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ON THE

Appearance and Migrations of the Locust

MANITOBA AND THi: NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES.

tSUMMI^K OF 1875. . > .

By Geohoe M. Dawson, Assoc. R. S. 31., F. G. S. ^

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(^Frum the Canadian X<ttiirfilist.)

NOTES ON THE APPEARANCE AND MKJ RATIONS
OK THE LOCUST IN iMANITOBA AND THE NORTH-
WEST TERRITORIES— SUMMER OF 1S75.

Jiy CiKoiuJK M. Dawson, Assoc. U.S.M., F.CJ.S.

From the reports now received I'roiu Manitoba and various
portions of tiie North-west Territory, and published in abstract
with these notes, it would appear that during the summer of
1875 two distinct elements were concerned in the locust mani-
festation. First, the insects hatching:; in the Province of Mani-
toba and surroundinj; re<iioiis from eggs left by the western and
north-western invading swarms (if tlie previous autumn ; second,
a distinct foreign host, moving, lor the most part, from south to
nortli. The locusts are known to have hutched in great numbers
over almost the entire area of Manitoba, and westward at least
as far as Fort Ellice on tlie Assineboine River (long. 101° 'J.(i')
and may probably have been produced, at least sporadically, in
otlier [lortions of the central regions of the plains; though in
the summer of 1874, this district was nearly enijitied to recruit
the swarms devastating Manitoba and the Western States, and
there appears to have been little if any influx to su{)ply their
place. Still further west, on the plains along the lase of the
Rocky Mountains, from the -lUth parallel to the Red Deer
River, locusts are known to have hatched in considerable num-
bers — but of these more anon.

Hatching began in Manit(»b;i and adjacent regions in favour-
able localities as early as May 7th, but does not seem to have
beeonie general till about the 15th of the 'uonth, and to have
continued during the latter part of May and till the 15th of
June; while, accordin^ to Mr. Gunn and others, in cold clayey
land and where pools of water from the melting of the snow lay
long, isolated colonies came out at still later dates. Mr. Gunn
states that grasshoppers were evcMi noticed to hatch in August
and Sc{)teniber, in spots which had been covered with water all
summer, a fact showing the veiy persistent vitality of the eggs,
and ajiparently negativing opinions which have been expressed
as to their destruction by damp. The most northern locality at
which locusts are reported to have been produced from the egg^
is at Manitoba House, Manitoba I^ake (lat. 51°j.

^r/^-'

.."+■, 4^ ■,"

Mjy-

The destruction of crops by the growin*^ insects, in all the
settled re<rion.s was very i^reat, and in many districts well nigh
complete. The exodus of these broods began in the early part
of July, but appears to have been most general during the middle
and latter part of that month, and first oi' August. The direc-
tion taken on departure was, with very little exception, south-
east or south. It is to be remarked, that as there does not seem
to have been during this period any remarkable persistency of
north-west or northerly winds, the insects must have selected
those favouring their intended direction of migration, an instinct
which has very generally been observed t-lsevvhere. Though
most of the parents, in 1871, came from the west and north-
went, and Manitoba must have represented to those ending their
flight there, the south-eastern limit of their range; the young
insects of 1X75 thus took a south-eastward direction, just as
though starting from their usual breeding-grounds in the far
north-west, and showed no disposition to return to the region
whence their parents came. This direction of flight carried
many of the insects at once into a country of thick woods,
-wamps, and lakes; and caused the repetitii)n of the phenomenon
of the appearance of grasshoppers in gniat numbers about the
Lake of the Woods, a circumstance only once bcl'ore noted — in
the summer of J 857.''' This previous occasion however differed
from that of last year in being an extension of an invasion of
Manitoba from the west or north-west, and not resulting from
insects hatching in that province.

It is probable that most of the grasshopper swarms of
Manitoba, thus entering the wooded country, were there harm-
lessly spent, for though some northern swarms reached the State
of Minnesota, the invasion appears to have been comparatively
unimportant. Northern swarms are noted to have passed over
Crookston (Polk County, Minnesota), and Fort Totten, (Dakota) ;
the greatest number appearing at the latter place July 19th.
The locust swarms described by Mr. Kiley f in the following
paragraph, from information furnished to the Chicago Tribune^
dated July 13th, probably also came from Manitoba : '* The first
foreign hoppers appeared on the Sioux City Road, alighting be-

• Not 1867 as crroniously printed in Notes for 1874.

t From Mr. Chas. V. lUloy's very interesting Eighth Annual Re-
port on the Noxious, Beneficial, and other Insects of the Slate of
Missouri.

-V

!»*-

•'■■■"■■'*?R?;**^:!^

in all the
well nigh
curly part
he iniddlo
Die direc-
on, Houth-
s not seem
istcncy of
L' selected
in instinct
Thou.t^h
nd north-
diii<z; their
,he young
m, just as
n the far
he region
lit carried
ck woods,
icnonienon
about the
noted — in
)r diifered
ivasion of
ting from

arms of
ere liarm-
the State
)aratively
sscd over
Dakota) ;
uly 19th.
following
I'rihune,
The first
hting be-

mual Re-
Slate of

twccn Lake Crystal and St. James on Wednesday last. A few
days later they were observed at New Ulm flying south-cast, and
at noon of the same day struck the line of the road at Madelina,
St. James, Fountain Lake, Windom, and Heron Lake, covering
the track for about 50 miles of its length." It will be observed
on referring to the summary on another page, that the insects
produced in Minnesota itself flew south-west in the early part of
July.

I have not been able tft trace further the movements of these
Manitoba broods, unless indeed it be supposed that some at
least of the swarms which passed over central Illinois early in
September, came from that quarter. These, however, Mr. lliley
believes not to have been the true migratory locust — ddoptcnus
sp re tits.

