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IMaps, piatas, charts, ate, may ba filmad at diffarant reduction ratios. Thoaa too large to ba entirely Included in one expoeure ere filmed beginning in uie upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many framee as required. The following diegrams illustrate the method: Lee certes, plenches, tableeux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A dee teux de rMuctlon dlffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grend pour Atre reproduit en un soul cllchA, 11 est f llmA A psrtir de I'enghi eupArieur gauche, de geuche A droite, et de haut en bee, en prenant le nombre d'imeges nAcessaira. Las diagrammes suivants lllustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sll{i \ - ^s %J \l AC v^ J AT AN V. t ) A LECTURE, ' If liner A Mm m Issfidctinn nf >'^ %--* M AGEICULTUmSTS AND MECHANICS, \- AT THE VILLAGE OF GANANOQUE, ON THE 29th may, 185L BY A RII¥4»STOr¥IA]¥« M* AND PUBLISHED BY REQUEST OF THE AUDIENCE. •♦■ KINGSTON, 0- W. 18 5 1. i.TJ Delive Mu. C I V a confi I ours, li ni;iv at e;i or > Avhich enquir I mocliai I hi nils , »'^conoi M points ; perity- cominu Oi themseJ prosper a'knov crease Tl for Car lend to by obse Aj docs a 1 labor oj I wrsj) A LECTURE; Delivered before an Association of Agriculturists and Mechanics, at the Village of Oananoque^ the 2dth May, 1851. - BY A KINGSTONIAN. I i Mu. Chairman, — I coiiiG forward this evening to Address this Assembly, with a confident hope, that however feeble may be my humble endeav- ours, however weak my arguments, or deficient my delivery, I may at least say soaiething, which althougli it may fail to enlight- en or edify this audience on the principles of that science, of which I am about to speak. — Yet, that it may lend to excite the cncjuiry, "whether these things are so." I come forward here, not as nn oratcr, but as an operative mechanic, known to yon all, a plain blunt man, that will speak right, on such ihin.njs as I do see, and feel, and know, and of such things as all should know. — That is, Political Science — or Political Economy. My remarks this evening will bo more particularly upon such I)omts as imm;.'diate!y cflToct tliis Piovinco, its welHire and pros- j)crity — upon tiiat policy which elfccts the interest of this great community, collectively and individually. Our leading men and legislators study far more to secure to themselves and fi-iends, office and its emoluments, than th(J prosperity of our country, — than a knowledge of Political Science — a 'knowledge of that system of policy which shall ever tend to in- crease wealth and prosperity. The question then arises. Firstly, — What is the true policy for Canada? — And in considering those leading principles which tend to general prosperity we must be in a great measure guided by observation and experience, rather than by pre-existing theories. As all large amounts are composed of small particles, so also docs a nation's wealth and "prosperity consist in the prosperity of labor of humble individuals. When I speak of labor, or laboiers. I wisjj to be undersioocl as referring to such occupations, and it.'S"' such persons, and all such persons as follow some employment, whereby mental or corporeal exertions are necessary to secure the comfoi'ts and varied wants of life — whether it be in the counting-house, or in the work-shop, whether it be on the farm, or in the office, or even in the pulpit, or at the bar, — I class hit as laborers. Jhis is the class of which the great portion of Canada's pop- ulation is composed, and upon the encouragement and protection of whose labor depends entirely the prosperity of this por- tion of British North America. The Cry of Cheap Labor may do for the pauper population of Europe, but will never do for this Western Continent. A remunerative price lor labor, encourage- ment of mechanical genius, talent, and enlerprize, would change the whole features of Canada; universal prosperity would be the natural consequence — and the cry for annexation would be heard no more forever. Our neighboring republic has arisen from pov- erty to affluence — from an humble station to her present emin- ence—wholly by her protective principle ; and cannot we, by adopting the same policy have the same successful result. — We certainly can ; and with our natural advantages, connected as we are, with a powerful -^mpire, we may far exceed our neighbors in wealth and prosperity, and consequently in contentment and happiness. Previous to the embargo of 1809, the duties charged on Eu- ropean or Foreign Goods, imported into the United States were for the purpose of Revenue only. But it appears that during the administration of Mr. Jeffejson he had recommended that a por- tion of the agriculturists to the amount of some 40 or 50 