region in youth; Charleston (W. Va.). n region in maturity ; Caldwell (Ka.iS.), a region in old a;;e ; Palmyra ( Va.), a rejuvenated region ; Mount Shasta, (Cal.), a j'oiing volcanic nioiintaiii; Kaglo (Wis.), moraines; Sun Prairie (Wis.), driinilins; Donald- Sonville (La.), river flood plains; Rootlibay (Mo.), a fiord coast; Atlantic City (N. J.), a barrier-beach coast. 2. Physiographic types, by Honry flannett. 1900, folio, consisting of the following slieots and 11 pages of deacnptivo text; Norfolk (Va.N, C ), a coast swamp; Marshall (Mo.), a graded liver; Lexington (Nebr.), an overloaded stream; Harrisburg (Pa,), Appalachian ridges; Potcau Mountain (Ark. Ind. T.), Ozark ridges; Marshall (.\rk,), Ozark Plateau; West Denver (Colo,), hogbacks; Mount Taylor (N. Mex.), volcanic peaks, plateaus, and necks, Ciicamonga (C.il.), alluvial cones; tJrater Lakos|ieciaI (Oreg,), aerator. GEOLOGIC ATLAS OF THK UXITEl) STATES. The Geologic Atlas of the United States is the final form of publication of the topographic and geologic ma [IS. The atlas is issued iu parts, or folios, progressively aa the surveys are extended, and is designed ultimately to cover the entire country. Under the plan adopted tho entire area of tho country is divided into small rectangnlar districts (designate!', quadrangles), bounded by certain meridians and parallels. Tho unit of survey is also tho anit of publication, and the maps and doscriptioim of each re(^tangular district are issued as ii folio of the Geologi.i Atlas. Each folio contains topo^jraphic, geologic, economic, and structural inajis, together with textual description," and exi'lanati'jr.s, and is designated by tho name of a principal town or of a prominent natural feature -within tho district. Two forms of issue have been adopted, a "library edition ' and a "field edition.'' In both tho sheets are bound between heavy paper covers, but tho library copies are poniianently bound, while the sheets and covers of the field copies are only temporaril ircd together. Under the law a copy of each folio is sent to certain public libraries and educational institutions. Theremainder are sold at 2."< cents each, except such as conlain an unasiial amount of matter, which are priced accordingly. Prepayment is obligatory. Tho folios ready for distribution are iiero listed: IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 'J ■?. 1.0 I.I 1.25 6" IIM ill 2.2 m 12.0 U III 1.6 I % Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. U580 (716) 873-4503 1 I ^

<1 BiittP. llarpvrH Forr, Jiuikiutii . . KHtillvillo ,,„| r. 10 17 18 19 2(1 1 22 KnMlorlrksliiir); ..11 SUiiiiitoii <| LaHHOii Teak Kiioxvillo I' Marysville j tjtiia'rtsvillo StevciiHon . . . Clovolaiid . . . I'ikevilU) .... McMiiinvillu 21) I Noniinl . 24 25 2C 27 28 20 Tlireo Forks . Laiiilon Po('uhonlu8 .. Morristowii . . Pietlniout 3U 31 32 33 34 35 36 ' 37 i 38 30 40 I 41 I 42 43 I 44 45 46 47 48 40 50 61 62 53 Nevwia City : Nevada (!ity. Grass Valloy. Haniivr Hill . Yellowstone Na- tional Park; Gallallii ] Canyon I Shoshone • • - [ Lake | Pyramid Peak . . . Franklin / Hriceville Uuckhaunun Oadsden Pueblo Dowuiovillo Kiitle Special Truckee Warthnrg Sonora Nueei'H Bidwell liar Tazewell ./ Montana.. Georgia. ..1 TrnnesHee / Califiimiu. 'renueasee Call lorn in. 'ronnessee (Joloratlo. . Tennessee (.'olorado.. Virginia .. West Va.. Mar viand. Caliiuniia. Virginia . . Kentucky. Tennessee Maryland. Virginia .. Virginia.. West Vn.. California. Tennessee N.Carolina California. California. Alnltama . Georgia... Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee Maryland. Virginia .. Montana.. Tennessee Virginia.. West Va.. Tennessee | Maryland . \ itVn.. f Wesf Boise I Kiehniond I London I Teninile District | Special. I Rosebnrg ' llolyoko I Big Trees Almaroka : Crandall 1 Ishawooa..../ Standingstone California. Wyoming California. Virginia .. West Va . Tennessee WestVa.. Alabama . Colorado . . California. Montana.. California. Tennessee California. Texas California. Virginia.. WestVa.. Idaho Kentucky Kentucky (/ol 77'^ -77" 30' 79^-70 • :10' 121''-122' i 830 30'-«4o 121° 30'-122° 121"-121° 30' »5° 30'-8«o 84" 30'-85'' 850-85" 30' O)'^ 30'-80'' 76" 30'-77" 11P-1I2° 840-84" 30' 810-81" 30' 830-«)" 30' 70"-79" 30' 1210 00'25"-.121"03'45" 12l"01'35"-121°05'04" 120"57'05"-12l"00'25" noo-iiio 12O''-120" 30' 79"-79" 30' 84" -840 30- 80"-80" 30' 86"- 80" 30' 104" 30'-105" 120° 30-121° 112° 20'30"-112° 30' 42" 120^-120" 30' 84" aO'-SS-' 120"-120" 30' 1000-100° 30' 1210-121" 30' 81" 30' -82° 11((°-116' 30' 84"-84" 30' 84" -84° 30' 10«° 8'-106" 18' 123"-123° 30' 72" 30' -73" 120"- 120" 30' 109'' 30-110° 85" -85" 30' aOiit of stock. Limiting parHllt'ls. 'Area, in I'rir I sqiiaro in milt's. 45°-4«" 34" 30' -35" 38" 30'-3»' 35 30' --MP 38' 30-30^ 35^-35" 30' 38" 311' -30" 35"-35" 30' 38= 45'-3i)" 31K1-39 ' 30' 38"-38o 30' 30" 30'-:t7" 38"-38" 30' 38"-.38" 30' 40-'-41" 35" 30'-3«" 39'-39" 30' 39° -39° 30' 34=' 30'-3.5° 35^-35° 30' 35" 3O'-30" 35" 30' -30° ,38"-38" 30' 450-4C" 35° 30'-36" 37" -37^ 30' 39'>-30o 30' 39"]3'.'i0"-39o 17' 16" 39" 10'22"-.3'»° 13' .50" 39" 13' 50"-30o 17' 16" I 44°-45" 38" 30-39" 38" 30-39= 30-36" 30' 38° 30'-39" 340-34" 30' 380-38° 30' SO" 30' -10" 45" 50' 28"-46" 02' 54" 39"-30' 30' 36°-36" 30' 37° 30-38"' 29° 30' -30= 30° 30'-40" 37"- 37" 30' 43° 30-44" 37° 30'-38" 37" -37'' .30' 80" 22' 30 "-30" 30' 30" 43"-430 30' 42" -42" 30' 38"-38"' 30' 44"-44" 30' 80"-36" 30' 3,354 080 0.32 060 0;t2 975 032 97.'; 465 025 038 057 938 938 3, 034 925 025 975 969 969 038 :i, 354 960 951 903 1)25 11.65 12.09 11.65 3, 412 032 932 903 932 086 038 010 22. 80 925 963 044 1,035 918 950 864 044 e.)0 55 871 885 938 .'•.II 1,700 S63 2r. 2.-> 2r. 50 2.-. 50 75 25 25 25 2r, 25 60 25 5U 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 25 25 25 No. 54 55 56 57 62 ADVKRTISEMKNT. XI kiiiro nso 9.'12 U6i) 9.12 UTf) 9.12 97r. 40:1 9.'tH ' 9.'i7 9;iR I'lil (■ ill ••em-. Ko. Xanin of xlirot . Slate. 925 25 925 25 980 2."i 975 2.-. 909 '>.:, 9fi9 •I't 938 2-> 354 5n 9«0 2,-p 951 2,"i 9r,3 2.'i 1(25 50 75 25 25 25 25 25 6U 25 5U 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 25 S4 Tocoma. 55 50 57 58 02 Wasliiiiji- ton. Montana. Montana. Colorado. FortBonton ... Little Belt Mt8 Twllurido KIriioro I Colorado . . B"-"'t«> [Seto,; Mttnoiuinoe S]>e<'ial Michigan . LimltinK iiicridiiiiiH. 122^-122" 30' 110"-lllo llO'^-lll'' 107^ 45'- 108° 104°-104o 30' 82='-82'' 30' 87° 44'-88o 09' I.imitini; iiarallelH. 470-470 30' 470-480 400-470 37° 45'-38o 370.370 80' 30O 30'-37o 450 44'-45o 55' 1885. 80. xiv, 1016 1880. STATISTIOAT. PAPERS. Mineral ResoiirceH of the United Staten, 1882, by Albert WilllamH, Jr. 188:). 80. xvii, R13 pp. Price 50ccntH. Mineral Rusoiircen of thn United Stat«8, 1883 and 1884, l>y Albert Williams. .|r. pp. Price 00 cents. Mineral Renonrcon of the United Statea, 1885. DiviHion of Mining StatiRtinn and Technology. 8°. vil, 57epp. Price 40 cents. Mineral Resoiircea of the United Statea, 1880, by David '1'. Day. 1887. 80. viii,813pp. Price50cent8. Mineral Ucsoiircea of the United States, 1887. by David T. Day. 1888. 8°. vii, 832 pp. Pri2 pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the Unit«.o^t -"n,-) Bulletin 174.] £ TTnU«d States geological survey | CharleR D. Walcott dl- United 8t»^» K«« 8 northwestern boundary ol the Sd's^atls Wsei , by , Urcus Bauer KVigoette] , Washington | government printing office | 1900 go. 78 pp. I pl- . i.,t,^f I V. S. geological nurvey.) [UNITEP STATES. Departitient of the mUrUtr. {v. ^. g "i/ Bulletin 174.] j^jjl