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(i) AND ItK S I'K ( ri \ (, IIIK HISTORY.CONDITION AND PROSPECTS v 'M :ii ;■; V I) I A V ' I I I I I > L' ( I I I ) I'l • ) I) I Ml I' V I M' h! I 1 ' ', M' \ M' A ilirrclmii oT llic BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS pi'iiicl (iC (diinn'ss E y >J £ I'l ii y W . 'j G IJ r^ i fj j; ;\ jr -J- ]_ 1^ rj ^ llinslnilcd l)v S. I'l A SI' MAN, ( Al'l'. y. S A II M V. i'liiilislicd by jiiilliorilv oi' ('(inijicss rail I. I'll 1 1. A II K 1.1' 111 a: l.ll'I'IXI DTT. (iltAMlIU ,V 1(1. :l IIISTOUICAL S VAT I ST I C A L IN ia)il M AT 1 U N, ui;.'< i'K(vri Nil TiiK HISTORY, CONDITION AND PROSPECTS INDIAN TIIIJ3ES OF THE UNITED STATES : COliLEOTJiD AND I'UEl'AUED UNUEU THE UlUECTIUX OF TIIK BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, PKK ACT OF OONGRESS OP MARCH 3d, 1847, BY IIENIIY R. SCHOOLCRAFT, LL. D. ILLUSTRATED Bl' S. EASTMAN, CAPT. U. S. A. /J ^Jubliiiiifb bij 5liit!joritij of Congrriui, PART I. nilLADELPIIIA: L I P P I N C O T T, G R A M B O & COMPANY, (SUCCESSORS TO ORIGG, ELLIOT & CO.) 1851. k/v / 'I II M K S S A G K OF TUN PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. To THE SE>fATf; OF TlIK rNITlM* StATMH : I traiiHiiiit lii'i'cwitli II I'oiiiiiiiuiicaliiiii frmn tlic I)c'partiiioiit «{ the liilriinr, mul ilic jKipera which iu:coin|miiicil it; hciii;; tin' first pint of tlie ri'siilt-t nf iMvi'sti;_';iliiiii-< Ky llriny K. Schocilcriift, Esi],, unilor tho pi'dvisimis of iiii Act of ('oii;»rcss, iipprovcil March 'iil, I^IT, rci|uiiin>; tho Secretary of War "to colli'ct iind di^jcst such .stati.>lralc llic liistory, tho present comlitioii, ami future prospects nl' tlic Imliaii trilics of tlic I iiitcil States." MILLARD FILLMORE. Wasiiinoton, lOth A II (J list, 1S")0. .1 Sir; DErAIlT.MKNT OF Till; IXTI'UIOll, Wasiiin'hton', AuijiiKt !•, 1>>")0. I hftvo tlio honor to transmit liercwith, with tlie view of tlieir heioi; laid hd'oro tho Senate, tl eonimunicntion from the ('ommissioner of Indian Aflairs, and tlic [lapcrs which accom- pany it: viz., a lel'i'r from Henry R. Schoolcraft, Esip, tojicthcr with the manuscript.s and drawin<;.s ; hcin;; tiie first part i.f results uf invcstij,'ations under the jirovisions of an Act of Congres.s, approved March ;ld, 1-^17, reipiirinf; th.; Secretary of War to collect and dij;e9t such statistics and materials as may illustrate tho histi ry, present comlition, and future prospects of tho Indian tribes of tho L'uitcd States. Very Ilespc fully. Your Obedient Servant, D. C. GODDARI), Secrelai'y ad iiitcriiii. To TUB Tke.sidbnt of the Unitki) Statks. I 111 ) JV I N 'rUd I) I ('T(H! V i>(m: i: M i: N TS. l)i:i'Ai;r.\ii.\ I ni- im: |.sii;tii(iu, iMiiri: Impian AiTAins, AihjKxt If/i. is'iii. iSlii: I'liilcT tlic Act of Culii,'ri'S!* niijirdVeil Marcli oil, I'^IT, Iluiiry It. Scliunlcrat't ^Vii^l a|i|i(iiiiti'il "to L'lilli'i't aii'l cli;:rst siu-li statist ic.-- ami iiiati'rials as may illustrate the iiisloi-y, lirt'seiit cciiiilitiim anil I'utiii-c ])ros]K'cts of the Imliaii triln-s uf liii.' Initcil .Stairs. " I liavc tlu' Iiuuoi' li> siiljiiiit i'lr ti'ansiiiissinii o Cuiirrrss, llie iiiaiiiisciijils ami ilrawinirs lure- willi, — lirinir till' lii-st part of tin.' risiilts nf Mr. Sriinnh'rat't'.s iuvcsti.L'atiiiiis, — also a leltrr I'rom him. cxiilaiiatiii'V '<( tlu' iialiirc anil cMcut of iiis laliors. ami sii;.'!;rstiii;^ llic pnnicr ('oiirsc to bf jiiii-surd ill ri'lalioii to the iiiililiiMlinii nC the work. lie iialiirally feels solicitous ad to the correet- iif.s ami style ef tiie iiiecliaiiical execution; uul in view of the hihor, learninj^, iiml ability he has ilevoteil to the Work, ami its nationalily of character, I trust his wishes in that rc-iiect may be reLTarileii. Very Iiesiieclfully. Your ( Hiedient Serv .lit L. 1,EA, Cu.M.Ml,s,Slo.Ni:U. I), r. (loUDAKI), EsiJ., (Secretary of the Interior, ml interim. Was|ii.m;to.\, ./iil>/ ±^,l, l.s.VJ. L. Lt;A, Esii., Voinniixsitriwr tif /llili'Di AJf'niri^. In eonfoniiity with aulhnrity eoiifuleil to nic uiuler tlie iirovisioiis of an Act of Congress, a|i|iroveil March :iil, 1S4T. rei(uiriii.^ the Secretary of War "to collect ami ili;^est such statistics anil materials as may illustrate the history, the ]iicseiil coiulition, and future ])rospects of thu Indian tribes of the I'nitod States," ] have the honor to submit to you the first part of the results of my investigations. Time was rcipiired in order to idaee an im|uiry so eomprchcnsive in its character on a proper basis. Misaiiprehensions on the part of the Imlians. with respect to the object of the collection of their statistics, were to be met. 'i'he additional duties rciiuiri'd of the agents of Indian affairs ]iresuii])oseil so intimate an acquaintance with the history and languages of the tribes and tiie di-tin^'uisbing traits of r'lces, tleit few of this class of olhcers were |irepared to undertake them. The investigation in these ]iarticulars was therefore extended to embrace gentlemen of experience, (.ibservatioii, and learning, in various parts of the Union; including numerous teachers and mis- sionaries employed in moiil and intellectual labors among them. l''aets were, indeed, solicited fi'(Uii all who had fads to communicate.' I 4 I A iiipy of the llislurical hinuirii's, drawn up for tins purpose, is iuscrtcd as au Appoudix. to this volume. INTRODICTOI! V DOCIM KNTS. 1 s I 4 'si A'lilniiliK' iiicnKiirs iind coiiiiiiiiiiiciiliniis Imvc Ijim'U rcccivril !i> the result ni' tlicsi' joint mcii- siiros, ollicial iiiul luiollicial, iiml a mass cil' iiil'uniiatioii inllnti'il wliirli may sitvc, it is lirlicvt'il, to rescue the ti>|]it', in sumo measure, IVdiii a class nf Irisly ami ima^'inative tourists ami w; iters, whoso ill-(li<;osted theories ol'teii lack the liasis (jf ciu-roet oliservation ami S(Uiuil (leiliirtioii. American ami Enro)ioaii writers have lioeii, to no small exreiit, misle(l hy those suiiposiii- tions views, not only rospoctini; tho real character of tho trilies, Imt the policy of iho i^ovciii- nient itself in relation to thorn, has boon extensively prejucli^eil ami mi^apprehemlccl. Some of tho most able and profoiiml writers, at; homo ami abroad, whose works will, in their main pans, bo long ohorished, have taken llio mere synonyms of tribes, as disliiiet and .separate triljos, playiu;; dilforont parts in history. Tho languajros wiiich have so m.my features to bo admired in eomnion with the Shemitii' | Ian of thought, to which they must be rid'orreil, have boon iironounoed, on very slender materials, to contain high reliuenu'iits in forms of expression ; an opinion which there is I'oason to lielii'\e ir.|uires L'reat modifications, however torso and beautiful tho languages are, in their ]iower ■■!' eombiuai I'Ui. The aboriginal arehioology has fallen under a somewhat similar sjiirit of misap|irehensi(pn and ]>redispositi(Ui to exaggeration. The antippiitios of tho United Slates are tho antiipiilies "f bar- barism, ami not of ancient civilization. Mere age they undoubtedly have; but when we look abnui our magniHeent forests and fertile valleys for ancient relics of the traces of tho phuigli, the eonipass. the ]ien, and tlie chisel, it must rei|uiro a heated imagination to perceive nuich, if anything at all, beyond tho hunter state of arts, as it oxi.stod at tho respective era.s of tho Scandinavian and Columbian discoveries. It has been tho practice of some writers, astonished at the isolated monuments of labor and skill, which are manifestly intrusive, to sjicak of tho antiipiities of tho Mississippi ^'alley as denoting a high state of ancient civilization in the abiu-iginal race. Uut when those vostigi'S of human labor are attentively studieil on a broad scale, in connection with all the attending iihonomoua, they do not a]ipear to sanction the belief of any high and general state of advance in the race before the arrival of Europeans. This may be emphatically said of the tribes within the terriliu'v of the United States, whatever Judgment nuiy bo formed rosjiccting tho ruiirs of ralompie, Cuzco, Yucatan, a)\d the Valley of M<'xieo. A jircdisposition to admire and wonder in viewing objects of arcluvological iliscovery, is not peculiar to this continent, but has .-in,,,! i,, the way of sober iloduetion, founded on an impartial basis of migratory action and reaction in all ages of tho world's history. However those subjects may, in our own land, jiuzzle and distract incpiircrs, lying, in some minds, as .so many stumbling-blocks in the way of historical trutli, it was dm' to tho eb.aracler of the government, and to a peculiar variety of the race of man, — for such we nnrst regard the Indian tribes, — to place the record from which both their ami its actions are to be judgeil, on gi'ounds of authentic information while the 'ribes an' yet on the stage of action. It C(mld not have been anticipated in tho beginning of the lllth century, that erratic and pre(hit(U'y lim-des of hunters, without agriculture, arts, or letters, and with absolutely nothing in their civil polity that tnorits tho name of government, should have boon able to sustain lhcni>.lves ; iar loss, to ■ivilization. cope with the European stocks wIkj landed here with the highest type ..I' indn-irial "S vi INTRODUCTOIIY DOCUMENTS. But justice to every jiericjil df our lii.stoi-y, colonial and soveroign, requires it to be shown that the great duties of luuuauity have nut 'oeen constantly perfurmeil towards them ; that their possessory right to tlu' soil lias nut been at all times fully acknowledged, and that their capacities for improvement and knowledge have not been attempted to bo elicited in every way, and unceas- ingly cultivated and appealed to. A continent has been appropriated, in the occupancy of which this race preceded us. For their actual character in jieiioe and war, and capacities for the duties of life; for their history and idiosyncraeies; for their arts and habits ; tlieir modes of subsistence, and inter-tribal inter- course ; for their languages and mental traits and peculiarities, as developed by curious oral recitals and niythologic dogmas and opinions, which carry the mind back to early oriental epochs ; for their system of mnemonic syniliols, and, in fine, for the general facts that go to establish their nation- ality and character, posterity will look to the present age for its record, whatever may botido the history of the tribes, or the eflbrts of humanity in their behalf. In providing for their enumeration and statistics. Congress has regarded these as indispensable points in the illustration of the main design. How far the iiKpiiries are accomplished in the investigations made, there will be better means of judging when the results shall have been fully presented. Tiit' present materials are submitted as a part of the information collected, and will be followed by others as early as the returns and papers can be fully examined and digested. It will occur to yuu, sir, that this inquiry is of a national character, and that, in bringing the matter forward, there will be a propriety in permitting the same hand that prepared it to supervise the publication. Many of the papers abound in aboriginal expressions to which no one uiuicquaintcd with the languages could do justice. The system of pictography, which is for the first time exhiliited, iiLiposes a degree of critical care in the typography which is not ordinarily expected. I have the honor, there'ore, to suggest that Congr.'ss, to whom I request you will ri'fer tliis communication, be solici: d to order that the present manuscripts and the succeeding parts of them, together with the illustrations and engravings, be printed under the special charge of the Bureau of Indian Afl'aiis, acting for the Library Committee. Very llespectfuUy, HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT, Aqeni on Census, &c. Act of 'Sd March, 1847. i P 11 E F A C E While those papers are Ix'lievod to exhibit, in a new light, the liistory, condition, and prospects of the Indian J{aco, an eflbrt is made to base tlie sidiject on the broad grounds of their continental relations, as one of the primary varieties of the human family. Names, geographical positions, events, languages, antique monuments of art — whatever serves, in fact, to defme or illustrate the varying phases of their history and character, is found to assume increased importance from this consideration. Tribes, famUies, and groups are thus invested with a new power of generalization. In carr} iug out these relations, through the intricacies of physical and intellectual development, the chief reliance is placed on the general deductions of history and ethnology, as these data have bee:i applied in the consideration of the adiuities of the races of men. Stress has al.so been laid on that peculiar feature of the human mind by which nations form their ideas of a Deity, — a trait which is deemed fundamental in the mental type. The subject of Indian History is locally approached, through aboriginal traditions, tribal and general, and the topics of American antiquities and American languages. The latter is, however, considered as the true key of their affinities. It is unde- niable, that whatever light may be obtained from other sources, it is upon comparative views of the principles of their languages, and of the actual state of their lexicography, that we must cliielly rely for anything aspiring to antiqnarian value. The author conceives that he has had unusual opportunities of becoming acquainted with the principles of these apparently ancient mediums of human thought. He has given to these studies his days and nights, when, without this motive to exertion, they would have passed as a blank in the i-emotest forests. The theme has been pursued with all the ardor and hopefulness of youth, and the perseverance 1 (vii) VIU 1' n E V A C E . of inaturor years, piissod in tlio \ii'issitiuk'.s of a IVoiitior lil'e. If, to many, the wilderness is a place of wearisome solitiule, to liim it assuiiu'd, under these inthi- eiices, lar more the seniblanee of the choicest recesses of an academic study. This study has only lieen intruded U[)on liy the cares of husiness, and the higher duties of olfice ; hut it has over been crowned, in his mind, with the inelVable delights that attend the hope of knowledge, and the triumph of research. Thirty years thus spent on the frontiers, and in the forests, where the I\ed Race still dwells, ha\e exhibited them to his observation in almost every possible development. lie has ln'cii placed in a, \ariety of situations to t)bserv(^ the structure and capacities of the Indian mind, in its minutest idios3-ncracies ; to glean his notions of life, death, and innnortality; his conceptions of the character and being of a (iod. who is uni- versally acknowledged as the Creator; anil to detect the secret springs of his acts, li\iug and d\ing. The peculiarly intimate relations the author luis lield to them (having married a highly educated hid\-. whose grandfather was a distinguished al)original chief- regnant, or king.) has had the eflect of breaking down towards himself, individually, the eternal distrust and suspicion of the Indian mind, and to oi)en the most secret arcana of his hojies and fears, as inqjosed l)v his religious dogmas, and as revealed by the deeply-hidilen causes of his extraordinary acts and wonderful character. The mental type of the aborigines, which has beiMi systiMuatically pursued thrijugh tin' recondite relations of their mythology and religion; their notions of the duidity ,,i' .1 1. .1...:.. „ .: ..!• 1 ;,.;i....i ., , .iv., ..*:..., i 1(1 of the soul; their conct'ptions of a complex spiritual agency allecting nnin ium beast ; their mysterious trust in a .-system of pictographic syndjols, believed to have a reflex power of personal inlluence ; and their indomitable li.xit}' in these pecu- liarities, reveal thi' true causes, he apprehends, why the race has so long and so pertinaciously resisted, as with iron resistance, all the lights and intluences which Europe and America united have poured upon their mind, through letter.s, arts, knowledge, and Christianity. 1 The United States has maintained relations with some seventy tribes who occupy the continental area east of the Kocky ^lountains. The great practical object, which has at all periods pressed upon the Ciovcrnnient, has been the preservation of peace, on the constantly enlarging circle of the frontiers. This elVort, basing itself on one of the earliest acts of WASuiNcMdN, has been unintermitted. Occupying the peculiar relation of a mixed foreign and domestic character, the intercourse has called for the exercise of a paternal as well as an oflicial policy. No people hits ever evinced such a non-appreciating sense of the lessons of experience, in the career of their history and destiny ; and the problem of their management has still I'eturned to us, to be repeated again — What line of policy is Ix'st suited to advance I'lJETACK. IX tlioii' prDspovity"' The present plim of cnllcclin;;' iiilormMtimi ivspcetiiii- tlieir iictiuil eomlition. cliinaeter. and ])i(is|ieets. is liasrd on an appeal to tlie entire ciUleiai oi'Liani- zalidn ul' till' Depaitment on tlie IVonliers; ami is ln'lie\-eil to he tlie most cllificnt ciiie that ci.a he pursuiMl to ('(illcct a hiidy oi' authentie inlorniation. whieli may servo as the leeord from winch tiie trihes are to he jndged. Its resnlts will he oomnuniieated as the materials aecumnlate. In the consideration of the policy to ho ado[)ted with respect to the wihl prairie anil transmontano trihi's, who rove over immense tracts with no sense of dependence or responsihility hut that which they daily acknowleduo to the how and arrow, the ii'un and eluh, — in the nse of which they have aeipiired Lireat dexterity — and new ]'ower hy the introdnction of the horse; we connnend to notice tiie remarks of Mr. Wyetli, formerly of Oreu'on, on the host mode to ho adoiited res[)ecting tiie shifting and feehle trihes of those latitudes. The faithless and rohher-liko cliaracter of the prairie hordes east of the mountains, is grai)hically depicted hy Mr. Burnet, in his memoir on the Comanches, ami hy -Mr. Fitzpatriek, resjiectinj: thi^ Arapaiioes and other predator}' triijos on the; higher Arkansas and Nehraska. Although tiiis cha- racter is inapplicahlo to the more easterly trihes, many of whom are advanceil in arts and knowledge, it is yet im[H)rtant to keep it in view in adjusting our policy respecting those remote ami lawless trihes. 3 The experience of two hundred years, with the entire race, demonstrates the delusion of a prosperous Indian nationality, as based on any other system hut that of agriculture and the arts. And, it is helievod, the .sooner the several trihes ceaso to regard themselves politically as containing the elements of a foreign population. the .sooner will the best hopes of their permanent prosperity and civilization he realized. Meantime, while they preserve a pseudo-nationality, it may he allirmed as one of the dearest deductions of statistical and practical investigatit)ns into the operation of our laws, and the general i)rinciples of population, that nothing bexond the interest of the funds due to the trilies, for lands purchased from them, shoidd continue to ])e paid as anmiities. — while policy recpiires, that the principal should he devoted, with tlieir consent, wholly to purposes of civil jtolity, education, and the arts. With all their delects of character, the Indian trihes are entitled to the peculiar notice of a people who havo succeeded to the occupancy of territories which once belonged to them. They constitute a liranch of the human race wlio.se histor\ is lost in the early and wild mutations of men. We perceive in tlu'in many nohle and disinterested traits. The simplicity of their elociuenci has challenged admiratiim. Higher principles of devotion to what they believe to be cardinal virtues no i)eoi)L X PREFACE. over evinced. Faitli lia.s fiirni«hcd the Christian niartjr with motives to sustain him lit tile stake : but the North American Indian has oiidiired the keenest torments of lire witiiont the consohitions of the Gospeh Civihzed nations are elieered on tlieir way to lace the cannon's mouth by insph'ing music; but the warrior ol" the ibix-sl requires no roll of the drum to animate hi.s steps. -1 it Mistaken in his belief in a system of gods of the elements — misconceiving the whole plan of industrial prosperity and happiness — wrong in his conceptions of the social duties of life, and douljly wrong in his notions of death and eternity, he yet approves himself to the best sensibilities of the human heart, by the strong exhibition of those ties which bind a father to his children, and link whole forest communities in the indissoluble bonds of brotherhood. lie lingers with affection, ))ut with helpless ignorance, around the dying couch of his I'elatives; and his long memory of the dead ceases but with life itself No costly tomb or ceuotai)h marks his place of burial ; but he visits that spot with the silent majest\- of grief God has planted in his heart afl'ections and feelings which only re(piire to be moulded, and directed to noble aims. Tiiat impress seals him as a l)rother. erring, indeed, and lienighted in his ways, Ijiit still a brother. To reclaim such a race t(j the paths of virtue and truth ; to enlighten tlie mind wliich has Ijeen so long in darkness ; and to give it new and solid foundations for its hojies, is a duty alike of high civilization and warm benevolence. riiir.ADKi.i>niA, December 3, 1850. m • LIST OF PLATES. i4 ^ e -jmS' 4. 5. (i. 7. 8. Title-Paoe I'-^'"' 1 and 2. Ideographic Map of IJottiirini 3. Indian offering Food to the Dead Entrances or Gateways to different Mounds Comparative Size of Mounds Gardcn-Beds in Grand Hivor Valley, Michigan Garden-Beds in the Valley of St. Joseph's River, Michigan Antique Pipes from Thunder Bay, &c., Michigan 0. Antique Pipes 10. Antique Pipes 11. Mace or War-Cluhs, Fleshing Instrument, Antique Pipe, and Coul-Chisel 12. Section of Grave Creek Mound. Antique Pipes and Idols 13. Antique Pipe found in Western Virginia 14. Indian Axe, Stone Tomahawk, and Stone Chisel 15. Indian Axe and Balista IC. Stone Axes 17. Arrow-Heads 18. Arrow-IIeads 19. Gorget and Mineralized Spoon 20. Medals and G orgct 21. Stone Pestle and Copper Chisel 22. Cooking-Pot and Vase 23. Discoidal Stones and Block-Print 24. Coin Enamel Beads 25. Amulets and Beads 2G. Spear-IIcads 27. Awls, Antique Mortar and Corn-Cracker 28. Bone Shuttle and Implements for Twine-making 20. Block-Prints and Fleshing Instruments 30. Specimens of Cloth from the Sandwich Islands 31. Copper Wrist-Bands 82. Brass Rings and Stone Tubes 33. Baldrics of Bone and Antique Pottery 34. Fragments of Pottery (xi) 1 20 3!) 48 52 55 55 74 75 7U 77 120 78 79 285 80 81 82 103 83 84 85 80 104 105 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 94 I ' ijj ii LIST OF I'LATES. 35. Shells n 36. Digliton Rock Inscription 114 37. Synopsis of Dif^liton Rock Inscription Ull 88. Stones with Inscri])tions, anil Skull from Grave Crock MounJ 122 39. Map of Grave Crook Flats, Virginia 123 40. View of the Ohio from an Antique Lookout or Watch-Tower in the vicinity of Grave Creek 124 41. Map of tho Source of tiie Mississippi River 148 42. View of Itasca Lake, Source of tlic Mississippi River 147 43. Map of Kansas River l')lt 44. Cavern in the Pictured Rooks, Lake Superior 170 45. Oneida Stone 177 46. Indian Doctor Curing a Sick Man 250 47. rictographic Writing — Hieroglyphic Interpretation of Proverbs, Chap. ,\x.\. Indian Inscriptions on Bark ,^:]G 48. Dacota Mission of Peace, and warning against Trespass 3.^8 49. Pictographs on a Tree from Ujipor Mississippi. Tutelar Spirits of Chusco 352 50. Grave-Posts •.... 35(i 51 . Meda Songs 30 1 52. Wabeno Songs .'i73 63. Pictographic Inscriptions used in Hunting ,'iS3 54. Pictorial Records of a Chief's Success in Hunting 387 55. Vision of Catherine Wabose y.lO 5G. War and Love Songs 401 57. Pictographs on Lake Superior, Michigan 40() 58. Synopsis of Indian Hieroglyphics 408 59. Synopsis of Indian IIierogly|)hics 409 CO. Pictograph A, Chippewa Petition to tlio I'rosidorit of the I'nited States 411) 61. Pictograph B, Chippewa Petition to tho President of the I'nited States 417 62. Pictograph C and D, Chippewa Petition to the President of tlie United States 419 63. Pictograph E, Chippewa Petition to tho President of the United States 420 64. Siberian Inscription relating to tho Chase 424 65. Transcript from tho River Irtish, Tartary 425 66. Egyptian Fly God, Ba.al, and Rock Inscrijitions of the Mongolic and Tartar Races 342 67. Inscriptions from the Mongolian and Tartar Races 343 68. Inscription on a Laplander's Drum-IIead 427 69. Triumphal Tablet of Belistun, Persia 423 70. Atotarho, the first Iroquois Ruler 421 71. Iroquois Picture-Writing 429 72. Iroquois Picture-Writing 430 73. Iroquois Picture-Writing 431 74. Local Manito 129 75. Ohio River, from the Summit of Grave Creek Mound 125 76. Shoshonee Implements 211 I >f ■•i '!i !' CONTENTS. A. 1. o 3, 4, 5, C, 7. 8. f), B. 3. 4. 5. 6. i. 8. C. 1, 2 3, 4 5 C, 1. GENERAL HISTORY. SYNOPSIS. IllSTOItY, NaTIOXAI, ANT) TltlllAI PaoE 13 Its Fiil)iilous Cliar.ictcr 13 Smnmiiry of the Indiun Cosningonists 14 Antiiiiiity of their Orif^iii 14 rornianpiu'y of tlic Fliysical Triiit.s 1") General Unity of Ruco and Lan(,'uaf;e I") Utter Impracticability of the Indian Mind and fixity of tlie tribal Tic 1.") Indian My tliology I (! Tlic Great Spirit Dualistic. Polytheism (jf the Indian Mind 1(1 A Worshipper of the Elements lii Orioix 10 Ancient Historians and tlie Persic and Nilotic Inscriptions are silent respecting them 1 (j A very old Race of Men — too old for any records but the divine oracles — probably Almogic 17 Summary of Pelief 17 Belief of a Deluge 1" Belief in a Subterranean Origin 1" Traditions of the monster Era. Algonquins assert it to have preceded the creation of Man 18 Tradition of public Benefactors 18 Tradition of the Arrival of Europeans 18 Traditions of the Axte-Colu.mbian Epoch 19 Tradition of the Athapascas 10 Tradition of the Shawnces 19 Tradition of the Aztecs and Toltccs 19 Ideographic Map of Botturini ; explained, Plates 1 and 2 20 The Aztecs not Aborigines 21 Toltec and Aztec Tradition of their History 21 ^3) U), 1- •I I ifi xiv C O N T E N T S . 7. Natioiiiility of Qiiotziilcoiitl 21 8. Kxiuninntioti of tliit) Qiicstiuu l>y tlio lights of Moilcrn ObHerviitioii in (ioognipliy '2'2 !', TlifMi-v iif Wiiiils, Currents, iiiid Temprruturt', in the LiitittuIcH n|ipii('il to tlio curly Mij;riitiim to Amerifii -- 10. Observations at tlio National Observatory. Lieuti'iiant Maury 2.'! 11. Historical Deductions -•! 2. THE MENTAL TYPE OF THE INDIAN 11 ACE. A. Gknkhu' Vii'.ws 211 1. Has the Hace claims to a I'eculiarity of Typo? '■'>') 2. Sun Worship ;il> 8. Sacred Fire •'!! 4. Oriental Piictrino of (lood and Evil :!1 r>. Idea of the (Jonn of Creation uiuler tho Synil>ol of an E;.')^ .'i^ (i. Doctrines of tho Magi -Vl 7. Duality of tho Soul -l) H. Metcuipsy ehosis •\''\ H. tiniens from the Fli^^ht of IJirds ;!•'! 10. Images and Omens drawn fmm the Sky ;!4 11. Inilian Philosophy oftiood and Evil 'M 12. Theology of the Indian .Jugglers and Hunter-Priests oa l;!. tireat Anti(|uity of Oriental Knowledge .'!.') 14. Nature and objects of l>rahininical Worship ."'(i 15. Anti(|uities of America .'!tl IG. Antiquities of tho United States :5(1 17. Anti(iuity of Philological Proof ;!7 1 8. II indoo Theology :17 V.K Eternity of Life the boon of Hindoo Deliverance 'M 20. Difficulty of comparing Savage and Civilized Nations ;>7 21. A Dualistic Deity 'AH 22. Worship o'" the Elements. Transmigration .'18 23. What Stock of Nations ;!8 24. Cast. Incineration of the Body ,"8 2.5. Offerings to Ancestors ',\H 2tJ. Offerings at Meals, or on Journeys o'.l 27. Parallelism of Idolatrous Customs among the Jews ."ill 28. Extreme Anti(iuity of Hindoo Rites ;!!> 20. Indian Languages. Shomitic 40 30. Manners and Customs Mongolic 40 31. Conclusions of the early Anglo-Saxons 40 32. Permanency of tho Physiologic.il Type 41 33. Mental Typo Non-Progressive 41 34. Proof of Orientalism from Astronomy 41 85. Proof from Aztec Astronomy 42 '3^ III I ! \u CONTENTS. XV 3. ANTIQUITIES. A. (Jenehal Aucii^ioLOUY n B. ANTiyiE Skii-l in Foutification 47 (.'. Ekkction of Tl'muli, or Ai.tahs dv Sacuifice 4'.» 1. Tumuli propi'r 4!> 2. Ueiloubt MouikIh ,',1 H. Hiirrowrt ;'> I 4. Miniir Altars uf Sucrifice .Il !>. Tott'iiiic Mounds ,'>2 D. Evidences of a Fixed Cultivation at an Antique Peuiod 54 1. Prairio YwhU CA '2. llouuiins of auti(|uo Ganlen Ik'ds ami cxteiisivo Fields of Horticultural Labor in the primitive I'niirics of the West !'jI ;!. Iiilhu'iioc of tlio Cultivation of the Zea Maize on the Condition, History, and Migra- tions of the Indian Race (JO 4. Auticjuities of the higher Northern Latitudes of the L'nited States {].'> E. The State of Aiits and Miscellaneous FAiiuirs "o 1 . General Views 70 2. Antique Pipe of the period of the Landing 72 li. Stcndess Pipe of Thunder ]5ay 74 4. Indian Axo 7,5 5. Arrow-Head 77 0. Mace, or War-Club 7^ 7. Anti(|ue Gorget, or Medal 7^ 8. Corn Pestle, or Hand Bray-Stone gQ 9. Akeck, or Indian Cooking-Pot 81 10. Discoidal Stones go 1 1 . Funereal Food-Vase g-; 12. Coin, or its E((uivalent f(4 13. Balista, or Demon's Head §5 14. Medauka, or Amulets g.- 15. Antique Javelin, or Indian Shemagon or Spear g-j It). Aishkun, or Bone Awl g7 17. Bono Shuttle gg 18. Ice-Cutter gg 19. Reed, for Rope or Twine Making gf) 20. Antique Mortar yQ 21. Stone Block-Prints cjq 22. Fleshing Instrument, or Stone Chisel ox 23. Antique Indian Knife 92 24. Ancient Stone Bill, Pointed Mace, or Tomahawk 92 o (^ i ! U f t ItiP xvi OONTKNTS. -.">. ('(i|i|ii'r Aim uiiil WiiHt-lliimls lilt -tl. A iiliiii!* Dlijofti* of Alt mill CiiHtiim ii;J F. Attk.mi'th in Minimi ,\m> iMiM'.M.i.cituv H.'t 1 , C! onoriit Hem ii rkN |ir> 2, Ancient C(>|'|H'r-Miiiiii;{ in tliu lliiHin uf Liiko Superior l^'i it. Vesti^'ert (if Ancient Mining; in Iniliiinii iinil Illinnis |ili) ■I. V('.sti;,'es cjf Ancient Miniiij; Opeiiitimis in AikiiiiHim iinil Mi-iHoiiri 10(1 '). Eviileiieo (if Aneieiit Miniii;^ O|ienitions in Ciiliriiiniii 1(11 . I'lIYS ICAL C KlXi HA I'll V. A. (li:o(iiiAi'iii('Ai, Mkmohamia uiisrcciixii tiim Discovdhv of iiii: Mis.sicsii'I'I Kivkii, WITH A Map (If ITS Sontci: l:!:', ]i. tloM) Dioi'iisrrs ok Cai.ikoiima 1 lU C. MiN'i:iiAi.(micAi. a.nd (1i:oi;iiai'iii('ai, Xiiti(I:s, iii:\i)TiN(i Tin: Vami-: ok AiioiiiniNAi, T i: II u iTi I It Y 1 .")7 1. Tin on the Kansas River, with a Map l.")7 2. Wisconsin and Iowa Lciiil Ore 1(!() .'?. Black Oxyilo of Copper of Lake Superior KiO 4. Native Silver in the Drift Stratum of Michigan 1(11 5. Petroleum of the Chickasaw Lands 1(11 G. Artesian Borings fur Salt in the Onondaga Summit 1(J2 7. Geography of the Genesee Country of Western New York Hji] J). E.xisTi.Mi Gkolouical Action ok the Ameuican Lakes lOti E. AxTiyiE O.sTEOi.oc.Y OK THE Mox.sTEit Period 173 F. An AnouiiiiNAL 1'allai)h:.m, with a Plate 17(; G. Minnesota 181 (!. TRIBAL ORGANIZATKIN, HISTORY, AND GOVERNMENT. I. Preliminary Remarks l;i3 -. Slioshonce, or Snake Nation 108 "* 4 >* i '4 (J 7 ',), 10 II 1-2 l:i II \'l :! 15. CONTKNTH. xvli . Iii.liaii Tiihcs (if OiT>{on, kv.\ \>y N. .1. Wyctli, V.*'[ 201 (.'oiiiiiiiilic's iiikI 'illiir 'I'liiioH iif Tixii^, iiinl ilii' I'niii'v 111 111' imiHiicil ri'»|M'ctiiin tlii'iii ; l,y 1). (i. Miinift, F.^ii i!i!'.l , Iiiiliiiu Tiilii's of New Mfxico; liy (invcriKir Cliaik'H Hciit 'JI2 |)iirM.ti»t of tlu' Missis.^ipiii ; liy TIiuiiiuh S. Williiiin.tim, M. D '.'17 , The .'nmlll'iix a .Scomjijc to i\w Ali'iii;;iiiCH 2.'">7 'I'llhi'S on lli'^ Siiiita hV Tiuii iiml iit tlio Font of tliu lluuky MouiitiiiiiH iW . lli.^tiiry 'it" tlio (Jrt't'k.s (U- Mu(tkoj;(^i'H -•!;"> , Mimsachusotttt [||iliaiis ~>^\ . FiirtmT Iiiiliaii I'opulat. /( nf Kciitiuky oOO , llisliiry III' the Mi'iiiiiuDiiics am! ('lii|iin'WMS 'M)2 M iMCdl ins anil A »f ij;iin«ii,'.'< 'tOri (Jiij,'in ami Ilisloiy ul' tlii' CliickaMaws .'iOO . INTFl.LECTUAFi CAl'AiiFTY AND C li A !( A CT KR oK TIIK INDIAN UAC'i;. MvTniU.iiliV ANM OllAI. TllAIUrinNS ■'IKI IriKjiiniM Ciisniiii^iiny ■ilt'i Alli';.'iirii'al 'rraililiims iit' llir Ori^rin iif Men, (if Miinalin/lin, ami uf {\w Iiili-iiilni'linn i.f Mnlii'al Mii-lc :!I7 Alli';,'iiiy of till' Ori^rin ami Ilir-dn'y uf llic O.^a^iiM I',):) I'liltowall U' 'rii('iilii;.'y :1J0 , Tlio Islaml (if tlic nicsscil, or tlic Ilnntci'rt Difani :V1\ Tlie Fate of tlio Hoil-Hoadca Magician !li';i Tlio Ma^^io Uiiif; in tlio I'rairios '.Vll Tlio llisliiry of tlio Jjitlio Oi|iliaii wlio oanio.s tiio Wliilo I''oatlior o-J',1 I Mil AN I'lnilliltAl'IIV .'iJili I 'roliiiiinary ( 'nnsiilorat ioii^< ■'i:l)5 Extroinc Antii[! ity nf the Art of I'iotorial AVritiiig; its Gcnoral Usp amoiii^st tlio Oriental Nations, kc •'! 1 1 Elonionts of tlio I'iotm-ial Systoiii. Cinnnioii Figurativo Sijiiis, dosij^nod to coincy (lonoi-al Inforniation anioiii; tlio Trilios, itc :!'jO Kokoowin, or llioratic Signs of tlio Modiiwin anilJoosuki'iwiii. Ddiiiitiuii of liio Tonus anil rriiioiplos of tlio Scrolls I^'iS Hitos anil Synibulio Notation of tlio Songs of tlio Waliri.o. riotorial Signs nsoil in this Socioty. A Doscii|ition of tlio Songs and Dances odd Symbols of the Art of Hunting and tlio Inoidonts of tlio Chase '\><:\ The Higher Jeosuki'nviii, or I'mphocy :!xS Symbols of War, Love, and History. Tninslation of War-Songs, Jtc 401 Universality and Antiquity of tlio I'ictograpliic Method. Geographical Area Covered by Migrations of the Algomiiiin Tribes. The groat F'ixily of Mental and Physical Character 411 xviii CONTENTS. 10. Comparative View of the Pictography of Barbarous Nations, Foreign Pictographic Signs. The Chinese Cliaracters founded on the Picturc-Writing Devices of the Samoides, Siberians, Tartars, itc 401 VII. POPULATION AND STATISTICS. A. General Remarks on the Indian Popvlatidn of tiii; Union 433 B. Census RETi-nNs of the Indian Tribes of the United States, with their A^ital AND Industrial Statistics 435) 1. Iroquois Q roup 44I 2. Algonquin Group 45g 3. Dacota Group 49^ 4. Appalachian Group gQg C. Tables of the Tribes within the newly acquired States and Territories... 518 1- Texas 518 '2. New Mexico rj-j <) 3. California rjoO 4. Oregon fjo-i T). Florida r.j.j 0. Utah 522 7. Ultimate Consolidated Tables of the Indian Population of the United States 523 APPENDIX. Inquiries, respecting the History, Present Condition, and Future Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States 595 i:y 3t| 1. GENERAL HISTORY. And these are ancient things. I. CiiuoN. iv. 22. A. HISTORY; NATIONAL AND TRIBAL. 1. AiiOiiiGiNAi. lii.-toiT, Oil this continent, is more eelelinited for preserving its I'aJjles than its facts. This is eini)hatically true respecting the hunter ami non-industrial tril)es of the present area of the United States, who have left liut little that is entitled to historical respect. Nations creeiiing out oi' the ground — a world gTowing out of a tortoise's back — the glolie re-constructed i'roni the earth clutched in a nmskrat's paw, after a deluge, — such arc the fables, or allegories, from which we are to frame their ancient history. Without any mode of denoting their chronology, without letters, without any arts depending upon the use of iron tools, without, in truth, any power of mind or hand, to denote their early wars anddjnasties, except what may lie inferred from their monumental remains, there is nothing, in their oral narrations of ancient epochs, to bind together or give consistency to oven this incongruous mass of wild hyperboles and crudities. Whenever it is attemiited, by the slender thread of their oral traditions, to pick np and re-unito the bix)ken eliain of history, by which they were anciently connected with the old world, their sachems endeavor to (ix attention li}- some striking allegory or iiiC(jiigruous (iction; which sounds, to ears of sober truth, like attempts at weaving a rope of sand. To impress the mind by extraordinary simplicity, or to surpri.se it, with a single graphic idea, is quite characteristic of Indian elixiuence — whatever b<^ the theme. Manco Capac, deriving his pedigree from the Bim, or Tai'enyawagon, receiving lii;i apotheosis from the White Bird of Heaven; Quetzalcoatl, founding the Toltee empire with a few wanderers from the Seven Caves ; or Atatarho, veiling his god-like powers of terror with hissing rattle-snakes, fearful only to others ; snch are the proofs 14 NATIONAL AND TI!I1!AL lll.STUllY. |i ! liy wliicli llu'v iiini til stuy tlio ill-pi'oportioiu'd I'ahiic of tlii'ir Iiistoi'v, aiiti((iiitit's. aiul lll_\ tlldlllLi'V. 2. TIk' native cDsiiioiroiiists, when they are recalled from iHiildinj^ these castles in the air. and asked the meanin;^' ol' a tnniuhis, or the age of some gigantic tooth or honi', which ri'mains to attest gi'ological changes in the snrlace of the continent, answer with a stare I and if tiiey sjieak at all, they make such heavy drafts upon the imagination, that history ni'Xtr knows wlu'n she has made allov, ances enongh on this head. A manuuoth hull, jumping over the great laki's;' a grape-vine carrying a whole tribe acniss the Mississippi ;- an eagle's wings jirodncing the phenomenon of thunder, or its (lashing eyes that of lightning; men slepjiing in viewless tracks up the lihie ai'ch of hea\en ; the rainliow made a haldric; a litlU' hoy catching the sun's ht'ams in a snare;' hawks, rescuing shipwrecked mariners from an angry ocean, and carrying them n|) a sti'ep ascent, in leatiii'm bags.'' These, or a plain event of last year's occurrence, are related by the chiefs with equal gravity, and expected to claim an e(pial share of belief and historic attention. Where so much is pure mythologic di'oss. or rcipiires to be ])ut in the crucible of allegory, theri! appears to be little room for any fact. Yet IheiH- are some facts, against which we cannot shut our eyes. ;!. We |H'rceive. in them, if exannned by the light of truth, as revealed alike by divine and profane records, a marked varii'ty of the human race, possessing traits of a decidedly oriental character, who have been lost to all history, ancient and modern. Of their pit'cise origin, and the era and nuinner of their nn'gratitin to this continent, we know nothing with ci'rtainty. which is not inferential. Philosophical inijuiry is our only guide. This is still the j\idgment of the best impnrers, who have in\ostigati'd the subject through tiie nuMhum of physiology, languages, antiquities, arts, traditions, or whatever other means may have been employed to solve tiie ([uestion. 'I'hey aii>, e\idently. ancient in tlieir occiqiancy of the continent. 'J'iiere are, probably, ruins here, which date witiiin fixe hundred years of the foundation of Babylon. Ail history demonstrates, that from that central I'ocus of nationality, nations were jiropelled over the globe with an extraordinary degree of I'lii'rgy and gi'ographical enterjirise. It is well said by a recent and I'minent writer, that the l()ot of man has pressed many a .M)il, which late travellers assume was never trodden before.' We have known this con- tinent but three centuries and a hall", dating from 1492. That di.sco\ery fell like a thunder-clap. But it is now known that the Scandinavians had set foot upon it. at a long j>rior ilate, and had visited the northern part of it, from Greenland, as early as the beginning of the lOth century." Even in the 0th century, we are .b'lTiTS.ill's .\utcs. '() ^ HL'ckr\volclui''s Ib.stiiry iif tlie Iiicli;iu.s. Iicnia, Cusic's Ancient Ili>l" ipf llie Ir /i t Cli:irlc< Uamilliin Smith's nistur Antii|iiitatos Ainoricana. ('i!|iLnlii i.f tlio I! uiiKin f»pcc .* m NATIONAL AND TllIDAL IIISTOUY. 15 iiii'oriiicd. Otlun'o proircdcil on a vovMjri- to i North Pole. 'I'hc ln'otliors Zcni liuil iiiiulc iiii|)ort;int prior dis' ..icrics, in tlie west .iiid iiortlicrii occaiis. ISiscavaii Rsli- cnucii wcTu driven oil' tiic Irisli coast- in J I and tiicrc is a chart of Anchca I'ianca in the Ducal Library at Venice, ol" 1 l.'iG, on wliicli the names oi' IJra/.il and Antiilia occur. 4. ]5ut whenever visited, whetlier in tin' '.Uli. KUh. or 1 "ith ceutui'v. or late in tlie loth, when Viriiinia was flr.-t visited, the Indians vindicated ail tlie leading;- traits and characteristics of tlie present day. (M' all races on the face of the eartii. who were pushed from their original .seats, and cast hack into utter bariiarisni, they luive, ai)pareiitly, chan;.;ed the least ; and have ])reserved their physical and ipiMital ty])e, with the fewest alterations. They continue to reproduce tiiemstdves. as a race, even whcM'e their manners are coiupanitively polished, and their intellects enli.uhteued ; as if thev were bound by the iron fetters of an nnchaniiiiiji' type. In this unvarying and indomitable individuality, and in their fl.xity of opinion anil general idiosyncracy, thev certainly remind tin' reader of oriental races — of the Slieniitic family of man. ■"). \'ie\ved in extenso, the race appears to be composed of the IVagmeiits of varit)us trilies of men, who bore, however, a general allinity to each other. With some small exceptions, they appear to be parts of a whole. ^lost of their languages and dialect.s are manifestl}' derivative. While they are transjiositive and polysyllabic, tliey are of a type of synthesis more concrete and ancient in its structure than those of liomo and (Ireece, and exhibit no analogies to those of western and northern Europe, unless it be the Bastpie and Mag^-ar. But they are ])liilosophically homogeneous in .syntax, capable of the most exact analysis and resolution into their original and simple elenuMits; and while some of them impose concords, in reference to a wild aboriginal ]irinciple of animate and Inairnnate classes of nature, they are entirely Hn(i-'S8. The Algonquins have a tradition of Cartier's visit to the St. Lawrence, in ir)o4, and call the French, to this day, People of the Wooden \'essel. or Wa-mitig-oazh. The Chippewas allirmed (in 1824) that seven generations of men had pa.s.sed since that nation first came in to the lakes." ' If IflOS, till! pirioJ iif tlic sotdeniont of Cuiiaila, be taken ari llio era, and thirty viar^^ allowed to a genera- tion, tills is a remarkable instance of aeeuraey of computation. •a NATlONAli AND Till UAL lIl.STOUy. 19 C. TRADITIONS OF THE A N TE-COL U M JU A N EPOCH. a ^^ On this Huljjoot, wo ai'o foiifnied to narrow limits. Tlii-c'e or I'oiir of the cliiol' .stocks now Ix'twi'cn tlio Equinox mul lliu Arctic Circle, liavo i)re.sorved traditions which it is deemed proper to recite. 1. In the vojiiges of Sir Alexander Mackenzie amonj;- the Arctic tribes, he relates of the Chepewejans, that " tiiey have a tradition that they originally came from another country, inhabited b^- vi'ry wicked people, and had travi'r.sed a great lake, which wa.s narrow and shallow, and full of islands, where they had sullered great misery, it being always winter, with lee and deep snow." ' In a subsequent pa.s.sage, p. oS7, he I'emarks — "Their progress (the great Athaj)asca family) is easterly, and according to their own tradition, tliey came I'rom Siberia; agreeing in dre.xs and manners with the people now found n|)on the coasts of Asia." 2. The Shawanoes, an vVlgonfjuin tribe, have a tradition of a foreign origin, or a liiniling from a sea voyage. John Johnston, Estp, who Mas I'or many \ears their a"'ent prior to 1820, ob.'^erves. in a lelter ol' July 7tli, 181!). publisiied in the first volume of Arclueologia Americana, p. 27.'!, tliat tiiey migrated from West Florida, and parts adjacent, to Ohio and Indiana, where this tribe was then located. "Tie people of this nation," he ob.H'rves, "have a tradition that their ancestors cros.sed the .sea. They are the only tribe with which I am aHjuainted. who admit a l()reign origin. Until lately, they kept yearly sacrifices for their safe arrival in this countiy. From where tiny came, or at what period they ari'ived in America, they do not know. It is a prevailing opinion among them, that Florida had been inhabited by white people, who had the u.se of iron tools. Blackhoof (a celebrated chief) aflirms that he has often heard it si)oken ol b\- old people, that stumps of trees, covered with earth, were fiv(piently found, whicli liad been cut down by edged tools." At a subsequent page, he says— "It is .somewhat doubtful whether the deliverance which they celebrate has any oth^'i- relerenee, than to the crossing of .^ome great river, or an arm of the sea." (P. 27ti, Arch. Am.. Vol. 1.) 3. The next testimony is from Mexico. IMontezuma told Cortez of a foreign con- nection between the Aztec race and the nations of the Old AVorld. This tradition, as preserved hy Don Antonio Solis, led that monarch to assure the conqueror of a relationship to the Sptdi'islr crown, in the line of sovereigns. His speech is this: — "I would have you to luider.staud before you begin your dis- cour.se, that we are not ignorant, or stand in need of your persuasions, to believe that tl le great i)rmce yon obey is descended I rom our ancient (Juetzalcoatl, Lord of tl ic JMackonzii., CXIT. Intr.nl. Tliii wiw (if course oiilitiod to no w.'iglit wlmtcver, except a.s Jeiiotiiig ii foreigu origin. i %■' I i.^: II I! I (1 ill 20 NATIONAL AND TRIBAL HISTORY. Seven Ciivcs of tliu XnrxllaijKoi, and lawful king of those se\i'ii nations wliicii ^avo begiiniing to our Mexican enijjire. Ily one of his prophecies, wiiidi we receive as an infailihle truth, and hy a tradition of nuiny a;i;es, preserved in oiu- amuds, we iiuow that he dei)arted from tiiesc countries, to conquer new regions in the Kast, leaving a promise, that in process of time, his descendants should return, to model our laws, and mend our government." ' 4. The general tradition of the nation, of their having originated in another land, and their n\igration hy water, is preserved in the ideograpiiic maj) of Botturini.' Hy the accompanying I'lates (1 and 2) they descril)e pictograijhicall}- their first landing from A/.tlan. This place is depicted as an island, surrounded on three sides by the sea. It has the representative sign of six princijjal houses, with a temple surmounted with the usual end)lein of tiieir priestiiood; and with a king and queen, or chief and chieftainess. Tiie Ibrmer has a shoulder-knot, and lonp garments ; the latter a looking-glass, with her hair in two IVont knots, and her feet drawn backwards, () /(( iiKtilr lie mniijr. I?otli are sitting. The next figure is a num in a boat, with fiowing hiiir, and a long garment. This drawing typifies the passage. It is evi- dently a landing, and not a departure. Agreeably to the authors who urge the remotest date, this landiu'j took place A. D. 1038. Others tliiidc 10G4. The Aztecs began to count their chronology, or tie up their years, as they term it, in 1 Tecapatl of their system of cycles. (lOU.) Their first residence was at Colhuacan, the Horn mountain, where there were eight chiefs, each denoted by his peculiar fiimily badge, or what the Algoncpiins call tati m. From this, the persons charged with carrying their idol, and sacerdotal apparatus, set forward, passing down the Pacific coast. In this journey they spent twenty-eight yeans, to 2 Calli of their first cycle. During this time they had nuide three removes, reached the tropics, where they found fruits, growing upon trees, whose trunks were so large, that a man could hardly span them. They took three i)risoners, who were sacrificed by their priests, by tearing out their hearts, in the same i)arbarous manner that was observed after this people became mastei's of Mexico. From this latter period, their chronology is carefully recorded. They made twenty-two removes, iibiding various periods from four to twenty years at a i)lace, making altogether one hundred and eighty-six years ; till they reached the valley of Mexico. Agreeably to Clavigero, they reached Zampango in 1210, and migrated to Tizayocan in 1223. It is seen that while they dwelt at Chepoltepee, or the Locust Mountain (No. 20), they took prisoners, who were dragged before their chief nuigistrate. These prisoners 'History of the Conquest of Mexico. Book iii. p. Gl. * First published in 1839 by Mr. John Dolafielil, Jr., at ("ineinnati. I 1 .1 '■11 ) :yi ^ If '■■ •' .. [Wp^ ^^,-' r ar': < 2 f= r -^- -iX ^vsn;'^ r 1 vrTwcY<0«c^«q^ «d^ ^id' w >>>: J , ■:^l lEiii 1-^ "■ -.4^;; i-\ ^■^ li J iU I'H 1 il r.-.\\ l|..'...-|l r. Hi ^^ 1 -w'^.V^ ) ^1 i[^l ^?^^/-''.". ^^> l^ I .nvp A,. V 5 A 11 ^ ^ .s gi H lill [S iL:^!ij S^ Hill Sli i^lMI TIllllAl. IIISTnUV 31 wcri' of llic wilil liimtcr tiil«'s, iiml iirc di'iiictcil im wciitiit^,' tin- .Miniplc lulnn' of hkhIitm (Iii\s. "). 'I'liiil ilic A/trcs were iinl (iliiii-iijiiii ", (H' iIh' liixt iiiliuliitaiitM til' tin- coiintiT, in jiri.scil l>\ (liiH liict. 'I'lifsc priHoncrM iii-o ivprfHi'iiti'd ti> lie ol' 'mtli ^.■.\l^x. Tlii' iiuiU'M ui'i> (jiiitf imkcil, ('xt't'pt till' iiliovt'-imiiH'il liannciil, iiiul Imlli sexes nii' williuiit slides, wlii'i'eiis llic eiini(iiei'(irM iiit' alwiivs, mid in 'ill iiositioiis, depieled with liii';ri' slioes, L'xccpt in tilt' lirsl li;:iires on mi islmid. These liiive liirp' Imivvs. reseiiiliiiiin' in their ilniiiiiiiiiiit (he ('hille>e sliiie ol' tiie |pres('iil lime. They lire also dejiieled witii ii ddulilet, wliile the captives are nakeil.^ (1, Hy Ihe index Telliiriaiiiis and tiie eodex N'alieaniis, whieii have lieeii made ntri'ssihle liy llie piiiiheatitai of Lord Kin^slMiroiiijli, it is perceived that there was no Aztec, ruler al all, l)\ llie name of (^let/alcdull, dnriim llie tt'rni of their .sii|irema('y. (Jnetzalcdall was a 'I'dltec. Mdiile/.uma. in Hpeakinji of tiie fiOHi) ol' the Sk\ i:n C.uks, pi'dliaMy relerred to an earlier period ol' tlieir general history. Tiiere can he no preteiK'e set up, indeed, tiiat the A/tees were alxaijiiiials. They fdiinil a strdii)j; nidiiarchy, midcr the Toltecs. (o wlidiii liiey liecame tiilmlary; and liiese latter ackiiowleaiiljiia1ai|iu'. Ii. ('iilluianili. 4. ehiiiialnian. 5. (|Ui'tzalill. (i. cuaiilKiiliiialt. 7. Culuialt. 8. oiica i|iiillaiiiaiiilii|iic iijxti'nal. !l. oiicaii (|iiiiiniitz iijxli'dal. 10. ciicxtocati — t'lincayaii. 1 1 . Cohuatl — caiiiac. 12. Azcapotzalco. • p.iTiliilaii. 11. Hialiiui. 1"). Cciliuatillaii. If), toi'iiaioonn. 1,-. 18. J' 10. Allacuilmaan. 20. CliapiiUfpLc. 21. Chimalaxotl. 22. Iluitzilihiiitl. 23. ('o.\oo.\tli. 24. ('(illmacaii. V 22 NATIONAL AND TRIHAL HISTORY. t'liipirc to (^ictziilcoiitl, of XiiviitliKjiK's. lawl'iil cliicf of (Iio sevon haiiils, wlio liad oripiiiati'd tlicro. It was to tliis [)iiiux'. who liad. ai an aiiciriit era, inysterioiisly lef't tlii'in, and iionc to tlu' Ivist, as tlio tradition ran, that thi' Aztvcs attril)utc'd tlio ori;;in of tlu' Sjianisli nioiiarcliN . which made them the moi'e ready, at first, to suhinit to their conquerors. Tliey expected a succession or restoration of the empire to the descendants of a lefiitimate monarch. Hut when the Aztecs found their mistake, they rallied under Gautimoziu. and put fortli all their jiowers of resistance. S. The tradition of the origin of the emfjire in hands of adventurers from the Seven Caves, rests upon the hest authority we havi! of the Toltec I'ace. supported I)y tiie oral opinion of the Aztecs in lull*. An examinatiou of it hy the lights of modi'rn .u'cojira- pliy. in connection with the nautical theor\' of oceanic currents and tlie fixed courses of the winds in tiie Pacific. ,i;ives j^lronj; testiniou_\- in favor of an early exi)ressed opinion in support of a migration in high latitudes. It is now considered proliahlo that those cavi'S were seated in the Aleutian Chain. This cluun of islands con- nects tlie continents of Asia and .Vmerica at the most practicahle points ; and it hegius precisi'iy opposite to tlud part of the Asiatic coast north-east of tlie Ciiinese empire, and (piite ahove tiie .lapanese gi'oup, wiiero we should expect tiie .Mongolic and Tata hordes to iiav(! lieen precipitated upon those sliores. On the American side of the trajet, extending south of the peninsula of Onaiascn. there is evidence, in the existing dialects of the tril)es. of tiicir heiug of the sar.ie generic group with the Toltec stock. ]5y the data hrouglit to liglit l»y Mr. Hale, the ethnographer to the Tniti'd .States Exploring Expedition under Caiitain Wilkes, and from otiier relial)ie sources, the philological jjroof is made to l>e (piite apparent. The peculiar Aztec termination of substantives in f/. wliicii was noticed at Nootka Sound, ami which will lie found in tlie appended specimens of tlie laiigiuiges of Oregon, furnished iiy Mr. Wyeth, are too indicative, in connection with other resemlilances in sound, and in tiie principles of construction, noticed In' Mr. Hale, to he disregarded. !l. In seeking tiie facts of modern geograiihy and nautical science on the probability of such an origin for the Indian jiopulation of CV'iitral and Mexican Xortli America, — not the triiies of the .\nd('s. — tiie oliser\ ations accumulated on the meteorology and currents of tlie I'aiMtic and Indian seas, at the National Oliservatory, have furnished a new iioint of light. LiiMiteiiant-Coloiiel Charles Hamilton Smitii. of Edinburgh, author of tlie most recent,' and. in nian_\ respects, the ln'st reasoned treatise on the Natural History of tlie Human Species. ap|)ears to liave lieeu the first observer t(j throw out the idea of the Chichimecs — a rude Mexican people of the Toltecan lineagci — ha\ing iiiigrated from this (piarter, taking, however, the word "Cavi's" to be a figure denoting a vessel, catamaran, or canoe ; and not employing it in a litei'al sense. Lieut. M. Maury, U. S. N.. the chief director of the American Nautical Observatory f t .'■g 1848. 'J i i NATIONAL AND TRIBAL HISTOUY. 23 at Wa.sliinutoii, to whom I transmitted the work, witli paiticidar rereronce to this chapter, puts a more literal construction on the tradition of Quet/alcoatl, and lirings to liear an amount of modern observation on the iwint, which it would be unjust to withhold I'rom the reader. 10. '•! have received," he remarks, "your letter of the 14tli, [Jan. 1S.")0.] and wixil with interest the passages you were so kind as to mark between pp. 2:!2 and '2i^^. 'Natural History of the Human Species, by Col. Hamilton Smith.' " Pray accept my thanks for this gratification. "At page 2G1, the Colonel had a stronger case than he imagined. Referring to the Ciiichimec legend of the seven 'caves,' he conjectures that the Chichimecs might originally have lieen Aleutians, and that ' canx,' if not denoting islands, might have referred to canoes. •■ The Aleutians of the present day aciuaJhj Hrr in mvcs, or subterranean apartments, which they enter through a hole in the top. They are the most bestial of the .species. In tlieir habits oi intercourse they assuredly copy after the seal and the whale. " Those islands grow no wood. For their canoes, fishing implements, and rf/c-hokl utcnsiis.the natives depend upon the drift-wood which is cast ashore, much of which is in in/)/i(ir wood. And this you observe is another link in the chain — wliich is grow- ing (|uito strong — of evidence which for years I have been seeking, in the confirma- tion (jf a 'gulf-stream' near there, and which runs from the shores of China over towards our nortli-west coast. " IJut I am telling things you already know, and about which you did not ask; and lest you should stjde me a fa-'tf irltnas.s, I'll answer as best I can your several inter- iogatorics. "1st. You wish me to state whether, in my opinion, the Pacific and Polynesian waters could have been navigated in early times — supposing the winds had been then as they now are — in balsas, floats, and other rude vessels of early ages. "Yes; if you had a supply of provision, you could 'run down the trades' in the Pacific, on a log. " There is no part of the world where nature would tempt savage man more strongly to launch out upon the open sea with his Ijark, however frail. "Most of those islands are surrounded l)y ctn'al reefs, between whicli and the shore the water is as smooth as a mill-pond. "The climate and the fish invite the savage into the water, and the mountains which separate valley from valley, in many of these islands, together with the pow- erful vegetable activity, make it more easy for the native to go from valley to valley by water than by land ; for the scoriiv on the mountains, with the brandjle by the way, oiler barriers to those inihd people that are almost impassable. •On the other hand, tl pcop: lere is the refreshing water, the smooth bav, the floating loir, or even the unhusked cocoa-nut, to buoy him along. I h.i avo seen children there, not 24 MATIONAI; AM) T1!1I!AL IIISTUUY. m inoiv tii;'.u tlireo }oar.s old, swiniiuiii;: oil' tn tlu' j^liip. siiniily witli a coooa-imt to hold \,y. "Tliis voyairo ui'('oiiii)lislu'(l, tlu'iv iw tlio island in the distance to attract and allure; and tlic next step would lie — if we iniajiine an infant colony on an island of a grou}) — to fit out an expedition to some of those to leeward. ■•The native then finds a hollow log. that is split in two. liiki' children iiere, he has danuned up liis littU' mountain stieauiK'ts with a d;iin of cla\ across, lie tloes the same with his trouiih. kneading the clay ami making a dam with it across either end. He puts in a few cocoa-nuts, a calahash of water, lireaks a grt'en iirantdi thick with foliage, sticks it up for a sail, and away he goes hefore the wind, at the rate ol' three or four miles the hour. I ha\e seen them actually do this, tiieir little lleets like • llirnam wood coming to Duusinane' iiy water. IJiit liy some mishai), in the course of time, this frail hark misses the island or falls to let'ward : the only chance then is to suhinit to the winds and the wavi's, and go where they will hear. •■ Uut the .South Se;i Islander would soon get aliove vessels with clay how.s and mud sterns. "1 \isited the .Manpu'sas Islands in iS'J'.t. The natiws were tlii'U in the lig-leaf state: and tlu' old chief ollircd to ma]\.e me their king, if I would stay with them. I'ardon the epi>ode ; I'll try to stick to your (picstion ; though you have k'd me where there art' so many tlowery paths. 1 lliul it dillicult to withstand the tem])tation of holting right olf iuti> some of them. •■The .Marcpiesas islauders make large canoes out of little slats of wood; — I'acli man has a slat. At the end of tiie \-oyagi' he carries his piece home with him. When the canoe is waiiteil for anothi'r voyage, every man comes down with his timber. '■ You have seen hread-trays in the ni'gro cahins of the South and AVest. after Inning h-'cn split, sewed together with white oak splits'.' In this way their canoes are sewed together with <'ords ol' t'ocoa-nut liiire. antl the holes jmttit'd up with clay. These canoes will sonu'tinii's hold twenty rowers. They perform ri'gular voyages among the islands of the grou]) ; and i'l'om other islands they go ofl' to greater distances. ■• In the Pacific, lictween the K(|uator and 2")' or ."lU S.. it is easy lljr sucli vessels to >ail in any direction hetween nonh around hy the west, to south-west and north of the K((uator. to the "Jotli or ;intli parallel. It is likewise easy for such rude \essels to sail in any course lictween north-west around hy the west, to south. ■• it is dilli'Milt to gi't to the eastward, within the trade-wind region. ■• In ri'ply to your second (pii.'stion. as to th(> possibility of long voyages before the iiut'iition of the compass. 1 answer that such c/ia/ici' voyages were not onl>' jtcssiblc, liut more than probalile. •• Wiien wo take into consideration the jiositiou of North America witii regard to » m ^■■'® NATIONAL AND TlllBAh IllSTOllV. 25 %l sia, of New lloUiind with regard to Africa, witii tiie winds and currents of the ocean, it would have been more remarkable that America should not have been peopled from Asia, or New Holland from Africa, than that they should have been. "Captain Uay, of the whale-ship Superior, fished two years ago in Behring's Straits. lie saw canoes going from one continent to the other. "Besides this channel, there is the 'gulf-stream,' like the current already alluded to from the shores of China. Along its course, westerly winds arc the prevailing winds; and we have well-authenticated instances in which these two agents have brought Japanese mariners in disabled vessels over to the coasts of America. " Now look at the Indian Ocean, and see what an immense surface of water is exposed there to the heat of the torrid zone, withoct any escape for it, as it becomes expanded, but to the South. "Accordingly, we have here the genesis of another 'gulf-stream,' which runs along the east coast of Africa. " The physical causes at work, were there not some other agents, such as the form of the bottom, the configuration of the land, opposing currents of cold water, &c., would give the whole of this current a south-easterly direction. " We know that a part of it, howover, comes into the Atlantic by what is calU'd the Lagullas current. The whales, whose habits of migration, &c., I am investigating, indicate clearly enough the presence of a large body of warm water to the south of New Holland. "This is where the gulf-stream from the Indian Ocean ou^ht to be; and there I confidently expect, when 1 come to go into that part of the ocean with the thermo- meter, as we are preparing to do with our thermal charts, to find a warm current coming down from Madagiiscar and the coast of Africa. " There AViW then in the early ages the island of Madagascar to invite the African out with his canoe, his raft, or more substantial vessel. There was this current to bear him along at first at the rate of nearly, if not quite, one hundred miles a day. and by the time the current began to grow weak, it would have borne him into the region of westerly winds, which, with the aid of the current, would finally waft liim over to the southern shores of New Holland. Increasing and nndtiplying here, he would travel north to meet the sun, and in the course of time he would extend himself over to the other islands, as Papua and the like. "If I recollect aright, the (Jallipagos Islands, though so near the coast, and under the line, with a fine .soil and climate, were, when discovered, uninhabited. Now that part of the coast near which they are, is peculiarly liable to calms and baflling winds, to the distance out to .sea of several hinidred miles ; there was no current to drift, nor wind to blow the native fi-om the coast, and lodge him here. '"From present knowledge of currents it can be hardly justified in the sup[)osition that South America was peopled from Asia by vessels being driven .south of the I; ': V, iji m M ■..1 II Mil ' (; 'I 26 NATIONAL AND Til I UAL HISTORY. Equator to tlie Aiiu'i'iciin shores. Tlio (li.stiiiici' by that route — west wiml region .south of the S. E. triules — i.s not less tliau Id.UOO miles, without luiy isliuul.s, excejit New Zealand, lor a resting-place. The route by the Aleutian Islands with the North racitle, ■Gull' Stream' already mentioned, is a nnieh more probable route. "AVhen we look at the I'aeilie, its islands, the winds and currents, and consider toe facilities tliere that nature has provided for drifting sa\ago man with his rude imple- nients of navigation about, wo shall .see that there the inducements held out to iiim to try the sea are ])owerl'ul. With the bread-fruit and the cocoa-nut — man's natural barrels there of beef and l)read, and the calabash, his natural water-cask, he had all the stores lor a long voyage already at hand. You will thus perceive the rare facilities which the people of those shores enjoyed in their I'ude state for atti'mjiting voyages." 11. Thus we have ti'aditionary gleams of a foreign origin of the I'acc of the North American Indians, from separate stot'ks of nations, extending at inter\-als from the Arctic Circle to the N'alley oi' Mexico. Dim as tln'se traditions are. the\- shed some hght on the thick historical (hirkness which shrouds tiie jieriod. 'I'hey point (k'cidcdly to a foreign — to an oriental, if not ii Siiemitic. origin. Such an origin has from the first been inferred. At \vliate\er point the investigation has l^'en masult of I'egular design. Design there may indeed have been. Asia and Polynesia, and tiie Indian Ocean, have abounded, for centuries, witii every element of national discord. Pestilence or predatory wars, have pushed po})ulation over the broadest districts of Persia, India, China, and all .\.sia. The isles of the sea have Ik'cu the nurseries of nations. Half the globe has l>een settled b}- ililVerences of temperature, oceanic currents, the seandi of fooil, thoughtless adventure, or otiier forms of what is calleil mere accident, and not [ua-posed migrations. All these are so many of tin,' ways of Pio\idence by which not only the tropical and tem[)erate regions, but the torrid and arctic zones, have been peopled. He nnist have read history with ii careless I'ye, who has not perceived the work of iunnan di.spcrsion to have been promoted by the discords of various races, and the meteorology of th • glolx-, a.s afl'ecting its leading current of winds and waves. But there is a class of inquirers who are not dis{)osed to sec the will of a supremo and guiding intelligence in all this — who are prone to see the laws of species invaded — who lay very great stress on natur.al development, who are ready to explain how e\ en planets are formed from nebuhv, and regard the wl'ole system of nature as endowed 3 'V 'I f tJ h I ^ ^ NATIONAL AND TIM UAL HISTORY. 27 with tlic caiir.oilv of incrcasiiif,' the iiiiiiilier of its orjrnnic foniis.' To sucli (nuiscon- (Iciitiil ivasoiiiiiir, the Indian may bo deciiu'd a new tipwics, not a new variety of man — dilfcrinfi,' wiiolly in iiis mental and piiysical typo from tho Rod man of tlio east — dillering, in fact, in his pliysiology and psyciiology, from every tiling but himself. IIo has boon found to possos.s the oleinents of u peonliar charaoter; latitude and longitude have nnieh ■itTocted his manners and customs; food and climate have produci'd very marked varieties of the race; his very lexicography and i)rinci[)!os uf grammatical utterance liavt! been aflected : but thi'se chaugos havc^ not produced a now species. It is in tills \\v\v that the subject of inquiry has boou invested with new interest, which has led me to scrutinize their traditions the mnw. diligently; and it imparts an additional inniulse to the following paper, in which some considerations are oll'cred as tho immediate result of tho preceding examinations on the derivative opinion.s, theology, and mental typo of the race, viewed as a distinct variety of tho human species. ' This allu.-ioii t« the class of phihjsnphurs who coincido in tho views of the .author of tho " Vestiges of (_Vcation" will not, it is hoped, bo deemed out of pliico. V li':f ; I" ) M i! hi R.St < V* m i II. THE MENTAL TYPE OF THE INDIAN RACE. A. GENEllIC VIEWS. -I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. G. 7. 8. !). 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Hi. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. lias the race claims to a peculiarity of type V Sun worship. Sacred fire. Oriental doctrine of Good and Evil. Idea of the germ of creation under the symbol of an egg. Doctrines of the Magi. Duality of the soul. Metempsychosis. Omens from the flight of birds. Images and omens drawn from the sky. Indian philosophy of Good and Evil. Theology of the Indian jugglers and hunter priests. Great antiquity of oriental knowledge. Nature and objects of Brahminical worship. Anti(iuitie8 of America. Antiquities of the United States. Antiquity of philological proof. Hindoo Theology. Eternity of life. Difficulty of comparing savage and civilized nations. A dualistic deity. Worship of the elements. Transmigration. What stock of nations? Cast. Incineration of the body. Offerings to ancestors. Offerings at meals, or on journeys. Parallelism of idolatrous customs among the Jews. Extreme antiquity of Hindoo rites. Indian languages. Sht.nitic. (29) 80 mi: N'T A I- TYPK ()K rill' INDIAN It A (' K ■'>i()iis (if tlic oarly Aiif^'ld-Sii <(ins. oli. IV't'iiiitiicncy of the iiliy>iolii;^ioiil i\]H\ !i!i. Mciitiil tvpo lum-pmjri't'Hsivo. li-l. rrniil' 111" nrioutiilisiii IVoin astniiomy. I!"). I'l'cK.f l'r( 111 Aztec astruiiniiiv. i ti il t ■■■ •_ i . in 111: ffi| 1. Di) till' tiiiits wt- liiivo hcfii ciintcniplatinu- tcml (o cstfiblisli Jiii' tlic luilian niiml and cliaractcr ii tviic ol' rai'c wliicli may lie (Icciiicil as peculiar? It iiiay iiirtlici' tlio i.'iid ill \\v\v. to I'xaiiiiiU' tliis (|iic-.ti(>ii liy tin' lijilit uf tlicir ivliuimis ami jisycliolojiical notions and (loLinias ; tlicir niytliolouy. and tln'ir ('onccplions of a Doity. TlicyhaM" also, in the 'roitc<'an ,i;r(in|). a cak'iidar and system of astronomy, and a st_\ le of architecture, which are i'miiieiitl_\ calculated to arrt'st attention. iMore than all. the tribes o\cr the whole continent possess a class of laiiLinaiii's. which, hy tlieirin'iiu'ipies of t:ranimatical constnietion. ihoiit;h rnnniiiLi- throm^li Lireat cliaiiu-es. \inilicate claims to |ihiloso|iliical study. ■J. Are their traits, oiiiniois, and iihosyiicrasies, indigenous or American ; or are tiiey ]ieculi:ir to the Indian mini', as de\-elo|ied on this coiitineni ; and not di'ri\ati\<' from other lands'.' If so. in wh:it do their orininal coni'eptions of art or science, reliLiion or o[)inion. consist ? Not in the adoration, ir worslii]! of the Sun. eertainlv I 77/"/ idolatrous practice' had its oriuin in I'l'isia. ."\Iesopot ■ . and Chaldea; whence it sj)read. I'ast and west, nearly the world over. 'I'lie Wdrsiii[) of the Sun and Moon is mentioned hy .loh. and was the prexalent idolatry of the land of Uz. It is also .seen tinit tills form of idolatry was eliai'^ed amoiin- tlu> sins uf thi' Jews, in the days of Ezekiel, as li,a\in,i:' heen introduced .secretly in tiie temjile worship at Jerusalem. (Ezckiel viii. Itj.) Oblations and [inblic thaiiksgivinjis were deori'ed at Koine to the Snn, wliich was installed amon.sj; the multiform jiods of that empire. (Taeitiis. \'ol. III., p. 24'J.) Fire was deemed by the IbUowers of Zoroaster as a symbol of the Deity. Tiiat philosopher admitted no other visible object of worslii[). It was alone th(> .supreme emlilem of divine intelligence.' Nothinjr is more notorious than the fornu'r prevalence of this worship amon^j; the Peruvian and Mexican tribes; where, liowever, it was mixed with the practice of human sacrillces, iind tlie grossest rites. The Aztecs made oflerings to the Sun upon the liighest teocnlli, and sung hymns to it. Sacred lire was supplied alone by the priestiiood, and it was tlie foundation of their power. - Nortii of tlie Gulf of Mexico, the doctrine prevailed with more of its original oriental ' Gow.iii'.s Aiifii'iit l''ragiiioiit.-i, p. I'if). '' Preseott's Comjiicst of Mexico. .-A ■5| I ^r MENTAL TYPE OF THE INDIAN HACE. 81 [liniplicih-. imd iVci' iVoiii tlu' lioirid I'iti's wliicli luul ni.irkccl it in the vmIIcx .pI' Aniilniar, uu(i aiiioiiu- till' s|iiirfi (if till- Andes. Tii(> trilH'H of till' pi-i'sciit men of tlic I'liitcd Stiitc.-i would admit of no tciniilcs. hut made tiirir sa.'ivd liivs in tiic rccfssi's of tiii' llnvst. 'i'in'V .Mm- ii\ nms to the Sim as till" svuilxil of tilt' (irral Sjiiiit.' Siicli is tiicir iufscnt practici' in the I'orcsts. 'I'lify wort" "iiiltv, it is trno, al all jicriods of tlicir iiistory. of sliockinL; cnicltics to |irisoniM'.s taken in war, Imt tlicy mcvci' olfercd tlicni as sacriliccs to tlir Deity. ;;. 'riie\ iie\ei- use com moll lire for iineomnion |iiiiiioses.- Saefed lire is extracted on eereiiionial occasions liy |iei'ciission ; most commonly witli the Hint.' OpwaL'uns. or i)i|ies, with the incense of toiiaeco. aiv tiuis lighted whenever tlieir alVairs. dv tiie hiisinos in hand, is national, or relate.-) to their secret societies. This ohjeet. so li-hteil. is lir~t oilired li\ L;cuutlections to the four cardinal iioints, and the /eiiith. it is tlieii handed hv tiie master of ceremonies to the ciiiefs and puhlio fniietionaries ]iresent, who are each e\|iected to draw a few whills ceremonially. Sir Alexander .Macken/.ie lias well descrilied this ceremony lit page !)7 of his \'oyaj;es. in this piimilive practice of haviiiLi' no temiiles for tlK'ir worship, e.xtractinn' tlieir sacrt'd lire for ceremonial occasions liy percnssion, and keopinii' tlii'ir worship up to its simple >taiulard of a sort of transcendentalism, as taniiht hy the oriental nations, to whom we lia\(' referred, the Indian tribes of the rnited States indicate their claims to a 'jrealer iinii(/iiifi/ than those of tlu' southern part of the continent. They appear to lia\(' lieen pushed from tlieir first positions hy triln's of jiros.^er rites ;!!ii! manueis. •■The disciples of Zoroaster," says Herodotus, " reject the ii.se of temples, of altars, and of statues; and smile at the folly of t'lo.se nations who iina;:ine that the gods aro spruiiL; fioiii. or liear any allinity with tlie human nature. The lops of the highest mountains are the places cliosi'ii .or their sacriliccs. Il\iiins and prayers are the prin- cipal worslii[). The Supreme (lod, who tills the wide ai'cli of heaven, is the ohji'ct to which they are addressed." ' •1. Take another of their dogmas, and try whether it has the character of an original or derivative belief. We allude to the two jiriiiciples of (looil anil E\il. Itir which the Iroipiois have the names of Inigorio, the (Jood mind, and Inigohahetgea, or the llvil mind. (\'ide Ciisie's Ancii-nt History of the Si.\ Nations; also the AVyaiuiot tradition of Oriwaheiito.) ' This is one of the earliest oriental lieliefs. it was one of tlu' leading dogmas of Zoroaster, (loudness, according to this philosopher, is ahsorbi'd in light ; ~* ^k •••■x-p ■'US'* ' Sl'o spci'liiu'iis aiiiimij; llu' piclOL'r:i])liii' writiniis in the sciniol. ' Miickiiizio. ' Tiic inxnii.is usoii ;m iiiipiiriitus fur fr'ving velocity ti> a turning upright stick, on a basis of wo.nl, ivill..! |);i-_v;i-y:i-(lii-g;i-no-at-lr;i. (Sco the Tliiril Itcport of the Hcgonts of tlic Now York llnivorsitv, on llic Slalo C'olli'cliMn of Natural History, .Antiiiuitics, i^o. Paper liy Lewi.s II. Morgan, Kscp, p. SS.) * Ilcr(Hlotu.s. ■• Oneola, p. MS. 32 MENTAL TYl'E OK THE INDIAN RACE. i\ ; 1 Kvil is l)iir'utl in diukiu-nH. OrimiHd \h the principle of iK'novoloneo, truo wiwlom, aud liiip[)iiu'«M to ni<>!' Ahrinmn in tlii' iiiithor of niidi'voK'iu'o luul iliMcord. Wy W\h iniilice he lias long pii-rct'd the ri/ij n/ Oriinisi/ ; in other wordn, hiw violated the hannony of the works of ereation.' Gil)lx)n infornw us that the doctrineH of Zoroiwter had l)een ho greatly corrupted that Artaxerxes ordered a great council of the magi to revise them, by whom it was settled on the basis of the two great and fundamental i)rinciples denoted.' The North American trii)es of our latitudes appear to have felt that the existence of evil in the world was incompatible with that universal Ix-nevolence and goodness which they ascriix! to the Merciful Great Sjjirit. Iro(|Uois theology meets this ipiestion : they account for it by supposing, at tlie creation, the Itirtli of two antagonistical Powers of miraculous energy, but subordinate to tiie (ireat Spirit, one of whom is perpetindly employed to restore the discords and nuU-aihiptations, in the visilile creation, of the other.' The earliest notice we have of this doctrine, among the Tnited States triltes, is in the journal of a voyage to North America in ITlil by I', de Charlevoix. (Vol. 2, page 113,) in which he mentions tin- theology of the Inmuois, the descent of Atahentsie, and the birth of the antagonistical infants. It is more fully stated by Cusic, in 1825, and by Oriwahento, in 1837, as aljove referred to. 5. The idea of the allegory of the iar of tlifiii anions; tlic worsliipix'is of Odin: llii'\ liolli iiad an cntii'i'lv diirnvnt iii\iliolo;:v. it is rt'inarkalilc tliat tliciv was no ,siin-\voi>lii|i in tlic aiva ol' Wi'slfi'ii Kuro|H'. 'I'lic iiroiia;;alion of tlic docliincs of tlu' Mairi apiicars to liavf iiccii aiiioiiu' llu' liilK's cast and soiitli of llic oii.L:iiiid si'iit.s of llicir power anil iiitlii.'iici'. l\ir\iil liad tlu'in as fiiily as tlic Kxiidiis; iind it lias lifcn scni that tlii' idolatioiis ti-ilii's of Clialiica wt-ii' addicted to the worslii|i of the sun and moon.' 7. It hiis heeii fomid that tliu Indians of the riiilcd States lielieve in the diialitv of the soul, 'riiisiincient doctrine is iiliiinly iinnoiinced as existinjr aninn^c the A]pini|iiiiis, in eoniiection iril/i, and as a ri'iisoii //;•, the custom of the di'iiosit of food with the dead, and of leaviii}.' an oiieiiiiif,' in the jirave coverinj:. whieli is a very Mem.nd ciislom.-' All our trilies make such deposits of viands. S. Tliev al.so lielieve in the .licneral doctrine of the metempsychosis, or traiisniijrrii- lioii of .soiils. l'\ tliiiiiiiras is supposed to have i,'ol his (irst notions on the siiliject. from the i'l,!:vplian priests, and the recluse IJrahmins. I?ut vherever he imliilied the notion, he transmitted it as far as his name had iiilluence.' The notions of the northern trilies on this siiliject are .shown incidentally in the oral tales which I (irst liciian to collect aiiioiif;- the Aljionipiiiis uiid Dacotas in K^"J'J. and which are emiiodied ill .\l,i;ic iie.seiirehes.' The .soiil of mall is seen, in tlie.se curious l(\i;-enils. to lie thoiiiiht immortal and undying', the \ ital spark passinji' from one oliject to aiioiher. Thi.s ohject of the new life ill i;'eneral is not man, lint some species of the animated creation; or e\eii, it may be. for a time, an inanimate olijeet. The eireumstaiices which determine this I'hange, ilo not appear. Nor can it he anirmod, that the doctriiu' is paralU'l. in all respects, to the theory of the Samiaii philo.sopher. It would .seem that the superior will of the individual, as a spiritually possessed person, liim.self detorniined the fonii of his futiir life. 0. (!reat attention is paid by the North American Indians to the tlijiht of birds, whoso motions in the miper ivfiions of the atmosphere are considered ominous. Tlio.se of the carnivorous specii's. are deemed indicative of events in war. and they are the symbols employed in their war-songs, and extemporaneous chants. The gJitheriii,!i of these SI "cics, to fatten upon dead bodies left upon the field of battle, is the image strongly thnniii forward, in their chants, and these warlike Pe-na-si-wug are deeini'd to be ever prescii'iit of the tinii's and places of conflict, which arc denoted by tiieir flight. As the carnivora are familiar with the upper currents of the ntniosphere, ' •Tub. ' OnciiUi. • Leiiii)ri6rc. M'lirt I. Fiidiaii Talos ;aiil LogciidH, 1830. Harpers, Now Yorjj. 5 M MENTAI- TYI'K (»r Till'. INDIAN RACE. wlii'i'f llii'ir ^'inIm III' the iiir ilwill. llnir a.^siiciutioii, in tlic Iniliini iiiiiid, witli tlicHO tli'itii'H (if liiittif, iw incKMi'iijftMK til iiinj iiitflli]ni'in'i', i« ii goiH'ial Im-II*'!'. Miit no triico III' uiiiciiM, ili'i'ivoil ri'iiiii till' cxatniimtioii, ai'tiT ilciitli, of cntrail.s nt' any kinil, an (li'Miitiiif^ t'litni'ity, 11 cu.xtoni i^n |iivvali'nt uiiioiig tliu aiicicnlM, iniH I'Vii Ikcu liiiniii, or in JH'lit'vi'tl to i-xint. Ml. MiniiU' iiliHiTvutiiiii isalsii licstuwi'il liy tlu-ni upon llu' MK'U'oroIiiL'y nf llif cIhikIh. 'I'lii'ir ni/.i', tlii'ir ciilor. tiii-ir niotiimM, tluir iflativi' iMi.'-itiiin to llic luui and to tin- liiiiiziin, liinn tin- Hiiliici't cil' a liranrli ol" kninvlcilm'. wiiii'li is in tin- liaini.x nl' tlii'ir incilas ami |iro|ilii'lM. Ini|iiirtant cvriits aiv ui'lt'n dcridcil liy iircdii'liuns liiMMilcd on hiii'Ii uliscrsatiiinH. Tlu! iinajri'i'V it' this cxallcd view nl' tlu' rcli'stia! atniiis|i|icr(', willi its Mtariy liark-^iruund, and its warl'aro iit' tlinndiT, lijiiitninj;', cii'i'tiiiity, aiimra iHirciilis, iiiid stiinns, is vci'y niiicii (Mn|iliiyi'il in tlii'ir prisimal nanii's. 'I'liis inia;;i'ry is rapalili- III' U'inji' ;j;raplii('ally sci/.ril on. tiy tlicir transpusitivc lanfiiia;^i's. and is lii^lily piictin. Tlic lialiit III' sui'li (ilisiTvatiiin. has ••vidcntlN Ihiii nnrturt'd by livinji- liir u;jri's, lus tin' laci' has. ill the iipi'ii aii', and withuut Ininscs In oliscurc I'vrry piissililc variety ot' atiiiiisphcrii' jiixtapiisitiun and display. II. Wf ini;ihl continm" this disrussiun nf npininns and Indict's whirh ap|K'ar tn lie hiddiMi in tlu- niythiilii^'v of the Indian mind, or arc only liroii>!ht out in an incidental iiianiiiT, and which ap|icar not to lia\c had an indiirt'noiis origin; luit we should do j^i'cat ininslice to the Indian eliaracter. not to mention liy far the most prominent of their lieliefs, so far as they jro\crn his daily practices. We allnil(> to the doctrine of Mdiiilois, or what may he denoiniiiated .Manitolniry. And here npjiears to he the sti'oiiucst ^inunid liir oriLiinality of ciince|ition. All the tribes hint' some eipiisalent to this. We use tin' Alfiompiin word, hecaiise tliat is In'st known. 'I'he woi'd Manito, wlu'ii not used witli a prelix or accent, does not mean the Deity, or (ireal S[iirit. It is ciinllneil to a spiritual, or mysterious power. The doctrine that a man may possess sucii a power, is well estahlislied in the helief of nil the tribes. All liieir pi'iests and prophets assert the possession of it, but the possession is not beiie\-ed, liy even th(( brnidest Zealot or impostor, to be supreme, or equal to tliat of the (Iri'at .Merciful Spirit, or diur'iic deity. A man may fast to obtain this jiowcr. Tlie initial fast at the a^'c of puberty, which every Indian nnileri;iies, is for light to lie individually advertisetl and lii'i'iiMie aware of this jier.sonal Manito. When revealed in dreams, his purpose is aciiiiiiplislied, and be adopts that revelation, which is frenerally .some bird or animal, as his personal or guiirdiau Manito. He trusts in it in war and [leace ; and there is no exigency in I'd'e, in or from which he lieliexes it caiiMot help or I'xtricato him. Till' misl'ortune is, for liin peace and welfare of mind, that these Manitoes are not of eipial and harmonious power. One is constantly suiniosed to be ".strnniier," or to iuive iii-eater spiritual powers than another. Hence, the Indian is nevei' sure that his neijriibor is not undi'r the ^guardianship of a Miinito strnnger than his own. Thi.s is not hall' the worst of the doctrine. There are malignant, as well aw Ixjuevo- i ', 11. Ir 1 'V- I MKNTAL TYl'K Ol'' TllK INDIAN JlACi:. U5 lent Maiiit.K-^*. II.t. tin- two ruisciriKS ..f (i(K«l aiul Kvil. wWuU w.' Iiiivf .lisfii^si.tl as ..r uii.ntal ..liKni- .l.'\i'l..|).- tlii-mwlvfH. Tlu- f> il Miuiilo is .•..nstaiitly i-xriviHiiK liis |...\v.r I.. .uuhl.Turt ..!• ..vcnviicli tliu K'xxl. And tlms tho In.liaii. uli.. IkIh'v.s in 11 \mmvv (Jivat Spirit, or (f'./i" M'Uilh,, with lu. otliir iittiiliiit.-H 1ml noodiu-M andnced ill another form, lint one not h'ss fraii«hl with elciiienls to distnrl. the harmony of cri'iitioil, to pierce the ejrj,' of Oriuiisd. and lo render the lile of the simple helievcr in this dojiiiia an unendinjr sci-ne of discord, dismay, ami tnmiilt. 12. Tlieiv is no attempt hy the hunter, priesthood, jnjrfrlers, or jiowwows, which can Ik- pilhered from their oral traditions, to imiinle to the irreat Merciful Spirit the attrilmte (if jiLs/ici, or to make man acconnlahle to llim, lier<' or lieirafter. for aherrations lioin rliiiir. i/ihhI irili Intth.oY any form of moral rijrht. With henesoleiice and pity as prime attrihntes, the (lirat Transcendental Spirit of tlie Indian does no! take upon himself a iMiiiiteous administration of the world's all'airs, hut, on the contrary, leaxes it lo lie filed, anil its all'airs,/// ;•(///////, jiovcrned, hy demons and lienils in hnnian linni. Here is the Indian theolo^ry. Kvery one will si'C how suhtile it is; how well calcnhiled tdlead tla- uninformed hunter mind captive, and make it ever fearful ; and how striking,' a coincidenco its leadin;: do;;ina of the two ojiposinjr principles of (idoU and Kvil alliirds, with the oriental doctrines to which we have referred. ins hetweeii the harharons trilies of America, l;!. It is dillicull t< 11.1 .'ind the exislin,;;- civili/.i'd races of Asia. The latter, east of the Indus, at least, and JMirderin^' on the Imlian Ocean, are called non-pro^rt's.sive races; hut they possess a t\pe of civilization, founded on agriculture, arts, and letters, which is very ancient. Tlie\ ha\(' practi.sod the scieiu'e of nuinliers and astronomy from the earliest tiiiU's. Most, or all of them, have alphahets. The cuneiform character was in ii.se in tin; da\s of Darius llystas|H's.' Many of the arts are sujiposed to 'u.ve had tlii'ir origin there. The use of iron amonj^ them is without dale. Their systems of rtdiirious pliilosopliy were conimitled lo writiiif:', if not put in print, liefore America was discovered. The Chinese knew the art of printing', helore it was (iiscoverec 1 in K iirop( ;'f :^ They were ac(iuaiiited with the powers of the nia;rnet, and the mariner's compass. Naval architecture has helonjicd to tlie Chinese and Japanese, time out of uiiiid.' Tin lliiidostanees huilt temjiles in India of onornious niufiiiitudo and exact proportions loll}!, it is helieved, helore the use of Ky.yi)t lan or lirecian arc hitect lire. The sword. Rawliiisoii. ' Vultoire's Essiiy uii History. ' I)iiliuldi,''s China. vi mnassaBm i m m 80 M E N r A I- T Y i' V. () V T H K INDIAN I? A C E . n ll the s|ioar. tlio liow ami iinow. aiid tlii' sliicld ami baiimT, came into tlicir liamis from tilt' oarlii'st (lays of tlu> Assyrian, Clialdi'an, ami l\ sliiii nioiiafcliics.' II. From Pi-ofcssor Wilson's lii'ctiiri's on the Hindus, llii- vcli^iioiis system and |)rac- tioes of these nations are liased upon a eonl'used notion of (iid, hut have dejicnerated intd the most monstrous and suhlime ahsui'dities. Their systems are, one and all, iileal, eontemjilative, full of mysticism, iind extra\auantl\' transcendental. 'I'hey have not, liUe the (Iret'ks, so much deilied men and made jiods of heroes, as they ha\o shown a |ironeni'ss to (U'ily events, pout'rs, and attriiintes. 'I'lie creation, the |ireser- vation, and the I'e^-eneration, or reproductivi' powers of man, are worshipped .syndxili- oally in dilVerent phases, as the riiisr caisk. Urahma is cri'ation, \'islimi preservation, and .Sisa r(>|iroductioii, amoiifr the Hindus.' Setting out with an idi'a of Monotheism, the_\' have in this way multiplied their ohjects of adoration, till they are the most siihtile and extravagant polytheists on the glohe. Thirty thousand jiod.s have llu' Hindus alone. All the elements are deified, and their worship lias hecome pn)verhial for the gross character of its idolatry. 15. -Many lia\i' suiiposed that the oriental arts and knowletlge were translerred to this eoiitincnt at early epochs, and have ludield e\ ideiice '■'.' iliis in the ruins of teni|)les, teocalli, and other structures and \estigi's of ancient art, scattered over the country. We shall know more of this, when we come to Iind and decipher inscriptions. As \i't, \erv little is known, scieiililically, of American ruins and iiionmnents of aiiti(piity. We have done very little lieyond the jjopiilar descriplion of I'ertain remains of ancient architecture. The fust accounts of Del liio of the luius of I'aleiKpic, ek't'trilied tin- antii|uarian world. \'iews and descriptions of the hnildings and temples of a former race in Central America and Yucatan, scrNcd to conlirm this, (leiierally, very high-toned theories were in vogue- in spi'aking of the ancient period of American civilization. The descriptions of Stephens, and the artistic views of Catherwood, have done much to reiuK'r thi' existence of thi'.si' ruins in Central America and Yucatan an element of popular knowledge. In our ,(\vn countrx, Mr. .N'orman has added to this diO'iision. in Kiirojie, the spread of this knov.ledge has heen in the hands of men of I'cseiirch. Denmark has stepped forward, to separate the era of the S<'aiidinavian, from the other ruins and vestiges of ancient occupancy.' 1(1. In the rniled States, there has heen imicli s|)eculatioii ujion our luouiids aiul I'iirth works, from the era of Mr. .lell'erson's Notes on \''rgiiiia, in I77S, to the present da\'. (ieiierally, tin.' remarks, with mucli, hut various degrees of merit, Innc wanted olementariness, and not uiifreipicntly seem open to the criticism of high theories upon very slender materials There has heen some attempt, it would .seem, hy ancient ' Hnlliii's l'iiiviTs;iI Ili. 1 A N I ! A C I', . n: liaiiils ill the sdiitli. lo imitate tlii' ,ui,i;iiiitic piles iii' tlie Kiiiiliriites ami tlie Nile, 'I'lie t\|ie dl' the teoealli ami (erraeeil |ivraiiiiil caiiiuit lie siieeesst'iill v mui,l;1iI. siiurt ol' these localities. Uiit our ruins are wliollv witiioiit the oriental iiiseri|itive arts of these eiU'K striu'lures of ni.inkimi. M. .lomard has, iiuieed. identilied Lvliiaii characters in one of tlie tiuiinli ol' the Ohio vallev.' The km)\vledj:v of the iiihaliitaiits of Persia, of India, and of China, is \'ei'y ancient. We are not aiiliiori/ed to conclude that the iiiiiorant only iniuratc. 17. Ivaces of men "ai'ry with them two licneric traits, namely, c/Vs and ii/m-.. 'i'lie latter ale llii most ancient, for a man must Ikim- the coiice|)tioii of a thiiii; lieliire he can construct the lliiiiu itsell'. ()|)inions, llien'fore, of (le I sei',' are phrases that indicate two classes of syntax. IS. The o|iinioii that there is a (iod, that mutter was created liy liini, and coiitiiiiies to exist hy his \vill, i.s a hasis liir the lliiidn tlieoloi;y, lioweM'r corrniitt'd. ' That this power ami harmony of the creation is kept up, is I'ontinnally opposed to another power, and i.s in danm'r of lieing destroyed hy it, ajipear.s to Ikuc lieeii one of the earliest philo.sopical and reliuions eri'ors.' Man, as tln' chief possi'ssor of creation, is siihject to this distnrhinjj,' jiower. Heat, air, watt'r, earth, lijilit. and darkness, alK'ct him. Hence his olVeriiigs to them, iindi'r various names, in lieatheii theolojiy and mytholoj:y, and the oriiiin of elemental worship. We lia\e 'j:\\vn Zoroaster as the ea.lii'st author who is known as sustaining this theory under the symhols of tire and the sun. 'IMii- IJrahmiiis early taiii:ht it, worshipping as a primarv dogma, as we have stated, the creation, the continuance, and the propagation of the race as diU'ereiit Iiyjiostases of (!od : they also entlironoil the elements as ohjects of worship. 111. The Hindus regard the eternity of life as the great evil. Its indestrnctihilitv hy deatii is the grand ohjeet from wiiieh tiiey seek to he deliNcred. 'I'liere is no ri'st for the soul : it wanders ; it siillers various transmigrations from mw ohjeet to another; and is the great hnrthen to he dropped. I'ytiiagoras. as staled and lielieved hy the (Ireeks, is known to liaye taken tlii> notion from the Mralmiins. It is clear. I'roiii the writings of the Sanscrit ])rofes,sor at Oxford, that they anciently taught, and now practi.M' it, as one of the prime <'lenieiits of their theology. They teach, also, ii succession of creations or worlds. 20. W'e haye said that it is diUlcnlt to compare the notions of onr Indians with irf ' I'll I'irrn' (irrvc, \(V ' Ziiro.-i-itcr. ' Wilson. ' \'iili' Wlisnll'^ l,|.,||||Y MENTAL TYPE OF THE INDIAN RACE. u w liT l« !,' ;r Wl met' — mere hunters omethiii"; in thout tlioso of tlio existing orientals: the one is ii h:ivl)an knowledge, iirts, or k'tters; tlie other eivili/ed, and (jossessin;^ tliem. Si however, he inferred, from tlie theory announced, of tlio (uifideet it. Every feast, in fact, every meal at whieli there is .some particularly savory or extra dish, brings prominently up this duty of a gift to the spirit of forefatiiers, or of tho.«'e relatives in old time.s, or newly deceased, who have preceded them to the grave. The first idea that a grave, or burial-ground, or (/'/-/' -(/(.■-^/;/,'. suggests to him, is the duty he owes as an h(jnest man, e.\peeting good luck in life, to hi- tives, or ()-ijit-ti-::<<)H-(-iniij. When an Inil. I'alls into the fn-e, or is partially burned, it is a beiii'f that tiio Hpirita of their ancestors have pushed him into the llames, owing to tlur neglect of these pious oll'erings. Sometimes it is a wife or child that is believed to be thus pushed. In passing a grave-yard or burial-place where the remains of his ancestors repo.se, the Indian is strongly reminded of this pious duty; and if ho has any thing from which a meat or drink-olVering can bo made, his feelings make a strong appeal to him to perform it. An Algonrpiin, on a certain occasion, was passing at dusk through an e.xtensive Indian burial-ground, where his O-i/it-lr-zroii-c-iniij lay. Believing that the dual soul abiiles with the body, his fancy pictured to him two of the "Patras" .sitting between the graves, lie had a kettle of whiskey in his hands. lie felt that he could not part with this precious drink, by pouring'out even a .small lil)ation. lie grasped it the firmer, and hurried on, but east back a furtive glance. One of the spirits was on his track. lie hurried on, but his ghostly pursuer gained on him. lie determined at once on his course ; and letting the phantom come up close to him, he wheeled round on a sudden, and grasped him. lie looked, and, lo ! ho held in his arms, not his pursuer or ghostly patra, but a tall bunch of rushes. The spirit had vanished, and transformed himself to a plant in an instant. Such arc the notions (jf the Algon([uins, and, so far as known, the North American Indians generally. 27. It is a species of idolatry laid to the charge of the Israelites, tl;;vt >>Iii'u- ihuy were in the wilderness, they "ate the sacrifices of the dead." (Psalms cvi. 28.) There is hardly a form of eastern idolatr}- herein alluded to, into which the Israelites had not, at one time or another, fallen ; but the most common, wide-spread, and oft- recurring rite, was that of burning incen.so on high places to imaginary beings, or devils, under the delusive idea of their being gods; the very trait which is so striking in all our Indian tribes. 28. If llindostan can be regarded in truth as having contributed to our Indian '% Iluckliijt's Collection. ' Griivc-post. I ili 40 MKNTAL TYI'K OF T UK I N' I) I A N RACE. stocks ill all. it must 1 1 11 VI' hccii at a \\'V\ aiicicnt cpocli. liclurc the \'i(li s we IV m i' Ji I- m M m I '! ! t written; for it is asserted tliat the [jrcsent custonis iil' the Hindoos are t'()iTii|iti(iiis o''aii elder system, and are in many things new, or traceahle to thosi- hooks.' 211. 'I'he [irohidiility ol' ii Shemitic orifiin for iit, least the northern stoeks, revives with the investiuation ol'the principles of their liinj^uaj.'es. It is Hoiii.dit to place this le uecnmulation of Nocahulaiies and grammars from all ntud\' on a hroad er hasis th the leading stoek.s. It is already perceived that the elder i)hiloloj:ists employed frairmentary materials; that .some of their generalizations were too hasty; and that there are no amalgamations of diverse princii)les of .syntax, hut, on tlii' contrary, a remarkable oneness; that they are, in fact, rather iuki-"///////! /ii- than jtuhi-si/iilliilir; not ■•agglutinated," hut accretive. .'in. It was early thou'vht that the manners and customs of the tribes savorers in tliat ai'ea have ct)ncurrcd generally with him in this respect. The red skin, the ha/el and gla/.ed vyc. and coal-Idack hair, have continued to tmr day to be characteristics, even where the tireadth of the cheek- bones, modified by artilicial craniologii'al pressure, and the varying stature, and ellects of mere latitude and .-ubsisteiice, fail. .'!!. Siudi has also been the oliservation in North America. Ninety-two years after the discover}-, tliat is, in 15S4, when the llrst ships sent out by Sir Walter Kaleigh, under his commission from (^ueen Elizabeth, reached the Virginia coasts, they landed among a generic family of the red men, dill'ering in language wholly from the Caribs, but whose physical type was nevertheless essentially the same. The stock family found in N'irginia has since become very well known to us, under the generic cogno- men of AlgoiKpiiiis. Wherever examined, Ijetween the original landings atOct'oijid.v and KoANoKi:, and tlw- south cajjcs of th(> St. Lawrence, they have revealed the same general physiology. They have reiiroduced themselves, in every age of our history, without change. The black, straight hair, the black, glassy eye, the coflin-shapcil face, produced by prominent cheek-bones, and the peculiar varietetic red colour, and fine, sol"t, inodorous organization of the epidermis and skin, has been recognised as expressively Indian. Fulness or lankness of muscle, height or shortness of stature, and weakness or vigor of vitality, may be considered as the eflects of peculiarities of food and rlimate. But the traits that ])reside over and give character to the Wilson. if- ':.» M K N T A L 'I' V I' E U F Till-: INDIA N K A C K . 11 il a,;.- '-IS" ■3^ ^m imijo'iilar mass, slinw tlicmschcs as clourly in tlu' Wfll-ffil Osam' ami Dacotali. and till- statrlv Alt^omiiiiii. as in tla- llsli iiml ral)l)it-H'd (hiisih 'run (MiisUiiri)) on tlie cualhus of Canad;!, or tlic root-eating- Siioslionce ol' tlie UocUy Moinitains. :V1. Tlioro must lie sonu'tliing iiorniani-nt in the [diysical t \ pi; of tlic man, which 1ms iiroduci'd itself, witii sncli ama/in^' I'onstancy, thronuh all our hititndes, torrid, tropical, tempi'rate, and frij;id. And tiie faets go nii^ii to prove tiiat this type is more prominent and important, as indicative of I'aithfidness to orjianic hiws of lineament, anil minute corpuscular organization, than is Licnerally supposed.' At least, the result of three and a half centuries does not, whore the hlood is unmixed, much favor the idea of a /)/(»/;v.s.s(Vr /»/(//.<(>•«/ (f< nhijini'iif. :]:). Nor is there much to favor the idea of the organi/.alion of a new mental ji'.'rm. The same indestructibility of type, the same non-pri>j:ressiveness of the Indian oriental mind, is perceived in the race in every part of this continent. A new course of thouiiht led Copernicus and (ialileo to infer (hat the earth turned dailv on its axis before the sun. It led Harvey to conclude that the blood circulates i)\- an organic |)ropu!sion from the human heart. It led .lenner to bidieve that one species of virus nuiy destroy the liability to take disease from a more violent natural elfect of another and kindred speeie.s. There appears to be little or nothing of this kin.->.-.i.amine the truth of its former ojiinions or dogmas, is the assimilation to Asiatic arts and sciences strongly apparent? 34. The ancient Persians had a calendar, consisting of twelve moons of thirty (la\s each, giving them a year of three hundred and sixty days. They had a cycle of one hundred and twenty years, and allowed the fragmentary hours of each year to be hcajied up before them, till the close of this cycle, when they added the accninulated days, to s(|'iare their chronohjgv. They believed, like the Hebrews and other orii'Utal nations, that the sun passed every day around the earth. ind as ure, ties the ' Tho frrcat iiii|)r(ivoniciils in llic iniciusccipc, wliit'li liiive Ijocii iiiudo witLin lato ywir-^, liiivo liml the toiuloiicy to show the ]iiTiii:iinMic-y (if the physiciil type of m;iii, by reveuling the iiiiiiute urj.niiiizalinn nl' ;uiiiiial tissue, bones, nails, flesh, hair, pores of the shin, ite. In a scries of experinieiit.s ih'Vnted to thc^ liair, iiiaile with this iiislniinent, by Mr, Peter .\. Browne, ,.( Philadelphia, this gentleniiin has denionstriited three primary speeies of the hair and iiairy tissue, or \vo..l, nf ilic human head, a.s shown by the rosearehes respeeting the Anglof^uxon, Indian, and Negro raees. These experi- nient.s, which appear to have been conducted with scienlilie and philo.sophical care, ilenotc the siruelure and organization of each of these species to be peculiar. They are denominated, in the order abuve slaleil, cylindrical or round, oval, and eccentrically elliptical, or flat. The Indian hair employed in (liese experiments was tho Choctaw. Imiuirics are now on foot by this gentleman, if we err not, in connection with the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, to pursue these results. 6 I li If t i I i s i i 42 MENTAIi TYl'K OK THE INDIAN KACE. Ai'conlin^f to Sir Stiuiiluiil Uiilllcs. lliii(l(i.-ds of ten stems, and each stem into twelve Itranches, '|'|i(> hii'rojriyphio denotinfr the stem U'liif? always dillbrent in the cycle, and that of the liraiiehos U'ing tho same for cacli relative day, tlu'ir astronomers had the means ol' an exact chronology. Tluy had a wovk of (ivi'days; every tiflh day l)eiiiL% liUe the Hindn system, market- day. Eacii day had ii name, and each mimo a hierofilyjihic, representini; that olijeet. 35. Somethin;,' of this kind was foinid, in the th(Mi;,dit-work of the calendar of the Aztecs of Mexico. They had however a cycle of lifty-two yiars. tonnded manifestly in orifiinal iirnoranci- of the trne len.uth of the year, and a wron,u: division of tho months. They hud four ihiys, called respectively, 'I'ochtii, .\catl, Techpatl, and Calli, or, ii Iiird, a reed, a Hint, and a hou>'. The fifth day was a market-ilay. These names they repeated to (hirteen. Thirteen days constituted a month, or IncuKt, as the Spaniard.* called it. A year consisted of twenty months, or two hmidred nnd sixty days. All this was cli'arly the result of a superstitious astrolojry and wild mytholo^'V, in the hands of tlie priests and i)olitical leaders, who were the exclusive rejiositories of knowledge, and were lea.irued tv) accpiire [lower over the people. It was early seen liy them, hy ohservin.i;' the planetary motions, that their astronomy was wronir. To correct it, and make it tally with the periods of the sun's recessions, they added one linnilrcd and live day.s to their year, making it, as wi' now see, correspond to the lunar year of the Kast. Each cycle was divided into four sul)-periods of thirteen years, called TIalpilli. To record time, each day had a dot, or date, Iji'fore its .symliol, indicatin;;; its numher in tho Tlal[)illi, and a dot or date behind it, denoting tlie year of the cycle. By tlii.s simple contrivance, althouifh tho names of the days were often repeated, it was arithmetically impossible that the number of the TIalpilli ami of the cycle should coincide. The arrani:'enients are denoted on the following- table. TI.AI.I'l 1,1.1 1. 1 Toihtli 1 2 Acall -2 3 Techiwtl :i 4 Calli \ 5 Tocliili .") n Aciitl ti 7 Ti'clipatl 7 « Ciilii 9 Toch.li 10 Arall 10 11 Touhiiall 11 12 Calli 12 \'i Tochili i:j 2 8. 1 A.Mtl Ml 1 Toclipatl . 2 'l\rlii.atl 1:") I 2 Calli .... :! Calli Hi ' W Tochtli.. . 4 Tuchili 17 I 4 .\call . . . .') A.-atl IH i ,-, Tcclipatl . Trclipall m ; Calli .. .. 7 Calli 20 ' 7 Turlilli... >< I >< Toflitli 21 S A.-atl .. . ; .\,.all 22 Twlipatl . 10 T,clipatl 2:! 10 Calli .... 11 <'alli 24 11 Toclitli .. 12 T..rliili 2.') l-i Acatl.... l:i A. all 20 KJ Tcclipatl . .27 I 1 Calli .. .2S ! 2 Tdclilli, .20 ; :\ Ao.itl . .:io . .'iO )( . . . '■)'^ ... JO cvci.K. ;'i2. 40 II 12 4;J 44 4.'. 40 4 Techpatl r. Calli .. r tiiinuli iitiil iiltars. I). Evicli'iiccs (pf ancient '.cld ciillivaliiiii. E. Aiilii|uiti('.-i III' liij;lu>r iinrtlicrii liititiulcM. F. Anciiiit stall' ol" arts ami niisccllaiU'imM falirics. (i. Kviikiici'K of aiiciriil niiiiih};. il. Ani'iciit ii>siiai'ii's. I, Ai'(.'li;i'iilii;.'i(Ml cvi ifhi'c.-' nt' till' cniiiiiicnt liaviii;; lii't'ii visiti'il liy a pci 111 llic era o CnliiMilpii". pf lillirs |iriiir A. r, KNEHAL ARCH.KOLOGY. m ?1 H ■I ' ! .1 t (I'M; A. TiiKHK is litt!(> ill tlic liistorv (»r the Iiiiiitcr state of iiinii. tliat ciiii lie (liiriiilicd witli till' iiiuiit' of imniiiiiu'iits. Tiilu's, wlio ri'ly on tlio Ixiw mid arrow lor tiicir iiieaiis of siilisistiiici' ; who I'liitivati- 1!k' iiirtii liy looscniiiir tlic soil witii llic scapiilii of a staj;; or liisoii ; who an- roiii|ili't('ly crratio in their iiahits and eiistom^ ; and wiio ])nt mi, as a nhelti'r from tiic eleiiients. hiiildinps of the sli,L'htest and most iierishalile mati'rials. eaiinot be expected to have left \ery exti'iisive or strikiiiff monunu'iital traces of their jiast his- tory. This will lie found to he the case, in a jieculiar inaiiiicr. it is apprehended, with the antiipiarian remains of the hraiich of the human race, who formerly inhaliited the area of the Tnited States. The most anti(ine thiiiiis in it, appear to he the people themselves. They are the j^reatest wonder that the continent has prodiici' (VI' l.v ni- ko uh II ccliiiim. i)r iii-criltc ii .Mliiift. Wi- arc inils Miir|pri,'.Mcaf«'il |iriii('iiilcM if M iialivi' rclr.Miin, howfvcr criniiroii-', lia\c mi atlt'i'i'il tlii'niiuliiiiit till' liinil cvidi of Miicli citinliinatidnK and idi)laliMiiM \voixlii|i. in a siiccics nf luinnli and niililarv ditrhrs and t'ni'ani|in\i'ntM, wlii>'li attest tlu' [m.-stwiun of ('(insidiTaMi- iMtwcr. It is Irnc, that tlii'Mc mvliMdIiiLiical data appear tii liavi' ln'ni ai'cMratclv snit<'il Ut tlu' nppaiviit conditiiai (if llir trilics, and nut tn liavc transccndi'd it. When' an Mnnmalniis ruin, or work nt' art, (M'cnrs. wliicli implies a (.'ivator de^jri'i' dl' civiii/ation. it is sali'r to i-onsidcr it jis intrnsivc, or as litdon^dn^' to ii dilVcrent fi'a. tiian to attempt to distnrli or unsettle tiie jreneral tiiooiT ol' llie linnter period. Time, and the hand of decay and oliM'uralion, are powerful aids to the m\st<'r\ of anticpiily in all lands; Iml they are espeeially to lie unarded apiinst, in examininu: the rnins of a hariiarian people. Such a people do some thin^fs excpiisitely well; they maniulicture arms and implements with exact and ln'MUtiful ada|)tation t the ;\'1s of war aii'! the chase; lint the prollciency wholly I'ail.s, wlu'U we come to e\ imine ''uildin^-. sculptures, and like works. A .sava.iio may ilo his [lart well, in the huildiiiL;' ot' a ncind of earth, which is the Joint work of a whole \illaL''e. and is ti> serve as its place of worship or sa 'ifiee. lie may lahor as oni' oi' a hundred hands, in exca\ atin;;' a o:o'h. or er' unjj; a parapet lor sustainin;.;' rude pit Enjflish colony in \'irginia, or the crew of the stranded vessel HiX)k(i) of hy icxpiois tradition. We should closely inspect our anticpiities for these onsiial evidences of foreii^ii art; and not loo hastily uttrihute an advanced civilization to wandering tribes o| hunter ;.tid warriors, who stood in no other relation to them than that of coi>t|Uerors or murderers. 46 ANTIQUITIES. i^;,, I Even in Mexico, wlicre (iiie of tlicso foreiirn clcnu'iits was jn'()l)iil>ly iit tiic hotloin of their civilization, as tostilled hy Moute/mna to (Jortez, tliero was a [)redisi)ositioii on the part of the Spanianls to uvi'rrate tlie native arts and knowledge. Cortez in the outset, but a rebel to lega' authority at Cuba, and, afterwards, both he and liis followers were prone to magnify the type of civilization of the Aztecs in order to enhance tlu' glory of the con([Uest. A loud stroke of the Indian drum was the sound of a "gong" in the ears of lienial Dias; a fohk'd skin with devices in the Indian manner, seen at Zempoala, was a "book." 'J'his disposition to over-estimate is every- where observable in the Spanish narratives of a semi-i'i\ iiized people, who had really much to conunend, aiid nuiny arts that c;dled for astoiiisiiment. But when the eye, about one century later, (say A. 1). It'iOtL) fell upon the small and erratic Ijunds of ibresters who were seated along the North Atlantic, from Florida to the St. Lawrence, there was very little to l)reak the wild and cheerless view of barbarity which their manners and customs presented. They were exclusively hunters tind fishermen. The little zea maize that they raised to eke out a i)recarious exis',''nce, was a cultivation exclusi\el_\- in tiie iuinds of the females. A coarse kind of pottery in common use was also a femliuue art.' Their dwellings of mats and bark and poles were alike due to leiuiniue industry. There was. in reality, no nxili ci\ ili- zation, unless it be ibund in tiie art of fal)ricating wea))ons and iiiii)lements ; in the mnemonic art of recording events in the pictographic ciiaracters of tiii' h'< /.'iriii. and in the state of their numeration, as shown in their exchanges of wrought sea-shells, whidi had .«ome of the properties of a coin. In all that related to energy, courage, and cxpertness ; to war and ekxpKMU'e ; to endurance as captives ; and to the leading traits of a wild and unshackled indeju'n- dence, they were immeasurably superior to tiie Aztecs. When the Anglo-Saxon raci' l)egan, late in the seventeenth centui-y, to cross the Alleghanies, and to exi)lore the valk'V of the .Mississippi, the lbre>t was oliserved to have encroached upon, and buried, a class of ruins in the shape of tunudi. barrows, abandoned fields, and nilitary earth-works. These relics, of the origin of which the tribes knew nothing, have contiinied to be the theme of philosophical speculation to the presen* day. New discoveries are nuiking every year, as fresh areas of tiiat magnilicent \all(^y yield to the hand of agriculture, and the record ol' its anti(|uities is thus becoming fuller, and more coinj)lete. It is, perhaps, premature to generalize on the present state of oui- archa-ological materials, but something may be done to throw the facts into groups in which they can be more perfectly examined and studied; and little more will be attempted in the present paper. ■:i -fiSfe Do Ury, 1.500. 15. ANCIENT SKILL IN l<'0 U T I F I C A T I N. lov Ill'V ill TiiK area wliirli is I'lnhriiwtl li.v works of tliis isiiul is very lariic : west of tlio AUe- nliiinics it cniLiMc's tlio ^ivatcr portion of tin- fiiliiv Mississippi valley, cxtoiidin^ to Miiiiifsota and the hanks of inaiiy of its eonllucnt slivaiiis. TIk' vallf.v of tlio Oliio appears to have heeii a favorite fielil of aneieiit oceiipancv. Its fertile soil; its mild climate; its vaviecl resoiiives ; and its pietiiros(|uo eharaeter and heanties. a|)pear to have heen as well appreciati'd and understood hy its ancient as its present iniiMhitants. That its possession was coveted, tliat it was Ion;: cherished, and perhajis often foiiiiht for. is indieate(l hv the larw iinmber of inonnds and field-works, of various character, which have heen disclosed hy its modern settlement. The Valley of the Scioto aiipears. in particular, to have sustained a heavy ancient poi)ulatioii, who left tlioir altars, tuiinili. and [)laces of strong defence to attest a power and strength which, we cannot hesitate to sav. made ('hillicotlie its central capital. Whoever examines the full and accurate descri[)tioiis which have been given of its varied earth-works hy Dr. K. 11. Davis, assisted hy Mr. S<[uier, and puhlished in the first volume o\' the Smith- sonian Contrihutions to Knowledge, must leel impressed either with the \-ery ancient date of these remains, or with the great poi)ulousness of its I'ertile plains. Other parts of this stream, as at .Marietta, Galliiiolis, the (ireat .Miami, and iiunicrous minor sites, attest, by their ii.onuineiital remains, 'he resitleiice iind reign of tribes having considerable power. The long and fertile area of the American bottom opposite St. liouis appears to have heen another central seat of this occupancy ; and the ridative positions of the Monk mound, and its satellite mounds, furnish, in some respects, a strong coincidence with the astronomical and astrcdogical structures of the Toltecan race. In N'irginiu. Kentucky, Tennessee, and along the borders of the lower Mississippi, the number of works of defence, and the strong idolatrous character of the ancient inhabitants, are denoted b\- other remains, which are si'cn to have covered large areas )f the most valuable and fertile norti of those states. Dr. Troost and Dr. Dicken- son have exposed peculiar classes of facts. These ardueological vestiges extend eastwardly. and then north-eastwardly from M ISSlSSlppI d I ouisian 1, thronirh Alai)aina, Florida, and f icorgia, rpiite to ■>(/.itli th arolnia. wliere a worK of this kind exists on the estate of the late IIiui. .John <'. louii, which is called Fort Hill. The Tuscaroras of North Carolina, in 17l"_', built ■1 Call a fort to defend themselves against the colonists under Colonel Moore, but it was foun 1 elli: it aiiainst lield-guns. am 1 (h- ■y w .'re obliged ti surrender. o make an unconditioiii (47) ! 48 I If i ANT I U» CITIES. tlic North It is not known lliMt the sninll trilics of tlic Nortlu'rn Atlantic f'ortidi'd iiiiiinst an oni'niy, at least, tliat tlii-y crccti'd any works ol" nuicli or permanent importance, corresponding to tliose in tite Wi'st. Works of this character ai:ain appear in Western New York, in the ancient territories ot' the Iroipiois. extending as far sonth as Anl)nrn : they are seen on tho liighest and eldest ridge of land, extending through Eric and Chautanrpie counties to the portages ol' the Alleghany river. It is not apparent that all these works are of the same strong military character, and re(piii'eil as many hands to defend them, as the prime fortilications of tiic West ; but they embrace the same [irinciples, so far as they are carried out. ami the sepidchral and general remains indicate the same era. There is one teature. in wiiich the works found in the West all agree. They e\ince a strong natural eapai'ity for defence. They cover the highest points of land, and are .so placed as to couuuauil its approaches. The form and size of the work to be adopted, was immaterial whenever a hill-top or ])lateau was occupied. It was walled or ditched in. accordin.g to its geological outlines. Tho principle of the im^/ion was secured liy any hi'ights or lauds which connuauded a length of wall or picketing. 7V("( /-.v.. >. generally resembling a segment of a circle, were drawn in front of the gates, sall_\ -ports, or openings. Snudl hay-cock inouu. i>ago "J I), on Point Creek, (Plato X. page 20.) And by the accurate surveys depicted in I'lates XI. to XV., respectively. These plates and descriptions secure the re(iuisite tlcgrce of scientific accuracy. Tho dillerent modes in which a gateway or sally-port is covered, in those antiijuo works. by traverses and mounds, is denoted by the following Plate, No. 4., Fig. 1. 2. 3. 1. o. t). 7. 8. '.». 1(1. 11. 12. i , ■ I f(ii h V: I'l 1-. ■ jit, /•■„/ .t / ■ — ■;■'.".■:■;.:;:;'.- '■■ '■'.'.'". "",■"" I'l \i /■•.,, /• i'l VIII Nn I h.i ; ■-::,; -r v Fi I'l VI / I'lVIII.N.. 1' 1 r, .' VI. Miio, inito tioiis tit [Vie I'l IX .\.. I !■„• II' IliaKJi 'u S i:.i .,|.i rsA , J u_ I'l X I'lVIII N,, 1. i.ii. r,..,r;-. ^/r:\'\iK::;:.u :j;^^, Vi ^¥ J* ' i ■If! C. THE ERECTION OF T U .M U L 1, OH ALTARS OF SACRIFICE. ^ ^t '4l I. Tuimili I'ldijer. II. Rctlimbt Mounds. III. Uancws. IV. Miijor Altiiis iif Siiciilice. V. Tiitcmic MoiiiiiU. 1. It liiis liuon pcnciviMl hy a part of tlii' pivcoding ohscrvatidiis, that the Indian theoloiry recofiniscs duitii's of (loud ami I'lvil, to ono or lioth of whom tliry ollrr isacrifin-s. These sacrifices, wiicn tlicy are made to propitiate the deity, of avert a eidamitv. as s'lrkiKss in tin Jin/iili/. whicii is one of tiu; most common and iieneral modes of allliction in which an Indian's heart is melted into sympatiiy, — these saciilices, 1 remarl<, in sneli cases often consist of some cl. islied oliject in tiie animate or inaninnite creation, liinij:' np at tiie hidi;e door, on a iii^ili peehd jiole. and exposed tinis to daiiiile in tiie air. Scarlet (doth, which is a favoriti' color; liMions, nl.ich are i)on,iiiit at a liiiih piice ; the winus of a hinl, or. w lien the appeal is stroni;-, a small dog', which has (irst been devotetl to the sacrilicial knife, ;ire thus olVered. Other, and more general oliji'cts of re(|nest. calamities to he aMiided. or Inck to lie secured, aie eN])rt'ssed hy some generally on their omens, deductions, or |ireilictioiis that (he d<'ci.l. Tims the political jiower. in an Indian tribe, is in fact founded on the reli-ious <■ ( 4ii ) f;i r'l 50 ANTIQI'ITIKS. r I ^i! I Iff m as » M f - f I ' fii' eU'iiii'iil ; and as tlic lattci' is I'alsc, wo sliould not woudiT (lial tlu' luriiu'i' [H'ovos rallaL'ioiis, and so ol'lcn It'ads tliuir wnncils astray. 'I'lu'sc siniplc inodos of adoration and wtjrsliip arc conlurnialtlc with tlio muans of all our United Stat(>s trihcs, wliiTcvor they may ohanw- to be, in the forest or on the plains. The trilies thenisehis are not lixed, in their locations, to one spot all the \('ar round; and neither the jjossi'ssors of the ehieftainshi|i, nor the simple priesthood, ha\(' power or means, if they wen- inclined to use tlii'm, to induce or compel lalior on lixed places of worship. The deepest recesses of the lorest — those features in the eartlfs surface \\hich are suited to excite the li\'elicst feelini;.- of a\ve, as jiiunacles and cataracts, are indeed their chosen places of oil'ciinj;- and \vor>hip. These natural features are. indet'd, most emphatically, '• temples not nnide w ith haud.s." They will often, indeed, set up a wati'r-worn houlder on the shores of a lake or rixcr, or in the waste of tlu' lioundless prairies, and perhaps tip it. if the_\- lia\i' [laints at hand, with some resendilaiuHs to a person. l!ut as they luuc with some few exce[)tions, no visilile idols, carvi'd out of wo(jd or stone, and no tauiiihle oiijects wliiite\'er. out oi' the arcanum of the //»"//»•///»' ,v((c/., or (hi>/i-k" /i-< -/(ni-i/ini. which end)ody the idea ol' idolatry, their adorations and oll'erings uf ever}' kintl, to which allusion ha.s now been made. lia\e been deeuu'd remarkable in a savage race, and led to niiniy luisgixiuLrs. in ever\' age of our history. jwhether lliey are not the remote desceiidauts (jf a race of maukii:d who bad once lieen acipiainted with the true (Jod. This is not the [ilace to examini' that ipiistinu. \Ve are speai^iug of fai'ts as tln'y exi>t. and the stale of ni\sterious oliser\ances of an t'rratie pco[ik', inhabitants of woods aiul wilds, \\lio .still Hank oiu' western settlements. Such iloes not, however, appear to have been the character, condition, and, at least, the civil t\pe of a part of the people who have, in some former and unknown age of the continent, ert^cteil the mounds ol' the .Mississi[)pi \'alley. That people, whatewr was the type of their barbarity, or departure' I'rom it. had ln'come in a great measure ji.ru/ in their residences. Tlii'y raised the zea mai/e, we have i'\'ery reason to beliexc, in larger (puintities than anyt)f the existing forest tribi's. 'i'liey ap[iear also, if wc ai'e not mistaken, to have cultivatcil a species of bi'an and vine, as the anti(pu' gardiui- beds. existinii in extensi\e areas in Indiana ami southern ,Mich't;an. ap[)ear to denote. This enabled them to congregate .1 large towns and villages, such as were evidently seated in the Scioto Valley and at the month of the Muskingiun ; and thi'v could em|ilov tbems(dves on more lixed and formal j)lans of worshii). Their knowledge of architecture in wood and stone was (piite rude. They were ac(puunted with no metal but copper. 'i'lie_\' formed chisels and axes and ornaments of that metal. They ear\<'d sea-s'.ells. They had not reached to the degree of know ledge of the Toltecs and A/.tet-s. which led a whole village to live in ou" large stone edilice (\ ide reports of Fremont. Emory. Aberc. and Cook), that fre(|uently bad a hundred rooms, which, by builiiing the (ii'st story «licalions, and pulilic te deiiins. It was no (k'secration of the oliject, lo which the laruc tumuli were tledicated, to employ them as sepulchrt'S lor their ccdehrated men ; hut rather ser\ed to invest them with tlie character of increased .sacredness and respect. 2 & ;!. The minor mounds, such as we have denominaU'd Iiayccxdv mounds, apjicar to haveheen seated inside or outside of a ik'fendiMl town or fort, of a militarv character, e a sort of redouht. AVheii seated at places di.staiit from such works, they ind wer were lienerallv mere harrows. I. 15ut there is a third specii's of the class of minor mounds, wliiidi were evidentlv )f an (iltiirir character. Tl .daliorate examination of tl MM" us aiinears elaliorate examination of th<> aiiti(|iiities of the Scioto \ to have heen first shown hy Dr. Davis, in his ille\'. That oU'eriiiiis were iiiaili' In lire tl le mount l-huiklei as well as 1)\- the existini;- race of Indian I'learlv si de tl All altar of earth, not very iinposinu' in its iieiuht or circumterence •th. in which two simple principles were ohserved was iiiaite hv tlieiii Irom loose ea ireular, that all coiil d approach and naiiudy. that of the altar and pyramid. It was ( stand around it ; and second, that it should have concavity enoufili at top, to prevent he tire liom tumhling oil'. Here the people could freely make their oil eriii"s to th: olIiciatiii,ir jo.ssakeeds, which appear to have consisted most commonly of the j)ipe in which incense had been ollered, and which was prohahly, from its ordinarv and extrar ordinary u.ses, one of the most cherished objects in the household. It is prohalile. from t.. 1 I 1^ '' II (i :i ■ .; Si:: ^ id 62 ANTK^riTIKS. tlio numln'i' of tlu'sc alliirs in (lio Scioto Valley, tlmt it liail a dciiNO ijopiilation in it; iukI tlit'i't' was, not iniprohal)!}', a ciioico in tlic priest or oHiciatinff powwow, tin- result ot' personal [lopiilaiity, as we see in piil)lie men at the present day. IJy lon^; use, the heil of the loam or earth eomitosinj,' tiie altar would bccoinc hard, anil partake, in some measure, of the character of hriek. What circumstances deter- mined its disuse, AVe cannot say. It is certain, that in the end the (ire was covered up, with all its more or less hurned and cracked conti'nts, and the earth heaped up, so as to hui'v it most ell'ectually, and coiistitnto a mound. This ])eculiar formation, as Dr. Davis informed mo, was first ex[)osed hy the action of tin- rivi-r, which undermined one or more of these structures, exposinjf the baked red line of earth, of a convex form, which had nuide the former bed of the altar, and upon which vast numbers of sculptured [)i[)es were foimd. These pipes have Ix'en li^rured in the fu'st volume of the Smithsonian Transactions, and constitute! a body of the best scul[)tnres, although not the only ones of a sinnlar character, for their artistic skill, which have yet come to lifiht. It is found that the pur[)oses of exehangi>, ]H'riiaps, have carried them north to the lakes, antl east to some parts of the country formerly occupied by the Eries, the Tro(|uois, and the Mississagies. The aceompanyinjr Plate (No. 5, Fif^s. 1, 2, .", 1, 5, (j, 7, 8, 0) exhibits, in a series, the base and circumference of the principal mounds existing in the West and South, and a diagram of their relative elevation. G. It remains only to spc'ak of one class of mounds, which differ wholly in their object and mode of construction, as well, probably, as their era of erection, from all the preceding species. Allusion is made to what have iR'en called the i»ilfosed n|H)n the men com- posing the Algon u if ^ N T I q IJ I T 1 V. S . 88 iiidiviilmil. tliiiii In thr crt'ction of mir nf tlicsc iiiliii;{iiiNlic(l iictorH in tlii'ir liiKtuiy. The Vi>\, tlif MivVii, tin- Win.K, mid Knci.i;. imc clfiirly ri'cogiii/ahlc in tlu' (Icviit's piilili^licd. Tiailitiiiii would drop ^^ll('ll ii ciLHtoin in two or tlircc ('ciitiiricM, if the t fhorcs ol'drcfn May. on thr arrival of the Frcncii. Innnrdialily houIIi of ihcni wen' .Mcati'd ii nation which is now nnknown. nndcr thf namo of M ascotins, or I'rairio Indians. The Sacs and Foxes were still in Tjowcr Michiiran. The prohahility of their more recent ori;;in, than the nionnds proper, rests on this; Imt it is adniittcd that there are no triiditions respecting them. lilli 1/ 'l ■ ( " II D. KVIDKNCK.S OF A FIXED C [' I/I' I V A T 1 O N AT AN ANTIQUE PEIMOI). 1. rniiric-rulds. II. Ilciiiuiiis ol' aiitii|iu' (iiinli'li-lioil-i. III. Iiilliuiicc 111' the Culliviitiiiii (if tlio /.I'll Maizi'. IV. Aiitii|iiilic,-t (if tlie liijiluT iiortlicin latitiuks nf tlie L'liilcil Stiiti'S. I. P H A I i! 1 K - I'' I i; I. I) S . AVliAi in'Diiortidii (if tlic |iriiiri('S of tlic West iiiiiy l)c ii.'^sii^iicd ii.s ('alliiii;' imdci' tlic iiirciciicc of liiiviiiL; lii'cii iiliiindoiu'il Cu'lds, iiiiiv coiislitiitc ii i^mIiJccI ol' vinciid .-iiccula- liciii. It ;i|i|M';irs to lie cliiir tliat tin' jircat aivii of tlic |iraiiii'.>i iirdpcr is indcpciKlciit dl' tliat caux'. Kirc is tlif (■\idi'iit cause ol' tin- dniudatioii of trees and slinilis in a lai'Lie pa It of the area lietweeii the Uoeky and I lie Aiietiiiany iiioiiiitains. Water t'oiiU'S ill llir a siiare of the demidatiou in \alle\s and nioi^t prairies, whieli may he supposed to he the re-nll of a more recent einerucnce from its former inlhieiice. lint there is ii tliird and limited (dass of prairies, or openings, in tlie forest i(j;ions N\lii( h may \V(dl he examined with a \ iew to this (piestion. Portions of tlie western \alleys are (dearly |-efeiahle to this class. We siilimit evidences of smdi former ('nlti\ation in a paper on the anti(pii' irarilen heds. as they have heeii calleil. in Indiana and .Miidiivan, and some remarks on the ori,L:in and extent of the cultivation of the /eii inai/.e, a- drawn from the Indian traditions. II. I! i: M .V 1 N S Ol' ANTIQl'K (1 A Ii D K X - I) K I) .*<, A \ II K X T i: \ S I V K F 1 K I, I) S OF IIoHTUr LT i: K A I. liAHdlH, IN Till: I" H I M IT 1 V i: P Ii A I U " K .S (IF TIIK W'ksT. The history of man, in his state of disjiersion over the frlohc is little more than a succession of advances and decdeiisions. producim:' altercil tyjies of harhari^'ii and ci\ iiization. Inwiiat particular iiraile of eillier of these t_\ pes the Indian race were, on rea(diiiiif the shores of this continent, is unknown, or to heJnd;:tMl ol", chi'lly. liy their monuments and remains of ancient art and industry. That they, liiiie j;reat transitions, risiiiji and falliii;: in the scale of comparative ci\ ili/ution. as they developed them.seUt's in the vast. ami. as to 'heir oriiiin, indelinito area of land and (icean stret(diiii^ lietween the hanks ol' the Euphrates and the Mi.ssis.sjppi, Im aiiparent. They were found, at tho discovery of America, as hunters. ^5to I ': .Wm«!| i I J i ^H- ii llM i i I ) ! '' .i • / I 1 m Hit It ; t 1 ( t S ; ! 1 i i 1 1 i ; ( i ' ^^=v* i 'I ■• t ■^^ AN TI<»f 1 T I Ks. r>r, With wliat iictiiiil state <•!' kiil atlaiii.il all.T icachiiiL; it. and hd'oiv tin- discovery, are ((iiesliuiis which would hardl\ iiav hrcn M-kcd wilii respect to ti-ihes ill the northern hititiiih'S. had il not ii.en tor the nionnds. eariii-wori\s. and other nioniiinenlal vcstiucs. overunnvn witii li.nst, whidi were loiind on the sellh'nient of tile .Mi>.-issi|i|)i \alle\ . Kverv (hsclosnic in our aiiti.|iiitics u hi( h tends tnlaiiil tlie accoiiipanviii'i- ih'awin,i:s (IMiites I'p and 7) of some curious antii|ue izarden lieds. or traces of ancient lield-hu>haii(h'v. wiiich appear to denote an ancient perioil of li\ed a'lricidtnre in the prairie re-ions of the West. These veslincsof a state of indu>lr\ whicli is till' l)e\ Olid aii_\ that is known to iiave existed anion^ tlie ancolors of the proeni liahan trihes. exist chieliy, so far as is known, in the sonth-wc>lerii parts of .Michii:an. and tlie adjoinini;- districts of Indiana. 'I'liev extend, .-io far as oli-ervcd. o\fr the lc\cl ami fertile j)!' lirie-lands for alioiit one hundred and lifty inile-^. ran::iim from the source of the Wahasii. and «ii" the west branch of (he .Miami of the l.ake.<. (o ilie\alli'\s of the St. .lo.^eph's, the Kalania/.oo, and the Ciand liiver of .MichiLiau. 'I'he Indians represent them to extend from ihe latter |)oint, up the peninsula laath to the \icinit\' of .Michillimackinac. They are of \arious sizes. eoM'i'inji'. i;-cnerally. from tucill\ to one Ininured acres. Some of them are repti'. with a marked rapidity, under the comliiiieii inlhieiK'e of rain, frost, and oilier atniospiieric plcuomeiia of tli(> climate. ,Vs evideiiet^ of this, it is asserteil llml the nniiierous mounds, einliankiiieiits. and other forms of western anti(piities. iiic as perl'ect at lhisd;iy. wiici'e they have not Iieeil distllllieil li_\ the pliai^h or exca\ at ions. ;is the\' Were on the eailirsi di-^co.crv of the I'oniitry. The annexed drawiiiLis (I'latesdX: 7) e.xhiliit ]ila(s and sections of these aiitii(i'i' beds, from ihi (iiaiiil Kixcr and St. .loseph Wdhys. of MiclnLian. 'I'liey were taken from uuilistnrlK'd parts of the mixed forests mid prairie lands near those priniar\ siriMins. 'I'hose from t iraiid i!i\er. were taken near Thomas Station, in Is:j7; those t'roin the .^1. .losephs. fnaii a point near the \ilhitjt>of Three i;i\ers. in |S"i7. The\ certainly olli'r new and nniipie traits in our ant iipiities. denoting;' a species of cull i\ at ion in elder times of :in niinsual kind, lnil which has heeii ahandoned tia- centuries. '\'\ir\ are (idled •■;;ard'ii beds." in common parlance, fnaii the dillicully of assimilatiii;^ them 1 1 i f- r.o A NT I (ill I TIKS. I i; ■^■■» I I tu iiMvtIiiiiii' else; llniiii;li it woiilil lie iiinrc iiri)|ii r. |icrli!i|is. In nuisiiliT lliciii us (lii> vcstijit's ol' imcicllt lii'ld llllinl". 'I'lic lirciis ill'c tnu liir;:!' Ill ilillllil llic ll.-'suinplinll c.r tlirir liciiiu' n'i|iiircil llir llic |iiir|»isc uriirdiiiiirv liniticiilliiic l'l:its ni' liiml so cvli'ii- sivf as siiiiic (if flicsf were, laid out liir mere i;iinieiis or |ileiiMire-uriiiiiiils, wniilil presiiiipose llie exisleiice. ill llie iiiikiiuwii |ieriiHl (if llieir ciillix aliuii. ul' liiiil(liiiL''s and salriipies. or eliiei'laiiidonis of arliilrarv aiilliorily over llie masses, ol' wliieli liiere \h no oilier e\iden('e. 'I'lie oilier niili(iiiariaii jinMil's ol' llie ici^ion are, indeed, of llic sim|ilesl and leasl imposing kind; not emliracinir lar^re nioniids. or llie remains of Held iiirtilicatioiis — imjess we arc to consider lliese lioilieidliiral lalmis of |lie lahle- ]iraiiic lands as luuiiij:' existed cotcniporanconslv with, and as appendant setlleniciitM of, the principal ancieiil defenced towns and slron:i-liolds of llie ()|ii(i Valley. The princijial points ol" iii(|niry arc. by whom and at what period were tlies! iieds con>lrncleil and tilled, and wlicllicr liy the ancestors ol' the cxistint!' race of Indians, liy their |)redeccssors, or liy a people iiosscssini: a liiiiher dcirrcc of lixed ci\ ili/!iii<>n '.' in most of the other anticpiarian cnrtli-works, or remains of hnmaii lalmrs ol' the west, wc (ili>erve no urealer dcirrcc of art or skill than may lie dail\ allrilniled to hunter races, who are ini'rin'/ed upon liy nci,LdilKirini^' ti'iiics. and coiiiliine lor the purpo-^e ol' dclencc aiiiiinsl hand-to-jiand missiles, sncli as hill-lops siirroiinded with earllicii walls and palisades. iiiit there is. in these eni;;inalical plats ol" \aiionsl\ shaped licds. iieiierally consistim:' ol' rows. c\ idi'iice ol' an ainnnnl oriixei! industry a|ipl'ed to ai^iicnl- ture. wliicli is entirely oppo.-ed In the theory that the lalmrers were iioiiiadrs. or liunlers. .Ni far as m\' knowledge extends, the area ol' conntry marked hy liiese evidences ol' a horticnlliiral population, covers the tract rroiii the head vvalers of the Waliasli !iiid the .^Iiallli of the Lakes, to the eastern shores of I,ake .Michigan. Similar lieds are said to extend clsewln'rc. 'I'lie lieds arc of vr.rions sizes. Neariy all llie lines of I'ach area or snh-arcii of lieds. arc rcclamrnlar anil parallel. (Mhers admit of half- circles, and V arionsly curved lieds with avenues. and arcdillcrciillv i^roiiped !iiid dis|iosed. 'I'lie mode of lliinialion indicates two species of cnitnre. The first consists of convc.v rows, whose arches spriiiLi' from the s:imc liases in opposite directions. — as seen in Fi-nrcs 1 and I. I'late I'l. in the othi'i' kind, ihc luiscs of the convex' rows arc separated hy a path, or plain, as shown in liiiiri's "J and ."i. i'late li. IJcitli the plain and lh(> convex beds are uniformly of the same w'dth. If the' space iietwci'll the beds is In be viewed as a path, from wllicll to Weed or ciihivale the convex bed. the iilea is ojiposed by the comparative waste of land d 'noted by a jieifect eipiality of width in llie beds and paths. |{esides. there are no such paths in the larucr masses of rows, which are wholly convex, but arc bounded by avenues or paths at Considerable distances. 'I'hc principal species of ciiltnre rerce of the power of vegetation.' lev. Isaac .M'Coy cut down, in 1S27, an oak tree, on one of the heils (li-ured in I'lale (1. Fijr. -), which measured thirty-eifrht inches in diameter, at the hei-ht of twentv-si.v inches aliove the jiround, and which denoted t/im l,ii„ut he left no man in the country, durinj;' tliat or the ne.\t year, when he aseiauled the river; and the Indians of wliom hi' inijuired respectinir the .siau'ccs of the St. liawreiice. told him that these sources wi-re very remote, tiiat the wati'rs expanded into sevi'ral laru'e lakes, anil that no nnrii had heen heard of. who had ever pme to thi'ir source, t^iehec was tiiundi'd in lii"J-V Sir Walter l!aleij;h sent his lirst colony to N'iruinia in l"iSI. althoui;h a colony was not pernnuiently .s'ttled till llllC The Holland States lieL'an their lirst e\ploiat(U'y elUu'ts under Hudson, in the present area of New Yca'k, in Itill'.t. Historians ha\e fixed to eo|oni/e Canada. Tiie KiiLdish I'il hlllS. as tiie date of tlie first ellurt of ijic FiviK'h I l'"at hers, from I Iollanco\creil nit landed at IM\nioutli From none of these sources could 1111 aLii'icu Itiiral pOpulill lull. wliose lalioi appear to have terminated in Imliana and .Michiiran aliout I'liHi. Iia\ e .l.ahh iinM'i'eued Tliis stiiiu', wliii'li I visitcij in IS I"), lilor nf .■jyi'iiito — (ino cif tlie oinitic Mvk lth Tliis furn' i.- liir los in tlic tciiiiienit.' laliliul.'S tli.iii uiiilir i.'t ili.'^|ilaiiii^ .-l.iiii- ill ;i hmII. tliL' ciniiiin.xi's, wluiv Mr 'I'liis m:i> clcMM Vi :irs .//'/. r tlir ImiMiiii,' ..C l'',.|| Oivm 111 llir pn^i'iit -ilc I X All.; lull- ITlHl -1 lll.- \ V l'.MTi;;ii lli.|..riril lt,.ciiiiiriiN, Stiiti' l». pirliiirni, All.niv. N Y. i i ! • i ! ' I 68 A N T Hi f 1 1 ! K •' . TIk- S|iiiiii>li ('Iciihiit <>r r:irlv Ann ricaii |Ni|)iiliitit)ii is (><|tiiilly iiiu(l('(|iiiiti>, clininolo- );icall\. ti) liavc rtinii-lii'il mi nir-.'^linnt itf |iii|iiiliiliiiii litr IuImii-h prior to, or iicai' llu> a^Mimifd (laic of llit'sc iiiilu>liial iiniiiumi'iits, Alllioiifzli Vcnpiicio iliscdViTcd llu' coa;*! Ill' Paria in 1 IHT. and tlu- cxtciidt'd hIioivh of Mra/.il and Purajrnay in !■")(»;;, he landed not a scad on citliiT coast. It was not till li')12 that Do Iamhi diwovfivd Florida. Oiijaliii first lantlcti on tin- i;nlf coasts of Mc.vico in I'tlS. Curtcz I'ollowcd Idni in I'll!'. Tin- nioiitli of till' ^Jississippi was passe, 1, in the coast explorations of the jrnlf, in 1.VJ7, lati' in the autumn; hut it was not till ' " "I that De Soto penetrated Florida, and reached an iuterioi- point on the .Mi-sissi|>pi. All this while, we are to suppose, (Ui t!'e foreign hvpolliesis of ||i(> oi'i;:iu of these Ih'iIs, that thi> norticultnral an home iu mind, at the same liuu'. tlial the French from Canada did not |H>iu>trate the urea of the iireat Lake- till Ili'llJ. when SaL'ard reached r>ake Huron; nor f:o into upper Louisiana till ICiT.'l, when Manpietle entered the Mississippi, at the month of tin; Wisconsin; that I^a Salle did not \isit Illinois till IllTiS; that the settlement at Holixi, ou the (iulf. was not made till Id'.l'.l; that Detroit wtus not foinided till ITlll, and New Orlcaii- not till 1717. With these data iu the mind, the idea of these antiipie ajiricnl- lural lal>ois lieinv attriliutahlc to eiijirr of these modern elements of western population, will appear as ipiile unteuaMr. Hesides, Uith th(> Spanish and French |iopulation, when ihcy first appeared at remote interior points west of the Allejihanies. did not coMii- to uniici'lake aj/ricidtiu'al lalHir> at those unsuslained interior points, far less to plant e\tcusi\i' i;aiileus and plea.-ure-i:roini(ls, like those whose vestiges we wee in the \ alleys (if the (iiaud liivcr, Kalama/.oo, and Klkheart. De I^eon, t'orti'Z, and De S)to came to -^eek new elements of commerce and trade, and to finil treasures in the untilli'd portions of the i outinent. in its j;(ild and silver, furs and dyi'-woods, medicinal plants, and other spontaneous |ir(»ductii)ns of the American forests. Aj^riculture hecame onlv au i icidi 't in these selienies llir di.scover\ and couiiuest ; and was merelv resorted to. in Hie end. I.) sustain life, and not as furnishinj;' articles of e.\|iort. Hut what should induce f()r!'i;;ners to undertake lal)or ou the remote interior tahle-huuls of Indiana and .Michi,i;au '.' Furs and the liir-trade were the only Icadiufr source of easv commerce there, anil this was i intioijuced till the first (|uarter of tlie si.\teenth centnr\. We are coin[K'lled to l(M)k to an earlier period for the orijzin of these ajiricnlfni'al vestijres. It is more prolmhle that they are the results of early cultivation, in some of the leading' and more advanced iudijicnous laces who possessed those midland I'e^ions li'lween liie Mississippi and the Lakes. It was a reuiou which flinuerh- alioundeil in L'ame of vai'ioiis sorts; and \^hile a part of the season was employed in Vi.lr l.iirr .,{• Mr MCnv 1 ANTIgriTIHS. fit) iliroiitilo- near till' I till' f«>iit*t III- liintlt'l .,1 Floriilii. kmI liiin in )!' tin- >:iill"- ,.tl KItiritla. to ^^\llll)o«^^ mil ii^rritiil- vcstif:t'>« of liiiii to tiiu- it Ih' Imuiu' tin' urt'ii ot" into iipiifi oiith of ll"' lit at Holixi, 11. ami Ni'W imii' a-irinil- II |ioj)iilatioii. 1 )io|mlalioii. inii's. dill not |s. I'ar lfS!< to wH" in till" „1 IK' S.to lie iinlillcil inal iilaiits, Hcauu- only sorted to. in wliat slionld ndiana and y eonnneice ntnr\ . ai;rienltinid ion, in some ose midlanii ell lornierly employed in ai Innitin'.', a lieavy |.o|.nlation, f*neli a- the vestige:, .lenote. |.r..\Ided lavadslnlVs li\ ll.e ndtin" of eorn. Ih-iuih, jniW. mid vuriou'' esenlinl roois. «liieli are known lo llourisli in these latitudes. That this people were not udvane.'.l K-yond the .nlale orseini-ajirienltnialisis a|.pears prol)ahle, Iroiu the want of any ivniainiii^t evidences in arehiteelure or tempi- -wca-hip, Hueh as marked the Mexieiui and IVruvia i races ; for. In^yontl the .Krnrn-nce of mounds of the minor class, or small tnmnli, there are no evidences of their attaimnent as constructors or ImilderH. The pinlen-heds, and not the moiui.ls, form, indeed, the most prominent, aixl by far the most striking and cimracteristie •mtiipiarian monuments of this district of country. There would seem to have Urn some connection U^tween th.M' Ixds and the peculiar class of low imitative moumls. in ihe form of iiii'nnnU, which mark a very ctaisiderahle area of the oppositt- side o! Lake Miehiiran. I,akc .Michijian is, indeed, remarkahle for its jirotnisii n Irom imrtli to south, for lis entire lcn;:tli, into the prairie re^'ions of Indiana ami IIIm.oIs. It occupies, in Irutii, a summit ; iind wiiile its outlet is into I-ake Huron north, and thus hy the lake chain and tii. wrence into the north .\tlanlic, the Illinois runs south from its innne- diate he,. .ud linds tlu' ocean in the (Inlf of Mexico. Tiie ancient ;:arden-lM'ds, and the animal-shaped mounds, tiio latter of which may he supposed to have lieen erected to perpetmite the memory of f^reat hunters, who Ixire the iiran alone separate tlu'se two clas.ses of remains, ami that the norlhei-n triltes, who are hold and expi'rt canoe-men, lind no dilliculty in crossini: from shore to shore in tiie calm .sinnmer nionths. The French found the t>nstern and so\ithern sliorcs of i,aUe .Michijrai\ in the posses- sion of the lllinese, some of whose descendants still survive in the I'eorias and the Kaskaskias, south-west of the Mississippi. Tiie.se •• lllinese" triU's were of the generic stock of the AI;ron(|uins, and did not exceed the others in ajrricultural skill. None of the esu'ly writers speak of, or allndi' to the species of culti\ation of which the horticultural In'ds, under con^iileration, are the M'stijres. The Ottowas, who still iidndjit parts ol thi> country, as at (Inn Lake, Otfowa Colony, and otlier places dependent on (Irand I!i\er, atti'ilmte these heds to a people whom they and thi' united Chippcwas call the .MushcodainsUL', or Little Prairie Indians. I5ut there is no evidence that this people possessed a hi^dier ilet;ree of industry than themselves. Tlu' Ottowas dill not enter Lake .Michii^Mn till after their delist in the St. liawreiice VaUey, alou}^ with the otlier Alfjonipiins, aljont the middle of the sixteenth century. The trees frrowiinr on the In'ds thrmij!;h<)iit southern .Miclii.L'an and Indiana denote clearly that, at thai period, the cultivation had heeii lonji' ahandoned. It was evidently of a prior period, it lias lj. ^. <>^.%% V] V2 ^> V V /A IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 1^ |S6 m m |2j8 1 2.5 I.I us 2.0 L25 i 1.4 1.6 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 k A 6/ y^ d / t/. ^ m f/j t< be >£jtttiA. V^IG^.^*^ '^W m ii « !■ GO ANTIQUITIES. iIr' lalior to races of liulians of iin oarly poriotl, and of a more advanced grade of iiidu.'^try and manners, who were ^ct, howe\er, to a cei'tain extent, Ininter.s. Are not these beds eotemporary vestiy,es of the epoch of tlie inouud-bnilders, if not interior positions of tlie people themselves, who have so i)laced their fortified camps, or hill- seated ontposts, as generally to defend their agricultural settlements from the approaches of enemies from the South ? The charm of mystery is so great, that men are nyit to be carried away with it, and to seek in the development of unknown or improbable causes for the solution of phenomena which arc often to be found in plainer and more obvious considerations. That this charm has thrown its spell, to some extent, around the topic of oiu' western antiquities, cannot be denied. III. Influence of the Cultivation of the Zea Maize un tme Condition, IIistouy, and Miguations of the Indian Race. The inlhicnce of the cultivation of the Zea Maize on the semi-civilization and history of the Indian race of this continent, has been very striking. It is impossible to resi it this conclusion, in searching into the causes of their dispersion over the continent. We are everywhere met with the fact, that those tribes who cultivated corn, and lived in mild and temperate latitudes, reached a state of society which was denied to the mere hunters. The Indian race, who named the Mississippi Valley at the era of the first planting of the American colonies, were but corn-growers to a limited extent. It was only the labor of females, while the men were completely hunters and periodical nomades. They spent their summers at their corn-fields, and their winters in the wild forests, doing just what their forefathers had done ; and the thought of their ancestors having had the skill or industry to raise mounds, c r throw u}^ defences on the apex of hills or at sharp defiles, never occurred to them till questioned on the subject by the whites. They were, it is true, cultivators of the zea maize, so far as has been shown, and also of the tobacco-plant, of certain vines, and of a species of bean, — arts which existed jmrl 2'>assu with the hunter state, and which they professed to have known from the remotest times. The tribes of the Carolinas and Virginia, extending along the Atlantic quite into New England, raised large quantities of the corn, or zea maize, and they all relied upon it as one of their fixed means of subsistence. The traditions of even the most northerly tribes traced this grain to the South. That it was of tropical, or of south-western origin ; that it extended gradually, and by an ethnographical impulse, into the temperate and northern latitudes, is aflirmed by early observation, and is a result which the pheno- mena of climate d, priora determines. The Indian corn will not mature north of lati- tude 40° 30', — it is not a profitable crop north of 44° 30', and the tribes who have, ;| :! II !:i| ANTIQUITIES. 