thousand should turn their attention to manufacturing — «r, that upon an average of one person at least from every family should learn some branch of Mechanical business. But the embargo which was afterwards laid, followed as it was by the war with Great Britain, effected the proposed change more than could have been anticipated from any policy ; by cast- ing ihem upon their own resources, developing the same, and awakening their own enterprize. Factories of various descriptions had in the mean time grown up among them, as if by magic, whose productions were such as to meet the wants of the country-x^although in all respects inferi- or to the productions of manufacturing Europe. This was the first step toward that eminence to which she lias now arrived. In the United States the old oft repeated theory of buying in the cheapest market, has fully exploded, and 'instead of which, has been substituted Ihat great and loading prin- tiple G ] et— oh i It there j eign g< I provin (labor, never I I so muc i the sea Vi \ far bet' sent to where\ immcd ^ able ha of high Tl cents i. I «d, and I halfla-c B and ex Suppor now cc ; this da I ^^ \ portion J agricul I no, but f of dom J That p: ^ ing the quent I \ G] encour by the become Laws, it so o( that shi Englar manafj to ado M mployment, to secure be in the the farm, class bll as inada's pop« protection )t this por- Labor may • do for this encourage- ould change ould be the lid be heard n from pov- 3sent emin- not we, by •esult. — We ected as we neighbors in ntment and ged on Eu- States were t during the I that a por- 50 thousand bat upon an \ learn some lowed as it )sed change by cast- same, and I' ;v time grown fere such as pects inferi-* which she >ft repeated [ploded, and oading prin- tiple of purchasing theii" own manufactures in their own mark-* et — cheap or dear. In our neighboring republic, when the embargo was laid there arose much complaint from the advanced price of all for-' eign goods — but this subsided when all could perceive the im- proving state of their manufacturies, and demand for domestic labor, which circumstances had substituted for foreign labor — and never has a time operated to her advantage so much, and been of so much importance in her improvements and prosperity as wa» the season of non-intercourse with Great Britain When the embargo was laid, cotton factories " were few and far between" — and these only for spinning ; the yard was then sent to every house thoughout the whole country, to be woven wherever there was a loom, and where there was none, one was immediately built, and every man, woman and child who was able had employment, and never agam was heard complaints of high prices. The prices paid to hand-loom-workers varied from 10 to 20 cents a yard, which decreased at power-looms were establish- ed, and the price of commcii factory cotton, which was then at half-a-dollar a yard, has by the improvement of their machinery and experience in the various operations of Mechanical power. Supported, encouraged, and perfected by a protective policy, — - now come to that stale of perfection, that the same article is this day sold at the low price of five cents a yard. The prosperity of that country has increased just in pro- portion to the carrying out of the protective princip''^. Her agriculturists have been made rich — not by a foreign :i arket ; no, but by a home market, created and supported by protection of domestic labor — by protection of her manufacturing interests. That prosperity has never been since suspended, but by relax- ing the protective principle, and excessive importations, conse- quent upon such policy. , ^ ' ^ • ' Great Britain has arrived at her present station through the encouragement of mechanical genious, ingenuity, and talent — by the encouragement of Manufactures, the same have now become her most important interest. The abolition of the Com Laws, was a master stroke of policy ; by making cheap food — it so opperated upon the manufacturing interest of England, that she can now compete with all the world. This policy of England is from ita working, the most perfect protection to her mi^nafacturing interest. And could she dupe foreign natioiijs lo adopt i^^ principles of free tra^c in maanfactures, 0( even 6 fier colonies, then would she be benefited— and she alone, and t other nations, particularly the United States would thereby be re- duced to desolation and bankruptcy. Whilst oceans of wealtli would roll into Great Britain by her free trade policy. , r.,, (, , Canada with abundance of water power, is fitted for a J Manufacturing population — nothing but a market created by . manufacturers can ever render eflecluaf and important the agri- cultural interest. Then why not Manufacture ? Another ans- wer is immediately given — that we have