ssi IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^: f /; 1.0 £1^ 1^ « IB 122 u 1.1 1^ 1I& lliilJ4l^ 7 Photographic _Sciaices Corporation n VVMf MAM StNIT WltSTN.N.Y. I4SM (71*) •79-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Inatituta for Hiatorical Microraproductiona / Inatitut Canadian da microraproductiona hiatoriquaa Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notes tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha beat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may be bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction, or which may aignificantly changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. □ D D D D D D D D Coloured covara/ Couvartura da coulaur Covara damaged/ Couverture endommagie Covera reatored and/or laminated/ Couverture reatauria et/ou pellicul4e Cover title miaaing/ La titre de couverture manque Coloured mapa/ Cartea gtegraphiquas en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured platea and/or illuatrationa/ Planchaa et/ou illuatrationa en couleur Bound with other material/ Rail* avac d'autrea documanta Tight binding may cauae ahadowa or diatortion along interior margin/ La re liure aerrie peut cauaar da I'ombre ou de la diatortion la long da la marge intArieure Blank laavaa added during reatoration may appear within tha text. Whenever poaaible. theae have been omitted from filming/ II ae peut que certainea pagea blanchea aJoutAaa lore d'une reatauration apparaiaaent dana la texte, maia, loraqua cela Atait poaaible, cea pagea n'ont pea 4t4 filmAaa. L'inatitut a microfilm^ la meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a At* poaaible de ae procurer. Lea dAtaila de cet exemplaire qui aont paut>Atre uniquea du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une Image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dana la mAthode normale de filmage aont indiquAa ci-daaaoua. □ Coloured pagea/ Pagea de couleur I — I Pagea damaged/ D n Q D D D n Pagea andommagAea Pagea reatored and/or laminated/ Pagea reataurAea et/ou pellicul6as Pagea diacolourad, atained or foxed/ Pagea dAcolorAea, tachetAea ou piquAea Pagea detached/ Pagea dAtachAea Showthrough/ Tranaparence Quality of print variea/ Qualiti inigale de I'impreaaion Includaa aupplamentary material/ Comprend du material aupplAmantaira Only edition available/ Seule Mition diaponibia Pagea wholly or partially obacured by errata alipa, tiaauea, etc., have been refilmed to enaura tha beat poaaible image/ Lea pagea totalement ou partiallement obacurciea par un feuillet d'errata. una palure, etc., ont M filmiea A nouvaau da fapon A obtanir la meilleure image poaaible. Thee toth< The! poaal ofth filmii Origi begii thel( aion, othei firat aion, or ill) Thai ahall TINl whic Mapi diffei entir begii right requi met^ Additional commenta:/ Commantairea aupplAmantairaa; Doekat title pigi it bound in m lait pagt in book- but filmed M first pagt on f ieht. Thia item ia filmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document eat filmA au taux da rAduction indiquA ci-deaaoua. 10X 14X itx 22X MX aox 1 y 12X 16X aox MX MX 32X The copy filmed here hes been reproduced thenke to the generosity of: Librery of the Public Archives of Censde L'exemplsire filmA fut reproduit grAce A la gAnArotitA de: La bibliothAque des Archives publiques du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and In keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies In printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first pege with a printed or Illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^ (meaning "CON- TINUED '), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Les Images suivantes ont AtA reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettetA de Texemplaire film*, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Lee exemplaires origlnaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimAe sent fiimte en commen9ant par le premier plat et en terminent soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impresslon ou d'iliustration. soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires origlnaux sont filmte en commenpant par la premlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impresslon ou d'iliustration et en terminent par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre imege de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols ▼ signifie "FIN". IMaps. plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely Included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est fiimA A partir de i'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'Images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent le mAthode. f 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^- I 1*1 « f ■ Ci» Bd ^i n w r < CANADA (HXLIFAX, Ac. RAILWAY). RAILWAYS (BRITISH n6RTH AMERICA). RETURN to Two AddreBset of the Honourable I'lic House orCommonB, dated 11 April and 2 May 1862 i—for, (Adobess, II April 1802.) A " COPY of any 0f7ICIal Communications between the Secretary of State for the Colonies and the Commissioners representing the Provinces of Canada, Neto Brunsioick, and Nova Scotia, on the subject of a Proposed N Communication by Railway between the Port of Halifax and those Provinces." (Address, 2 May 1862.) That there be added to the Rbtijrn relative to Canada (Halifax, &c. Railway), addressed for on the 1 1th day of April last, Copies or Extracts of any Despatches from the Governors of those Colonies on tlie same subject, and of any Answers which may have been given conveying the Decision of Her Majesty's Government." Colonial Office, 1 a May 1802. | C. FORTESCUE. (^iVr. Crawford,) Ordered, by The House of Commons, to be Printed, 5 Matj 1862. 2J(). < ' y"' -.- ^ ' PAGE. MEMORIAL OF THE DELEGATES FROM CANADA, NOVA SCOTIA, AND NEW BRUNSWICK 1 DESPATCH tIJOM THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA 15 DESPATCHES FROM THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR OF NOVA SCOTIA 17 DESPATCH FROM THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR OF NEW BRUNSWICK 20 DESPATCHES FROM THE SECRETARY OF STATE 22 [ iii ] SCHEDULE. No, in Scries. Number and Oats SUBJECT. Page. MEMORIAL OF THE DELEGATES FROM CANADA, NOVA SCOTIA, AND NEW BRUNSWICK. The Delegates irom Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, to the Duke of New- castle, K.O. Memorialising the Duke of Newcastle on the subject of the proposed Intercolonial Uailway between Halifax and Quebec, and praying for an early decision. Argu- ments in favour of their proposals are embodied in the documents enclosed, viz. : Memurandum by the Dele- gates ; Letter from Messrs. Johnston & Archibald, dated 20 August 1857, addressed to the Right Honour- able H. Labouchere ; Letter from the Delegates to the Secretary of State, dated 26 October 1858; and a Memorandum by Messrs. Macdonald & Rose DESPATCH FROM THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA. Viscount Monck to the Duke of Newcastle, 31 October 1861 (No. 4.) Enclosing Copy of o Recommendation of the Execu- tive Council of Canada, made in consultation with the Members of the Councils of Novii Scotia and New BninsN ick, to renew the offer nmde to the Imperial Government to aid in the constiuctiun of on Inter- colonial Railway between Halifax and Quebec ; and also Copy of a further Order in Council, approved by Sir £. Head, authorising the Honourable P. M. Vankoughnet, a Member of the Executive Council, to proceed to England for that purpose ■ - - - la DESPATCHES FROM THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR OF NOVA SCOTIA. 