Foreign swarms from th.e south crossed the -i^th parallel with
a wide front stretching from the OSth to the Id'^th meridian,
and are (juite distinguishable from those produced in the
country, from the fact that many of them arrived before the
latter were mature. These flights constituted the extreme nor-
thern part of the array returning northward and north-westward
from the states ravaged in the autumn of 1874. They appeared
at Fort Ellice on the loth of June, and at Qu'Appelle Fort on
the 17th of the same month, favoured much no doubt by the
steady south and south-east winds, which according to the mete-
orological register at Winnipeg, prevailed on the 12th of June
and for about a week thereafter. After their first appearance,
however, their subsequent progress seems to have been compara-
tively slow, and their advancing border very irregular in outline.
They are said to have reached Swan Lake House — the most
northern point to which they are known to have attained — about
July 10 ; while Fort Pelly, further west, and nearly a degree
further south, was reached July 20th, and about seven days
were occupied in the journey thence to Swan River Barracks,
a distance of only ten miles. It is more than probable that the
first southern swarms were followed by others, which mingled
with them, or even, in parts of Manitoba and the country im-
mediately west of it, with the indigenous brood. From a few
localities only, in Manitoba — and those in its western portion — is
the evidence pretty conclusive as to the arrival of foreign swarms
from the south. Burnside, Westbourne, Portage La Prairie,
Roekwood, and Pigeon Lake, may be mentioned as afibrding
instances.

ffHarMTMjU fat^— )W

■»Mai-*giji-iiaittiijr>rf-niiiiiiWiy*Tt --i

Many of tlio p:r;iHshoppors obscrvcl, accordiiif; to reports re-
ceived by Mr. Hilcy, in Dakota, at Fort 'l'lioiii|».'^(>n, Vaiikton,
F(»rt Sully, Spriiiufii'ld, Fort Uandall, and Jiisuiark, tlyitiLr north-
ward and nortliwi'.^tward at various dates in June and July, no
doubt eventually iound their way nortji ol' the 4ltth jjiirallel.
Those seen at liisniark about Juno Cth and 7tli, probably
belonged to the earliest southern bands above referred to, and
judging from the dates given by Mr. Hiley, may have been pro-
duced in Nebraska, or more probably even still further south.
A portion of the .'southern and eastern army probably reached
Montana, and may even have penetrated in diminished number&
into the districts in the vicinity of How Kiver.

Many locusts appear to have hatclied at about the same date
as in Manitoba, near the extreme western margin of the plains,
especially in the country near Bow lliver. Foreign swarms ar-
rived at Fort McLeod (lon«,'. 1.13° lat. 49° 50') from the south-
west, depositing eggs ; mostof tliose hatching near Bow River, and
further north, seem to have gone south-eastward early in August.
No very dciinite or wide spread movement of swarms appears,
however, to have occurred during the summer of 1S75 in this
region, nor, if we m;iy judge from the very uuagre accounts re-
ceived, in the corresponding portion of Montana.

The following notes, representing the condition of atfiiirs in
the Western States and Territories, south of the 49th parallel,
are abstracts of the accounts in Mr. C. V. llilcy's work, already
referred to, and will serve as a basis of comparison :

TcxAts and ImVutn Territory. Hatched in large numbers
early in spring in Texas and Indian Territory. Left in May,
and early in June, going for the most part north

Ktinsds. llavages confined to districts 150 miles long, 50
broad, along eastern border of State, this being the region where
most eggs hiid in 1S74. Hatching from April Gth to May 10th.
Flew north-west in latter part of May and first week in June.

Colnnulo. Hatched pretty generally over the territory, ap-
pearing from early in May till July, according to elevation.
Prevalent direction of flight on departure south and south-cast.

NdiranL-d. Hatching ground limited to districts bordering
Missouri lliver. Insects produced early in May, and began to
fly northward about June 7th. Several swarms fronj more
southern regions passe 1 north-westward over the State before
those hatching here took wing.

reports re-
, Yankton,
aIhl: uorth-
1(1 July, no
ith parallel.
li, probably
•ed to, and
c been pro-
tlier south.
,bly reached
ed numbers

same date
t' the plains,
swarms ar-
X the south-
er River, and
y in August,
nis appears,.
S75 in this
accounts ve-

of affairs ia
9th parallel,
ork, already

go numbers
el't in May,

Ics Ion*:, 50
egion where
3 May 10th.
in June,
rritory, ap-
elevation,
south-cast.
s bordering
d began to
IVoni more
tate beforc

AfixHoiiri. Hatched early in May, especially in the m' 'die
western counties. Ik-gan leaving early in June, the majority
departing about the middle of the mouth. Main direction of
flight, tiorth-wistward.

lorn. Locusts hatched in a few localities near the south-
west boundary of the State. From the 10th of Jtiiie to the
middle ol July western coutities suffered from swarujs passing
from south to north.

MintKnofa. Hatched pretty generally tlirouglmut western
part of State. Some appeared as early as April and were killed
by cold and wet. The majority left early in July, and appear
to have gone south-westward.

JJdkotd. Known tf» have hatched near the soutliern boundary
of Manitoba. These insects, and those iVom furtluT north, went
southward early in August. During June, and in August,
foreign swarms passed over the State going north-westward.

Moiit'DKi. Some probably hatched here, and swarms from
the east and south-east appeared during July.

During the summer of 1875, the conditions dtvscribed in the
Notes for 187-1 as occurring in tiie region west of the lOlh'd
meridian, were reproduced in Manitoba, and over a great area
of the Western and South-western States, with results I'ven more
disastrous to the crops than vliose of the winged invasion of the
previous year. We do not hear of any access of fresh swarms
to Manitoba from the west or north-west, nor is it probable that
any such occurred, notwithstanding the fact that in various parts
of the province flights are reported to have parsed over from
nortli-west to south-east. From the dates and descriptions given,
it seems certain, that tiiese were only those from the more remote
parts of the province itself, and in many cases the broods hatched
in any locality mingled with tliose coming i'rom a little distance,
and departed at the same time.