no capital. Does not the millions of money which have been expended in Canada for the last 40 years, and is still being expended by the'Imperial . Government for naval and military purposes, canals and forti- fications. — I say, docs not this — has it not created a capital ? I am sorry to say,lhe policy of the Government has prevented it — J a mistaken policy — the want of a protective principle has pre- i vented improvement, has forced the bone and sinew of the coun- . try to seek some other home — but the Unitcii States have f grown rich — " gone ahead" — built Railroads, Canals, Factories — capital has accumulated and been re-produced in a thousand forms — but tliis was all Canada Capital — converted to their use, through an opposite policy. , ■ : '' . The millions of Imperial Gold, by which we might have become a rich and flourishing country — have gone no more to return — by a non-protective or free trade system — whereby our revenue is raised from duties on " non-productions" — {tea^ su- gar^ coffee^ <^c.,) thereby enforcing an aibitrary tax upon do- mestic labor. The following remark in the American Merchant's Maga- zine for January 1850, shews plainly the opinion of American politicians on the subject of a tariff. " It is now universally acknowledged by all shades of politicians that all articles of necessity, non-productions of the Union, should be admitted free or at a nominal duty, and no interest would be injured thereby," the same principle is equally applicable to Canada ; where unfortunately an opposite policy is now being carried out. V The common remark in reference to Canada, is, " she lacks (kderprize^^'' and from whoinspever this remark may emanate, I shall hurl it back in their teeth, and declare it is false, it is a libel upon the corhmunity. But ingenuity and talent are forced into this enibarrassed condition by an unsp]?ud policy, by alone, and liereby be re- ns of wealth cy. ht^o^' ir;i ^ fitted lor a | created by ant the agri- Lnother ans- I. Does not in Canada the'Iniperial . s and forti- a capital ? I evented it — pie has pre- ' of the coun- States have Is, Factories 1 a thousand ted to their might have ^ no more to j ft^hercby our | i" — {teUy su- ax upon do- 1 lant's Maga- )f American universally articles of d milted free ed thereby," ada ; where ed out. s, " she lacks ly emanate, alse, it is a nt are forced i policy, by Mt. Hincks' free trade tariff of which I have just been speak- ing. In making remarks upon the policy of non-encourage« ment of domestic manufaoturies. I beg I may not be underst^xl as particularly or wholly referring to the measures of the present ministry, as a similar policy has been pursued for many years. The prohibition duty which was laid on machinery ,wa8 express- ly to discourage manufactures in Canada, under the excuse of supporting the manufactures of Great Britain, but thip paltry excuse vanished in smoke, upon the removal of the differential duties, which was in itself a preference to American manufac;- tories. Now, when this restriction was laid on manufacturing machinery ; if the production of such machinery had been pro- tected in a manner, parallel — then would the result have been a substantial improvement in every branch of science and man- ufactures. Under this system, to no branch of manufactures lias a benefit been perceived, except alone the manufacture of steam engines. And in reference to mechanical genius and improve- ment ; I would ask, — will not our own steamers stand a fair comparison with those of any other part of this continent in beauty, strength, speed, convenience and safety ? I answer in the affirmative, and so, doubtless, would every thing else, un- der a true policy. Or even exceed the most sanguine expecta- tions. Some ten years ago farms and all real estate, separate from improvements were more valuable than at this present day ; all real estate has depreciated, our water power scarcely ini- proved, or to a very small extent ; our manufactories are at a stand, or hardly advancing ; our best artisans, and ihe great poition of our laboring population, {the bone and sinew of the country,) are leaving, or h'iVb already left the country. It is a mistaken policy of foreign Mechanics to become agriculturists. — No ! such as are not forced to remain from circumstances of property or other ties, prefer leaving for that country, where do- mestic labor is protected ; such as remain from circumstances must be expected to use their exertions to improve their situa- tion — this will account for remarks so conspicuously held forth by the Government organs and their sattelites, under the sar- castic head of " more ruin and decay, ^^ but to assert that Cana- da is in a prosperous condition, is an insult to common sense. The value of farms in the vicinity of