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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. ! :^ t : 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 /J i JN^ «.4c\. jtnt «i- n? c^ AND TUB NORTH-WEST TEEEITORIES. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THB Eesoubces & Capabilities OF Tllli CANADIAN NOETH-WEST, AB WELL AS S'->ME Experiences oe Men and Women Settlers. 1886 I C N T E N T S . ;; xA Alberta Coal Region Bco Itaiwng Ikeakin.o: and Backsetting British (,'olurabia Canadian Pafilic Eaihvay : Character of Country Capital required Cliurches Climate Coal Supply CommenciDg a Fann Farm Houses... Farm iiabonr Fencing ... ... •• ... Fertilisers First FiXpensc? ... ■ Fishing Flax and Hemp Fruits General Character of Country traversed by Canadian Pacific Itailway Covernment Free Grants Grain Crops ... Hops Horse Raising IIow to go Hunting Implements, Cost of... Improved Fanus Indian Question Land Regulations, Liberality of Manitoba^ General description of ... Manure TAOTJ tmn 11 Sfarkets • • • •2 a 23 Money « i * 8 20 Municipal Government • • t 29 -i North-^Vest Territories, General des- cription of... ... 5 8 Pig liaising... ... 23 (i Ploughing, Seeding and Harvesting 20 27 Pf ultry Raising • • • 23 1.1 Provisions, Prices of • • * 25 14 Railway Lands • • . 11 18 Representative Institutions ... • • « 28 20 Roots and Vegetables • fl • 22 27 Schools • •• 27 io Settlers' Experiences • • • 29 I?, Settlers in the North-AVcst ... • 1 . 26 r.) Soil • • « 12 HJ Souris Coal District ... • • • 15 24 South Saskatchewan Coal District 4 • • 15 2;3 Stock Raising • a • 17 Sugar ('anc ... • • « 24 a Summer Frosts • • « 12 10 Summer Storms • . • 12 22 Useful Hints • • « 9 21 Water Supply • • • 14 2 a What to Take ; Clothing, Furniture, 8 Tools, etc 7 IG When to go ... 7 25 Who should go 6 18 "Wild Rice 24 27 Winter; How spent 26 10 Winter Storms 12 5 Women's Experiences 31 13 Wood 13 MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES, t GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE COUNTRY TRAVERSED BY THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. The railway east of Lake Nipissin^ traverse;; in greater part an old and well-developed country, and commands the immense lumber trafTu of the upper Ottawa Valle\-. From Callander west- ward, and throucjliout the ^vhole of the Lake Superior section to Winnipeg, the line runs through many forests of valuable timber and mineral lands abounding in iron and copper. This section of the country contains al'-.o stretches of the best farming land, admirably adapted for those who prefei bush to prairie farming. Between Winnipeg and the foot hills at the Ea-tern slope of the Rocky Mountains, ooo miles lon^ the railway has opened up one of the finest agricultural regions in the world, the settlement of which was formerly impeded by the want of railway facilities, but is now making remarkable progress. In this district are obtainable the Government free grants of l6o acres of good farming land, and here also is situated nearly the entire land grant of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. The country is a gently undulatingprairie, well watered throi ghout, and nowhere requiring irrigation. The soil ii uniformjy deep and rich, and fully iqual to that of tlic best agricultural lands in any part of North America, The experiences of .'ictua! settlers is given in other pamphlets, entitled " What Settlers Say," and " What Women Say." Wood, v,-hile not abundant on the prairies, exists generally in sufiicient quantities to meet the wants of settlers for some time to come. Coal is found lo underlie most of the southern and western portions of the prairie section to the extent of at least 40,000 squa-e miles. *, ' That part of the western section of the line between the Rockv and Cascade Mountains has not been thoroughly explored for minerals ; bat anthracite, as well as bituminous coal, is known to exist, ard there is every evidence of an abundance of precious metals. On the Pacific Slope (from Stephen, at the summit of the Rocky Mountains, leading dovvn to the Pacific Coast, in British Columbia) there are immense forests of Douglas pine and other most valuable timber, the manufacture and exportation of which are already creating an important industry. Very near the Pacific terminus there are extensive coal-fields, in MANITOBA AND THE NORTII-WK'- 1* TliRRITORIKS. which min^i have been opened, nffording the chief source of coal supply for the cities of the Pacific coast as far south as San Kraiunsco. Vancouver, the Pacific terminus of the railway, is on Burrard InlL-t, one of the best harbours on the cot'st, combining the r.dvantaj^^es of acccssibih'ty, great cap.icity, and safe anchorage for the largest ocean vessels. Northwestward along the British Columbian coast, for a distance of more than 500 ini!c5 from Birrard Inlet, there is sheltered navigation, safe for the smallest craft ; and there is also interior navigation southward ff.r i^o miles tlirough Puget's Sound. This entire coast, abounding as it rioos in mineral wealth and other natural resources, containing much fine agricultural and grazing land, and having a mild and healthful climate at all seasons of the ^ear, must develop with great rapidity now that it is made easily accessible by tlie through completion of the Canadian Pat i fie Ralhviiy BRITISH COLUfVIBIA. Of the Pacific Province of Canada but little b.as been known in the United Kingdom, for it is only now being made readily accessible by the through completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It lias a coast line of about 600 miles on the Pacific Ocean, with innumerable bavs, harbours, and inlets. Us area is 341,305 Sf|u.ire miles, and if described from the character- istics of its climate and groat mineral wealth, it may be said to be to Canada what Great Britain is to Eu"op?, and what California is to the United States. In the first jilace the magnificent forests of the Province alone must develop a large anrJ remunerative trade. From the mouth of the Kicking Horse Pivcr, 44 'miles west from tlio summit of the Rocky Mountains, to the Salmon Arm of the Shushwap Lakes, a distance of 150 miles, the line passes through a continuous belt of gigantic trees, which increase in size going westward until they reach tlieir maximum in Eagle Pass, where trees eight and even nine feet in diameter, measuring seven feet above the grcund, arc common. The timber is mostly cedar, Douglas fir, hemlock, white pijie, spruce, and tamarac. Other varieties of more or less value albo occur. All of the valleys near the line ot the railway through the Gold Range and the Selkirk Mountains seem to be filled with valuable timlyr, and there is no doubt that the supply is practically inexhaustible. In the neighbourhood of the Pacific terminus on Burrard Inlet, there are also great forests of gigantic trees, even larger than those described and the export tr:ide in timber is already of considerable magnitude. # . There are mary other sources of traffic and of wealth, chief among them being extensive coalfields and the,fisheries and agricultural resources. The coals are the most valuable on the Pacific Coast, and are, as already mentioned, largely mined for shipment to San Francisco and elsewhere ; while the richness of the fisheries is almost beyond belief. The tracts of arable land to be found in the Province are of great extent. A portion of these require, it is true, artificial irrigation, but this is easily and inexpensively obtained, while lands so irrigated are of great icrtility. Land 1,700 feet above the level of the sea thus irrigated has yielded as higfe..is forty bushels of v.hcat per acre. The tracts of laud suitable for grazing purposes are of much greater extent. The climate J? vrry favourable, shelter being only required ior sheep, and not even for these in ordinary seasons. The hilJs and plains are covered MANITOUA AND IJIK NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. 5 of with bunch grass, on which the cattle and horses live all the whiter, and Its nutr'tlve qualities are said to exceed the celebrated blue grass and clover of Virgi'iia, " 'I'hrcJgiiout the interior," says the Maniuis of Lome, late Ciovcrnor-Gericral of Canada, " it will probably pay well to have flocks of sheep. The demand lor wool and W(jollen goods will alwavs he very large among the people now crowding in such numbers to those regions which our ofHcial world :.s yet calls the Canadian XorthWest, but which is the North Kast and East to you in Ihitish Columbia." For fruit raising on a large scale the Province has filso great capabilities, and it is generally believed that with the infiu.'C of more dpital and labour British Columbia will become to Canada wliat California is to the United States in the supply atforded of fruits. The perfection attained by small fruits is unrivalled, and no small demand rnay 'le expected to arise in Canada itself, and even in Europe, for its supplies of grapes, peaches, pears, apples, cherries, plums, apricots and currants. One of the most promising parts of British Columbia for fruit growth and general agricultural and mineral capabilities is tbe Kootenay Valley, which surrounds the mother lakes of the Columbia I'iver, and opens up from this point a far larger mining, arab'e, and gr.izing area than from any other point. Of the whole Province it may be safely said that its magnificent harboars, its exceptionally favourable situation for commanding the trade of the- Xorth Pacific Const, and of Japan and China, its abundant natural resources and agreeable- climate, mus,t soon tend to make it in wealth and population one of the leading Provinces of. Canada MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. The Province of Manitoba occupies 123,200 square miles, or seventy-eight million acres of land, and the North-West Territories contain 2,665,000 square umIcs. In other v.ords, these regions are greater in cxicnt than all Russia in Europe, counting in and couiuing twice over Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Far5e, and Iceland, Of this territory 76,800,000 acres are described as pvu'e prairie lands ; 300,000,000 as part timber and part prairie, all suitable for the growth of wheat and other cereals ; and 600,000,000 suitable for the cultivation of barley, potatoes and; grasses, and having sufficient timh.er for ordinary purposes. The Canadian North-West is therefore essentially an agricultural country. Through the Province of Manitoba one finds the heavy soil of the Red River Valley, already well settled with a prosperous farming community. Moving towards the western boundaries of the Province the heavy soil is met with, blending with a lighter kind, forming excellent materials for mixed farming in its highest development. Westward again, through the toiritory of AssJniboia,'and one meets the black and brown loam of high agricultural repute, until,j;rossing the South Saskatchewan River, the uplands of Alberta, on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountain?, are reached, where no less than 80,000 head of stock may already be found thriving on the rich natural pasturage. Thegeneial features of ihc Nuiih-Wcst arc tluis compared in a rcj-ort made recently by M/. S. B. Reed, residing in Illinois, U.S.A., an engineer of m.nny years' experience, under whose supervision the Union Pacific Railway, of the 'Cniled States, was built : — " I know," he says. MAMTODA AM> THE NdKIII w KS I I LUUt I OKIES. IN TlIU iA.':.lvArCllt:WA.N \ .U "of no country in llic United States of the same ai:ca that equals the Canadian North-West Tor " the growth of '.vhcat and other grains adapteJ to tlie climate. By comparison of samples taken " from fields of standing grain, ready for the harvest, six hundred and eight hundred miles west '■ of Winnipeg, with like samples from the Red River country in Minnesota (United States), the " merit was largely In favour of the former, and, judging from appearances, the yield will be " mu^h greater." WHO SHOULD GO TO THE NORTH-WEST. The Canadian Xorth-West, as already remarked, is chiefly an agricultural country. Those intending settlement shou*d therefore be tillers of the soil or have a determination to apply themselves heartily to agiiculturc. Any who lack energy and perseverance and who fear real earnest work are no more likely to succeed in the Canadian Morth-Wcst than they are elsewhere. To thosti entering upon farming with capital there is such scope as can perhaps be found in few, other lands ; to those also without capital, provided they are able and willing to apply themselves with determination to the main industry of the country, there is an almost certain prospect of success. CAPITAL REQUIRED. The amount of capital required by a settler with which to make a start n-.ust largely depend upon his capabilities and habits. With ordinary care and an average knowledge of the ways of farming, a settler may succeed on /loo to ^150. Many who are now the owners of ia.