The most remarkable and exceptional feature in connec-
tion with the appearance of the locusts in 1875, is the extensive
invasion of the wooded region cast of Manitoba by the swarms
produced in the Province. This is the more noticeable when
contrasted with the immunity enjoyed by Prince Albert on the
Saskatchewan, alluded to in last year's Notes, which is owing to
its separation from the general area of the plains by a belt of
timber. On writing to Mr. Clarke of Carleton House on the
subject, he informs me that this protecting belt of " fir timber "

is only four milcH in width, and cxtcMids compU'Uly across be-
tween the north and south branches of the Saskatclifwan.
Jud^in^ from the above roniarkal)U) fact, and the known liabit«
of the locust, I (h> not think that the incursion made into the
forest country can b(! looked upon as anythint^ btit exceptional,
and perhaps .showinj; that the locusts had lost their reckoning.
Nor (h» 1 beli('V(( that it sliould discourage tin; cultivation of
belts of woodland, which proniises to effect in time a general and
pcrnianent anitilioration of the; grasshopper plague.

Broadly sketclu'd, the movements of the lociist in IHTT) con-
form to a geiMM'al plan. All those hatching in Minnesota,
Muiiit(;ba, northern Dakota, and in the high western region of
the plains at least as far south as Colorado, oti obtaining their
wings went southward, and this in some instances regardless of
the direction fntni which their parents had arrived in the previous
year. Swarms produci'd in Nebrask.i, Missouri, Kansas, Texas,
and Indian Territory, flew nortliward and north-westward, re-
turning on the course of their parents, which had flown south-
eastwiird iVom thiit<(uarter. This movement can be traced over
an immense area, from the nortliern borders of Texas almost tO'
tlic Saskatchewan River.

Evidence appears to be last .-iccumulating to show tliat the
general and normal direction of fligiit for any brood, is to
return toward the liatcliing grounds from whicii their parents
came, and it would thus seem, that to complete the migration-
cycle of the locust, two years are required. The tendency which
the swarms show to migrate on reaching maturity cannot be
wondered at, as it is so commonly met with in other animals,
and may be assisted by the mere lack of food in the district
which has lor a long time suj.portod the young locusts. The
fact however — let us call it instinct or knowledge — that the
young, while amenable to the niigratory tendency, show a deter-
mination to exercise it in a direction exactly the opposite of the
preceding generation, is niost remarkable.

No panacea against the grasshopper appears yet to have been
found, nor does it seem likely that any such will be discovered.
The means of making war ujjon the young insects and winged
swarms, with a degree of efficiency dependent largely on the
determination of the people, and density of settlement in the
afflicted districts, are now well known. Though it is to be hoped
that Manitoba and the settled portions of the North-west may

\^y-'-^tit^

y lUToss bc-
skatclu'wan.
iiowii habits
,(lc into tlio
exct'ptinniil,
r reckoning,
iltivation of
j^eiioral and

II IHTT) con-
Miniifsota,
ru r('«rion of
tainin«; their
regardless of
I till' previous
insas, TexiiH,
vestward, re-
fiown soutli-
e traced over
xas aluioht tO'

low that the

brood, is to

tlieir parents

le niiiiration-

udency wliich

ity cannot be

tiier animals,

tlie di>trict

ocusts. The

oc — tliat the

show a deter-

posite of the

to liavc been
e discovered.
( and winged
irgcly on the
emcnt in the

is to be hoped
irth-west may

\on^ escape further troubUi from these- depredators, it is none the
IcMH a duty to i^repire for a pohsibh' rejietition of the sei'iieH
which have ahcjidy been witnessed there. In various portiotjs
of the Tiiited Stat«'s, the de.xtruetion of the young insects has
been greatly eruMturagtsd l»y tlie piiymifiit of bounties for that
purpo*»> from the jiubiic treasuries, l)ut with a plague so wide-
cpreatl as that of tin' locust, the mttans most likely to lead to
permanent am<-lioration are those capable of general application.
The movement in the Western States towartl the appointment
of a commission by the central government to investigate all
the facts connected with the loeu>t trouble, and sugii(!st me.in^
for its relief, is in the right direction ; and if such a eoniniission
is a|ipoiiiti'il, it wouM .-ippcar to be of the ;;reatest importance
tliat (Canada shouM take similar acliou, and at the s;ime time,
lor its western territory.

By such general measures as the cultivation and preservation
of forest trees, the protection of the prairie grass till th»! appro-
priate time for destroying the young insects in their hatching
grounds by tire, and the encouragement of all birds feinling on
the young or fledged, imsect, much may be done. TIk! prairie
chicken, and the vaiious species of blackbirds, get the credit of
devouring great numbers oi' the young grasshoppers, and if these
were protectiul by more stringiMit laws, and even a small increase
in safety to the crttps resulted, the loss of the one as a game bird
and the damage I'reijuently done by the other in the cornfields,
would be more than counterbalanced.

The point (d' priuH' importance however in the first instance,
is to obtain a complete knowledge of the haunts and habits of
the insect under discussion, and as a sniall contribution towards
this end these notes are submitted.

Mr. (ji. M. Dodge of (jlencoe County, Nebra.>«ka. has published
a theory relative to the cause or motive of the migrations of the
locust, in the CtnuiiUnn Kiitoniohxjint for IS?;'). Mr. Dodge
has kindly favoured me with an explanation of this theory. He
writes : " I find the insects to be double brooded, flying north in
spring to roar a second brood in a region not already devastated.
The resulting brood flies south late in autumn, and deposit eggs
that lie over winter. This regular moveuiei>* is complicated by
the fact that if the insects of brood first, hatching as far north
as this place, should fly north, their progeny might be destroyed
by frost; consequently I find that all hatching here or further

north (of brood first) fly south to rear the brood second. I
believe with yourself tlwit their natural iiahitation is the plains
east of the mountains, and think that f i.eir occasional invasion
of the States is due to the prcvaiiin*^ winds." Al'tcr p;iving
several instances from Nebraska boarinp^ on his tlieory, Mr.
Dodge, referring to my Notes on the liocust Invasion of 1874,
says: "In your items from various localities, I find a point that
bears directly upon the double brooded character of the insect,
but which may have cscajjcd your notice. In the notes from
Fort Ellicc, Hcadingly, Kockwood, Scratcliing River, Winnipeg,
Stone Fort, and St. Anne's, eirus are said to have hatched in
autumn ; tmd in <'<ifh ccse grasshoppers are reported as coming
from the soitfh early in the season. These were of course of
brood first ; brood second coming always i'rom aj northerly direc-
tion would deposit eggs for the next spring's brood, and none of
them would hatch in autumn."