Kingston range from 3 to 6 pounds an acre separate from ' improvements ; this is a lower rate than 10 years ago, during the same time, farms from Watertown to Rome have advanced more than an hundred per 8 uent— >perh8p8 at nigh double that rate } thcv now range in value about 40 dollars per acre. This has all been effeottd by the protection of their manufactures ; and in that said section, more than 500 fanners, who tO years ago were not worth aa many dollars, can now purchase from 10 to 60 Canadian Cow» and pay for them without loorrowing a dollar ; this is not from Mr. HifU6ka*free trade policy. When we shall adopt the same policy we may expect the same result. I could refer yon to the opinions of many able statesmen in support of a protective policy, but will only make an extract from the words of one man, — an individual known to us all, now a Judge of the Queen's Bench — the Hon. Robert B. Sulli- van, who has always been a strenuous and uncompromising advocate of the protective principle, which readily accounts for the jealousy of his colleagues in the Executive Council. In a Lecture before the Mechanics' Institute, at the City of Hamilton in 1847, in reference to the connection between Ag- riculture and Mechanics, Mr. Sullivan says, — " that when I was first call'd to the Bar, not thinking that I had sufficient talents or confidence to cope with the difficulties of a town practice, I went to reside in one of the most retired and quiet neighborhoods in the Province — in the vicinity of Long Point, a;id just at the same time Van Nornam & Co. established a small foundry near Vittoria, where Bog Ore was abundant, there was then a great scarcity of money. But the foundry was established, and Van Nornam & Co. bought every article of the production of the country, in exchange for hollow ware nnd stoves, or when these were not immediately wanted, a credit on the foundry, payable in that cast iron currency. — ^The farmers then through this means, could pay all their debts in this currency, they then had not only stoves and hollow ware and other articles of pecuniary importance cheap and abund- ant, but they had a credit at the iron bank, which pass'd cur- rent, and answered all their purposes." " One of my first fees I then received, was an order on the furnace, with which I built a chimney, and. I learnt a lesson worth more than ten such fees, namely, the vast importance of that single manufacturing establishment, to the whole commu- nity. I asked myself, what would be the dtfferencc, if Van Nornam & Co. had been pedlars of iron pots, instead of manu- facturers. Or had the hollow ware been made on the other side of Lake Erie .?" I shall not troi^ble you with Mr. Sulli^. Van's a bwn g( A Upon, i] mere tind ba iargumt things, its owi mannfi States- having ])roduc meanii 6 them. Ithousa let us 1 thousa t Britair i by his I ward t mode ] which been ii has pa so far ers on I suppoi I produc 1 so far ,f dozen wages to real has in butior be de( •jn: i{ '^f>m •^r.r, tiYi -rti-ii -HMoii >y ,^.S: 9 ninge in flbottd by d section, worth a» lian Cow» not from i th« tame statesmen m extract lis all, B. Snlli- )romising counts for 5il. 16 City of reen Ag- wben I sufficient f a town md quiet ig Point, blished a ibundant, 5 foundry ry article ow ware anted, a cy.— The debts in ow ware 1 abund* ss'd cur- er on the a lesson rtance of commu- . if Van >f mann- he other It. Sulli. Van's answer to this Querie, but leave you to come to your . bwn general conclusions* After duly con8ideriitfi[ the balance of trade consequent Upon, importations, Mr. SulUvan proceeds, — '^ But it is nht of a mere balance of trade that I am complaining, mercantile affairs,, fend balances may be going on well or ill, without effecting my iargument in the least. Wnat I find fault with is a state of things, which leaves this country without money or capital of its own ; this is produced by not manufacturing at home. Our manufacturing towns are in Great Britain and in the United States— whither the profits of our industry flow, without our having the least benefit of capital in the country — creating, re- producing as it should do under a better system. To make my meaning plain and familiar, let us speak of things as we see 4hem. Many merchants to our own knowledge, have many jthousands of pounds employed in the import trade of this city — let us take any one and suppose him to bring iu and sell nft^ {thousand pounds worth of manufactured goods, made in Gieat ;i Britain or in the United States. What are the benefits conferred J by his business on the country ? — he has paid certain duties to- f ward the support of the Government, but this is only an indirect mode in which the consumers of the goods have paid taxes which they are no better -able to pay, because the goods have been