-ge ar;d prosperous farms started with less ; indeed, some came to the country with no money at all, and have, as a rule, succeeded admirablv. On this point tho actual experience of I I MAMTOliA AND THE NOKTH-WKST TV ITORIES. f settlers themselves, as given in tlic companion p:imphlct to the present one, should be consulted, thoMgh It may I)c well here to summarise the returns. Many began with no capital at .ill, working at first as farm labourers; some in fact ackuowledtje that they were worse than capital-less, in that they owed money. These, after periods of settlement ranging from two to ten years, now own farms varying in value from ;^2oo to /i,6oo, and in some cases as much as /"2,400. The capital of other settlers began at 9s. and ran as high as /6,ooo, with present value ranging from /500 to /io,ooo, and {2 to £2 8x per acre of land. These hi;iires show that the man with large capital may get a good interest on his money if prepared to leave behind Old Country customs, and further that it is especially to the man with a capital of from i"i50 or ^"200 to /i,ooo that the land will hold out great inducements, in that his actual returns per cent, will be in themselves large, while his position of indei;endence must contrast most favourably with his former status in tl;e old country. WHEN TO GO. From the early spring— end of March or be.qinning of April— to the month of July, :s the best part of the year in which to start for Canada. Arriving in Canada about the middle oi April, the agricultural labourer will find his services in demand in the busy period that always comes during seed time in Canada, and the agriculturist who intends to take up land for him- seif will arrive at the beginning of the season's operations. The latter may, by getting in a crop of oats or potatoes during the month of May or the first week in June, contribute greatly 10 the sujjport of himself and family during the first year ; while the agricultural labourer arriving in the summer, about harvest time, will find large demand for his services during tho harvest months at high wages, and he should, with industry and perseverance, have no difficulty in getting on well from this point. ■ The farmer, too, who desires to take ;;:' land may^ if he arrives in the summer time, see the crops growing, and thus have an opportunity to choose at leisure the most advantageous location. In the Canadian North-West the summer and autumn months, up to say the end of October, are the best for moving about thje country in search of land or, as it is commonly called " land- hunting," for a suitable spot on which to settle. Having selected it, he may proceed to erect his house, and make his preparations for hvingduring the winter,and if he has means to do this, he will make his start with great advantage in the spring owing to his being on the spot. WHAT TO TAKE. Encumber yourself with as little luggage as possible, and so avoid much trouble and addi- tional expense. As good a supply of clothing as possible should be tabcn, such ;■'. vooUen cloth- ing and other kinds of wearing apparel, blankets, house llnca, &c. Generally, aU '.c ' Jing should be taken, and the covers and ticks of the beds, but not the materials with which they are Stuffed, as these would be too bulky, and can re.-Klily be obtained on arrival. Artifles of house- aold furniture, crockery, stoves, or heavy articles of hardware, should be left behinil or sold, e.-ccept in some circumstances where special reasons have to be taken iato consideration. Agricultural labourers should not "bring any of their implements with them, as these s MAMTOlfA AMI liU: NORl H-WKST TERRITORIES. can casil} bf obtained in C.inadu, of the best kinds, and suited to the needs of the country, ("lener.dJy sjienking, tbe, fanning tools used in England would not be stiituble for Canada. Tbc foUowini; hints Ironi settlers will be Inund tiseful : — " Hting pUnty of warm !)lal;«.Ms and wDollen clothiiii; ; no furniture." ' ' All i-lotliini; and I'cdding lie has the settler should bring ; ollicrs can be had here at moderate prices and niorr siiili;d 10 the country. " " Hring very little, as iliinjjr; are as cheap here as in l.ngland, wiih a few exceptions, such as bedding." "As little as possible i l)ring ii j;ood gun." " I th'lr^^ Oie less they bring itere except money the 1:1 ter, as things suitable for the country can be bought here quite rea.sonable. " " I 'oinfortMlile elcithiug to work in, hut don't sj^end all your money in an outfit ; n;oncy is a useful com- modity here. Ilouhekeeping u tlie same here as in Britain." "Fustians, corduroys and tlannels, two to three changes ; riouble-barrel gur., a Bible, and a pillow-case stiilTed with rotnmon sense ; the rest can l)c liad here cheaper than in Brnain." " G.iod h(;avy underclothing, ali-o blankets, and good strong arms and will of liis own. His house will then •<.>on he furnished." " Fnouf'h clothing f.) last five year.." " Woollen goods and all the money lie can." " Only necessary clothing and bedding. 1 knivv niaisv who ha . e cnour.h to fit up a small hotel, which is only a nuisance for tiiem to handle." As re^.'uds Money, only suoli should be actually carried as is necessary to meet current expenses . IlAi.i,, of .Xi-^tin, say.s :— ' A man with .■;mail means had bettor rent a farm fir the first year, tin'.il he gets time to look around him. A nan with means had better gjut land us soon as lie can, cillirr fiom the government or any of the mmierous land companies." Mr. R. E. C'A.Mi'iON, of Bell view: — " People that have had some experitnce in farniincr will find no trouf)h' in getting along and making rapid headway in the country. If they arc willing to apply themse-lves, work pretty hard, and man;i,r,e care:. Uy, tiny can become quite independent in three to five years. Mixed f.\rm ag is the only sure system of .success." Mr. J. M. t»i.;NTEK, of Ik-rcsiord : — "I would advise ail men M-.i[ wonun in the North of Ir-land.w'io want to get an indepcoclent home for t^cm^ejves, to come to Manitoba or th..: Nnrth-\Vlf>st ol Canada, where you will be your(jwii masters, and you will ne^'r^r r-'gret it. This is frotii a sincea; friend, Jhe abo\e class of people are the nearest and dearest to me, .nd tliat is rear-('nable advice." Mr. R. McKay, of OystalCity :--"This being an agricultural country, it is essential th.at the settler be in- dustrious, and if he is also economical and careful as to what !;e Iniys, in a short time he will fr.id himself in a very comfortable position and on the road to xsealth. I came here lo get farms for r y f:imily, and have been .successful. My ekle.st son, just 18 years of age, will have considerable crops on Irfs own f:irm nc.\t se.ison, and all at little cost to me, compared to a like farm in the I'.astern Provinces." Mr. j. M. I.ACEY, of De'.or.iine : — " I might add that in my oiiinion Manitoba is th'j farmers' niradis'-. I have farmed all ir.y life in luiglar.d so ought to know \\hich 1 like Ih.e best. I mean to sny that any man of ;* little cipital, say ^^150, can, v,ith moderate cnt rgy, make a very comfortable home here ; m fact, if I ^vas in England with the like amount \ vvould scon strike out for the fair prairies of Manitoba, wh.ere I could got a hoir^p I colli! call my own. 1 am iuro that if the coiuury was proper'y rcfirescntcd a lot of I'.irmers with modsiate nicano around irorn where I vanic fron) (Lcughbi 'rough, Leicej-.lershirc) would come to Mauiioba in j-.reference to paying higli rates in Engl'ind." Mr. D. Caffilrv, of Fiton : — " Thrre are certainly jonie dr.iwbacks to ciintend wiih here as in any nf\» country, but all tilings wil! bo rit;ht in time. 1 would advise intending settlers to settle ns near a good market as possible (! c 'niidcr P-r -.ndcn one of the best), and also to make up their minrls to hard work and indu.Ury, and they will doubtless succeed. Land will become very valuable in Manitoba in a few years, as the country becomes more settled." Mr. A. Moi;Tn>r, of Pirtle: -" 1 would advise intending cmigr; nts to pet into stock as quickly a.s possible. Those wjio adoptefl mixed faiming from the start soon became comfortable and prosperous. And keep out of debt by all means. Do not luiv iWiv thing ycv. cannot j ay for :it the lin^p, and you will never be pinched. Thcsf who aii'ijit this rule nic .ilways .n.licd with everything they saw," Mr. K. \\'K.ST, J. P., of HeMslip :- -■■P.ring all tli" clothes you can muster, but no bulky fixtures, and makeup your mind to roughing it at tiist with pUnty of hard voik ; don't be discouraged at die first failure or Mght fii you get into, but make up your mind to nicceed, tir.d success will crown your endeavours." Ml. M. .v. E.Mi EY. of rirrnefiud :— "When emigrants arrive here they sh.culd immediately obtain land, but not conimoricc firming extensively for at least two ycais, ns they au n^t hkc'y to n.akc a success without a Jit'le cxpcnence." 10 MAMTOHA A.\'D THE .NOXiiU-WEST TtRRITORIES. GOVERNMENT FREE GRANTS. On arrival in Winnipeg seulcrs sliould call at the Land Department of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the office of which is situated on the station, close to the arrival i^'atform. There thev will ascertain what lands are open for homesteads, and the situation of the Government Intelligence offices, where the fullest information regarding homestead lands is obtainable. Attached to these offices are Land Guides, whose ?ervices"|are always available, gratuitously, for locating those in search of homesteads. The settler should always inspect his land before com pleting entr\', to avoid any disappointment. Ever)' possible facility is given him to do this. The Dominion Government makes a tree grant of i6o acres of good agricultural land to ever}'' intending settler over the age of 18 years, and also adbrds settlers the right to pre-empt another 160 acres ; that is, the settler may take up the additional 160 acres, making a pavmeut of from 2 to 2 a dollars (8 to 10 shillings) per acre during the first three years of settlement. Settlers taking up Government free homesteads arc required to reside on their farms for at 1c;k,i six months of the year during the first three j'cars. Further particulars concerning Govern ment lands may be had by applying to any of the Canadian Government agencies in Great Britain and Ireland. In the case of taking free homesteads, pre-empting or purchasing from the Government, the business will have to he transacted at the nearest of the tollowing Dominion L:ind Olficcs : — Agency. Post Office ■ Agent. Winnipeg , Winnipeg A. H. Whitcmkr. Duflerin Maititon W. H. Hi.