I do not t^ ink jNlr. Dodges theory can be accepted in its en-
tirety, though the loeur;t may occasionally complete two genera-
tions in one season, when the circumstances would no doubt be
as abo\e supposed. Certain it is, however, that southern swarms
seldom if ever reach the country north of the -lUth parallel in
time to allow a second brood to reach maturity, even if the eggs
hatcli in sun)mer or autumn. The date of arrival of the first
swarms in Manitoba in 1874 was considered exceptionally early,
and yet it is believed that all t';eir progeny hatching during the
autumn were destroyed by irost.

The Hon. D. Gunn has favoured me with the following histor-
ical notes on the grasshopper, going back to the earliest settle-
ment of the Red River country :

" The first appearance of the locusts in this land, of which we
have any account, took place on the 18th of July, 1818, six
years after the commencement of the colony. At that period of
the season the wheat was well advanced towards maturity, and
sufiiciently strong to resist the voracious destroyers. But it
fared otherwise with the barley. The locusts attacked the
plants a lew inches below the ear, and cut them off as neatly as
if cut oft' by the hand of m:iu with a pair of shears. However
on this occasion nothing was lost ; every ear that fell to the
ground was carefully gathered up. The potatoes were injured
to some extent, but all garden vegetables were devoured. Their
eggs deposited, incited by instinct or pressed by hunger, they

■■-'•'■'■-"-'•-»'■■»''*«•"*• ■*■■-- "

d second, I
is the plains
inal invasion
Al'tor jj;iving
theory, Mr.
ion of 1H74,

1 a point that
)i' the insect,

2 notes I'rom
!r, Winnipeg,
! hatched in
d as coming

of course of
rtherly dircc-
, and none of

ted in its en-
i two genera-
no doubt be
thern swarms
1 parallel in
n if the eggs
1 of the first
ionally early,
lu; during the

owing histor-
irliest settle-

of which we
1818, six
lat period of
laturity, and
ers. But it
attacked the
F as neatly as
However
t fell to the
were injured
lired. Their
hunger, they

departed. In the following spring the young locusts began to
appear, and before the latter end of May, 1819, the whole
country was literally covered with tl'"!m, and the rising crops of
every kind entirely devoured. These in due time left to invade
some other region. The opinion of the settlers who were here
at the time was that they flew to the north and were driven by
a strong south wind into Lake Winnipeg and drowned in such
great numbers that the waves heaped them up. in some parts of
the western shore, to a depth of several feet. As soon as these
had taken their flight, fresh swarms poured in from the south-
west, but found nothing to dmour but the stinted natunl grasses
of the plains, which their predecessors had eaten to the very
roots. Notwithstanding the suautiness of their diet, they depo-
sited th(!ir e^irs in ;;reat numbers, which the warmth of the fol-
lowing s])ring ushered into life. At the usual time, the latter
end of July and first week of August, they disappeared, and
from 1820 to 1857 the country was free from the inrouds of
these formidable destroyers. In 1857 a considerable swarm of
locusts visited the settlements on the lower Assiniboine in the
latter end of July, but these did not extend in any considerable
numbers towards lovv(.>r Fort Garry. They deposited their eggs
over what is now known as IleaJingly and White Horse Plain
parishes, and in the spring ol' 1858 the young progerty dcatroyed
the crops in the above-mentioned region, say a distance of twelve
or fifteen miles. These atter they attained their full growth, as
usual left the country. In 18G4 another invasion took place,
great numbers of them fell on each side of the Assiniboine, and
extended down to upper Fort Garry. On the 7tli of July they
flew in great numbers over the lower settlement. They were
driven by a frcsli breeze froni the west, some of them appealed
to be at a great height from the eai th, tiie living mass extending
downward to the height of a few feet from the surface, numbers
of the lowermost falling continually to the ground. The fore-
most part of the cloud began to pass over this place at 10 a.m.,
and they continued flying for home time after 2 p.m., and during
the time of their flight they had fallen in such numbers that
from twelve to twenty were counted on a square foot of surface.
After a short rest, those which had alighted on ploughed lands
and on barren spots moved into corn-fields and began feeding
on the leaves of the wheat plant, and according to their usual
habit cut off the heads of the barley. Here I had an opportu-

nity of observing that, as a rule, they do not pass the night,
under ordinary circumstances, on the ground, but clirab upon
pickets, fencing, and on every other object on which tliey can
roost. Oil the tenth of July they were seen pairing and deposit-
ing their ova. In the first week of September they disappeared.
In the beginning of May, 18G5, tlie young ones began lo appear.
On the 9th ol' June, 18G5. a swarm of locusts came Irom the
Boutli. They extended IVom the west side of Lake IManitoba to
Fort Alexander on tho east. They fell in gretit numbers in
that lake and on its ('astern shore, but were very sparsely scat-
tered over the country to tiie east of the above body of water.
However those which were hatched in the spring, and those that
came in June did not seriously injure the growing crops, and
the farmeis reaped an abundant harvest. In 1S(J7 the locusts
made their appearance in very great numbers, but came about
the boginuing of August, and consequently did not do much
injury to the wheat crops, but many of the f irmers had hard
work to save the barley and oats. These, according to their
habit, deposited their eggs in gieat numbers, and departed to
die in Mime other place, either to the east or southeast of this
place. The river ice began to br. ak up on the li 1th of April,
1808, and on the Ttli of IMav I took the i'ollowing note : ' (jr.iss-
hoppers moving about, color pale vvliite, not much bigger than
fleas.' On the 22nd of tlie same month their numbers had
greatly increased, and some had become brown. They evidently
continued coming out of the ground during the whole month of
May, and a few jierhaps during the first ten days of June. All
the grain of every kind that was growing was eaten up by them
before they took tlieir departure, which was in tin; end of July
and during the first week of August. After this none were
seen until 1872, when on the 5th of August they appeared. By
the 12th they had become very numerous, and on the 14th they
were depositing their eggs. In the first week of September many
of them had taken their departure, and all disappeared by the
last of that month. Their offspring began to appear about the
middle of May, and by the middle of June the whole country
was literally covered with them, no grain had been sown, the
potatoe vines had been consumed, and even the pasture on the
plains suff"ered greatly frop. their ravages. However they left
about the usual time. The next and last visitation we had from
these living plagues was in July, 1874. On the 17th immense