61 ;«; M ■^ M from the earliest times, cultivated it, have no traditions that eitiier themselves or thrir -rain had a northern origin. The first trihes, indeed, in passing north from tiie continental snnnnit of the Mississippi, who look northwardly on the course of their origin, are the non-cnni-raising tribes,— the great Athaba.sca group. Tliese h.ok to the Arctic latitudes, or the north-east coasts of America, by the Unjiga Pass of the Rocky Mountains, as their place of origin; .some of them preserve the tradition of their having huuled, amid snow and ice, on the bleak and frigid shores of the Arctic Ocean. The Indian tribes of the United States, who formerly inhabited both sides of the Alleghany Mountains and the whole Mississippi Valley, extending north to the Great Lakes, and reaching south around the northern coasts of the Gulf of Mexico, all, so far as known, preserve traditions which point either south, south-west, or due west, as their starting point in the ethnographic chain. With the zea maize they brought and propagated northwardly the art of pottery. They made cooking pots, porringers, and vessels of coarse clay, tempered with silex. This art extended also (juite into the northern parts of New England, and to the banks of Lake Superior, where it ceases. The Indian tribes of the broad, elevated summit of the Rocky Mountains, never raised corn, nor had they the art of pottery. Fremont found no traces of either, till he passed entirely through them, or went into the latitudes of California ; — De Smet noticed neither, in his missionary journeys between the sources of the Missouri and the northern branch of the Columbia. The Shoshonees, ov Snake tribe, who dwell in the arid valleys, about the area of Fort Ilall, in the southern pass, boil their fish and the tlesli of the few animals of those longitudes, in pots made of osiers, or small roots and fibres dug from the ground.' On the con- trary, the history of the track of migration of all the known tribes of the low and swampy latitudes of the Mississippi Valley and of the Atlantic coasts, is distinctly traced by the fragments of pottery which mark the sites of their ancient villages. Nothing is, indeed, more chai'acteristic of these village sites. With these two elements, — the arts of raising corn and making lottery, in which they all agree, — our American Indians of the corn-yielding latitudes also brought with them the knowledge of the three species of mounds which particularly mark the western longitudes; namely, the tribal mound of augury or oracles, and of high annual oblations, the mound of sepulture, and the village mound of ordinary sacrifice. These were very difierent in their object and structure, but were sometimes mixed in application, as caprice or necessity might dictate, or the fortunes of war, which gave the conquering tribe the power, might determine. They all arose, and were founded on one fundamental principle and characteristic o[ the race ; namely, their Eeligiox, — in which the worship of the sun and moon iind various planets stood as types of ci ; \ idu N. J. W>ttli, Ksii Due. 1ml. Oir. hit. Dqit. I ft ■! \ i ..; 62 A N T mVl '1' I E S . divinity, iiiid wiis, nioro or less, an cli'iiiciit ol' union ; iind tliis system fif worsliip iippoiirs to iiiux' niiirked all tlu' primordial or first emigrated tribes. It innst ho recollected, as one of tlic fundamental points in our anti((uities, that the Indian tribes are of an age which is very anti(iue, — that they have occupied various parts of the continent not only for centuries, but probably for scores of centuries. An observer, otherwise prone to great sobriety of conclusion, thinks they must have reached the continent soon after the dispersion of maid^ind.' A people who re(piire a pile of earth or stones in the shape of a mound, — a teocalli or House of God, as the Aztec word imports, — though they he otherwise incapable of combined labor, except when religion impels them, may be supposed to have manual skill and means to rai.so either. The united hand-labor of many, devoted to such an object, would soon accomplish it. There is nothing, indeed, in the magnitude and structure of our western mounds, which a .semi-liunter and semi- agricultural population, like that which may be ascribed to the ancestors or Indian predecessors of the existing race, could not have executed ; whereas, the interior of the.se earthy pyramids, even the largest of them, has disclosed nothing beyond a rude state of the arts, or, at best, such arts of potter}' and sculpture, .shell-work and stone implements, as are acknowledged to behmg to the hunter or semi-hunter period. It is these interred evidences of the actual state of the arts, found in the momids, that denote the mounds themselves to be the work of the semi-hunter races, Ix'fore they or their descendants had fallen into their lowest state of barbarism, or that type in which they were found by the colonists between 1584 and l(i20. There is little to sustain a belief that these ancient works are due to tribes of more fixed and e.xalted traits of civilization, far less to a people of an exjjatriated type of civilization, of either an Asiatic or EuKorKAx origin, as several popular writers have, very vaguely and with little severity of investigation, imagined. It is impossible to discuss, on general principles, the vestiges of the agricultural labors, and curious "garden-beds," in the forests and prairies of Indiana and Michigan, which have been taken up for examination in this paper, without considering the subject of an antique period of semi-civilization in the West, in all its bearings. Viewed in its true lights, there appears to be a unity of period and general character m the mounds, the elevated and various earth-works, defences, hill-tops, ditches and embankments, remains of cultivated fields, the peculiar and low state of the Mechanic arts, the ignorance of the u.se of metal, and the want of knowledge of the common princii)les of anticjue Military science, which are, more or less, evident and conspicuous at the various sites of western antiquities, but which yet stamp a certain character of unity upon all. This coincidence in knowledge and want of ■■■.;*'. .1 ,^\: ;«-< Vido Mr. Gallatin. Am. Etli. Trans. \'ol. I. ANTIQUITIES. 68 knowledge, marking the type of the civilization, is to be traced in the antiquities of the whole area of country from the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, extending eastward to the cape of Florida, and northward, both along the Atlantic shores and up the valley of the Mississippi and its great tributaries, till the mingled evidences of it, from both leading tracks of migration, eventually meet, and are to be found in the wide area of the Lakes. The Aztecs diil not, according to their own records — the pictorial scrolls — reach the Valley of Mexico until A. D. 1090. There are no evidences to ])0 relied on, of inhabitants of earlier date in the Mississippi Valley, who were more elevated in their character than mere roving hunters, and worshippers of geni. Most of the western monuments denote the twelfth century as the i^eriod of their abandonment. This is the general period indicated by the growth of the larger forest trees, on mounds and works of art, in the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, and in Florida. The Aztecs do not trace their history farther back than to their point of landing on the Pacific; /. c, one hundred and eighty -six years. They trace their migration directly from the north, which would have been correct, generally speaking, had they come, in this migratory move- ment of one hundred and eighty-six years, from tlii' banks of the river Gila, or any part of the peninsula of California, or the gulf-coast of r'alifornia, as starting points. Tiiey do not profess to have come from the cast or north-, the bean and vine, and summer •1 i ll i • ' s I i u {,; !l iiil :i t|i I ;ii m\ if .! J ¥ li i . ■;.i -i'' \ti St' .n G4 ANTIQUITIES. (Viiits — a tiisto wliicli is most lomiirkiihlo with all our wostorn Indians — and the Uiio\vkMlij,(; of making cooking vessels, wliicli all the eoni-i)huiting tribes possessed. It is certain that the Aztecs, who, in their pictorial scroll, preserved by Boturini, rej)resent themselves as landing from an island, in a boat moved by paddles, did not travel east two thousand miles across the fruitless waste of the Rocky iMonntaiiis, to get into the Mississippi Valley, where some writers have located Aztlan, before the}' sot out northwardly ibr Mexico, from this extraordinary position. Nor would they, in such a movement, — one more arduous, indeed, than tiiat of the Israelites by Sinai, — have found, as they did, tropical fruits. The fact that the ancient Indian trilu.'s of the Mississip|)i Valley brought the zea iihiizr witii iheui, is almost demonstrative proof that they proceeded from .southern oi intertropical latitudes. This grain Mas the element of Mexican civilization. They could not have lived in large mas.ses or towns without it ; consecjuently, they could not, without such a fixed means of subsistence, have built the pyr.-imids of Cholula and Chalco, and other like works. Ph'ratic tribe.s, who once knew the v; ^le of this grain, would ne\er relin((uish it or forget its mode of cultuiv. however far they migrated. Most of our triljes have invented myths, to denote it as the gilt of the Deity to them, and as designed for their .subsistence when game failed. The cultivation ol' large lields of corn would have enabled these tribes to band together, and thus to have it in their power to erect the largest mounds in tiie West. It is remarkable, indeed, that the most innnerous as well as the largest mounds are seated on fertile plains or in licli alluvial valleys, which are the best corn lands West of the Alleghanies. Assuming, then, that tribes from the Mexican latitudes, in its widest ancient extent, — which wo ma\-, for convenienco, limit to cither the liio Bravo del Norte or even the banks of the Kio Bosco or Bed Bivor, — furnished tlio clement of the ancient population of the Mississippi Vallc}', — that is, the mound-builders and real authors of the period of agricultin"al industry denoted by antiquarian evidences, — and we have no reason to question their ability or capacity, any more than tlr.-ir strong natin-al taste, founded on religious liabit, to erect the mounds and defences which have been enigmas in those fertile latitudes for so long a period. That their prcdocossors in this valley were mere foresters, rovers after game, who had no fixed habitation, and dressed simi)ly in the ((•./"/(, wo may observe from such naked wandering tribes being fjund by them in their migration through latitudes «y-s/ of tlio mountains, where such men are depicted a.s prisoners, dragged along by the hair of the head, as shown by Baturini's ma\), to be sacrificed by their sanguinary pricsLs. A war between two Indian elements, so diverse of habits, — a collision of interosta and power between a semi-civilized and barbaric class of tribes, — would be the natural result. Temporary attacks, the conflict of whole tribes, anU the dreadful retaliations of a people whose rites and jiractices in the treatment of prisonor.s were ''^ ''"si 1 ll ANTIQUITIES. 65 t-ys m honibk', would in tiiiu' cinhroil tlio whole viillcy, in all its Iciifrtli imd hrcadtli, aiul liiiiiu- ufm-nil conihiniitioiiH of nico a<;ainsl race, Ii Ins niauiu'i- tli< ll'iitiiro of luilitarv lU'll-iiccs, wliosc remains arc now mostly overgi'ow n hv the I'on'st. lid an s(". 'I'liese defences are all very rude, hut iieculiar. Th ■y appear to li been a native develoi)ment of tiie art of strate.tiy. There is nolliinu' of tlie old li Hostile ibes t; d li world's knowledge apparc threw up rings of earth, or raised plateaus or small mounds in a i)lain. The ditch was generally irithin. and not irll/iaiif the wall. It was, in fact, a shelter for men, (a- native magazine, from missiles. The Tlascalan gateway denotes an allinity of military knowledge w itli the tribes to whom we ri'fer this particular kind of earth- work. Moth the races .seem to have ccmtented themselves with making the entrance to a fort dillicult, and giving the defenders of it the advantage in the use of missiles and forest arms. Tiie snudl mounds were placed .sometimes inside and sometimes oiil^iilc of the gateways and openings. Krom these artificial hillocks a hand-to-hand (i,.:lit. witii arrows, spears, and clubs, could bo advautagecaisly maintained. The raised areas were eviilently the site of more formidable works, and of what might he deemed the temple service of the priests; and these, which appear to be few, embrace the double objects of religion and defence. Such manifestly were the ancient sites of Mai'ietta, Circleville, and Chillicotlio, which may be regarded as the chief points of the ancient power in the Ohio Valley. Tiuit there were such general combinations between native tribes of northern and southern races, is denoted, not only by the extension of the art of mound-building over northern latitudes, but also by the traditions of the Iroquois' and the Lenawpes, wiio distinctly speak of thein, iuul tell us that, after long struggles, the northern eonli;deraey of tribes prevaileu, and overcame or drove ofl" the intruding tribes towards the .south. ■ IV. Antiquities of the higher Northern Latitudes of the United St a t e s . Much caution is required in recording the traditions of the aborigines; and the dilliculty is increased by the extensive multiplication of tribes and bands, w ho have had the ambition to figure as original people or principals in their respective groups ; the frequency with which they have crossed each other's track in the course of their leading migrations; and the often preposterous claims to tribal originality and suj)remacy which are set up. There are no records of any sort, heyoiul their ' Vide Notes on tlie lro<(uoi9; iilso, Ousic. ' American PLilosophical TraL.sactions, Vol. 1. . 1* 1 1 f i -! 1 ■1 w |i fl 111! GO ANTIgUlTIES. u iiioiiiinu'iitM of earth aiiil .stout' iinijli'iiu'iits ; and ovoii tlicHC cli.saj)! )t'ar 111 nid |iid('i'('cliiig iioi'tli bi'vond a irrtaiii latitiulo. Few of the IiuliaiiH are qiialilied, by liahits of relleetioii, to titate that which is icuown or has ocoiirred among them in past years; and thos(> wlio attempt to supply by invention what is wanting in fact, ofti'ii nial\.e a miserable jumI)lo of gross improbabilities. Jlistory cannot .stoop to pre.serve this. It must be left as the peculiar [n-ovinoe of allegory and mythology. Indeed, their imaginative legends fiirni.-*h by far the most interesting branch of their oral traditions; and hence this development of the mind of the race will be noticed at large under that head. In the highest latitudes occupied by the Algoiujnins, on and north of the liuko Superior basin, we search in vain for any .striking objects of anti(iuity. In the actual basin of Lake Superior, the oldest and most impressive features are those arising from the ui)heaval ol' rocks by ancient \olcanic forces, or from the extra- ordinary elFects of lake action, operating upon largo area.s of the sedimentary rocks, which have been broken up by the waves, and re-dejiosited on the shore in the form of vast sand dimes. But these disturbing forces belong .strictl}- to the consider- ation of its geological phenomena. The mining ruins are by far the most important, and will be noticed hereafter. (Vide G.) There are no artificial mounds, embankments, or barrows in this l)asin, to denote that the country had lx;en anciently inhabited; and when the inquiry is diiectt'd to that part of the continent which extends northward from its northern shores, this primitive character of the face of the country becomes still more striking. The scanty character of the forest growth, the diminished area of the soil, and the incix!ased surfaco of bare and exposed rock, impart to the country an air of arid desolation. Ancient sca.^, of heavy and long-continued volume, appear to have dragged along, whether by the aid of ice-fields or not, vast boulders and abraded rocks, which are pitched confusedly into gulfs and depressions of the surface ; while the more elevated and dcmided portions of the rocks bear, in their polished or scratched superficies, indubitable evidence of this ancient action. The Indian, standing upon the.se heaps of rock-rubbish, and unable to reach the true causes of the disturbance, is prone to account for appearances as the work of some mytho- logical personage. It is something to afi'irm that the mound-builders, whose works have filled the West with wonder, — quite unnecessary wonder, — had never extended their sway here. The country appears never to have been fought Ibr, in ancient times, by a semi-civilized or even pseudo-barbaric race. There are but few dart.s or spear-heads. I have not traced remains of the incipient art of i)oltery, known to the Algonquin and other American stocks, beyond the Straits oi' Saint Mary, which connect Lakes Huron and Superior; and am inclined to believe that they do not extend, in that longitude, beyond the latitude of 30', There is a fresh magnificence in the ample area of Lake Superior, which appears to gainsay the r.iili I ■:€ ANTIQUITIES. 67 #? m .:it| formor cxirttoncc ami oxcrcino by iniiii of niiy liiws of iiiccluuiiciil or indiishiiil p jwiT, iK'yond the canoe-fnimc mid tlie wiir-clul). And itn utorm-heatcn and ca.stcl- latud rocks, liowovcr imposing, givo no prools tiiat tlie (hint of hninaii anti([nity, in its ai'tilicial piiasos, han ever rested on tiieni. By far the most wtriiting olyect in the basin of Lalto Superior, whicli had attracted tiie attention of tiie early inhabitants, was, evidently, the initivo copper, which, in the shape of detritus, exists so extensively in that quarter. This metal, whicii is foinid also in situ, as part of tlie product of veins in the trap rock, has l)een scattered abroad, by geological action, along with the erratic block and diluvial deposits. It is also found to exist, to an uncommon extent, in its original position along with the ores, spars, and vein stones, in l)oth which locations the Indians, who call it Red Iron," explored it. They employed it in making various ornaments, implements, and instruments. It was used by them for arm and wrist bands, pyramidal tubes, or dres.s ornaments, chisels and axes, in all cases, however, having )H3cn wrought out exclusively by mere hammering, and brought to its required sluipos without the use of the crucible, or the art of soldering. Such is tiie state of tlie manufactured article, as found ill ilie gigantic Grave Creek Mound, and in tlie smaller mounds of the Scioto Valley, and wherever it has been scattered, in early days, througb the medium of the ancient Indian exchanges. In every view whicli has been taken of the subject, the area of tiie basin of Lake Superior must be regarded as the chief or primary point of this intermediate traffic in native cojiper; and, so far as we know, it appears to have been in the hands of the Algonquin tribes : at least, those tribes were found here at the opening of the sixteenth century, when these portions, generally, of the (then) territories of New Franco were first visited. Having found a latitude beyond whicii the architectural antiquities of the Missi.s- sippi Valley do not apparently reach, it is seen that such antiquities begin to meet the steps of tiie inquirer as soon as he passes south of this general boundary. They increase, liotli in frequency and importance, as he proceeds to the respective basins of Lakes Huron and Michigan, and over tlie plains and through the fertilo valleys of the lake and jirairie, and Western States, till they are found to extend to -h^' characterize tin; whole Mississippi Valley. They are also traced through all the ,: ates east and west of that valley, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, and extending a limited distance from the Floridian peninsula, along the shores of the north Atlantic. In exchange for the native copper of Lake Superior, and for tlic brown pipe-stone of the Chippewa Kiver of the Upper Mississippi, and the blood-red pipe-stone of the Ct)teau des Prairies west of tlie St. Peters, they received certain admired species of tlie sea-.shells of the Floridian coiusts and West Indies, as well as some of the more elaborately and well-sculptured pipes of compact carbonate of lime, grauwacke, clay ! I Miskopcwiiliik. 08 A N T I (] i; 1 T IKS. I I slatf , and wrpontiiicH, of which ii(liniriil)lo upociiiiPiiM. in hirjxo nimntitii's, have rocontly boon fouiul hy ivwiMirc'lioH made in thi' invcrtcd-liowl-Mliniii'd, or Hiii'ridcial inoniidM of' Un' Oliio Valli'V. mid in thi' ossnarit's of tlu' rjalvcs. Thi- makiTH of tlu'sc may also be supposed to liave spread, nortliwardly, the various ornamented and artistic buiiit- clay |)ipes of ancient forms ami ornaments; and tiie ovate and circular beads, heart- shaped pi'udants. and ornamented piriret,-*. made from tin- eonidi, wiiicli have received the false name of ivory, or line Imjui' and horn. 'I'lie direction of this native e.\chan;;e of articles appears to have taken a stronj; current down the line of the Great fiaUes, throiijjh Lakfs Erie and Ontario, alon^^ the coasts of the States of Ohio and New York, and into the Cjuiadas. S])ecimens of the blood-red ])ipe-stone, wrouj^ht as a neck ornament, and of the conch beiul pendants and p)ri^ets, and of the anti((ue short clay pipes, occur, in the ancient Indian burial-^frouiuls, as far east as Onondaga and Oswego, in New York, and to the high country which abounds in such extraordinary sepulchral deposits of human Imjucs and Indian ornaments, about Beverly and the sources of the several small streams which pour their waters into IJurlington l>ay on the north shores of Lake Ontario. At the latter ])lace 1 also obtained specimens of the pyrola perversa in an entire state. All these are deemed to be relics of the Ante-Calwtian period. It mny be necessary, perhaps, hereafter, to except from this character the antique short ornamented clay pipes named. There arc, at present, reasons ibr believing that however peculiar this species of pottery may appear to the mere American antiquary, its prototype existed, and may be found, as a relic, in France, Ihjlhind, or flermany. There is, indeed, scmicthing of an Etruscan cast of character about it. Copper axes, stone pestles, tlesbing chisels, fragments of earthen kettles and vases, and mortars for pounding corn, and ft)r breaking up the feldspathic and other materials used for tempering the clay of their eartlien-ware, occur in almost every portion of tlu> Algonquin and Chippewa territories. There iiavc also been found specimens of the ancient bone needles used by the females in making s(mie of their fabrics. IJeference is made to the annexed plates, witli descriptions for each of the oJijects of anti((narian art above mentioned, together with their names and nses, and the time and place of their discovery and disinterment. In looking back to the ancient period of occupancy of the npper Lakes, there are one or two features in the earlier antiquarian period, wliich have not, so far as my knowledge extends, received the notice they appear to merit. The first consists of sepulchral trenches or ossuai'ies, in which tlie lx)nes of entire villages, it would seem, have been carefully deposited, after the bodies had been previously scafTolded or otherwise dispo,sed of, till the lleshy parts were entirely dissipated, and notliing left but the ostcological frame. My attention was first arrested by a deposit of this kind, on one of the islands of Lake Huron, which had been broken into and exposed bv action of the waves. This sepulchre had its direction from nortii to south, whereas all oar existing Indian tribes are known to bury their dead east and west. The iVI A NTH^r ITl MS. 00 tlii^'li iiiul k'f.' boiu's were laid loiifritiidiniillv. Tlu\v wore very cloiin mid wliitc, us if ficiil riiic liiid lu'i'ii t)rij;iii:illy oxciviscd in ,Mf|iaratiiif,' tliciii rnmi their iiit(';riiim'iits. 'i'iic area id' tin- lied may liasi- liccn uIkjiU t'oiir iW't in width and d('|itii, iiy twenty in K'lij^th. The trench was not fully explored, but the entire iniinbci' and (luuntity of lM)iieH of uhnofl every part of the human fianu', appi'art'd to bi' such, that it mu.-t have embraced the aeennndation of a eonnnunity for a loni; time. Tiie oldest Indians, at the neij.dd)oring island of MiehillimacUinao. could give no account of it. though fre(|uently interrogated. Oik' of tiie elder men, who had lon^ exercisi-d the fiMictious of a jossakei'd, or Indian seer, suggested that they were probably sepuhdires of the .lA(.v/(/v«/((//y.s/^(/, (H" '• Mascotins," US they have been called by the French; — a lril)e who are mentioned as having formerly occupied this (juarter, and who had been at war with them. The term means I,ittle I'rairie Indians, and not, as .some think, Kire-lndians,' Recently, aboriginal remains of a very interesting character, including pietographic inscriptions, have been li>und in the islands of fjake Krie, which a|)pear to throw light on the history of the Indian tribes who formerly inhabited that lake. These remains will be examined, and described in the next volume of this work. ' Till' Cliiiipi'wii woril for I'rairie Imn tlu' nulix for firo, Shkodn, in it. IVrlmpa prairies were ancioiitly (Mod J\rt-j}hnns, from their periodiciil burnings. 1 y IS f : I If!' !' K. 1. n. 4. r,. (i. 7. H. «i 1 ». II. iii. l:!. II. ].'). Hi. 17. IM. lit. 21. O.J •J:!. 21. 2'). 2G. TIIK STATK OF AUT, AND M I SCE L L A N KOUS FA nines. (jciicnil Vii'WK. Aiitii|iU' I'ipc iif tli<> pcridd i>( the liinding. yiciiili'^M I'lpi' "f 'riiumli'i' Huy. Iiidiiin A.xo. Arrow-liciiil. Miici', or wiu-i lull. Aiiti(|U«' (iiii-;,'i't anil Mi'diil. r„,„ l',.stlc. AkiM'k, !)!• liidiiiii I'lit, Uitcciiiliil Stdiit's. l''illU'ri':il {''mill Varies. Ciilii, 111' it.-i i'(|nivali'iit in Kpa-s miulc In' tlii'iii, willi no ullhr tool Imt u niili> U, wliicli 111) iii^tnictfil iiii'cliaiiic woiilil cmt ii>i'. iiiniiT till' articles attcsfin;? a iiu'cliaiiical or artistic power, id' tlic aiiliiiiii' or iiKiuiul niMi'ilit lU'ciUcs 1)1' Imiic, sliiittU's. liiscs ol' |i(ir|ili\ rv. asrs. knives ul' lienod, are wel elicit, liliick-|)iiiits I'or clothing, rope-iuakcrs' iveils. siietioii tiilies of steatite, ninl viirious oilier imiileiiieiits tieiiotiiii,' iiiucli aptitiule in many arts. Discriptions of lliesc! several olijects are given, in tlie se(|uel. with ciuvfiilly ilrawn jilates of each iiistniineiit. It in tVoin a consiileration t)l' thoHO antiiiuitii'H, which liiive liceii ili>(lnseil liy liiiiiiili ami the plough, that the tiiio state of urtH ami lahrics of the inouml and fort Imililers must In- infeireil. We are appealed to !iy these monumeiits of history, not to «n »-/v(^ nor in«/(;r((^ that folate, whatever was its type, which we are not disposed to place high in the scalo of civili/ation. Hut it appears, nevertheless, to have eiiil)raced a li-ansitiim jn riml hetweeii tliu pure hunter and the agricultural state, ami to hav(! felt the incipient impulses of an abundant and relialile means of siihsistence, some lixed power of government, and the expansive inllueiices of interior commerce, so far as tlu' exchange of articles in kind went. This incipient state of ii commercial element, and the lirst stejis of a kind of eeiilraiisin in government, acknowledged by this ancient peoiile. is shown by the reiiiaiiis ol anti(|ue mining nuns, such as those on Lake .Superior; when th supplies of native coi)per were got; also in the area of Indiana, where there appears to have been some attempts at metallurgy, perhaps iiost-C'olumbian ; and the anti(|iie traces of the same species of labor existing in the valley of the Unica. lU' White liiver, and ol' the Arkansas river, and. perhaps, the reci'iit discovi-ries of aiiti(|ue gold mining in California. Accounts of these are appended. These attemiits, which evince industry and skill b(>yoiid the wants of the mere hunter era, are pi\)l)ably of one epoch; and admit of being grouped together. The whole of the western and northern antiquities of the highest class, embracing ovpi'y monument of the kind, north of the contemplated territory of Utah, and the country north of the (iila. to v\hich the Toltec and A/tec civili/ation probalily reached, may be vii'wed together by the antiquarian, as I'orming thi> si:('om) ty})e of American anti(|ue civilization. That this tyjje was of a transferred Americo-Shemitic character, appears probable from renewed impiiries on the laiiLruii'ies, That it was distinct from the Tolti'can s\st I'm which ran to empire and idolatry, i: also probable. It clearly included the various and conllieting tribes, whose strife for iiide|H'ndeiicy and wihl liberty and loo.se leagues. without the true principle of confe'i'racy. drove it to an opposite .system, and led to final disunion, tumult, and downfall. This ancient groiq) of triJH's, who have left their remains in the Mi.' system. tductlier on the pnhlic delenoes and tnnndi wliich remain. So mueli seems e Tliero \va» anotlier element besides tlieir tendency to monareiiy, wliieh separated tlie Tolteeun from the Utah, or northern lyi)e ol' tribes. It was the stroni;- bias to idolatrv Avhieli led them to I'oimd their monarehy on il ; while the northern tribes jirel'e; L'd the simpler worship of their gods of air, withont temples or an edillee of a local character, excefit elevated places fur olVering incense and supplications. AVhen these conld not be secured by the selection of geological eminences, they raise of want for (ijod, and yet the fust re(|uest h beeu for tol)acoo. So fi.Kcd and aenoral a habit would appear to connect itself with their geoj;raphicid origin. Yet hero we are (piito at fault. Tiicre is no mention of the custom of smoking in the Sacred Volume. Abraham d Jacob when tliov wore called ii[nn\ by the duties of hospitality, ollorod food, but not a pipe or a smokm; mixture, to tiioir guests. Job does not mention it. Who God sa\s, '"it is a smoke in my nose, it is tlu; iume.s ol a meat-sacrihcc tiiat is alluded to. 1 here is. in fact, no allusion to this custom in tlu' Old or New IVstamont. Herodotus ilocs not name the piiio or smoking. This looks as if it wt're an occidental (nistoiu. We aiv obliged, in lact, to come down to the close of the lifteeiith century, A. ])., the di.scuvery of America, for our first knowledge of the Nicotiana, and its u.ses. Tlie ancient tribes made their o/t-ini-ijim, or pipe, from various stones or mineral subslances elaborately carved, or from a s[)ocit's of terra ootta. Their graves ami tumuli all'ord specimens of both. The .V/.tecs em])loyod green .si'rpentine. It is apparent, l)y the progress of anti(|iiarian discovery, that tiie instrument, as well as tiie weed, were offered in sacrifice. Some of the western streams have encroached on a species of low mound, disclosing near its inti'rioi' base a cui>-shaped or semi-circuhir line of hardened earth, which, on investigation, has been found to be a buried hearth or altar, containing innumerable sjieciinens of ancient stone pipe.s, which appear to have been much altered by fire. Most of these specimens are elaborately carved, representing birds or animals of tho country, known to ancient tribes. That these implements had been oflered by fire, is conclusively proved by many of them being cracked and burned. Tho altar is also charly identified hy the deeply hardened strata of loam or earth. Dr. Davis, of Chillicotho, has investigated these altar-mounds on the banks of the Scioto i-ivor. Anipli; descriptions of them arc given in the first volume of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. The Scioto \'alley appears to have anciently borne a comparatively den.se popula- tion. It is an entire misapi>rehension to suppo.se that this was evidence of a highl\- civilized population. The very custom of smoking, and on'ering tho tobacco plant and the pipe at these altar.s, a cnshmi so peculiar in itself, is the best proof tliat tho people were of the iKm-iiidustrial Indian race. What other nation would think of offering on such a rude altar such gifts? We have seen that tlie oriental world had 10 i' i '-i'U m .1 i I it li 74 ANTIQUITIES. no Buch cuatoin. The stylo ol" tlie i)ii)o.s is incloed ehiborato, and buspouks a [nolicieiicy in the art, which is equal to that of the Toltecs or Aztecs. But it is tlie [)ipe- poilpturc. No article denoting a higher civilization was found. There are evidences that this art of pipe-sculpture was not confined to the Scioto or Ohio valleys. Mississippi and Tennessee, Alabama and Florida, exhibit detached specimens of ef[ually good sculpture in the same article. It has even been found as far north as N. lat. 40, on the St, Mary Straits. (See Fig. 2, Plate 9.) This sculpture, which is a limestone, represents a lizard. No altar-mounds have been disclosed in these latter States. But these scattered evidences of art, if followed up with skill and assiduity, would probably disclose similar altars in those states. Birds, and not quadrupeds, were generally scul[)tured. Of the second species of pipes, namely, the Terra Cotta. there are reasons lor sup[)osing it generally of a posterior age. 3. Shout Antique Stem less I'u'e disclosed uy the upturning 1' AN ANCIENT TuEE AT Tu UNDER BaV, MICHIGAN. In the month of .June, 18.j9, an Indian chief of River An iSalJci, named Muk-ud-aie Kiiin-eiw, or the Black Eagle, presented for my inspection and acceptance an anti([uo pipe ol' peculiar construction, which he informed me he had found on the main land at Tlunider Bay, near the river. The following drawing (Plate 8, Figuixis 1, 2, and 3) exhibits an exact figure of this ancient relic. The chief informed ine that he had obtained it about six or seven feet below the surface of the soil, where it had been disclosed by the blowing down of a large pine, which had brought up by its roots a heavy mass of earth. The tree was two fathoms round at the butt, and would make, he said, a large canoe. With it was found the bones of a human skeleton, and two vases or small akcclis, but so much decayed that they broke in taking them up. In them, besides the pipe, were some of the bones of the pickerel's spine — a kind of sharp dorsal process. lie saw the thigh-bones of the skeleton, but the iipjier part of it appeared to have fallen to decay, and was not visible. He thinks the tree must have grown up on an old grave, and tiuit tlie soil must have accumulated on it; an opinion whica appears almost inevitable, for there is no other way of accounting so well for the unusual depth. Tiie pii^e, he avers, although so unlike those now employed, was used by their iiucestors. It was smoked by clapping the small end to the mouth, without the use of a wooden stem. Pipes of this kind were in use by the old Indians. Thus far the chief. \ * ■ f \\\\ ho is f • If. i; I r m \ il ! [ ■ P It ill ii (' 1 r^diri -1. •-.(HfVJ ^-"-A^ ^^**««i»«^ :i, i sir- 'il< f 31 1 I w I II r I ' 10; \i ■I .1 i) s ,1 :1|!; •|" ^ 1 Si ! V.i i .1 1 ■' -.> n «:■ s':Mid unlJi.LMV >^fjAP*|itojqhJ.,if|i[uriuj.'H?v AuiJV s ii<'.iuiisi!'^ s .V(..ML'.i(; '■'i I ill: » J1BU ■■■■I V' 1 1 ' 1 I ; i 1 •'; 1 1 ! i i 1 ?v* ANTKM' IT IKS. i "^1 It consists ol' 11 .siu'cics of coiuparativoly iiiio->j;riiin('(|, yellowish polU'ry, iVHonihliiii? till' term cott.i, liiit inoiv Hlij,'iitiy linked, luul less perii'ctly leiii|)ere(l. Siil)se(|iieiit oliserviitioiis, in ISII and IS I"), liiive disclosed llie same siieciis of anti((iie pipe, {){' various patterns, in tlio reniarkahlo ossuaries at Beverly, in ('anadii West; and in ancient i;;raves in ()nundaf,'ii, Geiiesee, and Krie counties, in Western New York. The .spcinicns found at the former kniality are represented in Plato S, Fijrurcs ■"> and (1, mid in Plate 10, Kij^uivs I and -. Those found in Western New York are depicted in Plate '.), l""ij.(ures I and ;J, and in Plate II, Fiji;iire 5. There was also found, among the archa>ological relics which are so striking in the area of Onondaga, a heautiful specimen, carved IVom grei'ii serpentine, tlie locality of which mineral is uiikr.own to mineralogists. (See Figure 1, Piatt- H.) The specimen, F'igiire I, Plate S, was found in thi' collection of .Mr. Tomlinson, at the (^rave Creek MountI, in 1811. It is elaborately carved from a dark-colored steatite. Numbers 2 and o, Plate 12, are fidiii the same neighliorhood. Tlie_\ evince much skill in llie style ol" carving. Xmnber .'J repre.sont.s a fish common to the Ohio waters. Among the fragmentary articles which may be referred to the ))ipe scnl[)ture and pi|)e porcelain, are the snake's head, Figurt' (i, Plate '.), and snake's l)ody. Figure 5, Plate n. The most noted s|)eciiiu'n of the prevalent tasti' I'or smoking, as well as skill in the mamil'acture of the pipe, is represented by Figures I. 2, and o, Plate lo. This specimen is ill the form of an idol, and was smoked from the back, by the adjustment of a stem to the lower oridce dejiicted in the back. It appears to have anciently stood on .sonio rocks near tlio old Indian trail leading IVom the present site of IJrowiisville, (the Old Redstone.) to the Ohio river, which is struck about twenty miles below- Wheeling. This specimen is eleven inches in leiigtli, by four and a half broad, and is Ibrmed of coarse, nentral-colored sandstone. 4. Indian Axe. Various stone implements of the antiqnc period of the linnter occupancy of America, have received the name of '-Indian Axe." With what justice this term was ai)plied, in relation to the use made of the European axe of iron, it is i)roposed to inquire. The ancient Indians, prior to the era of the di.scovcry of America, had indeml no use for an axe, in the .sense in which wo apply the term now-a-day.s. Fire was the great agent they employed in felling trees and reducing their trunks to proper lengths. There was no cutting of trees. No stone axe, which wo have over examined, possesses the hardness or sharpness essi>ntial to cut the solid fibres of an oak. a pine, an elm, or any s^iecio.s of American tree whatever. When the wants of an Indian hunter had determined him to fell a tree, in order to make a log canoe, or construct pickets for a palisad(\ he erected a fire around it. close ■: 76 ANTKilMTI KS. upon tlio ground. WIh'ii the I'm' liiul IiuiiumI in ho um to itroducc ii nml tliiit ini>,'lil iniiH'do its riirllitT proi^roHH, ii Htonu inHtrinnciit of n pcculiiir cnMMtnictioii, with n liimdlc to ki'cp tli(> pci'soii IVom the liciit, \\m cniploycd to pick uwiiv the ('(mi, iind krcp till' Hiirl'iu'i' iVi'sli. TliiwiH (he iii.stninii'iit ciilli'd \>y llicni A;). i""i;i. I.) This handle was not at li^ht an^iles with the axe. It was so placed, as the lin^- shows, so that at alxiut the len^;th of three feet, it would intersect ii line drawn at right angles from the tlmt of the Made, or odj;o of grcivtest sharpness. This incidonco of handle to the hlade, would eiiat)le an indrawing hlow to he struck, which thei'c w<'re practical reasons Wtv. The length of the instrument figured is seven inches, wanting a I'raclion; its hreadth helow the ring three and a (puirter — at the ring, two and three (jiiarter inches, at the point of the hlaile two inches nearly. The whole weight is three pounds. The ring is not continued around the innci', or handle side, iiir the plain ivasou that no ring at that part is necessary. If made, it woidd woal is a drawing reversed, from an antiipie in the National Institute which appears to have had an eye for a helve, and [iresented a blade well formed for striking an indrawiu'i; stroke. \ • I H I ll I i* ;! . • Hi; I nf: I i ». ^ B(' tail n ,.irf«i^rt*B»"i<-*^^ ■■■ A N T Hi U ITI E S . fl 5. Aruow-IIkao. A GREAT variety of these ancient instrnments was fabricated, according to tlie siH'eio.s of hunting, the .size and ferocity of tlie animals pnrsned, and the ages of the persons using tlieni. Boys were always furnished with small arrow-points, such as were expected to he spent against squirrels, or the lesser cpiadrupeds and birds. This was the second lesson in learning the art of hunting; the first consisted in using the blunt arrow or Jit kiriik,' which was fired at a mark. (!reat comijlacency and pride was e\ inct'd by the })arentH in ])re|)aring the rising generatlt)n for this art, on expert- ne-s in whicli so much of his future success depended; and a boy's first success in kiHin" a bird or (puidruped, was unifonnly cek'brated by a festival, in which tlu^ object killed was eaten, with great gravity, by the elders, and the feat extravagantly extolled. Thus early was emulation excited. Of the vavi(Mis kiuils of aridws jiieked up in tlie fields anspectively. are drawings of specimens de})osited in the collection of the National Institute, at Washington. The use of the arrow, among the early nations of mankind, is so ancient that history is at fault in fixing its date. There is reason to believe that it was coincident with the origin of war, and M'ith the killing of animals. The instrument, in connection with the bow, is first mentioned in the IJible, in Genesis. The paintings found in the ruins of Nineveh, and the earliest dates of mankind, prove its anti(iuity in war and hunting; and, although the invention of gunpowder has led to far more ellicacious and powerful means of destruction in war and sieges, it admits of no cpiestion, that the bow and arrow are still the most speedy and efiicacious instruments for the repetition of the on.'5j^i^ I't ,/. |3 1 i H 'i Vi ■J fi.r ; *'f ,' M In i .J' !l ' [ ,' 1 ^ i f J I . ii 1 ' * iiu ^'i!' i.v *>J ! I ]r lit I '! ! (!t ■■ M I. ( ! ': I!! 1*1 !^i ) i; I I, IM /' V\ l\ I ANTKiU ITl i;s. 7!> Th luiciciit "or^t'l or iiK'(l;il ol' (lie North Aiiiciiciiii IiIIm iiiul .sli'min^ jmrtf* of lar;;t' ,si'a-.-ilicll.s. 'I'lii- instance liLinird in I'latu ID, Fi was tiii, I''i,i:s. 7, 'J'.l, and ild. Tin- s|)cciinen linnri' liH was ohtaiiied from an old firaso at I'lip*''' SaiulnsUy, Ohio; and numlier .'1(1, IMate -'>, from a similar position in Onoiiilajra count\', N. Y. These lo<:alities si'rve to show its nse amoii,^' di\i'rse tribes, and i)io\e an extensive eommnnity ol' the prevalent manners and customs; — a point which it is im|iortant at all times to keep in view. In eonnection with this sniiject, there is jjivi'ii in I'iate 12, Fiji. I. tiu' representation of an aiu'ieiit liritlsh medal, obtained from the (U'sceiidants of the cliief to wIkhii it was i;i\-en about sixty year.s aftt'r its date: (ITlil). It, will be observed that this medal, which is rndely stamjied, was struck the }ear of the erowninj;' of (ieor;:e 111. It presents the boy kinii's head, erowiU'd with tiie olivcdeaf; and the insciiplion — (leor-iiis ill,, I). (\. M. 15ri. Fra. et llil). Uex. F. 1). — .shows tiiat tiie ancient title of the Mritish kiiijis was then retained in full. The oliverse exhibits a Ihitish ollioi'i' and an Indian, sitting' under a trei' ou rolls of lobaceo, shakinjj,' hand.s, with the motto, " llajipy w !iili' united." 'J'lie Indian has a pipe restiiifj; in his left hand. The olllcer has his left hand at iiis l)reast. The land- .scape in the liackiiround is manifestly the city and harbor of New York; as tlu' stamp " N. York." '• 1). (J. F.," •' 17G4," plainly denotes. A \vin,i>' ciussed with a pipo, forms an approi)riate (i.^ure at the to^i for han.^in;:' it by a riiihon. Figures .'] and 1, Plate '20, are medals of the French jH'riod of coioni/.atioii in western New York, about l(j(j(>, in the area of Onondaga county; and are irrelrai;able proofs of that ill-fated .scheme. Fig. 2 .sliows .small medals of an octagonal Ibrni, inscribed with the names of St. Agatha and St. Lncia, of the IJoniisli calendar. JJoth are made from an alloy resembling silver. Number 1 is an ovate medal of the same period, from a leaden plate, and rudely representing, on one side, the lignre of a man hanging liy his arms, and a .snake hefore it. The other side represt'iits a man sitting. Fig. o, Plato 20, is a crucifix of silver, of tlie same period. No. •"), Plate 20, represents an ancient form of gorget, figured with the heads of .snakes or tortoises. ' Thi.s .siiiriiiifu is iiivscrvfd iu the cabinet of eia-iu.sitics uf Mi.s.s Crook.^ of DuiiJ:i,s; to w!io.,f i«ilitoucss I owe itif fiivoi- of Kiiijr |„-niiiilfd to eojiy tlii.s, iui,l >,,in,. otlu'i- aiiti(|iiilios. m ■!: HO ANT I til; IT I EH. 8. (.'oiiN I'lisTi.i:, (lit II A.N II li li A v-Sin s i: I; '•> ' ' i ' i I •■] Kl ' >' I'l TilK /.(Ml iimi/.f was (•iiltivatfij liy tin' Inilliiii tiilics (if Anuriiii llir(iii^li(iiil ils wlitili extent, t'dlloii wiiM niiseil \>y tlie Mexican aixi Peruvian tiilies; Imt tiiere is i III iltivateil liv trilies li I'tll i>\' (lie I! Si/i. instance (in reciud in whicli tlio plant was cultivated hv triiies Iimiiv' iKirth [)nrinir. daily, (uily as niiieh as was re(piirei| hy the liiiiiily. It was not crushed line, hut lii'dkeii intd cdarse grains, in which .•^tate it was eaten liy the eastern trihes, under the niiine df samp — a kind dl" hdininy. The dish called "• snccutash" cdiisistcd df ;ireen Cdrn, cut iVdiii the cdli. and iiiivcdwith ,m'een lieaiis. There is ahiiiiihiiit evidence, in the ancient pestles I'dUiid in the (lelds I'driiierly (iC(U[iicil liy Indian trilies thrdiijrhdut the Atlantic States, dl' the |iractice dl" iisiiifr pestles iiir criisliinji' it, alidve referred to. Tlie.se pestles were geiieialiy made IVdiii ii semi-hard rock, dlU'ii j;raMwacke, iir a kind of siliciiuis slate. They were ahout ten inches in leu;;tli, taperin.L' tn (he tdp, and Wdiild weifih live (ir si.\ piiunds. The Ibllowiiifr specimen (IMate lil. I''i,ir. I.) is IVdiii the Tawasantha, (ir Ndriiiau's Kill \'alley, Alhany Cduiity, N. Y. It is dl'tlie stratum dr.maiiwiicke idck, whii'li lies in Cdimectidu with arjiillite of that cdiiiity. Tliert' was an inipdrtant naide of jireparin^'' the /ea inai/i' lin' the use df warriors who were e.\i)ectc(l to lie out many days. The grain was re(luced to a liner condition than samp, or hominy. It was the. mixed with a pdrtidu of sugar, inadi' IVdm the acer saccharimnn. The whole was put into a small leathern hag. This constituted the warrior's entire commissariat. Meats he was expected to kill hy the way. The hurtheii was so light that it did not at all impede walking c". running. When it wa.s dcsigiu'd to use it, a small p(jrtion was mixed with water. It could not he eaten (//•//. The (piantity of water might ho enlarged, agreealily to the needs of Ihi' warrior. It was then, in fact, a species of mhi/); ami the strejigth given hy a single gill of the meal was sulllcieiit for the day. The jiidla (if the Mexicans is a snhstanco similar to that descrilied aliove. It is [Kirched corn well groimd, and .seasoned with sugar and spices. A gill of it yivr day is siiflicient to keep a man alive. y( r W 13 is IH i *? B-:^ t on 10 (I U! IIS '■.'/• It r — li I '•ft' I ''^: J li fl !♦ i.ii ft :.! I \ ^ ■ /■■ i M. i!" ''a fj 1 I ia i III ^1 Hi li 'I r I i •S ' Ih il J ■(, ^ i' i I:! Ml I »i ^.. I' I I is I ■I '. ' < i :..M m a m ANTIQUITIES. 81 9. Akeek, ou Ancient Cooking Pot. -if In a state of iiatmv, Ixjiling is luM't'ormed somotiinos l)y casting hoated stones into bark vessels filleil with water. One of onr triijes, (tlie Assinoljoins,) has been named, it is averred, from tiiis custom. Tlie Micmacs and Souricjnois, and some other extreme northern trilics, l)()iled in tiiis manner. Tiie southern and south-west and midhmd tribes, from the earliest notices of them, possessed a species of kettle made from iiottery, the art of making which was carried northward \ip the Mississippi \'alley and to the great lakes. The Atlantic and New England tribes, whose traditions point .south-west, had also, at the earliest recorded dates, a species of pottery, shreds of wiiieli are found at the sites of the oldest villages. This article was extensively used among the Algon(piin trilios, by whom it was called Akc/,- — a word which ajipears to have been comi)()sed from A/,t(\ earth, and the generic //•■, denoting something hard or nietal-liko. It was made of common cla}-, or clay-earth, tenijiered with feldspar, quartz, or shells. Sometimes the conunon black c;irtli of alluvial lands was used by tribes in the Soutii and West, and when so, sands or ]iounded sliells were taken as the tenipi'ring ingri'dient. There was, generally, a ready adaptation to this i)\irpose of the aluminous or other mati'rials of the country possessed by the trilies. Thus the Florida trilx-s, who possessed rich black .'soils at I he margins of their rivers, and an abundance of shells, made their ves.sels of these materials; while those tribes living on the banks of the Potomac, Delaware, and other Atlantic rivers, extending quite to the Penobscot, employed the different strata of clays which arc to be Ibund along tho.se streams. In the Mississippi Valley, there is also evidence in the remains of their pottery, of a better ware, formed of the mixed aluminous deposits of its tributaries. As a general remark, the pottery was a ruder and coarser faljric, as the triljcs migrated north. It was essentially with these tribes, an art of the women, who, by a natural law of the division of labor among hunter tribes, were responsible for the preparation for the board of the viands taken in the chase by the men. As a consequence, the potter.s' art, which fell into their division, did not adranre, but (•ontinued stationary at a point, where it had at first been taken up. Among the Iroquois, a very warlike people, it was considered peculiarly the women's art,' and there is every reason to believe that it was thus considered by the Algonquins, Dacotas, and other generic tribes. The finest and most compact species of pottery, is seen in their funereal vases and their pipes, which do not, however, equal the terra cotta. Even in the best specimens ' Notes on the Iroquois. 11 I ; i: ; t li'lf 82 ANTlgi; iTIKS. whicli liiive conio to oiir notiro, siu'li as the spLH'iinoiiH IVoiu tlii' siiiiill Hiirrilioial mounds of the Scioto, it I'lilis far short of the quality of thi- Aztec ware, and iufiuitcly so of tlie higiiiy-wroufrht and su])erl) fahries of Peru.' Tlic akeek, (I'hite '2'2, Fijr. 1.) to whieh this article is particularly devoted, is in Hhape very nearly a globe, with one side opened and turned out as a lip. It has in no instance a foot. It may he used as in a sand-hath, or by a strin;^ around the lip, which is attached to a tripod, as seen in Plate 22, Fijr. 2. The only entire specimen of the northern akeeks whieh has been examined, was obtained in a cave on an island in the river St. Mark's, Michigan. It is dej)osited in the cabinet of the New York Historical Society.^ (See Fig. 1.) ■I 10. D I. SCO I DA I- St()N?;s. (lami's of various character have attracted the Indian tribes from the earliest notices we have of them. Some of these games are of a domestic character, or such as are usually played in the wigwam or domicil. Of this kind are the game of hunting the moccasin, the game of the bowl, and sinulry minor games known to the Algonrpiins, the Cherokees, and other trll)es. But by far the greater numlx'r of games practised by the North American Indians are of an athletic character, and are designed to nourish and promote activity of limb, and manual expertne.«s in the lield, or on the green. Such are their various ball plays, and wrestling and running matches, which whole tribes are assembled to Witney's and participate in. To run swiftly; to fend adroitly with the baton ; to strike or catch ; to lift great \\ eights; to throw stones; to shoot darts; to dance with spirit; and, in short, to exhibit any extraordinary feat of agility, strength, or endurance in mimic strife, has ever been held to be among the princifjal objects of applause, especially in the young. It is. indeed, in the.se s[)orts that the elements of war are learned ; and it is hence that excellence in these feat,s is universally held up to admiration in the oral recitals of the deeds of their heroes and prodigies. Manal)ozho excelled in his superhuman and god-like feats, and killed the mammoth serpent and Ixiar-king. Pupuhwls could turn pirouettes until he raised a whirlwind, and Kira-slnd could twist oft' the stoutest rope. These things arc related to stimulate the physical powers of the young; and there is not a trilx; in the land, whose customs we know, of wiiom it is not a striking trait to favor the acquisition of skill in games and amusements. Among these field sports, the casting of stones is one of the most ready and natural trait.s of savage tiilws. With such accuracy is this done, that it is astonishing with what skill and precision an Indian will hurl stones at any object. I'ropoodings of tlic Xnrtliorn Antiqimrian Society. NniiiTS of wiiue Anlinuo Karlheu Vos.• i « ,1 ( i! n ; ;r ., ANTIQUITIES. 83 Tlie miinerous discoidal stones that arc Ibimd in the tumuH, and at the sites of ancient occupancy, in the Mississippi Valley, serve to denote tliat this anmseniunt was practised ainonj? the earlier tribes of that valley at the mound period. These antique quoits are made with great labor and skill, from very hard and heavy pieces of stone. They are, generally, exact disks, of a concave surface, with an orifice in the centre, and a broad rim. A specimen now before us, from one of the smaller tuniuli at Grave Creek Flats, in the Ohio Valley, is wrought from a solid piece of porphyry. It is three and a half inches in diameter, with a thickness of one and five-tenths inches. The perforation is half an inch, and the rim, forming the disk, a snuiU fraction under the same. The object of hurling .such an instrument was manifestly to cover an upright pin or jH'g driven into the ground. Whether, like the ancient Greeks, in hurling their discus a string was used to give additional velocity and direction to its motion, cannot be stated. These ancient instruments are of various sizes, but all unite in the same principles of construction. One of the specimens observed at the same locality is one and four- tenths inches in diameter. The following sketch (Plate 2o, Figures 1 and 2) is an accurate copy of the larger specimen we have described, of the exact size. Figures .'! and 4 represent the smaller ones, am! it is supjiosed were made for children's use. 11. FuN?;uAL Food — Vase. 'i (dea of placing food in or near the grave, to serve the departed spirit on its ,; .iioy to the fancied land of rest in another world, is connected with the ancient belief in a dualitv of souls. This idea is shown to exist among the present tribes of the United States.' One of these souls is liberated at death, but the other is compelled to abide with the body ; and it is to provide for this, that a dish or va.se of food is deposited generally at this day, not in the grave, to be buried with the corpse, but under a close covering of barks erected over the grave. The ancient Indians placed this food in a vase of unglazed potteiy, in the grave. This pottery, as disclosed by graves, is of a dark color, and consists of clay and shells slightly baked. The vase is generally small, sometimes not more than si.x inches in heiiiht, but varying from nine to ten ; it is seldom more. It is uniformly without a foot, and with the lip slightly turned, and externally ornamented. The ornaments are impressed on the va.se in its .H)ft state, and unpainted. Nearly every ancient Indian grave that has been opened in the State of Ten- nessee, has one of these ancient vases, or "crocks," as they are popularly called. Their use can hardly be imagined without adverting to this ancient custom. Vide Oiieota, or tlit Indian in liiii Wigwam. f u ANTIQUITIES. The sniall burial mounds of Florida, along tiic Gull" coast, are literally filled with these antique vases. These places of sepulture are locally denominated "feasting mounds," from an evident impression that the ancient vases were dedicated to sonic purpose of this kind. It appears to be a peculiarity in those found near the Appala- chicola, as observed by Mr. iiitchcock," that the bottom of each vase is pierced with a small orifice broken in. In u sj)ecimen recently forwarded by Mr. Buckingliun Smith, from an island in the Everglades of Florida, it is impossible to decide, from thii broken fragments, whether this custom holds good. But it coincides in its make and material, with the specimens from Appalachicola now in the antiquarian collections of the New York Historical Society. A specimen of this vase in a good state of preservation, was obtained from an antique grave in Ohio, by Dr. A. Crookshanks, in 1844, agreeing in its character with tliose of Florida. It is entire. The material, — a dark-colored, micacious clay, — is tempered with shells. It bears the evidence, as to all the specimens examined, of being made by hand. It is unglazed. Another specimen of the funereal vase was obtained by Mr. Ilosmer, from an antique grave opened on the banks of the Genesee River, in New York. The late Dr. Douglas Houghton obtained fragments of the same species of ware, from some ancient works existing in Chatauque County, New York. This locality is near the village of Fredonia, but a little distance frcmi the banks of Lake Erie. Dr. Houghton found at the same place, and made of the same material, the fragment of a small but curious clay image, whicii was ornamented with a head-dress resembling very accurately the skin of a bear's liead ; the nose pointing directly in front. The great extent of country over which the vases prevail, denote the general preva- lence of the custom at the ancient era of these graves, and of the mounds and earth- works which exist. The following drawing, (Plate 27, Fig. 3,) which may serve as a type for all, size excepted, is executed from a specimen obtained in Florida. 12. Coin, or its Equivalent. The discovery of America caused a total revolution in the standard of value among the Indian tribes. Exchanges among them had been adjusted to a great extent, by articles in kind. Among the northern tribes, skins appear to have been a standard. A beaver skin long continued to be the plutt, or multiple of value. But however gcijeral this standard might have been, it is certain that among the tribes seated along the north Atlantic, some varieties, or parts of species of sea-shells, under the names o^ pea ', '■-■ & - I I nr !5 '111 ' •'"If ^ m I il * :,i 1! I ANTIQUITIES. 86 m aritliincticiil value of coin. In New Kni^land a strinj^j of wampum consisted of a defniite lunnher of irrains, (he wlioie of wliicii ivas worth (ive shillinj;s. At Manhattan and Ft)rt (h-ange, it ajijicars from ancient documents on fiU' in the State Dejiartmeiit at Athany. as stated hy Dr. O'Calligan, tiiat ahout IGIO, tiu'ee l)ea(ls of iiurple or liliie wamiium. anil si.\ of wiiite wampum, were e(iuivaieut to a styver, or to one jjeniiy Englisii. It re(iuired four hunihi'd and lifty heads to make a strand, which was conse(jueitl\ vahied at 8 1. •"»<•. At a suhseijuent period, four grains of sewan made a penny. I'miiU; wampum was made from tiie Venus mercatorius, wliile the wldte •vas taken from the pillar of the ])eri\vinkle. In opening ancient f^raves in Western Xi'w York, this ancient coin has heen i()Uiid in tiie shape nf shell-heads, some of wiiicli are half an inch in diameti'r. The sanu' article has iieeii disclosed hy the tumuli, and uraves of the West. It has ;dso heen taken from the jilaius of Sandusky, and from the locations of Indian firavi's near 15ull'alo, and north of the Niairara river in Canada, it is at these localities precisely the same article. Not less than srvi'iiteen hundred of this shell coin were taken from a single vault in a tuundus in Western N'irginia. It lias sometimes heen imiu'operly called "iNory" and "hone." It is of a limy whiteness and feel, from the decomposi- tion of the surface, and retpiires care to determine its character. But in every instance it is found to yield a nucleus of shell. Figures 1. 2. .'), 4, o, 0, IMate 21, in the sul»joined print, e.\hihit this article in it.s .several sizes. 13. I?Ai.isTA, OH Dkmon's H i: .\ I) . Algonquin tradition allirms. that in ancient times during the (ierc(> wars which tli(> Indians carried on, they constructed a very formidalde instrument of attack, hy sewing \ip a large round houlder in a new skin. To this a long handle was tied. When the skin dried, it hecame ver\- tight aromid the stone; and after I)eing painted with devices, assumed the appearance and character of a solid globe upon a i)ole. This li>rmidahie instrument, to which tiie name of halista nuiy he api)lied, is figured (Plate l-">. Fig '2) from the description of an Algon([uin chief. It was lK)rne by several warriors, who acted as balisteers. Plunged u[)on a boat, or canoe, it was capable of sinking it. Ikought down among a group of men on a sudilen, it produced consternation and death. 14. jM K !).vi;k .\, OR Amvliits. Cliarms for preventing or curing disease, or for protection against necromanc\', were the connnon resort of the Indians ; and they are still worn among the remote and les.«i enlightened trilK's. These charmi» weri of various kinds; they were generally '! r i ■ 1: -I I mm. : ■ -— ''™' I i ■ ' '(' 86 ANTIQUITIFS. 1 s from the aniiniil or mineral kin},'dom, such as bono, horn, chiws, shells, steatites, or other stone of the magnesian family. Tlie Indian philosophy of medicine greatly favored this system of charms. A lai'frc ])art of their materia medica was subject to Ijc applied through the instrumentality of amulets. They Ixilieved that the possession of certain articles about the person would render the body invulnerable ; or that their power to ])revail over an enemy was thus secured. A charmed weapon could not be turned aside. The possession of certain articles in the secret arcanum of the (j>w/t-/iC-pi-t(Hjini,' or medicine sac, armed the individual with a new power; and this power was ever the greatest, when the posses- sion of the articles was secret. Ilencc secresy in the use of their necromantic medi- cines was strictly enjoined. There was a class of charms that might Ijc thrown at a person, and the very gesticulation, in these cases, was believed to be enough to secure efiicacy. The mere thrusting of a Meda's sac towards an individual was deemed to be elficacious. A beam of light was often suflicient, in the Indian's eyes, to be charged with the fatal intluence. Where the doctrine of necromancy is believed, it is impos- sible to limit it, and the Medas, who had learned their arts from regular profession in the secret chamber of tlie mystical lodge, formed a class of persons of whom the cdmmon people were in perpetual fear. The term nin/ae/iu, whicli is applied to this class of things, relates to any article worn openly, or concealed about the person, to which the doctrine of medical magic might be applied. The variety of articles actually worn to ward off evil iiilluences was very great. Some form of a sea-shell. man\ifaetured or unmanufactured, was regarded as a common protective, or amulet, by most of the tribes. This passion for shells i'rom the sea was peculiar. Tlie sea ajjpears to have been invested with mystical powei's. It was regarded as one of the most magnilicent displays of the power of the (Ireat Spirit or Deity, and a product rolled up from its depths, colored and glittering, as the nacre of oceanic shells, was regarded as bearing some of this great mysterious power. The veniis mercatorius was thus prized, and various articles of ornament, which they deemed sacred, were made from them. Such were the ancient and the modern }rinn, strings of which were worn about the neck, and delivered as mementoes at the ratification of their most solemn covenants. Ear-drops ami nf!.«e-drops were anciently made from shells, and they were worii^ not merely a.> uiUaiiKrii.-. ''iit -i. ' > ■.' ■'' ■^^^^ ._l__^_JJ^ii^MAdp»t^«'^W^yCTuie 'jri/.y.lv or black bear, was sujiposed to impart some of the jjowers of the animal. The red pipe-stone of the Coteau des Prairies was carved into various ornainents, and worn about the neck, or suspended from the ears. It is impossible to tell what form this desire might not take among a people whose aperstitions were so varied and subtle. Articles which had served the purpose of amulets in life were deposited in the ' .\lgonquin. » i »!:. 'fff !■ f ,< l"i i and luinidi, it. is loiiiid that the amuk't.H to wliicli tin; iloceiiHcd wiiM iittacl'cd in lifo were doi)OMit»'(l with tiic immIv. The Hulyoini'd HpccinnMis iiro piven l'ii)ni tlie two [KiiiMls of /««/ and (//i/(>(,'ohunl»ian nntic|nitit's. (Fijis. 1, li, .'!, I, '., !l, 11, Plate L'").) The antiipies of tliin clnu-acter, formed from tiie mucii-|)riy.ed .sedimentai'y rt'd pipe- ctone deposit of Miiniesotii, are lifrured in 7, liM, 2'), 'JCi, '21, and 'JS, (IMate 'Jo.) tojtether with amnlets mndo from various kinds of stone or hone. In l"'i;riires 8, !(>, \'i, II, I'l, IC), 17, IS, 1!), 'JO, 'Jl. 'J2, and 'J.!. Plate Jo, and Fijrures 7, 8. !), 10. ami II, Plate 'Jl, we ohserve tlie change whi<'ii tliis passion underwent amnni;' the trihes. on tlie introduc- tion of various shaped heads of ;.dass and eoarse enamel hy Kiiropeans, at, and after, tiie openinjr of the 10th century. Farther evidences of this kind are ob.served in Fif^'ures I, 'J, ."). and 4, Plato .'JJ, under the guise of metallic rings, distrihuted hy tiie early mi.xsionaries. The.se speeimens were obtained in tlu; area of the ancient French colo- nization, in Onondaga, New York. lo. Antiquk Javkmn, ok Iniman She mag on on Si-kah. This autitpie implement was oni- of the most ('IHcacious, in close encoiuiters, heforc the intro(lu(^tion of iron weajions. A line s[)ccimen of it was brought to me, at Michillimackinae, in (August) 18.!7. Iiy a noted chief, called MiKoxs K-wvox, or the Little Bear Skin, of the Manistee river of tiie northern iieninsula. The following is a fnr-.'iimik of it. (Plate 20, F'igwre J.) The material is of a veHowish chert. It is seven inches long, and one and a half wide at the lower end, which is chipped thin to admit the splints by which it was fastened to tiie stall". Tlie length of thi,' pole or stall' could only bo conjectured, and was probably five feet. The chief said, on presenting it, that it was one of the old imidenients of his ancestors. Figures 1, ;], 4, Plate 20, are far-Hi huIih of several fine specimens of spcar-heads, now in possession of the National Institute, Washington, D. C. I T/. AisiiKTV, on Ro.vF. Awr,. Men's and women's clothes were before the discovery made of skins, or dressed leather. It was necessary to the formation of garments for the body and legs, and \ 1 I I iU. M :| 88 ANT IQ HIT I EH. kIkm'm Cor till' feet, thiit mmio lianl iiikI Kliiir|t iiiMtniiiicnt hIiduM Ik- t-iiipld^ed. riivi) ;■ "I" n-iulily |M'iictnitiii>r tin' fkiii t>r Iciitlicr. Tlie iiicllinil (if tin' iimifiit i<| .• j' • 'if Hcwini; n[' oiir triln'M, n'ro'iiililt'd thai nf ii inoitcni cnrilwiiiiK r intlu'r tlmi> t•*'alll^*trl■xH or tailor. Loatlirr. iln-i^Mcd or iiiiilri<'«Mt'il, luMiig tlic iiiatcriiil to iu- pul togi'tlior. thin wiiM (lOfoiiipliKliiMl hy making' holcx in tlio odgcn of the nuriiit'iit or ekin, and piiHliiiiji; tliroiifrh tiicsc tlic cihU of dcor hiiu'wh, or other flliroiiH iiitc)jiiiiit'iit. lAir this purpose the siTiall ami coiiipacf end of ii horn, which is ciilli'd r this mound in IS 1-1, could not Ik? satisfactoril\' determined. It was of a limy whiteness, rather heavy, and easily cut. If a metal, covered deeply iiy a metallic oxide, which it re.send)led, that fact could not Ik- (k'lermiiieil without the a])plication of tests, for which no opportuiiit\- was aflorded. II i ' \'i(lo litter nf tho l.ito ^Ir, Oiillntin, issued liy Mr. Biirbour, ."ec. of Wiir, 1s24. s-:Ma in ; u If It V.J I! !, ! ■ ■ 'if ' : i: 00 ANTIQUITIES. Till' otlitT s|H'ciim'ii of tliiH antiqiu' iii»triinioiit Ih-I'ihv im, (Figs. 2 and M, Plat«j 2S,) is t\V()-t('!itlis of an iiicli lens tliivn wi.v iiiclii's in Icii^'th. one ami oiio-tcnth wide in tlio nii. jicntly rurvinsr, to one and fivi'-tontli« at tlio I'nds. If lias two oiiCuH'.s for tlio twine, half an incli apart. TiiickncxH two-tontlis of an incli. nearly. !t eon.sists of n piece of .'^triped siliciouH wlate. It is accurately carved. It wa.s di.xclosed in one of tiie ancient but Hnialler mounds of the Grave Creek Flats. 20. A N T 1 Q U K M O R T \ H . This instrument was used by the alx)rij!;ines of this contineid, for ciiLshinij; the /ca maize, and for reducing' (juart/. feid.>ipar, or siiells, to a state which permitted it to 1h' mixed with the clays of whieii their pottery was maiU'. The lirst use is best e.\em- plilied by the excavated block of stone, formerly and still employed liy the Aztecs, for makinji tortilhus. Of the mortar for poundinjr stones to temper their pottery, a specimen is herewith fii^nred, ( Fi;^s. and 7. Plate 27.) This ancit'nt implement, which is doniile-clnnnbercd, was discovered by the writer in the Seneca country, in the vicinity of Hnfl'alo city — tiie ancient I\-<>-ni-i>-irn of the aborigines. It consists of a heavy and angular blm-k of the cornutiferous linu'stonc of Western New York. Fig. S. Plate 27, is a corn-ci.icker of the Paipica Inilians. It is of very hard stone, and was I'onnd on the Potomac. This specinu'ii is in pos.session of the National Insti- tute, at Washington, D. C 21. Stone IJi. or k-Piu xts. \'ii' Tbc Islanders of the Pacific Ocean fabricate a siK'cies of doth, or habilimeiital t;ipestr\'. from tlie liln'oiis iniu'r liark of certain trees. This liark is macerated, and (Xtiiided into a comparatively thin surface^ by mallets of wood or stone. AVhen the rcipiired degree of attenuation has lieen attained, the pieces are d\cd. or cohavd with certain pigments, or vegetable concoctions, known (o them. To impart regularity to til'' patterns, bl(M'ks or ]irints an- ap|)lie 1.0 I.I 13.2 K^ IM |2.5 2.0 *^^ IX lil — !'•'* Ill'-* .« 6" ► V <5^ /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 (716) 872-4503 # iV Q >v ^\ % •v 1^ 6^ '•b IP U I. \^ im mi I -nil. if] ? I III Si'ri ! i Ml ' I i f f i « '^ "if i J if *" 'f : ** lis llitt 1 I ! i * ^^ \ m^J i ■■K Ml . r I ^! m ■I ''* : ' ■Is I ^ ,;l i '! i s, ' l-m :t n:iiii! 1 1 5\ f ^ • c; i \_ ,-r ' .-4 o / ■ir!.iii L,ti,".',;:!!)i-.ia'iv N'l i.c;y !.•• hU\> t ■ I y:^W '! i| 'is I; .11 lift ' im mi \ ;^«i' M ANTIQUITIES. 91 that period ; but it must be renmritoJ that the Rpcciineus have been protected, a part of the time, in drawers. It will bo observed that the yellows and blacks have endured best. A caruiine-red has endured tolerably ; a light briek-re! ^§|1 /^•' -iy 'wr^" ^5 ^ PJ t: ff !«!%S I ■ i II 1 t i ' i -1 ' il \ ■l t j i I. 1 ■ {; 1 'i l! J 1 ANTIQUITIES. 93 the lunar points slightly broken off, yet it weighs six and a lialf ounces. It is of the same material, but striped. It i<, in all re.spects, a stouter instrument. The use of this instrument, as well as the antique spear or shemagun, mark an era prior to the discovery. 25. Copper Arm or Wrist-Bands. The antique specimens of this part of personal decoration, which are furnished by graves and tumuli, do not difler essentially in their mechanical execution, from similar productions among the remote tribes of this day. They are simple rings or l)ands ol' the metal, bent. There is no union of the bent ends by soldering. Oxidation has nearly destroyed them, in the mound specimens which have come to our notice. In the specimens, (Plate 31,) exhumed from tlie western part of \'irginia, at the Great Tumulus of Grave Creek Flats, a salt of cupper, apparentl}' a carbonate, was formed upon the metal in sucli a manner as to protect it from further oxidation. The \ise of this metal appears to have l)een very general l)y the American tribes at, and prior to, the era of the discovery; and the occurrence of the ornaments in graves and tumuli may be generally set down to that era. The fur trade, which immediately succeeded the arrival of the first ships, soon replaced tills rude ornament, by 1);ur1s and Ijracelets of silver, or silvered copper and tin. The jjassion for silver, in all its manul'actured forms, was early developed among the tribes. They regarded it as a nobler metal than gold. The name for gold, in all the languages known to us, is a modern descriptive phrase, signifying yellow metal. It would appear, that gold is not a product of the countries or islands from which the tribes originated. 2G. Anomalous Objects of Art and Custom. There was found, on opening some of the minor mounds of the Ohio Valley, a species of tubes, carved out of steatite, which attracted attention. These tubes appeared to have been bored by some instrument possessing a degree of hardness superior to steatite. One end was entirely open ; the other had a small aperture, as if it had been intended to facilitate suction, by a temporary rod and valve. Speci- mens of these are figured in Plate 32, Figs. 5, G, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Tiie same district of country disclosed, by its tumuli, large masses of the silvery kind of mica, which may, from its small perforations, have been designed for ornamenting ancient costume. See Plate 30, Figs. 1, 2, 8. Other mounds of the sauie region contained a very thick and heavy species of jiottery, which seemed, from its frag- M t *, I 11 :% ft , I if waff ■T 'li.^w jvr.ynasjr ANTIQUITIES. ments, to have been employed for saline kettles, or some metallurgic operation. (See Plate 34. Figs. 2 and .3.) A singular species of amulet, apparently, was used by the Potomac tribes; see Plate 10, Fig. 0, which is drawn from a .fpecimen in the National Institute. Hollow bones of birds were employed for a sjwcies of baldric by the ancient Indians. Tiiey were of various lengths, reaching to three inches, and were bound around the body by a cord passing through them. (See Plate 33, Figures 3, 4, 5.) These articles were taken from the ossuaries at Peverly, in Canada. In the same location were deposited what appear to have been walking-canes, having the twist of a vine about them, and domestic utensils of wood ; all of which are, howe\er, now completely mineralized. (See Plate 33, Figures 1 and 2 ; and Plate 19, Figures 1 and 2.) In some of the low mounds of Florida were discovered the fragments of an utensil, the purpose of which appears to have been the preparation of some liquid, or drink, wiiich re(piired to be ceremonially poured out, without the possibility of the contents being spilled and lost. (See Plate 34, Figure 1.) Local Mamtoks. — The superstitions of the existing race of Indians are evinced by their frecjuently selecting curiously wrought boulders of rock, called S/iiiM/d-ht^was- fiiiix hy the Algonrpiins. The.'^e Ijoulders have the essential character of idols. They mark the supposed locality of ,>*ome god of the air. They are sometimes distinguished hy the use of pigments. (See Plate 12, Figure 4, 5, 0, 7, 8.) They are generally imitative water-worn masses, upon which no chi.«el or labor of any kind has been employed, except by the addition of Indian pigments. Plate 74 is supposed to repre- sent the Gitchy Kenabec, or Great Serpent, of their mythological and allegorical fictions. Figures G and 7, Plate 33, represent an antique implement of pottery, with a singular rugo.se mouth, of which it is not easy to form a definite opinion. Figure G, Plate 23, represents a curious antique, the u.se of which has puzzled con- ecture, found in a tunudus in the Ohio Valley. It is formed from a very hard and compact species of slate-coal, and the material diflers only, in this respect, from the common product of the Pittsburg coal-basin. Figure 3, Plate 11, appears to have been a coal-chisel. Figure 5, of the same plate, is manifestly a form of antique pipe. In Figures 2 and 3, Plate 21, we behold two drawings, in two positions, of a large and well-made copper chi.sel, found in 1828 in a grave in tlie Straits of St. Mary's, which connect Lake Superior with Lake Huron. Its manufacture from the native copper, which is now being so extensively explored in the basin of the former lake, cannot be questioned. I , ( : , ! i ji L ' •• Ij HI l-f , 1 » ir. i m ! : ill 1 ^ -iai 'h'i ii;V! ' 1 * i'ltr. > ; W 71 t ^- s -■';3t:-' ■ft^t '•^ l^i/' i J # i!. % ■JE u i}^ i 4i I f r; ^lii; ii^ "5 i : 1 t f »' f! J. tl ! S I ,•#¥' »i;v;,-v»ifc.' i;! I '' 1 ■ 1 ! i ■: i' 1 . , ^u 1 hS/. • # • \ /^ * t • * '1'. V'.. ^ \.4 i I a •%U i IM h M ! s- ! F r" ':sv n i-ij ' ^Ktaajmrntm^ta^^mmtm v/' -V-' 'i F. ATTEMPTS IN MINING AND METALLURGY. 'Til 1. General Remarks. 2. Ancient Copper-Mining in the Basin of Lake Superior. 3. Vestiges of Ancient Mining in Indiana and Illinois. 4. Vestiges of Ancient Mining in Arkansas and Missouri. 5. Antique Mining in California. I. A STATi: of iiiciiiioiit society appears to liavc existed among the people wlio erected tortilications and iiioiuuls in the Mississippi Valley, which led them to search for tlie native metals lying on the snrface of the conntry, and, in some instances, huried within its strata, or inclosed in veins. Such traces have heen discovered, at intervals, over a very wide area. They extend from the mineral hasin of Lake Superior in a south-western direction towards the Gnlf of Mexico. The most striking traits of ancient labor exist in the copper districts of Michigan. There are .some vestiges of tiiis kind in the Wabash Valley. They ajjpear also in Missouri and Arkansas, where, by the accnmnlation of soil, the works appear to he of a very ancient date; and, if we are not misinformed, such indications reappc.r even in California. Native copper and native gold seem to have heen the two chief objects of search. The state of art, denoted by this character of remains, does not appear to be rai.sed beyond that which may be supposed to be required by the first and simple wants of a ])cople emerging from the hunter state. There is no evidence that they understood, or undertook the reduction of earthy ores. Hammers, wedges, and levers, generally of a rude kind, appear to have been the mechanical powers employed to disintegrate the rock. These incipient arts Avill be best illustrated by the detailed notices. Care is required in examining and applying archivological proofs of this nature, 1. That the state of the art be not overrated. 2. That a false era be not fixed on. 3. That a due discrimination be made in the objects of search, as whether they were metallic or saline. It is important not to confound the earliest researches by the Spanish and French with those due, clearly, to the mound-builders. 2. Ancient Copper Mining in the Basin of Lake Supeuior. The copper-bearing trap rock of Keweena Point, Lake Superior, runs, in a general cour.sc, west of south-west, crossing the Keweena lake, and afterwards passing aljout ten miles distant from the open shores of the main lake. This range crosses the ■:fl I I m\ n I'll I M'i II I lib ill 96 ANTIQUITIES. II i i I 'fi ' ^i- iHI-J .;.i Ontonngon rivor about ten to twelve miles from tiio moiitli. At this point, and chioliy on location NuinixT !>S under tlie new grants, are found extensive remains of pits, trenches, and caves, wrought by the aborigines in ancient times, of which the present Indians know nothing. The.se remains first appear on the Firestcel river, but in following the copper veins west to the Minnesota location, being Number 98 above named, they are more fully developed. There are three, and sometimes four, of these ancient " diggin^;s" on veins which are parallel to each other, extending three or four miles. These veins are about nine hundred feet above the lake. They arc very regular, pursuing a course of about north 70°, oast, with a dip north, 20° west. An observer, in Sei)tember, 1849, speaks of these remains, which he had contem- plated with great intei'cst and curiosity, in the following manner: '• It is along the edges or out-crop of the.se veins that the ancients dug cojjper in great quantities, leaving, as external evidences of their industry, large trendies, now l)artly filled with ruljbish, i)ut well defined, with a breadth of ten to fifteen feet, and a variable depth ol" five to twenty feet. In one place the inclined roof, or upper wall ■work, is supported by a natural pillar, which was left standing, being wrought around, but no marks of tools are visible. In another place, east of the recent works, is a cave when.' they have wrought along the vein a lew feet without taking away the top or outside vein stone. The rulibish has been cleared away in one spot to the depth of twenty feet, to the b(jttoin of the trench, but the Agent is of opinion that deeper cuts than tliis will be hereafter found. When he first came to the conchision, about eighteen moutli.s ago, that the pits and trenches visible on the range were artificial, he caused one of them to be cleaned out. He found, at about eighteen feet in deiitli, measuring along the inclined face or floor of the vein, a mass of native copper, sup- ported on a eobwork of timber, principally the black oak of these mountains, but which the ancient miners had not Ijeen able to raise out of the i)it. The sticks on which it rested were not rotten, but very soft and brittle, having been covered for centuries by standing water, of which the pit was full at all times. They were from five to six inches in diameter, and had the marks of a narrow a.xo or hatchet about one and three quarter inches in width. Tlie\- had raised it two or three feet by means of wedges, and then abandoned it on account of its great weight, which was clcvm thoumnd fire hundred mid nij/iti/-elijlif jtniiiids. (11,588,) or near six tons. The upper surface had been pounded smooth by the ' ,sfo)ie hanDiierfi' and mauls, of which thousanils iire scattered around the diggings. These arc hard, tough, water- worn pel)bles, weighing from five to fifteen pounds, or even twenty pounds, around which in the middle is a groove, as though a withe had been placed around it for a handle, and most of them are fractured and broken by use. Besides these mauls there has been found a ct)pper wedge, such as miners call a ' gad,' which has been i I .J :.i ii-:^i' lulls, of wiitcr- I arouiul It for a mauls las been ANTIQUITIES. 97 much used. Under the mass of copiTer, and in almost all the works lately opened, there are heaps of coals and ashes, showing that lire had much to do with their operations. Witli tlie.se apparently inadequate means they have cut away a very tough, compact rock, that almost defies the skill of modern miners, and the strength of powder, for many miles in a continuous line, and in many places in two, three, and four adjacent lines. The great antiquity of these works is unequivocally proven by the size of timber now standing in the trenches. There must have been one generation of trees before the present since the mines were abandoned. How long they were wrought can only be conjectured by tiic slowness with which they must have advanced in such great excavations, with the use of such rude instruments. The decayed trunks of full-grown trees lie in the trenches. I saw a pine over three feet in diameter, that grew in a sink-hole on one of the veins, which had died and fallen down man}- years since. Above the mass raised by Mr. Knapp there was a hemlock tree, the roots of which spread entirely over it. that had two hundred and ninety annual rings of growth. These facts throw the date of the operations now being unveiled back beyond the landing of Columbus, and con.sequently behind all modern operators of our race. The skill which is shown, and the knowledge of the true situation of veins, as well as the patience and perseverance necessary to do so much work, all prove that it was the performance of a people more civilized than our aborigines. It is reasonable to suppose that they were of the era of the mound builders of Ohio and the Western States, who had many copper utensils. This metal they must have obtained either here or at the South-west, towards Mexico ; perhaps in both directions. The successors to the Minnesota Company have sunk a shaft about forty feet on the vein above the great copper boulder ; over to the west, and about one hundred and forty feet from it, another shaft near sixty feet in depth, and have connected them by an adit. The average width of the vein is four feet, extending to eight feet in places. It has well-defined walls, and is filled with quartz, epidote, calcareous spar, and copper. The copper exists in strings, sheets, nests, and masses, sometimes across the vein, sometimes on one side, and sometimes on the other. The thickest sheet I saw was two and a half feet. When we consider that the ancients, who went through the tedious process of beating and mauling away the rock here, found copper enough to compensate them for years, perhaps centuries, of labor, the richness of these mines, prosecuted with our means and knowl^ge, can scarcely be exaggerated. I sho M have mentioned a copper chisel, with a socket for a wooden handle, which has also been found, about five inches long and one and a quarter inch wide. 13 f :: s 11 I :a iii ■ ii ,n i)8 A N T 1(U' 1 'J' I E 8 . ^ <',\ I <: it H ; Tlu'se di.seoverie.s throw all the old oxplonitiouM ol'tlic Frcncli and Knj^lisli on liuko Sii|R'rior into the hack-.^round. Tlie Indians have no kno\vK'd;;'e of the works I have been descrihinjr. altiiongli the second cliief of tiie Fond (hi Tiao hand is nnderstood to ehuni tiiat his I'ainiiy have had the chieftainship more than seven iunidred years; and lie gives the names and ages of his ancestors hack to tiiat j)eriod. Tiie people who wrought them must have cnltivated the soil in order to sustain themselves. What did they cultivate ? It is liere, doubtless, that nuniy of the silver ornaments found in the mounds of the South-west were obtained, for the copper contains scat- tered particles of that metal. It is recordeil that the Kgyjjtians had the art of tempering copper so as to cut stono as well as wood, and that their great stono structures were wrought with tools of copper oidy. I have been told by a person who has seen the Kgyptian stone-cutters' tools preserved in the British Museum at London, that there are some very much like those found here. We have already copied from a AW'stern pa{>er an accoinit of the remarkal)lo discovery of a mass of pure copper, near the Ontonagon River, I^ake Sui)erior, in the course of explorations last spring. Tins nuiss has since been cut up into manageable pieces of three thousand to four thousand jwunds each, and thus hauled to the Lake and shipped to this city, and two or three of them may now be seen in front of the store 2o'J Water-street. They are richly worth a short walk to any one not already familiar with the notabilities of the copj)er region. This mass was found on the location of the Minnesota Comjjany, of this city, in the process of exploring an old open cut or aboriginal digging, which was discovered by the appearance of a sUght depression on the surface of the grounu In the bottom of this cut, coveied by fifteen feet of earth in which were growing trees fully five hundred years old, lay 'his mass of pure copper, weighing eleven thousand five hundred and thirty-seven pounds, with every particle of rock hammered clean from it, supported by skids, and surrounded by traces of the use of fire either in the lioix; of melting it or to aid in freeing it from the rock. Near it were found several implements of copper, showing that the ancient miners posse.s.sed the arts of welding and of hardening copper — arts now unknown. It would seem that they failed in their attempts to break up this immense boulder, or to lift it out of the cut ; but it may be that their eflbrts were suspended l)y reason of war, of pestilence, famine, or some other general calamity. This may have been thousands of years ago. The works of the old miners may be traced for two miles on this vein, and on other veins in the vicinity for a considerable distance. They evidently were ignorant of the use of iron, and worked very awkwardly. The locality of tiiese developments is the cluster of hills known as '"The Three IJrothers," two miles east of the Ontonagon, al)out twelve miles up that stream (twenty by water,) and some three hundred feet above the level of the Lake. There ANTIQUITIES. 99 lity. be ■able very ireo ■oani 'here nre tliroo largo iiiul rich voiiiH here within a short distance of each other, at least one of them rich in silver. The vein which the Minnesota Company is now oi)i uing is abont eight feet wide, though of nne(iual richness. The mineral is a native cojjper dilfiised through the rock. The Minnesota is woridng some thirty hands tiiis winter, and preparing to prosecute its enterprise still more vigorously next spring. ' The era of these ancient operations must have preceded the occupation of the country by the present families of the Ojibwas and Dacotahs ; for the simple reason, that none of the various bands of these two generic nation.s preserve any traditions respecting them. It is not necessarily to be inferred, that very great numbers of men were employed on the works, at the same time. It is more natural to suppose that the works are due to the labors of successive parties of miners, during a long epoch. Neither does the working of the mines necessarily presuppose a high state of civi- lization. The meclianieiil powers of the wedge and lever were employed, preci.sely as we .should suppose, <) prinri, they would be, among rude nations. One of the most powerful means of operating on stones and ores among the abori- ginal tribes, was (ire and water. These were employed alternately, to disintegrate the luirdi'st rocks. And it is aj)parent, that after removing tlie superincumbent soils, these W(n'e the most eiricaeious agents used here in pursuing veins. In looking for the era when tliese works were in tlie most active state, we may sujjpose it to have lieen coincident witii the time of the gieatest amount of population in the Ohio and Mississippi \'alleys. The mound-builders, and also the roving tribes of the West, had many uses for copper. It was, in fact, the copper age. They made a species of axes and chisels of it, for mechanical purposes, it was also extensi\ely used for bracelets, for tinkling ornaments, such as are ai)[)ended to the leather fringes of warriors' leggings and ])ack dri'sses. It is a metal nmch esteemed by all the triljes, at the present day, and all our testimony is in favor of its Ijeing held in the same regard by the ancient tribes. Wc find it, along with sea-shells, bone bead.s, pendants, and other antique articles, in the largest tunudi of the West. It is one of the chief things found in our antiquarian works and mounds, over about eighteen degrees of latitude, which is the length of the Mississippi, and a longitudinal area, reaching from the Rocky Mountains to the sea-coast of New England. It is apparent, that the ancient Red miners of Lake Superior supplied the demand, in its fullest extent. They probably received in exchange for it, the zca maize of the rich valleys of the Scioto and other parts of the West; the dried venison and jerked buHalo meat of the prairie tribes; and sea-shells of the open coasts of tlie Atlantic and Gulf. It is not improbable, indeed, when we examine the rocky character of much of the Lake Superior region, and the limited area of its alluvions and uplands, which appear ever to have been in cultivation, that parties of various tribes performed extensive journeys to this upper region, in the summer season, when relieved from \ ■' i I f u 'f 'f v^m ) If I):' mmmm I .'i if i '. ?! ; ; )•' '■} r- ■ r J ^'4\ ■^'if 1 1 I \ J 100 ANTIQUITIES. tlipir liimtM, to (li;i; coppor, that it wa,s ii lunitral territory; ami having supplied tlieir villages, in the manner the Iowa and Minnesota Indians still do, in relation to the red I'ipe-stonc (piarries of the Cotoau des Prairies, returned with their troi)hies of mining. No tribes, indeed, whose history we know or can guess, jwssessed civilized arts to sustain themselves in tliis latitude during the winter solstice. The shores of the lake yield neither wild rice, nor lutlian corn. They did not anciently cultivate the potato. They depended upon game and fish, and it is only necessary to have passed a single winter in the lake latitudes, to determine that a large body of miners could not have been kept together a hjng time for such a purpose, without a stock of provisions. On the contrary, as the theatre of summer mining, in a neutral country, or by .self-depen- dent bands, hundreds of years may have passed in this desultory species of mining. 3. Vestiges of Mining in Indiana and Illinois. In the deep alluvial formation on the banks of Saline river, vessels of pottery, which appear to have been used in luiiling saline water, have been raised from great depths. On visiting the site, in 1821,' there appeared, on examination of sui h facts as could be got, no doubt that these were to be regarded as evidences of their having been used in the evaporation of saline waters. That the native tribes did not make salt is well known ; and this discovery of subterranean boilers of clay is presumptive evidence, one would think, that the work is due to Europeans, or some other civilized race. But if so, the country must have had the elements of a foreign population before the deposition of the Illinois alluvions of the lowest altitudes. Indiana was visited by the French from Canada early in the seventeenth century. Viucennes was founded in 1710.^ Several vestiges of attempts to mine, as well as other archaudogical data, appear in the Wabash Valley, of which we have been promised some account. It is important to preserve these notices, whatever value may he attached to their age. Personall}', we are not disposed to assign a remote age to these labors : nor do they appear to denote a very high metallurgic knowledge, although that knowledge mav be deemed of foreign origin. Vestiges op Ancient Mining Operations in Arkansas and Missouri. In descending the Unicau, or White River, from its sources in the Ozark hills of Arkansas and Missouri, in the early part of the winter of 1819, my attention wa.s Vide Travels in the Central I'ortidiis nf the Mis.sissiiii)i A'^allev. '■' Iiaw'.s lii.st. Discourse. A N Ti g n rn E H . 101 anvHtcd by Hovoral Ibaturos of ancient (jcciiixincy ; .xonic of which tUMiotcd an attention to niinin};;. Tlicsc vcsti^'ca of occupancy, at an anticjiic iicriod. consistccl of tlic ri'iuiiins of li town site; oflKjncs, appan 'v .■alcincil, ami of pottery, wliicli appeared to liave been \inod in naline, or metallurg.. operations. These remains, in liie \Viiit(! lliver Valley, were all seated al)ove the present site of 15atesville. The Arkansas papers have since, duriuf,' the building,' of the town of T-ittle Kock, published an account of an ancient furnace discovered about A. D. 18;5S, under the soil, and of kettles of [Hittery. A high auti((uity has been claimed for tliese latter remains, without od'crinji-, however, any conclusive data, which have come to our notice, that they an- not of an early Si)anish or French era. Tli(« whole western banks of the Mississippi were ransacked early in the IGth century, under the delusive hope of Ihiding gold and silver. as 5te of as 5. EVIDKNCK OF A NO IK N'T M I N I N' T, () T F, U A T I O \ S IN (! A I. I F II N I A . It was late in the month of August, (the l!)th,) ISID, that the gold diggers at one of the mountain diggings called Murphy's, were suri)rised, in examining a high barren district of mountain, to Ihid the abandoned site of an antiipie mine. ''It is evidently." s:ivs a writer, "the work of ancient times." ' The shaft disc'overed is two hundred and ten feet deep. Its mouth is .situated on a high moinitain. It was .scvt'ral days beliire pre[)aratioiis could be comiileted to descend and explore it. The bones of a liunuiu skeleton were found at the bottom. Thi're wi're al.so found an altar for worshiii anil other evi. IS 1 1 1 :i A N T I Q U I T 1 Ji S . 103 ■:■/?• '..? ivj^(K wlicMi the pii'Sfiit loi't of MicluHiiuiickiiiiU', was tiaiisrciic'd lidiii tlir iiiiiiii land at the ai rx of tlio peninsula of Micliigun, to the island licaiiii^ this nanio. On a|ii)r()acuinii,- this site, and before reuehini!; it, \ny attention was struck by a ([uantity of dry. and very white human bones, scattered on the shore. On landing, it was i)erceived that the action of the waves from the south-west airainst the pebbly diluvial plain, had exposed the end of one of these ancient ossuaries. There were bones from e\erv part of the human body. They were traced to a trench or \ault, on the K'vel of the plain, where similar remains were observed to extend for se\eral yards to a depth of three or four feet. In no instance were the bones of a complete skeleton found hinu; to;ietlier. in their natural position. They wi're laid in })romisciu)Usly. The le;.;- and thigh bones appeared to have been packed or corded, like wood. The state of the bones denoted a remote antiquity. None but the smaller and vesicular parts appeared to have decayed. Tlie trees were all of secondary growth, and the ground had the appearance of once having been cleared. 1 inipiired of an a'.:ed Ottawa Indian, ^\ithout receiving much light. He said they were probably of the era of the human bones found in the caves of the island of MichiUimackinac. Having satisfied my curiosity, I proceeded to the grave-yard, or ancient burial-place of the l()rmer village on the island — not a hundred yards distant. Here tlu.' interments had been made in the usual numner, each skeleton occupying a .si'parate grave. I opened several to determine this fact, as well as to verify the era of tlu' interments. In one grave there was found a gunlock. and a fn'e steel, both much oxydateil. and other articles of European mamd'acture. denoting the palmy times of the fur trade. Ten years after the.se examination-;. I visited a \vry celebrated discovery of Indian ossuaries at Ikverly, twelve miles from Dundas, in (Canada West. This discovery had been made about ISoT, and had produced much speculation in the local papers, and many visits from antiquaries and curit.sity hunters. The site is an elevated beech- tree ridge, running from north to south. The trees ajipear to be of tlie usual age and mature growth, but standing at considerable distances apart. The ossuaries are formed invariably across this ridge, and consequently extend from east to -west. I examined a deposit which measured eight feet by forty, and six feel, deep. It was an entire mass of human crania, leg, thigh bones, &c., in the utmost confusion. All ages and sexes appeared to have been interred together. It appeared to have been laid bare, and dug over for the purpose of obtaining the pipes, shells, and other relics with which it abounded. Ten or eleven de[)osits of various sizes existed on the same ridsio of land, but preserving the same direction. These were not. however, all equally- disturbed by the spirit of finding relics, but this spirit had been carried to a very blamable extent, without eliciting, so far as I learned, any accurate or scientific description of these interments. Among the articles obtained in the before-mentioned excavations, I insert drawings, m rn 1.1 '"!? 104 ANTIQUITIES. Hiiit (Plato o5, Fiirures 1 and 2,) of tlio lull si/o of two sporios of .learHhe.ls, tlio P. spirata 1111(1 /'. jiirnrsc; four spocii's of aMti([iio clay-pipos. (Figurt's 5 ami G, Plati? S, and Fignros 1 and .">, Plate 0) ; a -worUod gorirot (Figure ;!. Plate 19) of sv>a-nliell, of wliicli tlie original nacre of red is not entirely gone; five speeiniens of curious opa(|ue-C()lored enamel beads, (Figures 7, 8, 0, 10, an. Plate '21) ; four of opa(|ue glass twisted, (Figures 12, 1:5, 11, and 20, Plate 2')) ; eight dilferent sized shell beads, (Figures 17, IS, ID, 20, 21, 22, 2:5, and 21, Plate 21,) and eight amulets of rod pipe-stone, (Figures 1, 2, :5, 4, 5, 0, 0, and 11, Plate 2o) ; three of sh dl or bone, (Figures 7, 2:5, and 2-"), Plate 2")) ; three of bears' teeth. (Figures 2(1, 27, and 2S. Plate 25.) Figures 8, K). 1"). Hi, 17, IS, li), 21, 22, and 21, Plate 25, are minor specimens of glass or enamel. Figures 25 and 2(i, Plato 21, are hunum teeth, u.sed as ornaments. There is aliundant evidence that the practice of forming jiublic ossuaries had liecn continued after the arrival of the French in 1(508. The .-iiells are sudi as nnist have liecn di'rivcd from trallic with the southern or western Indians. The pipes are of an autii[uc and |>eculiar jiattern, and were employed without stems : in tliis respect they correspond witii the anti([UO pipe from an ancient grave at Thunder 15ay, Jlichigan, and also, it is thought, with certain ])ipes mentioned by Professor Dewj- as found at Fort Hill, flenesee (a)., N. Y.' The shell Ijcads are of the same kind, precisely, as those which wore discovered in the Grave Creek Mound, Airsinia, as descril)od in the first volume of the Transactions of the American Kthnological Society.^ I5y the decay of tiie surface of the shell, which constituted their inner substance, they ap[)i'ai' to be of the same age. The amulets of red pipe-stone consist of bored srpiaro tubes, of the peculiar sedi- mentary red rock existing at tiie Coteau dcs Prairie, in the territory of Minnesota; and are identical, in material, with the cuneiform pieces of this mineral, which were dug at the fiot of the tiag-staff of old Fort Oswego, N. Y.' The colored enamel beads are a curious article. No manufacture of this kind is now known. They are believed to be of European origin, and agree completel}' with the beads found in 1S17. in antique Indian graves, at Iiaml)urg, Erie Co., N. Y.'' The ancient Indians, bofi)re the introduction of European manufactures, formed balili'ics for the Ijody from the hollow bones of the swan and other large birds, or dcer.s' bones, in links of two or three inches long. These were strung on a belt or string of sinews or leather. It is believed that the relics figured are of this kind. ' Nn(o.« on ihc Irn(Hi i I p' r' - ji ' J! Ji ' uIT.i. ' i '"..^AJ g^ -'s BM^ " -: Il I: r^Ji''' } ■ } i i I! i I 1 i"- \ik f ^S*!li Ml: I'.' ;?! r it ■it ANTIQUITIES. 105 TliiTO were uIho I'oiiml coiPiicr lirai'cli'ts, imiili)iii)iis, in every re.- and ( iistonis, mimni^ tlie mieieiil Indiiins. 'I'lie_\ link in mii.son the tiiln's of Ciiiiiidii, Western Xew York, the .Mi.x.xissipiii \'iille\. mid tho Great liiikes. Thi'y indicate no art or dej;ree ol' civili/iitioii sn|ieiior to that ponKi'SMetl hy tlie present race of Indians. They give no eoiiiiti'iiunee to the existence. ill thc^se iej;ion.s of a state of liijjU eivilization. II I I 11] I ' ' ! II ■: :lti-|l 'I*! >ll ^Hl ' II. AKcii .i;oL() Til K i:i!A ()!•" COM' M lUS. 1. Ain'ii'iit Iii^Tiiiiiiiiii (111 tlic Assniict, nr, si> (mIIc'I. Ui^'liliin Hiick. '.'. Aiitii|Mi' Iii.ti'ri|iiiiiii t'diiMil ill one of lln' Wi'stcin Tiiiniili. ;1. |)cviii's nil a Olnliiiliii' Slmii' of (lie Muiinil IV'ii'icI, {\i\ui'\ in tlic Olii.i \'iillcy, ■^. 'riiiilitinii III" an Aiii'ii ..t Slii|)wn'ck. .">. Skclrtiiii ill Ainiiir. TiiAi' AiiicriiM WHS visited curly in tlic tciitli ('cntiiry by tlio iHhciitiiriMis Niirtliiiicii IVdin (Irt'i'iiliiiitl. iiiiil lliat its ):(Mi;:rii|(liy iiiui iii'u|ilr coiitimicil tn lie kiiown to tliciii sit lute us tiic twill'tli ('cntury, is lulinitti'il liy all wliu lm\t! cMiiiiiiiiMl, with altciitiiiii. tlic viiiioiis (luciimcnts wiiii'ii liuvc liccii jmlilislicii, ihiiiiii^ the lust twelve yours, hy the Riiyul Siieiely ul' Norlheiii Aiiti((iiurieM ut Cnpeiihugoii. There ure e\ iileiiees which every euiidiil unil ri^xht-iiiiinleii historiuii will uilmit, tliut the hunly uiid huld mariners ()(' Scundinuviu, nf thut |ierii)d, cnissi'd freely, in vesstds of small tonnuL'e, the vurioiis ehiiiiiiels. ;:ull's, und seas of the Northern Atlantic, and were I'aniiliiir with the general islands and ists stretfliiii;r tVom Iceland to the northern parts ol' the continent. They \isited I'rom (ircenland, not only the adjacent coasts of what arc now culled Newfoundland und .\'ovu Scotiu, lint held their wuy to more southerly lutilmlcs, which they driioin iiutcil \'inlund, — a term thut is, liy un intcr|)relation of the sea journals and nuutiral und a -Ironomicul ohservutions of those times, shown, with imudi proliu- liility, to lia\e comprised the present ureu of ,Mussachnsetts und iihode Islund. Ihey uppear to have made attempts to plant a colony in this area. Finding; the trendin;.' of this land to faxor the spirit ol' uilventure, they run down to more southerly lutitudes ; reuchin^^ it is thought, to neur the jiresent site of St. Au^ruslinc, in Floridu ; the hays of New York. Delaware, und ChesapeuUe. not uppeaiinji'. however, to lia\-e attracted notic((. It is certain that their |)riinitive ma|).>< of this part of the coast, as pulilished at ('opeiiha jen. hear a name thut is trunsluteil Grcut Ireland. Thus niiicii. the leurned of the present ilay admit. There is no pretence thut the Seundimn iuns considered it u new continent, or thut they vcritleil uny freojrruphicul theory, by their bold voyuires. lint these ('cuts hud uttructeil attention at home, and the I'uine of them reached other purt.s of Kurope; for it is known thut Columbus himself had been attracted by them, and visiteil Iceland for tiie pui'pose of verilyiiif^ what he hud heard, and increusing the sum of fucts on which his i;reut theory wa.s based. (100) ANTIgriTIKS. 107 10 III ixl VilS i Tlic Ifiicliiiu cxiili'iKfr* mtm' 111 iilh'sl Ihiil \ iiihiiiil \Mis llif lUi'Miii \v\\ iiiarki'il mmImiikI mvii of Nrw Kiij:l;iiiil. 'l\u' iiimli(';il I'iiftt liii\.- Uvii ciiivriillv I'Mimimil l)_s l'ioli'i-«urs llal'ii ami .Mii-miscn. iiixl tin- lii^torl.'iil (lain atla|ilr«| (o the .•oiiHHniali;iii,'iii;i mriiraiy, and is illiistnitcil li\ the invr^ciit lii-li .stal.' td' llir artt ill Dciiiiiai'k ami (iiiiuaiiN. 'I'll!' piiiu'i|ial iiica' ill llu^ iiiiiiiilin'. iVoiii <•> liicli lii.xturical It-tiinuiiv is ilrawii. a|i|M>arM to 111' ill llic iiilci|iivlalioii of a ilfftracliiin- from llii- coiL^idcrallon of this iiiscri|ilioii. so iiiiii'li of it as apiicars to he due to tlu' Indians, and is. inanifcslly. done in tlicir iiidc |iii'to^ra|iliif cliaiai tcrs ; and lca\ iiij;- w liiit is cK'arly livdandic to slaiid liv ils(df. 'I'liis lias licm done in tin' following; |ia|i('r. wliicli ciiiliraccs llic iisiilis of a study liy an Alnom|niii cliicf in l^•l'.^ of llii' iiiMri|ition of Dis. Itaylii's and (ioodwin, a.s piililislu'd iil ( 'o|iciilia^i'ii. Cliin^waiik, llif |)crson alluded to. Iiavinir rcjccl.'d. in Ills int('r|irt'tation, I'vciy cliaiiiclcr l>nt tlircc. of llic nmnlifr of tlios.- wliicli tiavc hfi'ii ^.'ciicnilly sii|ipos('d to he northern, or in old Sa\on ; and these not heiiiji; es,.ienlial to the iliief's iiitei pretatioii. lint closely iii\ol\-ed w itii others im|ioitant to ihe .^'H'andiiiiivian portion; I iia\ ■ restoii'd tlieiii to that eonipiirtiiieiit of the rock. 'i"wo (iislinet ami separate inscriptions tliiis appear, of which it is evidei.t that the Icelandic is the most ancient. 'I'hf central space which it oicnpies could not have been left, if the face of the rock liae lieeii previously occupied liy the Indian or pieto- ^ii'aphie part. That the natisc AlL^oiKpiins recorded, on the siiiiie I'ock, and at tlu' same ci'a, tlu' ilefcat of the Nortlinieii. as acknowledLicd hy the latter, liy the use of the halislii descrilied. is hardly proliahle. yet ]iossiliK'. The inscription was more likely, as is shown liy CliiiiLiwank, a triumph of native aLiiiinst nati\e; \et it is remarkalile. that a halistii is niiKuii; the native fiiiuies employed. 15ut the I'ircuinstance most eonelusi\-e is the want of iMiropean syniliols in the ri(ilit hand side of the inscription relative to the defeated enemy. Could it In' shown, hy (ireliu'olo^ieal e\ idi-nce. that swords, .lats. i<;c., ill this piut of the drawini;. were used liy the imaders, or that hats were unknown to Ninthiucn !l I 'if}}' im I «• J (?■ s,* t t l I'll- B ■J! I (! A N 'i' 1 (i I 1 'I' IKS. (JdiH'nliirji'n. in tlic .MciiKiirs nl' tlic NuiIIkmii Aiiti([ii!iriiiii Socii'ty. This opinion vas (.•oni'iiiTi'd in li\ tlir AniiTicaii I'iliinolo^ical Socioty.' Tlio iniporl'oction, Iiowcvit, of tilt' sfxcral coiucs of tin' iiiscriiilinn lirrctornrc cxaniini'ii. rnniisiios tiii' occasion of in'cscntinii' a p rlcct copx. taken IVmn the oriijinal stone in iS'iO. Trailitions of the other hcniispiicic, which Inivc hcon variously nrgcd npon onr notice, ivnih -■ it lii.'siraliic to sci'iitini/c our anti([nitics \cry ch)s('l_\' for evidences of earl\' voNaires. and we .-liouid not he surprised at linchng even a (Jrecian and IVrsi<' eleuient ol' an eaiix intrusive po|iuiation. The iiicrea'^":! Unowledife of, and attention uiven to. tlie laws and tlie')iies of winds, curi'ents, and tiunperatnre, — which must have, in earl\' aues as now. nuK'h alleeted the nuiterial intei'coinniunicatiou of nations naviuatiu^ the siiores. and \isitini: tiie islands of the Indian, Pacific, and I'olynesiau >;,.ns. — commend that cl.i-s ol' I'acts \ery stron^ily to the attention of .VuHuican ethnolouists. 'I'rade-winds, monsoons, oceanii! streams, like that of the .Mexican (iulf, and other l()rms of the laws of motion generated hy mere fi m/n ni/iin . (Ilir hoth wind and water ohey it.) have had, ajipartMitly. a ureati-r aj;-ency in settling;- the glolie tiian has hceii awarded to them. If nations stundiled upon hoth the Atlantic and Pacific shoits \>v accident, ihv ■•-/m/i iif <;/' i-nns should not wonder. We ajiphnid Columhus hccausi- he iicnil to nnikt' a discoNcry. Hut thexcrii'st tyro nnist admit that he too stuud)leil upon America in lookinu' for India and Cliiua. 1. .Vnciknt I x sci; I I'T ion ox t m k Ass(ixi:t, oii Dicnrox Ruck. More importance has tieeii attacheil to the Diuhtou Hock inscription, jierhaps, than its \alue in oui' local antiiputies meiils. This may, it is i)i'lie\-ed, he asci'ilied in part to the hislorii'al appeal made to it, a few years a;:-o. iiy tlii' I{o_\al Society of Xorthern Anti(piarians, at ('openhaLicn. on the occasion of their pulilishinji' the collection of old Icelandic sauas. ri'latin^- tn early discoxcries in America. It is certain tinit it was not re,i;arded in any other liirht than the work of Indian hands i)e|iiri' that era. There is ."^omethiiii;' plea tiie lro(|Uois territory. A dillerent. l)Ul still an historic interest arose fidin the Paliadic or Oiieota stone, to wiiicli the native tradition refers as tlie inoiiiiinental evidi'iice of tlie iiation;;l origin of the Oneida trilie: and. latterly, our local anti(piilies have assumed a still more coiupiicateii form by the unexplained intrusion of an apparently Celtibi'ric inscription in one of our larger western tumuli. As the Mississip))! \'alie\' has been settle(l, false religion, basing itself upon the gross impositions of the Mormon prophet. Smitii.has led to apocryphal disco\t'ries of various metallic plates, and. in one instance, of metallic bells. i)eariiig inscriptions which have been attemiited to be imposed upon the jHipulace as \-eritable aiiti(iuities : Imt these pretended discoveries have been so i)ungliiigly done as not tl>r a moment to deceive the learned, or e\ ell the intelligent portion of llie community. It has been easy, at all times, to distinguish the true from false olijects of arcluvology, but there is no object of admitted anti(iuity, purporting to bear antique testimony from an uiiknown period, which has elicited the same amount of historical interest, foreign and domestic, as the aj)iiareiitly mixed, and. to sc!ine extent, unread iuse'riplion of the Dightoii \lavk. As Americans, we art pecullarl\ susci'ptible to this species of newly awakened interest. It is but th" other day. as it were, that we began to look around the uortlierii ]iarts of the continent tin- objects of aiiti(Hiariaii interest. Kvciy thing in our own history and institutions is so new and so well known that there has been scarce!}- a subject to hang a doubt upon, and it appears refreshing to light on aii\- class of facts which promises to lend a ray of eidia,u'en Society had in view, by se[)aiating the pictouraphic part of the liiiurcs, re[iresenteil on the Diuhton Iiock, I'roni the conlessedly Icelandic [lortion. and exliibitinu; them in separate drawings. This it is proposed to do, in the se(|uel of the presi'ut pa[)er. The lUiitei-ials 1 hud collected in the West, and the study I had bestowed upon them, would have enabled me to take this question u[), on my return from the frontiers in 1S41 ; but I should not, perha|)s, have done so. had not the New York Historical Soci(jty. in 181G, [ilaced nic on a conniiittee for that purpose. This trust 1 executed in the month of AuLiust, ISIT. taking an e\eiiing boat at the city of New York, and reaching the tliri\ing town of Fall IIi\cr or Troy, near the mouth ol' the Taunton or Assouet Kiver in Massachusetts, caily the next morning. This latti'r point is some tvn miles, by the nearest route, from Dighton Four Corners ill Rhode Island, directly ojiiiusite to which, on the .Massachusetts side of the river, the rock lies. Tiiis distance was passed in an o|)cn one-horse buggy, which alli)rded a pleasant \ ii'W of the state of New England cultivation and thrift, on a rather indilVerent soil, resting on conglomerate and trap rocks, which support a heav^- bo\dder and block-drift stratum. Most of the larger blocks in this part of the country do not appear to Iuinc been carried long distances from their parent beds, as thty are not only of unusual dimensions, but willuait very striking eviik'nces of attrition. This block and boulder drift extends to the Massachusetts shore, and beyond the inscri[)tion roek, which latter is a large angular block of greenstone trap, presenting a smooth inclined line of structure or natural ['m'h towards the channel. It lies on a large Hat in a bend of the river, which is quite ex[iosed and bare at ebb tide, but covered with several feet ot ..iter at the tlow, submergin;:' the rock, with its inscrijjtions. This dim'nal action of the tide nuist have, in the course of xcars, tended to obliterate the traces of all pigments and stains, such as the natives are generally accustomed to enqjloy to eke out their rock-writings, or drawings. The ellects of disintegration, from atmospheric causes, have probably been less, under this tidal action, than is usual in dry situations, but the tide deposits upon its surface a light marine scum, which must render any scientilic examination of the inscription unsatisfactory, without a tlua'ougli removal of all rocremental or deposited mattt'r. There are other, but far U'sser-sized bnuMers and blo-ks lying on ibis Hat. on(> of which, u'^ar to it, has evidently some artiliclal marks upon it, but bcinn'. at the tiuK; of my \i>it. just under water, and nmch led loh ANTIQUITIES. Ill routed willi a fiiio alluvial scum, its diaractov could not bo exactly traced. Similar blocks, aud ovate boulders of gieenstoue aud otber ibrni;itious. also lie thickly scattered on tlic maiu land, on each side of the river. One of tiie boulders of an anjiular character, on the Massachusetts shore was judfred to be twenty times the dimensions of the inscription block. This ieature of the ;:eolo,iiy assumed a most interestinji; character, but I had not, in a brief visit, assi^ined myself time to ])ursue it. 1 crossed the river to the rock in a skiff rowed by an intercstinjr lad. called Whit- marsh, who was not tlie less so for a lisp, lie had been across the river to the rock at an earlier hour the same morninji. and had plea.sed his fancy by drawinj;' chalk lines on some of the principal figures, which nnide them very conspicuous as we approached the rock, particularly the (piadruped at the lower part of the inscription. (No. 12, Plate JiG) ; which he had represented as a deer, — the long upright lines on the rock, just above its head, being taken by him for horns; and he told me very unpretend- inglv, that this figure was originally meant for a deer. The morning tide, which wa.s coming in, had reached the feet of this figure, but had not yet covered them, when I landed on the rock. The two human figures without arms. (Xos. 20 and 27,) at the right of the inscription, (as the observer faces it,) the large figure having the usual honr- gla.ss shaped bod ;, and on the left (No. 1) of the published interpretation hereafter mentioned, and the chief dee]) lines and curves in the main devices, between these figures, in which the several coj)ies of 1700 and IS.SO coincide, were plainly traceable. The lines drawn in Mr. Goodwin's plate, on the extreme left of the frontlet-crowned figure No. 1, I could not, with any incidence of the light I could command, make out or identify, which was probably owing to tidid deposits. The first impression was one of disappointment. As an arcluuological monument, it appeared to lia\e been over-rated. A discrepancy was observed, in several minor characters between the co])ies of Baylies and Goodwin of 1790, and that of the Klujile Island Historical Society of 1830; but few devices were wanting in its cs.sential outlines. The most important, in the j)art which is not pictographic, consists in the lower portion of the central inscrijjtion, which has Ix'en generally supposed, and with much reason, to have an alphabetical value. The letters which appear in the Rhode Island Historical Society's copy, as published at Coi)enhagen, are either imprecise or wholly wanting; but there is something in the inscriptive figures upon which to found tlie interpretations which will be mentioned in the secpiel. It was a clear, bright day, and I varied my positicm, b}- movements of the skifi", in front of the rock, to get the best incidences of light. It was evident, under all the difli- culties of tidal deposit and obscure figures, that there were two diverse and wdioUy distinct characters employed, naniel}-, an Algonquin and an Icelandic in- scription. But before I proceed to state the deductions which arc, in my judgment, to be drawn t) ~' I ,^ \ 112 ANTIQUITIES. from it. I will iiiti'dilucc an iiitt'r[)rctati(>ii of the pictoiii'Miiliic pMrt of tiiis fruitriil pir/./li' dl' iintii|nariiin K'arniiii;-, wliicli wa.s made liy a wcll-kiiowii Indian |iricst or Mi'ila, at .Micliilliinackinac, in 1S.'!',>. Cliinuwauk, tiu' person alluded to. who is still li\ ini;. is an .Mfionijuin, who is well vei'sed in the lu-l,-i I'-tr',,,, oi- [)it't()^ra[)hic method of eoi'Miuuiicating ideas of his eonntiTinen. He is the pi'in('i|ial chief on the Hiitish siile of the ri\er at Sanlt Ste. Marie. He end)ra(H'd Chiistianity dnrinir some part of the ])eri<)d of my residence on that IVontier. jnioi' to the time of this interpretation. He had pre\ionsly heeii one of the most noted pi'olessors of the Indian Mf-U( h was the man whom I employed and paid, to bo my teacher in nnravelling these devices, and to instruct me in the several modes of employing their pictograph art. Sevi'uteen Near? s liad now ( hil fi om the ti my attention ^vas first called to this subject, when the I'oyal Society of Anti(piarians, at Copenhagen, ombraceck their pub'.icati -the Antiquitates Americana. — a full series of the .s(!veral copies of the inscription on the Dighton Rock. I immediately thought of my Indian instructor, and having taken the volume to Michillimackinac, I despatched an invitation to him at St. Mary's, to visit me during the suunner season. I di. lie siiiil tiiat lie had come in consequence of my verbal message, and inquired what had induced me to send for him. I laid before him the volume, o])eniiig it at Plate \2. "You will recollect," I said, *• that many years ago you gave me instruetioiis in the Ki-hr-irin of \()ur nation, as aijplied to the .Mkdaiui.v and tiie Wai.kno socii'ties. I know xou to be well versed in this art. and haxc theivfoii' scut liiryou to explain this ancient inscription, which has pu//.k'd men of Icuriiing. You have since tiiis time, 1 know, united yourself t(j a Cliristian church, and ma\- think such knowledge no longer worthy of attention; but it is, nevertheless, a rational curiosity. The figures and devices here sliowii. have been copied from the face (jf a rock lying on the sea-coast of New Kngland. Tiiey were noticed at the time that the Kiiglish lirst landed and settled there; (ItTJO.) The\' are believed to lie very old. J5otli the inscriptions on this plate (No. \'l) are copies of the same tiling, only one of them was taken forty years l)efore the otln'r. The last was taken nine years ago. It is supposed, as the sea rises on the rock twice a da_\-, that some of the minor figures may have been oblitcrat' d. You will perceive, by studying them, in what jiarticulars the two copies difliu'. Was the inscription made by Indians, or by otiiers? What is your opinion?" Tliis was the substance of my remarks. Xo otlu'r facts or (Hiinions were revealed. Alter .scrutinizing the two engravings for some time, with his friends, he replied : ■■ It is Iiuliaii ; it appears to me and my friend, to be a Mii::-:.iii-iH(-liih. (i. e., rock writing.) It relates to two nations. It re.semljles the Koh-iio-n-ui-uii. or prophetic devices of an ancient class of seers, who worshipped the snake and panther, and aflected to live underground. Hut it is not exactly the .same. I will study it." He then re(piested permission to take the volume to his lodge, and asked for a candle, that he and his companions miglit study it during the evening. The next day he came at the appointed time, with two of his companions, bringing the book. His principal aid in this investigation, was a hunti'r, called by the name of Zlia-lin-tiis. I had prepared for this interview, by having i)iesent the late lleury (Conner. Es(|.. the most approved interpreter of the department, in addition to two members of my faiiiii_) ; all well versed in the Chippewa and English languages. I had numbered each figure of the inscription, in order to give preeisi(m to the chief's iuter|)retation. (,'biiigwauk began by saying 'that the ancient Indians made a liivat merit of fisting. They fasted sometimes six or seven days, till both their liodies and minds became free and light; which prepared thei.i to dream. The object of the ancient .^eers. was to dream of the sun; as it was believed that such a dream would enable them to sec everything on the earth. And by fasting long and thinking niucli on the subject, they generally succeeded. Fa.sts and dreani.s were lirst attempti'd at an earlv a i m ^%' i «! :»!« t' «1 I 1 114 ANTIQUITIES. ^1'ir f. I? I I i ! W What a young man koos and oxperiences during these dreams and fasts, is adoijted by hin; as truth, and it hooomes a principle to reguhitc his future hfe. Ill- relies for success on these revelations. If he has been much favored in liis fasts, and the peoi)le believe that he has the art of looking into futurity, the path is open to tiie highest iionors. The i)ruphet, he continued, l)egius to try his power in secret, witii only one assistant, whose testimony is necessary should he succeed. As he goi's on, he puts down the figures of his dreams or revelations, by symbols, on bark or other material, till a whole winter is sometimes pas.sed in pursuing the subject, and he thus has a record of his principal revelations. If what he predicts is verified, the a.ssistant mentions it, and the record is then appealed to a.s proof of his prophetic power and skill. Time increases his fame. His Icn-hn'-touis, or records, are finally shown to the old jn-ople, who meet togetlier and consult upon theui, for the whole nation kdievc in these re\elations. They, in the end, give their api)roval, and declare that he is gifted as a prophet — is inspired with wisdom, and is (it to lead tlie opinions of the nation. Such, he concluded, was the ancient custom, and the celebrated old war-captains rose to their imwer in thi.s manner. I think the inscrijjtion in this volume is one of these ancient inu::::lniMni-/:ir,,i/, or liooii of Succchh in ti ic cinitcnii iiiitcd cntcrpri.Mi', hik 1 hIic is held out, ilH n gilt, to tlic first iiiiiii who hIi Htriki', (ir toiicli a dead lioily in liatlli'. Figure NiuiiIht .'! ilcpicts ii stfiH'liirc callcil \Vii/i--, denote tliree iar;ic stones used for lieatinj; water to nmko steam, ami are snpposed to Ik- endowed with majrical virtues. (■ ie|)resents tlie sacred apartment fnan whieli oracular responses arc ntteicd. It contains a consecrated wnr-club, of ancient make, marked (/, iind a consecrated poh', or halista, marked '■. Kijiiire 4 re[iresents a ponderous war-club, consecrated for battle. Snch war-cliibs, of which li;;iire '.\o, and r of No. .'i, furnish otlier examples, were ancientlv made by sewiufT n|) a round stone in a green skin, and attacliiiif^ a lon;^ p(do to it. After dr\ ill^^ the skin assumed great hardness, and the instrument, which ])erformed some of the ollices of a i)a(tering-riun, was one of the most elfectivo weapons of attack. (St'c FiiiMi-e li. Plate 1").) Figuii- ■'). The semi-circle of si.v dots sifrnifv .so many moons. The (iist were ( mi- fiiiiious, (he others broken or iuterruptcil. They mark the time he dexolcd to pcilrct him.-elf for the exploit, or actually consumed in its accomplishment. Fiiruii- (') is the symbol of a warrior's heart. Fifiure 7. A dart. Figure S. The ligure of an onomalous animal, which probably appeared in his fasts to befriend him. Figure ',). Unexplained. Figure 10. Accidentally omitted in the interrogatories. It is the usual ligure for a human trunk, drawn transversely. Figure 1 1 represents the number 4((. The dot alwve denotes skulls. Figure 12. This is a symbol of the principal war-chief of the expedition against the enemy, lie led the attack. lie bears the totemic device of the Pizhoo, which is the name of the northern lynx. (L. Canadensis.) The same word, with a luvlix denoting great, is the name of the American cougar, or panther. Figure 13. This is a symbol of the sun. it is repeated tiiree times on the in.scrip- tion ; once for the prophet's lodge, number 3, again for the prophet's sister, iiunil)er 2, and, in the present instance, for the prophet himself It is his totem, or the heraldic device of his clan. Figure 14 rejiresents a sciirbird called MoNG, or the loon. It preserves the prophet's name. Figure 15. A Pim-me-dau-ho-nau-(jiin, or war camp. It denotes the place of reii- il i [ •i t fr \ ' M 1 ' ' \'i Irf, V i :» : ! 116 ANTIQIMTIKS. (li>/,\'\^Ai\ ol' the propliet's lodiic Sniiiiii iij f/ii nixrri/ifinii til till riijlit uf tin liui A. It. 'I'liis iiroii|) ol' devices tlie chief determined lo have relation. e.\chisi\('ly or chiellv. to \varlike and prophetical incidents on tlie part of tlie enemy. KlLiiires L'Ci, 27. Two prominent hnimin lijinres, re|)resentin.ir the enemy. They are drawn without arms, to depict their fear and cowardice on the onset. They were paralyzed liy the shock, and acte(l like men without hands. Figures 2S, li'J. |)ecapilati'd men. inohahly chiefs or leaders. Fijiui'o ;](). A belt of [leace. denotim;' a neuotialion or treaty. Su<'h Ik-IIs were preserved with fireat care. Figure 111. The enemy's |)ro[)het's lodge. F'igure '.VI. A l)ow iieiit. and pointed against the triU' of Mong. This is a .symbol of preparation for war, and denotes, in this relation, proud lioasiing. Figure ll.'i. Symbol of douiit. or want of conlideiicc in the enemy's |)rophet. Figure ■ll. A lance ])ointing to the enemy. This is a symbol of boasting and preparation, and tallies exactly, in these ideas, with the purport of .'12. Figure ilo. An ancient war-club, of the character bet()re noticed in l-'iguri! Number 4. It is here seen that the enemy possess the same efl'ective weapon of assault. Figure .'1(1. Has no known signilicancy. Figure .'17. I'liexplained. Figure oS. Does not belong to the subject, or is unknown. I 1^ III mil tlv. ■iro and IxT \ ihiiii III ANTHil- IT IK ///' /iixiijilliiii fii till h I'l III' till- li III ('. I). in 'I'lii' I'liii i; wild IukI I'viiiitMJ II iimikcil (l.'Mivc ..I' ivii'liii.r.s iiiiil |iiv.ircii|itinii. :qi|»'ar.'il .loiihirnl wlu'ii liis iitli'iilinii wiis iliawii li. til.' |)iii'|HMt .il lliis .■..iii|iailiii.'hl. II.' -iiiil il liail ln'i'ii f.> inii.'li .l.'rii.fd liial most n\' till' iiiaiU.i a|i|M'ai'. il \N iliiiiiit iiiraiiiii:. lie tliiHi'^lil, rriiiii wiiat lie I'uiil.l iiiiil('i>laii tiiiit it was III' II ^n'.pjrrai.lii.'iil tliaiiifl.r, aii.l j;iivc il tliis cxiiiaiialiiiii. It a|i|«'ar.'.l t. 1).' til.' ti'iritdiv I'l" iIk' .MiaiLT liiin'. .ir ('(Uir.'il.'iiu'y. l-'i'Min- :;il, III. Xillaji.'s anil patlis .il' lliis iit'oplc nr tlicir (•Diircilfialcf. Fi;:iii'i' 1 1. Mmpi's viiliijiv. .ir tilt' riliri' lucalinll nl' lilt' .VsSKIH'l.x. lH'ili;.'.ill tl II' hailKs of II riviT. Il iiiav 111.'.) represent a skin lla.i: used in the war, iiiiil tlic liuiu'c .if triiinipli. 'I'll.' lirsl iiilcipr.laliiiii is ;;iv.n iis ijial In wiiicli llif I'liicl' appeared In allii.'li iimsl. \veij;lil, anil as e.irrespuiidiiijj willi liis jici'.'ral i.leii nf tins portion dI' the iiiseriiition. tin. In tliis iiitei'i •eliilinii. CliiiiLiwaiik on I Mr. (iiioihv; I. of iT'.ill : iIk' n ..» lini'il liiiii-.'ir slri.'ll\ III llie eiipy of \h. 15a vlies II liir this lie did imt nieiilion. II.' jirnliiilih i'.tniid il I'liller. ;;i\iiifr .-i.iiii.' •- tails wliieli e\i.-i tnily in Iriiee, .ir wliieli are i|iiil. oMiteiateil in the Hlii'l" Isli il Hist. iri. Ill ."py. He was I'lilly aware tlial the Iw. (Irawiiius oi T'.KI Ml.l l,s;;ii \v ere cujiii"' u r II, sail le inseriptiiiii taken at a perin.l .i |iirt\ \ears apart, an. I that the iiis.i 'Miiii wa.s siihj.'.'l.'d t.i l!ie a.'tiiiii nf lli.' tide. The .)liserver will notice thai ill.' [ ' i .: \ Hid leading: synihols, such as 1. '_'. .".. I'J. "Jii, '11. lie., iip.m which his int. rpnlai ■ ii turns, ai. tiiiallv plain in Imlli cupi.'s. || will t'lirth.'i' iiliserv.'.l. that i .e"i.li. r. Ill' the niiii. , s\ iiihiils and .l.'\i.'.'s w liich liie chiel' has eiii|ilo\e.l, sii.'li as "i, i , 7, : . '.'. iS:.'., he wholly disniis-i'.i I'roni the consi.leriitiun .>!' 111.' iiis.'riptiiin, it would not allect its liirning incident, .i. I p'lienil piirporl. as e\|ilaiiii'd hy Chiii^waiik. 'i'lie interpretation w.aild ther.'hy l.)se s.iiii.' nu'ct this eslrein.' leipiirement .il' .'xa'tii. 'ss With muIi a preliminary a- ' ■ hasis of operations, the whole surra.'.' he rnck ruiild he iinpre>sed pap.'r properly prepareil. In means ol uii'"li. iiiei|iialities of sin lace with a liriish, \» ,th and fragmentary lines iiiiuht he hroiiiilit out and restori'.l. It ,<,Muld also Uc desiiah'e to snliie'l the fa.'.' of th.' r.ick to the ])ro('ess of the ihipii. 1 1. ot vpe. the liii ;is of w liicli .11. mid he place.! at sii.'li an aimie as to catch the ininnt.'st shades of surfac. \.) sacii process could he undertaken until the surface of the r.ick had lieen i ails cleansed. .1 ♦ a 118 ANTKtl ITIMS. It will In- iioiiccd lliat CliiiiL'waiilv lias mil chiiiIdn cd any of the devici's wliicli are litTc attriltiitt'il to a forciLrii cniiiiii, cxci'iit Nds. IS. lit, I'd. 'I'licso (Icviccs rcsciiilili' an lidiir-irlass. or a clusi'i! cross. Sncli a cross is a synilMil I'or a corpse in the northern |iictojrrai)li_\-. hut it would cease to he so, it' it were not chixid, as it is ih'awM in the lihode Island eopy. On the eontrarv, an ojx'n cross is the Honian diaracter tor ten. 'I'his (|nestion of a (/<'.«, "JH. which n'seinliles tlie ancient (". or sij;n of one hundred, and also to the sIlmi llir I. innnediately hehiiid them, and to the compound character re^iularly and clostdy t'ollowi'i.ir it, wliich Mr. -Maunusen h:is inter|ireteil to stand I'or men. JIi' promptly threw them out. sayinjr tli;it tiiey had no sifi;ni(icaney in the inscription. It would seem liy e\t'ry fair principle of inteipretation, that these six characters should he construeiii£'u' PiJ^s^tsisin-^iriK^w., I fffiu^h . ^A. yV / *■'>//» I (^O X f* ^ Uu«« ■ '.Ifi: „■( hn. t'hil*d* ,1^: ■'jKtr^i,*^:^ I ..If ■■'*.■ ANTIQUITIES. Hit its contriil iuul iiidi'iK'ndciit position on tiic \wk. That the iiint of tlio piiriuirt uf such iin inscriiition by lt)rci^iuTs siioukl have bwn talvcn at a iator iii'iiod \,y the natives, to ivcoiil their own traditions, may be accounted lor on natural principles. Indeed, were there anythinf,' on the rock to denote the presence or existence of forei;;ners, in the pictographic i)art of the inscription, one nii,i.dit suppose that the Indians desi-ned to show, by their drawing, the defeat of the very i)arty of the Xorthnien. whose landing here in lOOl is contended for, at Copenhagen, whom they are admitted to have driven oil'. The admission of such a defeat by the invaders, and th use of tlie great war-club or balista, are circumstances in which the Scandinavian and Assonet record curiously coincide. A full synopsis (^I'hite .')7, Figures 1 to 50) is submitted. The figures on tliis plate coincide with those explained by Chingwauk to 4 I, and figinvs , and c, uf No. 3. The remaining devices ajjpear to be as follows : Figure 42 is a character rejected by the Indian expositor, as foreign to the iiicto- grapiiic jiart. it has l)een explained by the late Mr. Magnusen, to be an oUl anaglyi>h for the word men. Figure 4 3 appears to denote warlike implements, of a character .suitai)le to the Indian manners antl customs. Figure 44 consists of two characters rejected by Chingwauk, which are believed to stand li)r the ancient C. one hundred, and 1, a unit. It is ui)on this rejection, that (Igures IS, 111, 20, inclusi\(', between them, are transferred to the old northern or Ici4an(lic [lart of llii' record. Figure- I') is a device on the Ilfode Island copy, which does not appi'ar on the drawing of ITIHI. It is tin- representative figure of the trunk of a man. nv a headless enemy. Figure 40 is a fragmentary de\ ice of the Rhode Island copy, whii'li corres]MMids, so far as it is pt'rfect, with No. ID of tlu' drawing of 170(1. Figure 4 7 appears to be sometiiing raised, as a bainier. by NO. 27. The lines that compose figure 4;>. appear to have been i)arts of a device, some essential portions of whu4i have become indistinct. Figuri' 40 appears foreign, and has no significance as a pictographie (le\icc, ngreealily to the papers hereafter introduced. This leaves as the Scandinavian jtortion of the inscription, the figures which arc denoted in the compartnu'nt ai'rangi'd at the bottom of Plate .■!7. Of this inscription, figures 44. IS. 10, 20, ami 44 bis., are to be read. CXXXl. The figuiv on compart- ment 2.) consists of two devices. The first has been interpreted by .Mr. Magnusen, (Ant. .Vmer.) as an ancient anagly|ph. standing for the word men. The second figiu'e of this compartment is taken from the K. I. ('. of IS;>0. \i\ compari.son of this figure with the Runic alphabet, it is thought to resemble, though it wants the down .stroke ■1 ■ r i ' l! ! i'5l !i 11 > i ''I ■iM ■r |: if' '», i ! k ! ! IM A N T 1 o r rr I K s . of tlic li'ttor '('()• [A], wliicli wf aic mrornied was tlio uiicioiit word lor a /khi; ov iiiniHi/. (Vide Miusli's (!r;nn., p. llili.) Witli iH's[)cct to tlic cluniicti'rs wliicli slioiikl be iiiscrti-d uIUt tlie letters O IJ, in till- iiiscriiiticiiis (tf 171HI;iiid IS.'Jn, wo liavo lldt iiiiirli iR'sitaiicy. TIrtu is d()id)tU'ss soiiu'tliiiiij,' to lie alldwi'd tor tidal deiiosit, lor tlio obscuration of time, and for tlio want of a indpcr incidence of lijilit. IJnt witb e\i'ry allowance of this kind, and with a [lersiiasion that this part of the inscription is due to the Northmen, it did not a|)[iear that the characters nsnally inserted could be assijrned to till this spa<'e. Nor did it appear that the letter li could bo ri'cojrnised. It is certain that the i)enulti- mate character is an X. or less probably the cardinal nnnd)er 10. Some shadowinj; foitii of tlie intermediate chai'acters is f:i\i'n on the upper mai'uiri of IMate ol : iiul no positive (K'tei'inination can be made of their aii)habetical vahu-. Without doulit, tile arclia'oioii'ist is here to look for tlie NAMK of, eitiier the leader of the party, or of the nation, or triiie. to which tiio adventurers belonj^ed. A careful and scientilic examination of tiie suliject, with full nu'aus and ample time, is invited. One remark nniy be added. Kxaminations have shown tb' . ..le jireat liirests and lake basins of America are not without analogous inscriptions, in the article devoted to •• pictography." in the Ibllowiuj; i)api'rs, this subject is treated on the basis of |»M>oiial in vest illation, and it is believed that the inscri|)tious which have iH'cn copied at \;nious [loints of the interior are such as will ciimiienil the suliject tif the Indian symbolic and mnemonic method of inscri|ition to respect. It is a suliject that will be pursued ill >ul)se(pient ]iarts of this work. 2. X 11 T 1 (■ i: o 1- .\N' 1 X SC 1! I I'T 1 O N IN' A X T HU K < ' II ,\ 1! .\ C IK U .S . I'lllNII (I N .V T.AIUI.AH StoXK, OH AmII.I:!-. in (I.VK Ol' Till: WllSTF'UN' TiMll.I OF, riiOl! .V li L V. TIIK liKi; 1 N .X I N (i (IK T 11 K S I X T K K N T II ( ' K X T f H V. The discovery of an inscription in a lai>'e tumulus near Wheoliiifr, in Western \'iri:inia, r III its "m T tmrnm flllf^ 1 !l iii m m m I!: /'j i I i ■ I II ■ .1 1:1 r n * I' % % I M 'i I ! (j i ) r 1 ■ ■ I 1 i I' ■■ ■J m M 11 I I M 'iff , ' I ; > ■ ■ k :r } I . M .■■■'.' - i m ANTIijr ITI lis. i;il Wi To iM'iii'lra((' II liiiiiiiln.' nl' niilli (if llircr IhiimIi'i'iI iiimI I liiil \ -IIiicc I'crl in ciii'iiiii- fiMvi (I si'vcnlv I'd't ill iifiulit. (I'liilc •"), Kiumv "_'.) willi an iniliniier\cd Mime correspundiicj' char- acters. My relereiice to an inscription from Dr. I'lotl's lli-tor\ of SlalliiiiMiiie, it was al.so seen that there wcri' .several of the idiaiacters ipiite identical with the ancient liirm of the Celtic alphahet, as employed io jiritain in the. .~o called. Sliek-Mook. .\ copy of the inscription (Tow ii.send's cop\ ) was traiisinitted to I'rofessor l!afn. at Copeiihaiicn. the distiniiiiished Secretary of the Itoyal .'Society of Northern .Vntiipiaries. .Mr. Uafn does not lind it to he Itu;'!'. hut is ilispo.-^ed to con-idei' the inscription Celti- heric. M' liiiiin s ,1, III Smiil,' Umiuli- il, s Aiitiiiumii s ,l,i \i,,;/. I S |ll-|,'s |:;. 11. |:j."(. .Mr. .\lielard 15. 'romliiison states, in a letter ahovc reii'iied tsr Tnii,lii,>,„i «.» ,l,ar-,-.l willi .s-.',,-,IHI (,„■ i|„s w.r.li ■• Thi. «:.> .-ul.>,..|„.i,ilv f.mn.l l., li;ivo Ikv.i r„|,i,.,l uiih ,„.,i.Ti,-,l iiu.-n,™ h>. ID II 'il ...!i ! \±2 ANTlgl' IT IKS. Dr. Siimiicl (icoi'^v Morion, in liis Cniiiiii Aiiifriciiiia, piijic 'JOl, piitilislicf* i'xtnirt« of 11 Ifllcr IVoiii Dr. .Immics \V. <'lfmi'ii.-< of Wlicfliiif.', of llu' ^^cniTiil iliitc of ls;is, ill wliii'li lit' il('.><('ril)('s the o|)(>iiiiig ol' the nioiiiiil, and tin* viirionH objirtH (liccovcrcil, witlioiil nicntioiiiii;; tin- in^'crilicil .xtoiu', iiiiic.-^.t it lie iiiciudcd in tlic ffcncrul tiiiii, ••to;:rtlicr with various arlifics of minor iiitcrcr*!," pafze 'Jlili, Crania Anicricaiia. It is to lie it'iiii'tli'd a.s an liistoiical (pii'.stion, that tlu' jiivci.si' thito ol' this li'ttcr is not Liiscii. ISiit little intcri'st apiwars to have liocn fxtiti-d hy tlic "ntoni'," and noliodv , if \vt' rcli'i' to till' first ao'oiints, apiicars to lia\t' roj.'anli'd it as (Nintaininff aiiiliahclifal c'harartcrs. .Mr. ( 'li'iiifiis ilills into the |io|inlar riior of considtMini; the hcad.s as "iNorv." Tlicx lia\c' lii'fii I'oi'iid to he loinuil ol' sca-slit-'lls, (sec 'riiiiisiictions ol' till' iViiii'ricaii Ktlniojoiiical .Sicirlv. \'ol. I..) and MLiri'c in their slia|u' with the ancient wanipiini as diselosed ill Wotein N<\v York and at lievcrlv in Canada, lie also states the corliiMl la\ers of the larire oak which stood at the to|i of liie central jiart of the inoiiiid. :it tiiree hundred: tliev are stated hy Mr. 'I'oinliiison at ahoiit live hiindreil. (.\iii. I'ioiM'er. piiiic I'.i'.f) This appears to he a point of some importance, as hy the lattiT statement, we lia\(' the date of .V. D. I.'I.'IS, as the era of the ahaiidomiieiit of the moiiiiil. and hy the former. A. 1). I-VIS. or yi'/7//-.s/,c i/Ktrs nf/ir the discovery of the eounlr\ liy Coluiiiliiis. De l,eon di.-covered Kloiida in I'll "J. Kidiii till' ciillictioii of 'reriicau Campaiis, the month of the .Mississip|ii appears to have lifcn discovered in I'l'JT. 'I'lieie \\oiild he no inconsistency in Mijiposinj; that some of the foilouersof De Soto had carried a Cell iheiic inscription into the valley of the Ohio. Dr. .Nioildii (''laiiia .\m.. I'iate ."i.".) lm\cs a lit;iire of the cranium found in the upper vault, from a drawing; h\ Mr. Clemens, and states its facial aniile at 7S '. 'I'liis ciaiiiiim has heeii recently drawn hy ('apt. S. Kastman. C S. A., from the ori^iinal in the pos-icssioii of Dr. De Mass of N'ii'Liinia. (See I'late .'IS. Kii;ure ti.) Its posterior developments appear to he lari;e. and assimilate it to the Southern type of crania. -M. .lomard. of I'aris. (vide Sirnmli Xn/i m//' inn I'ii rn (Irnrrr truini i/nni ini (incliu tniiniliis Ann riciilii.] is inciiiieil to (let III it all inscription in tlii' ancient Fiihvan laii.;;iiai;i'. lie had hel'ore him. however, luit an imperfect copy of tlie inscription, which was tiansmitteil in ls:;'.t, hy .Mr. iMiireiie \'ail; ln'injr the copy (M'iginally piiiilishe(| ill ilu' Cincinnati paper hy .Mr. 'I'ovvnseiid. which had misled others. Dr. Wills De iiass. of Crave Creek, has ivceully (IS.'.O) hnaiiiht to Wasiiinjrton the oriiiiiial stone, a fac-simile of which is wiveii hv Ca[)t. .'^. Ivistman, V. S. A. (I'late .l.^. i''ij:iire i.) lie has also copied its i-everse. ( l''iL'ure "J. I 'I'liese drawinfrs accurately eoircspoiid willi ihe copv pulilisiicd hy the .\iiiericaii l']llinoloi;iral Societv in l>lti. The same ailisi has al.-o copied the ancielil Celtic iiiscriplion hel'ore referred to. (i'late lis. FiL:ure .'1): also a enrions device, foiniil in one of the minor mounds at (liave ''1^ J--^^ k TIlis il in ■rii>r .1 'i )# !('! {!. I k f . «. *^ /:,.. R' f/ll [nav\ohai/iiavoa//m Lvo/\/wiAv It.. I ^1 I I u ""3 I .', .