imported, and therefore the payment goes for nothing — he has paid freight and forwarding charges through the Province ; so far he has helped, by enabling the forwarders and ship-own- '■ ers on the lakes to realize profits, and he has contiibutod to the i support of public works — so far he has contributed to the re- ' productive wealth of the country. — He has built warehouses — t so far again he has done good. — He has in his employ half-a- dozen clerks — some of whom probably save moi.ey from their wages — these live at boarding houses, and enable the keepers ^ I to realize profits — again good is done. — Perhaps, however he has imported his goods from the United States, when his contri- butions to the forwarders, ship-owners and public works must I be deducted. — This extensive business, has added by six or I seven consumers to the market of the farmers in the neighbor- f: hood. He makes a fortune himself, which is remitted to Lon- ]j don or Liverpool, or Glasgow, or New York, and he speaks of himself as a man interested in Canada, as he may well do ; — though our present question is not as (o his interest in Canada, but as to the interest of Canada in him. ; f h ; - i , , wi , i It is manifest that with few and small exceptions, I have 10 mentioned the whole profits of his trade. I am not now speak- ing of the cost of the goods, which must have had their cost, let them b<; produced where they may, but the whole profits of his trade have gone, not to be again seen here in the way of re-pro- duction. What has he exported in return for the goods impprt- edand disposed of? — Probably one-half the amount in wheat, flour and pork — the farmer's only exportable artic.'es— for the rest, the merchant has transmitted the cash. Contrast this with the effect produced in the town ahd country by the manufacturer of fifty thousand pounds worth of boots and shoes, leather, castings, iron work, machinery, such as we make, in building, stone, brick, and. carpenter's work, ship building, or such other trades as wc have ; how many are benefited by the production? How many are growing daily richer by the transaction to which it gives rise ? How many families are fed, clothed, and educated ? How many are added to the population of the town ? How much is added lo the re- productive wealth of the country ? The importing merchants makes a small per centago ; it is gone to swell some overgrown capital far away. The artizan makes money in greater proportions, but he extends his business, he builds a house, he buys town lots, all he accumulates is for the place he lives In ; his gains and those of the persons in his employment, reproduce money at every turn. If his trade were hut extensive,, he would become the possf^ssor of large capita! ; that capital would be again employed and invested with the same atitivity with which its accumulation commenced thus wo'.ild a town population and manufacturing capital be cre- ated; and we should have the class we want, ready to forward the enterprizn of the Province, and to enable us to keep on a parallel wiih our neighbors. Now, what wotild this town population do for the farmer — for the countrv ? Whv, it would furnish him with a n>arket for his cattle, his sheep, his hogs, his hay, oats, poultry, butter, cheese, »'g£rs, potatoes, vegetables, milk, and all articles not exportable ; which without a town population, would be comparatively trifling. A farm in the neighborhood of a large town, is worth twenty times as much as at a distance from it ; though both may be cvually convenient for exportation, and for the simple reason, that every thing which the farmer can raise has an immediate money- ed value. How little of this invaluable home market then, is pro- duced by the importing merchant and his clerks ? How much is, or coulu be produced by the presence of manufacturin capital in fiiil shoi folio be r port mes I 11 » .-* now speak- eir cost, let ;, rofits of his y of re-pro- ods import- in wheat, Es— for the .-'-.it- town and worth of nery, such er's work, T many a.re \nng daily , iow many | are added ) to the re- merchants overgrown ,1 IS, but he ^ n lots, all J and those every turn. ossRssor of d invested »m me need al be ere- | > forward I ceep on a farmer — mrket for ^r, cheese, ? portable ; ly trifling. ,' th twenty may be ason, that te money- sn, is pro- much is, sapital in full activity ? A very slight consideration of these questions witf show how far the farn^er is interested in mechanical arts being followed in his neighborhood, and how inevitably his profits must be reduced, and his business languish, in a country, where the im- portation of manufactured goods is larger than the amount of do- mestic manufactures." Previous to the late war between the United States and Great Britain, and some time