»s the ni^ht,
, clirab upon
lich they can
r and deposit-
disappoiircd.
;an to appear,
nic iVoni the
Manitoba to
:, numbers in
sparsely scat-
tody of water,
itid those that
lu; croi)s, and
1)7 tlie locusts
t came about
not do much
ers had hard
linu; to their
(1 departed to
li-east of this
>Aih of April,
lote : ' Gr.iss-
biL;gcr than
iiunibt;rs had
Miey (ividciitly
lole mouth, of
fjune. All
n up by them
! end of July
lis uoiu! were
ppeared. By
the 14th they
ptember many
scared by the
ear about the
ivhole country
cen sown, the
asture on the
iQver they left
n we had from
17th immense

swarms for some hours flew over the city of Winnipej*; at the
same time thousands of them were coming to the ground. In
a few days after they extended their excursion to Lake Winni-
peg, but numbers of them left before they had deposited their
eggs. Yot millions of eggs were deposited, but as the last
spring, 1875, was very late, the ground kept cold during the
most part of the month of May. thi- locusts were very late in
being hatched; some made th(!ir appearance ;ibout the 10th of
May, and others us late as the last week in that month. They
were numerous in some places ; however I am of opinion that if
the people had made a combined effort to destroy them during
the first and second weeks of th'.'ir existence, could not have
failed in destroying many of them, and would by so doing, had
they sown or planted, have raised both who.it and potatoes.
Most people however became discouraged, and could not be per-
suaded to make the least effort to rid the land of the plague."

I have to thank tne various gentlemen who have kindly re-
plied in answer to my circular asking inform;ition, and beg to
suggest, that in .-ill cases of the appi'arancc; of the locust, careful
notes be kept as to dates, directions of flight, &c.

In the subjoined digest of the more important items received
from the various localities, the places are arranged in order
from west to east.

Fort McLcod, North-xoest Tcrritorij. (K. B. Merritt. M.D.)
No young insects observed. Foreign swarms arrived July 19th
from tiie south- vvcst, and continued passing, or on the ground —
though most of them went on — till about August 25th ; went
north- westward. Eggs were depo. ited and some known to have
hatched in the autumn. No cultivation here, but 25 per cent,
of prairie grass eaten. Mr. Merritt adds : " In April, 1876,
many young black hoppers seen around Fort McLcod. On my
trip from Bow lliver, I saw a tract of country 70 miles wide
covered with young grasshoppers. They appeared to be eating
the grass, and only moving when disturbed."

MorlryinUe, Bow River, K W. T. (J. Macdougall.) Pro-
duced here from the egg, hatching May 20th. Left in August
going southward. A great swarm arrived on the wing from the
northward about August 10th, the main body passed overhead

.) ;

I' i

Id about six hours going southward, while some remaiued several
days on the ground. Some eggs deposited. Crops, represented
by a small putcli of potatoes, were not hurt,

Ijoio River, N. W. T. (J. Brown.) Produced here from
the egg, hatching about the first of May ; flew south-eastward
from Oot. 1st to 15th. Winged swarms arrived late in July or
about lirst of iVugust, from the north and north- west, j>assing on
for the most part, but depositing some- oggs. Tlie small quantity
of crops put in were lost. Wild gnsses in many places much
injured, though bunch-grass of mountains untouched. Jl^ggs
hatched spring of 1870, and insects on July 25th almost ready
to fly.

riuius ietu'cdi Fort McLeod and Edmonton, N. W.T. (Rev.
Con.stantinc Scollen.) Produced in large numbers from the
egg, hatching abi)ut June 1st. Left toward the latter part of
August, going nortli and north-east. Groat swarms ai)[»eared
on the wing from the south .-ind south-west August 1st, some
alighting and others continuing their flight. CDtitinutid arriving
till August 1 5th. and departing north and north-east, those pro-
duced in the country accompanying them. Eggs deposited
during latter part of August, none known to have hatched in
autumn. Ma. Scolien adds : "I may remark that the grass-
hopper during the last fourye^irs it has visited this country, has
always eome from and gone on in the same direction. They
have- always stopped about GO miles south of Edmonton, perhaps
owing to the densely wooded country in that vicinity." No
cultivation in this region.

Edmonton, N. W. T. (R. Hardisty.) The locust did not
appear here. Mr. Hardisty writing from an experience of
twenty years, .^tates that he has never known the insect to appear
at Edmonton, though he has often seen them in large numbers
about fitly miles south of that place. Edmonton is about forty
miles from the northern edge of the plains, and separated from
them by country well xoooded with small poplar and pine, and
having many small lakes, and swamps with strong heavy grass.

Country between Battle and Red Deer Rivers, N.W.T. (W.
McKay.) Grasshoppers did not appear in this region during
the summer of 1875.

Jjozeman, Montana . (J, Wright.) Not produced from the
egg. Arrived on the wing, appearing first on the 8th of J uly,
but continued passing overhead in large swarms from the east
for some time.

1 1 • i

riiiii'm^iiifiMiiiniii.i

emained several
ops, represented

aced here from
south-eastward
late in July or
vest, passing on
3 snjall quantity
ny places much
ouchtd. Kfrgs
th almost ready

N.W.T. (Rev.
ibers from the
! latter part of
*varnis a[)peared
igust 1st,, some
tinufid arriving
■east, those pro-
Eggs deposited
jve hatched in
that the grass-
lis country, has
roction. They
lion ton, perhaps
vicinity." No

locust did not

experience of
insect to appear

large numbers
1 is about forty
ieparated from

and pine, and
]; heavy grass.