>■ .ii;.1 fl'ir i«-i ••■: r I ] I I 4 lit ' I -ft :| iN I I H If It! r 5; 1 \ 1 i i ^ i li ■ If A NT I (III T I |.;s. Civck Fliils (Imuihc I) ; anil I ciiriiliir stone, without insciiptioii. hut iilfntval in If iviulor ilcrial with the inscriptioii sloiif. (Fijiiiiv •') ) TIich. facts will t-nahk- tl to Ibnu his I'vii jiKJniiR'iit in thr mat or. ini (iravc Crc , Flats appears to hnvo heoii tiio nite of an aneient Indian town of portance. ,*"i'vimi mounds, or their remains, still existed upon these Hals in IMI. althoiifrli the ] loiiuli and the s|iade had done nnieli to oMiterate the small Tiiere were al-o traces of a larj;e cireular work, endiraeim;- a part of tiie piil.ji. leading- nortli-east to the hills. The relation oft! el' one: lesi' se\eral olijeets is shown l)\' I'l; Ite !•. After crossing' this low ;ironnd, tli ere were also traces of a circumvallat itui on the more elevated level ;:rounds; and on risinj;- the hills to Parr's [•( (piite entire ami undistin'hed, the luins of a tower or look-out. u| point of uroinid on the farm of .Mr. .Miteheitree. (See Plate .'I'.l.) oint. there was sti ion a eonnnanclmji' 'i'liis work had Keen commenced hv excavatiu':- the earth .-several feet. wallinj; il up with roMiih sloni's. in the manner of a well. From the ipnnitity of raiien stones around ami wiliiiii this e\ca\atuin. tl d. F lis tower nuist haxc heen manv feet alio', tiie irouiid. F\er_\ one of the stones of \\hich il is composed, nnist iiave heen carried up the acclivitN for nearly a mile; as the surface of the hills consists entiivlv '■'.) '{'here is also added, a view of the Ohio l!i\ci', taken from the rude ol)scr\ atorv which has li.'eii constructed at the top of the 'jiv.it, mound lookint; to and across the Ohio, into Peliuoiit Couiitv. ( Plate 7- I.) ite 2'.K Fi-ures I. -2. I. lepresi lit a stoiH' lilock-priiit and its i reverse. isfil an al|ilialM'li. •. < 'I'lic insiTiption ol' this tiMiiiiliis. il' it lie true, is liirciLiii. 'I'lic i|ii(sii.;i 111' it^ p'liiiincncss must ri'sl on llic \i",acit\ of Mi', 'rniniiiisnii, ami liis iiri^lili.irs wliii liavi' iiiiilt'il ill liis slatcnii'iits. On the sciirc of its iiciiiL;' el' llifric nri:;iil. tile arriiiilll i<\' \h ( 'Iclliclis, \\\h) is tlic least l'a\(iraliie tu tlie antii|ility of the luiiiiiiil. i)|i|«ises no liar !>> a liireiuii tlieoiy. (liviiii;'. as liis I'aets do. tlie d.ite of lo^IS. I'lit-- it l\\ent\-si\ y( ,^1's al'tei' tlie discovery of {''loi'lda liy IK- I.eoii. and one \far siilisi .jiient to tlie di^eovei's of tlie iiioiitli of tlie .M ississijijii l)\ Naivaez. A struiii:er oli|«Miioii is liiuiid III till- iiia:>ility ol' the ( 'o|ienlia;ien antii|uariaiis to read it. while ai knowled^iiii;- a laiye iioiiion ol' its eliaiacter to he in the ."siianish type of the Celtic, 'j'lie liillowiii;:- characters arc I'oiiinion. it will he seen, to the inscription at Diiihton liock and (Iraxc Creek .Moninl. namely; 0X1- -^ ^''" -i'<"'h'r amount of reseni- Maiice to it appears in t he "stick-hook ' character ol' the ancient lirii i>h Celti<'. 'I" his i> percri\eil in the <'haracters ( I ) AX X , \^ hicli are common to 'mili inscriptions, naiiielx. the Celtic and the \'iri:iiiic. There would appear to !ie miiiic ;jroniids here l'"i- the \Vel>li tradition of .Madoc, We liavi' thus three ins I. The (diaracters on this stone appea, to he as follows. O A. • f^ ■ I'lieie I ;> ,> r a. ) , "^p .5-'^t:^ I p i < # •^^. ''*^^.' u \ i li I ' ki 'f i. i't I? ( I' ! i- \l ' * 11 :' S ,i :i 311 i ! iU I 1 1- I I ill < ■ ' i ;: id y 1 fl n 1 r 1 1 r i ■ !^ 1 1 1 t i F 1, I I I 11 M .1' < J i- if i ' ; ^ ; ■ ^' ■ 1 M J d ■ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) % \- s. are utterly childish and worthless. Not so with his traditions of events. Whi^n be comes to speak of the Indian mythology, and beliefs in spiritual agencies, the monster period, and the M-ar.s and wanderings of his people, he is at home, — and history may be said to ])e indebted to him for telling his own story of these things in his own way. So much for Cusic. The account of the shipwreck runs somewhat after this manner. Wiiile the bulk of t!ie Iroquois were yet in the St. Lawrence Valley, a ship appeared on the coast, and was driven southward and wrecked. The natives aided in saving them. The ailventurers were in leathern bags, and were carried l)y hawks to an elevation. They afterwards wont to another situation, wliere they increased so much as to excite the jealousy of the natives. They were finally overrun and eaten u\) by great monster quadrupeds, which overspread the country. Stripped of its hype; bole, this story may be supposed to toll, that the mariners were dressed in leathern doublets, and owed their rescue from the waters to a trilie called » ! m . \. «, J, J i!(f ij fll 1 :: B : : .! I if P •S: ^^=' il i ; ^ |i 1 1 i •" f 1 i 1 , I si il i I 3 i i 126 ANTIQUITIES. Falcons ; that thoy flourished by followiiif; the priiiciploa of civilization ; so as, in the ciul, to excite the enmity of those who hiid saved them, and that the infant colony was exterminated in blood. This tradition probably aflbrds a gleam of the lost colony of Virginia, and veils in metaphor the treachery and turpitude of the natives. Nothing would comport better with the Indian character of concealment, than to have shrouded this act of cruel extermination under the figure of the ravages of monsters. The Tuscaroras, who relate the event, are known to have Ijecn, from the beginning, unfriendly to the whites. The terrible nnissacro which they had planned, and in jiart executed, against the North Carolinians in 1711. was probably a recurrence in their minds of a prior traged}' of this kind, which had proved snccessful. Even if the first Virginia coh»ny, which 2)erished at "Croatan," had been exterminated by the I'owliatanie tribes, the knowledge of its success may bo considered to have been sullieient to insjiire the Tuscaroras with hopes of like triumph in their own nefarious design. i kiSii ANTIQUITIES. 127 [Tlio Ibllowiiir; (loscription of certain luiinan skeletons, supposed to be in armor, found at Full Kivor, or Troy, in Massachusetts, is fnun the pen of George Uibbs, Esq. It is drawn with that writer's usual caution and archaeological acumen.] Some 30iirs since, accounts were i)ublished in the llhode Island nowspapers, and extensively copied elsewhere, stathig that a .skeleton in armor had been discovered near Fall liiver, on the Khode Island line. A full description wa.s also pulilished in one of our periodicals (it is believed the American Mcmthly Magazine), and thi'iice co[)ied into Stone's Life of Brant (appx. 19, Vol. 2), in which, from the character of the armor, it was conjectured to be of Carthaginian oilghi — the remains of some sliip- wrecked adventiu'cr. Other theories have been more recently started, in conseriucnce of the disco\eries of the N(jrthern Society of Danish Anticpiarics, and their interpre- tations of the hieroglyphic figures on the rock.s at Dighton and elsewhere, which attribute the remains to one of the fellow-voyagers of Thorfin. These spccidations, liowever, seem to Inive been made without any critical examination of the bones themselves, or the metallic implenien's found witli them. The discovery, during the last summer (1839), of other bodi'r>s, also with copper ornaments or arms, led to a more particular inquiry, and my informant, who was then at Newport, proceeded to Fall liiver lor the purpose of ins])ecting them. The following description was prepared by him from notes taken on the spot, and is to be relied on as strictly accurate. It may serve to correct a f\ilse impression in a matter of some his- torical inij)ortance, and lor that reason only is deemed worthy of attention. "The Skeleton found some yi. u's ago is now in the Athena?uni at Troy. As many of the ligaments had decayed, it has l)een put together with wires, and in a sitting posture. The bones of the feet are wanting, but the rest of it is nearly- entire. The skidl is of ordinary size, the forehead low, beginuing to retreat at not more tlian an inch from the nose, tlie head conical, and lai'ger behind the ears than in front. Some of the facial bones are decayed, but the lower jaw is entire, and the teeth in good preservation. The arms are covered with llesh and pressed against the breast, with the hands almost touching the collar-bone. This position, however, may have been given to it after being dug up. The hands and arms are small, and the body apparently that of a person below the middle size. The flesh on the breast and .^onie of the u]i|)er ribs is also remaining: it is of a black color, stringy, and much slinnd\. The leg bones correspond in size and length with the arms. A piece of copper plate, ratiier thicker than sheathing copjjcr, was Ibund with this skeleton, and ''i 11 ! !« ' .i p I 5- ji i ;; j.^ 128 A N T I liU ITI E S . i '*: lias ])vvn liimji roiuul tlio neck. This, however, does not seem to be its orijiiniil ]iositi()ii, as there were no iiiari, and in various other places. They are als(j found in many of the tumuli of the West. Those of the New England Indians may have been obtained from the people of French Acadie, who traded with them long before the Plymouth settlement. From these circumstances it ajjpears that the skeletons at Fall River were those of Indians who may possibly have lived during the time of Piiilip's wars, or a few \ears earlier, but that they are onl}- those of Indians. i ■ I ■!i i il. ,;,; ■ '■■■;* l'. i: m i r hi i! I > Hi I K I ' It I If If I ri ; li II- ■ I :' *. 11 H;^ ^: fi'l ! [i ^y IV. IMLVSICAL GI^^OGRA IMIY. (l:!l) I 'i,! ! I . •!;i; 1 it'^ < !*; ri'P i iJi i.^i Iff •i iif ii-li - 1 ill r^ IV. PHYSICAL (ilKMiU AIMIY. \f: i|*i^ A. ( Jiii;;rii|iliiciil iiiiniiinniila r('s|ircliii;; (lie iliscuvcrv cil' llic Missiisiiiiii ij\ii-, wllli ;i iii;i of ill sdiiriT. n. (idid i1i'|iiisit III' Califiirnia. C. Miiit'riilii;,'i('iil mill j^'cof^'niiiliical iiotici'^, ilciioiiiif^ tlie viilut' of ilic iili(iri;.'iiiiil liiri|iii_v. t. Till 111! tlic KillisilH I'iui', willi II nkctc'li. l'. Wisciiiisiii mill Iowa lend mcs. ;i. niack oxiilc 111' rojipoi' >'( Kiikc Siipi'rinr. ■t. Ntttivu nilvci' III" the drift stratum of Michijjaii. ."). IVtridoiim nf the Cliickasinv land.''. • !. Artesian lioring.s fur salt in tlic Onondajja ]dati'an. 7. (jL'Oj^raphy of the (loiieni'o cimntry of Wostcrii New Vink. I). Existinp (^I'olojiical action of the (Ircat Lakes, with a I'late. E. Antii|Me osteiilo;;y of the moiistor period. V. An .iliiiri;;iiial I'allailhiiii, as exliihited in the Oneida Stone, with a I'lale. (i. Minnesota. 'l:!! 1 1 i'V' . i) A. CEOr.RAlMIICAL MEMORANDA H K S I' K(! T I X (I TIIK ruor. liESS OF the discovery of the m ississi pim R I V E R. W I T H A M A I' ( ► F I T S ,- o IM! (' E . 1. It apiJOiirs, IVom the iiivluvoloiiical I'olli'otions of Tiriimix ('niiiiinnx. tliiit tho month of tlic Mi.s.si,s.si[)i)i was (li.scovorcd hy tlu- S[)ani,sli from Cuba, iimU'i M. Narvuoz. the contemporary and antaf^onist of Corte.'*, in tlie niontli of November, \\\'ll, (iiirini; an expedition made with boat.s to trace the Floridiau coasts of tho Gulf we.stwardiy.' Mexico had fallen into their hands but six years before — an event by whicii a period ' The cnnnoetiim of these papers with the pitst uiul present history and eniiditiiin ol' the linliaii Irilies, wlio arc tlie ininiediate suhjeet of these iiU|uiries, will lie reeofrnisoJ. ' This fact is not, however, spceially stated in the louse traiislalioiis of Termuix, whieh are wilhiiut maps uf the journey. The inference is plain. i \ '■ il I '11 . i i f. ; |; i w, '■' if^ Itf '' t-m i J {{•*'• /^lIBH I IM n 1.14 PHYSICAL (i F,0, at large, the discovery of the interior of the vast Indian territorii's lying north of the Gulf, which now compose the rnited States. If he was disapiwiiited on his march in stiunl)ling on kingdoms al>ounding in gold and wealth, such as Corte/ and Pizarro had found in the South, he may he said, in falling on the Mississi[)pi river, to have found a valley more intrin- sically valuahle, in after times, than any or all the discoveries of his mon linnous predecessors. It was in 1511 that he reached the hanks of luis stream. It is, to some extent, uncertain at what particular point lie struck it, or how far his followers penetrated north. It is manifest from the existing names of streams and places that he [lassed through territories occupied hy the Cherokees and Musgogees. Anti(|uarians and eihnologists may Mell examine this (piestion, in all its hearings, as it is not improbahle that some features of our westei'ii anti(piities, lying north of the mouth of Mic Ohio, whirli it is common to refer to earlier times, may he found to have had their origin im farther Iia-k than the era of the expedition of De Soto. '■]. When De Soto lauded in Florida, the present area of the Uniteil States, and all north of it. n'luaiiu'd a vast terra incognita. The Cahots had seen the North Atlantic coast in ll'.tT; the Cortereals had proliahly followed his track. Bejond this its geography remained a blank. Its rivers, and mountains, and lakes, were not even conjectured, or, like the nebula' of astronomy, served only as the basis for hypothesis. Cartier, who ascended the St. Lawrence eight } ears later, namely, in 1535, appeared to have had no idea, if we are to judge by his journals, either that there was such a river as the Mississippi on the continent, or that it lay west of the vast, unexplored territories which he apprehended the Indians to call " Canada." This navigator, on his second voyage, ascended to the island and town of Ihu i]i:i..\(i.\, which he reached on the ;!d of October, looo, and to the apex of which he gave the name of Mojit li'j;/!' tliis streuin lying Ixitwecn the niouths of the Wisconsin and Illinois. Lewis Hennepin had accompanied La iSalle to the Niagara; was present at his opening conncils with the hanghty Iroqnois, also at the bnilding of the fh'st vessel designed to navigate the lakes, and accompanied him in it to the position of Green 1)^3', and afterwards in canoes, by way of " the Miami," — now St. Joseph's' — to the Illinois. A Recollet, l)ent only on exercising the appropriate functions of his order among the Indian tribes, he descended the Illinois from the site of Fort Crevec(enr, with two men, (Picard and Aco) ; while La Salle, pressed by the innninence of his adiiirs, returned f>i/ laud, mi ■siiowsJnwft, to Fort Frontenac.^ The descent of the Mississippi by Hennepin, from the Illinois to the Gulf, lias been called in (juostion, with api)arent good reason, from discrepancies in his fu'st jjublished and suljsequent accounts ; from which it is very nuicli doubted how far hi' actually descended, or whether he ever descended below the Illinois. This doubt does not attach to liis capture by hostile Indians, several days' jom-ney above the mouth of the Illinois, and being carried by tiiem above the Falls of St. Anthony, to the Kiver St. Francis; liotli which received their present 'lames from him. This constituti's the most northerly point of his voyage, and denotes the true, undisputed field of his exploration. T). The unfrocked monk, Geudeville. who travelled extensively in Canada, and published his "New Voyages to North America," under the name of the Haron La Ilontan. is the next claimant to notice, in the section of the upper Mississippi, above the mouth of the Wisconsin. — It is doul)ted liow far this jolly soldier and do/i vimiit travelled west. lie had served at various points in the interior, and leaves no reason to doubt his presence, at various times, at St. Joseph's, (now Fort Gratiot) Jlichilli- mackiuac, Green Bay, and other points in the ri'gion of the upi)er Lakes. It is the opinion of i)ersoiis best acipiainted with the geography of the river Wi.xconsin, that he went no farther than Green I5ay. Others have seen in the description of the Fox and Wisconsin Valleys, evidences of his writing from personal observation, although there is nothing between the extreme eastern and western points of these two valleys, described by him, which he could not have fully learned at (ireen Bay from the Indians, or the (oKrkrs da Jinit:. However this may bi'. there can be but little ([uestion of the character of the fiction he attempted to palm olf on his EuiDpean readers, by the description of his discovery and cxploralion of a meat stream falling into the Mississijjpi, some nine days' journey al)ove tlie Wisconsin, to which he gi\es the name of "Long Kiver." Ct. Geograi)hers have in vain searc:ln'd for " Long Kiver." If eitln'i- the upper Iowa, tiie Canon River, (called La Ilonton by Mr. Nicolet.) or the St. Peter's, be meant, ' Of Lake Micliigiii]. ■On \.Ac Oiit;iiiii. Let Mil Aiiioricaii Iki.-isI lliat ln' li;i.- rxcculnl llii- |iiiii' mI' li^irJilnjod. ANTIQUITIES. 137 110 10 JX iih IS. 10 lo •iUl kOS .a. lit, 1| t neither of tlio.so streiiius corros|)oiKl at all to liis desoriplion. The St. Potor's, the largest and longest ol" the luiinlior, would not .siiflioe, in length, tor a tenth part of hi.s protracted voyage, extending from Noveinbor od to January liGth. Of the "ivV.vwvw," '•KsfKdniprx," and other populous tribes of sounding names, mentioned by "The Baron," no one, before or sinee, has ever hoard. All those streams, as is well ioiown, were iuliabitcd during the latter part of the ITtii oentury as at tliis day, oxelusivcly by tribes of the Dacotah or Sioux family. Indeed, the entire portion of the Baron's letter, dated Mieiiillimackinae, May li.Sth, KIS!), (page lUO to loj. Vol. I., London, 170.'),) in whieli he doseribos his voyage and diseovt'ries on this extraordinary stream called '• Long Itivor," as well as his subso([uent ^ isit tu, and iij>, tin' Missouri, is a literary curiosity, wliicii, if we except the famous imaginative history of Formosa, is unexoeliod in bibliography, for its liohl assiimiition in attempting to imi)ose on a cre('). Philada. ed. ISIO.) 14. Geograjthers consider that branch of a river its true source, which draws its watt'rs from tiie point most renuite from its mouth. Li this view, neither tlu^ Leech liake, — which is. however, the largest nurss of water tributary on that plateau or formation, — nor I'pper Red Cedar Lake, which is a mere expansion of the Mississi]ipi, can, by any nutans, be deemed the source of this ccK'bratitl stream, consistently with oin- present information. Rut the servants of tlie North-west Comi)any, wlio were assiduous in their attentions to Lieutenant Pike, while they oU'ered to facilitate his minor trips of exploration from Sandy liako to Leech Tiake, and Fjiper Red Cedar Lake, wen* content to let him depart with as precise a compliance with his requests as the nature of these permitted, without attempting to enlarge voluntarily the cycle of his knowledge of tlie general topographical and statistical features of the country at large. Whether policy or some other motive dictated this, it is certain that these agents of a foreign power did not lay before him — what they, as intelligent men, should certainly have known — the actual poiut or points from which this river draws its primary waters. 15. Tluy gave him the Turtle Portage, as the ultim.atc source; — a summit little exceeding forty miles north of the north-eastern shores of Upper Red Cedar Lake. ^;i ril YSICAI- (i I'lOC. UA I'll Y. 1(1 At tli(! saiiic tiiiic, tlit'V coiiciincd in tlu' ()|iiiii<)ii of Mr. 'I'lioiiipson, iiii iistruiioincr forincrlv ciiiplovcd liy tlm Nortli-wcst, ('(iiiipaiiy, lliiil llic iiiiliuniil liDiiiuliiiy, to Im ii//i oI" tlnit iioint, and liy a eliaiinel lint little .short of two luindred miles. It). I'iki' set out from Ijceeh l.ake on his return, on the iSthof l'"ei)i iiaiy, ISdii; and rejoined his jiarty in the fortified camp at I'ine Creek, helow l'!ik IJixcr. on the ^\•est l)anks of the Mississippi, on the olh ol" March. Tiie river heuan to opi ii on tiie Itli of April, and he was ahle to set sail, down stream, in his lai^esl pcroLiue, on tiie 7th of tiiat month. Kloatini;' on tlie spi'iniA' tides, he was iuipelled foi'ward with o\traordinar\' velocity, and reached I'rairie dn (,'liien on the IStli of April, anil linally returned to St. Tiouis, on llie .">nt!i of April, iSOli, after an ahsence of ei^ht months and twenfy-two days; of which the jireater [)art was jtassed ahove St. Anthony's Falls. 17. Th(! spirit of (hscovery now paused jiir twelve; years, [n tlie early part of 1 S2ll, the Kxecntive of Miciiigan Territory, at Detroit, (leneral Lewis Cass, trinisiuilted a memorial to the froverrnnont, suL'^jicstini; the continuation of the discosciy at the point ])re\iously dro]ipe1|:' ' i ) ( t •, M , ' %i '4 • % \ ■ili 142 1' II Y SIC AT, (;k()»; ha ni y. t-r !i 1 ' .■ (•Imnjr'mj;- tlii'ir realty I'nmi a f.'()\('riiiiii'iit wliicli llicy liml t'vcr liciinl cxtolli'd, mid wliicli tlu'v iidiiiirtMl as a model of slreiii^lh and ina;;naiiiinily, lo inie wliicli tliey rejiai'dcd as ratlier aiita.ii'oiiistieal to all this. Tliis second display oi' tlie national lla^, tlieret'ore. in that renioti' (|narter. with a r<'ne\val of liie elVorts to |)rodii('(> a permanent, peace hetween the Sionx and ('lii|)pe\va tribes, and ti manilestalion of the ability ot" the American f^overnment lioth to ilaiiii its rijriits, and i.nrf its power over the country, had ii deeidt'tl I'flect upon the aliorinii.;','. And from this era we may date? till! estalilishment of American sM|ireinacy and a favoi'alde state of feclioi;' in that (piai'ter. Katawaheda. Fre/./ie, Ciuele l''at, and other Icaiiin^' chiefs, who Inid attended Pike's councils twelve years hefoi'e, were still alive. 'I'hese were chiefs in the heii^ht of their inlhience. is. (lovernor ("ass. who led this expedition, determined to make the de|iot of his heavy snpplii's. and leave his military o.scort, with part of his French canoe-nu'n, at the ])ost of Sandy liake, and |)roceed with lijiiit canoes, and a select party, to ascend the rivei'. Considering' his initial point to he Sandy I,ake, he was now at an esti- mated distance of ahont two hundred miles above the site of Pike's winteriui; jirounds in 1805-1). It was the month of July — the face of the country exhibited its sunnner aspect, spotted, as it is, with almost innumerabli> lakes, savannahs, and rice lands; and it was hoped the waters of the higher sunnnits, or i)lateaux, were still sullicit'nt to piM'iuit n;ivitration to its t'artliest source. 10. The elite party selected for the ascent (Mnbarked in cano(>s of jrood capacity at Sandy Lake, on the 17th of July. Two days' diligent ascent brought them to the Falls of Puckagama; so called by the Chippi'was. from the poi'tagc which it is necessary to make across an elbow of land I'ornu'd by the ])assage of the river through a formation of quartzy sand rock. In this passage the rivei- is much comiiressed, twists greatly in its channel, and rushes with a foaming \elocity, without a perpendicular fall. It forms, however, an absolute bar to the navigation. Al)ove this jioiut spr(>ads the Leech fiake level or summit. This summit abounds in I'xtensive savannahs, rice fields, and open lakes, and which are interlaced, as it were, with passages that may be navigated by canoes most of the season. The party pa.ssed the Ficech Lake fork or inlet on the third day from Sandy Lake; and having the next day entered Little Lake Winnipec — an expanse of the channel — again entert'd the river, and pursut'd it to I'ppi'r Ked Cedar Lakt', which the party entered on the 'Jlst of August. 'IMiey encamped on the west side of the mouth of Turtle River. This constituted the terminus of the ^■oyage. On their return route the jiarty ilescendi'd the Mississiji[)i, by the way of St. Anthony's Falls, to the mouth of the Wisconsin, and by the Wi.s- consin and Fox valleys to Green Bay, Chicago, and the lakes, the shores of which were topographically traced. 20. By this second expedition of the government to determine the sources of the Mississijipi, the channel was first traced from Pike's Stockade, at the falls of the is:?. 17 ! W:\ I'll VS K; A L (i KlKi HA I'll V, 148 I'iiint . iiiK'k, to V\)\)i'v l!cil Ci'dar liiiUc, or Ciism I^iikc, so iiniiicd to picvciil itw hi'iii;^ coiifoiiniioii with miollicr Vwd Codur (iiikt; Ir'Iow Siiiuly LiiUc. TIio HJiorcs of i-nkcH Huron, iMicliifian, iiiid Superior, were topoj^'nipliicidiy tniccd |p\ ''iiptiiiii Dou^das, an •r olliccr troin West I'oint Acadcmv, to;j;ctlicr with tli valic^H tl ic nvcfH St. fiouis and Savainrdi, wiiicli fonn the coMncctiiif!; link of coniinnnicalion jjctwccn Lako SniK'rior and Sandy l-akc of the upper Mississippi. It revealed the p'oioMicjii and mineral .structure of tiie lias.n of Lake Superior; Ihe vast diluvial plains restiiifj; on primitive and volcanic rock, on the source of the Mississippi, and the hroad northern terminal edires of the ^ireat carhonirerons and maj^nesian linn'slones of the Mi isissippi \ allev. 21. (leojiraphers still lelt, that tiie actual source of the Mississipiii was not det( as llowiu}:' ni. on Ih Tniiied. The (!hip])ewa hands at ("ass Lake, descrihed the ii\( south-west end of that lake, in a \-oluine not inferior in width to its outlet. They reporli'(l it as e.xpandini;; into numerous lakes, with many falls, and se\ere rapids, over which the river descended from hijilier levels. 'I'hey allirmed its actual orij^in to he a sheet of water called liy the l<'ri'uch A<"' In /ii'r/ii: — that is, KIk Lake; lyinjr in or amidst chains of hills whiidi se[)arato its waters from tliose tlowinj^ north, into tin; great basin of fjake Winnipec of Hudson I?a}\ 22. In iS2.">, the I'nited States determined to carry out this e.\|)loration of its northern domains. Major S. H. Louf.', l'. S. A., entered and a.scended the; St. I'eters; passiu}^ from its head-waters to the Ked Kiver of the North, which he pursued to its mouth in (Jreat Iiak(> Winnipec ; traversed the southern shores of that lake to the outlet of the Lake of the Woods, and thence hy the Rainy Lak(! route and Fort William, on the norlhurn shores of Lakt^ Superior, procooded to the Sault Ste. Marie. A louf^ line of the o.xtremo northern frontiers of the Union was thus laid open and de.scribed. 23. A Mr. Heltrami, who hail att.achcd him.self to Major T,oiiff's ])arty, left him at the Scottish settlement of Lord Selkirk, about Fort Dou"las, or Kildunnan, on Ked liivor, and took his way back ui) the Red Lake Hiver into ]{ed Lake, and thence i up •y the usual traders' route, across the sunnnit of Tin-tle Portage to Turtle Kiver, and down this stream to its inlet into Cass Tjake, — at the very point where the expedition of 1S20 had terminated its explorations. Mr. Beltrami, whose volume, in many re.'orta;;es. and intersectiii;;' lakes I carrieil inv liajiiiaue and canoes to the Xniitii/.-di/iin liranch of the St. Croix, and lU'scended the latter to Yellow l!i\('r. The state ol' the war which it was son,i;lit to allay hetween the ('hi[)iiewas and Sioiix, led nie to reascend the St. Croix and the N'aniaUa,i:on. and IVoin tlu' hanks of the latter to cross the portaszo to Ottowa Lake. — one of the sources of Chijipewa l!i\i'r. 'I'heuce I dcsceii ^ireiiti'Ht IkxIv oI' water; altliouf^li tlic Ita.xciiii — ciiHimI liy liim the " Wiimipiiiiic liraiicli" — ilruw its waters tnnii tin- ri'iiiotcst jHiinl. It is sliowii tliat ia'i'cli fiaki', iiiiil the t'litiro volmno of water added to it l>y t'leven tribiitatie.s lietween its iiumtli and Sandy Lake, liave not dnplieated the volume (tf water as determined i>y width. 27. 1 encamped my l)arty, and made my depot on a hn'j.'e island which Htan necessar\- owe\ei'. 1)1 iS. I left my encampment on tiie island ;it four o'( A. M..on til.' loth of .luiv, III live small liuntinu' canoes, eacii liavi an Indian and a Caiiadiaii in its 1i< d stern ; the whole lieiii'.:' ii nder the "iiidaiice ol' the chief of the \ iihiLie. < ):.tiiriiii(/il>. or tl Yellow Head. I took tiie chief into m\- caiKK'. with the me; •t, oilcloth, kettl aiiit a.\e. Lieut. Allen had liernal of the topografihical department. Dr. Houghton put his plant-jiress hcside iiim. am my interpreter, Mr. ilohnston, and the Hev. Mr. Hoiitwell, a iiii.^sioiiary in ll I a le seiA ice (f the A. H. C. F. M., each occupied separate ci uioes. It rciiiiireil sUil ind I sp; ecd, e\ell ^Vl for a |)ractised man, to sit in so ticklish a vessel, ami in so confined moved forward rapidly, whenever the water would pei'iiiit. An hour's workiiiir witii paddies, lirouirht us near to tiie end of the lake, where, to avoid a very serpentine course of tiie river, we made a portage of fifty yanls, from tlie shores of the lakt' into the river above. We passed, in a short distance, two small lakes, heing expansions of tlie river. Numerous severe rapids were encountered. I'p some of these, the men drag'^ed our canoes. Partly in this way. and partly hy tiie force of paddles, we pressed on, step by step, and at last reatdied the summit of tlie /' //(/(///(/(/^/((n/r/. or Cross-water Lake, at the computed distance of forty-live miles above Cass Lake. This was the first essay. ' N;irniliv>' nt' ;ui Kx]ir.litiun tliroiiLrli tlu' I'l'jx'r Mi^^i^^illlli to Itascii Lake. New Vuik, Ilai'iiors, ISO-l. ! J- j1 • Ml ■ , : ( :, ■'! fiii i !lU lit! I'll VSICA I, (I KOti It A I'll Y. "il" I { .: ■;' ■ i F." 21). Tiu> (.'roKn-watiT Lake, (iillcd Tin'i r^i l)\ tlic FiiMii'li, in, in ovfry rcatiiri', iv bciiiitiriil flu'i'i nl' cIciH' wiiliT, ciniic ten nr a (lo/.i'ii miles ill iciijitli. It licH on tin' i^aiiic >iiiiniiit as 'i'lirllc Lake, wliicii has liccii ho Iimi^ iiiiil ho iiii|irii|i('i'l\ rcpiiUMJ as till' HoMici- 111' llir MifslHsippi. 'I'lic cji'S aliciii 1)1' {\\v Cross-water, or I'ei'iiiiiljgiiina, lias Ih'cii (l(leiiiiiiie(lli_\ liaroiiietrii'iii oiiser\atioii at riri}-t\vo I'eel al>o\e ('ass hake.' It is a point \N iiicli iii.iv lie noted in the to|ioi.ira|ili\ oi' tliis stream, as its most estreiiie I'.xteiisioii of iioilli latitude; all its waters alio\e tliis lake, iiein;; from sources sonlli or soiitli-west of this parallel. Its most Hoiitherly point is put, in Mr. Nieolei's tables, ill hit. 17' -JS' 1(1". .'ID. Hall' a mile iihovc this we entered a lake, to wliieli tlie niimc of Wasliinjitcai Irviiiji was ^ivt'ii. This lake ini;:lit he deemed ii re-e\paiision of the Cross-water, were it not sejiarateil from it hy a narrow sirail. or elianiiel, lia\ iiii; a pereepliMe eiirrent. Alpini( jiiiir miles hi;;lier, the Mississippi is marked h\ the Juiicticni of its piimary li)rks. holh of which originate in the ele\jileil lieii;hts of Ihe lliiiiliiir i/,s Tims. The rij;hl hand, or largest Inaiich, orij;iiiales in Itasca l,ali romjHniiihifK.f. There was no rock in place. Among the pel)bles of mixed jirimitive and sedimentary boulders, there were some of consideral)le size. There were the spinal and head bones of some lish. the remains of former feasting, at a deserted Indian camp, which is the oidy evidence known of the lake's yielding lish. There were also shells or bucklers of a species of large tortoise. We saw a fine deer, drinking at the margin of the lake. The water wa.s pure, deep, and cold ; and reflected, at the depth of .several feet, a clean, pebbly, and sandy Ixjttom. The topographical observations of Lieutenant Allen estimate its extreme length at seven miles. 30. Four years afterwards, — namely, in 1830, — Mr. J. J. Nicolet, who was under instructions from the United States Topographical Bureau, (Colonel J. J. A]»ert.) visited this lake. He reached it on the 29th of August, and we are indebted to him for several valuable scientific contributions. lie determined its latitude, at the island, to be 47° 13' 3u". The highest observed point of the Ilaiitvitr dcs Tirnx, he puts at 130 feet above the lake. His report, communicated to Congress after his deatli, by Colonel Abert, is a document of high value. Barometrical observations made by him make the extreme altitude of Itasca Lake, above the Gulf of Mexico, to be loTo feet. The same observer found the apex of the Jlaufi nr dis' Trrrcx to be 1080 feet above thc^ Gulf; a very inconsiderable altitude, if we consider it as the continental elevation between the West Indies and the Northern Sea.s. /'/,(/,■ 11 I'Ih' itmicil lliif nitlii iilr.yllif •nil' ,i/' Mr .W li„it/ri-u/'t I'lifliuii l,'Hi,//!h<< 1^ ^.I.V.V.IIl.l I. /■/•(.vr.ir • I. V\ MISXIKSIIMM RIVKK On,n.„ A, \' Ki.rittHK, r X J,.,n ././,,,„„„, /„/, -„-.7 i:,.;„l„;,„ \ > li li i' ' ill lii^^ lii.N f"*! ;;, ' I pi ! i, i 'f,: |I|T i ' 'rj j ' ')^' .1 - i I i' ^S I f »l #i| & ' s: * f'f- I i i n. (JOr.L) DEPOSITS OF CALIFORNIA. 1. I) ± Mi n. A I iscovcry. ikifiiciil (loscn|itioii (it siic'i'iiiu'iis sen it (lulil Mines. t to Wiir-Oflico. UK'ICllt (iijlll iMiIU'S. 4. Simth Amci-ican (IdIcI Mines — liir^re iiiasses I'mMnl. .'i. Extent ul" llie Calil'iirniii ileposils, ;inil ]ihin nf \viiiiy soiiio persons digjiino; the sluiee-wiiy lor a mill. S|)eciuiens of the various kinds of tlie metal and its matrix, were iorwarded to the Win- I)e[iartment hy tlie ehief military ollicer in command, in tlie month of Aui^ust. These specimens were not received at tlie War-Oilice till early in Decemher. I examinetl them in tiie lihrary of that ollice, on the Sth of that month. They consisted of thirteen sjiicimens of various minerals, chiell}- gold in some of its metallic forms. 2. Jndficd hy ext(>rnal character, the six'cimens admitted of heing grouped in the following manner : A. Small masses of native gold, in the separate form of grains and scales, or minute plates, from which all extraneous matter had heen cleanly washed. B. Similar ibruKs of equally fine, and liighly colored masses, witli the lou.is at till' rnitecl Stales Mint, has (leliTniiiicd the vahic of the golil spocimcns sent hy the Secretary lit' War, to lie, liet'orc nieltiiiir, SIS.O.'i.^ per ounce, and after refining, Sls.'ifl — deiiotiii},' an extraordinary degree of imrity in tlie native gold. - I'latiiia has heen found at only two places in South Anieriea; namely, at Clioeo, in New (irenada, and at ISarliaena, hetween 2" and (1° north latitude ; and this metal has never yet heen traced north of the straits of Panama. It is associated with palladium and iridium. It occurs, in these localities, in diluvial soils, almig with grains of gold, zineoii, spinel (piartz and magnetic ironstone. We may expect all these a.s.soeiations to he verified in the deposits of (^alif irnia. ^Tlie iii"st important mini's of einnahar now known, are at .Minaden, in ."^pain, which have lieeii worked upwards .if two thniisand years; at Idria, in I'riaul ; in the Palatinate; and at I'l'iix Pouts, in Spanish .\mcriea. The speeilic gravity of the .\lmadian ore is 7.780. The word cinnahur was anciently applied to the drug called 'This mineral is distrihuted widely in the rocks and soils of the I'liited States. It constitutes an element in all the rich alluvions nf the Mississippi Valley, and is very abundant on the shores of the upper lakes, where it is driven up hy the waves ; hut being heavier than the silicious sands, it sinks at the water's edge, while the former are winnowed out hy the winds, and form hanks at higher altitudes. Tons of it together, lie in this pure form, on the banks of Lake Superior. I ■ I, ill "-> ' ir.i UI'll (l| I'll VS 1 CM, (i I'KXi 1!A I'll V. tlid liistorv of till' iliscdNciy ul' tliis iiiiiiciiil in olIuT (|U;irti'rs nl' the ulolir. M tlio native j^old of Asiii. Africa iiini Kiii'c>|m'. of ancient pcrinils. \v;i^ loiind in cartiiy deposits in tlie beds or \;die\s of streams, or plains wliicli Innc licen piodnced rnini liie disintegration, liradual dcuiadation, or i'eiiio\al ol' pre-cNislinu' ro"'-s. 'riie earU' sonrces ol" j:iild bullion, of wiiicli liie bed of tlie I'ael example, lia\e bet ohis IS a irabli n loniz' exliiinstcd. And as tlie surface iioM of later ap's lias been |)iel\i'd up. or waslied out. its orii;in lias been ;;('nerally traced (o fixed veins in eoiili- !uons mountains, wliere tlie ex|)ense of erusliiiifi' tlie bard rociv iiiis been liaind t( itdl-niiili ei|ual to. and soineli mes mor( tlian, llie value of llie L;()ld. Ill oil ler cases then' lias been a complete exiiaustion, as at the Lead-liills in Scoliiiiid, wlieie. in tlu' tiino of (hieen Kli/alictli. C lOO.dOd sterling was obtained in a few seasons from the allnv ial soil, (.lameson.) 1. A \er\- large proportion of the nativi' gold of South America, which has \ieldeil more gold than any olln'r jiart of the world, is exploreil in dihniid or disintegrateil .soil, which is genei'ally found spread out at the foot of luoiinlains or oulliiirsling valli'vs from talde-lands. Such, too, was tlu' position of the Mexican Liold. althoii'^h, I' at iiresent. it is milled chii'lK- in (juartz veins, in connection with silver ami ol I" in nioiintams of nncaslate and unei!^ It is altogether probal >le. ami VMiulil he 111 ler ore; Id bl accordance with recorded facts in other |iarts of the world, that such should also be till! relative position of the native gold to the original gold-bearing veins in ('Mliliniiia. The fact of the existence of virgin gold in the plains of that provinct" \\as nut tin known to the Siianish. Iliimboldt, prior to ]S.\i\ incntioiis that tl ieie 1,^ a iilain i lourteeii leagues (forty-two JMiglish miles) in I'xteiit on the ('aliiiirnia coast, with an alluvial ' deposit, in which luin|)s of gold are dispersed, (vide Xueva Ks])aiiia.) The same author states that a lump of gold was found in Choco weighing twenty-live pounds, and that another was obtained near lia l*a/,. in I'eni, in I7.'!lt, \vlii( h vveiglird forty-two pounds. He gives the annual produce of the gold mines of the Spaiii,--li American colonies at 2"),()2t) ])ounds Troy. The gold of ]5ra/.il is chiefly washi'd I'rom the sands of rivers and other earthy and unconsolidated deposits, which stretidi at the loot of a high chain of mountains running nearly parallel to the coast, from 0° to oO" of south latitiiile. From this region nearly ;)0,(HI() Portuguese marcs of gold are annually exported to Europe, making the annual produce of gold of the gold mines of Spanish and Portuguese America, lo.o^'d pounds Troy; e([ual to !I.S14,2t>l) American dollars. 5. Whatever he the extent, value, and ]ievmaiiency of the gold distributed in the diluvium or later river deposits of California, — and it cannot he tloiibted to be relatively valuable, we shonUl adoj)t, in rt-lation to it, a. policy vviiich, while it respects 'riii.s term wa.s Viiguely applied, at tlic era, to two JiBtiuct cla.sses of plieuoinena. li '!, h i. ' I ■i Hji ii li ;;'l fi ^i If ' y ill i; r'ii ■; I'll vsi (A I, t; i:(i(i I! A I'll V, irMiilinc; lliiil llic\ lii' ill \('r\ I'liiisiih riilili llic t'\|"'iiriic(' ul' .scifiici', :iiii| lln' i'i'>iill> nl' mining iiiiil iiu'liiiliii'iiv in nllicr coiiiilrics ('(illllllrl|(U ilM'ir Id iiiir iii>l illll iciii-j lis lis i'>illl|ilrlit'ii>i\ I' mill [ilMi'l ii'lll rrillill'i'M. r>. Il is Hill' III' till' liails III' till' ini'l;illirrriills ililiuinl ili'|Misils ul' llir I'liilril Slilli'S lIlMl llirV s|i|illil UNCI' CVll'llsiM' lUi'ils ilr\ aliiiiis ;iliii\ I' llir |iirM'iit w iili'r-lr\ I'l iil' nil jili'rlll sras. lalvc-, ami rixcrs; llial llii'V ar>', as a ruiisriiiiriH'c. iVi'r IVciiii llir liriirial jHiwrr 1)1' ai'lioii wliiili lliisi' wali'is, in ilii'ir |iirsriil stall'. I'an i'M'iI ii|iiih llir arras as siicli ; aipj llial llir rN|i|iiraliiin ami wiirkiiiL; III' llii' liriis is allrnilcil uilli cuiiiiiaiatisil v liltli' lalmr or r\|ii'nsr. mi Imi'^ as till' riViirl is I'lnilinril In tlir soil. it wnillil il{i|ir:ir. in i'iinlrlil|'il \i'ins ol' miniTal iiialtiT umi- imni' r\li'iisi\i' ilislrii'ts. 7. Siii'li arc llir iiii|ii'rssiiins in I'saininiiii llii' ri'iiiarUaliir ililiivial ami iiiji'i'ti'il ili'|io^ils 111' L:ali'na ul' .Missouri. Iowa, ami iinrllirni lllimiis ; lln' '.!o|i| ilrlnis ami |ii'M)li' ililiaiuiii of liic .\ iipalai'liian s|iiiu' in liu' Soiitlirni Slairs; ami liic w iilr-sprrail ir liasiii III l.al\i I' I, i|irlior. Ill cai'li of tiiisi |i|n'f-lioiilili'r ililin iinn ol t ii:inal nirlai-ln'ariim' rocks have lici'ii lirokcn ilown li\ aiirii'iil liil I' i-asrs I III till ii\ lal ai'iioii. ami scalliTi'il over w iilc arras o r I'oiinlrv. In racli casi'. also, ilic Hisl iIIsi'iimt \ . or r\ I'll- liial wovkiiii: of ilii's. r\lcui|ioram'oiis iiiiiirs. w as aci'()iii|iaim'i| li\ a |iulilii' rxritciiiciil, liiimiic Is mil lliiiii.-aiuls ru>liiiit; to tlio liclil ; ami in racli case tlir r\|i!or itioiis Icrini- nati'il. alter the niosi cstrax at;anl anli('i|ialioiis ul' rasilv -l:iiI wcaltli, in tiariirj llir oriLiin ami ■•^n|i|ilv o r llir ilril'l ilrliosils til I'oiili'jin us \ cms III I lie nmli-'tiirneil n S. No ilctcniiiiialiiiiis can lie sal'elv iiiaile. <) /irlnii. ii|iiin llie cNteiil ami |ieriiiam'nl \aliieorilic liolil ilc|iiisits iimlei' consiileialion. Oiiraeliial know leilje ol' llie L:eiii;ra|ili v ami resiiuri'cs of tlu' cnmitrx is limiieil. Ol' ib ;\ ami iiiiiieralo'jv . I'm llicr tliaii eoiirliisions can lie liiu silili'. toLiether \\itli a valiialile aiiiniiut ul' inl'ui'iiialion coUectc'l of its N-Ciielalile |ili vsiulouy. ami iiiilitarv ami niantiiiie ai Kautaics. li\ t le se\er al olliccrs of the na\ \ and aniiw win. ha\i' i\ |i.iiteil ami iiuhlisheil the results of their uliscrv aliuns '.1. In t le Licoi;ra|i hieal ineinoir aecuni|i uniiiii' Culonel l'"i'i'iniint's niaii. ciHiiinmii aled to the .N'liatc. in cuniiiliaiice wi til ils resoliilions ul' the "itli and I'llh of la~l. the ."^acranicnto and ."'saii ,liiaci|iiin lii\ers arc ik'serilied as the natural if'Vi lop- nieiit of uiie \alle\. w huse waters, risin.;' at oiiiiosiie extreiiiilies. meet in its centre. ami Ul lile iheir (dianilels liefore reacliili'J- tide-water al the hrad of the I >i\ iri ,'>aii Frauciscu. Holh ri\ers are rcjircsenled as diawiiiL: ihi ir sources and chief Iriluilarir I'roin the Sierra Nevaila chain of iiiuuiitaiiis, ihrouiili ;i wide bell of " I'lul hills.' 1 .-t il III iiiii ur cliiiriictrr, III' till' lulls mill I'irv ;iliiilis l'i'|iiltril In viclil ^,'itl(| ; of llir suits wilii'li rest ll|iiili llirir lii|is, sides, (ir vmIIi'Vs; iir ul' llii- ruck liiriiiiiliniis nl' liiLdiiT iillilinli's ; lliis iiili'i'|iiil lllld ili'Clirillr (iliscivcr, lllivilli^ colitiiird iiis illli'lilinn iliirllv Id llir lii|iiij.'IM|iliir;il ('('lltlircs ol' llir cullliliv, lllld llir V'ill'iiiiis |il|('l|ii|iirll;i wliiili ililrrilii Mr its i:i|iiii'il y liir Hii|i|>i)rtiii^ iiniiiitil mid vi'li'cIiiIiIi' lili'. Il is sriMi, iis mm iiii'i(|i'iii;il liMinri' uj' his iiiilcs, tliiit llic pliiiiis dl" lln- SiiiM'iiiiiciilo lllld Siiii .liiiii|iiiii arc ciivitciI with llii- dclnis iiiiil (liil't siiil of liiuhiT iilliliidrs, wlmsc di'|iiisiliiiii may ln' n '.'iii'ilcd cssciiliMlly as lln- rcsiill nl' diluvial, and iml river aclimi. In lln' [ni'si'iil slalc ul' mir iiiliiiiiialiun, wi- iiinsi ri'irard llie iiati\r ^ruld, scales and liini|is, as one ul' ihe ejeiiicnls ul' this ie|iru- diiccd muss. Iluw far llie\- ha\ Iransiiurled, is iinknuwn. Whelhi'i- Ihe heds lire deep or slialliiW, c\|endeil ur liinilcd, has liul iieen uhscrsed. Whether the j;u|i| \h fuimd in the vidicys ur dc|iiessiiiiis e\cliisi\cly, ur al I'linliiiiiiiiis line III' till' SiiiTii N'cvMilii. .Many of tlu'Mc triliiitniicM iii-(' iifiirly dry, i',\it'|il in the rainy Hnisnn, wlicn tlu'V luv mwcHi'iI to turrcnts, wliii'li nmst exert ii iidweiliil aeliun upon llie liMwe materials of flieir IkmIs. lli. Here we pereeive aniitiier eliiss iii" pnemimena. wliieli ni;iy niateriiilly all'ecl the valne, piifitiiiM, anil ])ernianenee oi' the Caliluniiii gold depositH. 'I'lie wlinle wei^rhl of the pojinlar testininny derived I'roiu letters, — a speeies of testimony wliieli. in this leatnre. may lie ailmitted, — is in l'a\iir of the |iosition of the metal in the transported soil; nothimt hnt hars. shovels, and pic]\a\es lieiiiir neeessai'V to pnrsne the search. Tiiere is MO alllrmalion that any person is jinrsnin?; a roeU-\ein. or has emplouilii lilast. There is some reason to helieve liiat the scale fiold is of the oldest era. and that it has hecn transported tin.' lon'iest distance from its oi'ii;inal veins, 'i'lie.-e ininnter pieces approximate, in this respect, to the dir^^t irold of the .MVican coast, which has been found aloUL' the low, samly, allnvial shores of that conutry. foi' the space of l.'iO U'a;:nes. at very j;reat distances helow the interior hii:h lauds, and without, so far as is known, ever havinir heen traced to its ori.rimd lieds. Were the degraded iidudiilants of that const retpiired to lie paid liut a moderate pel' diem for the time they devote in its search, and lilliii!.' it in the ipiills of liinls to lie oll'ered to tradei's and mariners on the coast, it is not iirohalile that the coinnierce oi' circidatiui;' medium of the world would he enricheil thereliy another arolia. 1'!. There is lint one further source of testimony respectimi' the value and position of these lieds, which does not dilK'r, however, in llii' uvneral view it presi-nts, from the precedin'/. Colonel U, l>. .Mason, in his repurt of the ITlh of .\ul'usI last. — that is to sav, aiiiiut three months after the llrst discovi-ry of j^old on the Kio de los Ameri- canos, — visited that location, and descriln's the position of the uold deposit as consti- tutin;:' ''the bank tdose liy the stream." The sides of the hills were covered with tents and luisli arliors. This deposit, as witnesseil iu the washiuL's, was nnide up of •■coarse stones," "earthy matter," '•'iravel," ami '" j::old mixed with a heavy, tine, lilack sand." 'I'his ^idld "is in fine, liriudit scales;" heiny, if the precedinu: views are widl taki'U, of the oldest era, or the class of deposits in which tlii' pilil is farthest removed from its parent bed. In ascending' the .stream, iu its south link, tvveidy-live miles hii^her, he found the country became more broken and inoun.ainous. and covered with the s[)ecies of i)iiu! [I'Iniis IdinUrtintKt), the value of which first led to the discovei'v. He was now at the distance of fifty miles fiom the confluence of this stream with the Sacramento; and he estimates the hills at " about IddU feet above the Sacramento IMaiu." This was the [lositiou of the ori.L^inal discovery, which was made in the bottom of the stream, in a uewly-washed "bed of nmd and ;i'rav(d," washed out of a mill-race. At a still hi;;lur point, on the north banks of th(> stream among the mountains, in the bed of a dry run, ho visited another locality, wliero I / r , I'll VSIC A I- (i IKXi KA I'll Y, lf)f) coarncr iiicccs ol' gulij were rmiiiil. Ail lln' ^nld was liMiinI in (lie liciU i>i' iiii tlio imini'iliiiti' liiiiiks of \viil('r-cmii'r\iiiiiiiii'i| in ■■||ii> muiiici'iiiin ^ndlics or I'livincs tliiil (icciir in timt til inoiui III tain iijiiiiii " It wiiH invariiiMy •• iiiixcd witli tlu' wa.Hlicd gnivid, or lod^id f crcviccH ul' other rdcltn." Nnii«' had hccii ti)nnd in its inatriN: in lixcd riicks. Till' counlrv i« mncli Inukcii mid intiTHcctcd in cmtv (linclimi ]>y Hiiiall Hlicanis dv riivincs, ill all whi' h, so far as (•\|)lorcd, gold had hern tiaiiid. 'I'lic ciiclc ul' the- discoveries wiis e\iiy day eiilarv'iiiK. It liad then extended north of the I'io de los Anieiieanos to He iteur IJisiT, the Ynlia. and the los I'lninas. or Kealher Itiscr; t'loin the lieds and ravines oj' which pild was inon^iiil liy the Indians ami liy otiieis. It liud iilso extended honth lo the Cosmnnes. a trihnlary of the San .foaiinin. II. the descnplion of an nllu •r wi lo |)i'i'sonally \ i; ili'il t le {ii'inci|ial theatre ol" iiiiiiinjj operations, who convei-ed with the personM of cliiol" note concerned in these ONteinporaneons and preearions si'andies, and with lli<' operative di^gi'iH ol'oM'ry sort, aiK I who has Iransinilleij, as ll dt >!' this \isit, the several specimens of d i:nd oilier minerals herein iioticecl. Alioiit si'\ent\ niilis IVom sontli to north, and lil'tv >l'd miles from west to east — these lia\ ill^ lieeli the direclii within its extreme points.' I"). Then' is too little known. liowcMr, ol' the "volo'jical charact lscu\er\'. Were emiiiari'il er, origin, ami ■\tenl of this deposit to determine the princiiial points upon which its ultimate sahK mil iiermanencv ma\' turn. Are W(^ to coi isider the hill-dilnvio tl )H lis llie source wlience the deposits of j;(ild in the ravines and valleys have lieeii washed hy the spontaneous action ol" the rivers and lloods of centnries? If so. it is certain that tlie.so rich deposits will be e.\hansted in a comparatively short period ; and the niidistiirlted elevated tracts of [)eM)le-dril't must he relied on to sustain the supply. The pi >poition of ;j;old this elder stratum may yield will, doubtless, be less than the valley and .'posit.'^ au( illy 1 mav but iiioderately reward the laborer for his st'ardi, if it reward him at all. If, on the contraiy, the >;-orgcs and valleys which have had their onttlow from the disint(';;rated schists and cpiartz, anil the crystalline and urani liar rock lormatioiis which probably lie at the foot of the Sierra Nevada — an elevation v\liich. a;ireeably to facts above noticed, is at least two thousand feet above the lower and cential waters of the Sacramento, then the search must be extended iij) and across the valleys, in order that it may terminato in fixed mines. In any view, careful and scieniilic exami- nations are necessary to arrive at just conclusions. Dece.mher, 1818. .1 t {:■ Hi n: 'I ' Subsi'qiiont ilisciwcrics, eiulinii'inj; tlio poriiKl iip tn Octolicr, IS.'jO, (Iciioti! tliis (livclnpniciit uf imtivi^ giild t<) rcncli, in it.s cxtronio puints, not lo.ss tlian ono thinLsaiul inilos, iianul)', IVniii llic (eilil MiMiiiluiii in S. Vi. Crilifurniii to Orouton. I; •1 H M 156 TMIYSK'AL 0E0(5RAriIY. i^ I . I ■^ It appears that the gold is loimd in vallcv.s of ilciuitlatioii crossing the stratification, and that the deposits, whicii are by the spring freshets rendered aUuvial, are renewed with the freshets of every season. That tliese will contain less and less gold every season after a period, and Ihially }iel(l too small a percentage to reward lahor, is Ncry probable, and nearly certain. At that period, fixed mining in the gold-yielding strata with (piartz veins must commence. The (juartz veins and tlie gold veins will, from recent information, bo found one and the same, and their perfect getilogical identity may be relied on, although no gold may bo perceptil)le to the eye, if present at all, for distances in the range of the veins. As yet we are without a geological account of the district, which is the reason of this paper being retained, and printed with these nnrterials. Meanwhile, the sulyect of the Indian claim to remuneration tor the territory, is one which should be met on grounds of entiie justice and benevolence. June, 1850. ■ fi ri ^'i' C. MINKKALOGIOAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL NOTICES, DE- NO TIN (; THE VALTE OF AIJOKlGINAr. TERRITORY. 1. Tin on tlio Kansas Uiver, with a skcttli. 2. Wisconsin anil Iowa lead oivi. 3. Black oxiilc of copper of I.akc Superior. 4. Native silver of the (hilt latum of Michigan. 5. retroleum of the Chickasiiv, lands. tj. Artesian horings for salt in ll'.o Onondaga plateau. 7. Geography of the Genesee country of Western Now York. I ;i'' i, 1. Tin in the Kansas V a l l e v. The importance of the siibjoct named in the following- lettor.s will fiirnisli the best reasons for inserting them. Iiulicatii'g the exi.stencc of so important a metal as Tin, on the waters of the Kansas, tliey supply a hint for exploring the region in (juestion. .'ji Country of the Putawatoiuios, Old Kansas Agency, January 10th, 1848. Sir : — Permit me herewith to enclose you a specimen of American Tin foinid in this region of country ; the metal from which the Britannia ware of connnercc is manufactured. I liavc not, at this remote place, for the want of the necessary re-agent.s, been able to subject it to a rigid analysis, but I believe I have .sufficiently tested it to be able to pronounce upon its character, and if so, its discovery is a matter of some interest to our common conntr}-. It exists in great abiuulance, and pas.ses here for Zinc. Let it be tested. If I recollect my early reading right, the old tin mines of Cornwall, Englaml, furnish the greater part of this metal used in commerce throughout the world. This deposit of tin, I presinne, is equal to that. I have had some knowledge of the existence of these mines for more than ten years past. A beautiful specimen of gold was alwnit that time found by my brotiier-in-law Doctor R. M'Cay, about forty miles north-west of this place, and whatever this country may lack, as to timber, &c.. it is one of great interest and value on accinint of its minei'al resources. Should leisiu'e from tiie dtities of my appointment as physician admit of it, I propose in the spring to furnish your oflice with a detailed exiiibit of its geological aspects and mineralogicrd indications. ( 1 ,">: 1 ,1 ! If if IJ ) 1 1 i! m ■ ! l! f:\ii' ;|i! F ! lii i ;l 158 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Should you bo ijleased to acknowledge the receipt of this, please inform nie whether the person discovering mines on lands unassigned to the Indians west of the state of Missouri, is entitled to have a lease as on other lands belonging to the United States. P. S. — Tiio metal enclosed was run from the ore in a connnon melting pan for lead J. L. 8ub Agency of tlic I'otawatomics. Kanzas Kiver, May 15, 1848. .Sir: — Your favor, desiring that a portion of the ore, from which was smelted the metal sent in my former letter, should be sent through the Superintendent of Indian affairs, arrived too late to enable me to comply with your request. I liave not at this time any of the ore on hand, but will procure and send it as soon as practicable. The ore in question has Ix'en brought to this place by the Kansas Indian.s, formerly residing here, and is represented by them to exist in great quantities where obtained by them. From all I can learn from them, they obtain it on the Smoky Hill Fork of this river, about one hundred miles west of this jilace; but they are so superstitious in regard to such things, that little reliance can be placed on what they state — they have, however, promised to conduct mo to the place ; whenever I may be able to go. My engagements have been such that I have not as yet found time to do so, and may not liiis season. As to the existence in this region of an extensive and very valuable deposit of tin (jre o[' ;i rich quality, 1 have no doubt. The Kansas blacksmith at tiiis place smelted from the ore, in his Ibrge fire, a quantity suflicient to make a large pipe tomahawk. I had also in my possession ten years since, a block of tin Aveighing one and a half pounds, smelted In a common log fire. So soon as practicable, I will send 30U the ore in (piestion, with some other ores now on hand, found inmiodiaiely here. I have made but little progress in nniking up data from which to construct a geological sketch of the country. I cannot connnand tlu! time. Could I obtain leave of absence from my post for one or two months, in order to ascertain the precise locality of the tin mines, I would make such a tour with great pleasure, but otherwise cannot attempt it. Pub. M. L. School, Indian Territory, October 1, 1819. Sir: — Some time since I transmitted to your office a specimen of American tin found in the Kanzas Valley, and subsequently through tlie Indian Agent made a special recjuest of your predecessor in office, for a permit to explore and work for a set time this tin mine, to which he made no reply. I now beg leave to call your attention to the sidjject. For many years I have been gathering up information respecting this locality of tin metal ; and have at length ■li I a! t' I u >■ m ; i l:.^*: tl i it I }ll if ^•? i'\h ■I'll I: » I' * aH 'Tl -I Iff Ml 111 f ;. ' ;*^^ 'II N ■3 t ^J:l MAT? /■/.,/^ /■ KANSAS RIVER Ihirii.i, I: .1 i.a.liuiin I \ !..„. l./.,i,ii„n . /,,(/, ;„•» /;,,.„,/„„„, .\ > I'll YSIOAL GEOG U AI'IIY. 159 M ;atisriu'ti)nl\' iisccrtaiiK it- wi'Ui' oi' (iriccii \('in> lU'iiC tliis iiictiil. siuclU'il IVinu its ore. was siihiiiittcil ti) iiic liir cxaniiiiation M nl'i" VcCV ilock of utlv the Kansas liiiliaiis Iwuc hroiiulit in lliii ore ; tlinaiizli \vli(aii, and li\ iiaxinu lor it. IK \- lia\i' j)rivat('l_v revi'ali'cl tlio secret. Tlic i-oiiiiii sivctcli (i'lalc I.'!) Ii ClTWItll siil)niitte(l, will '/i\v, now some knowli'duc ol' its location. 'I'lic tli'|io.'it ol' nu't;il in the form of an 0x3 tie ol" tin aj)pears to be innnense, perhaps surpassing the old ("ornwall mines OlM' if Kndand. conuuon com itrv, as \()n are awaro, is almost wlioll y dejK ndent on I'oreiL:!! coiinlries for its supply 1)1' this valiuilile metal; and its (lisco\ery witliin (mu' reacii. and on our own soil, nuist Ije regarded as a matter of great interest, l)y all wiio sei'k the well-lieing of their country. 1 feel nnwilling, after having labored some, and e.\|iendcd something, that this subject should be lost sight of; and I most respectfidly beg the favor of you, to hi}- the re([uest, which 1 now repeat, for a permit to work and I'xpiore these ndnes, before the President and proper authorities at Washington, and couunu- nicate to me the ri'sult. Should it l)e deemed (lor want of authority) inexpedient to grant the iHMpiest. I will then seek it elsewliere. The mine is too remote from the slate to lie visited by single in(li\iduals. beiuf^ imuiiMliiiti'iy within the I'ange of tlu' Pawnee and Camanclie war-parties. As \du will notice, the locality i.s on the Tnitetl States' lauds not yet assigned tu any of tiie liidiiin trilies." Thus far our infornnnit. It may be well to add, that neither of the tlirei' best known siK'cies of tin ore can be reilnced in an "ordinary smelting-pan." The I'ed ox\(1e of zinc, discovered in New Jersey, by the late Doctor I'ruce. it has liein found impracticable to separate from the Franklinite, with whiidi it exists, ami we may not unnatural!}' look lor sinnlar dillicnlties with the reported western locality of the oxyde of tin. The geological sketch, sent by Doctor Lykins, (Plate 4.").) indicates a country of sandstones, shell-rocks, &c., which are nnl'avorable to the discovery of tin-stone, wood-tin, &c. If this metal exist.s as an oxyde, that I'act will probably itself constitute a discoveiy. We cannot, from what is known in Knrope, exactly l)rescril)e associations in the west — such has been the progress of metallic dis- coveries i.Lie; but the geology of the country, so far as it is known, is adverse to the theory and anticipations expressed. It ma}- also be well to state that, from the known sn[ierstitions of the Indians, the Kau/.a account cannot be deemed to be I'tVi: from all suspicion of insincerity, supersti- tion, or gross self-interest. Yet tiie in([ulries ol'our corresiiondent are deemed entitled io notice, and if followed uji, however the subject be now distorted, may jirove the means of niineralogical discoveries of value. i- ■ w i ,t '■' 1 1 1 ! [. \T^~ 100 riiYsit'AL (Ji: or. UAi'iiY. i ! 11 :-t I, I \ 'J. Wisconsin and Iowa Ij k a p Oke. A C{)rri'S|)()n(loiit, ciij^aged in tlio prai'tical working of tliose ores, remarks: — "By tlio l)ox of sin'i'iini'iis transiiiittod, you will lio alilo to judge oi' the character of these vahiahle ores. Tlie s(iuai'e broken mineral is taken from east and west leads; wliich is of the softest tenn)erature and most easy to smelt ; it also produces the most lead, — yieUling ahout 50 j)er cent, from the log, and a})out lo iVom the ash I'urnaces. The dark smootii pieces are taken from deep clay digging in the vicinity of Meno- inonie River. Tins mineral is less productive than the other, yielding oidy from 40 to 4o per cent. It is supposed to contain some silver. The tiiin Hat pieces — or what is termed sheet mineral — are taken from nortli and south leads. It is usually found in rocky diggings, where the sheet stands jierpen- dicidar, and is struck in sinking IVom six to ten feet. The sheet varies in its thickness, it being in some places six or eight inches, and at other places not more than one inch thick. The average yield of the count r}- is from 4") to 58 per cent.; of which the log furnace yields 4.'>, and the ash furnace 15 per cent." i'^ ?>. 15 LACK O.KVDK OF C () I' I" K K K K OF L A K K S I' 1' K K I O I! . This valuable ore ajjpears to have pre-existed in the trap-rock \eins, which are now occupied so extensively by native C(>])per. Tlu volcanic throes by which it was exposed to the ellects of carbiin. while the.' the metal and bring out a com[)lete assay, — the trial \ielded 10 grains of copper. C. 2910 grain.s, treated as before, yielded 22b8, and a fraction, grains of metal. V:- I.?: J P II Y S I (,' A L G E O G K A P II Y. 161 Thosr tlnvo iissns. yicldiii-; ivspwtivcly S:;. 71. and 7S pop cent., establish the quality and value of tiie ore ns exeeedin- all others of this class of metal known in Kuropc or America. Tlie specimens were all obtained on the main shore, opposite the Vin/r /,'oi/ic, at Copper Harbor, in lS2t'i. »..^- f,nven carbonate, i'rom tiie same locality, yielded but Ir! per cent.; which denotes it to be worthies.^ for nietallurgic operations. 4. Xativk Sii.vi:h is tin: Diuft Stk.\ti-.m of Michigan. This mineral has been found alon^ the open shores of tlie lower pcnin.inla called Sanilac and 'ru.scola. in the section east anil south of Pi.liif du.r /inn/iK:". That coast, e.xti'ndin,^ to Whiti' J\ock. has been noted for its heavy drift stratum of primary boulders; the discovery occurs in this stratum, it is in a ma.ss of jineins veined with steatite. Dissolved in nitro-sulphuric acid the jirecipitate yields, before the blow-pipe, tlie metal in increased splendor, ductility, and s|ieci(lc L'ravitv. Since the discovery of this metal in the co|)|ier-bearinfr veins of Lake Superior, additional interest is given to the hint furnished by this indication. i). PkTHOI. EITM 0\ THE C U I C K .\ .S .\ W L .\ N I) .S . A sprin.u- of petroleum, or mineral oil, has been di.scovered in the Chickasaw country west. It occurs at the falls of a beautiful stream near Fort Washita. The petroleum exudes from the rock at a point where the latter oveihanus the stream. It falls in drops which rapidly follow each other, producing- an almost continuous small stream of the size of a thin reed. It is of a brown color. It possesses the taste, smell, and con.sisteuce of lirilisli oil. from which it. however, dilVers in its color and eflects. Miu,^ied with tlu' water, it is drunk by persons aHeeted with chronic rheuimitism. and also applied by rul)l)iiiL' the parts aO'eeted externally. Surprisin;;- cures are .stated to \\A\v been efrecti'd. in a short tim.'. in pursuin.n' this method, h has been found elfective in cases of nu'rcurial adections. I'atieiits have been carried there doubled up with disease, or emaciated to nu're skelei tns. who have come awav, in a few weeks, perfectly cured. But this is I'ov medical men to judue of. It may be remarked, in view of this discovery, that this substance, for which we are chielly indebted, as an article of conunerce. l(, the .\siatie continent, has been noticed in other parts of our territorial limits. The so called "oil spriuLi" of one of the Seneca reservations, in Western New York, has lonfi' been known. Its consistence varies according to the action npon it of atmospheric air and solar heat. This discovery gives u,s reason to infer the exi.stence of asphaltutn, maltha, slaty coal, or .some i iher form of bitumen, in the contiguous country, and may lie con.sidered as adding to the value of the newly-acquired domain of the cximtriated Chickasaws. 21 ,1. f ;i Jc j u ! '11 m SI f HI! n fir I ir. i ; ? ? ■ 1 k '■•: i 162 rilYSlCA li (i i:<»m\ I'liif iiulnrritnl ■l:i V. lit tiliU'S .vvy Iriril. ill I vn < I'lMiii MiH' M llVf iVrl. not iMiIi, witli vt\^- l;ili/i' ruii- i.liiL' thnxii'li it. Uv'i iii'iurjitt'-l cliiy — till- ptiiM|i- iii^ tilt' fulor ul" 1,1. HMf. No. 1 at mr^ iVet; No. -J.-2 at :27l' feet.' No. 42 4 • • JOS " '• 2:> ' • 200 .') * • -210 ■• ■• 2ii ' • 204 (1 • ■ -JlL' •• " It' 21 IS ( ' • lib". " •• 2s ' ;;o4 S ' t ■)■>.> h. •• 20 ' • -'JOO l) • • JJ7 •• '• :;o • :!10 10 • ■ 22'. t " •• ;;i • ' ;!lt 11 • ■ 2:;i •• " ;!*' ' • ;;i:; • 2;l:! •• •• ;;:! ■ • ;!!;-) 14 • • 2:lti •' '• ;;4 • • .•;is 1;", ' • 2:;s •• *' ;1.') * .•12.-. ii; ' • 24.-, •• " :)i; • .■',20 17 ■ * 2-)'i '■ •> ;;■ ' .•!:;o LS ' * 2')<> ** •• :1S • •>-J** ;,.. 42 :U ;! 1:. feet " 4:'. :M7 •• •■ 44 :',4S ■• '■ 4:) ;;4!i " " 40 :]r,i) " " 47 .".r.i ■' '■ 4s ;;:.4 " •• 40 ;)^)7 " " M .■;(;.■) " •■ ;-)I :!(;4 " " r,2 :lt;7 " ** iu> MX " '• 54 :!70 " :!T1 " " ',{1 " i>7 :',70 •■ :;sl " " ."iS ;!S2 " '• ;■)'.• ;!s;i " 10 21 41 no Gl " 387 I'll vs I (' A 1. (I i:o(; i{ A I'll V, tecs writes, luiiioiiiu'iiii:' tlic disc lis lioniii; uas iit a (iistanci! Siilist'(|iiontiy to tlicse explorations, Mr. 1 rock salt. Iiy Mr. Jolm Mi'iid, .fun., at a (Iclinitc depth. II of tliirl\-ll\(. nulcs west of Monte/iniia, on the line of the canal, ]iOck|iit. Me [la.ssed through ii miinljer of tliin deposits of .salt within tin i'e(d. Mr. Mead, whose snh.sei(nent death interrnpted the.se e.xperinient.- 0\(' lOJJ rv of I place called thirty ohservec that i-enty-two --allons of this satinated water wiiich he oh bushel of dry .salt. It recpiir es twenty-live {gallons, j;vnerall )taMie(l, wdulil mak'o .1 (J K G ){ A I' II Y OK T II K (1 K .\ K S K K (J () I! N T II V 5 V An It Ii V. \Y M ' N a n , J"] F W .SQ. K S T 1; 1! \ Xi;w V II I! K. This district of Its tl I'o.nilry, both in its ".'cofirapiiical features and nvoloMical charact er, jiresents three groat Sfi /i/irs or 'J'l coinniencin;:- at. and extend jiarallel witli the south shore of Lake Ontario, to Pennsyhania,. ///•■s/ is aliout ten mil in- ;Lat. loniiitiidinailv .\. Tl le es wide, north and south; the famous liidi^e lioad passin-- through the middle of it. The soil is strictly ullnrtal ; being a mixture of sand. clav. and gravid, freiiuently covered with line loam, and deep vegetable mould ; tinibeivd with oeecii. maple, Dasswood. and a largt! growth oi hemlocl; (Canada ]iine). The surfiuv between the r.ai.e and the Itidge inclines gently to tiie N, N. K. Froui the Kidgo Koad soutii. to what is usually called the Mountain Kidge. a more rajiid ascent and a greater undulation is observable. In this Terrace, the reddish fivestone or sandstone is frequent, sup|.orting the granular and fietid limestouo. Here al.so occur all the Kiill sprlii;/.'^ hitherto discovered; sometimes on the north, at other times on the .south side of the liidgx' l!oad. The injii ore is north of the Road. The Mrniifl Terrace commences at the Mountain Hidge, and stretches soutli aliout fifteen miles, to the foot of the limestone slo[ie, ,so distinctly marked from Dullido to Caledonia, — le.'^s visible across the Ontario, except, perhaps, at Farminglon and Phelps, — but reappearing again very distinctly, in Cayuga and Onondaga, where the salt springs, plaster beds, and iron ores, are nearly united. The Tounewanta Swamp occupies the highest ])art of this plain ; it being seventy-five feet aliove the level of Lake Erie, and about three hundred and ten feet aliove Lake Ontario. The only streams of aiij- note issuing from it, are Eighteen ,Mile, Johnson, Oak Orchard, and part of Sandy Creek. These have worn down the soil and attained so general an inclination of their channel, as to exliibit at thi.s time no great perpendicular fall in their whole course. The evidence.s of recent stdjinersion, the ragged and abraded appparance of the limestone, and the dry channels (indicative of a sudden recession and violent rush of water) from and around the north-east corner or .shore of the Tonnewanta, strike the eye with surjtrise, and force upon the mind a belief that what IS now a, ■'finim/) was once poi a I(iki\ Some of the ,fhiu>/ tribes (probably fnn/f oi' t\n\ , I, ( L I I'ji \u i I :i 164 I'll YSICA I, (i IKKiU \ I'll V, i 1 i\- and four inclu's Ion;:) still inlial)it liu' iioilli-fust cnrnci' of iIum i.'rcat luisin. Soil anil tiinhcr, as in tlic iornicr. Suiliicc. rollinn. ami Ivin^ in jiarallcl ri(l;:vs. Till' l/ii III and last 'riTiacc cxti'iiiis iVoni, ami in ludcs. tlio linii'stonc slopr, sondi. to I'onnsvhania. 'I'lu' locUs aiv linicstonc (|ii'olial)l\ Ow sccontlary anil transition.) sandstdiit', (|i('rlia|is tlic j^riniUtiim- or ///'/Vstonc.) and clavstonc. lli'ic llic oldi'st r(ii'i\S may at least Im' looUcil for; as we advance towards tlic AlU'^lianian s|)im'. where the true in'imilivi' no douht exists. In this Teri'aco, particularly towai'ds the south side, tiic tindjer ijcfore mentioned prevails, with a cnusidcralilc portion ol' pine, and sonio oak. Tiic .-uilace is still more nne\en ami alirujil : risiuj;' into hills ol' cousideraltle cle\ntion, and sinking; into deej) vale.s and ;j;ull's. The waters of the St. Lawrence, Susrpichannah. and Mississip])i, divide in Stenhen and Alle;:hany Counties. New Yoi'k, and in Potter County. I'ennsyK ania ; this lirin;;' the |)iunacle of the coinitry. .Most of the streams rising in. or I'rossing the Southern I'lul/nnii. iunuediately on passing over the limestone slope, meet with ohstriietions from rising ground, and are di\ertcd from a direct northerly. t(j ii westeily or easterly coui'se : witness, Tonnewanta. Mlack. Allen, Honeoye, Mud (,'reek, i.S:c., to Mohawk l^'iver. The only exceptions worthy of notice, are (lencsce and Oswego l'i\('rs. The former rises hetween the source of Alleghany and Sus([nehannah IJiviMs. in l'einisyi\ania, and forces its way, through every barrier, to Lake Ontario. Its coiu'se at llrst is snppiwd to be rapid; forming perpendicular falls at various places; at McKay's Mill oiu' or two gre:it falls occur. Banks and blull's gradually increasing in height ; the current sometimes loitering through the meanders of fertile open llats; now advancing with a brisk current, over gravelly bottom, and tlu'ii preci|)it;!tiug it-^elf with noise and foam over ledges and |ierpenilicular rocks; widening its chnnnel as it descends, and wearing awa\ the hardest stones by the incessant attrition of th(> snjhs/ iral, r ; ti.us furnishing a striking proof of the etlects of /h i-m n nnn'r .' Tlie high baid\s. compressed channel, and livelv current, continue to Mount .Morris and .'^ipiaky Hill; wlii're a landsciipe of unrivalled luxuriance and beauty bre;;':s I'ull upon the delighted eye. The ^'allly■ of Canascraga opens to the rigbt. winding round to the south-east towards I)ans\ille; and to the le't, the Gene.see Valli>y extends north-east, towards Avon and Hochc'ter; ])assing Geneseo on the rigbt. and Moscow on the left. The deep trou.di worn d )wn at Mt)unt Morris and Squaky Hill, leaves little room to doubt that ficir, orij^in ?.!'_>•. wa.s the fall which is nc ;- f(jund five or six miles above, at Nunda; a retrogression similar to that of the Niagara Falls from Lewistowii to Manchester. From -Mount Morris and Williamsburg, the contluent waters of (Jeuesee River and Canascraga Creek move sloirlij through one of the richest alluvial soils any where to be seen ; the face of the country on each side graibudly subsiding into moderate ridges, gentle slopes, undu- lating uplaud.s. and extensive natural meadows. After receiving the waters of Cancsus and Iloneoye from the east, and tho.se of Allen and Black Creek from the west, with other small tributaries, the majestic Genesee pursues the noiseless tenor of ■'ifrit ri PIl VS ICA I, its win lo till- rnpiils. nhmil mii' inili' hIpum' IvcKlirstcr, I'lill III tn I "> UtI, imiiI iImii in tile (li>i|lUi('t' oC •1 lll'tc'l'. ))illll^ill'/ CIM'I" tilll't' attllilis tiic IcM'l (if I ikf Oliliilii) lit Caililil;. Iiav MU. Ill' '.m;. id. iiikI 71 fr.t. im' uiiin I'll!' ii-cir II (•li;iiiii.| tliroiijiii cai'lli iukI rui'k. till' liiinivs uj' w liicii lU'i' iiiiw iilioiit "Jnnit'ct |i('r|M'iiili('Mliir ; till' 'ii'lUTIll SlirlilCC of till' CDlllltry nll cin'll ^iilr xtiil fdllllllllilljl' ul' ll rrj^llilir i-lnpr III tile l:ll\i'. ll is not II little I'cllllirlxlllili'. liial lit the ril|ii(ls. iihuM' I'liclii'Slcr. till' I'lill' (>r the couiitis is siicli IIS iiilinils nl' iii\iiliiiir tlii' watrrs of (ii'iicsri' Itivcr lliioii'^li till' Canal, west, lii'twi'cn si\t\ iiiui st'\i'iil\ miles mi a le\el; ami east, on a le\el ami ini'liiiei lane, to Seneca iiiver. 'I'lie Oswe'io J{i\er ilrains all tlie coiintrN hiiij: witliin a seniicir ele, whose centre is .Moiili /Ulna, ami its nuliiis s\\ee|iii \'j. I'lom iloine in Oneiila to IMonmlielil in Onti Alter wa-liiiiu' lliis extensive plain, ami uamleriir^ iIhouliIi llie Seneca N'allev, it lias lorci'il iiNcnt noitliwanlls li\ tlie 'riii<'e l!i\('i' Point the falls, ami iiiiii iinirint!: on its coi (iisniiition of the country coin|ii iilchiii'i o\er use o\er a rocky liottoin to the lake. iiefore till ilin;:' the Thoiisaml isles, it is jiruhaMe that i.aki Ontario covei'eil the .'-^eiiecii \'alley. foiininu' a ilet'ii hay iqi the ( 'a} iiliii. i!ic., ami lia\ its outlet down the .Molia\ ilmlson. 'I'his, liowe\('r, is iiiei V li\|)oinesi th lllj. Th< liiiliiv Ivoiul coinineiices at l.ewistoii, a step from the mountain, ami I'iveriz'cs eiisl- wardU — it is hut slii^litlv allected with ii few streaii IS, such as i'",i;^hteen-.Mile. .lolinsi 'I, Oak Orchard. Sands Creek. iS:e. 'I'he (ienesee l>i\er and iroiidei|nal l>:i\- discom|iose its nniformily; hut iiuinediately east of these, its re;;ular form a.id direction are resumed and cuiitinueil. until llualh destroNcd h\- Sodiis |>a\-. ifouml the south Hid east side of tl le ha\', so me \e>ti'j( )f the ridLic are disceriiihle in the direction of Osweiio Falls, and proliahly mi::lit he fiund (pas^in:;' liy lilack iiiscr liit;h falls, in 'I'urin. Ije\' is County) towards the elevated uroiinil hiiween the St. J,a\\rence and .Mohawk \'alleys. Neptnue, it wmild ,' the adjoiuinjr plain and .slope i.s (juite me'.i rate, and \vv\ uniform — Miryinn' from two to ten leet — width four to twelve rods — of a regular convex shape. While its siu;;'ular formation furnishes a fruitful siiliject for ,t,'eolo,Ldsts to ponder and .spi'culate u])on — the inhahitants deriNt> inealculahle advautaues and coiueniences from its wonderful adi4)tedaess for travel. &e. — for wilhonl this imhini/ liini/ii/,'i, the adjoining country, altiiom;li fertile and pleasant, would louii- remain without much travel or compact settlement. Now the country presents a gratilyimi' view of social ilort and rural wealtl 1 on eat ll side of this hest of roads. Ivinii' luidvvav het vvi'eii the Erie Canal and Lake Ontario. Of the western district it may justly he said, that it is the Garden of Sew VurA\ I f 1 ■| ! : ;« , ,■ i ■) '■ 'J. \ "■■f , ; i t^ i § ■' .1. '. s ■ i.(, •' -'', I V I f •■• ■■j- I). KXISTlN'd C KOLOC K' Vr, ACTION OK 'rilK N O li T H AM Kl! ICA N I.AKKS. I. I''hi\i:illli' iumI ili'irt-iu'tluii. '_'. |)iMiiilc;.'riiliiiM. • t. A|'|iMr:'lit 'I'liliil |>lu'li()IIK'llll. ■I. I'fi'lorati'd stiiiM's, IViPiu wiivc-iic'tid r till' I.iiki .). I ciniii'ialiirc nl tli (!. Ci'V'tallizaliiiii in tlio Nmlli. 7. ('iiiilihciit;jl alirnsiciii. 8. Iiii(';.'rity uf iimttcr. !•. I.akr riTrncliiii. That >|iri'irs nt' iidion wliicli is mi|i|mi>(.(1 in Iium' Iniui'^lil the Mirfiici' ct' tlic inns w liicll (Mi'ili iiilK its li:il)ital)lc coiiiruidii is ciiiniiriscil in the era of pliv sicul rcsolnl iiri' UiU'i |i;ist li\ what causes, ami iiccoiilin'^' tn what laws, these elian'jcs wcie pio- (hieeil. ami theif eU'ecls ou the superiiusitinn and I'elatiiin nl'strata. eunstitnte no sni |iart CMnJi tlie ennsiiieratidns df "i'iil(ii\-. Seas, rivers, nmnnlains, and |>l nns. are ■tnrc(l to iiave heen lej't li_\ thii>c aneient re\ iihllidns. all oj' which preceded the i,-|iilical epi h. It has Keen iiliserNcd that the ])(ist-ililn\ ial action ol' li \-ers llouin nilo llie ^ra. ami carrvi in'^' diiwn the usual aecuinulalinns nt' inatt( f resnllniy iVuin (lisinleLirat;iin and i:ravita linn, has added niiieh In tl le area o r their alln\ ions. \' canic liti'ces are continnaliv exeitin,!;' an action npon ■ ontineuls :nid islands; the lieds of certain ri\efs are |iercei\('d to he elevated; lai';i' jioi'tions ol' tilt' .sjiores of the ocean CI iitailed ol' iheir limits; and, in ihis inaniier, the cnnCiLini-ation of the earth is snhject to lai'.ii'e and appreciahle alterations. All this is the result of a .species of a period, when the rivers of this ronlineiit ran hiiiher than at jirest'iit. 1. 'i'his existini;- action is of two kinds, hotli of whii'li an; remarkahly e.\hihited in the area ol' tlie Lakes; iiamelv. the action of gciu'ral Ihniatile drift or oiitllovv. and the action of disintegration and atinosplieric ]]|ienonieiia. The Mississippi possesses tho drift i>ower in a lii;;li (h\i;iee. My its ])resent ovc'rllowiii^^s it is destined to he ahvayH raising its hed ami hanks. It la}s the liocky and the Alleghany Mountains under I'll vsic A I, <; ikh; ii a i-ii v i,ii fiiiiHtanl liiliiit.' Icir ihis iiiiiiin-i' ; miil. il'llir iuvmciiI lah' ciI' ili'|i.i-jiliin ]„■ iniiiiiinihi'il til'' tliu i- iidl I'iif ili-tinil wlini il I" II' \nM IKl«i'<'iit (li|iu~i(,s lit it^ liiiiiilli. wliii'li iiic II i>\\ a,-< Millie III llii> \ir\ lir^l iii'c I'KVi'i'i'd willi .^iii-.,s mill uiitrr, will In' Kiiu'.m Aiiifi'icM. Kill' \frtA iiiiiiiiiiil III' liiliur ill ruiiiiiiiL; ii\ kcs iiiiil I'liiliiiiilviiii'iils lliiiii it h n'i(iiii'('il III rcsiiii" lliillaiiil Iriiin llir (lirniaii ( Vi'iiii, woiilil <)l I'ii'li ri\('r-i|ii iiilii II liiiili' iiiiij |in|iii!iiiis icjicui, '-. Ol (III' sccuiiil s|ii'i'ics iirni'liuii, tliMi iirisiiiji' IVoin ili-iiili-jntiiiiii nml iiliiiii«|il iiuw ciiinci'l tluit liimt |ilir|'l(' plii'iKiiiiina. tliiTc IS III) m>taiu'(' mi tin' .-nine >*v:\U' its is uIimtmiJ in i|ir (iivnt LmI, I liiivc si'lccli'ij tlic liriiMil cviiMiisi' 111' i,akc Sii|H'iinr to ('\iiii|iliiy lliis |in\Mr. || drcilM of inili's III' iiiiiiilcniiiili'il wiinl ami liiii- wcr II IT 1 nllCL't in iiiii- vasi ii'si'i'Miir III' ('li'iiii'iiiiil iii'l Wll V('-|M) II. II : mil iiiil\ its iiTt' (lis|ila\i'il Th IMillllilltcd ili'|itli hiivt' .siTVcd, liiii.st llllly. In ili'vi'lii|ii' llii.s |,u\\,t, I liccil |iri)|||iili'i| liv till' vrrv lllH'i|iial ilriirrc nf li.ii'iliic.-s 111' ll ai''ji' aiTii ami ijivnt III lliis I'lll'i't lias ic rn('k\- >trm'liii I' III lis siilcs ami ImiI ; iinij it is witllill llir sin|ii' nj iiclioii, its liuiiiiilarii's lia\i'. iimliT th,. actual Hurl ii.ii inns uj' its 1. miitatiniis. Mcin- the mil inniliTii nlisiTMitinii that, nwill'j: In tl \('l. siiJliTi'il '.jiTal \ niii' III' Ihi' .M'l'ii'S III' lakes (uith a |iaitial e\ee|itinn in f'livnr (if !,iiki' iliirmi) which has priinitivc linrders ami Al|iim' .scciierx. ih arc tilt' Mime .striking, ami have iiii|iai'lei| tn |initiniis uf the cnnst ■Ili'Ct. iiml hniihie.-s nl' niitiiiie. which aic liiijiafalk'lcil. 11 SL'i'iiic ,:^i'amieiir, 'I' I lis lake iiia\' I V he cmisii lel'eil IS nccu|i\ lll'i an 'lllerstice lietweeli tjie lilnst llnllhcilv portions nf the jii'eiit (lihi\ iiin ami .seilimentary I'ni'ni.itinMs of the Mississippi \alle\ . ami the ('nslailine ami vitreous n.cks of jhitisli America. Tiiis ancient line ol' junction nmy he lolinweil ilown its outlet, ihrmiyh t!ie Straits ol' Si. Mary's, into Lake lliiinn. ami is cnntiuiieil almi-- parts ui' its m.rth ami imrth-.'asterly slmres north of the fossiliU'roiis .strata of the .Maiialoiiline chain. Lake Siijierior i.s. however, the nio>t iiii|)re.ssive li.'lil ol' remark, whether we rel'e" to the ancient periods of its Milcaiiic or oceanic ener-ies. or the remarkable powers of elementary action still iios.se.-seii 1(\ it. Th(> western and northern sections of this lake exhihit, the strmi-est pn.nls ol' iincieiit action and upheaval. A colns.sal dyke ol' trap ajip.'ars to hau' cro.s.sed the lake about two-thirds of its lenjith from east to west. Admittinji', (what appears to be very probable.) that the bed of the lake in.-^t of this dyke wa.s orifiinally jiroduced by the sinUinji- down of the strata, forming an anti-clinal a.\is, and the cmi.seipient elevation of its shores, wo may attribute to the disturbin- force of winds the central breach of this barrier, which has been .sub.seipieutly widened by the ordiuarv force of the waters driven by the stron- west and north-west wind.s, at a period when its water-line stood at one of its hi-hest levels; .so tiiat, at this time. Isle i{oyal. Heaver Island, Ship Island, and the elevated precipitous lauj^e of Keweena I'oint, all of which ( sist of im'Uibers of the trap rock, are the only existin- monu- ments of this mu'ieiit dyke. The heavy beds of trap boulders east of this point, reachijig in blocks of lar-o magnitude to St. Mary's Falls, and the northern shores ol' ill t Ml 1(J8 PHYSICAL (iEOCRAril Y. ! I !;:! I i& I I I' t Liiko lluiMii. strongly ilciiotf the ]ir(ilKil)ility ol' siu'li uctioii. Another prool' of tlie (■\ti'iisi\o ik'striu'tiim of tlie central trap cliaiii. is driiwii iVoiii its iniiK'rahii;'\ . 'I'liis rock, (tiie trap.) a~! luoik'ru discovery ileuotes. is, ever\\vhere, tlio true repository of tiie vi'iiis of eojjper ore. and of native cop|)er, for which the shores of this Uiko have been so loHfi' noted. J?y their prostration, their mineral contents have been scattted far and wide. alon,L;' with otiier deliri<. and lienee masses of tiie metal, and its (jres, are ll)und alonu' ])orlions of tlic coast, where tlie strata not only jiive no indication of beini:- nu'taliiferous, bnt. fieolo.ii'ically, forbid the expectation. Hence also the abun- dance, alonji' i)art.s of the Snperior coasts, of fragments and abraded nnisscs of aj;ates, /eolites. amethysts, and other imbedded trap minerals, which were originally contained in tiie aniygdoloid. Action npon the harder rocks and llieir contents, is still very perceptible, parti- cnlarly along the western face of the great point of Keweena, which is now known also to be one of the Ijest re[K)sitories of native cojtper and copper ores. At numerous points of this coast, the waves have ucteil on crevices or breaks in the stratification, until dec[) passages have been worn into the coast, and interior bays formed, into some of which, vessels of consiiieralile burden can sail ; and they form a very welcome shelter, in stormy weather, to the many row-boats, which visit these leiuote points in the jirosecution of the fur. lishing. and cojiper ti'ade. But the most extensive scene of the existing energies of this lake, is witnessed upon its grauwat'kes and sandstones, which have been broken np, comminuted into line sand, and jiileil up in elevated ridges, or spread out over wide plains along its soutiiern margin. A coast of winding liays and headlands, which measures, by a reduced computation, lour hundred and fifty miles, upon //lix > wa\es, and driven land-ward by the winds. Tempests of sand are thus formed, which spread iidaiid. burv or kill tiie tallest trees, and carry dcslruc^tion and desolation in their track. Such is also tlie lake action of Huron and Michigan, the two next descending of the seiios of the lakes. Dunes are at first formed, which spread inland, carrying 1,1 * r < Ik PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 169 sterility over many thousands of acvi-s of land, IbniuM'ly fortilc, and well wooded; anil the tendency of this peculiar atniosplieric forniatiDn is constantly to extend its limits, and arrest tlie progress of vcgrtatioii. Another elVeet t)l' this santl-drift is, by ohstrnctions of the water-courses, to form jionds and lairoons, at the teniporai'v or tixed points of their termini, on the arable land, and thus to destroy, and render nnllt for the use of man, other large belts of country; besides which, these arrested waters are the jjroiilic sources of noxious vapors, frenerating extensive tlisease in the \icinity. K\i(le;ice of the comparatively recent era of this atmospheric I'oiination is seen in the prostrated ami Ijiiried trees, fresii- water shells, and (ither organic substances, in a perfectly unaltered state, which are, in some localities, noticed in digging at great depili-. and sumctiines exposed by I'ecent eruptions of the waves. Such are the e\idences on the e;ist shores of fiake Micliig:in. between St. Joseph's and (iiaud TraNcrse Day. Another tbrination, due to lake action, and not to diluvial action, which cannot be mistaken, but of earlier ago, is found in the large sandy plnins along the lake shore, as between the Takwynienon, on I^idve Superior, and (irand Sables. These plains beai- a growth of pines, })o[)lars, and birch, which but slightly conceal their comparatively recent origin. On examining and penetrating these tracts, ridges of sand occur, lying- in win-rows, as if recently Ibrmed by the winds and \va\es. The depressions between these often embody water in the shape of small lakes, ptnids, and marshes, which constitute the favorite retreat of the small fur-bearing animals. The power of attrition possessed by Lake Superior and the other Great Lakes is so complete, upon the sandstone series, as to allow full scope to the piinciplo of gravita- tion in the re-arrangement of the comminuted and Mphea\ed materials. Largi> portions of the magnetic oxyde of iron exist in the northern sandstones. As these surcharged strata are ground down, in the great laboratory of the Lakes, this oxyde is liberated from its silicious connection, and reproduced upon the shore in separate and pure beds of iron-sand, which are, not unfreqnently, a foot in thickness, and line the beacdi lor miles. Such is the appearance of the coasts at Xezhoda and Mesacoda ri\ers, A rennirkaijle appearance has been produced at the Presque Ls|e river, which attests the power of attrition possessed by the waters of ihat stream. The river, within half a mile of its month, drops into a vast pot-hole of grauwacke rock, by a fall of al)out sixty or seventy feet. This ca\ity is eighty feet over, and in the summer season. when the water is low, produces an astounding specta(de of a striking cast. I>y g.iing a little higher, the river is seen to have worn its bi'd tor a depth of more than a hundred feet, perpendicidarly. into the same roclc. The actual process, both of degradation and resist; nee. in the lighter colored nnric Rml-. It miiy be mentioned, before closing thin paper, that there are several i)henoniena in the Lakes, in addition to those named, which deserve future philonopliical notice. 1 H f . ! 1 ' ■( ;!. 'I'lDAL PiiKNOME.vA. — One of the most general of these is the api)earance of a tidal current in the Straits of Michillimackimic, and the se\eral points along the chain of \:\kv watt'rs. where bays intersect the main m;iss ; as wi'll as in the ell'ect produced in the general le\els of tlie surface. The cause ol this has been but imperfectly investigated, but it appears to be due to the currents of wind as allected by general problems of temperature. ; i. ''•IV ■ J i 4. PF.HKoiiATKn Sto.xes. — The striking eflect, resembling a reacting current, of the mass of Lakes Ihiron and Michigan, was early noticed. That this ell'ect is not conllned to the surface alone, but alfects deeper niiisses of the water, appears to be proved l)y curious detached nuisses of limestone drawn up in the straits, by the fishermen's nets, from great depths. These i)erforations of the boidders of limestone from the bottom of Lake Huron are very curious, and instructive of the mode of atjueous attrition. By examining them, it will be pcrcei\ed that the most of the stone is completely perforated with cavities. .Some of these extend through the nnrss; others part way; — a few are llattened or irregular. On a more minute inspection, it wdl Ije perceived that each orifice consists of annular rings ; as if the imi)ressions were left by a Ijoring instru- ment, or, (what may furnish the true solution.) by some small inorganic substance, — as a minute pelible, which the water has kept iii riotion. As these curious masses are drawn up fr.jm deep water, at 7U to SO fathoms, in those jets of current which are fonned by the inllux and alllux of the waters of the straits, it seems clear that these singular perforations were formed l)y the o.scillatory motion of very small pebbles. The limestone itself is of the compact semi-crystalline character, which is common in Lake Huron, in iiderior situations. Some of this compact limestone, exannned in situ, is found to exhibit small o])en ])Uiu'tures. as if left by the point of a penknife. But these punctures may be supposed to be the impressions of pre-existing crystalline ! I ' I u S:! ■ : ( [f ;■ i ^ h if ' I I ; I I' : ! 6; 1 1 .,1 'I ;f I ji ' 1 i t 'i \ i| Hi I \ 1 ) I I \ I I • i ' i: I nil ' 1, i I 1 f i • ? \ 1 \ / i '1 1 1- ■ ikl'^^ m^ M I'll YSICA I, <; K(Mi I! A I'll V. 171 mutter, now dorayed. Tlioy Hoem t(i owu tlicir I'oriiis to iiiiiuiti' crystals of tho sulphate of stroiitiaii. 5. Ti;.Mi'KiiATUliK 01' TiiK Lakes. — It is foiiud, I)}- t'xjK'rimont, that the rays of liglit passiiifi through trans])ai't'iit liodies of lake-water, whieh is, of course, fresh water, do not in any degree heat them. Is not this phenomenon one cause of the coldness of the lake-waters? The infusion of muriate of soda in ''(•a-watcr, li_\- gisiug it the properties of ahsorhiug heat, may tend to warm it; and hence, in the troi)ics, the sea is warmer. ('). CiiVSTAi.i.izATiox IN Tin; Noinii. — Hitherto, the priuufivi' rocks discovered near the shores of liuke Sui)erii)r have yielded lew imlicddeil miucrals, or crystalline bodies. Hut there is reason to su|)pose tiiat further rcsear ''es and discoveries will disclose them. It is l)elieved that the primitive or cryst ■ district contains granitic lieds, highly crystalline in their structure. A mass of luift-granite at (Jnen I>ay contains a vein of highly crystalline matter, in whicdi the plates of mica are large, shining, and distinct, and of a green color. It eud)ract's \rvy licautiful crystals of black tourmaline, connnon garnet, and a green massive mineral, which is apparently ])ra.>;e. A block of black mica, oljserved at Druunnond Island, is manifestly lirou'iht from the primitive district, north or west of that point. It is crystallized in well- delined he.vahedral prisms. A Idock of mica slate near Kim Creek. Lake Huron. \ iidological triturating ap))aratus, converting its loose iind shore-rocks into a puKci'ulent state, it may be anticipated that their action on the coullguration of the shores will be very c()nsiderai>le, in the courst' i'o\('iics an' not alont; I'onlincd (o tlie .Mi>sissi|i|ii N'allcv, where tliev were fnst made. The hoich'i's of the sea-shore in South Carolina; the tireat marine de|io>.iis of (ieori;ia and Ahdiama ; and the clay and ailn\ial lieils (»!' the \ alleys of the Hudson l!i\cr, have }i(dded some of t lie lar,i:est siieeimens of these antique hones; e\-en the U|ilanils of W^'iuont have recently ;;,i\('n [)ri)ofs of this kind. Ihit it is to the vallev of the Osa,!.'t', in Mis.sonri, that we are called, more particularly, to look. Speakiii'^- of this region, a correspondent remarks: '•Tile fireat West is alfordinu- to the learned and curious a \asl and \aried Held for speciiliition in the various departments of science. It is lilliui;' the museums and cal)iuels of the world with rare minei'alouical and ^eolo^ical s[)eciniens, while il is aflordini;' still more extraordinary and jjcrplexiuj;' [trohlems to the naturalist. '■The recent di.scovery of hones hy .Messrs. ('a, u: IxifViili), flU. (leer. ^c. 'I'liiTc an' two H|)<'ci('s only t'oimil wliioh an- wortliy of uilini- ' hilt I'cw siH'ciniciis ; only sonic tcctli, anil part of tlio ration , of tiif one there i maxillary iMines in wliieh tliey wt ro set. 'I'iiese teeth are Hs.snreu.-* f-|iri?ii.' nl' wiitcr cxislfd, 0\cr tliis was spri'inl ii flraliiiii 1)1' liiMuii siil uilli V('L;vtal)lc rcinaiiis i<[' variuiis kinds, soniu (if wliii'li \vcn> (Ifcnu'il to lie trojiital. Next on tlic mtIcm of xlmta, v\nh\<^, was one ol'hhic day llnvc I'l'ft thick, tlicii about ten inclios of prhblcs, u;.'i;ic-!itcil. tlicn ii li^lii |,h„' clay tlircL- foi't thii'k, then aiiotlicr stratum of ^,'nivi>l, siiiiilar in thickness to tlic (irst nicntioncil. This was suci'ccdcil bv tlircc ..r ibur Irrt of yellowish elay ; a tliiid la\ei of {travel, and a brownish loamy earth or chiy, mingled witli jH-bbles, and beaiinji' a jnowth of oak. maph's. and elms. The whole formation a|i])eared to be clearly diluvial. I visited this skeleton after it had been set up at Kji\ptian Hall, in I'iccadilh-, lks of a mastodon. There was also something that excited incredulitv in the arrangement of the tusks. It was certainly a most gigantic specimen of the American fauiue. and excited great interest as such. Mut. aside from its great size, there was nothing new in tlio species. Mr. Owen, the British fossilist, decided it, from tiie teeth, to be a nuistodon. I rill I ;1 'd ' . *. ol'tcn ilivrldp tlirinsrIvrN in ('(inncctiim willi till' fxriiri'iil or local fcalnri's of u country, or cNcn uitli some minor olijcct in its iiatiii'iil lii.xtory. 'riicrc is a rcniarkalilc instance of ijiis ili'\clo|ini('nt of alioriyiiial niiiiil in llic history of tlic Onciilas. Tins trilic derives its name Iroin a celelnated stone, (a view of wliieli is aiinexeil, Plate I'.l.) uliicli lies partly iiiilieilileii in the soil, on one of the hi;;hesl eniineiices in till' teriitory formerly ()ccn|)ieil hy that triU', in Western New Yoi!\. This ancient anil lonu-rememhereil oliject in the surface jreoloL'y of tiie country. helon;;s to the erialic-hlock ),;rou|i, ami has ne\er heeii toncheil liy the hand of the sculptor oi- em;ia\er. It is inilisscilulily ;;ssociatiil with their eaily history and origin, and is sjioken of. in their Iraditions, ;,- if it were the i'athidiinn of their liiierties, and the symholical record of (heir very nationality. I'lilike the statue of I'allas, which fell from heaven, ami n|iini which tin- iirescr\ation of 'I'roy was helie\eil to depend, the Oneida Stone was never supported l)y so imiiL'inative a theory, hut, like the Trojan statue, it was ideiitilied with their safety, their oriL'in, and their name. It was thi^ silent witness of thi'ir first association as a trihe. Around it their sachems sat in solemn council. Around it, their warriors marched in martial lile. hefore setting' out on the war-path, and it was here that they recited their warlike deeds, and uttered their shouts of defiance. From this eminence they watched, as an ea,t;le fiom her oyrie, the first approaches of an enemy ; and to this spot they rushed in alarm, and lit up their iK^acon-lires to arouse their warriors, whenever they received news of hostile footsteps in their land. They were cidled Oneidas, I'rom (huo/n, the name of this stone. — the original word, as still preser\i'd liy the tribe, which sii^nifies the I'eofile of tlu' Stono, or. by a metaphor, the PeopU' v\ho spi'ang from the .•>tone. A stone was the .syndjol of their collective nationality. althouj;h the trihe was cnm|)oscd, like the other Irotpiois cantons, of individuals of the clans of the Turtle, the Mear, nnd the Wolf, and other totemic beariufrs. They were early renowned, among the tribes, for their wisdom in council, bravi'ry in war, and skill in huntin.;'; and it is \et romenibored that, when the Adirondack and other enemies found their trail and Ibot- niurks in the forest, they lied in fear, e Aclaimiug. " it is the track of the Oneida !" To note tliis discovery, it was customary with the enemy to out down ii sapling to within two or three feet of the ground, and peel its bark cleanly ofT, so as to |)reseiit a w bite surface to attract notice. 'J'hoy then laid a stone on the top. This was the w(dl-known .«ymbol of the Oneida, and was u.sod a.s a warning to the absent menibera of the scouting party who might fall on the same trail. (l-f.) .ill. I: I r I }■■ m il ; i^ I II "Wm\ ' 1 ■ 3i m ! 1 ' 1 f ■' m ' ; »!' ' jij ;: p ■i 1 ( 1 'kJ^ 1 ^ ' i'l' 1 n > M m :f ■ . ' t' ' f^ .s„ i '1 c^ o o r> a 1 1 r' i] ' I ■n t Ut n I ■ ; ' )| wm t ! m ii I 'I PIl YSKJA I. (i KOG RAIMIY. 177 Til.' rrc(|ii('iit iilliisioii to tlif ()ii('iil;i, Stdiic in olil w ritcrs n|)(Mi tliu liuliiui ciLstoins, Hid its alisoliiic I'alladic value in tlicii' liiston, iiidiiccil nic to visit it. with Onriila (inidi's. in till' siininicr of IS-lu, and it is tlio fact of tids visit that le:uls mi' to oIIIt tins liricf notice of it. I fonnd the stone to li- a lioulder of syenite, indtedded llrmly in the drift stratnni, npon tlie a|)ex oi o.i of the most elevated Yoiioik/us or Idlls in tliat part of the conntry. Its comiiosuion is fe!ds[)ai', ((uart/, and hornhlende, with some traces ol' an apparently epedotic mineral, in whieli respects it ri'send)les (mineraioiiicaih ) the ver\- harreii character of the norther iUUl I its surface bears evident m; U'KS ot n syenites, that Its si )f lape IS irre.ii'iiiariy o rliiculi I)oiililers wliicii are found at pecies ot abrasion coiiinion to priinar\' consul faille distances from their jiareiit lied It IS a peculiarity that its surface appears, minutely considered, to lie /•i)ii! t' >hmi\ till! |il:iir iMU-1 \iA\r K.i n ,il iMUil. .iin| nlniiil .\. |l. I."i."ill — (iriyuiiic y;i|-s lii'lurr liiul.si.ii'.s ili.-cuvi'iT. — .Xulcs on llii- Iniiiiwis, jKi^i ."!•_', Li-fiis. IJoc, .y. F. : 1 ' 178 PHYSICAL (i i:(»(i UAI'IIY. '/- f' ) I I IM ■ '-", li'iMisvcrsc viilli'v, wliii'li WHS orif^iiiiiily covfriMl with grovos of Ixittcrmil aiif tlic' t'niiiitry. 7. (Iriiliigy III' the Sources of tlic Mississippi. 8. Cabotiaii Moiiiitaiiis. 'J. Coiitiiiciilal ('liaiii. 10. llaiitcur lies Tciirs. 11. Stratiun of tiuj Iniis of Liilvcs. 12. Chai'actci' ami \'aliu' of tlu; Lakes. 10. Aiiil ami Splia^^iUMiiis Tract. 11. iMir Trade. l."i. Native (^iiailnipeds. H). Ifeimleer. 17. Hyena. IS. Wolf. M i 1. WiiKV France codod Lnuisiiiiiii t;> tlic rnitcil Sttitcs. slio roiiimittod the lii'catcst j:e()ora|)lii('al hlimder in lior liislnvy, exct-Mtiiiu' tlic cession of all Xcw KrMiict' iiy l.oiiis W., conseciiicnt on llic Tall of (*iicl)cc in I7")!l. Tlicso two cvi'iit.-* wcfc essential to the United States evi'iitually becominL;' a "icat and leadino- ])i>\ver; and tlicii- com- sunnnation was, as it is now seen, the veiT tiirninu' point of it. Witli a liirciiiii and non-coiiiiate race, as Frenelunen are. on onr entire northern liorders. from sea to sea, and the month of the .Mississippi locked np. that jrrt'at valley was as coniplet serpi'nt. I-'ortunately, the statesmen of that l)rond and hi\iiri(jns court were not \vise heyoud their ecneration ; and Houaparte, wlu'U he completed the work hy acoeptinjj,- three millions as an e(iuivalent lor lionisiana, thoUi:ht a hird in the hand worth two in the hush. '• liuxh'' indeed ! which has already fiiven orioin to a cluster of States, and hy the dispute with 'I'exas. (a Spanish blunder. ])y the way.) has bronuht alunii-. in its mar. if we include its tddest daughter, the Ohio, has thirteen States upon its waters, not counting Territt)ries ; and it hirnishes an outlet to the connuercc of several more. (IHIJ I 'J. I ' ll !)ni|iln : Ml, simply signilying, in the Sioux lanj;uaji-e. water. The term for river, iriili-tn-jiiili, which the natives use as a nonn-preli\. is propei'ly dropped in ado|)tiii,i; the wovd iiit i tho English language. l?y the f'iiipiM'was, wlio live north and oust of the Daeotas. this ri\i'r is called Oskilmiil S"/)i, or tiie Young fioaf Hiver. in allnsioii to the early foliage of its forests, or premature time of their [JUtting out leaves; while the nioro Iwroiil regions, occupii'd hy them, are still standing in tlioir wintry loallossnoss. 3. C'omparod, indeed, to tho shores of liake Sui)erior, tho valley of th'' St. Peter's is an Italy, hut, to tho Saxon and .Ndrmaii emigrant, who .seek the country for its ca[)acities of industrial t'm|)loyineiit, it has a higher value. 1'ho whole of southern and central Minnesota is eminently suited to the zea maize, and the i-ntiro family of the cereals. There is no jjart of the great West better adapti'd to wheat, corn, and the leading staples of Northern agriculture. Tho St. Peter's has long been noted, among travi'llers, for its precocious and blooming gardens ; antl tho sylvan hasin of Lake Pepin, and tho valleys of tho St. Croix, tho Is.sati, or Rum river, with liiC St. Francis, Corncille, Osauki.s, and higher tributaries, are found to l)o o(|ually rich in their lloral character and power of vegetation. Prolitablo agriculture is destined to oxtt-'ud, town- ship by township, to tho I)e Curbeau ; and it nnist bo borne in mind that Imlian corn, ,hicl ot 1)0 cultivated at Siii/t >S/r. Meni" ni their order, (;3°, 05°, 71°, Cli°, and the mininnnn IKI", 47°, 51°, "il". Thunder showers aro frecpient in those latitudes, and even on the higher tributaries of tiie .Mississi|)pi. Tho anujinit of free electricity is thought to i)roduce local currents which mitigate tho sultriest days. Thirty-seven iiiclies ol rain 'ell at Fort Atkinson in 1848. ; 11 111; i '\ \ \ i| i I' W i i t' ll ft : 3 M(^ 184 I'll VS 1 <• A I, (i lltMi I! A I'll \. \\\ (ili>i'l\Mlin|is liliuli' lit Silllcjv L.lkc ill .llll\ JSl-'ll. (vide NmI'. .Inlir. \',\ , p. I'llS.) the lii;l\iliiillii IkmI III llml liikc !■» >li(H\ii In \iil;ii'\ >l iriiiiis, liiivc mIii'MiIn Iiccii im'i'ii|iJi'iI, in |)ill(. willl MlW-lilill.-*. Al lln' Klllls III' Si. Aii|Iiu|i\ , wIm'I'i' llir Mif.sif-i|i|ii, ii;;r(T;ilil\ Id llii' iiniiMiniiiiiil 111' ('ii|il;iiii S, Kii^lmiin. I' S. A. iliii|is Iwriilv li'd |iri|iriiilii'iiliirl\ , uilli f-li'Diij; iii|iiil.i iiIkivi! iiiul Im'Idw. ils |iu\vt'i' iiiiiy Im' lliiiiwii. Iiy ii Mciii's in iiiill- ciiniils. ii|iiiii iilinusl liny arnniinl. nl' iii:ii'liini'i'\'. 'I'liis pninl, wliirli is iliMiimi niiir linnilrril niili's {ilmsr Si. Lmii.''. iiml almiil HJIIII niili'.s I'l'iiiii ihc (iiiH'. i.s ilic trur liciui III' >l(':iiiiliiial ii:i\ i'j!iliiin iif iii'in \' Innnii'ji', nml nursl li< 'rnliii' Mil illl|iii|'t:illl nilllllllili liii'in;^ I'ily iiii'l |iiiiiil nf lnin.H|ii|inirnt. In a I'liliiic .slatr uf ihr riiiinli'\ , >ii'aiiilHi:il.s lit' iniiiliralc Iiimmiil'c Mia\ lir laiill almM' llic iMll.-i, In inn iliirin^ tlir I'li'slirN, as liiu'li ji.s ('ciiiilaii,niiia, nr Saniiv l.akr, ami I'nrkiliiiinia. 'I'lii'V niii\ aixi a.^nnfl ijir |)i' Cuilicaii to llic iiiiiiitli 111' Leal' iiivrr. 'I'll lii|iii'jra|ili\ ami 'jriinal i,'i'ii'-'ia|iliy ol" .Miniir-uia caiinnl lir wril iiiiili'r.-liinil willniiil uisin;; I'lill iifuniimnci' Id llir rliaiaclrr, niiiisi'. aii>l uiijin nl' llir .Mi.--i~>i|i|ii. ( irnloLliially cnllviilrrrii. liir M i^sis.^i|i|ii lii\ rl' liliLiilia Ir.s in I 111' clfa I ic li|iHk-;jlnll|i Ill- ill ill ,s|iatlllll 111' till' nnrlli. in Inii^jilmli' I >> wcsl nl' WaNJiinjinn. ami iinitli lalilmir •17 l.'l' 'I-i". a'jicralily In .Mr. Nicnlrl. 'I'lii.s ^^|^almll ili'\fln|H il.scH' in a |iiiiiiiiiM'iil raii'ji' nl' saiiil-liills, m iri' iiniiiaiilN' liakcil nrrail illllirs. uliicji lliiow mil rdjiinus s|irini,'s of llic pnri'.st UaliT nn all siilrs. 'I'lu'Sr illl'anl smili rs nl' till' "rallirl' nl' liM'ls" lir.sl lialliiT liiriiisi'Kcs Inui'lInT in a lianilMimr lakr, I'allrd lla-ca. nl' smnc li\i' ti i<('\i'n mill's in Irll'Jin. wlinsi' slinrcH am surrnlimiril willl ilcriijiinils ll'ci'S. Till' .sccMi is nni' nl' iiicliiri'siini' licai ilv. I''i- lliis lakr, till' .M ISslSSIII |ii scis out nil ils womlcrriil cniirsc nl' imnr liiaii .'!(ii)ii inilis In lim (iiill', liy an nnlli't Hi.xU'Cii ii'cl widi". willl a (Irjilli nl' liiiiilccii inclirs — inakiiiu a Imily nl' |iurr crystal water, ^'lidiii;? rapidly n\iT a sandy and p('lilil_\- lied, in which tiic traveller, as he .shnnis ainnj: in his caiinc, can .-cc llic hrnkcii vvhilc and pearly \al\es >>[' llie uiiin and nllier Iresh-walcr .sli Ms nf (he lake scatler.'d in ils lied. ^. 'I'liiis nnicli tn|ini;raphicall\ . 'I'his ^ri'at iinrlherii drill si ral mii. which cniisti- (iiles llie heijjhl nf land, resls nil a lirnad raiiLTe nl' till! cr\sialliiie nr primary rocks which crnss ihe cnlilinenl lielweell lalillldes alinlll II' In nO, lillkillu- In'jetlier ihe niniiiilaiii ^rrniips nl ihe i.aliradnr and lindsnn's lia\' coasts wilh llie iinck\ \I(iiinl: Tn these hrnad raiines and mnnntaiii-nuthreaks, as they are develnpeil west nl' .lames' 15ay and north of Lake Siiju'rior, IJnnchette. the ,i;en;j;'i'aplier of ( 'anada, has ap|ilied the name nl' (''• i;<»(i It A I'll V linil I.mIxI' \Villlli|it'('. Till' ll:ltlll;ll li >r cIcVlltiohH ilt'liiito IIiIh. It is, ill line-, |li>> liaiii\frsi' ir./>.s, /M ///',(/, Ih'Iwiiii (lif llmUiPiM Itii\ uinl llif Si. I.iiwri'iict' sMilfi.-* itiiil tills rciiuitc Hiiinniit. to wliicli tlic Ki'iiicli ii|i|>i\ tlii> term l/iin/i in- itf< '/I /■/'», mul cMmiiiic its (ifi'iiiiic iIiiih'h, j;rii\i'l-lii'il>i. unit HMii(l-|iliiiiis, >\illi(iiil .-ii|i|ici,«iiiL; till' |irc-('iit ciiiiditiDii III" its ."iiiracf to In- tin' rc-iill cil' (H'ciiiiin iMiniiit-, liDwcM'i' |iriiilu('i'il. w liicli. lit iiMis aiiciiiil iicrind ol' tlif ulnhc's liistury, |iiiiiii(| llu'ir wiitt'is DVif llicsc liciulits. siircliai>:r(l witli tin' ruins ul' IhiiImii ^tl■atll ami ilisiii|)|cil lin'iiiMtiiiiis wiiicli oiu't' spri'iul over llif ai'fa iinitli nf tiu'iii.' We nhscrvt'. Illlliii"! llir Ili'MS \ licils III' I'ullllililllltril ^allll^t^||l'S tlllil ."iuti'S, lUnl ul' |irilllMI'\ I'imIxS iViiiii It iiiulcr jiiisii idiis, w iili'-!-]iiiacl in iiliiirrs ul' ti:i|i aiiij ^'n iiistnin's, jjiMuWiirUcs aii'l iiiii\ ■jilulciiils. whiili tril 111' tlif |iriistialiiiii i>\' Mili'aiiii' I'mi iiiMtimi-. with nil tlirir priuliai' iiiilii iliiril iiiiiirrals mill \riii-.-tiiiifs, ( M' IIh'm' iaitrr. tin- IiihiIit \arirlirs ul" till' i|iiiiit/. !'aiiiil\ . w illi /iiiiril ajali s ainl, li>s ai'niiilantl\ . ('Iiali'rilnnir-* ainl lanirliaiis, iiri' jniiiiil lintli ill (ill' ill'N ill'il'l at till' lii.:li'>l i'ii'\ ali'ilis. ami almiil I aii'l -tiraiii-^, 'riir>r llia.-sr.-i lia\ II' .■^Ihhi's III lakrs I' hii'ii rai rinl. li\ llin i lliir ailiMii. ildW II till' M I>S1S- Mplii \ aili'\ to '.irat ilislain'cs. .siilK'i'iiij; imuf ami iimrr i'lniii lin' lini'r ul' altritiim. 'I'lirN ail' iijlrll [licki'il lip. MTV Well cliarMCtrri/ril. nil till' >lliilrs iif j.akr l'r|iill. I iiiiM' iraiTil tliriii as low as Si. Lmiis ami llrri'ulaiH'iiiii. II. Ii i- a |iiiiiliar rraliiii' ul' llir lla-ra Miiniiiil. anil ils vaiiniis s|i'|i|ii's. llial it lia- a >iih— ol I. nr ili'|Mi>i| III an aliiiniiHMis nr iiii|ii'r\ khis iliaratli'i-. ii'stni'^' hrlnw III \ariiiii> >aml-iilaiiis, lnains. ami lun-i' rarliiiiia''riiiis ai III ill' till' trill' I'aiiM' III' till' rrlriiliiin. at tlinsc I il lai'iisliiiii' lulls, 'I' lis aniH'ar^ lI'l'.'lllS, II a \ ast iiiiily ul' walrr. in tin- a| r lakrs, w liirli arr ul' r\rry iiiiajiiialili' >i/i'. Iimiii liali' a iiiiir In tliirly inilrs li'ii'-^lli. it will mil III' lull II. mil, iii'iliaiis. III s;,\ that Ini I Inni-aiiil ul' llirl williin iiiir liuiili IS, iiiirili uf lalilmli' I I 'I'l ir^i' lakrs ill tjir ilril't sliatlllll, su iiiiiaikalilr I'ur ihuir iiiiinlii'r. (•iiiisi>t uf trai'.~|iarrnt ami. \i'r\ ul'irn. \i r\ pmi' walrr llii' li'iinii'iatiirc 111' wliicli is L;i'iiriall\ S u III krluw that ul' llir at iiiiisiilii'rc. (\'iil .Nar. .luiir. W u|" |^•Jl•. |i. \us.) ||ii'\ arr sii|i|insi'i|. 111 si'M'i il ilisirii'ts, t( I lia\i' il siiliti'iiani'iiii^ ruinniiiiiiraliiiii willi each uIIh'I'. wlii'rli\ tliuir iniriu ami li\rlim'ss i.s ini'srl'Mll WlUliillt \isil iitli'Is. Tlic walrr that siist iins .-mil a snsIciii ul' lakrs ami rivi'is is, niaiiilistU . the ii'siilt ul' tlir I'limli'iiscil vanui's ul' the ui'ran, wal'lril Iriini H'Si' liliiail rllinirlii'i'; 1 iiia\ a il III' ruii>ii|i'r(il as \vanm'r l.ilitiiiK's tu I III. 'I'hi' laki's III' till' siili-iiioiiiitaip. rr'jiiiii ul' Miniic-ut r.illiiii^- iimlir twu i-lasM's. ihuM' with I'lian >amly .■•huns, ■iml ;i run .iiliTaMi' i|i'|itli. Mini tliiisi' wliusc imir^iiiis i'iiii-i-t III' a s|ilia;:nriins charai'trr. ami aljinii;| in thu :.i.'iiiiii />'i/ii.^/ns. iir wild I'ici'. and arc cuniiiarali\ cl_\ shalluw. Tin' runner \icM \arii)!is (;...i,.-ir:ii ii,|»ii ,.r ij,.. I-: ,|.i-liiiMii Ml' |'--Jii, W ,r I lllic. . W :i>lii KW I I h Mill.- ..r ^ll-..u,,, I- I'll vsi I \ I, «; i;m, I! A I'll V IH- »i|M>('i<'H III' I'imIi ; till' lilllrr >i'|\r iml nlll_\ ll» II >'|iil'c-|inl|«(' ill' jjr.iill I'm' IIk- liiltiscH, wllil ^iiliii-r it ill Aii'iii't itinl SciiIciiiIh r. Iml IIh'V iiuilr iii\ limN nl' wnli i i >\l iiitu iIh' rruiiili. iiljil lliljs |i|'i)\i' II iliilllilc I'oiiiiri'i' III liji' lilltiM'^. It i>i n>ll-lilllll\ illlil'lliril tllilt li«li iiir t;il\rM ill lakr,-* wliiili liMM' nil \i>il)li' mitli't. Suiiii' iil' llii' liir;.'rr ii|ii'ii liiki's I Mliri'li'ii with till- Mi^Mis-^ilipi viclil llic wlliti' I'imIi, wllirll in so (•rji'liriltfil III till' iiji/i, /■ /,//,-, V, \\ liilr ill nil I'lisi' liil-i Ijsli 111' lliiM HjH'rii'S i'\rr lirrll rollinl ill till' Mi-»ii^>i|i|ii ii-iir. i-'i. 'I'lir riinlitiy iirollllil tin' miiii'im's iiI' tlir MinHi.>iHi|)|ii, cvtcnililij.' In tlio I, like iif till' WiMiil.1, iiiiil till' iiiil (iI'iiihI I'lirtii'/i' (if [ ii'jiii'iiltiiri'. Siiiiir |iiirtiiiii"< III' il. ill tlu' iiipjIc wot nl" Laki' Sii|prriipr. rxtcniliiiL' tn till' l.aki' 111' llu' Wiiiiil.*. mill llic MUiiri- nj' tin- St. I.oiiis Ifisi r. iiii' niiknl mrks. nl' tin- rrv^taliiiH' iiinl vuliiinii' kimls. iniil aii' I'litiiriy viiliirlcsf* fur tlic |iiir|iu^rs nl' iiL'iiciiltiiio. Otllrr |liirliii||S 111" it. I'rili'llillLr IUTiiSM tin- lU'llial lirail-WHti'lS nl' tlir .Mi--,-i-»i|i|ii. tu llif lii^li ^roiiiiil 111' llir ( Mlri'-I ail l.akr, aiul ItaMM siiiiiniil. Iia\r a laiui' |irii|iiii llmi nl' mill siiiiil-liills mill |ilaiii-<, ami an aliimsl illiinitalili- iiiiniln'i' nl' lakrs mul Mn-Lmi^.' Till' |iio|initiiin nriiilili- laml in this mrii is niiili'ml Irss saliialilr than il nlhriw isi' wniijil 111'. I'lniii ils isiiiatinii liv wa^li- watiTs ami lianrii-. ami tiir iiii|iraitii'aliilil \ nl' I'liiinri linn' till' vnii'l trai'lslis rna'U. Wr^l nl' ihi' limlinr il' ^ T'lii^ till' laml- li'ililr. idiisistinu' III' wiiniN anil |ir.iirir~ w hii'li arr la-iis I ia\ ■ i i|. II. This ri".;iiiii has linn I'lni^iilrriii iisarrntr.il |iniiil linihr I'm 'I'laili . It has lirrii iintid. I'min till' lii'st siltlriiiiiil i ij' ( 'aiiai la. as aliiiiimiiiij in llii- .-mail I'liirril animal-, wlm-i' skins ai'r \aliiali|i' in rniiiiinTn'. its •-niirrrs nl' >ii|i|i|\ tn till' iiali\r trilii's havi' Iiitii imiinitanl. it ha-, al ihn saim' tiiiir. hail aiinthrr siii.:uiar aihan ta'.;i' In thrill ri'iiiii till' alinmiamr nl' tlii' \ivm\\ lal 'II liiiilinimii. II V rii'i'. li\ liir ( 'iii|i|iruil liiiiiaiis. mill /'•-//' liy tiir Simix. Ils lakrs almnnil with watrrliiul ami li>li. It.- liin'st.s mill \alli'\s \irlil a siiiririi'iii'\ nt' t\u- ii' ' r ^ur, /h riiinni tn riiaMr tlir nati\i's li iiiaki' iiia|ili' sm^ar : ami. il tin' trrntnr\ n| jlinlMins Hay wtit I'lijiil tn tlir I mtcil Stall's, it wiinlil I'nnn a siiitaliir aira I'nr an linliaii inlmiy. l"i. Mi'siili's till' liravrr. litter, mink, innskiat. lislii'i- anil iiimlin. wlmsc I'lirs air vnlnahli', it yii'iils many nf tin' larurr i|iiailin|iriis. 'i'hrri' air sniin' pnrlinns of it, whrri' that ri'iii ii kalili' animal still exists, wliirli thr Imlians i all //c/., ami tlin Ami'rirmis iiin,,^>, tlir lari;rst nj' llir ilnT sprrii's. This animal, wliirli has ni-avly tin' slrrii'.;th 111' till' linis.'. ami ii'si'iiililrs it in hrii^ht. is \ri-y wary, anil i|nifk nl' lirariir.'. The li'ast imisi' ilistiirlis it. ami llin liniiaiis hunt it with m'rat farr. its lirsii is iniirli fsti'i'iiii'il li\ llirin. Thr rlk. ml ilriT, aiiil I'niniiinii Mark lirar. aiv ruminnn. lis wi'strni skirts, nil thr I'ril riviT |iiains. yirlil thr L;Ti//,ly hi'ar — tiir //"// (;/' ///' r"/iiiii, il" stri'iivrth hi' tlu' |iiiiiit at is>ni'. Tn kill this aiiiiiial is an oiiji'it nl" |iriiiir hnastinii with tiic liatisi's ami hnnti'i's. ' (!rnl,,ifi,-,,| |!r|M,|l, IS-JO. tf i 1 188 rilYS";AL (JK()(i llAIMIY. hi. l{i:iM)i:i:ij. — IVirlinns of (lu- country yii Id tin- cunilMM), wliicli is an Anu'rican t<|)('cii's of till" ri-indi'iT— till' Cirrus Ann riitnuis. 'I'liis licaiilil'ul and Hrt>t animal, w liii'li has a split lioni', is provided with a IihiI that cnahU's it to spread it over a <-oiisi- dcraliie smliice at e\('r\ step, so as to walk on the suri'ace of the deepest snows. it snlisists (lurinL; the winter season on nlos^es. Its tk'sh is a niosl delicious and delicate venison, and its skin is dri'.ssed liv' the Indian females for their llnesl i;ai-ments. 17. llvKN.V. — It is not trne, as has heen sujipost'd, that the f^intton or hvena of Europe I'.visis on the sources of the Jlississip[ii. The only Hpeeie« of this family foiuid l)_\ the liuniers, is the wolvi-.'ine; a viciiais ac.itnal, which will i\\. (I. i'.liriirl. '■-'I- ri. Ill;iiil,' !• !■ I nil 1. :ihi| :ll tllr I'liiil III' llir Knrkv Mmilil. '.I. Ill-I ii V III' lllf < 'icik- 111' Mll-ki'L'i r-. ll'. M:|--:l llll-i I1-- Imlilill-. II. I' iriin :■ liiill:iii l'ii|iiil;il imi nl' Kiiiliirky. IJ. Ili~iiii_v III' :1m' Miiiniiiiiuli .; ami I '|i1|i|ii'\\:i-j. 1!. Mi-i iliii- aini .\--iL'iiMaiL'^. II. |niv of the ' 'iiicka--.iw-;. 'I'iii.i;i: lire ;iliiiiit -I'Miily tiiiiii-;. iir:irly nil i>\' wIkhii mT" suiitiilcil tln' (.liin t ,i\' oiir jiulicx :iinl la\v,<. iliiriiin llir ll.i'ci'-liiiii ill*: III' .1 (Tiilmy ihai Uir |;(i|iiililic ha- ii\.||vi-.ii| Ml', ciciL'iil \ u' cr I Ik 'Ml. Nil I n!ir w liidi w a-: in fxi.-^lcnci' in I TVi'i lia.- Irniiiic i\i inct. '.''I:c w ai> liiai iia\i' iicrii niaiiitaiiiril uii ihr rrniiiirrs lia\ c lirni |iiiir|\ '.-, ar- ol' il. Inner '! *'i _\ lia\ (I iii'\ ni' licrii w ars 111' .■iL'jrc-.-^i.iii. lln' dliircl dl' w Imli lia- Imnii. in mi '. -.nii,,., • Ill' ari|ui,-i|iciii ill (ririldi \ . Nor lia\i' I Im tiilins in llinM i'iaili-f> -iillrnul ili')iii|irlalioii. I'.il i: I 1 ** tl: I li I i; A I, 'i|;i; A N I / \ i' 1 ON, i: r(^ 'J I .!' 1 'I' >l iiiiiiiIh'I .- Ill li^illlr li.i~ Ik'i n li.:lil. iniiiiMii'd with || 11' .-I'lU , lua\ \ , iiiiw all inairli ul ii\r.| iiiil |" riuaiitiil can^i^. cuiil ia\ cimii: llif iiia\iiiis ul' iii(lii,--ti_\ anil |iii|)iilal loll wlii.li liin- iiiaiki'il llicir Imiu iiilciAals nf iiracc. Nalidiial V iiiilv ; the |iiii'^iiil ol llu' liil.-c aii>l i \ iiaii>liliL; uhji'ds ul' (lie chase , t!ic iirjlcci III' a-i iriill iii'i' ; the lu'ii ,■ tlial lia> ivcpl v.iiiiii; Micii iViiiii li'ariiiiii:' trailcs. wliilc iiiic- uiiv iiii|.,..\(i| ti) liMcli ihrm; aii'i tl/r j<'iiiTal llsr ul' lii-tillcil diii Iks. Iia\c >ii i\iv aiiil aiHiM- all. liir jiripioii'^a- II. II at ;ill lilih^ JiMiJ .1 liio^t iiiaii-|iici(ius liiariii.;. I liiiii 1'! llic iifiiixi 111' llic liia\iliis ami r -i.i|ii> .i| liKJiaii in I !i'' cli--icjaril dT llnil'iriil hnu^i'w iUtv Ii\ tin- Indian ji'inalo ; ami tlir li-ral nn ■hi \ . as t h"\ ai'i' cv iiiccd li'u'ji llic tiilic-i lia\. ^ci iiiMrii-l\ r>\i Hid 111. Ii\ ill uiii ml ii I Till ~.- Iia\c liccii tl il wa^lr III' lliiir lasli ir ■jic.il ;i|iaii^ t ij llic'ir di|ii.-si(iii and dii-jcn-inii in (■\ 1 IV |iii hid 111' iH.r liru'l' liisturv . 'Till' Indian ci iininnnil ics mi i n r 111 Ill's Inn c nni .limi'i d I'm t ii-nionnw. 'I'Inv lia\ ' lani:iii--lM d and do liiud iiinsi. n. ■! diii'iim ^rasoii- ul' war. w nm n vdi/.i'd ,ia( inns sink ill iiiiin\'is. Iml diiiiiiL' liiii'j luiiids (if |H'aci'. It is. in tiilli. tin' pcai't'-iicriiHl.s il tlir Indian Irilic-. v ln'ii t n ir iiiin-,ni In-trial and idii' rliaraitrr. and llu'ir irmu'iii'-s III \ 111- w liii'li aiv llii' liaiii' 111' r\iT\ siirii'tv lia\i' Inul niKiili'l rn|iti'd scii|i<'. t!ial ill liiililir:; '. 1 11' "111 I -I niii--t inai '< a- |ii'rnliari v tlir di'iir('ssiii'_' rras nl' tiifir liisli)i'_\ Till' linai idiii-lim 111 ■! llu II ifjiin iiiii -limi addi'd 11 all Inl.i'-. Mil -trill dl\ a:id riliii' ijiiijii' ill \ . I'lil w I-. li'-- lliaii :.'i.iinil. Tl r |in!ilir care alimit "ivty -till iiii|ierli'ill_\ iiiliiinicd. stalls!, - liii-i ai^'ji'i'v til' |iii[iidaliiiii at iire-cnt is. rrniii llic latest iinl I'l III- ; I 'I w Imlii iM' a.'c il' ■iiini ic ai'iiiii -il iiiii ui Tc\a Ncu Mcx ici). ami 111 1 ali- r <• til. Ilia. !ia\c ui'i-all \' ciilai'j. 'i llii' iimiilicr 111' Irilic- w illiin mir limits, and llic duties iii:|iii-i'd li\ the Indian ' niiTiuin'-e law- !., I ■.li'll'lini lin -I lll>|i|ill ■- 111 \\f vvlinle llllllllii'l' i il llilies williill tile limits nf the I iiiiip. nndii' thi-i' Il I iiliii'i.'.l accc--iiin~. ( 'iin'jri'--i has Mie.iily ciilarijed the s|i|ici'e nl" iin I-' ;j iliiiii. Till' inl'nniialiiin iiuw -iilmntli'd mi the iirL'aiii/atimi nl' the triln's, 1' imi'li-cs a silcctinii 111' llic liialmi.il- received I'rmil each nt' the leildin'_i L;l'ni||is ■■i'all''l'e I iiMl' ihe I'nimi. it will he I'lillnued liv ntlicr inaller, nil the several heads, as si'iii as it can he di^jested and iire|ia!vd liir |inhlicatii)ii. i| I 1. I>IM;1. I.M IN AKY liKMAHKS. A. 'rnli'inic (li-;.Miiiziiliiiii of ilic Claii.s uml Tribeu. li. I'.itriaicliiil Kiiiiiilv t'irclcs. < '. ( 'iillMcils. I». T.'uiirf ..r ill,. (.'Iiicfs OHu'o. K. l'o|iiiliii' Klcinciit. I'". SoXcTl'i;:!!! V lit' ( '.illlH-il-i llllnll (i;|| I < >;il liri'i''! \M ill. '111. ;i N'uti (i. ()| II. •i(.iH.|ir ( ii-uii|i< dl' 'rrilii.<, I. popular and iiii|io>i.i| NaiiicM f.'ciu'raily Misnouiors, .1. Ti-ilpi'< wli.i havu roM-iiiiiili.cl the Siilijccts of our I'oli.'y fov Yi-ar< K. A. ha 11 1 a :.'(.> of \' Jj. Nrcc'^-ilv of iillllii.lilU' I'acis lo .||.al Willi. ii'ttiiii; llinii In (ii-oii|i> whic.li coiL^liliiti. :i I'liin ily of iinilii.nlu' Kacls lo .ii.al iM. I):iiii.'..|- of iii|..|iiiii;,' an Arii-^tic Tlii'oi-v of Imlian <'hari N. I'l-o-ooM.,! lo (.oiK-cnli-ali' tlu' \'ii.w of his lli>lorv iiiiil (, iiiiiliiioii ill Tal>l(.au\ (). 'I'lilial lli-|..|-y an. I l)lvi>iiiiis of ihr .\llantii' Ti 1'. 'I'hcativ ..f Fi-,.ncli Disc.ivorv. .Mill .\l-o ,.|ii (J. lro.|iiois, inti'ii^ivi' into ilic .\!j^oiii|iiin (jii-clc. It. U.K'.iia (m.>ii|i. S. Miisc'.iiii'cs ami ^I'lirral .Vpiialacliians. T. Slio>lioni-i.s oi- Fiflli (iioiip. I". I ni.'i'oiiiicii iiiiH. 1 Ti A. 'I'mm r. Ill cimis. or w iiJiii'i' .il' tl r.Miii/.alioii nf trili's \vlii<.|i niii^.i>t-i nf llicir lirino- ussucialiMl h.-it 1ms I ll'l'll 111111-4' l|i|ini|iriiiti'|y (Irliiiliiinalcii llio /n/innr lii . www he ii'lcl'li'il III Ilic lilll I'liiiMijciMliuM (if llirir liinilllcrs II l|i| CllstlPlll^ 'i' IIS I'mtiiro is ili'si;.'ni'il latiici' In iiiodiirc iViiti'i'iiily iiml tlic hum i-- hI' at niicc rcco.jiij^in.j it, tliaii liir any |iraclifal uiioi atiuii iipuu llicir siiiij'lc tlnnry of ..;i)\criiiiiciit. I! T!ic (\|M'or their oo\rriiiiiciil is clcii!;. jiat I ianliil. Nolhiii.: can iir siiii|ilcr oi- contain less of tliip~f iiriii''i|ilcs \\liic!i wrUcrs rci:ari| as a coin|iacl or iiLrrci'iiicnt. iiii|ilic(l or oihcruiM'. lU .-i.ee-l for auc i .i;i-lii'!|. s ii.< ...crin. 'I'lic iicail of the lot|..:c nilc.s li\ thi< iiowcr. ami lii.' ciVecl is |ir.ci.e|y i .iiiiih,.|i.>iiratc with liic riiliiess ami pcrrcclion ihe cause. Ooinion L'ixcs it ;,1| i;^ jiivs , ainl opinion liivak.s its poivcr as often as il is Justly callcil in i|ue>tion !'. Toinicils arc callcil \\lienc\er the inatlcr in ii.iiiil is nioie weiohty iIuhi pertains lo the aO'iirs 111' a -iiio|e loiloe or honseliolil Iraternily. Tliese hoilics arc inaile up of the ojil nicn. The nienilicrs are callcil 0-(/.'-,/;t(s. h\ the Aloompiins. and h\ a word oi' similar incaniiiu anion,:r all ilic trihes. I'cr.suns who are so a.s.sociiiti'(i are no li.') . 10.".) I ( J . '< I ^iii li III! 'I" 13 K til \m I ' ' 1 !" ! ) J. \ : i I 'f ^^ lot Ti; 1 1:.\ I, (M;(i a n i/, at ion, loiiiicr ^t\lrll iiii-iis, or latlirr.-. wliicli i> llii' liTiii I'lir ilic lirtiil nf llic liiil/i' ciicli'. 'riic new t< nil 111' O-iiiia is tlii'i'i liiif u cIn il (■(i;:iiiiiiH';i ; il is llic i i|iii\ al.'iit tciiii I'nr iiui^istraic. I). Ouiiiias w lid iiavc (listiii'jiii.-luMl ihriiisclvcs I'.a- w iMliiin, himkI (■(iiiiim'I. or cIikiiicucc. la\ llir riiimdatiti!! lur f\|icc',iiii;' that lAYu-f to lie (.iiiliiiiiril in llirir I'aiiiiliis ; ainl >\|ici!' llii' r\|i('cl,iliiin i- not |iai liciilaiiv ilisaiiiiniiilcd. or wlicri' il is <'()iiiii|('|rl_\ riilliilril. ihr (illirc is ilccincil iu'icililarv. liiil llic iiiricc. al v\\-v\ luillaliiiii liv ili'alli, rcc('i\i's a lieu \il,iiit_\- iVoiii (i|iini(iii If no caiiacil v lor Liood roiinsrl is nianiU'strd ; or if llific 111' no I'xaniidf? of liravcrv. cndnrancc, or I'nciyv of cliafacti'i-. in loii-sl .sci'ncs. the oilier of a cliit'l' licconiis nicrciv nominal, and the inlliicncc I'Xcrt'isi'd is litlK' I'l' nolliinu'. 11'. on tlic contrarv. tlirrc arise anionLi tl:e e!a>-. ol' \varrioi> and vounir men darim;' and resolute men. wiiethiT Liil'led with speakin,::' powers or nol. dliinion at onee |iu^iies tiiem on to tiie eliiel'lain,- >eats. and iliev are, in ell'eet. in-tailed and reeoi^nised as eliiel's. K. lu tlie Al,;^on(|nin trilies the ehiel's are tlie mere exponents dj" piiliht" opinion. They are prompted liy it on all (juestions ii (piiiinp' tiie e.;eriise of any n s/„i,i.^l/ii/ili/. or which, without nine! • -^imii.-',! dit \'. are merely /'"■. When so prompted, tliey feel stl'oni!'. 'i'hey expres-. ihem ■ |\es with Iioldliess. and iVeipieliily 'Jn ill ad\aiiee of. or eoiieeiitrate the puMie \'^ . la a manner hi elieit approhation. They are set lin'waiii li_\ till' wa ri ,ii.d viui:_ i.ien as the moiitii-pieee of their I'ihes. to utter \ii\vs whieh depiei (i i ,n • a man whose rights are eonstantly trenrhed on h\ the white-; who ; ~ 'l-'l M:iiiy thiinis from the lieLiilinim;. W iio endures eoiiliiiiud trespasses on . • l-i.d-, m.I \\Iio is the proud drlender ot' the domi'.ill o!' the forest, as the restiii'j-pla. ol i' i '• ' '■- o, iiis latiiers. In all -ueii topies i!,( (diiel' ha- a I'l ^ raniii'. and will he siii' ■ to r:\riy his listenn's almiL: with him. r>ut hi the topic lie an inte nal (pie-timi — a liscal. or land !|ii.'stion — a ipiestion (iT di\ i-inii ol' any sort, and his p.ower is at an end, 1 Ir iunniMliately di~claiiii- llu idea ol' setllin;.: it. without prisate councils with the warriors and mass ol' the naiion. iiiid it is only when lie has thus heen instructed, that hi returns |o the council, to uphold or deli'ud oueslions. 1''. In .--uih a LioMi'liiiiciit of cliii Is and coun-ils. iv.idi- the .--ov ci i :Mit \ . 'i"hc\ make peace ;ii;d war : lhe_\ conclude treatic- and a':iceiiiinls. We liv;ii wilhlhem. al llii-i open comicd,-. a- I'lilly comp tiiil to ■•■ ,i. i-e the pown- a--iiiiici|. .\iid wc uphold the clc'is and coiinciN. i> the r' I.IImI con-tiliilcd aulhoril\. So lar as popular ejiiiiioii. aiiH'ii. ihetiilK- w ill !'• : r it. t he power and aiithoiilv ol'lh cliicr^ should r. . . ,\e the n; ilkeil I ouulenaiie 'l' lie ■:.i\ li nuient. in'. o|iinioU. as li\ ■., \ote. e de-- it ma\ he liiilled nr, /,i ,,iiilii,,, . I'ileii ions hv ballot. 'III! ri,.i. or takiiui pii\ ile -ull'ra'jes in any Icu.:. is ,, ( haracteri-iic of liiirli ei\ ilizaliou. 'i'lie naiivc- ue\( i in'.^i li>ed it l''or such I' the .-cnii ii\ili d iiihe.s as S:%- 1 1 I S r ( ) U V, AND ( i ( ) \ K K N M K N 1'. 1 lt.1 IiiiM' lit llir |>i(S(Mil iImv iiilci|pti'il written coii-litiitiiiiis. ami a Mstciii nl" flrctiDiis, tlicsi (■(Pii-tiliilioii.s arc icrmcd tn. II. 'I'lic NDrtli Aimriiaii Imliaiis exist in c-xtciisivc K'luliiif; i.'niii|)M, liuviii;,' iiHinitii,- (if iaHL:iiai;:t' aiul lilood, 'l"liciii;jli tlii'ic In' scai'ci'lv one id' the li'il)i's ol" niiv iioti" wliicli lines lH)t pdsx'ss snliie ])ieiliiaiit v liv wllieli it, is reaililv liciii;r 'sed. anion;: theniseUes. anil nersiin- intiniale with their enstinns ; \et. wlien tiie\ are attenti eonsiiiereil. tlie ;^enerie points of aiireeiiient. |)li_\sieal ami mental, are mii'Ii as to rreate little dillieully in their classilication. I. The trihes within the piesent area of the I'liiteil States, and w hose anee-tois were ehielly within the IJritisli eolonies. ha\e lieeonie familiar \i\ their popular names of .Mohawk. Delaware. < 'herokee, and other terms. (Lienerally \eiy dill'ereni iVoni those hywhieli they eall themselves.) which hrintr np associations eonneclcd wiili masses of hiintcr-men. of tixed peculiarities ami traits. ■;nd lixinu in paiiicidar iicoLii'aphii'ai districts. .1. The se\enty separate trilies which have rendered themselves familiar to n<. in the ;irca east of the itcicky Mountains, liv tlniracts left a ]!ed man on the continent, w hose de^iiny niav lie exalted. '/'/,,(/ le:i-lalion peiloinis Imt half its ollice which is iiol governed liv the maxim, that il hold- a compleie reiu'Mly in its hands fa- eveiv Ifja! waul or civ il and social ilisorijer: ami wlial else is ile-tiov ini the I mlian 1- '!' the condition in which the liilies ex i>l apparent, at the present time lie I h" whole area of their liirmer doinlnioii is Kriirj cnl up and oiuaiii/ed into i ' f '■.mt^i^^ ^ s II I I ; Mr ill i ;l i I 1 ! (« fel i i ■ I ( ; !f li)(l TI{ 1 It A I. (>It(i A N 1/ ATION, commiinitirs. it !?< t'ss.'iiliiil iIkiI \m' sIkhiIiI iii;ikf uiir ii|p|i(Ml (o ii limlv ol' riir|< iiiliii'ly .'iillicniii' ill its iliiiMcti r. It is willi lli> \ icw that llic Ccii^iis ninl Sliili-tirs arc cniiiiiiciici'il. ol' wliirli lilt' lir-t part is lifr('\vitli piililislicd, aiiil it is with the saiiic \ic\v that tht'sf hisinrical illiistialiniis arc -ivcii. It' the man is to he jiidirrd, like all ntliiT I'ai'cs III' iiii'ii. Ii\ his I'apai'itii's liir nscriiliii'ss ami iiii|irii\ I'liii'iit, ('iiiii|iai'ril with his iiiiMiis III' inihii'it\ III' t'linrt'iitratri! and hiiiiiaiii/i'l '.' N. It is |irii|iii»i'tl. in tlirsf iiaiirr-*. In I'lnni-li lalilfaiix. nr histnrit' iiialriials nf tin' man. fur Intiiri' iisr. Thrx ha\t' lirt'ii 'jlianrd I'lnm tin' rfff>si's ul' tlir \\ ildi'i ins^ ; thf\ ait' fhit'lly I'liiili'ilniti'd li\ |itv-iins whn liavr jiassril ihinn'jli Ilir si'mti' urdral ul" rriiiiliiT liti' — men who havr Iniilsrd di'ath in tlif I'art' in \ai'iiins liiinis. That niati'iials thns ulitaini'd may h'ad In thf liirmatinii iil'tlrrmitt' and Irnthlul I'linrln^iuii-. till' ti'ilpis. wlinsi' fii^inm-^ 111' jifriilia'' trails arr lirmiLdil iiiln \ irw. arc aiTan-'d in I'lhiitilti^iral '.:iiiii|is. It has lirrn iirmiisi'd that tin' I ndians f\i»| in siirli -riin|i~, O, Till' lii'^t \i'-~-rls widrh Sir W'altiT Itali'i'jii :-rnt mil. in l•^^•'l. lamk d aiiinii- a i^rnt'rit' s|iii-l\ III" |i''ii|ili'. whu ai't'. ly wiiirr-, driiiimiiiati'd .\ l',:iiiii|niii<. Il \\a> niar till' siinllii'in li'iiiiinn- ul' thrir ainii'iil |iiiiiil nl' In I'ilnriai ili-|ii'r-iiin. Thr\ wrii' di\iilri| inlii niiiiifiMn-; trihfs, all hrariii'j dilVii'riil iiaiiii'-. Tin' iii\'rr~;l\ nl' rari's. mi nttrrK ii|i|iiisii| In i'\ci\ lliinj in rivil lil'i'. kd In thf r\lii|iatinn 111' ihi~i' lir-l ad- \ fntiirnils t'nliinists. Tin' arliiaj linnidri's nl' \ ir;iiiiia al'liTvv aid- laiidfd aiimn.; ihi' saini' |>i'ii|ili'. Lnrd I'lait iiimiT's nijiniv nf Marx land iandi'd anmiij kindird liilir,^, hut lii'ai'iiiir diU'iTi'iil nanifs William I'mn Inratrd his |iatriil in thr miiNl nl' an ailriillt Mild nlirr linWrrl'nl |ii'n|ilr. dialrrts nl' uIiiim' lani;iia;:i' a|ipl'ai'i'il In lia\r hi'i'll scaltiTi'd almi:: ihr I'liliii' Allanlii' i-l at an narly day. lull wliirli all I hr trilirs still .-iillifii'lillx It'll i'.:iii«i'd li_\ ihi'ii- Mii'alinlarits as a radical lam.;na'.;i', il.idsnii. in liill'.', I'nind hrantdii's nl' thr .M'jnnipiin^. il' mil nl' iIm' |)rla\\ari' Ixpn id' it. at Man- hattan; and till' l'!ii'jli>li finijiMiil-. in l^'i'l^K Iniiml a prnpli' nl' kimiifd lair.:na)if spri'adina thrniiLiliniil .N'rw I'lniiland. and irarhiii'j. \\ilh rhaii::i's. siirh as that nl' ihi' S iliriiplnis. In lilt' Cllir nf .^1. I ,au I'flli'i'. IV Thf (''I'lnidi, ill I i'iii>. rniiml a pfnplf -pfakiii'j thf sanif '.ifiifrif lamjiia'^f. mi ihf nmih hanks nl' il.f St. LauTfiirf. Iiilwffii Thrn' IIImts and ihf -iif nl' (.tiifhri'. Thfy Iniiml till' sanif rai'f. al ipiirkis siii'i'issix f pfiimls. at Lakf .Ni pi-siii^:. nn tht lii'ad n{' thf Ottawa l!i\ii'. and dwillinir arnnnd tlu' IJiisins nf I,aki's Snpt'rini', lliirnn. ♦• I -i' II isToii V, AND cov i:kn m i; n t 107 1 Miclii;.Mii. mill ;i pint uf Kric. '\'\u\ In I iIh'Iii iIdwii IIic III iimi-- Mini till' \\'iiliii-li. ll llV till' :illcirll( sites n|' \' iliccillics ami (';lll|iivai| laiiiily. My the cuiiipuiiinl •• Alvdiikin-IicnaiH'c," intioilnccil recently Ky tlie late Allien (iaiiat liM 111 III. We aihaiii'i nnti,. 1^- in their history ; it is still precisely the name people, in every ivs|ie.'t wliat- e\er; and the phrase is I'arllier snliject to olijeel loll as emiiraciii'' a conlrov cited •'i '.\- A N'iririniaii inii;ht. with the same projiriety. in'rodiice the term .{/;/<,„/.■, I'uirluiliniir. \Vc should still i;aiii iiothiii- lint words. • ^ Into this i;real circle of the W'n iinijiiiiis. a L:i'on|i o niLiliaL'^e, ea 'I lied the /•'/(■- .\'ii/i(,„.-, and then the Six .\' f trilies slieakilli; a di ilinii". and li\ the l''rench tl /nii/iiais. had iiitrnded themselves lieloie the laiidin- of the Dutch under llnds, till' Kiiirlish at ri\inoiiili. 'I'hiy appear. IVoin Cold.-n. to I ia\ e lirell orejiiiallv inlellnr to the .\l',!onipi;ns in fmot art-, and wars; Imt. po»M.>«inM ihr feriile area of W .New York, and li^iiii:. to a laiije e\ti e^lern the date of tli e colonii •-. to h ive I 111. ciilti\ aliii> of liie /.ea inai/.e. tlnv I'll appear, at iceii ill ih iiir>i' of increa-e. This was i;rcall\ facilitated and determined liy dropping- llieir internal H'lnU. and foiniii confederacy. lieiiii: sii|,|,|i,.,l with lire-aiNi- l)\ the I»iilch. ilie\ lii>t pr.\ II: a LlellelMl llleil au:llli>l the Kiics. and afterwards carried tliei r coinniois to ."saiidii-kN and the .Nl iaiiii ol' Lakes, to the Illinois, to .Michillimackinac. and to I'niiil lio.piois, at the foot of L Superior, and linally to .Montival itself. 'I'liis leleliratrd L'r.'iip I las clii^e alliliilli'^ w ilh the \V\aiidols of the \Ve>t with the 'i'ii>caroras. and. ap|iarent ly. s.iinr oilier trilieswho lliniieii^ inliahited .Noiih ('arolin.i; and tiny will pmhaliU lie ton lia\e allinitics in .New .Mexico and I'tah. ml to !!. West .,f the .Mi.> i-sippi. the Sion\. or I >.u'ola I lilies. fiiriii>h the t \ lie ot laiiLiiiaue l(>r a mil her uronp of trili-s ; w hicli cniliraces the low as. I he ( Iniahas. ( H'les. .Mi>sii OsM'jes. Kansas. (.Miappas. and a 'jieat circle of prairie liilies. S. .\ jonrth 'jroiip is fiiniished ly tln> .Mii^ko-ees. or ( 'recks. ( 'lioclaw s. ( 'hirka and man_\ iiiiiinr liilie-. of niddern or semi-ancient date, who lornierK dwell ii Carolina-, (iei.r'jia. .\laliaina. Mi-^v-lppi and l,iiui,-.laiia. This -i, ilie '1111. as ll i~ mail lip o| tl ilics sllh-|i nillll'j the A ppalacliian chain. nn_\ hear that appi'llatim I. I lie-e lonr Lii'oiips c(i\cr aL:riciiltiiral .\merica. I. Tl le pro;;|ess of di-ii\er\. which is l,.i\v li.am;' prosecuted, has d lis(dosed a lilth ,"i"ii|' "' ''"' < omaiielies Shodioiie-. Snakes, jionacks. and other (rihes of the IJocky Mountains, the hi-lier lod l!i\cr. and the Hill connlrs of Tc\,is. To this the term >liosl loiiee mas lie appln llnnit IV^rlllvll, !|uvv |li,. |{l;|,-kl".'.'( n iM.f.ll./ f. ill I'' L'I'"M|1 • s V 1 ( ! 'I « 11 i !,! r ■i i II \ 'I- ; r . I *'r rl^ ; r ■• i » t |!N T I! I I! \ I, (»IM; A N I /, ATI ON, I |)i^ •civi'iir. ill Oil jiiii. mill ill I '.iliriiiiiiii, Ihili, mill Nrw .Mfxiio me in tun iii- ri|ii>'iit I >l.ilr lu w nrmil mi\ ;;r(iii|iiiiL' ol' lln' trilifs ruiiiiilnl mi (lie l\ [ic nl' l;ii,'.'iiii;_'i'. Till' -ilinr lii:i\ I'l' -iiiil. Ill Millli' cNlcllt. nC tile Ciilililiililiilcd Icl'l'iliiry iij' Nclii ,i»k:i, mill ii-^ III pniiidh- n[' 'l\\A-*\ wlicn- iiniiiiiic.M an.- ii(»\v lifiii;; |iiiMliril, tliniiijli lln' Mli'illlllll i|M rili|r|l-i nl' hi lli;ll;ii;i' ;iiii| iiiiiiifiMls riiiiii>lic(l li\ hii niciimil AlnTl. 1. S. .\. •_'. S 1 1 1 1 ^ M 1 1 \ l: K . 1 1 I S N \ K I N \ I I 1 1 N . Till' VMiliiiis Irilii'^ ;iiii| li:iiiiU III' liiiliaii^ nl' llu' iJnrkv Miiiiiilaiiis. smilli i>\' hililliili' •I'l . will! air kiiiiwii iiiiilrr lliis i^ciina! iiaiin'. nri'ii|i\ llin rirxali'il area 111' fill' I'lali lia-ill. 'riir\ rllilirair all the tcnilnl'N III' till- (iirat SiHllll l'a>s lirlw iril li;(' .Mi»is- ■•i|.|ii \'allrv aiiil tlir walrrs nl' till' Cnliiin la. liv wliirli llir laii'l Ml' iaia\aii I'niiiiiiiiiii- lalinii Willi llrr-nn ami ('alil'nriiia i-^ imw. ami is (lr,l rnlliul ill a-rrllilillL;- llli- Swi'clwalrr ri\cr nl' llir iini'lli I'liiknl'tlii I'lalln. nr Nrlira-Ua. Tlirv sjncail n\ cr till- -Diirccs nl' I lie ( IriM'ii l!i\i'r. iiiir nl' llir lii',^hr>t imrilitrn liramlu'-' nl' tlm (..Imailn nl' ( 'alil'nniia. nn llir >iiiiiiiiil Miiit'i nf ilic ;:r('al \Viiiil ri\ir chain nl' iiininilaiii-i. mnl tlii'in'c west w an I, li\ ilin ill ar rivrr \alli'\, tn ami ilnun ihr SiiaLr ri\rr. nr l,c\vis link it[' tlir Cnliiiiiliia. I mli'i' till' iiaiiH' nl' ^ aiii|ialii'k-ai a. nr Knnt-Kalri -. ami I'miaik^. tli('\ nt'rii|iv. willi llir I talis, ihr \a.-l (•li'\atril liasiii nl' the (Irral Salt i.akr, csli'iiiliiii; ^mitli :' ij wc-l In lllf liii|i|i|> nl New .Mr\ii'ii ami (alil'nriiia. Illlnriliatinli |fcrlill\ rcrri\ iil ilnllnlrs that till' lail'jliai;i' is |inkrn liv hamls in tlir L'nlil-liiiiir rr'jii iii nl' till' SarralnrMti). 'i'lirv rNlrlnl ilnwn I lir Sii-a |i-l i II 1 1|' Sliakr fi \ rl' vallrN . Inauil imrlli nj' lalitllilr II , hill this is lint ihr limit to wllirll tlir liatiniis -p. akiliL; llir Slln ijniirr iailLlUJI'jr. ill its M\rral ilialrrts. Iia\ r -],l'rai|. Kllil|c.ln'_:'rally. till' ).rn|ilr s]irak llli;' it ai'r niir nl'tlir |iiim;ii\ stnrks nl' (lir llmky Mninilaiu ( hain. 'i'.iy nr Incatnl iiiiiiuiliatrly west 111' llir \viilr-s|irrailiiii.'- trilirs will) >|irak tlir jlai'la laiiiiiajr. aiul sniitli nl' tlir sair.'iii- " .'-y .\tsina-.\lL:n. nr 111 I ami lUarkli'rl la'r 'I'lir Ya'ii|iatirk-arii arr rr|ifrsriilri| I. ilr?rai|ril. ami u ivtrliiil. willmiil art- pirkiiii; a liiisrrahlr siihsi>-|iiicr I'rniii I nllirr .-|iniiiaiirniis iiiiaiis nj' .-iilivi^lniir. in a liairni it n. nhlrii ratiiii^ ..nt plantiiiL; a sml, aiiil '\ amlniirj I'nr Inml ami sImIIit anul scriirs nl'lrii iis r;i'.i:ril a> tlir Alps, nr ihr -li rp^ nj' Ihr I'laliaii Cli.iln; \rl a clnsrr r\aiiiinatinii ilrimlrs that llirir liiniilily. ilruiailatinii. ana w irtrliri|iir>s arr, nirasiiralily. llir irsiilt, nl' lilitnwanl rirrilin-l inrrs. llir implii\ rinrlll 111' wliirll Wiilllil I'aisr tiirni to tlir >aiiir rank as llirir iimrr l'a\niril kinilrnl ami iiriiilihnrs Ihr ( 'nmmirlir:-. Wlirllirr tlirsr riirnni-ia'iiis iwr tn hr I'avnialiK rliair.;ril. as tlir ti'ilirs nl' tlirsr altitiuk's ai'r limiiLilil I II IS To It V. A N I) <;(>V Klt.N M 11 N T. imt inlii I'hi^i'i' riiiiiiiiiiiiii'iirniii Willi mil' M'llliMii'iitH, !■< u niiillii' ol' uiii'i'itMiiit > . iiiiil li:i>4 Im'i'Ii iliiiililcij li\ cili>ir\rrs. 'I'liiit iIk' t'liiiiiil<> is mil il.-rll' liiiliiililiii;: In nil iiljiiiii' illilll-llial |iu|(lllilliiill i" [iIOMmI Ipv IIm' >IIccc.xs ni' llir Muriiicilis. I'dllimis n|' llir .\l|'»i IIIkI ii'Jh'I' lli'illlailil III' lllnlMll.lill llir.'is iif l''.lirn|li', li"-" I'll \ i il'iililc In lllllllllll lili . Ul'r lln' |-i'«i(liiii'i' 111' ii li\ci| |ici|iiilaliiiii. 'I'jii' I'l'i'i'al grains, in tin' liiiiip|i\ is iiciw MMilii'il, can Kr rii-iil in ilir ^iirat ai'i'a n[' ihr Sail liasiii. >lii'i'|i, pials, anil calllc. wmilil lliii\i' n|iiin iIh' liili luincli t.'i'a>- ul' llir «lii|piii^- >l('r|is, wlicrr llic (lisillti'^ialril Milcailic ili'll'illis lias |inMll|i'('(l a -i'\\. 'l'\\r i'\|iail-i\i' |i(i\MT III" I'lii^l is |iii p(|iiiil|\ Inwciin^ lliosi' allitiiilrs. Till' I'liiii'i' siiiniiiit aliiiiini ill jiMi'i' wali'i' ami a licalllilul atiMiis|i|ii'i'i', ami a lii'jii sniniin'r lriii|>rralni'(' al nnim- ila\. Itaiiis arr iml wanliiii;, I Imn'jli llirv an', iicrliap'^. Ion niirn'i|iii'nl. ami lliri'i' M'i'iiis Id lie iici iiisii|ii'i'alili' (iIisImi'Ic. Ml I'm' a-i is kiidwn. 111 llic liiitiialiiPii ul' srll Iniirnls lit (Iclaclnil ami laNiiialilc |iniiils lirlwct n tlir ariil ami rorkv ai'ra<. w lien' the ails ami ('uniliprl-i if lili' luiilii III' >m'i rssl'iillN ami iicriiianciillv rt'liiil mi. 'i'lic ilr\ nrs-. nf llii> ■li lia- liiTii iintii'iil as uiiravuraMi' to a'.:i iriilliiic, williniit ini'jal ini'jaljuii. atimi>|ilirri'. i - lint liiiiml. Iinurxrr. Id |nr\riit t III' !: id\U 1 1 di' 'ji'a^s ill ans|iii'imis Idraliniis. 'i'n ii I'l-jidii iliii> r,i\ dialiii'. ill a liicaMiri', In |ia»tm ami iil'ii/iiiL;. llii' cxi-lciiri'. in aliuil- ilanci'. dj' link salt inil-l |iiii\i'aii incstiiiia' inta'ji'. .\~ ll \r Mid~hd| ii'i' ami I lali n.illdii. wild ai. iliiis si't ilduii 111 diir iiatli wi'-lwanl. is ili'^liiirij Id I'diiii' iiiid an aiiiid^l iiiiim iliali' inlrrniiirsi' wiili llir I'liitnl Stairs. aiiilili' lliaillliT. cll'iirls liaM' III') II inailr In nlilain llic iati'|ii'('liii'.:' tliriii. ami till' clii'iaili T nl' till' wiili' ami cIi'Nati'd rcLildiis (Im'v inlialiil I,t'u is ami ( 'larlx. Id w limn we arc imlrlitiil fur mi r lir-i iml icc ni' this iial imi. I'miml tliciii. iimlcr the iiaiiii' dl' Sliii-lidiiccs. in the \alli'\ aiiil at the miiiii'c nf ihc .Jiirci-Miii Fork df the Mi-sdiiii |!i\rr. which licaiN. a'.;rcciilil\ In tip ir nhsci \alidiis. in lalitmic ■I'l ."iir, 'I'licir dill ciicaiii|iiiii'iil~ ami liatllc-i;rmimi~. where thc\ had Keen as>aili'ii ami ilcl'calcil li\ their eiieinio. llic I'aw JNcr^. di- .Mliiiielai'ie«. ha ll heeii passeii as iar I'lh a- the iiimilh el' lli • .leU'er-dii. ill lalilil'le I'l •_'!'. 'riii> llilie. wl 111 iiiniilicred alidiil inn smijs. w ere I'diiiiil I d |id-se^s hdl'se-i. '{'he Slid>-lidlici~ rmihclK' li\eil. a'.;l't lhl\ td their iiWII I'erdlleelidlis. in the lilailis, lint jiail lieeli illi\ell hv I'dN ill:.; imliail if the Sa-kati'liaw iiie iiitu tin iiidnntains. I'ldin which the\ liicii riivlv .saliieil. 'I'hi: lanil \\ a> ileeineil a hart ul' ihe 'jw:\{ liilie nf Snake Imliaii- ; liicv weie tin i in I mil unh 11 ih.' hi-hesl allilmies. Iml 111 lidlh siiles d|' the IInclxV .^Idnntains. ( )ii the Wev| the imiiinl a ijis. tile V dccn|iici I the licail-\\ aids df the Lew is lli\ cr, w here llie\ snli~i-|. ll, ill |iarl. 1111 salinmi. 'riiewiidlc iimniiei' ni' I he iiatidii sjicakiin^ iliali il^ ul' ihe Slid- .siidiice laiiL!iiai;'e. was \a'jiicl\ c>iiiiiateii at that tiale. ( l>l)ii.) in their tahle df Imliaii ])d]iiilat '"11. al n.^'iiHI, Tli'V w. re |iiiiii>| siallei'ed. nmler varinns naiiic-. d\ci' in.inv (le.jrc..- dl la tilml. imi !dii'.:ilir W 11 '! lii'sl Idinul li\ llicM' iiiIiviikI lAiiliircrs hh the -iiiir- 111' the lldckx Mdiiiilain-. lli •\ ii'i!'ld\ci| Ihe e.\ |ile>-|dli .r A/r/n . ■ I 11 .-I Jill I'n i f % IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^/ k /- v.^" ^. > «/ f/. ^ rf> i 1.0 I.I l^|2£ 12.5 !!: 1^ 112.0 1.8 1.25 M ^ ^ 6" — ► /; % ^^ > '/ //, Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4503 o i£?.r V<5 111 I' r 1 1 :■'»-••* if. n: ''1 1^^ I '' ill, ill ■ 5)! ni; 200 T 11 1 B A L lUi A N 1 Z A T 1 N , ploasiiro at tlio slight of a wliite man. Tlifir name for a wliite man was, however, T(i/)//(i-liijiii ; express^iuiiM denotinji; a peculiar laiif:'iiajfo. '•Their cold and rugged country," observe tlie explorers, '•inures them to t'atigne; their long abstinence makes them sui>|)()rt the dangers of mountain warfare; and worn down, as we saw them, Ijy the want of sustenance, they had a lierce and adventurous lodk iif courage. They suller the extremes of want ; for two-thirds of the year they arc forced to live in the mountains, passing whole weeks without meat, antl witii miliiing to eat hut a few fish and roots. Nor can anything be imagined more wretched than their condition when the salmon is retiring, when roots are becoming scarce, and they have not yet ac(]uired strength to hazaril an encounter with their enemies. So insensible are they, however, to these calamities, that the Shoshonecs are not only cheerl'ul, but even gay; and their character, which is more interesting than that of any Indians we have seen, has in it much of the dignity of misfortune. In tlii'ir intercourse with strangers, they are frank and communicative; in their dealings perfectly fair, and without dishonesty. With their liveliness of tenqier, they are fond of gaudy dresses, amusements, and games of hazard, and, like most Indian.s, delight in Injasting of their martial exploits." Such is the account given of the most northerly tribe of this people, who have not been visited since. Of the tribes living south of them on the same high altitude of mountains, far le.ss favorable accounts have been gi\en. Mr. Hale, the ethnographer of the United States Exploring Expedition, takes bnt little notice of this leading nation of the mountains, their relatit)ns, languages, or ])0[)ulati(in ; which is probably ow ing to their remote and inaccessiijle position. Fremont, who .approached the moun- tains in north latitude about -i'l^, came among those liands of the Shoshonee stock who possess no horses, live chielly on roots, and present the most deiu'cssed t\i)e of tlu'ir condition. Accuracy, in ri'lation to o\iv kn(nvle(lge of the t()pogra|iliy of those regions, and. incidentally, of the tribes iidiaiiiting it. IiCLiins with the exploratory Jour- neys of this oihcer. lie ascendeil the mountains from the north fork of the Ni'braska or Platte, through the Sweet-water \'alley, which carried him, In a gentle and almo.st impcrceptil)le ascent, to the South Pass. Here, at an altitude of 7000 feet above the sea, in h)ngitude 109^, and latitude a little north of 12°, he found himself amongst the Shoshonecs, of whom he had oltserved traces in the Sweet-water \'alley. He had now advanced '.100 miles from Westport at the mouth of the Kansas. In his sepa- rate topographical sheet-nia|)s, published in 181(1, he inscrilies the words '• WAii-diioiNO (IF rni; Snakks and Sku x Indians," Ijctv.een the Ited Unites of the north fork of the Platte, and the junction of the Big Sandy Eork of the (Ireeii or Colorado of California. We are thus apprized of the fact that the Shoshonecs or Snakes have bands of the great Dacota family for their enennes at the eastern foot of the mountains. The distance between the extremes of the two ])oints thus marked, is 102 miles; in pa.ssing I ■ l\ r HISTORY, AND GOVERNMENT. 