\M. Little .Saskatchewan Minncdosa W. M. Hii.mard. Il'rtlc' •• Birtle W. G. Pkmlanu! Souris flrandon H. C. yiMini. Turtle Mountain Dclnrnine |. A. M\vs Cotcau Carlyle ..: '.. j. J. McHigh. Qii'Appelle Rcgina W. H. SrEviiNSON. Touchwood HdU Touchjvood UfUs J, McTaggaut. Swift Current S-.vift Current ^^Igary Ca^^ary Amos'Rowk'' ^^"'""^^" Edm-.nfon p. y. Gauvrhau. Batllcford BattUford E A Nash Prince Albert Prince Albert I.' McTagg.\kt. The Agents at the Land Offices have for free distiibution maps showing the lands open for sale, and those already disposed of, plans of the town plots, and pamphlets giving descriptive uotes of the lands within their agencies. • J LIBERALITY OF CANADIAN LAND REGULATIONS. The land regulations ol the Canadian Government, combined with the advantages offeied by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, are the most liberal of any on the North American Continent. The fee for taking up a homestead in the Canadian North-West is only o dols Ui). whereas it is 26 dols. {C^ 4S.), and in some cases 34 Mols. (/6 i6s.), in the United States • and the takmg ol a homestead does not in Canada prevent the pre-emption of other Government lands, or the purchase of Canadian Pacific Railway or Government lands. MANITOBA AND Tllli NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. II There is, moreover, no cast-iron oath of allegiance to be taken, as the following, to which every man who takes up United Sl:ites Government land is required to subscribe : — District Court. Judicial District, [-State of ; County of J ^ do swear that I will support the Constitution of the> I'nited States of America, and that I do ahsolutely and entirely renounce and abji;r>i forever ail allegiance tnd fidelity to every foreign Poi\er, I'rince, Potentate, State or Soverei.s^nty whatever, and particularly^o Qior/i Victoria ej GrtAt Ib-ita/n nini hclaiid, whose subject I was. And further, that I nCver have borne any hereditary title, or been of any cf the degrees of nobility of tlie country whereof I have been a subject, and that I have resided within lire United .States for five years last i ast, an;! in this State for one year last p;\st. Subscribed and sworn to in open Court, . this d.iy of Jourt,^ ,i8... /■ .Clerk. When these facts are considered, there will be found to be weighty advantages, such as no iiitending settlers from the United Kingdom can afford to o'.erlook. CAi\3ADSA!M PAC8F8C RAILWAY COMPANY'S L/\S^DS. Seeing tliat the Canadian Government makes a free grant ol lOo acres of good farming land, and the system of survey enables a settler to secure this grant, if the lands are vacant, i:v the choicest districts, it is obviously 1u the intere.st of settlers with limited means to avail themselves of so gicat an ad\-antage. To those, however, possessed of more capital and desirous of a large fai m, to those wi; lung to add (o their tree grant lauds, and also to those anxious to purchase land in well-settled disliicts where few free grants are vacant, the moderate icnus upon which tiie railway lands are offered is a matter of considerable importance. As will be found fully explained on the land map to be had at the Canadian Pacific Railway offices, tree of charge, the railway romj)finy hold certain sections in each township throughout ihe ruihvay belt, which extends i\ mites from each side of the main line throughout the North- West. These railway lanck arc disposed of at prices ranging from 2'50 dols. (los. sterling) per acre upwards. Exact prices of any lands may bo obtained from the Land Commissioner at Winnipeg. The general conditions of purchase arc enumerated in full on the land map above referred to. For the sale of the lands of th.e Canadian Pacific Railway Company, agencies, under Ac control of the Land Commissioner in Winnipeg, are to be found in the following towns a^ centres of the various districts ; — Ihandon (for all tmsold railway lands in Manitoba), Moosomin, Regina^Moose Jaw, Maple Creek, and Calgary. For other lands not within the limits of these agencies, application should be made at the Winnipeg Oflice. There may also be obtained every informr.iion regardini;f tlie country generally, and the vacant lauds. CLIMATE. So much IS said by settlers themselves as to the climate of Manitoba and the North -West, in the companion pamphlet to this, entitled " What Settlers Say " ; and so clearly is tho 12 MAMTODA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. I opinion there expressed as to its hcuUhtulness and adaptability to -niin and cattlo raising, that little need be added here. Spring commences early in April, and the wc-athcr, with very little e.xception,' continues fine and dry till the latter part of May. From that time till the end of June it is generally wet, but July, August and September, with the exception of occasional thunder showers, are'beautiful months, the weather being warm and i)leasant. October is fre- quently one of the most dHightlul months of the year. \Vintcr commences in November, some- times in the early part of the month, sometimes later, and lasts until March. The atmosphere is very br--ht and dry, and the cold, although severe at times, is not so much felt as in the mora southern and eastern parts of the continent, owing to the e.xtreme- dryness of the atmosphere. Th : mean winter temperature is almost precisely the same as that of St. Paul and Montreal, and very little snow fails on the prairies, the average depth being from about eight to ten inches. Manitoba and the Xorth-Wcst Territories of Canada are oOicially declared ^o be "among the absolutely healthiest countries on the globe, and most pleasant to live in. Epidemic discuses are unknown. There is no malaria." A characteristic of all ^Vcstern lands is an occasional Fr'^st of more or less intensity in the autumn months of the year, such as often occurs in Scotland and elsewhere in Europe. In the Canadian North-West experience itovcs that these frosts are of less intensity than those often met with further south, and that with a little care in the selection of seed, and in the autumn ploughing of the soil, no damage whatever need be feared to the crops. An inquiry addressed on this point to settlers througliout the whole country showed beyond a doubt that these frosts are quite exceptional, and that any injurious cHect to the crops may be ellectually prevented by early seeding on autunui-ploughed land, and by a genera! conformity to the modes of agriculture best suited to the prairie. Another query put to settlers was on the subject of Winter axd Slimmer Storms. In many .parts of America anxiety is felt by farmers on this account of winter and summer storms. Manitoba and the Canadian North-West are happily, for the most part, outside what is some- times called the " storm belt," and it is but rarely that the country is visited in this way. This may be seen by the testimony to be found in the companion pamphlet, and it is noteworthy how great a number have experienced no loss whatever : the majority thinking the damage of so little real importance as to simply answer it by the words " No " or " None." Storms do, it will ■be observed, occasionally visit some few parts of die country, but it ii undoubted that liicy are .quite exceptional and gf^nerally harmless. SOIL. The soil is gener.ally a rich, deep, black mould or loam, restin.r on a deep and very tenacious xJay subsoil, the depth of the loam mostly ranging from two to four feet. An analysis by Dr. Macadam, of Edinburgh, pronounces it very rich in organic substance, containing the full •imount oT saline fertilizing matters usually found in all soils of a good bearing quality, and especially adapted to the growth of wheat, oats, barley, root crops and grasses. Prof. Henry Tanner, senior examiner on the Principles of Agriculture under the British MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIFS. 13 Government Department of Science, in his 1885 report on the Canadian Nortti-West .says: — "The practical question we have to deal wilh is this: Can we find plenty of *•' very good land throughout the Province? I have not the slightest hesitation in saying "that land of vciy high fertility may be most easily obtained there by any man who "knows his business, and who can tell the dilTcrence between good and inferior soils. "I am bound even to go beyond this, and state that although we have hitherto considered •"the Black Earth of Central Russia (Tchornoi Zem) the richest soil in the world, that land "has now to yield its distinguished position to the rich, deep black soils of Manitoba and the " North-West Territory. Here it i., that 'The Champion Soils of the World' aic to be found, " and we may rejoice tiiat tiieyare located within the British Empire. Take as an illustration of " their power of fertility the simple fact that on the Kildonan Farm near Winnipeg, belonging to "Mr. Robert McBcth, I saw Uicir 50th crop of wheat from the same land grovJng in 1S84 — crops " which had followed each other year after year, and had maintained their full yield from first to *' last, without the soil losing any portion of its productive i)0wer. Year by year had the winter "frost renovated that soil with fresh stores of Rrlility troin its rich reserves, and thus the land " became better prepared than ever for its work. It may appear to a stranger to this country a " bold statement for one to make, but with a full knowledge of the responsibility which attaches " to it, I do not hesitate to sav that there arc millions of acres in the Canadian North-West, not "only fully equal to the Kildonan soil in fertility, but that these lands arc still remaining "as unprod-for wastes, only requiring the plough to prepare them for the reception of the "seed."' Fertilisers are not used in the Canadian North-West, for they are not needed, and common Manure is used but sparingly. The land is, indeed, in most cases, so rich that the using of it duiing the first years of cultivation would be apt to encourage the growth of straw, and make (.he crops too rank. After the second year manure in limited quantities may be used with advantage to prevent any exhaustion of the land. The Ibllowing may be taken as the general experience of settlers on this point : — " When you have it, put it on your light land, don't wasta It; but it is not necessary for years." One settler, Mr. William Gibson, of Loga^istone Farm, Wolseley, says : " I have used manure to a few potatoes to try the efiect it had, along with others planted without manure,, and they did no better with it." WOOD. Wood for budding and fencing purposes is a matter of g'-eat impoijtance in a prairie country. Although in the Canadian North-West there are sections where wood is scarce, as a general rulo there is a well regulated supply throughout tha country. The plains abound with wood in clumps; ami in other parts there are tracts of forest so evenly interspersed thut farmers can (generally obtain a gooii wood lot in close proximity to their farms, besides which the banks of the numerous streams are invariably lined with wood. ^ ■Elder, oak, elm, maple, basswood, cottonwood, poplar, willow, white and red cedar, bivch, tpruce, tamarac, cherry balsam, ash, pine, and other varieties are found. The railway which novr traverses the forests of the Rocky Mountains, has thus made available some of the hnest timber 14 MANITOBA AND THE XORTH-\V£-iT TERRITORIES. in the world — sufficient to supply the prairie region of ihe North-West with lumber for all time. The section of country lyini; cust of VVinnipeg between the Red River and Lake Superior also abounds with timber. And already at Rat Portage, Lake of the ^^'ood.s at Winnipeg, and also at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, several large saw-inills are in active operation. WATER. As will be seen by a perusal of the companion pamphlet to this, settlers generally in the N'orth-West have no difficulty in obtaining a supply of good water. The numerous lakes, rivers, streams and springs supply .m abundance of the best quality ; and where the settler cannot reach these there is no difficulty in obtaining a supply by boring. Where it is found necessary to dig for water it is generally found at a distance of from twelve to twenty feet. • COAL SUPPLY. This important question, about which some anxiety at one time existed, has during the last .vear or ?o been most satisfactorily set at rest by the discovery of extensive coal seams. It has been determined, on undoubted authority, that there is sufficient coal, easy of access, in the North-West to supply the wants of settlers for very many gcrunations to come. The following extract from a report of George ]M. Paw?on, D.S., F.G.S., Assistant Director Geological Survey of Canada, on the subject of the Ccal and Lignites of the Canadian North- West, is of internist : — THE ALBERTA COAL REGION. In his notes on the more important coal seams of the Bow and Belly River region in the District of Alberta, Dr. Dawson says: — "The occurrence of workable coal seams at several different horizons, and the proved continuity of some of them over great areas, guarantees an abundant supply of fuel m this district. The quality of some of the fuels is such as to rencicr them suitable fi.r tiansport to a distance, and it is doubtless from this belt of coal-bearing rocks in the vicinity ©f the Rocky Mountains thai the railways of the N.jrthAVest will draw hugely for their supply. The quantity of coal already proved to exist is very great. Approximate estimates underlying a square mile of country in several localities have been made, witli the following results : — Main Scant, in vicinity of Coal Banks, Belly River. Co; J iniderlying one square mile, 5,503,000 tons. Grassy I.\h;nd, Bow River (continuation of P'.liy River Mriin Scam). C(.>al underlying one square mile, over 5,000,000 tons. Hcrse-shoe Peiid. Bow River. Coal underlyiiir one squ.ire mile, .f 900,000 tons. liiiick/ni'i Crcssifi!^. Workable coal senm as exposed on Bow Rivet. Underlying one square mile, 9,000,000 tons. The mineralogist to the Geological Society of Canada, in a recent report alsO' speaks of the newly opened coal fields in this Alberta district. Assuming the region to be divided into three belts, the fuels, he say.^, in the most eastern have all the characteristics of lignite ; those of the central belt have a character intei mediate between that of lignite and true coal ; those of the innermost belt have all the characters of true coal ; while in the mountains anthracite coal and Remi-anlhracite occur, showing that the fuels become decidedly more valuable as they approach the mountains. A >/ * 1/ MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. 15 ' SOUTH SAS-IvATCHEWAM COAL DISTRICT. Spenking more particularly of Uie South Sii.skalcbesvan coal area, Dr. Dawson reports : — Eastward from the Bow and BcHy vegion, the first known important locality is in the vicinity of Medicine Ilat, on the South Saskatchewan River, and on the main luic of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 660 miles west of Winnipeg. Exposures of the Medicine Hat seam arc found to occur at nearly every bend of the river from a point about 30 miles below the junction of the Bow and Belly Kivcrs as far north as the town of Medicine Hat. The seam is, however, more variable in thickness and character than many iu this part of the Xorth-West, and at two places on the river, scarcely r, mile ajx'.rt, changes from two feet in thickness of shalv, impure lignite, to six feet of very, fair ligniic-coal. An exposure about ten miles above Medicine Hat showed two seams, four feet six inches and four feet respectively in thickness. Three miles above Medicine Hat the coal is again well shown in the side of the river valley at a height of about eighty feet aijovo the water-level, with a thickness of four feet. In the Cypress Hills, further east in a parallel line, several seams are known, but have not vet been geologically examined. ^ ' SOURIS COAL DISTRICT. , Further east still, and to the south of the line oi' the Canadian Pacific Railway, beds of lignite occur of varying thickness and quality, but likely, as Dr. Dawson further reports, ih several instances, to become important as sources or' fftel supply for local purposes. Of this district the portion situated nearest to Manitoba, and therefore likely to be of the greatest immediate importance, is that on the Sotnis River. The measures are here almost perfectly horizontal, and the valley having been cut out 1^0 a great depth, the lignite seams are exposed very lavourably for purposes of working. The thickest bed here found is a little over seven feet. In 1880, Dr. Selwyn effected a series of borings in this region to define the extent of the seams, and more fully in his report states :-— " It may be assumed that there are in this region, " above the level of the Souris River, about eight feet of available lignite-coal for an area of not " less than 128 square miles. This would give 7,136,864 tons to the square mile, calculating the " cubic foot at only 64 lbs." A specimen of lignite-coal taken from the deposits in this valley of the Souris River in Manitoba, has recently been submitted for analysis to the Royal English School of Mines, with the following result :— Carbon, 52-36 per cent. ; Hydrogen, 3-52 ; Oxygen and Nitrogen, 18-47 ; Sulohur, 0-42 ; Ash, 4-53 ; Water, 20*70. The colour of the ash is bull". On being tested, the <:oal was found to ignite freely and burn with a good llame, the heat being intense. The whole distnct in which these coal beds are found to a considerable extent is now being rapidly opened up by railway communication. Mines are now being actively worked on the Bow River and at Medicine II:it on. the Saskatchewan, and preparations are being made to work mines at Moose Jaw- on the Canadian Pacific main line and otlier points in the immediate vicinity. Coal is also in daily transport from the two first-mentioned mines to Winnipeg, and thus has reduced the price previously paid fully 50 per cent., while rapidly taking the place of the article previously imported froii? the United States. I6 MANITOBA AND TIfE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. FISHING AND HUNTING. Fish ancl >^ame are })lent'iriil throughout the Province of Manitoba and the No'ilh-VTest Territories. The Lake of the Woods, Lake Winnipeg, Lake Manitoba, Lake Dece}3tion, Shoal Lake, and the innumerable streams which feed them, the Bow and Belly Rivers, Assiniboine, Saskatchewan, iN'elson, Souris, and other rivers, together with their feeders, are alive with fish, including whitcfish, pickerel, pike, sturgeon, rock bass, black bass, perch, etc. The whole country from Lake Superior to the Pacific Ocean is also the abode of game of all descrij'tions, prairie chicken, duck of all varieties, wild geese, crane, snipe, partridge. Buflfl'.lo, cariboo, moose, elk, deer, and antelope are found in dilTcrent localities. Large game abounds in many places west and north-west of Winnipeg. The President of the Manitoba Gun Club, speaking of the sport attractions of th« Canadian North- West, says : — " From the nature of the soil, and the vastness of our "country, game has always found with us a safe retreat for breeding, and our game laws are "most strictly observed. The game is most thoroughly protected during the close season. "Our shooting season begins on the ist of September for duck, grouse, deer, elk, etc.j and "ends on the 31st of December. Durinji this period evervone is permitted to shoot; no « »*>» ««i P iiiii w i M « >n »» »ijB« e a «i » m «.^ , S^.'^^ Viewfi'im the ■\\'in 'ov*. .s (1 ii- Governor Oenornl's Qunrtei^ in tho Citadel, Quebec, ov( ; looking the ft. Lawrence. Bivor.— By H.R.H. Uie I'AiKCEi-s Louise. and legumes on the NorthAN'estcrn prairies, r.nd the first point the farmer would note about them i:^ the abundance of the foliage of nearly all the species. While the grasses of Eastern Canada are nearly all culm or stem, having most of them only one, two or three leaves, most of the Xorth-Western grasses have from ten to tw eiUy leaves. This is, of co'.nsc, an extremely valuable feature in grass, as the leaves are more easily digested than the culms. Although it is now more than forty years since sheep raising was first introduced in the neighbourhood of the Red River, these ar.imals have never been reported as attacked by disease, riecccs from sheep grown in Manitoba are, as a rule, heavy, ov.-ing mainly to the freedom from disease, which in itself is doubtless due to a great extent to the dry atmosphere. Sheep thrive almost equally well all through the Canr.dian North-West, and large herds have recently been placed on ranches specia'ly set apart for the purpose at the eastern ba'^c of the Rocky Mountains. Professor Frcam declares in his 18S5 report on the Canadian North-West, that stock raising in connection with grain-growing is steadily increasing, and now that the hindrance hitherto arismg from the want of railway communication and suitable markets in some parts is being rapidly removed, there can be no doubt that the industry \vill take an increasingly important position in tlie country. ., ' . IMPROVED FARMS. Impcoved farms, with houses, out-liuildings, and a certain quantity of land under cultivation, arc frequently in the market, and can he purchased at advanced prices. These farms are in general the property of those who having succeeded wish to move fuither west to repeat their former successes, arid at the same lime reap profit from the working of the first farm. New settlers will, however, generalh- find it more satisfactory to take up prairie land, and t'ius secure ihu whole profits themselves. CCiVlIViENCING A FARM. 'J'he settler arriving in the country in April cv May will find his time fully occupied at first in choosing a good location for his farm, and in purchasing the necessary supplies to com- mence work. The general opinion of settlers in the North-West is that from April to middle or end of June is the best time for breaking, and i^ to 3 aces is the general rate per day. The kmd then broken, ought to be backset in September. Land should be broken shallow and turned back deep. If the settler wisbes'he can get a- partial croji in the first year si'lficient to pay expenses. Oats or barley is the best seed to sow, though wheat has been raised in the fir^t season. In July, sufficient hay t)\ight to be cut for winter fodder for the rattle. It is not necessary to fence the broken knd until a crop is put in, bj.it the settler will find it to his advantage to fencf his fields as soon as possible, cither with wire or rails. I MANITODA AND THE NORTH WEST TERRITORIES. 