after the peace of 115, there was a great business done in the stove trado; the manufacture of which was then carried on successfnily in Lower Canada—with these stove* the parts of the United States, bordering on the lines were whol- ly supplied, which trade was considered a profitable one — this continued lo be carried on until the United States forced their protective policy — which immediately turned the scale, and enabled the Americans to supply us instead of our supplying them — how- ever after some years, we in S(>;iie measure recovered the iron trade.'throiigh the superior quality of iron and an incidental pro- tection of 12 J per cent. Some 30 years ago, I knew a chair- maker in Kingston who supplied the whole line of ihe State of New York from Ogdens- burgh to Oswej^o with chairs made in Kingston — this was then his most profitable trade, and would very likely have continued to do so until the present day, had not the United Slates enforced their protective laws, and thereby put a stop to the trade, and forced their own citizens to manufacture, and in a very short lime they were able to compete and even sup[)!y the market of Cana- da, and as they sent all their surplus stock ar»-ay, or manufactured expressly to sell cheap by a forced sale, and free from all respon- sibility — it is not stran;^e.lhat they flooded the Kingston market- Where the Kingston chair-maker had to meet them on the mark- et by forced sales, manufactured expressly for the piirpos?. — Since which time tlie Kingston chair-maker has sold in the market at public or for.'cd sale, manufactured expressly to meet the compe- tition from the United States, lo the amount of some 20,000 chairs and that probably without a dollar proffit — but by which opposi- tion he has sustained his trade £.s in town established. Now, the question is, who has profited by this policy? Not the purchasers for they have paid more than they were worth. Not the manu- facturer, for he has made no profit, but he has sustained his trade, at his own shop, but to .Take up the deficiency, he has even been obliged to charge the public some 10 or 15 percent more than he would have required under a protective system, "iso that the public h-ave gained nothing by the low tariff — but have lost much. Nor have manufactures improved, or machinery been perfected, a^ 12 would have been the case under a better system,but then through the production of these articles in the country — has yet much good been done — Hundreds of poor children hate been fed» and clothed and educated through the- employment and wages paid in the production of these nrticies— 'and every shilling so saved to the country hacils influence, either directly or indirectly upon the welfare of the whole — and the capital of the country has been to such an extent increased by the operation. To illustrate the principles of Protection, and its effects on Local circulation, and also its bearing on the interests of the country, we will, for example, consider a single dollar in the hands of a poor Laborer in a manufacturing town, and trace it through a single day's journey,— in the morning he buys in the market, from a Farmer, potatoes and a few other necessaries for his family dinner, for which he pays the dollar ; the farmer steps into a Shoemaker's shop, and buys a pair of shoes for his wife, for which he also pays the dollar ; the Shoemaker has just received an order for a pair of boots to be ready for to-morrow, but has no sole leather to make them with — sends directly to the Tannery for it, and pays the dollar ; the Tanner hands it direct- ly over to a countryman in payment for a load of bark ; the countryman buys with it pork and bread to take to the bush ; the Grocer immediately goes to the market and buys a fatted pig, which he cuts up, salts, and packs for sale ; the Farmer, from whom he bought the pig, and to whom he paid the dollar, gets work done at the Blacksmiths ; the Blacksmith hands it over to his journeyman, who gives it to his wife ; with which she also goes to the market and pays the dollar to the Butcher for meat ; who pays it out to the same Farmer who sold the po- tatoes in the morning to the Laborer ; and in return the Butcher gets a fat sheep or a lamb for his dollar ; and the same dollar, after passing through the hands of some ten persons, is at night paid back to the Laborer in the shape of wages, who first pur- chased the potatoes in the morning from the Farmer in the mar ket. This dollar has passed through the hands of some ten or a dozen persons, perhaps — it has served the purposes of all, met all their necessities, and is yet the capital of the country. - Every person through whose hands the dollar has passd has made a six-pence by it, €ither directly or indirectly ; and as far as it i» considered the