201 over which, but few Indians were met, but the traveller in tliesc regions is oVjliged to keej) on his guard, as the district is liable to the ]ioriodical inroads of both parties. As the Sweet-water valley is probably destined to be the principal land route from the Mississippi Valley to Oregon, its geographical character and capacities for sustaining animals and men, may be appropriately mentioned. Fremont describes it as "a sandy plain 120 miles long," — and again, as " a valley five miles wide, with a handsome mountain stream of pure water, its innnediate borders having a good soil, with abundance of soft green gra.ss." The valley is well defined. Its northern sides consist of "ridges and masses of naked granite, without vegetation." Its southern borders arc crowned Avith the heights of the Sweet-water mountains. He was fourteen days, including necessary stops, in ascending from a little below its mouth to the summit of the South Pass, where he immediately fell upon the remote waters of the Colorado. The distance from water to water, was less than five miles. The ascent was catij, and the pass without peculiar difficulty. Assuming tlie Snake or Shoshonee territories to begin at the mouth of the Sweet- water, which is probably as far east as they ever venture in war, the people speaking dialects of this language, spread over tlio entire summit of the mountains to and down the Snake River or Lewis' fork of the Columbia, to latitude about 44° 30'" — say, the dividing highlands between the IJurut and Powder River of Lewis' fork, where they are, for the last time, noticed. This point is about 050 miles below Fort Hall. The entire distance from the mouth of the Sweet-water, taking the admeasurements from Fremont's sheet-maps, through the Bear River Valley, may be computed to be 750 miles. About 280 miles of tliis distance lies across the extreme summit of the mountains, from the Table Rock to Fort Hall, and with the eastern moiety of 140 miles, to the foot of the dividing ridge between the waters of the Colorado and Bear River, consists of sandy plains covered with artemisia and a few alpine shrubs. The Avestern moiety of 140 miles beyond that ridge, consists of the minor bristling spurs of volcanic formation, through one of the ancient fissures in which the Bear River winds its way till it pours its tribute southerly into the Great Salt Lake. This lake lies in a high geological basin, which has no outlet by rivers to the sea, but it parts with its surplus water like the inland streams of Asia and Africa, exclusively by evaporation. North and south of this great line of demarcation of the Southern Pass — through which, population seems destined in our future history to pass — the Shoshonee nation, under its various names, c.\tend as far north as the sources of the Missouri, and the mouth of Jefferson Fork, in latitude 45° 24'. South and west of the Pass they embrace the plains of the Great Salt Lake basin, now incorporated into Utah, and extend into California, Arkansas, and a part of Texas. Those of them who have descended eastwardly into the Texan plains, at unknown periods of their history, are known as Comanches — a relation which is designated by the ethnological tie of language. 26 H ' 1 ',■■ , 1 I 11'. i I'- % ii ^■^ mii :i 1 h 202 TRIBAL ORGANIZATION, Dismissing tlio latter tribe, who, probably, owing to the possession of the horse, anil living on animal food abundantly supi)lied by the bufliilo, have acquired a distinct tribal standing for themselves, and regarding the Shoshonees as mountaineers, who derive their best protection from their inaccessible position, it may be doubted whether a more impoverished, degraded, and abject Indian nation exists in North America. This character does not apply as fully to the Snake Indians, who occupy the upper part of the valley of the Shoshonee or Lewis' fork of the Columbia. These latter tribes are periodically subsisted on salmon, coming up from the Pacific, which arc abundantly taken at the Falls ; but at other seasons they have little to distinguish them from the mountain bands. The country they inhabit is, for the most part, volcanic, with dry and arid sand plains, forming intervening tracts between the pinnacles of rock, which are unfavorable to the increase of large game, and yield but little game of any kind. As the Snakes have no agricultural industry, they are doomed to suffering and dej)opulation, with the mass of liie Indians of Oregon. Even in the most favorable and healthy seasons, they have so little physical stamina, that the prevalence of fevens, comnon east of the mountain, has been known to prostrate them with the power of an epi lemic, or a pestilence. Recent information of the Shoshonees, viewed in all their extent and divisions, depicts them as doomed to certain depopulation and extinction, unless this doom be arrested by a resort to fixed means of industry. Too often, nay, uniformly, the advance of civilized nations into the territories of barbarous tribes, has the efl'ect to cause depopulation, from the great stimulus to trapping, which adds to their means of enjoyment. But not so with them. Their country is bare of the fur-bearing animals. The little resources they possess in fish and game, are, as it is seen, quickly wasted. Their habits and manners are soon corrupted, and the native vigor of the tribes is prostrated, just at the time that their spontaneous means fail, and they are required to begin a life of agricultural industry, to save themselves from extinction. Perhaps mountains and rocky shelters, and a sparse population, spread over an immense area, which is doomed to peq^tual sterility, may operate to lengthen out the period of these feeble and depressed, but docile and friendly mountaineers. In any future purchases from this tribe, with a view to facilitate intercourse between the Mississippi Valley and California and Oregon, or to protect the Mormons and other incipient settlements on the mountains, the value of the Bear River cannot fail to attract attention. This valley lies for 80 miles cast to west, directly in the route to Fort Hall, and appears to furnish many of the requisites for a mountain population. This river is the largest known tributary to the Great Salt Lake. It is connected with the geographical .system of rivers and creeks of tliat basin, where agriculture has already commenced. It is represented by Fremont as forming " a natural resting .and recruiting f ration for travellers, now and in all time to come. The bottoms are extensive, water excellent, timber sufficient, and soil good and well HISTORY, AND GOVERNMENT. •203 adapted to the grains and grasses suited to such an elevated region. A military post and a civilized settlement would be of great value here, and cattle and horses would do well where grass and salt so much abound. The Lakk will furnish exhaustless supplies of salt. All the mountain-sides arc covered with a valuable and nutritious grass, called bunch grass, from the form in Avhich it grows, which has a second growth in the fall. The beasts of the Indians' were fat upon it; our own found it a good subsistence, and its ciuantity will sustain any amount of cattle, and make this truly a bucolic region." Mr. Nathaniel J. Wyeth, whose replies to some of our queries respecting this people wc subjoin, spent a number of years in the adventurous Indian trade west of the Eocky Mountains. Between 1832 and 18.3G, he was an agent, or factor, of the Hudson's Bay Company, and built Fort Hall on the head waters of the Lewis, called Snake, or Siiaptin River by the natives. This gentleman, who is now a resident of one of the New England States, exhibits, in the responses with which ho has favored us, a habit of clo.se ol)servation, which has enabled him, with the aid of his journals, to reproduce the various bands of the nation of whoso characteristic traits and hal)its, and the natural features and productions of the country they inhabit, we seek to be better informed. Wc need do but little more than ask a candid perusal for his statements. The object in hand, i.as been to obtain accurate and reli.able accounts of tlio country over which the Shoshonce language prevails, in all its latitudes and longitudes ; the number of bands into which the nation is divided; their actual means of subsistence; their wars and alliances with neighboring tribes; their disjiosition and feelings towards the United States ; and the true policy to be pursued respecting them. ' This is tl J first and only intimation wo Lave, that the Indians have "hcaaUs." 1 i. I . E(' \' i ill i I t 1 ■ W II i I lii:^ »^1 II f ; t I H\ V!,i i i * i t .: ii' il ;i •'■ i ^ 1^ ■ ■■i' '!:■ ( 3. INDIAN TRIBES OF THE SOUTH PASS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS; THE SALT LAKE BASIN; THE VALLEY OF THE GREAT SAAPTIN, OR LEWIS' RIVER, AND THE PACIFIC COASTS OF OREGON. liV NATHAN I EI, J. WVKTII, ESy. SYNOPSIS. Letter I. — Object of Inquiry. — Period of Residence. Letteh II. — Question of Affinity of the Slioslionccs by Language. — Means of Subsistence. — True Name — Bonacks. — Scarcity of Game. — Game and Trapping. — No social Organization among the Tribes. — Utter Ignorance. — Introduction of tlic Horse an Era. --No Cultivation whatever. — No Laws. — No Ideas of Rights of Property. — Foot Tribes cannot cope with Tribes possessing Horses. — The Horse, therefore, the Cause of Division, and Tribal Organi- zation. Letter III. — Influence of the Introduction of the Horse on the American Tribes. Letter IV. — Geograpliy of 'he Siiaptin River. — Hydrographic I'ower. — Salmon. — Hot Springs abundant. — Fossil Wood. — Blue Limestone. — Reddish Sandstone. — Bitumen. — Coal. — Glauber, Epsom, and Common Salts. — Obsidian. — Very dry Atmosphere; consequent danger of handling Fire Arms. — Extraordinary range of the Thermometer. — Grazing. — Scarcity of Fuel. — Wood alone on the Mountains. Letter V. — Implements of the Slioshonees. — Root-1'ot. — Bows of Horn artistically made. — Obsidian Arrow-IIeads ; their shape — Obsidian Knife. — Graining Tools. — Bone Awls. — FisK Spears. — Fish Nets. — Boats or Rafts. — Pipes of Fuller's Earth and Soapstoiu\ — Mats resembling the Chinese. — Implement for obtaining Fire by Percussion. Letter VI. — Traiismitting Remarks on the Snake River Valley, &c. Letter VII. — Language of the Shoshonees. — Destitution; eat pounded Bones. — Mildness, and unaccountable want of Moral Sense or Accountability. — Murder of Abbot and De Forest. — Submissive under Discipline. — Origin at different Eras and from different Parts. — Resemblance to Japanese. Letter VIII. — Reason for not beginning Geographically. — Breadth of the Inquiry. — A few more Shoshonee Words. Letter IX. — Valley of the Colorado: its waste Character immediately South of the Salt Lake Basin — lying in a Fissure of Basaltic Rock — then barren Sands. — South of Snake River, Lignite, Gypsum, Marine Shells.— Coal in North Latitude 40° 30' to 40° 40'.— Geographical Data favorable to Settlements in the Mountain Basin. — Grand River Valley favorable to grazing, &c. Letter X. — Transmitting Accounts of the Bear River Valley, Utah, and the Valley between the Blue and Cascade Mountains, Oregon. r2fi4) TllIUAL ()U(i ANIZATION, ETC. •2or, Lkttku XI. — Valiip of tlio lU'iir Uivoi- Valley on tlio Plateau of the Rueky Moiiiitaiii?<, as tile connecting link between the IMatte and Lewis llivcrs. — Country hetweentho Blue and Cascade Mountains, Oregon. — Ciame, Forest Trees. — Country volcanic. — Conglomerate I!oeks, I'umice Stones. — Columnar BasiiU in chasms. — Two ancient Bones converted to silex, underlying several hundred feet of Basaltic Rock. — Other imjiortant geological facts. — Climate. — Barren tracts on the Columbia. — Immense number of Horses raised and owned by tjie Indians, in this prominently pastoral Valley. — Agricultural advantages less, but still a|)preciulile. — lleallh. — Infection between iHiiO and 1880, carried off the Natives. Letter XII. — Transmitting Remarks on the Route to Oregon and the improvement of the Indians. Lettuh XIII. — Future rro.spcct8 of the Indians west of the Rocky Mountains. — Principles on which their Pacification, internal and external, must depend. — Country resembles the Interim- of Asia, and its Tribes have no actual ownership of tho Soil, but rove over it to hunt, steal, and murder. — Shoshonccs its rightful occupants to the Blue Mountains: then Cayuses ami Walla-Wallas. — All mere Noniades. — Plan for a line of Posts and pastoral Settlements from the Platte to the Columbia T{iver at the Dalles. — These Settlements to consist of Herdsmen, Red or White. Letteu XIV. — Indian Names. — Reasons for them. — The want of Vneabuhuies, kc. Letteii XV. — Statistics of the Snakes, Bonacks, and Shoshonees. — Causes of the Increase and Decrease, or stationary Population, of Indian Nations. — Periods of War and Hunting counter- poising each other. — Destruction of (iame, a consequence of the egress of civilized Nations. — The want of success in attempts to reclaim Savage Tribes adverted to. — The plan of making them Herdsmen enforced in relation to these Tribes. — Their Decrease had commenced, inde- pendently of the effects of Alcoholic Liquors. — None actually used in their Trade, prior to 1837. Letter I. Cambridge, Milss. March 27, 1848. Sir: Your letter of 21st February ult. was received while I was wholly occupied l)y the operations of business. I beg you will accept this as an apology for so late an answer. I ob.serve that tho information to bo elicited was to have been used by the 1st Feljruary or during the present session of Congress — can it still be u.seful? if so, I will furnish a few remarks in answer, promising that I commenced the Indian trade in 1832, and left it in ISoC, that my travels were from 40° to 40° north, and from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, having my chief establishments at Fort Hall and Wapato Island, and that it will take some little time to collect the facts from the original memorandimis. Henry U. Schoolcraft, Esq., OlFicc Indian Affairs. Very respectfully. Your Obedient Servant, Nathaniel J. "VVvETir. ' I ' ■ I )*i Jl ill ^1 i 1 i 11 ! ,i i i I 1 i < 1 i 1' i 1 1 i; J ■ i 1 • 1 :J I' 3 I f ^i II' !«!' 200. TRIRAI, ORGANIZATION, Letteu it. Sir: April ;i(l, 1H48. 1 Imvo received your ethnological questions, accompanied by your letter of the 21st of February last. Circumstances have prevented my attention to tlie sul)ji'ct until this time. In imparting what little I know, I shall follow the order in which the questions are proposed; omitting those on which my information is deficient. No. 1.% "Causes of tlic Multiplication of Tribes." In my intercourse with the bands of Snidcc Indians at Fort Hall, which I built in 1834, and while endeavoring to conununicatc with them for the purposes of trade, my attention was struck by the diversity of dialect; not great enough to lead to the supposition of n very ancient separation, and yet too great to e.\ist between tribes inhabiting the same region. The very limited inquiries that I was able to make, led to the belief that the tribes or bands of Snakes recognised a less diflerence between each other, than between themselves and the Klackfeet and Crows, with whom they arc always at war. During these years, the few whites then in that regicm called the more miserable l)ands Diggers, or Shoshonees. They difTi-r from the other Snakes somewhat in language ; their condition is much poorer, having no horses, and living chielly on roots and fish from the brooks, with what small game that region aflbrds. I am not q\iite certain, but think their distinctive name among the natives is Soiiosiionee ; another division of the Snakes arc called by themselves and others, Bonacks, or Paunariues. They do not seem, radically, to differ from the Ibrmer; they are more intelligent, and better .supplied with all the means of Indian indejiendence ; horses lodges, guns, knives, &c. &c., and form bands annuall}- to hunt in the- buffilo country. The region Avliich both these descriptions of Snakes inhabit, extends south from the Siiaptin or Snake River, a.s far as the .southern end of the Great Salt Lake, and from the Rocky to the Blue Mountains, and is nearly a desert ; although there are a few spots of good soil, it produces the least possible quantity of game. There are no buffaloes ; elk and deer arc very scarce and unknown, except in the mountains. Ante- lope and big-horn are rare, as also the bear ; there arc two kinds of rabbits, but they are also scarce. In 1832, when I first visited this country, perhaps the beaver and otter exceeded all the other game, and they were by no means abundant; at that time the Indians had no traps, and therefore could obtain little food from the beaver. All the skins of animals killed were used as clothing, even the Ix-aver and otter, and fiu'nishcd so little, that perhaps not morc than one-half of their bodies were covered, even during the winter, and but few even of those who visited annually the buffalo region had skins enough to erect lodges. It m ) , 1 ■ I :»; fk M IIISTUIIY, AND (JOVEIINMENT. 207 Tho paucity of niuno in thin region is, I hiivo littlf iloiiht, tlio oaiise of tlic almost entire absence of soeial orj^ani/.ation anions it.s iniiahitants; no trace of it is ordinarily seen among them, except dnrinj:,' salmon-time, when a large number of the Snakes resort to the rivers, chielly to the Fishing Falls, and at sui-h placeH there seems some little organization; some person called a ciiief usnally opens a trade or talk, and occasion- ally givi's directions as to times and modes of fishing; and the same is tiie case with the bands who go into the bnllalo region. Other than this, 1 have perceived no ves- tiges of government among tliem; I have never known other i)unishment inflicted than personal satisfaction by murder or theft. At the time I allude to, our nu;ans of conununicating with them were very im])erfcct, and mistakes of their meaning might o(!cur. Their (Irst answer to the tpiestion of " What is the difl'ercnce between the Honaeks and Shoshonees?" if addressed to one separate from the other, was, that they were good and the other bad, meaning that they would trade beaver with the Whites, while tlie other would steal from and nnirder them. When they were addressed together they did not, generally, iniplieato each other, but in all eases it was diihcult for then'. t(j conceive that we were searching for the distinctive diflerence between themselves; and, after making this understood, 1 could never obtain any further information than that the Bonacks had horses, and went to hunt buflalo, while the .Shoshonees had no horses, and lived on roots and lish. In examining the cause of separation into tril)es of a people so little removed from the lowest state of existence, we should examine the original necessities which must have produced all social organization. The collection of a family, which may be con- sidered coeval with individiud existence, is of no importance in this instance. The combination for the defence of person and property is the point to be examined in this case, and beyond this stage the Snakes have not reached. Previous to the introduction of tho Horse among them, they could liave had no interest of property requiring organization to protect it, except that of the Salmon iislieries, which must have been nearly coeval with their first settlement in the country, and which, naturally, would call for some kind of law to render it available. That this was their only motive to institute government, I infer from the nature of their country, whicli is too poor to produce any considerable ;■ i ntity of game, and that no cultivation had ever Ixicn attempted. It is not probaljlc ^'c-y would have combined to protect property they did not possess, or to secure themselves against enemies who could not penetrate into their country for want of subsistence, and also because them- selves could not remain together in any considerable numbers from the same cause. These reasons show a want of motive and power of combination, except in tho single interest of the Salmon fishery, and convince nie that prior to the introduction of the horse no other tribal arrangement existed than such as is now seen in tho management of the Salmon fishery. ' I '1^ '' ' li ' rl ^ , V I* t i '{ Ml; ; ■ nil 208 TIlinAL (>U(i ANI/ATION, N': I' Siiico till' iiitroiliu'tioii of liorst's, I lie Siiakos liiivo proljulily hem in tli(> prof^iVH-s of HOparatiii^ into two trilK-H, tliosc. who liiul nuwt iiiti'llim'iu'o would ohtaiii them fust, by the iiiodo of all Iiullan ac(juiMltioii, Htoaliii^, gambliiifx, and tradinj;. It is a wi'll-cstahlLilR'd fact that inon on foot cannot live, even in the k'st pamo countries, in the nanio camp with those who have horscn. The latter reach the game, secure what they want, and drive it beyond the reach of the former. Thus the Snaken, while they had no horncn, would Ibrm but one people, because thoy woultl bo collected once a }ear, in Salmon time; but the organization would be very imperfect, because the renuiinder of the year would be spent by them in families widely spread apart, to eke out the year's subsistence on the roots and limited game of their country. After a i)ortion of them, who arc now called JJonacks, had obtained horses, they would naturally form bands and resort to the UufTalo region to gain their subsistence, retiring to the most fertile places in their own, to avoid the snows of the mountains and feed their horses. Having food from the proceeds of the Bufl'alo hunt, to enable them to live together, they would amuuvlly do so, lor the protection of their horses, lodges, &c., &c. These interests have caused an organization among the IJonacks, which continues the year through, because the interests which produce it continue ; and it is more advanced than that of the other Snakes. i I' I'll Lkttkk III. Sih: April 0th, 1848. The few ob.servations on the " multiplication of tribes," accompanying this, are not satisfactory to myself, and if not .^o to you, please throw them aside. I regret not being able to supply more facts to sup[)ort a view, very strongly impressed on .ay mind, that the condition of the Indians of this continent has been much influenced by the introduction of ":e Horse. I .shall notice the other questions, and, with your leave, communicate such views and fiicts as I may possess in regard to any of them. Lettkr IV. U Siu ; April 18tli, 1848. These remarks relate to the geography, &c., of the Snake country, which is drained by the Siiaptin or Snake River. This country, with small exceptions, is volcanic. The action of fire is extensively perceptible. Columns of basalt generally form the barriers of the streams. The streams almost invarialjly diminish toward their outlets, and many of them discharge no water, except at high flood, and some of them sink in the rocks and sands at all seasons, between Henry's fork and the River Malad, a distance of about 150 miles. On the north side of Snake River, all the streams are lost in this manner. HISTOIIY, AN' I) (iOVKIlNMKNT 20« iiltlioiiirli (lie Mtiviiins iMsiiiii'' fi'iuii tlio coiitiLMKiiiH iiiDuntiiiiis iin> iim alxiiiduiit iitid lai'J'c' ll^< on till' I'llstiTll r Main Snake unJ Siilinou UivnH, Ijotli of wliicli alfonl t'o worst kind of ciuiou navi;,Mtion, rnpids Ixjiiig fiv(|iu'nt, and l)orta}j;(>H iicci'Msary at (lillLTcnt jilacfs, accordinj^ to tliu Mta^u of the water. All tl 1(> ,st tri'aniH of any conMidcrahlc niajinitu (Ic a ll'onl aiimiilani'c ol mill- )owi'r. At a [ilacc aljoiit 70 miles from tlic mouth of Hriincaii a jet of hot water issuing from th< hasaltie rock, ahoiit 40 feet ahovo the In'd of the stream, is sudicient to carry tho hirj^^est mills, and many j'ets of hot orcolil water, at dilferent heij^hts aliove thi' strei are thrown into Snako Kivur iK'twoen Malad and Henry's Fork. Salmon ascend the main river to the Fishing Valley, and hy Salmon Ri\ei the l{ocky .Mountains, and hy the other lateral branches to their sources. near Iv t. 'I'll le rivers of this countr\', which come from the South an( West. rise III Aiiril May, and those of the North and East, in .luni! and July. F'rom August to April the waters are low in the main river. I have forded Snake Iiiver at the iiioiitli of Itig Wood in August, Ib.'ii, and in Deccmher, IS;)-"), without wetting packs. The streams are divided on tho Eiwt and North from the Rocky Mountains, on the North-wi'st from the dividing mountains hetwi'en them and the Flathead Hiver, on tlii^ West from the Hlue Mountains, on the South from a range which divides them from the water.s of the \' alley of the Salt Ijake. Hot s[)rings are common all over this region, hut there are no lakes or ponds. I have ohserved fossil-wood on tlieOyhee, which discharges into .'~>iiake I!i\er nearly oppositt! the JJig Wood. On the heads ol" (Jodiiig Fork, which lo.- on liig Wo(jd Kiver, where it issues I'rom the Hasaltie Itodv, but. fidiii the appearance of that plac(>, 1 judge it was not near tli ace of its lianiatioii. At l''ort JIall, salt was trailed from the lialians sutlici(.'iit for seasoniii' tl le meats eati'ii there, and by the trappers and traders sent from the post. Obsidian, of which the Indians make knives and arrow-head.s, is commou. 27 i ' li i i I ill muBemm^'^mmmmm . _ 2; w. .,. ' t ( lilO Till HA I. (HK; A N 1/ AT ION, Whilo tnivclliiin Irum I'lciii-'n lit)U' ty tin' triiil on tin- mmili nidu of Siiiikc l{ivcr, I'loiii tlic -\{U day of .Inly ti» the Itii iliiy of (KtoliiT, ISIt'J, ruin U-ll l)iU twico, mill i)i'oliiil)ly not iiioii' tliiiii on('-ir to (>\|i1 from tlu' nli^^ilitly increiiHcd iietit. One num wiih wounded in tliiH way, and guns seNeral times exploded, and I was obliged to diseontinue the pnu'tice of placing caps on tiie guns, in the day-time, until immediately wanted for line. On the heads of Portnenf, on the 10th of August, IS.'L', I noted the thorniometer, at sunrise, at IS" above zero, and the noon following, at '.)'!". In tlu' immediate valley of Snake Uiver the variation is less, but still mueli greater than in any part of tl'i> United Stati's, I (hid noted in my journal, 1 1th of September, 1S.')2, being tlu'ii at the mouth of Ihuiieau, that tiie averiige diU'ereiiee between suiirist" and noon was as mueh as 10°. In iSoo, while travelling from Mig Wood to Fort Mall, by the trail on the north side of Snake Hivcr, from the ISth of November to the fjtli of Di'cember, it rained two days and snowed one, at Iwth times heavily, and during this time the average of the thermometer, at sunrise, wna 8i° above zero. Its greatest variation was from 7° Udow to .'58° alnivc zero. This countiy has rugged mountains for the boundary of its valley, the higher points of whit'h retain their snow most of the year. There are high and extensive barren plains or tul)le-luiids, eoveivd with artemisia, priekly-pear, and some other jilants common to excessively dry and barren regions, with a little grass. These table-land.s are nearly destitute of water. They are bouiuled by the mountains on all sides, btnng intersected by these streums, which appear to occupy fissures formed liy the shrinkage when an immense sea of lava cooled down to basalt. These table-lands might sustain sheep and goats to a limited extent. They are unfeasible for any kind of cultivation near their mountain border, from the extreme coldness of the nights ; and elsewhere, from the sume cause, superadded to extreme dryness and poverty of soil. The bounds between the table-land and the river or bottom land, are generally very precipitous, and mostly of columnar basalt. Tlie bottoms are generally confined, sometimes of good soil, but almost always too dry to produce strong vegetation, except near springs and other moist places, which are rare, or of small extent; fre(pieiitly salts cover the soil and render it barren, but with irrigation, for which there are great facilities, agriculture mi'Ait be conducted so as to supply military posts and emigrants, together with what would be required for a sparse {xipulation. The valley of Fort Hall is the best iwrtion of the country for attempting agricul- tural operations for the supply of its eastern part. The valleys of the streams from Brulii to Grand Roiide are fertile, and adequate to supply, with slight irrigation, a large quantity of agricultural products, and in some f: ^ I; r ; r,i i 1 i I f ■ r / '. 'J i' : \ ' ' .1 1 l' i f . 1 , i * ^■■- t i t ■ . ■ . i : ■ ■ 1 1; ,' jL ■ ', ^^^ i : ■i !* iM l>j> i I M mi li i '• m i ,l4 ' jti' I: ! n '' I 1 .4^ 4r.\ ;.j ; ' \< I, h I i 1 1 '!»• li^^ 1: ■ ilW^ n f i-^-t»Hril!|— 'im~ ■— "*— ^ MMaiiBMIaliia 5 ^' '.;ii P' ;•( ! iM ipl h^i^ M ^ iS'' I ! IK' * ; ; ! ' IB J;!i lii • ; , ■m UISTORY, AND GOVERNMENT. 211 places no irrigation would bo rc(jnired; and the neighboring plains luul mountains iiflbrtl fine grazing for horses, cattle, slieop, and goats. The mountains of this valley alone produce wood; elsewhere it is rare to find timber large enough to make a gun-stock ; but there is a little cotton-wood on the borders and islands of Snake River, at and above Fort Hall, and .some on Big Wood River. The Blue Mountains have abundance of good building timber in the vicinity of good land. One great want of this region will he fuel. The Indians, so far as can bo ascertained, have never planted a seed ; nor is it known that they ever had any kind of metal before they Avere visited by the whites, (jr that nietals exist in the country. :i.l 'I i I Letter V. Siu : April 2;M, 1S4S. The utensils originally used by the Indians of the valley of the Siiaptin or Snake River, were wholly of stone, clay, bono, or wood. So far as I observed, they possessed no metals. Their implements were the pot, bow and arrow, knives, graining tools, awls, root-diggers, fish-spears, nets, a kind of boat or raft, the pipe, mats for shelter, and implements to produce fire. The pot most commonly used was formed of some kind of long tough roots, wound in plies around a centre, shortening the circumference of the outer plies so as to form a vessel in the shape of an inverted bee-hive. (See Plate 7G.) These ])lies are held together by a small tough root passed through a space made b}' forcing an awl between the two last plies, and winding the root under the last, and over the one to be added in the progress of formation, being careful to force enough of these thread- like roots between the two last plies to make the vessel water-tight. This pot is used for a drinking-vossel, as well as a boiling implement. With it, the latter operation is performed by heating stones and immersing them in the water contained in it, until the required heat is attained, and the contents, chiefly fish, cooked, producing a moss i:iixed with soot, ashes, and dirt. The Squaws, when moving camp, generall}' put these pots on their heads, probably more for the convenience of carrying, than with the idea of a hat, which was an article otherwise unknown to them. I have also seen among these Indians a stone pot, holding about two quarts, miule of pure lava, and shaped much like the black-lead pot used in melting metals, (See Plate 7G,) and think it would stand fire to be u.sed as a boiling-pot, but have never seen it so used, or in any other way. It might have been used to pound seeds, hawthorns, choke-cherries, and service-berries, which these Indians, after pounding, make into cakes and dr\' for food. These last pots are very rare, and it must have been a great labcjr to make one. The first kind of pots were connnon to the Indians at the mouth of the Colum- bia, as well as the mats, i i' ''! I WW I Jf m "I- V ' !;; ; 1^ 212 TRIBAL () R (! A N I Z A T ION, The bows wliich T havo sofii wcro iiuhIo of tlio lioniH of tlio inomituiii f^luvp and oik, imil ol' wooil. iiiid arc tlii' licst Hpociiiu'ii of tlio skill of tlioso liuliiiiis. When of horn, tlK'3' are ahmit Iwo foot ton inohos lonir, and wlu'ii iinstrainod have a curve backwards. Tiiov are of two j)arts, spliced in the centre by stiir^i'oon ;:iiio, and door- sinews, wound around a s[)lico. The horn is brouirlit into slnipe by heatinj: and wottiii,;:', and worked smooth l)y scrapiniir with sharp stones, and hoiiiijt drawn between two rough stones. A cross section of the bow would show the back side less convex than the front. (See Plato 7(1.) At the centre, whore the how is spliced, before windiiiL!: the splice, two deer-sinews, nearly entire, are stron;:ly uliied and secured by their butt-ends ; the small ends of them beinjj outward at tiu; ends of the bow. Whore they are stronjrly wound and secured, those sinews cover tiie whole width of the back of the bow. As a matter of ornament, the skin of a snake, commonly that of the raUlesnako. is jilued externally on the back of the bow. The strin.i;- is of twisted sinew, ami is used loose, and those using this bow re(piire a guard to })rotoct the hand which holds it. Altogether, it is one of the most olliciont and beautiful bows I have seen. The head of the arrow is formetl by breaking })ioces of obsidian in small parts, and selecting those nearest tiie desired form. In this selection, those of the right thickness are taken. In finishing them, every edge of such a piece is laid upon a bard stone, and the other struck with another hard stone, varying the direction and Ibrce (if tlie blow, to produce the desired rt'sult. It is an operation which requires skill, and many are bi\)keii when nearly liiiishod, and thrown away. When funned, it is about tliree-fourths of an inch long and half an inch wide, and (piite thin, anil li)r hunting puijuisos lljrmod as is shown in Plate 7G. It is attacheil b_\ inserting its lu'ar or shaft end in a split in the front arrow-end of the sliaft. and wound with sinews in such a uianner as when the slial't is drawn from an animal, the head is ■\vitiidrawn also, and the increased width just at the near end uf it, is intoiuU'd to secure this result. The arrow-heads used lor warlike purposes, are ibrined without this increased width, fi() that when the shaft is drawn out the head will be loft, to increase the mischief. It is said they poi.son these arrows, but I do not know the fact. Tlioy sometimes appear to have been dipped in some dark-colored iluid, which has dried on thoin. The shaft is about two and a half feet long, and generally made of a shrub which the hunters call grease-bush. This is a small bush like the currant, and is noarl\- as hard as box-wood. It is very ap})licable to the steaming process, and is made straight b}- wetting and immersing in liot sand and ashes, and brought into shape by the hand and eye. To reduce the short crooks and knobs, it is drawn botwoeii two rough grit, stones, each of which has a slight groove in it, and coarse sand is also used to increase the friction. An arrow-shaft, finished, ap[)o;a's as thougli it had boon nicely turned. The arrow is used without a notch, and is featbored for about five inches near its roar m I'' IlISTUllY, AND GOVERNMENT. 213 ciiil, IciiviiiL;' s|):icc licliiiul, just t'lioiii^'li for tli(M)|)eratiii' to \' the exactitude of its course is maintained. The knives 1 ha\e seen are rude instruments pnjduced hy hreakimr pieces of oljsidian, which luts a tendency to form sharp edges, like glass, and is common in the country; and selecting those pieces -which approach the desired form, and having a sharp edge, this implement is often used without any other preparation, hut sometimes a wcjodeii or horn handle is attached, in the same manner as the shafts of the arrows. The graining tools for preparing skins, wei'e ordinarily made of hone, using such as had a hard enamel outside, and were softer within. Sometimes obsidian was used for this purjjose secured to the stall'. Awls were nuide of bone ruljbed to a sharp point, and also large thoi'iis. ]{oot-(liggers are crooked sticks, the end used in the earth being curved and sharpened by putting it in the lire and rubl>ing against a rough stone, which both points and hardens them; they are also jnade of elk and deer horn, attached to a stick. They are u.sed to obtain some small roots which the country produces, such as kama, souk, }ampas, onions, toliacco-root, iS:c. 'I'he lish-spear is a beautiful adaptation of an idea to a jHirpose. The head of it is formed thus, (See Plate 7G) ; and is of lunie, to which a small strong line is attached near the middle, connecting it with the shaft, about two feet from the })oint. Somewhat toward the forward end of this head, there is a small hole, which enters it ranging acutely toward the point of the head; it is ([uite shallow. In this hole the front end of the shid't is placed. This head is about two and a half inches long, the shaft about ten feet, and of light willow. AVhen a salmon or sturgeon is struck, the head is at once detached hy the withdrawal of the shaft, and being constrained by the string, which still connects it with the operator, turns its position to one crosswise of its dirccticm while entering. If the fish is strong, the stall" is relimjuislied. and operates as a buoy to obtain the fish when he has tired down by struggling. These Indians are very expert in the use of this instrument, and take many llsh at all the falls and vi\[nd waters, and construct, on small streams, barriers of stones or brush, to force the fish into ci rtain places, where they watch for them, often at night with a light. Fish-nets are made with the outer bark of some weed which grows in the country, but I took no particular note of what it was, or how separated from the stalk. It makes a lino stronger than any of those I had among my outfit, although they were selected from the nest materials of an angling warehouse by myseU'. who profess to be a judge of such articles. The twine is formed by laying the fibre doubled across the knee, the bight towards the left, and held between the tlunnb and finger of that hand. I, : ; t ' ■,v li 'i:!f •! ! !;l r V i-- 1 ' . 51! t ' ^ !. "i 1 ;1 IJ }U IM 214 TRIHAl, ORGANIZATION, w itii tlic two piirts wliicli arc to I'orm the twiiU' towiinl (lie riulit and a little separated ; rollii),!! those two parts between the knee ami rijrht hand, ontwardly from tlic o[)erator, and twistinjj; the bight between the thninb and linger of tlie left hand, forms the thread. More fibre is added as that (u'st commenced on diiiunishes in size, so as to make a continuous and oiiual lino. In this way, oxcollont twine i.s made nnicli more ra])idl_v than could bo expected. The nets are of two kinds: the scoop, which is pre- cisely the same as is used in the United States; and the .seine, which is also in prin- ciple exactly the same; and the knot used in netting also appears to me exactly tlii! same : but in this I may be mistaken, as I have never seen the operation performed. The Iead<'d line is formed by attaching oblong rounded stones, Avith a sunken groove near the middle in which to wind the attaching ligature. Eoods are used for floats. Boats ok Raits. — The navigation of this region appears to have been confined to crossing the streams when the water was too cold for comfortable swinnuing. The only apparatus used was little more than a good raft, made of roods which abound on many of the streams. They ure ajjont eight feet long, and formed by placing small bundles of reeds, with the Ijutt-onds introduced and lashed together, with their smalt ends outwards. Several of these bundles are lashed together beside each other, and in sucli a manner as to fm-m a cavity on top. There is no attempt to make it tight ; the only dependence is on the great buoyancy of the materials used. It is navigated with a stick, and almost entirely by pushing. This rude form of navigation, appa- rently, is the only one over nsi'd in the country, in which, in fact, there is hardly timber enough for a more improved form. Pipes arc used with a stem, usually about two feet long. The bowd is sometimes made of fuller'.s earth, and also of .soapstone. Mats are made from large rushes, in a manner which appears to me to be the .same ])y w Inch the Chinese make similar fabrics. They are used to sleep on, and to con- struct lodges. They are about four feet wide, and when carried are rolled up like a scroll. These Indians produce fire by using a shaft similar to that of an arrow, .about three- eighlhs of aninch in diameter, and two feet long; one end of which is bluntly pointed, and placed in a shallow hole in a hard, dry piece of Mood. One of the operators takes it Ijotwoon his opened hands, near the top, and rolls it between them back and forth, forcing downwards, and when his hands iijiproach the lower end, another seizes it in the same manner; and thus the atti'ition is maintained inilil fire is jn'oduced. It is pei'formed with great cinickness and dexterity; but it is hard work, and few whites could perform the feat. m t 1. 1 'M |-'i ! U' 1 1 1 ■5! II I S T O II Y, AND U (> V E II N M E N T. 21; Lettkh VI. Sir; May 1st, 1848. Yestcrdiiy I received your letter of the 2otli of April. Herewith is 1113- fourth iuul last comnuuiicatiou relating to that portion of the conti- nent drained by Snake Kiver; unless 30U deem it proper in nie to suggest measures for the improvement of the Indians in connection with establishing a suitable route to the more important regions beyond, wdiich arc to be controlled by this government. I may fhid in my records some small matters relating to the valley of the Salt Lake, that of the Colorado, Spokan, or Flathead Kivers, or the region enclosed between the IJlue and California Mountains, anil between the latter and the sea. Will you please advise me as regards the above. I have attached much importance to the Snake country, as being the road to Oregon and California. l\> Letter VII. Sir: May 1st, ISIS. I know very little of the language of the Shoshonees, and the following very limited list may not l)e correct ; for instance, it seems impossible that the meat and fish knife could have the same name, as, in a rude form, they were both in use amon"' them ; and the name of the mule looks as if it were derived from Mexico ; and the word for pantaloons and bull'alo robe is the same. Probably they could have had no original name for an article they did not possess. It is diflicult for persons not better educated than Indian traders usuallv are, to represent by English letters the true .sound of Indian words; beside whicii, the Indians difler much in the pronunciation of the same word. Another dilliculty i.s, that when niterrogated, Indians almost always answer '-yes" to a leading ([uestion, wdiich deceives tliose who are unused to them and the proper method of examination. In 18.32, when I first went among the Shoshonees, we wished to know the name of the beaver, but could not succeed for several days. At last one of my trappers said he had learned it from an Indian, and that it was '■ bonaque." Sidjseqnently we learned that this was a tribal name for a division of the Snakes. A writer calls one of the streams entering the Willamette the "Claxter," but I could never find a stream by that name, and came to the conclusion that the person who obtained it asked a question whicli was not understood, and the Indian very naturally said " Claxter," or " What ? " or " What do you mean ? " which is the meaning of the word in the country referred to. ill n. f I I l:!!l u >"! f* t p',? I ' *' ,p ■1 Hi 216 TIIIBAL ORGANIZATION, Boavor llaniitze. Musknit riiuit/.u. Saliiiou Arki. Muk' Moiinih. Ilorsi; Toliui'i'li. Wliito Men Tarhaho. Jicar Wi'aial)/.c. Fish-liook Nat/.Doii. Clawp-knilV' HarlR'tczo. Awl, iir Fisli-kiiifo Wdii'. l)oavcr-tra|) irarnitzeoon. Tin JJai-in, or Put Wi'tour. Pipe Panu. IJridle Auko-wa-nuss. Gun Peait. Saddle Narrino. Wliip Neutcquar. Powder Nargotoncho. Beads Piiet/.o-nio.' Long Shells Tawaoar. liatiliet llolianic. fli-ass Shawneep. T()])aero Tuo-parni. Piver, ..r Water Paali. Sun Tarpe. Moon Uphuie. Shirt Wauup.- Waisteoat Too-wa-nnp. Bnfl'alo Kobe Cootclie. Trowsers Cootclie. (ireat-coat Tushi-wanup. Moecafiins Maunep. Those Indians nearly starve to death annually, and in winter and spring arc eniaeiated to the last degree; the trappers used to thiidv they all eventually died I'roni .star\ation, as they beeanie old and feehle. in sahnou-tiine they get fat. In my wanderings I ha\-e ne\er setai any of them remaining, and do not know how they ' Tlii>c nil' i;illril lli:iL'iiiiiu on lli<' \nrtli-wc.st Ouast, ami arc tliore a iiii;iliuiii of trade. ' rrnl.iil.lv ilio wonl fur ,-lull,iii{r. I [ HISTORY, AND (J () V E UN M E NT. 217 (lisjiosc of their dciid ; iiiiuiy holit'vcd tlioy woro ciiiiiiil)iil,s, but I luive no cvidoiu'f of 111 is I'livA. Ill till! imrtion oftlii.s country which i,s not (Iistitutc of giMiR'. tiicy pound the; lioiics of tlio aiiiiiiiils they kill lino, and after they are boiled, eat a large jxirtioii of them. These Indians, according to niy e.vperiunce, d t jiossess the leeliiigs of revenge or gratiliido in as great a degree as the Knglisli race, and liav." almost none, as c(nn- l)are(l u;ili the conceived notions of the original inhabitants of this continent. This dLs'ivpaiicy struck me forcibly when I llrst visited them, with no other knowledge of their character than I had derived from books. For anything I could see. thev ticiitcd those best whom they most feared. A band of them who had wintered at Fort Hall and received much food and many presents, jiarticularly from two hunters named Abbot and Deforest, who afterwards accompanied them on tiie spring iiunt, murdered them for their e(piipmeiit of horses, guns, traps, kc, ailhoimh no (piarrel was alleged to exist. At another time, Ibr stealing some horses mid triips. I gavt nf ibnn two do/en lashes at the llag-stair, and al.so took horses eiiou-b to pay for liie piopeils stolen ; and he became afterwards a serviceable hunter, and bioiigiit manv skins to the Fort. Near Fort Hall, in IS.II, there were plenty of liud'alo. but soiai after the Fort was established they disai)i)eared from its neighborhood. The beaver disajipcared next. The origin of the Indians has employed so much ingenuity and learning, that it is almost useless on my part to make any suggestions. The din'ereiice of language and physical appearance leaves little doubt that they have come at several widely .sepa- rated periods of time, and perhaps also from very diflercnt regions. Some of the Indians of the Valley of the .Snake River have the a((iiiline countenance .so common among the Crows, but a greater portion of them have the features of the Chinnouks and other Indians about the month of the Columbia. In the winter of IS.jo I saw two Japanese who had been wrecked in a .riiuk near the entrance to the Straits of de Fuca ; and if tlicy had been dressed in the same manner, and placed with the Chinnook slaves who,se heads are not llattened, L c(juld not have discovered the diHerence. Li:tteu VIII. Sir; May liOth, 1S48. I have received your favor of the 12th inst. I shall not be able to give much information on any of the subjects you propose. I did not commence with the valley of the Colorado, which is the first in the tra- montane .series, because I understood the inquiry to relate almost entirely to Indians, and this valley being decidedly a den of thieves, where every one keeps every other 28 il li |1 m ! I* > It. ' 111 •' I if , I si; . . 1 ■! 11 i i; I ; -'!« TIimAL OIKi ANIMATION, lit ai'iiiM-lc'ii;^tIi, I Imd no knowU'(l},'o of its inluibitaiitH, if IIiomc who iiifcHt it ciui l)0 fo culled. 1 MOW iiikIci'nIiiihI (liat the iii(|iiiry rxtuiids to tlic whole .siihject. Wliiit Jms, what (/'«v, and wliat «•/// allect the Indian raeo or our own ? To deduct! a \)u\'\r.y .suitahle to both, woidd it not ite well to [)lace my coinnmnications in the same order as the regions to which they relate are on the route to the Pacidc? I can only add a lew words used by the ShoslionccH. i H Kay, or Tkay No. Kaywut None. Kayshaunt IJad, or not ;j;()od. ^,, , f (lood, or, nerhai)s, many : it Miauiit \ ' ' ■' { coiiinionly expresses good. Letter IX. ! 1 in 'i'i ^f,;. 'i^'] >ray 'JOili, I84S. ^IK ; I have |)assed several times throuj^h the country draiueil by the mountain liranclies of the Colorado ol' the West. Ol" that portion which is south of IJrown's Hole, in about 41" north latitude, I know nothing from personal observation. The river below is said to be impassiiile, being (llled with rapids, and occupying a mere crevice in the basaltic rocks, and the country a waste ol" sand and rocks. The valley northward of Brown's Hole is occupied by the two main forks of tiic Colorado, fireen River, in six branches, heads in the Rocky Mountains to the north of the South Pass, and near the Sweet-water of tlie Platto ; and (li'and iJiver, which is the larger branch, heads in the mountains i'p, a kind of pine, and a kiml of Mpriice, in lound : on the heads of (Irand Itiver, in addition to these, [jitch Jiine, hox. aldei'. ami Hcrnl) oak. (Irass is harely tolerable on the heads of (Ireen llixcr, lint is \cry line on those of (irand K'iver. When I first visited this rejiion in ISllli, it was a fine j^ame eonntry. liesides Ihill'alo in the i^reatest almndanee, there were Klk, Hear, Deer, Sheep, Antelope, and Heaver in •^wni ninnliers. 'I'his aliundanee of pmie 1 attrihnti'd to its ha\ in,u' iduays been a war-jrronml llir the snrronndin^ Irilies. Neither the Inilians, nor the whites, dared visit it openly, exei'iit in lar;,a' camps, and the .small marandin^- paities of Indians were in the habit of .sknlkinj,' in the hij:h monntains, watchinj;' the eonntry, to strike on any they nii^ht lind nnprep;ired, and their nio\ements caused little disturliance to the jiame. From these eanses the eonntry cuidd ne\cr have been closely hiuited. I am nncertiiin if any Indians inhabit any (lortion of this valley, as beinji' particularly their own, aboM- lirown's Hole. If so, it is the (ireen Hiver Snaki's, whost' \ilhi;ie of I'VJ lod;;i's, 1 met on the midn fork of (irand Hiver, on the iSth .lidy, lS;',li. These Snak<'s appear tu me to be of the same stock as those of Lewis ilivcr. 'I'hey reseniliie them in physicid ii[ipearance, but livinij; in a Ijctter country, the_\- are lar^^cr and better looking men, and appear more inteliijicnt. Of their langnajio I know nothing. I hail no intimate intercourse with them. They were thou niischievons, and would rub and munk'r if tlu'V had a safe opportunity. If they have any permanent home in thi.s A'alluy, it must be on the extreme south-eastern edge, where I have not been. I have also met in this valley the Araphahoe village, and bands, or war-parties, of the Yonta's, (Jrows, and Hlackfeet, all of whom were bad neighbors. The northern or Cireen Iiiver di\ ision of this \alley, is unfit to i)roduce anything, that I know of, for human sustenance, except such as may bo derived from grazing. Horses, kine, sheep, and goats, may Ik- sustained during the year, using the vicinity of the mountains in tlu^ warm months, and retiring south at the aj)proach of cold weather. The many fertile and warm valleys of (Irand Kiver would sustain, at all seasons, the same animals, and also produce wheat and many other articles suitable for food, and could be brought to sustain a considerable population. 1 I f I 'I liETTKU X. Sir : May 20tli, 1S4S. I now send you a short notice of the valley of the Bear River. The recent inli)rmation from ('npfnin Fremont, obtained under more favoralile circumstances, ! 'i n r ^' II 220 TIiniAI, OU(i ANI/ATION, ri'iidtTH wimt I mi^rlit convi'V (il)H()K'ti', mid I alliuli' In it mily iin an im|)()rt(Uit poftitioii ill tlu> idiitc to Oifjroii. Ol'tlic Milli'V liclwccii the nine iiiid ('n.^i'iidc Momitiiiiis, I .spi'iik imirc I'lilly, Im'CUIiho 1 think the iiM|uii'liiiii'i- (if this Mcclioii liii.s not liccii |it'o|i)'i'ly Minted. Ill iiiv iir\t. I will iiidiciiti' till' iiiciins wliicli I think iftioidd lie iiHcd in t'staliliMhin^ the I'onti- iii'twccn the ciimI iinil the wrst. mid how it may ht nncctcd with the im|H'ovt'in('iit of the Indian raccn who IVocniont or ilwdl in the coinitrics throiigli which it. may pasx. I have no pnliliMhcd map of tlicsc rcfjioiiH. cxcrpt oiio hy Colomd J. J. AlK'it. in iS.'iS. If thero is any, more recent, [iiiblisiied liy llie fiuveriimciit, I niioiild he pleaded to receive one. There liave Ix'eii ho many iiumert j^iveii fo the Htreiims of these remote eoiiiitries, and so often tlie same name to diU'erent streams, that ii map is iiec-essary to identilV them. lil'.TTDU XI. ! I. it'l Silt: Mny 2fllli, Hl>i. The more recent exploration of the valley of IJoar Hiver, the main trilaitary of the Salt Iiake. hy Captain Kivmont, with siipeiior means, renders any exti iided iiotii f it. on my part. sii|ierlliioiis. It is one of the most important points in the route from the .\tlantic, hy the I'latti-, to the Pacific, hy Lewis' iiiver. The valley, a iillie al)o\e or ludow the Soda Sprinjrs. is emineiilly litted for a military post. It is the most eastern residence of the " Dijiifers." who are the most likely, ol' the Indians in tlio.se regions, to form a nucleus in the scM'ial orpmi/ation of their race; and the valley itself is widl litted for gra/inii; and cultivation, and would produce abundance of horses, kiiie, sheep, and floats, and also ahniulanco of salt to cure meats. This valley is peculiar in one respect. Its outlet in the Salt Lake is remote from the most hostile anil formidalile trihes, while its southern and northern sides are defined hy inoinitaiiis impassahle a eonsiderahle portion of the >ear, Irom snows, and at all si-asoiis alfordiiii^ small facilities for tin; passa,u:e of cattle or horsi's. At the north-eastern extreme of its great hend, there ar<' passes, hut they are easily watched. A .settlemont here would he made .secure from the inroads of all hostile Indians, and would have great facilities for producing the .supiilies most ro([uired in the neighboring regions. ' Buflalo were in great nnml)crs in this valley in IH'JO, hut must have disappeared, as well as the heaver, by this time. The mountain sheep were then plenty in the hills, and I presume are so now, as they breed where they cannot be easily disturlied. They were formerly taken in considerable numbers, where the deep .snows of the mountains compelled them to visit the subordinate cliil's. ' Tiiirt opiiiidii iiius 1)0111 loiiiarkubly vorltiiid liy tliu micccas of tlio Mormon .sottluinent, near that point. ■s. J . IliyTOllY. AN I) (iii\ HIINMKNT. 2121 Haiii i.-< rr('<|ii<'iit in tlii>' miII<'\. Inil irriKittii'ii. I'or wliirli lliciv \n iiliiiiuliint ini'iiii", Would In' r('(|iiii'('il I'm- mi rsli'inliMJ a^ii'iciilliii'c. {''iiriiii'iiv , I |iiim< xtm iIic I liili^', (JrowH, ami Klackll'i't in lliin viillcy, l)iit tin- SlKwlinnt'ts an' its true owiipiuitH. Tiioy live ill llii' t. ;<•* anil iiKnintains, ami rdiiT to llicjr iiiiicc('M.-ons, on roots and lish. Itesides these, the N-zperees, Walla-Wallahs, and t'ayonses \isit this region. The latter 1 have met in large eaiiips, in tiie winter, hnnting deer, kf. These Indians, having plenty of hor.-ies, make an extensive surround,' within which the animals are retained liy expert horsemen. Others are .sent within the s|iace to keep till' game on the run ; and after tiie\ are well tired down, llie Indians commence the slaughter, for it is nothing else. In this manner I ha\e seen mans hundreds of nniinals killi'd at a single snrronnd. The game is elk, heiir. Mack and white-tailed, and l)ig-horned ileer, and a i'vw antelopes, lieiucr and otter were fonnd in Is:','). Imt may now he extinct. The country is mostly a high. open, rolling prairie. Some of tin- streams have oak. alder, and eotton-wood ; in the iiiouiitaiiis there is red and white cedar, and three kinds of pine; some of the latti'r (piitc large, and I'or eaiioi's I wa.s ohligeil to select the smaller si/.e of them. The formation is volcanic; and where conglomorato sandstone is fonnd, it is partly formed hy the wreck of volcanic rocks. I'nmice-stoiio is fre(pieiit. Columnar basalt hounds the streams, which appear to occupy chasms. The np[K,'r waters of the Des Schutes, (ir Fall IJiver, runs, lor miles, over a smooth hottom of white, soft stoiu', or indurated clay, which I havt- called •■ fullers' I'artii." Near this riNcr are hot and warm sjirings in niany [ilaces, and on a large scale at a jilace which I snii[)osi' to he the same as Captain Fremont's eam[) uf Noveiiiher li'.lth, ISJ:!. Then', 1 ohsorved the tlicnuoineter at IDI" in one .s[)ring, and l.'J I" in another; and at this camp I fonnd, projecting from the periiendicniar face of the cungloinerate rock, underlying inan\' hundred feet of solid basalt, two bones about the size of the thigh-bone of the horse. They were white and mineralized by tlinty matter, which produced firo when stricki'ii by the steel. These were the only rt'inains of ancient animal life I ever saw on the waters of the Columbia, e\ce[)t a few shells on the heads of Salmon River. ' I'Vir using this word as a nniiii, |iir;i! usngo in tiii' Imlimi iimiilrv iimsf, wv funcv, tic plcail. , f 1 » i t 1 ' f I' 1 • i TIIIBAL (>R(i ANTZATION, Tliis \ alloy iiliomids in fossil woinl. In a slido IVoiii tlic iiioiintuin iioar tlio ('iiscjidos, 1 loiiiid II \n'^ of wood, Olio end of wliioli had iiccii luiiiorali/od so fully liy soiiio lliiity matter tliat I [iroducoJ fire from it with a stool. Tlio othor end was hiiriit in tho fnc so iikkU'. Tlio cliinato of this valley is warm in wintor. On tho Itli of February. IS.'!"). IVojis were oroakinu'. Hiaokljirds romaiii lliroiiiih tho year ; and flowers may ho found, in .:onie part of it, durinir o\ery month. Snows and rains alternate from Se|)tenihor to ^^aroh, in tho iilains, hut the fiu'inor are light, anil do not n'main more than one or two days; hut in tiio imiiiodiate voriic of tlie Casoade iMountains tho_\- are heavy. J was onoo snhjeotod to a snow-storm on thi' heads of tho l)es Sehiils. during whi(di wo judged six foot in depth to have iidlon, and osoapod only l)y building canoes and deseeiiding the ri\Of, tho main stream of wliioli does not froo/.o at any time. The thorinoiiiotor in tho lower valU\\s of this region cannot range mueh, if any, below freezing, during juiy jiortion of the year; lait 1 was not careful cnongii to note its indication. This valley, throughout its whole extent, produoi's, generally, "buiudi grass," which stands with the autumn rains, and remains green during tho wint(.'r, drying like made hav in tho dry season. It is in tho hiiihost dc^uroo nutritive. lore IS a wa T In th sto of rock (1 sand near the Columhia. and on its imnu'dialo banks, irod tho horses roipiirod in tho iiumenso region north of California, and west of the Kockv .Mountains, and nian\- of tho.-;e used on tho heads ill lis vallev arc duel th th rivers tins mi. do of the monnti uus, w hidi ulllciont i)roof of its ura/inu' faeilitiot The;-e animals arc raised without shelter, and on tho natural products of the country. 'I'lu' number must have been \ery groat to su[i])ly the ontin" wants of ;ho Jlndsou Jiay Coni}iaiiy, including food; that of tho American Company in and about tlio mountains of tho Indopeiident Trajipers ; that of the Indians going to hunt l)ull'alo, many Vout; hoiiiii' lost b ibiiso and hardship, and more stolon b\- the Blackfoot, ( rows, Snal ind other tribes. It was not uncoinmon that a siniile Indian owned a hundred or more of them. This valley is capable of producing largo quantities of hides, tallow, beef, and wool. It has all the advantages of (Jaliliirnia for grazing, without its defects : droughts do not occur to injure it lor this jmrposo. The slopes of the monntains or the hottom of tho \all(ys are a green pa.sture at all .seasons. Tho winters are cold enough to .salt moats, which is not tho ease in California. This valley is pre-eminent for its pastoral Klvanta'os. it,- a"Ticii Itural facilities are not so groat: still, some of the hottom.s of the rivers are good soil, and the lower slopes of tho mountains ii-onerallv so ; in both, irriyat 1011 lid 1 10 I'asiiv a [ipliod, and tii(> agricultural wants of a jiastoral ]ieoplo abundantly 'I'l ilied. \n i'ountr\' allonls belt or streams for manufacturing purpose; 'I'iie waters are t/ ! 1 ISTOUY, AND GOVERNMExNT. 0-7; very equal, heln^' sii])|)lieil. in tlu' cold sciisoii, hy tlie rains aiid nieltinir snows ol' the lower parts, and in tlie warm season liy that of the mountains. The routes of this country are not deficient, and a point l)elow the (Jrcat Dalles may ho easily reachi'd, where there is a lini^ and deep ri\i'r to the Cascades, whert! is a portage of about two ndles, which nniiht bo im|)roved, and from that to the sea is good navigation. This region may lie called perfectly healthy. In it the epidemic fever, which broke out on the lower ('olund)ia, in 1820, and continued its ravages until IS-Ul, and nearly exterminated the native races there, has not been known, except- in cises of persons who had been previously in the infected region. These sometimes suflered from it. but none others. i< 'i I : I A Ti K T T i; It XII. 81 H : .luiK! '-M, is IS. I now send you a lew^ remarks on the route to Oregon, and the improvements of the Indians. 1 have condned mys(df to their physical condition, which I consider pridiniinary to moral or natural development in most cases, and more jiarticnlarly among a people wli(i are starving for food, and IVee/iug for want of clothes and shelter, at least iialf the year. Lkttkk XIII, Siu : .June li.l, is IS. A line of coninmnication across the continent, and the improvement of the condition of the Indians through whose countries it may pass, invohes the considera- tion of several important facts. 1st. The policy of this government, which has had the efVect to concentrate the Indians toward the Itocky Mountains, and in the neighborhood of this route. 2(1. That the incri'ased nundic'rof the Indians is fast destroying the game on which tiiey mainly subsist. od. That the sti'cam of white population passing through these countries, and more particularly the intnxhictiou of tlie liobe Trade, is rapidly hastening the decrease of the game. ■1th. That, notwithstanding tiie Indians east of the mountains have a country well fitted for agriculture, yet they have never depended nmcli on it. for their subsistence, imd appt'ar unfitted fiir its steady laliors. This renders it wholly improbalile tliat those west of the mountains, with a soil and cliuiati> generally unfitted fbi' agrit'ulture. and who have ne\-er planted a si'cd. will evci' devote themselves to its pursuit. M ihl il :|! ||! I , 1 .1,1, 224 T R I B A ]. O II G A N 1 Z A T ION, i: i ) ' m ytli. In the iiatiirMl iiro,nri'ss of the iniprovciiu'iit of luiin, the pil^^t(ll•al condition i.s tiic si_'(,'on(l stagt'. and snccoods tliat ol' tin' Inintcr. (Itli. Tiiat some of the Indians, in tlie region under consideration, have ah'eady '•eacJied tliis second condition, havinii' introduced and reared horses, and more recently iiy olitainin^ cattle, and ai)[)car well disposed to connnence such pursuits. 7tli. That peace cannot be uKiintaincil amonn' numerous and \arious tribes of Imlians, unless means of subsistence can be provided to pre\i'nt the necessity of one jtreyinji; on another, and all, on our citizens, -who may be located in those reyious, or on their way throuirh tliem. The following remarks should be confined to the countries 1 have heretofore partially descril)cd, viz., from the .sunnnit of the South Pass by the Colorado, Bear, Snake, and Columbia River.s to the Great Dalles, being the route through which our connnunicii- tions will be made wi^h the settlements in Oregon, and by which the great mass of emigration to that region must pass. This country is essentially difleront from any which this government has heretoloro controlled, but is of the same character as the great mass of that which is soon to bo jilaced under its protection. It resemljles the interior of Asia. None of the roving trii>cs who infest it claim the ownership of its soil; they visit it only to hunt gauu', and murder and plunder those they meet, if they are strong or cunning enough to ilo so. The difl'erent Ijands of Shoshonees are its true inhabitants, except below the IMue .Mountains, Avhere the Cayouses and Walhi-Wallahs dwell. These Indians jihint nothing, and live only by the indigenous productions, on (Ish, game, and roots. I do not know that they over claimed the ownership of the soil in a single instance. The treaty system, which has been pursued, as regards the Indians and their lands, this side of the mountains, appears to me ina}>plicalile to this region. First, Hecause, in a large portion of tlie C(juntry, there is no resident Indian go\ernment with whoui to treat. Government Inis not been introduced among them to a sullicient extent for this purpose. They exist in snudl detached bodies and single families, and chaULic their locations so widely that the\' seem to have no particular claim to any ])ortiou. Second. There is no distinct property to be treated lor, as no considerable bodv of these Indians, except between the Cascade and Rlue Mountains, can Ik; found whose lines of wandering have not continually interlocked with those of similar bauds. Third. If thi're were dist'nct ideas of o\vnci'shi[) in the soil, the case would still be the same, as an iunnense proportion of it woidd 1)0 entireh' valueless, if distributed in dis- tinct properties. It is only valuable as a connnonalty, and for grazing pur[»oses, except in lociitions whi(di are of very limited extent. I coincide with the o[iinion. so ofti'U expressi'd b\- those best aciiuaiuted with this region, that i)osts should be establisheil at suitable jioiuts on the route through it; but f Would not confuie the use of theut to the protcclinu and aid of emigrauts. but extend it to the impKJM ww nt of the condition of the Indians, together with llistt'riug a w hile , I HISTORY, AND GOVERNMENT. SS.I pastoral population. For which purpcse I would propose the establishment of posts, say one each, at the " Red Butes" of the Platte ; the mouth of the " . 'ly," on Green River ; at " Rear River," near the Soda Springs ; in the valley of " 1 Hall ;" in the valley of '"Bruneau;" in the valley of "Powder River," near the I .0 Pine; at the mouth of the " UmatuUah," about fifteen miles below WalliirWahah ; and at the " Great Dalles" of the Columbia. The.se points are about seven camps distant from each other, for packed animals, except that Bear River is five camps from Sandy, and two from Fort Hall ; and they are all on the immediate line of the Oregon trail, witliin that which passes north, if Snake River bend is followed, or that which passes on the south. These posts should have a military force appointed to each, of from 20 to 100 men. The two nearest the south Pass should be more strongly garrisoned than the inter- mediate ones between them and those on the Columbia, where the Indians are more effectively organized. A disposable force would also be required, of perhaps 100 men, to support any point which might require it, and sup[)ly convoys and expresses, &c. The.se posts should also have a sufficient number of white laborers for the operations of agricidture, for their subsistence, and to superintend the herding of animals, but the main body of the herd.smen should bo selected, in preference, from the Indians. Horses, cattle, sheep, and goats, whichever might suit the particular location, should also be provided for these establishments, taking care to .select good breeds. All these posts would produce wheat and many other articles required for their support, except, perhaps, those of Sandy and the Red Butes, where it would be uncertain. These positions might probably be kept up with a less force than stated above, but as the game decreases rapidly, and in most of this region is now nearly extinct, the Indians may become more troublesome ; besides, it is always best to show them an imposing force in the beginning. It will probably be some time before the Indians will be induced to respect property from any motive but fear; eventually, the fact of possessing it themselves may furnish another motive. Indians should be employed for all services which they can be induced to perform ; ])articularly such as are recpured in managing tlie animals which may be rea''ed, and their services ])nid in cattle and clothing, with a view to induce them to become owners of herds. Such portions of the country as may appear fitted for agriculture, should be reserved to the government ; and of the lands so reserved, an allotment should be made to every Indian inhabitant of the country, and the remainder, except such as might be reserved for the use of the government posts, opened for sale to whites or Indians who might choose to purchase. The remainder of the country should be thrown open for one vast graziug-field, to be used by all who might own stock. The posts just established should at first attend to the rearing of stock ; but subse- 29 '">'■ ■; Mil ■ ' 1 )< t T i i n li 1 )'h % :! m m ' % ■\ '"? 3 i II. [■ u i i U\i I: in I i''! 22G TRIBAL ORGANIZATION, qiu'iitly, when a sufficient nuinlier of nninials have been transferred to private indi- vithials. eitiier Iiulian or wliito, it might be relinciuished to tiieir enterprise. At lirst the ex|)cnses of these establishments might be considerable; but in the end tliis would be fully compensated by the advantages gained. A tax per head might be laid on the animals grazed on the common lands, as a condition of the use of them for that purpo.-^e. and also on the allotments of agricultural lands; and from these services, in a few years the revenue would nearly or quite equal the expenditure. The lands being in common, cattle intended for export from the country might be grazed slowly, at a proper season, down to the Great Dalles ; whence the transporta- tion would be a slight charge. I am fully impressed with the belief that these Indians must become extinct under the operation of existing causes, .and that some .system should be adopted tor their improvement which will supply their pliysical wants, and develop such elements of wealth as ma}- exist in tlie.se remote regions, both for the benefit of their race and our own. I have no doul)t that .some well-devised system to carry out the leading ideas above expressed, would in time accomplish both ; but should it fail, as all other plans have, to improve the Indian race, it would certainly enure to the advantage of our own. by rendering productive in pastoral wealth regions which otherwise will remain a waste. Letter XIV. Sir: Juno 6tli, 1848. Your favor of 2d instant was received yesterday. I do not precisely under- stand whether you seek the Indian name of the Bear River, or that of the Snake River. The latter is called by the Nezperces " Saaptin," and by the Shoshonees '• Piuih," and the tribal name of the Nezperces was, I Ixdieve, Saaptin. Among tlieui the Bear is called Ilohost, and lower down on the Columbia it is Khoot. Lewis and Clark's Narrative mentions a chief named "Ilohostilpilp," which means red or brown bear, and should be divided thus — Ilohost-ilp-ilp ; and the Koos Kooshe, on which he Ava,s found, is a compound of the word koots, or little, and coose, or horse — little liorse, which is the name for the dog. The Nezperce whom I brought to Boston in lSiM^, called my cat by the same name also. Also by the Siiaptins all the colors are denoted by double words, as "hi-hi," white, "ilp-ilp," red or brown, '•snioux-snioux," black. With the resident Shoshonees of Bear River of Salt Lake, I had no verbal inter- course. In 1833, when I saw them, they always lied to the inaccessible mountains. Without having any evidence of the fact, I su[)pose the name of the river was given by the whites. At one time it was called White River. la the same manner the trappei-s have named branches of (! rand River "Little Snake" and ''Little Bear River," and .some used the word South instead of Little, while the Shoshonee name of the latter was " Yanipah." '•a HISTORY, AND GOVERNMENT. 007 Tlio great number of bears which formerly liarbored in the deep volcanic eliasms of the mountains, near the Soda Springs, might have induced either whites or Indians to confer this name on the river. 1 might, if desirable, give you a very few Nezperce and Flathead, or Spokan words, and more that were used on and near the Wallamette ; but 1 suppose there is now much better means of obtaining a vocabulary of the latter. Lettek XV. Sir: August 14th, 1848. Unavoidable Your favor of 29th ultimo was received on the 1st instant engagements have prevented answering it until now. I have no memorandum of the statistics of the Snakes, Bonacks, and Siioshonees, although one was kept at Fort Hall of the Indians who visited that establishment, up to the time it was sold to the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1S37; but such estimates are of little value, owing to the inaccuracies arising from the very roving character of the Indians of that region, and the diiliculty of identifying them when they return, after long intervals of time. The Green River Snakes have a country well .scored with buflalo, and conscciucntly good food, clothes, and lodges. They appeared to be thriving Indians in 183G, but I do not suppose they were on the increase. Probably they had been stationary in numbers for a long period ; and the same observation, I think, may be applied to all the Indians on both sides of the mountains, who have access to the Buffalo regions. I suppose that all such Indians have been prevented from increasing by continual encounters, arising from horse-stealing and other predatory habits incident to hunting- grounds, which are used as a commonalty among several tribes, combined with the natural desire of each to monopolize the whole. The natural cfl'ect produced by a state of warfare would be to compel them to visit the hunting grounds for limited period.s, and in large parties, for the purpose of making meat and skins, retiring, when that was accomplished, to residences more secure for themselves and property, thereby allowing the buffalo some respite. It has been noticed that all buffalo countries are the war-grounds of several tribes. Before the inroads of the Whites to these regions, a long-continued peace among the Indians, allowing them to hunt continuously, and in small parties, would have increased their numbers ; but if long continued would have extirpated the game, and, in the end, compelled the Indians to choose between the labors of herding domesticated animals and agriculture, to sustain the increased number, or a resort to war to reproduce an equilibrium with the means of sustenance. The latter resort is more in accordance with the Indian mind, in its past and present state. From such considerations, my own opinion is, that these In'^ans have been, as ; III I ■ ii fit '1 ;*1 i ! >':''' I ! iH ! I i \ . f It ! V i i i 1 I i ;i= If!' - li ill iVi 228 TRIBAL ORGANIZATION, ETC. regards numbers, for a long time weighed in a balance, the means of subsistenee some- times preponderating, and increasing their numbers, and this decreasing the game, which would again produce depopulating contests, which would again allow the game to increase. When the Whites began to visit these regions, the destruction of the game became inevitable, and that of the Indians will surely follow, if the power of the government is not exerted to substitute some means of obtaining food which is available, without a violent or sudden departure from their established habits and natural character. No success has attended the cllbrt to bring the natives of this continent to the level of our race; but it is incumbent on us to continue it in good faith, and I am fully impressed with the belief that it might be accomplished through the introduction of the means and habits of pastoral piu'suits, as an intermediate step to agriculture, and I believe the experiment would not cost, in dollars, as much as that of kce[)ing Indians (juiet, who have been crowded into countries nearly destitute of game, while they are still inadcrpiate to the labors of agriculture. The Bonacks and Shoshonees, I have no doubt, were decreasing wlien I was in their country, and I do not believe they were ever very numerous : the counti-y is too poor, in all inspects, to admit of increase. I can without any reserve state, that the Indians between the Rocky and Blue Mountains, and from 49° to 5."° north latitude, M'hich includes the range of these two tribes, and many more, were never demoralized previous to ISiiT, by the introduc- tion of alcohol. I was in the trade myself and conversant with the parties who visited tliat region, and the management of all the posts in it, for tlie five preceding years. Spirits were never traded with them; rarely, a good hunter or cliief was presented with a glass on his arrival. And the whole quantity introduced in a vear would not have supplied the value of a week's fertility in a year to the white pe..5ons in the country. It wo" far too expensive, owing to long transportation on packed animals, which was the oni^- means of conveyance, to be brought in considerable quantities. The introduction of alcohol among Indians may have influenced their condition elsewhere, and would probably do so in the countries referred to, but when I left those regions, their products were so inconsiderable in value, as to interpose a complete protection from its introduction or use. I am, very respectfully. Your Obedient Servant, Nathaniel J. Wvetii. IIknrv R. Schoolcraft, Esq. a i 4. THE COMANCIIES AND OTHER TRIHES OF TEXAS; AND THE POLICY TO RE PURSUED RESPECTING THEM. BY KX-l'KK.SIUi:.\T DAVID 0. lUIlNKT. TiiK eminent position in Texan liistory, of the writer of tlie following paper — his early migration into the area of Texa.s ; and the opportunities of observation he has hail, for a long series of 3"ears, upon the manners and customs, traits, character, and numbers of (he aboriginal population of that state, give a value to it, which will not fail to be recognised. Mr. Rurnet was one of the earliest Americans who migrated into that country, during the era of the Austin movement. SiH : Austin, Texas, .S^pteiube-r "JOtli, IS IT. Major Neighbors, the special Indian Agent for Texas, some time ago pre- sented me a pamphlet containing many cpieries in relation to Indians, their history, liabits, &c. ; ' and re((uested I would furnish something concerning the Comanches, among whom he knew I had been. Always willing to contribute any thing in my power to the general mass of intelli- gence, on a subject of such intrinsic interest, I have prepared a paper of some length, — it may bo of some little value, — relating to the Indians of Texas, but principally to the Comanches, our most considerable tribe. In the continued absence of Major Neighbors, I take the liberty to transmit it to yon. If it will add any tiling worth being contributed to the amount of information sought to be collected, I shall Ije fully compensated for the trouble of preparing it. The subject touched on in the two last paragraphs, though somewhat extraneous, is one of present interest to the General Government, and to this new State. Very respectfully. Your obedient Servant, David G. Rurxet. IIenky R. Schoolcraft, Esq. ' Vide "Inquiries," issued l)y the War Dcp.artment in 1847. See Appendix. h i 1 i 1 ■ * 1 H iii !' iltii'i \\ 280 TRIBAL ORGANIZATION, August 20th, 1847. Siu : ;i •■« During the years 1818-19, 1 spent a considerable time with, or in the vicinity of, the Comanche Indians of Texas. My jmrpose was the renovation of an impaired constitution, seriously threatened with pulmonary consnmption, in which 1 succeeded beyond my ntmost expectations. This residence in the Indian country, enabled me to collect some facts in relation to the Comanches, and some minor tribes of Texas, which may pt)ssil)ly Iw worthy of being connnunicated to the Department of Indian Aflairs, in reply to the very voluminous incjuirics concerning the aborigines of the United States, lately promul- gated by the Chief of the Department, a copy of which you have furnished me. My information is entirely too limited an ■ their rattle ("(insist iiif^' of liorscs and niiili's, Avliicli tlicy i'dI), lin' tlio most part, from tlic iiiilu'cilc Mexicans, wlio hold tlieiu in j^reat dread. Tliey Iiave no ivnowledgo of ai^rieulture, lint depend entirely on game lor Hubsistenei', and cliietly on the hullalo, which descend in lai'fie herds to their rej^ion on the approach of winter. Diu'inf^ the snmnicr months, when the huH'alo retnrn to their nor*'"'rn pastures, the.se Indians are often exposed to siifl'erinsr, and Ihid it diflTicult topi n'o ade(inate sustenance; hut lliey have a rare capacity for enduring hunger, and manifest great patience under its inlliction. After long al)stinenco they cat voraciously, and Without apjiarent incon- venience. I do not believe the Comanches, — by whicli term I intend the entire tribe, — have any traditions of the slightest verisimilitude, running I'arther into Ingone time than the third generation. Their means of knowledge of the past are idtogether oral ; unaided by nioiuunents of any description. I could never discover that tliey had any songs, legends, or other mementoes, to peii)etuate the fetes of arms, or other illustrious deeds of their progenitors; and I (piestion if the names of any of their chiefs of the fourth generation ascending are retained among them. They perish with but little more note of remembrance than does a favorite dog among the enlightened of the jieople. In 1811) their principal chief, who was generally recognised as the head of the three bantls, was called I'dn-ov-u-Lifhi; by interpretation, Tiittle Bear. lie was a Tenawa, and was a brave, enterprising, and intelligent savage; superior to his tribe in general. lie was celebrated for liis taciturnity and .sedatone.ss ; it was said of him, that ho never lauglied, except in battle. Ilis habitual taciturnity was not of that allected kind which is sometimes adojited among the more enlightened, as a conve- nient substitute for, and type of, wisdom. The authority of their chiefs is rather nominal than positive ; more advisory than compulsive; and relies more upon personal inlluence than investment of ofTice. They have a number, altogether indefinite, of minor chiefs or captains, who lead their .small predatory bands, and are .selected for their known or pretended prowess in war. Any one who finds and avails him.self of an opportunity for distinction in robbing horses or scalps, may aspire to the honors of chieftaincy, and is gradually inducted by a tacit popidar consent, no such thing as a formal election being known among them. They usually I'oam in small subdivisions, varying according to caprice, or the scarcity or abundance of game, from twenty to one hundred families, more or less ; and to each of these parties there will be one or more captains or head men. If any internal social difficulty occurs, it is adjusted, if adjusted at all, by a council of the chiels present, aided by the seniors of the lodges, whose arbitrement is usually, though not always, conclusive between the parties at variance : but there are not many private wrongs perpetrated among them, and family or personal feuds seldom arise — they live together in a degree of social harmony which contrasts strikingly with the domestic incidents of some pseudo-civilized communities, that vaunt of their enlightenment. i •1 '1 111 ■1 ii l!^^ J 2.12 TUIIJAL OUOANIZATION. I'll r§ i ! ^.ffi n £ M TIloy liavc no itloii of jiirispniilciico as ii [iracticiil sciciuH', and no orj^nni/.od and autlioritativt! .system of national polity. One captain \vill lead his willinj^' {'oIIowith to rolilicry and oarnai^c, whili! another, and perhaps the hit; chief of all, will eschew the l()ray, and profess friendship for the victims of the assanlt. Hence ti-i made with these nntntored savaj^es an; a mi'n^ nullity, nnless eid'orced hy a sense of ylfu- per- vading the wiiole trihe : and it is somewhat dillicidt to impress this sentiment upon them; for they have n cherished conceit, the joint product of ignorance and vanity, that they are the most powerful of nations. They recognise no distinct rights of niciiin and ^7///*, I'xccpt to jjorsonal property; liolding the territory they occupy, and the game that depastures upon it, as common to all the trihe : the latter is appropriated only hy ca[)ture. They are usually very liheral in the distrihution of their j)rovisions, esi)ecially in a tinu; of scarcity. Their hor.ses nnd nnde.s arc kept with Hullicient caution, in separate cavalcades or hordes. Industrious and enterprising individuals will sometimes own from one to throe hundri'd head of mules and hor.ses, the spoils of war. These constitute their principal artiides of trallie, which they exchange for the goods their convenience or fancy may refpiive. They sell some hnfliilo ro))cs, which are dressed, and sometimes painted, hy the women with considcrahle taste. Prisoners of war belong to the captors, and may be sold or released at their will. While among them, I purchased four ^lexican prisoners, for each of whom I ]iaid, on an average, about the value of 200 dollars, in v. rous articles, estimated at lfi< ir market value. One of them very soon stole a hor.-.c' ond ran away; two were worthless idlers; and one old nnin rendered some remuneration by personal services. These three cognate tribes cannot be said to have any conunon tribal government. The Tenawa and Yamparacks trade with the Mexicans of Santa Fe, while the lower party war upon the Mexicans of Chihuahua, and all the lower provinces, including Tamaulipas. Still, hostilities by the United States with the one, wonld involve a conflict with all; for the Comanches, the lower party, if prc-^scd, 'vould retire to, and coalesce with, their kindred, who would adopt the quarrel without an uiquiry into its justice or expediency. But, ordinarily, there is no political interconnnunion between them, althougli they sometimes cohabit and pursue the buftalo in the same range. The two upper parties have comparatively few mules or horses, being less convenient to those portions of Mexico where these animals most abound ; the regions of the mid and lower Rio Grande. They have no established ^•ijitmc, /nirn," i)iit they regard the ingres.s of stranger hunters with a jealor.s3- that is sometimes I'atal to the intruders. This seldom occurs, uidess the destruction can be consumated with impunity. As before remarked, their trade consists principally in the exchange of hor.ses and mules, for the u.sual articles of Indian connnerce. They are sudlciently astute in dealing, although (piite ignorant of the real value of many articles they purcha.se, and are liai)lo to be egregiously imposed upon. A prompt deUcerij on both parts, is the best mode to \Vf '-. \ Ml I (■ fl I II IST(»IIY, A .\ \> \ KU MKN r.i;i iTl'llit, tIlOV lU'O I'ifluT ■ v\ (ln\>. and tlicti H' MiMMirc iiiivmciit. Wlicii ^(Hiils me iIcIimti m luciu , fiiuiililcd III!', or iliHtriliiitcd hy (liiimlion-^ tn untl?<. in , im|ir()vi(lfiit ilclilor '-loves liis liorsfs," mill [1,1 ilicinwill diii nn ''.M/ill. i ohstiiiiiti- ri'l'iisiil to piiv, is (lilliciilt, lo ovcrcdiuc — iliuiinh I i,;m. „, uc cliii'l coiiiicil to coiiiiicl |)iiyinciit — lull (lie (■omhiiifil inlliii'iicu of -.•mi ,,1 tlieir : .^t powcrl'iil ciiicls wiis lU'ci'ssiiiT to I'll'cct it. Tlio Comiinclics tako no liirs, and but low decr-sUins, tlio iiios. A l/nii "li.-v (■(iiisimii' at lioiiic. Thcic arc very lew heavers or otters in tlieir rountrv. and tlicv know iiotliin;!,' ol'tlie art of trapiiin.^. Tlie American tra|)|iers have nearly extirpated these valuable animals IVoni the waters of Texas. Tli.y have no idea of the value of money as ii medium of exehan-e. 1 have often seen dollars and ilieir several intefrrants, suspended in a eontiuuous line, terminatinj;- in picayunes, to the hair of a Comanche dandy, eloiiiiated hy lior.se-hair or a cow"s tail. The Comanches compute nuiiiliers liy the tin,i;vrs — the dijiits, l)\- simile liiiLivrs extended — dcciiiiids hy hoth hands spread out — and the duplication of decimals, hv .slappiim' 'J"th hands to.mdher to the numher reipured— I do not know the names of tlieir dibits, except the unit, ,s■(;/N^s■,• nor to what extent tiny carry these i^viieric denominations; hut douht if they have any term for a hi-her numher than tweiit\ — after that, they ivsort to the names of the several diuits fir the multiplication of the decimal nnmlier. They keep no accounts in hieroizlyphics. or devices of an\- kind, hut rely entirely upon memory; tlieir commt'rcial transactions heiiifj; low and simjile. They have made hut small advances iu the science of medicine, and have no determinate knowlediic of the patlilut<> niiility. Wlit-ii iihoiit tt) iiltmk mi niomy, wliit'li tlioy iiIwiivm iIh mi iKiiHrlnick, tlu'V (liwrolK! tlu'iii- nclvfM III" every tliiiiK Imt tin- hrcocli-t'lutli timl niix'ciif^iiiH. 'I'lirir r^mlillcM iin« li^rlif. with lii^li poiiiint'ls mill ('uiillitiM; miil tlicy lU'vor ciiriiiiilx'r tlifir lini-Hcr* with iincU'r*!* trii|)|)iii)^H. The wmiicti arc hdil in Hiniill OHtiiimtinii ; they iirc '' hi'wcrs of \v I nml ilniwcrH of water" to tlicir indolent iiiul Hii|)er('iliouM lonU. lint thix is eoniinoii to nil |)eo|)l(>, on whiiin the onicles of truth Imve never nheil their iiuiniini/inj; inllneiice. The women, iiiiirried iiiul hinjj;le, jmy inneii less iiltention to iiersoniil lulormnent thiin tiie men, iiiul iippeiir, in the ile^raihition of th(>ir Hoeiiil condition, to have retnined hut littii" welf-rospect. They are dif«;,'iiMtin>{ly filthy in thi'ir persons, and seemin^dy ii» deldised in their moral as in their pliysical eonstitntioii. They are de(>idedl\- more ferocious and cruel to prisoners than the men, amon^ whom I lia\t> sometimes wit- nessed a f^leaminjr of a kind and henevolent nature. It Ih an ancient custom to sur- render a ])risoner to the women, for torture, for the fh'st three days of his arrival amoiif,' them. These fiends stake out the unhappy victim hy day, that is, fasten him on his hack to the ^'round, with his limhs distended hy cords and stakes. At evening, lie is released and taken to tiie dance, where he is placed in the centre of a livinj^ circle, formed hy the densi; mass of his tormentors, and made to dance and siiifr, while the furies of the inner line heat him with sticks and thon)i;s of raw-hiile, with jircat diliv'cnce and j^lee, until their own I'xerlions induce fatijrue; when he is remanded to his j;r()und-[>rison, to ahide a series of small vexations during the coming day, and a refjetitioii of the fell orgies the ensuing night. At the expiration of the three days, he Ih released from tiieir custody, exempt from further annoyance, and taken to tiie lodge of his ca[)tor, to enter upon his servitude. Tiiis course is not universal. Adult prisoners are sometimes deliherali'ly ]iut to death \^ilh protracted tortures, when the party taking them have siill'ered much loss of lite in the foray. At such times, these navages will eat a portion ol' the llesh ol their victims ; and so far are liahlo to the charge of heing cannihals. l$ut they eat to gratify a spirit of revenge, and not to satiate a nun-hid and loathsome appetite Cannibalism, disgusting in all its phases, is with them a purely meta|)hysical passion. It is perhaps more abhorrent, to a correct moral sense, though less loatiisonu' than that which results from mere hrutal a[)petite. When boys or girls are captured, they are not subject to any systematic punishment, but are immediately domiciliated in the family of the captor. If docile and tractable, they are seldom treated with excessive cruelty. They are employed in menial ser- vices, and, occasionally, in process of time, are emancipated and marry into the tiibe, when they become, dc fitrfn, Comanches. There were a numl)er of Mexican juvenile prisoners among them. Those 1 saw were reluctant to heing redeemed, and a much higher value was set on them than on adults. Polygamy, to an indefinite extent, is jiermitted. One chief, Carno-san-tii.a, the son i n 1 ' 1 1 1- ' ■ 1 il 230 Till ISA li ().l(i AN'1/.ATION, trl of Ainorica, a naiiu" I iircsmiu' of .Mi'\i(';iii licstownu'iit. Iiml (en \vi\(^s, all of wliom socmcil to li\(' toiictliiT ill imiiit('i'ni|iti'(l liiiriiiony. altlioiiuli oiu' of lliciii was cvidcntlv tlic I'liicl' HivoriU'. Wivos arc divorcrd iiiiccri'inoiiioiisly liy tlic liiislumds. and soiiu'- timcs iiiai'n' a^ain. Iiilidflity. on llic part ol' the wife, is pinnslicd l)y cuttiiin' oil' tiu' nosi< ; the excision is made iVoni tlic lower extremity of the cartilaiie, dia.i^dnaliy to tlie lip. I saw several instances of this revoltinir retriliutioii. The women do all llic menial work. They often accompany their Inishands in hnntinii'. lie kills the j^anu', they 1)ut(her and transport the meat, dress tin' skins, i*cc. One or more wonu'ii will sometimes accompany a war-})arty. -when tiiey act as hostlers and ser\itours ucneralK'. When in the enemy's conntry, and near the scene of intended assanlt, the party selects some se((uestered spot, in a dense thicket or chapparal. if to he had. where they encam}), deposit their feeble lu)rses and surplns haLijraL;'!'. with a few of the aged or hiellicient warriors, and the women, as a canip-jiuard, while tlie\- sally out. nsnally hy moonlight, in fp;est of prey. Thoy war for spoils, and their favorite s[)oils are liorses and ninles. They often drive oil' several hundreds of these from a single Mexican ranche, on one foray. The (.'omanches are not delicient in natural ('ourag(\ and no people I'.xctd them in the art of horsemanship, and i'vw. if any. in the use of the how and the javelin, both of which they handle with great dexterity, on horseback. As liiot-soldiers. they arc comparatively of little account ; hut they ari' seldom caught on foot l)y an enemy, and never, exci'pt l)y sur[)riso. 'I'hey use light shot-guns, but ha\c an aversion to the weight of the rille. Experience has taught them to dread this formidable weapon, in the hands of our l)rave frontiers-men; and to this sentiment may l)e attributed much of their forbearance from liostilities. 'I'hc}' are generally men of good stature, with very few instances of diminutive si/.o or personal deformity. Tlioy use a shield made of raw hull'alo-hide, contracted and hanlened by an ingenious application to lire. It is oval or circular, about two feet in diameter, and is worn on the left arm. It will ell'ertually arrest an arrow, but is not proof against a ritle-ball in full force. The geograiihical knowltMlge of the Comanches is eoidined within the small limits of their own actual observation. All bi'yond is. to tlieir beniglite(l minds, obscure and doubtful, and an Juilians doubt is jiositive. uncpialified disbelief. 'I'hey are excssively incredulous of an_v facts, in relation to other countries, that conllict with their own experience. Thi'y have no .settled, intelligible notion of the I'orm or constitution of our jilanet, and none of the great })lanetarv system. They know and can discriminate the north star, and are gui(K'd by it in their nocturnal j'ourneys. They call it karinead- tiishcno ; literally, not-moving star. When or how this knowledge was acipiired, I did not Icani, and presume it is (piite unkntiwn to themsehes. They recogni/e the sun as the great fountain of heat, hut of its nature, (a- the manni'r of its dispensation, they know nothing ami care nothing. 'I'hey rel'er to time long [)ast, by colds and lieats; that is, by winters and summers; and althoifgh they jiay much attention tc m il ISTol! V, A \ l> CO VKI! NM KNT. '■M tli<' [jliasc's (if till' lUDoii. the rcMiliitiniis (if tliiit |il;iiR't lire loo rr('([ii('iil. and would soon iii\()lvi' too \\\'A\ miiiilicrs to coiistilutc a iikmii oi' coinputiiiii' tli(> cliroiiolotiy of ('\oiifs, that lia\(' trans|)ir('d more than a year. For short periods, past or riitiirc. they comit hy moons, from fnll to lull. I'lii' time of day they iioti' hy the apparent posi- tion of tlie sun in the liea\-ens. The Comanciie notions of religion are as ci'iide. imperfect, and hinited. as of goofiraphy or astronomy. They Iielieve in. or ha\c some indelinite traditional idea of. the (Jreat Spii'it ; luit I never discovered any distinct mode or senililance of \vorslii|) amonu' them. I freijncntlN ohservt'd, early in the mornini;'. a shiidd, such as they use in war. elevated at the point of :i jr >elin. (the hilt in the liiouud.) and in\arialily faein,^ the r,ist. Whether done in re\-erenc(! to the iireat rising' hmiinai'y. and of (ihehir ori.uin, 1 did not ascertain. They helieve in witchcraft, and sometimes attri- bute their ailments to the magical inlluence of some sid)tle and malii;iiant ci eniy of their own s|)i'cies. 'I'hey held the K il'lii, s, a small and di>tiuct trilie then rt'sidiiiL m the waters of the l!i\'er Trinity, in peculiar detestation. (>:i account of their supposed powers ol'soi'cery. They imagine tip'' good nu'U (aiul adi'oitness and daring in taking- scalps or stealing horses are capital e\idences of goodness) ari' translated at death to elysian hunting-grounds, where hud'alo are always ahundant and fat. 'I'he i'e\erse of this nuwimum of Comauclu^ felicity is assigned to the wicked. In order to facilitate th<' posthumous enjoyments of a deci !>t'd warrior, they sacrifice some of his hest horses, and hury in his grave his favoVite implements of the chase for his future use. 'IMiey have no deterininiite idea of the locality of these imaginary hnnting-grouuds. They mourn for the dead systematically and periodically with great noi^e and vehe- mence ; at which times the female relatixcs of the deceased scarily their arms and legs with sharp llints until the Mood trickles from a thousand pores. The duration of these lamentations depends on the (piality and estimation of the deceased; var\ing from three to ti\e or .^I'xcn days : after which the curtain of ohlivion seems to he drawn around the gi'a\i'. Whether this hloody rite of scarilication has descended hy tradition from the worshiiipers of llml. is a ((uestion in elucidation of which they have no relic, oral or material, or other adunihi'ation of e\ idence. heyoml the obvious simi- litude of the act itself with a custom of the heathen of the anti(pie Canaan. I j)erci'ived no order of priesthood, or anything analogous to it. among them; if they recognise any ecclesiastical authority wliate\er. it resides in their chiefs; but I think tht'ir religious sentiments are entiri'ly too loose, vague, and inoperative, to have pi'odnced any such institution. The elevation of the shield is {\w only act I ever noticed among them, that allbrded the slightest indication of religious concernment; and i doubt if they ha\e any oiiiuions relative to future rewards and punishments that e.\erci>o any moral inlluenci' u[)on them. They have nothing like a system of m\tliol()gy. and neither do they entertain any religious myths of a traditionary i)r settletl character. That iin])ressions of this kind may be easily made n|)on them, i.s 1 ) h It I f I' i!l i:l '■ 1 I I:. mi i i I \ I 1 ( r I 'I f ,1 '^' m 1 ' i JV % ?i 11 ■' fr f I!' pi I i ii 2-'W Tit I HA h one. AN I /AT ION, proliahlo ; for tliov aro atlilieted to siipcrstitioii, and ajjt to bclicvo any absurdity, natural or proti'matiiral, tluin does not (Hinllict with tiicir ]>orsonal or natural vanity. 15ut tlii'ir minds arc too little intent ujion tlic suijject of a futuiv state, ever to have formed a connected system ol opinions in relation to it. If the doctrine of meteinpsy- clu)sis has ever been presented to them, it has not received a nationid or {general credence: indeed, 1 doubt if they have any common plan of religious belief, or of a supernatural agency operating on the aiVairs of this lile, beyonil the mystic vagaries of witchcraft ; and of these, they d(,' not distinctly itelicNc in anything Ijcyond the potentiality of iiumau means. It may be assumed of them, as to all the practical results of religious sentiment, that '•the fool hath said in his heart, there is no (it)d." The couuti-y inhaljited by the Comanches, at least that jiortion of it watered by the Colorado anil its tributaries, is of a broken and \aried surface — hilly, not mountainous. The valleys are generally small; some of them timbered, [)rineipally with the nnis- ((uit; and some jirairie : allot' them co\-eri'(l with tiie bestmus(iuit grass, and all'ording the richest pasture. The soil, still in its virgin state, has the appeaiance of great fertility, but is, in general, too arid for successful culture, without artilicial irrigation. The climate is exceedingly dry. and the jirotractetl heats of the sunuuer e.xhaust all humidity from the atmosphere, and from the soil. During the hot months tlu' dews are light, and not very frerpient. The margins of the creeks, and of the Colorado, are lielted with tindjcr of the several varieties i<)und in similar latitudes: the li\e-oak and l)ecan are abinidant; the lirst found in l>eautiful gro\i's on the hills and level uplands. 'I'indjer suitable for building is srai'i'c, but stone abounds. No country is better adapted to raising stock of all kinds, and especially of horses; and Estremadura cannot excel it lin- sheeii-walks. Tiie principal animals are the migratory bufl'alo, bear, dec, some anteloi)es, wolves of several varieties, panthers, and mustangs, or wild horses, which last are obviously of a suiierior (juality to those found on the level or coast prairies; rabbits, of several kinds, pole-cats, and jirairie-dogs arc abundant : these last burrow in the ground, ans Nacado-chcets, and Ilitchie.s. are small tribes or fragments of trii)es. and, separatelv considered, are (piite insignillcant. They have been long resident in Texas, and properly belong to it — but they are, originally, the llitchies excepted, of the Caddo i I ■ : I If? 'pit I W. M N I ■5 -^ 240 TIllHAL ORGAN IZATION, > •:■, : 'in s. i' fi; VI stock, hoiiiii' olVsots from tliat litiiiily. Tlio WIimcdcs aio tlu' most considiTiililc of tlicso hands, amoiiiitiii;:' proUiil)ly to l")(l warriors, it liciiii;' inuli'i'stood amoiifi Indians that i'\cr\ adnit male is a waniiu'. 'I'licy arc a stcailliy. tliii'vinu', faithless race, and have doni' much misciiicf, fnst and last, on onr IVoiitici'. Tiicy iisc in a \illage on the rplicr l!ra/.os, and raise corn, lieans. i)um[ikins, ^'^c., and nsnaliy spend the winter months in hnnlinu-. 'I'iic otiicr small parties, amountin;^- to about lil'ty families each, live in A illa,i:es. on the wati'rs of the Trinity and \eches. and cnlti\ate the ij,round to a small extent. 'I'lie llitehies, once a distinct and isolated trihe, haw so intermarried with their neiuidwr liaiids, that tiicy June lost their identity, and may he considi'i'ed as nier^ed into the common stock. 'J'he ('addocs IbrmerK' resided on the Red Kiver of Louis- iana, alioNc Natchitoches and behnv the (ireat Kaft, and were included in the juris- diction of the Indian Ajiciicy stationed in 181'J at Natchitoches. Tlu'y remo\eil to Texas a few years ago, and now claim to be Texas Indians. The Caddoes. Cherokees, Shawnces. Delawares, Kickapoos. and some others, parts of tribes, who ha\e been allured into Te.xas by the amenity of its clinnite, the ubuii- dani'c of its game, antl its comparativel\ waste condition, are altogether intrnders here: and had no right of hiibitation, until the late government of Texas, with great folly and indi.scretion. entered into a treaty with several of them in 18M. By this unwise act. which would have proven vastly more mischievous if the country had n'Uiaincd in separate indi'iiendence than it now can do, those bands actpiired a sanc- tion to their intrusion and a ri"St of settlenu'iit, irrespective of numljers; and their numl)ers woidd in all i)rol)al)ility have been alarmingly increased by inunigration from the northern tribes of the rniteil States. Annexation has arrested this evil, and sa\ed 'I'e.xas from a dangerous inllux of the most dissatisfii'd. loose, and savage of the h;e\t'ral tribes from which the first intrmU'rs proceeded. ,\nd still it is believed they are constantly accuuuilating; and they are now thrown, by a silly and improvident policy of the government of the late Kepuiilic. upon the Shitr of Texas and her terri- tory. That they are tenants without title, and hold oidy at the will of the govern- ment, dues not divest them of a recognised right of ri'sideneo, to which tJicij naturally attach a right of soil. Their peaci'alile removal, which the tran(piillity of the State will soon reipiire. is jjracticable only by the Federal (joverument. Although the subject is not comjjrised in thefpieries prop(jinided by the department, 1 will suggest that the future peace and ha]ipiness of the large inland frontier of Texas recpiires an early intervention of the (ieueral (loNcrnment. to adjust our eomjjlex Indian relations. It is ipiile im|yossil)le lor the State, acting within her limited sove- reignty, to control and peaceably dispose of the various tribes resident within lii'r territorial limits. Tlu> entire subjugation of the ( omancnes i 11 particular, and pn bablv of other trii)' or their earl\' removal, will be ine\itab!e. Tl spread ol our popiilatiiui will, in a M'ly lew \ears. so crowd ujhmi the ('oiiianehes' ancient hunt iiig- HISTORY, AND GOVERNMENT. 241 j.'V()tiii(ls, iis to (!()ini)ol them either to recede westward or to resist hy arms a jiro- i^iessioii which is perfectly irrcsistihle to their ieehle powers. Tlie result of such an issue must be, their entire and absohitc extermination ; which, by the way, will not be efl'ected without much disaster and bloodshed on our part. The Federal govern- ment alone is competent to prevent a catastrophe, which, however oppressive to the ancient occupants, is necessarily con.secjuent to the progress of civilization. The State has not the means to extinguish the Indian titles to the spacious territory over which they roam in pursuit of the only means of subsistence they know, and which they claim by the emphatic right of occupancy for ''time immemorial" to t/inn. Siie cannot provide them another and more secure, because remote, country ibr their future hal)itation. Such country can Ije found only in the region of the Kocky Mountains, beyond the local jurisdiction of the States, and is disposable only by the Federal government. To ell'ect this humane policy, — the only practical substitute for the actual extermi- nation of the Indians, — it is indispensaljle that the Federal government should become the proprietor of the vacant doinain of Texas which comprehends the territory over whicli these erratic people wander in quest of game. To reclaim the Comanches from the chase, and adapt and reconcile them to tiic less attractive labors of agricid- ture, if it be not utterly impracticable, would rcrpiire numy years of experimental tuition, to the very initiative of which they are habitually averse, and whi(!h they never would consent to receive from the insulated and defective authority of the Statt'. The general government only can manage this delicate sidyect, of so deep, abiding, and growing interest, happily fcjr all parties, and without great blood-guilti- ness to mini' of them. Your Obedient Servant, Daniel G. Burnet. ITknry 15. Sciiodi.ciiAFT, Esq. 31 JH^ nr ' 1 t 1 n: 1 : i 111 'I '■ ! H i )' I; I »;■ 5. INDIAN TRIBES OF NEW MEXICO. I ; i ! i BV (lOVKUNOlt CirAUI, KS liKNT. (idVKUMiu CiiAiii.KS Hknt, tlio luitlioi' ol' tlic 11)1110X0(1 luoiiioir, who ivcoivod his !iutliiirit\ iVom (lonoral Kimtii}-, foil hol'oro tho porfiily ol' tlio assassins of Taos. Now .Moxioo will loiiiz: laiiioiit tho loss of his ox[)orioiu;o and kiiowlodiio of Indian ad'.iirs. An oxtoiisivo a(M|Maintanoo witii tho trihos south of tlio Arkansas and Hi'd liiMTs. ii'achini;' to tho l!io (irando and tho rojrions wost of it, had ((iialinod him to luako a just ostiiiiato of the charaotor and poiiulation of tho ahori,niiial trihos who ruvo o\or tiiiiso vast and undolinod {)laiii.s, and mountain fastnossos. lu liis ostlmatioii of tho trihos, tho houndarios of Now Moxioo as known to tho Sjianish go\orniiiont woro oxolusivoly ivforrod to. Tho subso([Uont ohanf:!;os mado h_v an Act ol' Congross, has hrought within its oxtromo wostorn and soulhorn limits, as now ostahlisiioil, tho olonu'iits of a now aboriginal [loiiulation. Of tho rogion lying in tho \ alloy of tlio (,'olorado and north of tho (iila, wo aro too littlo iiiforinod to speak with an\' dogroo of pi'ocision. Tlio oarly Spanish advonturors do not profoss to hav(! o\|)]orod it hoyond Cibola. Coroiiada failod in this ol)joot of his oolobratod oxpodi- tioii. J low I'ar tho apparontly soini-oivili/od raoo, to whom tho S|)aiiish writors a|)idiod tho torni of '• Ynmauos," oxtondod north and wost into that aroa, wo cannot di'oido. It may be oxpocted that the Bouiulaiy Commissioiior oiigagod in running tho linos on that border, will obtain and commiiiiicato valuable iiiibrmation n'spooting tho native population and charaotor and resources of that frontier. Tho ostablislimont of the territory of Utah, and the settlement of the boundary between Texas and Now Mexico, all'i'ot likewise the estimates of (lovornor Hont. Kospect has boon had to tlioso ohangos in tho new estimates of po])ulation hereafter submitted. It is proper to say that this memoir, although dated some months before T oom- monoed my statistical iiupiirios, was placed in my hands by the Head of the Bureau, as the most r.itliontio document in his pos.sossion ; a character which, with those changes of houndar^', it still preserves. Sir: S.int:i I'\', New Mcxicn, NovL'iiiW lOtli, 1840. Having boon appointed, by Brigadier General Kearny, Governor of the Territory of New Mexico, and, by virtue of that appointment, i:v-<)l}icio Superintendent ( i!f2 ) r Till HAL OlUi ANI/ATIUN, ETC. IVi of Indian Alliiirs liir said tiTvitory, it hcconirs my duty ti) lay lid'orc \()h tlic t'ollowin'j: infornKition in rfj^ard to the dillL-riMit trilas of Indians inlialtiling and IriM^Mcmin^ liii.s territory. First I will mention the Apaches, or .fieorilhis, a hand of ahonl 100 lodji'es, or i)()() .' resistance to (ire, and much used hy thrni and the Mexicans for culinary pnr[)oses. This they barter with the Mexicans for {\\r. necessaries of life, but in such snnill ipiantilies as scarcely to deserve iho name of trallic. The j-redatory hal)its of these Indians ri'iider them a. jrreat annoyance to the Ni!W Mexicans. Second. The Apac'hes proper, who raiijic tlirongh tiie southern portion of tliis territor\', tiirouiih the country of the Hio del Norte and its triltutaries, and westward about till' head-waters of the liiver fliia, are a warlii, TjOO.OOO head of sheep, and 10,000 head of horses, mules, and asses; it is not a rare instance for one indiviilual to possess ;j,000 to 10,000 sheep, and 100 to 500 head of other stock. Their horses and sheep are said to bo greatly superior to those reared by the New Mexicans. A largo portion of their stock luis been acquired by marauding expeditions against the settlements of this territor}-. They manufacture excellent coarse blankets, and coarse woollen goods for wearing apparel. They have no jicrmanent vil'ages or places of residence, Imt roam over the country l)ctween the River San Juan on the north, and the waters of the Gila on the south. The country between these two rivers is about 150 miles wide, consisting of high ]: i^i ill ' . ■'ir I 11 III : I '■ III 1 k' I H l» J 1 I J :>. m 244 TRIBAL U (5 A N I Z A T 1 N, tiihlc iiiouiitiiins, (liUlciilt of iicccsH, and iifl'ordin;,' tlii'in, an yet, I'll'octuiil ni'Dtcctidii ii,i;ainst llicir I'licniics. Water is soairo, iind ditlioult to l)o louiid l>y tliosi; imt aci|ii;iiiiti'(l with tiio ('(iiiiitr}' : atl'onlinn' anotlicr natural sal'i'^uanl ai^aiiist invasion. 'I'lu'ir Miiml)i'iM arc variously I'stiniatcd at t'loiu 10(10 to 2000 I'aniilii's, or tVuni 7000 to I 1,000 souls. 'Pill' Nabajos, so far as 1 am int'oriued, arc tlio only Indians on the continent, liavini,' intercourse with white men, that are inereasinji; in numljers. They have in tlieir possession many prisoners, men, women, and children, taken from the settlements ol' this territory, whom they hold and treat as slaves. Fourth. The Moques are neighbors of the Nabajos, and live in permanent \illa;i('s, cultivate grain and fruits, and rai.se all the varieties of stock. They were formerly a vei'y numerous people, the ])osse.ssors of large Hocks ami herds; but have Iteen reduced in nundjers and })ossessions by their more warlike neighbors and enemies, the Nabajos. The .Mo(pies are an intelligent and industrious pcojile ; their manufactures arc the same as those of the Nabajos. Tiiey number al)out .TOO fanulies, or about 2 loO souls. Fit"th. The Yutas inhabit the country north of the Nabajos, and west of the northern settlements of this territory. Tiiey niunber SOO lodges and about 4000 to oOOO souls. Their range extends from the Naljajo country, in idiout latitude ^l-j" to 40° n(a-th. Their range of country is very mountainous and broken, aljonnding in deer, elk, bear, and other wild game, which serve them for food and raiment. They are a hardy, warlike people, subsisting by the chase. Several bands of them ha\'e been carrying on a predatory war with the New Mexicans for the last two years, and have killed and taken prisoners many of the jeople, and driven off large amr'-nts of stock. Since General Kearny's arrival, these Indiana have sued for i)eace, and mea- sures are now taking to eftect a permanent treaty. Sixth. The Cheycnnes and Arapahoes range through the c(jnntry of the Arkansas and its tributaries, to the north of this territory. They live almost entirely on the buflalo, and carry on a considcr.able trade both with the Americans and Mexicans in buffalo robes; for which they obtain all the necessaries not derived from the bufl'alo. They are a roving people, and have, for many years, been on friendly terms with the New^ Mexicans. The Arrapahocs number alx)ut 400 lodges, or 2000 souls. The Cheycnnes number 300 lodges, or 1500 souls. Seventh. The Comanches range cast of the mountains of New Mexico ; a numerous and warlike people, subsisting entirely by the chase. Their dilTerent bands number in all idjout 2o00 lodges, or 12,000 souls. They have been at peace for many years with the New Mexicans, but have carried on an incessant and destructive war with the states of Chihuahua, Durango, and Coahuila, from which they have carried off, and still hold as slaves, a large number of women and childri'ii, and immense herds of horses, mules, and asses. Eighth. The Kayuguas range through a i)art of the same country. They are similar J.!1 .• f HISTORY, AND ,000 " Cheyennes 300 " . . . . 1,500 '■ Arapahoes 400 " .... l.CnlO " Total .... ;](;,U.")0 You will perceive l)y the above stateiueut, that with New Mexico, nearly 40,000 Indians will fall under the immediate sii[)eriiiteudence of the United States govern- ment, and it becomes a subject of serious import, liuw these numerous and savage tribes arc to be controlled and managed. As it becomes my duty by virtue of my olllce, to lay beli)re you all the iiili)rmatioii I possess in regard to tlifse tribes of Indians, 1 will also venture to make a lew suggestion.s for your consideration. Agents and sub-agents are absolutely ncessary for the regulation and control of the various tribes of Indians above named. A very desirable eU'ect might bo produced uiion these Indians b_)- sending a delega- tion from each tril)e to Wasliington. They have no idea at this time of the power of the United States, and have been .so long in the habit of waging war and committing depredations against tlie Mexicans with impunity, that they still show a di.sposition to continue the same kind of warfare, now that the territory is in possession of the United States. I am convinced that a visit to our ('a[)ital by some of the priiici[)al men of each of these nations, would secure future peace and (piiet to the inhabitants of this territory. I would also suggest the propriety of sending with this delegation of uncivilized Indians, a delegation from the "rueblas," or civili/ed Indians, v.iio are by law ct/i-cns of this territory, and of the United States. They compose a very considerable portion of the population of New Mexico, and, if excited so to do, might cause a good 'ill 5 1 I'll '■ ! t i ( 246 TIIIHAL OUCANI/ATION, IITC,'. >■ . : u (loiil of (liniculty. A umiiU oxpfiulitiiro \>y I lie ^''^'crtuiiont in this iiiiiiiiicr, xmr, nii.iilit Im' till' iiR'iiii.s of avoiding' liloodnlioil licrciiftii'. Voii an' (loiilitlc'SH iiwarL" ;!;Mt [iri'soutH of jiood.s iire iiidisiK'nsiiblo in all frii'iidly coininimicatioiis with IiidiaiiH. 1 would iTsportfully Miif^ircst tlio lU'Ci'ssify of jfoods of this kind, or tiu' incans wh .owith to puridiaso tliiMii, ln-inf^ placed at tho dispowition of tlu' SnptM'iiiti'ndont of Intlian AlVairs for this territory. I doom it hiirhly nooossary to ostahlisii stockado forts in tiio Yiita and XmIimJo coinilrios, with sulliciont troops to koop those Indians in ehock. ami from oontiiiiiinj; their lonf^-iit'custonied iin'oads in tiiis territory. One should also he eslahlished at some suitahie ])oint on the Arkansas Kiver, for tho pnr[M)sc of protectinji' travidiers hetween this teri'itoiy and Missouri, and the settlements that may he extended in th;il direction from the Indians in that vieinitj-. Another cstahlishment of the kind will ho required in the southorn part of this territory, to Horve as a safeguard ajiainst hoth the ApachoH and Mexicans on the frontiers of the adjoining Mexican Slates, who, it may he confidently oxi)ectod, will continue to make inroads on th s territory from that quarter for nuuiy \ears to oome. I neglected to mention, in tho proper place, that Colonel A. W. Doniphan received orders from General Kearny, heforo leaving the territory for California, to march his regiment against the Nahajos. Overtures of peace had hi'en made to them without efl'ert ; they have coiitimiod their depredations iq) to this time. General Kearny, after leaving Santa Fe, wrote to me, a-'vising that full permission should he given to the citizens of New Mexico to march, in indoiiondent companies, against those Indian.s, for the purjiose of making reprisals, and for the recovery of property and prisoners. In conformity with his suggestion, I issued a proclamation to that efl'ect. Colonel Doniphan left hero a few days ago, with his connnand, for the Nahajo country, and I feel confident that, with the aid of the auxiliary war-parties, he will soon compel the nation to sue for peace, and to make restitution of property and prisoners taken since the entrance of the American forces on the ISth of August last. The existing laws of the United States, regulating trade and intercourse with the Ind'ans, are, douhtles.s, amply siihcicnt as applied to the Indians referred to in this communication, and, at your earliest convenience, I solicit your full and particular instructions in reference to the application of these laws in the regidation of the Aarious Indian trihes atxive mentioned. By so doing, you will greatly ohiige Your Truly Ohedient Servant, Charles Bent. H ! K fi. DACOTAS OF THE M ISS I SST I' P [. IIY TIIO.MAH .M. WIKMAMHON, M. 1). TiiK Hiihjoiiicil piijKT is In.in the pon of Dr. TliomiiH S. Williiinisoii, „f ()l,i„, who liiiH H[K'iit Hi'veral ^eiirH niiionjj; tlie Dacotii.s of the Mississippi. In ndditioii to tin; historical iiilormation it conveys of a peo|)le who constitute tile type of an imnienso Kioup oC prairie trilies, it possesses a paitieuhu- value for the e\aniiiiation tliat is -^iven of the iiKMlical and siirjiical ivMowiedgo of the Indians. Little has heivtolore been lione In pliysicians on tiiis snhject, and it is hoped it will attract nntlier notice from the profession. The numbers refer to the printed inquiries the various heai do not pretend to know wlio were the Indians that occupied the country helore their an'cstors, hut some sav tir were lowas They say that their ancestors, liefore they came on to the .Mi Hip|)i, lived at Mille Lac, which they call Isantamdc. (Knife fiake.) From their liiivin;; residtd at tliiit pl;>ce prohalily comes the iiaine Isaiiyati, (dwi'lliii;r at the knife,) li\ wliiiii tiie Dacotas of the Missouri call those who Ww on the M ISSlSSIIIllI am 1 St. I'l'ters. Most of those with whom f lia\'e conversed can trace tl leir ori;;ili no farther than Mille [jMc, Imt some tidl of wars wiiich thi'ir ancestors had with the ('lii|)pewas hefore they came thither; and I liavo been told that there are those who can trace their oriLliu to the Lake of the Woods. Their traditions all show that tl ev came from tin- North-i'ast, and are moving to the South-west. Their pidpi'r name, Dacota, si.i^nifies n/linl, or IkkjiiiiI Imjrl/trr, and is e(pii\aleiit to our name I'niti'd, as applii'd to the States, and all who are not Uacotas, or allies, nw considered enemies, and it is deemed iilorious tti kill one of them, tliouj;h descended from the Dacota family; as thi' similarity of lani^uage shows to bo the ease with not only Assinnihoiiis, lint the Winiiel)aj:V i:ilNM K N T. '-M9 oil MM 1^1:111(1 ill Luc 'I'l'llVCI'.x, mill II I'l'W III! till' Misi'iillli, lint lllilMt III' tlli'lll il>'|il'l|il I'lil' II Miili^isiciit'i' I'litirrly III! till' liiilViilii. 'I'lirir iiiiiiiIh'In itrc Mirimixiv i'->tiiiiiiti'ii ut iViiiii ■illOll to SiHiil, III' I'M'M iiiiii'c. Tlii'ir iliiili'ct ililli't'M (-(insiili'iiililN I'imiii iIimI hC tin' citlicr (livisiniis. Mill!, liki' liii'ii' liM';itii)ii, Mi'i'ins Ici III- iiiti'i'iiu'iliiit'' ln'twi'iii tlicni. Wlii'it' tlin Wtii'|ii'liiii\VMii Miiiiiil li-il. till' IliiUiktiiinviiii siiiinil k-ii, anil tli<' 'rilnnuiiii u-l. 'i'lin.'' till' ()^lii!;i, II liiinil III' till' 'I'ituiiuan, iiii' cmHi'iI liv llu' lliunktunwiin. ()kinil<;i. lunl liv tlu! I.'^iiiiviiti. Onkiliikii. rinin a mtIi .xi;;nityin^r lu mium' as a laniily. In llir lsan\ati iliiili'i'l, (A///, at till' rml nt' wmili. si'jnilii'.x siniili. mil', III' III il\ . Tlir llianl\liin\\ an H[«'ak it ml, ami tin' 'I'itnnwan /". Tlicii' iii'i" ntlit'i' (lialcrli" ilitli'icni'i'-, Inil tliry art' Hiu'h tiiat a |ii'i'siin wlm spunks uni' ilialrrl wi'll may make liimxrii' niiilrrsliiuil in tlii' otlici's. It is saiil tin' AssinnilininM won- liirnu'i'h- Ilianktnnwaii, « im lirnkc oil' in ooiisi'i|nrm'i' III a i|nan'<'l I'l iiisi'il li\ oiH' man f^ti'aini'i aiiotli th •'111. 'riloiiuan roiislitiili' till' last gi'anil ilivisioii of the Macolas, ami aic .-ai I to lir iiioi'i' Miimrrons ilian liotli the otlaTs. Tlii-y ai'i' ili\'ii|i'il into many liami^, ol' wliirli I cannot spcalv pai'tji'iiiarly. It is saiil that none of tlirin plant, ami luit I'rw ul' tlirin arc I'oiiiul to till' nortli-rasl ol'tlic ^Wr soiin, hii I 1 ,l\l' ConVITMli willl Sl'MT.ll |)|ICola> Wll o say tlicy I'cmcmlicr ulicn tlu; Titouwau country was this siilc of tlic M issdufi. on tlio Cott'iin, or liill ol'tlic praiiic I'xtciuliim' castwaril to the St. I'ctcis ami Mine I'iailli llivci's; and, until alioiil tln' conniunccmcMt of tlic present century. 1 tiiiiik the Tit tl on wail, a t leiii't occasionall\-, liniiteil in that countrv. In the 'ritunwaii liialect, le soum Is ol' I a'lil '' lianl are Imtii \- ei'\ coinmoi 1. In tlie other dialects the I'ormer is never heard, a. id the latter oiil\ at the end of words. 'rill).M.\S S. \Vl!.I.I.\MSil.N. .M. 1). liii. Mi:iii('i.\i:. The diU'ereme in renard to the attention paid to the sick is i;reater amoim- the Uacolas liiaii anioiij:- white men in the I'liited States. .Mothers freipicntly, and sometimes fathers, watcli o\er tlieii' sick children with jii'cat assiduity, and mani- fest the stroiiLicst all'ectioii. lint not only old and dccre|ii(l persons, lint children also Willi lia\e no Hear relatives, and sonu'times those who have, are in sickness gn-atly neii, liotli ill sickness and in lu'alth. receive nsnallv more liefl'lected. I-ads and \ouni.;- i attention than any other class of persons. (i7. .'VNATinn'. Dacotas, from their manner of cuttim.' up animals, ami the I're- ipiency with which all classes of them do it. must acijiiire far more kimwledii" of coin- parativo anatomy than most white men possess. Many ol them are well aci(nainted with the names and trcneral form of the bones, the ]irini'iinil viscera and the muscles, both in men and other animals; but T doubt whether any of tlu'in have any tiiliM'able idea of the circulation of the blood. I am fully por.suadcd that most of them know nothing'' aliout it; one ]ii'oof of which is, that they have but a single word by which to name nerv(>s. tendons, veins, and arteries. \ : t I j'l ! ! 250 TUI I! A I. (ll{(i AN I /, ATlON, ii:-n 11 »> i: TliC'ir idoa of tlio pathology of disi-iiscs is. that the s|iirit of .soiiu'thiii;;'. ])orha|)si a boar, (leer, turtli', lisli, tree, stoiu', worm, or of sonu- ili'crasi'd jK'rsoii, lias eiitt'ivd into tho sick person, and caiisos all tho distress. tJS. Acconling to the theor\' aliove given, the pathology of ail diseases heing nearly the same, their j)rofessed medieine-mcn treat all diseases nearly aliice. The main oflorts are diiteted to expelling tlu; spirit, wliatevi'r it may be, which it is exijccted the medieine-man will .scui discover: and having informed the friends what it is, lie usually re([uires tiioni to be in readiness to shoot it as soon as ho shall succeed in expelling it. 'J'his he atteni[)ts in the first place, by certain incantations and ceremo- iiii's. (see Plati' Iti.) inteiidi'd to securt' the aid of the; s[»irit or spirits ho worships, iuid then. In- all kinds of frightful noises .and gestures, and sucking over tiie seal of the pain with his mouth. As soon as he thinks he has succee(led. he gives the com- mand, and from two to six or more guns are fired at the door of the tent, to destroy tho sjiirit as it jiassos out. Some of the niedieiiio-men of the Dacotas rely entirely on conjuring as abovo descrilu'd. Others use various remedies, tho most common of which is scarifying the neigliborli(jod of tho jiain. to which, after ho has drawn what blood ho can by sucking with his mouth, tluy sometimes a|)ply tobacco, red po^iper, or tho pulvei'ized r(n)t or bark of some of their native plants, among which is the pyretlirum. or ]iellitory of Spain. They also practise anointing, and sonu'times steaming, and souu'timos washing tho pained part, or, where the pain is general, tho whole body. These latter moans, however, are not very froquently resorted to. but in nearly all cases of severe sick- ness thiy uso fumigations; burning on a few coals, in a pan near tho sick person, the leaves of the reel cedar or other aromatic substance, and sometimes sugar. The\' arc much jileased to get cann)lior, or any of the aromatic oils, or a([ua ammonia, I'or tho sit'k person to smell and to scent the tent in which he is. For pain in tho head, they scarify tho tcm[)les. For sick stomach, they endeavor to induce vomiting, and to this end administiT the decoctions of certain jihints, but have to rely mainly on tickling the throat with a leather. Those who have taken or witnessed tho eil'ect of antimonial emetics, in general greatly prefer them to au}- of their native emetics. For i)ain in tho bowels, connected with constipation, they uso certain roots or seeds of native plants, some of which puigo proiii|)tly and occasionally sexcrely, but most of which, either from something in their invn iiatur(\ or in the manner of pre|)aring them, are uiiocrtaiu in their operation. On this account. tht'V generally j)r-fer castor oil. ,jala|i. or salts, to an_\- of their own purgatives. All who have taken both jalap and rhubarb, prol'er tin- lbi-iiier. on account of its more [irompt operation. To remove constipation and bring away bile, they use clysters, composetl of decoc- tions of certain vegotabh^s. which, in general, are nuadi more ellicacious than any of their purgntives. administered by the mouth. m ;f 1 i ■ Ml ! I lYi' il ;'? ' I, liii i!f :, m. II II I i; i i Hi ■■ n 1 [ ' 'i f f I 1^ I '^;j ^ i . { i •j I i ^1 i: h :^ i^^li^-'iwa'c;.!!!^!;'; .M;^rl f; i.'^rHP' .A ,r ,\i(il;il i ■■ I 1 1', ml ^: I ? ! 1 r^ ITT STORY, AND (I (> V T. II N M F. N T. 2M (11). Tlioy ar vi'r\- cnrcrul to concciil I'nuii cacli otlici-, cxci'iit a ll'W initiated, as well ns from white iiieii, a UiKiwIi'iijic oC tlie plants wiiicii tliey use as nieiiieiiies, |iri)Ijal)ly believing that their ellieaey in some nieasnre depends on this concealment. The ])Mruiitive chiclly used hy the J)ac(jtas who reside on tlie Mississippi, is the Euphorbia eorollata, a tall, handsome, branching i)lant, which grows abundantly in the open woods and pi'airies near the Mississi[)pi, from Lake Pepin to St. Peters, and I know not how Tuuch farther, if li)unfl on the Upper St. I'eters, it must he rare in that region, as I have no recollection of having seen it in tlu^ neighhorhood of iiac (pii Parle, where I resided for many years, and the Dacotas in that region are not acquainted with it. A small jiortion of the root is eaten, and the patient is forbidden to drink anything after eating it. It sometimes operates mildly and elfectnally; wmetimes very violently ; and occasionally irritatis the bowels excessivcdy. without cansing any discharge. I once saw a Chippewa chief sulVering from it in the latter way, whose death was attribnted by his companions to his having drunk water after eating of this plant. I suspect it not very nnfrc([U.'ntly proves fatal among the Dacotas. For tlu'ir knowledge of this plant, and some othei's. and of the art of con- juring evil spirits out of the diseased, they acknowledge their indebtedness to the (Jliil)pewas. They mostly preserve the roots anil barks which they use li)r meilicines in tlu' fcrm of a coarse powder, and administer them in the form of decoction, being very particular in regard to the (piantity of water usecl. One cliiel' design of pulvi'r- izing them, is to prevt'ut others from discovering what they are. 'i'lie_\- are usually kept in skin !>ags; a bag being eompo.sed of the entire skin of some animal, with the hair on, and the otter and mink are most freipiently used for this purpose. Olten .some other article is combined with that on wdiicli tlie\' cbielly depi'Uil. to disguise its taste and smell, and thus jirevent it from being discovered. Thev mostly firlnd their patients who are taking medicine, to drink anything except the water with which the medicin(> is comi)ined. and have an idea that driidle water in wjiich corn, llesh. or lisli has i)een Ijoiled, without any kind of thickening or sea.soning. All the drinks which I have found them giving to the sick to (piencdi tliirst, are astringent, sometimes .slightly liitter. and sometimes slightly nnicilaginons. 15y far the most connnon, is a decoction of the root of a plant abounding in tlie western prairies, and conunonly called red root, (ceanothus cana- densis.) (V.I and 71. Their country affords many carminative and aromatic i)l;uits. among which are calanms aromaticus, northern mint, and Ik'ld thyme; but though they use tlu'se in water in which they wash, or in oil with which they anoint the patient, and still more frequently liurn them as a perfume near the sick, I have never known an infusion of anv of them used as m drink by a sick Dacota, except where they hail M I I j 1, ■ 11 ■».' * l\ • !- ! ! ) I . « n ii. '252 TRI HAL (»li(i A N 1/ ATION, t ' ' ''! boon tmiglit this use of it hy wiiiti- nu'ii. l-'roni tlu' iiiitiire of tlio drinlvs which they allow in si(.'kiH'ss, I infer thiit the iisscrlinn that tiicy hiuo not ln'cn sulijoct to fevers, is in tlu' niuin ti'ne. and that diarrlKcas have iiccn frtMincnl anions' thcni. In the twelve years whieh I have resided anion;^' them. 1 hM\e conversed with the chiefs and some ol' the i)rinci|)al men of every \illaiie on tin' I'lijier Mississippi and St. IVters rivei-s, and I am persuaded, that if they possess any medicines of much value as internal remedies, the Uno\vledj;e of them is conlined to a few individuals. In saying this, 1 have reference not to the inli'iusic value of tiieir medicines, hut to their value in comparison with other articles, well Uimwu to educatiMJ physicians. At first, the_\' are all idVaid to swallow any of our niedicines ; liut sucii as lia\i' once experienced their cllicacy, almost without e.xci'ption. prcler them to tlK'irown, provided they can get the same article which the_\- iiavi' used. I < ;ll 7-i. Females, after [jarturition. and it is said after their monthly courses also, l)atl le tl lemse Ives — swim, as Ihey exi)ress it, in the nearest river 1; >lv it is certain, Dacota females are far h ibject to what are termed female C(>niplaints than white women. It e(iually certain they are not exem|)t from sncn (liseasei tor I I a lew casei if almost ever\' form of such disease; i lave lave seen among t learned tiiat thev 1 lave an y remedies of value in such cases, and am ] iersua( to thcni. the knowledij ifnied to a lew in(li\-i(nial led. that if any such ai'e liuowii I lia\(' heard of lemales among them, who died in lalior. and known one oi' more, who died shortly after parturition, jirobaldy from the elfects of it. (Joing into water to arrest uterine general not followed li\' any unpleasant conseipiences, even in winter; leniorrliaiic, is lu but I have seen one f)r two women who suH'ered verely in consequence t if it, f( nion tlis afterwards. One reason why lemale complaints are not more frc(pieiit ai nontr the Dacotas is. that amid the hardships to which Indian iemales are subjected, such di.seases soon prove (atal to most of those in whom the vis medicatrix natune is not adecjuate to ellect a cure. They are ac(piainted with some plants, which, taken by preg- nant women, in many cases cause abortion, and sometimes prove fatal to the mother, as well as the child. It is commonly taken b\' those who have become pregnant without a husband, and not very unfre([uently by tiiose who have husbands, but do not wisli to be encumbered with aiiotiu'r child, mostly because thev have already as maiiv as th ey can carry. inalde to follow them in nioviii'. In cases of tedious labor, th lose who can ]irocure it take two or three joints o rattle of the rattlesnake, which thev helune tt a meuieine ol cases. I once inipiired of one ol' their ineilici ne-mc ' much efh 11, of more than ord cac\ 111 sui'li inarv lutelli Hi Kcuce. w ith whom I was intimate, in regard to the modus operandi of this article He replied, "1 sujipose the child hears thi' rattle, and thinking the snal' \e IS comuiL;', :Ui' HISTORY, AND (JOVKRNMENT. -J-.ij hastens to got out »l' tlio way." Ah tlic ratllc is iiulvcri/.cd holoro It i.s Hwallowod, iie doubtless ineiint tlie spirit of tlie cliijd of iUv nittlt', &c. 70. Bi,o(>i)-i.i;TTi\(i. — I am not iiwiirc thiit tlie Dacotas practise bleeding' in fevers, except locally lor the removal of some fixed pain ; and tlien it is ■lenerally done by scarifyiiijr witli II, sliort piece of Hint — sometimes with a knife; — the llowing of the blood is promoted l)y suciviiij;- the place with tlie mouth, and sjiirtin-- the blood into a bowl of water. Sometimes they use a tube of horn as a cup, ap[)lyin,i,' the hirjrer end to the skin and taking the smaller in the mouth, but I think this is not connnon. Sometiuies they cord the arm and ojien a vein; and ibr this purpose use an iustruuieiit sundler, but similar in forui to the lleam used in bleeding horses. This instrument they make i)y tying a sliarj) [)iece of Hint, or the point of one of tlieir l)utchi'r knives, fded oir and sharpened ibr the purpose, to a wooden liandle. 'J'iie jioiut is jicld over the vein, and by a stroke O:. . into it as far as the handle will ]iermit. 'flie '1"''"'''.^' "'' '•! 1 obtained, e ,1 in (his way. is usually small, but sometimes th.y llnd it dilllcidt, to arrest the How. Those who have had much intercoiu'se with white men. when a vein is to be opened generally preler to have it done by a, white man. Many have applied tome to bleed tiiem. Some Ibr the removal of pains, but more. I think, on account of drowsiness, tliongh in the latter case 1 have seldom acceded to then- re(|uest. 'I'hey cannot bear the loss of as much hi I as wiiite men. I have seldom, if ever, drawn to the amount of a pint from an Indian witbout inducing something like .syncope, and have seen many sicken with (lie loss of one-lburth of that ([uantity. 71 and ~-2. I have seen no instance of aneurism among the Dacotas. and thedi.sease is extremely rare among the white population of the \'alley of the Mississippi, except the few who are in the habit of using fermented driidvs. They are not aopiainted with any styptics, of nnich power, in arresting hemorrliaiiv from woiuids. \'cry many have applied to me for something lor this ])urpose; and tho.se to wdioni I have given alum, blue vitri(j|, or Turlington's lialsam. have generally returned, after a time, highly conuiiending the medicine and begging for more. They al.so highly value cerates, unguents, and medicated oils — siicii as camphorated oil, Seneca oil, and opodeldoc ; also plasters, such a.s IJurgiindy pitch, but I have known of no instance of their using any thing of the kind of their own manufacture. Never- theless, there arc individuals amongst them who are very successful in treating wounds and burns. This is doubtless owing chieHy to the great a.ssiduity with which they watch their patients, seldom having more than one at a time. Ihit it is not owim,' wholly to this. Some of them know how and wlien to promote or arrest a pniulent discharge, as well as most regular physicians. They are esju'cially successful in drying and healing runuiiii;' sores. One of the nrlides useil Ibr this pui'po, to lai acted not less ailvantaiicously than tlie hest prepafations Iniaiislicd liy oui' drnu-stores. T'lcy niaUe lints i,)' sli[iperv-elni liark. and use tlieni sUili'nlI_\ to promote the dischari;i! of pns IVoni >,')unds or al>scesses; and they wash out such places with syiinuvs of their own niannlactnre. The lunnher of those who have sneh sivill in the treatnu'nt of sores and wonnds is not ^reat, and they are ehielly I'roni amoni;' the Mde-WaUan- tonwan, who have had much more intercourse with the Chippewas, and with while men, than others of their trilie. This seems to c(adirm iheir assertion that they Iia\o acipiired their iinowlcdiio of medicine from that tribe, 'i'he roots and harks which they apply to WH)unils ami hurns, are iii-ncrally pre|)ai'ed |()r that purpose iiy ma stication. and are spri'ad on think and sull'ered to di Sometimes the\' cover it o\er witli moistened paper, to make it adheri-, or to protect the surface from thi' external air. 14^ Ami'I'TATKin. — The Dacot IS nevi'r am putate a limlj, hut lauiih at the folly white men for doinu' it. I have hiard individuals, to w lioin it was proposed, declare that thev woulil rathi'r die than have an arm or foot cut oil", '{'here may he. and I suppose are. a few individuals skilful in the application of splints and handa'/es. and of comiiresses to arrest hemorrhaLie ; hui where 1 have witnesseil the use of such thiuL's. they were applied without skill or sncci'ss, which was the occasion of my seeinj:' then\. For can'yimr the sick or wounded, or a dead hody, they make a litter speedil\- and skilfidly, more so than is connnon amoui;' white men. For this [)urpose they take two ])oles, iiiur or live feet lon.ticr than th<^ [lerson to he earrieil, and place thiMn on the iiround ]iarallel, and two or three feet ajjart. .\cross these, at ])roper distances, are laid two short poles, at riiiht angles with the lirst, and these are tied lirndy to their pla c(>s l)V le athern tl Kind's Over these poles is laid a blanket or hullalo-rohe, which IS stretched and tied in the sami' way. On this the invalid is laid. Two carrying: stra[)s are now tied to the ends of the long poles, in sueli a way that when the carrier stands between them, with the middle of the strap resting firmly on the top of his head, he can easily .-^ei/.e the ends of the poles in his hands. When they move, a person at each I'ud of the litter stoojjs, and having adjusted the strap across his head, seizes the long poles with his hands, and ri.^es, (if need he. with the assistance of some of the bv-standers.) and they march oil', each walking in the ])atli, and in this wav a person sick or woumled is sometimes carried securely man_>' miles in ii day, thri)Ugh a comdry destitute of any road liir w heel-carriagi'S or hoi-ses. 74. So far as T have hail an opuort unity of observing, they have very little skill in .!. I I 1 1 I S T o i: V, AM) ( ; (I \ K K N M |.; \ t . -,-,;, tln" tlVMtlllcIlt n\' iiiipi^tliiiiiics Mini cl'ilplii'lis ; ■jciicr;ill y cIiim isili;i (i> ii|iii|\- [,, tlicill IIIIV Kind dl' urcasf. 'I'licy kiMiu iIimI iiii|iii~lliiiiiirs >lii>iili| he ii|icnci|. Imi iini.st ,,|' ||ii.|u lire iilViiiil lo lia\c the iipiTatiuii pel lliniird. I'rn|i( r iililriiiiioiis arc vcrv rare amon;;' tlii'Ui, uliilc carliuiulcs arc IVc(|iicii(. Scrdriilnus swclliii'^s ami sores arc also I'rc- (|iiciil. cs[)ccialiy wiicii tlicy suhsist fliicljy on coin and nniskrats. 'I'licir I'ailni'c in tlic Ircatincnt of sinidl-[)n\ is owinu to llic liict that it is a rcliiiic disease, and llicy know notliini;; aliont the |ii-o|)er treatiiiciit of il'vcrs. Men sometimes conjiu'c over, and sometimes adminisli'r medicine to, |iarlin'ient women. I lia\e lieard of no instance oi' tlieir doim;' more. Iml cannot sa\ tlie\ nevei' do. 1 have heard of one case in whicii tlie hand of the chilil presented, and after twelve or twent\-|i>ur iiours it was snp[ioscd the child was dead, ami. to y.iw the lile of the motlicr, the arm was cut olf, and the child ln'oiiulil awa\' in [lieccs, hut (he operation was performed \,\ women who proli'ssed no ])articnhir skill in such Imsiness, hut did it hecause tlie\ were hired to do so. ' if "J "•I. Paralysis they always atlrilmte to the a;:ency of som(> spii'it ; iiciieralU that of .some deceased pers(,n. ( )f eour.--.-.por-l)ath. nnule hv [lonrinu' watt'r on hot stones, sometimes .successfully for the treatment of rheumatic l)ains. and. i)ei'lia[is. of other disea.ses also. This hath is also used for the removal of ceremonial nncleanness. such as created hy killing- a [ler.MHi, or touching;' ii dead hody. lot; and lOS. Ij.cisi.ation oi- ('o\i;i;i:ss.— Laws made for llij.- henefit of Indians sliould he c(|nal laws, inllicting the same iiunishment on the perpetrator of ii ci'i me, whetlier he he wliiti'. hlaek. or ri'd. and alllirdini;' e(pial protection to the persons and property of all. .Alany of the present laws are une(pial ; — at least, as interpreted h\- tilt" ajioiit near Fort Snelliug, — and tiiey are nearly ii.sele.ss ; lijr where two racr. As the law is interpreted, if a white miui kill- an Indi the olllcers of the rnited States must seize him and have him punished; hut if an [ndian kills an Imlian, they must not interli're. The law denounces a heavv iienaltv auainst persons carryin.ii- intoxicatinj;- drinks into the Indian country; hnt our auvnt savs Indians are not per.sons. in the eye of the law; and .so the countrv is Hooded with intoxicating drinks, and nnn-ders are fre([Ut>nt ; and for these olfences no one is punished according to law. If the law denounced a pro[ier jienaltv against everv individual wlio steals or destroys another's proi)erty. wlietlier lie he Indian or white man, and made provision for lemunerating tiie injured individual in all cast's where the guilty lui.s any property or claims on the I'nited States government, the Indian would ho .stimulated to industry hy the pros[)ect of improving his condition. At l)resent lie has no sncdi stinndus; for if hy superior iudustiy or economy he should ! :> ,' I ! Ji i5| t Ife M t '3 !ll^!i:iM ifl 'I :; 1 ■■I :-i -i ■I'l. i-r? H (I Tit I n A I, olMI A N l/ATIoN, lyiT. ipiirr iiiiv s|)('ci('-i ul' |ii'n|i('rl V x\liirli liis iii'ii:lil>ois Ii,i\i' nut. Ii (• Knii\( s iiiai (III i III cm V n|' siiiiii' 111' lli'iii will lie iiniiiscil, \\\[n will tiikc ur licstiMV il. mill llml hf ciiii limt" no icilic-i-i. A llW |() |il'\Cllt. ill tillic to ('nllic. wllilc lllrll ulio I'ilUlliit I'iMil illlil Wl'itc iVillll ilniiTi till' imliiiii couiitrN-, cillicr as linatiin'ii or ((llnTwisc. wmi M I K' IISClllI III III'lHI lotiiiii' civili/iiliiM) aiiKHiii' llic Iiitliaiis. Al invsciil iimsl iil'tl It' liiiKir III llir I iHliaii ciHiiitiv is iicrliiriii' il li\ iiiil(Miii('(| I'cprci^iiiis. wlmsf iiilluciicc nn tin' liuliaiis is iiijii- liiiiis ill .-.('v. ral w;ivs. 