3. 4. The Right Hon. '■ <> Earl of Mulgravc .j the Duke of New- castle, K u. The Uipht Hon. the Earl of Mulgravt! to the Duke of New- castle, K.O. April - 1801 (No. 27.) 20 October- 1801 {No. 73.) Transmitting a joint Address to Her Majesty, passed by the Legislative Council and House of Asstmbly of Nova Scotia, on the subject of the Intercolonial Railway, ond assuring Her Majesty of their anxiety lor the ooropletiou of the line. Should the Duke of Newcastle be enabled to advise Her Majesty to enter- toin the proposition, the Province will appoint a Delegation to proceed to England .... Announces the appointment of the Honourable Mr. Howe and the Honourable Mr. M'CuUy, as Delegates, to proceed to Quebec, to consult with the Government of Canada, in hope that some united action nii^lit be ogrecd njion to tiicilitiitc the carrying out of the Intercolonial Railway ; points out the advantages to be derived by an unbroken line of railway of ],4U0 miles in extent; states that Mr. Howe hasi been I'oniniissiuned to proceed to England to co-operate with the gentlemen selected by the Governor Ge- neral of Caiiada and the Governor of New Bruns- wick ... ...... 17 18 211). a 2 di4r' [ iv ] No. in Series. 6. From Wuom. Number and Date. SUBJECT. Paob. DESPATCH FROM THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR OF NEW BRUNSWICK. Lieutenant Governor tl.e Hon. J. H. T. Manners Sutton to the Duke of New- castle, K.O. Enrloiiinf;; a joint Address to Her Majesty from the Legislative Council and House of Assembly, praying that Imperial aid may be afforded to the construction of the Intercolonial Railway ..... SO DESPATCHES FROM THE SECRETARY OF STATE. 6. 7. The Duke of New. castle, K. G., to the Viscount Monck. I Tlie Duke of New- rustic, K. «'.., to the Viscount Alunck. 11 December 1861 (No. 17.) 12 April - 180-2 (No. 93.) Acknowledffing Despatch No. 4, of the .31 at October 1861 ; transmitting copies of Minutes of the Executive Council respecting the appointment of Delegates to pro- ceed to England, and authorizing the Honourable P. M. Vankoughnet to represent the Government of Canada .-....--- In reply to Despatch No. 4, of the .31st October 1801, reporting that at a Meeting at Quebec of Members of the Councils of Canuda, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns- wick, it was resolved that the three Governments should renew the ofler made to the Imperial Govern- ment to aid in the construction of an Intercolonial Railway between Halifax and Quebec ; and that Mr. Vankoughnet had been appointed to represent Canada, Mr. Howe, Nova Sootia, and Mr. Tilley, New Bruns- wick. Announces the decision of Her Majesty's Government on the subject -....--. 22 22 f\ Page. VICK. 'Dm the praying truction 20 [ 1 ] COPY of any Official Communications between the Secretary of State for the Colonies and the CommiBsioners representing the Provinces of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, on the subject of a Proposed Communication by Railway between the Port of Halifax and those Provinces ; also, Copies or Extracts of any Despatches from the Governors of those Colonies on the same subject, and of any Ans'WERS which may have been given conveying the Decision of Her Majesty's Government. October xecutive 8 to pro- rable P. ment of er 1801, nibers of Rrung- rtiinents Govern- rcolonial that Mr. Canada, ■ Druns- 'emment 22 22 — No. 1.— a Memorial addressed Copy of Scotia, and New Brumxcick, to London, 2 December 1861. by the Delegates from Canada, Nova the Duke of Newcastle, k. g., dated May it please Your Grace, The undersigned, having presented their credentials, and discussed informally with your Grace, and with some other Members of the Cabinet, tlie objects of their mission, were about to forward to your Grace a communication on the subject of the intercolonial railroad (the draft of which they enclose) when the startling events of the past week rendered that task supererogatory. Those events so completely vindicate the forethought and patriotism of <)sition for tlie completion of the intercolonial railroad connecting the harbour of Halifax, which is open all the year round, with the rail- ways on the St. Lawrence. Having delivered our credentials, and discussed the subject of our mission with his Grace the Duke of Newcastle and with some other members of the Cabinet, we now proceed to submit in a more formal shape a recapitulation of the grounds ujion wliich we thmk that the propoiiiition we have been sent to make ought Xu bo favourably and speedily entertained. These naturally divide themselves under thi*ee heads: — 1. To what extent previous communications with the Imperial Government have justly led the Provinces to rely upon Imperial assistance in the construction of that which has been uilmitted to be an Imperial work : 2. The reasons of public policy, which render its cimstruction at the present time a measure of wise precaution, indispensable to our national defence : and, 3. The financial aspect of the (luei-tion. 1. On RAILWAYS IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. a^ as they le answer ompt and ose which cotia. unswick. 'onday, the !few Bruns- lent on the , to connect diatclv pro- the Hume e Provincea ons of their le Imperial ee, C. E. C. Scotia, and iterculonial th tlie rail- the i«ubjeossibility of their population leaning u|>on common |>oints of supjxirt, and aiding and strengthening each other. Wc arc reluctant to believe, then, that Her Majesty's Government will forget the opinion expressed by Lord Durham in his Ke|iort, or will, even if disimscd to construe strictly the terms of the offer inailc in 1851 by Lord Grey, overhK)k the momentous interests now at stake, or the altered circumstances which at the present moment invest this subject with so niurh of nntioniil interest and iin|K)rtance. Though the undersigned argue this question upon higher grounds than those of inero finance, they repent that they urc not imliflerent to the financial aspect of it. The Colonies, unnidvd, have themselves, since IH.Ol, already made nearly one half of the railway route, and the construction of about 350 miles more, by the joint action of the Imperial and Colonial Governments, will complete the Intercolonial Railway. Our Governments and people, having dune so much already, now propose to ctmtributc more than one half of the liability of what remains, and thus to he n>s|)onsible for 00,000/. a year, and also for the right of way. The mother country is only now aiked to give 6(),assengera pa.st the British Provinces, I8{I,.'