capital of the coumry, it has become two dollars instead of one. This is the true history of every dollar under a Protective Policy. Capital is produced and reproduced in 9, thousand forms, and at every town ; and must continue to do so I en through i yet much late been and wages ng so saved rectly upon y has been » effects on ests of the liar in the nd trace it )uys in the lecessaries the farmer oes for his :cr has just to-morrow, sctly to the s it direct- bark; the the bush; ^s a fatted le Farmer, the dollar, 1 hands it nth which e Butcher old the po- le Butcher me dollar, is at night first pur- n the mar )me ten or of all, met y. ' Every 13 made a far as it is ivo dollars ir under a need in a 10 to do so 13 in a compound pi. portion, indeffiuitely. We will again look at the contrast, — suppose the farmer who bought the shoes had purchased from an importor, and of foreign manufacture, how much capital would it have added to the capital of the country ? How much Advantage would it be, or would it be a loss of capital to the country to the amount of the dollar ? I beg leave to refer to the opinion of one more able states- man on this subject. The great champion selected by Mr. Merritt to support the Reciprocily Bill in the American Senate, in 1849, Mr. Dix, who, when an amendment to the said Bill was proposed, which was to add to the same the manufactures of wool, cotton, and leather, indignantly opposed it, sl-atinglhat if Canada knew her own interests, she would raise her revenue from imported manufactures, thereby protecting her own. Not that she would raise hei revenue from teUy sugar, and coffee : hut from manvfadures. Whilst considering the subject of Protection, I cannot re- frain from a direct reference to the City of Kingston Gas Com- pany. . When this Company was first organized, it was done upon that delusive principle of Free Traders — of obtaining cheap la- bor — upon which principle they obtained all their iron works from Scotland, thereby, as they supposed, saving to the Stock- holders some 15 per cent. Now for the sequel. After their works were all completed, and had been about a year in operation, eleven of their large gas retorts, from imperfect irianufacture, failed, and were condemned, and no one responsible for the loss thereby sustained — (their average about 2,500 cwt. each) — and the Company have been compelled to break down a large amount of masonry, and have been forced at last to employ do- mestic labor to substitute new retorts for the condemned import- ed ones, which were imperfect, — Mr. Honeyman at his foundry has already at a large expence for patterns prepared and fitted, substitutes for the imperfect castings — and when we take into consideration the expences incurred by the deficiency of the im- ported articles — the expense in making the patterns, which cost as much as they would have cost at the first ; we find that the company lose near 15 per cent., by importing instead of em- ploying domestic labor in manufacturing the gas machinery al first.-^Next, had the policy of Govenment forced upon the com- pany the necessity of employing domestic labor, in preference to foreign ; then would every laborer in Kingston been able and wil- ling to have lighted his house with gas, instead of the dim light of 'M^^C^- 14 , If .li SI M V: ft tftllow candle. Such a policy would have so increased the de^ mand that the gas would have cheapened and the profits increased, yes, and more than the 15 per cent, that the short sighted compa- ny had erroneously considered they had saved by the employment of foreign labor. — Aye, and who under such a policy would not be able to use the gas light? They are now unable, if willing, to patronize the Gas Company — the community of Kingston are also unable and unwilling to pay a tax whereby the .Corporation can light the streets ; leaving the citizens of the g)od old loyal town of Kingston, the stockholders of the Gas Company and sojourneying strangers to be groping in darkness through iha streets. On the other hand, had a different policy forced upon the Gas Company apreferance of domestic labor,such would have been the effect there- by produced, as would have enabled the poorest laborer, to have lighted his house or hut with Gas; that would have enabled the Corpr)ration to have lighted the streets by a tax willingly borne by the city. So that our benighted Gas Company, the citizens of Kingston and sojourneying strangers, might all walk the streets of a dark night, as in the brightness of a noonday sim — but such is not now the case, the Gas stock is depreciated, is unproduclive, ow- in to the limited number of customers who can afford to use it. I also learn that the works of the Toronto and Hainillon Gas Com- panies are also imperfect, and that orders have b:3t'n received by