'fiiI cliii'liv as it tcmis to iiiake lalitir liislioiioralilc. I I I. One i>r ihc iiiiisl circi'liial laws wiiicii t'oiiM lir iiiaili' l<> |ii'<'\i'iil llic iiili'iiiluc- lioii III' anli'iil sjiirils iiiln tlic Imliaii rnniitry. wmilil liuliiil aiiv |irrsiiii iVniii kt'i'|iiiiu' alciiimlii' ili'iiiks nil laliils tilt' |il'ii|irl't v iif llir lliilt'il Slali's. ami icijiiiri' llir nllii'i'is nl' till' aniiv. wlii'ii llu'v iiavc rcasmi In siis|irft lliat Mirli iliiiiks arc kc|i| in aii\ liniisc (111 sui'li laiiiis. tn -carcli llic liniisc. anil in case iiitnxicatinu' ilrinks arc liininl. In (icstrnyail sncli drinks ami tiic Ihhim' nr linuscs in wiiirii liicy may lie linniil. Il wiinlil Icml nincli In |iriiinntc the same nliject. if. in all I'aliiie trcalies willi llic Imlians tiir the pnrcha-e nf laml. it shnnlil lie sli|inl Icil that sn far as inlnxicatiii^' tlrinks aic cniu'cincil. the laiuls icilcil shill li(> cniisiilcrcil Indian cnnntry till the saiiu? siiali lie snld ; nr al least, till they shall lie Mir\cycd and nlli^rcd fur sale. I I'l. Amiiiiji' a iicii|ilc like the Daentas, aniiuitics shniild in all cases, as Car as prac- tical ile. lie jiaid In heads nl' families rather than the chicl's. .Many nf the linrscs fii\ cii III the Daentas and di-lrilinled li\ their (diicfs. I ia\ c iici II shut snnii alter tlie\' wen list run led. hecaiiso sniiie nl' thnse whn rcccivcil none liinc thiiiiLiht tlicv liad as piod a I'l'.dit In a hnrse as sniiie (if those who received one. 'J'o uiiard .'liraiiist this, \vl It'll horses or eallle are scut to Indians in |iaymciil of aiiniiilics. a snilicient luiiiiher should lie sent at one lime In tiiw niie to caidi I'ainiK. or a Lireatcr aiiionnt of inoiiev or "onds linnlil lie iil\t 11 tn thn>e who do not 'Jet a lioi'so or cow. sn thai all the families, in inoiiortion to the numhcr of mcinliirs they contain, iniiiht he nearly on an cijnalilv, TlKiMAS S. Wll.I.l.\.M.st)N. 7. TIIK SMAI.L-l'OX, A SC (M* |{(i K TO TIIK A l!() I! K; I N K S. Ni> di.xcasf uliicli liM.s lic.'ii liidddiu'cd miioiijx tlic trilics. Iins cxcrfiscd so latid an mtliiciicc ii|i(iii til. Mil as tiit> .Hiiiall-|)()\. Tlicir pliysi. iaiis liavi- no rcnu'dy lor it. Old and \oiiii,ii- iv-iird it as if it wltu the i)lagiii', and, on its appcaiini.v anioii.u' liifiii. Mindly siihinit to its raviijics. Tliis disi'asc lias ai)|H'aivd amoiin' tlioni iMTiodically. at iiiv-iilar intervals of time. It lias lieeii one of tlio prominent eaiises of their deiiopiilalioii. Ardent spirits, it is true, in its various forms, has, in the lonij; run, earried a ,i;reater lunnljer of the tril.es to their jrravf's; l.uf its elfeets have heen eomparalively slow, anil its victims, though many, have fallen in tiie onlinary niaiiner, and generally presented scenes less revolt- in-- and striking to the eye. 'I'his malady swept through the Missouri Valley in lS:i7. It first ap|ieared on ii steamhoat. (the St. I'eters.) in the case of a mulatto man, a hand on hoard, at the IJlaek-SuaUi" Hills, a trading post. CiO miles aliovo Fort Leavenworth, and about -".Od miles above St. F.ouis. it was then supiMJsed to be measN's. but. by the time the boat reached the Couueil IMulls, it was aseertaiiicd to be small-pox, and had of course been comumnicated to many in whom the disease was still latent. Kvery precaution ni)pears to have been taken, by .sending runners to the Indians, two da^s aheail of the boat; but, in spite of these efforts, the disease spread. It broke out among the Alan- dans about (he I'.tli of July. This tribe, which consisted of ICIK) persons, living in two villages, was reduced to ;!1 .souls. It next attacked the Miimetarees, who were living ill that vicinity, and reduced that tribe from 1(11)0 to about ■")()(). The Arickii- rees, numbering :;0(l(t souls, were diminished to some loOO. The di.sea.se passed from the.se to the Assiuiboiii.s. a iiowerful tribe of DOdd north of the Missouri, and r mging ill the plains bidow the I >oels\' M, Ketl Kiver of Hudson Hav. whole vilbiLK )iintani-'. (owi IVlll' vt V The t es of whom it nearly anuiliilated. This tril iiioii, at the mouth of the Vellow-Stone. rows, o r r "saroKas. Rocky Moiintai extending west from this |>oint acro.ss the plains to the us. who were estimated at odOO stronL^ shared near aiK 1 lost one-third of their number.- ly tl le same fatt It tl len entered and spent its virul nro known under tlii> v lence I ipoii the great nation of the ISIaekfeet, who have been estimated at .'Id.ddd to ".d.ddd. Tl T!io averagv number in a lod,^ 33 irious names of Hlood Indians, I'ii'iinns, and At^ ■mas Tl icy le inmates of 1000 lodges were destroyed. Irom six to ei rht persons. (^57) (, 258 Till llAI, »»ll(i A N IZ ATIoN, KTC rirmitiiiL' I'vrrs lliiii'j iluit v\n In' nskcd on tlic sruri' ori'M'id'incnt nml i'\iii;^:cialiuii, lint K'Hs tliMii ill.ll )iiM I'dl licl'dic tills (|(',m|!'((\ in;;' ili.iiM?*!', in ii l'''\v wci'k.H, Ai t'Vi'-witni'HK of this Hccru', wi'ilin;^ from Foil I'ninii mi tlic liTtii ol" NciscinliiT. \^- t*ii \t* : — '• f.iiiii:iifi'''(', however liirciMc. ciiii ckiiscn Imt a iMiiit iileii of ll lie olM hition wliii'li the eoniitiy now preseiilH. In wimteNer (lirectioii _\oii tiiiii. nolhinu Imt Had wrecks ol' inoi'talil y meet liie eye; iodides standin;.' on every hill, hiil not a sticalv ul' smoke risini.' IVnin them. Not a sound can lie heard to iiii'ak tiie aw fill slilliie>s. HUM' the oniinoiis eroalv of ravens, and the inoiirnl'Ml howl of woKes, fatteiiin;; on the hninaii carcasses that lie strewed iironnd. It seems as if the vers ;jc'iiius of di'solalioii had stalked tlinaiiih the prairies, and wreiiUed his vi'iip aiico mi everylhiiig heariii;^ the shape of hnnianity." Another writer says: — •• Many of the liandsoiiie Ariekarees, who had recovered, seein^i till' (lisliLMiriitioii of their features, committed suicide ; some hy throwing' tiu'iii- seives from rocks, otiiers liy staMiin;;- and siiootiiiL'. 'I'lie |)rairie iias iicconie a L:rave- vaiil; its w ild-lloweis liloom over tlie sepiilciires of Indians, '{"he alniospliere. for nil les. is poisiiiie(l hy the stencil of tile liiiiuireds of cariMsscs nnlniried. 'I' le women and ciiildren are waiiderinvr in ;:roups. witlioiit food, or iiowliinr over tlie dead. Tiie men are llyiiiu' in every direction. The |)rou ippi illiii^;. lieyond the power of the imagination to conceive, m\ ^ 'I'l.'ll'.KS ()\ TIIK SANTA F K Til A If,. ANI» AT TIIK I'oo'l' HK Til |.; JKMK V ,\|(»r NT A INS. Tin: l(ii(|cii(\ nCthc liiiliiiii |>(i|iii!iiliiiii. wliicji sinl.lirs over tlu« |ii;iiiifs ca-l df (he Itockv .Muuiilaiiis. is touiiid.s III,. Hdiitli ami Noiilli-wcst. The ('lirumiis. or Cliaun-, wUn ,„„v liv.Mlnii ii hilaitaiv (.(• Ihr I.',,! K'ivrr „r llu,|.<,„rs |!ay. cn.sM',! ih.. Mis' M.>iiri. in (■nns,.,|ii,.nc(. nf t\n- arrival ..f tlic AI,ii..ii,|iiiM Irili.s ,.i, tj,.. M.incrs (,r ||„. Mi.-'sissij.j.i. 'I'll,, latl.'r Weill as far iinrtli as Hi,. Mimiiiit ..C tli,. IVirta^,' ,lii Trail. in tli,.ir pr-.-ri'ss Dwanis Atliahas,M |,ak,'. Tli,. Chawas an w ll.inul v.^rv liij^li on llic N,'l,raska,an(l pn >in- (uiwanls s,.iilli.. an!, i.rl.iu lli,. iimiiniaiiis Tjir Sioii\, or huciitas. ul'tli,. .Missn^i.-, arc jMvssin.'; in tl,. sani,. ,lir,Tli(.n. ,Mvii|,ui|..r |in,siii,,iis |,.ss wcsti'i'lv. Tlu- Da.'otas ,.|' tlic .>liKsissi,>|.i. wli,) haw not yet lirokcn up th.^ir nmi,> castfilv villa-.'s in Minnesota, u,- ,l,.s i.,.,| to pass in ll,,. sani,' ,liiv,liun. Tli,. pivs- Miiv upon llics,. trilK.s is T .,in Hi,, n. -ili. Tl„.^- have cr,|,.,l. in Hi,' last ,piart,.r of ■■ iitnry, (, latin;:- IVom Hie licat'dl Kninnlari o|' Vrmy]v ,|ii Cliicn. i,, iSl^."..) I,|.|;,i,. the military anior of th,- Aljion-piiiis. and i,',,| now he said to haw p,'rnianenl (^ Hiifc I'oolinu- math ol' Hi,, ri'/or St. I'd, rs. The Arapahocs. who inl'cst ih,. r in . of Hr. IMatt,' a..! Arkansas, ar,. a |iart .iftlic Alsina. or Fall Indians ol'th,. I!la> diiot stock, and oin'c lived on th,. Assinai)Woiti iind Suskatfhiwiiie. The .Minnntarees and rZ/v/sv Vni/ns pr,)ner, w ho hj,v ■, M;c Ahsan)kaor Crow lanuiia.uv. an-, to ti f:i','at ,'\ti'nt. inindctl witli Hi,, pan'iit trili,.. and occiip\ the cast,.rn slojics of th,. lioi'ky .Moiinlai.is. These snowy p,aks inv so elevated as to prev,.nt their hein-' cr,iss,.,l at any ji,.iiit l)etw,',.ii th,' .(..H'ers,)!! Fork ol' th,. Mis.si,iiri and 111,. Southern Pass, at the souie,'s ,.!' Hi,' N,.hral^a. This t'a,'t appears llist to IV,. hen denionstraled hy the party,!' Mr. Hunt. « ho. in IsK Mr. Astor's aiispic's, a more iwirtliern pass, Imt wl till! mountains, tlu'own upon the heail-waiers ,i[" that •. iitlciiipli',1. iiii(l(.r lo wer,., eveiiliiall\ . alter skirt IIIL l'l\ rr. Mr. Thomas Fit/palriek. tl reH.rs to this c. le i:o\-,'rn .[• I nient a.;,nt li.r Hie liiuher Plait,, and A rkaiisas. onc'-'trition ol Inilian population h, low the mountains, ami on tlie ilains !,.a,iin'j: to ;' i Fc, iis one ol' the pregnant eatises • i!i,. ,liir,ulii.s and laniii.fH whiidi have, ol late years, he.set the path ot' the merchahi ,.>id ,.mi-iant. , in it.s several dialects, spreads throiiLih the ,i;reat Salt Lake Masin toCaiilornia. as well as northwardly into the ("olnmhia N'alley. Of the mass of the strength of the alioriirinal piipiiiation south hoiiee words, and licinu' translated into l'!iit;lisli. mean, lioot-ealers. liullido-eaters. Sii'.^ar or lloiiey-eati'rs. Tlu'se three hands, united with the Kiowa\s. which are very li'w in nnmlier. are what we have to contend with at iireseiit on the Santa l'"('' roail." In t le month of ( Ictoher. ISIS, tl le same oh-;er\er takes ii deeper view of tlii i. y pressmj: amt irresponsiiiie iiia-s. '•The snhject of till' pvii teil civ nlar acconipanyliii;' a series of iinpiiries respectiii^f the 'History. I'reseiit Condition, and Kiiture prospects of the Indian Trihes of the I'niti'd States.' |\'ide .\ppendix.) is one of imiiieiise iiiaLinitude. and Would re(|nire vcars of (dose a|i|ilication and stinly. hcsides a perfect know , d^c of their various toiiLines, and that know leilii-e too, oeiiiir in the individual himself, as it is somewhat dilVicnlt to reach any snhje<'t in rev:ard to those people, liiroiijih any interpreter I have ever met in this conntrv, apart from the ordinary concerns of every-day life. It is a ivniarkahle fact, that the most ii!;iioranl and wcak-miudcd are tliofic who most riadil>' I ( < i IllSTUnv, ANI> (loVKRNMKNT. 'JCl !i<'i|iiirt' a kiiDwIi'iliii' of tlic Indian t'eascd relative is very similai- to that of tlu' Israelites; in snidi cases the men will cast oil' all their (inery, and put on instead (if they i)ut on anything) the most worthless garments, and keep their heads, and often th(> body, l)edanbed with white cla\ during the time of mourning, which sometimes lasts ten moons; this mi;:ht be called putting oi> siu'kclotli and ashes. The women, on the other hand, cut oil' their hair, and otherwise disfigure their jieisons b\ cutting i! ^ \ 'M ' 1 :« n 2G2 TRIBAL OltC ANIZ ATlON. 1 liv with a Hint (ir sliai-p stone their face, arms, ami li'.^s. in sucii a way as to let a frreat (leal of Mood liow in the operation, whieh is never washed oil' initil they cease to nujuni. In cases of death, it' the deceased ha})iicns to be a distinjrnished man, they will kill lor his use two or threi' of his liivurite horses, and inter with him arms, pipe, and tobact'o, with many articles whi(;h hi- was known to ha\i' lancied when ali\('. They do nut seem to he inclined to \n\vy their dead in the .lironnd. although they sometimes do so. and in a very careless manner, as the wolvi's invanaliiy d:;:' them np; they \\ill sometimes pnt them hi.^h np in lar^'e tri'es. nntil decomposition takes place, and nothini.;' is left hut the ijones and hair, which tUvy will gather carelnlly and ])erhaps cari'y ahont with them liir a lenj:th of time, or nntil they lind a fa\(iralil(! spot, \vhere tlu'y will deposit them without ceremony, and, I iielii've. privately, lint their fiivorite placi's of interment are in eaves or crevices uf rock, 1 rom whicli tne\ arc th i *. ne\ci' iemo\('il There could he vt'r\' numerous and similar analoiiies made hetween the ma nner? and customs of thosi' peojile. anil those of the .lews; hut wIk'u we see nearly the same traits of character, manners, customs. ^:c., manifested in evei'y part of the ulohe where a hiirharous people ha\e been lounil. 1 ha\e come to the conclusion that nniii in that tribes when the\- wish to e\ibil their satisli iction for the treatment receixcd. The\- were (iresseil 1 n all the wildness and decoration of tl leir native i(i^tuni(\ anil altou('ther made a very interestiiiir ap| learance T lev commenced and pursued the dance with nil the wild and \arieil pstiire of such scenes, until an old woman entered the circle of the dance. ap|iarentlv bleedini:' from everv her face, le'is. ai lu arms were h leediiiL;- profusely, which 'jave her a most h ap|iearaii<'e. in this state, she exlc rted the warriors in her behalf, and •■ to take pity on her; tliat she was idd. and I'aa had Icr only sm killed Jiy the .\ii))alioes last ii 'i ki SI '! f! t . ..i ' ■*<• II IS TORY, AND (iOVERNMENT 20:5 spriiii;-, iiiid tlu' iiiiirilcr lias never been atoneil for." At this eritical jiineture a t'lnirn r came runiiiim- in with intelii-vnce that people were discuvereii in the (list; nice. The warriors iiniaeiliatelv broke up the dance, inounled their best horses, and l)iirsued the stran^iers; and late that ni-lit returned witii two Arapalioe scalps, and a isqiiiw as prisoner. This circunistiince. no doid>t. reconciled the old woman tor the 1) : ■'! heroid}- son. This law of retaliation, or some mode of remuneration in the sli';c- oi" pavment lor tlu' slain, is tlie only law ivco-nised by the natives ol' this country. I have taken nx'asures to put a stop to lurlher bloodslied lor the present ; Itut where there is no law to punish individuals for committin.i: de[)redations on other tribes, not even in the most aji-,iiravated ciiso, tiieir relations of -uoij lellouship must always be ' a very precarious state. I shall nuike it my business, herearier. to take more pains in iuvoti-atin-' the various subjects contained in the series of impiiries ivcei\ed; but I consider it hiuhlv improper to write anUhin;.;- at random, Ibr the inlbrmation of the Department, and therefore will decline sayini;' much at present, e.Ncept that which I am convinced of bein.L: correct ; and I sincerely w isli that every one whose bu.Mucss it is to write on this subject, would adopt the same course. Then, indeed, we mi-ht have hopes of some idian-e for the better mana,uvment of the Indian tribes. .Not h in- in m\- opinion, has been nu)re prejudicial to the wcll'are smd imi)rovement of the Indians within the territory of the I'liited States, than the ^reat forbearance and constant humoriiiL; of all tiieir whims, topMlier with the erroneous opinion c.\istiu-. that nothinii- but the introduction of Christianity was wantin-' to make them liapiiy and pros|)erons. I am not one of those who expect ami look Ibr the immediate improvement and ci\ ili/.ation of the Indian tribes by the means -enerally recommended, as 1 am widl aware they will have to pass thron-h a Ion- and protracted ordeal, bribre tlievcan even attain the lirst step to civilization; and I have yet to learn and decide, whether till' full-blooded Indian is capable of such a chaii-e. inasmuch as I have m'\cr tli-- covered any -reat advancement, either moral or physical, (the man\- fax.jrablc reports to the contrary notwithstanding.) which makes me very .scejitical on the subject. I have met with but tvw Indians whom I tiiou.uht were pre|)an'd to reeei\(. instruction in ci\ilization and Christianity, which are some of the tribes on the Columbia liiver and its tributaries; and to the .severe but just administration of th- Hudson May Company may be attributed their now prosperous state. On their lirsi acquaintance with wliitcs, the Oregon Indians were disposed to be mischievous, as all other Indians: but al'ter the Uritish took jiossession of that coimtr\, and the lln.lson May Compan\ established there, the Indians were taudit very severe lessons. on all and every occasion when they misbehaved ; and not the sli-liti'st injustice (U- crime was ever allowed to pass unpunished. And at Icn-tli they ascertained, that to do unto others as they would have other> do unto tluMii. is by far tin- best policv; th-y also h'arned that the (i,,d of the while p.opl,. was bv far ih.. mo.-t poweifid. aiid i. ( I (' •I : I ■ f ^ I '. ii it. til ii-. n k ) %\ ' ; ill 'i i :, ■ fi .' i' li ! 11 ■ 1. «■ Ji(i4 T K 1 15 A L U U ti A M 1 Z A T 1 U N , E T C. liiive for many vt'ars boon dosirous of loaniiiii; how to worwliij) aii'l ploasf llim. Ami lonjr iH'foro a missionary went into that country, tliose jieoplo wcri' as honi'st, kind, and inod'fnsive as any 1 liavo evci' met, cither civilized or savage, and, I believe, in a few years will bo in a more prosperous state than any Indians within the boundary of the United States. There is a great deal which ougiit to l)e taujjjht an Indian before the attempt is made to Christianize him; some of which tuition may be taken from the remarks above, in regard to the Cobi'ubia Indians." It has Ix'en thought riglit to present this view of the state of the pr.iirie-tribes, from a man wh.ise means of observation, good general judgment, and honesty of purpose in the public service, are nnimpeachcd. So far as respects their manners and cus- toms, their wild and predatory lives, and the utter want of reference of their acts to iiny moral or legal standard, these remarks are sustained by the best and latest authorities; and this wild and irresponsible state of life is well descril)ed l)y Mr. I*arkman as existing among the Arapahoes. Witii regard to Christianity, anil its application to such tribes, surrounded by so many continually pressing circumstances, to prevent its appreciation, introduction, or spread, it need only be said, thr' he observations denote an entire misapprehension of the subject. Fixity of location and agricultural industry are among the very fii"st fruits aimed at by our teachers among all the nomadic tribes, without which no success can Ixs anticipated. As a, general fact, these tribes are surrounded by circumstances which are so pi li) )us tiiat they are, at present, very much l)eyond the circle of practical missionary effort. ! i \ it >.v *, I 1^ M; SOMK INFORM AT I OX H K S P KCT 1 \ (I TIIK CKKKKS, 01! MUSCOGKKS. I>rni,i: Ims Iutii writl'^n rcsDcctiim- llir tiadilimis df ihc .M I>C()l;('('; Till' wild ail (■\trava,L:aiit relations r('s|icctiim- a |ii)\vciiui |i('o]ili'. who arc dc-crilKMl as rcsidinu' in Florida in tlic JCilii ccntiii'v. iindi'r tl f uaiiic of .\|ialacliilrs. ii|)| icar to Ih' licltcr uitcd to the ]iiirii(is('s of roiiiancf than hisfdrw The I'ollowinii- traditions and opinions of tlirir oriL:iii, caiK liistor\-. and ciist IVolll tllO lips of Sl'd<(>-)H'-clli. ( i'l ( 1 crscvcraiicc. ) one ol tl -t Ci oi.is. iiri' v(d\s. now li\iiiii' ill their new loratioll we-t of the Mississippi. The\- were taken (1 own Iroin his narration. Mr. I). W. F aKins. wlio -was l>\- theiii west of thf state of Arkansas, and have 1 lor sonic time ii resident of the territory now oc('ii|iied lave been (•oiiiinunicatcMl in reply to the ininled in.piines issued in 1 S h . ivspectin- the Historv. Present Condition, and !• iitiire Prospects of the Indian Trilies ol' th" rniteil States. ( \'ide A p|iendi\.) There is a ,uciieral reluctance, on the part of the Creeks, to I'liter at all upon sii jeets of tliis charaeter. owini;- in a measure to tiiei r superstitious notions, and more, perhajjs. to their innate ihsposition to secrecy, and tlu' licnc: The ad 111 spirit ol' concealment. mission of an inter-lriba! rank, in ancient dav; infiu-ior to tJie ancient Lenn Loiiapi, and their concurrenci' in the ;^('iieral title of (Irandfall North Atlantic tribes to that important branch of the Ai: recent oriiiin to their nationaiitv tlia ler. ascribed by the Mii([iiin stock, denotes a more n has been siipposei] to exi-t ; and adds but another jiroof to the many we have Iiad before, of the limited character of tlic Iiid traditions, ami the recent date of their entire tribal ivlatioiis laii Tl lero is nothing in these reminiscences of Se f*nstaiii an opinion that the .'Mns ■ko-pe-chi. which can be ein]ilo\ed to co.uves arc, in am wise, to be d •ined f( ,;ded their nationality on pro-e.\istiiij;- tribes, of as lia\iim- my known historical era. wore semi-ci\ili/.ed. wlio Th le advance of the masses in this trilie. in li of the families of their chieftains distinctions and the force of trilie. in late years, has not kept jiacc with that The authority of the latter, lonnded on ancient descents, appears to commend itself, verv uvnerallv. to eontmiieil respect and aiihereiice It is necessarv, in the follow mi; iiKpiirit's, to conceive the .Mll^ ko-i)e-chi. as the respondent. The views of .Mr. Fakin, where tl co'i'ee ell roil icier. Se- lev are jiueii as :u \i'lo ll.ivi.-' Cariliics l,nii,l,,ii || tl> V- I- t fM > a U I' 1 ' k !S . I I . !'• ' 1 'i ii 1 Ic * , f. 11 'I. f il fj V : .,t'H i»i ft" M I,' :iiti TKl HAL oik; a N 1/ AI 1 ON, iii(l('|H'ii(l('iit ()|iiiii(iiis, will \tv rcMilily ilistiiiLrnishcil, and iiic rviik'iitly iiKiiildiMJ. in snnu' instiuii'i's. on the ((Ut'i'irs livlnir liini. Tin' true i;rniniil.-< of (lie intt'iTn^iatniics arc. liDW ('\('r. sclilnni, if cmt, inisconccivtMl li\ iiini, nnlrss it lie in tlii' |iiilicy to cede sni'|ilns tmitiirii's wlicn tiics lia\i' Itfconir dcnndcd nf L;aint'. and. i)ci'lia|is, tlu' Irni' cxti'nt III' till' ciNil [lower ol' tin' cliifl's. — Kii. "1. Tlic oiiLfin of the Alaliania Indian^, iis liandnl down li\ oral tradition, in, lliat tliry spranii' out of till' ;.;rouiid. lirl Ween tin' ( 'aliaw lia and Alaliania l!i\('rs. -. 'i'lii' .Mii<('iil;('('s fornirrly lallnl tlicin^cKos Alalianiian<. Init otiirr trilics called lli'in ( *k('-clioy-altc, (///i i. Tin' caiiic.-t nd'iration I'ccollcclcd. as handed dow n liv oral tradition, is. that tlicy cniiiiralcd from tlic Caliawlia and Alaliaina i!i\crs. to the Jnnclion of the 'rnscaloosa and Coosa l!i\i'rs. 'I'heir nninlicrs. at that ]ieriod. were not known. The extent of the teiiitory (iccn|iied at that tinn' was indelinite. .\l the jioint tiiriiK'd liy the junction of the Tuscaloosa and Coosa l>i\eis. the trilie sojuurned for the space of two years. .After which, their location was at the Jnnclion of the Coosa and Alaliania llivcrs. on the west side of what was snliseijiiently the site of Fort .lacUson. It is sniniosed that at this time th ' ninnliered lifty eirectivc men. They claimed the coinilry from Fort Jackson to New Orleans, foi' their hmitinfi- lironmls. o. They are of the oiiinion that the (Ireat Spirit liroui^ht them I'mm the i;ronnil, and that they are of rinht possessors of this soil. Iieiiire thi' settlement of what is now known as New Orlciins. they discovered, at that place, two .Mexicans; and at a snlisiipient perioii. dnrim;' a \isit. they met with a lar.:i' nnndier of whites. 'l"hc first sale of lands li\ treaty took place in .New York : the date is not recollected.' 'I'hey fn'sl liecame acipnuiited with the nse of (irc-ai'ms. clothiin;-. \c.. through the Spaniards. .\rilent spiiits ha\c licen in nse amoni; the trilie. Iieyond the recollection of the oldest citizens. 'I'heir llrst |ilaces of tiade were at Mohile and New Orleans. •I. They lielic\c that lielore the Creation there exisled a iireat liody of water. Two piiii.iiis were sent liiith in search of lami. and fonnd excrements ol' the earth- wiirni; hut on Lioin,:^' forth the >ecoud time, they pnicnred a Made of iirass. after which, the waters snlisided, and the land appeared. 'I'hey do not helicM' that their ancestors occupied any other lands, lint always had tlieir locality in North .Vmericii. They l)elie\e that dome-iic animals were introdn.ed ly the whites, 'l'he\- have no knowledge of the land lirim:' pre-occnpied 1p\ the whiles, or a more civilized people than themsehcs. I!nt they do helieve that tln' land was pre-occnpied hy a people of whom the\ ha\e no delinite knowledge. ' IT'.'i'. Iiiliaii 'I'n-iiiii's, piigi' :;!•. II ISTol! V, AND (lUV K 1! NM F N T. 2"i7 '). 'I'lic olllv llilllli' tlicv li;l\i' Inr Allicrii'll is. The l,;ui(l iil' tlu' ImiIWS. 'I'Ik'N cilll it till' liiml ul' till' lu'd |M'ii|ilc. 'I'licv li;i\(' MO oilier oral tiailitioii ol' aiiv other iiiiiiic lor Ameiicii. (i. Ill the reliiiiiisceiices of llieir i'liniier I'oiiditioii lliev >(ate, tliill tlie\ eiljoseil ll f^rcater de.mve of [)eaee. Iielore tlif di.si'overy ot'tlio coiitiiu'iit by tlio whiles, than they did ai'lerwanls. 'I'liey had no treaties, no allianet's. or leajiiies, pivvioiis to the dis- (•o\ery. They erected l)reiist-\vorks, of a ciiriilar shape. H)r the proti'Ctiuii of their lUmilios. 'I'hese iiiuiiiids had no existence prcN ions to their arri\al. 7. Ill tlieir names and ovi'iits as iu'l[)s to history, tliey [iridc theiiistdves most upon killing their enemies, anil liy memoiiali/.iiii: these events with their hieroiilyphies, and decoraliii;.' tiiemselves. 'I'heir .greatest, sonrce of j^rief was the deatli of a son, brother, lather, or mother. They conipured a [leople who wciideil their way siuitli. There have heeii snlisi>queiit eoni|ni'sts. They had iu'\er heeii coiiipiered until their coiillict.s with tiie whites. The_\- ha\c iie\er siill'eied from w ild-lieasts. lliKjiis. diseases. or siulden attacks, from which they had no ilelixcrunce. S. The present rulers of the iialioii consist of a first and second chief, wlio. in connection with the town chiefs, administer tiie allaiis of the nation in general council. 'J"lu' |)reseiit ])riiicipal chief, (leiieial l!ol\ .Mcdnlosli. is of Scotch descent. The second chief, lienjainin jMarshali. is of Irish desreiit : lioth the friends of the white man. The former roU!.;ht. uiidi'i' (ieiieral .\ndre\v .lackson. a; ■inst the hostile Indians. 'I"he liilie, at present, is in a very i)i'osperous condition, and rapidly iiicieas- iiiLT. The Creeks first commenced imniiii'rating to their new country, west of the Mississippi, ill jjartiis. in 1^2S. from which ]ieriod until ISoT the principal part of the immigration took phice. Small bodies of ('reeks, however, still continue to arii\e in their new country up to the present time. The circumstances under which they readied tlieir present locatitm were the treaty with the I'liited States, and an uiiwill- iiiLTiiess to fall under the State laws of (!eoi\L;ia anil .Maiiania. This feejiiii: still exists aniunj;' them : they have their douhts alioiit heinu' prc]]are(l to take part in deliferate assemblies. The south-western tribes occu|y dill'eient stai:vs in ci\ ib/ation, some beiiiif nearly wholly civili/cd, others partially mi; and oibeis. uLiain. letaiiiini!' the wanileriii,tr habits of their forefathers, may. with propriety, be termed hunter trilies. 1). .\11 till' soiilii-western triiies speak dill'erent laiiuuaLies : excejit. perhaps, the ( 'lioi'- taws and Chickasaws. and the Creeks and Seminolcs. which laujinaues lia\e a .-iroiii:' alliiiitv to each other.' The dill'erent tribes do not undeisland each other. There is ' Till' i|ni'-itinn I't' l.ini;unL'c will 1"' li.iT;cf'liT i\:iiiiinri|. I '> I li i 1 i' ■ • j ii ; 1 i i , I f it) 208 Tl! I l!A 1, (MIC A N I /ATI ( a^'ririilliiii>ls lo iillc uuiiv llicir liiiU', ainl iu'liIccI tlirir riiniiH. Nor is tlicic any (•(Hiiini'icial iiilcn'oiirsc. worlli >|i('akini!' of, aiiionu' tlirm ; and, indt'cd, tlifi'i' is liiil lilllc intcrciiiiisc 111' any kind, il' \\v cNcciit llic tiallii' in stolen iioi'si'.s. Tlifir opinions and cnsloms. in nniny 1'('s|m(|s. arr dilli'icnt ; dial wliirli is I'c^fai'iji'd as a Nntnc ov the cisiii/cd Ind lans. IS ciiiisKii'i'cil an( I llioM' act ions wincli an- i-cjaiv arc loiikcd upon as \ ices \\ 1 a \\(akne>s liy tlie hunters; led a< manly and lieinic Ky tlie waiideilni;' trilies, leii practi-ed anmii'^ llie seiiii-,i\ ili/ed. 'I'liere can lie no <\slein 111' ndiciar\ estalili>liei| ainoni:' lliein in w liicli all llie>e triln's conlil uniti The Mils kOLiecs speal; SI \ diireient dialect-^. \i/.. Mns-ko-uce, llitch-i-lce. Nan-chce, Ku-i'iiee. Alal ania. and Aipias-saw-tee. The Creeks, alllioiiuh s|icakinu' these did'creiit cueil laiiLinaL;!' n I' the nation, which is the .Miis- dialct'ts. understand, i^cncrally. the rec ko-liee or Creek laicjllil'/e ; and CI HI SIN I lien tly the lillsiness with the uoV CI nineiit reipiirc; hut one interpreter. 'I'hcre are se\'eral ajed persons wlin can stale their traditions hut the\' are reluctant to do so. • V ■1 .■!(.' \ ;i;i iji i) IW 10. Imkkn MiiiNAi. 1!a\k a\ip 11 ij.atii iNs. — 'I'he niuk and relationship which this res ami >enccas. Irihe hears to the other liilies. is that 111' (irandcliild to the IKdawa 'I'lieii' traditions a-simi thciii a inediiini position ill the iiolitical scale of the tri Whether this relati lonslnn is sani 'tinned 1)\ the tradition ol' all (///('/■ trihes is not, iiown: hut li\ -'1,//' it IS. 1 )isciirilant pretensions to oriiiin il rank and allinities of hi noil have ne\('r nccnneil anion - the .Mils- Tl ie\- have no iiietlioit l)\- wliicli lilood allinities can he >etllcil in ca^es of diHicnlties. 'I'he kindred-hip of the ti'ilie is denoted In lerins tak ai from the \ocaliular\ of the fainil\- ties, 'i'he .AIus-ci.-;;ces call the Delauares ( irandfather. 11. 'i'he I lion II mental iironls of their inter course \vi til other trilies. such as idli nice; leaLiiies. and treaties of frieiidshiii. are testified t o o\' iciiiiijiiniiH, jiiliis. and li'lls \'l. 'i'he clans are made U|) of families; each clan adoptiiiji' its own peculiar had^c such as Crocodile. iJear. iJird. \c. it is supposed that these had;:es do denote rank i rclatioiisliip. ir 1:1. (ieojiraphical features, within the momory of tradi;ion. are not looked upon as a cau.se of the multiplication of the trihos. The Coiiianches ha\e an immeii.si' country over which they rauire. hut it is nut known that it conti'hutes to their increase. Tliis is also the case with the O-aiies; hut for some years past hoth these trihes have heen on the decroaso. And this must continue to he the case, so lonj;' as their women are Coini)elled to underii'o the sevi'rc corporeal hdior whidi tlie men e.xact from tliom. Tile trihes that are proLiressiin:- most rapidly are those who are makinjr aihancos in : I \\r IST(»I! Y, A N I) (1()VF:F{NMKNT ■2tW civili/iitidii iiiid icliiiioii. Wlifii the I'ciniilc j;;iiiis hrr li-lill'iil |.()siti,iM MS '(/, n/inil. aiiil is no loii-cr lookcil upon as nn in/'rinr, then will we have the true suhition of tlic iproldcni in rcunnl to tlic niulti|iliciiti()n of tlic Irilics. Tliis solution is true in icuar.l to the Cliorokccs, Clioctaws, Cliickasaws. and Musko;jv('M. Maj^nitudc and ivsounvs ol' Icrritorv arc not ^jcncrally conceded as enterin^r i,, .,s llo cause of the ninlti|)lica- tion of tlic tiilies. Ma,i!nitude is ncncraiiv looked ui)on as a detiiincnt. Dissensions liavc soinctinies driven iiidi\iduals to otiicr trilics; hut tiicro are no instances within the recollection ol' the oldest cili/cns in which tlu'sc dissensions liavc led to the foiMuation of new trilx's oi' dialects. 14. In their traditions of the original rank and movements of the tiihe. there is no mention of rivcr.s or mountains. The ijeneral track of tlu'ir miiirations was from the West. 1"). (!i:o(il(\l'nv. — Of the shai)e of the jilol.c and its natural .li\i<('s. Is. Tlic v'l'niTiil siii'l'ai'i' of the conntn is Ifxcl; and al:iitaloes. turnips, ^Sce. There are no natiiiid ve^ielidde pi-odnc(iuns. I'.l. 'I'hi' I'aeilities jitr ;;ra/ing arc very g(M>d. Cattle ami stock ai'e easily raised on the e.vtensive prairies, ami in the hottoni lands. The wimhIs atl'ord sonu- spontaneous herl)a,i;e. Wells oi' water are ohtainecl at moderate depths, wiiere there are no spiinj:;s. Tiiorc is alwa_\s a practieahie market lor tlio surplns ^rain and stock at Kurt (iihson and Fort Sndtii. '2tl. 'I"he jiractice of firing the prairies, has tho I'll'ect of retarding the growth of timlier. I'rairie lands that weii' si'ttli'd years ago, are now surrounded with tiinher, which is accounted tiir, l>y the lire In-ing kept ulV. 21. There arc no waste lands that olVer any great ohstacle to the construction of roads There are marshy places iilonu tlie Arkansas that are considered unhealthy; in soim,' cases the>e marshes are fornieil liy the spring-^, and not 1>\' the ri\(rs. 2'-'. Tiie N'olcanic tracts are not extensive, and they afford a supply of herli;ige for stc ■^MS: 1 M 1., 2'\. The climate is generaliN' ot" a ineiliuiu character. The heat is distrihiitetl ver\' similar to that of the .Middle States. The Miuth wind s iire\ail The stn earns sometimes oscrtlow their hanks, which is geiiei'ally attrilintaiile to the melting of tlu' siKjws upon the mountains. Tornadoes hasi- seldom, if e\er. occiiiri'il. 24. Salt s])rings are found on the south side of the Arkansas, aljove the mouth of (irand Hiver. 2"). ("oal has Ik^cii found in ahundance along the Arkansas Hiver. Other minerals doubtless are to be found in the nation. 2('). Nearly all the wihl animals have disappeared, except the wolf and deer. The fur trade has had the ell'eet to iliminish the \alue of the country fa' hunting. 27. The hones of a mastodon were (i)und in the .\rkausas Hiver. IS I'lH. The horse, with other domestic animals, they suppose to have heeii introduced 1)V the whites. I r v" ' ' lllSTollV, ANI> t;nv KIINMENT, -J" I ;!l. T hoy II 11' nof i'\|iort in dniwing maps or cluirtM. I Imvi* lU'ver m-on any HpociiiicnH. .">■_'. Amiumiiis. — TliiTf niv two atones with r(«)l-|irints on tlicni, bill wlirtlicr or not tlicy mv tlif ri'Hult of hninuii imlnstry in not known ■17. AsTiinNoMv. — Tlicir anionnt ol" knowlcd^'c on lliis ,Huhj<>ct is very limited. Tlicy ItflifVt- till' t'lirdi to he a pliinc. and tliat it i.x stiitionary. and also tli.it ii is .some animate siilpslanee. Tliey liclieve that lidow lis are a siieeessioii of |ilanes, and tliiil iiili;ilii(aiits (ire duelling.' upon tluin. 'I'lie sun. moon, iind some of liie >tiirs, lliey liclic\e rcNoUe aidiiiid the eiirtii ; hut some ol' the st;irs are stationary, and stuck upon the sk\ . 'I'hry h('li('\(Mhe sun is a hot siihslinice ; thai the nioun i> inhahitrd liy a mill and a do;/. As to the stars, lhe_\ know iioliiinj;' of their nature. 'I'hey do not helievc the planets to he other Worlds. They say the whit<' jieople eaiiic IVom the wilier, wiiere they dwelt ill siiips. ■IS. They helieve that dod. or the (Ireiit Spirit, ereated the imivor.se, ami all thiiifrs just as they e.xist. lit. Tiiey lielieM' the suii to he a larixo liody of heat, and tliiit it revolves anaind the e.irtli. Some helieve it is a hall of lire. 'I'hey do not eompreheml the re\()lntioii of the earth around the siin. 'I'hey suppo.sc that the sun literally rises and sets. 'I'hey think our (iresenl theory an imcntiou of the while man. and tiiiit lie is not sintere. when he says tiie earth moves around the snn. ")0. They helieve the sky to he a materiiil mass of some kind, to whirii the stiirs are appended. T1r\\' helieve that it is of a half-circulur form, hut that its truneiitioiis do not touch the earth. They do not hi'lieve the sk_v to bo cireiiiiiscril)ed. ■"il. They account for eclip.ses hy the hiir dojj; Hwallowinji the sun: hut they Imvo no idea where the liiu do;.' comes from. Tluy do not helieve that intervening.' ohjects are the ciinses of the ecli[)ses. The ••dead-sun " is accounted fur. from the fo;:s :.:'oiun lip from the I'artli ; and they supiioso that this fog i.s created hy the smoke of fire, an i sometimes that it arises from the rivers. •VJ. The}- com})iiti' the year fn^m the hiiddui;.' of the trees. The year they suppose consists of some indetinito mimijer of motais. They have no astronomical knowledi:e of the leiigtli of the year. The (Veek.s generally have no delinite knowlodgo on this siihjcct. O.J. Tlu'v li;t\e no delinite ider. of the lenirth of the siiinnier or winter. t )| I 1 i' i'i 1 ■] \,. M •.'7.' Til I l(A I. oK(i A N I /AT I ON. "•I. 'rin'\ Imvi' iiocvL'li'. or li\f; ami w lii-n llii-* |H'riiii| itrrixcs, the rartli will Ix' lilli'd wiili war; ami ii limiv nl' |i '0|i|t' will ,i|i|iiMr allloll^ tlic liiiliaiir<, ami iIk's will lie ilcslroM'il ; aixl llicii tin' '' i irit \\ ill ili',vti'o\ IIk' earth, to l\('c|i oIIkm'm iVoiii getting ptrnMe^Hioii of it. 'I'Iu'n di ' \ l):>li('\i' lli:it ttie Imlian |aii':«t.>< caii^'c its rt-iicwal. •'>■">. 'I'lii'v lia\t' no iiaiiii' Inr tlir vcar Imt llif two gniiTal ilixiNioiiH, iriuli r ami hiinniii i\ 'ITh'V lia\i' no wfck. 'I'lifV connidi'r all iLinn alikf. 'I'lic nionlli and week arc ili\ i.-7. 'I'luN lia\e lii'lhin^ ic(rre>|Minclinv' to the ^i^'ns i>i' the /odiiic. 'I'luv do not attach an\ im|piirlanee or inlhienee to the stars. 'I'he shooiimx stars. hi(wi'\er. are e\ce|p|ii)ns ; which lhe\ >n|i|in-e Ici lie excrements la-l n|iiinlhe eartli, and this ihcy mix willi their medicine; and which. \\licn thus iireparcd, ihey cunsiihr \cry ellica- cions. The\ do not heliexc that the moon has miv inlhienee njinn men. plants, ur :uiimal-. ('urn is planted Ky the parlicidai' perinds of the innon. There is nothin;.' known ol'ihi' nwHin inllmncini; the i^rnwlh nf lorn. ■ >. 'i'hi' .\nrora Mnrealis. tl ii'V snniHist PI" indicates cliamics in tlie weather, and alwa\s Icir the wurse. Tlie milk\-wa\. lliey iM-liesc to lie thi' paths of the spirit-^; It llic »|iirii> 111' w h I hat. tlii'S dii not km iW. Tl ie\ have no theorv ni rcL'ari In ram. iiad ■h ikU. iVc. Thc\ .nciw ncitliin'i el' meteor- Comets. the\ \y indicate war. !iut of their nature llii'y know nothin'j. 'i'he phenomena of I'ailin;: stars the\ I". plain li\ the eonsidei'alion that the t'allin:: lind\ is elhcacions in medicinal pnrpo-is wcaliier. rhe\ canmit account liir tlie lainhow ; the\ U lieNc it indicates t'ai ."i'.'. Tiidi' ;ire cciinciilcnces amoni: them similar to the ca-iental sy.-tem of cumpnlin.;' lime. They li:i\e an annual "iMi^k." which lornierlx emlaaced a periud df eluht da_\ s. Iiul now a period nl' lour da\ s ; this time is dexoteil to thanks'iis in j and last in;;. It rcseniMi's \ir\ nnnh li I ihe \ ear of ,1 uliilee anions: the llelacws. .\t the return of this I'e^lix al. ail olli'iu'c- :ire caueelleil. This I'e.-liMil commences at the ripenini; of tir le new crops, at w Inch lmi< '.ieneial puriialion and clean^ini; take- place. At intei'vals. sinjini:' and dancing; .are introduced. On the lir.-t day of the •• hiiskelau," there is a ;jeneral lia.-t prepare. 1. iVom tl Id crop, to which least all contrihnte. \^f IIIRTOUY, AND (iOVERNMKNT. 27 .J AttoiidiiiK'p ix (.liliuiitiirv. SiutimI fin'K nrc hiiilt. ii|)nii whicli Tuiir pircc^ of inrcii onk wihmI aiv iirniiijfiMl. in poHitioiiM ucconlin!; to llic luiir cunliiial |i'iirits .if th.- .unipii'"'. 'riii'ir tales ami all.'p.ri.'H iiiii^, lor iiitoniiatioii on thi- ami IiIm- Hllltjl'1't.X. tp(». Tlioy my tlit-ir imrmlifc, or hiip|ty liuntiiig-groiiiiilH. is alMtvf, Imt wlii'iv, tlicy Inivc no ilclinitc iilni. (11. AiiiTiiMiriK — Thf trilM- ./««•< cunrit l)y ilccinialH. Nniii' uf ilic cliins ainniiL' tin' ('ivckr< :in' in llic li:il>ll nl' conntin): liy lives. Tliev cat in|intr nuinlxTs a.«< liii.'!) at iniliiiinH. Ilc\miil tm. the (!ii;i|.s are nseij i nni'eliim witli the ijerinials ; ami tluM fiime inetli.HJ i.s ii>e(| to any e.Meiit. 'I'hey are earri.'d c.n with eeriainly to ii million. (i'J. Neither the \v;nM|iiiia nor any liirni ol H'.i-.-helU is n'-eii to re|)resent nuniht'r.s, or eoii-tiliite a .-landanl .pI' evehanje. The ('reeks ne\er \\:u\ a cnrrencv, nor have they now anUhinu of the nalnri' of a enrrency, aside from llie cnrreneN- of the I'niteil Slates. 'I'lie seawan. peau. or wampnni, the Creeks never introiln 1 into their coni- pntatioiis. ns an.xiliaries to their dibits and decimals. They .lo nnderslaml Federal inonoy. ('>'■]. Previous to ahoiit the year ISOO. (hero won' no acconnts to koop. Thoy nrc now kept similar to those of the pooplo of tho I'nitod States. All vahiaMe skin.s, ninskrats. heavers, and otters, iiro sold hy weight. The hntValo and deer-skins are sold liy ipiidity. ()4. Sijrns or ])ietorial deviees are not used to nny extent in iicconnts, or in com- merce, neither are their pictorial records. (»•">. Kaeh perpendicular stroke always «//V/ stand for one, ami each additional stroke marked an additional immlier. The ajjros of deceased j)ersons or nnmher of scalps taken hy them, or war-parties which they have headed, are recorded on their Lnave- posts hy this .system of strokes. The si^in of the cross represents ten. The dot. and comma, never stood as a sign for a day. or a moon, or a month, or a year. The chronological marks that were and are in yre.sent n.se. are a small nnmher of sticks, made, generally, of cane. Another plan, sometimes in use. was to make small holes in a hoarti, in which a peg was inserted, to keep the days of the week. Pifi. Mkdicini:. — They use herhs and incautalious in their general ])ractieo. ''"hoy are careful ami lender of their sick, as a general thing. There i." no perceptii.I" dillerence in their attention to the sick. I < i!' ! 1 ,' I ,1^ !'i ni ( 1 i 1 it ■ I ill I •^i I 1 i I: i^ U ' •( if! 1( i I • V.t-'! •^ 271 T R I JJ A L U 11 (I A N I Z A T I (» N , G7. Tlu'ir doctoi.s ami pnictitiuiiors Imve no kiumk'iljrc of aiuitoiuy ; noitlier of the circulation of tiic bl rotl-root ; for pleurisy, tlicy use sassiilViis ; for oonsuniption, they have no (lednite freatuieiit. For many coiuplaiuts they iiave no herbs. The roots ami lierl)s they ^\ere aeeustomed to use in the ■■'//(/ iiiitiiiii" the}' have not yi't 1 een ahk' to iliseover in their new country, west of the Mississippi. till. The Iti.L' prairie-weeil is ".iscd a.'< an enietie, taken as a tea. For catharties they have a nnniher of roots and weeds, prepared as a tea. They dii,' their herbs and roots \\ hen needed. 7(1. Thi'y do not bleed in fevers. The Indian lancet is used in eases of jiain. The cuppinji is i:enerally etlicni'ious : and a vaciuiin is produced by e.\hanstiuj;- the air by tlie aid of the lunutli. 71. Tiny ha\e no healiuji' tir drawinjr phisti'rs; bandagi'S and lints are api)lied in many ca.ses. I'l. The Micress \\ith whi(di they treat gun-shot wounds, cuts, &c., is generally attributed to the <'arr nf the physician. 7.1. 'I'lie Creeks never an.putate. They are skilful in the use of splints. For removing the wo\nuled. they use the litter. 71. They use root.s and herbs altogether. They have ellicaeious remeilics for lennilo ciinipiainls. They do not use. inttdligently. metallic medicines. 'I'hey do not under- stand the nature of an o.\yde. They do not always use their compounds in such a manner as to insure eflicacy and success. 7"(. They have two modes of treating eruption.^ of the skin : First, the external ap|ilicatinn of a ili coetion of herbs; ami, SecoiuUy, by steaming with the same deions, have all the force of a written document ; these decisions are announced in general council; and also recorded by tiie clerk. Their authority, (as among the priiicii)al chiefs.) is often assumed. Their autiiority is delegate warriors. 'I'hey consult the priests, old men. and young men composing the tribe, in local matters. Sometimes they are subject to be inlliienced by extrani'ous opinion^. In many casi's they pin sue the interests of the people with ,-lirewdness and intensity. In their councils, their decisions are generally determined by the o|)inioiis ol the leading chiefs; their dit'tinn generally iiilhieiices the mass. Tin right to sit in council, is. nominally, eipiivaleiit to giving a rutr. The c/y/.v mid //'« "■. if counted, iTii ", ' ■ i ' t :iTi) I! 1 11 A I. i> I! (I A N I / AT I uN "' I : 'I '.' i t ( ,t! would he 1j\ till- cli'ik. (';i.-inc>s is coudiicicd i rrcLiulariN, ilai \, and ^cncralU. I)\' the position of the suii. The prinecond chiefs, ri-iiii; tir>t. addrc>> llicinscKcs to llic lirsl chii'f-. tidliii::' thrill ■•thc\- are t;cjin'^ to lca\c iIhmh. Tlir\ then srat llicmM'l\e<. the whole council )win:j: ill regular onlcr. a.coiiliu'.;' to llicir ■jiadi'. 'I'he principal chiefs, then risui'i', sa\. W e return liomi' T ici'c I- >\\\\ souic resiii'ct iiaiil to aiu'icnt nies. KcL'ard is paid to the wcallicr in ihiir dclilicratious, Tlii'y ha\t' two nali )iial clerks; and one I'nited Slates, and oiu' national intcrprdcr. All (picstions are consiih'red with more or less ilt lihcialion. Decisions are sometimes made upon the principle of majorilies, and sometimes linfrd hy the opinions of the leadinti' chiefs. Tl icic ar(^ no ca ill o|' the trilie. S.'l. i)ici>ious niaijc li\ till- ilii''f- ill counril arc carried into clU^cl imjilii'it Ic. in cases of ca|iit;d piini-hmeut. the exi'culioui'r is s'drclcil IVoui a Imdv of men called "the liiudit Horse." He n-^- ncilliei- tomahawk, chdi. unr arrow. The Liun is gene- rally sclicted as tlit^ instruiniait of excciitiou. If the culprit lia-^ no choice of place for execuliiiu. the cxccutiouri' mas appoint the placr. which is p'ueralK selected with reference to a con\cnii nee \'>>\- lnnial. In ca-e of the restoration of pnipcrlN'. a nics- .■sfuj.'cr is sent to the pai'lii'-. Thii'i' is. howi'M'r. no rc'.:ularily on this sulijecl S4. Ill case of i\ vacancy liy death or otherwise, the ollice is lillnl liy the .-election of the (lenernl CouiK'il. Somelimes the \acancy i< lilled liy ihe town to which the chief iM'loiiged, and then hniunhi hi'llne the (icneral (ouncil liir sanction in case of a vacancy among the leadini: eliiefs, the vacancy is lilled hy tic; (icneral Council. The chiefs niay he deposed from (jflice for frross outrajic The custom of wearini;' medals in w wm ! ' !' 1 1 I S '1" () I{ Y, AM) ( ; n ^' E H N .M E N T . 'JT7 nil iuiricnt (iiic, lull i-^ iitikIiiiiH y ;;i'ii\viiii!' into disuse. 'I'licri' iirc lnii i'vw that wear tlioiii. Tlio iiic'liils rcovivcd IVoiii tlii' I'liitcil States ure valued and |)i-eserved, but not worn. i ! ; So. Tlie priestliooi ur iiliysic-niiikers do not constitute ji distinct iiouer in tin- jro\t'rii.;ient. 'I'liey d(, i,^i sit in tlie council as a prieslliooil ; and their ad\ice in poli- tical matters is not res( rteil to. Soinetinies, however, in local matters, their rDiiJiirn- tiiiiis have inlluence. The weather, ahuiit the time ol'tiie distriliutiuii of the aniiuitv, in soiiK^ parts of the nation, falls under the scrutiny of the pli\sic-inakei . .\nion,u' till' Creeks there is no suchthinu as sidliiiL,' or ceding' of lands. •• It is I'nr hk . I'm- titir. (iiiil fi'i' nil." Sdiiietinies. however, iinprovenu'iits are (hsposlied chiefs, or tliose of ack now led Lied wisdom. ar<' never adnnlled In >it in cniincil. S7. There is no definite nnderstaiidinir ainoiii;- the trihi's in rcjard to this m.iiter. The Creeks have a riiihl to summ- n a iz'eiierai council of the trihes. Tiiese councils may he calle' fu' any pnr|iose. and hy any of the trihes. .\ 'jenei'al coiiiieil of the tribes was held at 'l'alle(|uah. Clicioki'e Nation, about the \ear b'^ l-'l. .Notiiiii'.; of aiiv importance was transacted at it. Tliere is at present an (dliirt iieiie^ made to summon i\ ■ronoral council of the tribes sonie time dui'imr tlie next summer. .I'l S',1, Formerly the brother of the dec(>aseil axen^'cd the murder; if ilnre was no brother, then the m>arest ndative, .\u10n2' the Creeks, now. howevir. liie miirdcrer nnderiiiics a re-nlar trial bifore some of the leadiicj chiefs of tlie iiatiMn. and is ilca'.l with accordim;' to (heir di'cisidu. If an Inilian should innrdin' a iieuio. ihe law is satisfied v\ itii the \aliie of the neuro beiiiii' paid to the owner. The iiileiv riitinu of time and the lleeiiiL;' of the murderer. u<'nerally allay reseiiliiK nl and lead to compro- iiiises. After the annual '• busk." all od'eiices are caiictdli'd. There is no disi inction made ill the esliuiale of life between the male and lemale. Debts of licensed traders are sometimes broiiLdit before the council fir adjmlii'ation. 'i'lie (diiels t^eiieralh have ii suHicieiit knowle(li:-e of numbers to enable them to act with |irudencc. A iiiessaLie accompanied with ivaiiipuiii is never sent in case of private (bsputes or contruversios aiuonii the tribes. I :i I • I i\ !j i !l! I'll ' ! ■'\ h 'I ;i ( .1 M (I S. I : « '278 TRIBAL OR (i A N 1 Z A T 1 N, '.'0. 'I'lu'iv aro no nuinc laws in oxisti'iicc! anionir (lie ("rocks. Families liavo no ])artioular trai is as tlioir cxcliisivi' liuMtinij; iiround. 01 As to imlividiial Ixmndarios, there are none laid down. National boundaries ai'c M.' liairiirs to the eiti/vns of one nation settlin;^ in the limits of another. The iunitinii-irroiMids are not |>ar(Tlle(l out to families. ''■J. Cases of looal iiitnision do not arise, rnjiiry . Kacli hinitiuL; \>arly luakes its own rejrnlations for the distriliution of the uauu'. The |)(M-^on wIh' starts an aiiiii ,il and wounds it, is entitled to tiie skin. The meat is divided ai'ciMilini; to aiireeii'K-ut. Kacli one lia^s his own uaiue. In cases of tlicfls fi'oni tiaps. the ofl'enders are punished 1\\ law. '.•I. Tlie lril)es permit eacii other to hunt on their resi)eetive limits. 'I'liere is •sehloiu au_\ dillicidt\ on this suhject. '.'•"). JMirxN TiiMn:. — Wlml nn llir iiri/i'l/iti/ /'n/^ )iici ssiir'/ In In /.•/inir.i. In ri(/iil(i/i llii Imlitlii Irilih (III/ cniilllli I'll', iliiil In pri SI rri jiitli'ijill nlilliniis nil tllr Jriuitursf ( 'ouiuieii lal intercourse ha-i. in smiie respects, promoteil the jrenci'ai cause <)f iuilian ci\ iii/.aliou. The trallic in lurs and siiins is reduced to a ri-iridar system of barter. The dillicuilies and risks atteiiiliui;' it. are the damiers from \\\\<.'< and worms. Tiie LTi'Mi'ial eiianees o|' profit and loss depend upon the state eul to tiie lliiliaii-^ liy tlie Ijlited States ( lo\'eiMlllent. esjieeiMliy tliat part ill the shape ol' L'oods. does not cscajie tlii' ordeal of sjieciilatiou. in the Indian Teriitoi'\ . The liidiaiis. in a L'reat iiiau\' easi's, sell their elaiiii-< to tiiese piods, to tiieir own iicojilc cii_'ai;ed in trade aiaoiiL;' them. I'or about oiie-hall' their actual first cost. The coiiseipiriice i<. liiat when the rooils arrive, tiio.^^e iilost ill need of them ii:i\ethe sad ^atis|■aetiou of seeiui^ them |iass into the hands of tlK'ir own peoiile eiiLia'^ed ill speculation auiou.r liiem. The intercourse law forbids while |K>ple to embark in this sjieculatiou. 'i'liis part of the intercourse \\\w is Creek Imlian doi's not dejiend njjon the hiintinj;'. The credits iiro freely renewed, but they arc npon the faith of the annuity. nS. The tarifl" of exehnnue.*, uds among them ; as amonj^ the Clierukees. I>--, , i i 1' 1 -!• n I !■ ■:! 102. Not known. Ml"). The failure of the game, upon which many of the roving tribes depend almost exclusively for subsistenc'. will pro\e one of the most effectual causes to i, diice them to exchange their migratory for the more settled agricultural and mechanic life. It is ;i question, wheth'r the goods furnished by the aiuniities have contributed to the -try, happiness, and comiin't of the iK>ti\e Indian. Forty years aL'o. the Ci-H'l V ivc an mdus.i'KiU- pi lie; t' icy spun considerable cloth. :iud also mainifaetin'cil 'ts. l!ut uuw, they ar de]iarting from these good old iiabits of da\ s irone-hv, an 1 aie depcndini; npor, tbi> i'liportations of the niereh.iuts, Fven the'-bustl e, an ompaiiiment ol dress ii 'i\ili/ed life, mav oecasionallv be met with in the Creek nat ion. HM. The I'vil effects of the Indian trailc have been, in too many instances, that the Indian has imbibed all the vices of the white man. while the good has been left p 280 Tin PA L 1i(i AN 1/ ATION, ! "» entirely out of view. Forty years iiiio. liie Creelxs were ninni/. Mifn r. imd rlrhiniit. The trMllio in lU'iient spirits iiiis Immmi ii eiiiise cif niiiiouhted injury, anil, it is to lie leared, of (le|Hi|)nlalion anion'i tlio triln's, Tlie inlrniiuclidn of LrMn|><>\V(ler and lire- arms lias eontriltnted ;^reatiy to llie rapid diniinnliiin of the uanie. l-'ornierly, i.ie uame was suuiiht after, eN(dnsi\(dy. as a means nf actual sulisistenee. Latterly, it is son,i:ht more tiir trallie. The introduction of fn't'-arrus cun scarcely he said to have exerted any decided intlnence in favor either of peace or war. 'I'lii' roviuL' tiilies nnderstand very distinctly the deadly powei' of the rilie; and. whenever comii(died to oppo.-;e the arro\v a^iainst its dreaded elfccls. contend licyouil rillc-shot ; and only hope for success h_\- lakinir some imloreseen ad\anlai;c sucli as duriiii;' the intervids of loading'. (U' a skirmish in the woods, w here the trees fu'in a convenient hrea>twii'k. The principal cause of discord on the frontiers is scircely attrihutalile to tin' introduc- tion of tire-arms and tiieir accompaniments. Kut. on the other hand, it has arisen from the introductii'M of aident spirits and tiie transactions ol' unprincipled whiti- hen I'le laws in rei;ard t(» the introduction of ardent -spirits were \ men. \ cars auo. w \ery lav. il w.is \(iy little in ii-e. compared willi the pi'c-ieiit consumption. .Mora .M. sentiireiil anioui the I mlian-i tliemsel\ cs. will i |o more to check tiie f.Hlic and n^e of t 1 i:i i I e 'le'u ^oiK most strimiciit laws that can iio<>ilily he eiiacteil. ludilst r and liapnw iiitrnduce the meeli;inie arts, uiid a i'\' \\ HI make d tlil'ou'^h(Mit the ill liaii tei'iiturx . Introduce tl, ,!ppy era will lia\e pi! iitiee.^hip system ; i; • •/ them, and a lieuelit will ha\e lieell colil'en'e(| llpon the lllili;ill tli.'lt \\ M niaUt iii: iidii^ti'iou-: and happy. Tie' eoii(du^i;in in regard to inteuipei'ance and the iiilr(> ii' inn t'l aril. '.It spii'iis anion;.:' the Indiaiw. is lies: i' iii"'// hi III, i ril ,if II inllir, illii( I'll n I II iiii.^i ult> that liavf attended the phi!aiitliro]ilc elliii-ls that have IVoiii time to tim •n made, and ai'e at present ^oiin; on amoiej' tin- ( 'heiokees, Choctaws, CI III id Creiks. These tl'i!ies yielded their eoillltrv east of tlie .Mi.> tl 'issiiiiii. n iicKa-^aw s, idlereil dear to them ii\ the associiitions oi \iiinli. Siieir ti-adilions. and the 'ji'iues of their falller^ T ie\ had Irarneil the ijl'i at tiiilli- of ('hi-i>tianit\ . and th" ■ou uf airricnltiire and ili/.eil life: \ct tlie\ L'lr e iiM all. and soniiht a new lioine In the fai'-oir wilderiit anil lia\e niade in |le;i \^ ilileriiev,; iViiill'ul and rich liuiii^ and llomlshim:' xillajes. Sol if il ■,!• ^el'oi .~ ,ire of 11 hijli order. 'i"ic ;:ii-.[ii I ministry is widl attended. .'^iiiiie 111 ilieir I " -liiutioii- are purely repulilicui. ."lie people are increasing; in liuniliel'^. I'l iWells within iheir limit-, and plellteiiu-ne-< v. ilhiu theii' Imi'ders ; civ ll;/atloii I M,i| < liii-iliin prliii iple- ; ;eji paih iiiv mi'l the meeh.anic art ■■ ; and schooN. Willi the- piiiii;iiy and fn;ii'a'neni.:il ii!-inci|ile< of human ha]iplness, civ ili/alion among them i-^ no longer [iid''i ..'iatic..; ■I .1 HISTORY, AND CfOVKRNMENT. 2H1 100. Leoisi-atiok of Conohess. — Tlio intcrcourHo laws, ns tlioy cxlut, nro, in tlio innin, very g(M)(l. Tlio great ilifTiciilty iw tlicir not iM'iiig curried into ell'eet hy those whose duty it is to adminislcr them. It is seareely [iraetiealile that «// the diflicultie.i that arise hetween the tribert can he provided for. 107. DilHeultie.t and wars arise from local cau.scs in many cases that are unforeseen. The lu^groes that were brought in, under fleiieral Jessu|)'s Proelaination, during the Seminole war, threaten dillieulty l)etween the Creeks and Seniinoles. lOS. The faithful a|>|)li<'ation of these laws would do a great deal to secure nmre cflectually the rights or welfare of tlu; Indian. 10',>. Any modification of the provisions respecting the j.ayment or distrihution of annuities that would place them in the hands of tlic Indiiins themselves, or |irevent their annuities being bartered away, would be a charily and good work for the Imlians. Tliilr Inn/;/ fiiiuli^ if iip/il!ir/i(nii/ fn/iimfs, ain/ l/ir iiilriH/iiiiinii of Ifir iiicc/iiintr tirlx III) l/if ii/'iin iili<(n/ilp sijsion, irniiiil do ti i/nitt 'itid for l/idr (i»iit' forest as tliey could be at the seat of government. The ex|)enseH on the frontier, for subsistence, are heavy. An interview with the E.vecutive Head of fioverninent is beneficial ; but (,'ommissioner.s of the right stamp, sent among them, would be better, thus bringing the mass of the lu'ople into view with the Government. li;>. It is seldom that emigrating bands abide for long periods on their territoiies. We have not heard complaints of such tresjtasses. 111. Tlie Cherokees are suflici(>ntly iidvanced to lur.e their funds paid to a trea- surer, to be kept liy him, and disbursed by liim, agreeably to the laws of (luir local lc;jis|ature. ll'i. The payment of annuities, to separate heads df families, is most beneficial. 30 nt ,1 i! 282 Till II A I, OK (JAN 1/ AT ION, I I n Unilcr no (Miciinistaiiri's wliatcvi-r hlioiild tlic iirincipiil of mi liuliiiii luml l)0 paid t > tlie Iiiiliaus. W'ly tew are cajialjle ol' the wi.-^t- or prudent application of money. 11('>. — Nkw Indian (Iovkhnmkms wkst ok tmk Mississin-i. — The eleetive i'rancliisi! is open tor all wlio have reai'lied tlie a;:e of twentynme _V(•ilr^^. Some of tiie (rilies liavi! written eon.>'titiitionH, wliicji ari' deeidediy of a repnlilican eliaracter. Tliis is ju'iMdiarly tlie case with the CheroUees ami Ciioetaws. The ('reeks ari> still \\ilhoiit any permanent written eonstitntion, lait we In lieve the tinu' is not far distant, when tl lev Wl 11 \, prep iri'd to 1m; -'ovcrneil ii\ o )ne. Tin' eleetions amomr tiie Creeks aii liy freneral conneil and towns. (leneral ollieers ai'e i-lecteil \>\ the towns. Tlie inlhienee whieh some of the leadinir eliii'fs assume, without k'iny ipiestioiied hy the people, is the only point that wants guarding, to prevent the ahiise of the eledivt; franchise. There are no jn-operty tpialifications necessary to the exercisi; of tlu; elective franchise. The young men exercise this right at eighteen years of age. There are no rights surrendered uh a hoou or c'nuivalent for the general security- of life, liherty, and property. 117. Tl le i)ra( tical working of these governments, has liecn ver\' iMMieficial. Fioii time to time, modifications and changesi and new laws are enacted, as the wants of th(> jiedple seem to demaiiii. IIS. I17»(/ M /'/' /„l-ll/ .-/nil. iV reasoiialdy could he expcctcil. with every prospect of conliniiin enforcemciit of pulilic nidcr ha\e heeii adopti'il. OlVences are liy law. Clanships and sectional divisions are heing amalgamated, and many >if 'i'liese go\(i'nmeiits are as prosperous as I. i i: lli). — I'llol'KllTV. — \V/iiil iiliiis liin-r llii: Imliiiiix n/ I'i'i/mi/i/ .' 'I'licy lieliexc firinih- ri'jitli accrued to them from the (ireat .^spirit. From the earliest times, the Indians have professed very correct idoa.s of />/•/(•<(//' i-iijlil". In war, all spoils taken from the enemy hecame the property of the individual captor ; and the propeil\- thus accpiired. as wi'il as all other, descemled in the fennile line. They have also \fry eorrt'ct views of the lnjul ideas of property. Some lielicvc that rights formerly came from war and hunting. Might, it is helievcd, has :ioiiietimes constitiiliMl riulit with the Indian. In the incursions of one trihe against another, the weaki'r retired from heforc the stronger: restitution was never trivcn. Thev have alwa\s reco;;nised the ri'dit to take evers advantai"; of tl le oiieiiiv in Iwtth l"jn. IJight was originally ohlaineil In th<' first occupancy of the teriitory : and this rii;lit was coiisiderecl valid, iinh'ss forfeited in war. They have no clear views on the remainder. IlISToltY, AND (ioV KIINMENT. :.'h;i 121, The ili'si'cnt of propcrlv is lisoil. It is willed iih the |i!ircii(M pIciiM'. Itiil if no will iii'.w JKH'ii iiiiiili'. the prDpcrtv ri'Viits to the chililrcii. Itiit in ca.-c (.f inaniiijc willi II willow, with children, her property reverts to her <'hildren \>y her liisl hnslpinid. The idde.st son is entilled only to an eipial poilioii with the rest. A written will is hindinu. A verlial will, estahlished hy two responsiM,. persons, is valid also. If there has heeii no other disposition niaile of |he medal, it ^oes lo the eldest Hon. In rornier limes, all relies were taken possession of hv the deceased nister'n oldest son. IJiil now they are the snhjeet of le;;aey as other proper! v. \'2'2. (Hdif^ations, in rejrard to deht, are considered liindin'/. 'I'i nie does not diniini.sh these ohlipitions amonj? the Creeks. 'J'he Indian does not consider ill-luck in hmitinjr, as exonerating; him from payinj: his dehts. Th^y are not prone to .sink individuality, after a time, into nationality, and to seek to provide for them in that manner. The Creeks are punctual in the payment of their delits, Tlie\ set a hi,i:h value on real property. e\actin,u' for it its real worth, nor do they part with it readilv, nor for inadcipiale sums. There have heen instances of makin;.; more than one I'onveyance of property, liut these cases do not often ai'ise now. 1^ I t '.. I ^1 I: r ' i 1 Si H :• J* ,.' > J. :y N Tl ;l 10. MASSACUUSKTTS INDIANS. WiiKN tlu! Kiijilisli liuuU'd in MiwHacliiiMcttH, in Idl'd. tlicif were hoiiic twenty tiilwH of linliaii!* in the prcM nt aivii ol' New Knjrlanii. ^'|l('llkin}i o>j;iiiil»' (liiilfcts. Tlii'V were hunters ami (isliernien. in the lnwesl slate ol" liarharisni, Mh\ thonjrh tliey never Inid lieen, a|)|>ai'entiy, (ienr iocentiy HnlU'i'eil much, I'min a jreneral epidemic. In their manners and halts which the pretended converters in other countries have .'^nappeil at. One mi;jht see amon^' them what an hard master the devil i-. to the most devoted of his vassals. These ahject creatures live in a eonntiT full of mines; we have already m:ide entrance upon our iron; and in tlu' very surface ot' the ifroiind amon_' us, there lies copper eiioiiirh to supply all this world; hesides other mines hoon^. ,ind the like, which they have when they can 'If ■ (I Hi ! I •'•I! * : i I 1 1 11 9 h \l IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) h // ^ i< l/.x v.. 1.0 I.I |25 ■uuu IL25 i 1.4 m 1.6 O^ [ ?; . ;: J 1)1 m .1 ,1 ' m ij Xi I . 1 ■ I, i: si' ' F t ^1 ■ •:■ jr- I ~ fr i ^ i f'f ■i 's / li § in '■ i 'M \ ! .1 I 'M lii P ' *. !Mi t * 3' s' p .r 8J t 1 t^ IP! ' k '•■H 1'' ■- ; 1 i' ■ : ' i ■ :-' i: i! 1 Htt 9 y il I'' TRIBAL ORGANIZATION, ETC. 285 catch them ; as also a little fiHli, which, if they would preserve, 'twas hy drying, not by salting, for they had not a grain of salt in the world, I think, till wo bestowed it on them. Their physic is, excepting a few odd specifics, which some of them encoun- ter certain cases with, nothing hardly, but an hot-home, or a poinaw. Their hot-house is a little cave, about eight feet over, where, after they have terribly heated it, a crew of them go sit and sweat and smoke for an hour together, and then immediately run into some very cold adjacent brook, without the least mischief to them. 'Tis this way they recover themselves from some diseases. But, in most of their dangerous dis- tempers, 'tis a powow that must be sent for; that is, a priest, who has more familiarity with Satan than his neighbors. This conjurer comes and roars, and howls, and uses magical ceremonies over the sick man, and will be well paid for it, M'hen he has done ; if this don't effect the cure, the man's time is come, and there's an end. " They live in a country full of the best ship-timljcr under heaven, but never saw a ship till some came from Europe hither; and th"n they were scared out of their wits to see the monster come sailing in, and spitting fire, with a mighty noise, out of her floating side. They cross the water in canoes made, sometimes, of trees, which they burn and hew till they have hollowed them; and sometimes of barks, which they stitcli into a light sort of a vessel, to be easily carried over land ; if they over-set, it is but a little paddling like a dog, and they are soon where they were. "Their way of living is infinitely barbarous; the men are most abominably sloth- ful, making their poor squaws or wives to plant, and dress, and barn, and beat their corn, and build their wigwams for them ; which, perhaps, may be the reason of their extraordinary ease in child-birth. In the mean time, their chief employment, when they '1 condescend unto any, is that of hunting ; wherein they '1 go out some scores, if not hundreds of them, in a company, driving all before tliem. " They '1 continue in a place till they have burnt up all the wood thereabouts, and then they pluck up stakes to follow the wood which they cannot fetch home unto themselves ; hence, when they inquire about the English, ' Why come they hither ?' they have, themselves, ver^- learnedly determined the case, It was becanse we wanted firing. No arts are understood among them, unless just so far as to maintain their brutish conversation, which is little more than is to be found among the very beavers upon our streams. " Their division of time is by sleeps, and moons, and winters ; and, by lodging abroad, they have somewhat observed the motions of the stars ; among which it has been surprising unto me to find, that they have always called Charles' Wain by the name of Paukunnawaw, or The Bear, which is the name whereby Europeans also have distinguished it. Moreover, they have little, if any, traditions among them worthy of our notice ; and reading and writing is altogether unknown to them, though there is a rock or two in the country that has unaccountable characters engraved upon ! I I! 'HJ si it t,i n lif! 286 TRIBAL OlMi ANIZATION, ' ■■ n m J ' iff"' (J! A .;' 1'^: il^fi fJ r n tS 'I I if I 'Ml [I it.' All th(! religion they liavo amoiiiits unto thus nuich ; tlioy helievo that tliore are many goiik. I'rov. xx\ 85, Ilund Nutclic)^. Job ii. '). 3l). Finger Muhpuhkiikiiuaitdi. Dan. v. B. •iT. Nail WuhkoHH. Dan. iv. ;W. Wuhkn.s. Deut. xxi. 1 38. Breast Wolipatinoir. Lev. vii. 30. 3!». Body Nuhog. Luke xx. 19. Mark xiv. 22. My in N •*0. Leg AVuliknnt. Song of Sol. v. I'l. I'lu. iu r(n/(. 1' ■ll. Navel Wenwe. Song of Sol. vii. 2. •*-• Tiiigh WeIi(|uao8li. Dan. ii. ;J2. 43. Knee Mukkuttog. Job iv. 4. I'lu. in o,/. •14. Foot Wuseet. Rev. x. 2. 45. Too KetiilMiim.sit. Lev. xiv. 25. 4''- Hi-'el Wogquan. Jer. xiii. 22. Phi. in . Wlioiit. 14ii. Oiita. 147. rotntoc. 148. Tuniiii. 14!t. I'oii. i:.0. Hyo. l')1. Uoiiii. 1.')2. Molor. Monnskootnaqunsli. Lov. xi. 5. 1")!?. Sciuimh. i:)4. Hiirloy. nOTANtCAL TERMS AND VEOETARLE KINGDOM. ir>r). Tree Mehtiig. Job xl. 21, 22, xv. 7. 15G. Log Uhtiikq. ir.7. Limb Wuttuk. Zucli. vi. 12. Lsa. x. 3!). 158. Wood Uhtiifrcuw. Song of Sol. iii. 0. 150. Post Nepattunkiiuon. Isa. vi. 4. Post of n door. lUO. Stump Woiiiiiinnnk. Dan. iv. 15, 23, 20. IGl. Pine (^unonuIii|uii. Isa. xiv. H. Fir-tree. 1G2. Ouk Nootimcs. Isn. vi. l;5, i. 30, xliv. 14. 1G3. Ash Moniinksoli. Isn. xliv. 14. 1G4. Elm. 1G5. Ba8.' .Wapwekanog. Lev. xi. 10. I'lu. in ii/. .Wohhokgicg. Lev. xi. 10. TIu. in {(j. 230. Rass. 240. Sturgeon. 241. Sunfisli. 24'^. rikc. 243. Catfish. 244. rcrch. 245. Sucker. 24(). Minnow. 247. Fin 248. Scale 240. Roc. 2. ADJECTIVES. In tl.o Algonquin group of languages, the adjective is finnislicd with a transitive inflection, to denote the dim of the object, of the ijiialitij of which it is intended to speak ; and these transitive forms arc the simplest, in which all words denoting the properties and (pialities of bodies are orally found to exist. In that language, the two classes of objects which impose rules of construction upon the speaker, in the use of adjectives, are those pusscssiui/ and those wantimj life, or vitaliti/. The adjective roots or primitive forms of the adjective, are therefore always incumbered with' ii transitive inflection, to make certain to the hearer the precise class of objects spoken of. Thus, waub\a the root-form of white, hh or iM, is a declarative particle, but if it bo intended to describe a white person, the particle i^zie is added; if a white inanimate substance, the particle is changed to au. Denote whether this mode or any analogous one exists in the language of which you furnish a vocabulary. 250. White Wompi. Mat v. 36. 251. Black Mooi. Song of Sol. i. 5. 252. Red Musqua. Isa. Ixviii. 7. 253. Green Ashkoshqui. Song of Sol. v. 16. 254. Blue Oonoag. Ex. xxxix. 1, 2. 255. Yellow ^Ves6ag. Rs. Lwiii. 13. 250. Great Missi. Luke x. 2. 257. Small Pcasi. II. Sam. xii. 8. Hair. i. 0. 258. Strong Mcnuhkesu. II. Sam. iii. 1. John ii. 14. 250. Weak Noochumwis. II. Sam. iii. 1. Isa. xvi. 10. 200. Old Kutchis. Isa, xx. 4. 201. Young Wuskc. Rev. v. 9. Lev. xxii. 20. Isa. vii. 21. 202. Good Wunnegen. Isa. v. 20. Gen. i. 4. 203. Bad Matchet. Isa. v. 20. 264. Handsome Noonot. Song of Sol. i. 14. 205. Ugly. 260. Alive Pamotog. Luke xxiv. 5. 267. Dead Nuppuk. Luke xxiv. 5. -^8' I^'fc Pemoantooonk. Isa. xliii. 4. Sub. in onk. f, f il • k ■ :' i :. I I' i i ¥ 3 A- ■')) 'i -I !i 206 TRIBAL ORGANIZATION, 200. Dt'iUli Nuppooiik. Prov. vii. 27. Sul). in o/i/c. 270. Colli Kussopt'u. Rev. iii. IT). 271. (.'olil SoiKiiR'st'ii. llcv. iii. 15. 272. Sdiii' Sooj^. I'rov. X. 2<). 273. Swi'ft Wcekon. Eccl. .\i. 7. Isa. v. 20. 274. Pepper. 27"). Suit. 2TtJ. Bitter Wesogk. Rev. .\. 10. Isa. v. 10. In jjivinij; tliesc examples, the substantive foiiiis, Nos. 208, 2G0, and 274, 27<''), arc given in innne- liiatu connection Avith the adjective, for obvious reasons. i ,r il:i nm Ht Si- i: m 3. PRONOUNS, PERSONAL AND RELATIVE. The genius of the Indian language, to which reference has been above made, which rerpiires tlmt adjectives should have a transitive inflection, also imposes a similar rule of transition on the pro- nouns, which are perpetually rc(iuired to show whtther the class of objects to which they apply be animate or iiumimatc. It is the sueecdaneum for gender; and there is, as a conseiiuenee of so general a principle luiving been taken, no concord required in that class of languages, to denote the niiuculine and feminine. State whether the personal, relative, or demonstrative pronouns, be transitive or intransitive. 277. I Ncn. Job xxxiv. 38. 278. Thou Ken. Josh. x. 12. 270. lie W. 280. She W. 281. They. 282. Ye Keneau. Luke xxii. 20. 283. We, including the person addressed. 284. Wc, excluding " " Nenawun. Isa. xvi. 10. f This person, or animate being. ,, , ,r • -.« ■,-, 285. -^„„. \. ,. ,. . , Ycuoh. Mat. XXI. 10, 11. I. This object or tinng (uianimatc). i That person or animated being. \ That object or thing (inanimate). ( These persons or animated beings. I These objects or things (inanimate). ( Those persons or animated beings. \ Those objects or things. 280. All Wame. Mark xiv. 29. 200. Part. 201. Who Howan. Mat. xxi. 10. Luke viii. 45, 46. fWhat. 202. - What person. I^What thing. HISTORY, AND GOVERNMENT. 207 293 -f ^^'''''''' P'''"^°"- ' I Which thing. 4. ADVERBS. 294. Near rasoo. Mark xiii. 28, 29. 295. Far off Noondtit. Isa. xlvi. 13, xlix. 1. 29(3. To-day Keshukuk. II. Kings xxviii. 6. 297. To-morrow Mohtompog. I. Sam. xxxi. 8. Saup. Ex. viii. 10. 298. Yesterday. 299. By and by. 300. Yes Nux. Mat. xvii. 25. 301. No Matta. John. vii. 12. Mat. v. 37. 302. Perhaps. 303. Never. 304. Forever Mitchcme. Isa. xxvi. 4, xxxiv. 10. Mat. vi, 13. 5. PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL TERMS. 305. Above Waabe. Isa. vi. 2. 300. Under. 307. Within. 308. Without. 309. Something — m. 810. Nothing — n Matteag. Luke xxii. 35. Isa. xl. 17. 311. On Ohta. Lev. viii. 30. 312. In. 313. By. 314. Through. 315. In the sky. 316. On the tree. 317. In the house. 318. By the shore. 319. Through the water. 6. VERBS. The simplest form of the Indian verb which has been found orally to exist in the languages examined, is the third person singular, present tense, of the indicative mood. The infinitive is only to be established by dissection. If this rule prevails in the language known to you, the cqiii- valents of the verbs to eat, to drink, &c., will be understood to mean, he eats, he drinks, &c., unless it be otherwise denoted. I^'M i - .' . 320. To cat Meetch. Job xxxi. 8. 321. To drink Wuttat. Isa. v. 22. 322. To laugh Haha. Eccl. 18, 12. 38 Mark viii. 2, 8. t. ' ii 298 TRIBAL ORGANIZATION, 32^. To cry Mauoo. Luko viii. 52. Eccl. iii. 4. 324. To love Womon. Song of Sol. ii. 9. 32"). To burn Chikosw. Lev. iv. 12. 326. Towiilk rapaum. Zach. vi. 7. 327. To run Kcnoos. Zach. ii. 4. 328. To sec Naush. Rev. vi. 3. 320. To hear Noota. Luke viii. 8. Gen. iii. 8. 330. To speak Noowa. Zach. ii. 4. 331. To strike Nuttogkom. Jer. xxi. G. 332. To think Mehquontam. Isa. xlii. 18. 333. To wish. 334. To call "Wclikom. Isa. Iv. 5, (!. 33."). To live KuppaniantaiH. Isa. xliii. 4. 33t!. To go Monchek. I. Sam. xxix. 10. 337. To sing Nukketoo. Isa. v. 1. 338. To dance Puraukom. Eccl. iii. C. 33il. To die Nuppoo. Gen. xxv. 8. 340. To tie Upponam. Ex. xxxix. 31. 341. To kill Neshehteani. Eccl. iii. 3. 342. To embark. PARTICIPLES. (1.) !i ' ! 343. Eating. 344. Drinking. 345. Laughing. 340. Crying. SUBSTANTIVE-VERB. (2.) m K. ;| m 347. To be, or to exist. 348. You are. 340. He is. 350. I am that I am Nen Nuttinnien Nen Nuttinnien. Ex. iii. 14. ; *. * h.i ^•' (1.) Analogy and examples denote that there are no elementary participles ia the aboriginal tongues, but that the sense of the equivalents generally returned, is, he (is) eating (is) drinking, kc. ( 2. ) Conjugations are effected in the Indian languages, by tensal inflections of tlie pronouns and verbs. The entire absence of auxiliary verbs in the languages was observed at an early period. The Indian who is constantly in the habit of saying, I sick — I well — I glad — I sorry — was naturally supposed to speak a language, which, however rich in its inflections and power of description, had no word or radical particle to denote abstract existence. Such does not, however, appear to be the case in the Algonquin, from a scrutiny of some of the Scripture translations which have been received, and a comparison with their vocabularies. But the subject still requires examination. So HISTORY, AND GOVERNMENT. 2519 fill- as can lie juJged, the term for abstract existence is of very limited use, and never, in any ease, appears to i. employed to express jxission, emotion, siiffcrinfj, or cnjoi/ment. In this view, the forms No. 348, 349, arc added. It is apprehended that no precise e(|uivalent for S.'JO — the test phrase proposed by Mr. Duponceau for the verb — can bo given. In the Algonquin, however, the phrase Nin dow iau Liun has been rendered literally, I — (the') body — I am. The whole question turning upon the primary meaning of the root-form Iau or Iah.= ' As there is no indefinite article in the language, the [inclusive] term hero is merely inferential. ' The almost exact identity of the sound of this word with the Hebrew verb To He, HtH Las not escaped notice. ;. * 1 ) : i 11 ! i'l' 1 A "l J fi • '1'.' -I, «^'! 11. FORMER INDIAN POPULATION OP KENTUCKY. It is known that, while the present area of Kentucky was, at the earliest times, the theatre of severe Indian conflicts, stratagems, and bloody battles, these efforts of fierce contending warriors were made by tribes, who, during all the historical period of our information, crossed the Ohio from the West. The fierce Shawnee and wily Delaware remained in the country but for short times. They landed at secret points, as hunters and warriors, and had no permanent residence within its boundaries. Such •were the incessant bloody attacks and depredations nuide by these and their kindred tribes, both prior and subsequent to the American revolution. The history of that State was, indeed, bathed in blood, and sealed with tlie deaths of some of the noblest and freest of men. At an early day, the head of the Kentucky River became a favorite and important point of embarkation for Indians moving, in predatory or hunting bands, from the South to the North and West. The Shawnecs, after their great defeat by the Cher- okees, took that route, and this people always considered themselves to have claims to these attractive hunting-grounds, where the deer, the elk, buffalo, and bear abounded — claims, indeed, who.se only foundation was blood and plunder. The history of these events is rife with the highest degree of interest, but cannot here be entered on. The following letter, from one of the early settlers of the country, is given as showing the common tradition, that, while the area of Kentucky was perpetually fought for, .as a cherished part of the Indian hunting-ground, it was not, in fact, permanently occupied by any tribe. The writer's (Mr. Jo.seph Ficklin's) attention was but incidentally called to the subject. His letter, which is in answer to a copy of our pamphlet of printed inquiries, bears date at Lexington, 31st of August, 1847. " I have opened your circular addressed to Dr. Jarvis, agreeably to your request, and beg leave to remark that I have myself an acquaintance with the Indian history of this State from the year 1781, and that nothing is known here connected with your inquiries, save the remains of early settlements too remote to allow of any evidence of the character of the population, except that it must have been nearly similar to that of the greater portion which once occupied the rest of the States of the Union. There is one fact favorable to this State, which belongs to few, if any, of the sister States. We have not to answer, to any tribunal, for the crime of driving off the CJiOO) TRIBAL ORGANIZATION, ETC. 301 Tndiiin trilx's, and [josscssiiig their lands. There were no Indians located within our limits, on our taking po.ssession of this country. A di.seontented portion of tlic Shawnee tribe, from Virginia, broke off from the nation, which removed to tlie Scioto country, in Ohio, about the year 1730, and formed a town, known by tlie name of Lulljogrud, in what is now Clark County, about 30 miles cast of tiiis place. This tribe left this country about 1750, and went to P^afst Tennes.see, to the Cherokee nation. Soon after, they returned to Ohio, and joined the rest of tiio nation, after spending a few years on the Ohio River, giving name to Shawnee-town in the State of Illinois, a place of some note at this time. This information is founded on the account of the Indians at the first settlement of this State, and since confirmed by Bhwlc-hwf, a native of Lulbegrud, who vi.sited this country in 1810, and went on the spot, descril)ing the water-streams and hills in a manner to .satisfy every body that he was acquainted with the place. " I claim no credit for this State in escaping the odium of driving off th(> savages, because I hold that no people have any claim to a whoh; country for a hunting or robbing residence, on the score of living, for a brief period, on a small part of it. Our right to Northern Mexico, California, and Texas, is preferable to any other nation, for the simple reason, that we alone subdue the savages and robbers, and place it under a position which was intended by the Creator of the world, as explained to the father of our race." il 11^ ! I K\ i V ' j i'i 1: -i ^ t !'', I'J. MENOMONTE AND CHIPPEWA HISTORY. ! I ii u 'm » . t * I '» nV OEOROE JOHNSTON. The Chippowas and Menonioiiios arc known to us by many traditions and incidents of deep interest, -which will be in due time submitted. The originality of the fullowiiif!; tra(Ution is of a cliaracter wliieh can l)e viewed disjunctively, and commends itself to notice. Tlie Indian is prone to trace important events in iiis ]iistor_\- to small, and apparently improbable causes. We have heard of no Indian wars of any note, of an ancient date, but those against the Foxes, in which the Menomonies figure as one of the chief actors. Their connection with the Algon- quin family, and their speaking a peculiar dialect of it, lead to the supposition that they were, at an ancient period, more closely alTdiatcd. Traditions of this kind, liowever mi.\ed up with improbabilities, may enable us hereafter better to compre hend their history. That they fell out with their neighbors, relatives, and friends, for a small thing, is an event by no means novel or improbable. — H. R. S. T R A D I T 1 O N. Long before the white men had set loot ui)on the Indian soil, or made any discovery of this continent, a bloody and most cruel war took place, and the existing present warfare between the Sioux and Chippewas, originated at this early period. At the mouth of the Menomonie River, there existed an extensive Menomonie town, governed by a head chief (name unknown) of great power and influence, who had the control of the river at its outlet. There existed also four Chippewa towns upon the river, in the interior portions of the country, governed by a chief whose fame and renown were well known. Tiiis Chi|»pewa chief married the Menomonie chief's .sister. The two tribes lived happily together as relatives and allies, until the Chippewa chief's son had attained the age of maidiood, and at this period the Menomonie chief gave directions that the river should be stopped at its mouth, in order to prevent the fish, and particularly the sturgeon, from ascending it. This high-handed measure caused a famine among the Chippewas, who inhabited the interior portions of the country upon the river. (,W2) ■t>t r'r TRIBAL OIIGANIZATIUN, ETC. 808 The Chippewa chief was inforiued that liiH brother-in-law, tlio Menomonic chief, had dirf \-\ that the river «hoiild Ije I)arred up at its outlet, in order to prevent the finli ascending the river, and thereby cau.sing the existing famine among the Cliippewaw. Upon the information received, the Chippewa chief held a smoking council with his tribe, and gave directions to his son to visit forthwith his uncle, the Menomonic chief, and request him to throw open the river, in order to allow the fish to ascend, and thereby stop the existing famine. In the mean time, the Menomonic chief heard that his nephew was preparing to visit him, and the chief immediately gave directions to have a small bone taken from the inner part of the moose's fore-leg, which was made pointed and sharpened. The Chippewa youth, in obedience to his father's commands, proceeded on his voyage to visit his uncle, the Menomonic chief, and, upon his arriving in the Menomonic town, proceeded to call upon him, and besought him, in a respectfid nuvnner, to throw open his river to relieve their brethren and starving children. '• Very well," replied the haughty Meuomonie chief; "you have come, my nephew, to request me to throw open my river, alleging that your people are in a starving state. All I can do for you, my nei)liew, is this ;" and taking the sharpened bone with his right hand, and with his left hand seizing his nephew's hair upon the crown of the head, passed the bone through the skin, between it and the skull, and letting go of his hold, the sharpened bone remained crosswise upon the youth's head. " Now," said the chief, " this is what I can do, conformably with your request." The young Chippewa withdrew himself from his uncle's presence, without making any comments upon the reception lie had met with, and immediately proceeded on his way homewards, encamping several nights, and avoiding the different villages, finally reached his father's village, with his head covered, and on entering his father's lodge, he laid himself down without saying a word, or uncovering his head. The heralds soon proclaimed this fact throughout the village. On the following morning the young man broke silence, and called for liis ftither's messengers, and ordered them to cut and mix a sufficient quantity of tobacco for the whole tribe. When the tobacco was prepared, he was informed that it was ready, and he forthwith directed that the elders and all the braves and warriors should be sent for, and when all were assembled, the young man got up and uncovered his head, and showed to the assembled multitude the condition he was in, and the bone still sticking upon the crown of his head, and his face .and head much inllamed. He related to them the reception he had met with from his uncle; .and then addressing himself to his father, said to him, "that he must not on this occasion say a word of dissuasion, for it would be of no avail." lie then addressed the tribe, and told them that he was shamefully treated, and that they must prepare their war-clubs, and be in readiness to sttirt on the following morning. The consent was unanimous, the war-party was formed, and on the following morning they took their departure. The young m.an w.as on this occasion the leader and war- chief. On reaching the Menoraonie town, strict orders were given to take the ' ! ,11 I , I' 1 . I I !l } :■: ' I 1." i ) ;l i;i M :n ! 804 TRIBAL ORGANIZATION, ETC. - :il i V l^jif' in prinoipal MiMiomoiiic chiot* alive, and to dcHtroy all who rcsiHteil. TImh order was I'lilly obeyed and put in execution, for every living 8oul in the town met with their lUtc from an exasperated foe : the Menomonie chief excepted, and who had been overpowered by many, and now lx)und with leather thongs, and without hopes of esi'jipe. The young Ciiippewa war-leader then ordered young men to catch, on the .slioaJH of the barred-up river, small sturgeon of various sizes. One was selecteil of the size of a carp, and the bound Menomonie chief was then accosted by his nephew, romiudetl that ho had caused the outlet of the river to be barred up, causing a grievous famine among the Indiana who inhabited the interior jxirtions of the country, and for that outrage, and the penurious love he bore for the stiu'geon, so he would Iks permitted to keep and cherish that fish. The young man then gave orders to push in the chief's fundament a small sturgeon of the size above referred to, and he was then allowed, when unfettered, to reflect upon liis folly and to seek his tribe. The barred-up river was thrown open, and soon relief reached the famished Chippewns. This was the commencement of a war to be replete with nunders and cruelties unparalleled in Indian history. The Menomonie tribe then passed their wampum belts and war-pipe to the following tril)es, and formed an alliance with them. Sacs and Foxes were engaged in this warfare against the Chippcwas, together with the Pottawatamies, Kickapoos, Winna- bagoes, Sioux, Opanangoes, Shawnees, Algonquins, Nautowas, and Wabanakees. Fortunately the Chippcwas had three mighty and valorous warriors, of great power, at the Sault Stc. Marie. The principal leader was Nabanois, of the crane totem, the principal and great chief at La Pointe, of the tribe of Ah-ah-wai, (whose name is unknown at this period.) and the great chief and war-leader of Nipigon, of the tribe of the king-fisher, or Kish-kemanisce. The latter chief pushed his warfare east, among many tribes, and finally reached the Atlantic coast, in pursuit of his enemies. His hieroglyphics have l)een di.scovered on one of the islands in Boston Bay ; ' the same also exist on Lake Superior, near the Yellow-Dog River, and also upon the north coast, near Gargantwois. This chief pursued his enemies with unrelenting fury, during summer and winter, and maintained and kept possession of the Chippewa country. One of their great war paths was Tidiquahminong and Manistic Rivers, and from Chocolate River into the Shoshquonabi, and another from the L'ancc Kewy- wenon and down the Menomonie River." This may possibly be an allusion to tho inscription on the Dig'iton Rock. - 13. NOTICE OF THE MISCOTINS AND ASSIGUNAIGS, TWO EXTINCT TIUin-:S, WHO I'RKCEDEI) TIIK AI.fiON- QUINS IN THE OCCUPANCY OF THE LAKE BASIN.S. Among tlio tnulitioiis which lloat ia the niiiids of tlio Algoii(|iiiii trilK'.s wliu (icciipv the shorea of the upper Lakes, are tlie iiaiiios of tlic two now miknown tribes which are mentioned ahove. Over these tliey recite triuniplis, in a long continued war. The residence of the Miscotiiw is identided with vestiges of iiuniiin ial)or and residence at several points on the siiores of Lakes Huron and Miciiigan. Tiiey are represented as having been driven south into tlie general area of tiie present States of Illinois and Wisconsin. What relates to these allusions, may bo stated as follows : Fishing vessels of the leading maritime nations of Europe, api)eared on the haaUs of Newfoundland in the early part of the 16th century. Denis commaniled one of these, in loOG, and Aubert in 1508. Cartier, who coasted along the rugged and barren shores of Newfoundland, the "Ileluiland" of the Scandinavians, in Ib'oi, having discovered the gulf and river St. Lawrence, ascended the latter, the following year, to Lake St. Peters, in one of liis sliips, whence he jjroceeded, in boat.s, to the island of ILwhchtga, the present site of Montreal. He found a large and populous town of Indians at this place, who, it is perceived from his short vocabulary, were of the Iroquois stock. These were subsequently found to be the ancient tribe known to us as Wyandots, whom the Frencli, as Charlevoix tolls us, named Hurons, from the wild manner of dressing their liair. The Indians, probably mistaking a generic for a specific question, and Cartier a specific for a generic reply, supposed they called the country " Canada," when the word evidently only meant that part of it included in the town. These Indians occupied also the eastern and southoni shores of the St. Lawrence, extending westward to Niagara and south-east to Lake Champlain, and were thus in juxtaposition to the other Iroquois Cantons. They were expert canoe- men ; they descended the St. Lawrence during the fishing seasons, to the Gulf. In the improved map of the North American Coast, published at Amsterdam in lG-')4, the country around Lake Champlain is called " Irocosia," which denoted the exclusive- ness of the occupancy of the country east of the St. Lawrence and west of the Sorel, by that people at the date of the Dutch settlements. 39 (305) n 11. ■ : i ( i hi i:^ Iv i 1 ■'! aot( Till HA 1, ()U(i AN IZATION, '■ ? m W\ \ f i'l (ij fc (1 On till' ()|)|)(wito or iKirtIi Hlinrcs of the Sf. r,ii\vron('(' the l-'rciicli fniiii(l a peo|ilo i-pcaUin^ II (liUcrcMt liiii;^iia^;i', wlm were, Iuwcvit, on li'ini^ willi tlic WmhkIoIm, anti whom ("olili-n. Ibllowiiig Hie early Kri'ncli aiitlioiM, rcpn'McnlM an oxccllinj^ tlio InKHioin in military Hkiil and renown. 'I'liis norllicrn |)eo|)le traeeil tlieir origin to tlie iiigli antl monnlainons tra<'t of lakes and elills wliiidi utretciies I'rom the xonreeM of the I'tawas ri\i'r (piite to the enti'anee of the Saj^nenay, at 'radoiisac. 'I'liey are referi'ed to hy the early Kreneli writers as Mi>iilt(i/ilc a/ the jxMiltv shorca. Thus it was only a descriptive ti'rm, without denoting nationality. The Algonipiins extended up the I'tawas, ami from its sources south, west, and north, spreading through the entire area of the Upper Lakes. It is not known when they fust reached tlie.so lakes. After their defeat in the St. Lawrence valley, by the li'o((uois, they abaniloncd that valley, anil joined their kindred west. History (iuds lliem. early in the Kith century, seated about the shores of fjakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior. Their traditions state that they had reached the.se lakes //vy//( lli<- cn^l. They were divided into numerous local l)ands bearing, generally, some local name, but (lill'ering in scarcely any appreciable degree (except in those niinu'e tribal iic'cn!i;irities known only to themselves) in hmgunge, looks, maimers, or customs. At the eiirlic.- was early called, and is still known U) the Algonquins as, Ottawa I-ake. The tribe of the Missisagies * lived first at the river of that uiime, on the north shore of tiiat lake, between Jji C'loc/w and Point Tcssalon. We find them, in Kjo'S, on the shores of Lake Ontario, between Genesee and Niagara rivers.' ' Arc wc to understand this phrase as being derived from ice, miqunm., or Heiivor, JImikf ' Tims, ncmr i.s the infhiitivo to danec, .W-mc-tPin, a dance; Ke-ac-dn, to speak ; Ke-ijr-dn-irin, a speaker. ■'' The germ-word here, wliich is sometimes gnma and sometimes gnmr, means water, — it is the clement denoting sea, great hike, bay, arm of the sea, &c., in compounds. J]g and rg arc phiral inflections animate, anil, when thus employed in iniininiato nouns, render the subject noble. The graniinatical rule, in the Alf:(iiii|uin, is, that all nouns ending in u vowel are rendered plural, in the inanimate, by the letter n, and ill ill" aiiiniiitc, by g. * The term consists of an Kn^'lish phiral in s added to the .Mgonquin phnise for a wide-mouthed river. There is, therefore, no notice of nalinnality, a word which must be exclu.sivcly sought in the languiig.s Their language is pure Algonquin. ' Kdilkntcs. i' i i m 11 I ST o II Y, AND (H) V E II N M K N T !i07 Tlic Nipi'icincaiiM, who ivio ilofiiu'il tin- tint' Alj?c)ii(|iiiii>; l>y micit'iit wriN'r?*. livcil ut l.iikc Nt'iiis.siiig; tln^ (Kljil)\viiH on tlic MtniitM of St. Miuy'rt iiiid on tlic nhoir.s of Iiiikc Sii|i('i'ior. Otliiwii and (!liipp»'\vii tnulitioii r'>prp.soiit.>( tllo^«• tiilics iil lir.st us coming into hoMtilo I'olliHion, US a nation, witli a |)i'upli' «|io appear to hiivo hfon tliiir prciIccc-'KorH in tlm lak This collision \vc (ir.st licrtr of on tin inner shores of tlie ishiml of l*orta''unas( niul on tiie imrrow peninsula oi' I'oint P' ionr, Lake (I u'"n, the latter hein;; tiie western capo of tlio entranco into the straits of St. Mary's. They fought and ilefeated them at tlirci' Ht'veral places, and drove '"in west. I'd Miis primitive people, who appi'are(l to rule in th(> re^'ion idtout iMiehilliinai kiuMc, they ^'iive the name of Mushkodains, or Little I'rairie Indians. Chuseo, an ajred Ottowaof Michillimaekin i- ; invarialily used the word in it.s i/iiniinifirr and ii/iini/ forms, namely. Mnsh-kinhiins-u^ ; Ihiil is to say, I'liijili nf till Lilllf I'nilrir. lie spoke of them as the people wlmm the .\l!j;ompiins drove oil", and he invarialily referred to them when ([ueslioneil alioiil ancient hones and caves, in (lie rej;ion of Michillinnickinac. They had majiicians for their leaders. Their war-captain es('a[ied, the tradition says, nniler-)>rouml, in the liattle at I'oint Detour. They lied on this occasion up the coast to Michillimackinac, and so, liy dejirees. into Lalu' iMichifran liy its eastern shores, whence their traditions I'ollow them as far south as the Washtenonjr. called flranil River liy the French. Tlicsi' .Musliko- dains they repicsent as powi'rfid and subtle, and excellini^ themsehi's in arts anil necroman<'y.' They depositi'd [\w human lK)nos, he said, fouml in ca\('s at .Micliilli- niackiuac. They are the authors of the trenches (ilk'd with hiiiiiaM liones on Menissin,^ or Kound Island, in Lake Huron. The Otlawas attrilaite to them the small mounds and the old jrardeu-lieils in Grand River ^'alley. and at other places, and, ill slidit, they point to them for whatever in the anti([uities of the country tiiey cannot exiiliiin or aci'diiut for. Who these Little Prairie, or Kire Indians were, is uncertain. Are we not to rcfrard them as the lust Mascul'ms of the early French writers? Were they not coteinporary in the Lakes, with the Assignnaigs, or l5one Indians, s|ioken of bv the western and Lalve tribes'.' \o reasonaiile doiibt can exist on this subject. They are names evt'r in tin; fnre^iround of Algonipiin history, and tiiese jieople ajipear to have fought for tiie possession of the Lake country. I5y them the ancient ossuaries were probalily constructed ; and we have considered the facts in vain if they were not the nations who worked the ani-ient co[)[>er-mincs on Lake Superior. They a|>i)ear to have passed south by the present sites of (Iranil River and (-hicago. The similarity of the ground form of the names for "prairie" and Hro may have ' Latterly known na Druniniond IsliinJ. • My iuCoruicr wii.s u jiwakooJ, and laiil iiiucli stress uii tlie suiiurinrily wliicli tlii' art of necromaney inipurtcd. 'V Ih , I J 1 I I : i ; V ■, 1 ,. li i I \h I 1 15' 1 ! ■ ■ , f 1 1 I 1 ! : 1 ft ftli '.;M'! I ; i f Will' ! H i ■at, ' if Wiiri ,?'§ 308 TRIBAL ORGANIZATION, ETC. led to confusion in tlic niiiids of writers. Mu.shcoo.si is gra.'t.M or herbage in general. Lshkoda means lire. The only dillerencc in the root form is that between Ushko and l.sliko. Algonquin tradition, as given by the Ottowa chief, Kc-wargoosh-kum, in 1821, represents the separation of the Chippewas, Ottawas, and Potawatomies to have taken place in the vicinity of Miehillimackinac. Chusco, the jossakeed, who died in 1838, makes the Ottawas, with a very pardonable vanity, to have been the most valiant tribe in the war against the I'rairians or Muskoda men. Ishqiia-gonabi, chief of the Chippewas on Grand Traverse Bay, and a man knowing traditions, denotes the war against muskoda men or dwellers on Little Prairie or Plains, to have been carried on by the Chippewas and Ottawas, and in this manner he accounts for the fact that villages of Chippewas and Ottawas alternate at this day on ihe eastern shores of Lake Michigan.' Ofsigunac, an Ottav a chief of note of Penetauguishine, says that the Ottawas went at first to live among the men called the Potawatomies, about the southern shores or head of Lake Michigan ; but the latter used bad medicine, and when complained of for their necromancy, they told the Ottawas they might go back towards the north if they did not like them.' They had made a fire for themselves.' This is the sum of what I have been able to glean about the predecessors of the Ahjoiiqu'uis of the Lakes. ' Travels in the central portions of the Missis-sippi Valley. ' MSS. Journal of Notes and Researches at Jlichillimaclcinac and Detroit, between the years 1833 and 1838. ' The word Potawatomies means makers of fire, — a eymbolio phrase, by which is meant, they who assume separate sovereignty by building a council-fire for themselves. £ 'i. ': i J 14. ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND CONDITION OF THE CIIICKASAWS. The following tradition respecting the origin and history of this branch of the Appalachian f\iinily, is transmitted by their agent from the present location of the tribe, Avest of the Mississippi River. It has been obtained from the most authentic sources. The allegory of the dog and pole probably reveals the faith of this people in an ancient prophet, or .seer, under whose guidance they migrated. The story of their old men, as it is now told, runs thus : f ' I By tradition, they say thev came from the West; a part of their tribe remained in the West. When about to start eastward, they were provided with a large dog as a guard, and a polo as guide ; the dog would give them notice whenever an enemy was near at hand, and thus enable them to make their arrangements to receive them. The polo they would plant in the ground every night, and the next morning they would look at it, and go in the direction it leaned. They continued their journey in this way until they crossed the great Mississippi River; and, on the waters of the Ala- bama River, arrived in the country about where Iluntsville, Alabama, now is : there the pole was unsettled for several days ; but, finally, it settled, and pointed in a south- west direction. They then started on that course, planting the pole every night, until they got to what is called the Chickasaw Old Fields, where the pole stood per- fectly erect. All then came to the conclusion that that was the Promi.sed Land, and there they accordingly remained initil they emigrated west of the State of Arkansas, in the years 1837 and '38. While the pole was in an unsettled situation, a part of their tribe moved on East, and got with the Creek Indians, but so soon as the majority of the tribe settled at tlie Old Fields, they sent for the party that had gone on East, who answered that they were very tired, and would rest where they were a while. This clan was called Cush-eh-tah. They have never joined the parent tribe, but they always remained as friends until they had intercourse with the whites : then they became a separate nation. The great dog was lost in the Mississippi, and they always believed that the dog had got into a large sink-hole, and there remained ; the Chickasaws said they could hear the dog howl just before the evening came. Whenever any of their warriors get .,! ! !:■!* ft-; I' i; :- »■ > rj I :lil ilil ri ; .i -, , ,. »r!'. ;!io TRIBAL ORGANIZATION, sc;il|is, tlicy give tlicin to the boys to go and tlirow tlicm into tlic sink where tlie dog WHS. Aftur throwing the scalps, tlie hoyn would run oil' in groat fright, and if one should fall, in running off, the Chickasaws were certain he would be killed or taken prisoner by their enemies. Some of the half-breeds, and nearly all of the full-bloods, now believe it. In travelling from the west to the east, they have no recollection of crossing any large water-cour.se except the Mississippi River. When they were travelling from the West to the Promised Land in the East, they had cneiuies on all sides, and hud to fight their way through, but they cannot give the names of the people they fought with while travelling. They were informed, when they left the West, that tliey might look for whites ; that they would come from the East ; and the}' v;ere to bo on their guard, and to avoid the whites, lest they should bring all manner of vice among tliem. They say that they believe in a Treat Spirit, that they were created by him, but they do not believe in any punishment after death ; they believe that the spirit will leave the body as soon as they die, and that it will assume the shape of the body, and move about among the Chickasaws in great joy. When one of the Chickasaws dies, they put the fmest clothing they have on him ; also all their jewelry, beads, &c. : this, ihey say, is to make a good appearance so soon as they die. The sick are frequently dressed before they die. They believe that the spirits of ail the Chicka- saws will go ])ack to Mississippi, and join the spirits of those that have died there: and then all the spirits will return to the west before the world is destroyed by fire. They say that the world was once destroyed by water; that the water covered all the earth; that some made rafts to save themselves; but something like large white beavers would cut the strings off the raft and drown them. They say that one family' was saved, and two of all kinds of animals. They say when, (or before.) tlie world will be destroyed by lire, it will rain down blood and oil. When the}' are sick, they send for a doctor, (they have several among them.) after looking at the sick a-whiio, the family leave him and the sick alone. He then commences singing and shaking a gourd over the patient. This is done, not to cure, l)ut to find out what is the matter or di.soaso: as the doctor sings several songs, he watches closely the patient, and finds out which song pleased : then ho determines what the disease is : he then uses herbs, roots, steaming, and conjuring : the doctor frequently reconmiends to have a large feast : (which they call Tmisli-jxi-'i/ino-jifiii/i ,-) if the Indian is tolerably well ofl', and is sick for two or three weeks, they ma\- have two or three Tonsh-pa-shoo-phahs. They eat, dance, and sing at a great rate, at those feasts ; the doctors say that it raises the spirits of the sick, and weakens the evil spirit. Tlieir traditions say that the white people are the favorites of the Great Spirit, that he taught them to communicate with each other without talking; that no matter how far they are apart, they can make each other understand; that he also HISTORY, AND GOVERNMENT. 311 taught the whites how to live without hunting; and he instructed them to make each tiling tlicy want: hut he only taught the Indians how to hunt; and that thoy had to get their living hy hunting or perish : and the white people have no right hunt. They say they got the first corn just after the flood; t"'-.t a raven Hew o\ r them and dropped a part of an ear of corn, and they were told to plant it hy t ■ Great Spirit, and it grew up; that they worked in the soil around it with tiieir fingeis. They never had any kind of metallic tools ; that when they wanted logs or poles a certain lengtli, they had to burn them ; that they made heads for their arrows out of a white kind of (lint-rock. They say that it has not been more than a hundred years since tliey saw cattle, horses, and hogs. After their settlement in Mississippi, they had several wars, all defensive; tliey fought with the Choctaws, and came ofl' victorious : Avitli the Creeks, and killed several hundred of them, and drove tliem ofl"; they fought the Cherokces, Kickapoos, Osagos, and several otiicr tribes of Indians; all of whom they whipped. A large number of French landed once at the Chickasaw Bluff, wliere ]M(>inphis (Tennessee) is now, and made an attack on the Chickasaws, and were driven off with great lo,ss. At one time a large body of Creeks came to the Chickasaw country to kill tiiem all off, and take their country. Tlio Cliickasaws knew of their approach, and built a fort, assisted by Captain David Smith and fort3--five Tennesseans. The Creeks came, and but few returned to the Creek Nation to tell the sad tale. The government of the Chickasaws, until they moved to the west of the Mississippi, iiad a king, whom they called Mlnko, and there is a clan or family by that name, that the king is taken from. The king is hereditary through the female side. They then had chiefs out of different families or elans. The highest clan next to Minko is the Shu-n-a. Tiie next chief to the king is out of their clan. The next is Co-lsh-(o, second chief out of this clan. The next is On-^h-pih-iic. The next is Min-nc ; and the lowest clan is called Iln-v-co-nd. Eunners and waiters are taken from this family. When the cliiefs thought it necessary to hold a council, they went to the king, and requested him to call a council. He would then send one of his runners out to inform the people that a council would be held at such a time and place. Wlien they convened, tlie king would take his seat. . The runners then placed each chief in his proper place. All the talking and business was done by the chiefs. If they passed a law, they informed the king of it. If he consented to it, it was a law ; if he refused, the chiefs could make it a law if every chief was in Aivor of it. If one chief i-efused to give his con.sent, the law was lost. The large mounds that arc in Mississippi, the Indians have no idea of; they do not know whether they are natural or artificial. Tliey were there when they first got to the country. They are called by the Chicka.saws, navels. Tiiey thought that the Mississippi was the centre of the earth, and those mounds were as the navel of a man in the centre of his body. i I ,1 J I -i I 1 1 ; ! I '! «t 1 f * u ■JM ). ■; 312 T 11 1 15 A J. U II (i A N 1 Z A T ION, E T (J . irn M So (Ur the tradition. Their present .state is this. In their agreement with the Choetaws west of the Mississippi, when they purchased an interest in the country, they agreed to come under the present Choctaw laws, which are a republican form of government. They elect a chief every four years ; captains, every two years. The judges are elected by the general council. The Choetaws have nothing to do with the money affairs of the Chickasaws, nor the Chickasaws with those of the Choetaws. All appropriations made for any purpose by the Chickasaws, are made by the chiefs and captains in a council. Under the new government, they have improved more in the last five 3'ears, than they had done for the previous twenty years. They have now under-way a large manual-labor academy, and have passed an act to establish two more, one male and the other female. The Chickasaw district, (the country that all the Chickasaws should live in.) is well adapted to all their wants, and is largo enough for two such tribes. It lies north of Red River. It is about 225 miles in length, and 150 miles in breadth. All of the False Washita River is in their district ; a part of Blue Boggy, and Canadian Rivers, are in it also. The funds of the Chickasaws, in the hands of the Government, for lands ceded to the United States, are ample for the pnrjioses of educating every member of the tribe, and of making the most liberal provision for their advancement in agriculture and the arts. Possessing the fee of a fertile and woU-watered territorial area of 33,750 square miles, over which they .ire guaranteed in the sovereignty, with an enlightened chieftaincy, a practical representative and elective system, and a people recognising the value of labor, it would be difficult to imagine a condition of things more favorable to their rapid progress in all the elements of civilization, self-government, and permanent prosperity. !f ■lii ■•11 n VI. TNTELLECTUAJ. CAPACITY AND CIIA- llACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. Id (:5i;i) '!i^ m m ■tfM h n i-Ai S!i Mm :|if VI. INTEIJ.KCTUAI. CAPAriTV AM) CllARACTKR OF THE INDIAN RACE. A. Mvilidlcii'v ami Orul Triulitii J!, li I'ict.. iphy. ()i- till' topii's wliicli luiiv he oiiiploycd to denote the iiieiitul ehiirueter ami eiqiiieities of tlie ;il)()rijiiiu's, the principles of tlieir lanjiiuiges — the stvle of tl leir orutoi'v — tlie oral iniajiinative lodge lore wliieh they possess — and their mode of ooinniunieatini:- ideas l)y tlie use of syniholie and representative devices, are the most prominent. The two latter have heen .selected on the jjresent occasion. One reason tor this choice is the little infornnition we have lieretolbre had on th(> snlijects. Krom a verv earlv age, the Indian of North America has heen ohserved to l)c a man possessing a liexlhie and imaginative mythology; to he prone to indulge in theories of co.- the want of a true knowledge of the Deity, and a historv consistency, lias often I)een ingeniously supplied hy oral relations ol niogony, in w •1 hicii he in iTS, W hicl nnicii pretensions to tlie rets of spiritual 1 constitute a new species of literary machinery, and wlio siipph an outlet for the exhiliition of wild jioetic feelings, and fantastic theories of the acts and loin I's of spirits, giantSj dwarfs, monsters and men. Anotl ler ver\- striking moii le of setting forth these heliefs. and exhihiting this miraculous agency, exists in tlie rellex inlluenco of tlie curious devices which they iiave, from the discovery, l)een found to draw, in a rude way, on scrolls of hark, trees, rocks, and various suhstances, and which they denominate Ke-ke-win. IJotli the tales and the drawings illustrate their modes of thought on life, death, and a future state, and are eminently characteristic, traits. I ■■', I .-. 1 ^s i I A. A 150 1! K; !N A I- MVTIIOI.OCY AND O 1! A I. 'I' I! A I) I T I ON S. Mi'ii ]. ll'(ii|iliils Cii-^iiinjxony. 'J. Alli';.'iirii:il Tiinlilioiis iit' tlii' ()iii.'iii uf Men; — nl' tlio (nid ManiilmzlKi ; — ;iihI (if llio iiitriiiliiiiioii (if Mc(liciil Mii^xic. •"). AllcL'niy of tlic Oriirin aii'l llistury uf the ()s!ij.'('3. 4. I'litiiwiiloniir Thcoldirv. ."i. 'I'll,' I-I:ui.l n|' (he IJlcssi'il, or tilt' llmitci-'s Orcaiii. (I. '{"lie t'litc ol' ilic 1!cm1.I1(M(1,'(1 Maj,'iciaii. 7. 'i'lu' M.'iL.'ii' C'ii'clr in the I'raii-ic. 5. Tlu' ilistni'v (if the Littlp Orphan wlm weiirs the Whili' Foatln'i'. r: I . ■;i \< In (lin>('ting iittciitioii tn tlic iiitclk'ctiiul cliaraotor, capucitii's. and idiosviicrasics of tlic al)oiiiiiiial i'mcl' — a .> was changed into a white rahhit, and, nnder that form, is considered as ii great spirit. The fourth was Clio- kanipok. or the man of Hint, or the lire-stone. The first thing Manaho/ho did. when he grew uj). was to go to war against Cho kanipok. whom he accused of his mother's death. The cimtests between them were frightful iiiid long continued, and wherever they had a combat the face of nature still shows signs of it. Fragments wi'iv cut from !iis llesli. which were transformed into stones, and he liually destroyed Chokanipok by ti'uring out his entrails, which were changeil into vines. All the llint-stoues which are scattered over the ciirtli were produced in this way, and they supplied men with the principle of lire. Miuiiibo/.ho was the iiuthor of jtrts and improvements. Ho taught men how to niiike agakwnts.' lances, and arrow-points, and all iniplements of bone and stone, and also how to make snares, and trajis. ;md nets, to tidvc animals, ami birds, luid lislies. He and his brother Chibiidias li\ed retired, and were very intimate, planning th-inus lor the good of men. aiul wi'ie of superior and .surpassing powers of mind and body. The Maiiitos who live in the air, the earth, and the water, became jealous of their V- Axes. , ■;l I i if lis 1 N '1' !•; L r- K ( ' T i: a i- c a p a c i t \ and I , ■ ■! 1 \) 1 ^r gri'iit power, 1111(1 ('(Hispiivil aniiiiist tliciii. Miiiiiiho/.lio had wnnifil liis KiotluT aj^uiiist tlicir iiiiic-liiniitiiiiis, miil ciiiitioiicd liiin not to scpunitc liiiiir^clt' IVoiii his side; liiit one (liiy Cliiliialms vciitiircil uloiic on one of tlii' ((I'ciil liuki's. It was winter, iiinl the whole siirliU'c wiis covered witli ice. Ah soon iis he hiul reached the centre tlie mali- cious Miiiiitiis hroUe the ice, and pliiii^jed liiiii to the hottoiii, where they hid his hody. iMuiiahozlio waih'd along the fliori's. He wa<^eil a war against all tlie Manitos, ami jirecipitati'd niinihers of them to the deepest abyss. He called on the dead l)od\' of his hrother. lie put the whole country in dread hy his lamentations. lie then besmeared his face with blacU, and sat down six years to lament, utterim;- the name of Chibialiiis. The .Manitos consultt'd what to do to appease iiis melancholy and his wrath. The oldest and wisest of thi'in, who had had no hand in the "leath of Chibiabos. oll'ei'ed to nndcrtake the ti.sk of recniiciliation. They built a sacred lodge close to that of Maiiabo/iio. and ])reparcd a sumptuous feast. Tiiey pnicuivd the most (U'licioiis tobacco, and lilled a pipe. They then ass<'nibled in order, one Ixdiind the other, anil each carrying under iiis arm a sack formed of tlu! .skin of some favorite animal, a.s a beaver, an otter, or a lynx, and filled with precious and curious medicines, cnlied from all i]lants. Tiiese tiiey exhibited, and imiteil him to the feast with pleasing words and ceremonies. He immediately raised his head, uncovered it. and washe(| oil" his mourning colors and besiiiennnents, and then followed them. When lhe\ had reached the lodge, they olVered him a cup ol' liipior ])repared from the choicest iiieiliciiu's. a-i. at oih e, a propitiation, and an iiiitiati\-e rite, lie drank it at a single draugiit. lie found his melancholy departed, and felt the most inspiring elli'ds. 'i"lie\- tiien commenced their dances and songs, united with \arious cen'inonies. Some shook tlK'ir bags at him as a token of skill. Some exhil)ited the skins of birds Idled with smaller iiirds, which, by some art. would hop out of tin' throat of the bag. Otliers slioweil curious tricks with tlieir drums. All danced, all sang, all acted witli the utmost gra\ity. and earnestness of gestures; but with exactness of time, motion, and \iiice. Manabo/ho was cured; iii^ ate, danced, sung, and smoked the saereil pipe. in this manner the mysteries of the flrand Medicine Dance were introduct'd. 'i'he jicf'i't' recreant .Manitot's now all unitt'd their powers, to bring Chibiabos to lite. 'I'iii'v ilid so. and l)r(juglit him to life, but it was ibrbidden him to enter the lodge. They gave him, through a chink, a burning coal, and told liim to go and preside over tlie country of souls, and reign over the land of the dead. They lild him with the coal to kimlie a fn'e for his aunts and uncles, u term by which is meant all men who should ilie thereafter, and make them hajipy, and let it be an everlast- ing lire. Manabozho went to the (ireut Spirit after these things. He then desciMided to the earth, and condrmeil the mysteries of the medicinc-dancc, and supplied all whom lie initiated with medicines for the cure of all diseases. It is to him that we owe the i:rowth of all the medical roots, and antidotes to evoiy disea.se and poison. He coni- ('II \ I! A err, I! ((K Til K I N l»l A N |; \ mils 111!' ;jrip\Mli III' llicsc lo .Misiikmiii'';ik\v;i, or lli I' limllirr ..I rl ic iiiiikcs (illi'i'iims M,i iiiaiiDzJH) tiaviTMcs the wliulf I'lirtii. lie is tiu' iVicinl nl' mail irll, . I. n- Uilhfi iiiicit'iit monstci'H wlioso l)()iK's \vi' now sec imdfr tlic ciirlli ; niiil clfaifd tlic sti iiikI f'oi our rosKiciicc of many obstructions wliicli tlic IJad Spirit iiad put tiicrc. to lit llinii lor lit" has ])I)u;(mI lonr ^ood Spirits at tlic lour cardinal points, to wliidi we i)oint in our ceremonies. The Spirit at the Xortli liiv es snow and ice. to eiialile men lo pursue ^iiiiiie and 'I'l 'lie Spirit of the Soiit nicl ons, niai/c. am toiiaceo. I'he Spirit of the West ^iscs rain, and the Spirit of the Kasl. li^ilit cominands the sun to make his daily walks around the earth. Tli I h ami III umler IS Ih e V'OK'C til rits. to wiiom we olUu- the smoke ol' sa-maii (tolmceo). Ill an immense Hake ol lee in the Or, can. Manaho/ho, it is Ixdicved, yet lives i We fear tiie white race will .some day discover his retreat, ami drive him oil', 'I'licii uid ill lak ol the wor d (1 is at \- 1 ind, for as .soon as he puts his loot on the earili a.-ain, it h i\e :irc. and every liviii;;- creature jicrisli iii the llames 3. A I.I, i; (J OH V or tiik O h i t; i .\ a s i> Ifi,^ TiiK lollowin^- tradition is taken from the nlll ro u v o I' T n ]■: Os .\ a i;s. St. r louis Suiicrin- ne niiicial records ol tendency. The Osajics believe that the llrst man of their nation came out of a ,i It i .1 I ;, l\ M l 'if M [r^ ! i! '^^ ! '1 ■.\2() INTi:i,l,K('TI A I- (A I'ACIT V A N h tlio (inline iIimI iIic (Nii^'ci^ tin mil kill lln' Kcinrr. 'riir\ iilwiivs ^4U|i|I(ini'iI tliiil liv killing llic liiMVcr, lli('_\ wi'ic kiiiiii;; llif (K-^ii;ii'H. •I. I'liTT A \V A T(IM IK T 11 K () l,l)(i V. It is liflit'vi'd liy llic I'littMwatoiiiics. tliiit tlicro arc two (Irciit S|iii'its, wlio f.'(>\i'i'ii tin' workl. OiR' is ciillt'd Kitrlu'iiioiit'ilo, ui' (lie (Jrcat Sjiiiit, llic iitlicr Matcln'iiKairilc), (ir tlio Evil S[)irit. Till' lirst is pidil and liciit'fu'cnt ; tl liicr wickiMl. Siiiiic IjciicM' that tlii'v aiv ('((uallv iiuwoii'iii. and they nH'cr tlu'in Imiiiagc and adoratiitii tliroiiuh li'ar. OtluT.s doiilit which of the twi) is most iiowcri'iil, uiiil ciidca\()r to |iri)|)itiat(! Iidtli. The j.n'catcr part, however, believe as I, /U/dJa/.m/ do, that Kitchciiumcdo is the tine (ii'cat S|iii'it, who made the world, and called all things into heing; and thai Matchemonedo oiiirht to ho di'spiscd. When Kitcheiiionedo (irst iiiaile the world, he (illed it witii a class of hciiij^s who (inly liKihil like men, lait they were perverse, niiuratel'id, wicked dous. who ne\cr raiscil tiieir eyes I'roiu the ulsed he fell down and died ; the second, Wapako, or a iiumpkin, shared the same fate; the third, Eshkossimin, or melon, and the fourth, Kokees, or the bean, met the same fate. Hut when Tamiii, or Moiitamin, which is iiuii::i\ presented himself, she opened the skin tapestry door of her lodge, and laughed very heartily, and gave him a friendly reception. They were immediately married, and from this union the Indians sprung. Tainin forthwith buried the four unsuccessful suitors, and from their graves there grow tobacco, melons of all sorts, and beans; and in this manner the Great Spirit provided that the race which he had made, should have something to offer him as a gift in their feasts and ceremonies, and also something to put into their ((/ivr/'.v or kettles, along with their meat. |!f r4 f I f T- h«t, ; . t rilA II .\( TKIl OF TIIK INhlAN ltA<'|':. il'.'l r». TiiK Isr.ANi* OK Tirn Ml. KssKii; mi tiik llrNTKii's I) in: am TiiKiiK wiiM (ini'c II iK'iiiitiriil /\r\, wlio dird .siii|i|i'iil\ mi iln' i|;i\ .sh r Wilt III lin\ ( Ik'C'M muri'ii'ii tn ,i IiuiiiIhoiiu- vmiii^' Iniiitcr. Ilf li;i fiij(i\.'(l tilt' |iiiii-ic,s of Ills (rilic, Iml his ImuiI \nms iml pinor n.^niiist tli v WHS III) iiiiiic iii\ III Cir ll( loHH. Kroin tlic lioiir slic wiis luiiicil. llicr Went oftL'll to visit the .s|i(it wlii'ic tlii« woliicii liiiil Imrii-I Iht. nml when, it was tlinii^'lit l)y soiiif ol' his IViriids. hr umiM h;,M. i|,,||,. ImIIit theld the object of his search in iinother canoe, exactly its connteri)art in everything. It seemed to be the shadow of his own. She had exactly imitated his motions, and the}' were side by side. They at once pushed out from the shore, and began to cross the lake. Its wa\es seeme(l to l>c rising, and, at a . Thus they were in perpetual fciir; but what added to it was the clearness of the water, througli which they could .see heaps of the Ixmes ol' beings who had i)erished before. The Master of Life had, however, decreed to let them pass, for the thoughts and acts of neither of them had Ijeen bad. But they .saw many others struggling and siidving in the waves. Old men imd ^oung men, males and females, of all ages and ranks were there : some passed and some sunk. It was only the little children, wlios(> canoes seemed to meet no waves. At length every difTicult^' was gone, as in a moment, and they both leaped out on the happy island. They felt that the very aii' was l()()d. It strengthened and nourished them. They wandered together over the blis.sful (lelds, where everything was formed to please the e\e and the ear. There were no tempe issitudes the year ror.nd. As spring returns, the Indians who have been out during the winter, in tlie iiunting-grounds. come bacl< to their villages in great nnmbeis. and, in a siiort time, tliey have notiiing to eat. Among them, however, there are always several who an^ willing to glean tiie neighboring woods for game ; these remove from the large villages, and usually go olf in separate families to su})port themselves. One of these families was composed of a man, his wife, and one son. wlio is called Odkshedoaph Waucheentonoah, which signifies The ('hild of Strong l)esir(>s. Tii(> latter was about fifteen years old. They arrived, tlie first day, at a [)lace which they thouglit suitable to encamp at. Tiie wife li.wd the lodge — tlie husband went to hunt. Karly in the evening ii(> returned with a deer. He and his wife being tired, he requested his son to go after some water, to the river near l)y. He replied that it was dark, and he dared not go. No persuasion availing, tlie fatliev ijrouglit it. There was a village in the \icinity of this i)lace. in which was a warrior of another tribe, called the Hed-llead, who was celebrated for his braveiy and his warlike deeds. The young men of the neigh!)oring villages had attempted, in vain, to take his scalji — lie was too powerful and subtle for tiieir valor or cunning. He lived on an island in the middle of a lake. The father told the son tiiat, if he wa.s afraid to go to the river for water after dark, lie would never kill the Reil-Head. The young man was greatly mortified at these olt.servations — he would eat nothing, neither would he speak. The next day he asked his mother to dress the skin of the deer, and make it into mocca-sins lor him — while lie busied himself in making a bow and four arrows. Without speaking to his father or motiier, he departed at sunrise in the morning, and " ■ ) ] ; :■ 1 1 I ,111 ii'i ; \ !:.'■ ai •! :M :^v,r H24 INTELLECTUAL ('AI'Af'ITY AND -I Hi ..ii't! Ut .1} *? ■lib ft ;;!? lirt'il Olio ol'liis iirrows. which IMI towiirds tlic west, wliich lie tuok lor hix course. At niirht Ik^ raiiic to tlic jilaco wln're liis nrrow liiiil I'mUcii. ami, to his joy. lio foiinil it in a ilorr. ( )ii !i piiM^o of this he I'castcd. 'I'li' next iiioniinu' he llrcd nnothor. and at u\'j.\\t iio round it ill another deer. In this uianiicr he lircd the Innr, and was t'([ually lortuiiatc^ wiliiall; and what was \('ry sinuiilar. hr carclcssiy K'ft all of his arrows stickini;- in tin- (•ar(>assc's of the divrs ho had killod. Duriiii;' tho lil'th day ho was in ureat distress — having- nothinjr to cat. nor aiiythini^ to ohtain food with. Towards ninht ho throw himself upon the ground in utter des- |iair. coiK'lnding that ho niiglit as well ])orish tlioro. as go farther and iiiei't with the same end. lint soon lie heard a hollow ruinhling noise in the ground Ijoneath him — he sprang u]). and disoo\ored at a di.-tanee a figure like that t)f a hiiniaii lieing, afar oil', walking witii a stick, in a wide hard path leading from a lake to a cahin. in the middle of a largo prairie. To his sm-priso this c;d)in was near to him. He aiiproachcd a little nearer, and cdncoalod himself. lie sdon discos tacd that the figure was no nihor than that terrihlo witch Wokoidxaldohn /ooeyah'pee Kahhaitchee — or the Little <>li| Wiiman who makes War. Ilor path to the lake was ])erfectly solid, from her frocpicnt \isits to tho water: and th(> noise our adwnturer had heard was occasioned hy her striking her walking-stick upnn the ground. On tiie top of this cane were tied hy the toes i)irds of every leather — who, whonovor the stick struck the earth. Ihittered and sang in concert their various songs. She entered tlie cahin, and (nnperceived hy him) laid oil' her mantle, which was entirely made nf the scalps (if women, liofuro folding it slu! shook it se\i'ral times, and vvi'vy time thos' scalps uttered loud and repeated shouts of laughter, in which the old hag jdinod. Ndlhin'.: could iiave frightened iiim more than these sounds, which he coidd in no mauMor account for. Al'ti'r she had laid hy the cloak, she i-nne directly oi him: she iuiviug known wherc^ lie was all tho while. She told him neither to li'ar nor despair, for she would !)(> his friend ami protector. She took him into lii'r cahin, and gave him a supper. She iiKpiired his motives for visiting her. He gave her his history, and stated his diUlculties. and tlie manner he had heeu disgraced. She cheered him, and assured him he would he a l)rave inuii yet. His hair lieing wvy short, she took a largo leaden c((ndi. and after drawing it through several times, his haii' hecame \er\- long. She then |)rocoeded to dress him as a female, furnishing him with the iiccessai'y garments, painting his face in a heautiful nnmner. and presented him with a hasin of shining motai. She directed him to jnil in his girdle a hlade of that wide grass, tho edge of wliich is very sliar|i, and to go in the mnrning tn the hank" of tho lake, which was no other than that where I'ed-Head reigned. Slit^ ad\isod him that there would he many Indians on the island, who, when he used his hasin to drink with, would discovcu' him, and come to him to solicit him to he their wife, and to take him across to the island. Thi.s lio was to rofu.se. and say that he had come a great way to he the wile of : ! t CHARACTER OF THE TXDTAN RACE. ST. Ki'(l-II('ii(l ; iiiid tliat if lio ooiild ii(,t cross witli his own ctiiioe for her. lu' sliould return to I us villa'ic, Soon lii'd-II I' III won Id coiiic 111 Ills o\vn canoe, in which h( h was to cross to consent to hecoinc iii wile; and in the evening;' hi; iiiiist iiuhic'' iiini t( wallv, wiien iii' was to take tlio first convenient opportunity :)ir iiead Wltll the blade of uras Sir ;ave him also I'lieral aiuice ol le manner lie was to duct liinisell", to sustain the assumed characler of a woiiian. 11 is fears would scarcely i>i rmit hiiii to accede to tiiis ])Ian ; hut tiie recollection ol' ids lathe and looks decided him. Karly the ne.\t morn the hank of the lake. lie left the ca iin ol the o Id w omaii. aiK took k his wa\- to II e arri\ed at a i)laci' directly oppo: ite th Head. It was a heautiful day; the lu'avens weic clear, and the sun shone with ,ureat radiance. J le had not sauntered loii.u' upon the beach, display iiiij; his basin (which ii'listeiied astonishingly) to those on the island therefrom, before ma liv h ■eipiently dipping- the water and drink ny came to see him ; am all wl lo saw, ailnurm^ his dres :s and ]iersonal charms, becanio suitors and I" ■oDoseil marriatic All oilers were reiected. as the witch had advised. At leuiith the Hed-ilead. heariiiL; of tl le speech ot this won if th derful u'irl, en d ■ossed m his own canoe, which was manned bv his own men and the ribs of which were made of living rattlesnakes, who were to warn him of all treachery and defend him from his enemies. Our adventurer had no sooner stepped 111 to the canoe, than they commenced a terrible liissiim- and rattl llii'. w hid 1 nearly ■Iv frightened him out of his wits. They were pacified and finally (juieti'd by Ht'd-IIoad. whose proposals were accepted. The fancied bride immediately emlxirked with him, and, after landing upon the island, the inarriag(> took place, and the bride made various valuable presents to Red-Head, which had been furnished by the hag. As th >y were sitting; in the ibiii of Ued-IIead, around whom w as CO numerous relations, the mother of Hed-IIead reiianU'd with an atteiit lected his ive ev'c. for a long time, the face of her new danghti'i'-in-law. From this scrutiny, she was (irmly convinced that this singular marriage augured no good to her son. She drew her husband to anotln'r part of the lodge, and disclosed to liiin lier susi)icions. "This can be no k inali (aid sh Th le liiiim! and maniu'rs, the coiintenanci spe iallv, the e.\|iressi( and, more Her bus- Ill of the eyes, are, beyond donbi, those of a man. band immediately I'ejected her sus|)icions, and rebuked her se\erely for the indignity olVered her daughter-in-law. lie became so angry, that, seizing the hrst thing which came to hand, which hapi)eiicd to be his [lipe-stem, and one of a good si/e. he beat his wife in a most unmen'iful manner. Upon incpiiry, the s|:)ectators wen informed of the cau.se of the diflicnlty; soon niii' so uross am after which our ad\enturer, rising, told Hed-Head that, after receiv outra'ieous an insult from his relations, he could not think of remaininu; with 1 nil as his wife, but should return at once to his own vill [iw am I friends. He left tlie lodui } 1 . |! 326 INTELLECTUAL CATACITY AND followed by Rod-TTead, and walked until lie eiime upon tlio l)eacli of the island, near tlie plaee where he lirst landed. Red-Head entresited hiui to remain, lie uracil every argument and every motive which he thoujiht enuld have wei,i;ht, hut they were all rejected. Diirinn' this conference, they had .seated themscdves upon the jiround, and Ked-Jlead. in irivat sorrow, had I'eclined himself ui)on our adventurer's laj), who used various means to soothe him. and oecasioiialiy yielded ajiparently to liis desiri' to havi> him remain. Finally, after one of these pronuses. his feelim;s havinii' become calm. IJed-lleail I'ell into a dee[) sleep, liiunediately our adventurer seized his lilade of urass. and ap[)lying it to the neck of iJed-Head, drew it across and severed the head fiom the body. Strii)[)inj;- himself of his dress, he caught the head, and, jilinigiug into the lake, just reached the other shore when he discovered in the darkness of the night the torches of those who were searching lor the new-married couple. lie listened until they had found the headless body, and heard their piercing shrieks of sorrow, when he took his way to the cabin of his adviser. When he readied tlie cabin, how nuich did the Witch rejoice at his success! She admired his prudence, and told him his bravery could never be (piestioned again. Taking the iiead. slie saiil he need only have brought the scalp; then cutting off a small pii'ct^ for herself, she informed him he might now return home with the head which would lie an evidence of an achievement, that would can.se him to be respected among all Imlians. •• In your way home you will meet with but one difficulty. The (rtii/ (if the Emili. Maunkahkeeslnvoccaung, recpiires an offering from those who jier- form the most extraordinary achievements. As ym walk along in a prairie there will lie an earth(juake — the earth will oiien and divide the prairie in the middle. Take this /i(irtr!, and returned after a short absence with the Red Head. That well-known head was soon recognised, and our adventurer was immediately placed among the first warriors of the nation, and himself and family were ever after greatly respected and esteemed. s Vi'- I I' h W CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. 327 7. TiiK Magic Chicle i .v thk Puaiiuk. — Ax A i. lkuou v. A YOUNG Iiiintor found a circular path one day in a prairie, witliout any trail lead- ing to, or IVom it. It was smooth and well-heaten. and looived as il' I'ootsteiis liad trod in it recently. Tiiis puzzled and amazed liiin. lie hid himseH' in tlie grass near hy, to see what this wonder slionld betoken. After waiting a sliort time, he thought lie lieard nnisic in the air. Tie listened more attentively and could clearly distinguisii the ■sound, hut nothing could ho seen hut a mere s[)eck, like .something idmost out of sight. In a .short time it hecMuie plainer and plainer, and the nuisic sweeter and sweeter. The ohject (U'sceuded rapidly, and when it came near it proved to lie a ear or basket of ozier containing twelve beautiful girls, who ciicli had a kind of little drinn which was struck with the grace of an angel. It came down in the centre of the ring, and the instant it touched the ground they leapt out and began to dance in the circle, at the same time striking a shining hull. The young hmiter had seen many a dance, but none that equalled this. The music was sweeter than ever he had heard. Hut nothing could e(pi;d the beauty of the girls. He admired them all, hut was most struck with the youngest. He determined to seize her, and after getting neiir the circle without giving alarm made the attempt ; but the moment they spied a nnin, they all nimbly leapt into the basket and were drawn back to the skies. Poor Algon the hunter was completely foiled. He stood gazing upward a.s they withdrew till there was notiiiug left, and then began to bewail his fate. "They are "■one for ever, and I shall see them no more." He returned to his lodge, but he could not forget this wonder. His mind preyed upon it all night, and the next d;iy he went back to the prairie, but in order to conceal his design he turned himself into an opossum. He had not waited long when he saw the wicker car descend, and heard the same sweet music. They commenced the same sportive dance, and .seemed even more heautifid and graceful than hef()re. Ho cre[)t slowly towards the ring, but the instant the sisters saw him they were startled, and sprang into their car. It rose but a shor' distance when one of the elder sisters spoke. " Perhaps," said she, " it is come to slit us how the game is i)liiyed by mortals." "Oh no!" the youngest replied, '•(jnick, let us ascend." And all joining in a chant, they rose out of sight. Algon returned to his own lodge again; hut the night .seemed a very long one, and he wont back betimes the next day. He retlected upon the plan to Ibllow to secure success. IIo fcuuid an old stump near by in which there were a number of mice : he thought their small form would not create alarm, and accordingly assumed the sha[ie of a mou.se. He first brought the stump and set it up near the ring. The sisters came down and resumeil their sport. •' But see," cried the younger sister, "that stump was not there belbre." .She ran tifirighted towards the car. They only smiled, and \^i I \ ] ! ^ 'i u.n 'f * .; J i| h J.I "I i' I \- ( i i; t n. •U ^ !illl I i I, I ill 828 intI':i,lk(;ti'al cai-acitv ani> iath(M"in,ii' rumid tlic stiiin|). struck it in jcbt. wlicii nut laii tlic mice, mid Al,i:iiii auion.u tl 10 rest. 'I'l li'\- KlIIlM I tl ICIll nil but (iiic, wiiicli Wi's piirsiUMl hy the ymiiiLi'est sistei but just as slie liad raised lier sticlv to Isill it, the liiriu dI' tiie hunter arose aiK I h' chisped liis |iiT/,e in liis amis. The other eK'\en spraiiji to thi'ir o/.ier i)askt t and were drawn up to the sjv He exerted all liis skill t o jilease his bride and win her ail'ections. lli d tl ic tears from her eve: 1!( dated his adventures in the chase. He dwelt upon tli cluirins of lii'e on thi' earth. He was incessant in liis attentions, and picked out tli av for her to walk as he led her nenth' towards his lodue. IFe felt his heart ul ow with joy as she entered it, and from that nioiiieiit he was one of the Inqipiest of men. Winter and summer jiassed rapidly away, and their hap[)iness was increased by the addition of a beautiful boy to their lodue circle. She was in truth the daiiiihter of one uf the stars, and as the scenes of earth beiran to pall ii[ion her .sitiht, she siiiiied to revi.sit her father. But she was obliged to hide these feelings from her husband. She remembered the (diarin that would carry her iiji, and took occasion while Aljion was engaged in the chase to construct a wicker baske mean time she collected such rarities from the earth which she kept concealed, in tl die thought would please hei- father as well as the most dainty kinds of Ibod. When all was in reailiness. she went out one day while Algon was absent to the charmed ring, taking her little son with her. As soon as tlu'\' uot into the car, she comnu'iiced her smiu' and the basket rose. As tl ic song wa: wafted •'}• tl le wiiuls, 1 t cauii'ht her I inshiuiU ear. It was a voice which he well knew, and he instaully ran to the prairie. Ihit hi- could nut reach the riiiii' liefore he sa iw h ife and child ascen Ih 'ted U[) Ills voice 111 loiul ap|)eals but th ev were uiia\aninii'. The b 't still went up uall spec ■ound. ai Aliion b' no relic 1 llnall\- it \'aiiished in the skv. He then bt'iit his h aiu was miser He wati'hed it till it became a down to the abk hi.s loss throimli a lonu' winter and a loiiu' sunnner. But he found lb irned his wife's li soreh', but his son's still nuu'e. In the time, his wife had reached her 1 loine in th star? am 1 almost foivot, in th nieaii- di.ssful em[)loyments there, that she had left a husband on the earth. She was reminded of this by the presence of her son. who, as he grow up, became anxious to visit the .seeno of his birth. His grandfather said to his daughter one day, "Go, my child, and take your son down to his father, and isk him to cmiu' up and live with us. But ttdl him to liriu'. al oiig a s[)ecinu'n o f i-acli kind of bird and animal he k Ills m the idiase, Sir aec'ordm rlv t<; tl lok the hoy aii.t (loscc'iKloi Al- on. who was e\er lu'ar the enchanted pot, heard her v oice as she came ( lown the skv. His lu'art it with iinpationco as 10 saw lu'r lo rill and that of his son. and they wore soon clas[ie(l in Ins arms lie h ■d tl 10 1110.- 20 of the Sti ir. am I b^ 11 to hunt with th U'oatost activity. that ho might collect the present. Ho spent whole nights, as widl as days, in search- ing for ovoi'y curious and beautiful bird ur animal. Ho only preserved a tail, foot, or CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. A-29 wing of oaoli, to ick'iitiiy tlio apecicw; anil, wlioii all was ready, tlu'V went to the circle and were carried iip. Groat joy was manifested on their arrival at the starry plains. The star-eiiief invited all his peo|)lo to a feast, and, when they had assembled, lie proclaimed aloud, that each one miii'Iit take of the earthly gifts such as he liked best. A very strange vonlnsion iuiniediatcdy arose. Some chose a foot, some a wing, some a tail, and some a claw. T lio.se who selected tails or claws were changed into animals, and ran oil'; the others assnmed the form of birds, and Hew away. Algon chose a wliite hawk's feather, which Avas his totem. His wife and son Ibllowed his example, when oacii one became a white hawk. He spread his wings, and, l()llo\\ed by his wife and sou. descended to the earth, where his species are still to be found. 8. The Histohv of t ii k Litti.k Ouimiam who cakuiks t ii k Wiiitk F E ATM i: K . — A D A ( : o t a I, v. v e .\ d . TiiEHE was an old nnin with his grandchild, whom he had taken when (piite an infant, who lived in the middle of a forest. The child had no other relative. They had all been destroyed by six largo giants, and he was not iufornied that he ever had any other parent or i)rotector than his grandfather. The nation to whom he belcjngeil had put up their children as a wager against those of the giants, upon a race, whirh the giants gained, and thus destroyed all the other children. Heing the sixth ciiiid, lie was called Cliacopeo. There was a prediction, tliat there would be a groat man of this nation, who wo\dd wear a white feather, and who would astonish every one with his skill and ijravery. The grandfather gave the child a bow and some arrows to play with. lie went into the woods and saw a rabbit, but not knowing what it was. he came to his gi'aud- father and described it to him. lie told him what it was, und tiiat it was good to eat, and that if he shot one of his arroM's at it, he would probably kill it. lie did ,so ; and in this manner he continued on hunting under the instructions of his grandfather, aapiiring skill in killing door and other large animals, and he became an approved hunter. His curiosity was excited to know -what was passing in the world. lie went one day to the edge of a prairie, where he saw ashes like those at his home, and poles of lodges. He returned and inquired if his grandfather made them. He was told that ho had not, nor had ho soon any such things; that it was all his imagination. Another day ho wont out to see what there was ciu-ious. and on entering into the woods, he hoard a voice calling after him — -Conie lieri'. you wearer of the white feather. You do not wear the white feather yet, but you ought to wear it. Koturn home and take a short nap. When iusleop, you will hear a voice which will tell you 42 hi * 1 ( • n ■■ \ ' I 'J ! < I' i| I . ■A. 830 I N T K L L K ( ' T V A 1, C A V A C F T Y AND :■' 't I :S pIlH to lir^t' iind Miiokc; voii will SCI" ill voiir ilrciiiii a Jiipi', suc.U, iind ii liifffc wliitc rciitlHT. Wlu'ii vdii iiwiikc VOII will liiiil tlicsc urticii's. I'lit t\w li'iitlicr on joiir liciul, iind von will Ijci'oiiu' a j^Tfiit liiintor, a j:ivat warrior, and a f^rcat inan. capalilc ol' doiiij.' aiivtiiintr. Am a proof tliat yon will ho a ureal liiintiT, wlu'ii noii siiioUc tlic f^inokc will turn into pi;it'oii.