>(M)/. Make the Intercolonial Rail- road, and 'here (^anuiit tii> the sliglitcHt pretence under any circumstances for continuing thcio Hul)sidics beyond the port of Halifax, and the subsidy ought then not to exceed li2,lHKl/., the amount of i><)Rtage now actually reccivose of mere one half of ction of the way. t)ur ribute more ■ fiO.OOO/. a ;ci« to a niiditig ibo ditivrcncos differences of opinion existing, bo considerad indUpenaable, but these, if limited to the amount of postage (112,000?), would save 77,500/. a year, so soon as the International Railroad is completed to Halifax. This saving would more than cover the entire sum which the Imperial Government is now asked to risk to insure the construction of that work. But in addition to the cost of ocean steamers, the British people now pay for the trans- mission of their correspondence with their own urovincos, 12 j cents per ounce on letters and two cents on newspapers sent through the United States, amounting in the whole to A large sum per annum, which could be saved to the country. The cost of conveying by land a single regiment from Halifax to Quebec in 1638, is stated to have been 30,000/. The cost of transportation in winter was so great in 1855, that xht regiments so much wanted in tiie Crunoa, and not required in Canada at all, had to be left there till the war was over. Were the Intercolonial Railway built, troops could be forwarded from Halifax to Quebec in 24 hours. If to the amount which may be fairly deducted from the steam ship subsidies be added the amount paid to the Post OflSce of the United States, and the actual cost of moving troops and material, on an average of 10 years, the figures will show an amount of saving far beyond the aid asked for, and whicn ought to satisfy the moat rigid economist that wliile what we urge secures Imperial interests now in peril, it saves the resources of the English people. There is one view of this subject, which surely should not be overlooked. Within the last 10 years, but 235,285 emigrants from the Dritish Islands went to the Provinces, while more than six times the number, or 1,405,243, went to tiic United States, and arc now citizens of that country, whoxc northern commercial {mlicy is seen in the Morrill Tariff, which shuts out the manufactures of this country. Lot us hope tliat it is not too late to turn the tide of emigration elsewhere, that the life blood of the parent state may not be drained off to extend the power of a people who alone can threaten or endanger the British rule in America, and whose jealous sensitiveness renders a continuance of their friendship towards Great Britain at all times uncertain. To sum up, the pro|M»8al made to the British (rovcriunent is to join the three Proviifbes in a guarantee of four per cent, upon 3,000,(MX)/. sterling, the assumed cost of the pro- posed works, less the cost of the right of way, which the Provinces will provide. The Provinces are ready iu pass hills of supniy for 6(),(HK)/, a year, if the Imperial Government will do the same ; and as no doubt this Imperial route will gradually work on with increas- ing returns, the sum of the risk will gradually diminish, luitil at lost, and perhaps before 'inany years are over, the liability may cease altogetiior. The Canadian Railway Com- panies are open to treat for thu working of the new line, so ai* to avoid any liability beyond tlio gross amount of the joint guarantee. The selection of the route of the line is left solely to the British Government. Should the British Government prefer to raise tiio capital fur building the road, their outside responsibility under such arrangements would bo 3^ per cent, on 3,()(K),00U/., or about 97,500/. a year, and the Provinces would still bo rosimnsible for one-half, leaving a net liability to the British Government of only 48,750/. a year ; hut if they are not diii- posed thus to increase their nominal and decrease their real responsibility, the Aim rc<]uircd for the estimated length of 350 miles of railway, namely 3,000,000/., can be raised on the terms named; viz., by the mutual guarantee of 120,(K)0/. a year, or 60,000/. a year from the Provinces, and 60,(K)0/. a year from the British Government, which guarantee will •«nable the issue at i)ar of ,'5,(MM»,(M10/. of four per cent, stock. And now, believing that in this and fonner papers submitted to the Imperial authorities, -all the arguments in (letail in favour of the intcrrolonial ])oliry sought for have been fully aet forth, the undersigned have only to add that it ap|)ears to them that such arguments are conclusive. That the subject should be looked u|m)u and dealt with mainly iu regard to the consideration of permanent ronnexiim iietweon Great Britain and the Provinces, and the relative iKwitions of England and the United States, in the event of hostilities between them. Is or is not tho completion of the lino of railway betwooii Halifax and Quebec essential, or at least of infinite unportancu, as enabling Kngland to carry on by land as well as by ■ca, a war with the only power iu America which can assail her, as enabling her to pro- tect a portion of her own dominions? Should war with the United Stales of America break out during tiie ])reBent or any winter, how is Kngland to cope with her adversary by land ? How can she trant jiort a mouth hence to the |N>ints of strategy in Canada, Uie necessary tr(H)ps and material oi^ war? And to what mortifiealion and disiutter may not her few soldiers usually in garrison there bo sulijectetl, for want of that aid whieli the Iiiten;ohmial Railway could bring them? Again, Kngland has pledged herself, and without a formal pledge would doubtless strive that tho whole force of the Empire should be put forth for thu defence of tho Provinces in the event of a foreign invasion ; but how can that strongth bo put forth in Canada without the moans of reaching it in wintor. lUit while sho may hy her navy hold the American seaboard in terror, tho American forces can enter Canada, and 3,0(M),(NM) of people will ho leH Ut rope with 2(),(MM),U(N), in a war in the cause of which they would havo had no eouoern, and in tho conduct of which they could have no voice. A dispute in Uie China seas way invulvo tho United States and England in war, and 21(1. A3 Canada 6 PAPERS RELATING TO Canada without this mcanfl nf protection will have to bear the bnint and flufTcring of it„ without having provoked the dift'crcnce, or being directly interesteil in the quarrel. The undersigned muet desire it to be understood that the financial position of the Provinces does not enable them to hold out any hope that more than is herein proposed can bi3 offered by the Provinces themselves. Tlie heavy responsibilities for her railway undertakings