N.W.T. (\V.

region during

luced from the

le 8th of J uly,

from the east

Victnrui, Saskatchewan, N.W.T. (Chas. Adams.) Did not
appear here.

I Carhton Home, N.W.T. (L. Clarke.) Did not appear in

this vicinity. Mr. Clarke writes : " From traders I have learned
that grasshoppers appeared in great numbers about 130 miles to
the south-west of Carleton. Again, they were seen to the south-
east of Touchwood Hills as fur cast as Fort Pelly, destroying
the crops at that station.

Touchwood Hills Post, N. W. T. (R. W. Ells, Geological
Survey of Canada.) Not produced from the egg here, but ar-
rived on the wing, flying north-west. Very numerous July 30.
Mr. Ells did not see any grasshoppers west of the Touchwood

Hills.

Fort Qa'AppcIle, N.W.T. (W. J. McLean.) Not produced
hero from the c(xq;. Full grown insects appeared in myriads,
Juno ITtli, coming from the south.

Fort Fil/i/, N. W. T. (A. McBeatli.) Not hatched here.
Swarms arrived on the wing, July liOth, from the south, and
pas.scd on northward. All crops destroyed. Eggs deposited,
and none hatched in antumn. Mr. McBeatli writes, — After the
grasshoppers made their appearance here on the 20th of July,
their progress was very slow. The Mounted Police barracks are
some ton miles north of this place, yet they took two weeks to
reach there. For a time it appeared that this place was the end
of their journey, and they diminished very slowly. Many were
killed by the frost. As far as I could learn they did not go
further north than about 30 miles from here. Shortly after
their arrival they began depositing their eggs, and dying, till
the ground was covered with their dead bodies.

Swan Rlvor B<trrachs, Pdhj, N.W.T. (lat. 5r 53', long.
101' 59'. J. H, Kittson, M.D.) Not produced here, arrived
on the wing July 27, from the south. Continued passing till
Aug. 20, going in a direction north-west by north. Some re-
^ mained, and eggs in considerable quantity deposited. Late in
autumn insects remaining after depositing eggs were destroyed
by small red parasites.

Fort Ellice, N W.T. (A. McDonald and R. W. Ells.) Pro-
duced here from the egg, hatching about May 6th, By June
7th all growing crops destroyed. Left in the beginning of

August, going south-cast. On June 13th swarms arrived on
the wing from tlie south or south-east, and at once began to
deposit eggs. The first that arrived did not remain long on the
ground. A second swarm arrived on the 10th of July, and
about two days afterwards a third lot appeared. These also
deposited eggs, the last remaining till the beginning of Septem-
ber. All crops destroyed — oats and barley. No eggs hatched in
autumn. Mr. Ells writes tliat eggs were depo.sitod at Fort
Ellice as early as the 20th of June.

^Sivoii Lake House, N.W.T. (D. McDonald.) A few locusts
observ'id to arrive on the wing about July 10th, coming from
south by south-west. Those appear to have deposited some eggs
which hatching in September produced young insects which were
either frozen, or took flight August first, in a direction between
south and east. No crops destroyed, the locusts having arrived
late and in small numbers.

Manitoba House, X. W. T. (J. Cowie, J. P.) Produced
here from the egg, hatcliing about June !>tli. Left about tlie
end of July, goiag north. 8warm» also arrived on the wing,
some remaining on the ground, and some passing over. From
the middle of June till the end of July they came with every
south-east wind, the latest remaining altogether, the earlier
swarms going north. Mr. Cowie writes: " The young before
taking wing marched through the settlement from S. to N., and
destroyed all the crops except potatoes. Some returned on foot
going soutli, and some remained until able to fly."

Fort Totttn, Dahota. (Dr. J. B. Ferguson.) No locusts
hatched here. Foreign swarms appeared July 19, coming from
the north, and departing finally about July 22 or 23 ; going
southward. Little damage done to crops. No eggs deposited.
Dr. Ferguson writes: — The 19th of July is the date when
locusts first appeared here in large numbers and alighted on the
ground. Swarms were seen passing over before this date, but
no note made of the exact day. Those that came on the 19th
remained 3 or -t days, and then left. It rarely happens that a
swarm passes without some coming down, while others already
here appear to rise and join them in the air. In this way even
after the great body of locusts has passed, considerable numbers
remain behind, and do not entirely disijpear for from 10 to 12
days, and sometimes even longer.

«l

) !.

s arrived on
)ncc began to
n long on the
of July, and
These also
11^ of Septem-
,t:.s liatched in
to J at Fort

A few locusts
coming from
ed some eggs
ts which were
ction between
uving arrived

.) Produced
eft about the
on the wing,
over. From
\e with every
r, the earlier
young before
8. to N., and
irned on foot

No locusts
coming from
)r 23 ; going
;gs deposited,
e date when
ghted on the
;his date, but
on the 19th
ppens that a
;hers already
his way even
able numbers
cm 10 to 12

I Wuodside, Man. (Thos. Collins) Produced here from the

' egg, hatching from abo :t the 20th of May till the end of June.
Most took their departure about the middle of July, but a con-
siderable number remained till the first week in August. Went
south-eastward. A winged swarm arrived from west-north-west
about the third week in July; remained a short time and de-
parted south-eastward. Whole grain crop destroyed, estimated
at 6,700 bushels for Woodside, Pine Creek, and Squirrel Creek.
A few potatoes escaped. Very few eggs deposited.

Westhoitnie, Man. (P. Garriock.) Produced here from the
egg, hatching from the 10th to the IHth of May. Began their
departure about 1st of July, and continued leaving till some
time in August, going south-e:ist. Great swarms were observed
at two or three diiferent times, many alighting, while the rest
passed on. These arrived about the first of July, coming as a
rule from the north-west and going south-east. Disappeared
during latter part of July and first of August. Grain crop
would probably have amounted to -4000 or 5000 bushels, but all
destroyed except about 50 bushels. Few eggs deposited. Mr.
Garriock writes: — Some time in the beginning of June, if I re-
member rightly, great swarms of grasshoppers, (juite different in
colour and size from all that had ever visited this country, came
from due south, and ]>assed on to the north-west. Great numbers
alighted, but after remaining but a few hours, they rose again,
and followed the njain body. They appeared to us to be a very
peculiar species of the detestable grasshopper, in size at least one-
third larger ihan the pest with which we have become too well
acquainted, and of leaden colour.