Mr. Honey man of the Kingston Foundry, to make the heavy cast- ings necessary for the perfection of their several works — at which foundry he is prepared to make any piece of work under 20 tons weight. The declared policy of our present Ministry is to force Ma- nufacturers to Agricultural pursuits. C'on^iderin?! Canada merely and entirely as an Agricultural country: whilst all experience plain- ly shews that Agriculture and Manufactures, to a certain extent, can never be made so profitable as when in close proximity to each other: the more closely the Producer and Consumer are brought together, the more certain are the advantajj^ to eacii. To sup- port the principle of non-protection, one Government resort to an arbitrary and unjust taxation for revenue purposes, (I refer to the Custom duties on articles of non-production, on articles the first ne- cessaries of life — tea, sugar, coffee, &;c.) The taxes in the shape of sugar duties in the year 1849, yielded the amount of £77,617. The amount for 1850 1 have not yet seen, but have reason to be- lieve that it will exceed £100,000. Gananoque by location — her immense water power — her abundance of raw material : all combining to make her a manu- facturing town. What would be the effect on the agricultural interest ■;i sed the de» s iijcreased) ted compa> ;mpIoyment would not f willinor, to ton are also :)ration can )yal town of ojourneying ts. On the 3 Company effect there- •er, to have Hiabled the ly borne by citizens of le streets of but such is iuctive, ow- use it. I 1 Gas Corn- deceived by iieavy cast- —at which er 20 tons force Ma- aria merely cnce plain- nin extent, lity to f'ach re brought To sup- Bsort to an efer to the le first ne- »e shape of £77,617. son to be- ower — her ' a manu- rnj !nt<»i*est / 15 j6 . A poli- [cy which has been by the law of the State of Now York totally ichanged, and honest labor is, now duly protected there. When [the Commissioners of the Penitentiary were receiving proposals for the employment of Convict Labor, the present cabinet con- tractors proposed to employ the convicts in manfacturing machi- nery, such as is used for the manufactory of cotton, wool, &c., of which ttiere are none established in Canada, and which when I brought into successful opperation, would eifectually remove all jlhe difficulties in the way of Canada becoming a prosperous manu- [facturing country, in those leading articles for homo consumption, 'for which we are now almost wholly dependant on forciga coun- tries. This proposition was made to the Cemmissioncr.^, with an offer of paying the same rate of wages as they are now paying, un- |der the cabinet contract, and on their own responsibility: thev [knowing full well that such a principle brought int(> opperation would advance the interests of the country, and that without a reckless sacrifice of individual cntcrprizc and interests. This Iproposition was favorably received by the Commissioners, but bc- |iore a contract by ihem could be entered into, they must refer the (matter to Mr. Hincks, whose tvilling tools they were, — but when the matter was referred to Mr. Hincks, he gave his decided veto ^against such a policy, stating in positive terms, that no business ^could be entered upon in the Penitentiary, that was not already ^successfully being carried on in the country. What his reasons may have been for adopting such a course'it is not now our busi- ness to consider, but this we do know, that it was a point upon which the prosperity and improvement of Canada much depended. A course of policy, which if adopted, would have scattered th: The policy of Canada is a great political tread mill, up which, genious, and ingenuity, talent and science, enterprize and industry are obliged to x;limb in handcuffs and shackles. Gentlemen, — It is such men as I now have the honor of ad- dressing : whose information and influence, can in a great mea- sure sway public opinion, and thereby control! those measures on which the present and future prosperity of Canada so mach de- pends. And 1 trust the time is not far distant when such a poli- cy may be adopted, as shall in its effects, make Canada what nature, and the God of nature has destined her to be— a prosperous, flourishing and happy country* »*f it'.*ii-{..4>.. *,'.;- »...'«.. ., ..; f rtead of that the present 1 city. n of the city ere are they n the course 9n last year, 100 families, honest labor f ful petitions, >opulation' of | ployment of i. General :- ^^ r present ad- —hostile to 3on that er- lultural pur- :ry that the ite to injure liticians as a principle of ks has spent t success, would be the the increase foreign pro- the revenue, es, yet that ^ase, all ex- ill, up which, and industry honor of ad- I great mea- measures on so mach de- such a poli- anada what 1 prosperous,