19 I Thp i;>raiiic is covered \vrt!i a rank vccjetable growth, aiul the question is how to subdue this, ariii so make tiie land available fur farming purposes. Experience has proved thaf »hc best way is to pUmj^li not deeper than two inches, and turn over a furiow from twelve tb si.xteen inches Avidc. It is thought by some desirable for the farmer who enters early in the spring to put in a crop of oats on the first breaking. It is found by experience that the sod pulverizes and decomposes under the influence of a growing crop quite as eflecrualiy, if not more so, than when simply turned and left by itself for that purpose. There arc also fewer weeds, which is of very great importance, as it frequently happens that tlie weeds which grow soon after breaking arc as difficult to subdue as the sod itself. Large crops of oats are obtained from sowing on the fivsi breaking, and thus not only is tlie cost defrayed, but there may bo a profit. Some, settlers and others think it more advisable for new comers to spend all their time in putting their farm in good trim for the winter, and preparing the land for the next season's crop. One mode of planting for^ a first year's crop is to scatter the oats on the grass, and then turn a thin sod over them. The grain thus buried quickly finds its way through, and in a few weeks the sod is perfectly rotten. Mr. Dah', near Big Stone City, in the vicinity of Big Stone Lake, sowed 10 .ncres of oats in tin's way. He put two bushels and a peck to the acre, and broke his land. In tlic autumn lie harvested from 10 acr^s 420 bushels of oats, which were worth sufllcient to i>ay for the breaking, and leave him some 75 dollars' besides. In the following year he sowed 75 acres in tb.is way with equally good success, the yield, according to estimate, not being less than 1,000 bushels on the piece. From Calgary, Farmer John Glen states that he reaped 46 bushels of oats per acre from 20 acros during the first year, while otlier farniors testify as in the companion paaiphict to the present one. A SETTLER'S FIRST EXPENSES. The following is an approximate estimate of the first outlay, i;i a moderate way, of the settler who has more tlian 100/. capital ;— Provisions for one yc •' .., Yoke of oxen ... One cow ... ... . Wagon ... ,., .,♦ < Plough and harrow ... Sundry implements ... Cocking stove, with tinware. Furniture, &c., say ... Sundry expenses, say... ■■ yj •• 7 .. iG ■• 7 5 ■• 5 .. 12 .. 10 £^A9 To the above must be added the first payment on land, unless he takes a homestead ana pre-emption ; "jut an energetic man will find time to earn something as a set-off to a portion of his first' expenses, either on the railway, or by working for neighbouring farmers ; and in addition to this there is the chance of obtaining a partial crop in the first year. A settler. Ta3 M.\MTODA AXD THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. Ill thcreibrc, who can boast of having 500/. on his arrival in Manitoba is an independent num. and cannot fail to succeed witli ordinary care and energy. Many settlers on arrival liavc not a tcntli part orthat sum, and yet thi\\- suc^^cd, as may be seen on reference lo the companion panipblcl, ^vhcre the capital at commencement of representative settlers is given. FARMHOUSES. The family can live in lenls very comfurtabiy till October, but rare should be taken to com- mence early in the fail— not later th:in middle of August or tirst September— to erect a warm lioui-e and stables for the winter. The former may be purchased leady made in Winnipeg f .r iibout /60, or constructed of logs and made very warm ; the latter can be made of logs or sod. The answer from settlers on this impcnant point are interesting, as representing the experiences of each class of settlers. To briefly sum up the testimony, it w'.'A sufiice to say that the cost of houses quoted by settlers ranges upwards from tue " two days' labour, two men and a yoke of cattle/' which one quotes as ih:^ work on his house of logs with a sod roof. Other log houses vary in cost, according to quality, from /i to ^"So, the latter with board and shingle roof, and lined inside. Framo houses, which some settlers prefer, range from £2 4s. to as high a figure as /600. One settler s.iys that his house, considered the best farmhouse in the North West, cost him /320, and consists of 11 rooms, lathed and plastered cellars to full size of the house, with double stone wall. COST OF BREAKING, ETC. The advisabilitv of securii'.g a crop during the lirsl year on the breaking has already been dealt with, and it is now necessary to ascertain the cost per acre of breaking to a farmer doing his own work and including his own labour. A'; average' price may be taken as about 3 dollars {12 shillings), while backsetting generally costs 2 dollars to 2 dollars 50 cents (8 or 10 shillings). ITic majority of settlors coi]sider backsetting in the autumn advisable, if not necessary, though it is evident that many find a good crop obtainable of oats and wheat without backset!ing. Some few do not consider backsetting necessary, " as it gives the weeds the preference in the spring," and as " the grain would groAv to straw." In speaking on these points of so much importance to the farmer in his early days of settle- ment, it maybe well to e.xi)lain that " bre;iking" is another term for plougiiing the virgin soil of the prairie. When the sod is " broken " and turned back, the grass and roots are allowed to rot thoroughly, and when the sod is replaced into its former position, the land is said to be- *• b.ackset." DATES OF PLOUGHING, SEEDING AND HARVEST. In view of the erroneous impressions given to the general public, in the Old Country, by the liearsay evi/ience of some " run and read " correspondents and iiUcrjtcurs, as to the duration o{ the farming seasons in the Canadian North-West, it is well to have the actual dates on which fumers commenced and c'dcd the various important farming oiierations. From the .••eplies 4,;veii it appears that ploughing commences, where so early operations are desired, in the I * VAMT'jriA AM, Tir:: nokmi wiisT tkkr 'ories. 01 22 M.\MroriA AND IHE NORTH-WEST rERIUTORIES. beginning or first week or so of Apnl—though ploughing is very often begun and well pushed on before the close of March. Fall or autumn rlougjiing is often carried on into the first week of November, though some years have seen ploughing in December, and even on Christmas day ; the last week in October may be taken as the average of the close of the season's con- tinuous ploughing operations. Harvesting is generally carried on from the second week m August until the middle of September. GRAIN CROPS. The following tables, taken from official sources, will show at a glance the average yield in bushels per acre of the crops of Manitoba during the last six years : — i83o Wheat Oats Barley Peas Rye Potatoes Turriips Carrots Flax 1876 .12 . 5J • 42 . 3^ • 220 . 1877 203 3- 30 304 1S73 264,- S9i 63 34 3" 30S 1879 .,' / ri 32i 40 302 57i 41 3Si 40 318 i3Si 30 59 40 38 35 320 IB82 32 .SI •37 27S 1833-4 27 , 56 ■ 35 ■ 30 ■ 21^9 . 5'83 400 2S 43 32 -'7 -95 542 2S2 21 Gcr.. Av(.r. ... 28 ... 55 ... 41 .. .M3 ... 35 .. 290 ... 562 ... 341 ... 25 Wheat. B.irloy. Onts. 2S .. 41 55 2S-8 . 34-2 .. 432 13 32-5 •• 35"(5 It) 24-67 .. 39 8 . — — ■ 11-3 . 24-5 .. 2S'6 12 20-8 .. 26-2 1 3' 3 16-4 277 JO'S 26 23 8-2 . 15s •■ 33'4 Tlie following arc tlie averages of the chief wheat-growing countries of t!ie World, as officially given for a scries of years : — Manitoba, average yield per acre in bushels ... Groat Britain and Ireland ... Minnesota (the Empire Wheat State uf the L'nion) Ontario ... ISouth Australia Wisconsin Iowa ... ... ... Ohio Indiana ... ... Illinois ... ROOTS AND VEGETABLES. All root crops yield well, turnips standing next to potatoes in area of ciillivaliou. They are in no reported instance infested by flies or other insects. Mangold-wurtzels and carrots are not cultivated as field crops to any great extent. All garden vegetables produce prolific crops, and the country sustains an extraordinary reputation for their production. During recent years a very large and general increase has taken place in the acreage devoted to the cultivation of garden products. In the earlier years of the Province's history new settlers had but little time to devote to gardening, but once having their farms in good working order, they are devoting more attentfon to. it, with most satisfactory results. Many striking instances, taken from 'farmers' leports, of successes/^ the growth of'«\'cgetablcs will be found in the companion pamphlet to this, and in conjunction with , these reports it must bo remembered that very few, if any, of these farmers used special nic aiis to produce these results. I MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. 23 HORSES, PiGS, AND POULTRY. The raising of horses has not as yet assumed any considerable proportions, though what has been done in th^s direction has met with success. Tliere are few countries where the horses have such immunity from the diseases of slock as they have in the Canadian North-West. As to pigs, the Berkshire breed seems best suited to the country, the pigs of this class maturing rapidly and fatten easily living on the grass, and making good pork in six or seven months with proper feeding. The breeding and fattening of pigs has increased considerably in recent years, and no disease has been reported among (hcni. Poultry do exceedingly well in the North- West, especially turkeys, owing to tlie dryness of the climate. Manitoba is itself the home ot the wild duck, goose and chicken, a:id those who devote care and attention to the raising of poultry are sure of a good icturn, It is important tp add^ that no disease of a contagious or infectious character exists among the cattle and sheep of tlic Xorth-West, and {Ii;il overy care is taken by the local Governments to promote the interests of Vreeders. Among the more recent measures adopted is the appointment uf veterinary surgeons in each county, to look after the interests of stock raisers, and to carry out the stringent regula tions now in force to. prevent the introduction of disease among cattle and horses. RAiSING OF BEES. Apiculture is successfully carried on in the North-West, as bees require a clear, dry atmo sphere and a rich harvest of Howers ; if the air is damp, or the weather cloudy, they will not work so well. Aiiothcr reason why they work less in a warm climate is that the honey gathered remains fluid for sealing a longer time, and if gathered faster than !t thickens, it sours and spoils. The clear, bright skies, dry air, and rich Iloia are therefore .veil adapted to bee culture. FRUETS. Wild fruits, attaining to great perfection, abound in Manitoba and the North-West. Wild plums, grapes, raspberries, gooseberries, stra\\ berries, cherries, cranberriesx^^ind other berries of various kinds abound and are of luscious quality. Little attention has hitherto been paid to fruit growing, owing to the time of settlers being too much occupied with the important work of erecting buildings and getting their lands fairly under cultivation, but as the general improve- ment of the farms progresses fruit culture will doubtless receive its due share of attention. Following arc but a few representative statements from . farmers in diflcrcnt parta on the subject : — . "Wild plums in abundance ; we had i.j kinds of wild fruit at tho sliow in Wiiinipcgr. All kinds of sin.il'. fc-uils do well fierc." "Wild plums, cranberries, gooseberries. Mack currants, raspbeiiics, btrawlciiici, blueberries, tame currants, and gooseberries." ; "Strawberries, raspberries, black currants, jiUims, &c., in nhiindance." •• IMums, cherries, bl.ick and red curranis, goosel)cnies and bluefjerries, strawberries, mspberrics, .ind cranberries grow wild licre. Very little has yet been done to cultivate wild fruits." "lluns. rherri'"*, raspberries, strawberries, goosebcnies, currants, cranberries, saskatoonsbtrrios, and iu some pans [>eautiiui v. (id pUinis." "4 MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. f* 1 m "Currants, strawb-^rries, raspberries, cranberries, and various other kinds of small fruits." "Wild: strawberries, raspberries, liigh-bush cranberries, blueberries, r.'