-<." He then inl'ornii'd him who he was; of the fate of his real parents, hrotliers, and .sisters; and of the ini]>ositioii his f^randfatlier now practised on liiiii. I[c gave him a vine, anil told him ho was of an age to revenge his relations. '■Wlieii}(tn meet your enein}, yon will run a raee with him; he will not seo the vine, it ln-iiig enchanted. Wiien \(m ar(> riniiiiii;r with iiiin. yon will throw it over his head, and entangle him .so as you will win the race. ' Long ere this speech was ended, he had turned to the (piarler from w hence the voice came, and. to his astonish- mout, saw there was another man in tiie world beside Ids grandfatiier; lint wliat most sur[)riseil him was that this was an oiil man, wlio. IVoiii his hreast down, was inxid, mid he ajipeared to Ix' immoveahly fixed to the eartl], Fh> returned home, slept, heard the voice, awakened, and found the [ii'oinised articles. His grandfather was greatly siii'|iiised to Iind him with a wiiite feather, and to see tlocks of pigeons Hying out of his lodg(>. Ik' then recollected what had been ])redicted. and began to weeji at the pi'os[iect of losing his charge. He departe(l the iie.xt morning for tlii' [>ur|io.se of sei'king iiis enemies and re\eiiging himself upon them. He came to a large lodge in the middle of a wood, which wa.s oi'cupie(l by his I'lU'inies. the giants, the inhabitants of whii'li had l)een a[i|irised of his coining liy tiie /i///< ■•■iiiri/.i ir/io rarri/ tin it( n's. They came out and ga\e the cry of joy. and as he a|)|iroariied nearer, they iiegan to make sport of him among them- selves, saying, " Hero comes the little man witli tlu' wliitt; feather, who is to do such wondei-s ;" but at the same time to him they talki'd veiy fair, telling him he was a bravo man, and would do every thing. This was to encourago him to go on to his own destrnetion. He knew, however, what they were alxiut. Chacopeo went into the lodge fearlessly, and the}' told him to comincneo the race with the smallest of them. The goal, or stake to which they run, was a peeled tree, towards the rising sun, iuul then back to the starting place, where was a Chaniikahpee, or waiM'liib, made of wood as hard as iron, which he who won the race was to use to cut oft' the other 8 liead with. They ran ; — Cliacojiee n.sed his vine and gaineil the race, and iinmediatelv cut oft' his competitor's head. In this niaiiiier he destroyed five of them. This was the work of live .successive mornings. The survivor wished him to leave the heads as he cut them off; as they Ixdievcil by one of their medicines they could unite them again to the Inxlies ; but the little champion insisteiJ upon carrying them to his grandfather. On tlie sixth morning, fiefore he went to tlie giant's lodge, he saw his old couii.sellor, who was stationary in the woods, who told him that he was alxiiit to be deceived; that he had never known any other so.k than his own ; that as he was on his way to OIIAllACTER OF T FI E INDIAN RACE. ;i;il tlie lodfft' III' would iiicct tlic most Ix'iuitiCiil wotiiim in the world, to wlioiii lie whm to piiy no (ittcntioii, hut on nicctiiij;' licr to wish liimscIC to cliiiiii;'!! into a. nude elk; that tho trniisli)niiiitii)n would tidic \)\iin', and tlio uninial would 'jo to li'cdinu:, and not rej^ai'd I lie wonum. He |)roi'(.'i'ilod towards tliu lodujo, nu't the tiTUfjIress, and hccanu' an elk. She reproached him (this woman, hy the way, was the sixth jiiant) lor having turned into an elk on seeinj^ hei-, who had travidli'd a j^reat, distance for the purpose of eoiirtinfi; him and hecomin;,' his wile. Her reproaches and heauty alVecteil him so much that he wished himself u man af^ain, and he at once resumed his natural shape. They sat down tojfether, and he heizan to caress and make love to her. and (inally laid his head in her lap and went to sleep. She ke|)t pushing' hiui oil" her lap, lor the |)urposi' of trjing if he was sound a.sleep, and when it awakened him, told him she disturbed him because he laid too heavy upon her. Finally, when he became very sound asleep, she took her a.ve and broke his liack. She then assumed her natural shape, which was that of the sixth K'""^ changed ('hi'icoix'e into a dog, and made him follow her towards the loilge in that ilegradiug .shape, lie took the white feather, iind stuck it in his own head. There was an Indian village at some distance, in which wi're two girls, rival sisters. the daughters of a chief, who were doing piMianct! for thi' purpose of enticing the carrier t)f tli<^ white feather to their villagi;. They each hoped to make him their husband. They each made themselves lodges a short distance from the village. As lie approached, the girl.'-' saw tlie white featlier, and tlu; eldest prejiared her lodge in a neat maniu'r, f)r the jiurpo.se of I'cceiviiig liiui. Tiie other, supposing his choice would not he made Jov such parade, as he was a wise man. touched notiiing about her loiljc The eldest went out and met liini, and invited him in. Ih? accepted the iu\ it.ition. and soon made her his wife. The youngest invited the dog into her lodge, made him a good bed. and treat(.'d him with attention, as if he were her hesband. The sixth giant, supposing that whoe\er [lossessed the white feather possesscil also all its virtues, went out upon the prairie to hunt, but returned without anything. The dog went (jiit the same da} hunting upon a river, and drew a stone out of the water, which immediately became a beaver. The next day the giant followed tho dog. and, hilling hehiiul a ti'ee. saw the dog go to the river and draw out a stone, which at once turned into a beaver. As soon as the dog had left the [)lace, the giant went to the river, and jmlling out a stone, had the satisfaction of ser>ing it transformed into a beaver also. Tying it to his belt, he carried it home, and, as is customary, threw it down by the door of his lodge and entered in. After he had been seated a short time, he told his wife to bring in his belt, or C(jllar. She did so; and returni^d with it, tied to nothing but a ^ifoiir. The next day, tho dog finding his method of catching beavers was discovered by the giant, went to a wood at some distance, and broke oil' a limb from a tree which had 8 t ( !:■! if 4 f ' I • -1 ( 1 ,1 i • V dojr niudi' sii:ns to Ills niistiH'ss, or will', to swt'iit iiiin id'lcr tiie inanuci' ol' tlii' liidinus. Slu> acconliii'^ly uiudi' ii lodj;i'. just hirf^i; ouou^h for iiin\ to civcj) into, jint in hfiiti'd stont's in sucli ii niunniT tinit mIic could pour water n|)on them, and iii'tcr she had swoatcd him thus for somo timo, ho came out a vory handsome man, hut had not tlu; power of spi'i'ch. Tho eldest dauuliter went to her i'ather, and told him of the dis;^'raceful manner in whii'h lier sister lived with a doji, and also of his singular liu'ulty for huntinj^. The old man sns|ie('lin,i;' there was some ma;;ic in it. sent a (lepntation of younj;; men and women to a>k her to come to him, and to hriuu' her dou; with her. They went, and were much surprised to llnd in the place of the do^' so fhie a youn^ man. 'I'luy accompanied tho delegation to tho father, who was also much astonislied. Ik' assendiled all the wise anil a,ii;ed men of the nation, to sec the stran}j;e exploits of the wearer of the white featJH'r. which it was understood he coidd perform. 'I'lie ,L;iant took his pipe and tilled it. and passed it to the Indians, to sec if anythin.;;' would happen when tiiey smokt'd. It passed aroinid to the doi;-. who made ii sign to pa. ^places ol' Indian sepulture at the ^Vest and North. The triln's who rove o\er the western prairies, inscriiie them on tlii' skins of the Imlfalo. Noi'lh of latitude \'l' . the soulhci'u limit, of the hirch, which furnishes at once the material of canoes. wi^wan\s. Iuixcm, and other articles, and constitutes, in fact, the Indian paper, tahlets of hard-wood are conlined to devices which arc hii'ratic, ai:d an employed alone liy theii' |)riests, prophets, and nicdicine-nien ; and these charactris unili)rndy assume a mystical or sacred import. The recent discovci-y, on one of the triKutaries of the Susipiehanna, of an Indian map drawn on stone, with intei'inixed devices, a copy of which appears in the (irst volume of the collections of the Historical Connuittec of the American Philosophical Society, Philadel|)liia. proves, although it is thus far isolated, that stone was also cmployi'd in that hranch of inscription. This discovcrv was in the area occupied ly the Lenapees, who are known to have practised the art. which they called Ola Walum. Colden, in his his history of the Five Nations.' informs us (hat when, in KiDG, the Count do Frontenac marched a well-appointed army into the Inxpiois country, with artillery and all other means of rc;rnlar mili(ary olfence, he lliund. on (he hanks o ' the Onondaura, now called Oswego River, a tree, on the trunk of which the Indians i ad depicted the French army, and deposited two bundles of cut rushes at its foot, con- ' Ldiiiinii Kiliiioii, 1717, I'iigo I'.li ' C II A 11 A (' T K II V T II K I M) I A N II A (' V. ;t;!,i niMtiii)^ (if I l.'J4 pii'Ci'n ; im iirl orHymlMilicul ilcrniiu'i' on tin'ir |i,irt, ^liicli wmm inliiiilrij to inruriii tlii'ir (lullic iiiviitlfis tliiil tlicy wniild Imvc to iiicmiiiliT lliis nmiilirr of warriors. In ,«i|i('iikiii;i-, in iinotlicr luifisiiifi', of tjn! ^jcncriil triiit.t of the Fi\i' Niitions, lir niciilinnH till' ;.'i'ni'riil ciistuin prcviilciit luiioiif,' llm ,Moliii\vk>< ^'oin^ to wiir, of |iililltiii>f willi riMJ iniiiil on tlic Irnnk of ii tree, nncli syinliuls us iiiijjjit f.cr\f to dmot"' till' olijcct of llicir cNiicdition. Anionji tiic (It'viccs wiim a I'luioo pointfd towiinU tln> cncniy'M country. ( »n llicir rcliirn. it Wiis llicir pnirticc to vixit tlic Kiiiiif trcf, or lirccini't, anil (Irnotr tin' rrMult |)i('tourii|tliiciilly ; tlic cunoc licinjr, in this cusr, ilrawn ilinction. Lalitou. in his iicconnt ofllic Millions with its hows in llic ii|i|iosili' or lion of Ciininht. iniikfs ohscrMitioiis on this snhjcci whirh (hiiolc ih of the fusloin ill tliiit ([niirtiT. Otlirr writers, il:itiM'i iis far hack us Sniitli and Dc Mn .'<'ni'ral prevalence liear testiinon\ to the existence of this trait union;;' the N'iiyinia Irih \'\'W I IllVe (nowii to h ftinii Klied an\' JioweM'r, done more than notice it, iind none are ainoiinl of connected details. A sin;.de element in the .system iittnu^ted oiirly iiotii-e. I allude to the institution of the Totem, which lias heen well known iimoiiv the AliroiKiniii trihes from the sei- arly missionaries oliser\i'(l thai the natives d of a elan into fainili.'s, and the dis- )led and lleiiient of Canada. My this device, the < marked their division of a tribe into (d.in^ tiiictioii was thus very clearly preserved. Alliiiities were deiioled and kept up. Ion.;- after tradition had failed in its testimony. This distinction, which is marked with miieh of the certainty of heraldic l)earin,u:'t as known in the feudal .system, was seen to mark the arms, the lod^c, and thy trophies of the North American tdiief and war- rior, h was likewise employed to '/i\v identity to the clan (tf which he was ,v memher, on his endured. Above all. it was not anticipated that there .should have heen found, as will he observed in the subsecpu'nt iletaijs. a system of symbolic notation for the songs and incantations of the Indian med.is and liriests, making an ai)])eal to the memory for tiie preservation of language and nnisical notes. Persons familiar with the state of the western trihes of this continent, particularlv in the higher northern latitudes, have long been aware that the songs of the Indian priesthood and wabenoes, were sung from a kind of pictorial notation, made on bark. t ,■! , t i ':-'l 336 INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY AND J ; I I ■ (; i .■!!■.! H, : ;;'•; It i.s a fact which has often come to the observation of military oflicer.s performing Unties on those frontiers, ami of persons exercising occasionul fnnctions in civil hfe, who iiavc passed throngli their territories. But tiicre is no class of persons to whom the fact of such notations is so well known, as the class of Indian traders iind inter- preters who visit or reside a part of the season at the Indian villages. I have never conversed with any of this latter class of jjcrsons, to whom the fact of such inscrij)- tions. made in various ways, was not so familiar as in their view to excite no surprise, or seldom to demand remark. My attention was first called to the subject hi 1820. In the summer of that year I was a member of the United States exploring expedition to the sources of the Mississippi. At the mouth of the small river Huron, on the l)anks of the Lake Superior, there was an Indian grave fenced around with saplings, and protected with much care. At its head stood a post, a tabular stick, upon which was drawn the figure of the animal which was the symbol of the clan to which the deceased chief belonged. Strokes of red paint were added, to denote either the numl)er ol' war parties in whicli he had been engaged, or the number of scalps he had actually taken from the enemy. The interpreter who accompanied us, and who was himself of part Indian l)lood, gave the latter, as the true import of these marks. On cpiitting the river St. Louis, which Hows into the head of the lake at the Fond du Lac, to cross the sunnnit dividing its waters from those of the Mississippi, the way led through dense and tangled woods and swamps, and the weather j)roved dark and rain\-, .so that, for a couple of days together, we had scarcely a glimpse of the sun. The party consisted of si.xteen persons, with two Indian guides; but the latter, with all tiieir adroitness in threading the mazes of the wilderness, were completely lost for nearly an entire day. At night, during the bewilderment, we lay down on ground elevated l)ut a "j\v inches above the level of a swamp. The next morning, as we prepared to leave tlie camp, a snuiU strip of birch bark, containing devices, was ob.^erved elevateil on the top of a split sapling, .some eight or ten feet high. One end of this pole was thrust firmly into the ground, leaning in the direction we were to go. On going up to this object, it was tbund, with the aid of the interpreter, to Iw a symbolic record of the circumstances of our crossing this summit, and of the night's encampment at this spot. Each jierson was appropriately depicted, distinguishing the soldiers from the officer in command, and the latter from the savans of tlie party. The Indians themselves were depicted without iiats; a hat jjeing, as we noticed, the general symbol for a white man or Kuro])ean. The entire record, of wiiich a figure is annexed, (I'late 47, fig. D,) accurately symbolized the circumstances; and they were so cleai'l}- drawn, according to their conventional rules, that the intelligence would be communicated thereby to any of their |)eo])li' who might chance to wander this way. This was the object of the in.scription. The scroll was interpreted thus : — ; i \ rrM'^^ "> \d .V ■vV ^ jJJ±lU^ X ''i %, •' J^ • ,^ ()( 'I 'v. \ I _.__\!j; ' V -l V ■J II i ! ' r ^ i --i=r ♦ X- \ X r ,^r ,//> rV ^u^.j :}) --U.IU- n ri V VUvxXV ^VVVAV- \' 111:: Lll ~J L^ ;« » i v < ' T ^ i.v- -M V A A/ '^'^■^ ,'■ r^>', H^i :■! I i , l' 1 ^ )ii t J I ! ! I f ' f ' 't ' - iil' ]•:■'. . I '^^l i 1 ■; w '•*,' f -> f 1- ■ , ' M H, , ■! ■ »'.! |K.' '( 1 m. v{^^ iLv^MML 1 J5* CIlARACTEIl OF THE INDIAN RACE. 837 Fig, No. 1 ivpiT.Koiits the ,«iil)iilt(i'ii nUlciT ill rniiiiiiiunl (if till' [);irty of tlie riiitud Stairs troops. IK' is drawn witli ii sword to (k'lioti' liis oHici;il rank. No. 2 dt'iiotes the [iiTsoii wlio ofruMiitcd ill quality of socivtarv. Ik' is ivprcsoiited as lioldinii; ii liook ; tlie Indians having understood him to be an attorney. No. ;J denotes tlie geologist and mineralogist of tlie party, lie is drawn with a luunmer. Nos. -1 and o are attaelies; No. d, tlie interpreter. The group of figures marked !•, repre.sents ciglit infantry sokliers, eaeh of whom, as shown in group No. Id, was armed with a musket. No. l-") denotes that they liad a separate fire, and constituted a sejiarute mess. Figs. 7 and S represent the two ('hippewa guides, flie prineipal of whom, called Cliamees, or the Pouneing-hawk. led the way over tliis dreary sunnnit. These are the only human figures depicted on this unique bark-letter, wlio are drawn without tlie distinguishing symbol ol' a hat. This was the characteristic, seized on by them, and generally em[iloyed by the tribes, to distinguish the A'"/ from the \V/i!/i race. Figs. 11 and \- ivi)re.ofiins or wrappinus of their dead, which were scafl'olded around the precincts of the fort, and upon the open shores of the lake. Similar devices were also observed here, as at other poiutn in this region, H I , ( I ! I I'M h ' ': ' 1 1 '} ( ' . ; i , ^^ i . : 3W I N T E L L !• (■ T V A L C A 1' A (' I T Y A N D '■ I I I :( '5 Si li llfli « i upuii tliL'ir iirius, •,»ar-olubs, (miiocs. iiiul otlior pioL-os of inoNiihU' i)n)i)t'rt\, an well as ui)()ii tlicir jiiino-posts. Ill till' (k'scont of till' Mississi[)|)i, \vx' obsorvod pictorial (k'vicos paiiiti'il on a voi'k. Ih'Iow 1111(1 near tlii' luoiitli of Elk River, and at a rocky island in the river, at the liiltle Falls. In the course ol' our descent to the Falls of St. Anthony, we o!iser\ed another hark-letter. (A, Plate IS.) as the part\- now began to call these inscriptions, suspended on a high pole, on iin elevated bank of the river, on its west sIkhv. At this spot, where we encamped for the iiiulit. and which is just opposite a point of highly crystallized hornblende rock, which, from this rude memorial, we called the I'eace Hock, there were left standing the poles or skeletons of a great number of Sioux lodges. On inspecting this scroll of bark, we Ibund it had reference to negotiations for bringing alhint a permanent jieace lx,'tween the Siou.x and Chippewus. A large party of the loiiner. I'roin St. Peters, headed liy their chief, had j)roceeded thus far, in the hope of meeting the Chippewa hunti'rs, on their summer hunt. The}' had been countenanci'd or directed in this step by (.'olonel lieaveiiworth, the commanding ollicer of the new post, just then about to be erected. The inscription, which was read oil' at once by the Chippewa chief IJabesacundabee, who was with ns, told all this; it gave the name of the chief who had led the party, and the niinilier of his followers, and imparted to that chief the lirst iissurance he had that his mission, for the same purjwse, from the sources of the Mississi[)[ii. would lie favorably reci'ived by the Sioux. This scroll, denoting the same art to lie pcjssessed by the Dacota family of tribes, is described in Plate l.S. After our arrival at St. .Viithony's l-'alls. it was found that this system of picture writing was as familiar to the Dacotah. as we had llaiiid it among the Algoii(|uiii race. At 1 lirie dii Chieii. and at (ireen I!ay. the same e\idences were obser\ed. in their mi'inorials of burial, among the Meiioiuonies and the Winnebagoes ; at Chicago iimoMg the Pottawatomirs. and at .Michillimackinae. iimong tlii' (,'hippewas and Otta- was who re.sort. in such munbers. to that Island. While at the latter [ilace. I went to \isit the grave of a noted chief of the .Men":!ionie trii)e. who Inid been known il^■ his French name of ToM.v. i. e.. Thomas. He had been buried on the hill west of the vilhige ; and on looking at his Ad-je-da-tig or grave-post, it bore a pictorial inscrip- tion of this kind, commemorating .«ome of the [irominent achievements of his life. These hints served to direct my attention t(j the subject, when I returned to the country in an olllcial capacity, in IS'Jl'. It was observed that the figures of a deer, a bear, a turtle, and a crane, according to this system, stand respectively for the names of men. and preserve the language \-ery well, by yielding to the person conversant with it the corresponding words, of .\ddick. Muckwa. .Miekenack. and Adjeejauk. .Marks, circles, dots, and drawings of \arious kinds, were employed to symbolize the number of warlike deeds. Adjunct devices appeared to typify or explain adjunct acts. The cha- racter itself, they called Kekkkwix. If the system went no farther, the record would li i . ] i I < i I; " i! ; V ;ii ■ ■ :i :sl! ii' PI! II V. 'J! 1 1 14 .' 1 ' ■ * ! t 'il 1' 1 i ^ i ■ 1 { ■ Vi K $ '■ 1 I: \ ^k 'S *'' t .\\AA\,\\\ \ o;. ,F ■ : ,-:i- A A H \ . \ V ; : A i N ; vV 'I ; I I: i ' i • i 1 St M iM ■M •i ; ! :. I u 'A: i .1 I ' 1 1 ' •; 1 ■ ;| f \ ;■: • ii. } ^! * i :;l 1} I m' H 'I fl 'it I i »* . - - u ^ I l! M- 3 'S -St, C II A R A < ' 'I' I". I! t » F T III': I N I > I A N if A < " K. 880 yield a kind of iiir..nniiticm lioth -ratilVin;;- ;iiui usrlnl |.. i\ |mm,|i1(. witlKnit letter-. Tlicrc wax ahmidaiit cviiicncc in my (irst ymr's dlwivatinii. to diMiote lliat {\w* mode of (•(iiiiiiumication was in vci-ue -cncrally and well undrrst,iod Ky the ndrtiicrn tribesji)!- linrial. and what may he called jicouTai.liieal imrposes; l.nt it liardly seemed Hnseeptihle of a fartlier or extended nse. A jiersonal ae.|nainlanee witli one of tlieir Medas named SniNi:\VAiKo.\ii;. a man of nnu'li intelli-eiiee. ami well versed \n their customs, relij;ion. and iiistory. denoted a more enlar-vd M|ipiieation of it. 1 ol>ser\ed in the hands of this man a tahnlar iiiece of wood, covered over on i)otli sides witli a fierics of devices cnl between i.arallei lines, wliieii he ref.ired to. as if they were the notes of iiis medicine and mystical son-s. 1 lieard iiim simi' ihesi' son-s. and ohserved that their snccession was. to a ureal extent, fixed and nniform. liy cnltivatin- ins ae(|iiainlaiice, ami hy snitahie attentions and presents, sucii as liie oeeasion rendered lirojier. he consented to ('X|)lain tiie nieaniivi; of eaeli liiiiire. the olijcct .symlmli/ed. and the words attaeiied to each .symi>ol. \\\ tiiis revidalion. wiiieii was made with closed doors. I became, accordinji' to his notions, a member or initiate of llie Medicine Society, and also of tlu' Wabeno Society. Care was taken to write each sentence of the soin.'s and cliants in the Imlian languii.ue, with its !i|)|)ro,)riate devices, and to subjoin a literal translation in Knulish. When tiiis imd been dont', and the .system considered, it was very clear that the devices were nnu-moiiic— that any person cnnld sin^- from these i,e of the Creator and his system, in th<> Indian view of lj«>nign and malignant agi-nts. To reveal thi.s to othei-s, even to liis own iwople, is, he believes, to expose liimso!'" tc ihe counleraoting iiitUience of other agents known to his subtle scheme of necromancy and sujxjrstition, and to hazard success and life itself. This conduces to make the Red Man eminently a man of fear, suspicion, and secrecy. But ho cannot avoid some of these dLsclo-suros in his pictures and figures. These figures represent ideas — whole ideas, and their juxtaposition or relation on a scroll of bark, a tree, or a rock, discloses a continuity of ideivs. This is the basis of the system. Picture-writing is indeed the literature of the Indians. It cannot be interpreted, however rudely, without letting one know what the Hed Man thinks and believes. It shadows forth the Indian intellect, standing in the i)lace of letters for the iDiinhiiialMi.' It shows the Red Man, in all periods of our history, both its ho law and as he h ; for there is nothing more true than that, save and except the compa- ratively few instances where they have truly embraced experimental Christianity, there has not been, beyond a few ciistiuns. such as dress and other externals, any appreciable and jiermanent change in the Indian character since Coluiubus first dropped anchor at the Island of (luauahana. A gi'iiorio ttTiii, doiiiitiii^' tlio iciniiiinii i«.iiilr nf tlio Imliiin raio. ■H'tl! ' C II A 11 A (' T E |{ OK T II K INDIAN H A C E . 841 2. KXTUKMK AnTIiJUITV of I'lCTOlUAh NOTATION. M Antwiiiity of tho Art of I'ictoriiil Writ iiij; ; — Its fr'ncni! use umniig^t the Oricntiil Nations; — itn coiiiiet'tion with Idolatry ; — tlio nmltipliciiy of its Symbols, ami its |ii'ciiliiiriti(s iis a System of commuiiicHtiii;^ Mens. — Its nilvaiicc, in tin- pro^rn.ss (,(' Nations, into llir Ilicro- glyjiliic, tho rhonotio, an>l the Al|ihalif!tical Mode. — ('onsiilcration of tlie I'Vyptian Systems of IIierogly|ihic». Picttirc-writiiif^ was tlio ciiflicst ronn of tlio iiotiitidii of jilcus ailDjitcil \,\ iiiiiiikiinl. Tlicro can Iw litHo (lui'stioii that it was |)riictisf(l in the iiriiiiitivc a;;cs. mid that it proccdcd all attempts hotii at liii'f(ioly|)lii(' and alpliahctir writiiij:. It is iiii|i(>ssililc to tiiiiik of a tiiiK! wlicu man liiid not tlio facultv and disposition to draw a liniifc. Tho very power of imitation, implanted in tlie mind, implies it. The (ii-st tiack of nil animal on the sand, tlie verv shadow of a tree on the plain, would su'j-vst it. The fiiiiire of an animal would lie tlio syniho! liir tlie animal; and tl lat of a man. 11 ir a in. A liow or a .spear drawn in the hand of tlie latter, would be the nat nral s\iiii)ol for an act. Thn.s actual objects, and actual deeds. past (M- fntiiiv, would at once t> svmlioliw Wi IS man ever in a condition not to accomplish tli I" veil siippusin; that he was created a barbarian, and not a civili/ed or industrial bciiiu', which would l)e advei'.se to all Hacred authority, he would not loiii; wait to conii iss tl attainment. Mere. then, i.s the first lis simj (dement ot transmittiiio; thoiiuht. A I low ami arrow, a s|)car am I ( lub, a sword and ia\-e in. were no sooner made than tliev W( employed as .symbols of acts: for next to action it.self. is the desire of per the remembrance of the act, however rudely or imi)erfcctly it may i)c done. petuatinj. All arts and invention.s are but tlie moiuinients pre-existing thou,i;ht. Thev emOouy Iv, in wood, iron. )tlior materials, forms which had li(>en pri'-coiicei\c d, d thus depict the involutions and inventions of the mind. There is nothino- now in general principle of depicting objects, wdietlier it be done by pigments, or reprcse llted s natural n the solid realities of wood or stone. The mind itsidf. .so far as related to it powers, was as fully endowed with the power of induction and analogy in the first, as in the last ages; and those are ipiite mistaken, who. with resju'ct to the common aits and wants of life, suppo.se that the earlier ages were lacking in ingenuity. Industrial .generally labors were perlbrmcd with far more perfection at an early dav th osed, as all must admit who have seandied into the history and anti(|uit\ H. w till- siippi cutting gems, of mosaics, jiottcry. metallurgy, and other early-noticed art> representations by pictures and (ignres kept pace with inventions, we are left in a groat measure to inler. We only perceive that some of the (dements of ,i pictorial sy.stem were very ancient. Idolatrv it.sidf had its rise in this svstem. and it om the deiiunciatioiis on this head, contained in the Scri[ It lire, that Is only we are histori- • 1 Vi i:. ml I > r- ' Hi m iu Hi ;^ "I 11 842 INTKI.LErTUAL CAI'VCITY AND cully iipiiri/.i'd of tlu' viirly t'xiwU'iico of tlio int. liotli iit itM liirni of iiimgcs luul of «ymlK»lic (li'vici'M. One (if till' iiKist olivionH (li'vii't'M ol' tlu' primitive »iH'K, in piitin't'-wrilin^', would np]>ciir to liiivc Ik'i'm to loiivi' a piTHoniil di'vifc or imirk, to Hliiiid us tlu- t>'v^i\ of ii luiiiii' ; and liciicf wo hoc Unit moiiIh and "nignotH" wi-ri- n.-^cd lonjr lioforo letters.' To mark puldii' triinsui'tions, heaps of stones were erect«Ml. 'I'liis was proliaMy the type anil orijrin of the riiK>' tt>r pyramids, to whieli the early nations so lonj; directed their ell'orts, and iiy which they sought to peri)etnate liieir fame and the irieniory of their power. It Ib owing, indeed, to this trait of raising nnissive strnctincs of enrth and stone, towering to the skies, tlnit we owe (he preservation of oiir In-st luid most ancient (>vidences of the pictorial, hiero;.dyphic, am! inscriptive arts. Truces of these arts are foinid on till' oldest e.visting moiuinients in the world. Outlines of animals, and tilings rudely di'awn, are yet to he seen on the hrieks of Hahylon. The valley of the Nile is replete with evidences of the moi'e advanced staiics of this art, in which the simple i)i<'torial gave way to the true hieroglyphic, and (imUly to the phonetic. Among the most ancient forms of inscri[)tioii, which are now proved to have iK'cn |)rovi(led with an al|ihal)etic key, the ancient arrow-headed character of Persia may 1)1' adduced, (ievmaii research has niastored, so far as the suhjeet jiermits. the inscrip- tions of the .Mokah-Wadey, ni'ar Mtaint .*^inai. important advaiu;ea have lx;en made ill tlu- recovery of the Ktniscan language and alphahet. The griulation hetweeii a heap ol" stones, a liarrow. a mound, a teocalli. and a pyramid, are not more marked as connected links in the rise of architecture, than are a represontativo figure, an ideo- graiihic symliol. a phonetic sijrn. and an alphahctical symlnil, in the onward train of letters. IJut however symbols and figures may have connected their existi'iice with the early monuments of mankind, there is no liraiadi of the representative or i)ictorial art in which they led to such deplorahle moral results, as in the form and expression which these fignres anciently gave to iilolatry. If letters may he called tin- language of Christianity, picture-writing is I'mplialically the language of idolatry. It (ilU d the human mind with gross mati'rial ohjects of veneration. It put the shadow for the snhstance ; and having given distinct form to the idea of a deity, the devotee was not long in attributing to the form all power and honor that jjcrtained to the deity it.self Kvery class of nature put in its claims as the repri'sentative of (!od ; and it is no wonder that a calf, a plant, an insect, a bird, and other images were employed. Two of the most ancient forms of this kind arc found in the following representations of 15aal, and the Egyptian Fly-God, both of which are taken from ancient coins. (See Plate GO, Figures 3 and 5.) Man had but just emerged from the hands of his Creator — he had scarcely passed GencsiM. ^ ^ s \ ■?r « A V N\\ \\V ,\ ^ :\ •I i'i 'i i k ') < Ji B ! 1 t ' r i i hi I i *l ; f ■ '!' HI i' r i ft:! !'! !i i! I ^iiHi c' 1 ■ L 1 « »♦ / 7 r ^ -»*»>••« ', ^ * V '!\-' . ' ;) \ X \ -' ;\ 1' ^?' ,«4? m^ (, I • + PI liZ. ' •»; ■ /■■ ■^f. !l itia.t. '1 ' Jill h.Mt K. It f ! ■ ' l' ' ^11 p ill ! 'i i i' I'- h i» * i ', Ji I : ( > I i I .. ■ '. , l!t^i :iii I mmr i ! 1 i 1 'h M i r ; ;! : 'i C H A H A (' T K U V T III'. I M » I A N H A C K 848 from liiscarlv imstoiiil snils. wlii'ii Ik; Iioj,mii to iniiU'iiiili/.c tlic divine iik'ii. Wliat lu' could not sec, vyv to i-y, lie did not loiijr ludifvc. Svuiljols and iiiKi,L;('s wi'ic sidi- htitiitcd, and IHIlmI tin- I'aiian world. All Unowk'dw of the tnii' (lod was I'ovgotti'n. And (iod found liinisidf in a position n'i|iiiring a new rcvclatioa of liimsclf to men. Is tlicif anv licttcr proof lliat idolatry liad fdlcd tiic world and corruiitcd tin' race".' in this ({('(dcnsion what a'^i'nt can wc name so powerfn and ima"es o 1 in its inliiicnces as tin- rnde s\ ndxils f anti(|nil\ V 'I'liat the ail thus hccanic. very early, one of the chief means of |)ro|)a;iatin,ir idolatry, we may infer from the solemn prohihition of il in the decalo.iiiie. 'i'he early empliyments and anuisements of niaide(| hy. the American trilx's. Idle, indeed, woulil he the attempt, at this day. to look lor the oii-in of the American race in iuiy other generic quarter than the eastern coulimnt. 117/- ,- llie\ ctmu- hither'.' /loir they came V and (rA// they <'ame V have heeii vainlv impnred. liut M'; t ;i 1 * ■ 5 '•f i '. I jji ,!■ :?44 1 N T K I , L !•; ( "P r A 1, CAP A f I T Y A N I) ? t 1 tJ w lit ^■f k I we iiiiiv. Il i'^ coiicrixcd. cmiiloy the |>i('toriiil iiii to iiid in dcnotiiii;- iiiti'niiitii>iialisiii. ir \\r tiikc llu' invciitioii (if Iftti'fs, as tlic cva oftlicir (K'liaflurc IVoiii tlic Kast. either willi its l!.;\|itiaii oi- (ircciaii date, tlic Ucil Man caiiic liitlicr Ik'Ioi'c tliis era. or, at least. Iirlinc liis ain'istors wcro participaiits in tiic i(no\vli'(lj.''»'. Lt'ttcrs were nscd ahoiit iS-Jii to "JdlKI vi'ars bd'oi-c tlic Christian cr I. As lie M'oii ;;ht no sncli UnowlcdL'c. it is iiii'crahic that lie departed hetbri' t'lat era. 15iit he had the jiietorial s\steu) — he could iiiscrihe (iLmres and devices, in vai'ions ways, and tiiis at least, is known, ttiat lie early develoiied tlie art in the A/tec race, and carried it to its ntiiKist |icrlcctioii. In what rc^iiccls, we may in(|uire, was tiiis ancient Toltecan art superior to. or (litl'ereiit IV. 11 II. the pictoj;rapliy of the I'nited States' tri lies ? Iiutli are ideoi^raphic. M'llli are nineinoiiic to a larj^c extent. Hoth appeal sti'oii,i:ly to tiie power of the assdciation of ideas li_\ symliols. Hoth re((uire interpri'tation hy the system ol" ideo'jraphv . Neither presents a iiietlioii liir tlii' presei'\ation of sounds. Proper names ot' men and animals ari' preser\ed hy ri'preseiitati\i' (iiiiires and drawiiiirs, and 1'. ma\' lie reeal'eii so Ion;;' a the laiiL'mi'.'e itself is not extinct. With respect to the Xoriii .\iiierican iiiet()j;rai)hy. itma\ he impiired, is it niiiversal, or coiiliiicd til particular trihes '.' What is the character of these devices, compared with analogous inscriptions, aiiioii'j' the .Mcai'.io!ian and the wild 'I'arlar. anil the Nomadic races of Asia, and other iiai ts of the Ld( A IV I' ley mere reprcseiil.-itixc sym hols ieroLilyphics? Is llii'i'c more than one kind of iilco^rapliic de\ ice. or do the Ir.dian priests and tli I'oiiiiiioii jicople use the s.iiiie'.' .\ re there any characters that may lie deemed lll"r:ilic if the iiat i\c |ossakee(i>. or mediiine-iiieii. use a moi'e msstical method. recorihiiL:' their snii^s. or arts, how is tins deiidieil Kinalh. is tl illicient lixits and uniliiriiiity in the application and connection of the symhols, amonji' our fori'st Irilies. to permit the system to lie exjilaiiieil '.' Il will hi' exideiit. from these sii^'j-estions. that a new. and hitherto untrodd;'U field of iiiipiiry. with respect to these trilies. is hereliy opened. 'I'iie early liistory of the race i< such a lilaiik — we are. in truth, so completel\- at a loss, for an\thinir of a satisfactorv cliaracter eacliiiej lie\oni| tlie close ( tlr of tlie loth centurv. that it liehooves us. in the sjiirit of raulivery possihle source of information. The ohlivioii of centuries rey their ])hysical traits they are cleai'ly ideiitilieil with some of the an( 'nt leadiiiL' storks of .Asia. P>ut they ajijiear to have hrokeii olV. and found their wav hither. iiefore the dawii of authentic ]irofane history.' prolialily. as we have indicated. lii'I'ore th ilioii ol" letters. A few incidental iiotic(>s in the eiirh' annals of Grecian literature, are all that remain, of ancient tradition, prior to Herodotus, to denote the (if IlriM,i„tn.i i- li:; U.V af . I CIIAllACTEK OK TUK INDIAN UACK 845 ])r((l)al)ility <>l" .'l years liefore the era of the K\odiis. As twt) cystenis of recording' ideas, of xcry iliU'erent merit and prinei|>les, cannot he supposed to have existed loiiir toirether. in a stale of ecpial |>rosperity. hut the hetter would alisorh and siip|)!aiit the poorer, it may 1h' aliirmeil that hieroulyphics lieiran t(» deeliiie for iiiaiiv eenturies hefore the Christian era. This, at le;ist. is certain, that Moses, say ill the year 1 I'.'l It.C. was well \crsed in the use of an al|)halK't of sixteen coiisoiiants. so that he vecorded, as with the " jH'n of a ready writer," the eveiit.s whit'li we ascriU' to him. Theoloj^ical critics lia\e deiiie(l that the use of letters can be traced to an i'arlier date :' others eonti'ud for the eldi'r theory of an uninspired in- vention. IVL'ypt was the ;.'reat theatre of the iiieroi:lypliic art ; hut it was an art di'slined to he i'ori;otteii. .\s if the physical darkness which once shrouded it at noon-day had been a ty|ie of its subse(pient intellectual and moral degradation, the very knowledfic ol' the s\ stem that once recorded thoiii:lits in hiei'ojily pilic laiiL'ua,i.'i' was obliterated Ibr tit'teen ct'iituries. Ijctters. if they existed in Kuypt at this e|)ocli. appear to have taken their tlij;ht with the Hebrews. Kiiowlediie was destiiie(l to be, in the end. inseparable from revi'lalioii. .\iid when, after the rest of the world was j:enerail\ enii,Ldileiieil, inc s|)irit of resear<'h returiie(l. with the Krench expedition to Kirypt. ill IT'.'S. to the valle\ of the Xile. it Ibund a land coverecl with monuments of |l>rj;cptlen >rreatuess. and a p4'ople sunk in de;>tlis of comparative iirnoraiice. It is su|)po,sed the mode of hierojils phic writinir was not laid asidi' until the thiril ei'iitiiry. .\. I). An earlier oj)iiiioii. j^enerally allirms that the hiero,trly|)liic enchorial characters had cea.sed to he employed al'fer the Persian coiKpiest of ("aininses. in ;VJ"i 15. ('. If the K{ry|)tians, on the invasion of tlii' French, weit' found to have substituted the Arabic alphabet in jilace of the iplionetic-hieiOLdyphic. and installed Mahomet's .system in |)!ace of tlie ibis, the calf, and the cat. they hail completely forj:otten the event of this imitation in thi'ir literature, or that the phonetic symlM)ls had ovi-r been employed by them. The disco\ery was iiiadi' hy Europeans, and made alone throu^di the per- |)etuatinfj |)ower of the Cireek and Homan alphabet. The first travellers who went to K^'ypt, during' the latter half of the ejerhtei'iith century, did little .nore than 'vonder. They told us of pyramids, and ruined cities, and monuments covered with hieroglyphics; but the latter remained unread. Volney, [ : i ' Sif I)r. Spring'." Otpjigalions to tlio Hilile. ' I CHARACTER OF TFIE INDIAN RACE. 347 Pocncko, ('larUe, aixl Hiih'c. impjirtcd no otluT iiiliiiinii(ii)n. Kiiclici'. wlio imdi'rtiidU it, ill ii work of I'lalxn'iitf pri'tciicc, wrote ii liiorojjls |ilii(' romiiiici'. It has ]im;r licrn coiiili'iiiiu'd. Till' llrst ti-iivclicr of a (lill't'i't'iit stiiiiip was Mcl/oni. IJiit it, is not my (li'xigii to rc'citt', in dii lii, tlic discovt'rics ol" tlic most distinirnislit'd visitors to tlic Iiiinks of tlio Nile. It rciuiiiiied for tiic scicntilic corjis wlio attrndcd Monapiirtc in liis invasion of E;rj|)t, to take tlic (Irst st('|)s, and |)rcparf tiic way ti>i' lln' present, discoveries. AnionL'st tlie monuments wiiieli were H;jiinMl in •■ Deiion's Description of Isjivpt." was the IJosettii stone. Tliis l'ra,i.'ment. wliicii 1 examined in tlie IJritisli Museum in ISI'J, was dii;: up on the l)anks of tlie Nile liy the Krench, in ercctint; a fort, in IT'.I'.I. It is a sculptured mass of l)la(d< liasalt. iH'ariuL'- trilinuiual inscriptions in the hieroLdyphic, the demotic, and tlm aiicit-iit (Jreck characters. Copies of it, were multiplied, iiiid spread hefore the scientific minds of KiiLdand ami the (^lntiuellt, for about twent}' years hefori' the respectivi; inscriptions were siitisfartorily reid, it would tran.scciid my pur|)ose to j;ive the iletails of the history of its interpretation ; hut as it has furnished the key to tlie suli.seipieiil discoveries, and ser\-es to denote the patience with which laliors of this kind are to lie met. a, hrief notice of the siihject will he added. The (Ireek inscription, wdiich is the lowermost, in position, and. like the others, imperfect, was the first made out hy the hihors of Dr. Ileyne of (lermany. Professor I'orson of F,ondon. and hy the iiieinhers of the French Institute. 'JMie\-, at the same time, demonstrated it to hi' a fniiis/ntioii. The chief attention of the impiirers was ne.vt directed to the middle inscription, which is the most entire, and consists of the demotic, or enchorial characti'i'. The first advance was made hy De liUcy, in ISdli, who found, in the irroiips of proper names, those of Ptolemy, Arsinoe, and others. Tiiis was more satisfactorily deiiioii- strateil hy Dr. Yoinij:'. in 1S14, when he piihlished the result of his hilxirs on the demotic text. These lahors were fni'ther extended, and hroiii:lit .o'-ward in separate jiapers. |)ul)lished hy him in IS IS and ISIH, in which lie is helieved to have slieil the earliest iiciiiii of true liirlit on the mode of annotation. He was not ahlc, how- ever, to apply his principles fully, or at least without error, from an opinion that a sijl/iil'ir principle pei'vaiU'd the system. He carried his interpretations, however, iniich heyond the decypheriiiii' of the proper names. It was the idea of this coin- ])ound character of tlix- phonetic hierof^lypliics, that proved the only liar to his full and comiilete success; an opinion to which he adhered in 1S"J">, in a jiajier in which he maintains, that the Kiryptians did im/ make ii.se of an iiliiluihet to represent eleineiitary sounds and their coniu'ction, prior to the era of the (Irecian and Ihimaii domination. ('hain|iollioii the Yoiinjicr, himself entertained very much the same opinion, .so far. at least, as relates to the phonetic siuns. in ISI:i. In ISIf, in his " Kirvpt under the Pharaohs." he first exjiressi's a dilU-rent opinion, ami throws out the hoiie. that '' .sounds of laiijiiiiijj'e and the expressions of tlioiii:;lit," would \et he disclosed under the garb of '• material iiicture.s."" This wits, indeed, the gerin in the ■ " I ; i . 1 .; I j !■ ill; If. i 1 _. . .H8 INTELLKCTIA I, CAI'ACITY AND tliDiijflit-wiirk of till' ri'iil ilisntxi'i'v, wliirli lir iimioimccil to lln' iJoyiil Ariidi'iiiy of lli'lU'H Li'ltoi'M at Paris, in ScptiMiiliiT, \S'2'1. I!\ iliis iliscoMTv, of wliicli Dr. Youn;; riaiiii."! priority, in ilctrriiiiiiiii;; tlic fiiNt iiim- Myiiiltnl."*. a ni'w liiil< \>* mlili'il in tin- rotniniinirntion of tlion^'lit \>y .>*i,t;'iis, wliicli coiiiiri'ts |iii'tiirr iiiiil al|)li(ilj<'t wiiliiijr. I'lioni'tio liifii)jrly]>liics, nx tinis ilisi'liwi'il, ronsi.-^t of Hyinlmis n'|iii'Si'ntinii tlio .-oiiiiils of firnt lottors of woriln. Tlu-si' syinlM)l,-< liiivi- tliin pi'i-nliaiity, ami an- roctrirti'il to lliis prorisc n.sc : tliat wliili' tlii'y ilcpict tlio ideas of wliolc olijiTts, as Mnl.s, Sn'., tlicy ri'pri'si'iit only the alpiialii'tii' valiii' of tin- initinl IcttiT of tiif naiiir of tiii'si- ohjrrt.s. TliiiH till' ])irtiiri' niiiy. to ;.n\i' an cxanipli' in Kn^rli.sli, ili-not" a man, an ox, an cajrli', or a lotus; Imf tlu'ir alplialii'tical valiio. if these 1)C the wonis iiiserihcil on a column, woiilil 1)1' n'.-pi'i'tively, the letters M. (). K. \,. 'I'hese are the phonetii' sifiiis. or ei|iii- valontH for the wonls. It is eviiliMit that an insi'ri|)tioii eoulil thus l)C' niaile, with eonsiilorahle preeision, hut not iinorrinL' exiietituile, ami it is hy the iliscoverv of this key, that so nuieh li^ht has heen, within lute yeai-s, evolved from the Kgyptian monuments. It may 1m> useful, in this eoiinection. to liear in mind two fiicts. rinmely, that the discovery aims at irreater aeeiiraey ■md precision, tlian it has attained ; and that, the result, striking' and liriiliaut as it confessedly is. is the aecunuilation of the jtatient research of many years, and a plurality of intellects. Without the acridental ilis- cuvery of the Hosetta stone, contjiininir the trilinjrnal inscription, it is doiililfid whether the system would lia\e ever In^en iiuessed at. .\nd here is one, and we think hy far the ^jrreatest lienelit. which the world owes to the Freiu'h iuxasioii of Kirypt. It has heen seen, that the (irst step to an inteipirtalioii. was the detection of the juiiijor names, as disidosed liy the (lieek copy, coupled with tin' limiuistical conclusion arrived at l>y He\iie. Schoiai's |)erceived that thistireek text must he a '• fninsldtliiii." This hint uave the impulse to research. What was translated must necessarily have had an oriizinal. The next step was taken h_\' (Juatreinere, who proved the present Coptic to In- identical with the ancient lvi:yi)tian. To find tins hin,t;uaj;e, then, recorded in the hierojilyphics, was tlie Hi()ii ; il wiin also ii qiioHtioii of iiatioiml |)riilf Ih-Iwicii KiikIiihiI, Knuu'o, ami (icnaany. Ami. for tlic first tiiiic in tlii-ir licivc ami sanpiinary Iiistorv, lii('r(if:l\|)liicM wcri' tlii' '.iiissixi's wielded. V'i<'toiT decided in favor of Clnim- pollion. as displayeil in tlio triumph of the pure phonetie method ehu-idated in hin '• IMY'i-is (In (tystiime hiurof;;lyphii|nes dew anciens Kjrvptiens." puMishcd in !8"J4. It it* a striking feature in hiero;ilyphical piionetie writinjr. and me f^reat eanse of imprecision, that itH sijins are multiform, often arliitrary. nnd mii-t Im' constiintls interpreted, not only with an entire familiarity with the lani-uajie of the people emplo\inj; them, Imt with their customs, haliits. arts, maimers, mid hislnrv. All wlm have Mtiidiod the Egyptian hierot.dyphic literature, have experii'Mced this. The iiiiiii- her of phonetic synonyms, or liiiiiiiiiiliannim xii/ns, in the phonetic alphaliet, hiis liren increased, at the last dates, to S(il. Of this luimlper, I'JH are ilevoteil to the Iniiiniii (ijriire, in various positions, mid lUt to separate parts of the hudy. Ill re|>resent ceii's- tial hodies; *Jl, wild, and In, doniestie (piadrupeds ; Uij, limlis of aniimil )ll iiiril UK 1 jiarts of liirds; 10, fishes; .'ID, reptiles, ami poitirms; ami the remain- inj: 401, artiticial ohjeets. Nor is it siipjiosed that this is the full e.\tent of the phonetie si^ns. Ilomophons ha\(; iieen added to the list hy e\i'ry new discoverer, anil the liest results which are now predicted for the alphaliet. deiiute that the round numlM'i- of <)()() is exi)ecti'(l to compri.se all tl le various spju.- W lere an alphaliet ill'u-.. there must he danjrer of error and imprecisinii. We do not fall in with the loo- HweepiiiiT ronchisions of some ermlite critics, auainst the ;j;fiieia 1 vah f the p lit h ])les and results; wliieli, Imwever, must lie receivei 1 will I aliatenu'iits. It ullirieilt to iM'ar in mind, as a ri'a.soii for caution, that the iiiteipretations of dilVeniit minds lere is a manifest vary; ami that Kossoliiii and Champollioii dit chaste and eioipieiit hi>toriaiis ilVC, this iiatnrai tendencv to our cuiieciitiou.-i Tl A/ti ■mi-ci\ ili/,ati(iii was an iiidiis trial civ ili/.aliou ; tin iviii"' nil of hiintiu';- and luviii;: for ai:riiuitiire and lixi dwellinjis. Uul we must not uiislake it. Tliev Imilt teocalli. temples, paliices. an iranleiis ; hut the people liv"(l in mere huts. The V \\-ere ^tiU d I'liased W oman was dreadfully so. The mind of the A/.tecs, while the hand had olitained skill and imUistry, was still harharic. The horrilic chai'Mcter of their religion made it iiii|ios- sihle it should lie otherwise. Civilization had hut little afl'ected the intellect, the kint;' system of picliire- nioials not at all. Tliev coiumemorateil events hv the writing; hut there is strung reason to sus|iect, since e.xainining the princiides of the i i ;.' , U I f 1 1 4 1 1 j \i\: \: i' flfiO INTKIJ.KrTf AI, CArArlTY AND Niirth Aiiiorican nvHtt'in. ii.x |)iiirli,''i'il l>\ our iiiftluf* miil joMMiikci'ilH, llmt llu- Mcxiniii iniiniii'ci'iplH wiTi' iiIho coiiKtiiictfil mi tin* nun niniiir /uiinyi/,, iinil mIwiinm owed iniuli III' llu'ir viiliii' iinil |iri'i'isiiin lo llu- tnciiKH'^ nl' tlir tr;iin<'i| wi'ilcis iiinl iiiiiiitciM. IT tlicxc (H'Cll|iii'(l, lii'liil'*' till' law-rliii-ls ul' Mulilr/Hniil, tln' I'rlillisf linr^itiull iil' rlrl'kM iil' I'liiii'tH mill ivconliTH. ii.>< Mimi' ul" llir |iirtiirr-\vrilinji>i pri'siTsril i»y Iliii'kln\( ili'iinli', tlii'Kt' iiitt'i'iirrliTM nl' till" iiMti(>ii;ii iiiIIh ri'lini miihiIv on iih'inorv. ('i>n\rii(i(Pii;il rtiitiis liiiii iliiiic iniirli, liiit tlir paiiitfil rcrnnl .itill rri|iiirril llir^i' \'i'rli:il i'N|ihiii:iliiiiiM wliii'li II kiiiiwlcilp' III' till- .is.xti'in iiiilv riiiilil .xii|i|ilv. .'!. K I.K M K N IS I IK Till: I' I c TO H I A I, S V S T i: M , Tlif Tullrr mill A/.li'C ^vsli'iii !)'■ l'irtinr-\V;itlnj», rMiii|i;iiri| willi tlir Nmlli Ainriiciin :~ its jicin'riil njin'riiii'iil — its pi'i'iiliar Iriiilx iiini riiiiiinon lij;iiiiiliM' M'slriii I'f tlii' I'liilnl Sinter Tl'iln'!*. — l>i'\iri's fiiiiii a Tirr "ii llir Miiiii:ikii;;iin Kivrr, Wisciiii-in, — Driiwin^ IVmii tlir rpluT Mis^is«i|i|ii. (Iciintiiij: :i I'ciiri'-MisMioii. — Si^iis iliiiHti oil ( iniU'I'ditlH. — Si>|mlrliriil iit I a^ a sv>ti'iii. if \vi- I'Xi'i'pt the iiinilc iif (iistiii'.'nisliiiii; tlio ilav. till' (lisi.siiHi 111' lie I'M'Ii' I'alii'ij 'I'lalpilli, ami llio cvrii' itccH'. l\v llii' ilcvicrs liir what iiia\ lir ili'.{lu'Mt Imi|h'h or rciirH. A iiii'tii nr prifHl, iiml ii Jtii»-.iiki'r(l. nr ii iiinlii'iil iiiuii. liclicvcK liiiiiwll' to Imvi- lriimi|iluMl liv liin nkill. ami in do-iions, liv IiIm li>niriilivf or n|iri'siiilii- tivc fiiriiM. to |«'r|i('tiiiit»' till- kiiowli'tl^'c of lii- micn'Ms iiiiioii^' liin cotinh mih-ii. Kiiiih' 'm* IIS jiowi iriil II motisf to liiiM iiM to (In- IIIUII of (icii'iu'c, litters, or ivlinioii, in i-isii lir«'. lie liclii'vcH ill till' Initli iinil cllliiirv of liis syxtiin ol' |iol\ liirisin. of fpiiil- jMiwi'i'. of iiiciuitiiliiiiiH, of int'ilii'iil iiiiijjii'. of iiivtiiolo^rv, of liis wilil fonst reli^; Ami lliat llic ol)Kfrviim'f of llirse riles. olVeiiie.-. iiml eeniiinnies, in emli (le|iiiitiiieiil, is iinlissnliiMv ei eeted witli tile i-siies of life ami ileatli. Slioiicrer motives eivili/a- lion 1111(1 Cliristiaii hope eoiilil not sii|ipl_v. 'I'liis will ileiinle the failli with wliieliiie praetises his pietojrra|ili_v. l''or tiieii |iielo!rra|iliie (le\ieestlii' Nmlli Ameriimi ImliaiiH lllise two telins. MM tniH'; mil 1 AW, iiielv, /»''/,/»/(■///. or siieli tliiiiirs as are ^reiieiMJIv iimlerslood li\ the ■i, niiiiiii, or teiwllill^'S of llie /iimAiv or priests. 1 jus.-itl,; i ,1s or prophets. The kiiowleiluc of the latter is ehiellv eoiillneil to peixnis who iiie \er>eil in their if their religion, ami mav he deeineil hiemiie. Tln' Inriiier llu;iinitive sifilis. slieli as are eillploxed al plaees ol' sepulture. «telii of ma"ie liieilieine, i eolisisls ol the eolllllion tl^ or hv liiintin;; or travelliiif; imrt les. It is also eliiploN I 111 ll le iiiii . .tmi lull's, or roek wri tiiius. Maii\' of the fi^'iires are common to IkiIIi. ami are >vv\\ in the drawiii;.'s fj^eiieiall} hut it is to 1h' understood that tiiis results fioin the lijjiire-alphahet heiii ireeis* Iv tl le same 111 i)o ill. while the de\iees of the llll^jamoolis. or liledieiur. waliil liiiiiliiii;, and war soii'js. are known solel\ to the iiiiliales who have learned ihein, ind who alwiivs pa\ hi'^li )r the Sonth-hiid, a mem to the native iirolissors for this kiiowlei|j.;e. ."shaw iiiiipeiiais. her of the Chippewa Irihe. told iiie. (aflir lie had heeoiue a ineinhi'i' o f the MaplisI Chnreh.) that he had paid eMahitaiil, prir ees, — such as a ;;iiii lor a soli'', in learnin^t the ina^riea 1 liniitiiiL' soiiiis. Thes wi-re lanj;ht to him Iron the d e\ lees on sero llsofhark. He milled, that lie liiid heeii a lon^r ti le in learniii': them; that the informatioii was eomminiu' ated secrelU ; and that, whenever lie had mastered the soiijrs. w liieli contained iiiysterions allnsions, lie fully nmlerstixMl, d eoilld draw the deviees. The snhieets to which the North Anieriean Iiidiiin applies his pietograpliii; skill, mas he rejiarded as follows, namely ; 1. Ki;kkk\mn. A. Common sifins Trivvellinj,'. 1$. Ad.iidiitif,'\vim S«"piilturo. 2. KekkI'^nowin. C. Mi'di'iwin Medicine. T). Minor .le.sukiiwin Necromancy. K. Wahino Hevelry. F. Keossawiii liniitiiiK. \ i ailL I) H T"7 I" I ; |v '11-1 ;,4l! ' • ■• ^i X,2 I N T F. 1, L E (' T V A L C A I' A (' I T Y A N I) fl. IliL'lit'r .Ft'sukiiwin I'roplioi'y. II. NiiiidolicwiiiH'wiin War. I. Siiiri'i'iwiii fiovc. K. .Mii/./.iiii'il)ikon History. ikimv i)l)soisatioii8 on ciicli of thoso topics may bu niade. 1. CuMMilN K i: K K K w I y, oil MoDK (»K Wkitin(; IIY Kki'Iiesentative A N I) S V M II L I V A L I* 1 V T V U E S . A. The- foliowiug pictofirnph is transcrilwd from the sidc.x of a lilazcnl tree, of tlio sj)ocies Piiiiii n^hiuKO, foiiinl on tlic lianks of tlii' NaniakiiLMin, a tiilnitarv of tlio River St. ('roi\. of tlio r|i|>cr Missi.-rt. as cNplainc 1 Kv an int('ri)n tcr well xcix-d in IkjIIi tiii.s art and .in- lan^rua;.^' and ciistiinis of the Chippewas. niav 1m' j,'i\en in fi'w words, Fifinro ^l. on tiie riiilit, is tiie totem of a iinnter. wlici liad eneani|ieil at tiiat spot. It i-e!)res<'nts a falinloiis aiiiniai. called the copper-tailed hear. 'I'he two pai'ailel lines iM'neatli it, (linnre I.) ciiivi'd at eacii end. repi'esent the hunter's canoe. Tlie ne.xtsigti, (fiijuri' 1.) on tiit> same side, helnw. is the tiiten\ (if iiis ((anpanion. the ini/i. or cat-fish, tla^ jiarallel lines heneath (fijiui'e '-) also repii'si'ntinir his canoe. Thi' upper (iiznre, o, on the left. re|)resents the ci)in"'on hlaeU l.'ar; the six lower de\ ices, fiirnrv's (i. 7. S, '••, 1(1. and II. denote six (ish of the cat-fish s|K'cies. 'I'he interpretation is this : The two hunters, whose totems wer<' cat-li>h ai 1 eopper-tuiled iii'ar. while eucamited at the spot, killed a hear, and captincd the expressed nuiulier of cat-lish in the liver. The record was deslLined to coiiNev this piece iif information to their people and kins- I'dlk who should |iass the lucalitv. The state ef societ} amon^r them rendered such information interesting:; it wa.s as much su to them, perhaps, as the liciierality of the information ol' a personal character which is circulated \>y our diurnal press; ami the fact of the let'onl itself imvy 1j(! regarded as a pr(M)f that the system of llu- Kekeewin was |.'eiierally iinderstiMxi. The scroll containing this inscription (S'c A. IMate IS.) was olitaineil alnive St. .\nthony's l*"alls. ou a |iulilic expei'iiiun in iMitl. which iias heen alluded to in a prior place, it consisted of white iiindi hark, ami the tiirures had Immui cariTully i i ; 1 1' I i !)' «i( I I I CHAUACTKH (>F THE INDIAN HACK :i.-);l Ciiptiiiu Doiigliis, will) had l«'j;iiii tlic study of tliis " hiirk-lcttor," as it was cdlcd. flioiifrlit tliis symbol dciintcd his di'scciit tVniii Cliakopi'. Niitiilii-r 7 is a chiof, siihur- (liiialc to ChakoiM', with !•') lodjjrcs, and a l)al(' of p«nls (Nmnlx'i' '•), wliicii was lU'votfd. l)y tlic public, to the olijccts of tho pt>ae'(>. The iiamo of NiimhiT 0, wiiosi- L'wam is NuiiiIm-T o, with l.'l sul)ordinato lodyfcs. was not jrivcii. The franio, or wi crossi'il poll's 111' tht> (Mitirt! •">(! loilircs coinjHJsin;! this party, had lifi-n li'ft standing' on ill" liiLdi, opi'ii ])rairii' on tin- wi-st hank of tli<^ Mississippi. al)o\(' Sank Hivcr, and iinnii'diati'ly opposite the point of llornlili-ndc Hocks, which the French call the 'l"wo Itocks. A liijih [)ole, split so as to receive the scroll, was placed at the head of the camp, conspicuous to all who should pass; and its sijrlit actually prodnced a nhout from iJahesacnndalM' and a dele>ration of ( 'li-ppowas, who accompanied liiin on an errand of jieace from the sources of the Mississippi. To these examples of the use of pictoi;raphi,' writing to subserve the pnr|)osu of information, in travclliiii.' and in Imntiii'.'. I add the followinjr jiictoirraph respecting known liistorical events. It was tr.insciibeil t'rom a tree on tin- banks of the .Mns- kiiiL'nm Hiver. Ohio, about 17mi.' Tbc biirk of tlie tree had been vemoved about twch'e inihi's sipiare. to admit the inscri]itioii. The ebarartcrs were drawn with ciiarcoal and bear's oil. (See M. Plate 17) It is known, historically, that, after the conipiest of ('aiiada. 17')S— V,i. the western Indians, who adhereil to tlie Kri'iich interest, formed an extensive confederacy for rctakin;.'. simnltaneonsly, all the military posts west of the Alle;;hani("s. 'I'liis coii- fedcracy, which was heaih-il by the celebrated cliiet' I'ontiae. was so well ordered and planned that nine out of the twelve small stockaded 'garrisons, held by the Mn^dish troop-', were actnall}' surprised and taken; and they were only resisted by the su|)eriiir works of I'ittsburi: and Detroit. It was not till the \ear I7li:!-(>1 that these formidable disturbances were ipudled, and the authority of the Mrilish ci'own (inally established among the dissatislied tn^ies. 'i'lio inscription relates to these eventii. It depicts the part Uirne in this confederate ^var by the Delawares of the Muskingum, under the conduct of the noted chief Wiiigenund. Number 1 represents tlie eldest ami main biiinch of the Delaware trilu", by its ancient symbol, the tnttnj-ic. Number 'J is the ioieni. or armorial b,iii:^i' of Wiimei.nnd, denoting liiiii to tie the actor. Num! i I is the sun. The ten hori/o;i(.d strokes beneath it ("cnote the numlH'r of war-partii's in which this chief had parli.'ipated. NnmlM'r ■\ are men's scalps. ' .\nli!ri'l";.'i;i, i.r Mi»i'rlliiii.'i>iis Tnirl.'* ri'lalinK to Aiilii|iii(y ; |mlii>hi''l liy tim Sin-ii'ly nf Aiitii|Uarinii!t of l...i„l..n. Vol \i., 1T>^J, \y.iff iMI. 4.') \ II :•■ 'i i '! !l I u ij i !l!i be > 3ol I N T !•; I, L K (' T UAL < ' A 1' A (,' 1 T V A N 1) !« fi' NmiiiIict ■"), womcM'f* scalps. NiiiiiIm r (i. mull' jprisoiuM's. Niiiiilicr 7, I'l'iiialc [)ris<)iu'i's. NiiiiiImt S. a small fort situated on tin. haiiUs of Laki- Immc. wiiicli was taken l>_\ iIk Inilians in I Tiili. I>v a surjui-^i'. Niunlicr '.• ri'|H'i'srnts tlic lurt at Oclroit, wliii-li. in ITii'!, resisted a sicL'e of tliici Jiiontlis. under the eoniniand of Major (iladwvn. Niinilier In is l'"ort I'itt. deiiott'd liy its striKinij: jiosition on the estrenie point ol ami at the eon hience of the Aliejhanv and the Mon oULialiela incrs. Nninlier II denotes the inripient tmvn near it. The eleven crosses or fiirun arran ni'd helow the tortoise, denote the ninnher of pci'sens w lo were either killed or taken prisoners hv this chief. The pris')ners are dislin^inished from the slain h\ thi liirnre of a hall or circle aliov(> tiie cross-IJLMire denotinL; a head. Tho>e devices willi out this circle are syndiois of the slmi. I'liit four, out of the ele\t'n. appear to ha\i men, and of these, two were rt'taineil as prisoni'rs. It aj)peais that but Iw' been wo of tiie si.\ men \vere led into capti\il\ . The twenty-three nearly \crtical stroke^, at the liiot ol'llie insci'iption, indieuto the strenirtii of the (hicflain's pai'ty. The inidina- .:i-" ilie, uiarclied to I'cneh the scene of conliict. Tills coni'M', id i-itiiri . i' ilie trilie, and of the side of the tree chosen to depict i* \i,l-^ .\s 1 1.1 ihe e\ideives which .-ilow tlui ol'der anil exactitude of tlliv-e tioii denotes til tile actual I ( iiortiiw aid. riiil.- lb captuiv I -ij' !■..! CXMCIIn 'ij' \\' he took itliui il r I. •■on lin;,' facts, it is to U; oIisci'VimI that the niiiuher of peisoiis ■i. !■! iii'li eNpedition of the chief, is m'I on the left of the pictui'i'. ;!'■' '.aiholical iiiarl^ ol' the e\|iedition. Thus, in his lir-! \var-parl\. ; " '!c' second, he killed one man, and took In-- scalp — the ^iju is deo-rapl li! ei one the thin ille.l a mall' ami lrm lle\l e.Npeililion some \eais elapM'd. as denoted lythe space. In tip' sesfntli. he took a feniale luisoner; the the M\tli. |i- took a male pri-one ei'jhlh. lie killeil a ma 111 ; the ninth, a wmiian ; the t<'nth. ii man. Ill re is a larje aiuuniii of iiiform;ition comcseil hv -"il ssinholic or repre>eiitati\i character^ lis inlerpretalioii is due to a f"llo\\-tri!ie>iii in of tlu' ■•iiccessl'iil warrioi ihe ii(i|< d DIaware cliirl'. ('aplaiii White l\\ es who -.vas aeipiaililcil wilii the circiim- slaiiii-. kiii'W W'iiijeiiuii I. had parlicipal. 1 in ihe iiicideiits of tin' war. and was \ull \i i-rd in tlii^ mod.' I I |iictoii il wriliiif T I. as delioti Ids li.i\e lieeii "loULihl loiwunl. as (leiiotiu;:; a stalling iioint in tli llll|UIIA . |i. Vli.MuMH.WI \. laiioii of the liidi.an trihes for their tiead. is v.i'll ' Til.- ini. .ji.lj, I.I r.\,r- i-t •■{ iiii ill ■>i,-iii . r 'I i I. 11 I 1- L'^i'll l.\ III. ''V rk. Il .1 flMllI 111, VmI. Ill' ilMllf.' lll^it lli. I'UlU u! lllr [H'lniill iulilKl 1- lu\rl.-i ! .V.'i till.-' I.itilll i> llll- ^Vllllml ,i( CIl A l{ \«'Tr,lt nl' Til K I N l»l A N it ACK 86fi known. I'icty and iilli'clioii, n'sj t an liiliili MiiJcnilKl inixlrs (il i)liiliiai'\ <'\liiliilii)n in ci 1 rciiii iiilirancc. iMa\ lia\c imiiT iMistly anil i\ili/.ii| iil'i' ; Im! il is iint'sliiinalili' if tlicrc he ninrc sinccrily. ninrc Inu' rc;.'rct, nioic unalUctcil sorniw, than there is uflen rmniil teemed indiviihials uf tliese r.iMipie hands. .\nd if there he imvlliinL' saered. aniontr c' '1 iliiili'. ami leniiilalion to deuiadaliun. as liie\ Iimv III a lite 111 so iniieli cliaiiiic, \iei nl' llieirdead One of tiie ^;ie;il merils ascrihed hy the moilern Indians \<> tin' era nl' the I'lvncji siiprein- iicv in the hiiiil is. that Krenciiiiieii never distnrhed tise plai'cs ,,r iheir de:id.' The ceini'leiies of the Indian dead were always phiced in the chiiiic-l scenic -iiu;ii,.ins their vicinage alli'i'deij ; — on snme crdwnin^; hill, nr ;:viitlc eiiiiiien"c in a secluded valle\ . Aiivcr .s_\ Ivan sill's were ;ilwass sidcclcd. Their lasle in liiis ic-ipecl has iil'len Ikcii iiiiticeil Mini admired. Tlicy were delicielll ill niechaiiic.d skill, ill wnixl and slolle. Iilll tlie\ lia\e raii'l\ heel evieedeil. pi'lhaps never. Ii\ ellMtic tlilies. ill llie kind care and dcceiil eiiwrapiiu'iit and iiileinii'iil ot' ihcir d. {•.•;i-ci|. Ndlhiii'^ that the (lend posse-sed has I'Ver hecll ilecnicd ti"i \alllalile III he inlenvd willl ihe lii.dy. The must c'i>il\ dress. Mi-ins. nrnanieiits. :ind implements, are ilepn>iled in llie 'jiiiM'. Where the low stale III' ihoe ;Ml- peniiilli'd no architeiiiiral di~pla\ in their simple tniiihs and Imrk-ceiiiitaph-. imthiii- was more nalnral than thai tiiey shuiild heap piles 111' earth liver the remains. In this manner, the spot eoiild he marked and kepi in rememhrance lull- alter their Trail memorials iif wnoil and hark, with their pictorial devices, had pt'rished. This, it is tlimiLiht. was the ori-iii and canse nl' hy I'ar the hiriiest numher nt' the miiiinds and harrows which extend over so lai'L'e an area nl" the wcslerii coiintr\. and which have I ii. I'roni time tn time, the Mihject of much, and (niavweiiol add '.'I some very lam il'ul oli>er\ atimi. Thai reli,L;ions riles should cniinecl ihemscUi^ Willi these rude liiair-oleii. and iie ell'ered oil their sllllimils. was a not less natural ihan simple jiroccs. anion- such a people. It caniiol he a snhjcct nl" wninler. that, willionl ,1 revelallnn nl' the •■more pelfecl way" spoken nl' Ity the .\poslle. these Irihes should coiuerl llie altars ol' r.-iiicmlirance ol' llieir dead into allars oC propiiialmn \\><: the piosperitv of the livim The mo>i perlii^'iil poiiil ol' the impiiry here i-. wheiher. in tleir eH'oii, lo perpeniatc llie memory of he ii.ime and ads of the dead. llir |...i-.li. tlir i>lr..-i-:i],|,i. iln|.. ll I-. llill Uh .|,c.il.-..l li:.- 1.. .11 r.lliril •! Im ill.' nirlll .\lij.' i^ lli" 11. .1111 li. llii, i|...!ii,.|, .1. U..I1II;;' \ tr..-. ^li'K, i...:a'l, "T |.—' 'i'!i. |.;iiiiili:ili..ii in ic'//i, i» llii' |.|iir;il. Tlir ^liik. "i- I;il.i.l:ii )'»■.■.■ ..!' " 1 -'I :i< 'li' 11' "l "l' :> L'cu., i- :il-. s..iii. hiiM- i ;ili. .1 ;iiiii:ilii.Mttiii. "V ;.r./v. r shrL. :i iniii »lii.li li;i.- l.i.u 111 ll,-.- ..nl\ -ih.r llii' iiite..lii.ll..ii ..f ('liri-ii:iiiii v 'I'lii- Iniii i- ill.].!!..! i.iil\ i.. llio <-|-..>s. ' ili-l..ri.:il Mil. I .-. i.iilili, ^k.'t.li. ^ ,.!' Nli.lii'.'iii |l.l|-..il. I^.;l 1 v. I I'l' 'i'' I ■ I I 11 ! ! !' I 3:.c 1 N T K L I, K ("I" t A I, (• A 1' A (' I T V AND li tlu'v may not in soiiu' ('asi'." Iiiivt' inscrilK'il llicir " lii»'r(ii,'ly|iliii:.s" (a.s tlii'v an' iiii|in>- IM-ily CUlU'l am I liK IIIVM lipull llll'lll Till* iiioNt ooiiiinon and Himplt' nuidi- ot' (lie (lir«|i()Mitioii dI' ii inf,' it in llio Ih'hI naiim-iitH, to inclitsc it, willi every atljinict nxMuorial, in oiitiT wrapiMTs nfukiiis and liai'k, and. if iiussililc. a wtHidcn mIicII, \ arii>iisly made, and tlnis to inter it. Aim>n;i tlio Sitiux and wf.xttTn ('lii|)|K'\vas. after the liody linH Ik'oii wra])])ed in its U-st (dotlies and ornamonlH, it is tlien (ilaced on t\ sealt'old, or in a tree, where it lemains nntil tlie lleHh is entindy (h-ea^ed ; after whieh the hones are hnried. and the f?rave-i)o>>ts llxed. At tlie head of the j;ra\e a tahnhn' piece of eethir, or otlier wood, eailed the adjethiti}.'. is set. 'I'his grave-lioard contains tlie syndH)iic or representative li;.nn'es whieli record, if it lie a warrior, his totem; that is to say, the .-iyml)oi of liis family, or snrnaine, and sutdi aritiimelicai or otiier devici'S as ."erve to denote liow many times llie deceased has lieen in war parties, and how nnmy .scalps he lias taken from the eniiny ; two facts, from which his repntation is to 1m' essentially derived. It is seldom that more is attiinptrd in the way of inscriii- tion. Often, however, distinguished eiiiefs lia\e their w ar-liajr. oi'. ii; modern da\-, ensign of .Vmi'rican I'aKric, displayed on a standard at the head of their graves. a smal which is left to lly over the deceased till it is wasted liv the elements. Scalps of their enemies, feathers of the liald or Mack eagle, the swallow-tailed falcon, or .some carni- vorous liird, are also placed, in such instances, on the ailjetlatig, or suspended, with oll'crin'^s of various kinds, on a separate stall', lint the latter are super-additions of a relii .'ions umiK-r 4.) 'IMie liuilding of a fimeral fnc on recent graves, is also a rite which helongs to th consideration of theii reli faith The following ligures (Plate "ill) will convey a just idea of this ki.id of pietograpliie record. NundNi' I is the adjedatig of WnlHijeeg, a rtdi'lirated wai'-ehief anil rider of his trilie, who died on l^ake .Superior, aliout I T'.Ki. He was of the family or elan ol' thi' iiddik, or .American reindeer. This fact is symUili/ed liy the figure of tlii" dei'r. 'I'he leverse msitioii denotes death. 11 IS own iier.so inal laiiie. winch wa^ the White Fisher, is not noticed. The seven transveisi' marks on the left ileiiote that he had led seven war parlies. The threi' perpendicular lines ixdow the totem, represent three vMninds received ill liatlle. The figure of a moo.se'> head, relates to a des|iciale eonllict with an enraged animal of this kind. 'I'he sviiiliols of ihe arrow and )iipe, are drawn to indicate his inlliieiice in war and |ieace. .NuuiIkm' - is the record of a hunter of the .Miikviau or hear cl.in, who had Ih'cu a ineiiilK'r nf three .separate war parties. NumlM'r .'! represents a chii-f who vva.M of the tortoise totem, ami has three ni.'irks of an emhieni of death ; Ihe totem heini.' drawn honor. The closed cross is here upright. <• u 4- (! 5 ; ! i ! h I 1 1 i ill: ! t. I 1 1^ IJ c ^ .fc M 4 ;■;• ( ijil '■fr! n i V ! ..fffm> \ .—> ni w f^aii.. ik liiltjmim /I.. ,. I .IF ( 1 ' I ' r H '>.L % IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V .v^ i :/. i? 1.0 I.I ■a 118 |2.5 u iliS 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1 1.6 < 6" — •* V] /2 /a V Photographic Sciences Corporation <^. «^' 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. Vf«2 (716) 872-4503 t of au Indian Music Hoard; — Songs and Incantations, dcpicteil in Miienionic Signs; — Examples of the Mcda, Ke-kee-no-win, with their Interpretation. 2. Kkkkexowix. — Tliis class of .signs is devutcd to the forest priesthood. There are two institutions among the North American Indians, which will be found to jjcrvade the wliole body of the tribes from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean, liowever the terms by which they are denoted differ, or the minor rites of the institutions themselves may be modified. They are called in the language from which wo adopt most of the aboriginal terms in this treatise, the Medtiwin, and the Jeesukt'iwin. In other terms, they are the art of medical magic, and of prophecy. Both are very ancient in their origin, and very generally difluscd, practised, and bel. ved in. It is impt)ssible duly to consider the pictorial art as existing among tiiem, without some prior notice of these leading and characteristic institutions. For, a very large jiroportion of botii tlie simple represent- ative and symbolic signs they employ, derive their force and significancy from the relation they bear to these institutions. C. The term meda,' in Ottowa meta, is one of long standing in their vocabulary, although, as in many other words, its vowel sounds have probably undergone com- plete changes in ancient periods, wliile the consonants m and d have been interchanged according to the generally understood laws of human utterance.^ Its original signifi- cance is obscured by its present application to medical influences, supposed to bo exercised by certain mineral or animal matter, as small bits of metals, bones, feathers, and other objects kept in the arcanum of the sacred gush-ke-pe-tti-gun, or medicine- sack. But it is quite obvious that no physical application of tlie.se articles is even pretended by the operators, but that they rely wholly on a subtle, invisible, necro- mantic influence, to bo exerted in secret, and at distant as well as contiguous points. The meda, or medawininee, is in all respects a magician. He is distinct from the ' The sound of the c, in this word, is long, a.s in nie ; of a, .as heard in futi\ ' To denote how these changes would affect the sound, the following niodific.-.tions of the five vowels will Buffiee : first vowel sound, iiiata, nicda, niida, inoda, nuida; second vowel sound, uiata, mate, niadi, niado, inadu. U\^ ft mm CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. SV.) muskekcwinineo, or medical practitioner, wlio adniini.sters both liquid and dry medicines, lileed.-i, cups with a horn, and operates on ulcers, swellinffs, and fresh wounds. Tin; latter takes his denomination from nui.s-ke-ke, a licpiid dose. The former from mcda, a mysterious principle. The one is a physician, the other a priest. Meda is clearly a verb, which is shown l)y its taking; the inflection tchi, to form a substantive. To meda, is therefore to perform magic, to trick by magic. iSIedawin is the art of magic. Its professors are, simply and definitely, inagii or magicians. Men who profess this art are formed into societies, or associations. They are admitted by a pul>lic cere- mony, after having been instructed in private, and given evidence of their skill or fitness. There is no order of descent. The thing is perfectly voluntary. Any one may become a follower and practisor of the mcda. All that is necessary is to adduce proofs of his skill ; but it results that none but those possessed of somewhat more than the ordinary shrewdness, art, or foresight, either assume or attain eminence in this art. D. The art of prophecy, or the Jeesukawin, difiers fi'on the medawin in its being practised alone, by distinct and solitary individuals, who have no associates; who at least do not exist, and are never known as societies. Prophets start up at long intervals, and far apart, among the Indian tribes. They profess to be under super- natural power, and to be filled with a divine alllatus. It is, however, an art resem- Ijling that of the meduwin, and founded on a similar principle of reliance, dilTering chiefly in the o/y'ivt xoixjlit. The meta seeks to pnipitlatc events; the jossakeed aims to prcdkt them. Both appeal to spirits for their power. Both exhibit material substances, as stufled birds, bones, &c. as objects by or through which the secret energy is to be exercised. The general modes of operation are similar, but vary. The drum is used in both, but the songs and incantations difier. The rattle is con- fined to the ceremonies of the meda and the wabeno. The jossakeed addresses himself exclusively to the Great Spirit.' Ilis office, and his mode of address, arc regarded with greater .solemnity and awe. His choruses are peculiar, and deemed by the people to carry an air of higher reverence and devotion. To Jee-suk-a, is to prophesy. The Avord is a verb, and can be conjugated through the ordinary moods and tenses. The infinitive is converted into a substantive by adding the particle ^oln. It is often prefixed to the word man, making the sense prophecy-man, a vulgar mode of using the principles of a very flexible transpositive language. The term, when thus compounded, is Jee-suk-a-win-in-ee. E. There is a third form, or rather a modification of the medawin, which I have just alluded to. It is the Wabeno ; a term denoting a kind of midnight orgies, which is regarded as a corruption of the meda. Its rites and ceremonies will be particularly ' Tiiis, it will bo recollected, is an intlcfinitc phrase. It may equally mean the great GooJ, or great IBad Spirit. Tlio latter must, as a general rule, bo inferred, when the term gczlia is not prefixed. I i; i r H 4S:i ", r! ! ! ,< 1 w if H in It mHf ? •;■' iii i :<^ : 1 : ' I ■■} •| if, i ■■»? h' ■ts' t I I !.'. ii ,f'l ' if fi M ■}■;. P'- 4: i ■ ■ ' 'I J. 'f= :;(■(() INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY AND noticed horoal'tor. Siiflicie'iit, it is believed, has l)eon advanced to show tiio influences which are exerted by these two leadiii: CHARACTKU OK T II K INDIAN HACK. 861 itipdiriniil virtue. Tlit' ('Miuliiliilf is riiitlu'r inidatcd in such priiiii' focrcts as aro dfi'ini'd iiifiilliltlo ill tlie lU'ts of liculin;;' or iiuiitiiiL:', or ivsiHtin;:' (lie powir of I'licliiint- meiit or witcliciiift in others. Thi' hitttT is iiiiown, in coinujon piirliincc, in tho Indian country, a.s tho power of throwing, or resisting the power to throw, Itiid lueilii'ine. I had observed tho oxiiihitions of the Medawin. and thu t'xaetness and studioiiH ceremony witli whieh it.s rites were performed, in iSliO, in the region of fjaUe Siiperii)i. and dotcrminod to avail my.self of the advantages of my olVuMal ponition. in 18'J'J, wlien I returned aH a Government Agent for the tril)es, to maito further iiupiiries into itH principles and mode of proceeding. And for tliis purpose. 1 jiud its cereinonies repeati'ii, in my ollice, under the secrecy of closed doors, wilh escry iiumms of Idth correct interpretation and of recording the result. I'rior to this d'aiisacliou. I imd ohserveil, in the hands of an Indian of the Ocljibwa Irihe. one of tiio>e .s\ luholii; tablets of pictorial notation, which liave been sometimes called Music IJoanls, from tiic fact of their devices being Kung off, by tho inilii tod of tho Moda Society. Thi.s constituted the object of the e\planation,s, which, in accordance with tho positive requisitions of the loader of the Society, and three other initiates, was thus ceremo- niously made. The following plate, 51, is an exact fac simile of it, the original tablet having been run by Mr. Peter Mavoric through his rolling pro.^.s, in tho city of Now York, in 1825. It is to those liguros that the term Mnemonic symbols is applied. They arc called Nugamoon-un by the natives, that is to say, songs. They are the second grade of .symbolic pictures of the character of Ke-ke-no-win, or instructions. They arc merely suggestive to tho memory, of the words of the particular song or chant, of which each figure is the typo. The words of these songs are fixed, ami not variable, as well as tho notes to which they aro sung. But those words, to 1)0 repeated, must have been previously learned by, and known to, tho singer. Otherwise, altliough their ideographic character and value would be a})paront, and would not be mistaken, he would not bo able to sing the words of the song. Sounds are no further preserved by these mnemonic signs, than is incident, more or less, to all pure figurative or repre- sentative pictures. The simple figure of a quadruped, a man or a bird, recalls the iKniie of a quadruped, a man or a bii'd. It recalls to the Indian's mind the corre- sponding sounds, in his vocabulary of awaysce, inineo, peuay.scc. This is of some value, in tho interpretation of the historical inscriptions, or that class of them, for wliich their vocabulary provides tho term of Muz-zin-au-bik-oan, or rock-writings. It conveys the navies of tho actors, with their respective tribes, and the clans or loading families of the tribes. We may thus recall something of the living language from the oblivion of the past, by the pictorial method. Mnemonic symbols are thus at tho threshold of the hieroglyphic. I suspect that each chant has a key symbol and that it is the character of this particular symbol, which operates to direct the memory, as to 46 ^ II li^ (i ll H ' ! 1 i \\ 1 , I 'i' i : 1 .: i ! M U02 INTKM-KC'I'I Al, (' A l'.\r IT V A N l> \\l 'ill n Ji^ t" {!' i I I .^ '' Hi ' il ^i ^■::^-^'i iitijl ^.1! i' ! \ fc^i ;;» till" numlior. lociilitv, cnlor of |iii|ii'r or tvpr. or ntlicr piiitiiulur ciivmiifttanccH, un tliu pii^c dl' ii |iriiiU' sainc nniul»r of iiii|t'|ii'ii(lrnt cliiiiits. Fiunif I. A nicilicinc ioil;j;i' iiiji'd with tlio pirscnco of flio Great Spirit, wlio. it is nlVirincd. canii' down with win.L's. to instruct the Imliiins in these ceremonies. Tho iiu'da, or priest, sinjfs — Moil e do We fiuni ijj; Ah to dnin iiii< \e we ]icen dt,' Jiav.' The (ir<'at Spirit's lodjic — yon have iicard of it. 1 will enter it. Wliile tiiis is snni;. and i^ejieated. the priest shakes his shi-slii-j.;wnn. and eaidi ineniher of the society holds up one hand in a l)e.seechin,j; manner. All staml, without dancinir. The drum is not struck durinj; this introductory chant. Figure L'. A candidate for admission crowned with feathers, and holdiuir. suspended to his arm. an olter->kin pouch, with tlic wind ri'presented as liushiuLf out of one end. Mo sini!s, rcpi'atiiiM' after the prie>l. all dauciu;.;'. wilii the acconn)animent of the diinii and rattle : Ne sail moo y.liui!; We au ne na\' (>/,li ke liu;.' i;t' /e W'o p:o waum Ne peen de j:ay. 1 lia\(' always loved that that 1 seel^. 1 no into the new f^reiMi leaf lodge. Kimiic .") marks a [lanse, during \vhicli the victuids prepared for the feast are introduceil. Figure (. .V man holding a dish in his hand, and decorated with magic featliers on his w rists, indicating his character as master of the least. All sing, Ne man tan ne go Ne kaun. I .shall give \ou a share, my friend. Figure 5. A lodge apart from tiiat in which the meda-men are a.ssomhled. liaving a vapor-hath within it. The older men go into this lodge, and during the time of their taking tho hath, or immediately preceding it, tell each other certain secrets relative The initial k'ttor of each line is printed in capitalK to fncilitate the reading. (' II A II A CT !•: U (» I' r il K I N l» I A N II A C K :!il:l til the iirlH thcv t'm|ploy in tlic .Mfd.iwiii, 'riic ^i\ liciivy iiiiirkM iil llic top i,\' tin- itxlfj;!' iiKJiciitt? the .stciim I'scuiiiri^,' iVinii the l);itli. 'riicic iii'c tlnvc orilcrH of mcii in thin HiK'icty, calliil I. iiumIu; li. (miii^'.-iiiaii ; and .!. o'.^cimiii. Ami it in in tlicsc Hccrct cxiiliiuigi's III' iirtx, (ir rntlicr llu' (•uiiiiniiniciitioii tif inikiiowii M'crclM Ircjni (lie liii^hcr til till' idwi'P lU'ili'i'M, tlmt tlii'y an- I'Xiilti'd iVom ihic tn iimilju'r di'^ici'. 'I'lii' prii'st xiiiKs id! I'iilli)win;j; mid liiMtiiij,' tiiiu" tin tlu'ir druiiiH witli ^nndl stii-ks, wliili' tlii'y iniivi' round tliu lodno with a mi'iisurod trend; W I' p' wiiurn ocM ill' fray Ki" k aim iiiiiin [ gi) into tlu> bath — I M Sain piim aii wan, ow my hrolhiT stroiif^. [•'iiinro fi. Till' arm ol' liii' prii'st. or masirr of ri'i'i'inoiiji's. who nindiicls 1 1 II' I'an- didati'. rt'|in'.-;i nti'd III coniici'lion wi th ti II' iii'\t li'^nrc Kigmv 7. Thi' piods, or |iri'si'iitH uivi'ii, as a Iri' ol' admissiun. I>v tiir novitiati N I' WI' iiaii iTWi' no u- WI' liaii ^'wr 111 U) f^a. Ill' kaiiii. 1 wish to wrar tliis. my father — my iViend. Kigiire S. A mi'dii-trcc. Tlic rci'iirvi'd ])riiji'rtinii from the trunk donotea the root tliat supplies thu nu'dicinc. All n(i i an iic nny lie I an ne nay An I'a /.liik wan koo/, o Kc mit tig o me mum Ko we taush kow an. What! my lite, ni}' siiifilc tree! — wo daiiee around yon. Kigiiro !). A stiitll'd erane-skin, employi'd as a medieii the daiii'e, plovor.s and otl le-Ma'.:'. liy sliakiiiLC this in ler small hiids are iiiadc. liy a sleiuiit-uriiaiul trickerv. to jimi[i out of it. These, the novitiates are taught, spring from the liag hv the strong power of nceroniancy imparted hy the skill or supernatiiral power of the oiierator. This is ■>ne of the prime arts of the dance. Kill gaii Wan hum au A /.he aun Kuu zhe go wid A /ho aun. that that has grown — I wish them to ap[)ear. in the supposed circle of the sky. Represents a charmed I wish to see them appear Figure 10. An arrow Ml C T I! Ill (I r I H I.!' I : ji'L;i.j:i|f| I ■ h • i I. -I M ,t ■^'l, >,'*'* ''■■' i til i5 864 INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY AND arrow, which, by the power of the meda of the person owning it, is capable of pene- trating the entire circle of the sky, and accomplishing the object for which it is shot out from the bow. Au neen, a zhe me go Me day we, in in e wau I. e. e. mc da, me gun ee. What are you saying, you mee da man ? This — this is the meda bone. Figure 11. The Ka kaik, a species of small hawk, swift of wing, and capable of flying high into the sky. The skin of this bird is worn round the necks of warriors going into battle. Ne kaik-wy on Tau be taib way we turn. My kite's skin is fluttering. Figure 12. The sky, or celestial hemisphere, with the S3mbol of the Great Spirit looking over it. A Manito's arm is raised up from the earth in a supplicating posture. Birds of good omen are believed to be in the sky. Ke wee tau gee '.hig Noan dau wa Mon e do. All round the circle of the sky I hear the Spirit's voice. Figure 13. The next figure denotes a pause in the ceremonies. Figure 14. A meda-tree. The idea represented is a tree animated by magic or spiritual power. Wa be no Mit tig o Wa be no Mit tig o Ne ne mee Kau go Ne ne mee Kau go. The Wabeno tree — it dances. Figure 15. A stick used to beat the Ta-wo-e-gun or drum. Pa ban neen Wa wa seen Neen bau gi e gun. How rings aloud the drum-stick's sound. Figure 16. Half of the celestial liemispbere — an Indian walking upon it. The idea symbolized is the sun pursuing his diurnal course till noon. CIIAKACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. SCf. Nan baun A gee zhig a Pe moos ail tun aun Geezh ig. I walk upon half of the sky. Figure 17. The Great Spirit filling all space with his beams, and enlightening the world by the halo of his head. He is here depicted as the god of thunder and light- ning. Ke we tau Gee zhig Ka te kway Wc te(^'m aun. I sound all round the sky, tliat they can hear me. Figure 18. The Ta-ware-gun, or single-headed drum. Ke gau tay Be tow an Noen in tay way e gun. You shall hear the sound of my Ta-wa-e-gun. Figure 19. The Ta-wa-e-gonse, or tambourine, ornamented with feathers, and a wing, indicative of its being prepared for a sacred u.sc. Kee nees o tau nay In ta_\' way e gun. Do you understand my drum ? Figure 20. A raven. The skin and feathers of this bird are worn as head orna- ments. Kau gau ge wau In way aun Way me gwun e aun. I sing the raven that has brave feathers. Figure 21. A crow, the wings and head of which are worn as a head-dress. In daun daig o In daun daig o Wy aun Ne ow way. I am the crow — I am the crow — liis skin is my bodv. Figure 22. A medicine lodge. A leader or master of the Meda society, standing with his drum-stick raised, and holding in his hands the clouds and tiie celestial hemisphere. Ne peen de gay Ne peen de gay w |; j, : '.' ^ ■ s ^ U 11 ti m s li 11 r ' ! 1.! \ , ■\',i ■'^f ■ - : ; If L . if. ■ ■ >! . [ > 'Ill ':■ ', ' ) I ' * y li.; ir E:t if if 15 866 INTEIJ^KCTUAL CAPACITY AND Ko wo go waiin Ko wo ge wiuin. I wish to go into your lodgo — I go into your lodge. Tiio ick'ii of the sacrod word iModa, wliicli appears to he made proniinont I)v tliosc ciiants, is a subtile and all-pervading I'rincipU' of Power (whether good, or merely .lyvK^ ])ower is not establisiicd by an}' allusions) which is to be propitiated by, or acted on, tiirough certain animals, or plants, or mere oljjeets of art, and thus brought under the; control of the Meda-nian. (jr necromancer. JIo exhibits to the initiates and tlie nieni- ])ers of his lodge fraternit\', a series of boasting and symbolic declamation. This cere- mony is called a medicine dance, and the lodge a medicine lodge. But the Mord nuis- ke-ke, or medicine, docs not oc(;ur in it. nor is there any allusion to the healing art, c:;cept in a single instance, in the chant No. 8. in which the term •' Vu koozzo" occurs. This is the third jjcrson of the indicative, he (or sliel, sick. The operatoi's are not nnis-ke-ke-win-in-ee, or physicians, but Meda-win-in-oe, that is Meda-mcn. They assendjle, not to leach the art of healing, Init the art of supplicating spirits. They do not rely on i)hysica!, but supernatural power. It is. indeed, a perversion of terms to call the institution a medicine society. Its members are not professors of the mus-ke-ke-win, but tlio Mediiwin — not medicine-men, but necromancers, or medi- cal mnirii. 5. Rites .\ x d Symbolic Notation.s of the Songs of the W .V li E N 0. I'iftoiial Signs iiscil in tlie Society of the Waljcno ; — A Description of the Cliaraeter und Objects of tills Institution; — Etymology of the term; — The Season favorable for this, and otlier Cei-emoniiil obsoi-vances ; — ^'icissitu(les of Indian Life ; — Falliicy of the Indian Theology ; — Intci-pretatioii of the Pictorial Mnemonic Signs of the Wabeno, with the text of tlie Nuga- moon-un; — Synoptical Table, showing the Ideographic value of the Symbols. E. W.\i!Exo. — It has been stated that this institution among our Indians is a modi- fication of the ceremonies of the Meda. It is stated by judicious persons among tiiein- sches to be of modern origin. They regard it as a degraded form of the mysteries of the -Minla, which, according to Pottawatomie tradition (page 317), •were introduced by the Manitoes to revive Manabo/.ho out of his gloom, on account of the death of Chcbiabos. It permits the introduction of a class of subject.s, which arc studiously excluded from the Jleda. It is in the orgies of this society alone, that we hoar the topic of love being introduced. Songs of love mingle in its mysteries, and arc made subjects of mnemonic record. TJie mysteries of this institution are alway.s conducted at night, and never by day. Many of the deceptions practised in the exhibition of its arts, CllAllACTKll OV THE INDIAN RACE. 307 (lorivo tlioir offi'cA from the prcscnrc ofchivkiK T neks l)v fire aro (if this I'linractor. 'I'lic soiiikIh of its or^ii'S arc often lioMi'il ut vi'iy lat(! lioiirs; and if the sound of tlie Indian ihuni be heard after niiihiiuht, it niav lUv U iferred witli ceitaintv to proceed from the cirele of tlie Walienoes. The term Waheno itself is a derivative frt)m Wabiui, the inorninjj; lij;lit. Its orgies are jirotiacted till morning dawn. Men ol-the-Dawn, is a free; translation of the term in its plural form. In e.\hibitinj; the characters of the jiictorial art as applied to the dances and songs of the Wabeno, it is essential to exhibit the character and tcndenc\- of tiu," institution, as based on Indian manners and custom 'r lere is s( ) little trulv known on th subject, that the invi'stigation is not deemed out of place. Almost all the of tra gazed allusions ■llei m this tonic are \imue, and its ct'remonii )ken of as thintrs to b^ mil woni lered at. Writ(!i-s seem often to have partaken of no small part of tl le spirit of mystery whicdi actuated the breasts of tiie perfori n(>rs. The .season of revelrv and dissiiiaiion amoni. tl lese tribes is that which follows the termination are (illed ; : of til inter and siiriim- hunts. It is at this time tiiat the huntei's hand he (luits the remote lorests wiierc ho has exerted his (■ lerii'ies in th chase to visit the frontiers, and excdsange his sjvins and peltries and his suirar for goods and merchandise of American or J'liiropean niamil'aclurc. Means are thus enjoyed which he cannot as well coiiiinanil at any other season. I>iit. abo\'e all. this is the por- coiiiinanil at any other season. tion of the vcar when the limitinir ol' animals must be disccintiniu'd. It is tl le season o! re pro duct KJll. SI iiiis and furs are now out of season, and. if boiiuht. would conimand no price. Nature her.self pnjvides for this repose : the pelt is b tl ic sKin. Bv the 1st of .Iniie. throuuhout all the latit uiles nortli o th ar e deserted, an po; sed to ri As Ion means last, tlu> round ol'\isits and feastinu' is kept ip. 15y a peojile who are habitually prone to forget the past, and are tmmm dful the fiiti tl le cares iind hardships of the hunter's lill" are no lonuer thnimht of. Th warmth and mildne.^s of the season is a })oweil'ul incentive to these jieriodical indiil nences : ipat ion is a( Ided to sloth, and riot to indulgence. So completely ah sorbinn' are these objects — so fully do they harmoni/.o with the feedings, wishes, theology, and philo- soi)hy of the Indian mind, that the hours of summer may be said to slip away uiiper- ccived. and the Indian is awakened from his imaginarv trance a ttl le oiieni nu' of autninn. by lor •;teru calls of want and hunger. He now that he must i\<'A\n rouse himself the chase, or starve. He must prepare once more to plunge into the recesses of thi; forest, or submit to that penury and degr;idation which i.s the |)rice of his continu- ance within the settlements. The tempests of autumn, which begin to whistle around ) I >■'' } i IM h Ii;i' i- iv' ■:t i ■ ■ If.': :! 3G8 INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY AND his summer wigwam, are no surer toi^ens of tlio ice aud snows which will L. ck up his jiatii. than the failure of all his means are, that it is only by renewed exertion, and a manly resort to his gun aud trap, his arrow and his spear, that he can replace them. Such is the n)und of vicissitudes of Indian life. lie labors during the fall and winter, tiiat he may enjoy the spring and summer. He accunuilates nothing but his experience; and this tells him that life is a round of severe trials, and he is soonest happy who is fust relieved of it. He has no religion to inform him of the realities of a state of futurity; aud the conse([uence is that he is early wearied of this round of severe vicissitudes, aud is ab.solutely glad when the hour of death arrives. Tlu' whole tendency of the Indian secret institutions is to acquire power, through belief in a nudtiplicity of s[)irits; to pry into futurity l)y this means, that he may provide against untoward events ; to propitiate the class of benign spirits, that he may have success in war, in hunting, .and in the medical art; or by acceptable sacrifices, incantations, and songs, to the class of malignant spirits, that his social intercourse and passions may have free scope. It is to the latter objects that the as.soeiation of the wabeno is directed. Full examples of its songs and ceremonies, as recorded in the pictorial inscriptions, will be submitted, because, without such testimony, symbol upon synd.)ol and song upon song, tlie actual scope and purport of it, and its important inlluence upon the Indian mind, could not be understood. Tiie Ibilowing eighteen symbolic signs, constitute part No. 2 of Plate 51. It is to lie remarked that the order of tliese figures is strictly observed, but in taking impres- sions from the wooden tablet on which tliey were originally cut, the plate is reversed. This does not affect the numbers, or the order of interpretation. Figure 1 represents a necromancer's or wabeno's hand, in a .supplicating posture, hohling a lione. Such an object is worn as a charm or amulet, in a belt around the body. He opens the rites he is about to perform with an address, of which the following is a translation : I si)eak to the Great Spirit to save my life by this token, (the bone,) and to make it ellicacious for my preservation and success. It is not I that have made it, but thou, Great Spirit, who hast made this world, and all things in it. Hear me, and sho>i pity to my cry. He then sings — {Cahallatir c/ioriin.) Na ha Yaw ne Na ha Yaw ne Ning o sau hau wa be no. I am a friend of the wabeno. Figure 2. Symbol of a tree which is supposed to emit supernatural sounds, some- times like a great gun, and is thought to be the residence of a spirit. If l,; 1 'i Lx , CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. 369 (Cabaluitic vhorm.) (Repeat and tranHposc.) Hi ail liii Ge lie he He he ge Hi au ha Hi ail ge We gau bo we aun. I (the tree) sound for my life as I «tand. The drum and Hlio-.she-gwun arc used while these chants are l)eing sung as solos by the wabeno, the Indians, in the mean time, sitting. As soon as they are linished, they rise, and begin to dance. Figure 3. A wabeno dog, running towards iiis master, who is in the act of vomiting blood. All sing — In dau ge We but to Ne ail wee In dau ge We l)ut to Ne au wee. I shall run to liim — who is my body. {Cabalistic cJtorus.) Hi au ha Ge he he He he ge Hi au ha Hi au ge. Figure 4. A sick man throwing up blood. In gau ge we na In gau ge we na Wa be no nis se o doan. I struggle for life — Wabeno kill it. Figure 5. The Pipe. The idea represented i,s, that "bad medicine" has been applied to the pipe — it is unsuspectingly smoked by one whom the owner wishes to injure. The smoke enters his lungs — he withers up. Me da wug In goos au Op-wau gun In goos au Way me gwun id. Hi au ha, &c. The meda I fear — the pipe I fear — that has feathers on. Figure 6. A worm called MiJsa, that eats decaying wood, making a sounding noise 47 il I 'I I U< ! h li' Mi In I It I m i a'. 1 i; ffii'' WB' '• w ' jm ■ '' )R - ' ' ^5'( ■- ^ ' » [ 1 i ^11 < 870 INTELLECTUAL CArACITY AND li f At ii ' l-v, iT I :'t: Wa be no Mi) say Wi ail* 111 daii Willi Mo say Wi an Mi) say Wi au No ill dau wau. Hi ail Iia, &c. The MoHay's skin I use — The Mosay's skin I use. Figure 7. A Wabeno Spirit, who is aildressed for aid. Aw wa uain Pan lie bow id Wa be no Moil e do Pail lie bow id Au wa iiaiii, &c. Tli au ha, &c. WIio is that, standing there ? A wabeno spirit, standing there ! Figure 8. An Indian hunter, gifted with the arts of the Wabeno, holding a bow and arrow. He is liungry — he goes out to hunt — lie has four arrows. lie finds a moose's track, and observing where the animal has urinated, takes some of the urine and after mixing his medicines in it, puts some of it upon liis arrow and fires into tiie track. The moose is seized with a strangury, and falling behind his companions in consequence, tlie Indian is able to overtake and kill him. {CalKilintic choriw.) Way ha Way ha Vau hah Way ha Was sau way kum ig A null ke yaun. Way ha, &c. I shoot far over the earth. Figure 0. The sign symbolizing the Great Spirit, filling the sky with his presence. A ne kwa Ge bi aun Ge zhick wun Hi au ha, &c. Where I sit, my head points to the centre of the sky. I :■ CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. 371 At tliis point of the ceremonies there in ii pause. The wingcrf? and pcri'ornier.s having completed certain evolntions around tlie Meda lodge, ,sit down. After a time, they arise, and resume the ceremonie.s, dancing, and moving about the lodge, in a certain order, while they Hing, and shake their shc-^ht-ywum, or rattles. Figure 10. The sky with clouds. Ah no kwnt I a ha Ah no kwnt Ge zhig o Neen gee ^hig o Ah no kwnt. Hi au ha, &c. The cloud that is in my sky — the cloud that is in my sky. Figure 11. A cloudy sky, with a fabulous animal, called the white tiger, with a long tail, who chases the clouds. He is sometimes represented with wings from the centre of his back. He now wishes to see above : i. e., to peep into futurity. Ke zhig wee Wa bun daun ho. (Repeat and transpose.) Hi au ha, &c. He wi.fhcs to look into the sky. Into the sky he wishes to look. Figure 12. A wolf called Mohwlia. He is depicted with horns to denote power. The idea called to mind by this figure is this, — Meda-win, or mystic medicine, has been put on the head and tail of the animal, to induce him in hunt for the wnlu'no. Neen gah gee sau go to Ge ha Mah bah Moll wha, he he wau. Hi an ha, &c. I shall hunt the prey. This wolf of mine. At this point of the ceremonies there is a pause, denoted by the two vertical bars of the symbolic inscription. They now arise, and the drum and dance is renewed. Figure 13. The Kanieu, or War Eagle. This bird, the theory affirms, hovers near the fight, and eats the slain as soon as the battle is ended. His feathers indicate the highest honors, when worn by warriors. Tah gee zhig ho (Tah is imperative ; Ho calls to action.) Tah gee zhig o J > hi- I v!l IT 872 INTELLECTIAL CAPACITY AND Pe miy sec wug (Plural in wug.) Tah gf'c zliig ho. Hi ail liu, &c. They shall gather in the sky. The birds shall gather in the sky. Figure 14. A lx)w and arrow. Wlien the follower of these arts wishes to kill a particular animal, a grass or cloth image of it is made, and hung up in his wigwam. After repeating the following incantation, he shoots at the image. If he drives the arrow into it, it is deemed a sign that the animal will 1x3 killed next day, and the arrow iB immediately drawn out luid burnt. Hi nail ka (declaration.) Ne ah way Hi nail ka Ne ah way. (Repeat four or five times.) See how I fire ! Figure 15. A master of the magical or Mcda art sitting on the globe: with one hand he holds the sky — the Ibrked end of which, as delineated, represents a cloud symlK)lically.' He is drawing down knowledge from the sky for the lienefit of the human race. Na nau liau be S'a nau hau be Gee zhig oom A no () maun. What do I ,see? What do I see ? My sky that I am pointing to. Figure IG. The sun representing the Great Spirit. He is symbolized as looking down upon the Indians, and is pleased to behold these ceremonies. Tau neen a Wau bum a un Tau neen a Wau bum a un Kau iiah wau bum e aun a Kau nail wau bum e aun a. Why do you look at me ? Figure 17. A bow and arrow, the latter directed downward. This is represented as an enchanted bow. There is a po.st in the centre of the lodge, and five pebbles lying in a row. The Wabeno aflects to shoot through four of them, and the arrow sticks in the fifth, leaving them all strung upon its point. *:■! i ii ' This drawing is found grapbicilly to depict the leading idea einliiaccd in Isaiah xl. 22. See Plate T)!, No. 1.5. The same verse gives the leading thought of a curtained sky, represented in Figures 10 and 11 uf the same plate. "TT^W?"":!; It itlt II I' 1'^ Zi I ' t!' t! i^ i^ \i o CO Jl I- ill .1 r 1 1 " i i f \'v fn< i ' t; w ^ i ','■ hUb . ;; l.'IK ■ J ^ vilS "' -' i; l^Jji i^ !i i i > ; I "I ivj .ft (MIARACTKII OK T II M INIUAN HACK. 87!« VVll ^11 Mllill All wti Main An nil kii tiiin? (),"< nin t'l'M I' Win o linn All iin kii luin? (Ucpoiit tlirco tIm«'H,) Wliy ! what in it I lun lirin>,' at. on tlio frronnd? It was |h«I(1)!cs ! wax lirinL? at. Fij;nro IH. A yonn^ man, nmliT tlic cxciti'itu'nt of lovo, with TcathorH on liin IumuI, and a drnrn luid drnni-wtick in hin handn. Ho aHl'ctM iiowur to intlnuncu tho object (if bis deHircH. Nnn dan wan knin Ta way <• ^'ini Nnn dan wan knni Ta way •• jj;nn A /iiiin wau Unin i^' in dun \\i\ we tnni A /.iiau wau Uuin i]H In dun wa wo tnni. Fli. an, ha, iScc. Hear n>y drum — hoar my drnin, [thoujiii you be] on tlio other Hide of tho earth, hear uiy drinii. Tims far there is very little to draw a line between tho prineiples of the nieda and wa))ono. With tho exeeption of I'V're IS, liie ^lenend objeets of tiu- Mi^ns and ehaiitH are the naini'. The .nun i.s employed here, as there, as the syndjol of the (ii'eiit Spirit. Tho ideas tiuit are entertained of this S|>irit are to be diuwii from tiie belief of tho wabeno, that ho will exert his [lower, tlironuh necromancy, in the vejietable kingdom (Figure 2), and among tho cla.ssos of animals and birds (Figures .'I, (1. II, lli, l.'l), that he will endow inanimate objects with eipial power (Figures ">, II, 17), and, finally, that ho will not favor tho designs of men. when they are not directed to right and virtuous objects. This is clearly the province a.> '-, ;,; a ii'i^^^ t *> S E I I" ■.^ '■', ! a 1^1 874 INTELLECTUAL CATACITY AND No wo go warn (my lodge.) Wa bo no Po mo da Nc wo go wain. Hi, ail, ha Nhuh e way Nliuh e way. Ila! ha! huh! huh! huh! My lotlgo crawls by the Wabeno's power. Figure 2. An Indian holding a snake in his hand. lie has boon taken, it is under- stood, underground by the jwwer of medical magic, and is exhibited as a triumph of .skill. Ah nau Muk kuni mig In doan Do naun Nau muk Kum mig. Hi, au, ha, &c. Under the ground I have taken him. The inscription is here marked by a bar, indicating a pau.sc. At this point the ■singing Ix'comea general, and the dance begins, accompanied with the ordinary mu.sical instruments. Figure 3. An Indian in a sitting posture, crowned with featiiors, and iiolding out a drum-stick. Gi a ncen [Oin, adverb also.) Ne wa be no Gi a ncen Ne wa be no. Hi, a, ee, &c. {Repeat — Calxilistic.) T too am a Wabeno — I t(M> am a Wabeno. Figure 4. A spirit dancing on the half of the sky. The horns denote either a spirit, or a wabeno filled with a spirit. Wa Ijo no Nau ne me au Wa bo no Nau ne me au. Hi, a, ee, &c. {Cal>aUntiic.) I make the Wabenos dance. Fgnre ■'). A magic lx)no doconitod with loathors. Tliis is a .synilH)l indicative of tlio power of passing tliroiigb tlio air. as if witli wings. 'i ' i 1 m ' •H ! 4 • ( CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. 375 Kco zhig Ee mc In ge Na osh She au. Hi! a! ec! &c. {Cabalktir.) The sky ! the sky I sail upon ! Figure 6. A great serpent, called gitchy keenabic, always depicted, as in this instance, with horns. It is the symbol of lite. Mon e do Wo aun A ko Wa \x no. Nuk ka yaun. Hi! a! &c. 1 am a wabcno spirit — this is my work. Figure 7. A hunter, with a Ixjw and arrow. By appealing to his magical arts ho fancies himself able to see animals at a distance, and to bring them into his path, so that he can kill them. In all this ho is influenced by looking at his secret symbolical signs or markings. Nc /how We nuk Ka yawn No zhow We nuk Ka yawn. Hi! a! &c. (Cabalistic.) I work with two bodies. Figure 8. A black owl. (Rara avis.) Ko ko ko Au Ko ko ko Au Muk ko da Ko ko ko Au. Hi! a! haa! &c. [CahalMc.) The owl — the owl — the great black owl. Figure 9. A wolf standing on the sky. A gill is sought. This is the syml)ol of vigilance. i'?.s f ' 'i,' il »!. f: , i! A ,,k\\ ' iil j 'i ■i 1 ] ■ '■{\ \ f i'Pii' S'! I > s iJE j ; 1- 1 ■; l 11 Iff -M- [III \: 11 I li 11 376 INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY AND In (lau Na wau In dau Nun do Na wau. Hi! e! ha! &c Let ine liiiut for it. Figaro 10. Flames. Wau nau ko Na! ha! ha! {CaMMc.) Wau nau ho Na! ha! ha! Burniuf!; ilaine.s — Burning flames. Figure 11. Thin figure represents a foetus half-grown in the womb. The idea of its age is .'iyinboli/ed ])y its having but one wing. The singer here uses a mode of phraseology hy which he conceals, at the same time that he partly reveals, a fact in his private history or attachments. No chau nis Ne chau nis Ke zhow way Ne min. Hi! a! &c. My little child — my little child, I show you pity. Figure 12. A tree, suppcsed to be animated by a demon. Ki ! au ! ge ! We gau bo We aun Ki au ge, we gau bo, we aun. Hi! a! &c. I turn round in standing. Figure 13. A female. She is depicted as one who lias rejected the addresses of uuiny. A rejected lover procures mystic medicine, and applies it to her breasts and the soles of her feet. This cau.ses her to sleep, during which he makes captive of her, and carries her ofl' to the woods. Wa be no wau (Wabeno-power.) Ne augh we na (Occult.) Nyah eh wa, &c. (Triumphant chorus.) A pause in the ceremonies is denoted by bars between figures LS and 14. Figure 14. A Wabeno spirit of the air. He is depicted with wings, and a tail like a bird, to denote his power in the air, and on the earth. CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. 377 \Va be no Ne bow We tall Wa be no Ne bow We tab. Wabcno, let us stand. Figure 15. An anomalous symbol of the moon, representing a great wabeno s\nv\i, whose power is indicated by his horns, and rays depending from his chin like a beard. The symbol is obscure. In di aun O zhe toan Neen ah Ne peek wun au. I have made it — with my back. Figure 16. A Wabeno bone ornamented similar to figures 1 and 5. In ge We nau wau In ge Wo nau wau. I have made him struggle for life. Figure 17. A tree with human legs and feet. A symbol of the power of the Wabeno in the vegetable kingdom. Wa bun Ne ge kee We gau yaun. I dance till daylight. Figure 18. A magic bone. By this sign the performer boasts of supernatural power. Ke we Gau yaun Ke we Gau yaun. Dance around, ye ! Figure 19. A drum-stick. The symbol of a co-laborer in the art. Gi a neen In gwis say. And I too, my son. Figure 20. A Wabeno with one horn, holding up a drum-stick. This figure denotes a newly initiated member. 48 If If s; «> ' I { u II i Hi l,i^ iUf J mil |: ■>''' irj ! '1 Ii ■■ i'.'; lij' j u: r U t ■ I! 1^. : ! 1;;^ ■ ■> Nil ^t :l ^ I. n Ml i:i\ I ' J-^! :t* ; I m\^ i' .1 Wi) P ili I : I 1' s^i r. w I k rf! H:: 378 INTELLECTUAL CArACITY AND We au be no wid Nin go sail. lie that is a Wabeno, I fear. Figure 21. A lieadle.ss man standing on the top of the earth. A prime symbol of miraculous power and boasting. Ke ow We naun Ke ow We naun. Your body I make go, (alluding to figure No. 1.) Figure 22. A tree reat'hiug up to the are of the sky. He symbolizes the great power of the tree to whose magic jwwor he trusts. Ncem bay Shau ko naun No met tig oam. I paint my tree to the sky. Figure 2?>. A human figure, Avith horns, holding a club. It is the figure of a Wabeno. Ilwee o (A cabalistic expression, supposed to express a wish.) Gwis say Ilwee o Gwis say. (Four repeats and chorus.) I wish a son. Figure 24. The /«/«)/(/rm^(/s or swallow-tailed hawk, called 8hau-shau-won-e-bee- sce, a bird that prey's on rejitiles. It is an emblem of power in war. Wa be no Ne gee zig oom. (Four repeats and chorus.) My Wabeno sky. The next figure of vertical lines denotes a pause. The dancers rest and then resume the dance. Figure 25. A master of the Wabeno society, depicted with one horn reversed, and a single arm. The idea is, that -with but one arm his power is great. Ilis heart is shown to denote the influence of the Meda on it. Git shoe Wa be no Ne ow Hwee. (Four repeats and chorus.) My body is a great Wabeno. Figure 26. A nondescript bird of ill omen. Nin gAvis say to kun Pe mis say to kun. My son's bone — The walking bone. CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. 379 Figuro 27. A liiiman body witli the licad and wings of a bird. Ti inn ban she wng Ne kdnn. (Repeat and cliorus.) Tliey will fly np, my friend. Figure 28. Missi.ssay — a tnrkey. A symbol of boasted power in the operator. Mississay' in dow au Mississay' in dow au. The turkey I make use of Figure 29. A wolf A syniljol of assumed power to search. Mull May Avau Hi au i aun. I have a wolf, — a wolf's skin. Figuro oO. A flying li/.ard, or dragon snake. Ho calls in question the power a.ssumed. Kan wo au Mon o do Kan wo au jMou c do Wa be no Mon e do. There is no spirit! There is no spirit! AVabono spirit. Figure ."1. A Wabeno porsonifiod witli the power of flying. Wa. ban bun o ( if:' \ V m^ ;: r t Mi m ■ ! 1:1 I I"! f' '■ : il ■ I irn . IK |i| if! *ii if"' ■ :lM| 11:1 w 880 INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY AND Figure 36. A dragon-wiiiged serpent, or Gitdice Kanaibik. DonoteH great power over life. Nc ()\v wav ; lie kaim In ge we now waiiii. With my body, brother, I shall knoek you down. Figure 37. A wolf depicted with a ciiarnied lieart. to denote the magic power of the Meda. Niiigo toiiee Muh wliay Ow wau. Run, wolf — your lx)dy's mine. Figure 38. A magic bone, the boasted sj'mbol of necromantic skill. The words accompanying this figure were not given. The following synopsis, referring by figures to the hieroglyphic devices, exhibits the words of the chants and incantations in their simplest forms, together with tiie key- sign or ideographic terms of pictorial notation. Synopsis of Wabeno Soxgs. — Pl.\te 52. ('fi(uit, or Iiicaiitatiou. 1. My lodge crawls by the Walicno power. 2. Under the ground I liave taken him. 3. I too am a Wabeiio. 4. I make the Wabeno dance. lutj-SipnhoI, or Ihor/nipJiir (crin of Notation. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. The sky — the sky I sail upon. I am a Wabeno spirit — this is my work. I work with two bodies. The owl ! the owl ! the black owl ! Let me hunt for it. The burning ilames. My little child, I show you pity. I turn round in standing. The Wabeno's power. Wabeno, let us stand. I have made it with my back. A lodge for nocturnal dances. A man holding a live snake. Tiic figure of a man sitting, crowned with feathers. A man standijig on half the celestial hemi.sphere. A magic lx)ne, decorated with feathers. A horned serpent. A hunter witli a bow and arrow. An owl. A wolf standing on tlie sky. Flames. A human figure with one wing. A tree. A female figure. An artificial figure representing a spirit. A demoniacal spirit. ClIARACTEU OF THE INDIAN RACE. 381 Chaut, or Incantation. Kcij-Sifmliol, or fi/roijrap/ilc term of Xotathni. 10. I have mado Iiiin struggle for life. 17. I ilixnoo till ilay light. 1 S. Daiu'o around. 1!). Anil I too, iny son. 20. He that is a Wabcno I fear. 21. 90 24. 25. 20. 27. 2S. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. .34. 3o. 30. n "* i>t . *t o OO. Your body I make go. I paint my tree to the sky. I wish a .son. My wal)eno sky. My Ijody is a great Waljciio. My son's bone — the erawling bone. They will lly up, my friends. The turkey I make use of. The wolf's skin I have. There is no spirit — no Wabeuo si)irit. Great Wabeno. I ntuke the Wabeno. What spirit, brother, do you see ? \ At night I come to harm you. I am sitting in the East. With my meda, brother, I shall knock you down. Run, wolf! your body 's mine. A magic bone with wings. A tree with human legs. A miigic I)one. A drum-stiek. A man with one hoi-n, holding a drum- stiek. A headless man standing on the sky, de- picted with a charmed heart. A tree reaching the supposed arc of the sky. A man, depicted witli the emblems of l)ower. A swallow-tailed hawk. A man, de[)icted with one arm, and one horn reversed. A nondescript bird. A human body, with the head and wings of a bird. A turkey. A wolf ' A Hying li/anl. A man with wings and horns. A pipe. Symljol of the moon. Syinbol of the sun. A monster snake, or dragon. A wolf, depicted with a charmed heart. A magic bone. It is manifest from this e.\amination, that there is no clue given to the words of these chants, except that resulting from the power of association of ideas, and that the words must have been committed to memoiy befi.re this pictorial record could be read, or sung. As an aid to the memory of the Meda, or the Wabeno, seated in a large assemblage, and surrounded with objects suited to withdraw his attention from the chants, and weaken his verbal memory, such in.scriptions must 1)C of high use. To others, besides the Medas, Jossakeeds and Wabenos, they must present only such general ideographic information as is denoted by the simple symbols, or representative signs. I! i' :) ■/■: '■• 1 [ 'II I ■■ If1 ^ I « 1 H I' §'•3 M 882 I N T E I, T, E C T U A T- C A 1' A C I T Y AND G. SvMitoi, s or lltrvi'iNfi A x d kkats of t ii i; Chask, ' i ' i-M, mil t * ! i"! i Applieatiini of I'ictuiial Churaclt'r.s to llic Ail of IFiiiiliiir; ami tlic Incidi'iits (if tlic Chase. — Iii- lliicnco (if the l>('li('f in the Modiiwiii (in ciiilv Hcliiciilidn in l''iiiont Ails. — Examples of the Symbols ami Fijjiires emjiloyed for tliis purpose, liy the 'I'lilies arouml the Sources of the Mississippi. — Mnemonic Songs of the .Mcila. — sung prepiiratoiy to Hunting. — Further E.xainples from the Upper Missouri. — IJark IJecord (if a Cliief's success in War and Hunting, Evidence of attem])ts to preserve Iti'igraiiliical Events, In I'ieture-Wriling. F. Kkossawi.n, oii llrNTiNi;. — Tlic .>^igiis n.^^cd in tlie ()iH'iKiratioii.s lor, aiul in tin? pursuit of the clunsc, iiro tiic Kckowin niiil tlie Ki'kciiowiu, tliat is to xay, a niixtiirc of Ijotli the f IVi'iiiu'iilly ciirricil iiljoiit by tliu liiint«'i', to iiviiil liiiiiricil'nr tlicir iiilliii'iicc, or of llic iiu'iiiim hI' lit'coiiiiiii:' iikii'i' iictli'i't in llio iiiys- tical art, \ty iiilcrcoinniuiiicatioii with oIIut ami ilintaiit iniliaiis. 'I'li('.<«<> ti^iircr* all" olU'ii (liavvii OH portuMo olijirtM ol' liis |)i(i|H'rt_v, hikIi an iin|iIi>in('ntH of liiiiitii)K, i-aiun'M, iiti'iiNilH, or roll.s of lodgo-hdrkH, or nlicatliiiij^. So Hiihtilt' is tin- primipli' of iiilliiciici' cxt'itwl by tin- Mcdawii;,' or iiiairii tlfi'iiicd to Ik', tliat oiio liiiiiti'r, it \n U'licvi'il, can wield it aj^ainst aiiotlii-r, and thus |iaraly/,i! iiis cxcrtiouH, or rcndrr iiis woapons, or hi.-, niiill in nsinu; tlicni, incllicacious. Tlic lojicrin tliis npccics t)!' witcli- (iral't, among id! the trilx's, in very H'''"''''d- I liasc never limnd any e.\ce|)lionM anion^ them as wiiole tril)eH. I'artitMdar prolessors in tlu' arts of the socileties ol" tiie .leesuUiiwin and Medawin. are Ijcjiescd to he more skilful or powerful than others; anil nineli of the native ener^iies of the Iti'd men is wasted and paralyzed liy endeavors to acipiire skill in their oecult arts. The annexed IVnres, (I'late M,) arc transcribed and selected from separate inscriptions used in Inmtinji:, thronfrhont a wide range of the north-western latitudes, reaching- from St. Mary's at the foot of fiake Superior, to I{ed Jfiver and the plains of the Saskatehewine. No. 1, is tlu^ figure of a learner in the .Meda. lie is drawn with waved lines from each car, to denote hearing or attention. His heart is depicted as under the magic inlluenco. He sings this chant : — Shi e gwuh \e no no nen dum Ah me Me da win in ne wug Ne kau nng A na mud ub e ynss. Now I 111 ar ii from the Meda-men, my friends, who are sitting around. No. 'J, is a compound syndx)!, denoting a beaver in the act of swimming down a stream. The professor of the art aflects to have power from, or coincident with the rireat Spirit. lie exclaims — A wa nain Ha mall je wung-a? Mo ne do O l)c nndi j'c wun-ga. Wiio makes this river to flow ? The Monedo, he makes the stream to tlow. No. 3, depicts a Meda. lie is about to open his performances, and appeals to the candor and sympathy of his fellows. Kali we whaub o me da Ne kau nug Need juh Nish e nau bu ♦ I n 384 1 N T E L L E C T I' A L V A V A C I 'V Y AND I ir ! m l^ ! ' i I : s^ .; 1 V i» : J :M f ■ i,U Hi I !; • if ! if Kii kc ka 111' iiu- kwaiii No kim iiiijj;. Belu)ld 1110, ili'ilas, my IVieials, Unishoiiaiil)a, (or tlio ooiuiiioii pi'opU'.) Qiu'stiou 1110, iny IVioiRls. No. 4. I)o|)iots tlio symbolical union of a Modawilli a liini. Ho nllbots to liavo all sjiaco at liis oonuuaml, ami to bo iriftod witli powors ofsiiijoriiiitiiral looomotiou. All \va iiaiii ]?a bah mis sand AVoon jooli I'll ish on an ba ? Who makos tho rnislioiianba, my I'ollows. walk abimt? Ho mils o wall Ha l)aii mo sand Woo joo ha Unish on an ba. Tlio birds thoy iiiako tho I'liisboiianba. my lollows, walk about. Nnmbor '), Kopiosonts tho nnioii of a bird and an arrow, by a bird's body with an arrow's hoad. This is a Ijoastfiil symbol lor a linntor. He boasts in those word.s : — Noon Ba ba mis sa galin Nil! ji'oatsh All wai see Noon irah Kwa tin ah wan. I lly at will, and if 1 see an animal I can shoot him. This comprohonds one of the oriirinal Innitor's ryuVtw, or barks of inscription, with tho text of the mnomonic chants. In tho followiiis synopsis the native words are omitted, but their literal import is given, together with the symbolic value of the figures, and their mnomonic import. Each Mcda sings an independent verse. C). I sit down in the moda's [ilacc — tho Monedo lodge. (A Meda lodge.) 7. Two days must you fast, my friend — four days must you sit still. (Two marks on tho breast, and four across the legs, denote time.) S. Cast away your garments — throw them oft". (He boasts of magic power.) 'J. I am loaded with gifts — 1 sit down to rest. (The position denotes rest, the circle over the head a load.) 10. Who makos tho people Avalk to feasts? — It is I. (A good hunter, denoted hy a bird with an arrow's hoad.) 11. 1 shoot your heart ! wary moose ! I hit your heart. (A moose under enchants mont.) I'J. 1 cause myself to look like lire. (A bear enchanted.) Ml CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. 38.'^ 13. I can call water from above — Iroiu tlie heavens and from the earth. (Water Bymbolizcd by a diwh on the head, tilled.) 11. I have caused to look like the dead, a man — I have cau.scd to look like the dead, a woman — 1 have caused to look like the dead, a child. (Human figure with the face crossed.) 15. I shine by night. (Symbol of the moon.) IG. A spirit is what I em[)loy. (An arrow.) 17. Can any animal remain longer under the water than I? I am a beaver, and can keep under water longer than any. (A beaver.) 18. To myself I do good — to myself (Abundance of goods denoted by the circle around the head, and the square to represent the female meda.) 19. 1 hear the words of your mouth, you are an evil spirit. (Hearing denoted by waving lines.) 20. The feather — the feather — it is the power. (A feather.) 21. I 'im the wild cat — I have just come up out of the ground. AVho can nuister tlie wild cat ? (A panther, or wild cat.) 22. A beast! What beast comes calling ? — It is a deer is calling. (A deer.) 23. I am a spirit ! what I have 1 give to you in your heart. (A spirit denoted by rays lVt)ni the head — a meda by the rattle.) 24. His tongue, exclaiming. We go! A bear — his tongue! (A bear's tongue.) 25. Your own tongue kills you — it is your own. J5itter words denoted by an arrow pointed towards himself) 2(1. Anything I can .shoot with this medawin — even a dog. I can kill with it. (A dog.) ' 27. What makes the long moon? What! I know not. (A crescent.) 28. 1 shoot thy heart, man. (An arrow in a heart.) 29. I can kill even the white loon. (An arrow in a loon.) 30. My friends — my friends * * * *. (Male figure.) 31. 1 open my wolf-skin, and the death-struggle must follow. (A bear.) 32. Now 1 wish to try my bird — once it liad power. (A bird.) 33. I can kill any animal because thunder helps me. (A bird.) 34. I am rising. (Symbol of the sun.) 35. Who is a spirit? lie that walks with a snake — walking on the ground — he is a spirit. (Human tlgure holding a serpent.) 30. Ho sat down, the great Manabozho, — his fire burns for ever. (ManalH)zlio seated.) 37. Tliough you speak ill of me — it is above where my friends are. (A circle around the head to denote the influence he has in the sky.) 38. I walk through the sky. (Symbol of the moon.) 39. I think you enchant with the We-ne-ze-bug-oan. (A plant.) 49 i ¥7 i .■' i |p!t 1 ' i - ■ ■ 11 - f . ^ : 1 3 ■ il \ t. (If! : ' } V ■ \ i ') ,. ; t'. 1 ' l\ i ay 1 -1 i ■■ . ■' ■ ■ Ki A It ? 'j ! ^ 1 I ,' ? . « ;i I ■ i :» \ \^ if f|i rill I Iff" -* IS! ' ' 7 ■' • sn.,. It 1 I':! 'H f , !'r1 I* ? i- 386 INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY AND 40. Now I have somotliing to eat. (Hand to moutli.) 41. Tlioiigli lie is a Monedo, I can by my arts take his body. (An arrow suspended in one hand.) 42. Now they will eat, my women! — Now I will bid them eat. (A circle around the abdomen to denote plenty.) 43. Come up, white crow. (A crow.) 44. I shrivel your heart up — that is my power. (An animal transpierced.) 45. I fill my kettle for the spirit. (A lodge and kettle.) 4G. A long time since I laid myself down in the earth, ye were spirits. (A square and snake, to denote his residence in the earth.) 47. I open you for a bear. (A bear.) 48. A dead man's skin — it is a Monedo. (Death denoted by the want of head and hands.) 49. Were she on a distant island, I could make her swim over. (A circle to denote an island.) 50. What is this I employ to enchant? snake-skins? (A snake.) 51. Serpents are my friends. (A snake.) 52. I come up from below. — I come from above. — I see the Spirit. — I sec beavers. (Syiiil)ol of a double death's-head.) 53. I can make an east wind pass over the ground. (A circle with three lines in the direction of latitude, and two marks at the North and South, in the phice of the poles.) In these devices, one of the most remarkable traits to bo noticed, is tl)e simplicity with which the metapliorical import is often conveyed. A waving lino to denote air in motion, drawn from the ear, implies hearing or attention. To double the sign by embracing both ears, is full or perPjct attention, and shows the devotion of the listener. A circle drawn around the body at the abdomen, denotes full means of subsistence ; a sitting postm-e, rest. An elliptical line aljout the shoidJers, symbolizes a pack or burthen, and implies the possession of goods. If a square be drawn to include the lower limbs, it is a symbol of the female (joddiis or coat, and denotes that the family also are provided with clothing. A dish, or semicircle, filled with water and placed on the head, denoted by short dashes, symbolizes the waters of the clouds, and implies power over them. A circle completely surrounding the licad, denotes the immersion of it in the sky, and implies miraculous influences. A lodge and a kettle represent the preparation for a feast. A man's hand lifted to his mouth, denotes eating. An arrow synilx)lizes the direct power over life. To denote the magic influence of the Meda over the animal creation, a line is inva- riably drawn in the figure from the mouth to the heart. Power over man is sym- bolized in the same manner. The heart is usually represented by a triangle, some- times a square, and sometimes heart-shaped. These figures are, therefore, homopha- '11 --^te •I ! ■¥ i I I H . I i ( Et I i liii ' w i } ' r M, It' '■if' i|; is ^ ii ?rt IM M i I', 1 1 k\ ', !, 1 { r ■ r 1 . i I Al 1 1 :| M i\ tn Hi IE tl 1 ,i &' SIv HI it i^ t'll A11A(JTF,H OF THE INDIAN ItACK. :is7 noiiH. Tlio liimiim f'aco crossfJ, in used to (Icnolc tlic power of \vitli(lrii\vin}r lil'c. 'IMic sun is ro[)rcs{'iit('(l as a rayoil circle, witii soiiiicirclcs at two opposite sides, in tlie relative place of Imiiian ears ; the moon, in the ordinary shape of llie crescent. Nif^dit, as a finely crossed or barred sun, or circle with human le^s. Vigilance, speed, and success in huntin;^, are symbolized by a human head a|)pended to tiie body and stretched -winj^s of a bird. If it be intended to I'cpresent superlative skill, th(! arrow is substituted as the head of this compounrise a pictorial record of a chief's success in Jnuiting and war, with tlie means lie employed. The)' are derived from the ])lains of tlie upper Missouri, and denote some peculiarities in tli(! natural history of the country, with sonio slight variations in tiie style of drawing, but none, whatever, in the general principles of the pictorial art. The devices evince the .same reliance on mystical or magical intluences, exerted through the .skill of their Meda-men ; and the same ready resource of expressing the union of human and divine power by compound signs. Ninnber J is a meiitii/ South-west. Nuinb(n' :! depicts a fort. Number 4, a plant of medicinal value. Number o, u nieda holding a charmed [jipe with feathers. It is Number 1 in a new attitude, and he here records the success of his various efl'orts in hunting and in war. This is detailed in the remaining figures, from G to 17 inclusive. No. G. drawn with an an arrow-point, instead of a head, toaliuman body, resting on the symbol li)r goods or burthens, implies his success in hunting, to which Number 7 is auxiliary. In Number 8, by the figure of the war-club, he records his skill in war. In Number 'J, his mystical skipetagon or medicine-sack, with four magic birds, he denotes his power; and in the complex figure. Number 10, he claims to have taken the lives or scalps of forty men. Number 11 is a minor god called Manito.se. It is the figure of an insect. In 12 and l.'J lie shows that his success over the bufl'alo and elk was owing to his skill in the meda. In Nunilier 14 he re- appears, clothed in a skin of a bear, as an exhibiter of necromantic tricks, and the remaining figures 15, IG, and 17, the beaver, catfisli, and a fabulous animal which he depicts as having qualities of the brown bear and the hog, are dc[)icted as results of his efiiciency in the assumed character of the bear. The symbol Number 2 denotes liis totem, and Nundjer 3 the general area of his residence. The whole inscription was drawn on birch bark, in which form it could be circulated and read off or inter- preted by his people. To each figure there is the verse of a song of skill or boasting. ?i il . 1 MIti ■1 1."; Hi" (1 1 888 I N T E L I, E C T I' A Ti (' A I' A V I T \ A N 1) r j: In till' next. ])ictograi)li, siinio plat*', tlio iifiuri's, ninnhorod IVoni 18 to 37, record another example of this rude kind of jjietoriid hiograpliy. The chief, Nninhcr IS, l)egins his eflbrts in lUsting and tears, lie represents himself, in Nnndier 1!), as unit- ing the speed of the feathered tribes and knowledge of the sky attributed to birds with great magic power. This is symbolized by the leathers which take the place of a hunnm head on the figure, li represents a kind of I'alinlous rei)tile which was his totem or family arms. In 21 he denotes his power to Ijc derived from an orbicular divinity, who is commonly called Monedo Ininees, or the Little Man Spirit. In 2'2 he unites the power of 10 and '20 with the skill over life, denoted l)y the arrow-head in place of the human. By 2'] he depicts the union l)etwe'"M the Monedo of the Stickle- back, drawn with a hnnmn heart, and himself, and in 24 '.jieats his power over and confidence in the wisdom of birds, before shown in l!1. In 25, which is the figure of a bird, (his mcda shipetagon, dei)icted with ears and an ornamented piix!-stem from its head.) he re-affirms his confidence in meda arts. 2(1 is the bat, an animal of mystic power, and one which realizes the Indian idea of a supernatural union lx!tween the human species and a beast and a bird. Thus far his boasting is without results. In the next figure (27) be apjiears fasting, tears dropping from his eyes, and ho now kills a bear (28). His general location is shown by 29. In 30, he shows the extraordinary power and wisdom of the serpent, in prying into divine alTairs. The heads of two serpents are iherefore depicted as reaching above the sky. 31 is a modified form of 20. In 32, having traits of a quadruped, a bird and a fish, and in 33, a turtle, he gives further proofs of the power of his local gods, or -^''ts. There is, in his view, reniarkaljle success both in hunting and war. But he now apjjcars in the character of a pacificator, extending the ornamented pipe-stem, (35,) and smoking the pipe of peace (34). The two remaining signs are merely suffixed. 30 denotes the distribution of presents, and •)7 the means of feasting, the result of a public negotiation. 7. The Higher J e e s u k a w i n , or Sacred Prophetic Art. I. ivi mm li if Pictorial Devices employed in eommunicating the Responses of the Deity ; — The Symbols of the Prophet Chuseo; — Vision of Catherine, the Prophetess of Cheguimegon, recorded in Symbolic Characters ; — Narrative of the Origin of these Devices, and v,hy adopted, as given by herself; — Visit of an Orbicular Spirit to the Lodge of Fasting ; — Results of the first Instance of the exercise of her Art ; — Specimens of the Hieratic or higher Prophetic Songs ; — Hymns to the Sun. G. Sacred Jeesukam'in. — There is no art of higher pretensions to supernatural or divine power, among the professors of the Indian mysteries, than those which are made in the exhibitions of the sacred Jeesukdwin. It is the ancient art of the seer r II A 11 ACT Ell or THE INDIAN RACE. 880 or prophet, which ha.s hccii nuticod as o.xiMtiii^ 11111011;; till thcsi- triJM's. from the earliest period oC tlieir discovery. To jeesiiki'i, in tlu! Iim^'iiiii^e of the Odjiiiwiis, is to niutter 111- [iccj). The woimI is taivcii tVotn the iiltenuice of sounds of the* hiiinim Miice, low on the f,n'ouiid. This is the position in whicli the response is made liy tlie seer or pro- l)het, who is called jossakeed. Powwow was a term of precisidv the same import, used in the respective eras of the settlement of Virginia and of Ni'W Kii,i;land. Kverv trihe has a word to ilenote the same act, or art, and this term is inllected or varied according to the princii)les of tiie dill'erent languages, to distinguish the actor IVom the act, and from the )>lace of the act, or lodge. Thus, jeesnUa, (to projjhesy,) in the language ahove denoted, it! rendered a noun hy the inllection win, making jeesnkawin (prophecy). To denote tht; actor, the sound of the letter (/ is added to the llrst per.son singular of the inlinitive, and, hy a rule of the permutation of the vowids, in making nouns personal from nouns impersonal, the long sounds of e and a are changi'd to o and e, making jossakeed, a prophet ov seer. To descrilu! the lodge, the (list iK'rson of the inlinitive singular is inllected hy iin, at the same time the sound ol' a is changed to an, rendering the word jeesnkann (a ]M'oi)het's lodge). To prejiare the operator in these m\steries, for answering (piestions, a lodge is erected ))y driving stout jioles, or saplings, in a circle, and swathing them round tightly from the ground to the top with skins, drawing the poles closer at each turn or wind, so that the structure represents a rather acute pyramid. The mimher of poles is preserlhed by the jossakeed, and the kind of wood. There are, some- times, perhaps generall}', ten poles, each of a diiVerent kind of wood. When this structure has been liinslied, tlie operator crawls in, by forcing his way under the skin at the ground, taking with him his drum, and scarcely anything beside. He begins his supi)lications by kneeling and bending his body very low, so as almost to touch the ground. When liis incantations and songs have been continued the re(|ui- site time, and he professes to have called around him the spirits, or gods, upon w hom he relies, he announces his readiness to the as.sembled multitude without, to give responses. And no ancient oracle of heathen mysticism — not even "Diana of the Kphesians," ever more completely riveted the popular belief, than do these modern oracles among the North American tribes. The Ibllowing pictographic signs, u.sed in this art, represented in Plate 49, B, com- ])ri.se the spirits, or gods, relied upon hy a noted pro[)het of the Ottowas, called Chusco.' They were drawn on paper from his description, at a period when he had, in his own words, " thrown these symbolic devices away," and united himself to a Christian mission church. They do not, therefore, fully show, but rather imitate the Indian method of drawing, are not intended to copy it, and are only given as e.xhibit- ing the mode of denoting power or divinity, lie w as, at this tune, nearly 7t) ; he did ' A term derived from Wazhusk, a muskrat. I ■ \ c :' ' \. ■i.A.'' I ' I, h I "•| II ji^ i Ml I Hi ^ i i f! ilrM ^'^ 1 ^:i , i^ I! no I N T E L L R (; T (' A L A 1* A C I'l' Y AN!) not hesitate to doolnro tlmt lio siippliciitod tlic grout iinpcrsoniition of tlio power of Kvil, ill tlu>s(> iii^storii'M ; lie wus not proHwd for tlio iictiiiil wonlrf of Iuh sonf,'^, and ho dill not, vohintarily, repeat (liein. Nuniher 1 represents the turtle, an oljjeet held in great respeet, in all Indian rt'iniiiiscenee. It is believed to be, in all eases, a symbol of the earth, and is addressed as a mother. Number 2 is the swan, a liird whose noble shape and motions, commend it, as the impersonation of a spiritual power. The woodpeeker (numlxT ?k) the erow (ninnljor 4,) and the crane (number 5,) were each addressed as objects of a peculiar and Ixjnign inlhience, and, with the two preceding, were the objects of his incantations and supplications. The figure of the hand (numlx!r (l.) is emblematic of the pro[)hetic. art. Half-Circles denote the universality of the power of the bird or animal figured. The Iiulians are not aetpiainted with the true ligiiro of the globe, but depict the sky as a half-circle. Chusco practi.sed the prophet's art. for a great number of year.*», at his native village of L'Arbre Croche, on Tjake Michigan, and also at Michillimackinae, where he died, at an advanced age, in ISIIS. There also came to reside in the vicinity of the latter place, a pi'oi)hetess, from Chegoimegon, on the shores ol' Lake Superior. She was a descendant, in a direct line, from one of the principal ('hippewa families the noted Wabojeeg, wIkj was the ruling chief in that quarter. Pictorial devices, whicli refer to the .leesukawin, have been less easily accessible than any oth^r branch. There is a i'eeliiig of saeredness and secrecy connected with them, which prevents their being revealed, even to the uninitiated Indians. It is the only branch of their art of picture-writing, which is withheld from common u.se. Signs of the medawin, and the Wiibeno; — of hunting, sepulture, war, and other objects, are more or less known to all, and are accessible to all. who are admitted to the secret societies. Ihit the pro- phetic art exi.sts by itself. It is exclu.Hive. peculiar, personally experimental. It was owing to the same fact, wliich had brought Chusco within the pale of inquiry, that also revealed the gods of 0(;kk-wv-aii.s-(iqut-()-kw.\, or the proi)hete.ss of Chegoimegon. She had felt and acknowledged the truth of the exhortations of one of the native preachers from the shores of Lake Ontario, in Canada, the noted John Sunday, and had united herself to a missionary clnnrh. At tliis period, she was baptized, ".r.d subsequently married an Indian convert, called Walx)se, or the Ilare, on which occasion she relinquished her former name of Ogeewyahnoqnot Okwa, and assumed that of Wabo.so. Plate 00 exhibits the gods of Catherine Wabose, as drawn by heiffolf, and carefully transcribed from a larger sheet. This curious pictograph depicts the objects of a sacred vision, to which she looks back as the date of her revelations, and it reveals, at once, a singular chapter in the art of symbolic writing, and of Indian superstitions. The figures, wliich will be more fully explained by the narrative which she gave of her early devotion to this art, are as follows : Number 2. Ogcewyahnoquot Okwa, the I I ) \*'^ J I'- 1. 1 - h. :| A l- 1: M' •I I M ■ ! i ' i i> m i II t'l i i if.|l; 'I ■ I 1^ f l' M 11 'HI it 1 1: ,1' . !;' (MIA llAt'TKIl Of THK INDIAN HACK :!',»i I'l'DplictoNn, Tlic iniii'UH lit NuiiiImt ;> (Icnoti' llic iiiiinlicr df diivs of licr iiiiliutnrv I'liNt, tlif (lay of ln'i- viHioii liciiiff markctl willi a cio^.'*. NiimiIht I rfprcKcnls tlu' piitli of Iht m'fiul vi,-*it. NiiTiiln'r (1, the iiKxm, willi ii liimliciit lliiiiit'. NiiiiiIkt !•. tlif i'\frliiHtiii;j; Htiiuilirifr Wdinmi. XiiiiiIht lO, tin- liiltlc .Miiii-«|iirit. NiiiiiIkt I1,((.-1iu- ^VlUU'nt!e/,lli^, or tlio brijj^lit blue nky. NiiiiiIkt l"J, tlu' upper Iii'iivciih. NiiiiiIkt I">, tlio trial of [irickli'M. NiiiiibiT l.'i, ii Uiiiil of I'ubiiloiiH lisli. Niiiiiln'r S, tin' sun. NiiiiilH'r is, nil or I'liiciilii H|pirit ri (■Mcniltliiifi a tiyiii;^ \vo{mI pecker. N llllllH r 1!» in tiie nyiiiljol of liL-r pre(, a kiiul of tixji. NmiilK'r Iti, a h'^lle melted the snow, and told me to drink it. 1 did .«o, and felt rel'reshed. but had a desire for more, which she told me would not do, and I ct)ntented myself with what she had given me. !^he again told me to get and follow a good vision ; a vision that might not oidy do us good. Iiut also benefit mankind, if I could. She then left me, and for two days she did not come near me. nor any human being, and I was left to my own rellectious. The night of the sixth day I fancied a voice called to me, and said, ' Poor child ! T ])ity your con- dition ; come, you are invited this wa_\' ;' and I thought the voice proceeded from a certain distance from my lodge. I obeyed the summons, and, going to the spot from which the voice came, found a thin shining path, like a silver cord, which I followed. It led straight forward, and, it .seemed, upward (No. -"i). After going a short distance, I stood still, and saw on my right hand the new moon, with a flame rising from the top like a candle, which threw around a broad light (No. Ct). On the left appeared the sun, near the point of its setting (No. S). I went on, and I beheld on my right the lace of Kau-ge-gay-be-qna, or the everlasting standing woman, (No. 5.) avIio told me her name, and said to me, ' I give you my name, and you may give it to another. I also give you that which I have, life everlasting. I give you hjiig life on the earth, and skill in savuig life in others. Go, you are called on high.' '■ I went on, and saw a man standing, with a large circular body, and rays from his head, like horns. (No. (5.) He said, 'Fear not; my name is Monido-Wininees, or the Little Man-spirit. I give this name to your first sou. It is my life. Go to the place you are called to visit.' I followed the path till I could see that it led up to an opening in the sky. when 1 heard a voice, and standing still, saw the figure of a man standing near the path, whose head was surrounded with a brilliant halo, and his breast was covered with srpiares. (No. 11.) lie said to me, ' Look at me; my name is 0-Shau-wau-e-goeghick, or the Bright Blue Sky. I am the veil that covers the opening into the sky. Stand and listen to me. Do not be afraid. I am going to endow you with gifts of life, and put you in array that you inay withstand and endure.' Immediately I saw my.self encircled with bright points, which rested CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. 393 against me like needles, but g.avo me no pain, and they fell at my feet. (No. 9.) This wa.s repeated several times, and at each time they fell to the ground. He said, 'Wait, and do not fear, till I have said and done all I am about to do.' I then ielt different instruments, first like awl.s, and tlien like nails, stuck into my llesh, but neither did they give me pain, but, like the needles, fell at my feet as often as they appeared. He then said, 'That is good,' meaning my trial by these points; -you will see length of days. Advance a little farther,' said he. I did .«o, and stood at the commencement of the opening. « You have arrived,' .said he, ' at the limit you cannot pass. I give you my name ; you can give it to another. Now, return ! Look around yon. There is a conveyance for you. (No. 13.) Do not be afraid to get on its back, and when you get to your lodge, you must take that whicli sustains the human body.' I turned, and saw a kind of lish swimming in tlie air, and getting upon it as directed, was carried back with celerity, my hair lloaling l;eliind me in the air. And as soon as I got back, my vision ceased. " In tiie morning, being the sixth day of my fa^t. m\- motlier came with a little bit of dried t-.oat. I5ut such was my sensitiveness to all .•rounds, and my increased power of scent, prcdnced by fasting, tiiat before she came in sight I heard her while a great way off; and when she came in 1 could not bear the smell of the fish, or herself either. ,She said, 'I have brought something for you to eat, only a mouthful, to prevent your dying.' She prepared to cook it, but I said, 'Mother, forbear, I do not wish to eat it — the smell is oflensive to me.' She accordingly left off preparing to cook the fish, and again encouraged me to persevere, and try to become a comfort to her in her old ago and bereaved state, and left me. '•I attempted to cut wood as usual, but in the effort I fell back on the snow from e.xhanstion, and lay some time ; at last I made an effort and rose, and went to my lodge and lay down. I again saw the vision, and each person who had before spoken to me, and heard the promises of different kinds made to me, and the songs. I went the same path which I had pursued before, and met with the same reception. I also had another vision, ov celestial visit, which 1 shall presently relate. My mother came again on the seventh day, and brought me some pounded corn boiled in snow water, for, she said, I must not drink water from lake or river. After taking it I related my vision to her. She said it was good, and spoke to me to continue my fast three da\s longer. I did so : at the end of which she took me home, and made a feast in honor of my success, and invited a great many guests. I was told to eat sparingly, and to take nothing too hearty or substantial ; but tliis was unnecessary, for my abstinence had made my senses so acute, that all animal food had a gross and disagreeable odor. " After the seventh day of my fast, (she continued,) while I was lying in my lodge, I saw a dark round object descending from the sky, like a round stone, and enter my lodge. As it came near I saw that it had small feet and hands like a human body. It spoke to me, and said, ' I give you the gift of seeing into futuritv, that you may 50 ,1 /! :; "I '(I y f •; -I I li !:: ^c nl' tlio dispiito, ih'pw their knives and a toiniihawU, anil stal.bed and cut hini in tour or live [)hiccs, in his Itody, head, and thi^lis. Tiiis hapiH'iicd tiic lirst year tluit the Americans canio to that phice, (iSlil!.) IIo had gone out, at a hile hour in the e\enin,^', to visit tlie tent of (laultier. Having lx;eu urged })y one of tlie trader's men to take li({uor that e\-ening, and it being ah'eady hite, I desired him not to go, but to defer his visit till next ihiy; and, after he had left the lodge, I felt a. sudden presentiment of evil, and I went after him, and renewed my efibrhs in vain. He told mc to return, and as 1 had two children in the lodge, the youngest of whom, a boy, was still in iiis cradle, and then ill, I sat up with him late, and waited and waited, till a late hour, and tiien fell asleep from exhaustion. I slept very sound. The first 1 knew was a violent shaking from a girl, a niece of Caultier's, wiio told me my husl)and and (laultier were all the time quarrelling. 1 arose, and went up the stream to (laultier's camp-lire; it was nearly out, and I tried to make it bla/e. 1 loi)l;ed into his tent, but all was dark, and not a soul there. They had suddenly lied, although 1 did not. at tiie moment, know the cause. 1 tried to make a light to lind my husband, but could find notiiiiig dry, i'or it had rained yory hard the day l)efore. After being out a while my vision became clearer, and. turning toward the river side. I saw a dark object lying near the shore, on a grassy ojx'ning. 1 was attracted by something glistening, which tui'ned out to be his ear-rings. I thought he was aslee[). and in stooping to awak<' him 1 siip[ied, and fell on my knees. 1 had slipped in his l)lo()d on the grass, and, putting my hand on his face, found him dead. In tile morning the Indian agent camo with .soldiers from the fort to see what had ha[)pened, but the nmrderer and all his bloody gang of relatives had lied. The agent gave orders to have the body buried in the old Indian burial-ground below the Falls. •• My aged mother was encamped about a mile oil' at tiiis time. I took my two children in the morning, and lied to lier lodge. She had just heard of the murder, and was crying as I entered. I reminded her that it was an act of Providence, to which we must snl)mit. She said it was for me and my poor hel[)less children that she was crying — that I was left, as she had been years before, witii nobody to [irovide for us. With her 1 returned to my nati\e country at Chegoimegan on liake Superior." Tlie preceding narrative is taken from tiie Ncrbal rebition of Catlieiine Wabose. or Ogeewvahnackwut (Kptay, who is now in about the forty-first year of her age. A few lacbs may be added to indicate the steps by which she finally renounced a reliance on these mystical ceremonies, and was led to connuunicate the information, together with the kekcnowin of her visions, and songs subjoined. In the third year after the assassination of her (irst husband, she married Minanockwnt, or the Fair (.'loud, his half-brother, by whom she had two children, both daughters. He was in a lew years attacked with a complaint of the head, which afl'ected his reason, and of which he died. It was in the winter season that this happened, and as they were inland at llicir sugar camp, she. with the aid of her children, placed the corpse on a hand-sled. . t H'lf fell Sill II u p ^'. 