now pressing upon her hare com]M!lled Canada, in order to preserve her credit with her debenture holders, to impose imjiort duties on a scale which has already raised discussion in England, and laid her under the imputation of having had resort to a system of commercial protection, when in fact she was simply straining tier resources to preserve her credit and good faith. To her, therefore, as well as to the other ProTincee, greater sacrifices are impossible. As the selection of the route to be adopted has been confided by the Provinces to the British Government, and all local disputes in regard to it thus removed, the undersigned would urge the importance of making use of the coming winter to select and locate the line of railway. And, if it were possible to lay upon the ground some of the heavier material, roost valuable time would also be gained. The lino can be completed in two summers, and if the coming winter be used, the rail- way may be completed by the fall of 1863. [Draft of the proposed Memorandum referred to in the Letter to his Grace of the 2d December 18G1.J £acl. 3|in No. I. ^1 Kiiclosure 3, in No. 1. Sir, 2, Sufiblk-place, Pall Mall East, 20 August 1B57. In preparing, agreeably to your desire at our late interview, a statement of the consi- derations on wliicii we solicit, on behalf of Nova Scotia, subject to the approval of the Legislature, Imperial assistance towards the construction of a railroad from Halifax to (Quebec, through British territory, wc beg to recall the fact that the application u not now uiade for the first time. 2. The jKilicj of connecting the Provinces of British North America by a line of railway extending from the sea shore of Nova Scotia into the interior of Canada, Wiis first suggested by a British statesman of grc»t sagacity and political foresight. Lonl Durham saw the iiiiiiicnHe advantages of this great work, not only to the Provinces but to the Empire. The itlca, once suggested, was not lost sight of. Earl Grey, when Colonial Minister, felt the importance of the question, and in a Despatch to Lord l*^lgin, dated 3l8t December 1846, he referred to a convention, to be composed of delegates from the Government of the different British Colonies, the consideration of " the mode in which the Provinces should co-o|ierate with onch other and with Her Mi^esty's Government in promoting the cou- •truclion of the projwsed ruilway." 3. The Provinces thus invited by Her Mtgesty's Ministers to the consideration of a question uf deep interest, catered engerly u|)on it ; and from that (Miriod to the present have (lone ^vcrytliing in tiieir ]M)wi>r to promote this great work. Up to IH.'jO, vitriou.4 modes of carrviug it out were suggested from time to time ; and the different Colonial Legislatures readily gave to each scheme that was brought forward suck ofiiers of assistance us their resourcea enabled them to afi(>nl. In the summer of that year. however, tlieir liojies of success were frustrated by a Despatch from the Colonial Secretary, informing the Ciovernnient of Nova Scotia that the British Ministry, receding from their origin:. I position, would afford no aMiistance to carry out a project too great fur unassisted colonial resourced. 4. T)i(inpj)«intcd in her original hopes. Nova Scotia turned her attention to the con- struction ot Hucli iocnl railways as were required for the development of her owu commerce and iniiiistry, and Blmrtly at'torwiinN cent to Engluiid a delegate charged to endeavour to interest the Britifli Government in tiie (luestion, so as to procure such a guarantee of the Provincial bonds as would enable her to borrow the money she required, upon favourablu terms. The (lelegnto, upon submitting liis proiwisitions, was infnrmetl that the Government coiiltl licit uniicrtaki! icifurnidi any aid to projects of nierclv Provincial imnortanoe, but he wui* invited to u renewal of the intercohmiai scheme. This was agsiin ueliberately con- sidcrcd by Her Msjetitv's Government ; and Earl Grey communicated through Mr. Hawes, in a DcKpatch, dated loth March 1851, a formal decifledge was given, Nova Scotia has faithfully complied with, and her pco])lc, whose policy, tt) a large extent, has been moulded by that pledge, feel that tlicy huvc a strong claim u{ion the consideration of Her Majesty's Government. On the failure of the intercolonial scheme, Nova Scotia has reverted to her former policy, but, despairing of Imperial iiosistanrc, has borrowed money on the credit of her own uomfs, and is ]iushing forward her local railways as rapidly as her resources allow. Already she has put KJO miles under contract; one-fourth of the whole is in operation, and the re- mainder a]iproachcs com])lction. Of these lines the only part available for the Intercolonial Railway is the section between Halifax and Truro. Prom Truro to New Brunswick border, the intercolonial line presents less prospect of remunerative return, and would not be unint of view, would probably in a few m suhjci-t :is those of tlie I'nited States to the liitluiMice of poiiular impulse, or of |»arly interests. This con-iiierution, illustrated as it recently was liy the enlistment dispute, sufhciently indicates that u iioliey founded on the assumed impossiliility, or high improba- bility of Imstililies with that people, must be deficient in the forecast that seeks by timely and siiitiililc preparation to prevent aggression, or successfully to repel it. The great work we adviK-atc is us necessary to enahle Her Majesty's North Aniericnii Colonies to promote their mutual progress in peiuie, as it is rei[uisite for their eonmion defence in war. It is almost impossihlo for those at a dist*n(!e to (unnprehend how inucli New Brunswick and Nova Seotia are unallicerial guarantee to the payment of tlio interest on the capital required fur the work, and this pledge would doubtless nave been cairied out at the time had not n difficulty arisen as to a branch line from the main line into the State of Maine, for the cost of which Mr. Howe, ot Nova Scotia, also claimed the Imperial guarantee. Subsequently, in 1852, Mr. Hincks, on behalf of Canada, and Mr. Chandler, acting for New Brunswick, brought the matter under the notice of Sir John Pakingtoa, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, who in effect repeated the pledge of Earl Grey ; but a difficulty arose as to the route. His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, us Secretary of State for the Colonics, in the ensuing year had the project under consideration, with a view to carrying it out ; the Russian war, however, unfortunately intervened, and prevented any progress being made until last year il857), when Messrs. Macdonald and Rose from Canada, and Messrs. Johnson and Archibald irom Nova Scotia, again made application to the Home Government, and submitted to Mr. Labouchere propositions for the completion of this railway. The undersigned have thus but briefly referred to the action in