.ums, black cuirants. gooseberries, red and choke cherries, saskatoons. Cultivated ; strawberries, plums, red cherries, gooseberries, red and black currants, aod apples." HOPS. Wild haps, j.ionounccd b}' brewers to be of excellent quality for brewing purposes, attain to n luxuriant growth in nearly every portion of Manitoba, the soil and climate being apparently thoroughly suited to thcin. Hop.; fiom these parts have for some time past commanded good prices, and ihe cultivation of the hop plant is believed to be most profitable to the grower. A resident settler, writing on this subject, says : — " Hops will do well cultivated. I have planted wild liops out of the buih into my pardon along the fenct and trained on poles, bearing as full and fine and as large as any I ever saw at Yaiding and Stapl'jliurst, in Kent, Engi.ind. " 1-OLis IXNtsiNG i^Kinenion)." FLAX AND HEMP. These important crops were cultivated to a considerable extent by old settlers many years ago, the produce being of excellent quality ; but the universal complaint at that time was tiie want of a market, or of machinery to work up the raw matc! ial, and Vhis led to a discontinuance of this important brrinch of husbandrv. Its cullivat'on has been renewed extensively in some parts by the Russian Mcnnonite settle; s, on whoseicservcs in the southern portion of Manitoba a considerable quantity is produced. At West Lynne alone over 6,000 bushels were brought in during the first week in December, in one year, averaging Po c. (3s. 4d.) per bushel. Flax is peculiarly suited to the Province, and so much i.s this felt that an English capitalist has started in Winnipeg an extensive linsecd-oi! mill. This fact and the demand for flax seed that must necessarily arise, will sli'I further niciease the r.iea ..f its cultivation. It can only be raised successfully in a cool region, the warm climates of the south cruising the liark to become brittle and hard, and the rapidity with wliirh it llicic matures ])revciiling tlic lint horn obtaining cr,nsistency or tenacity. On account of their cxncmely favcuiable climate tor this cereal, Manitoba and the Nonii-West Territories are iikclv to j rove Ibimidable rivals to northe!r> Europe in its cultivation. V WILD RICE. Wild rice grows hi::urianlly in .'•erne parts, especially in the districts surrounding the largo lakes to the Korth of Winnipeg, wlieia the low and wet lar,il,s are found to be especially suited to its cultivation. Its growth is carried on to some extent at Kat Portage, Fort Alexander on the Winnipeg River, and at other loints. The grain is found to be most useful and delicious tor the table, far preferable to the rice in general use. SUGAR CANE. The experiments so far made with early amber sugar in Mar.itoba have been limited in extent, but eminently successful, cxlcnding over five years. 7 he tr,als that have been made provc^hat there is abundant ciystalHzable sugar in the northern t; nc after becoming ripe, and the Success that has hitherto accompanied the cultivation of the plant in northern latitudes i% certain to lead to its increased and extended growth in the North-Wcst. M.\XITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST TEHRITORlKb. 2S COST OF IMPLEMENTS. ^mpiciiients of all kinds, such as are suited to the use of the farmer, are to be had at reasonable prices in Winnipeg or any other of the commercial centres of the North-West. The prices are of course variable, but the following list taken from latest current prices, will give a fair idea of the charges made : — Twine binder, s feet cut Twine binder, 6 ,, Twine binder, 7 ,, ... Mower Reaper Farming wagon (4 wheclaj Set Manitoba bobbleic;!is ... Broadcast seeder, 12 hoe ... ... ... Horse; hay-rake Breaking plow Stubble plow Sulky plo\" Suiky gang plow ,,, Set iron harrows ... Yoke of oxen (approximate) Set o.\ harness Canvas tent 12 by 1(5 Camp stove Garden spride Garden hoe... Hay fork Stoves Common tables Chairs Bedsteads ... * Note.— $, or one dollar, is generally calculated as equivalent to 4J. a/, in English money. The price of live stock varies, though, speaking generally, it is about the same as in Great Britain. FENCING. Wire fencing is preferred by many farmers to rail fences, the former requiring little repair and preventing drifts of snow. A wire and wood fence — consisting of pieces of wood connected at certain distances by wire — has been patented, and may be purchased in Winnipeg. This kind of fence is a great improvement on the barbed wire fence, the objection to which is that cattle injure themselves by running against it. The price of wire fencing varies according to the dis- tance it is sent. As to fixing, two men could fix one mile in four days. The averag-j expense of fixing, including wire or wire and wood fence, would be from about f^zQ to ^30 per,-nile. PRICES OF PROVISIONS. To obtain actual experience of settlers is the only way of arriving at the trutn on such a quer.tion as the price of the necessaries of life. In all new districts these are at first dearer than in long established countries, but time does not take long to remedy any irregularity. It must, moreover, be remembered that items on the credit side of the account are, in most cases, more than correspondingly remunerative, and in the end it may easily be seen that the farmer is considerably in pocket. It is noteworthy in the answers sent in by farmerS; and published ia •s L J. d 230 or 47 5 3 Stg, 240 II 49 €1 3 11 250 II SI 7 5 •1 77 »i 15 16 S II 100 II 20 1 1 II 7.5 It i.5 8 3 II 30 ti 6 3 S ti 7-! II 14 15 II >i 3^5 i> 7 7 II It 21 It 4 6 3 II •7 tt 3 TO 11 65 ti 13 7 2 1) 100 II 20 II II 17 >i 3 9 lO 1 1 150 It 30 16 5 II 12 1' 2 9 4 ti 2S t) S 9 ti 2i II 10 3 II I »i 4 2 It 7.SC II 3 I II 65 c It 2 8 II 20 ■1 4 II 3 II r2 4 ,, and upwards I II 4 2 It 3 11 12 4 II 2^ MANITOBA AND THE NOUTH-WEST TERRITORIES, the companion pamphkt, that in some cases the replies of settlers living in ine same district entirely clash one with another ; the experience of one being that the price of the necessaries of life are much the same as tliosc paid before he came to the North-West, Avhile another finds them higher. The cause of this apparent contradiction may doubtless be found, to a great extent, in the habits of the respective settlers ; one may take care to buy his provisions in the best and cheapest local market, while his neighbour will seek the supply nearest home, and care little cither for price or quality. MARKETS. Small centres of trade arc continually springing into existence whevovcr settlements take place, and these contain generally one or more stores where farmers can find a ready market for their produce. The stations along :.he line of the Canadian Pacific Railway are not more than eight or ten miles apart, and the liberal course adopted by the railway company in dealing with pet sons willing to undertake the erection of elevators for the storage of wheat and other grains has led to the establishment of a large number of these warehouses along the line of the railway in Manitoba alone. These have an immense total capacity, increasing largely each year, and enable farmers to dispose of tlicir grain at good prices, in many cases almost at their doors. A glance at the map demonstrates that ^Manitoba, vid the Canadian Pacific Railway, has closer connection with the seaboard than Minnesota, Dakota, or any of the more \yestern States now have with New York ; so that the exjiort of grain from the Canadian North-Wcst at remunerative prices is assured. The very large intlux of people, and the prosecution of railways and public works will, however, cause a great hume demand for some years, and for a time limit the quantity for export. "HOW DO YOU SPEND YOUR WINTERS?" At first sight this may seem unimportant and hardly ineriting serious attention. But when the contradictory and often jnisleading statements as to the climate, and especially the winter, of the Canadian Korth-West are considered, experience even on such points as thcb^e is of much value. The replies to thip (jnescion as sent in by Svittlerjj clearly sets in its true light the winter of tho Canadian North-West : its dry an.i brn.,;ing air, and its agreeable and, above all things, healthy characteristics. They show _thai ilie same season is no such hibernating period as many who have never seen the country. 'or ojv> k.iow it by hearsay, would ask us to believe, but rather a period of seasonable out and ir.cif^or work, which may be tempered, according to inclination, with hunting, shooting, fi,-hing, reading, and many other pleasant and profitable employments. THE CLASS OF SETTLERS NOW SN THE NORTH-WEST. The great number of settltis come from the Eastern Provinces of the Dominion, Ontario contributing by far tho largest proportion, composed principally of the very flower of her agricultural population. The arrivals from Europe are principally English, Scotch, and Irish, including tenant farmers, labourers, servants and others, «uost of whom readily adapt themselves to their new life. There are also a good number of Germans, Swiss and Scandinavians, hard-working, law-abiding citizens, whose co-patriots have proved themselves to be among the most valuable MANITOBA AND TUK NORlH-WtS-r TRKR II CRIES. 87 settlers in the United States. Some settlers are contributed by the American Un<'oii, a small portion being repatriated French-Canadians, principally from the State of Massachusetts, and the balance, farmers and farmers* sons, almost entirely from the Western States. There is also a large settlement of Russian Mennonites,. and Tcelandics, who are now comfortably settled, contented and prosperous, the last-named havinc;; formed an Icelandic settlement at Dig Island, Lake Winnipeg. The French-Canadians settled along the Rod River, who emigrated from Boston and other cities of the New England States of America, are reported to be in good circumstances, and, their crops having yielded largely, their prospeci.' are excellent. Speaking ;^eneral!y, the people of the North West are highly respectable, orderly, and law-abiding. FARM LABOUR. It is difTioult to give definite information on this point. Ther;' i^ no doubt it has been high, especially during harvest time, when there is a great demand for men- to take in the crops, but the large number of people going into the country during the past few seasons has tended materially to reduce the scale of wages. One point sbr-;id V-e remembered — that the farmer in Manitoba, with Ms immense yield and fair prices, can ..ilbrd to pay a comparatively high rate of wages, and still find his farming very profitable. THE INDIAr«l QUESTION. On this question it will be well to see what the women of the Canadian North-West say. In the special pamphlet "What Women Say," to be had free on application, their replies to the question, " Do you experience any dread of the Indians?" are set out at length. And it is worthy of particular note that of the 320 or so unselected replies coming from all parts of the country — as flirk oast as Rat Portage, 133 miles east of Winnipeg, and as far west as Calgary, at the eastern slope of the Rooky Mountains, 840 miles west of Winnipeg — every one, with one or two solitary exception?,, ^tate that the writers have no fear whatever of the Indians, -Jther on account of husband, family, or home. The replies, it will be seen, 'generally run somewhat as follows : — '■' None ;" " None whatever ; " " Not the least ; " " Never seen an Indian, and been here five years ; " or ''Indians close to us ; always perfectly quiet and harmless." These letters, it nead only be added, were written in the month of October, 18S5, they arc entirely representative in every sense of the word, and the originals may be seen at any time CHURCHES. The utmost religious liberty prevails everywhere in Canada. Cliurchcs of nearly ri" denoml- rations exist and arc in a flourishing condition, and where a settlement is not large enough to support a regular church, there are always visiting clergymen to perform religious duties. SCHOOLS. Means of education, from the highest to the lowest, everywhere abound in the Dominion. The poor and middle classes can send their children to free schools, where excellent education is given ; and the road to the colleges and hi;;her education is open and easy of access for all. In no 2S MAMIOrA A\D TITF, N'ORTII WF.