04 t / \l ! I' 1? t4 i:, « f i f i 39C I N T E r, L E C T U A L C A 1' A Q AND and drew it many milen throiijili llio woods to tlie liver's banks, that he might be buried with his tribe. She was still called to boar other trials in the course of a few years, which would have broken down a mind of less native strength than hers. Her son, by Strong Sky, sickened at an ago when he began to l)e useful, and after lingering for a time. died. A day or two before his dej)arture, he related to her such a dream of the Great Spirit, as He is known and worshipped by the whites, and of his being clothed by him with n white garment, that her mind was much aflected by it, and led to question in some measure, the soundness of her religious views. Not long afterwards one of her little daughters was also removed by death, and according to her own apt interpretation of a part of her virginal vision, she seemed, indeed, to be pricked with metallic points. While these dispensations rested deeply on her mind, and she felt herself to be the subject of alllictions which ap})oarcd to have an ulterior object, the Odjil)wa evan- gelist, John Sunday, visited that part of the coiuitry, and e.\i)lained to her the doc- trine of a better revelation which came, indeed, ••from above," and under his teach- ing, she renounced the calling of a prophetess, which she had so long practised, and became a member of the Methodist Epi.xcopal chnrcli, and was bai)ti/.ed l)y the name of Catherine. She says, that the wine she partook of at the comnuniion-table at that time, and at subsequent times, is the only form of spirits she has ever tasted. Her trials were not, however, at an end, though they were mitigated by rellections of a consolatory character. The spring of 18.30 developed, in the constitution of her eldest daughter and child, Charlotte Jane, a rapid -consumption, which brought her in the month of April to her grave, in her seventeenth year. This young girl exhibited xcry amiable traits of character, united with an agreeable person. She was taken into mv family, after the a.«sassination of her father, in 1822, and educated and instructed under the personal care of Mrs. Schoolcraft, wlio cherished her as a tender plant from the wilderness. When she had mastered her letters, her catechism, and the com- mandments, at an early age. she was led on by degrees, from one attainment to another in moral knowledge, till she had acquired the intelligence and de])()rtmcnt, which fitted her to take her place in civilized life. She united with tiie Presbyterian church at Michillimackinac, and is buried in its precinct.s, having exhibited to the end of iier life very pleasing and increasing proofs of her reliance upon, and acceptance i)y a cruel fietl Redeemer. Prior to the death of her daughter, Catherine had married her third husband, in Nau-We-Kwaish-kum, alias James Wabose, an Odjibwa, who was also, and continues to be a member of the Methodist society. By this marriage she had two children, both males, the loss of one of whom has been added to the number of her trials. Ihit the only effect of this bereavement was to strengthen her faith, and by daily renewals of her confidence in the Saviour to establish herself in piety. These particulars, it is conceived, will afford a clear and satisfactory chain of CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. 397 evidence of the truth of her narrative, and the reawons why .sjie lias been willing to impart secrets of her past life which have heretofore been studiously concealed, as she rcmiirks, even from her nearest friends. 2_ 3. 4. G. The following comprises an explanation of her Kekenowin (Plato ri-")), which hnv.- been mentioned in the account of her vision : — Figure 1 . A lodge of separation and fasting. Ogeewyahn akwut oquay. Denotes the number of days she fasted. The day on which the vision appeared. The point from which the first voice proceeded, and the commencement of the path she pursued. The new moon, with a lambent ilanie. 7. The sun, near its approach to the horizon. 8. The figure of a man in the sun, holding .some ol)ject which she did not rccogni/e, l)ut ^;upp()ses to have l)een a book. 9. The head of a female spirit called Kaugega\bekwa, or the Everlasting Woman. 10. A male spirit, .ailed .Alonedowininces, or the Little Spirit Man. 11. The principal spirit revealed to her, called 0/iiawwunuhkogeezhig, or the Blue Sky. 12. An orifice in the heavens, called Pug-un-ai-au-ffeezlii<'-. 13. A nondescript fish prepared to carry her back. 14. Ogeewyahn ackwut oqua}-, sitting on the fish. 15. The ultimate point attained by her in her bright path leading to the sky, where she underwent the trial of symbolical prickles. 16. A magic arrow. 17. Symbol of a woodpecker. 18. Symbol of her husband's name. 19. Symbol of the catfish. I'::! The sul))\)iiied specimens of her hieratic songs and liymns are taken down verbatim. It is a peculiarity observed in this and other instances of the kind, that the words of these chants are never repeated by the natives without the tune or air, which was hill of intonation, and uttered in so hollow and suspended, or inhaled a voice, that it would require a practised composer to note it down. The chorus is not less jjcculiarlv fixed, and .some of its guttural tones are startling. These hymns are to be read from top to bottom. r !, - i- ,i ) I 'Ml 308 INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY AND Prophcliii Ihircrfi. 1. Wi Wa Wi Wa Ya Win Ya Win Kwa Dali Kwa Dah Yang Go Yiing Go Gcc Jc dec Jo Zhik Nairn Zliik Naiin Au In Au In A A (Repeat.) At the place of light — At the end of the sky — I (the Great Sjiirit) Come and hang IJright sign. (Chorus of strongly accented and deeply uttered syllables.) Yau Yau Ne Ne Mud Mud Wa Wa Aus Aus Se Se Dean Doan Ain Ain Yaun Yaun (Repeat.) Lo ! witli the sound of my voice, (The prophet's voice) I make my sacred lodge to shake — (By unseen hands my lodge to shake,) My sacred lodge. Chorus, &c. 3. Ilaih ! Wau Zhik Wau Nah A. Bish Kwud 4 \ % > f- CIIAIIACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. 890 Kail Oong. Gau Iliiih. Gee Geo (Repeat.) Ilaih ! tlio wliite bird of omen, lie flies around the clouds and skies — (lie sees, — unutterod sight!) Around the chiuds and skies — By his briglit eyes I sec — I see — I know. ('lionis, &e. The following chants embody the responses of the Deity invoked. Tiiey .sufhciontly denote a fact, which has indeed obtruded itself in other instances, that the sun is not only often employed as a symbol of the Great Spirit, but is worshipped, also, as the Great Spirit himself. 1. Chutds U) the Diily. 1. Och auw uaun na wau do Och auw luuui ua wau do Och auw naun na wau do Och auw naun na wau do. Ileh! heh! lieh ! heh ! I am the living body of the Great Spirit above, (The Great Spirit, the Ever-living Spirit above,) The living body of the Great Spirit, (Whom all must heed.) (Sharp and peculiar chorus, untranslatable.) Mish e mon dau kwuh Mish e mon dau kwuh Ne maun was sa hah keo Ne maun was sa hah kce. Way, ho! ho! ho! ho! I am the Great Spirit of the sky, The overshadowing power, I illumine earth, I illumine heaven. (Slow, hollow, peculiar chorus.) p ' ! Wi 'i ^ I; il II ii' I I ^1' |i Is if i ill :y: ■1'; 400 INTELLECTUAL CATACITV AND 3. All wtiiili wii iiiiuii c dowh Ah wauh \va naiiii c dowh Ah wauh wa mum c dowh Ah wauh wa iiauu c dowli. Way, ho! ho! ho! ho! Ah say! what Spirit, or Body, is this Body? (That fills the world around, Speak, man !) ah say ! What Spirit, or Body, is this Body ? (Chorus as in the preceding', with voice and drum.) 2. IIijl)l}i8 to the Sun. 4. Kee zhig maid wa woash knm aim Kee zhig maid wa woash kuni aun. A I a ! a ! ha ! aha ! The sky or day I tread upon, that makes a noise (I Ge Zis — Maker of light.) Wain je gwo dow aid, gee zhick o ka Ap pe wain ah ge mc e go yaun. A ! a ! a ! ha ! aha ! The place where it sinks down — the maker of day. When I was first ordained to be. (I Ge Zis.) 3. In the Meddwin. C. Nim ba na see wa yaun c Nim ba na see wa yaun e. A ! a ! a ! ha ! aha ! My bird's skin — my bird's skin, &c. (Repeat four times.) (Repeat four times.) Ning ga kake o wy aun a Ning ga kake o wy aun a Ap pee i aun je ug wa. A ! a ! a ! ha ! aha ! My hawk's skin — my hawk's skin, The time I transformed it, &c. (Repeat four times.) ; 'I 1 iW 11 lii'i :u' iiii l-Hi« ^! H ■ 1 ), i i i : t. ;. 4- : m. .' ( W'. ' . ^ 1 M . . - !-■ H > i t A >. i^ i --._-^ ^,nnal state of darkness, or error. Even where Christianity has apparently jfiven iii v; grounds to hope, ami modified its original views of life, if not radically changed 'hem, thcf^ is stili i hiiis in favor of these superstitious rit^-'s, which is very perceptible. 8. VMUOI.S OF WaU, liOVK, AND HiSTORY. Symbolic Figures in tho Depiu.-ncnts of the War Danco, ami of Lovo. — Translation of a Love Song mill two War Songs. — ; .,i'ier examples of these Devices. — Their ultimato and most penimiiont mode of employment in recording Historical Event.-*, in the Inscriptions, called Muzziiiivliikon.— Account of two separate Inscriptions from the Hanks of Lake Superior, recording the crossing of that Lake, by a War Party, in Canoes, led by Myeengun. — Sym- bolic Alphabet of the Kekewin and tho Kekenowin. H. Ni;MK)iiUNKWiN, OK War. — The devices used to commemorate the incidents of war, among the northern tribes, will now be brought forward. Most of the.se are employed to excite the memory in the recital of songs preparatory to the setting out of war jmrties. It wil. be seen by the annexed figures, that these devices are chiefly of the ko-ke-nowin, or highest grade of the symbolic. The figures from 1 to 4, ''late 56, C, comprise what is deemed a continuous song, and although each stanza of i^ may be sung by a separate individual, (he general theme is preserved. Figure 1 represents the sun. which is to be regarded in this connection as not only the source of light and knowledge to men, but a symbol 61 I '. 1 I I f '?; » F- I ;■■ i "I •I 1 i I '' f ■ ;'■ . ( 1 'i ■J' I it ^5 I I . Mi l.\ n ''i * (■»■ '': f .1 ; 402 INTELLECTUAL CAI'AOITY AND of vijiiliiiicc. Tlic wiirridi' iiicrcly fiiiLis — I am rising:. In fiijiiro 2 lie nssmnos to jjosscss this power liimsclf, ;in(l by one hand pointing to the earth, and another extended to thi- sky, di'clari's his wide-spreading power and fearful prowess. 11(? sings, I taipealed to. as a witness of his valor and warlike running. He sings. The Eastern Woman ealls. The entire song as thus ex[)ressed, in the native dialect, is this : l"! War Soiiij. 1. Tshe Ik- moak sa aun. 2. Ma mo yah na gee/.hig Ma mo jah. ini ahkee Mo mo yah na. '?. Rai mo sa yah na, gce/.higong IJai mo sa yah na. 4. Wa hnn ong tuz-ze kwai Ne wan ween, ne go ho ga. Divested, in some degree, of its syinlMilie shape, the verses may l»c read thus; 1. I am rising to seek the war-path. 2. The e;irlli and the sk_\' aiv before me. o. 1 widk i)y day and by night. 4. And the evening star is my guide. In the ensuing six ligures, (.\, I'lat(! ■)(>.) a like unity of theme is preserved. Figure 1 jiersunifies an active and swill-f(M)tcd warrior; he is therefore depicted with wings. IIo sings, — I wish to have the body of the swiftest bird. In No. 2 ho is re- pn'sented as standing under the morning star, which, as a .sentinel, is .set to watch, or should terminate hi.< nocturnal enterpri.se. IIo sings, — Every day I look at you ; the half of the day I sing my song. In Xo. .'?, ho is depicted as standing under the centre of the sky, with his war-dub and rattle. Fie sings, — I throw away my body. In figure 4, the eagle, a synil>ol of carnage, is represented as performing the circuit of the sky. IIo sings, — The birds take .a lliglit in the air. In (iguro i>, ho imagines himself to Ijo slain on the field of battle. He sings, — Full happy am I to 1)0 nuinbereil with tlio slain. And in figure tl, ho consoles hini.self with the idea of posthumous fame, under the syiiilntl of a spirit in the sky. He sings, — The spirits on high repeat my name. 2d ]Vnr-S()ii\ .4.. J i: ( i;ii| :J )' ;: i m F.i Vfl 404 I N T E L L K C T U A L C A I' A V I T Y AND 3. I shield myself witli secret covoriiifis. 4. All your thoiij^lits are known to nie — blush ! 5. I could draw you hence, were you on a distant island ; C. Though you were on the other hemisphere. 7. I speak to your naked heart. That the system of mnemonic symbols may bo clearly luiderstood, and the kind of aid which it imparts to the memory appreciated, it is api)lied, in the following example, to the eight verses of the latter part of the 30th of Proverbs, from the 2;jth to the 32d inclusive. The English version of these, being in every one's hand, need not be quoted. The following is their translation in that now rare and extraordinary effort of literary-mi.ssion labor, Eliot's Bible in the Massachu.setts language. Verse 25. Annunekqsog missinnaog matta manuhkesegig, qut onch quaquoshwe- tamwog ummeet.suong an 00 nepunae. 26. Ogkoshquog nananoochuniwesuog, qut onch weekitteaog qussukqininehta. 27. Chansompsog wanne ukcihtossootamooeog, q\it onch sohhamwog nag wame moeu chipwushaog. 2S. Mamunappeht anunuhqueohts wunnutchegash, kah aj)pu taiisootamukkom- ukqut. 29. Nishwinash nish wanumaushomoougish nux yauuna.sh tapeunkgshaumooash. 30. Quonnonu noh anue menuhkesit kenugke puppinashimwut, kah matta qush- kehtauoou howausinnc. 31. Quohgunonu, nomposhimwe goats wonk, kah ketosioot, noh wanue kowan nyeuuhkono waabchtauunk. 32. Mattammagwe usseas, tali shinadtknhhog, a.«ah matanatamas, ponish kenutcheg kuttoonut. The symbolic figures represented in A, Plate 47, may Ije put to denote the import of the principal object of each verse, the symbol being taken as the k'^y. Number 25. An ant. " 20. A coney. " 27. A locust. " 28. A spider. " 29. A river — a symbol of motion. " 30. A li(m. " 31. A greyhound. 2. A he-goat. 3. A king. " 32. A man foolishly lifting up him.self to take holil of the heavens. It must 1x3 quite evident that while this primitive mode of notation is wholly inade- quate to the purpose of recording sounds, any farther than the mere ikiiuih of the objects prefigured by the key-picture, yet, the words ihemselves having been pre- viously committed to memory, these key-piotui-es arc a strong aid and stiinulnnt (o the CHARACTER UV THE INDIAN RACE. memory. This is procisoly tlio scope iiiul uliject oF tlio Iiidiiiu I)iirk piotograplis and " iinisic board."*," and otlior modes ol" drawings intended to denote sitw^H or cliants. And where many .such arc to Iw sung, as is tlie case with the Mcdas and singers in their public ceremonies, the songs Ijcing generally short, it may be conceived to be a system of much utihty to them. It is, iit once, tiieir book and musical scale. K. Mi'zziNAHiKo.N, HoiK-Wuni.sG OK HisToKY. — Tile application of picture-writing amo'ig the tribes has now been trace' from its fu'st or simple drawings in the inseri[)- tion of totems and memorials on grave-posts, through the various methods ailopted to convey information on sheets of bark, scarifit d trees, and other substances, and through the institutions and songs of the Meda, and the WalxMio .societies, the my.-^teries of the Jeesukawin, the business of hunting, and the incidents of war and affection, it re- mains only to consider their use in an historical point of view, or in recording, in a more permanent Ibrm than either of the preceding instances, such transactions in the affairs of a wandering forest life as ai)[)ear to them to have demanded more labored attempts to preserve. The term kekewin is applied to picture-writing generally. Another .syllaljle, (no) is thrown into the centre of the word, when the figures are more i)articidarly designed lo convey instruction. The term then is kekenowin. It is the distiuclion which the native vocal)ularv appears to estal)lisli, between simple representative figui'es and svmi)ols. \iy reference to a prior page, other terms, descriptive of other means of com- municating information by signs, or emblems, will be ol)served. The term Muy,-/iu-a- bik-on, is strictly applied to in.scriptions on rocks, or, as the word literally implies. Hock-writing. I//.i is one of tho.se general stock roots in the language, denoting generic matter or .substance, which enters into a variety of compouml words and plira.ses. As the vowel, i, is pernuitable under the influence of the juxtai)osition of various prefixed consonant.s, the sound changes freijuently, to uzzi, oz/.i, &c. Tiie letter M, as an initial in compo\nid words in this language, is generally derived from the adjective, .Monaudud, (a bad thing, or substance,) au'.l denotes a bad or defective ii'ialit}-. In this instance, its meaning and olliee is. evidently, to denote a mysterious im|iort ; most things of a mysterious natun; being as.sociated in the Indian mind with fear, or a i)ad ((uality. Aul)ik, the third .syllable, is rocl<, anil the termination in o/*, (pro- nounced oan,) is a connnon inanimate plural. Mu/./.iuiegun, a single letter, liook, writing, or piece of written or printed [japcr, derives its first two .syllables from the same roots, and has the same meaning. Its termination in egun, instead of anl)iek, is i'vomjcyiiii, a generic word for im[)lement, or anything artificially matle. The word is fre(inently, most frequently, indeed, contracted to 'jini ; and in this instance means pjiper — for which the natives had no word. The precise difference between the two terms, therefore, is, that between [laper-writing and rock-writing. Of rock-writing, or mnzziinibikon, there are many examples in North America; but most of the known inscriptions consist of single, or at most, but few figures, Allusion i '*■[ ■ I il ! [I :'»' i .ili ji ii '- 400 INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY AND has Ix'cn maile to several instances of this kind, which are generally in the simple representative cliaracter. Tiiero has been noticed a striking (lisj)osition in the per- sons inscribing these figures, to place them in positions on the rock, not easily- acces- sible, as on the perpenilicular face of a cliiV, to reach which, some artificial contrivance must have l)een necessary. The object clearly was, to produce a feeling of surprise or myster}'. The mottled and shaded appearance on the im|)osing line of coast on Lake Superior, called the Pictured Rocks, is not at all the result of pictured writing. No artificial writing of any kind has been noticed there. The term has been intro- duced into popular use to denote a geological effect analogous to that for which, in mineralogy the Germans have the aj)pro})riate term of atujc /uii/oiiii fiirhoi, or irri- deseent colours.' There e.\ists, however, an inscription at a point west of this precipitous portion of the coast, on the banks of the Namabin. or ( 'arp River, about half a day's march from its mouth. The following copy of this inscription (Plate 57) was nuide by the chief Chin- gwauk, and drawn on birch bark. lie also explained the symbols and gave its full interpretation. There lived on that stream, as ho states, years ago, a chief of the name of Myeengun, or the Wolf of the Mermaid, (or rather, as the language has it. Merman totem.) who was ski!'..a ni the Meda, and was invested by the opinion of his people, with a character of much skill and secret power. lie practised the arts and ceremonies of the Meda, and ma- tions, one on the south, and the other on the north shores of the hike. Roth were on the precii)itous faces of rocks, (.'opies of both are presented. These copies were made with the point o( a knife, on a roll of bark of firm texture, and exhibit an evidence of ingenuity and dexterity in the art, which is remarkable. They arc transcribed in the two following pietographs, marked A and R., (Plate 57.) Figure 1 (A) represents the chief Myeengun, whose family totem is given under ♦ he form of his lodge, (Xuinbcr 2.) This lodge is to be regarded as ancestral. The totem Nebanabce, or the Merman, No. 3, fills it, and symbolically denotes that all i. members bear the same mark. Ilis individual name is given by Figure No. 4, the Avoir The whole of the remaining eight figures, are symbolical representations of the various spnits, or gods, upon whom he relied. Number 5 is the Misshibezhieu, or fabulous panther. The drawing shows a human head crowned with horns, the usual symlwl of power, with the body and claws of a panther, and a mane. The name of ' This term denotes an effect merely, but conveys no idea of the cause or manner of producing the effect, wliicli \* po graphically denoted in tlic fiorman. ml M r .,1 llifii 15 f^' i ' 1 i 1 I . ! f 1 - ! ; ! ' W'l ■I h:l u J- pi CIIAUACTEll OK TIIK INDIAN HACK. 407 tlif piiiitlu'r, Misf^liilic/.hiiMi, is ii f^rcat \yi\\. 'I'lii' (Tdsscs iipim tlic liody ili'iiuti' n'r^lit, iinil lire siipiiortcd to iiidiciitc tlic time proiwr for the uxcrcisc (it'tlic powci's it coMvi'}.". Niiiiil)!'!' (') is a rcin'i'si'iitatioii of tlio hiuiic lijiiiri' witlioiit a maiu', and without crosses, ami dt'iiotcs the exercise of its jiowerw ]>y day-liulit. In Nnndn'r 7 lie depicts his rehunce niion .Mon^'. or tin- loon; in \unihcr S, iipon Mnkwah, or the IdacU ijcar ; and in Nnndier It, on Moa/. or the moose. Kach of these olijects is end)leiiiatic of some iirii|)erty, or i|nalification, dcsii'ed ]>y llie wari'ior. The loon, whose cry foretells chanj,'es of the weather, denotes forecast; the Ikmu'. strenfith and sagacity; ami the moose, wariness, heing the nutst keen of hcarinj^ and wary of any of the (iiiadrnpeds. In Nnnil)er 10, he depicts a kind of fahnlous serpent ri'seinhlini:; a sanrian, ha\ inj; two feet, and aimed with horns. IJoth these appeiidu^res are helievcd to hi- symbolic! of it.s swiftness and power over life. It is called Misshikiiiahik, or (Jreat Serpent. Ill Nnm1)er 1 I there is shown a reptile of analogous ]iowers. liiit it has a hod_\' mounted on lour le;rs, and is therefore more elearl}' of the lizard, or saurian tyi)e. The mime is, however, the same. Thus far are detailed the means and powers upon which the chief relied, and these wore (symholieally) inscribed in the rej^ion oi' his residence, on the southern shores of the lake. I'he results of the expedition are fiiven in pictof^ra[)h H, IMate 57, which was painted on the face of a rock at W.vzuKNAiitiKiNiciMNd Aiii.vwoNC, or the Place of the Writing, or Iiiscri[)tioM I!ock, on the north shores of Lake Sui)crior, Canada. It is near a bay, between this point and Namabin Hiver, that the lake was crossed. The pa.ssage was made in live canoes of various .sizes, and numbering, in all, lifty-onc men. Of these, sixteen were in numlx'roue, iiino in number two, ten in nunilx'r three, eight in number Ibiir, and eight in number five. The first canoe was led by Kisli- keinunasee, or the Kingfisher, (ligure Number (!,) who was his chief auxiliary. The crossing occupied three days, depicted by the figure of three suns, under a sky and a rainbow, in Number 7. In Numbers 8, 9, and 10 he intn)duces three ol>ject» of reliance, not previously brought forward. Number 8 is the Mikenok, or land-tortoi.se, an important symbol, which appears to imply the chief point of triumph, that is, reaching land. Number U is the horse, and reveals the date of this adventure as being subseiiuent to the settlement of Canada. The Meda is depicted on his back, crowned with feathers, and holding up his drum-stick, such a.s is used in the mystic incantiitions. Numlxn* 10 is the .Migazee, or eagle, the prime symbol of courage. In Number 11 he records the aid he received from the fabulous night panther — this panther, by the way, is generally located in the clouds — and in Numk'r 12 a like service is recorded to the credit of the great serpent. The following explanations of Plates 58 and o'J, exhibit a general synopsis of the symbolic and representative devices in common use. 'i'. i.\ Number 1. Chronological and arithmetical devices. " 2. Symbol of a hcadle.'^s Ixxly. i . I I ll 408 I N T K I. h E C T UAL C A I' A C I 1' V A N U Number '^. S^ ihIkiI of n IiciuIIcms body. " l. IX'\ ices ri'iJit'si'iitinj; tbo biuniiii liivul, " .'). iX'iith'w Ih'ikI — MyiulK>liciilly t'dipMiHl, or voileil. " 0. Tlio liiiinun fij,'iiro — rt'prosciitativi'. '* 7. Symbol of a iimii walking at iiiglit, or iiikUm' tlio iii(n)ii. " H. Sy inl)iil of tlio Him. " !). Do. do. " 10. A spirit, or man onli)j;iiti.'nod from on liigh, imvinjj; tbi- iu-atl of tlii' ,sim. " 11. Totomic mark of the sun. " 12. TliLMUofm — ilry quarter. '• 13. The UKHm — lliiininjr. " 14. The moon — et^lipned, or at nij^ht. " 15. A man'w head, with ears ofwu to conviction. " IG. A winged female. 17. Cloml.x. 18. The f^uii lillinj,' the world. 1!). A Medii — endowed by the sun with mystic power, denoted by the u[y- pended plumes and rays. 20. A WuIk'uo. 21. The sky. 22. Death's heads. 2. '5. Hearing ears. 24. The sea. 2o. A spirit. 2G. Do. 27. A Jossakeed. 28. A sick man under the influence of necromai '. 29. A Meda. 30. An evil, or one-sided Meda. 31. Medical skill — the human heart — symbolic. .32. An idol. 33. A seer's image. 34. The human heart — a symbol. 3o. Symbols of the heart. 3G. A headless Wabeno. 37. A man loaded with presents. 38. The society of the Wabeno — seated in a lodge. 39. Grand inedicine. 40. Domestic circle. 41. A fortress — European. (( « >( It « « i( « « « « « « i< <( t( . (, ol. a '">•"). i( ;")(;, It T)?. -2. (1 »;;]. it ti (11. (I'). <( (iti. « f)7. l< (IS. » (lit. « 70. a 71. t( 7-2. (( 1 ■'). (1 71. it 7-"), (* 7(1. .. 1 1 . •• 7S. .. 7'.i. •• so. ■■jli w •h Tlic nu'dicul power of a |)lant (illinir the world, and roaching to the ,sky. A medical prol'essor — hotanic. A Waheno — headless — standing on the world — holding human hearts Fli A Wal.( An American — .symholi A ir line; ■i\ llllio.ic, having power to stand on half the world. — a species of worm, alluded to by the Wal)Oii()s. .V WalH'iio. sitting on the top of "the circle of the heaven.s." .\ magic ring and a dart — symliolic of nnigic skill. \ mer-man — a totem. A fcmak' pr()|)het. A sMiihol of war. A symliiil of jieace. Goods — a sviiiImiI. Symbol of time. The great horned serpent. A spirit of evil. S-rpent. Sociality. The kingfisher — a totem. Spirit of evil, looking into heaven. 'I'lie tortoise — a totem. A licit or baldric — nocturnal fraternity. \ ineda — with great magic power. ,\ budding war-clnb. A .lossakeed. sustained by the power of birds to look into events. l''abuloiiM serpent. Stiilled bird — a magic symbol. I 1 'T ; ! ■ ■ t ?? ?^' is ill >■! 410 INTELLECTUAL CArAClTY AND Number 81. A doctor, liiiviiig great skill in pliints. — Tlio birils pvu him the power of iil)i((iiity. S:2. A miij:;ic grasp. S;!. Ili'iiring .•*orpent. SI. A .>ivml)()l of the power to look into rutiirity. S"). A miin clotlicil in ii lie.ir'n .skin. tSO. S_vtiil)ol of power over the iieart. ST. Sviiihol of spiritual power. SS. Representative figure of a female. SO. The eatfisli — a totem. •'0. Tiie eagle — a totem. lU. Disabled man. 0:2. Pipes. O.'l. A bad si)irit of the air. 9-1. Spirit of th(> l)lMe sky. 0"). A woodpecki'r. Hying ofl' in a direct line. 0(1. A bad spirit of tlie sky. 07. Symbol of a Waljeno standing on the globe. — Totem of his name. 08. The sun. 00. A spii'it of proi)he("v of the sky. 100. Tiie serpent penetrating the earth. 101. Plants — symljols of medical power. 1(12. A k-aver's tail. lO-"). Syn!l)ol of magical power. KM. A Meda's power, .symboli/.ed by an uj)iifted arm. lO-j. S\ nd)ol of a Meda's power, holding the clouds in his hands. 100. Hotanical power. I(l7. The turtle. lOS. Medical power — a symbol. 100. Do. do. do. 110. Monster — issuing from tlie earth. 111. Syndjid of K) hei.'.s killed in battle. 1 12. I'"lag at a grave. ll.'l. .V meda — with power. 11. Synd)ol of death. 1 1 t. A Hag at a grave. 1 ill. War lance-club. 117. Symljol of war. lis. A bale of gocxls. 110. A canot^ — hunter's. CIIAIIACTER OK THE INDIAN HACK, 111 (1 « a (i Number 120. A inonsti'r figure uswl in tlio ;j,uiue of tlio howl. 121. A clii.'f. " 122. A 1)11(1 .spirit liiilf lli'il-vd. " 123. Symbol of iii3tliioiil power. " 124. A (.rrcat war ci)i)tain — witii one haml lie gra.^ps the earlli, witli tlie otiii-r till' nky. 125. Symbol of a warrior bold as the sun. 120. Ik'indcer's bead — a totem. 127. A canoe tilled with warriors. 12S. Instruction in ma_!.'ie. 121). An encampment — symljolic. 130. A beaver under medical inlluence. 131. A wolf — ii totem. " l.")2. A fabulou.s bear — having a copper tail. " 1.33. Symbol of .iptM'd. " l.">4. A ei'iine — ii totem. '■ 1. '!•"». \ deei' — a totem. " 1. ")(■). .\ faliiiloMs snake. " 137. Siitanic power — a syndiol. " 1.3S. Crnsscd serpents — a symbol of wanness. " ll)'.l. .'symbol of the ileatb ol' a man whose tott'in is the crane. '• 110. Symbol of death — of the bear totem. These siirns by no means till the entire .symliolic alphabet of the Kekenowin and Kckcwin, but will serve to denote something of their ca})aeity of s^niixili/.ing object.^ in the various departments of natni \ 9. U N' I VKHS.\ Ll T V A .\ I) A X T t (J U I T V OF THK P I(" TO (I H .U' IN C MkTMOI) A .M () N C T 11 K N O U T II K Ii N T H I U K S . G'.'ojrrapliical .\rc.a covered by tlio Mijiiatlniis ef the Alj;oiiiiiiiii Tribes; — 'J'iie j^reat fixity ef Mental ami I'liysieal Ciiaraeler, caii.-ieil by their Uelijiimis lU'liet's ; — Thesu l!eliof-i of a .-itl-oM;;ly niark<'(l Oriental Type: — Tiieir l'ietiij;ra])liy to be 'race(l baek to tin irth Atlantic; — Their Ethnoloi;ical Identity with the Ancient New England Tribes ; — E.\ani|)ics of Indian I'etition.s to the I'rosidei t of the United .States. PiCTOKiA', inscriptions of the character t)f the .Miiz/.iiiabiks of the Wi'stcrn Indians, particularly of those of the Alm)ni[uin type t)f lanjiiiage.s, are to Ije traced east wurd from Lake Superior and the sources of the Mississippi, on the back line -f their mi- gration, through Lake Huron, by it.s northern communications, to tiie shores of the Northern Athmtic. One of these has been previously alluded to as existing on the Straits of St. Mary's, and it is believed that the art will be found to hiive Ix'cn in use, 'J ; i ' '■ 4 i 1 1 i '! i! ' I f! ' , !i t i ! i ! J i Iff lit > V >■. l.^ if: if^-i^Tf: 412 INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY AND and frcflv t'liiplovctl iit sill iicriods of tlicir Iiistoiy. ciiibracinfr tlic ri'sidciiro of then iinci'Htors on tlio slioivs of tlio AllMiilic. Tlic ancii'iit inscription cxistinj^ at tiio mouth of tlio As.sonct or Tiuinton Hivor. liftwi'i'U tlic St;iti's of Hiioiio Isliiml iiml Miissnchiisotts, is U'lii'vcd to bo a ricin-d, essoniiiill_\, of tills «ynd)olic diaraotor, in- Bcril)ed around an old Scandinavian inscription. It is found that very few essential clianjres in their forest arts or character have taken i)lace anionji; the North American trilaraly/.iug elVcct u|ion the pro- gress of the hunter trihes. Mlksipiatowa. the Shawnee I'roiihet, had a |M)wi'rful elfect in conlirniing tiieie ;n the mir.c'ulous power of ids Jeesukiiwius. It also had this further ellect. tl at if (hey iranil nothing new they I'orgot nothing old. The old I'eligion and old notions of iiarliaiism had charms for them. J low far into remote antiipiity this I'emaik slioidd he carried may. pel haps, ailmil of tpicstion. liiit its truth is viiulicated hy the ihree ccntniies whicii have idapsed since the discovery ; for. with the exception »)f mere changes of articles of dn'ss and aims, and |iartial modes of .suhsistence, the wild-wood ti'lx'sof A. 1). lS."i(l ai<'. nientaily, |>liysically. and characteristically, iden- tical wiih those of A. I). I'idO. One of the great causes of this lixity and identity — we may add. the great cause of liotli. is to he liiuiid in tlieir system of religions hidiet" and woishiji. Tiie religion and the mythology of the North American Indians, are tlie two j)ro- lilic soui'i'cs of their opinions. Their belief on these hi-ads may bo conlldently asserted to have U'cu the cau.se of action in many of the most important events which mark the history of the race, ancient and modern. And the topic is one which demands a careful iinestigation in the examination of (pii'stioiis of this nature. The idea and the picture represent in vr the idea, are too intimately coiuu'cteil to allow the o le to be wi'll unilerstood without a kiiowleilge ot' the other. (Ireat di\ ersit\- has pre\ nl.'d, as prior data demonstrate, in the nvmiber and character of tlie syniliois which have served to conduct their worship; but there are certain leading priiK'iples to be traced through these diversities lif ty[)es and signs. Wheie\er examined, whether in the ancient seats of their power in New Kngland, or on the plains of tic Mississippi, or the borders (if the Lakes, their religion is found to Ik; baaed on tiio ., h:^..M:..:%u.- 11 w ClIAUACTEK OK T 11 K INDIAN UACE. 4V\ iH'licf in tlio oxisU'iice of ii (Irciit Spirit, or iiiiivcrHiil Powit. who is rcj^ardod as the VVaziii'toiid, or if the ol)j('ct iiiiult! ho uiiimalc, Wiizlioiiiid, or maker. Practicallv, and OS di'iioti'd by tlio aiiiinato roots of active vi-rhs iniplyiiij^ life, or iH'ing, lie ih roco"- ni/.i'd as the Ori^diial Aniniatinj;; I'rincipii'. As sucii. iio is Ixdiovod to lio iiivariahlv (lood, and iiiscparaiiii' from tho I'riMcipli' of (iood. Hut, ('\idt'iili_\- to arcount for evil in*' UMii'i's in the world, tlio Indian llicolof^y provides an antaironistical |)(nvor which is represented as the impersonation of the Principle of Kvil. Moth tiiese jiowers are called Moiiedo, anil admit the prefix (!reat, hut the latter is never denominated Wazlieaiid or Maker. This is a very ..neient oriental helief. as ancient, certaiiilv, as the af^'o of Zoroaster, hy whom it appears to have heen originally constructed to account for all eontlictin;,' moral phenomena in tiic government of the world. Our triiies are certainly innocent of any refined theory or rellection of this kind; hut thev re. with rijrid pertinacity, to the doctrine of the two antajronistical | )owers ol (I descent. wiUi more th adiu (Iood and K\il. And this tells tin- history of their ori};iii an plainness than their mounds, their anomalous style of architecture, or their unread 'J'liese two principles are, howexcr. liaiiK' to he so atten- d I mil liiero: dvi.l lie.' uated and inliiiitidv dilViised, and in this dill'usion thev ha\'e I )ecoiue so materialized and localized, and ,so prone to luaiiili'st themselves in the shape of created matte animate, and inanimate, that I'very class of creation, and i'ver\- sp( lecies of ever\- clll^^ le whole eailli IS seized upon hy their loresl worshippers, as an individual nod. 'I' thus jieopled with imajrinary deities of lieiii;jn or maliv'iiaut power, 'j'lie two classes are |ieri)etually antafioiiistical to each other, and their votariis are thus kepi in a per- petual state of H'ar and distrust. No example of the Indian picture-writing has lieen consulted, in which tl lis sNstem of l)elief is not stnaiL'h iirou dit int. Whoever has attentivelv examinei I th jireceding pages must have heen impres.si'd with the multijilicity of these minor deities, and with the complex character of tlie Indian jxilytlieism. Tpmi a svstem of spirit-worship thus dill'use, is engrafted the idea of medical magic, called Mcda, and the oriental notion of Oracles eli'ineiits in their helief. The preceding details demonstrate that tl Prophets, called ,Fi)s,sikeeds. These constitute the lere is no depart- ment of Indian lilt' \vliicli they do not invade with an ahsorl the leadin'4 intlueiices in war and hunting. The\ lia\ )ing interest. 'I'l lev are e ccaiverted the metlical art. in a great degree, into necromantic rites. They furnish ohjects of rememi irance upon graves, they animate the arcana of the mystical .societies, and thev constitute small part of the pictorial matter recorded on trei's, s who formerly oecnfiii'd New Kntrland, the same in principle as they are now I'oinid at the West. The powwow, and the sa'iamore of the waters of I.e'u' Island. Narrafransett, and Massadnisctts, exercised the same olliee. and were fioverned l>y the same princi- ples, as the mcda and the waheno of the Illinois ami the Mississippi, and tlii> jossakeed an to popularity. Wlien success had crowned the eflorts of the Chippewa chief .Myeengnn, he inscribed its results by figurative signs on the Iik-cs of two separate and (listin<'t rocks. The Delaware war-clii(>f. Wingenund, described the p.irt he bore in the great Indian ))artisaii war of the West, in I7ti'2. by symb(dic lignres on the banks of the -Muskingum. Tiie Algompiin tiiiies who joined the French in llie expulsion of the Sacs and Foxes from the eastern part of Wiiicousin. in 17") I. made a similar re(~ord of their .success on the ciiU's of (Ireeii Hay. There are still existing symbolical figures, preserved by the I'xuded gum on the sides of trees of the s|)ecit's y)//((^'< nslnofni, on the portage west from Leech Lake to the shores of l'ik"'s Hay on ("ass liake. which were made, the cliiefs inlln'med me. by the Indians who inhabited the country at the head of the Mississippi, before its coiKpiest by tli(> Pillagers. .\nd if so, tiuT are equally remarkable for the duration of their drawings with those of the pines, men- tioned by La Croix, as existing on the banks of the Hiver Irtish, in Tartarv.' The art of inscription by pictures, and the dis|)ositi(in to em|iloy it. existed early and generally among all our principal tribes; but they ( teiite(i themselves, in ordinary ■Mises, by C(>mmitting their records to sheets of bark. |)ainted skins, tabular sticks of Wdod, or the decorticated sides of trees, where they were read by one r)r two genera- tions, and then perished, As a suitable conclusion to this chapter, an example of a pictogiaphie petition to the President of the United States, will be given. In the month of .lauiiary. IS1!1. a delegation of eleven Chijipewas, from Lake Superior, presented themselves at Wash- ington, who, amid other matters not well digested in their minds, asked the govern- ' Victc .StrahlcnbtTg, seq. ClIA RACTKIl OF TMK INDIAN RACE. 4ir. moiit for a ictroccHHioii ol" some portion of tlio liviuls wliicli tlic imlioii Imil foriiu'i'ly ceiled to tlie I'liited Stiite.x. iit a treaty eoiicliiiled at f-apoiiile, in Lake Superior, in ISl:!. Tliey were lieaded Ity OslicaljawisH, a chief I'miii a part of tiie fore.st-coimtr_\ . oall«'d by tliem Moiioiiioiiecaii, on tln' liead-wators of the Hiver Wi.sconxiii. Some minor chiefs accoiii|ianied tiioin, tojrotlier with a Sioux and two hoi.>*hrnleH. or half- hreeds, fioni the Sault Ste. Marii-, .Michigan. The jirincipal of tho latter was a |K'r.'*on called .Martell. who appeared to he the niaxtcr-spiril ami prime niover of the visit, and of the motions of the entire part \ . His niotivi-s in ori).'inatinjr and conj«'cts to fullil, of hijrher interest to himself than the advancement of the civilization and industry of the Indians. Yet these were the ostensible objects put forward, thouffh it wa.t known that he had e.vhibiled the Indians in various parts of the Union for gain, and had'set out with the purpose df carrying them, liu' the same object, to Knglaud. However this may 1>", nnich interest in, and sympathy for them, was excited. Ollicially, indeed, their object was blocked up. The ])arty were not. accredited by their local agent. They I'mught no letter from the acting Superintend- ent of Indian .Ml'airs on that frontier. The journey had not lieeii aulliori/ed in any manner liy tin' department. It was, in fine, wholly voluntary and the expenses of it had been defrayed, as already indicated, chietly from contrilxitions nuide by citi/,i-;-i on the way, and from the avails of their exbil)itious in the towns through which they ])assed ; in which, arrayed in their national costume, they exhibited tlu'ir peoiliar dances, and native implements of war ami music. What was wauling, in addition to these sources, had been supplied by borrowing from ln(li\ iduals. .Martell, who acted as their conductor and interpreter, brought private letters from several persons to members of Congress and others, which procured respect. After a visit, prittracted through seven or eight weeks, an act was passed by Congress to defray the exi)enses of the i)arty, including the repayment of the sums Ixirrowed of citizens, and suflicient to carry them back, with every refpiisite comfort, to their homes in the north-west. While in Washington, the presence of the party at private houses, at levees, and places of public resort, and at the halls of Congress, attracted nuich interest; and tiiis was not a little heightened by their aptness in the native cere- miMiies, dancing, and their orderly conduct and ea.sy manners, imited U) the attraction of their neat and well-preserved costume, which helped forward the object of their mission. The visit, although it has been stated, from respectable sources, to ha\e hail its origin wholly in private motives, in the carrying out of which the natives were niafle to play tlu> jiart of mere subordinates, was concluded in a manner which rellects the highest cri'dit on the liberal feelings and sentiments of Congress. The phni of a retrocession of territory, on which some of the natives e.xpressed a wish to settle and i ] PI,-' i : i • ■ 1. 1 111 1 \i II < ■ ' I ■M, .^ ^in 1 1 i 1 1 \m ri '!• fl r . i : i m i ^i u ; i; [■* '1^ I 410 I N T V. I- L E (J T V A L (' A P A C I T Y AND adopt tlu' iiitMM'n <,l\ivili/.ril lilt'. apiicinTd tn want the Haiictiiiii itf tlic Hcvoral utatcH in wliii'li till' laiui^ aMkoil ..a- lie. No aitiou upon it o(ailil tlicii't'orc U' \\v\\ had, until till- l(-;:iMlatur<'s of tlic^i^ ctatrH could Ih> con.iultfd. lint if tlicii' were doul>tH as t(< tlic authority or approval of the visit on tiio part of c'itlu'i- the ChippowaH or rronliiT olUcurH of the govi'rnnient, thcso vi-ry ilonhtM ltd ihf party, under the pruuiptinirs of their leatler, to n-sorl to the native pietorial ait. whieh iinniches the sulijeet of this notice, i'icture-writing, in some of its shades, has lonu' lieen noticed as existiii),' anion;,' the western Indians. Hy it not only exploits in war and liuntin(.' ure known to Ik> n'corded, hut such devices are not nnlVeipu-ntly seen drawn on the fuooth and often inaccessihie faces of n)cks, on which thc>y are frecpiently ohservcd to ho paint 'd, and sometimes fretted in. A still more coiinnon exhihition of the mode is ohservcd in the Indian adjedati^r. or f^rave.[H)st ; and it constitutes a species of notation for their mcda and hnntin Secretary <»f War, and tiie President. The liillowini; are exact transcripts of the rolls on a reduced scale. Thei'e are (ive separate sheets, foin' of which are illustrative of the principal one. which expresses in symlH)ls the ohject of the memorial. Tlie material is the smooth iinier coats of the hark of the lietula papyracea, or white l)irch vp named, which an* not necessary to Is- mentioned, were represented alono by the symbols, or figures of animals which ty|)ify their clans, or totems. Their name.'* were written down from the li|>s of their interpreter. It will be seen, that iiy far the greatest number of the totems or clans jiere named, are represented by well-Uiiowii species of (piadrupeds, birds, or fishes, of the latitiulcs in which the Chippewas now live. The totemic devices would, therefore, a|>pear to \h' indigenous and Im-al, and to have little claim to antitpiily. A few of them are mythological, which will be pointed out as we proceed. The description of I'ictograph A. Plate lid. is as follows: — This is the leading inscription, and symbolizes the petition to the President. No. I. t ' f,V,') IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1^ IM 1^ mil 2.2 ^m* 11.1 f'«IK£ 1-25 IIIIII.4 1.8 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation k A {./ ^ .V :/. 4i. 7a 4% V V> c> 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ '*b ^ fc ^ I ! *. w' \ ■ .-. ■! £' \ i* ■ 1' I: 1 W ' { I Si ',. li m ! si! — ■4i! 5 ■ © irr 5g 5?^ n3 O o I be -O o i i #f i l.h ■ 1 ( .'t If' % •ir fi fi'-: f 11 fii • I h\ii\ Ifi' It ■■•ji ! I 38? ■ i ; 's 5 t! i« 1 irM -a C •lii! »: *• i ( .1! ! / ri, us. The hciirt of (mcIi Muiinal is also comieeted hy lilies with the heart of tiic Crane ciiief, to denote ini!f// 1>/'/,, /ii,i/ tun/ jiiir/in.'H'. If tliese symhols are siieeessfiil, they ilenote that the wliole f(irt}-l'oiir persons botli «•/ and ./I'/ nliUe — THAT TIIKY AliK OM). No. 2, is a warrior, ealled Wai-init-tiir-oii/.h. of the tdtem nf the Marten. Tlie iiiun(> simiilies literally, lie lA' the Wooden \'essel. wiiich is tlie eoninion desi'^nation of a Frenchman, and is sn|)iioseil to have referenee to the lii.-t a|i|)eai;mee of a shiji in the waters of the St. Lawrence. No. .']. O-ji'e-ma-gee-zhig, is al-o a warrior of the Marten elan. The name means literally. Sivv-Chief No. I, represents a tiiird warrior of the .Marten elan. The name of MuU-o-mis-ud- aiiis. is a s|)eeios of small Iiind tortoise. No. o. O-iinisli-kose. or tlie Little Klk. of the IJear totem. N(t. (i. j'iiiiii-.-iir. or the f,ittle Hird of the totem of the .\rj,(i,i-ti-/iiiiij, or Man- fish. This clan represents a myth of the Chippewas. who helieve in the e\ist<'nce of !i class of animals in the Tpper Lakes, called .Xc-han-a-ljai-'. partakinu' of the doiihle natnres of a man and a fish — a notion which, except as to the se.\. has its analogies in the superstitions of the nations of western Knrope, res[iectin,n' a mer- maid. No. 7. ^V((-(r((-yf,'-)';)/«, or the StrouL' Stream, is a warrior of the O-was-se-wn^. or Catfish totem. Beside the unio.i of eye to eye, and heart to heart, above depicted. Osh-ca-ha-wis. as represented by his totem of the Crane, has a line drawn from his cy e Ibrwiu'd, to denote the cour.se of his journey, and another line drawn backward to the series of small rice lakes, No. S, the grant of which ccmstitutes the object of the journey. The long paralhd lines. No. 10, represent Lake Superior, and the small parallel lines, No. 9, a path leading from some central j)oint on its southern shores to the villages and interior lakes. No. 8, at which place the Indians propo.se, if this plan be sanctioned, to com- mence cultivation and the arts of civili/ed life. The entire object is thus .symboli/ed in a i; \ :or which is very clear to the tribes, and to all who have studied the simple clementf; /f this mode of communicating ideas. The four accompanying pictograph.s are adjuncts of the principal inscription, and the object prayed for, and are designed to strengthen and enforce it, by displaying in detail the villages and persons who concur in the measure. Pictograph B, Plate 01, is interpreted thus: — This is a symbolic representation of the concurrence of certain of the Chippewas of Trout Lake, on the sources of Chip- pewa River, Wisconsin, in the object. 53 1 1 ') li ;' f t\ ;-iil I;, t I ! 4IH 1 NTKUJICTIA h CA I'ACITY AN D : -» ;: : NiiiiiIm'I' I rcprcsciitM llic CliioC KfiiiMteiio. or tlio ('rt'c, ol' tin' tnU'iii of the l)nint. ()-tiik-imi-i-iH!-imi-Hrt' (Niimljcr 2) i« liiw hom. l*ii-im-slii'(' (NimilitT .'!) is ii wiirrior of tlic tDtcm or I'liiii nl' tlic rinnir-tiiili'd Itcur. Tliis i.t a iiiyth()l(ij.'ii'iil creation ol" tlii' CliipiH'was, liv wlioiii it in lu'lii'Vi'il tiial miicIi an uiiiiiial liUM a Hiiltti'rraiiL'aii cxiHti'iici' ; that lie is MoiiU'tiiiK's hcoii alK)Vi' frroimd ; and tlnit his tail, thu peculiar ieatiire in which he (iill'crs IVoiii the iiortheiii liliicli Immv, is Ibrmcd of copper, or some hi'i;,dit metal. Numher 4. This is a warrior of the CatHsii totem, ol' the piirtieular si^eics denoted Ma-iio-inaiji. The name is \V'a-iri-mi'i-we-ji\vun, meiininii, lie of the chiel'-rcather. Numher o. Ok-wa-^on, or (he neck, a warrior of the Sturjicou totem. Niimlior Ii. O-je-tshaiifi, a warrior ol' the totem of the species of Hprini; diu'k called Ah-ah-wai hy the natives, which is helievcd to he identical with the uarrulous coast duck calleil (Hdwi\'es hy sailors.' Numhers 7, S, U. Warriors of the clan of the fahnlons Lonf^-tailed Ik-ar, who arc named, in their order, Wa-gi-ma-wash. or would-ho-chicf, Ka-be-tau-wa.sh, or Mover-in- n-circlo, mid Sha-tai-mo, or I'ciican's excrement. Numher 10. Ka-we-tan-he-tun^'. of the totem of tlic Awa.soe.s, or Catlish. Numl)orll. O-ta-uan-me. or the Fox Indian, of the Mi-ar totem ; and Ah-ah-wai, or the first s|)rin,!^ duck of the fioon totem, — all warrioi's. Pictouraph C, Plate (12. hy this scroll the chief Kun-de-kund of the Iviule totem of the river Ontoiiairon, of Lake Superior, luul certain individuals of his limid, are represented as unitin;;' in the oliject of the vi'il of Oshcahawis. lie is depicted hy the figure of an eagle, Xuml)ei' 1. The two small lines aseendinu; fi'om tiie head of the bird denote authority or ])ower ^icnerally. The humiin arm exti'udcd from the breast of the bii-d, with the open hiind, are s}inbolic of fiiendship. Hy the light lines con- necting the eye of cacli j)erson with the chief, and that of the chief with the President, (Number 8,) unity of view.s or purpose, thu same as in pictograph Number 1, is .s\ nil)oli7,ed. Numbers 2, 3, 4, and 5, are warrior.s of his o\\ti totem and kindred. Their names, in their order, are f)n-gwai-sng, Was-sarge-zhig, or The Sky that lightens, Kwe-we- ziaah-ish, or the Bad-boy. and fiitch-ee-ma-tau-gum-ee, or the great sounding water. Numlxjr G. Na-1x)al>ains, or Little Soup, is a warrior of his band of the Catlish totem. Figure Number 7, repeated, represents dwelling-houses, and this device is employed to denote that tlie persons, beneath whoso symbolic totem it is respectively drawn, are indined to lire In JiniixeN ninJ lii'mme rici/iy.cd. in other words, to abandon the chase. Number 8 depicts the President of the United States standing in his olliciid residence at Washington. The open hand extended is cmplo3"ed as a symbol of friendsliip, cor- responding exactly, in this respect, witli the same feature in Number 1. Ji^i' ' It is believed to be doubtful whether the Ah-ah-wai should not be clnssificd with the totem of the Loon. I,' , f !< i .1 I :>\ I 1 J3 I m f' ;.1 a I S if ,1 k Hi- i li .1, M' Mi ■■ m CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE The chief who.st; nam scroll, is represented, by the niys on his he; higher power thiiii Nuiiiher I, but is still in the pnrport of pictogniph Number 1. e is withheld at the left liiiiid of the interior fl liures o 419 if tlie (I" igiire !l.) as, apparently, possessing a •oncurrin- by the e^e-line, with Kundeknnd Pietograph 0, I'iate bli. In tl kaik-( lis scroll figure Number 1 )-gwnn-na-osh, or a pigeon-haw-in-tiight, of the river W the Long-taili'd J}ear. The other I •('presents the chief Ka- sconsiii. of the totem of igures of the scroll stand lor nnie of Ins lollowers. who are each represented by his appro[)riate totem. Xuml )cr wa-1 lon, and one of tlie elk totem. Tt will bo seen, in a view of the several deviecs, that tiio greatest stress appears to lie laid throughout upon the fotrrii of the individuals, whilo there is no device or sign to (k'liote their iirrsniKtl iiaiiwi. The totem is omployed as the o\ideu('o of the identity of the family and of the ehui. This disclosure is in accordance with all that lias Limmi observed of the history, organization, and polity of the ('hippewa, and t)f tlie AlgoiKpiin tribes generally. The totem is in fact a device, correspoudiug to the horalilic bearings of civilized nations, whicli each person is authorized to bear, as the evidence of his family identity. The very etymology of the word, which is a derivative from Do (hum, a town or village, or original family residence, denotes this. It is remarkabl(>, also, that while the Indians of this largo group of North America, withhold their true personal names, on iiii[uir\', preferring to be called by various soliri(|iiets. which are often the familiar lodge-terms of infancy, and never introduce tlu'iu into their drawings anil ]ncture-writiug, they ar(> prompt to give their totems to all inquirers, and iie\er seem to be at a momcMit's loss in remembering them. It is e(iually noticeable, that thoy trace blood-kindred and cijusanguinitios to the remotest ties; often using the nearer ibr the reni(4er adiuities, as bnjther and sister for brother-indaw and sister-in- liiw. I'l'c. ; and that where there is a lapse of memory or tradition, the totem is confi- dently appealed to. as the test of blood af1iiiit\', liowever remote. It is a conser|iieiice of the importance attached to this ancient family tie, that no [lerson is permitted to change or alter his totem, and that such change is absolutely unknown among them. Those scrolls were handed in. and d(^posited among the statistical and historical archives and collections of the bureau. By closely inspecting them, thoy are seen to denote the concurrence of lint thirty-three Chippewa warriors, out of the entire Chip- pewa nation, besides the eleven persons present. Each family and its location, is accurately depicted by symbols. Unity is shown by e3-e-lines, and by heart-lines. Friend.ship by an open liand. Civilization by a dwellingdiouse. Each person bears his peculiar totomic mark. The devices are drawn, or cut, on the smooth iiiue" sur- face of the sheets of bark. It will thus have Ix'en observed, that the Indian pictorial system is susce|)tible of considerable certainty of information. 15y a mixture of the pure re)iresentative and symbolical mode, these scrolls are made to denote accuratelv' the number of the villages uniting in the object of MarteU's party, together with the number of iMjrsons of each totomic class, who gave in their assent to the jilan. They also designate, by geographical delineations, the position of each village, and the ;ieiier;il position of the country which they ask to be retroceded. It is this trait of the oxistence among the Chippewas and Algonquins generally, of a pictorial art, or rude method of bark, tree, or rock-writing, which commends the circumstances of th, • tnio 1 Jll'O viiigs io\or that ;■ the ?r-in- "011 fi- ipiice ■a to em, rical n to Jliip- II, is iiios. K'ara siir- )iial ' tlio toly tlio 'licy the t of :, or tlio It i. ■ 1 ■ 1' ' 1 i .ii ■ ' !1 , ' ' !■; ',,1 , f i..l i;c ^ ■ ti i ;'ii U- ': ! N f. 1 1 i1; f-j- CO D-, ''3 3, •of) (■'^ ;", i: ■M i : 11 ; : I . - 1 ki ! 1 1 I! ! im'^: ■i ^i \ ', . < . 1 ; ■ ; ' ■" ; 1 ■ ■ V' *" \ -M i. "■ - pi ■■ : 1 114 i-i! I' «l u I- 51 ': I '5f (' J1 < ! ti !i a:. ii; i! i. M'i ': * If ■i'ii i' ' '' i I . ^1 -fi \ -H' i i I ifi ,A, Ml '■ a < ,' ti ; 1 1 B'i'l li^- ^ ^i ^ ■/<' ', ^1 B1& I^V -«Mi i:^ CIIARACTKH OF T II M INDIAN RACf:. 421 i'ochIIh utruiif^ly to iniinl tlio ciirly iittaimiicnt.s of ciistcrn iintidiis in a Hiiiiiliir rmlc iiKxlo of I'xprcssiiij,' idi'iis l)y syiiiliolic inarku diid symbols, piior to llio iviiioto cius of tlio iiitrodiiction of tlic niiirirorm, mid long prior to tin? true liicroglypliici K\.-ti'iii of tlio Kiiiilmitcs and tlic Nile, lii fact, cvory trait of tliis kind may be considered um furnitijiing additional iiulit.s to aid ns in considcrinji' tlu' (|iK'.stion of tli(! origin, condi- tion, oapaciticH and iiliaractcr of Innitci' nation.s, of wliosc ancient liistorv we art- >till ipiite in the dark. 1, I,' 10. COMI'AKATI VI', Vli;\VS OF T UK P I C T O H A I' II V OK 15 A li I! A li O l' S N AT IONS. Foreign rictogniphic Si;:n^^ ; — 'flic CIiIik^c ('liiiriictcrs rniimlc'il (in the I'icturc-wiiting Dwiccs v[' tilt! Samiiiilt'H — Siiu'i-iiiiin — 'l';irliir-i; — Iiiscri|ilioiis IVum ilic limiks of the Viiii.M'i iiiiil llic Irtish; — Kdck In-cripliniis IV NmhIrth .A.mm ; — System i.f llic I,;i|ihiii4i'rs ; — ('ii|iics dl' the Figures priiitiil nn the hiuiiii ..f tlic I,;i|i!iiiiil Miigiciiins, wllh llicir Tiilcrprctiitinii ; — ■ 'flic Device 1)11 the gi'eal Druiii nl' 'i'mnii ; — Irdijiiuis rieln^rriipliy ; — Siiceiiiicii I'liiUi Oeciiiiieii. In comparing tiie system of simple pictorial notation, of wliicli tlie outlines have now been presented, with similar elliirls to record ideas in other parts of the world, there is, doubtless, a class of t<'stimony referred to, from which important deductions mnv be drawn. The art, as we hinted in lirst sitting down to this paper, was one of the earliest known tom^inkind; ;iiid without supposing that in the progiess of human difl'nsion over the globe, it was in all cases derivative, it was indnl)itably so in many instances. In others, it would lia\e been originated oi' fallen into by the mere simi- larity of early circumstances and o[iinions, among erratic or migrating tribes. It was the lirst eflbrt of men to transmit thought. Fe;ir is perhaps thi' primary passion nmong rude nations. The .Mysterious Powei' which governs the tmi\erse, as mani- fested in the phenomena of the heavens, has led all nations, however obscure, tu adopt some sort of worslii]), and this was ever a prominent and leading motive. Whatever other passion or sentiment conspired to the institution of early religious rites, fear was most clearly the predominating canst:. Wonder and superstition were at hand. Tla; early history of men shows, that the (irst propitiatory oflerings were made on this basis. What nations dreaded the}- worshipped, anil the (irst sti'j) was to draw a ])icture of the object, or to symbolize the idea of it under the representiition of some material form. In this nnmner the sun iind the moon became at so eai'K' an epoch objects of ahuost universal adoration throughout the oriental worUh The Imnors thev received a.s syniliols of a Higher Principle, they tlid not. however, [leruumt ntly retain. Thev, in their turn, were s\ mboh/ed bv celebrated men; and thus Persin and Ivjvjit, llindostan and China, and other (juarters of the eastern hemisphere, wei'e filled with i 1 ■ y li ] : I t, i ! !- ' ■! P t, \ ' rS i '1 y i; ' 1 ■ i ;! 'J 42S INTKIJ-ECTFAIi CAPACITY AND tlioir ruling; iK'itii'f*. iiiidt'i' till- liiiiiiuii loiiii, mul tlicir kiii^.s mul nilcrs tniccd their ilusLvnt or ^l•llllil)ll^«lli|l tn tln'^c two lmiiiii:irlcs. Ill I'ViTy I'liNf tlii'si' niitiiniM iiii.-<\ver, and tor aritliinetic, a .■^troivi'. Sncli, we imagine, to liiuc Im'cii tlie im'(|(tioii oi" tlie system. Tliiit it wa.s siisceptilde of rapid iinprovi'inent, and caino to oNpri'ss ii considerahlo Hiiin of inl'oriiiation, wi- liavc only to j^laiu'c liack at tlii' pivci'diiif^ doliiils to show. How soon tiie pictoiiiil method ran into the tine liieroj.dyplii('. and tl^^' latter into the al[iha!)etie, it would he very curious and instruclivo to impiire; but it is iiii in(|iiiry wliicli we ninst loic^o. For had we the re(|ii!sito matorials, it would demand all tlu; spaee we |)ropose to allot to tiie present outlines. ily the nofici's taken of tlu' Kjiyptian .system of liieroirlyphic writing.', an important link in their notorial ehaiii of pr 'OU'l'l'SS IS s howii The thon^iiit occurred to tl ilful h ieropliant, that a picture mijr lit stand for an articulate sound of the liiii nan \oico. And till' systi'iii adopteil was. tiiat the picturo of tlio bird, aniimil or other oliject, so drawn to denote a sound, should represent, exclusively, the (list or initial letter of the name of the object depicted. The discovery of tiiis priiici|)le was the great revelation of modern times in K^^yptian hieroglyphics, and has ojiened a lari^e ainoiint of information on the later iiioiiiiiiienis. TheC iiinese ■*\steiu of writiiii; is also lia.-ed on, and has O'owi 1 out of, the i)ictorial d the hierojilyphic. I?iit it nmed the most ciimbroiis and complex possibb form for the coininunicalion of ideas; and one that is least linorable to the projrress )f the human mind. It constitutes th reat objection to the [ilionetic .systi'in — that objection which introduces into it all its uncertainty, and continues to make it a subject of labor and disajrrei'inent anion;;' tlie learned — tiiat there is a great nuiltipli- city of its homopiionons characters. The Chinese ran into a \'ery unique system of recording thought, one which ensured great precision and certainty, but imposed on the learner a most extraordinarv labor. It was to invent .symbols for the sounds of whole words, terms and even phrases, instead of elementary sounds. Kvery noiin- .syml)ol, and every verb-.symbol, and every pronoun-symbol was pros idid with adjunct characters, to denote accessary meanings, so that the Chineso alphaiiet is an alphabet of whole words, and not. as with us, and all other inodern nations, an alphabet of elementary sounds. — Eighty thousand characters to record a language, instead of twenty-six. That a nation with such a s\steiii should not progress in knowledge, and '.>t> iima 'ir • '? i i '■ ?p i ' i. . f I { I ( '( : ; ■ } i ' ¥'->:■ a I 1 1/ lii li , 1* " i; » ? >j rt- r t ! !■ i I ■- i '1 ii I 'J il "I i i. n i ii; il '^\l 1 1 i |i- || K 1' w' i t' I ' % ttil ; i ! ri ^m . .. ■ 4 ■ * I ill 1 H i 1 fii t r i CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. 423 tlmt tlio pursuit of it siioulil lie Iiijilily valued, excites no wonder. Wii.at few liiivi >tiiiii, must always exeite that kind of" respect wliicli attaelie.'' nie or means t, the li to aciiiovemont. Tiiese are the t\ only systems of hieroglyphics anionjr nmnkind whic h 1 lavc, either as hii'ro<;iy[)hies pro|)er, or as altered arhitrary siuiis, run into, or efl'ected the And this result has been attained independently, and without the jmrpose o: f lett I ers. so I'ar as history extends, the least [irohahle or possible one Mavnij;' horroweil, or Mad connection with the others. In directintr attention to the nations of other ])arts of Asia, or of the f;lol)e. wiio have attracted notice iiir their pictui'e-writinir, the field of oliservation of the American continent itself is narrowed, it is lielieved. ratlier Irom the amount of mateiials we can command, or the space whiidi travellers hase devoted to it, than from the al)solute nnn-cxistence of such materials. It was long thouiilit that nnich of the writinus of the cnj^raved rocks of Wady .Mohattah, in the <;;r()up of .Mount Sinai, t)f which speci- mens wore furnished hy Hurckhardt and La Horde, were either picture-writiuL'. or liierop;lyphics, as no ancient alphabets could be liunid to solve tlieni. The fijrures of camels, men, and otlier representative objects, were, at least, presumptive ])roofs of a mixed system. It is now announced, however, that modern research has overcome the obstacles to their interpretation, and that the alphabet of tiie larjrer inscriptions has l)een made out, althouuh we liave not yet, on this side of the water, lieen liuored with the results. The pictorial objects still n-main. The lact of the existence of these inscril)ed rocks had l)eeu known since M'2'2. 15y some the inscvi[)tions have l)een su[)posed to be of the date of the (Uh century, and to bo the work of pilgrims visiting Mount Sinai; others have seen reason to assign a later date. It appears important to pi'cserve a distinction between the mere pictorial and the alphabetic part of the various inscriptions, which are found to spread over sepsirate laces of the rocks for many leagues. The former ma^- often bo ivgarded as illustrative of the latter; but it is by no means certain that they are, in all cases, parts of the same inscription, or aro even of the same age. Writers have generally regarded tiie pictorial signs as of the earliest date; and the occurrence of such inscriptions in this portion of Asia is in coincidence with the supposed early prevalence of the practice in that primitive region of the human racc>. If Kgypt and China did not profit by the advance of each other, in the first culmination of the pictorial in their respective .systems of iiie- roglyhic signs, they may, reasonably enough, be thought to have derived tlieir earlier ideas of it IVom that central fpiarter. Tlie ancient (niiuil()rm or arrow-headed character of Peisia has lieen long regarded as among the hieroglyphic (Miigmas of this part of the eastern hemisphere; but this has also yielded to modern rcseandi, and been found to revival the true elements of a writt(>n charactor. It is amoiiir the tribes of the ^•ast area which was cii\ered bv the t ! u \ I I ' 1 MB!. 424 INTKliLECTUAL CAPACITY AND i'u : ■ a :tt » ;n Mongol, Tartar race, and liy the Sanioiilos of northern Asia, that we find the wtrongest rcinain.s of picture-writing. The foUowing transcripts are copied from the pages of the Swedish traveller, Strahlenberg, who first visited those eonntries about 17(l9, and publislied an account of his observations in the Low Countries, in 171^2.' The first drawing is from the banks of the river Yenisei. Vide Figure (,', IMate (11. No explanation of it is atteui])ted. The mere inspection of it denotes it to be one of tiu)se records ol' success in the chase, the communication of which, by pictures, is a conimoti trait of roving and hunting bauds. It takes its chariictci'istic features from the natural history of the region ; and we may suppose it to embrace rude representa- tions of the Siberian bare, the calmrda or uuisk d(H'r, and other known (pnulrui)edH. Some of the under figures are manifestly symbolic, and five of them, inscribed aliove the figure ol' a heart, and lialcs .) In tliis inscription, we may suppose, tiiere are some memoriids of the persons en- tombed. They evince a em-ious mixture of tiie pictorial and hii'roglyphic, and may at least be regarded as exlul)itiug the iiirmer in a state of transition. An opinion is expressed, Avhich ajipearstobe well founded, that tiiey denote one of the earlier stages of the Chinc.se, which had Ijeen dill'used into Tartary in tin- course of the wars and coiKpiests carried on by tiiese nations. Other s[)eeiniens of such inscriptions are given from the vicinity of Tol)olsk. which exhibit still more nne(piivocal proofs of the trans- mutation of the character, and. indeed, leave but little trace of its origin in the pictorial method. In the annexed rock inscrijitions, Figur(> 4, Plate fiH, which complete my quotations from this work, there are two striking coineidc'uces with the North American pictures, in the st^dc of drawing, and t.lie symliolic combinations of thought. The first is the human figure. In tliis examitle we behold tlnit combination of a bird and a man wliich, in so many of the preceding nniemonic figures of war and lumting. are designed to represent speed, and the power of superior knowledge by exaltation to the regions of the air. In the line of fourteen crosses we recognise the North American Hymbol for men. ' An IIistorici)-ricngra|iliical IX'siiiption it' the N'urlli iiii s i. J ■) I i j :. 1 I !fe ■ iii^l / I' ') 'i • I 0,/ - / .7 / ■ . I \ , /■ ' \ V ' , r , V .'■''/ ■ / ■' V / A L /" i: R ::1 § ' f S !». ^ i i , ;■ n I 1 ! / / P / I \ V i. izi N ^, l^ \ . i >)' J Vr- V "T i r^ ) I i ■■ M '1 ' tJ li'i lis Ij i 1 ll |a m i' il t \ ■ i 426 I N T E 1. 1- K ( ' T U A 1. (• A I' /V C 1 1' V A N D tif,'htly over a woodi'ii lioup, mid liistoiieil wllli pc'is. 'I'licv arc jiCiuM'iilly uvuto, mid diller much in nizo. Tliey nildom excoed ci^Iitooii iiiclios in dimncti^r, mul arc ol'tcii less. Tiic li.utiircH arc diMWii on, or ratinr .Hiainc I into tlic skin, |jy a red ii(|iiid or pigment, prepared IVom tlie l)ari< of the aider. Tiiey are Htriicli witii a driini-Htiek, or instrument reHcmhling a riut:. The music is aeeompaiiied witii soiii:s and iiieantations. In tlicse sungs tlieir goiis, ispirits, or demons arc addrcsseil. The operators profess both to foresee and to produce events. Tliey profess to fiirnisii or allay winds on the sea; to cure or cause diseases ; to perform magical journeys in tiie air, or under the earth ; to inlluencc the courses and ranges of wild or tame animnls ; and to exercise, without limitation, those powers which appertain to the ideas of witchcraft, sorcery, and magic. Their principal deities are Tlior and Storjunkare. Tiic sun generally occupies the centre of the drum, surrounded hy the moon, stars, hirds, quiulrinieds. rc])tiles, and various terrestrial or fabulous olijects. The liillowing transcripts, marked A and 15, in the original work of Mr. SohelVcr, exhihit two of I lie ordinary drums. Figure a represents Thor; h. his atteiulants; c, Storjiinliare, and d, his attendants; e. hirds; f, stars; g, Christ; h, his apostles; i, a bear; k, a wolf; 1, a reindeer; m, an ox; n, the sun ; o, a lake ; p, a fox ; (j, a sipiirrel ; v, a seipent. Jierc is, it will be observed, but little admixture of Christianity ; it is merely 'uking into the number of things worshipped or relied on, or otherwise made the oI;i ; x. a bear ; \-, a hog; B. a fish ; V. one carrying a soul to hell, What associations ! Each ojicrator appears to be at liberty to introduce such figures as suit his fancy, belief, or superstitions. Geographical or astronomical visions are generally drawn on the painted skins, by which there is supposed to be an association of objects deemed to be congruous. A few general facts in the principles of pictorial notation of the Iiaj)landers, may, however, be noticed. The sun bears its usual figure of a man's head, rayed. The same figure is u.sed on a basis, representing a body, for the two gods Thor (who repre- sent the great power of Good,) and Storjunckare, (the antagonistic jiowerof evil,) and, also, on a cross, the same symbol stands for the servants of each god. Stars arc re- presented by two parallel lines, cros.sed at an acute angle by two similar lines, descril> ing a rhomb in the centre. Birds are denoted by a simple skeleton of a body, and i VM m^ " I H lU J'*;:' 1^ J s. k i ■«i?i ,^f:H fe li I :6 ■ 11 *i CIIA ll.\rTi;i( (t|' Til !•: IN 1)1 AN HACK »•-'.'. Tlic lii^iiic lii'iii'iitli lliciii. oil llio ri^lit. i.<4 II wiinior iiii liiiiHcliai'k, iit'iii<>il uitli u Ijiiw and mrow. On llic Icl'f of tliiH ilcvicc, tin* two tivcH iiiv i-viili'iitly (Icwii/iitMl to H}m- ))oli/,i> iiicilii'iniil iiliiiil.t.' Ill till' (lrii\viii(r-< A ami M. IMutr ill. tlicrc is n slrciii'.' icsi'IiiMiiiiit to tin' fri-f hIvIc nl' liLniiiiiv, of wliit'li .Mr. Ciilliii li.is l'inni.' rrd race oi" the wi'sti'i'ii. i,-< dfiioli'd in tlic roliowini: t'\aiii|(!i'.x. (Si'c liijiirc (l. i'iatc M, iiml liiriin's I, 2, ■'!, I. IMiilf I'm.) Ill liuiiri' (i, I'iiitc Cii'i, till' drawiii^r of a IVockrd man. witli ii heart l\ iiiir at his li'd. is sn^'.'cstJM' oi' llic oilier of ii [iricstliood. aiiionv' a harliaroiis |i(mi|p!('. Till' steins of slniihs, s|ii'oiiliii;i' from one lolie of the heart, iiiiu' svmlMili/e a frii'-'niiit inemoiy. 'i'lie lliinres of liiirli crosses riiis('ity of I'psal, to travel into I,aplaiid, to ^i\e a particnlar acciaint of that hut imperfect lydiiiown part of the Swedish dominions. Amonust otlii'i' siilijects which he descrihes in his work. ,i;i\im;' the results of liiis Jiainiey. he furnishes li.e folinwiiiir examples of their picture-w riliiiL;'. as illustrations of the ancient magical arts of the peoi)li', prior to the introdnctioii of Christianity into La[dand.-' The iicciaiiit which he ;;i\os of the " mafiical cert'iiioiiies and arts of the liaplanders." is a \ery curious chapter in the history of linniMii superstitions; and o.\hil)its. as a whole, a remarkaMe coincidence with the .system of demono!o'_''y existing' under the name of niedas, jossakeeds. waiienos. and pnd'essors of soothsayinu' and iiK'dii'al maj;ic, in the western hemisphere. Schen'er's (iiiiirt'S an' copied from the heads of the druiiis employed ly the I,a[iland sorcerers and iiiaLiiciaiis. These drums are onedieailed. coiisistiii'^f of a skin drawn ' III l'ij,'uiv.s 1 ami -, I'latp 111!, arc givoii ri'liroscnlatiim.H of two pioivs of .■^rMlptiiiv, wliicli do not siirpa.is tin' art that lias liren foiiml to bo ilisjilayoil liy iuiiiu'Imiis reiuv.'iciitalioiis of birds and ((uadnipcils, covered niion tliu auti'iue pipes of llie Missi.ssippi \'alle_v. ' Tlic History of Lapland, containing a lieograpliical lleseriptioii and a Natural History of that Country, with an Aeeount of its Inhahitant.s, their Original Heligion, I'usloins, Habits, Marriages, Conjurations, I'anploynients, Xe, Written by .lolin .'^elietfer, I'rofissor, \e l.nodou IM 1701, ','i f ! h ». ' ii iM mim 4 1 i 'fir- : : i ?! ^ ; •• :i ^' ■ 1 1 ' . ; i ! ■, 1 ! ' ■ i IJ'f ; V b I i'' ?§ i' lit ' 11 "V 'i. I' i i I ! , i'\ CHARACTER OF THE INDIAN RACE. 427 I 15 i wiiiji's, mnkiiiij: u crdss. Dcatli. 1)\- a inoimnicnt crowned with a wivatli. \'iiri()iis iuiiiiials and roiitilcs In a]i[iro[)i'iat(j ri.uiires, as a reindeer, a ,«(jiiirrel. a ser[)eiit. a vultiu'o. Jjiit these animals are generally niyslilled in their t'uruis, anil denoted hy symhols which can only Ije interpreted hy the sorcerer. Other synihols are wholly arhitrary, as a circle crossed, to denote gifts, waved lines to denote a lake, an ellipsis i'or friendship, ifec. Much of each inscription would he -wholly uniiitelligiijle without verhal explanation from an initiate in these mysteries. In Plate K. tin; figure of a closed cross, whitdi is used on some of the North American inscriptions to denote death, occurs live times; hut we have no interpretation of this. On Plate ¥ there are no l(\-^s than two-and-twenty figures, which may he supposed to have an alphaheti- cal power. ISoth these inscriptions cx])rcss, hy division lines, the relative position of Sweden, Norway, ami Lapland. They are, likewise, replete with figures of a frockod priesthood, clearly dew iting the Christian church of the jieriod. If, as has heen remarked ahove. these e\ami)les denote a variety and want of uniformity in the syndiols. or a great many hoinophonous characters, this fact is still further api)arenl in the suhjoiued transcri|it, Plati' liS, which was copied in IGT-'^i from one of the large>t of the Lapland drums, then in the possession of Lawrence Althmack, a citizen of Stockholm. Fortunatel\-, also. l()r the stud\- of this suhjcct, we have a i'ldl ex[)lanation of the characters and figures, hy a Laplander, a native of Torna. Not less than one hundred and fifty ehai'actirs are inscrilied on this drum. They relate to necn^mancy, geography, natural history, law, medicine, astrology, detnonology of the grossest type, and, in truth, every possihlo suhject which oouhl occur hetween the o[ierator, or incantator, and the ohject of his incantations. Figure nundjer 1, is a syndtol of Paul of Torna; 2. is the river of Torna, and o. a trihtitary of it; 4, a weathercock, pointing to tlit> noi'tli ; 5, a synihol denoting God; (i. the sun; 7. the moon ; S, thunder ; !•, a divine angel; 10, the angel Gahriel ; 11, St. John; 12, St. Peter; Li. St. .Matthew; 11, St. Martin; 1-3, St. Luke; IG, God's .■sergeant; 17. rain ; 18. the light of the sim ; l!h the wind; 20, good fortune ; 21, had fortune; 22. the earth; 2o, water; 2-1, lire; 2-J, dedicated to sa(!rifices; 20, another form of the same altar; 27. the mountain Stateherg, a place of sacrifice; 2S, the mountain Titro, also a place of sacrifice; 211, Sweden; .'10, Prussia; ."I, Holland; ;!2, Enghmd ; .'5;!, Spain; .'M. France; ;'>■"). Cologne; Dli, Tn.rkey ; o7, Lajjland ; oS, Finland; .")!', the cities of Finland; -10. the cities of Sweden; 41, the cities of Ger- many; 42. the village of the lahorers; 4.'], war; 44. peace; 4"), .some persons going to church; 4(1. a great ship; 47, a .shallop; 48, a Lapland idol; 49, the devil's hoat ; 50, the holy tree of the Laplanders; 51, a citizen; 52, his wife; 53, a countryman; 54, his wife; 55, a Laplander, or hi,s wife; 50, the governor of Lapland; 57, the governor's gentleman; 58, a hailifl"; 59, a Lapland church; 60, the church of the city of Torna; (11. the country church of the Lapmark of Torna; 02. the holystone of the Laplander; 03. the trunk of the holy tree of the Laplanders; 64, a bear; 65, a cow; \ \ 1 N T K I. I- K (' T r A L (' A 1' A C 1 'I' V A N D CiC). ill! (IX J t'i7, a Wolf; (IS. a iviiidct'r; (iU, a sIhtji ; 7(1. a liou; 71. a Imix' u illi a liiiiLi; tail; 7li. ; 7.). a swan ; 71, ; 75, a lirt'at wild cock; 7l), a I/a|ilaiiilcr lia- volliiijr ill liis sk'diic; 77. the inouutaiii of Tjaplaiid dedicated to sacrifices; 7S, a Laiilaiid hut; 7'J, the most ilaii.iioroiis anil malicious sorceicrs ; S(l, a priest; Si, u man; S"J. a S(juinvl ; 8.!. a fir tree ; SI. ajilne tree; S-"), a hare; S(i, u fox ; S7, the younir of a reindeer; SS. a liirch tree; S',1. a cat ; DO. ; •(!, a lake or lioj;-. with lishc's and a hoat ; [^'2. a heaver: M:!. an animal called jerf, or frouli ; 'J I, ; ',).j, a dog ; !H). an oroskre. or ornokre. si;:nifviiig the cast-olf skin of ii serpent ; !I7, a serpent ; '.•S, a frog; 9',>. the god Nao; Mill, the devil's ditch ; lOl. the genius of the mountains ; 1(11', the hill of hell; Id.!, death ; 1 1, an otter ; 1 ()■). Lucifer ; KlCi. Asinodcus ; l(l7, a tw'e. that is. a magical hall; Ids. magii'al arrows; \W. denotes, it has hapiiened iiccordiiig to the devils will : lid. denotes the reverse. /. c. that it has happened con- trary to the dexifs intention : 111. the same devil ; 1 ll!. his sergeant or ollicer. who attends constantly on his pi'ison : ll'!. the kettle of hell ; 1 I I. spectres ; II"), ; llli. of hell ; 117. the llrst president of the assemhly of maiiicians ; IIS. the .second president of the same assembly; I Id. the third jiresideiit of the same assemhly ; lliO, the fourth president of the same; I 111. (he sorcerers going to their place of meeting with those children whom they instruct in magic; I'l'l. t\n' })lace where the sorcerers assemlile. with their chief masters ; \'1'\. the di-^trict of Droiitheim ; iL'l. the gallows; 12"i. the prison ; 1-0. the chief judge; 127. a symhol of the law: 12S. the twcKe judges; I'Jll, the chamber where tlu' judges sit; l')(L the jiresidiug judge ; l-'il. a symbol denoting what is law: l-'lli. a symhol denoting v^hat is not law; 1. ">.">. the least of the nativity of Christ : l-'M. Ka.-terday; |:]-j. AVhitsuntide ; "l:l(j. the R'iist of ; J-')7. St. ]\Iar\'s, or midsummer day : l-'iS. the day of the sun; l.'I'.t. St. Mric's day; 1 Id. St. Johns day ; 111. St. Peter's day: 112. St. .lames" day; ll.'l. St. ."Michael's (lav; 111, to denote an acceptable sacrifice ; I I"), symbolic of one who speaks truth; 140, those who are pernicious to the earth and to the waters; 117. death ; 118, sick- ness; 119. a mortal wound given with a magical jaNclin; I'id. de\ice to denote an interdiction to sacrifice to any god of the mountains, to the trunk of a tree, or to a stone, because it will be \ain and unsuccessful. If a fiajiland drum could speak, in magic tones, on so many subjects, it 'uld seem to r(>(piire. in order to gi\i' tbrci.' to their exiiressiun, but the w.u'ds of the incantation of the North .Vmerican chief. (\"ide ante.) •■ iie:ir my drum. " or the Noice of the M'hoh^ of these l")(t diverse La[ilaiiil symbols, and imaLies of things in heaven, earth, and hell, speaking at once. It has been stateil that the cuneiform character has revealed the true elements of an alphabetical system. Some of its accompaniments were, however, representative or pictorial. Such is the triumphal record of the conquest.s of D;irius on the rock of Heristun. as given by .Major liowlinson.' (See Plate GO.) ' Hhv;i1 .\.-iiilic Siiciily. "Tlir I'ri>i:iii ("iiiicit'nriii Iii.-rripiii.n nt lie lii.^uiii, " \:c , li_v Mnjnr II C. Rmvlini'mi, ('. ]i. o( llic lI'Ul. Kaft Iii'liii'.- S.rv!..'. ,V.' , l.-ii.tiiii. 1^1''). ■I' ; II. mw , i m'.'-.t ('■■- '■"n 1 'rl' Dl li m ||;::i , w '■ , P p .; !■ I B 1 :■ ■:.* K : \ |- ■ i) , ■ \ ^ i m ti^^K ki ; 5 I ■i I Ilfi*| ;i > i ' ,* i I i|: f I i f Ij CIIA ItACTKU v)F THE INDIAN I! A (' K I '20 III tliis |iict(iri;il L;riiu|i the iiiiniiircli is ri'iM'cscntcil us tlic iiiilitiiry I'oiiiiiicrnr ol" ten Uiii^is. nine i>[' w Iidim inc cliniiicil to^t'tlicr 1)\' tlu' neck, iiinl tlif ti'iith ilrawii iiiM^tratr, \vi til till' kiii;j''s I'ddt (111 liis lirciist. Hi'liiiiil iiim .-laml liis [iriiici|i;il w iii-iM|ilii draw II \('iy iiiiicli in tlu' iiiiiiuu'r of the Moliiiwk cliirls wlm, in tin' li'iii(nnis jiii'td- ;;r:i|iliy. oiler lin' cliici-nilcrsliii) to Atotiirlio. Aliovc tlio i;i'ou|) is r('|irrsi'iitci| ilic I'lTsiiiii jioii, Oniiusd, who. liy tlii' rin^' iihout liis Itoily. iiiui mIso liy the ciivji' in his haiul. rarrics the s\inliol ol' ('tcniit\'. In tl If SIM't'llllcnS ol i'o(|nois i)ifto;_frii|)liy, which iitc now in troilu 1. a >t \ li' of ilrawiiii!' is ()1is(M'\('(1 wiiicii j;i\cs more innsrnhir (lc\('lo|iinciit to the hiiinaii liLiiirc lliaii IS ('11111111011 wi ih llic remote iiirest trihes. In I'lale Til. the liisl nil er ol' the t rjlie: lllider th" ('oll!'e lerae\', is i!e|)i( t(.Ml. r,e> ide>^ 'jreat iiiililar\ iiro\\es> tradil loll l:i\ ('■- liilii the reiiMtalioii of a .-oreerer or iieci'oiiiaiieer. 'I'lu^ most imxions iiiiinials were iiarnile to him under tiie jiower of his eliarins ; he is therelort' drawn snrroiinded with ratt! snakes, who i|eren(l him on all side-. His jierleet ('oni|iosure is shown li\ the calniliess \\ illl whirll he indulges tl le pine — thil IVaiik IS olleniiu' a s|)eeies ol Irankiliceiise to the s|iinl wlio su ■ taiiied him. IJel'ore him stand twn .Mohawk war-ehiel's, who olU'r him tin -iinnle stair of Iro'jU ois soverei jnt\ . I'lateTI. In this uM'oiipwi' are |ireMnteil wit h an Iroijiiois dancing;- |iarty. 'I'h siiijer and drummer sits u|ion a stool. The ilancers wi(dd their (diilis. and put th ein- d\('s in the most contorteil positions. It is a wa up Wreaths depend from t! leir C'lllOW- i'^eatliiM's decorate their heads. 'I'lnir inoeeasiiis are cut like a (tucal crown revel sed. I'late Tl'. National tradition, in this uroup. jierpetuates one of its principal siqier- stitions l''i'inre I it is that of tl le fairs' ll\ lic^ hi ads — an c\ ideiil allusion to meteoric dis[)lay emhodies the main idea. Jlavs or llashes of lire arc s\ iiiholize(l with a face and (daws. A \voinaii sittiin;- and roastin,^' (dieslnnts Ixd'oro tiio fire, with her doji'. is mistaken, hv this in\steriou.s visitor, for a lire-cater. The act is considered paramount to his own. IMate 7.'). This plat(> represents the Stoiiisli (iiants — a prime recital in li ro(|iiois histors'. Who the uiants are desiijned to s\iiilioli/,e is iincertain. The\- are i'( seiited as impenetrable \>y darts. Did ever an enemy, (lotiied in armor, visit this nation? Or, ilu the Stoiiish (Iiants syniholi/e the Ih'st enemy tliey met with lirc- arin.s? 1'iie retreatiii'-r warriors and the inellicacy of their darts are shown, as if they lied IVoin mailed warriors. We snlijoin a specimen of the iiictouraphic art lor the trihes of Oceaiiica. Ill Freyidnet and .Vrau'o's voyauc to the Kastern Ocean, they ohtained and puMishcd a speeiincn of the mode in \vlii(di rude nations exjnvss their wislies |)ictorially. wlii(di ma\' ser ve as an introduction to t u> les,> i^ lemeiitar\' nu'thod of the North Americai trihes. See C. Plate 47. The author uf this svinholical letter was a iiati\e (jf the ^ !? ' 1. 1 ' \ i r 1 : i 4:U) I NTHM.KCTr.VI, ('A I'ACrrV, MTC. . -.1 . <'iii(iliii(' l>liuiils, a 'I'miiku' of Siitli(iii;il. ulio wIsIkmI to ii\ail liiinscli' dC the incii'iicc (if ii ^Iii|i til send to a trader at Kolla, M. Miirlinc/. .«cnm! ^Iiclls wliidi he liad |)i(Hiiiscd to ciillcct ill i'.\cliaiiL;(' I'oi' a li'W aNc* and sdiiif other aitiidi's. 'I'liis he exine.-si'd to tlie caiitain. who j^ave liiiii a piece ol' paper to iiial\e the diinviii:^-. and Mati>l'aet(Milv exeeilted tlie conililis.sion. '|"iie lifiiire of a lliaii at tiie top denotes tiie .«liip's ea|itaiii. who, hy liis outstretched arms, represents hi.s olliee oi' a ine>..sen.:er hetwi'eii tile parties. 'I'lie rays, or ornaments on his iieaij, d>iinie raiil\ or anlhorits'. 'I'iie \iiie heneatli iiiiii is a type of friendship. In tiie left coinmn are (h'pieli d (he nninher and iE i If r . ! 4 i II I! I'- 'I f- \ I ' 1 J ,t ■I s ' VII. POPULATION AND STATISTICS. (431) ;i . ;i i I- 11! fUl; i mmm '' . ff: i I ■ I i. It ji VII. POIU'LATION AND STATISTICS. !^ Tim; nluiriiriuMl poimlatioii of Aiiicrioii wiis ovor-nited from tlu; iK'giiiiiiii^'; iind tlio samo spirit of I'xauiit'ration wiiicli actuated the early discoverers, lias coiitiiiiied to throw its iidliicnee over every perioil of our history, it is not jirohable tiiat, at the opeuiii^' of the sixteeiitii century, or any other peiiod wiiich may he selected, the iiumher of souls upon the Indian tiuritory, hore any very cousiderahk' ratio to the nundier of stpiare miles of countrs' which they occujiied in the shape of villa;:es. oi' hiuitinti- lirounds. Tiie hunter state recpnres, indeed, that innnense districts of forest, should he left in the wilderness condition, that its olijects may he properly accom- jjlished. Fi'om some data that luue been em[iloye(l. it is doubtful wiieiher an area of less than fifty thousand acres, lel'l in tlu' f)rest stati'. is more than -ullicient to sustain by the chase a single hunter. Most of the tribes living in districts where game abounded, n'lied almost e.\clusivel_\- upon that resourci' lor a subsistence. The /ea mai/.e was <'ulti\ated in all thi' south- ern and middle latituiK's of the territory of the United States, not as furnishing the staple of life, but as a mere subsidiary means of subsistence. This can ho said of the ancient Floritlians. amongst whom l)e Soto marched, and will hold good, if the remark bo applied to the Muskogees. the (/lioctaws and Chickasaws. and the Chenjkeos, of the earlier perit)ds of our history. The common deer was found to inhabit all the latitudes from the (lulf of Mexico to tho shores of the Groat Lakes. The black bear extended its ranges to an equal extent. The elk (C. (^DKiihusi.s) was an inliabitant of tho North Atlantic tbrests. and was fonnd by the hunter west of the Alloghanios, and as far south as the forests of lionisiana and tho prairies of 'J'exas. Tho mooso [('. Alcis) was killed in Ponn.oylvania, and characteri/ed the Ibrosts of Now England and tho entire ro'igo of the Lake States. To these animals, which fur- niished the eonunon viands of an Lidian's lodge, were added, for all the region west 55 O-i) ) if V ! I'm ' ■ « ■' te i ' 1 5ii .331 ;'ji ;•! *J 3 1 * 1|^ ! M i |» 1 I 'i' |:ll I'd ITI.ATI ON A N I' S'l' \ r I ST I (' il'llu' \lli'L:li;inics. llic liisdii ul' tlir \V('>t. (/>'■/- .1 iih riiiiiiiis.) llii' |i|'(iiiiiii('ii| nliji'cl Mill Lilor\ of ilic cliM-r liir tlic tiilirs of tlicsc latitudes. For tlu'sc primo i)lij('i"t.s of \n\'\. llif liidiiiii ilirpiitril with tlic Willi", till' iiortlii'ni t'iiiii;!ir. nr |i;mtlii'r. niul tin- iiurtlirni livciiii. If. with llic Miiiplc iiicaiis anil siiarsc |iii|iiilatiiiii ui' liii' cuiitiiiciit. tlic liulian hail (li'Miti'il iiiiii~cir to the arts of jiracc. the ahiii'ifriual impiilalidii wmilil iiinliiiilitrilly li;i\i' far traiisit'iiilril aiiv iihmIitii cstiiiiati's that liaxc hccn siihiiiitti'd. iJiit tin- irMTsc Wii-^ ^iiii:ularl\ Iriii'; and. wliilr hi' niaintaiiu'd an actiM- war nn tin- iiati\c i|uailriipriU. this .■^triiuyic was hut si'i'oiidary ('iiiii[ian'd tn his iiu'i'ssaiit, hlood-thirstv, and [icrlidiiiiis war aiiainst his uw;i siircirs. Kvri'\ clcnirnt ol'trihal ilisi'onl was tluTc in acti\i' iiprralinii. Ihiil;' hcliac the I'lintiiU'iit was discoMTi'd ; and it is inii'rahli' that till' piipidaliun h; TIk' li iri'iy >ii-itainril ilsrll'. hut did not aiUaiu'r, for ci'iilii ,1 roipioi^, wliii apprar to iia\i' |ii'riTi\i'd this I'aiisi' oi' drpnpidatioii. and adopti'd till' pnnripli's ol a rotiti'drrary. rrapri till' hinlu'st ad\anta'.:rs IVoni it. and, in parati\i'ly li'w yrars. cxtrndrd llic terror of their name IVoin New York and X I'iinilaud. throinjlioiit all .New Franec. ip cw lite to the shores of the (Jiilt' of Mexi Tl le iliseoNi ry of .\niciiea. and the plantin;.: of the eolonii's, put a new pliasis on all this. Hy the introdnction of lire-anns. and hy crcatini;' a niarki't liir t'nrs. tln' I'cal ohjcets of the chase we're entirely chanireil. lliintinu' was altercil rroni a nnmlx' pastiine to a nioncy-nnd I'Xiiected that tiie (Pidiiiarv |irinei|iles oT comnieri'e will he inlermitti'd in tlie inteiconise oi'onf iVuiitieiciti/eiis witji tiiose inuiieved tiihes. Credit will I'ollipw. as in (irdimiry cases, tlu- known means and dis|iositi()ii of |)a\inenl. The Indian is a man who, whatever may he his iiiiosvncracies. is |promiit t(p aikiupw- led^■e his ohliixations to disehar^re his debts, trihal and |>ers(pnid. and wlio is excr read\-, when his means will [ii'rniit it, tip cancel them : Ihis is characteristic of the moral sense (pf the tribes. No man. who has had (pjiiportnnities of rre(|Uent oh.servatiiPii (p|' their character and customs, will, it ;s apiprehended. deny this nolile trait (pf tiihal licpnest\ a\ul fair dealinjf. The history of onr Indian treaties is a standing cipinmeiilary niupii its truth, in every a,^■e (pf onr re|pid)lio. That these linnter tribes should not [H'rceive that the aininal distribution ol' the principal (pf their I'niids, instead of the interi'st of it alone, is ci'rtain. in all the ca.ses (pf limited aniinities, to deprive them, in a few \-ears, of t'\-ery a.rriciiltnral and ednca- tiipiial means of impro\ement. shonld not excite surprise. They have not Net reached ii p(pint (pf civilization from which they can. calmly and trnly. estimate their p(psiii(pii. 'I'lu'y are, at the same time, iir,ued to continue the systc'in by considerations ipf s( II- gratillcation, wliich it is not easy for them to ri'sist. It will lje further perceived, that those tribes whom we iire to regard, if luii in tiie mass, yet in their chiefl.iincies, jrovenmieiit.s, and leadin.u- men. as semi-civili/ed. have developed better fiscal abilities, whih-. in man\ instances, tlii' jpiinciples of iini'stiiieiit and fniiding, adopted by them, are reiilete with the best axiiPins of political ecoiupinv. While the hunter and barbarous triljcs thus jiersist in ii policy which must be fatal to their financial prosperity, il is a ([uestion ipf mipinent, w betlier the read\- means thus supplied to them of self-indul,i:ence. in tiie use of (bstilled spirits, is not hurr\inu them (Piiward in a cari'er that must end in their moral wreck. It is seen, from the iiKpiiries that ha\-e lieen thus far made, that small tribes, whip, but a li'W \ears aijip. were [prospenpiis, and had ke|it u|p. if not increased, from the era of 1 S II . in their numiiers, have, under the inlluence of hi::ii cash annuities, and unlimited credit, been liurried on in the triple career of intemperance, depopulation, and moral dei^iadation. Sncli, indeed, is tiieir fearful pro,i;ress in this course, that a low years must result in the entire cxtinctiipii of some well-known triijcs. Xaticpiis who were, but a lew \ears liack, fearful in their native strength, under the banners of a Tecnmseli. a Little Turtle, and a IMack Hawk. ha\e fallen under inlliieiici^s more fatal to them than the rille. the .sword, and the camp-fever. If tlie Miamies, portions ipf the Sauks and Foxes, and the Winnebagoes, could be persnadetl of the hasty and downward sUi.s I t 1 ; !!■ I l\ i ^ ! I i \i \l t I \1 I 480 I'o IT l,ATI(iN A N It STATIST K'S. wiiii'ii lii('\ mv iiiiikiiiLi III (iii- iidiii^ iiKiiiil .^('iilf, it is liclicsiii lliat lli('\ wuiiU piiiisi- ill llit'ir nliii'iiiiii;; coiirr^c ul' ili'|i()|Mii;itinii, uiul rcvi'it to a iicaltliii'i' |i<>lii'v. 'I'lic .-tiilistics ^^ili(•ll mv prcsciilcil lia\i' bccii wi-uiil; IVdiii tin' liilicx. (!(iii.>.ii(iiis. tlioiiisi'hcs. nl' a |iaii('it\ in tlu'ir industrial incaiis. ami of ii (lisrci^anl of llii- ^ a the ell'ort ; iior can tiieiX' he a reasonahle doiiht of ultimate and comiilete success. T •Id of investigation has heen eiilaiLii'd li\ our ri'ceiil aciiuisitioiis of terrilorv on our southern ami \vi ^tein iHUindaries. of the Indian trihes id' whiidi.we are compa- rati\id\ luiiiiroriiu'd. Hut this adds another reason to those iirevioiislv i'.\istiii}i', to 1' d statistics. \Vliatever s\; leiii nia\ h( sanction the original plan of the census an adopted in iidatioii to the cash-annuities paiil to the hunter trihes, it is desirahle that tliev should he pi'evi'iited I'ldiii dissipating their funds on ohjects not esontial to their aiKance in agriculture, arts, I'ducation, morals, and cliristianity. The i)roj:res.s %vhich liiis heen madi; in the ahorij;iiial census and statistics, will ho seen hv referrinfj; to the suhjoined tables, in which the facts ha\c heen carefully di- gested. These returns relate e\e!usi\i'ly to trihes living- I'ast of the liocky Mountains. l{es[)ectinf.' the extreme western trihes situated within the chartered limits of Oregon, the latest ollicial dates received denote (iftv nine ti and I'raLinieiits of triln's, hear- ing <])ccific names; of whicii niimher thirty-four trihes live south, and twenty-live Mi north of tlie Columhia H ivei I.S'c Tahles, No. Tin' entire Indian population of this territory is now estimated at 'J'J, ().'):'), where Ia'uIs and Clark in 1 SOd n-ported Ml, 11(11). A great num' er of dialects are spi The constant temloncv of the savage and hunter state, as oliserved in the west, is to make dialects, and t( generate petty iU(le[)en(ler.cief Kveii the Cherokecs, Choctaw s, and other seini-ci\ ili/.ed triiies, resist confi'deraliou. Change oi' accent, and |)ecuriai'ities of intonation, are [)er]ietiial and rapiil causes of m ntations in their languages. Mr. Hale, the ethnographer of the I'nited States K.vploring Kxpedilion. reports :oui (livisions o f lud lan poll Illation liv "co^raphical houndari ireadiiii;' aloiii.; the I'acili coast, hetween California and the peninsula of Alasca. in north latitiKk- lil). They are as follows : — 1 . North-west di vision. — Latitude -i-l" •-", to Charlotte's Soiii d Ah i\()° 2 North Oregon division. — All north of the Columhia to latitude -")2'^, oxcejit I'rinco of Wales Island, and throe or four south. 1'".. I'nI'C LA'I'loN A N 1) STATISTIC- ' S . 437 ;i. Siiitli (>iv-ic.n. — Sii-iii>tiiis, Wiillii-Wiilla fir. I. <'iilir..nii:i ilivisi.m.— Diirkcr si, ,,!,._ i,,|;, ,.;,„. |,|,v.^i,.,|| t\|.f. Tlu'Sf (livi.si..iis aiv uni .■sInl.liHiic.l pin .siolo-icully : tlu' fia l.rin- piic.r to lli.'MMtlc- iiiciitorth.'Oiv-oiMiUislioii. mIm. ivii.l.Ts III., (livisi,,,!,. inipiiris.. n.r civil |.m|..,.-cs. Division imiiilM.r iiiK' is wimllv willioiit tlic limits of tlio I'liitcl ^(;,t,,^, ()f .livi-i,,,, iuumIht two. (.xtriMJiii- nnrth ..r til.. (■..liMiibiii I., latilu.l.. liliv-lw.. .I..^ivfs. tlir.v .l.-i-c's ..nil., .•..list liiiv..|.....|i !issinii..(| to liritisli (>iv-.m. or .\..\v (•al..,|,,iiia. i?v ilivi.liiiu- th.. Aiii.Ticaii {..mtor.v iiil.. X..i||i aii.l S..iitli ( )ivl:<,ii, l.v tli.. Jin.. of tlu. (•oiiiiiil.ia. as it has l.....ii iloiic l.y (;..v..nior Lane, tii.' ivsiilts ..f wh.'.s.. ivpoitn luv -iv..|i ill tlio stalistifal taMos iR.ivwitli. tli.. tiihcs aiv now a.vun.tfly .h'si-iiat.'.], airrcfalily to ..iir civil limits, as ali.iv.. t.\invss..||. (Sou TuIjU's X.i. o.) Ill .ml.T t.> Mnuiii th.. Oiv-ou ln,|iaiis a.niv.'al.ly to lanf;iia-..s. our injormatioii is iMa,l..,iiiat... Mr. Hal.. sul.ilivi.U's 111,. I.M.lin- .'oast .livisi.ms iiii.> tliirl....|i s.rtions ; ..r nlii.'h 111.. lliirl....iitli s..<.|ioii. iH.iiiu: tlif nia.'kr.Tt. or Satsika. ipHscs trilics wii.'. 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(^ : •gi "1 §» 3^ .S:S- -2^5 3 -a a a S >> s- 3 Cm G M RETURNS Q o o Q « o 6 cii m o ;^* - «ilc)isiAI(] p.mil9n.MJ f-. 51 cc ■li lO to t^ CO 03 HI -Kpiis-ti Ji) iJllllllljJ , I-H '■*. 1 !» iyj M CENSU 2 n •dnoio 'ins Ii^J"!'' • c-i 1 •ijioBo JO »qu L JO iwiiuns; -_- 1 -.OS * 1^ ■fJ.»l|,ll!,t 1 HH )Mai!«lt.l .tni ^:_j :_J-:l\^ -— --^ __-:„-.-^| HI)A\ liJHIHl.l_.| Jii jjqlliii^ _j 1 tc* HJ.tlt.lli.t 1 Nil |l.ldlinir.l .MU ~ ' ~-^„_ oi|w %'\\n\\ JO 4.i'|.iii.>; 1 • l-v astiiiaiiiij i|^i)nii-{ • A W\\ ?1tMj ! -t |n.j|],)^. |>il.iint ""|sv ii->i|i[ri|,, 'Mi'iii.i.i III j.».(.in.s; i c? 1""'IN f'll-Ml'i (j..i,, j 07 JO fiiii.lijiiu,! Ku |i,»3ir»na Kiiiisj.),] JO j,t<|iiinsj o '9Ji>ini| sit p.ii.| J» J.tqillllSJ GC' " H|l|nu«I...H(\\ Kit [MM] -iij,«.sii..,i.(] j.jj.Mimnv; 1 '- liJ.I*H!tlI,H.11^ V\\ p.ll'Ill.l.H) ,_ .. KIIOS.I.l,[ JO J,ll|lllll>^' 1 j^ Ri.iin.xfjn ) xii |Mrilii.i,H) I :; t*iioiV JO Ki|iimi .iJiilin.iiJ.fV ■*'! 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LACIIIA If. i4 1) is 5 1— i ?-! 5^r^ is ri p: - i " ^ 3 P= e-x rr: ^ 1- — ^ i:> — "■^ 111 'J. Cm c (m O ^ - ^ ^ >» > ^|, ;^ 1 1 1 5 s- i - 2 5 •1 ■=■ ^ ? 5 - 1- 'T ^ •r 3 -» C I' 1 ll II ^ ^ 3 to CZJ = a /-^ 1— 1 C o o Q O C^ Z2, ^1 S'. fiUOISIAliI |>*i[Il3iO.IJ CO I- '.-'" ci ; 'ti j^ ■yj ci o rH Hi id ■simiJtl ju J.mm[i\- 1— 1 i-< ! W ■» PS 5 CO aD J* N.MIU.I, Jl) j.«itiin>j — — - ' f'.v) 613 i'Mll 14 II ■i ': ;::|. li |:;: ■' H |l' 4 i ^' i i W Bi ' ii • IWbi kiifv - — - - - - ' ^ -:i iii.ii|.rt;ai, .lit i..,i.un>J • f-^ -r •^ '""-'1 'MV — ill'] 1.1 jii ijn'im.sj — - - CI 'Tl KJ.iin-iiljn ) jn j,ii)tiiri<^ 1 ^ - ^ >i;i:i>]vi'*iiV P'la ojjiiiiuj lo jji|iui)M - — — c miiii|t"''lH }" i»'i'iin«g 1 r. •iji'liMi'iiii I i.i 1 — i<1J.i; 1 i.i - - — X 1^ ujjti.>si.>i^ jii i^nmn\; [ '' wiiuav-'in's J" i'Mi'iitii; •"^ ( o •imjSv «m«is I 1 — |U|iii_i jii jj<)iiiN^; ... 1 iii.,v 1 j o A.) p.tMH.IiH.. Ml.iSI.M 1 j..i )ii..iiiiI1| ,1l.tlll1ll.(\ ■"!) A>i p..pu.t !x.) inns M Ml..) |>ilii |.».M<5 ^ ■uo ^ i..| i-JiKi.xIxJ lun^ - ■ ■rt -.lil.i'll'l !iii| IfMilii.Xirrv piiifvv>;^ •~ 1 M'H'i 1 i"l iw|m.i.|\,iiiii.j; ^^ .......lj,,| 1— 1 !'■' ■■'"IH "'1 ■"ru, »-" ', '/; — : rl -• t4-: 1 § k- .^ § S -IV. APPALACl g » = i 111 s a; J X c G is m o a o .2 "5: ■y. o -a C c S '7. t i a a V .2 -5 '5: — 1 c t li ■|| Si E E S : = he:; PC : 1 S= cs >> : PC ^1 1 ! 1 1 ■<1) i ! i i 1^ t>n s O « pL, B ^ ^'l BIIOI«l,\l(^( paflllMuMJ . ci m -!• u^ «D t^ x ci 1—1 1 ETU .1" -spilim jn j.vi.ilii>; «— ( 1-H W ^ ili ^ t>4 1 1 txj 3 |l s?; " if A 1 P4 w 1 li^ H 1 E n I i u a Bitnoio (inc; tr.tiiiil Ti 1 ' -BjSoao JO ft-wjiiL JO jwimnji 614 1 ^ -itiiriiiii'ls I'l 4.H|iint|^ si|i"\\-ll«S J" (■"tiiiii>; N1llf)-lltl))l),) J(J i^llUll^ ■III IV -iliiiimuj jii j.Mium^ i.tiiri|jii|4 -Uiiiliujit.i, JO J.it|tiiii^ tt.iimi.miv I "n'K-i'"Jn J" j"i"'ii.s; niPI^-Mirs JO i-)qtiin\' l|ii |o diili(.\ l». IIIIVI ».H(,nni( ) j'> iimmnv; III.M ■i|,i|)mi^ 1 J" i.mn M ■N„lv*l,V .1" .>i|iUI \ iu.<\ .ii|iaririr.i''.>'iiii, .I'll Ml lU.lllliMt.lui I p.>liiiiil io im.i.iiix j.i|iini nn.isj.t.j JI. j.i<(iini,sj >o lllil«iHiiJ,I \|I1.M( 1 Tl jiipi II IJI' { til pJ||l> t«- tM - a e '-' - ^ t; u. K 5 ^ cs & ^ ^ ?: '^ >% >' /^ y. l!i a ■j: is a '3 a .3 1- o a o J 'J. c -i >> 3 0^ 1^1 - r- 55 r -of ^ %- a. r ' "^ 3 C 1 ft -^ rf U 5 t^ " a ^ s fl ? o J < c t> "» 5 ■^ z - 4; rf > ^ ^ 1 ^11 J J a X 'r^ .2 > i ■| U ■^ t [tfi v: S s c fi O G ft ft CJ i- p^ V y; 03 eiioiHtAK] p^iJinSii.i.u (— • c^i •-H CO -t o ^ r-^ cc' ci o ETU iO ■ iniiTIl j.>j(i(|iiiM>i , ^ . __ ^ _.'~^, "^ ai '^ ~ : ?s5 fe H t/3 U:3 11 1 -<1 03 M 2 H W ^11 Ml ^^ ■ siln 10 n 1S ™ •! *i -njSoafi J 1 B.H| J.I. .1.1 j.i.iinn.k; 015 ll. mu'tii K 'Ml ]■*■ ti ' 1 ■ t • i ■ - \ I: ■ 'J 1 M '"i.'! "' '1" "1 l« .'«-'l , I! 'J , r « ;* ■; .1 u llfifl:l|:|;: •.I-^I III .M'liir "II 'I' TM-Mm I ['■■' '" t I" I" 'i\ '•■■i;( I .»\\x\\ |<.|uii|.iirK '("Ul, 1 'H|| <<) [l.t.l|l|>)J ,. ^IIKl^,, JO J.'l"l"\. 'It ■■'.tl.lllV I IIIKti.lllU,) .M|] ti| |l.t.tii| n.fiii.>; I ..piui, .I'll IK I p.M.'l.!.n . *j..i. ill. I'll |Mi., -i.M., |., i.iMinv; I ■«|IIII1 I .HI:k ilMlttM I 1|i|* .i,|'i, .,>!, ,., s,jiM ) jiij j ; jioii I I'luii I J" J-"l"iii>; |Mi^ull,-;^ I tM'li: I i.l|1U |ii.i1l.>.>U .1.' '■■■""■•' n " '-" 'M J" iN"i"v. I |u,,i,.„ I r 1 T «ll'Hn'"ll J V«li\. C 3 o si Oh ■: '^ » ? t t i'. i^ X, 1 0" - c c a i', V'. I I =^ tl.;n y\ X.V itllis, r-t ^H .. ■/: — - — — . a:; > a ill Si P4 ~%\ d K ijl 2 — ' 1 n n — c4 -ujAmi Iii.tj.) .(Os- in-iitlif ) id >i*(ii.I. .(o i^iiin.< I * f)16 I * MID ,tU'il 1,1 Jil ! .. '""I'i'ii I" '"I Si '|i"U l""1l I" >irtV |.' .iif.<\ in iiini .,1 o.xtMHl "■"II it'iiiri ■'■i'-""ri"i'"i"'"i'i"i,i J>l I.H)IUtl\ >I1I|IJ.IIV ll|.l\ .(l|| ,1iiuii|> ■'"iiJ'tl i.».i'» onntl J" i-Kinii.M iii.i\ .11(1 )llllJlM>'•"|l•^>|| IMi. »1|lJH| t'> Jt'|'"">J A|ltMII I I|l1t|l.|| ."11 I" I Ni V, ..mij.»AV ^iiiiiiii«ui| ) |>iin l|il1|tlfltlM , .11, 1IM |l.*| MI ...| <>i 'iiiifU II. pittj ' "i'j| "ii I" w^iv in"i, \>iini(|...| J.. U'lK I' lit aiin(|si|i.,|..,| |<>i.H|iiiii^ •..<|ll) |.>l||0 toil |ii,i|(i|.|it , ]ii |.«|ilii|i,; iti.M-i.Ni itii.miv |<> Hlln*|,.,| IK ■^,^,t\^ |M|..|n,| |,. |.M)I1I1|V^ tilNHlliv "I I'MI'l'ii l"il 1 irii 11 ji. VI i.|iii i|\ |'r N';i-ii-iii Kinwii.u I.ilian.i (.\|);irlK' stuck) I I "IMI J '•''•""' '" '-."•"' '" i'J.IKlO t.i ^,.'1(10 Ml. •jon w. Iiillics , i';liMni"J ■ .V.^siK'illtOS An;Hl;ili-lia.« i Kuci'liicH \V;iOl'niw -i Wilrllil:i-l ;. .X.^.siipiatos 'r.'ili-wiii'-CMrriis I Tnukaliira." .Miis-kii-lo-nis] Kiii|Uiitii]is... i,r,(K) liOO .Vpachc liiiiiils ... [ 4,000 l>cla\V!irc " I Associntcs. Shawnoo.s ('ropk.i Cll.ToklT,-* 7.'iO w. 1,000 t(i l.'iOO wa. ._± 1 ColHiili- NimiltiM* of N('i(flilMir«, "l Wiin-iMi-^, IHl'.l. K-'tirimto, Nfiylilmrf*. ) IK.MI. Ihl'.l. •JO, 000 l.'i.iMHI 1,000 l,r)Oo l.'ioo ;;oo .'■)00 ,"iOO 100 1,400 1,200 •JSO .'500 liOO 00 1,000 1,000 •JOO Ci.'iO ;'i(lO l:!0 L',000| :> fioo jlOO i.r.oof Inoo C;")0 .V25 l.'iO M fiO 1(1 'jr> •2S f) •j!i,')7r) ■24,100 r>,!ii:) M8 i 'I 2. INDIAN rol'l LATION OF NKW MIAK O, lUOM TlIK L\Tr,ST \rTII()l!ITIi;s. Ntiiiitti'i' .'I 'I'lilM- N(inM'-< m|" Trltu (I, III U Hi. lit. •Jll. •J I. A|i:i(lli'>i .lii'.'irilliiH, l"(iil A)iii(|ii'» ItiiliH lit' (Iniiiil I'liilu Itivir.. SiMlllliTII I'lllllt ( 'nlll lIllllCS KmVIIL'Mk .\r:l|illl|ii('H ('lll\Vl'llMi"< \ll\lljllll-* \|.i.|mi,' •J! I. :w. :!l. I :!ii. :!T, ;is. 40. /'i/././iu ../• .Vrlr MiXii-i I'mlilii il.i T:,i.s '. I'uililii il.i l'iii|iri> I'liililii il.i .Sin .liiiiii I'lii'lilii di' l'iijiiiii|iii' I'llrlilii i|i> .'>!:uilil ('l;ini I'llrlilii ill' ,'^1111 llilcfoll.KiP I'llil.lip ill' .lirni'Z I'lli'Mii ill' '"^iljii riii'lilii lie Siintii Aim I'lii'lilii ill' Ciirliiti' I'lii'lilii ill' .''an nnniinj^ii I'lii'Mi) ill' Snn l'"('li|ii' I'lii'lil'i ill' ."^iiniliii I'lirKlii ill' Uli'lla I'llrlilu ill' I'nrl.l.i ill' I'li.lilii ili' Piiil.l.i ill' I'llrl.la ill' i'lll'lllo ill' lii'uti-. iir hi'uniri Liiffiiiui S.'1'..n", liilmv Kl I'asi) Isli'lla, lic'low I'll /uni MiKjih f'lirfihi.f < liiva Siini'iniiavi . ■Iii|iiiri\ i .^lallzanll., .. ( )|ii|iiivi' CllrlMiivi.... 'r.ini«|ni'vi .. r, If. rj:/„. 41. './ I'lrl .;/■ .y.ir .1/., I /.-... ',.l„;rii //„■ Inl.i ami lllf Smillnni llniin,/nrii ,,/ I'luh. Ani'il'Mt Cilinlns .\. i.fllii'dilaaiiil V.. "f llir ('..Inrailn. NavajiH's, iiiit ini'liiili'il almvi' I'niaiis of till' Ciilnrailii, ainl imt inrluiloil in Cali- fornia; I'manns ut' llii' lai-ly S[i.inisli wi-iliTsJ; ... A]iai'lio.'<, not ini'lmli'il almM' NllllltiiT III Kiuliiiiiir Mill llHO Niiinlii'r III' l,...!^.".. ".■lO |(MI 111 III ■JIIII •J .Mill lull mo :!oo Niiiiitii't' i.f j K'Kltilit"* ' llvinif III 1 |> II ». ■riilnl i|iillaliMli ,'l .MIO jiiii .ilMI (',1111 :i,oiiii '.'.Ml •Jdllll 1'' 000 lull '■ 000 I.Ml 1 .'lOO ,'illO 1 lino lllllll looo ,'!.M) 1 ti IMIO li.MI •> liio (i'.l .•:i,"i .Ml ■:;;::;■■■; •'.Ml .''>.'► Ill 711 'JIIO ll.'iO .'ill ".'lO III) l.'iO ,'i() ■'.'ill fill .'100 1*111 rioo l.MI 7."iO .">.') ■'T.'" SO ;::::;::::: |no '.III |."i(i ,'ill ■'."ill 1X0 '.iiiil l.MI 7. "ill I'JII 111 III |:io ll.'iO .V.iT ■' ilS,"i looo ■> 000 :!iiii 1 1 1 ."illO •J .Ml i 1 ■'."ill ISO i !III0 l:;ii ri."io 150 7."iO ISO imo ■JO, III 10 ll,."llll) .^,000 ■J, 000 _ _| i ' I ^-IXM • 'I'lii'iil' Inhm uro rp|iri'«.nl|.il li.< K-mpviim Him,,. ,I.v..1Iiiik. ivilli..iil ni'ifv i.iul r:ii>inil »Im'|.|i, hiil Mill ,,r iin-iliilcry hlll.llH. uii.l l.'riii»liil:l|. ..ri,.|tii. . t I'll!- M.»|ili I'lii'lilin iir.' »ii|>|»»i.|l III III. ,lii,. ni »' iiom .-iiii'ii 1 1', iiii.l III..... IT l.iiir .l:iv!.' Irml ii.ic'li ivr.l Ir in / 'I lii'V all ."i.ak i|i.. ImiKuiKt*', Inn itrr r..|.'irl..|l l.i In- M-Innilc. iIihIiii.i. iiii.I itKlfj'cli.li'i I'lil.h'.s, :hniiuh. lor Th.. pin; r ni,it,ii;' ..rntiTiii'ii. tin \ i.'iii \M'ii ...irli ..U.-T t Till. ml,... hi Mli.i-li wtilrn. ii.'Tili,. Ill, i.iirl, .iiili/.;,!,,,,,. , ini.li.'iiis.u.iinl Itnii, liiii,',.,.|ril,.... iii;i> li,. i„ii,i,l, .,. ., cr,.'i|.. M iil...,l, ll,u |...,.|.;o TilO > I t ■ l> :i INDIAN POITIiATION OF (ALll'OIJNI A, AGHKKAIUA TO THE KKTrKNS OF THE SPANISH MISSlONAllY AUTHOIUTIES, NllMK'S of Missions. Kstutilisli- ' Popiihition. I incnt. I ItomiiVrtS Totnl IVipulalinii. Sail Dii'iro Sail I, Ills lii'V ill' I'raiii'iii . San .liLiii CapislraiiH San (ialii'iol San Fi'i-iKimlo San IfiiriiaX'iitura Santa liarliara Iia l'iiri"iina Cuno'iic'inii . San liiiis ( )Iiis|)ii San MiL'ncl San Aniiiniii ilu I'ailna San Carliis 'Ic MmitiTr; San .Jiian Itanlista . . . Sanla Cruz Sania ( 'laivi San .lo-i.' San l''i-aiKnsi'o 170!). IT'.i>' ITTii. IT! IT. 1 "s-* I7>^'k 1 ~ v7 lT!iT. 1T!I1. ITTO. lT!il. 1 1 i 1 . IT!iT. 1TT(). 1,5(10 CidO l,(MMl l.li.'iil (iiin 1 !i.">il l.liiil I.IMIII Tiiil lidii .-.Tl i l.ll.Ml I III IHO;" Cajiital of i'roviiice. Mu.stofs aiul MnlaltiHT Willi Mimnlaiii Trilicf, who WiMV iifvor inulmU'l in iIr' ]nvL-ialiiij; Is S|iaiii.-li Mi-.-iiins !l(ll> U(l l,:;iMi (;:;ii •s-ji) I 1 l,!i:il l,:;o(l i l(l,'j:;l I It;, 000 I :j-J,j:(l I III 1S02. aL',-J31 In till' imiiilm- ut' persons ot" the i-i.sto of wliiti.- ami inixcil Mooil, wjio aiv jml at loOO, ilioro I won' rr|ioi-tcil, ill \^i)\ ami l^O'J, — :>.'> inarriafrrs, \^- l'a|itisins, ami SJ doatli.s. Tliis )iai-t of tlio '| poiiulation wa.s alone relied on for the ilefeiiee of the eoast, in ease of an attaok upon it li_v the inari- ; time powers of Kiirojie. The population of Alta ("alifirnia, in ISOo, was l.'),(iOO. The follmving ' census of the population, inelmling Imlians attaeheil to the soil, who have begun to eultivatc fielil.s, denotes its gro.s.s inaxinmni at three periods; namely,— In 1T!I0— 7,7 1><. In isoi — i:;,(i(is. In Iso-J — 1.'i,.M'r.'. At tile last period, there wore 07,7^2 oxen; 107,172 sliee]i; lOlO liogs ; 21^7 linrses, and ^TT mules. In ITiU, there had heeii only 21,!loS head of Marl; cattle, wliieli denotes a prodigious iiierease in a short period, and iioinl.s out the true re.souiees of the eliinalo. Aeeording to the tahles pulilished by M. (laliaiio, the t mlians sowei 1 in the whole proviiiee sT-l liiishels of wheat, wliieli yiilded a harvest of 1.'>,1!IT bushels. — .\i,('kihi's Ct.n. l>liT. linMinN : 1^12. i ' i:Ji' 520 i ( 4. INDIAN rOPULATION OF OREGON,* No. Niimos of Tribes. j Muin nuiu]s. Wiirriors. it. 1(1. 11. l-J. i;j. M. l.^. 1(1. 17. IS. 111. •J((. •J4. 2;'). •2i\. 27. 28. 2V». Suiilli of thf C:liim}wt. Siiakos nr Phaslumocs.. l'oiiasliit;i, iimi'li iiitcr- nii.XL'd willi tlic Hiiiikes Conti'iiay Sali>li di- ri:it Ilcad.^... Cali'spclins (ivi'i- I'niiiK'ras cir Si)iiiaolps.. Kcitli' l-'all.t (.rCiilnille Iniliaiis ('■ni.'i-il Ilfloiio, or i I'riiitcil Heart.-! i S]ink:iM alioiit ()iil;iii(f;;in.s Srniioilv NvziuTi'i'^ ' I'alvas ' ( ; Wallawalla I>cilmli'.'^ ; Wasonpaws. Wa.-i'opaw Mnl,. .\ll,.g ; Clackainas Willaiiictte Indians ('lickitat.J Calip'ia Indian,'! ' Snala(iiii' Indians Vani Hill Indians SniUaiincr Iluliaus 1 Inipuna ' Killannifk Indians Clatsacauiin 1 Clatsnp i 700 fioO •lUO G20 1,-iOO 1,200 800 ,')00 1,(MI0 7(H) MX) l,r)00 300 80U 1,0(10 300 200 100 (10 20 180 CO (iO !tO 15 200 200 300 r)0 No. Names of Tribes. : Main Daiula. Warriors. 1 I 80 100 4;V1 ■l.)0 100 100 1000 200 20 30 10 5 Brnnght forward...' i 30. ratidaniet I 31. ' ("alnait \ 32. Wakaniucks ~i 33. NaiJiananiin j- 34. Nauiuil j j Sonh i\f Ihc Cijlumhia. \ 35. I Makaw or Capo Flat- tery Indians 3(). , XlPOsclaluTM ' 37. Sni»|iiaini~li 3S. llnniani-li 3!). I Tiiannl, ) 40.' Ilokairdsh )■ 11. guall.vami.^li ") 12. I l'iualli|)aiMiisli S 43. Sinnaniish J 44. Sinaliainish 45. ' i>noi|nalaniick 4(). Skoywliamisli 47. 8kaf;at,s 48. llooklnliniic Indians... 40. j ("owlitz 50. ' I'hinonks 51. i Qnenuil \ 52. ; Chcliaydis ) 5.'i. ! Kallilaniet ") 54. Koniek -• • 55. ! Wakanasi'ouiis J ' Tilliulliwit Wyanipani Yacaaws I'iscahooso Carried forward 13,305 2039 .■)(■). 57. 58. 59. 13,005 58 200 Unknown 1,000 1,400 500 500 500 550 350 350 450 500 220 120 100 300 150 200 130 1,500 350 2039 100 Total. :739 * These arc tlio most recent return.s of Governor Lano. A heavy depopulation, compared with any for.ncr period, is shown. 66 521 t\ Mi^ 5. FLORIDA INDIANS. Numlior of Tnltos. Niuncs t>f Tritu'^. Si'lliiiuilos Miokiwaukii'H.. Crocks li.iti'. 1SI7. 1SI7. 1SI7. I'cluvs is 17. Cliodaws Wcmn'ii ami I'liililicn . IS 17. Ksliinalcil iiuToaso from various souroi's in 1! years ^1S;'>0). Niiinln'r sent AVost in lS,"i(>. Wnr- liiils. +70 +;!0 *1'J ■*1 1-JO ' Woiiu'a iiikI (■llll.llfll. Homainiiii; in ISTid, ajiruoaMv tii tlicv iliita Kstiiiiatc from (illi.>r Minici's cnlillcd to rt'sin'rl,. '2M ■I'..|.il. 70 :!0 12 ■I 4 •jr>o :i70 7(i :!ts ;"iOO * lupnrl lit' Captain Julm T. Sinairiii' 0. rorULATION OF THE TERRITOKY OF UTAH Numher | cf Tribes. NnniCH of Tribes. Toliil Pti)ml!itiun. 1 I I'talis of the Smireo.s of the Cohirado and Clreiit Salt Lake IJasin I 7,000 -. Sho.nakos 4. I H.macks Vunipaliok-arn, Hoot- Katers Koolsalik-ara, liutTalo-Kators I'onuintik-ara, Sugar or Iloney-Kators 4,;')00 li.rioo 7. ULTIMATE COiXSOLlDATMl) TAHLKS OK TIIK IM/IAN rol'U LATlOiN OF THE IIMTKI) STATKS. Niiirii'M (if 'I'riln I Niiinlirr , in Triho. T A 11 1. K I . —Trilirn wlmso Vitiil iiiitl linliiHtriul StiiliHtit'H li-ivo lifcn tiikni liv ItiiixlH lunl l-'iiini- licH, timU'r llio iliiTiliuii nt (ho Act ol' t'ttiign'MM. A. IioijUiiirt (inuiji H. .\lgi>n()uin (inmp*.. ('. I»ar.it;i <;iniip+ I>. AppHlmliiitii (Iroiip^ ti,.".V(» r>,oir. T A II I, i: II 'I'lilu'n ..I (hi' ii.'W .Sliili's iiiul Tri'iil<>rii'n S.iulli iinil \Vi".t. int'lM.liti;^ (In- \r'iiiiMiti..nH IVoiii McMi-n uihliT tin" 'rriMir\ nl' (iutitliilu|i(< lliiliilgii. A. Ill>ll:ill I'oplllMlinll mI' 'I't'XM.x. 'Jl.lllll It. Iliili.'iii l'iiImI|iiii of C.'ili- I rmiii;! .'i'J.'J^l I 1). Iijili.'iii l'ii|iiil:ilioii iirOri'friiii. 'J'J, 7.1.1 Iv liiili;iii I'Mpiil.'ilinii nl' I lull...' I l.rillO I''. Iriili.'iii l'i>|>iilMli<'ii n|' I'MmiiLi.' HIS T.Mtl.M III — (l.ncn.l.S'l.c.lulo ..r 111,' 'I'liiM's i,„-iii,',i Kiisi i.r iiiL' ItorUv MniiiitainH mill tin' l.iriM ut' (lir .MisMis..-iii|ii, in hi^li notili- rrti Itilitililt's ; (til dT wliMlri, tii< ^I'tlltM' ^Villl llliiHt' lllllllCil ill 'I'lit.lf N(i. L', rnimiii Ut In* ciiu- iiHTiili''I, iimli'l- llic niu'nitidii of till' liiiliuu ('t'lLHUM ill itro^rcHH. .'Mali.'iiiKis. (Si'i! Miisko^rr.i.) As.siiialiiiiiis, Hdulli of lat. 111".. A|Kiclic'.s. (."^I'o 7'('J"(i.s-, .\'i:ir JMijico, uikI Ulali.) Al'JipillincM Alwiiriiki's, or (Vuh's .Xiii'ii'k.'iroos Hl.'i.'lir.'.'l liliiciil liiili:iiiH (few ri'iicii the .^lis.■^lllll■i ) Itnitlicrlcui.s ('hc'i'dkccH Cri'i'lis ('Iiii'kn.'i. (.'^('1' , 7//,'(im/niH (irimp ) ('lii|i|K'\va.'<, wi'sl.anil Knl liivir, imrlli Crc'i'.') ( .N'linr in llu' I'liilril Sliil,'.-*. ) CliawaM. (i^i'r Chcfiinnrs ) ('ayniruH. (Srr lrin/utns iirniiii.) ('ayiifras .iinl liiii|ii"is, west hiiiiiuliilailirs. (."^I'l' M'//(/il(/ri(/.v.) I Pariplai. (Sir Siiiii.r. ) | |)rla\\aiv.-< I.'^HI KiitaH.'*, (Si'c^ I'lalis. ) j I''mm'm ami Sai's I •_',lll() ImiIIi' .\vi'illl'.«. (Sl'C MlllOIIKI- j niis. ) I l''|nrif|a liiili.iiis. (,'-!.i''raMi'2.) h'l.il lira. 1.1. (,'^.i' (hii^iin) (ll'O.S Vllllll'- • Iri'i'li May lii.lians. ( .'^.•.' .1/i'- iKiiiiiiiiK X an. I (hii kIiis ) liiHa^. (Si'i' />i(('ii/(i (i';-.i»yi. ) Ki.iwas Kirkapiio.i Kali/.as Ka.-^ka.skia.s .Mrn.iiiiiiiiii'.s .Maiiilaiis .Miiiitanis .Miaiiiii'.'* .Missimri." Miiliawk.'*. (.S'l' Iroi/uoindrDiiii ) MllIlSCI'S OlIiiHa.H. (Sixi Jl I I'onijHin (Irniip ) Otluwius, west Olncs OnialiaM ( >ii('i(ki.H. (t^cc. IriK/uois (Irimp. ) UiKiiidii^n.H. (Sc'(! I r 01/ mils (Jrotip.) (Vcllaliw I'awtlcc.') I'liIH-a.H I 'i .1 laHatiiiiiU's I'curias I'icpiiis. ( .'^lo Sii(sik(i, Ultniil, ami lilackfrii:) I'ianki'shuws 217,7-10 ;i,ooo L',000 mill l,tl(IO 200 2,.''iOO| ;'i(l(l Til 10 Carried fiirward. 110 IIIIO .Mill .!,OIIO I ,r,oo 17,000 7IMI :i,2oo IfiO iOO 14f),4K0 217,7'10 * The ccDsun, in thcne groups, has been carried no fartlier, but is in progreHs. 628 fl « i. ■:; :! ' 1. i- ' it : 1 '..1 ^i y . . 1 j'- ■: : |f ': ^ i \ (^ t ■ ]:'■• *t ^ >■■ ! . i f, ! (' ■1 ■ 1 i. iilii \Mk Names 'f Tribes. Number , Total Po- in Tribe. : pulation. Brought forward 145,4801217,746 Quappos Ricarcc3. (Sec Jlurickureea.) Shawnoes Sioux of tbo Mississippi (not onumcratcd iu No. 1 ) Sioux of tko Missouri (not enu- merated in No. 1) Satsika. (See Blackfcet, &c.) Stockbridges | 400 Sonecas. (See Iroquois Group.) St. Regis Tribe. (See Iroquois Group.) Scminolcs Senccas and Sliawnccs. (See Iroquois Group.) Swan Crock and Black River Cliippcwas (not enumerated in Algonquin Group) Snake?. (See Tabic •_'.) Sboslionees. (See Tabic 2.) Tctans Tonowandas. (Sec Iroquois Group.) Utah?. (Sec Table 2.) Wj-andots. (See Iroquois Group.) Winncbugoes. (See Dacota Group.) Weas Yanktons. (Sec Sioux of the Missouri.) TABLE IV. — Fragmentary Tribes still existing 'vithin the BounUuries of the olJ States. Maine — Souriquois of St. Jolins.. Passu niaquoddies Penobscots Carried '"orward. 400 1,600 0,000 6,500 1,500 200 3,000 250 300 379 277 950 Names of Tribes. Number in Tribe. Total Po- pulation. Brought forward. 956 167,330 385,076 Massachusetts — Marshpeo Chippaquadie Cliribliuiilown Gay Head Assonets of Troy or Fall River Herring Pond Hasanamico Punkapog Natic Dudley Grafton Yarmouth [All mixed with the African race but 8 or 10.] Rhode Island — Narragansclls CoNNErTlClT — Muh('j;ans at Miihopan Miilu'gans at Stonington Muliogans at Grotou New York — Iro(]uois. (See IroquoisGroup.)' Algonquins, not cniimevatcd iu Algonquin Group VlBOIMA — Nottoways, mixed with the African race 847 886,076 420 SoLTH Carolina — Catawbns North Carolina — Catawbas Cherokees. (See Table 1.) Total in old States.... Grand Total 300 50 50 40 40 200 250 8,153 3,153 I 388,229 [There may, in addition to these numbers, be from 25,000 to 35,000 Indians, within the area of the unexplored territories of the United States.] HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT, Agent Census, &c.. Act of March 3, 1847 Approved, L. LEA, Office Indian Affairs, July 2f, 1850. Commissioner Indian Affairs. 624 APPENDIX. INQUIRIES, RESPECTING THE IIISTOllY, PRESENT CONDITION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS. Snhinn (Tribrs of \\)t Itnitra ftiitPH. (525) ',i I' i i' >! i: ¥ 'r'i' 1 » Ad INQUIRIES, ETC. HISTORY. 1. OliKilN. — What fiifts Ciiii tic stated, from tnulitidii, rt'spccting tlio origin, oiirly liidtory iiinl iiiigrutioiis rif the trilie; a'. ' vliat nrii tlio principal ineiiU'tilH known, or ronicnibcrod Hinci! A. I>. llKli!' Can tlicy roinnmnirati y' lUg on thin head, of anciiiit date, which is cnlilh'd to respect? What is the earliest event, or name, in i... origin or progress, which is jircservcd \>y tradition, and iVoni what stock of men have they sprung ■;" 2. TiiliiK AND (iKiKiini'iiii'Al. I'dSiTKiN. — Jiy what name are they called, among themselves, and hy what name, or names, arc they known among other tribes; and wiiat is tiic meaning of those respective names? Slate the various synonyms. Wliere did the trihc dwell, at the earliest date ; what was its probahle niimlier, and the extent of territory occnpied or (■l.iimed hy it ? How has their Incalii>n, nunihers, and the exti'nt of lands or territories, varieil since the earliest known ]ierio(! the ]ircsent time? and what arc the general facts, on these heads, at li. Anciknt oil MoDK.ltN lidCATliiN. — Are they of opinion, they wire created hy the (Jreat Spirit, on the hinds, or are they conipicrnrs, or possessors throngh tiie events of war, or from otlicr causes? Can they rceollect the first interview with whiles, or Murojicans — the first sah; of lands, or treaty madi' hy tliem — the introduction of fire-arms, woollen clothing, cooking Vi'ssids of metal, ardent sjiirils, llie first place of trade, or any other Iirominent fict in their economical history? ■I. Vkstkiks op Kaiu.y Tkaihtion. — Have they any tradition of the creation, or the deluge, or of their ancestors having lived in other lands, or having had knowledge of any quadrupeds wdiieh arc foreign to America, or crossed any large waters, in their migration? Is there any idea developed among them hy tradition, allegory, or otherwise, that white peo|ile, or a more civilized race, had occupied the continent before them? fi. Have they anv Xajie for AMEiurA? — If there be no direct term applicable to the entire continent, search their oral traditions in the hope of detecting the uanic. f). Hemintsi-ences of Former Condition. — l>id they, before the discovery, live in a greater degree of ponce with each other — had they firmed any ancient leagues, and if so, of what tribes did they consist, how hmg did these leagues last, and when and how were they broken? Diil they build any forts or mounds in their ancient wars, or were the earth-works we find in the West creeled before they arrived, and by whom, in their opinion, were these works erected ? if 7. Names and Events as iiem's to IIistouv. — What events have ha)ipened, in their hi>tory, of which they feel proud, or by which they have been cast down? What tribes have lli'V eon(|urnt|. ..r been oonipicred liy, and who have been their great men? Have they suffered any gro- calamity in past times, as fnmi gi-cat floods, or wild beasts, from epidemic or jicstilcntial di.sea.ses, or from fierce and sudden ass.iilants? And havo they, in such ca.ses, had any renowned or wise leader, or deliverer? (f.27) 528 ArPENOIX — IN(JUIHIES. } n; f. PnESENT ItiLEiis AMI CoMHTiciN. Wild in tluir ruling cliiif' Whn aro their present most noted chiefs, spoaki'rs, or w;ir captains? Stale tluir names, and ):ive brief Hltetelies of their lives. When did the tribe reaeli tlieir present iuealion, and under what eireunislanees? 9. LANdt AiiEs si'oKKN AM A .'MEAXs Of iNtfi iiiY. — Dues the tribe speak one or more dialects, or aro there several languages spoken, or incorporated in it, reipiiring more than one interpreter, in transacting business .rith them? Are there aged persons who can state their traditions? 'in: '.■ •■ ?r^ ( 1!i-:i.ati(insiiii' huks riiK TitiiiE iihau to otiieh TiiinEs? — Do their traditions assign them a superior or inferior position in the poliiieal scale of the tribes; and is this relationshi]) sanctioned by the traditions of o//i( r tribes? To what uumIo can we resort to settle discordant pretensions to original rank, and afliuities of blood? Are their nann's for themselves, or others, any clue in the latter ease, and if mil, must the languages be essentially relied on, to ]>ro\c original affinities? Is the relative rank or kindredship of the tribe, denoted by terms taken from the vocabulary of the family ties, as uncle, grandfather, brother, &c. '! If so, what tribe is called grandfather, \e. ? 11. I'lKMiF FitiiM Md.NfMENTS. — Aro there belts of wampum, quijipas, or monuments of any kind, such as heaps of .-^tone, Ac, to prove the former exi.stcnce of alliances, leagues, or treaties among the tribes? If so, describe them, and the places where they are to bo found. I'J. Proof from Dfvicks. — What is the badge, or, as it has been called, the totem of the tribe — or if it consist of separate clans, or primary families, what is the number of these clans, and what is the badge of each ? And do these totems, or badges, denote the rank, or relationship, which is .sought to be establi.shod by these (picries? lo. Mao.MTI IiE AM> KF.SOriirKS of TFniilTOIiV, a CAISE of the Mll.TII'I.irATION OF TlilllES. — Have geographical l"eatnres, within the memory of tradition, or the abundance or scarcity of game, had any thing to do with the division and multiplication of tribes and dialects, either among the Atlantic or Western tribes? Are there any remembered feuds, family discords, or striking rivalries among chiefs, or tribes, which have led to such separations, and great multiplication of dialects? «t' 1 ¥'■ 14. Proofs from OEOouArilY. — What great ge.igraphical features, if any, in North America, such as the Mississippi River, Alleghany Monnlaius, \c., are alluded to, in their traditions, of the original rank and movements of the tribe ; and was the general track of their migrations, frnm or towards the North or the Kast ? GEOGR APII Y. 1.^. yiniRE of the Gi.ohe. — Have the Indians any just idea.s of the natural divisions of the earth, into continents, seas and islands? What ideas have they of the form of the earth? 10. Local I'eati res of the (\)rNTnY inhahited. — What are the chief rivers in the territory or district occupied by the tribe? ,'slate their length, gi'ucral depth and breadth — where they originate — how far they are navigable; what are their principal rapid.s, falls and portages, at what ]minls goods are landed, and into what principal or larger waters they finally flow. 17. Lakes ani> Sprinos. — Aro there any large springs, or lakes, in the district, and what is their char- acter, size and average depth ; and into what streams have they outlets? If lakes exist, can they be navigated by steamers; if gigantic springs, do they afford water-power, and to what extent? U it .i A r r E N D I X — I N Q I" 1 11 1 E S . £21) IS. Snu".\rK OK Tiif; ("(UNTHV. — Wliiit in llie grncrnl elmractor of the surface of tin- cimiitiy iiciii|iii'il liy lilt" Irilir'/ !■< il liilly (ir lo^d-- fertile or sttrilej nlniiiilant i)r seaiity in wixid ami water — aliniiiiMiiif; er rislrii'icil ill llie ('\l(iit iif its natural nieailnw.i, nr prairie.s'' What f^raiiiM or nilier iiroiliictn ilo the Imliann raise in the ili>lricl, ami what are its general agrieiiltural ailvantages, nr disailvantagesi' What are it> naluivil \ej;etal>le |iniiliirlieli.-i '! 111. I'"\rii,i iii:.-i full tJii.\/.iNii. — Are eattle and stock easily raised — do the |ir:iiries and W""!- alloid ;m aliiiiidiint >iil'|ily of lierliau'e spuntaiieonsly — are wells of water to lie had at nioiliniic dr|illis, where the siirl'aie ilenies springs, or sireaiiis, and is there a praelieahle market for the surplus grain and stoek '' 20. I'llVslcM. MlFFcrs (ir I'llllMi tmk I'ii.MHIK..-^. — Has the oM praetiee of the Indians of hiirning Iho prairies to faeililale hiiiitiiig, had the elVeel to injure the surfiee of the .soil, or to eiivuinscrihe, to any extent, Iho native f'lisU'/ ■Jl. W.^STK liWn.s. — .\re tlieie any e^iten^ive harreiis, or de.«erts, in.arshes or swamps, reejaiiiiahle or irre- elaimahle, and what elVeels do ihey produee on the health of the eouiilry, and do they oiler any serious ohstaeles to the I'onslriielioii of road.~ 1' 'J'J. KlTIM'TS iiK \'(il.i'.\Mi' .\rrrnN. — Is the (|iianlity of aiahle land dimiiii.-hed hy large areas of arid mountain, or of v.ili'aiiie traels of eouiitiy, with plains of sand and eaelU'^!' If so, are these lraet.s wholly arid and without water, or do Ihey all'ord a p.artial sn[iply of herh.ige for horsi-, sheep, or mules? •Jo. Cl.lM.VTt:. — Is the eliiiiate generally dry or humid '! lines ''a' heal I'f the weather vary greatly, or is it, di.-lriliiiled, through the dillereiil sr:isons, w Ith regiil.iiity and i'i|iiahilily ? What winds prevail'' Is il mueh suhjeet to >|oriiis of rain with hi'iivy thunder, or tornailoes, and do these leinpesis of r.ain swell the streams so a.s to overflow llieir hanks, and destroy feiiies and injure the erops ? State the gi'iural eharactcr of the elimale, giving nieteorologieal lahhs if you can. '.'I. S.M.IM-; rinuin'riiiNs. — Ooes the dislriet produee any salt springs of value, any caves, yielding salt- petre earth; or any heds of gypsum, or plaisler of p.'iri-'; or of marl, suitatile for agrieiiltural ]iurposos? •1a. CuAl. .\Mi iiTllKll MlNKll.M. I'luilucTs. — llas the enuntry any known heds of stone coal, or of imp ores, or vi'iiis ef lead, or copper ores, (U- any oilier valiialile deposits of useful metals, or minerals? State localilies and transmit, when oiiportunily oilers, speeiinens. 2li. Wll.n .\mm.vi.s. — What is the general character and value of the animal productions ef the district ? What spei'ies of (piadrupeds most ahound ? Slate their luimher and kind, and what elTcet the fur trade has had in diminishing the value of the country for the purposes of hunting. What kinds of animals decrc,;sed earliest, and what species still remain? ■J". Anciknt liiiNKS. — |)o the Indian Iraditions make any mciilioii of larger, or gig:inlie animals in formir periods? Is there any allusion to the mastodon, megalonyx, or any of llu' extinct races, whose tusks, or hones, naturalists lind iinhedded in clay, or suhniergcd in nioras.scs? 'JS. Tn.MUTTdNs OF TllF, MiiNsTF.it Ki(.\. — What species nrc we to understand hy the story, on this head, told to Mr. .Tcfl'eison, or hy the names Ya-ii.v-sho, (Jns ylis, Win-de-oo, I!osii-ca-I)osii, or others, which are heard in various ilialeets? 20. AXIM.VI.S WHOSE FlOlRES ARE MITII ISEM AS THE ClIIEF AltMOUIAI. MaRIvS OF Tl -Ila they any peculiar opinions, or striking traditions, respecting the serpent, wolf, turtle, grizzly hear, or eagle, re nsed as .synihols on their arms, or dwellings, and how do such opinions inlluenee their acts on wl lose devices a meeting these species in the forest? :):;ii A I'l'KN 1)1 X - I N()l' 1 li I IIS v. imi .".'• Ilii A (IK I'm; I Mi'on r \ ihiN nr riii'. llnimK. — ll;i\r tliry any tmliliMii rcxiKcliiifi tlu' (list iiitriMliiu- li'ii lit' till' lir, ii|n>ii ilii.4 roiiliiii'iil, :iiiil t'i'iiin wliiit i|ii;ililii.'.><, or liri>|H'rli>'S, ilo tliry innii' this uiiiiriiil ? ill. V'llAli 1 -< ii\ I!aiik, \i' — All' llii'V i'\|'i'rf in dnuvin;; i»:\y-* or cliarlM nt" tlir l■i^^'rs, nr Mi'tinns nl' cimiitry, uliirli llii'V iiiliiiliil .' Stale llicir cajiai ilU'S uii lliis ^iilijri'l, iliiiutin^ wliillirr llirxc riiilc drawings art' accnralc, iiliil wlntliir iIhv liiiiii' any kiin\vlnl;;r nt' llu' laws nl' [H'opuiliiin, ami Iraiisniil, if ymi I'aii, s|u'iinii'U!i of tlii'in. ANTKinri KS "I'J. l''iiisT I'^i'iiiii 111' Man UN 'iiiK CiiNi'iNKNf, — All' lliiii' any iiiitic|iu' wnrk^, or ri'iiiaiii.H 111' any kiiiil, wliiili air till' ir-iill 111' hiiiiian iiiilii~li'y in aiuicnt tinii's, in yniir ilistriit .' Ami wliat (raililiniis, or njiiniiius, liavc till' triliis, nil till' .-iilijri'l f \ i :l.'l Mm NHS, r\ II \Mlli-, 'I'l IT u I.I — \\'liat i< i.'riii rally lliiiilglil li.\ turn nl' iTllri'imn, In lie ijic |ii'iilialili' iirij;iii ami |iiii|iii-i nl' llir \\.>li in innuiuM' .\n' iliny nl' ntii', nr M'M'fal kiinl.s — (if mii', nr si'M'ral vvm — and Wi'fr tlicy I'li'i ti'il liy ntu', nr si'\ii'al natintis, wliu livi'd, ill viirimiH pi'riuil.i, ill tlio country, iit tlio saiiio localions? WiTi' they I'lai'i") nl' nlwrvalinii — of sacrilii'O, nf Imrial, nr of military dcfi'iu'c ':' Fs llio niniinil siii /;niiri.s with till' Azti'o nr 'I'nltii' tyiH' nf )iM'aiiiiil-, nr tincall of llu' oarliiT ]iiiiiiil.sif AVoic llu' latrr Imlian .'•trni'tiiri'.-i in Muxicn, iiiiprnvi'iinnt.-i up .ii tlii~r riuli' lartlnn pyramids nf tlio Nortli, or did llu' knowli'dgi' of tlicxo nioro inagtiifuiiit •^triiitiirrri, or tin' ]«<\\,r tn I'mi-lniit tlu'in, ilcgi'iicrali' in tlio iiioro Nnrtlii'rn latilmlcs of llio conli- iiiiil, wliii'i' till' 1 lii-r alisnrlit il altiiitinii '! Stall' ynnr viiws on lliis lirad, and (xivn plaii.s and di'Si'riptiiiiis of the niniiiiil- 1 xaiiiiiH'.l, lan fully tinting' llm luariii;;* of tin' cntnpass, tlic clivatinns of tin- nionml.-*, and of llio jilains or liills nil wliiili tiny am liasnl, tlnir oxact gconii'trical liiriiri', and tlm rrlativi' llo^itinn nf llio nearest rivei's, or streaiiis. Stale al.^'i, wlntlier tin re Im any amieni arlieli's of seiilptiire of stniiL' or sle '.i, nr any va.se.s or oilier fnriiis nf pi'ttery, I'l'nm wliiili the >tati' nf :\v\s and eliaraeter nf tlie linildei's may lie inferred ; ami what time hna prnhalily elap>id I'mm ;iii exaniiiiatinn of tin' fnre.^t growth, sinee these strnetnrus were deserted. :!l. .\\rii;Ni' I 'lilllirMliiNs nii .^lIl.l■r.^llv A\'iiiiKS. — lias the prngre-ss of .setllenieiits west of the Allejilialiies, and the frlliiiL' nf li'ie^ and eharing lip nf hinds, diseln.sed any atieielit oinliaiikim'nts, ditches, or other work- nl'einih, or st.me, liaviii.' the eh.'iraeter nf I'nrls, nr I'l.'iees nf military defiiiee!' If sn, note whether siieh wmks mainl'r.i in their stnieliin, ]\i\ nf the mndern nr .■imieiit |iriiieiples of eiiniiieeriiii;. Are there any features reseiiililiiiL.' the le miin. ( ineiaii, ( 'artliaL'iiiiaii, nr liiliyaii modes nf eireuinvallalion, or evideiiees of military art in ihe appmaeli to fnrtilied ]i!aees liefnrii the iliseovery of gunpowder, and the invention of tire- arms':' Are there any atieient missiles of stone, flint, eliert, nr other fossil and hard lindies, or adjuiiet aiili- ipiilies wliieli may throw light on the main suhjeet ':' De.serihe aeenrately sneli works, and give therewith eom- pleto tiipiigra|iliieal sketehes of the emintry, denoting the strenglli and im|iiirtanee of the supposed positions of defence. (Iliservc also, whether there lie anything answering to a horn-work, ur rtdouht, or any spring, or well, liy which water eouM he supplied tn a Iiesiegrd place. O.I. ('iliril..M! \\ miKs. — .Vrc there any circular, or ring-fnrts, and how do these differ, in the principles of defence lliry di-eliisc, I'rnni the angiil.ir nr irregular works'/ Were these forts circular [larapels with wooden pickets — were they |iierceil fnr gate-ways'/ llnw were these gale-ways crowned and defended, nnd what are the characteristic features nf this species nf ancient earth-works? U' i ' U'\ ">h. iMlTATni-: MniMis. — In ccaiiiiiiiiig Ihe western mounds, arc there any of an imitative, nr allegorical character, or resemliling an elk, serpent, deer, wolf, or other animate ohjeet in their shapes''' li'7. i'niiiiKs (If .\NTtiji f: .\i;iiirt l.Ti III', mt HnitTTrtt.TlMtK. — Pocs the level surface of Ihe prairie country, which is imw partially over-run hy fniesi, jircserve anv traces of a plan or design as of ancient furrows or gardeu-led.s, which appear to have been ahandoned at a. delinite period ? ■f H'? .1 ' Al'I'KN DI X-lNgi' I I{ I KS. Ml W. Out AllTH'li'lAI. liANK-MAIlK-J, nil I'sHI Imi MiiM MhNU, — Is tllirc any nlliii 111, nr niitiil lliiu' .11 MckH, nr iiiiy urliliiiul 'uiliit' nr cxiuvalioii in llic^ ciirtli, nr nllnr liiinl-niurk kimHii in Inoul Iruililimi, wliu li (li'lintoit liistnrii'iil cvi'lil-^ i' ;il'. AsricjiK, ImI'I,hmi:vt-i ami \'k«kki,m ok l'ip|"r>;liv, - Whi' is lln' ^.Tiunil clianic Irr nl' iln^ Mnli.|ih' iinplrnii Ills, nriiiiiiii'iil.s, nr iili'iisils n|' I'lirllicinviirc Cniiiiil in yniir ili>lricl nf ihr iMimiry i* It' vasis, |ii.|||is nr puis, nr ni'icr vi'ssi'ls nl' rlay arc rmiiiil -nl' wlial kiiiil — linw wrrc liny I'nrincil, nii a pnllrr's mIhiI, nr liy liaiiil — iiniv wiTc I 111' iiialirials cniiiiiniiiuli'il — wan till' waiv liiinucl cniiiiilclrly nr |iarlially — was it filazi il, nr iiiifjlaznli' Is il uriiaiiii'iiti'il, anil linw ?' Ilnis it risi iiiMr llii' ainii'iit Klni-i'aii uari', lln.' Irrra-i '.tla, nr any aiiiiiiil. null' I'liriii nl' rarllii'iiwarr. Traii>iiii( iliawiii/" ami ilr-iripliniis nl' i-irli |«iirs nl' arlii !.■ illii-liali\.' irf llio |inlli'r'« iirl. 10. I'll'KM. — If |ii|M'S iiri' ('niiml, wlial is llm nialmal, is it slnni', .stialilr, nr rlay — Imw am liny fnniinl — In aiiinit II sti'iii, nr In lir Miink.'il willmul, ami wlial arr llirir hliapi'S, sizns ami nrnaimiils ':* 41. ITtk.nsii.s or Stonk. — ■ llnw in.'iny kimls wrrc llmri''!' Di'^crilpr llniii, ,'iml ;.'i\c ii;:iin s. llnw was llui nxo u.snallv tnniii'l, ami I'miii ulial iiiatcrials ';' Wlial was llm ^lla|ll' ami mii-lriu'linii nl' ijic ^Iniii' Inipialiawk ? AVas il always ri'i-ri'iil-slia|iril, ami iiniiilcili' Wlial was llm niii^'r nl' Inriiis nf ihc amiiiil iiii|i|i iiiiiils I'nr )iiiiiiiiliiii; I'lirn, rints, ami llu'ir riiili' In rail-sl nil's ; ami nf llirir iiislriiiiniils I'nr llisliiii;: .^kins, ami I'nr ri'iiin\iii)r I'liarrnal I'intii liiiihrr, \i'., cul h\ lln' |irniiss nf tin ';' Dn llir.-n iiislniiiiriil> iK imir a |irn|.lr a'haiinil in tin' arts, nr slill in llin rinli' .stale nf imrn liiintir>'' .\ii' lluri' nniaimiils nf limn', «|iir, l'' iii-, mica, in|p|p{r, silvir, p."p1'1, ninsaii', ipr ;.'la~s, p1, inpiinj; n liijtl.ir ili;.avp' nf ..kill lliaii lln' j'lp iipliii;! ; ami aiP' lln ip ;iiiy isIpIp ikp'^, in tlin ('.\aiiiiiialippli p'f llii.' IpiaiiP'li p'f alilip|iiitii s, wliiili |p|'piV(' iIip' niakii's In lia\p' iiii'lp'r-lpppppl llip' iiiip liaiiip'.il |'i'ppp'p>."srrt ipf Ippiriiip;, liiniiiiL', [mli-liiiij.', iiippiiMiiPL', "V niakiiij,' iiii|in'>.-ippiis in I'lay, nr i-nllinp,' liaril milislaiiri.'- 1* M. Mam KArrriu-: ni' liAirrs, .\iiiipp\v riPiNr.'< ami ipiiiku .\Iissii.ks. — Wliai w.is iIh' pipipp -s pif iii.iiii- ]inlatinn nf llii>p', pifli'ii pIpHp-.iIp l\ wi lit, arliilp's/ Wlial sppiiis nf mimial fnplii s up ip' p hip lly ii-. il — ami llpiw was llip' p'lp-avaL'p' ppf llip'in p llrp IpvI IIIpI iIip' arl pppii-liliil.' a sp'|p:iia|p' tia.lp', p'r p iii|4pi\ im nl ,'' If pl.iii, alippiliipl, wlial is llip' inalpiial aiip| si/.p' ':" I'.p llipy plill'p i iinipli in .-i/,p', ami a|p|iarp nl p'I'J'pI, »pinu' l.p itiL' l'"r w.pr ami pplliiTS I'pir liiinlin;:; ami aiv llipii'any clppiipitril in llip' ;.lia|ip' P'f s|pi'ar-lip'apls, nr ja\pliii-'' IIppw many spi'p'ii's ipf ilarls, .sjpi'ars, iVi'., Wiip' lluri.'? IVscriln' llnin aiul give lifrnn.s nf llii' sizp' ami pIp -i riplippiis nf llic n.-p's pif lliiiii. In. I»1>IIUI1I riPPN nr SK,\-Slir.l,l,s Im.AMi. — Wlial simips nf sp,i-~lip|ls liaM' lippii f'lliipl, in ani'ipiil gr.ius, ppr nipiumls, at ri'inipip' pipinls frppin llii' pip'p'an';' Al wli.it Ippp'.Jilip s, phi llip' .spa-cppa.-ls, iIpi iIip'.m' spp'tips iippw iilpppiiml, ami iIpi liny fiirnisli any liglit nil lln' prpilpalpK' Ir.ipk ppf iiiiL'i'alipiii '/ 11, SiiKl.l.-iniN, WamI'IM, Am ii:.nt I'i Iiiikmy. — IIp'W many kimls pif waiii|iiiiii wpip' llarp'' Wlial ,'^llp■lls wptp' i'niiplipyp.'ir^ Wlial was llii' \aliii' nf cacli kiml'' IIppw was it i'.~lini,ili'pr' rn/plil. ■In. AM'ir..vi' l'."^!': nl' .'NIktai.s. — Was iippii, cipipipcr, tin, pt any ipllnr nip il iisppI |py iIu,' alpppri^'inal IiIIpp s in Ann'rica, fnr llip' pnrpo.ses nf art, prinr Ipi the ili.scppvi'ry ppf lln: ipinlini'iit liy ('ppUiiiiIphs':' In tlu' cpppppr arin- Ipamls ppr ipllicr iniplonit'iits, nf ulil gravi'S, are lliere any eviileiiees nf llic arts ppf liainnnrinj.', jipplisliiiif.', .snlili'rinj:, or I'ligraviiig'!' 111. lllKlinni.vi'lllcs, nil Anciknt Al.rilAliKTs. — hii llie rneks ppf Aiiip rip'a, nr any aiieiiiit ari'liilielnral siriii'inres, diselnse any aneient aliilialiet, liii'rnglypliics, or system ppf pieture-writiiif,', eapalili' nf iiitei']p|p'lalippii, wliieli pmnii.ses ti) rclleet lij-'lit mi tlio ppliseure perinils p>f Aimriean liislnry'i' A.STKON'OM V. 47. TlIK Kakth and its MuTloN.-i. — What is the aninnnt nf their knnwk'plp.'e on this siilpji'et '/ Ppi they lielieve Ihe Marlh Ipp lie a piano, a glnhe, or a sunii-eirele '' What relalinn ilnes it hear, in llieir npininn, to the M'l AI'I'K N DIX - I S(i |- I It I i:S. |i;'- , 'I'lll-: Si N. - Whiit i-. Ilirir M|,jiii..ri i.|' lln' natinv and iilolinii^ ,,|' lli,' mmi ' |l.. thry li.li, \,. il [., Ii<> ii placo 111' llri' '^ Call \\uy In: Miiulo tn UMinpr, lirnd lliul llm i-iiii lim' I daily liv and -il, and lliat lliii iii'iKirnil iiii'linii Uriel's I'l'niii tlio diurnal r<'viii nf lli>' rarlh ':* ■ dii wr idisiTM', ill lliiir |>iilnii'.wiiiinjrs, till' »k_v drawn in lliis I'l'mi of a Imlf oinli', resting on tliu pliiiif of ilx trnnnilion '/ ho tlicy liidicvi' ilic Bky, or lii'iivcii", to !«• linuiiiMrilKil by a miitrriiil nin«s of sonii' kind, Inivinj/ orillris, tliroii};li whicli llic xtars iind iil.inrl.H Bliini'':' 51. Iv'I.li'«Fs. — flow ilo llii.y a Hint I'ur ciliii^cs':' !)<> lli,.y liili.yo, as tin' A/.tci's did.tliat tliry »ri-i' from the bIuiiIow nf Biinic oiIht limly iiiliT|iiisid i* WImt is iin|>lii'i| liy tlio loriii (li'/ii Nidio, nr dead nun i' Tr.'. Lkmitii of thk, Vf.mi. — ilnvy may n «, or inontlis iniiosc tlic Iniliaii yiar? Ilavi' tliry miido niiy njiproaidi to tlio Mslrm lical knowliMli;r nf tlio iinricnl Mrxirrins, who dil.rniincd tlii' Irnytli of the ynir nt ;;i),'i day,-, .') Iinnr-i and 'Jit ininnlr-':' llavo liny niadi' any atlniipl to riini]mtr a .vn/nr Vr.ir:' If, as lias 1 n mid, till' Indian yi>ar coiisi.-ls nf lliirtici n- of l\yi nl\.rii;lil days laili, llnir y.ar wumM r.m-isl cf lllil days. Ifnftiyilyo 1 ■; iif (liirly days rarli, it would cniisist nf Ulill days. Ilnw fir is liljnr stall inriil iiaivit, or famifnl'l' Or liavi' tin' Indians of tlii'so latitndos any drfniili' or ixact notinns nn tin' snl.jdr.' fili. Sol.sTlcK.s. — Do tlicy iiotii'p ijic Knirtli nf llir siiinin.r and winlir snl-lins, and of llic yiM-lial and nntuninul (.i(uinnxos? 54. Cvci.KS. — Hnvc tlioy u fVoU' of 5'J, liO or IliO yciirs, or of any lixid nr stated lin^'lli,at tin' end nf wlii.li thpy bclievi", with the ancionl Aztops, llmt tlio world will coino to ^ ilosi. ; and do ihoy l.idievi- that it is the power and ellioaeion-: siipplieatinns nf the Indian priests to the liieal Spirit that eanses its niL'ttal':' 55. ItivisliiNs (iK TlMi;.— Have they any name fnr the i/t;ir, as .•onlradislin^'iiished fioin a winter? Ilaye they any diyiffion of time ivseinlilin;.' a veck" The Aztecs had a divisi.'H or nemth of tliiilivn days, and a Week nf live diys. Are there any analn/niis divisinns anmnj; mir Indian- Is iIm .lay diii.l, .1 into hnin-, or any either snh-pnrlinns nf lime ? 5i;. Namk.s Kiiii Stah.s.— Have they names fnr any ennsidenilile nuinlier nf the stars!' If sn, whieh -tars, and uh.it names i|n (jn-y give them'' 57. Asriiiii.iiiiV, — Have they anylhinj; resendilinjr the ancient sijrns nf the X.M.li.ie;' |)n ilicy .■ilt.ieh persnnal nr other intliicnees to the stars!' Is ihe n n tlinnf.dil to iiilliience men, plants, or animals!' Is enm planted at partienlar limes of the nmnn's pha.ses '/ U'hat superslili.ins npinimis are In licyed tn alfeet its ^'mwlli 'f 5^. MKTKiiuni.oiiicAi, I'll KMiM i-;.\A. — What are their opininns nf the Anmra Itnrcalis'/ Have they any d.li.iile nniinns nf the Milky Way? What is their theory nf tl i^rin and nature nf elo.ids, rain, hail", and Hinds and tnrnadncs ? What is thnn.dil nf lenrs? Have they fnniied nny npininns nf cnniets ? |)n ihey (■■iiuieet liny SI, pcrstiliniis with the phenomena nf falliiii.' stars'/ How do they aecnunt fnr the rainbow'/ .V.I. ()nii;i\(ir AsTlKiMiMlcAi, (»|.|m(..n.s._ Aro there any cnineidenccs with the oriental system of enni- ).ii(iiiir time!' Have they any peculiar notions respecting' the cardinal pnints'/ Are there any opin'mns expres-c 1 which may have been derived from any of the ancient and peculiar Ihcnrics of cosinognny !' Mnst we Innk to their lictitinu.s talcs and allcfrories for their notions on this and other abstruse subjects, respeetin;,' whieh they are unwilliiiL', or nnable, to enniinnnieate din el ini'TiiciiinTi !' ! I f. t l!:( A I'I'F'Mit .\_I\(»|- lit I i;s. r).i:l 00. InIUVN j'.MIMll-'f:, — 111 what plirt nl' the llcllWiH, nr llir l.|;llh l,ll'_\ -\.|.lll, iln iIm' liJialK |.h;i(,. ||i, ir |>iiriii|ii<(', III' fill ir liii|>|>,V liillilili^ ^I'iiiiimIm, Mini laiiil iiI'miiiIi'/ A It IT II \i i;ti C .i aii> i.r 111,' liilir- 1 lit liy llvi'M.' Iliiw lii.'li ran llirv. willi r\arllliii|i', i'..iii|.iiti' iiiiiiil.. i- ' Wlial ai'i' III.' Iii.lian nam. ■< i.l' tin' ili;.'it?..' Stati' tlii'iii. Slalr al-i), in wliat inaiimr llii' <'ii|ii|iiilalinii i- laiii..! fi'iitn M> III •JO, mill ivli.it ai'i' Iln' liriiH fur ciii'li mlilitiunal ilniinal np l.i lllll;' l|,i\v is lln' |ir.ii'i'>s iniilinni .1 t'l'.iiii 10111,1 1,111111, ,111, 1 111 Ill.llOlli' Ari' till' (.'cni'rii' ik'nmiiinaliiins caninl mi, willi rvarliliiili', tn a inilli..ii ? liivi' llii' cxliiil i.f lliiir jiiiwrr lit' I'liininiliiliiiii, willi cxiuniiliis of llu'ir a|i|irt'i'ialiiiii nf lii^'li iminliir-i. • ij. CiilN. — Was till' wainiinni nr any fnriii nf sra-slii'lji, nfi'i'vcil |,i in .\,.. | |, ami. nllv ii-.'.|, ..r i-i il n.nv iisi'il, 111 I'l'iiri'^ii'iit nnnilicr.* ami valnr, .'in I tn cniL'^litnlc ii .«tamlaril uf cxiliaiij;!'';' Ilail tin' Iriln' nrif^'iiiiiliv, iir lia..* it linw, any lliin;; wliali'Mr nf lln' iialuri,! nf ii cnrrcnry .' If a );raiii uf XKivan, iifiii;, tu- wamimm, was llii' liiwi-st fraitiun, nf valin', nr unit, in ciiiiiiMitiilinn, ijiil imt llio ili'i'inial >y>ti'ni marl; ai'i-nr.ili'jy llir n.iin' -rali', ami ili'imli' iii'inralrly, l,y lli,' ailililimi nr iiiiilli|,rn'ali,iii nf iliiiinaN, llie priii' i.f any cnnimi.lily, up (n liiiinlji'ili, ti'iii I.f Imnili'iil.i, iVi'. '/ I'll lliry nmlrr-lanil fiilrial inmiry';' (i;l, Kkii'Imi Ari'oi NTS. — II.iw H.ii' ainmnl.-i f.,nii,rly Ki'pl ? Ami Imw an' liny mnv k.'pl ■;* If lin' ifun-', :thii, plur , \w\ (ihiminii/iia, or nllii'i-, iiro cinpliniil in (ji,. intirinr Innlr as suiiiiiyim,ns, ami a- tlu' hlamlaril nf valiii', 'n wliiili anniinls arr kiil, wliat is Ihr hciiIi nf lIu: I'l.iiipiitali.'n i* llnw arr iniisU-iats ami nlliiT mnalli'r fnv>. ',,.r instance, I'nlnpnti'il inm "sli'ii.s" nf tin' slamlanl valur'/ Arr lari;,' liiavi r-skins, nr sliiiis uliiivc iini' pniiml T',i'if.'lit, va^.ii'il almu ii li'i'liniral nr stamlaril pint , nr skin!' Ar,' nllrr-skins, m.-s l'..M's,nr any (illicr skins, ('Xi'in|ili',l fnni llii,- rn' . Ili.w arr ilccr ami linll'al.i skins vain.,!'.'' (it, ririiiiil.M. Ii .1,1's Tn M' inliv. — Ar lu'iis, ii, .ill, .rial il,\iiv-, n-.il Id any i'xUnl,in knpin;; iln: ni'i-niiiits ill L-ninnu'ivi' ; nr in il.n.ilin;/ nnmli in lliiir pi, I, .rial r, r.'i.l-'.' ()'). Kl.KMKNTS OF Flea iiKs. — Dill a 11".,,' p. .pi'ihliiiilar -Imkr slanil L.r t.aml raili aiMilinnal slmko mark tlio luliliiinnal nnnilK'r? ^rn !lii' i_i's nf ilc'cas, ,.,rs,iii,s nr mimlii'r nf sralps Uiki'ii liy tlicin, nr war parties wliifli llioy liavo lieailr, 'i i ■. Inl mi llicir grav-j. ,-, liy lliis -ysloiu nf strnki's? Is llic cross uscil, ii.s il is saiil to 111' amiiiif.' .- f llir '.lL"'ni|niii (lilns, In ilrmilr In'' lii.,1 llie ilnl, nr full nunma, slaml as ii cliroiinlngii-'al .sign for ii ila_. , nr a nnmii nr niniilli ..r a Ni.'ir':" ( Ir w: i' nuanini,' li.xnl liy aiijiimt liMm'os'' M KIUCIN'K. I'lCi. (iF.NKit.M. I'llAcrii'i:, — What is Ilk' freni'ial eharaiter nf ihcir iiiciliial prai'lid'y Am llicy caivfnl ami tiiiilir nf ihi ir sick, ami is tl i atnitinii iiioro inark.il iu rekilimi to chiliiriii ami yniilh, than to the a.'eil ami (kricpiil ■' I'lT. AnatiiMV. — Have their professeil limlnrsaml praelilimiers nf nmlicine any exail kiinwleil^'e nf anal'^miy; nf the Ihcnry of the eireuhilimi nf the l.lnnil, nr ihe palhnln'.'y nf tliseases'' lis. TllKATMK.NT 111 ( 'iiM I'l.A 1 NTS. — llnw ilo tli.y treat fevi -s, |ili'nrisy, eniisnmplinn nf lli.' Iuiil's, . li-trne- tioiis of the liver, ileraiif^eil or inipeileil fuiielinus uf tin.' stninueh. cunnti|iatien, or any nf llie leaJmi; rniiiplainls '! li'.l. Mku.. I .■'. — What species of plants nr nlher root.s are en.j ' veil as enn 'u s, or callKirlies i" llnw are they prepareil or applied ? llnw arc their nicilicnies generally ]ire..er'.' 'I t'mni the ilTeels of heat, or hiiniidity '/ TO ilKl'I.KTIiiN. — 111) they lileeil in fevers? Ami wh:il are' the general pi Mciples nf ij applieatinii -f the In, ■ ni lancet'/ Is the kiml nf cniipiiifr which they |ierfnriii with the hum ,.f iln ijier efli.aei, us, :iuil in what ^,;,hm'r ilii they ]iroilnee a vaeniim ':' 1^ •i i I i) ; } I ft' ^ Al ' i I 1 ft 1 ' nil i' 'ti ■•! ".:lt Al'l'KNDlX — IN i.}V 1 111 IwS. 71. SrorrAiii: nr lii.i;i;iiiMi in .\ni;i iiisms mt Ci rs. — ll;ivi' llicy iiiiy );i««l slyplii's. it IkmHiij; or ilrawing Iil;i>lri>'' Arc li.iiii!:ips ami lints .