relation to this question as between the Imperial and Colonial Governments, knowing, sir, as they do, that you are fully acquainted with its history in all its bearings, and that a reference to the Parliamentary , Blue Books for the documents and Despatches alluded to, will be more convenient and satisfactory to you than a repetition of their coiitenta. It must be borne in mind, however, that the state of the question in the Colonies interested has been materially changed since the correspondence with Earl Grey and Sir Joho Pakington. At that time Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, had not, in fact, taken any step incurring debt or liability for the purpose of aiding the project ; and it is proposed here to state briefly what has been done and wliat liabilities incurred in the respective Provinces . towards carrying out this great Imperial and Provincial work. Canada has not only provided for the construction of a line of railway from (Quebec to Montreal, and thence westward, passing through Kingston and Toronto to the western boundary of that Province at Sarnin, the foot of Lake Huron, but 40 miles below Quebec have been made, and are now worked for traflSc ; and during next year a further distance of 70 miles to Riviere du Loup, now being made, comprising in the aggregate 1 10 miles below Quebec, or 864 miles in all, from Riviere du Loup to Somia, will be completed, at a cost to the Province of 3,111,500/. sterling, raised and paid out since 1852 to aid in the construction of this railway, and involving an annual charge upon the revenues of the Province to the extent of 186,000 /. sterling. From River du Louj) to the New Brunswick Frontier, the distance to be yet made depends upon the route selected, the shortest distance being about 50 miles ; and there will then be a continuous line of railway throughout the entire lengtli of Canada, from its extreme eastern boundary on the New Brunswick border to its western boundary at Samia on Lake Huron. In addition to this large outlay, Canada will contribute the sum of 20,000/. sterling annually, to aid in laii^ing the caiiital lur the completion of this important work. New lirunHwick has incurred a heavy debt in the construction of railways. Upon the completion of the unfini.sheti porti')n of the road between Shediac and the city of St. John, a distance of 1 10 niilec, which are now under contract, her total expenditure for the construc- tion of railway-" will exceed HO(»,(HI(l /. sterling, for which »!ie will be subject to the payment of an annual intcn^t olMS.OOO/. sterling. She lia* already given 1(M),(M»0 acres of land to the St. Andrew's and tiuo'iec Railway and Land Contpany, and ban pledged a further large grant of land, ami aj:recd to pay an annual sum of .j.OtK) /. sterling to the same company (m cor'ain con(liti fw i the failure of -these negotiations, to under- take within their several territories, within concert, and on their own unaided credit and reaponsibility, the construction of ndlways, no doubt of local advantage, but not of genera, or national importuoe. .^ It ^M I RAILWAYS IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. «3 m or coast It wu not tbong^t io Cwiada • fitdng time to preas this subject again on the British Oovenunent, when all ita emeivenoies were directed to the vigorons prosecution of the Russian war, a struggle in which Canada fully sympathised and was ready to make its own. But now tiiat peace has been restored, it would seem that no time should be lost in undertaking this great work. Ciroumstanoes have arisen during the progress of the irar, the enlistment and IRcaraguan questions with the United States, for instance, which show the necessity for such a road has not decreased, whether as a means of pouring into Canada a sufficient force, or withdrawing it therefrom without delay and at all seasons, in case <^ sudden exigency it is equally caDed for. The oqIt bar to its constraction up to 1802 was the difference of opinion as to route* and that difference, it is believed, is not irreconcilable. It is understood in Canada that the route by the valley of the St. John is not now con- sidered by military men competent to judge, objectionable as a military road, nay, that there are strong reasons for its selection as such ; at all events, no difficulty is apprehended in finding a line combining the requisites for a military and a eommenaal road. Whil« Imperial interests require as imperatively as ever the completion of this project, the pori- tion of Canada with respect to it has materially altered. In 186S there were no railways in operation in Canada (with two unimportant excep- tions), and she had no winter route to uie Atiantic ; but since that time ten lines, extend- ing over about 1,600 miles, have been constructed, at an aggregate cost of about 19,000,000/. sterlii^ by private companies, chartered and aided by money grants from the Provincnal Government to the extent of nearly 5,500,000/. This sum has been raised partly by the bonds of Canada, on the immediate credit of her consolidated revenue, bearing six per cent, interest, and pardy by her bonds, issued on the credit of a general municipal fund, established in the Frovinoe by legislative authority. Preparations are now also in progress for the construction of an interior liue of communication, far removed from the American frontier, by a combined system of railway and canal between the River Ottawa and Lake Huron. Canada has, therefore, already assumed the full measure of pecuniary obligation which her resources render prudent; but as access to the ocean and communication with Eng- land can only be had m winter through the United States, it is manifest that, in so far as Imperial interests are concerned, the railway facilities are in a great measure incomplete. Canada is fully alive to the importance of providing for the maintenance of her connexion with England, and she has sought opportunity and availed herself of every occasion prac- tically to cement that relation. For the purpose of establishing a direct postal communication with England, which should not only put a stop to a large contribution to the revenue of the UnitM States, but also attract to the Colony a share of that trade and that emigration which was being di- verted to that country, she has established, by the payment of an annual subsidy of 50,000 /., a direct weekly line of ocean steamen between the Colony and England. In this enter- prise she is not only unaided by England, but has to combat a line plying to the ports of the United States, supported by a subsidy from the Imperial Government exceeding 180,000/. per annum. The Province has also enrolled, drilled, and armed at her own expense a large and available volunteer force, consisting already of 16 troops of cavalry, 7 field batteries of artillery, 5 companies of foot artillery, and 50 companies of riflemen, all provided with the moat modem and effective arms. This