Bitrttsulc, Miin. (K. McKenzie.) Produced here from the
egg, hatching from the 10th to the 24th of May on warn) sandy
ridges, I'rom that date till the middle of June in heavier cold
soils. Jjclt from July 8th to about first week in August, dis-
appearing gradually, but generally going east or north-east.
Winged s.varms arrived in July, and for the most part passed
overhead. Came from west or south-west, and left generally
eastward. A few arrived on the wing durhig the first week in
June. In Pnlestine district whole crop destroyed. In Portage,
High Bluif, and Poplar Point districts, about 40,000 bushels of
grain harvested, probably about one-tenth of the crop. Potatoes
gave about cue-fourth crop. No eggs deposited here. Mr.

McKcnzie says it is reported tli.it Cfrj;a were deposited west of
Manitoba Lake, about one hundred miles north-west of Burnside.

Portngv la J*r(tin(!, Man. (C. Mair, J. Cowan, M.P.P.)
Produced liero from the c^<j;, iiMtchinjj: from the middle of IMay
to middle of June. Began to leave about middle of July, u;oing
ouuih-east. Wini^ed swarms passed overhead from the latter
part of July till the middle of August, comiuj^ generally from
the south-west and going south-east : few alighted. Two-thirds
to four-fifths of crop destroyed. In Portage la Prairie, Electoral
Division, Mbout 12 miles square, the grain crop should have been
200,(M»0 bushels; 4<),(H)(> bushels actually harvested. In High
Bluff Electoral JJivision, loss greater in proportion, only 10,000
bushels of grain saved and a half crop of potatoes. Mr. Cowan
writes that some winged swarms appeared from the south early
in June, long before those hatched here could tiy.

High lihiff, Man. (J. A. K. Drummond) Produced here
from the egg, hutching May 15th to June 15th. Left about the
middle of July, going for the most part south-east. A winged
sw;irm arrived i'rom the west July 19th, and swarms continued
arriving from this direction, and departing, generally south east-
ward till the latter part of August. Greater part of crops de-
stroyed. No eggs deposited.

Gladstone, Man. (C. P. Brown.) Produced here from the
egg, hatching June ;ind July. Left about the last of August,
going south-eastward. About July 17th a few winged swarms
arrived from the west, leaving in same direction as those pro-
duced here. Crop, amounting to from 20,000 to 30,000 bushels
destroyed. No eggs deposited.

Poplar Point, Man. (L. W. McLean.) Produced from the
egg, hatching from the 20th of May till the 10th of June.
Took flight about the 2nd of July, and continued flying till the
10th of August or thereabout ; went south-east. Some swarms
seen on the wing at dates above given were supposed to have
hatched in the western and north-western parts of the province,
or beyond the province line. These appear to have mingled
with those produced in the locality itself, in their flight. Only
crops planted, potatoes, which generally gave pretty good re-
turns. No eggs deposit -jd.

(
hen
end

•ositcd west of
ist of Burnside.

3wan, M.P.P.)
iniddlo of M.'iy
of July, t^oing
cm tlio latter
U'cnerally from
1. Two-tliirds
lirie, Electoral
)uld have been
cd. Ill High
1, only 10,000
. Mr. Cowan
ic south early

:*roduced here
Left about the
t. A winged
•ms continued
lly south cast-
of crops de-

icrc from the
it of August,
nged swarms
as those pro-
JjOOO bushels

leed from the
)th of June,
ying till the
5ome swarms
osed to have
the province,
ave mingled
light. Only
tty good re-

Oak Point, Mdiiifnha Lake, Man. (J. Clarke.) Produced
here from tho egg, hatching about June first. Left about the
end of July, going .south west. No winged swarms observed to
arrive. No grain sown. I'otatoi^s and hay meadows consider-
ably damaged. No eggs known to have been deposited.

Pigeon Lake, Man. (J. M. Ilaure.) Produced here from
the egg, hatching from 15th of May till 15th of July. Com-
menced flying July 10th, and continued leaving till the middle
of August, going south and south-east. Foreign sv rms seen at
various time — first on July 1st — passing overhead. These came
from south and south-west, and went north-westward as a rule.
No grain raised in Parish of Frangois Xavier. No eggs known
to have been deposited.

^SV. Fran<pis Xav'ur West, Man. (F. Dauphenais.) Pro-
duced here from the o<i<x, hatching early in May. Began to
leave about the 10th of July, going south. Locusts arrived on
the wing from the south-west about the 25tli of July. Said to
have kept coming and going, occasionally alighting. Left early
in August, going south. Three-fourths of crop in the parish
destroyed. No eggs deposited.

Jleadhig/i/, Man. (J. Taylor.) Produced here from the
egg, hatching obout the end of May. Left from the middle to
the end of August, going southward. Winged swarms arrived
from various directions, but more especially from tlic south.
Myriads lit about the 20th of July. Es'entually flew southward
with those hatched here. Tliree-(juarters of crop, or probably
about 10,000 bushels destroyed. No eggs deposited.

^St. Charles, Man. (A. Murray, M.P.P.) Produced here
from the egg, hatching from about the 10th of May to July 1st
in successive swarms. On arriving at maturity went south-east-
ward. About July 10th winged swarms arrived from the west,
and left in the same direction as those produced here, the latter
in many cases risintr and minirlintr with them. Entire iirain
crop destroyed, and only a few inferior potatoes harvested. No
eggs deposited.

Jiorkicood, Mitn. (J. Robinson.) Produced here from the
egg, hatching about the middle of June. Left about the last of
August, goinir south-east. Swarms passed overhead about July
first, coming from the south. All crojs destroyed.