^T TF.RK: m" T Canada. It is on the separate-schools system, and receives not only a very considerable grant from the local govern- ment, but there are also two sections in each township set apart by the Dominion Government, the proceeds of which, when sold, are jipplied to the sup[;ort of the schools. There is a superintendent to each section, and teachers are required to pass a rigorous examinAion before they are appointed. A high standard of education is therefore maintained. The provision made for the religious and educational wants of settlers is well set forth tn the pamnhiet " What Women Say of tne Canadian North- West." REPRESS-NTATIVE INSTITUTIONS. The mode of Government in Canada is essentially a popular one, and by giving .^ie people more direct control over their rulers, to make and unmake them at pleasure, while at the same time affording conditions of well-ordered stability, it is believed to be practically more free than tJiat of the United States, The Ciovcrnment of Canada is Federal — that is, there is a Central General Government for the whole Dominion ; and the several Provinces have separate legis- latures for the management of ihijir own local affairs. The Federal Government has for its head a Gov«,rnor-Gencra1, appointed by the Queen, having, however, his salary paid by the people of Canada ; a Senate, consir.^ing of members who are appo'nted for life by the Crown on the nomination of the Ministry ; a House of Commons, elected by the whole of the Dominion, MANironA AND THE NORTH-WKST TERRITORIES. *9 with a very free suffrage, almost universal ; and a Ministry consisting of Hcada of Departments having seats in tho House of Commons and in the Senate, who are responsible to the House oJ Commons, not only for all moneys expended, but for their tenure of office. The Lieutenant- fiovernors, such as those of Manitoba and the Nortb-Wcst Tenitorit-s, are appointed by tho Federal or Geni^-al Government, but the legislatures are elected by the people of the Provinces and are very independent within their respective spheres MUNICIPAL GOVERWMEWT. There is a very perfect system of municipal government throughout the Dominion. The Canadian North-West is divided into municipalities as fast as settlement progresses sufilcicntly to •warrant it. These municipal organisations take charge of roads and road repairs — there being- no toll charges — and regulate the local taxation of roads, for schools and other purposes, so that every man directly votes for the taxes he pays; and all matters of a local nature are administered by the reeve a ad council, who are each year elected by the people of the district. This system of responsibility, from the municipal representative up to the General Government, gives perhaps as great a freedom as any other conceivable form of government. EXPERIENCES OF WIEN SETTLERS. At the close of this general description of the resources and character-r tics of the Canadian North-West it may be useful to give a few experiences of settlers as detailed in letters received from the country in Oc»)ber, November, and December, 1885 Mr. W. COPKI.AND, nf Richmond P.O. , Man. (r.>vnip.r!yof West Ki'.hidi;, Ayrslviis, Scotlmd), writes :— " There is no better country for a poor ni:tn if he is willing to woi k. lift can get 160 r.eres of land iliat he can call hi:3 o>vn, thill u what he never wiil get 111 the old country, and I ought to know, having been raised in the country." Mr. R. TrwVQUAiR, of Beaver Rapids (formerly of Bride Street, Hdinhurgh, Scotland).— " Men with a capital (especially farmers) of say ^100 to ;,^-:oo can do well in this country." Mr. W. W. Bond, of Foxion, M^^nitoba (formerly of Rideiord, No::h Devon, Eiigland) : — " I c.Tnn« to this country a pour in.in, with v.ife and four bmall children ; had to work cut at anythinsj I could do to tnake a living'. After taking up my homestead and building a s-ial! hous-, and makiiii; a good garden, I went to Winnipeg and woiked for a tew montljs during several yc-irs, till I had snvud a little money to buy a yoke of o.xen, [■lough, &e. I t(wk cows en shares, '.nd in this wny worked myself into the possession of cattle. The stock I have to-day is worth /'220, ind imtJiemtnUs and machinery over;^6o's worth. I am building a house, the best in tiie township, it v.'ili cc-.t aliout ^'roo or^x20, including my own labour, and, thank God, everything is clear of debt. I have net written this by any means to brag as to what I have done, nor to persuade peo!)le to come here without capinl as I did, but to show these who are willing to work that they can make a good liouse for tlicmselves. It is no -isc for anybody to come unless they are workers." Mr. T. L. Morton, of Gladstone (formerly of Plvniouth, Englanjl :— "Too much importance cannot be attached to the necessity ot mixed farming where practicable ; s.ock of every.kind gives a surer profit, althou,^h not so quick a return in the first instance as grain. Tnere is too nmch talk about the land not needing manure. It certainly d&es'afier three years' cropping, I >ave raised 40 bushels of wheat to the acre this year on land broken in 1874. It was for four years under T-'.nothy seed prcir to 1805." \Mr. J. A. liNOLrSH, of Grange, Manitoba (formerly of Tan ragie P.O., Armagh Co., Ireland) :— " I would advise any •■ oung man who wants a permanent home to come o Manit-" My opinion is that it is the b.ist country for farming I know of. Any man ih it will work tliree uionilis in the year can live. 1 here are thousands where 1 come from, in tie Old C>a'.ntry (Wakefield, Yorksiiire, England), that would be lietter here, as they can never e.vpect to do any more than live in half poverty in En;;!and. Here ihoy can have ifio acres of tiie best land in the world for 40 sl'.iUings, that wiU br- worth in a few years /,t, 000 sterling. In fact it is worth that now. and, rs a proof, it will keep any fimiiy and enable one to save money. If any cf my numerous friends should wish to better thtir condition, cor.ie to this country at once, as these cliances will not be for many years. Beware th.'^.t you nc\er set fc'it in the United States, as ihcy have no section of their country to compare witii onrs. We kave the fiiust railway sy^;t''m on the continent.'' Mr. J. E. TuRNr.K, of Killarney, Stonewall 'formerly of Treverrow Eaim, Tywardreaih, Cornwall, England): — " Intending settl'-rs will do well to rent a farm at fust, or if their means are small, lure out for one summer. But in no case be in loo great a hurry to locate iiiilil they are well aor;tiainted with the nature and (juaiity of the land they intend settling on. When th.it is settled, get your crop in as early as possible in the spring." Mr. O. Avr.Ril.L, of Clan Wiliiani, Minnedo.sa (formerly of Broadway, Worcester, England) : — " I consider any man. willing to work, possessing as tauch as ;f 200 ciipital, has a much better pr.spect here than in the older countries, especially if he has a family to provide for, as theyc.'v".i live much cheajier here, having plenty of game fo"" the shooting, and splendid vegetables, as well as great rjuantities of wild fruit, for the picking." Mr. J. R. McI.VTVRr:, of Clear Sprin;j;s:— " It is my candid opinicn that in a few years I'k- the present and past success Uiat Manitoba and the North-West has had, that they will be the leading agricultural countries of the world and the farmers' home." Mr. T. Oliver, of Burnside iTormerly of Ro\burghsliire, Sc<5tl.ind) • — " I have been in Australia, Scotland, and Ontario, and I consider tl-,e ('anadiau North- West the best country for a steady iiidustrivjus man to make a start and a comfortable home for a family," Mr. R. .McKnight, (].P.) of Carman (formerly living in Ireland) : — " 1 livea in Ontario nil the best of my days for labour, I was fit'ty-five years old when I came lure. I am now sixtv r'no years old and have made more, progrr>ss in this country than I did in Ontario all the time ?• lived there. I have l)ecn in the United States, too, a number of years, and seen a good deal of the world, and ! think this is the best place to farm in. ' Mr. J. }'. McKiRUiN, of Cartwright '(formerly of Caledon, Co. Tyrone, Ireland):-"! would say to intending settlers, come quick and secure land, either by homestead or purchasing railway land." Mr. J. Gardin'ER, of Grange (formerly of Woodhead, Edingiglit Grange, via Keith, Scotland) :—" I certainly conrsidcr Manitobfl one of the best agricultural countries in the v.orid, and wouKi strong'ly u;g'> on ever} one who is 'villing to better his condition by economy and perseverance to give it a fair trial und he is almost invariably sure to proeper.*' Mr. W[Lr,i.\M Ai.i.EN, of Sec. 20, Tp. 4, R. 22, West Hall P.O., Turtle Mountain District (formerly of Halifax, Vorkshire, En^andl, writes: — "I believe there are reports prevalent about bliz/.ards here in the winter , how last winter a mar had to stay in the house for three or four days, and dare not go out to feed his stock on account of the blizzard, yet knowing at the same lime tnat his stock was st:uving for the want of food and water. I believe it is untrue, for I can safely say there Wiis not a day all last winter but I wjs able to feed my stock three times a day, and water them." Mr. Jacob Bedford, of Calf Mount:dn P.O., ManitblKi{formerlyornuxted, Sussex, Enghnd), says :--"Any person coming to Manitoba, if s'tiong and willing to work, with or'without money, can do m^ich better than in England or Ontario. I have now invested over 4,000 dollars (about ,^^'800), on 150 acres, less the fii-st purchase, which is pAving me a fair interest. Young men from England should work for some good farmer for a year or more, a' ihey h;ive much to learn." Mr. lUviD Gerraud, of Parkisimo P.O., Manitoba, who formeWy came from the Townheadof v^ieenlaw, by Castle Douglas, Scotland, says :— ■' This is a good country for farmers w iih small capital ; must be industrious and have a contented mind, always getting better." Such men can m.ake an independent living ; nothing more as yet. Times are mmmsm MANITOBA AM) JlIE NORTH-WEST TEUKITORIES. II WHAT THE WOIV!E^^ SAY. 