force is mamtained at a heavy cost to the Colonial Treasury, and beina well disciplined, would be of essential and immediate service, should occasion arise for their active employment. lu addition to this, Canada has been divided into military districts, and the whole seden- tary militia, consisting of every man capable of bearing arms, has been organized. In so far as the commercial wants of the Province are concerned, they are amply sup- plied by the existing railway communications to tiie American seaports. New York and Boston, and by the railway from Montreal to Portland, over which a Canadian (ompany has complete control; but this entire dependence on, and exclusive relations with a foreign country, cannot but exercise an important and wholesome influence on the status of Canada as a portion of the Empire, and tend to establish elsewhere that identity of interest which ought to exist between tne mother country and the Colony. We are sensible that we need not dwell on the grave and possibly disastrous conse- Jiuences which, if a rupture should unhappily arise with the United States may result, rom the want of communication in winter between England and the interior of the Pro- vince ; but it is evident that the safety of the Colony can only be secured either by keep- ing, from the moment of the first apprehension of danger, a military power within it of such magnitude as would repel any invading force during the five months when reinforce- ment or supplies could not be obtained by sea, or the means must be created of throwing in that force, and transporting them to thooe points which are assailable. We would iurther mention some facta whith show that while the means of resisting in- vasion are in no way increased, the facilities for accomplishment are duly becoming greater. There are now no less than seven American railways terminating directly at the Cana- dian boundary, and a far greater number touching the waters of the River St. Lawrenca and the Lakes Ontario and Erie, which divide Canada from the United States. All these roads may be said to form together a continuous line running parallel with, or in easy 210, B 3 proximity H PAPERS RELATING TO proximity to, the proTiiioi»l boundary, and by theii^ meuu America would b« enabled to ooncentrate, with the utmost expedition and eaw, all her forces upon/vay quarter, and to chooee her own point of attack. It may be urged that war with America is impossible, or, at least, an erent so unlikely and remote as to justify no expenditure in anticipation of it. AdmitUng that the charac- ter and moderation of the Feaeral Government afford assurances of continued amity, it is not to be forgotten that there are other elements not subordinate whose influence may at any time become too powerful for oontroL The best safeguard against aggression is the power of repelling it The knowledge of our weakness and exposure to attack may do much to precipitate that which were our strength understood would never be under- taken. It is now well known that being cut off from England, the Province cannot make her resources and strength available should the necessity for their exercise unhappily come to pass, and when the occasion does arise, it will be too late to provide the means. The road cannot be constructed, with a due regard to reasonable economy, fur several years, and experience shows how impossible it is to foresee what events witmu that period may interrupt the friendly relations with a country the peculiar constitution of which vests so much ]K)wer in a class, whose interests or passions may at any time prompt them to acts which would necessarily lead to a rupture. While, therefore, the commercial or material advantages to Canada which would follow the construction of the road are comparatively unimportant, she feels it her duty to urge the high national consideiations which demand that the work should be undertaken. There con be litde fear of any causes of difference between the Cdoniesand the United States. The danger hitherto has sprung from subjects wherein, as a Colony, Canada had no interest, but which (such as the Central American, the Oregon, and Enlistment questions) were purely of Imperial concern ; so that, should hostilities arise, Canada would (as she was during the last war) be made the battle ground in a quarrel which she did not cause, and in which she had no special concern. The Colony has received the solemn assurance of the Imperial Government, a promise on which she implicitly relies, that while she is expected to assume her shan of the burden of any force which her own in- ternal wants may require in time of peace, yet that the whole power of the Empire will be put forth for her protection and security against foreign aggression. Canada has acted on this assurance, and performed her part of the oblirration ; but we would respectfully urge that, without means of communication with Great Britain, the Imperial Government is {lowerless to perform its share, and that the very first step towards the fulfilment of the promise, is to provide proper access to the country. But apologising for presenting at perhaps too great a length arguments whoso weight may be fully admitted, we proceed to suggest a mode by which we propose that the work should be constructed. The question of route is one which, in so far as Canada is ooncemed, might be left to the Imperial Government and the Lower Provinces ; but the distance m that which would probably be chosen may be assumed 600 miles ; by Major Robinson's report the cost of the longest or coast route of 635 miles is 7,000/. sterling per mile, to which ten per cent, is added for contingencies; making the cost in round numbers 5,000,000/. Now Canada has already built, or has in progress llo, and Nova Scotia 60 miles avail- able for any route selected for the intercobiual read, leaving 420 to be constructed. Allowing 1,000,000/. sterling to be added to Major Robinson's estimate for the rise of the cost of labour and materiab since 1848, the baJance to be provided for is 5,000,000/. This would include the cost of the whole section apportioned to and now in process of construotion by Nova Scotia, but does not include the cost of 1 10 miles in Canada, on which 1,000,000/. raised from other sources will be expended. We have reason to think that if the facilities we are about to mention be extended to Nova Scotia, that Province would complete the additional 60 miles to her own frontier, and allow the whole to form a part of the national line. Assuming that New Brunswick would perform a nearly C(iual share (and her Legis- lature has already assumed a larger burden), there would remain for completion about 250 miles, at an estimated cost, makmg allowance for the engineering difficulties, of between 2,500,0(X) /. and 3,000,000/. We propose that this sum shall be raised as follows : In the vear 1841, Canada obtained from the Imperial Government a loan of a million and a