West Li/iinc^ Man. (IT. G. Lewis.) Producod hero from tho
<5gg> hatchinj; about the 2()th of May, and leaving southward
toward the end of July. Swarms are said to have arrived from
the south, and to have left ajjjain goinj; southward, about the date
last given. Two-thirds of crop destroyed. No eggs deposited.

Selkirk, Man. (A. A. Ross.) Produced here from the egg,
hatching from the KUh of May, till the 10th of July. Left iu
latter part of July, going south-t'iistward. A few swarms arrived
on the wing and alighted on (he 2!)th of July. These left with
those produced in the district. Scarcely any grain sown. Pota-
toes put in late, were harvested without much damage. No eggs
deposited.

Winnipeg, Man. (Wm. Hespeler, F. Cornish, C. Inkster.)
Produced here from the egg, hatching during latter part of May
and first of June. Began to leave iu second week iu July, going
as a rule south and south-east. Winged swarms from the north-
west observed about the middle of July ; generally passing over-
head without alighting. Flew in same direction witli those
batched here. Little crop put in, and more than three-fourths
of that destroyed. No eggs deposited.

St. Boniface, Afon. (Hon. M. A. Girard) Produced here
from the egg, beginning to appear in May. Left during August,
going eastward. From the 15th of July to the 15th of August
other swarms arrived from the south and west, and for the most
part passed overhead going north and east. Few eggs deposited.
Twenty-four twenty-tifths of crop destroyed.

St. Norhert, Man. (J. Lemay.) Produced here from the
egg, hatching about the middle of May. Began leaving about
the 22nd July, going west. Nine-tenths of crop, amounting to
about 25,000 bushels, destroyed. No eggs deposited.

Parish of St. Vital, Man. (S. Hamilton.) Produced here
from the egg, beginning to hatch out early in May. Left about
the end of August, going south-south-east. Some swarms ar-
rived on the wing about the 15th and 20th of June from the
north-westward, and left at about the same time, and in the
same direction, as those produced here. All crops, save a few
fields of pease, destroyed. Eggs deposited during the summer,
but young insects hatched and destroyed by frost.

' ■ijtWir i« .W a«itet4

hero from tho
iu^ southward
5 arrived from
about tho date
('8 deposited.

a from the egg,
July. Left iu
swanus arrived
:hese left with
,11 sown. Pota-
iiago. No eggs

li, C. Inkstcr.)
tor part of May
c iu July, going
from the north-
ly passing over-
ion with those
an three-fourths

Produced here
during August,
1 5th of August
id for the most
eggs deposited.

here from the
U leaving about

,, amounting to
lited.

Produced here
ay. Left about

)me swarms ar-
I June from the
[me, and in the
lops, save a few
Ig the summer,

St. Vifaf. Mnn. (A. Oaudry) Locust.i hatclicd here about
about the tirst of June, and on obtaining their wings left, going
florth-east. Foreign swarms not mentioned.

Mlddlr ('/iiirch, Man. (J. Clouston.) Produced here from
the egg, hatching from about May 1.5th till Juno 15th. Left in
August, going south ; all gone before August 15th. No foreign
swarms mentioned. All crops sown were lost. No eggs deposited.

Litth' Jiritdin, M<ni. (lion. D. Guim) Produced hero from
the egg, hatching from about May 7th till the middle of June,
and a few even later. Some began to fly off about July 20th,
others between that date and tho 20th of August, and a few .seen
as late as the Sth or Idtli of St'pteinber. At first a few flew to
the north, but returned, and all at length flew to the east and
south-ea.^t. Very little grain sown, and all destroyed. No eggs
deposited. Mr. (lunn writes that some eggs were deposited in
the vicinity of Lake Winnipeg in the autumn of 1875.

Lower Fort (hwry, Man. (V\'^m. Flett) Produced iiere from
the egg, hatching during the greater part of the month of May.
Most left during the latter part oi July, thougii some still to be
found till about middle of August; generally went south-east.
No foreign swarms. No eggs deposited.

Sju-ingJii'JJ, Man. (F. Dick) Produced here from the egg,
hatching May 15th to June 1st. Left during latter part of July
and August, going south-east. About July 15th swarms ap-
peared from west and north-west, and continued to pass over,
alighting sometimes for the night, till about August Gth. In
Electoral District of Springfield only about 700 acres sown.
Crop saved on 25 acres only and even this much damaged.

Eagles N^est, Man. (J. Monkman.) Produced here from
the egg, hatching from Ma- 20th to July 15th. Left July 15th,
going east-south-east. Wiuged swarms obsorved to pass over-
head, some alighting. First noticed July 1st, and continued
until August. Came from west-north-west, and went east-south-
east. No eggs deposited.

Cook's Creek, Man. (G. Miller.) Produced here from the
egg, hatching about the first of May. Departed about the first
of August, going south-east. Swarms also passed overhead
about August first, coming from the north-west, and going in the
clirection aforesaid. Total destruction of crops.

. 2«

CrookHton, Minn. (E. M. Walsh.) A few locusts produced
here from tho. c<^'^, liatchiiig from May Ifjth to .June 1 0th.
Left July ir)th. ^'oitij:^ south imd south-east. These did little
damage. Swarms appeared ou t!io witi^ I'.om the north, and
passed south-eastward, about July 20th, Crops not injured.
No ejigs deposited.

Northwest Augh', La/cc o/' the Woodn. (M.M.Thompson.)
No locusts hatched here. Swarms arrived on the wini; about
August iirst from the north-west, and left at;ain about the 20th
of Au<:;ust, j^oing south-east. Only crops put in potatoes, which
were nearly all destroyed. No eggs or young insects observed ia
the autumn.

Mr, Thompson writes that these notes will apply equally to
Broken J/fdil, White, Mouthy and Birch Riuer. These are
stations in the wooded district east of tho Red Kiver Prairie^
and on the road between Winnipeg and Lake of the Woods.

■^

locUHtfl produced
I to Jutie 10th.
Tliesc (lit! little
tlio north, and
ops not injured.

. M. Thompson.)
the winj; about

1 about the 2()th
potatoes, which

sects observed in

apply equally to
ver. These are
\ River Prairie^
the Woods.