'liie following interesting and useful advice is given by the women of the Canadinn Xorth- West, writing from all parts in the months of October and November, 18S5. Their full experiences on many interesting points of interest may be found at length in the special pamphlet, " What Women Say," to be had free on application. Mrs. T. Ai.F.x-ANDER. of Lowestoft, ' Itm., <^fiys : -" Intending .settler.-; ?!i iiild brinsr necessary c'lOthinp: and beddiii!.:, but rus little ftiniiture and liousi hold effects as possible. Women will be treated courteously by the settlers. There are lots of lioniL;- tliat can hn occupied until land is obtained. Farm:; improved can be ha J very reasonably." Mrs. A. H. ANDnusoN, of Snowflako, Man. : — " I vvould advise them I .> learn to wait on themselves and do all kinds of work." Mrs. M. O. ANnr.R.S0N, of CJrenfell, N.W.T, :— " Immiijrants should bring all their small fancy articles to make their new homes bright and cliceriul; also cutlery, personal and hDusthold linen, blankets, tiid bed ticks, lirinjj plenty of occr.nation for the voynfje, as yarns for kniltinj;, flannels for cloihinff, or any othi r work that i.s required. On landincj would advise taking in a supply of provisions for the railway journey. Settlers are generally willing to give useful advice an>l a helping hand to new comers. Every emigrant should be ablu to make bread. A stout heart and willing hand :'.re the best guarantees of success." Mrs. J. CniiSTEK, of Otcnaw P.O., South Man.: — " Any man, woninn or child thnt wmt.s a home, and is willing to take light hold and work, can very soon make onehere» This is a fine countr,', and wl.at one wants here is economy, industry and energy. If you bring those with you, you must surely succeed here." Mrs. M. M. Drury, of Rapid City :— "To the female portion of incoming settlers, I would say bring a cheerful h.eart and a determination to make light of petty troubles. Do not run away with the idea that it is not sate to live in a tent on account of wild animals and Indians. I have gone through all the phases of pioneer life, in a tent, both in the heat of sunmier and eaily snow in the fall, yet have gained health and strength, n'.ver meeting with any interruption from either human being or animal, although often left wiUi my two young, children, no house bemg nearer ilian i J mile. You will be sure to like this counlry if you wili only give it a fair trial, and think of the advantajjes to be gained liy the change ; do not look back with vain regrets, but forv/arJ to the time when you may reasonably hope to make a competence, more; especially if you rear poultry, make butter, and cultivate vegetables. There is so much a woman con do in that vvny when the male portion are at work in the fields. ( jardcning is pleasant and profitable work, also saving seeds, which is saving money There are many varieties of wild fruits that make excellent preseives, making a nice addition to the table in the winter. A few ot the best are : — Raspberries, currants, gooseberries, strawberries, cranberries, cherries, saskatoons, and choke-cherri(;s, " I'ring bedding, blankets, a good sui)i-ily ef all kinds of clothing, especially woollens, any useful articles that will pack into small compass, and good, anuising books, but notliing heavy or cumbersome. Purchase electrjc oil, painkiller, castor oil, and a lew iisi-ful drugs before settling on a farm, in case of ac*-ident, also Dr. Price's Cream Baking Posvder, as I can say that it is most healthful and valuable. It has been use "I by me ever since my arrival in this country, and I find that good bread, buns, dumplings, pancakes, &c., can be made at once without the necessity of //Y>t'///_§, if you are camping. Do not use water taken from i)onds or streams without filtering or n.issing it through a cloth, if nothing better offers. I did so until a well was dug on '.h.e farm, and never experienced any ill effects through using the water.' It is best drawn from a pond surrounded by wiliows, being then invariably good."'* Mrs. L. (i.VRiz, of Red Deer, Alberta, N.W.T.: — " They are coming to one of the fmcst councrie.', in the world, and want 10 bring with them patience, perseverance, and cheerfulness, and a little cash, and they are bound to succeed." Mrs. D. J. Gerow, of Gladstone, Man. :— " Any wor«an, married or single, with good health, and a moderate amount of ccunige, can do well, and make herself comfortable in a short time." Mrs. E. J. Gibson, of Wanaehe, Selkirk Co. :— "They should all come fully determined to make the best of their position, whether good or bad, and in every ca^se be willing to work. Ladies \s ho have never had to work before have to do so here, and they seem quite •ontent. If new comers have good beefs and bedding, and good serviceable clothing, it will pay them to bring them, but anything else can be obtained so easily here that it does not pay to freight anything else in," Mrs. J. D. CoSfjRovE, of Menota, Man, ; — " You will find everything much b^aer than you anticipate. You can get anything and everything you require cheaper than you can buy and ship, and better adapted for the country. Bring good substantial clothing and bedding if you are going housekeeping. Girls uecd bring nothing but their wearing apparel." Mrs. M. Covey, of Gl.idstone P.O. = — " Let them bring with them plenty of good heavy winter clothing and a full stock of determination," 3« MANITODA vND -THE NORTH-VEST TERRITORIES. l( Mis'. S.J. HATrocK, of Brookv jod Farm, Orange Rid-.; P.O., Man.:—" I 'Jo not tliink I can say anything on thiii t|uehUi.>n nior..- than that ' ^ving once made tip yuur mitul to come Ut noihini; 'I'-icouraj^e or dishearua you. Women me h ghly priz^f' in this land. Mother^ n'cd not liavc any fear about iheir daughters, as the young men are honest' liaidwor'.m^ fanners, and scorn to do a mean act." Mrs. A. \V. IlANEY, jf Wolf Greek, Wolselcy, N.W.T. ; — "If I am goirir to stop here long, which I expect I shall, I would tp.:>' i;p both hands to have a shipload of yotm.:; ladies b.'-oiight Iic.re. I am very nn tli aiinoyed with bachelors The Country is pesl'ired with them. As for motliers, it i.s very pleasant to hav*? her children settle.l aru^.id her, and this is just the country for that. There is plenty of land." Mrs. S. A. llEA<;Mr, cf Heaslip, Man. : — "The only thing I know of is i!i.y wasit to make up their mi lis to go to work and be contented." Mrs. ;p.ev.) J. FarQL'MAK.-on, of Pilot Vound, Man.: — "Do not come to the country exnectin.;; to become rich m haste, ^c••^ll>is riv.ist be honcit, int'ustiious, thrifty, and economical, willing to bear st ine discomforts. If so, juri'.»;periencj i.': that tiiey can make for Ihemselw:,; comfortable homes." Mrs. J. R. Fox. of l^urnsi'Je, Marquette Co. :— "1 would not advise anyone aflRicted with broncl; itis, catarrii, or any lu.g trcub'.e to come here." Mrs. J. Dodos, of Siinnyside P.O., Man. :—" Trust in the Lord, and be thou strong, and He tfiall strength afford. Uo not be ou'. late at niijhts, and choo.-c good company." Mrs. W. J. BODKIS', of M..adow Lea : — " Doni form any notions of this country but wliat arc conpa i!)!f! with common sense A new country cannot be expected to be as full of comforts as the one from whicli you will come. Don't be evcrlastiimly rating and praising your own dear native land.' If you find it very nice, just si oj) ; but if you 1 .ive corxluded to mike Canada your lionio, lie Canadian, sympathise with our ways, and you »viil find your let mr.cli easier. Your husband is going to make a livdihood here, if he and you will only work and save, and not Vje afraid to 'pitch in' for jiboui three years. Then why prai.^e, and laud, ani never fortjet j'our ^Old Co'.inlrN,' which ha.s evidentl) failed to do what this country will do for you, and, remember, is doing for Imndreds of others whom I kri^w." Mrs. G. T. Bot-.'i-L)iNG, of Kegina, N.W.T. ; — " I don't think any woman coming here determined to do her pait towards making a home would be disappointed." Mrs. A. J. Rrtdgman, of Medicine Hat, N'.W.T. : — " In coming to this country, do not think you .are coming to a place where nothing can be got. You can get anything you want here in ilie shajie of clotliing, . tools, 'shoes, underclothing, wraps, ike, that are suited to the climate. People often n.ake a niist.jkc in bring a^ too much, thinking they canuot be got here." Mrs. E. Broadgcest, of Turtle Mountain :—" If they would make up t+ieir minds to put up with what little inc'' nvenienees they may have to suffer at first, these will not only quietly pass away, but quickly uiar. "nd if Ihev buy h\n<\ in a place when it is already partly settled, or like this, well settled, they wii! ho as tomforlable here a5 they would be in any part of Euiojie il tiicy wish, ai all household furniture and comforts can be as easily obtained in the towns here as they can be any\,'here." Mrs. R. J. Brooks, of Asessippi, Man. :—" With a Utile capital they can soon make themselves comfortable." Mrs. W. F. Sovf:R.';, of Lennox P.O., Manitoba: — " Bring all the good serviceable clothing you can, also dishes and all household utensils wiiich are not too bulky. Leave all Kuropean notions behind and maku up your mind to adapt yourseif to the manners and customs of this new country. Resolve to bcjiin at th.e foot of ihe ladder and clitnb, and success is sure to follow. E.xchaiige siijcs and satins for good warm llannel, and summer boots for stout calf ikin." Mrs. J. L. Fkask !^, of Chuniah ;— "Come along and ' pitch in.' Can't help but better yourself from the 'Old Country." F;,;;'Arf.TH J. GAitniMKK, of Eden -—"There is no trouble for any woman to^et along in this country, no flutter wlial country slie come; from. The customs of the country are very bimple." Mak*:' ]. GAR;^\.T•:', of Kenlis P.O., Asini'uoia, N.W.T. :— "I would advise mothers who have small children lo bring plenty of good warm clothing for them, and yarn for stockings, ab there is nqnejnade here at pre-sent ; nl.-^o plenty of bedding, whicli can be procured much cheaper in the old country than here, and they need not feai the rest." Mr.s. Iv. R. Keam, of Lorclte :— " I am decided that anyone with a little capital cannot do better than cc-iiie to this country, for although the winters are veiy severet'he .summers are beautiful, and it is a very healthy cliniate all the year round, and the (juality of the soil cannot be. surpassed. They sh.ould come heif, however, with a determination to make this their home, and lo endure hardships and privations for a year or two, and thf.u succcoS is sure." Mrs. J. Kei.LV, of Morris : — " I would rdvise farmers coming to this country to live as much as possible on the farm produce, and there is abundance of wild fruit to be gatheied on river sides that makes excellent *auc«a." IL Bi..\CKLOCK& Co., Printers, S.c., 75, Farringdon Road, E.C [^427 ■VMRW <0m%w«iriNw*M 5av anything >r (lish&irtf a liters, as the )ng, whicf) I n very nn cli to Iiiivf; Iter I tlicir mi I'Js xpectinn to I bear St me I LroncI; .tis, d He tfiall conpaih]e ich yoii will ;,just SI up; IkI y( u rtlU ■ work and ror^et )'our i doing for d to do her ik yoTi .ire )!' clothing, . inbrin^jiiii* with what disappear. will l)e as 1 comforts themselves can, also niaku up lie foot of innel, and ' from the 'untry, no ivc snial! ir hcic at and they ;tter than ■y healtliy liowevcr, two, and ossible on excellent ;-v^ '^^. VA; S ■«~.! t iia itf OS ^•^'Asslii Post LaCrosHc Ixxkc Beaver \/JE EdnioA Uo. - ^ .•^ .