halt for the constiniction of her public works. This matures at a distant period, but meanwhile a sinking fund has been formed for its redemption. Wo suggest that the amount of this loan, including the sinking fund, be granted in aid of the proposed railway, and that Canada shall be relieved from its repayment in consideration of her expending the whole amount in the constraetion of the line from Riviere du Loup, in Canada, towards Halifax. Canada and New Brunswick have already appropriated all their ungranted public lands, for 10 miles on each side of the line, in aid of the undertaking. It is assumed that these lands amount to about 4,000,000 of acres ; and it is proposed, that on the security of these, and the road generally, any balance requisite to complete the work should be raised as a first charge. The system of land grants to aid the construction of railways has been followed, with the most entire success, in the United States of America, where lands, from being almost worthless RAILWAYS IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. V I* worthlew and unsaleable, have risen in value with a rapidity far exceeding the moat hopeful anticipations. It is apprehended that the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick would not feel warranted in burdening themselves with so laree an amount of interest as a loan to be effected on their own credit would involve ; and it, therefore, seems necessary, that the Imperial guarantee promised by Lord Grey, should be extended to the bonds of these Provinces to the extent of their respective contributions. This guarantee would enable them to raise the money at such a reduced rate of interest as would justify their incurring the obligation. The contribution of the Imperial Government then, would amount to this : First. A guarantee of the bonds of the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick. Second. The conditional discharge of Canada's debt of 1,500,000 /. And as a direct equivalent, there would be secured, not only a military road from Halifax to Quebec, but continuous railway communication for the transport of men and stores from Quebec to the western extremity of the Province of Canada. We do not pretend to hold out the prospect of any immediate direct return on the out- lay, because we have no data on which to base reliable calculations ; but we must express the conviction, that even in a financial point of view, the cost of the road, although the entire outlay were assumed b^ the Imperial Government, would iiltimately be more than saved by the lessened expenditure which England would be called upon to bear after its completion, by enabling her to reduce her military establishments in Canada. But in the scheme submitted, the Provinces, cherishing, and sensible of the value of their connection with England, offer substantial aid and co-operation. It will be seen that our object is not to involve the Imperial Government in an under- taking in the hope of a pecuniary return, or to assume a liability in the special interest of any Colony. It the best interests of the empire, the extension of her commerce, and the permanence of British power on the Continent of America, do not warrant the imrae(|[ate construi-'tion of the work, and the contribution of England towards it, we desire to abstain from urging considerations of minor weight on behalf of the enterprise ; but tlie material aid which the Colonies are ready to extend, affords sufficient prooi that, in their opinion, its importance on national grounds has not been exaggerated. We trust that a consideration of these views (which, it is to be understood, are made subject to the approval of the Executive and Legislature of Canada), may meet with the favourable and early attention of Her Majesty's (iovemment. If provisionally acquiesced in, no time will be lost in seeking to obtain the sanction and co-op«ration of the other Provinces. (signed) John A. Maedonald. John Rote. Despatch from the Governor General of" Canada. (No. 4.) - No. 2. Copy of a DESPATCH from Viscount Monch to His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, k. g. Government House, Quebec, 31 October 1861. (Received, 30 November 1881.) My Lord Duke, (Answered, No. 17, U December 1861, page -li.) I HAVE the honour to enclose, for your Grace's information, a copy of a recommendation of the Executive Council of Canada, miide in consultation with the Members of the Councils of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick present in Quebec, and approved by my predecessor, by which it has been resolved to send a delegation from each of the three Provinces, to renew the offer made to the Imperial Government to aid in the construction of an Intercolonial Rail- way between Halifax and Quebec, and a copy of a further Order in Council, 810. B 4 approved No. 2. Viscount iMoiick to the Duke of Newcastle, k. <;. 31 October IMnl. i6 PAPERS RELATING TO mptoved by Sir E. Head, authuriziiig the Honourable P. M. Vankougfanet, Chief Commissioner of Crown Lands, and a member of my Exeotttire Council, to proceed to England for this purpose. Mr. Vankoughnet is the bearer of this Despatch. I hare, &c. (signed) Monek. Enclosure 1, in No. 3. • % * ^ I, in Mo. 9. At a Meeting held in the ExeontiTe Connoil Chsmber at Quebec, on Monday, the SOth September 1861, there were present — The Honourable Joseph Howe, „ Mr. Archibald, „ Mr. M'Colley, The Honourable Mr. Tillev, „ Mr. Snuth, „ B(r. Mitchell, „ Mr. Waiters, The Honourable Mr. Cartier, „ Mr. Maodonald, „ Mr. Ross, „ Mr. Vankoughnet, Mr. Alleyn, Sir N. F. Belleau, Mr. Qalt, Mr. Cauchon, iFrom Nova Scotia. f From New Brunswick. » I, » » From Canada. And it was unanimously resolved, That the three Governments of Canada, New Bruns- wick, and Nova Scotia, do renew the offer made to the Imperial Government on the 26th day of October 1858, to aid in the construction of an Intercolonial Railway, to connect Halifax with Quebec, and that a delegation from each Province shall immediately proceed to England with the object of pressing the project upon the attention of tne Home Government: giving them the assurance that the Governments of the respective Pro- vinces will endeavour to procure the necessary legislation at the next ensuing Sessions of tiieir respective Parliaments. And it was further resolved that the route to be adopted be decided by the Imperial Government Certified, (signed) Wm. H. Lee. . > C. E. C. Enclosure 3, in No. 2. Copt of a Report of a Committee of the Honourable the Executive Council, approved by His Excellency the Governor General in Council on the 23d October 1861. £ncl. s, in No. S. With reference to the Order in Council of the SOth ultimo, to renew the offer made to the Imperial Government on the 26th October 1858, to aid in the construction of an In- tercolonial Railway to connect Halifax with Quebec, and that a delegation from each of the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Canada, shall proceed to England with the object of pressin,'^ the project upon the attention of the Home Government, giving them an assurance that the Governments of the respective Provinces will endeavour to procure the necessary legislation at the next ensuing Sesuons of their respective Par- liaments ; The Committee recommend that the Honourable P. M. Vankoughnet be authorized to proceed to England for the purpose of urging on the attention or the Imperial Govern- ment, and otherwise promoting the object referred to in the Order in Council of ^e 30th ultimo, with such other of your Excellency's advisers as may be there present Certified. (signed) mn. U. Let, C. E. C. il; RAILWAYS IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. »7 Despatches from the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. — No. 3. — (No. 27.) Copy of a DESPATCH from the Right Hononrable the Earl of Mulgrave, to His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, k.o. Government House, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 4 April 1861. My Lord Duke, (Received, ifl April Ufll.) I HAVE the honour to enclose a joint Address to Her MnjeHfy, passed by the Legislative Council and House of Assembly of Nova Scotia, on the subject of the Intercolonial Railway. The question is of the most vital importance tu the interests of this Province, but it is one which has so frequently been brought under the notice of the Imperid Government, that it is hardly necessary for me to add any arguments in its favour. ' Information was received from England by last mail that a strong feeling was getting up there in favour of the proposed line from Halifax to Quebec, and that petitions were preparing for presentatioti to Parliament in support of this measure. Stimulated by this information, the Legislature of this Province have lost no time in preparing this Address to Her Most Gracious Majesty in order to assure Her Majesty that their anxiety for the completion of the intercolonial line is unabated. Your Grace is aware that since this question was first raised a line from Halifax to Truro has been completed by the Government of this Colony, but the resources of this Province are at present unable to bear the expense of carrying on the line to the borders of New Brunswick, a distance of about 60 miles, without external aid, given either by the Imperial Government, or by a company taking the line into their own hands. Sliould your Grace, taking into consideration the great national import- ance of this line of communication between the North American Provinces, be enabled to advise Her Majesty to entertain this subject, my Government, on the part of this Province, will be prepared i^ither to appoint a delegation to wait on your Grace in England, or to give their most careful and willing con- sideration to any scheme which has for its object the completion of this great work. I have, &c. No. 3. The Right Hon. the Earl of Mulgravo to his Ontce the Duke of Newcastle, k.u. 4 April iti6i. (signed) Mulgrave. Enclosure in No. 3. » ' To the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty. The humble Address of the Legislative Council and House of Assembly of Nova Scotia. Enclosure in No. 3. May it please your Majesty, We, Her Majesty's dutiful and loyal subjects, the Legislative Council and House of Assembly of Nova Scotia respectfully beg leave again to invite our Sovereign's consideration to a work of national importance. For nearly 20 years the people of British America have been struggling to secure a great highway extending from ihe sea to the western bounds of Oanaaa, and have made many sacrifices to obtain it. The foremost men in all the Provinces, of alt political parties, a 1 u. C hftve 18 PAPERS RELATING TO ' have from time to time united to accomplish this work. They are united now, and they justly regard the realis»tion of their hopes as an object not unworthy of the grave con- sideration of the Imperial Government. 'I he recent visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales to these Provinces has not only enabled our Sovereign's son to survey their bonnille-s resources, but has illustrated the spirit of loyalty and love of British connection which pervades tliem. To unite them ill the bonds of peace, to develope Iheir resources, to enlar October 18(11. My Lord Dliko, (Hee.ived, it November ISlU.) Ttit; i|u.sti(in of the Intercolonial Railway having aipiin been broiif^ht under tlic ('(iiisideratidii of tlic (iovcMiiiiiiMits of Cniiai'a, New Hiiiifwiek, and Nova Scotia by Ml'. W iitkiii, and otiicr liciitleiiicii iVoiii l'!ii|.;laiid, it wiis (Iccided that a dclenatioii from tiie two latter Provinces slioiild proceed to Quelle to consult with tlie Ooveriiin lit of Canada, in the lio|ie that some united action might be a;;recd upon wliicli vvoiild laeilitate tiie canyiiiy out of this most important project. 'i. I tiierefore direetcil the Iloiionrahle Mr. Ilowe, tiie .Attorney riineral, and the lloiinurable Mr. MeCully to proceed to (^luliee I'or that piirpoM-. On the :ioth September, a meeliii}i of the ri'iiresentatives of tiie dilli rent (iovenimonts took |iiare at (Quebec, wlnii a nsoUnioii, a cojiy of wiiich is endoseii, was iiiiaiiimoiisly a;.;i(ed to. .1. The importance of a railway communication witii ('anaihi, passing thitnigh Hritisii territory, lias so niten heeii lecojrnised liy Her Majesty's (iovi iniiient, that 1 I'eel tliat I need oiler no upoloixy in ii);Miii pressiiiji; the siiltjeci on your Cirace's coiisidenilion, cspic.'oily as at prewiit tliere are reasons which would render such a communication more than ordinarily dcsirHble. •1. TIk- eiiroiua^eiiMi f hrld (Mit at dillcreiit tiiiicH by Her Majesty's (ioyeru- nient to the loniiatioii of tiiis lint lias uiiinllenieu who have In en selected bv the (iovernor General of Caniida and the (iovi-nior of New llruuie Mr, Cio'licr, „ Mr Miu'iioimlil, I, Mr. KosM, n Mr. \'Hiikeui;lin«t, „ Mr. Alievn, „ Sii N. P. l»ell.i,u. t, Mr. Oiilt, II Mr. Cuiiclioii, c a >Friim Nova Scotia. I'rom N«*c H ninswirk. Fruiii ('ui)iidii. And .e<; Iciivc to approach your Majesty with Kiitwid usHurnmi'g of our iiltachiuenl itnd hdelity to your iMujisty'8 pernon and (iovortiinrnt. In c.minion wiili your MiijcHly's loyal Hnl>|<"i't- in tlii-M- Ncirtli Amerirati Provinces, we nic d(M|.|y iinprisHcd with (lie j;rf the great national advantages the carrying out of this Work will secure, adopt measures to proniole its construction. New ISruuswick will cheeri'nily contriliule, in lands and money, to the utmost ol her iiieuiis, toward the nccoin|)li-hineiit ol an objec; m desiralilc. Wo therefore humbly pray your nio>t graci.ius Miiji f^ty to tike tins oiir petition into your most favourable consideration, and grant sucli aid tor the lonstriietioii of an inter- coloiiiiij railtvay as iiiiiy lie pn>|i. rtioiKite to tlie niagnitiide of the work, and to the Imperial interests iitvolveU in this great enterprise. (signe