--liiiriilly apiilk'il, ami linirlv ivi'lairil, nr rriiKivcir' 7-. Ilr.AMNd Aur, — Is iIk' Iviinwn ^iim>s willi wliiili lliry Irrai (.'iin -Imt Wdunils, cuts, nr slalis, llio I'cMill nl' ill.' iiarlinilai- nimlr i.l' Iri'alliirMi, nr nt' llic a»iiluily ami larr nl' llir pli_\.--iiiaiis!' "!'■'•. AmI'I TATldN. — 111) lliiy I'Vi'i- anipiilali' a limli, ami liow, ami willi what Micfi'ss? Arc tlic arteries jnvvioir-ly cnni|irisscil '.' Have llicy any surgical iiislriiinciils'' Arc ihcy skill'iil in llic use iif s]ilints, ami tlii' necessary su|i|«irls to tlie injured linili? What luechauieal cuntrivauecs have they fur removing the sieli, wiuimleil, or niairucil, tVnin the wooils, or in their Iciigcs'!' 71. 'I'llllniiv 111- I'lsKAsKS AMI TllKlll l!i;MK.li\. — What is the -talc ul' llic Imliaii nialeria nicilici ' lla\i' tliey any ellieaciiius nuncilics for female ciiiuiilaiiilsy l>ii they eni|ihiy, umlerstaTulingly, any metallic niciliciiic';' |)ii they unilerstanil the Mature uf an oxyilcy Arc their eoni|MHiml clccnelions niaile with such hmiwlcilire i.f tic ]irinei'|iles (if eeinliinali'in, or ailiuixlurc, as I" insure their ellieaey' Slate what i.- hnimn nf lluir nie.lieines, eleuienlary ur eiiin[i(iuml, ami the thenry uf ili.-ea.-cs. 7."). \'.\l'nii liAiMs. I'AiiALVsis, A.c. — 1 low ihi they tri'at iuiii >>ihuincs, ami erii|Mi.iiis of tlicslun!' What is llic e:iii,~e of their liicwn ami L'eiieral failure to lii.it su;aII-]io\, or \aiio|oiil ';" I lo unniAer inlei |i.'.-i' their sliill in ililhcull cj>e- of |iarturitiou ; ami what is the j;eueral eharaeler of the uiedieal Inatuieiit ofnioihiis and chiMiiu!' Ila\ethi\ any treatmenl fu- l'aral_\>is'/ I'o they cui]'loy Mipor hallis et1ieaeioii.l_\ for the heailh of their I'alieiil-'.' TKII!.\I, () i;i; A .N I / A'I'lON AND (I () \ I! I! .N M i; N T. 7i'i lMir\u. CnN-rnrTliiN oc 'I'liiui;. ~I>oes the trilic eon-isi of liue or more clans or >nli ili\i>ion~ :' Are the I i-ht- of ihe . 1 ill- ( Ie;irly ill lined, and what .-ire the general |iriniilih - of the orcani/.alion ami ffovern- nieiit of ihe trilie'.' Is il organi/.d on ihe /o/r m/c -y-lein. th.at is to say, is it divided iiilo sc|i.ir,itc cd.ans, or cla."i-, lie-irinu' the name of -Mine liird, iiuadrii|ied, or other ohjeet in the auiuiate or iii.aniniale kinjidoni.-' If so, of how many elans, or toieiiiie (da->cs or hand-, did it originally cou-i,-l 'f How niaiiv dm- il now eon-i-l of, and what i- their pre-eiit ielali\e .-Ireiiglh '' Stale the name of caeli clan, or suli-div i-ioii, wilh ils -ienilicalioii and oriciii. 77. (»n.ii:rr m; rni.ri^ or |ii\i-iii\s imh Ci.ans, ---AVhat is (he a|i|i,-iii nl ohjeei ..f ihc.-c de\iee-, will re they esi-l ' Are ihey inilieali\e of ihe original fiinilies or di-lingui-ln d i liii t- of the liiln ■i' .\re th.v a -igu of liindri d / If they ih note original eon-anguinily in the imliv idual- of the li.inds or trihes, hearing tin -e niarli-, or device-, what is the degree of the allinily, ji.ast or prc-i nt '! If they denote ].riiiiarv families, or (diief-, were till -e device- llieir imiiirs ' I- there any la-ccinim ucc in llu el.an-' .\re the liirlle, wolf, and hear il.ins, as it his hecn said, uioiv lionorahi ■ tli.an others)' Is each elan entitled to one or more iliief^i' And if mil thus organized, what oilier |'rinci]ilcs i >' divi-ioii, or a.-.-oeiatiou, or di-limlion, e\i-l ' 7S. I'lllKI'lMN-llll'S — riinil Tim hi;.- -Were the ehief- originally hercdilaiA or elei ti\cy If heredilarv, i- the de-eenl Ml tl .■ iii.ile or female line!' If in the female line, as among the lroi|iiois, how can the -on of a chief lieioiue il, ollieial s\icci»iir of his filher'/ 7'.>. What auk tiii-; (!k.nkiiai, I'dWK.iis hk riii: CtiiKi's in Cm ncm.';' — To what extent is an Imliaii Conncil a re|irc.-cnl,itive a— ctiihly of the trihe, and hou ii are the (diicfs invested wilh aiithorilv to act for the ma-- of ihe trihe.' What inve-ls their vcrlal suinnions, or deei-ion, wilh a limiiiiL' t'oii e .' How is lluir authorily deriveir:' Is this authority tacitly coiniuitted to them, as a common and L^iieial fiinetiou of th, ir ollice as idiicfs or sachems, iir is it ilclegatcd Iiy the mass of ihe trihe I'm each |i.inicnlar lueasioir:' Or arc they oiiei,, at all time-, t i iio|iular I'liini and the lucre exponents of it '.' SO. Ik iiiH Ciiihis lu: klkctiv i:, is riiKiu; a.wtiii.mi iikvomi iiif; r.Mir Ki.i.irinN ov Pdi'ri.Aii Ol'IMiiN.' — If eleclcd liy their distiugni-hed deeds, docs the tenure if lli.ir ollice coiiliuue hevond the coiitiim- 1 h A I' 1' !•: N I) 1 X — 1 N Q I' 1 I! I K S . .V,:, iini'i' of Hiicli dc'c'ils':' If lu'i'i'ilitMrv, li;ivi' llii' ri.'lits <<( tlu' cliict'l.iinsliiii .■my I'"!'!'!' lu'vunl lln' cciiiliiiiii'il iiliility or (•.■i|v\rily 111' iIk' ili'iiMiliciil, (u- lii.-i ili'wciiiliiiil, t(i rxrciilc nr dliry llir pupiilMr willi' WliclliiT, llii'irt'orc, llii'y lu) I'lt'i'tivo, (ir liiTt'ililiiry, is iin(, llir ilisM|i|irnv:il nt' the immss, or l.mly i,( wiininrs, :iii ilVri'livi' li;ir In llic cxiTi-isc^ (if tlicir pdwcrs iiiiil fiiinliinis i* SI. Is TMK. l>KMii|-||.\l'|r I'J.K.M I'.Nr .'iTHDNdl.Y lMri..\NTl:ll!' — I)ii|lu' cllii Is, ill |Mllilii' Ciinili'il, spi'llU llic iipiiiiiiiis and .^riiliinciils uf llii' Wiirrinr class, ]iivviini.sly oxprossi'd liy llic laltrr in lliiir si'iianilo nr linnic cniimils; (ir dii lliry jiarliinliivly I'nnsull tlic old iiicii, prii'sls, w;irriors, and ymiM;; nii'U cunipiisinj; tin' Irilic':' Arc llicy iiiui'li snliji'cl Id lie inllncni'cd liy rxlranccnis ii|iininns';' Pd tlii'v iniisin- llicii- inlcnv-ls with slii-cwdniss and inlcnsily'/ Is llicir ri!.'lit tu sil in cnuncil cvi'i- I'XcniM'd in a ncniiiir wliicli is c'i|uivalinl lu Klxinj.' a ro^' '.' Arc jirisiins fill' and aL'ainsI a ]irii|nwiliiin cunnlid, and if sn, liy wlmni ' If vnlrs arr L'i^iii, is lliis a nmdi ri^ nr an .ancii'nl I'Xi'rci.-i' uf |iii\vrr, and lia^ it ronllnl In i,'ivini.' iimn' iiilainl\ .and ^ali-faili^n in dc li-i'ins y .\r(! any powers in fai'l (xcni^od liy tin' cliicfs in adv.'incr of puMic opinion in llic Iriln ■' S'J. WiivT I'liixciri.Ks i;(ivi;iiN rilK I'ltimati; I>i;cis|ii\s nr a I'l hmo Cdi mm,/ — In «l;at manner arc llic dclilicralions {iponcd, condnclcd and closed'/ N llnie muc li re^pi rl lo llie ;ii;cii nt cen nmnii > !' Is llic wcalhcr rejranled'/ Are llii're any olVieial |u'rsona;.'es wlm e\eri'i-e diiiies e.pnv.ileiit to a crier, seerei.ny, or oilier lejiislalivc or IcL'al I'undlonary '/ .\rc i|ne^lions deliKcralely i'on>ideii d, or ileeided nll'diind '.' Are decisions made on llie principle of m.-ijorilics, or |iluralilies '/ Wire llicy orij,'in.illy or are llir\ iiou , ir.|iiiied til lie made, in any case, on llic principle of al'-olnle nnaniniily '/ Or is llie voire of a le.idinj.' cliicf lakcii as tliu expression of llic will of llie Iril'c'/ s:l. Wini' IS riii; ,>^riii'i-. hk riir, ('i\ii, di iiisniriiiiN .wn riin Oiiukii hi- Sirri-.>in\ m- tmk <'liii:rs, AS .^IAll1srllA•rl;s !' — .\re di ei-ion.^, ma.le l.y !.iiij:le eliiefs, or liy :\ Kody of cliief> in ennnril, eairied implicitly into ell'cct '/ If a man li.ive forfeited hi, life, ,ai:d llic ipiolion lie ileeided in a conncil of eliicf-. is an cNcciilioncr iippnintcd '! If so, does he use a lomahawli, or chili, or ■■irrow '.' Is ihe lime, and i le, and place, decided liy the chief, or council, or left to the excenlioni r, as it w.is in the case of Myontoiiiniii '/ Are the results of ipicslions of the restoration of ]iroperly coininiinicaled (o the |iarties at once, or sent hy ii iiie.s.sciiL'cr '/ SI. lliiw AiiK Hank ash Siccf.ssihn in Orin-K IvKim i.aikh'/ — Is the sneccssion of a chief to an olliee vacated hy dealli, or ollierwise, deh.ated and decided in council, or may .a person leirallv, in the riudit line of descent, forthwith assnnic the functions of the olliee'' .\re new chiefs created hv election, and how '/ May a chief he de]iosed from his olVie,., and I'or wdial iifl'ence '' Is the cnsloni uf weariiii; i Ills to mark the dislinc- liiMi of olliee, an ancient or a modern one'/ IIow many chiefs has the trihe, and how m.any Ii.as each elan coiiipo>inL' it '/ S.'l. WlUT IS TIIF. ruUKll OF rilK I'lm-STIli" il>, As AN I'",l,l:MKNT IN TIIK IHllsInN nr rm.lTlrAI, (,i| isrioNs'/ — Oil they constitute a ili>tiiicl |>ower in the }.'ovcrnmeiit '/ If so, do thev exercise this powi hy sitliiiL' ill council, or in other modes'/ .\re they, in fact, eoiinsellors, and what, indiience do they exercise in (picslions of war or peace, the advance or retreat of a war parly, or the the s.ale and ce,~.-ioii of Laiid/ ••^li. Oki'INK riiK, I'liWKit (II.- Tin: W.mi ('iiir.rs'/ — 1)ocs their power come in as an element in the ]"ilitical oriranizalion of Ihe eoiineil, or in the exercise of the civil power of the villairc eliiefs or inaL'i-lrati s. in cases where liiilh powers arc not coiicenlrated in the same hands'/ Are the powers of a w.ar and a cisil eliii f often nnileil ill Ihe same person'/ If the war chiefs he exclusively ilcMi;ii.aled hy the popular voice anion;.' the warrior class, at what arre can a voice in llieir fa\or he exercised'/ Is there any limit, or lime, when ,i vmiiiil,' man may appropriately e.xpres.s his opinion'/ ST. W'llAI- AKH TllK UldllTS (IF TIIF. ^IatiiiiNS IN ( 'iirNci 1, / — May this ri^dil he exerei-cd fer any [iiirpose lint, that of pciuv '/ Arc they periniltcil, as in the ancient institutions of the In.ipmis, to a separate se.ii III ('oniicir/ And Iiav(> tliey, as in that nation, a preseriplivc ri,Ldil of hcini; lieard hy an olVieial person, win) hears the ch.aractcr of ii iiicssenj.'er from the woineir/ .State the f.'eiieral iiniire-simi with rc-| t In the political power of the inatroiis in tln^ Irihc, and inipiire wlicther the widows of ilisliiij-uislicd ihief<. or of tho,-e of ai kimw- lcdi;(-d wi.sdom, are ever adinitlod to >ii in council'/ b'-Hi A I'l'KXDI X— IN(,ir I KIKS. 1: '. \M :il^: ;( ! SS. Willi MAS A liKiiir T(i ( Ai.i, Cr.M-.itAi, Col .Ncii.s'/ W II AT TiiiiiK ? — An' lliiTc, :iiniin>; llic> viiniius Irilii-i. anv wlm pn^scss the pnwrr l.i -uiiiiiimm mkIi ciiiuicils, ;is a |irc,Mii].livi' ri^'lit'/ It' s.i, (li'.-ij;iiat(' lliciii, ami flatc ill.; rxtriit nt'ilii.s i-ij;lii. Ill,' .sii]i]«isiil (uTasioii or oi-a nl' its urifiiii, ami llio gi'iiiTal iialiiro uf llie subjects llial iiiMV lir lji'..ii;_'lit Ijil'irc tlu'iii. Ait .-mil riirlils to be ivgai'ilnl a.s vi'stifrcs nf uurit'iit foiilVclrrafii'S, nr tlio iTsiill .i|' iaii,-cs wliii'li liavc brni in (.|.( ralidn mily .-iiioo tlic ilisuoviT)' nt' tlie uniitiiu'iil '! M'liat iiccasi.nis nt' wrU (.'rmral c.nim'ils can be nlVn'cil to'! In ibo Wvanilut Irilic, ami in tlic Pclawaiv trilic, wliat arc llic {.'rtniml.s (if tlic amiciit ri-lit formerly or at |.rr-ciil claiincil, in tliis n'spcct, liy cai'li '! Aihl in wliat nianiicr iliil the f.'rinviiig lr(..|Uois Mi|.iciiiacv ni„.raic U< inlcrl'civ witli, cir bivali ilmvii, tliis ri.u'lit, nr rciulcr inig;ilnr^' its cxcrci-c? ^I>. ri;i\ ATI- IIidiiT ro Takk l.iir, dii Law hf I!k.tai,iatiiin. Staii-; ir. — How is tliis rif/lit .■xcri-i-.c.| — is il wilb nr uiil t ibc a>M'iil <:( ihc il,i. f prcHiiini; uM-r llic villa;.'c,(ir baml/ Ami wlicn dues tlio riirbl sIm|i'.' N il leriiiiiKile.l at diic, two, three, or in. .re n'|.elili..lis i.f ils exen-ise!' It' there hi' ii.i male next ..f km III a .hreet liii.', ..r el' tii.' siiii.. Intnii. to the p.'rsnn miinlere.l, iiia^' the right lie cxerci.M'.l }iy cpllateral bran, he-, ainl l.i wliat .'xLiit :' Is th.' ri>;ht t i talce life f.ir life, in any case.comipruiniseil by accc|itin,i; presents'!' ^VIlal i- the usual aiii..uiit '.' |),.,s it il.p.n.l np.iii the means or abiliiy of the person who is to snil'er tlii' penalty ..f th,' law of retaliali..n, or .m tle.se of his friemis':' Docs the interveiiti.m of ii lon,i,' time, ami the fleeing' of the mur.l.ivr, giiierally allay r.'sentiiu.iit, aii.l ha. I t.) ne:.'otiati.uis for c.impromisesi' What period is siillieient f..r this ihaiiL'.' of f.vliiiL', .an.l s].irit of c..inpiMinise ';' Are cIT.irts f.ir this piirp.ise often utterly ivjected ';• Is till re any ri'i'o:.'nizi..l prim-iph' ..f e-.ap.', or plac of retreat, aiiahii.'.ius to a town, or jilacc of refuge, as aiiem.; certain ..f the .'^h.niilii' tribes':' Arc females, in cases of deaths from the fends of polygamy, \i'., vimlicated'/ Are till ir lives . -liuiat.'.l as high as those of males':' Are (|neslioiis of Imlian debts due to traders commonly bn.uglit bef .re th.' ehiel's, to be sctth.l, or adjuste.l ; and have the chiefs, or poiile, who are commiltcl to your otlici;il eharg.' as an agent, sulVnieiit kiiowle.lge of the p.nvcr of niiiiibers t.i enable them to act with prmlciice':' Is a ni.'--:ig.. aee..iiipaiiie.l with wampum, iVe., iii\esle.l with anything like the e.piivali'iit authorily of a /i'^m/ suiiiniotf, in easi's of piival.' ilispiiic-. ..r i .iiilmversii's '/ !iil. tlAMK. Laws, (111 KioiiTs .n- tiii: ('mask. What auk tiiksk':' — lias each family of the tribe a c.rlain tract ..f c.nntry, within tin' eiivle of whiih, it is umlerstood ami eonccdc.l, that the h. a.l or members of this family liavi' a particular or ,\elu.-ive rijlil t.i hunt':' Are intrusi.nis on this tract the cause of dispnics and W.i...l>he,r:' 'Jl. 'I iii;si'Assi;s (i\ iiii; riii,s(iiiiu:ii Ihn nuaiiiks. — Are furs thus surn ptiti.ni^ly hunle.l, on aiiuther man's limits, Md.j.et to be siiz.'l by ih.' parly aggrievcil'/ If sii.'h a cause of i|narri'l be brought before the chi.l-. ..r \vi>e men, is tlii' right awanh'd accoi.ling t.i a lixeil rule ami uii.lersl:iiiding, rtspeeting the imrcelliiif; ..111, iiiio famili.s, (.f all tlu' hunting gronmls of the tribe;' !I"J. N. 111. lis (ir L.ii'Al, l,\r:ii siiiNs. — Ar.' wiirnings of smh iiitrusi.iiis fii'.|iiently given? Or is injury to property le.lresM'.l, privately, like injury l.i lit'.' '.' Is ii f.irf.it of life often the result of continnc.l intrusions '! Or is sci/ur.' ..f th,' furs hunted deeiiieil sulheieiit':' U'l. IIii.Ks ,iK IIiNTiNii, AMI l>i\isi.iN (iK (Iamf,. — If hunting [larties or cmpanions .ngree to hunt t..g.th. r, f.r a -p.'cial lim,', or f..r tlii' s,'a.-,.n, what ar,' th,' usual laws, or eust,.ms, regulating the luint ':' If one ])cr-..n start an animal, ami w,,nml it, ami aii..th,r |.ursu,' aiul kill it, li.iw is the meat diviileiK'' Is the game e.pially .livi.l.'.l ? I».iis ,aeh ntain the skins and furs of the animals actually killcl by him ':" What is .lone in eases of thefts from trajis'/ ■ '• hi-i't ri: i!i:Mvi;r,N 'I'lmirs. — If a tribe, orbau.l, ].ass ..v.'r th,' lines ami hunt on the lands of another trill.', and kill g:iiu.' tin iv, is it deiiiieil a jii-t .'ails,' ..f war'/ l»o messages pass, in the lirst place, between the chi.l's; .-iiid is there a spirit of comity, ami .lipl.iiii;iey excr.'is.'.l '/ r X D T A \ T R A T) V. . '.I.'). ^\'llAT AIIK IIIK rillMlI'AI. I'"ACiS, M.CliSSAIiY Tit UK li.NdWN, T(l PlKIU I.ATK TIIkImiIAN TKAnE AND Co.M.MLllCi;, AND TO I'lltStllVK PEACEFUL RELATIONS ON THE ruoNTlERS? — lias commercial a-si r » i'f A I' 1' K N 1) 1 \ - i N (,) r 1 H 1 !•; S . .'i , ,■ iiilcrcmirso iniiiiiulcii llic f;ciiriiil I'ause c.f Imlian livilizaliiai !' Ilnw i> ihc liatlic in fins ainl i^kiiis ci iiilnclid, thrcitiglinut ilM n|iiialinns';' What nro its gonural ]irinci|i!i'» — tlic |ilac f millit ami supply — ll"' place i.f cxdiaiigr, llic (lilliiMilliis anil risk atlcncliiig it, and the pncnil chancis i.f pn.lit anil h's,-!' OO. ('ai'Acitv ami Imdki.ity nr tiik IstilANs, AS Ci sruMKUs. — Ar.' thr rlurls ami hniilcr,- -linml, cautious anil exact in their ilialings, making their purchases with jmlgnient, hm'I pivin:.' up their .liliis I'liiiil'ullv '/ Arc Ihcy ineral, snlicr, ami ilisercct ''. I»ci thcv rcl}- mi incnmrv whnlly, in keeping the sn f their iielehi.dness, ami the numher of skins paiil, or are they aiileil hy hicroglvphies. ur ile\ices of anv kind, on the clerk's hjntler, or in any other manner';' Arc they exact herein':' If mit successful, at the iir>t or second hunt, or hnl partially so, arc the credits rci|uiicil to he renewed;' Are they freely renewed / !)7. Ni-;(i;ssiTV ur iiii: 'riiAiniiis to mhik aftkii Tiri.iii Chkihis, ami iiiiiiii I,iaiiii.]iv rn Ln-s KlliPM [■■l.lcTlATliiNs 111' Ci.iMATK. — Is it necessary for the trader to send runners to the Indian hunters' caiujis, or private lodges, to collect tljcir dchts'/ Arc these runners faithful, honest men'/ Is the result of nnsucccssfid, or ilclieicnt hunts, often caused hy the inigialion, to other parts of the eountrv, of sotne of the furred animals relied on, owing to excessive local dryness, or redundant moistiue of the season'' Do losses flow from these causes':' '.!>!. IvAIKS liF HaIITKII— rj;UMA.\KM V oil VAI.IK of ItFJiT, AMI 'I'a X OF I.orAl, liKSlUKMK. Is the larilV of exchanges such as, trenerally, to protect tin- trader fr lo.-s'r I- il |u,-t and fair!' At what period after the credits are given, is all Indian dcht deemed hail or Insl ' Are they had at twn years'' Arc the traders who condnct the interior exchanges, suhjeel to onerous calls on their charity, or hospitahlc feelings, hy sickness, or suft'ding, in the villages adjacent to their trading Iniii^es'/ And if so, docs this eireumstauee eonie in, lis a jiist clement, ill summing u;- the results of a scries of years' trade, with the trihe'/ '.til. WllAr IIAVF IIFKN TIIF. LKAtHMl KfFKI Ts OF TlIF I tiSCliV Fll Y ON TIIF III NTFll I'FIUOtl? — Have the purposes ofconimercc, since the discovery of the c-ontincnl, had the cllect to stimulate the hunters to increased exertions, and thus to hasten the diininntion, >r destruction of the races of animals whose furs are sought';' KKI. lliMiMTloN OF Animals. — Have the dillercnt races of anim.ils declined rapidly since the prosecution of the tiMile':' AVIiat animals flee first, or diniini.~li in the highest ratio, on the o|ieiiiiig of a new district of the lenioie f.ircst, to trade'/ Is the hufValo iirst to flee'/ Is the beaver next? llll. IIkfisf III ntino (liiol NHS. — Are the lands, when denuded of furs, of eomparativcly little value to the Indians, while they reniaiu ill the hunter stale ? Is not the sile of such hunted lands Ijcuelieial to tlieiii '! It)'.'. AllFA Rl.gl lllKli TO si lisisT a II I NTF.ll. — What ipiantity of leriitoiy is rei|nired to he kept iu its wihieriiess state, in order to iifford a sullieieiil numher of wild animals to sustain an Indian family'/ 10:;. (.Jl KSTION (IF TIIF. ri.TIMATK KfFFCTS OFTIIK FaIHEU; OF CaMK ON TIIK KacK. — If tllC diniiiiutioii or failures of w'M aninials lead the native trihes to turn their industry to agriculture, is not tlio pressure of coninicrce on the honmlaries of hunting an enieieiit cause in the progress of Indian civilization? lias not the inlroduetioii of heavy and eoar.se woollen g Is, iu place of valualile furs and skins, as articles of Clothing, inerca.sed the means of sulisisteiice of the native trihes? mi. .\|iiiiAl, CoNsFijt F.NCFs OF Civil.i/.FH I NTKiicoi iisK. — \\ hat evil effects, of a moral cliaiaeler, have resulted frmn the progress of the Indian trade? Has not the traffic in ardent spirits been by far the most fruitful, general and appalling cause of the depopulation of the tribes? How has the introduction of gun. powder and fire-arms all'eclcd the principles of the trade, and what lias been the general infliicncp of this new element of distriiction, on their history and civilization? Have internal w;irs or peace been promoted thereby? ^\■llat has been the proiiiineiit caii.sc of di.scord on the fro.itiers, ari-ing from the transiielioiis of trade and commerce? I''iually, can this trade be placed on better princiiiles, and what are they? CiS r..;s A I'l'KN 1»1 \ — 1 Ngl 11{ I KS. m " m.'i. I'r.iilll.LM nl IIIKIIl ('l\ M.l/ATliPN. — All' llicic :inv mtIiMIS cir Mlliil nl.jr.ticli,-, i.ii llii' |iart 111' ihu luill.iii'-, til ihi' iiilriiiliii'tiiiii III' scliiiiil.i, :ij:i'ii'iil(iii'i', llii' uitH'li.inii' mi'Im nr ('lLri.sliaiiil_\ .' ll' ^n. ."I^ilr lljcin. S|ii'iil'_v lln' I lijcilinn.^ — I'NMiiiiiii-' llirir lioariiij^s, and statu tltr rr.-iilts wliitli art' ivaulitil li) ^niir Ijc.-I ulmi ivatimi, rutloctiiiii, ami Jmlgiiii'iit. f'V *•,■• IL LKCi ISI.ATION or COXIJKKSS. 10(i. M'll \f iMl'lIciVKMKN'rs CAN Vol' SI IKIKST IX TIM: KxisTIMl iMKllnH IISK I,A\VS of TIIK I'MTrK Si'ATr;s AS i.Asf iii-;visi;ti, wr'n rilK Imhan 'rimuis'' — Afi' iIu'm' laws ilVniciit in riiiniviiii: caiiMs nt' (lisciii-il, ami iifiMTviiiL.' prai'i' lii'hvi'uii llii' ailvam-iil Imilirs (if eniijiraiits nr sues nut an actual inieicuiiive with lliu K.xecutive Head uf the liuMriiiiiiiil, tend lu .'i\e' the tribes belter views of its eliaraeter and inllnencu'/ 11:!. Can tmf. TitiUAi. IIkiiit.s of tiik Iniha.n.s iik iikttkh riniTKcTKH. .vnh tiik Tiiiiii; lu: Imitko ill llu.iiKli Kkfiuits in Civil. l/.ATldN '/ — Arc the (.'■iine, and woihI ami tinilier of the trilies siibjecl to uiiiieeessary or injurious eiirtailnieiit or trespa.^s fruin the intru-iun of emifrrating bands abidiiij; fur lunjr jieriuds (111 their territuries '/ Are tlnre eomphiinis of any sueli trespa.s.M's'/ 114. TilFin ri.riMATF. Imifi'K.vuknci:. — Are any of the tribes in ymir district siilli. ienilv .■nKaiiceij to iiiive their funds paid to a treasurer vi' the tribe, to be kept by him, and disbursed aL;recalily tu thu laws of their local legislature '! 11."). (.JiK- riiivs STII.I. liF.MllNi; (IN ■IMF l,Fss A liv.\ NiFli TlilliFs. — Are |i:i\niinls i:l' aniiiiilies to chief-, or lu Mpar.ite lieads uf families, must lu m lieiaC' Sliuiild the principal uf an liidi.in fund be paid in annnitie- tu Indians at iIk! pre.-eiit periud, under any eircunistaiiees ; and, if so, nuili r what cliriinistaiices '' Aro niunibers of the tribe generally ea]iable uf tliuwi.su ur prudent appliealimi uf niuney i' H NKW INDIAN (lOVKIi N M KNTS W lO S T V TIIK .M I S S I S .s [ p p | . lliJ. What .\uf iiii; Distini tin f I'hini ii'I.fs of tiik (1(ivfi',nmfnt.-> Assi mfh, (if L.m f Vkars 1)V llIF MiilU. .MlVANi I.II (IF THE Sh.MI-( 1 VILI/.KD TUUlEy ^\■t^■l• OF Tilt Ml?.-U>.-ll'I'l .' UoW in llie I ♦ €■ A 1'1'RN DIX — lNQl- I RI i:S, :.:','.• I'lfilivc fr:iiiclii*' oxjirpssi'il and ^iianli'il ' In ^rivin;; ii vole, .'ire llicrc tiuy i|iiiililic:iliimH ri'i|niri'il liy tluir liiw^ iis to |inilicrly, llic rcndilinn i.f (iiinr ]piililii' services, (ir any |irescTilie(l eundilinn vt' the vntor arising I'min other jire-deterniined jreiieliil caiiso''' What imliviilnal ri^dits are siirremh'rc d, in these sehenies iit' government, t.i ihi! central or governinj; power, as a lionii or e(iiiivalent for the }.'eneral security ul' lif'i', liherty, ami propcrtv ? 117. lliiVV IhiTIIK.sk N.VScKNT (inVKllNMKNTS I'll \( Tlc-.V I.I.V WuIlK, .\M) WII.VT ll.VS IlllKN TIIUll 1'11ih;iii>s / — Have uriL'in.il defects lieeii remedied hy aila[ilin;.' them more e.\actly to the genius and eh.ariclcr of the I pie ihaii they were, apparently, in the lir-t roiieh drafts'/ What ha.s heeii the Jirogress in estahlisliing a judiciary, ami in the (levelepiueut of their national resources by wise and well-guarded laws? llx. What is thk I'hksknt St itk and Ft ti lu: I'linsi'urTs (n- thksk OciVKitNMKNTsy — Have the legislative a.sseinlplies adopted n jiraelical system of laws for the enforcement of pulilic order, the trial of piihlie oH'cuccs, the collcetiou of delits, the laising of revenue, the erection of puhlic Imililings and ferries, mIiooMioiiscs and churches, or the proniotl.ai of cilucation, the support of Chrislianity, and the general advancement of virtu<', temperance, and the pnMic welfare ? lias this luw pliasis i>f thesi' ancient conimnnities had the clVect to nmalgamate the ani'ient clanships and sectional divisions, so far as these wen' founded thereon, or to oMiierate them, tiig( iher with their traililioiis — to ili-j.id su|ii'rslition, and amelinrate, in any marked degree, the condition of society in ils humhler walks, and throughout the general ma.^s':' State the iircseiit eondiliou of the trilics which have cstahlished these govcrnmenis, the diflicultics yet to he surmounted, and the prohalile progress wliirh they may he expiiti'd to make. ri!()i'i:i!TV. lilt. Wll.VT ll>l:,\s IIAVK TIIF, Imua.ns oF I 'iK ll'KUTV '.' — llowdo they luliev,. jirinilr riuhla accrued.' Have they any true \ ic ws of the Icg.al idea of pri'perty '.' An lliey cap.ali! f clear and e\act loii-id. r.ilioii^ of ihi- eliaracter ? lu what maniu'r do they sn]>pose that pn'pcrty in things w, ■ first acipiin'd Ky man!' If |io»cshi ,i gave this right, diil the right continue, as long as the jiosscssor was aide to ilcfeud it'' If the starting ami pursuit of a di'cr gave a man a right to it, was this right afl'eeted hy another's killing it':* |lid l.iiilding a wigwam, nr planting corn on a vacant, or distant part, of another trihes' territory, make tlie lancl his':' And if so, liow many years must it lic> hehl undisputed, to make the right valid '. An Imliau of the lirilish dominions applied to an Indian Agent of the rnil.il States .some y.'ars ago, for the allowauee and [layment hy the I'liited States of a private delit contracted in. and Ky a North Hritoii, resilient in Hudson's l!ay. How did the mind operate in this ea.se, and how does it opiTite generally, in tra. Iluw mil 'I'lri.K iniiiriNAl.i.v .mcihk tu 'I'KiiHrninv '.' — Was the right of a nation to the tract of eounlry origiiuilly jiosses^ed by il. acipiin'd by its oceupauey of it by them, to the exchi-ion of all olhcrs'.' Did the tin'at Spirit make a gift of it to them, and why to them alone'/ If he gave to each tribe a portion of the country, and thus ]ian'elleil out the whole coutiiunt, and gave them, at the same time, a right to def.nd it, who gave one nation a right to invade the territories of another, for the ]iurpo.se of ilispo.s.sessing them'/ How em they justify this'/ If the Indians have no clear or fixed views on the subject, it will be .suHicieiit to state the fact; if they, on the contrary, evime exactitude, pursue it, iiml illusli'ale the lo[iie. I'JI. Auk tiikhi-; any 'I'liArKs cif riiK 1,a\v hf riiiMunKNrn hi:'/ — Is the descent of pr.ipertv fixed'/ Is the eldest son entitled to any L'reater right^i, or larger .-dian- of pniperty, than the other ehlldn'n/ l»oes a jiarent expn'ss his will, or wishes, before death, as a descendant of I'mas did. how his properlv should lie disposed of/ lilies a chief designale which of his cliildnn i- to wcir his medal; or is there ever m:ir|e a leeaev of a choice gun, an ornaineiitcd tomahawk, or other article '/ Slate the miieial usage of paniits, ainl ..f chiefs, oil this head. I-J'J. \\iI.VT AIIF thk Olll.lllATIciNS FFl.T I!V THK ImHANS T(I I'AV llFIlTs/ — I Iocs time gnatly diminish, iii tluir view, these obligations, and how'/ Tloes the Indian fancy that ill luck ill hunting, is a di.spcn.salion fn.m the (in.-il Spirit, and that he is exonerated ihen'l'V fn.ni the oblitration '' \n' the Indians ! 1 t : I i IH I ii ! ^ :':] I ft'' It I r f: I' Nil V 1. r.Kt A PIT. N 111 \ I N IM 1 i; 1 HS. |iri>iii' t(i sink ihiliviil'iHliiv in tliiir ililils, al'lcr » liiuc, iiiln iiiiliniiiilily, iiiid In Mck In |ii'ii\'h|i' (.•v iln in in lli.il inaiuior? Is the trilic pmiclual in the |i!iynicnt of llii'ir ilrl)l^, and what is ihiir friniTal cliaraclir nn lhi> (iulijci'l ■/ !>'> ihcv M't a hifrh value nn real |iiii|ierly, exaeliiijj fur it its real wnrth, (ir iln ihey pari willi il readily, and fur snndl and inadei|uali' MiniK!' Dn Ihey ever make inure than nne ennveyanee of sueli |iriiperly, and are the (|nesliiins of deei^inn ari>in^' iherefinni nfien eiiniph'X ami ditlienlt i" CI! I M K, |-^:!. What coNsTiri tks ClilMKy — lias man a rif,'hl In lake lii.^* lellnw's hi 1 ;' Is the takin;: of life an ofTeliee to the individual nmrdered, or to the tiri'at Spirit who j.'av<' him his lil'ey In the estimation of the Indians, did the (ireat Spirit, in forming; the world and plaeiuf; luiinkind upon il, give all an ei|n!d rijiht to lifi> ; and if so, wa-s not murder, from the bi'j.'inninj;, a very jrreal crime'/ If a erinie, can the spirit of a hnntiT or a warrior, iu lln'ir view, };o to the Indian paradise, without satisfyinj; tin' justice of the (ireat Spirit? How can this he done? Does Ihi' law of retaliation {fidi- Nil) pl(>ase or satisfy the (inat Spirit!' Can oiu', or twi>, or three murders expiate the crime i^f an ori;rinal murder? |)o they nol make Ihe ollciice to the (ireat Spirit tln^ firealer? Stale the common notions of the Indians on this point, and endeavor to learn wheiher they hclii-ve at all iu punishments after death. 1'2I. ('.\N TIIK DKirv 111-; (iFrKNUKli/ — Is a man under hiidi ohliL'alioii'^, hy the fict of his creation, to worship the (ileal Spirit? And if he is, and yet he do not worship him, has he ihcntiy eniumiltcd a crime? What crime? AVill the (inal Spirit remcmlicr it, and how is il to lie expiated? l'2."i. WllV IS K.M.sK.lliiiiii A MiiuAI. Ol'I'KNCK? — Is it liecau>;> Ihe (Ircat Spirit ahhors it, or hecnuse injuries may result to man? If the (Inat S[iiril ahhors a lie, how can he excuse it? lias he not a eharacler to reward truth, and to punish filschood ? I'Jii. Is TIIK Want hf Vkm'.ii VTinN IN TiiK Immans a Ciiimk'.'^ .\ri' LTcatiM- viuen.lioii tiiel respect paid to parents than to hrothers and sisters? Is an Indian (iriest, or a chief, more venerated than a eomnion luin? Is age, undiT any cirenmstauces, the ohjeet of veneratiiui? Is il a crime to strike a parent, as it was in 111 • .lewisli tribes ? Is there any known instance of such an offence ? Is it piiiiishahle, ami how? I>id the Indians ever kill hy stalling a person? I'JT \ViiAr (AN lilt: Saiiks and Wisf .'NIk.n of riii; 'I'ltniF. sav in DF.FKNei-: of tiik Imhan Chhk, iMiiM, I.IKF Fnii I, IKK? — If a had deed is returned fir a had deed, is the (Ireat Spirit plea-eil, cr salislied lien hv '' Try to arouse a moril soiisiliveiicss on this |ioiiit, in order to hrinir out their reiisoiis, if any lliiv liavi', t 'r iiinics ajrainst hunninily, good iieighhorhood, pioperlv, ehastitv, ,Vc, I! K M(i I () N 1-"^. I'll TMFV llFinVi: rll \T IIIKUK is a IIKIIV I'KU\AI>IM1 tiik I'slVKItsK, who Is TIIK Makkii heil it with animals and lueu. did h,', aceording to thci Inidilioiis, give iiein powir over the aiiiiiial eri'ation, ,aiid ilid he, hy any messenger or angel, or priest, give to man any detinile rights, message ir moral riihs or laws, to he kept? If so, what rules of life did he give? I),, ihi^y hclievi' that lliry are rcsponsihle. In keep these laws or riih's, and if sn, why ? I-Jii. Is illK (lilFM Si'lltIT, nil ItF.ITV, lltAKAIKIi IN TIIK rilVslrM. ClIAllKeTFII "F IIIK KAUTM ? — Ilnw docs he iiianile^t his presiiiee on the earth, or in the -kv? In whal f.riiis i^ he recngui-ed ? Is lliMiider cnn>idcrcil hisvnice? Ale Oiniis regarded as his acts? Are cilaraets c\idcnee> nf hi-; p'iWrr? loO. What auk tiik .^I(mAl, I'iiiniii'i.ks hh his (lovKiiNMtN i, \nip mow auk iiiksk I'iiincii'I.ks MAliK KMiWN TO TIIKM?— Is death the act of the (irc:it Spirit '' |ln war and peace happen aecnrdinir In his ... , V I 11 A l-l'KN Dl .\ — I NOI' I I! I K >tl lllTcl.J- Is 111' llii' milli'ir nf i'\il ill llir wi'iM, iiiiil wliiil dlijict iliil lie, in llirir i ].iiiiiiM, piirp' r l.> .-ic r.iiii.li-li illi till' W'viinilnls, lli:it till' (li-i'iil Spiril ircnlcil Iwh fxi-riil ]icrsHii;ii.'i s, Mili.ii-iliniiir lliiTil.v':' \)'i tlii'V liclii tn liiiiisi'lf, witli jri'iuTal |inwir.i in ilir world, call.'il (lnod ami /■Ji'i/, ami -il lliiin in |i( rprlnal ii|i|"i-ili'Ph 'r Have llu'so jirinu' s^jiirits, Irs-rr ^]iirits n|' licnijiii it iiiali;rnanl clianii'lir, wiin air >nlijrrl, iT>p(i-livi'l\, In llivin ])iil tlio (ii'cat S|iir it cnalr llic ^'irat K\il Spirit, a< 1 lie is 'Tmrallv '■: 'il,;iml liialir liiin siiliiril In liini-ilf, iir tliis nialif.'iiant spirit, sn iinivi.'rsallv Irarnl liy tlie Imlians, uf an imliprmlriil iialiiiT, ami may lie lie wnisliippiil '; Ifl ic is mit imli'prmli'nt in liis cxisli'iicc ami atti-ilmtrs, Imw dn llnv cxpiTl to c- api' Ilir ilisp •asniv (if llu' t inat Spirit, fur iifTcriii^' sucrilici's ami wnr-liip tn bo evil a lji'iiii;y J)ii tin y iniKiil wnrsliip llir llvil Spirit '! Is ii"! takiiijr aiiiilliiT |K'rsiiii's puiils, nr ilcnyiiij; tin' Iriilli, nr ilniiif; any ai't nt' wrniijr nr nnliimlmss Ictwi'cii man ami man, ilisplcasing to llic (Iriat Spiril ' Ami a pnn'f nC nlicying ill' cxciisi' tliis '! V VOIIT I if liis lAil a.lv In III >\V iln III! y l:!l. llnW AUK TIIKY KXCISKH Foil OlFKNCK.S Ad.VINST TIIF. (llll'Ar Sl'lllir ■Is ll icri' aiiv iirnvisinii ill tlicir rcli;.'iii\is systi'iii, liy iIil' iiilcrvciilinii nf tlirir prirsls, i>r sacrillirs, nr fasts, nr in aiis »ay wlial.vnr, liy wliii-li casrs nf ilisri'spccl, nr mi;lr>t nf llm (iriMt S|.iril, ran, ill llnir ln'licf, lir i'\rii-iil nr par.lniii il !' Arc liuiifror, cnlil, ur liiiliiaii siill'ii ii:j_'s nf any kiml, salisfailnry ami aciiplalilr, as sniiir nf llii ill li.liivr, fnr nlKiicis against the Dcily '! I:lJ. Am: nn; Imhav S\riniiiKs ('iimpfssaiiuns Fnii l'",\ ii, |)kkiis' — llavi' liny any iilia wli;i!r\rr nf .111 atnminiiit. nr a Iw lief nr ixpnlalimi tlial snim' great |)i'rsnnag' In llin (Irial Spiril ; ami if imt, is siiili an iilca rcailily cxplaiiH'il, ami inadr rcasniialili' In llimr:' \\'liat iln llir niissiniiariis ri'pnrt mi tliis snl)]rct / Can tiny disi-crn in tliiir ritis, nr iiiyllmlnL'y, any iiainc. nr fiatiirn, Iia\iiig iillnsinii tn tlio atnmjiia'iit, and llins dninlinj; llirir cnniurtinn willi iiali.ais nf tlic Slnniilii' sln,l;, wlin iinlirand tliis idea prinr nr sulisoi|iicnt tn tin' npcniiiL,' nf tlio Clirislian era'/ l)n tiny sairilii'r animals In appna-r llir ;H,s-/i(v, nr tn aiUiinwlc'dgn till' j,Mw/«i .« nf till' Inval Spiril'/ llid llicy nr llirir amT-lnis r\,r nll'.r /iniihin In r'Uiic nn carili, and .'iiiswrr fnr lliriii. icrilicc's, as It 1- kllnwll lliat llu' Azill-snf Mrxil'n 'lid'/ Win' ] nsnmr^ — » lin win lairmd at llii' slak' I' llu' Nnrlli Aini'rii'aii Imlians — nlV.nd mily In satisfy llm spirit nf vcngoamv, m- I,. L;ralily lifv llln lllii-t nf .'Inry ■' Is it nrtdin tliat tlnri' was no r ■li.'iniis rile, nr IVtHiil', miiiLdrd willi llirsn liarKarilii - ? Wlial is tin lali'sl pi'rind nf snrli prai'liccs '/ Ari' iml sairilicns nf fciiiak' prisniuTs nnw made liy lln' I'awiucs, and snii f till' rppcr Missnuri tribes, tn a divinity analngniis tn ('errs, n. he snppisid gnddcss nf cnnr/ I:!:',, WiiAf IS Tin: Mhuai. Ciiaiiaitkii (if tiik Imhan I'mtisiiH 'r — Arc tlmy virtimiis, sniirr. ■f Iln thi'V licar any liadiiv nf tlicir nllicc 'f llnw many dilVcrcnt classes nf priests, nr pmplict-. triitlil'iil, nr ascetic 1 in what inaiitKr and willi what ccrcninnies dn tiny excrcis arc there ill the trihe ':' What are their names, and m what maiiiK their several pnwers;' Are tli.se priests hereditary, nr may any persmi as-nine the fiiiicliniis'/ Are ll Iliccs ('niiliiied tn mah's, nr may they he as-nnied hy females':' il< they alVccl tn r.veal future events; tn direct where In-t articles may he fmiiid ; tn hriiig dnwn a hlcsMiiL', nr iiivnl;,' a i-nrsc fiMin the Creat Spirit '! Have the Irihc, nr the ptigaii nr nneniivcrted pnitimis nf il, general cnnlidciice in their pnwer'.' When an Imlian dies, dnes ;,ii Indian priest alleiid his sic I; hed, .r his fnm ral'.' I'nr what imrpn^c dnes he attend':' What nIVice, nr t'"nciin,is dne.s ho porfnrin:' l»nes h.' ni;dnes the evil spirit thwart his will '.' l:'.."!. Nf.cisomancf.IIS AM) SiiitcF.llKlls. — Have they a class nf pcrsnns, whn alVect tn wield llie pnwer nf necrniiumev nr .snrcerv '! Dn they titl'ect In rcninve diseases, nr tn illlliet lliein'/ Dn they hclievi! ill witchcraft '/ '■ This, it will he iTfnllootcil, was the lielief of Zoniaster and liis I'elluwers. ; i I i: ' 142 AI'l'KN I»I X — IN(M I It I KH. An- will liis mill wiziinl.'* sii|>|iii>('il to liiivo tin' |iciwc'r I'l' ii;iii.-r..r'niii'; tln'in-ii'lvcM iiiti) dtlicr sli;ipi'» Z Wli.it is die lliiniv nil tliis siilijcct '/ Dii wilclics cir wiziiiils iiivai'hilplv I'Xiicisc llirir pdwcrs t'nr ovil and iinl I'nr (.'nml ]iiirpiwsi' Ihivc |iii>iiiis ai'cnscil of tliiisi' ads lircii luinuil i' Wlirii wiTr llii' last oxiciiliiiiH t'nr iIiIn iitl'ciirii iiiado '/ hid 'rcciinitlic avail liiiiiscll' of lliis sn|iciNliliiiii lo rciiiovc livids fniiii llio Indian nalinns loiidi'llili llic lioli'd I'liiif Tarlic 'f ilid 111 loll, \viiinrs IU;i.ii;is, r.Mrrr.v or Ouih.ntai,, and I'viiii.v ok Wkstkhn OnuiiN, — l»o tli (>y hvVu ainpvri's or in iircmonilioiis from the dead, or in llii' iIhmut of (jliosls i' Do llicy lni>t in cliariiis and annilils!' M'liat is the Indian theory of dreams ^ Are ilreanis ri'L'arded as revelalions of llie divine will ' l>o lliey exi rii^e nineli iiitliienee over the praetii'id alVairs of the Indian life'/ Are j;ood dreams courted iiudi r the inllueiiee of alistineiiee '/ Are (.Miardiali spirits selected under the like iidliipin'cs i' Are lliev proiii' to rej;ard themselves as dooiiied, or spell-east '! Are they easily alarineil hy miuciis'/ 1:17. Wll.Vr I.s IIIK AcTt Al, t'll.MiAl TKll of rilKIII Wollsllll' Wllt.N (■|.ci,--F|,V A N.\ i.v/.i-;ii '/ — What ry prai.'^c liiiii, ill hymns, lii'iics or ilcL'ree i if worship do they, /;i /'iw, render to the (ireal Spirit'' Mo ;ints, or ehornsses/ Po they pray to him, and if .so, fir what purpose'/ Is it f .r success in hiiiiliii).', war, or aiiv other avocation of life '/ (live, if vmi can, a speciiiieii of ihrir i>r pr.iycr- l*'. Uirr.s 111- IvVsTIMl .\Ml I'KA-riNil. — |)o llie\ hyniliol;' It is stated hy (ieiieral Ca.ss. after vi-i'liii^ the Indian Irilies in ihi' iiorlh-wesl, in |.>>'JI1, th.it ihcre fornicrlv exist I'll ail ore ir of men, hIiosc duty il was to ke an " elernal lire." Is tin anylhin;.' of this nalure now exislin;.', or known in the tradilioiis of the trihi's hesi known to yoii '/ The Kreiii dcscrihed ihe Nalehez as snii-worshippers. Slate the traditions and existiui^ upinion.s of the Indians on this loiii 111 W'lnr Aiif. iiif. NoTiii.vs nf riif. TiiiiiK on tiik N'.vti iif and Si iisT.VMf; of I'ihk, (Hi ('ai.iiIim .' — I- lire olilaiiicd from the Hint, or from pcreiissioii, deenied more sacred than from other soiirei's '/ Is this the rcasiiii why council- arc opened for piihlic liusiness, amoiiL' the far trilies. with lire thus olitaiiicd '/ Is there in this eu-loiu of hiiniiiii.' tohaeco with lire so olitained, accompanied hy jrcsliculatioiis to the lireat .'Spirit, any Msli;.'e or evidence of the ani'iciit prevalence of lire-worship anioiif; the North American trihcs ' .\re there any other cvidi'iiccs of the esiiniatioii of lire known to you, which denote the former prevalence of sm li wnrship, in the l.alitiiiles of this coiilinciil north of the ancient .\zlee empire of Mexico'/ I t' HMHSilif K I I I'J. IliKA of ,\ llol.y I'lllf — Mid the Indian priest-, at firmer periods, anniiall nr al any set time, dii'ict till' lire 111 lie c\liiif:uislicd in the liidiiiu IoiIl; fiiriii-h ihe people iii-w and s.acrcd lire to re-liLdit lliem': L'cs, auu ashes cast aooii I ahoiil 11 crate lliciii, tli,'il tliev iiiiLxlit I |:i. Wiivr .NiitioNs ii.wi: imky of riif I'l.ANfrAliY SvsrfM'/ — In -pcakinj; of the moon, as .some of the trihcs have, as licinjr the consort of tin' siin, do they reirard it as the shadow or elTusion of the sun, or a.s deriviiii; its lii»lit Iherefroni '/ .\re the st.ars or lilaiiels re;.'.arileil as parl.s of a .syslcin/ Are Ihcy siip]iosed lo he oppupied hv the smils of iiieii '/ Stale iheir ideas of llie phmets, i/eiicrallv, in eoiiiicctioii with iiumher 47. 1 ' A I'l'KN 1)1 X — IN (iV lUIKS. i-|:i III lluw iMi SiiiN.1 Al-KKi'i' TiiKMl' — hi) oiiii'tiH and |iriifriiiwtii'iiliciiM cxriii-r ;t !.lriiiij.' ■■wiiy liver llin luliaii iiiiiiii Dii li !(•)• t'ViT Illtllll'llCC (•iiiiiirll,H ill llii'ir (irliln'mtiiiiis, nr \viii-iiiiilii"< mi (liiir iikhi'Ii ' Ar |iii'i|iilinii^, ilniwn friiiii tilt' lliglit cf liirdii, iiiueli riliiil mi 't Aro niiguriis ever i1i;ihii In imiibro lull', siiiiiu' iir iiiiilimiM (if till' climilrt '/ 11"). Is TIIKIIH UkASIpN Til IIkLH-HK Till-'. ImHANS TO UK IlMII.ATllllH ? — Ari' illl,'l>;is iif Wiioil nr simil' |i|ir(i ? nr in tliiTi' uiij- griis.1 anil iialpaMi! I'nrm of iijnlatry ill tin" rxi,«liiij.' Irili'vi, similar In lliat ever Hii|-i|ll 111' till' iiririital wiirlil 't Wliat .liliiiii nr |iiir|iii.-ii' is ili'iintcil li_v srlliii;; up «ali'r-wiini>lmii-<, nr ImhiMi III' til iiiri'S lit tin; rivi'i'M am 1 laki's'!- Wliat nl.irH jri'ts arr rTiclnsi'il III liii' aiTaliii III nl |-rsiiiililiiiu iiiiap'i, nil till till' iiii'iliriiir-saik '' Ila.i lliis s'lck, or si'rri't ili'|insilnry nf sarriil lliim,'", any nl' tin' rliararlirs nf "an ark." Ilrilmlril In it liy writers!' Wlial ilnliicliniis am in Im iIimhii I'lnin idnls wliirli liaM 1 liavi! Iirrll a whirl licrll ilisi'iivi'l'i'il : IKi. TmmhHTAI.ITY. — ltd tliry lu'lli'Vc ill llio iiiiinnrtalily nf tin- smil, ami lln' ilnrlrii f iiimMl aii'niint- iiliility tn iho Crcalnr'/ hn lliry lidii'Vi' in tlio rrsiirri'dinn nf tin; Imily ':" A mi {iiimi lia^ a|.].raiv.| in tliii trailil'iins nf tin' ('lii|i|irwa trilir, nf llii' I'xisli'lii-' nf iliipliralo sniils, as if llirr I' Win' mil' Mjiil I 111 annlliiT nf till' iiiiiiil. Ari' llnTi' any tr if lliu tinily nf siiili a liilirf nf tlir trilii', wlinsi' cnstnins ynn ari' aii|iiainlril wilir/ !)n tliry lirlii'Vr, at all. III till' ilciclriiii' nf ri'wanls ami |inni-liiiiriils in a I'liliiin -lair' lln liny ri'pn'.smt llic fiituri' ami iiiikiinwn stall', as, in fact, a iilianlasinajrnria, nr sliailnwy iniaL'n "f llir ]iri -iiil wnrM — its tri|ioj.'ra|iliyi iinil its pi'inliietinns iiiul onjiiyiiu'iits '/ Is tlie ^■l■n^^illl.' nf a ilmp >tinain, in llir fiii.iiil jniniiiy nf llio smil til tlio laml nf Miss, as lu'licvi'il liy sniiii' nf tlir .\li.'nm|iiin trilns, an alliL'nriial ri|iii'-c iilalinii nf I'liliiiv pnni>liim'iits fnr acts iluni-' in tlii.s lifn 'f Is tliis a jiarlial nr ^ri'iicnil lirlirf ' 117. WiiAr Is Tlir. I'liMMiiN NiiTins uf tiik Inhian I'miaiusk? — lln tlm virlimii- 1 il ir MiimiS I't 111 injny its friiitimis '' ]ty takiiii; tlic iilia nf rvil, siilliTiiii.', nr piinisliinriit finin ils pi nf I'Xpi'rIi'il llli^s, lln tlu' Imllans nnt I'l'prnil mi', nil till wi'slcni I'niitini'iit, the I'.xail rniinlirp.irl nt il M inninciiaii or nrii lltal |i: Am 11 mm any ili'atlis in till' Il all parailiso . Or is il a linal >lalr Will lln IT Im any L'iaiils nr finlianli'rs llieri' '! Will llur n 111' any wars lis Is Tiii;iii: Mir a I'i;i(vk.iisiii.n ov thk. liurriti.NF. nf I-MMhiitamtv liKsMuiiNn iiii; Mm ik CliKATIliN '! — lln till! Il nf aiiiiiials lll'lil linli.iiis liclii'Vi' 111 till' ri'siirnilinii nt aniinals .' Iiu liny IuIiim (Iri'.'il Spirit lias (.'ivi'ii tlir liriilc i-rralinn mm/s ami mis-iiiiiii!; ]inii-cri, as wnll as iii.in '' .\ii Imliaii. in Is'JH, lii';.'(.'('il parilnii nf a lii'.'ii, wliniii II, liail slmt mi tlin siniivs nf l.akn Siiprrinr. I>ii| llii,-, imply that In- w;.s tn (■nrmiiiti'r liiiii, .as an inininrtal liciii'', in aiinlljcr lil'r ' M'.t. What rK.cri.i.Mi Soiik.tiks iii.vhactkiiizk Imhan I.ikk i" — Am tlicso sociilios limiml liy tlm iililiiratimi nf sceri'i'y ? Wliat sct-mt riti'S exist ^ Dn tliny partake uf u relijlinus, fi'slivi', nr other eharaeter '' What kiinwleil;.'!' iln they ]irnfes.s to enllivali' '' Aiimiif^ the tribes nf Ali;nmpiiii orijiin, there are separate iii-li- liilinns nr fialeniilies, calleil the Waliemi aiul the Meilawin soeielies. Is there any exteminii nf llu.-e :-neielii>, or are there similar fraternities in the trilies you are eoiiyer.saiit willi ':" If mi, i|e>erilM' llnni. wiih their miL'ln mill riles, the ties wliieli hiiiil them toijeiher, ami the nlijeet of eaeli, ami the intlnenee il exerts. Is the kimw- leilne ami praeliee nf iiieiliiine eniiliiieil to the nieiiiliers or prnfe.s.snrs of these soeielies ^ Are liny, in any inarki'il manner, the ilepositories of the trailitimis nf tin' Irilie, nr nf any ilepartnieiit nf aliorii;iiial kimwleilLre '.' Are the iiieinhers nf these soi'ieties, iiion' than the nninitiateil, skilleil in the art of ilrawin;; ileviees, nr in the keepiiii; of their nineniniiie songs? An opininii was expresseil liy the late (inverimr |)e Wilt ('linlmi, llial lliero was, aiiimii; the Irnipini:-, smiie ancient tie, nr sii;n nf fraternity ami reenj:nitinii, reseiiihlin^' ihe .\|aMiii:e tie. Is there any sigu or oviilcuoo uf such a rite ohscryable in the eustoins nf the tribe kimwii to ymi '.' M VTlIOLOti V. 1.10. What PF.nr.i.Mi Myths havi: tiik 'riiiiiK? — |to ihey believe ihat the frivat spiill nf e\il man- ife.-ls himself on the earth, iu the fnrni nf the serpent'' Arc the ratlle.:iiake, and other vennmnus .species, f.4» A i'I'i:n 1)1 x-iM^r i it i !•; Ill, ,1-1 llii liii-', inv.'-l.il Willi fiiiit'iil |in\Mi-i .' I>ii till' |iii.>l-< wHiiiliiiicN |Mil llic-i' iiilii ihi'lr ilriiins / U lli< rl ;ill tnii- cmisi' "( tluir liviM biiiin .-puiiil wli i( II ciiniiii tcrril ill tli< r,ii-,-l / jtii lliiy iillrr tiiliiuiM til iiifiav iIh' s|pirit iif tlii' miakf ? Wlial lliciir)' ilni'H this iiii|ilj i* Cull llir flu'i'ii'H Mciiil ilixcu'o.' ' Call tlii'V I liariii, ur ciii'linnt tliii warrim', mi iin In In'wildcr liiiii in liin jiatli ' hiil llir (;iial si'r|niit, as 111' is rriiri'-iiiti'ii in llii'ir iii_\lliiilii>riral lairs, priKliu'i' tin' ll,i,«l, wliirli siiliiiirr>.'ril tin' rartli ami ilmwiiril inaiikiiiil / l>'i llii' (rrial Cimll nf tlic Smitli, ami Kmnhir i.l' iln' .Nnrlli, l^piry an ark, nr \l•^sl I ill' ...it'ilv '! i^U\\y I 10 vain HIS in \>lii:il mitiniis tlii'Y LuM' I'll lliis, III till' lihliaii iiiiinl, iiii|'iirlanl Milijrct. IK lll;I.IH IN MkTAMiiIII'IKiSIS liKNKIIAI.' — I'll lIlr.N I'lliiVi' lllal Nillinlls i|ll:iillll|iiil>, |iiri|i 1.1 1 r. |iiil,s Hii'r ti'aii>liiriiii i| iiitii iiirn ? PiH'.s till' iliicti'iiii', as In M liy llii'iii, rracli In ili'rls 111 Ihc ilalili', nr liiiiii lal kiii;.'i|niiis, or in llio npril Inavilis j' Were sniiii' nf llio stars nlin' nion ^ Was I'rsa M:i|,ii' a lir.ir!' Was \\w raiiilmtt' a siiari", nr iii't '' Wrrr tin.' tliiiiiilin is mii'i' wnirinis ri'innviml fur tluir iisr III' till' arr iiu ' Was tin' /I'a iiiaixi' nr Imliaii I'nni nri^'iiially a li,'iiiil>iiiin' vniiii;; man, uilli |>liiiiii'>, hIih i.-iin,' r I III. Was tfii' ri iccniill nine a sll Was till' i|nriiniii«(' a iiiaslmlnii 't WIni i'X('i'i'i»i',| lliis |" I't' rin li:illlli;rlll, nr trallsl'nriliali'Hl W, IT ll w lliry ina^ririaiis, nr triaiits, nr spiiils nf jrnml nr rvil kiml' Win was ill.' ira nf llu'ir nifrn mi tlm lartli ' Will llin ilmim n|' tin' traiisl'nriiiiil nl.jnrts In' liTiniii.ili'.l at iliiitli '. Will it 111' irMi's.'.l, ami \i.-ili'.l ii|'"ii tin' rmliaiiti'is !'' 1,'i'J jl.l rill.V llll.llVI. IN TIIK I'V ril AiimiK \N h. IIIINH 111 MkI'K.MI'.sVi'IKisIS, nil TIIK 'I'llANsMI- i.liMl.iN 111' .'"111 I.-.' — Arr llir rliaiij;i'S nt' llic sniiU nf Iinii iiiln iliyrailnl ami l.riilr l'..niis tlir a«:inl> ..f a jii-l ..r iihjii-l |iiiiii-liiiiii t ■.' W.n' tln-_v till' ails nl' iiialijinaiit nr (.'nml hpirils '/ Am llin sniils ..f nllll'tinil'-' Mil I int.) Iiirils nf till' 111 iprr air, as n-waiil I'nr tin ir ilrnls, ami llnir iiiijii^l nr |iii'iiialiiri' l.ss nf lit'. ■■/ II. H' .'iri' Illr SI. 11 lis nf infants ilispiisiil nf '.' I|..w many i liaiips iliil llin sniils ..f /'((/ii/<. iri.ti iiinl.i'^ als ami l.iil-, I., f.iiv lir w,i- 111. r.'. 1 iiil.i a rnik, tliat In' mi.'lit » illi-l.ili.l llii' l...ll> nf tli.' (i 'riiiiii.l.i'.'r \ Wiivr I'viiinii.ui \mm\i- m ami iiniii in iiii.iii Mviiiiii.iniv, anh now i.iiKsiiii^ IIii.ikf AKIl.rr llllMl In.-UI 1 T1..N- ' -- |ln ll -I" it ami ll. .m.r wlinli ar i.li l.i llii' tiirlli', w.i'l', I 1.1 mil 11' rialis w Ini liiar lln-n i|.' „/,' frniii till' siippn.v.l inipnrtaiiii' nf aiiiiriit lirmi's nr valiant llll'll, Willi fill iimli r tli In ii."iiaiitii' pi.w.r ..f I'.il >pirils nr wi /.anls / Ami what iiitlucntt' lias llii^ iiivll li.i'l nil tin' ..I'l'ilinil 1 -lalill-hlm III .f 111.' 'I'..!. -ti'iii ..| till' 1 la If ,1 1 I. Wll \\ I Mil. Ill II..I.-, I'l lluiiii> ANii \ ii:wi.i:-s Si'iiin mi (Jknii uI' iiir. .\iii ani> I". Mil II, IIWK TIIKV KMIlll \i 111 IN ■:illlll (MlAI. 'I'llAIHl liiNs'/ — -Wlinworc ll ami liiiL'.iliatatn tlii'V allrf.'nrii'al ri'liri'.si'iitatinns nf tlm Unat Spirit's will in llic ninral wnrM 'l* \\ liil iliiiiiiimls, giants nr Inrnis an- ili'ii'.tril liy till' iiaiiii s (^in.|'/.ali'nail. 'raniiyavvapi, ami Manalinzlni 'l' What niissiniis iliil tin')' rispci'liM'ly cxrcuti' ■' I'iil tiny inrfnrin the lalmrs nr i xplnils nf a lliriiihs, a IKiiialinii, nr a Mimrva'/ Arc thrsn trailitiniis lait a wnstcni viTslnii nf Vishiinn, limlha, nr Siva': arts, L'nviriiiin'i ( tr wirn llirse piTsniis rifnniirrs in nia it, nr ri'li);iiiii '^ Were liny im rily hiiiiiaii nr psiiiiln-tliviiii' '^ M'lin WiTii tin' siniii' jriaiits nf Iniliaii trailili.m ■' What calaniity is pnfiL'iiriil liy tlir liiry-llyin;; lirails 'i* Who was Atalinntsii' '' Wlm Will' Ataln'caii ami Clu'liialio'l' Wlm |ii,riiil the ^rrcat rlk a( lta,-ia '! What frlfranlio animal was Imriiil iiinli r till' ni'iiiiitains ';" Who wrri> llm fiiaiils llnli.inink ami KliiiU'i.liiN '/ What alli-irnrii' pi'i'-sniiap s livr in a I'.'nn iiliilnr N'iaL'ara F.ills ':' Arc tlii'ii' ilciiiif.'ni|s wlin prcsiilc nvcr the f..iir canlinal pniiils':' Why is the vvcsl wiinl calli'il the father nf the wimis '^ Who are the (rnils nf the vernal ami aiituninal eipiiimxes ':' AV ho lines .\ii|k' iiirsniiifv '/ l."l."i. WllAr AUK TIIK N'amks ani> ( I.ASXK.s III' Til Ml! I 'lUNrll'AI. laii'M. PKiriKS, OK Wiiimi. V N ll Sl'lltirs, ANII WHAT AnAMiiIV Im TIIKV IIKAII Til INK M V rillil.iMlU'AI, ClIKATtll.N.S lit' TIIK Ol.li \\i.UI.I Is there a class nf creatinns nnalnj;ims l.i fairies'/ Are there fairies nf the wale the Imliaii /'iirI'niIRS, r.».- (.Immh/ U llitldl piT^nliili,.,!':' ||;iv<' lliry :i ll:l,lc«l, nr lall'l ..I' ^ll.l.l.-' Wlllll IilIIiIII IkTM \ lllrlr iri'alialH nf virwlr^-i liilhl Mini i!llillit<' srallllC, lalli .1 It'i ,il!i^, .1 ~|i..iiW (.(' ;.r|iM||l|..!' (' In llh' lihliaii i.li'a .if Tiiiillil".riM -pinl-) i.C a Inc.il chararlrr, ll M Aral.!.' ti.ili..ii ,,( irniii, nr i, ilii lilr.l iti* Ah' III »r ri'ci>^'lii/,i' ll hi lull h) liii rii'anlnl lis mil' nt till' nn.r|l|:i| clTiili, >>l' III!' II. '1 Itarr ImiiimI Im iv':' li'i, AiiK riiK. Indian Ai.i.ninH , I'mii.i . axi> l.niMiK Sioihk-, mkntiunkk in Tii't.k N'.iiiiiim i. r. nil: IIkvk.i.viicin op iiikiii M v ni'i iumm, .N'iiiiiiN'< !■ — A I-'' •llcll ni-al la!.', aihl I'l'lallnii^ rMiMinoii : |l'i lli'V t'lriii a »|ii'i'ii's lit' In.lu'r-j.iri', wliMi iIh' \..iiiij.' inrly Irani;' Aiv llir i, liilion-. roiilin,.! |.i dl.l, |.iui rjrnl iicrsniis'!' I'/'i/c jiii'liirt->iTiliiiil, ,\'i>. "J I' l.'iT. Is TlUMiFlt iTH-iiiMFliny — Ihnv iiiaiiy llmiulcrirs arc tliir.'? Arc llicy Iccalcij in ilillcivnt (|iiarhri i'l' ihc InavciH':' What i-i llicir varji.in iliai iitcr, iiikI nri'.ini' l.'iH, Is Tin; Im,i,\s Mvriim.nciv \iiiv amii:m-';'— ^\■|l:ll I'al.l.il iiwii-lrr, an. I i|ia._'.iiH, ivilli w 'll tin iiif.". ir cy.iU'iii iifiiiyll aiilii|ni' cpiiili- cf (lie w.irl.I ; an.l wlm kill, il tlnni, i.r li.nv w.n' llw i-icr< i'Mii-|iali'.| 'i" Ihi cli iillci'li'.l liy llii rli.iii (if Cliri-lianiu '111. lliiiiu' .'f llii> kiinl is llimi.'lil. til lie iiliscr\al.l,' ill lAaininiiij,' tlic iiin icnl |.irtnn'-wriiiii^'s nf ili,. A/i.c-', uriii, n ;i|i. , i|j,. i,iii,|u,.>i .if Mrxii III it IS mil... riant |.p (.'iianl iii,'ain>t tlii^ intirinivliirc .if uri^'iiial an. I int. I't'ii-cl ii..ti..iis M A N.\ K lis A N l> (' ISTd.M,*^. CD N ST IT 1 T 1 (I .\ 111' tin: INIMAN iamii.v l.'lO. AlIK TIIK Tins liF CnV-AMil IMIV All' ill. I'. I, nils f..i'i:irli il.L'r.'.' nf ri'lati..ii-li i]., am wlial aiv lli,.y fur llic .liircrciit .|. -ires ? |l., ||k,,o terms rnil'ia.,' all ll,,' ,,.ll:,t,.rMl l.iaiirli,,:' Are ill,' alVniili, s ..nainili, - am! . lan^ Ira.r.l far La, k. ami, as llieiv ar,' ii., t in lli.' I, in,. .1, ii..iinj; Lin'li'r.l. a-e, .'r s.'X. ,.i- ■ 111, r |.arlieiilars ill llie family iiaiii, s, uhi.'li mark tliriii, ,,r .li-iiii-iii-li lli.' prln. i|.l. s ,,f >|i,., ,1, in tl„. famJlv . ii.l,' fr.'iii llies,' ,,f ,,|li,i' kii.iHii iiaii..ns'' Mi» Is riiK Kamii.v Ass,M'iArinN,i,ii M llMMnl'IVi: nc |(nMls|'||. 1 1 A I'I'l \ KSS '/ — I ),ies til,' llUlll,'r still VnillKI) .S'rATI-;, IIIINKIIAI.I.V H.NI-: hF a I'KIIMAM Nr ClUIlArTKI I'l ill,' faniilv'/' 11. ,w is lliis stat c eii-nri' aliiin.laii.',' ..f t' an I r|..||iiiii. alV,'eti,ins nf s|,.|,m,iili,.rs aii.l eliil.lr 1', 111 Ms il.iinisii,' Ar intrs, alfe,'l,',| l.y |i.'l\L'i I.I uliat aiv ill. I' wives \v,'l Ai'i' lli,y ,'Ver iiilerl',ie,l with in ih,. 1i..iim.1i,,!.1 affairs, aii.l Ireatr.l iiml. r lie a,liial >lal,' ,if llir liiiiiliT lit', '/ nialiam'meiil nf lli,' .|.. |'arliei|,al,', ill any il,'f.'rr,', in lli,' liunlrr's vvalLni, ,ir f.r.'st lal...rs, aii.l I., wliat ,'M,nt : " iiv/ I'.i ill. Kit. AllK. run l,Alllllls 111' 111 MIAMI AMI WiFK V. ami Inil nf liiiiiliiifr aii'l supply iii^- til,' fimily with IJI AFI.V nil I M.ijl AMA |i|\ll.||i;' — Is ||i,. lain iliilics the wife lirstnws nil the In,] 111,'ats a jn.l upiiviili'iil, in p.'iiil nf li , fir ih,. ,.ai-,'s ami sin;: frniii cmiirils ai,<| warlik,' exi.i'.l .'I', inclii.lin^r its ,i'eeli,in 'f lines tli,' piiKli,' s,','iiriiy ..f lli. ir liiinliiiL' L'r..iin.U, p.'.llli.ins, ,'|i|,.i- iiil.i ih,' views nf ihi' wile IS e..n-liiiiiini,' an a,i .plal.l,' part nf Ih,. husl.ali.rs iliity ■! Wli,, iiiak, - th,' anus :,„.l in,|,l..,ii.'nls ..f war? Win. niak. ^ ran.n s, |,a.|.„, .- Iinwis, ami ,lish,.,v win. plants, ami li..,-, ami -nh. ,. ll,.. fruits ..f th,' lirM/ Wli., niak.'s li-li n. I mats, ami cuts riishrs ami jrallnrs wihl ri,','':' linn ihr.iUL'li tli,. entire class ,,f f.iv.t lal,.,rs, ami .Ira liarisnii lietwi'cu the relativ,' iii.liislry, ..r liiii,', ,1,'\,,|, ,1 l.v th,' liiisKaml ami the wif'. i.llr Iii'J. What a hi: ilisrnnls coniimni 'i Is the l.i-s ..f TIIK !'sl At, Caisfs i,f !•" AMii.v .Iaiis in Tin: Inhian I,.iii.iF:' — A re .[.. ll,' pniilnce ilissatisfaeli.n ? |l,, ,-hil,lr yniilh ami vniilhfiil atlra,'li..ns in the wif. ■aiis,' ..f II, 'L'!,','! y Dnes I.; (I'J p\v tli,;r iii..lli,'r an aiMiti.iiial pnwer ,.v,r her liusliaml'.s all'octi. Mri Ari'KN i>i ,\ I MM I It I i:s. il'-v II rniiiiiiiMi c';iil»i' Ik till' liill.llil\ i<( il.K'K till' I'liliat III mil llir |irnri|i 111! r I il\, il>)iiiil\, ami rniliuraih i , in llii' i|>.iiii'>lii' rlriK', kiuIi iih I lin. Urn p in i illy r('|iri'M'iitri| ? |)'i llir Imliaii niniiin ili^iliim' a |iii»>iiin liir ilriM, ami liiiiil III lliii iil>{irl ainiii^ tlii' ruiiKin hI' ili.xiiril ^ iltii ii> u|i| < i|iriiiU' u |ia: rt III ill. |ii;l lliiw i« (hinHi |'ii»:h»:iivkii in tmk i.imii'kh I'iimincti . M l.niKin? — Ciiviual iili«ri'\ir. wmilil jiiilp' llii'i'c Man lint lilllr liii|nlir iiilo tills hiiIiJi rl, ainl Hiali' >«!' .1 iin' tlii> iliiirui'l' riilir Inillx hI' IInIii.; ill till' wiffwaiii, iir Iniliaii Inuiii' llnw iln tlic |iari'iit» ami rliililnn ilixiilr iIh' >|iiin' iit ■ .lil * lluw an' witi", ami triiiali'.'< nt' cMry iiiiiililiini. iimliilnl in llnir n >|n ilivi' |il.ii'r-i, ainl ;.'iia.ilril I'miii iiiliii>iiin 'f l» lliirr ii (iri'in'riliril nr liiril wal, nr nhhinon. as il is lallnl, lor laili iiiiiiatr ? W Im \\\\* ll '! On uliat iiiiii«iiin is it i'liaii)'H (if I'Vi'ry iiiinuti> Z liil Siici.M.nv l.N iiiK LiiliiiK Clilci.K — Arr till' iiiiiiiitf'K linitiirn Hiiil fnrnial, nr iln llu-v, »lirii riliiml li'iin till' jui -I'mii III' slnin){i'rM, I'viiici' it gciicrnl ciM^ ami Hpirit nl' siK'ialitv ' Is tliis nlisriMilili' |iarlii'nlails uIm ii III llh ir wiiilrriiij.' j{iiiiimls in niiiiili' |iarl.- iiC I lie furcst '! I In liny lal at nrlaiii limirs nl' I lie ilay '! llnw many irnals iln lliry tiki' ill llii' Iwiiity I'liiir Imiirs'!' Pn liny aiMri'ss llir (iniil Sjiirit at any iinul, or rra»l, liy \\.i\ 111 iiriivcr ' All' llnir aiiiulilrs rrjinlar nr i'a|irii'iiMis, iii|iiiilliii|i( nf great |iiiw>'is Imlli nf alislimin'e unl nl' ri'iili'iinii 'f lii.i CiiAiiAri ►iiisrii- l''ArT» iitsi'FrriNii Mahhi.xi.I';. — Is lluri» any Irmlilinii nf Ihr insliliiiinii ■!' iiianiap' .' lias il llir sainii'in nf llic Imliaii nirilas, nr |>ri('sls, nr nf llir piirrnlt niily '! What ar>' ill* ccnniiiiiii - ' Is ilii' |iii'|iaialinii nf an (i/i/'innai in llii' nnillnriiilaw'H ti'iil, In rinivi' llin liriili', u |iart nf tlii'su (•tii'innnli - '' I" lliis ail ilniii' willi paraili' / Arc llio inalM, skins, rlntliiii).', iiinl nrnainclilH, a|i|irii|iriali i| In it, ulnri' iIk' partii's ran allnnl it, rirli ami insllv'' IHii. Cm nt-llil's — llnw arc llicsc inaiiapil t Arc there rejriiiar ^ isif.s In (lie ln.)p', nr -.irr II :i ''S III' III. yiiiiiif; iiersniis, i f lii.r I scM's, a llli' llltrn II » - liini tin insclvoH, In lit'oniiic iimre atlraelivc ':' |N. tln-v iisi' aiiv {<• riiliar |iaiiiM nr nriiaimnls ' l>ii Miiiiig iin n play mar llie linlp', nii the pililiipvnn, nr linliaii tliile '' Ar. llii'M' 1 lianis appl'iiprialc ' I'n lliey Iiiaki' pri'sciits In llie nlijeel nf llicir esteem ' Ale preMiil- imnli' In (lie piiieiiis ' llnw is eiin.seiit askeil f When are the |uirenlH ennmiltcil f Are nialelies ever inaile willnnit tin ir enllsl 111 f lilT A.iil-: AMI t'liMijiioN 01 INK rAi(rit> — At what lip' (In llie Imliaiis jji'Mi'iiillv marry !' Ar.' tin re liaehel'.rs, nr persmis whn never marry f Are there iM'anx, nr yniiii); men aililiele.l In ilress ' l>n wiilnweis rem irry, ami is there any rule, nr limit i.f prnpriety nhscrvcdf |)n y.niiijj widi.ws nsnally marry apiiii ( Arc lliir eliaiieis nf marriage aireeleil liy haviii).' prcvinusly had eliildreii f IClM. How IniKs A Kil|lt>T I^IFK AFKKIT Tilt; LaWH (IK It KI'llOmi'TION l.N Till': Si'KCIKS? — l)s\e* the full nr K-aiily siqip'y nf Mili>i«t( nee jrnvern it'' Are the chanps nf Ineatimi, falijfiie, enld, and e.xpnsnri! In the vieis^iliidi.- nl' eliniate, fill in the i,'ini lal iisiilt nf Indian |>npiilalinii ; and at what a^te du the wniiien eea-e licariiif; ? What is the liiLdnst iiiimlur nf iliildiiii Imriie'/ What is the earliesl knnwn »\tv nf parliirili"ii ? Are twins eommnii '. Is liarreniiess freipieni '! Iii'.i Visits and VisITohs. — Aro stninircrs annnnmed Infore reaeliinp the Indfre, and Imw arc vi-iN nnlend ' |ln parlies nf Indians slop, at a short ilislanee, and seii.l wnrd of their intended visit':' Ilnw an- ihe eirenniiili'S arrain;rd, and hnw are picsis rcecivcil and cnli rtaimd f Is preeedcnee always awanhd In >;ii. ■'- ' Are Mil iiil visits made, in which these ecn nmiiies are set aside f Is there iiiiylhiiiL' analnpius In diiiii' i ir supper parlies, disliiiel frniii the stated fiasts f Are .-mall eiit sliiks .-eiit as invitations In jrncsts ? Is hnspiinlity a strmii.' and (.'emral Irait ' Arc its rites ever denied, or have they liccii knnwn In he excreised In envcr .-elnnies ..f perlidy, or for hase purpnses f 170. HiKTH AM) Infanpy. — Arc there pcrsonH who exorcise the nffiee of inidwives !' .\re the lahors nf parturition severe ? Arc separate lodges provided '/ Are urrangenienis made in aiitieipniinn ';' Does any A I'I'MN l»l \ - I N'll I II I K fi'innlo f^li'iiil iiiiciiil iu« II iiiiD'o i* Ai'f I iifi < <>r •I'lifiiiy innlihc iii> ut f'in'uniciiioti ? U i1 H'lr Mliy rill' llll:i|ii;,'l 171. Naminm (H' ('iiii,iiIU:N. — Ari' tlnrc mij rin iiiMiiir« at llic niiiiiin;.' nf ililMnir:' lly wlmiii i< lln liiiliir ){iM'ii, ami fmiii wliiil rin iiM|.>laiiiii ' Wliiil iiiiiiiln c nl' (lii\.< im' -iiH'ii'l In i la|i«i' iVoiii llii' Imili In ili< ili(/i \i> tliiTii iiti) lliiiijf rrwinlilirnt llii- lliliriiic' |ur iMlI, HI H I I il'iiii' III ohi'i'/ IliH'^i till' I'litlii'r nr iimili. Ih»Imw till' iiiiiiic !' I< lln IT nil) Imliiiii piii'sl |rii ■.iiil .' All' till «!■ iniiii'-. iisimlly lakili t'liiin llic clij. iN ..!■ Illl'ii|l'lll'< I'C lll'rallli, mIiIiIi Ii.'IMi IIII|>H">«'|| lllr IiiIihIm oI' IIh' '•|iiiII>iiI''>, iiII'I liri' »ll|i|i'i|iiiiim 11' Al'.' III.- I'lilMl.ll r.llllihal'K 1 lllnl lis III' iiiiiiiri, UK ill riyilizi'il lilr, 111- arr tin y ki |il wi nl ' It' Hirnl, wlial is iln i an-. ' ll.'w .In iIm' rlilMnii aiijiiir llirk iiaiiii'" Im Ihii ll III lauw 111' llir liiiillililiiily lil' liaim"< hIiiiIi ari' .il'li ii Imiiii' l.y lli.. -aiiir iiii|lMi|iial< I7'J. lilMiltro — lias till' Hit'.' nr liii-liiiil llll' ri^'lil nl' ili\ Mll-I lIl.T.' I..".- 1 ■aii-i «, ai 'I wlial an" till') (fill, rally ? Miisl lIn' ilii.l' nl' llir \illat5i! In' niiisi llikrn ill. rliiMi-i II ' ill.'.l ' \\'lial is llll' I'.iiii II |irailir.' Wlii.li parly IT^I. Nlll-INil AMI MaNAUCMKNI' UK ( 'iMl.lilll.N. — I |.i\V lil'i' l llililli II IlUrsnl all.l alti ll'l.'l ' Wlial j.llli kill'l nf 1 rilllll' Usnl ilnW is il I'nIHinirll' IS II Will a.la| lajili'il I'l till |.iir|.. nf llll' rnl-.-l ail. I ill.' I'l lit' llll rliilil t'miii anil ll 111 '' Is it siiiliil In |.rniiinli' llll' iiatiii.il ^.-rnwlli ami i'\|.ai|.inii nl' lli. liiiil - ' II lln fi'lliali's lii'inllli' in-lfhd ' Ah' ill.' fii'l III' li'lliali' illl'ullls linllll.l li\ lli.ir liinlli.l- III lln- I'ra.ll. Ill -I iiiaiiiirr IIS 111 liirii in, an I lln tlirv lliiis ililiriniiii' lliiir L'lnwlli'' Al Hlial .llll.il I'liililrrii ailili'i'ss llii'ir I'aniils'/ Itn llii'y nlilirrviiili' lliiir wnn rliililii'ii '' Ari' linn- any lirins nl' I'mlrariiniii '! Is ' II. '» .1.1 ninlli.r- a.l.lii— lii. il'iiii- ITI I''aM1I.V (1ii\ KIINMKM' m I'mIIIiIIKA. — Is lln' ilnllli'-l I lil'l wlmllv 1.1 III. Ii III in.'tlii'rsl' Is it I.- ill. ri' any ili-rriiiiln ilinii. in llii> ili-i'i|il Ir ;rnvi'rnll|rn I'livi'i'ii mill' ami I'l iiiair rliil.li.ii 1";"). iNsriii I'liiiv HI' rniiiiiii-N in iiif. 'I'luuir l.iNi 111' rilKMl 'riillii: — ll"W i- ill.' i'l.iililv nl' til. ir triulilintis kipl n|i'' Ari' cliililriii iiiiiialnl in ihi' ki I'll',' III' lllrir rUlliT', l.V till' lllnlll' r. Ill iiiM-.rv lairs, nr ari' On llii'_y lil'l In pii'k il n|i, at lalir |irrin.ls, I'l i iiiiiiLiliiii: m ilain-i'- niil.'i'i'l.'ali"ii- an 1 I'a-I- 1 (fraiulinnllii'rs I'xrriisi' any' inlliiriii'' in llii- ili'|iarlimiit ; nr ari' llnii' nl.l pi'rs.ms wli'i ari' pi'iM l.^.'il I. ivi'iiiiijr ;.'rnii|is in tin' Inilp s, an. 1 aiiui-i' nr iii-lrni't llirin liy -Inrir- nr traililiniis '; I'll. Still. KN ('lIM.IlllfA'. — .\li^ laPlilii'S nl'lcll illrrraM rl liy till- llililitinll lit' wliiil' lllililrin. nl- \.>lllll have lii'i'ii Hlnli'ii ill iiiaramliiij.' i'\ iiir.siiiiis, 111 llic fi liiT M'lll.'imiits ■;' Stall' any kimwii iii-iiii..- 'I' iliis kiii'l. Wa.s till' iiirnriinralinii iiil.i tin' family in llii'Si' ciusi-s cniii iili'li', aii'l tti'iT llll' [irrsnii- ri'rlaiini'. Ill alt. 1' 111" Dili, r-^ 111 K ri;\ii'i.iiAMK iv iiii: KyMii.v Ciiiri.t:. -Wlial :ir.' lli.'ilT.ii-.'f ill.' iiiu-' lii.'ii"ii .'llll II' if iirilriil s|iirit> llll' LuIlm', in iliniiiL'iiii; ii.- nr rr' lliirs it Irail l.i lirnils am I'lll s nf llll. .\.. all. Ill I -It iliniinisli till' imaii- nf 111,' luiiil.r In iirniiiri' fuml ami clnlliin^' .' Ilni- il impair Iiis rapa. iiy ..I liiinii l>i u'S It iiijiiri' lii.s lii'ullli ■/ llin'i* il iiU'i'il Ills Tpiilal (•nllll'irls lln Its t'Xl'i'.-si'? Ill til lull : 10 \ ii'liiii, 111 llll' cml ll.ii's il ili'priM' liis wif.' ami iliil.lii n nf mi-i —aiy til want, 111 till' liinr.lir nf fiiiiul.-, kilk'.l ill -lates of imlirialinii, ami linally, In Ins nwii ( ii-i'iiialnri' iKalli ';' ITS. What mk.ans auk rAKr.N ii riiKsKHVl-: TllK Kamii.v I hk.sthy'/— If tin' ilaii-marks or t.jii'iii.s di'iiiili' iillinity, is il iml ralluT lln' I'viili'iirc uf u f;iiii'ral ami iml a ni'iir family I'nniii'Xinii (TSTO.MS AND K .M I' I.O V M I'". N T S AT I, A I! ti T. I7!l. IIa-1 iiiKiiK. I1K1.S A IiKiriNsKiN nf rill: TiiiiiKs IN riii: I'nitui Stai , s nmM any ihhmiii I'ltilllAlll.K. CiiMHTliiN, ANll yVllAT IS MIK TyiK yNli ( 'll All AllKIl i ll' rllK. lIlNTKll S.'ATK, A'. IT lAl-T-i A.Mi.MiM' TMl>l-'. Tlillii;s' — All' any nf tin' Mil"- .(iiili' ili'-rai!i'il in tlio sralr nf l.iiii;; ' \\:>\ ili.y (li'di'iuTati'il inin any insl.iiiis nr [.railii'i's rrvnlliii..' In linmaiiily f l>n tiny lal liiiiiian lli'.-li, npnii any ocoiwiiin, uml if sn, uiilcr wlial i'iri'iiinstam'i.'S ( '■ V 1 1 ; I' mr r.48 A i'l'KN hi X — I Nor I I! 1 K ISO. "hacks (i|- l-'cii;i h.\ Ci -mM 1 ir ali\ I'l "!' I'l iIm' 1 si-lnici' ••( iiilanliriili' iiliipiiir llio /ViiKI'liall lli< liaii- f Aiv ill.' li\i- <■( IrniaU. .liil.lr. ii lirM in 1,,.. rvimii lli:iii llio-,' n|' niali's .' A ru WKluws OMT (liiHiiinl In ill alh iii[ di-' il.c. a-r m|' ih, ir liu-l.aiMK f K lli. ;■.■ a;i\ Ira.llli.m iImiI llirv wc re vwr Kiinii''!, mi Miili !«■( :i.--iiiii'^, a> II p.. II a rum ral yy: \\V (I, \.iln > t ii h;;! .11 i\:[- Kii'iwii l>i >ai-rilir.. Iliiiii-i'hi > I.I llii'ir j:...l>, a- i> ll.illr ill ill.' I'a>l .' 1'" tllrV . Vir Ml,-|irll'l til IllM Ki^ 1.11 li.i.ili, .,r ir..li, nilli ||,c virW i.f rhilllrill^' nil riti.ii.iiis Milli riiiL~ .' I'" ll"') "'^i'' ].arliriila|- .-ji. t- .'ii lli. ir f >i'. In a.U I., il. ii'il, rili;;i ni'i x cN'/ An' tin r.' iiiiv i-a^li's aiii..iig tlu' N.'illi Aiiirii.aii iriKrs, or any \<'.-.liL'r-i ul' .urii an iii>liliiliMii, ur '« Tu I'/ Arr any nl' llic Amrriraii \v:ilrr>, ur liiral rivii-, ilniiud >ar|-iil, ainl ns ..-lain in Lalilc, use any I'crcinnnic.;, ur ai|ii|it .•inv |ii-ailii'i's V 1:i"li arr ul' miiiilal rliaraitiT '/ Is llif .-i-al|i-liick, wliirli il is laistnniary In cnllivali', a iisa;.'i' ul' aiuiiiil nrifrin; aii.l is iluT.' any [.r.'iiliar ni..iK. ut' Ira. in^' aiiiii|iiily in iN rinii ami |in.viii.in ;' l^-J. Tli.Mcs nr TIlK I'.VTIilAliril.M, .\'ii:, — I- till' i>alriarilial riiliiri' -li'..iii;ly niarki.l, in llii' Iinlian in.liliili..iis'.' N'.ili' will ill. r ill. IT 1.1' nnylliin.' in llii ir niannrrs, iii>l"iiis, nr .'I'liiiiiii^, i'i--iinliliii^' ani'iinl nalimis nl'llir I a-t« rn wiirtil. ( tli-.rvi', ].arli.iilaily, win ilirr llur.' Ir any I'li-tmiis i'i'>iiiiiiiiu' llir s.-ii-riliir i.C aiiinials, i.r ill.' uiili.lrawal iX I', iiiali-, nr an_\ olln r wi lllui.iwii amiriil li'ail, in wliirli lli,' Imlian uilu^ loimiilr, 1^:!. As~v;\ 111 \ I |i'\ •. — I'll I 111' Imliaiis sWi'ar, nr nv any Inrni nl' nalli / Is tlu' (Irral Siiiril n.r a|.|..al. .1 til liy iiiimi, ..r i- llu' iiainr lari I'lilly mi|.|.|( ->i'.l, nr sninr nllnr .-iilisliliitnl I'nr It '/ 1^1. I'l.l'.Ms I.F (litriniv.^ — -Wlial i> till' Imlian iiin.l.' nl' saliil.itiniiy llau' tlu y any niiivi'iilinnal U'riiis I'nr il .' |iiilii\ -liak. liaii'l-'.' If -.., I- tlii- an aii.i.nt lu-lniii, ..r i- il .1. ii. in iiuMalinii ..|' I'^nrnjn an>'' I'n tlii'V ;.'nrt rai 11 ntlii r l.y n iiiu' .' I>iil llii' Imliaiis aiirirlilly riili nr I'.'M lli.ir arm- In;.', llu r, as was w iliir-^'il, nil till' llr-l nil'. iiii_' nf till' imilluni triln- willi C.irliir in llir .'^1. I,awruiir.', A. I> l.'in.V I"-.'!, IIaI'.i" 1.1 ."^MiiMM. — ■ I- -iimliiiL,' a vi I'y ,1111 il lit iii^t.'in' \Va- lli. ru a liiiii' wluii lluir aiu. ^Inrs ili.l lu'l HiinlM'.' lll.l llu.v l.riiiu tlu- lial.it tVniii al.r.-a.r.' \Va- lliu 1.1 ui . (.laiil L'i.. ii r. llu in l.y tlu' ( i n at Spirit!' II"W ami wliii'.' Stall' llu lain Was iliu ;:iri iiia.lu in llu Nm'ili, nr ilil llii\ l.riii;r llu' plant rnmi tlu' sniitlu rii la.inul. -'r If lliis plant will iml ur..w, aiul i ..iiu' t. i . rf . ti.ii sn ,i» In l.i ar siu.l. in IiIl'Ii in rlliirii lalitU'li-. i- llii- lU't a pi'inf ill il ill ir p '.i iil iiiiLiialii'ii Wa- fi .lii llu sniillu rii ..r criilral lalilml.s/ l^ii. .\i'.'liiii: \ 11 \ l.NK-s. — I.- lliis stiniij.'!\ ijivrl'ipi.l in llii' Iiuliaii iiiiiul ; .'imlwlial f .nils ..f iwliil.iiinii il...- it a^-iniu' ill ilu' niaiiiiirs ami .ii-tniii-y |, llu war-palli piir-ii, .1 a- tlir iliirl aMiiiii' In laiiir '.' .\ii; linntin;;, ami ni'.il"r\ piirsiiuil witli tlm s.iiiu' iilliiiiatr iiuU'.' .\rr tlui'i' any nlli. r nin.Irs in wliii'li an anil.iliniis llii. I'taiti can L'latily lliu passi..n!' I "-7. ll.MUTs nr Till. I (,irr. — U .sl..iri-ni nf fi. linu il.i nu 1 a marl; nf iiianliiu-s l.y llir Iiuliaiisy Tn "li.il I \liiii i- ill.' I'.'iiiili'iiaiu I' a trill' i \p "in lit nf tin ai tiial -tal. nf li'..liiii.''.' I '"i ■ lariliirnil\ pmi'ii'd iVniii :i sm-r .f laiiii .11, nr i- llu' nu 11' ail nf -ill 111-.' .1. . nil il wisilniii'' Wh.it plural tl iis nf tlnmnlit unvirii lliu iiiaiiiu is nf llu' ..11 In 111-, ami In what i \li lit ami in wli.it inaniur an' llm iiia.silii. nf mini i'-alinli Mnl nf piil.lii' sprakiiij,' taiulit I.I ill.' \.iiiliL' ' 1^^ (^>l|rK\l,-s i.r Sh.llT AMI .\ i I IIM.-- I'f ( Ml - 111 \ A 1 1 1 i S IN 11 1 II I \ I 'I N . i llll. W I 1.1 .1 11 M -s 'I'll, -,. Il n. I \, ill -1 ^, lu'i-al mlii r. lull ill.' -iifj. . I i- -liil a iii ill. r nf .iiii. ill ami fun In r iiil'nMii ili.iii. II ..w ■:r" 'In \ -ii'.'li ■! u In 11 llui'.' i- lu'iilu r -nil 1>\ i|.i\ .'r iim.ui f\ 111;: 1.1 .' II.Av i- ilm pr. . i-.- ll \ llu .1. -, ili..ii . I -,11 . in'..iuiai. 111. ..ii'l tin- 1 '.iii|" -ilinii .'iiiil I luii.,i I, r .fill, p ,1 1\ . .1. 1. I mill. .1'.' What air llu- i Imu'iil- i.l' M,,i..i.ii in llii- kiinwl. .11;.', -.' fir a- tin ;\ .'II' In !'.■ Iniiiul in tlu p. ,iil-, nr I'ni. -t, nr in tin- li,i',,]i-.' |-ili,r.. (Mr. nu' ai r.i. lu— "f tin' siiis. s, ami a m r\..ii- pnw. r nf appi. . i.i'ii, ' Mi • ii. iuiu --, nr I. laii\i' pn.iii,,|i ,.|' iil.j,.. :- .' l«'.i. Cm I'l 1.1 rv .\Mi Si -rll'l llill.l 1 V nl' lil im. hi . i i\ i n. — .\i. if.' li ■!. i. \. ly ] i. un t.i 1..' il. .; n, .1 I,., |.,',.i' . ! iln ami r-, nr tlm Irii k- . f jiu/-!' r-. .t In plu m nnu . .J ir.iiui . -f ll.r piimipli'- ami i an-, - nf wliii li ill, , am i;.ii rant '' h lut tliu siiri'niimliiif.' air ami I', r. -i. mm. ri. .1. i.> -■ iiiu i \li 'it. Ii\ llii- ^latr nf ii;iiui'aiii'i: [■m\ P. A P P E N D I \ — I N (} U r R I E S . 541 (if natunil !a\v,-<, iiilo a iiclil iif in),-lcry, wliiili nl'iiii lills lluii- miinU with iirri|l(>,s alanii'^.' Arc llirir |iiir>tH slii'i'Wil rii'iiif.'!i tij avail lliciiL-clvcs nf llii.^ crciliililv, i iilur ]i\ nl,-ri\iiiir llii- ^'nirral ilrliit nf iliani'lcr, or l^y ]n iiilialiliL' ililii till' tnic caiisi'S (if tlir |ilii'iiiiini iia ^ |)ii llir liar- aii'l rrr.luliiv nf the liiillaiis j."inrall_v iiniiia-li haliils (if Mi>|ii(i(iH '/ |).,ii;.|ii in ,...U, :,\„\ »|,at, lake ]ilacc (111 M'tliiii; mil, and mi n InniiiiL' ^' Arc l' ■ re dill'd' ni iii...|i - nf li lllllllt;- ..'ill. r. Ill (if aiiiiiial- '/ Wlial is llic iiindc (if luiMliiiL' liiilValn' llnwi-'-lill linnliic: |ii rf.-nni .!.' ,~L. !. li ili- v 1 1..S, I'.l'J, SiK'IAI, TlK.-i AMI SkcIII'I' Aiit-- nr lin; ('ll\-i:. — In whal niainii r dn lie \ fun hiiniiiij |:,iii 111 wlial Micial lies iinilc llicin y II. iw aie llic s|...ils e, n, rally (fa i.fd !' iif L'ainc silileir/* Arc tli. I'c an\ -i enl arl-'/ If,-., wliai :ir- lli. v -\ .\V .'U'.' ill-]. Ml. - ri -|.. 1 lillL' ll,. ■nil.- ll,. hi f .\n- ill. . |.ai.l fur!' Wlial limirs nf llie day .'nc iin.-i snil,ilile l'..r linnliiiL:'' lluw i- tlic ularc cf liclii mai;.;;.. d in luiii! nil a \allcv l>ii tliey l;ci [. n llie -li,idc ]'.'■',. I'lciiVs ,V.Mi 'I'll \i's. — I I..W are 1.1 ill - ,-iii.| w..|\. - .1. , ..\ci| int.. f.dl- ali.l lr,i|.- ,' II .w :- III.' aid. cli..r.' Il..'.v arc lica\i r lra|,|.. .1'.' .\ r.' ar. malic fail. n-.T' Sial.. l.ricll\ tic all - n-. .| l.v llie I n.li in ill ( . i', iii_' llic iarimi,' llieir : n-es. .1' ; aine Lv li:jlil, Lv miuihI, I V ..-iiii 11 ami e .l.ir. (ir l.v cuiii '- 1.1 anv lit I'.il, .Miiin: nr Illiil IMl ,\Mi Cl KIN.. Skl\ ■, — ' ■ I- a \.r\ iiii{< .li.iiil ir nil ll i.f ll WuuM I.e inlcri-liiiu In kirnv llic i.r.i-,-, llic \,iri..ii- in.lli...|-, ,,ii.I lie- aiii..iinl ..f l,,l,r :iiil li;,' i. .■.,:r. .|, l|..\v arc ill. V l.a.k.'.l and |.r. I'arid fi.r mark. I '.' \\'li,il ar. lie in.lii ,.!i..ns d' -kin- kill. . I mil d' c n. ,,ud li.iW ar.' lulls jiiilL'cir' r.i,"i, l|..\\ Mwv .^|..;ii - iiwi .!IM di' I'.VKiNi. I'l-li'' — Ar.- li-li I.I 1 II 111 w I. r- : li'l I:- 11 ll ll,. llicv -c.ii.|i, .1 nil in 1 I- al llie I'.... I ..f I'.il!- ail. I ■•i.il. ill.' iiiiiiii. r i.|' ("(cli 111. ill, .,1, aii.l ,'iiiv i.ik. iii._'i III. 11- 111. <\f i.rai li-cl, aii.l wlilli. r lli. r.' is ai.\ in.iiii ..f ciiriii_ ..r saliiii:: nraeli-ed al llrir li- I'.iii .\iii; iiii: .\iiis i.i IIisiinu im .hi iiii, ('iiii,i.|i.i.n ,\ i an I-1\i:i,i .\i I, ,'-■ ■ |i.i ill. y 1'. .111111. II. ■11 1, I r- ..f ll,.' (1,,,-. will I arcli. 1 A '. -\iid .ll « lial a-.' ■ ar. 111.' 1.. .\ s cein nill\ e. .iiii.eli nt I.. . n-a-.' in ihe : Can will .w - rcl\ • .irl\ nil llicir -..n- f. .r lie imin- ..f siil.-i-l, m .' ' ll. i liny c\. r. diiiiii-' ili.. iiu,inc\ ,.f if, m. ].raeli-i aiiv I'liil .'f lie I inn 1 1 r',- arl I li. iii-.'h.s, aii.l if -... w lial Jiari ' ila\i' «..iii, ii. ilin l.fi .-il. iic, ..r .1. - i|. I, ever 111 ('., kii.iwn 1.1 |iraeli-c iki' n c ..f lire-ai iiis '' I'.r," \\ II M I'- nil; I'liiisi .--^imi; m iiii' .\ii\i. ,\,sii I vinii mi \ i - i -i n i,, mi ||i\iii; ,.| I'lli, 'I'liliu; ' -ll.u. ili.,\ ll in.l..ii, 'I ill" l.'.n au.l an-'.H -, I'li'lially ..r all..-, ill. r ,' h..ili. \i-. i!,, ^ ,i, rillc in I'liiiiiii- .1. . r .r liillal.. .' -\i. ll,. y wdl sii|.].li. .| willi iiiiiti.n. : ii.| al r. i-'.n.i'.l i,i-.-,' i m ii,., I'ea.liK 1'.. Ill ma 11.1 -1. cl.|r;i|.-, :iii.l . ili. r iia Cini.' iin|.l. in. iil-'.' I'.h'I- ..f llii- i li.ir 1,1, i :ii'e e -, ;:. d in I. I iin:, n. lliiir ...11. 111. -.11, all. I aliilily ll 111 liiil-iiii ill. 1,1-. IM - l.y ihe l.'J.'.r- cf llic i lii-.-. In e , . - u li. r,' 11;!. . j ,\ a.l, .ii.,'.| 1.1 the a-riciilinr.'d -'ale llial fid :il 'le u ill I,.- -nlVn iciil |.i fe -Lite I, ai .1 w ill -i,| . 1 -, ,1, ',;,', ;, ■'. . , nf ihi- kind. Tlic law-' •>( lli.' cli:i-c, aiil lli.' civ il |. '«. r ..f elii. f- li:u, ll, , n r, frrr. .! li in |.i i.r iii.,'ii i. . n lii,' ( ri;ani.'ali..ii anl ._'..M'riiiiiciil ..f llic nil..' ' \i'l.' 'i| . 'ij. '' I .11.1 '1 1. t..i L 1 i.- iteiiiiri.' .1 ill '!...«. r ..r I'l.' . hi. ' - I ?H 5rj() A I'l'KNDIX — lN("r J 1! I KS. W A i I Iti f ll 1'.'^. How Mil W Ml I'mmii^ 11m in, Siiimikh and Maiiiiih> '.' — Is ilinc miy iliiii^' in tlic lii.li:m CI I -I ■nil- i'i|lli\:llrlil 1.1 r II I i -I III. 11 1 / If i.iillillL' ih.' u :ir-.l:lliii. Ill' lliil- r. ill >l rill ■.!, lur wli:il ]iiTi...l is till' i-llli-lll|. lit 111- :i--.'iil L' I. ■iimI 1i..w Mii.l wlirii iii:iv il- nliliuMli..ii- lir lcriiiiii:ilr.| ..r lir.i|<. II ■/ {\\n .1 WMiri.ir l.r iiiiiii-lii..l I'.ir li.lrk ■/ Mll-I ll.- Illllli-ll 111 Isll 11- .UMi |T..vi.-.iiiii.« : Is lliiT,. iiiiv ]iiil.iu jir.iiiL'. ill. Ill, \\li;iti\< r, in ;iii linli.iii war, I'.ir miiis, siil.-i-l.ia-.', ..r li:iiisii..rt,'ili.iu r I'.ill, OlthUl (iK M Mirii AMI I'liKi' \ I I'lnv -.. — |l.i HUM set c.iil |nr H ilisiL'liiilcil rcii.l(V.v..iis. siiiL'lv, .'!• ill wliit 111:1111111'.' All' lliiir liny nr. n.i.niis nli-ir\ril lirl'iri- niuii liin;; '/ ll.iw is lln' iniinli ul' llir |i:iriv l.|ii| '' I'll lIu'V III .M' ill .1 liuilv, nr Mpiinili'ly in fill's nr siji-|i.'irliis .■' jl.i ilirv i.liiili'.I iifl.'i- till \ 111!' ;i-si'lii evil iiiiv r'"il, nr -uli-lMiiri' wliu'h is sii|i|iiisi |il'rr:llllli|l- .'in .1 1.1 liavi' till' virliii' nf ili'M.li iiiiL' |i:iiii, l.r iii-|iiniii.' riiiir.'ii; Wli.it. i.liM rM'il I'll till' iii.'irrli, ami in ll 'ir riiraiiiitiiiriils — ai'r sriitiiii'ls -Air liiisli'il':' Al'r till' priisLs illL"-lrls l'..llMlltr.l ■' W'liat si,L'tlS nr nllllllS aiT llnlinil '! llliW llil tlll'sr atVl'll llirlll': .110, M laiiiniN \ |..N, — 'I'll wlial I'Xi.iit il.i till' I'lii.'f- 1 xi'i-i'i-i' ill.' iliili,'- aii.l ri-lii- "I' ..lliii'i-s ;' Is sill.. ilinati.'ii .ll.-. m .1 .' Ila\r lli. y any ri^'lil !'■ |iiiiii-li its iiirraiti.iii ' |l. . lln y 1 ..niiii.iinl in lialll.'' Il.iw aii' niilrrs i-.iti\. \. .1 .' Il:i\.' liny :ii.l-. .11' iiinii. r-'' \\r Imlllis |.Iaiiiii .| ■:■ Am 'lilI. niii rliii I- as-i:.'iii'il 1.1 iliU'iTniit |i«ati..n-:' liii ih. \ liu'lii in liiii' !' I'.i tin V I'vrr iil.iii ri'tnat -111. ,'s| 11 \ ; M.I V' Mil UMl ll il.'Mi a[.|i..iiil a rallying' plai-i' in I'rar ..f attarli, 1-1 -.irti'.l l.i ,' Ait llirV always I'l iiiiniit.' kii..\\ 1. .1-. . I Ih.' I. n..^'rai.|iv '! What ,'ii'r tin n-iial iinn.i'iiM'r- .' plalilii'il \Mlli 11 111' w ir hI |i i'iii]il.iy. ll 1.1 i.rilir a.h mil', l.r n Ir. at, .r -i.lr iii.vi im nl .'' Wli. n, an. I iiii.lrr »lial riiTiini-i.im r- ' ' lli.y ijiiit a iiia-kcl \v...ii|, .|. till . aii'l laki til.' ..|.i 11 lilaiti' ■Jlf.' ( M'l 1\ IS. — 11. .» at.' |.ri-..ii. rs -. riinil alnl tivatml ':' Has any i'a|iti\i' 1 11 Inn-iii .1 al tlir -laid', -iiicr ill. 1 iiriiiiii.' I'f '.ll • rawf'i'.l, ..r ..|1. r. .1 1.1 a|i|ii'asi. tlm -|.ii'it nf i-aiiiiil.ali-ni, in ni.iilrni linn'-' Winn ilnir li\. - an -|..ir .1, an ' it i- ll. -i'^ii. ll I . a.l .|.| ll l.'.l 1.11 till liiM ..f l.alili Killi.l: 111 111 laiiiilii -, wlial all' llir 11-11 il 1. I'Iiiliii An iiii'ii w h.) an l.uii.l »..iiii Jii:!. I- I'l u-i.\Ai. ."^Kiiv 1 11 nc llr. M'r llii'i'i' anv i.rr-..ii- «liii. InniiiL' l..-t tlii'ir lit r lii.i ri\, l.r t ll. 'Ir.l tlnir lisi-, an' n.liin.l 1.1 -laMiy. i.r plaiiil in llm I'l lalivr |ii.-ili.iii i.f /<. mi.v, ..r iiniiial-, wlm ari' i'.ii,|. 11.. I t.i u.rk. am! larry luir.li n- ^' ■-'III 'I'lUKiMivr m l-'iMAii I '.I'lUi- Is 1 lia.-iiiy iiiiif'.rinl\ n-|...'i..l in »,ir' I-iIiot an kiniHii iii-taini' ..f its \i..lalii.ii ill tli.- niarau.liiii.' |Mi'tii-.' I- tin- trait .1 . Iiarailir I'l.iin. rl.il wiili anv -iipi r-lili..iis i.|.iiii.iiis ■' 'Jii.'i ('i.-iiMi i\ W Ml — Wlial ii.n-liliitr- ill '.liiiary lln -- i.f w:.rii..r-. i.ii a war 1 si ar-i..n .' What |.aiiil- an ii-.-.l, an 1 li.w an- tiny a|.|.lii'.| l.i .lilli nlit part- .jf tlm |.i r-mi ' Wlial f.allnrs an w..rii 1.11 tlin In ail, a- iii'irks iif firiinr lriniii|ilis '.' ■Jlli'i. Hkmi |»iik-' — l».i liny w. ir fr.nilli't-, -iinl li-.w an' tiny -tr.nlnr/ ll'W is tlm liair iln— ml '/ I- till' lira. I -li.m.l t.. l.Hii ill.' .. al|. I .1 k ■' .\n' tlnn' iii'i'klaii- ..f animal-' i'la» -, ..r ..tin r i.inaiiiriil- ; .ii.' tlmro l.ark ilns-i- .' \n' linn' rnainriil- f .r llir nars, nr artii.s, li';.'s, nr fi 1 I !' \y<- any >•[ tin -n i'..n-ti'iiilr.| -.i as In I iiiit jiiijilin;.' siiiiiijs';' ■J117, .\li\l- \Mi hll'I.KMKM's UK Wmi, — Hmv Irur tlii-n \ai'ii''l il tlir lap-n nf liiiii'' An' li'i'-arins -111. -111. I'. . I f.r ill. ll .tt ami arn.w in w.ir. .1- ili. \ am -ii|.|...-. .1 tn I..., ;»inr alh , . rn/i IHT.' in liiinliii:; ' Ai ' un.inl.-. I niiliittk- ami kliiM-, 1 liipl .y . .1 ' lluu il...- lln' -. alpiliL' k .lif.' illlli r fu'ln tin rnininnli Imliall I. mil', if ll ililli r- in .my ii-pi it 'f H A1']'ENDI\ — lN(i I I 1! IK i> A N (' I N i; A N 1) A M r s i: M i: \ t -11^. N l>\N.isi. \ Nvii'iNM, TiMir of riir. 'I'luiii:!' — \ I.. I.nl.-:' II, \v lii:ili\ Kill, I- "I illn > AVr llinv .' M;l li' ill!' |.ri'\llill'ili, < nf till- v:iri'il|, kiill- ' i|' U:i|-i I.illr -. Mill .Idlr.'^ ,.|' |i,|i,,i-, Irilllnlil liiinliii;; '' l.i iImiii-uil' a i-linr:iitrrUli(.' iii'iil- "I \pri-iiiL' |"i|mlMr Inlin/ ■•!■ i.|.iiii all ^iiliir il' lliii> sH';iviii'' or ciiiiliiiiiiin' till' ;ii'!''iii nf ilH'tiiln'.' H'lrinal' :ilT ■A.'lil.r I IV'>)ll lllr |>l!Mri|.:ll ,\ ar.' Ii.\ ailinidcij In till' clinnl IbiipI nl' f.iiii;.|v nr imi-iiiaii- '.' Ain tli.' |.i im i|'lr< ..i' ili,, \ ni.ii, ,|aiiiT~, aii'l lli. ilm ii-i-, laiiL'lit In llir yniitli ; aiiil at wliat a/c 'In llm latlir ;."'ii, ral|_\ jniii in llir i in > ,' .11' I. Si'nitr-: AMI Kxi:ili'l-i;s. — Ait llirrr rnnt.^i- in nninL' :inil Kill n] lunir ' Ijnw niniv liiii'j- nf li.ill linr ilmvr |).-M-ili.' ih.ni, an.! ll m niaiiii.'r in w llhl, thn r,- n.l lllr nilr- .if ll AiT ill. IT Irial- nf vkill in wr.-tliii^' ' An' tl iii_' |''irt]i - ar, rl|...rn, |n^-,.|| HI- \Mlll IT- u.T- al li\.' I liiiir- in wliiili ilh Vnil'll 111 IV :iil rllL'aL.'n '.' Am llm !-lal;i-. lllL'll nil I lion nc. a-inli~, an I nf u h ,1 . 1 i I Ih ■\ r.|l-i-i;' lllll-lrain 1 III ainiii n;< III ■ Kv ri lir ■in-,- i-i ilir n|lr,i> wliiili lliny Invn jri'l "ii lli. ir lii-|..rv a:i ' iiiaiiii.i--. ;|ll. ll \MI - I'l' I'll \M i; - II nW llian\ kin. I- n| jr imn- nf , llHI''- r\i-l ' |~ ill- iril.n niurll a. Mini - I in ill! I»i-riili- llhiii. Willi ill! il- nilr-, ami llir l'' nnr.il rll'n.t ,( ili, ..'imlilii |i|i|,nii.iiv, if aii\ , \i-l, (.11 iht hill.' W'lial ai'.' til.' arill liral |.iii.ii;'lc- ..f llin piims ..f lli.' I.nwl aii.l llic nimr i-in .■' U lli.r. a ^j.iril nf ]irivalr ^.'aiiililiiig, aii.l if m., ari' llicri' any in>lali.r^ .if il.s [mhiT .if infiliiali.iil ' l»F, AT II A N Ii I TS 1 NC I |i K N T S •J I I Mr, MM- AMI l''l Mil \l> — What aiT ill.- I'll ira.'t.ri -lie fi.l- .■ .iin.'.l. .1 Hiili ih, ..■ -iili|, rl- ' Wlnii :i l)cr>.iii .Ii.-, linw i-' ill.' .■.ii|.-i' .In --. .1 an. I .li-|r..-.,| ..f.' What k iil'iIi "f liln.' i- il kii't ,' I- il a.lilr.--. ,|, a- if li\iiiL', ail, I .aiiil.l.' .if III a 1 ill.'. |ii>.i' In is iiiii .\al, nr al lli" l'IMV.' .' What i- I In .hara.'i.a' ..f I In-., aiklr.-.s '/ Wlial iin|ili in. Ill- ar.' luirinl uilli il. an. I ..f vvliii mat. I'ial .In ili.y i-.n-i... ainl win ar.' lli.'V .1. |in.iii ,1 \\\\\, tku i...r|i-''' I- llii- l.iiriil nf iil.'ii-il- aii'l r.li.'- an an. i. lit .'ii-iniii, airl if -n, ,|.i, - i,,,! ihr , Aaiiiinilinii ..f ,iM s.'iml.'lir.'- aii'l [.la.'.- ..f linrial, t.. .■ninp.ir.' lli.'-,' r. li.'-. alVnr'i a in.aii> nf iu.|jiii._' ..f ih.' -lal.' nl' arl- in llio lii.li in trill.-, al v; rinii- . I'.i.- '.' •_'!•_' ,.., » :,at is ill.' 1 1. ..f int. 'rill. 111. all.! Iinw i- ik.' |...-liir. pr. - r\<'.i .' •Jl.'i, l''.\lli\l,Mt\.;. — .\n' lli'i.' any li.rl.". ..r ^|ii.'l< |iki.'..l wi.li ili.. i'..r|. ■..'■' lull wr,i|.|...| in k.irk-. ni- di. lli, nr .-111. mill. '. I In any j.rin.-- aiial..L'..n.- |.. . ml. ilminn .' •Jll'i. Si'MKiiiniMi ll ('..111..!- -T.iHliit .\l, 1,1. if aiiv, 1- tins ,11-11,111 |.ra.'ii-,'il 111 till' li|ii, Ijnu.iiT 111.' l.i..li,'> |,i,'|.ai..| fi iki- |,in'|„i...' Ar.' ik.y in.-i,.-. .1 in kark- nr |iiii in kn\i -. pr.'X i m-U (niinir k.iii;; |.|a,','il nil ill.' kraii.li, -i ,.f Ir,, -, ..r .'ii |ii,-N ' .\r. ik. \ miI |, .-i t.. 1..- .1. |ii', kil.'.l !i|iiin, in lli. -r . i-.-. li\ k. a-u nf [ir. y .ir i'ariii\..rnn.s kir.l- ' •J17. l-'i NKiiKM, Fi.Aiis, lilt I-:n--i..\s ,ik Waii— .\i', .i.-i-l,;,- ..f tlii- kiml mail., omt ik.- •srn,-. ,,( (listiiigiii.-'ln.il cliifls'/ Is lliis a iinnKrii cii- i, ,.r wi'It tki- Iii.liau fcallii'r Ikigs f.irinirly ilisjinM.,! ,if in this way '' Ir A I'l'KN DIX—INQU HUES. [t > .'!"-. ('ni.i.i iTKiN AMI I! I'.-i M'i:it M I'M' HI' IfciNK- - It i> i.lwrvcil ill varinns pincc-i lint muIi il.|..>.-.ii r I'v.r kiiMwii til till' iiiiic^lurs ut' llic rirrsi'iil nin'. i- hIimiKIi'. |li<| ilnv i\. , r.' niri'-. I li.' iii-i '111. I i-i ■;■.■ il, Ml' i- il iliir t'l :i ITI'T I'Mi- If ITIli'lMil, Imw W.l-- il il'illl' :illil V>;!ll hIi:iI 1 lllMliir,'/ A\';i< it 111,. ililIN Ml' |i;;lli.u|i .ii--i> I'l' linn'/ \\'li:ll lilllr \\M> sullin il In lla|i-i' In I'.Ti' tlll' lining Wnv J.'MlllrlTil '/ WllS llnTi', "II ill. -i •.•.■.l,-iii|l>, |illMil- I'llMinil 11 II ll|M||ii>, llttilnlril willl \V;iilillL', Mini illllcr (Il'illl i|l-.lr;it ii .|l> i 'I' LTIll' / ■Jl'.l i'ii\!;\ii. Iloi-Ks. — Till' Mil lilii'ii- liC llir tril'i'-i iliii.'d' -ui 11 ■l''|i'wil"rii'< 111 li;ivi' i'xi>tiil in iiiiiiiiit lllil' - II '■> IV llu-V n'11-lrurl. il, ;il|.| llir li'.iliis priiliiti 'I ;i;/iill-.| ilrl'lvcLlliill^ iVmil wiM In .l.-t- ;' ..II. Im IS' ilAl liiN ol- ■ linhiiN, — l> this cvir priicliscil y Arc iIuti' any tradiliniis mi tin' .-iiliin-t'/ ■-'•Jl \Ii.i 11M\" wi) (>li-ii;\ \\r|:s. — l>ii llii-_\ M-arilV lliriii-i'ln'> fur tlir drail i* \Vliat i^ tlic ^.-arli, i.r -iiTM I'f Hi 'luiiiii'.' ' All' tl' ilrail laiiiciili'd, aii'l Innv ? An' \i~ils iirriinliiallv iiiaili' In tlic jrnivo '/ l)iv wiiluws I'M 1 ' in . f 1- a liiiiii' 'I ]'i iV"l, iiiia:;i • nr liiiinlli s nf clnlli, a-^ .~viiil"'Is nf uiuiiniiiig In ri'[iri";i'iii ilirir ilcn a.M'il liii-l' iii'l- ' An' l"ii:_' lnai-'U imt .-iilliTnl Inj/nnv in ciii-i'iiiii im ' "."J-. I'l MUM, I'lHi -— \ri !:rr- 1 '.1 r k'li I!'' 1 "11 iirwl\ 111 I'l'' jrravi'-? If>'i,alwliat liim -, Imvv 1"M'_' an,' ill.'- Ill- ■ . 'iiliiiii.il. aii'l ulial i> ll"' "I'i'ii "f llii'in '.' -:i". (lliw k-Stiivi:-, nii ^lll^■l•vll:\ r-, — What spi'i'ir.i nf inniiiiiiiiiilal striii'liin-' "f lliis iiatiir,' iiro usually I'nctril.' An' sl'iiir^ .\.r niiplnvi'il 1.. mark ill" Jilai r i.f iiit.i iiii'iil '' If )m..|s, nr talilrts nf i-nlar nr nllnr ..-pi rir~ if W'.'.il, 1.1' plan 1 1 a I ill" li. ail an. I f ...t ••( lImvc,-, an' lln iv aii\ lii. ni;.'l\ pliii^, ..r ili'vici-^ put iipnii llii -.■ lixliin". ami what ili n-ari. r- .1" tin v i-. n-i-( ■ f. an. I li. w .in- tin -.■ In ln' iinili|--l"".r/ l''iir I'^irtlur impiiiii's mi the ill \ ill- 1:1 nrnll\. -ir " ].ii'tiin'-wi iiiiii.', " N.. '_'!.">. ■J'Jii, I- iiiiin: AW MiiiMi \ii\v i\ rni. I'iinci>- nr I'.i 11 im\i; in tiii: TniiiiTiuiMs n|- -iiii: 'I'lmiK, nu uiiiiiN Mil. II.ii M' \iiii;- ill' nil. I \i n 11 .~^r.\i K-, I'M: I h I i.Mii V nv 11 ■• k\ 1 i;i mi: .^iiriiitjiN ami Wi -11 i:\ ('..\i IM -.' — \|"rr ih m ilii' ' inJlli.n- "I' 1 al'ii I' . t .'I' . arlh ai''' . -I'ln iii-.l 1.. I..' i'.nlaiiii..l in "iir ..f till' anli.|ii.- w. -I. 1 11 111.. nil. I-. I- ill' r.' ~ulV" i. lit p.'«.r an. I ■ in rjv in lli tiiln'. m- :in\ liiln' kimnii I-. \"ii. t.i hn'- r\' .'iiL-.l -ii'-h :! lai'..r ■' ('..ii'.! -mli « -rk- hav I "■.■11 1 r. ■ ti I i.y tli. lal."r> "f \\"in'ii al"iir '^ I- llirn' imt i|rii"Ii 1 all iii'i-.'V an. I i-a parity nf i-. in-lriiili"ii in llir aiiiinin- niniuiil- , -Mpii'inr t" any wliirli i- imw p '--.--.■'! liy llli tril.r-' •.'■J-"i. 'rurAiMiM 1.1 ( tlii'liAS^ — < >ii wl 1 i|' 1'- thr can' "I "r|'l, m- d. '."Ivr? |t". - tin' ihi, f ..f ihi. iril.n til..' all', n li.' . f 1 liil'lii n ll;ii~ 1. I'l. if llnrr h" iin 11 ;ir nIaliM-'.' •J'Ji'i. Tin; I'lmii AMI Ai'll'. — .\n' ap i| ami inllrin pi r-.'H- 1 m r ali.'in.lmiii! 'l* A\li" t.iki - can' "f "M ami fii I'll' pi r- "11- .1' -liliili. ..f I hiMnn "|- r. laliM -, wl,. 11 ili.y i-.ni ii" I'.iil'i r hunt, nr all.ii'l l.i any Inr. -I I il .i'- ..r lan . I.y uli'i li til' y mi.-lit liavr iniiiril'i.li'l. in part. In tin ir "Wii -iipp"ii '.' !>" llir ilii.f- .|in .t f . .1 t . hi- 1. Ii ;' 111. ill" Mlla^'' limit' r- inak" \"liililary rmitiiKnti'ii-'' Win n -inh prr-mi- ili", wli" liirii - tin in '' I'liilaiiilii'.py ,.-. "k- t.i a~iirlaiii ili.' I.ii'.r Inri— ilii- "f '-av.'iL''- -'iriity, ami any farts nr iini'liiit- illn-lialiiiu' tin 111. « hii li may -rr\i- i" L'ni'I'' pul.lir ..pinimi, will 1." iinpi.rlaiit. 'J'JT. I.i.l'i.l-. I'll I'uiiiiM.-.— Wli.it an' ih" iiiaii-riaK, f'.riii, si/" ami inmli "f r"ii-lrniti"ii nf ih. ir I.'.Il'i-'/ If -Kin- .1- I'lrk I" imp! '\..l, what >kiii- ami what -.pui,- i.f I.ark. ami Imw pn pan 'I, ami Imw Iniii; will ill. m:it' ri il l:i-i .' Vi'- ilir I'lil-. 'T I'.Il" -. ' a-ily i-'iii ' IV'iin plai .■ t.. pl ii". nr an' lln \ 1 fa p- 1 .lamnt, ihaiai li r. -' ,1- I • I" l.'I'i -taii'liiiL' ilnrlii'.' ilnir p. i-i.i.li.-al a .-.ni-' -, ami n'-nrriipii'il '' I f'.w main pi r-will tiny :;.n' rally : ,iii"ilali '.' .\\' liny I'lmlnal. 'I in -i/.' a . iiral' ly l.i lli" iiiiinl'. r ..f tin- fiiniK , ami if > ". In w many -.|iian' f. . t "f ;jr"iiii'l--iirf irn .l"i - 1 :i' !i inni'ii" ".' imv '' Wh'i "..n-irMi't-, n nn n -, .-.inl n'-i i-'- •- lln 111 '.' \ mll-lrii. •' 'I, 111 I H '•-'"■ Cnni'I , n'l n.iM- - < If wlnl ni'i' rial an lln-. imnl.', li"W an tin al i-.ii.a. itv'' If I'uill "f i'.irk. ar.' lln'V rii'l'i.l willi n 'lar, ami l.iiill mi a frann-, ami in what Ir.t :- If imiiiiii r 1- tl HliialliiiiL' in 111 ri'il ,ati 11 li"l. ami "I"-".!, Ml a^ t'. ]..■ imi'.iA i .ii- t.iwatir' If iiiailr fr-ni a -nli.l I" all 'I, . 'nl what .r. il- 'iiipu iim pn'p. I'll. - 111 rr . r .ii\ uralnm : i AI'I'KN I) I \ — I S(i\' I I! I i;s. •J'Jil, MK.niAMiAl, Ai'llTI liK IK llli; 'I'lilllK. — Ari' I lii'V ili'^|,..>,,| I,, H,h,-ii (V,,|,i fill. |,..|||, ir -ilrli a'l\:ill(T-^ li;nc. Inrti |n;lc|c, \lK:iI iiv {\i.\, ;ii,.| |.i h1i:iI ,Al.|it i,iv IMiclialliiul In,, Is ,,f ll liiinK (■in|i|'iV'''l '! irii- l\|ii IC lil'i^t .ilil.l'Hr 111. \|i,iii; i IIaiuis iir Tin: 'I'mii.k — N IP, V .1, ll, , ,'r I- It ,,|'lfii 111,- I'll, li,-,' I,. , i">li ii ,n, r,|, ll, \ ll-.' mil, ll -mIi, III- r, li-li iii;l!, ' ll.i ll,. t ,11- \,-.o t iMi- ill vi>-, I- •■( « I. Ml- I..11K - |i, r:iw lii,;il ivir r:il,'ii !' I»,i ihry r,i:i>i th, ' > :ili\ |i,',iili:i|- -kill ill linilili',' li-li ' I Till, r tiiii,-, t"!l..w,,| ill,' |,r,i,iiiv ,.r l„,i|i '.( - ■, wli.'it kill,! .' ( tr :ii ■ ill'- :ili, i. Ill ,'l;i3 |„,|, ,,r ll,,, I l^lllil)- 1- Ti'i'U I' '1- Iii,-:il-7 li:i\,- lll,-\ ill f. tli.-\ II-,- ill, l:illi,- I kin;. \, -., 1-. u.'li, i':ilK, ,'il ill. :iM' lli,'y :iii_v n-L'iii:ii' | ll'll-lll- sllll ,-||l|il',y,'.| 111 T,-M1,,I,- |i,,.lll,,|l,-'.' •-'■'il. Mniiiii) III ('iri\,, ^l; \i-. -In wlmi (, I'lii^ I- -111, \iiii "11.- I. Ill I- ,'1' 111, :ll, '1- 1,1-', \ l-l,,n l>-i ll„ \ , 1111,1, -\ .-.',1 |tli,',| 11, ill,- ,li-un- .'III, I I'l', -, i'\.Tii,,ii ,,!' ,1,','.'' II, '» i- ill,' ll,-li ,-r ll,' ,1, ,'. ll,, II, '. :i Mil ,'!' 1',, l„ .i\, 1, an, I t-, uli ,1 , \I, HI. a 1 1, 1 in h li, a- laki'ii 111 ,|ii.'iniil\. |,r, -, r\, 'I ' pl,'> .-all ill , iii'iii., ll,,' 1, ,,1-11, -,,]■ ill,' Liillal,, 111,1 ||„ niii 1-1 ill-- I.Mllal', |,i,-, |-v,,r' Wlial i- 111,' n„ili.',| ,,r ,ni,i,_' lli, 1 iii'iniMT, ar,' ill,' \ai-i,,ii'. .-|„,-i,- ,,f |i-|i. 1, f, 11, ,| |,,, jn III.', M',iM \NKiii ■ l''i;iii~ .\\i, I'l! ,|,i I 1 iiis"; ,,\ nrr I'',.iit-t. — '1',. wlni ,'\i,'iii ,|,. ili, lan-.-U I |,iii-,'l\ liiinl. 1- llil'i-> 1'1,\ Mill,,-,-' Cix,- .1 ,al:il',-i„ ,,r ll, ,l,li,i||li- ll,' \al|,,ll- kilal-,,!' r,„,l-, 1 1 iilll, -. I„ 1 1 i, , an, I i-lii-.l ,.ii. I- ill, «i|,| li,.ii, \ .,,ii:..|ii iiL.':ii- iii.-qili. Ill ll- -, i-,ii. an,l I, uliii , \i, nl ,|„-- 11 f, I 111 wliii ,|ii-inlii\ i- il .-ill,,r,|, ,r |i,, li,, \ ,,,||,.,i an. I l„,il il„ ,,r ill, il- -iil,-i i|,.r nil an .1,111, nl in Mi.' 111. aii- 1- llii' HiM li,' ' i-alli, I'.'-l ill til,' ini. i'i,,,' I ,K, M'l ri,', -r',ipi,| I'lM'IIIN,, Six-,.\. ,,!' .\|. I --UN. - -Wliai -|„, !,'- ,.r I'.ii-k- ar, ,ai,-ii .,11 ill, -,- ,,ll,-,-l ,,M I-, ,11,-, 111 tun, - ,,| L'l-. Ill-, 1-, ali'l , \ ii-i.-t lli.ir ,,ih. i,i- ,i,-i-i,| llli,-.', I.v I., ;ill,'.| /n/"' ,/< r,„-/i,- , al,-ii, an.l li-.u i- il |.i-i |.aii .1 .' Tli.- -Iiili- ..,-.-a>i..ii-.' !».. Ill, y in>.'.' I- ill.- lii-li, 11 all,l l,.,,--ili. |.. wlii, h ill, illllll,-!' tiil.. il|-iv,-ii 111 H -i-,,n- ,,| , All,- -' \, rin, ..i- uaiii, -n-,' -11, li a-., Inn 1,1 -li,„ k, h lul,- i|„ \ , r, ah' -Ir .iiL' :i|'|..'a'- I,. Iiiiniaiiiiy ; I, ill lli. la, 1- ar, 1. ,|iiir. .1, 1,. -Ii,.w i|„. |alla,-_s ,.1' ]„ 1 -,-v,-ran, , in -,i,-l, a |,i-.-,-ari iii,„l,- ..IliI t'HST r ^l K ;i WiiM IS riiK ,.iiiii\.\in Ihii -- ..I nil 'riiiiii. ,\| m> \\i, I'imm.i' (> i|.' .(' wliat .iil.ilin ali-l .-'l-.i' ' ll i.l' ill,' lll'liall ,'..lllltl'\. -t.'il. ill.' kiii-l . f -I, ill ii-,'.|, .'111. I ill nil I M.t; ' - Of wli.il 111' 'ii-ial- 1- <>> I'll' "I' lli.'ii' '; inii' III- i" Ilia, I, ..f ni.'ii,-i-i.-il- i|,, ;..i-,,mi|i ,,|- (al.i I III inii- r It 1- ^[•> \^ ill ..r iiiaiiula, Iiir, rthal i- ill,- ai-lu.il \ llli,- ,.1' ,..-1 .,1 , .,, ll. ,11- II, u l.,n.' ulll -H.-li .I1-, . »|i,'ili, ,- nii.l.' |.i'. |.ir, .1. an. I ll,.' |.l.i,,'- ..|' ■I' I'"!-, iiiii ..i' ,l,.iiii'-ii,' mil. I'ial, 1 1-1. an. I III, ,iii-liiii'j ni.il.' Ir,.iii t'. iiial' war I- iiKjii .\li.\ri- A I |,.N nl I '1; I - - 1,1 ,-^1 \ - iin-,1 ml., \'\ .N., 'JiiV \i. ll. .N- ,\Mi •>, , \-i. .- -. Tl ill- m. .,: |, 1- 1 ■ ai,\ .'111. |- I'"- I -.'l H-i ii,-'ii- ..r .Ir, --. I.l vai' \ 111',' , ir,-illli-lall. .\r. tlii-i-,. -iiiiiiii. 1- all. I Hiiil, I- ,| ' I- tli, 1,. |.arti,-iila|- all, mi. .11 {..li.l |,. 1-..I.,', ,l,'-i-n,'.| |;.,- |,i,M !i(ri- aiiv tliiiiL' |.,-, iiiiav I,, ,11 'pi.-ui -ll .1 , ImI ,.1- Hal- , hill' IpHii i 111, .|i. liiil.ai. ,-i-,--M- i-,!ii..M,,| al ni.'l,' ' If ill, -\ l„- -1,1,1 in, ,1|,,1K 111,- iiiaii. ,,r linlian | 11, -1 ' \i, il |.ali. what |ia|-t i> |-,laili,.l. an. I uli. ,ii ( I v.w.i.M ■ — |>'i ill \ all ,1,-11-,. I ' illa,-li a |.,,iili.i,- i.iiii,. I., ,,rnaiii, 1 . ' What kiii,l> ,,f ,,rtiaiii,'iiN :i V nai -liai,,- 1- -il\. \v,.rii ' \VI i|iia,|r.i|»-,l-, at\,l i.lln-r ai Mnai, ,.l.i,-,'t- ' .\r,. ,1,, ||, ,,||| „,„.„ j,, ||„ -|..-,-i.- i.f till- , I r:.i|..ii- ..f ,lr,-,..s ar,- ,1, i-i\,-,| fr-.m k, a hi:.'!. Mihl,' altaili,,! I., lli,. f, alln r- ,.f lli. m-:ii- ..i;.],. .' \\], tiiii,-, I.v llli -I.l,- ,.f tin- t'lir t|-a,|,-'' in f..riii-, an. I what -|., ,-i,-- ' I- It >|i,-,-i,-- ,.f . Ill ni.s a,-,, fiinii-h, .1, at ll 1,- 1.1, -, 111 I'VK- VMi riiiMf;M-s. — A r,' tli,Ti. -,iiy iiativ,- ,h.->tiin-, ..r i-,i,,N .,1- v,-;;,.|alil,-s i.|ii|i|.,ycil in ml. liail.-, I.l llii-n- 1 1. , thill)!, ,11- ,,riiiiiij|.|it- ' What ai,- ih, -.. ,h, , — h.m- ,, tj,, -niij; iiig priiii-iiil,- . \tra,-t,-.l, ami »ilh A I'I'KNDI X -I S (H- I I! I K ■ t Hi nil \li:il iij 'hliiil i~ l( Ml'.' Ilii till \ .Ml- iMll.Mi, l.iiiK HI- luilicllllr lliiil' (ur>, l.li':l>l |Tlik HI- |i| ili-ii >till >ul,l I., llirm' WInl kiii.N .'I' i.ilnrvl cImv- hi.! n,l •:l>I ;|]M| Mil]-, ;tlii| liuw ii'i-^, I'T iiiilivi' iixvdcs, ari' cm .lo\ril:' Av vliili' iir rcil I'lavs r\rr .-imanil hmt lln' 1i:iim1s, ami llnir impn-.- maiki'il nn ilir Imilv, nr rli.illiiii)«': i|:! I! MM. I., I.I (tnici;. - lln«- in;iiiy kiml^ liavc llii'V, ami 111' wlial malirial ilo iln^y c.ii.i-i '' •:■','.'. I'm -ii'M. TliAll'^, A> Ai riciKli liv ('(i>Tl \li;. — Wliat an' llic i'n-l..m> ami t'a^lii.m- .>!' wraiiii^ llic liair ami i.. a-^l '.' I^ llir wlmli' In ail >liaviil '.' ll;",i' tlifv any |iA'|iai'aliniis t'ni' killing', irailii'alili;,' m- ilvi'iii)^ llio liaii '.' Is ihr lu'aril jxinrrally ixlirpaliil \i:iii,-, m- ..| ih.. Ivirn|ii an ;:! "l' ' n It 'li-il.i-r liiits iiinir akin 'n llio i Mi r, ..r nrimi.il ^i.ii'k-. m what .In tin.-.' Iiaii- i u-i I '' Arn ill' 11- ■■•iii'i- nt' ;.ii imlmliM' lasl '' Ai'i- ill. y rapahli' nt' |inrsninL' lni,'i.'al train- "f i!i .n;_'lit In a jii-l i-.imlii-inii .' I- ilii- 1 iriiliy nli-ii-vi'.l t I 111' limii^'lii niu ami rtlri'iij^llirmii ' . 'Inratin'i' Arc tin v iiiliirall- |"i--' -i il ..r -til. II;: |i'iHir- .'I' iiii'iiiniA ainl I'lrna-i .' \rf llicy nf a i. II i-ir.' Iialiit .' lln lli" ni'ial ] i' |" ,i.- iii. - aiil all.', 'i'lii- If. Ill i-ill\ |.n'il'iniiii.iti' inir llic pliy-iiaK' An- liicy n|' a f-'iM'..', i r li^lil iliarari.. r ; a -"Ihi, i.r c.iy ■asi "t iiiiii.l ; a Ii r\iil. nr ,.,1.1 t. niinTiimnt '.' ■JI'J l'll:-iN.M. I\-1 A\i I s. ■— lla.s lliii-.' a|ii«'ii'.i, ill tin il- liisl'ir\ , .iny iii'lu i'luai ii 'iml f,,r In- naimal ni' ,'.. ,|iiii,-l ■ '«, I- a- a |ili\-i. ian. Iiii;.'uisi ,,i- iii',nli-l, ,,i- ,iny urn wli,, li.i- ■ vim-nl aliillly in lie riilii\.iii,'ii nf aiiv "I ;ll'' 1 .V.li I 'T lll'T.ll •, 1, lll'i - '' '.'I'l liiM'iM M,,;,i III ,11, l\mHiM,i\ 1,1 ■'■ii'.i.iii - ll.n, th.yain iii.i.\iiiH h!i: !i .in u-nl in '"iiM I- I'l-h ' |l.ili,\ i'.|,'at. 111 ;,, II- I'iniilii s '•! at :is-i'inlil:i','.'-, aii\ lliiin; nf tin' iialnrrnf ■li|,|ii,| r,iiiii„,-i. I I'- ■ r i ini, 111- .' |l,,i- llii' ;.',ii,iil sl.iin nf ill, ir ,,ril llailili,,|i-. .'i- lia, nl in lli,' -,.111 s ,.f prna;.' lit',-, i'\ in, ,' -11 ii_, |. Hi 1- nf iml.iplcr ,'!■ :!'i' ;:',ry. nr ,lrii 'li' ativ il'iuninL' nr v, -iI^t- nf fam'\ ,ir iininiinii ' lii,|iiiri.' intn lln- ,|i I'li-liii'-nl Willi ;ill ill, ins \. u , ,,n ; ,,1 vr parliiulaiK in ii tin n, ■■ In llm f ,ll',ttiii^' !,.|.i, - : ■J I I ( 'ka iiiin — Wii.il an ill.' ;.'■ ncral I'liarail.ristii's ,,f Iniliaii nr.it. ,ry ' II. •» i- mi'la|ilinr niaii.iKi.l ' .Vrr ill, ir -'I, I, Ic - a- npli'i,' M.ili ti^'uri's and trnpns as tlicy arc usually .li |,i. ii,l in li.liliniis wriliu;:- ' Wli.ii ti nt-, III til, .|i, I am. lis i.f hi'lian , I,,i|m ncc win. 1, ar,- kii'iwii, .ir.' in,,-t r. iiiarkaMc ' I'n llic speakers t.M'il in sim- ple it\, cl.ani.s-. all'! -Ir. ii-tli ..f lanj.'iiac.' ' D,. ilir-.' .~p, .ini.ns .1. ri\, mmli .,f tli,'ir f.ir.,' li.mi ili,. pnli'ical ""I'll'!" -r i'lipniLiii' p.i-iiinn "f llic sp.akir' Ar,' lli.r,' an\ ,'.inlinii,-.l -train- nf ,'ln,|n,'m,', ..t .snstaiiicil a].pc.-il-' 'li'c an-, .■iiilhcnli,. .-p, .'iiiicii- kimrtti In y.ni, ,111 l' liviii'.' ..ratnrs. ■-I .\i;i- I'i I'll 11 1II.-\V|;1TIS , — Alln-a,n ti tin- -ulijc, I is nia,l.' in Niimlicr l.ii;. 'I',, what cvL'tit ,|.i t! till., pri.'li-,' this art ' I- if ^.-.n, rally in tin- ..r;icti, :' .lra\> in^' tic lif;nri* "f animal-. Linl-, i,r .,|li, r ''.!'"-. "11 tr..-. pl.'.vs ,.f l.ark. .Ir.' i -kin-. ,,r ',tli.'r -iil'-ta-.i '..- ' What i- the l- n.ral piirp,,rt ,.f lli.-,' I a-r-rial '!''\i."'s ' I- ih. ir 111, aiiiii^r li.\,"i ,,r .'V.'i.i !' !- iIi.t.' ah\ km.wn .system 111 th,' ,-ii.;i.,l ni 'ii :' llnilicy C' ii\, \ ilifl'er, III kiii'l- ''i inf.rmatinii l,, ih. tril,,' .' \ml !,,»■ ar.- ihc eliai-aeti'r- int. rpnlcl .' 1- tie 1.' a s\-i, in ,,f li.'iire- ini'l ,|,Ai,." «'ii,'h tl .- "['In ^-, II, rills niehr-tan.l, ale! wln.'li tlie m.i-s ..I tic Irih.' ,'aii ii.ierpn t .111 1 '■\|'lnn.' tirar.' tl, -,' .i.'n.c- ■.■,,,«ii "iiiv tn tli.' ni.'.lu in.' m.n .,r pri. -Is '' .\r., .l.'Vi. es aiel .Irau in:.'- u hi.'li li:i\'' I'C'ii I'I'i hy IniLP-,,: parli.'s at ih.' •.•,' f M.-ir .-11, '.•.--, .l,-e.'ii, 'I t., Inf-rin nth. r- ■( the Inl,.', »li'i may \i-n th. -. ...h'-. ; ;li' i,(;.T-"r ,/,/«■. ,,f il.. ■■,'V"->ful liuni.i-. an, I the xiim/" r ami /,<«// .-f .eime taken ' Ls I i '^:v>^' A IM'KN l> I .\ -1 N III I I! I i:s. .V iiifnrni;iti(iiL iMiivi'vi'.l, li^ ilii.s s\>tiiii, la cli-t.iii! |ni'l> .if ih,- iiil,,.. , I' tiM\. INrs -iiiiii;.'i'r-. nr ntlicrs, iiiilitiirv civiliiiiis, wlio lia\.- pM— id ilii-niiL'li llic'ir c-niiiiir_v, iIciMiiii'.' lli.ir I'mti .■ in I ..l.iri ' Wli.ii inr.inii.il iiiri in L'i'iii rcllv l-.'c.ii-.l.d l.y llii -r -iiii|i|i' iii-iri|)li.iiis ' \w\ wliMl i.|li,r Inim^ ,li,r- ihi- |.i,i..ii;il ,iil n|' tlii' liiilialis take i" (':iii '111' iiii'lii i nirii or iiicilas ri'cnni llnir i^onjr-t l,y it ' IKsc riKc ilic m -' 'in, .■iipI p\v fpcciiiinis nt' llic ilrawiiiu'-. Iiutiiij; tlir ilill'iiTiil liiiiilM iif |iiir>rial iiiM riplinii, tlii: iiiilln;.! nl' ii> iiilri|.i, l.ili.iii, iiikI il.a |prciuial- chaiaclir aiil value til a |iin|ili' wli.i an. wIiImiiI IctliTs. ll.nv i1,m>s it (•(iiii|iaiv willi lln A/.iiv -v-lrin t l> it laip'v ii|'|ili.d t(l lll)tlllllngiial Sulijl'CI.S CiiIIIHtIciI wit' llirii- ,i|-,|| Icircinl., ■/ ( \'i,l,i N'miilirr 'JIT. ) •Jlli. I.Wr.NTIn.s 111 TIIK ClIKKiiKKK Su.l.MihM, Al.rll.Mll r. nil Ss..||-.M iiK N'dT.VrinN. — What an' llli- lirinciplo I'm- rvcni-iling lliuiifjlil, whidi aiv u^a.I.ii. .| In ilii< ,■ ,ii,rrl.' al|iliali.'l 't I'mli.T wlial lirc .-.taiiivs wa-i it invciilcir/ IIiiw many I'lniii'iitan aii'l li.iw in.uiy i Miii|iniiiii| .~uuiiiU m- syllalili'> .' t,, it |ii-nviil.' I'..|- ' Is it ii|i|iliialilr lo ricuriliiiL.' llic .- mihl^ uf ,i//i.t In Inn |.iiij.'iir~ lir.^i li'> ilir Ciiii.ikn! i" l< the ,_\.i,iii n |,r.i\i.li.> }.'i'iii'rally iiniIiT.-iloi«l liy lln' tvih'', m- irim-li riii|j|..yid / Arr llic Scri|itiins, wliicli ari' luiiilr,! ami lipviilat. .1 in this cliai-Mclcr, ;; rally i-cail in ('iKTuki'i' t'amilirs ' Is it likely In lie (if liiTiiiaimiit brmlit nr uliliiv l.i lli.' Irilii . I 1 whusr laiijrnaj^i' it a)i|irai-s i'\i-ln-i\rly iilaplnl '' 'JIT. OlLM. lM.\iilN.\TI\ H T.M.KS .Wli I.Ki.K.Mi.s. — Wliat laii In- slalnl oil lliis t.i|iic';' In lAaminiii;: llicir niili'iiis 1111 iIr. imiiiiirl.-ilily ol' tli.' mhiI, i niiuilirr.s 1 HI, l.'iii, i ihr r.xi^iiin f ^ml, |:iKli>. m- iillr._Mri,~. is allii'lid I'l. Il is il.siialilf to know li,.w j.'i iirral lliry aio, .\\v si,iri,.s ,il' ^iaiits ami ilwarl'^. ami wiM ,i.nrnliirr>< of iiini .'iml piiii aiiMiiL' H K ami fnivsi,,, nlali i| lor lli.. .•imiisriii' nl of llir linlr of li~ic n, is, :i, „| il,, cviiiin;: liiv-siilr :' |lo ihrs,. talis ami oral saL'as of tlir wij.'Wani. ri-vial tlir arliial iiolioii- ol' ihr Iriln . ..n i|i, ir ri'lii.'ioii ami inytliiilo;.'y, „r ll.iir iilias .i| a Inlnrr slate 'f •Jl><. l>iirrillM;s ,\Ml Ol'IMoN-- I! KV K \ l.l.ll I \ TIIK slIM'K UK .\ I.I.I i loll V, - .\iv lliiv liL'ilni- I'mml lo iiui.ily :,i, i , , ,i|>i !■, : , ( 1 1 ansfornialions m riouiaiii-y .-iml llio |iM«.a- of ..miti r\ ' I -lu wo (irrci i\o. in llir.., iiii i.'iii.itiM- I ij , . ilir iiiio iloi'lrim-s nili-rtaincil of j.'ooil ami ovil spiiiis, I'aiiii-, ;;lio>i... or any ollnr for f al.oii^inal sl"i\ it.-iIi '' \rr any of these talcs relati'il to ilfnionslnile to ilir yunni; llic power or nliii|nil_\ of llie I ilea! Spirii '.' •Jl!l. Olt.M. T.M,i;s, ,s \i,iii(i.K 111 Issrni I TInN. — llo ihe alli-jories ami fililr~ ever miuey iiiirai iiiMlrnetioii nr liistnry to llie yoini'; .' N lli.re a frei|iiiiit ain nipl in lli.ii IliIlm- -i n ii- In an nl fir the ori^'ln of animal-, ami oilier olijeels of rre.ilion, anini.ite or iiKiiiiniali '.' Vie! il-i lln v thus -Inifiw fiili i!i.> line liiilian pliilosopliy iif lit;.'' 'rraiisinit s,, of t|ie-e iialiie lali -. wliirli ni.i\ -,rxe lo ^^ii.^ a ^'imiil j,!,;. of their menial power ainl uharaeier, am' llie smpe of iinaL'inalinn eu'l'nl. •J.'ill, .>lrsii', ,'^iim:s .\mi rnirniv, — What i- ihe ih.iraeler of th.- lieliaii ii]n>ie. soul's ami p... iia ' ||,,w many notes, or linL'er-hiiles, have they in their flnle. or jiilihinii-tin. ami liv wleil -eali air iIha \arii d, nii'l win! aiialoi/y iloes this inslrii nl hear |i' ihe aiieieiil Aieailian pipe ' .\ri' ihi re ilillin nl -ul,- of inn-i.' iiel -..m.-- fir w.ir, relieiuii ami love!' .\re ih.' ehaiit- aeennip.inieil hy oilier in-tnineaiN, aiel if •■■ what i- iho i Inivnier of these iiistrninelits .' Is there iiKHe ihaii lie spiiiis ,if ilnmi .■■ In wini iiniiin r ar^ lie liiilim iliiini. m i.!. ■ Is the rattle inaile in various w.ays, ainl hi.w .' What re-enilihiiiee nr eiinini limi have lie -e iii-irnm.'iii-. ;ii lln ir nieihanieal slruelnre, ami the jinwer i-f iiii::iiialiiii: or niiiiliil.itinir s,iiiii.|. ii the .iiieii ni nm-ie.il m-ii un •m- of the Aztecs, nr other n.-ilimis ..f the tr.ipirs ' li.'il Wii.M' I- riiK lli:\h;i(.M, ( 'ii.mi \i i in m' rut: Imh.w ,-r, A I'I'KN I>l \ I N(ir I |{ I KS, •J.il. l.\\usis i.iii iiii. |)i:\i> I- it ilir , ii-:wii, t,i , ill •. rliiii |.. r^.iii- I.I I'lcMi. llir^i' I nil, III- ' An' i!i. I 11 .. ii;-. lIuiii-iK.-. Ill' ;i |i.i, li. rliinuii r .' II'.iIkn Ih hihI \ ii im ., m- iMnkiii iilln Iimii- !' II' liiiiiiiN iiii' Mlil'li l'\ jipil'i --ill |irr-iill-, »llii :il'i' -klllril Ml I 111- U-r nf llli ir l:lli;.'iri;' ■, :ilr lll< -r |ii l-iill-, ;il-ii, -kllli '1 ill - ill;.'- Illilkill;.' :illil -ii|l;.'-illf.'illj.', p'1nr:illv ' '.'r>i'i. Wiur I- nil; Cii \li m i t;ii m i iir \V \li Sunu r - l>.i tin' -iininn iicili' I'lirinrr liiiiiii|ili«. m- In iiln' u li iMl'r HI' Imil.-lill;.' '.' I'll lIli'V rvillri' |i:llliiili-lll ;il|i| lllr lii\r ii|' lliilll:irv Jllnl'V '' l>ii lllrj rmi-i-l nf imil inuuli \i IX'K, ill- lii-iikin -triiiiis iiii|<|Miiili'iill\ miiiril .' lluM' llii'V a |i.iiliriilav rlmni- .' Si:iir, al-n, ilir .liaiai I. i .1' till' ilialli-iHi^'. I)i> liny iri'ilr llirir lriiiiii|ili- ill liiiiitiiiL' a-> Will a- in uai '' •J.'iil. Smhui SiiMi- -- Afi' lliii'r Imiiii- 111 llir -nil. nr t i ilir (irial Spiiii ':• |lii llii' |iiii|ilii I- iiilir any friri-' inranlalimi-, wliiili air -n|i|iii-iii In paiiaki' .il' ii -ari-iil cliararlrr '/ •.'■'i". < 'UAIH.K SiiSii-i, — I'm - mall rnal alt'i ili mi llinl any ix|irr--iiin in -train- analii;;i>n- In Inlliiliii - m- n iiili' li\inn-.' All' lliiTi' Invi' -miL'- ' llavr ymi imliii'il any liai'iliaiialiaii -miji^ nr i-aliln- .' 'I'lii' i liaiai li r "I' :i {'rM|ili' ni' i':ii'i' i- ciiiinrntiv -Imwn in llirir -hiil'- ainl nrital- al tlnir mm i\ ial an I -mial a--riiililii'-, uln tin i iIhm' 111 r.ir ilir 1 Villi r -|i'irl-, ilaiiiilij.'. -iiiLjiii:;. m' aiiv ulliir I'lirin- nC tin irv in: kiirj ; ami imtliinL' ran Iw nin-i' illii-li:ili\i' 111' thr 11-1 aiiil lrni|irr nl' iiiiinl innl llimiirlii 111' ilii' Inili.iii ran, iliaii uill- iiillii ntli- iti i| jn i iiiirii- 'T till ir -'iiii;-, i::n-ii', ainl jini'lry ll'llnri- In an_\ thin;,' ili-iivin^' nl tin nuiiu' nl' |iaiiitinj.' i i- -riil| tun . it nny al-n 111' a|i|irii|iriali ly iniiiliniiiil ami ili-iiilnil iiinlri' llm |ii'i'-i'nl ;:i iiiial lirail I' II KS K \ I' 1 (I N l> I I I (I N, A N |i I'lTI l!i; I' 1! (i S I' K ( T S ■J.'i'*". 'I'm, lli-ii.i Mil- y \n — llnu I'nr lia- kimwlnlL'!', art, ami iniiiinirii', ami tlm m, m nil |.rnM|,.. ,,|' I'ivili/.alinii, alli I till till' ini|ii'ii\i till III nf tlm Imliati-, timl I'liaiiL'iil nr i lilinl tin ir ni'ijiiii.il iminmi'-. i ii-ini:i-, ami ii|iiliinii- ' Si:ili' till' iiiiii r:il iiii|iri --inii- »liii li lia\r 11 111 III nlr, ami nl-. n « liat in ■. Ii - n(' Hi .'iiim m ,'ii|,| I'lilii-y Inn 1 limn' 111 -t, ami nil v»l I It | mil it- tli ■ Imli in i liaia. Ii i, in il - ■Iviin i I ■ r -i mi i i\ ili/.iil ]ilia-i -, ii-ii,i||y lii'iak^ iliiwii. ■J.'i'.l. Cliii-- III! A \l Ml, \M \ I liiv I.I II M I - Willi ai'i' till' I'fniiiiii. lit I'lVi I't-. I'liv-ii 111 ,',ii,i iiililli I liial. 1 f till' inlrriniMiirr. Kv niniia-i, liiiu..n tin l'!iirn|.. an ami Imlian fam- .' Ila- lln iiilu' lim n miu'li allii-lnl liy >m II intrilnaniani - ' liiinlal tail-. niil_\ , arn -niL'tit. 'Jl'iil. i; M III 111 I Mill \-i — W'liat i- tin- I'll -rill rail n|' |.rn.'i, -- ..I' il,r {.npiihilinii i.r lln hil'i'. i iiii|r m it with I'ninn r |.. li.'.l- ' \i.' llirv aiUain iii.j ■ r r... .Inn.' ' 1 |,,H vmII il r ■in), in uilli ilm rat in I'lini A l> I ^i"l In I --II. ami liiiiii till' lain r I'l I "> I" ' 'I I,' r, n-ii- •• Iniin- " traii-niiiti ,| « ill -Inm lln i xi-iiir.- |in|,iil iiinii. |,iil n,.| it- rniiinr -lali . ma' llm i, -nil- ilial iiia\ 1.. iiitn i|ial.ii in tin |.ri -. iit I. i atinii ami liri iiin-lam i ■ nT lln ii il i . ■Jt'il. IIk, M.I II m Tilt: 'I'll I 111 — 1 1 I'M .1' . - ill. a..i|li lllliiril -lal, . ill ill.' 11-. - wlnn it lia- l.i , II rllil'la,. .1, alVii't till' l.'i«- nf n |.r,„liii timi, ami wl.at . Ii.ii:,'. il ;iii\ . Iii- 1,. , n m.i I m |||, , Imiaiti r "f tin' .|i-. i-i - i I il,,' n iiniM ,| Hi 1,1 - .' I- tin ir .j, m lal In alili I 1 til I. ami liiu. il' I, .'111 \ 1 Ml 111. lia- it 111 1 II inllm m'.il Lv I'liI! .iml Il L'lil 11' 1 - "I' -iili-i-'i till ' \r. 1. \. I-. r all'. . lin'i- .■!' tin Inn', .i- In .|iii'iil mi llm i l.'v.iti I |il,iin- h. -I .,!' till' Nji — i--i|i|ii. a- till \ Will in llnir tnrnn r ; n-ilimi- ' lln« ili - tin i Iiiul'i' .1 iliinal. all.it |.iiliii. n.iiy 11 iii|ilaiiil- .' ■Jli'J. ( 11- I I Ml \Mi I'll \ M.I SI --. \ 'I't -■' .'I ( I \ It 1/ \ i |ii\ -- \\ li.it L'l m lal rliatlL'i - li.ni' l.ki'ti I'lain ill tlii- l'i'L"ilil in llin liil.i. ami ill llnir liaiiil- .1' [iiai'lli.- nl' .liaiiliin — . liimli- nf Iniin.'. ami :: il limi n- «lri'l'\'' h, t.'lli- nil tlii- In :i.l am -,.ll'_'lll 'iml. r N..- -•_■.' In ■-' III ; .nnl m.llllnn liiit till' Ml in l':il I, -nil i llir 11 il.n. as .'HI imnnii ni in tin ir aiUaiii'. in lln -i.iln "I' , \\ ili/alinii. i- In m r, i|iiir'''l. ■Jlin. I'lllli I. Mail! IMI'.i-in ii\ I'l. mm:- I- tlii- li -; ,.r tin liall.alir ..; liUlil. I' 'it, -nil I, I I iti i| ; ami. if -n. 1., \tli:ii 1 Mi'iil ' Tin i .imliiimi . I' wmmiii. a- a l;ili i, i' in tin' Imli. in , , iiiiiiiinil\ . Ii i- I , . n a-k, ,1 tr, S ■ llil It i- lli'l'i «i-ln.| 1,1 ,1 Ilalll »li, tint' tin In Li- ili\ wlmln lulu'- wlni liinr |ia-..| I™ \ I tlii- niaik.il |.l,a-i-. A I' I' i: N 1 1 I X — I ,\ (,M • I IJ 1 K S . .WT •Jill. I'll. ... Ill --^ III' ('11111-11 \SIT\ — \\||;|I i- ll„ |,n ■. Ill -l.llr •■{' ill.' Il'llr ill till, I, -|.,, I ■' \\|,.,| |,|, ,_r|-, .» 1. 1- 1' ' 11 iMi.l.' ill .|. Ii\i rill;.' it rr..tii llir .|..iiiiiil- il i.illu. II .■ cl' tl,.- iiiilv.' |.ii. -N, )in.|.|i. t-. :iii.| iii:;^'! r- ' l|n» liiiV' I.. I- il .■lij..Vri| Ihc iiilviitil:ij!i.-i ..I' ('In i-tiiiii t,„li.r,.' Willi III. Ill, w. r.' Iir,l .in|.|M\,,| 1,, :.■ mi n ll.,llill'_' r.r til.' .|..rtri|||.« '/ Wcr. lllr\ r,ill|.| . Ili.;l.'i..ll-, ..I- «. I-,, ill, \ v.irinl, nil. I wll.ll ll:ls I.. .11 ill, lih.-l, MiiT.,-liil 111,'!.' 1 iiiiil,iv .1 ■' •Jli.'i. 'j'l.Mi'i 1; \M I.. — All' til., piiiii i|J.', ..(' I.iii|i, rill. ,■ ill th.' II-. ..r .■inl. Ill -|iiiiti .,ii ill, iii.pM- ■ ilr.r. Il-,'':' Wliiil ,iri' lli.' i.f.niiiii.iil i-iii-.'- ,.|.. niiiiiL' .m tli.' niin.l- ..I' |i. 1- .11- yi :i.|,|i.'ii ,| 1,. i|i,. „ ( ||,, m, iiihl wlril III-.' till' l"-l til. an-, iit llii- tiiii', ..f riiitli.r .li-.-..iirM).'iiif,' lli,. ii-., .if -11. |i .liink-, :iii.| ,,1' ,ll, .ilnj i|i, i,- ctilirii .'xrliisii.ii IVum llir Iril." '.' '.'(it;. 'I'in: Cvisk 111' l''.|.i rMtiiN. — Wli.'ii nr,. tli.' |,i'.,tiiiii.'iil ImiI- in n l,iti,,ii (.. ilii- in. | , it, 11,1 ii„ii,.,,|' fi'.'liiiiiiiii:.' ;iii.| 1 \:illiii;.' til.' trill.' / W'li it 111,111- Ira,' l„ . 11 |',iiii,| m , 1 .!)'.■. in,' in lli . In, iii.,n ,.|' !|,.ii- "liilill'.ii iiii'l Viiilli.- Il;ni' 1. iirili'- .liilv |.:irli. i|..il".| in lli'" 111, 111 . 'iiil In- ;i'i\ |.irl ,1' 1 I |, , h ii|i|.iii'.l t'> -mil lii'iiii.'li. - a- 111',' i'--.'iiti;i| 1.1 .|iialil\ ill. Ill (''i' !li.' .Iiiii, . .,t' iniili, 1, aiil li "a , ',v ■ .. . ' \i ili,, an. a. lit |,r, imli. , - ..|' |,ari lit- ,,ii tli.' miI.j, .1 ,,|' . .Iinati'iii .,11 tin' w.iii", an I uli il i. ili.' r, ', ,<'i\. | ' ,|. ill ai • 1' i!.,' 3..1111L' |..'|.ulati,.|i «li,i, ill ill.' la-1 |.. ri'.,| .,1' Ini _V'ii>. Iiav.' P .'. iv.'.l Hi. . I. in. nl- ..I' an lai^i, li , .In.'iii n !' •JllT .'^1 Ml. .ir rill. .^l^.l|IAMl■ .\lll--, — l''.,riii,- lia\.' 1.. ■ n |,i', |.ir, .1 1,, I'nn:; ..m ili ' , .i-iin.' -1,1. .f I',,, ■- in llir tiil.i' .111 tlii- li.a.l, lull lliry .1,1 ifl .|.'ii,.t.' til.' pn'^al. 111 -tat.' "f I','. Iin_' an I .'|'iiii n lli, nl a. , •, n r till' |.f.;.'r.',,.-i wliii'li Inn 111. 11 ina.l.'. It i.s kii.mii tint tli.' Inl..- i. Iv ^'nallv "ii »liil.' ..r liir.'.l in, . Ii ani. -. uli'i iiri' ].i'.i\ii|.'.l I'll' liy liaiiti.'-, ami pai.l |,y ( i'.\,'i'iiiii' nt, .Vi,' ili, \ l„ -iniiiii'; ti . nl.'il.iji Ini.' \1, h- ..n llil. Ii i,|, .'ili.l .1.1 til. \ I'viii.'.' a .li'-ii ' I., il'i ill. il' ..Hii 111. . liiniial Ial„,r- 't In tlii- .',,nn.'i'ii.,ii it iiiav l. |'r,,|i. a- t,. ;i,.|nii.' wli. ill, I' ill.' n.'ili\i' iii.'i liaiiii'- ar.' lapaM, ,,|' rnrni-liinu' lli. in lli. ir l.atii- an. I waL".ti- ('..f .|ran,;lit an. I |.|, i in,', ami Willi 1 liaiii-, |,|,,iil'Ii-, an, I Lars in tin. I.il.-r- .'I' a:'i ii iilliin , aii.| li"i -.' rurnilni,' a:i.| (.aar, -nit. ,1 1 i a ■.! iiii.' aii.l tlniuiiL.' 1" ..|.l.' ' •Ji;^. Imi'Iii.m:ii M.itn:- nr .\.,iii,'i i.n m — |,, ili,.,,. any int, r. t ,.!.-. i-%al.li' ..ii tlii- li.a.l.' ,Vr, il., i,. l'..lati"ii- .-I'll' "p- :' .\r.' ill. T.' |,|',,|„r lli. .n. - . inl.i'i,', ,| ni tli.' a|,|,li, .ni-.n ,.( iikiihii','. :' 11,, t|i,.^ rni|.| .i m-irl, liiii.', ,.!■ ;.\|-iini, .,11 |.,.rti,.ii- ,,1' Ian, I- a'li|.;. 1 i,, lliin;' l>,i ll,.' n.inil,. i- in, i. a-" wli'. .ulii'.ii.' Il.s. I|. iii|,, l.'l.a.'.... '.r . 'I' '11, in ill. ir iv-|.,'.'ii\.' l.iiilii.l, ^ ' |l.. ili,\ iji.nil', -i :, ,|, -ir, i , ,,l,iiin iiii|ii'"\,,l I'l. .'!-.. I' . itil.', Ii.il'-.'- aii'l -11.. I.? I- til. I'.' a j;.'ii. lal <|. -ir.' I , |.|.iiil IViilt ti-,. - ' Ai,. ilir ni,j,-l api'iaiv..! kin. I- ,.f ai^ii, iilimal inipl. 111. Ill- II-. .1 ' ■jr,;i \||\N. ..I C.MMI M.MI.,\. Iliv,' ill,' nil,, |,r.,i 1,1, ,| f,,, ;li, ...n-irii.ii.'ii ..fi..i.l-, l,i Lb, -. ami •'"■li. . .alli.-H.> an a|.|.|'..|'riali I ll,, ir l" n i .1 iiiii,l-, ,,i' |.\ iiiii„.-iii- ll,. ,|iin ..f |.. r. ,ii:i| -, m,',' , r mn, .|| til. r, 1 I. Ill- ..I' till' -. xi'i'al .|i-ti'i, I- ,' 'JTit 'I'm; I'Xi.i.i-il l,\N..i \.,i \ \|i \\, .,1 ('i\ ii,i/Mi.,s 'r,,»li.,i .m, nl i- il„ l',n-Ii-li laii-,i,.'.' -|.'.|i.n. ml Kn.'li-li I k- r. a.|. aii.l »lial i- tli,' I, nl, ii,'v ,,|' ,,|.iiii.,ii an,! pi.i, ti, i i|,i- -iil,|,.i. m il,, till,, .' Ill ;:iMiiL' r. pli.- t.. til. -.' .|ii. rii'-, , a).i. -- y,\\v ..|,iiii,.ii- I'l. , 1\, aii.l ~l;»t.' aii\ la. I, ..|' 1.' ,,|' |.i',..'. .|iii.' wlmli, ill .\ ■.iii'lL'in.ni, H..iil,l I. ii.l I I a. hall..' lli.' «. Il'ar,' .,|' |.r..iii,,|,' ili.' inppiii. --..{' tli.' nil,.' 'I'li,' -, n, i;il .|ii, -n ,n ..r ill. a Kan.'.' aial r.'. l.iiii.ili.,ii .,1' th.' nil,. -, ;,- , ,.|,.,1 uilli lli,' |,|', -. nt -l.n.' ,,(' ili,' In. Han ti'i.l.', Iia- I., . n c'Naiii.n I in .|ii, ri.'- '.i.'i I', In.",, in. ln.i\ ,' 'I'l,,' l.i ai iiiu- ..|' iil'li;;- ill .'- il.lli,.-.-,! ,,|| ih.' li,'.,l,l ill.-.' inl, ir..i.''il"i'i.'- .'11 ill, ir liiliir.' -lal.'. ,'in.l ili. |i,.,|,|,' :iii,| :;'.\. 111111. Ill .,!' ill. Iiii.,11, l,\ ili,li' I,. -lli. ,11 in ll 't n ill. .a-, .'ir. l'ii"lli, r . ill.-.l ,.iil 111 an 1 \aiiiin il i.,ii ,1 -,, I' 'iiii- III ill'- |.a;i-l.ili"n ■'! I I,. II',; ai,,| ill,' , ,11, -li. ,11- .,11 ill,' ii.'iiiil ,"ii,|ih.,n ,,!' ill' ii'il.i- \vl 1.. ar, In.'l. 1. -i,' lin; ill i,U..li.,.|. .111,1 II ,.l ' I I II ll- .,11 till' t.rni" .1 I', ill. Ill u, I ,'!' ill.' .\|i-i-ii.|,l, I |r, i.. II- tlii- \\ w .if ill.' ,'liaii:.'. - «i',,iii.'li( in lli,' |,' -lii .n ..| ili,' tnl,, ., hi,.,' Mr ir .li I.I \ I' I'l.ili. ll ii ml. a- lli.'\ a. Ivan,',', a.- iiian\ ..f tli, in ivu .1 ., in lli 11' 111. an- an. I |.'.|.iilaii aii'l 11 ill. |l"_rr. -- .'I III ,11 aii.l .if;i'i,'iiltiii'.', tli.'il «',. -Ii..iil,l -.'i.iilni,,,' {]„■ n\, ,}■■ ,la- ,.|' la. I- ,,|i ulil. Ii tlii- a.U.in,', ,|. a,, !,.|- n I I', riniii. II, \ In i .nl.T 1,1 l'Im' il llir LT. at, 1' iiiiji. In- ; I'l'lli, 'i,.|, .'iml -ii'iitiin, ill ill.' I'.,l|..i\lii^. -i.l,|,,ln, ,1 III- V 1. W. ll,,' -111 I' j.'.l i- .■ m hi, 1 I , \ ,111' '^' I:, la lli.|i - .111 lli.'ir i.'.'ii. Ill lii-l"iv .'.n.l Illfll n I f I' I I It -^ 'I ^ If .11 .it I ' i A I'I'KN 1)1 \ — I N HHiM liKiil.m.V — All' till 11' ali\ iMili'lii 1 - "I' llii' i"iiiili'\ 'k lia\ ill): ''I'l'll iN'(ii|iii'i| liy liinil priiir til ill'' ill |i..-iti..ii 111' till' lriliar\, nr lli" ililiivial ~lrala .' Arr kih Ii I'xiili'iici s ciiiiliiiiil wlmllv In tlir iiiii'nii- Mijiiliii'il il. |in,ii« ; ami. il'.4ii, 111 wlial i|i'|iii,^iN, ami ul'wlial [irnlialili' i-ni.i'' ■J"'! I'liiiiiK- lii'iM As 111*1 K. liiiNKs. -- JliiW ilii'p, ill any lu'il" i"" "' ; ' -iu, liKal nr t'l mral, nf llii' ii|i|m r p'liliiu'ical ti'riiiaii "II-. ari' iIh' Iiiiiii> kI' I'Miiirt nr rxiMliii).' kiinl- i Cniiiii;' llavi' till' l'..riiiiii"^ nf llii' Itnl llair, nr liny pri' r rai r. IhUi rniiin iinl miiIi, m arr lliry illn-lratiil liy llir viiihlii.n ' i' llii' ina-lnilnii, nr nlliiT I n'^i' aiiiiiial.i wlmM' Imiirs air imw rniiinl in a (n—il ^lalr!' •_'7 I. I 'in ml I 111 I M .\- 1 iinMixn -•• W'lial ;iri' till' ;ri iiir.il l■l'nl•lll^inll■• in Kr ilrawii I'l -|ii I'iiiij: llir i ra nr rra.n 111' '111' aiilii|iii ..■li!iiii''iii I''' Kni'iii- 1. I'r nil lli.' knn\vli'.|;;i' nf a«lr'iii'ini\ , lln' »l\l'' "I' anliili iliiri'. llir .y-liin nf rcli^finii- Ircliil'. I iiiMlin|n)i\. i|j. -tail .| .'iM. i'raii\ nilnr ili |'i ilii' .\iiirrii'aii lanj;n.'it.'i'S nlTrr any prnnf". in tlnir ^riaiiiiiiar-, nr (nialiiilaiii -. ' f :ui. i '111 1 'iin.'\i"n- willi niiml.il i.r nllicr l'n|'ri;.'ii tiatinli" '' •.'"li. I'liiinl- Mini 'I'lil'i'i iM'in AMI (iliii.ll M'llV — W'li.it prnlialilr I'ai'N nr jii«t cniii'lii-ii.n^ ran lir ilrawii r. -|ii riiu^' lli air ii nl pnini nr pniiiN nf ajipmai li In llir rniilinnil, I'liiin liipiij;i'apliir.'il ainl );.iir i.ipliiral r 'ii-i'li r.ili'iii- .' i;i;(M T^ 11 r Tlillil', S W IT II I N T H K T NIT Kit S T \ T K ,< ■J7T. Wii V ! Mil \\ Tkiiii • IS I III I SI 1 1 |i .•>iMi.- ami: 1 iiMi'V m iiix i n kiium i hi, » vmi .■"im N'*'' — II'iH ii'r n 111 ir Inl'i'- In III- Irirnl, air I in In «lial niiniln r nf ^.'i in lir lainiln -. nr j.'i'iiii|.-. ran lln > !"■ nllini.ilrly I 1.1-1 '1' -7"'. WllVI I- llll- I.SIISI 111 IIIK .Nl.i.iiSliI IS I'WIII.V' — lln« niiny Irilii - nf llli^ rla— Ml r\il.|, an! li.» ni:iii\ n. !i. «iii"l'i isiiinl.' W'liiil nl.ilinii i|n lln aiirii nl Liiiiii l,i iiapi ^, nr lliiaw.iii -. ImM ill llil- filiiilv ' ■J7'I III « 1\T i;ili.l I' \l;i III! III. 11.11 ill-, ASH MliW !•* IT M.MiK, II'. .\l'i' lllrrr nlllrr IriKr- lir-iili'H ;l,i Wyinln' ;illi' ' M il' \Vi ir lli, Krir- nf ll,i, rmnp'' •J^-ii .\r- 'riiiiii-- -I'lvKisi, liiMiii- 111- lilt: I'vimv, mi ."•^im \ I, \siii auk, i-:,\ rKs-i\ i: .' — linr- il I inKr.ir. iiiaiiv "f l;r' I'r:iirir tril" - "I lln ^1 i ui ' 'I'n wliai i slriil .'irr lln v In lir Iv.'irnl InwanN llir \Vi«l ami S..i.lir/ ■J»l WiUT l'"Air- tsi-T llll I'liMisi. \\ Al'i'M \i III \\ (il((ii|i'' — Hiw Miii'li all arniiiirrini III ailvaii- I.r.'.- ..v.r ill" 111 ■!■. . I' iiiii-i ril" I t.iin " 1 I'l i.lian '' " In wli.il liiaiiiirr am wr In prnrrril in a — iL'niiii.' tin' Mn-n.^ii.- an. I ..ili. r nil..-- ili.ir ippiipriair p..-iiinn- ill llii-i inip.irtaiil rmiip ';' Wa.-i llirrr an rarl_\ iiifn-i.'ii nf f.r i::n M I iiiln :ii.y liraii. ll nf tliii •'arr':' '_•-■.' \Vll\l lii'MiTliiS I. I ;lll TslllH .-!T\l'K.-i IsiilW.s llnl.n, KtII Nl il.' in II' M.I.V, to T i; UK \li \li,i ' Air ill. 1, :iiu pr.il- ..: .'illiliali.'ii in lir' .jTainin.'ir- .'iinl Miralmlarii-'' Wliat lit'lil- arr :i!' .nl. .1 Ly |,.,i n ,,, ;i ..;,il .11 .' W :i- ill. \ '\' \ "f H" '^It--'- ■] I i I r .l.'il.l\ -.III.. I .'it llir prriml nf tin' i -lal.li-lniii nl nf ill. A/'.r 1 iiipiii . nnlir ili.' pr, .j.r. — ..r- nf llir ^l.iii'r'/nina- '.' m AITRNOIX — IN'Ol'll! IK s. r,:,'.> •J"-:; WiiKMj; I'AMK Tin: N xrriit'/, \mi i iik I ii iii ' Viv il,. y if ili" tiih \|i|.iil,M lu.ni i\|i.' ' SWrv tli'Ti' '.'i- ;i I |ili' i-iilli'il CiiiHi-, iiilnliiliiiu' ill.- |.:ill 'I' \ 'itli Aiiirrl. 1 .-ill I I'l.ihl.i 1,\ ili. S|i,iiii:ii 1. '.' \\ lull I 111 !"■ -;liil. ili»lii|irall_V, cifllli' Ap|illllrlu ■», "I \|i|' il.u lijiill-. |i|i'|iir' •.>! I'niii-t; ur Mi..ii\ri(iN — |i tl lliti.i|..,ri,.;i| I'll;, III ,,f iiiiirruti.ii 1,1 |,|. ti I ml., \\,r \|i-.;,.i|,|,i \illi'V. .•iii'l iilmit' till' Vihiiilir I'lui.t, rrmii wiiitli tn iimili, ur vn'i- rrriii i* l« ilii- i'|i:iiii ilriininl |i\ ims niiiiiiiii I'l'ill-I. :i- W.ll lis li_v I,'MIL'I|;1L"' Illl'l Irilililinli ? Wlllll prinC-. Ill' mull III) i'X|,:|li.|<.|| ill' llllir- ;irr 111 lir •iilH.'Ilt ill clinialr iiiul )rrii;.'r;i|iliii':il |ilii'niiiiii'nii ' '.'".'l. Al'I'lUi I ATliiN 111- lltMulK l%\ l|il\( KH l\ K--T.Mll,l -II I Ml till. ill's — |. ||,,,, ;,|,y l^i.|ltll'l' nC iiiicicnl iilTiliilii'i t.i I.I' l'..iiiiil ill ill.' arilliiiii'tir ur ii .if llii' iilliiiilii'i I.r ni'i « iimy In' ilriiuii ' '."''li AiiK Iti I ii.ii.i - Itnis M MiiMiv Am- iv ilii K.iinrii.v m- linni r- '■' — I- iIh- nnii. ('.r ili. hi'ily, I'l- (ii'i'nl .'^|iiiil, iii'i'i '.sarily iii..ri' |ir..iiiiiii'iil lliaii any nlliir ' Wliai iliaraili r- .|.. ili. -iiii :iii.| ih. i n p'liirally l.iai. a- Ivi.i-' Arr llii' Irari'N nf ati iiiirii'lit lirc-Wi 'r-lil|i 'Hi llii- i -niliii. m i'\i, ii.i\, aii.| r liil.l.- ? I- llii' nlativi' imi-ili il' llii' nil!'. i\|ilii'al.|.'. in mhih' iii-r-, ..ii llii- ili. .iv'' \\\\<- aiiil"L'i' . m |.i"|'li. lir art-, nil r'liiaiii'y, iiin-ii'. |.iiliirr-wrilinj.', ami oral lit'linii, any lirariiit' n .Irii.iiiii'j -iniiliiily i( ..n.'iii ' •jx;. I'lliiii ni'in ..| Ciiwiii. IN l.wi.iMit:-. — Itiiw, iir '■', wlial |ii". in -\II:il,ii;il niiii.ilMn. jiai" wi.nls iliaiipil, Ml a- 1.1 a.-siinii' ilii' rli ini'iir i.l' n. w ilialni.- ami !inj;na;; - mi iIli I'lmiini nl. mIiiL' iIh plm nf till. II ' • ir graiiiiiiar, lia.t varicil li'»«, ur Ihtii ri'taiinil '' liMiv 111' It MTS. — Ila\i' llnri' Kii'ii any -Irlklii).' iliaii'.'i". in ill. |.li\-ii'al l\|ii' ..I' lli.' Imliaii rari-, 111 \ .111 iliai |.r...lii(iil liy lutituiltH ami l..iigiliiil('», ami liy llicir iimniior uf MiilL-iiliiirc i* Tul'IC \ !. I Mir M! I I'l < I 1,1,1- < Tit ATI V V. OK (1 KM-; I! \ I, II l.'^TOl; V, •.'*'.! r.lMSWIS 111- nil; \i;w Kvi.l.VMi Tllllll- - Willi I- ill.' Iiiliiil'r fill. I , lili.ii .f ill, r, n K M'lN ' \ri' llii' Aliiiiriki-, hIi , ll.'.l iV.iiii ^' 'rriilL'«:i.'l;, -lill iin.l.r lli.' .an' ..C llnir I'i'i.'inal I. i.ln r-. ..ii'l wlni |.r..i;n -- liMVi' ill. y nia.li' in iii.|n-li'\ an.l .in' i'i\il .'irN, -inri' tin ir w i|li,li';i«,'il l.i l'ana.|:i '' \\ lial \i-li:;. , ..f ill.' \I:i--,i. Iiii- IN '.'n.iii. ..|' nil.. ^ n iniiii \iiiliin llir I I li. - ..f ili ii .'^tiii', im lu-iv. .f >l iij. r. \iii.i;ii.l ami ..ill. r II. ml- ' Wlnl aiv lIn |.ii -. nl niMnl.,r ami i'..nilili..n "f lli,' \ iir-ivin-. ii- ..|' l!li...|. Mii,.|, aiil ..f lllr \I 'II. ■.'■Ill- ..f ('■.nil.', li,lll '' •J'.ili. Nmi\i: Tnilil- m \iu \ \ - Wlnl i- llir |.n I nnml" r, |... ili.n. aii.| -i ii.. , f in.lii-trv ..I ill.' II','! i- ' W ,. ili.lr I',.|.r:ir\ ..|' amii III ..r i I. rii .iil, ; 1 »l,ii »'i. il,.' |iimi|'l.- ,.f il,, ;.',n, rum, m ' \n ili i' ,iii\ "I' ilir -i-rk •■( lli, :iii. i. m \|. 1,. ., m-. \|iiii.. , .. ,.| ,.ili, r n il„ . ..f il,.- ||ii.|...|| \alli\. ,1 ,'1' I.,. iil: 1-1. III. I an.l ill., a.liiii'i 1,1 , l ., 1,11 \Mi|iii> ili,. I,.,iiii.l;ii i, , ,,( ||,-- .-ii ,i, ' \\ |,;,| i. ij,,, nii'.inin- ■ T lli'' vvunl M ml. iii in ' Mil I|n.|-..ii .v. i I. in. I . h il,i- l-liinl ' 'Jdl WiiM Im'IW III i, ni -iii| i\ N..i; i ii \ mi'I ..n ( 'i.i \ n , \ iii..im \ ' \i. il.. \ .1' ih. l'..«li ii. tanir -li.ili ; inn! an' lln n- -till I.. 1.. I'..iiii.l. in .'lli. i' |,iii- ..) lli il Sl.ii, . .1. -, ii,|.iiil- .1' ih, N .il..»,n-, ,,r ..ili,r lliiliaii- ln'li.nj.'iiii.' 1.1 lli.'il I'linily '.' •Jli'J. Wii vr \i MiiHi ur TiiK I'v vwiiv- nr -: Cmlhixv ihmmn' |i.. iI,, Imli m- . T ilii- nil.r, wli.i Hm' in y.i'li .li-liiil. iiHii :in\ 1 ni'l- ; ami, il' ini, «li:,! .inniiil, - ,1- ilii'\ i,.'i\.. I'i..ii, iln s i sni n wiinii v I'Mii ..i nil I 'ii i liuM i- ,\iii ii\lv.. in N'.. II I II I' Ml.il.lN \ ■' — ll'.H Ilia II \ |.i l'."li- n iniin at lli.' I". ,ili ni -i i 111, -1 I', lli, in, :iml »li il |'|' .'.n', -- |ia\,' l|i,'y liiaili' ill au'i'ii'iillnrr an I ii\ ilj/aiii'ii '.' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 1b US Hi til ■j£ 112.0 ■uuw m U ill 1.6 III V] <5^ /2 ^l A '/ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 l/j r 560 A ? P E X P I X — I N Q U I R I E S . 201. Dn TiiK Skminot.ks, wiki ukm.mn in !• I.IIIUDA, INCUKASK IN .N I Mini! :ivi' llicv IIKl'lo mlvMiH'O ill iiL'iiciiltun; nr llic arts, and is llirir cunliiuird irsidriin' in tint Slalc Ijosl siiilcl tn imni tliiir h:ipiiiin'~s anil wcll'aiv, ami to secure, at tin' same time, the ]ir isperity "f tli" Slate setllem 'iils !' loto •J'.'."). Willi WKHl: THE MUST ANCIKNT 'I'lilllKS IMIAIiniNil I'l.i ilil HA .' — I , tllelv al IV re:l.-.ill to !. li, tlnl Culia, tlie lialiamas, or any of llie norllierniii'i'-l L'loniis of llie \Ve>t Imlia I -laii'ls, were ori_nii:il]v [i ■ inlel liy lieliaii- I'roiii llie |ienilisiila of I'liirida ' Who were tli" .\]i|ialaeliites s|Mili,n of in |>a\is' lii-lory nf the Carilrlue Nlniids '! Kid a eololiy of Minorrans ever land, in am ieiit lini fl- Wli: wa,^ Mil' fate of llie Fr iirli, \\!i I al'andiiiied lliomselves to llie wilderiu'ss of Florida, on the faihire of I,:iiid"ii:iierL'> |i!an of sellleineMI / Are lliere any e\ideiiees of |)e Soto's exfiedition to lie found in e.\i>liii!.' Indian iianie>;' " I , 'l'M\. What 1!i;mains i:Msr I'l- iiii; Imhan I'oi'ri.AriuN hk tiik Sta Ti:s siirrii hf, up, laiiinniiMi (IN, Till', . I'l iipiiitr (IP rut; Anciknt I NSCIllPTlilN piilNIl (IN TIIK lIli.lirnN linik, iiN TUP liiillliPlts IIP ^Iassaoiiisptts and Ullnlip l.-l,.\NU ■/ — Is this iii.-cri|itioii in the Itniiic or any other ancient cliaracler, in ji.irt, or alto^'ctlier ; or is it xiii i;r/irri^ willi llie devices and iiictnri'-writin'.' of ihe North American Indians, referred to liy No. 'H't. •2li0. |)ii) Tin; I'liiiKNiciANs, mi any utiipii I'pdi'i.p puiim tiik Mkditkur.vnkan, IIHNISII AW El.K.MKNT IN TIIK AniiknI' l.NlilAN I'dPl LATIioN cip AMKIiirv! — Is there any allinily lielweell tin ]ro(|iiois and lircek laiijiuages ! iiiO. Is TiiKUK .VNV Asiatic Wiiiii) nii Wciiiiis Ninv i.\ rsK iiv a.ny of tup. Amkuican' T ItlliKS .' — AVliat is the origin of the Aztce word ''peon'' " What are the elements of their name for the Deitv, "teo-tl '/" 301. llil \VK HKKIVK TIIK TkIOI Af.KKdIIANV PIKlM AN A.NCIKNT I'pilI'l.K CAI.I.KH Al.f.KlillANS i* — Al'C there any oth.r wor.ls of tlieir langnage remaining in onr !;eoj;r,-i|ihy '/ Stale them, witli their ctvuiology. oOl!. Wild WKltK TIIK F^lUKs? — ■ Have \vc reason tc suppose that we niav reeocnise, nm ler tl IIS name, llio Kahkwas of the Iioipioi.s, or the lost " iientev nation," of the French writers? oO:l. WllAI' TlllDK AUK \VK TO UNIIKliSTA.Nll HY TIIkTkIIM ''FlliK N.\TlllN?" — Is this a syilonvm for any of llie exi>liiig western trihes':' Were thoy of the gronp of the Algon.|niii trihes, or of a difVereiit sleek, who were e.\pelled liy them ? 304. Is TIIK Wdiiii ()nKOd\ AN iNPtAN Tkkm ? — If SO, in what language, and what are its syllaliical clement.s and nieaning''' Was it emiiloyed, Iiy writer.s, prior to the time of Carver? ;!0"i. Is Tin; JN-cini'TidN fopnd hn (H'k.ninii tiik (Iuave Ciikkk MdiM), in Wkstkiin ViiidiNi.\, IN \^-V,), Al.l'ii.MSKTlc cm IIipiiddi.Yl'iiic? — If alplialjctie, in wdiat ancient character was it exeoiited, what is the purport tlivreof, and what Ijearings has it on the early epoch of Ainericim history? Furnish an authentic copy of the in-eri])tioii, with its interpretation, if known. 80(). Cincinnati ANTii)t;K Stdnk. — M'hat objects arc dp]iipted on ai' anliipie ornnnicnted stone found in a niouiul in llie town plat of Cincinnati in ISIO? Are these ornaments in the ^'ucat.iiiese stvlc? liO". At what Tl.MK, APTPl! TIIKY HKCA.ME ACQUAINTED WITH TIIK (iCI.F (IP .MkXICii, WAS TIIP MdlTII (IP TIIK Mississii'i'l PIUST HlscdVKltJLl) IIY TIIK SPANISH? — Whut lianic dill they liestow on it; what terms were bestowed by others, and in wli.it manner ha.s the present term of Mississijipi come to prevail? Is this an Algominin phra.se, and if ,so, what are its elements? APPENDIX — INQUIRIES. 5G1 .".OS. WkHK THK KvinF.NPES OF AnCIKNI' Civil. IZATKiN Cci.N Kl .\ K.ll Hi ThIIIKS l,f)C.\TKI) .MtlllMl llli: Oui.r riF .Mkxii'ii!' — • I)n tlic iirtiek'S iind I'lMfrmi'iits (if aiiciuiit cartlu'iiwaiv, fimml at .\li|i!ilacliicolii liav, ami at (itliLT |)lacc's, ill Tlnriila, (Icimtu a degree iif j^kill in tliat art suiiericir to tliiit kuiiwu to have been liossessed, liy the uoitlieru tribes, on tlio |ilaiitiiig of tlio eoloniosi' .'iOO. Wii.\T OiiiKNTAL Customs ark dknotki) uy Wk.stkun A.ntiqiitik.s? — Artielcs of antique pottery have lieun found in Tennessee, which arc stated to denote tliu e.ti.stence of the I'hallie worship among the ancient tribes who inlialiitcd the precincts of tliat .state. AVIiat are the facts on this head; and do tbcy receive coiintc- iianee from discoveries in oilier (jnartcrs? :ilO. .\I1R TIIERF, ANY AFFTMIIKS HKTWKF.N THE ('aRII! AND NOHTII AmKHTCAN DiAF.ECT.S? ;5n. TltlHAr. Kl.KMKNT OF Anciknt Ci VI i.i/atioN 'Z — Are the reixirts we have in Ilnmboldt, which are renewed by later writers, of a trilie of White Indians, called Moijues or .Mocas in the norlh-wcslcrn parts of Sonora, founded on truth, and what are the features, habits, and arts of this people '! J)o this tribe possess bine eyes, flaxen hair, and a while skin? Do tiicy build stone-houses, raisi.' largi' herds of cattle, and grow and sjiiu cotton? I!l"2. Tkihks of Nfw Mi;xiro. — What are the eharactor, habits, and state of industry of the Navihoes, Jicarillas, ('talis, Kayagiia.s, and other native tribes of this intendency ? .'!!.'!. I.N'OIANS OF OliF.iiiiN. — What are the principal facts respecting the numbers, names, and groups, of these trik'.s? Arc there any analogies between the ancient languages of Mexico or California, and the i'aeilic trilics in the vicinity of Noolka iSound ? And are the tribes of the Columbia \'alley, as tliiy are re|irescnlid to be, destitute of the knondedge of a (!ud, and ollicrwise degraded in their ilitellcclnal character, below those generally lix'ated ea.st of the llocky Mou.itains ? .'!14. Was AMKiufA know.n in tiik I'iftii (^.nti rv, as is now said, in the Bibliotiiktical Circles of iIermany, on the Aitiiouity of Chinese Whitinos? LANOUACrK. 31.'). What are the Grammatical Principles of the Lanhlaok? — Do these priiu-iplos correspond with the aiuient or modern class of languages? If with the ancient, with what family, and in what particulars, do resemblances or aflinities exist ! Arc tlie words simple or coniiiouinl ? If ooinpouiiil, or compound deriva- tives are used, what are the rules by which these coinpounds are efl'ected '. 816. Ts THE \'oCAHI LAIIV OF THE I^ANOIAIIE FOUNDEll ON GENERIC RoOTS OR 1 RIMARY FoRMS WHICH COALESCE WITH AiuiNCTs, IN THE I'lTERANCE ? — Are thcsc roots numerous? An; they monysylhibic or dissyllabic ? Do they express the primary senses of motion, existence, and action, quality, and ]M)sition, without their relation to objects or peisous? 817. What is the I'hocess of Svll.mhcal Accretion? — Does more than one substanlive and ono verb enter into the new compound ? If two or more words coalesce, do they both retain their quota of syllables, or are some dropped, or thrown away ? What are the rules of this process of discarding syllables ? Which syllable is invested with the primary meaning? Give examples of the mode of coalescence. !iis. Have thi: Veriis ano Sirstantives power to arsorh into their Texture, Pronoins, 1'repositions ami Ali.iKCTiVKs? — If so, does not a word become highly concrete, descriplivo. and pollvsyl- bibic, exhibiting rather the f.rcc and meaning of an entire senlence ? ISli). What Laws ok Concord govern the Cse of Sirstantives? — Have they variations of form to designate number, gender, and case? IIow is the plur.al formed? Is there any dual number? Ts there u limited and -n unlimited plural, or an inclusive and exclusive plural ? Have substjintives any inflection to ilenole the animate or inanimate cla.ss of objects? 71 C)&. Al'l'KNDlX— INQl^ I III KS. ' n' tlPiiiil 1 '. li'. I :!'JII. ilisiiKli. — l.-< tlu'iv a iiiasiuliiic, I'miiiiiiii', ami lu'utrr f^midiT ! II' tlio sex of dlijccls ri'i|iiiro iiliiictiiiii ilu llic iiilliTtimis of tniiisilivc vurlis ami nouns ]jiiint 'f U tlu' anaiiuo- III. nl of nialifi- ami masses iiitu animalc and inanimate- kinploms olisi'iviil ! liy what iiitliilions of lliu .i.l._t>i.i( ii ..~ -ii'.. tli.iwi. i-1-.^^.i.i il.>iiiiti>il '^ I )i t Oiiiow 'iiiini'iti' III* oiiillitillttiv ri'doil'i. \i.r)i>i :ilillll;lti> i .1' lli;iliilii-iti>. .-ul. stall! ivcs arc tlu'sc ulasscs ilcnoteil ami rice rr/mi ;' Do nouns, animate or inaniniato, rri|uii'L' voi'lis animalc or inanimate, .">'JI. What aiih; iiik I'mNi'iPAi, ('iian(iks dv (''hum of Sihstam'ivks? — Are (hey ileeline.l to form oases? Are they snseeptiblo of local ami of ailjeelive intleetionsi' Does the nniiii preccile, or fnllow the vcrli ! Do they say 'give me fo.iil,' or ' foiKl give mc '.' Are sulislantivos convcrtcil into vi'rlis, ami how ? :'i'2'J. What akk tiii-: Laws hf AirinKNfK ov VKitiis? — Do vcrlis consist of grouml forms, which imlii-ate imleiienilcnt or generic action, passion, or cxistcneo ! How are iliese forms varied to denote person ai]d olijeet '/ How, in the ineor|Miration of pronominal elements, is the actor distinguished from the iilijcct? How many ni.ioils, tenses, and voices have they'' Can they lie conjugated positively and negatively i* Is there any true inliniiive in the' spoken dialect, or how is the inlinitivc denoted? Are there participles'/ Arc verhs fumieJ from nouns'/ How are the verbs to speak, to dance, to cry, converted into speaker, dancer, cryer? Conjugate the verlis to love, to see, U) burn, through the various moods and tenses. o'J.'). Dll All.TKCTIVKS, As WF.I.I. AS VKRnS AMI Si IISTANTIVKS, (1HKY TIIK OrAM.M ATirAL DlSTINC- TiiiN (IF Ammatk AM) Inammatk? — Are the Words good and bad, black and white, varied in their termi- nations to denote the generic classes of objects to which they arc aplilied? Cannot the same adjective term be applied to a man and a rock/ Arc adjectives declined for comparison? How do they denote the degrees of comparison / If adjectives arc not varied for degrees, how is precision imparted/ Do substantives admit of adjective intlcetions, by whieli the use of a governing adjective is obviated/ In the terms a good man and a good gun, need the words man and gun be separatcdy employed / Describe the rule, with its transitions nud variations. '.>'2i. HdW MANY PiioNiU'xs HAS TIIF, LA.NMUAfiK ? — Are there personal, rdative, and dennmstrative pronouns, and how many of each, and in what nnmner are they varied in the plural / ' Is there any pronoun she, as contradistinguished from he? Is the innnlier of the third person always inilefinile/ Ari' there two plurals for we, foundeil on the prinri]ilc of the inclusion or exclusion of the pcr.son addressed/ How is the Deity addressed under the openilion of this anomalous rule? 3i;r). AlU: I'llONIHNS SI SCKPTIlil.K (IF iNFI.F.nillNS F(1R Tk.NSK, N'lMllKIl, llH TuANSITIVE OiUF.CT/ Tn what maimer are they varied, and how is the past and future distinguished from the presi-nt/ Can they be further varied to denote the obliipie tenses? Is there more than one cla.srt of i>ci'sonal pronouns; and if so, how do the personal prefixed pronouns differ from the suffixes? 326. Has the Lanouaoe Pkepositions ? — If so, .ire they employed disjunctively, or ,as independent part.s of speech, as heard in by, to, in, with, if, from, through, nr arc these senses expressed by inseparable particles, or by alphabetical signs/ How is precision given to the phrases, in the water, by the roek, on the tree 1 327. What is thf. Nfmukr and CiiAnArxKii nF tiifir Auvkubs? — Can the Indians express the sense which, in the English language, is conveyed by the inflection /y, as heard in badly, rapidly ? In the phrases, stand up, lie down, go there, how do the verbs differ from their ordinary forms in the singular of the indicative or imperative iiresent? What are the forms of yes and no? 32S. Is THERE a Definitk ANt) AN Tndffinite AitTici.E? — IIow is the want of a definite artiehi supplied? It will be ncce.s.sary, in examining the subject of the definite article, in the Indian dialects, to guard, on the part of interpreters, against the use of pronouns, in this supposed sense. It is also important to decide whether the indefinite article, where it is given, does not strictly denote the number one, and not an; and to be sure that the sense of the expression employed is not an animal, itc, but one animal. iVc. A PPE N 1) I X — I N Q U I II I K S . 3-JO. OoNJilNOTKiNS. — ll,,w iiiiii.yidiijuiK'tidiis liiivc till' liiiliaiis'/ (ii\e tlic coiniiKm criuivalcnts f.ir the weirds, 1111(1, nor, ncitluT, liiil, Ac, tof;ctliiT with the miinm.T in wliii li thiir ciiiiviih'ntrt in tho Indian dialect, under j-uur exiiniiuatiun, iire (■inplnyed. Arc there ehronologieiil ennjiinelionsi' ;i;)0. I.NTKit.iKCTliiNs. — ])oe,s the hinguiigo abound in exelamations, aud does this part of speech partake of tho nnnnialoiis transitive character which marks the other forms .' If an Indian exclaim lo ! in relation to a man, and lo! in relation to a country, are the equivalentH for tiie word lo! thi; same? Arc! there any diflerences in the interjections used l.y males and by females';' Is the wonl fir alas! the same in both cases':' :!:il. Is TiiKliK A SuiisTA.NTivt; Vi-:iui IN TttK LANiiirAfiE ':' — And, if so, what are its elements? Can the Indians say, I am, he is, they are, kc, in n generic or elementary sense, and as declarative of independent existence ! If the word exist, as the radix hit is stated to, in the Odjibwa dialect of the Algonquin, does the rule separating the grammatical forms of the language into animate and inanimate classes apply to it? Is tho word lull, in the dialect referred to, a verb subst;intivo animate, and lie, a corresponding verb substantive inanimate? Are there analogous forms in the language known to you, and how are tlies,'"words conjugated ? Are the conjugations based on one root, or, as in the Latin sum, on several ? If an cipiivalcnt for the" Knglisli verb to he exist, is it generally employed in the expression of sentiment or passion in conversation, or is its use limited to an object or objects not iircscnt to li.e senses, or which are deemed mysterious or unknown ? Does an Indian siy, I am sick, I am well, I am glad, I am sorry, or are the several expressions, in these cases, without any declarative syllable, as a preUx or suffix to, or incorporated into the texture of the verbs to be sick, or well, or glad, or sorry, by the absence of which deidarative forms, the terms would be, literally, I sick, I well, I glad,' I sorry ? n^i. How AiiE Active I)istini;i;ikiiki. fhom Passive Vf.rhs?— I carry, I am carried. I lift, lam lifted, I strike; I am struck, I burn ; I am burned. Vary the persons which alternately atVect actors and objects of action, so as to exemplify the rule. 3:i;i, Dkiuvative Compound Vkiibs, — Are acti\e verbs made u],, in [.art, of the generic wm-d li, the language for existence, or for the property of independent vitality? Is there a corresponding generic root in neuter or passive verbs? 834. Groind F(in,MS op tiif, SinsTANTlVKs. — Are the nouns ba,sed on a stock of generic particles, implying various grades of matter, in inert or active foriux ? If so, what are the terms, respeetividy, of li(|ui({ solid, light, heavy, aerial, or melallic, animal, vegetable, or mineral matter? In analyzing the hiiiL'uacr,., endeavor to eliminate these radical words or particles from their concrete forms. Xntliioi;- emi leiid nion? conclusively to throw light on the structure of the laiiguag.', than this process of .sylLibical aiialvsis, and it is desirable that you should apply it also to the verbs and to other forms of speech. The Indian languages ditt'er so es,seutially from those best known to us, that wo .should constantly susi)ect them to be re|inidiieiiuiis nf old languages, in which the original radices are hid under a set of combined grammatical forms, which are, after all, very simple. 335, Are there any Redundancies of Forms ? — Such redundancies have been found in the tensal inflections of pronouns wherein the verbs are supplied with the very same inflections, as if we should say, / (lid— love did ; or, / viU—hate viU. It is found in some of the languages, that both substantives and pronouns and verbs must, in order to agree, have the .same plunil inflections for number, by which a species of verbiage or tensal tautology occurs, as if we should use expressions such as these : the birds— they approach- do ; or, he or they did go — did ; instead of simply, the birds approach or he or they went. It is also found that possessive pronouns rcfpiire possessive inflections in their nouns in regimen, and the expressions are, literally, in these eases, my horse— mine; his dog— his ; and not, as in Knglisli, my horse, his dog. These forms have tho cast rather of an ill-digested aud crude language, and not one which, according to the general and nmst approved impressions, exists in a very perfect state. I'lease extend this inquiry to all apparent redundancies nt' f .nii. ;i3(). How IS Declarative or Passive Existence PRKiiirATEi) of another in the i-se m- \ Noi-N, CHANiiED TO A Verr, WHOSE AcTioN IS TRANSFERRED TO one's SELF ? — In what manner is thc substantive invested with the power of a verb? There is a bear; I am a bear, A horse; I am a horse, God exists; I am a God. r.64 APPENDIX — INQTIRIES. I!;!'. IIdW auk Si IISTAM'K AM> .M(iT1oN, (^IALITY AN1> roSITION, DENOTKIl IN CdNlHKTl-; AVdllDS, WiriKUl' IIIK SKI'AltATK I'sK . Is THE VdCAHi l.ARY ( 'dl'Iots ? — Call it readily c.xprcss, or furnish erpiivaleiits for, foreign words? Are there any soumls in the luiglisli alphabet which it cannot express? Is gesticulation essential to carry out some of its nieauiiigs ? Does it a|ipe.ar to be boniogenous in its origin, or d(pes it exhibit a mixture of other and di.-simil.ir slocks, donie.-lic or foreign I * [ A P r E N D I X — I N Q U I II I E S . 56rt !U'i Is Till; I!aiii.\ (if tiih; NdiN am> V1.1111 iiksi;i!.\i.i.v a Mon^ >m.i.\iii.i; !' -- (';iii ynu fiirni>li :i Viioaliiiliiry cpf "lu' liiiinlnil siii'ciiiicns (pf tli'> lailical fnrins iil' vcrh.-i, iiuiiiis, or (jllicr |iriiiiarv pails ..I' siiocc'li 'f It i.1 siLspoi'lcil, I'niin (lifir tapafity of I'oiRTcto .■xprcssiuii, lliat tlio Noi-lli Aiiici'icaii laii;.'iia;;i s aic l'oiiii(k'(l mi a liiiiilcd minilicr of elciiielitary roots, of a jrumral or alwtraet charaL'tor, ivliicli dirivc pncision, imt fii.ni railical eliaiif,'(s of .soiiml, Ijiit fruin rolative positi(]ii, poriimtatioii, elision, or oxpaii.-inii. 'i'li,' car, uiid tliu car aloiic, i.s inaiiifcsily llic principal guide. The urt, wliieli a child early learns by praclicc, ami wliicli appears to recpiire lait liltK' power, inductive analysis, it is conceived, may reach ami explain. olT. What is tiik Statk of tiikih V(icaiu;i,aiiy ? — I'laee the Indian opp..Mte the Kni/lish words in the following vocaliulary. It is es.sential to the purposes of eouiparisou that jilurals and pronouns should bo oniilted, or carefully noted, wherever they are employed. 1. (lod. 2. Devil. 3. Anf;el. 4. Man. 5. Woman. 0. Hoy. 7. (lirl, or maid. S. Virgin. 0. Infant, or child. 10. Father, my. 11. Mother, " 12. Husband, " 13. Wife, « U. Son, " 1;'). Daughter, " IG. lirother, " 17. Sister, " An Indian. A white man. Head. Ilair. Face. 18, 19 20, 21 <)'7 23. Scalp. 24. 2.'). 2(i. 27. 2S. 29. 30. 31, 32. 33. 34. 35. 3(i. 37. 3S. 39. 40. 41. Kar. Hye. Xo.se. Mouth. Tongue. Tooth. IJeard. Neck. Arm. Shoulder. Hack. Hand. Finger. Nail. IJreast. Body. Leg Navel. 42. Thigh. 43. Knee. 44. Foot. 45. To(-. 40. Heel. 47. Bono. 48. Heart. 49. I.ivcr. 50. Windpipe. 51. Stomach. 52. Bladder. 63. Blood. 54. Vein. 55. Sinew. 5(), Flesh. 57. Skin. 58. Seat. 59. Ankle. CO. Town. 01. House. 02. Poor. 03. Lodge. 64. Chief. 05. Warrior. 00. Friend. 07. Kiieniy. (i8. Kettle. 69. Arrow. 70. Bow. 71. War-club. 72. Spear. 73. Axe. 74. dun. 75. Knife. 70. Flint. 77. Loat. 78. Ship. 79. Sail. 80. Mast. 81. Oar. 82. I'.-.d.lle. 83. Shoe, 84. Legging. 85. Coat. 8(). Shirt. 87. Bnreliclotli 88. Sash. 89. Head-dross. 90. Pipe. 91. Wampum. 92. Tobacco. 93. Shot pouch 94. Sky. 95. Heaven. 90. Sun. 97. .^loon. 98. Star. 99. Day. ino Night. 101. Light, 102. Darkness. 103. Morning. 104. Evening. 10,5. ^liiklay. 100. Mid-night. 107. lOarly. 108. Late. 109. Spring. 110. Summer. 111. Autumn. 112. Winter. 11;!. Vear, 114. Wind. 115. Lightning. 110. Thunder, 117. liain. 118. Snow, 119. Hail, 120. I'ire. 121. Water. 122. Tee 123. Karth. r>t\{\ APPENDIX — INQUIRIES. ir? I ;.i ;) 121. S.',i ]■::,. l,:,k... ]■->■<. Iiivir. 1--7. S|iriiif;. 12S. .*^tri'iini. 120. \'allcy. l:io. Mill.' l:)l. .MiMuitain. l;i2. Plain. 133. lAiri'st. i:;i. Mciidciw. 13;-). Pop l;!ti. Island. 137. Stone. 13S. Hock. 130. Silver. 140. Cipivr. 141. In.n. 142. Lead. 143. (iold. 144. .^laiz(', or corn ]4ri. Wheat. 140. ()at.<. 147. l'i>taloc. MS. Tuniii). 140. iVa. 150. Py'"- l.-il. Pcan. 152. .Melon. 153. S(|iiasli. 154. Parley. 155. Tree. 15(i. Log. 157. Lindi. 158. Wood. 150. Post. HiO. Stump. 101. Pine. 102. Oak. 163. A.sh. 104. Klin. 105. Passwood. 100. Shrub. 107. Leaf. lOS. Bark. 109. (ira.ss. 170. Hay. 171. Nettle. 172. Thi-tle. 173. Weed. 171. Flower. 224. Partridge. 175. Itose. 170. Lily. 225. Pige(in. 220. Plover. 177. Itread. 227. W.««hMck. 17K. Indian meal. 228. Turkey. 170. Fhmr. 220. Crow. ISO. .Meat. 230. liavi'U. ISl. Fat. 231. Itolmi. 1S2 Peavcr. 232. Kagle. 183. Deer. 233. Hawk. 1S4. Pisoii, or huffulo. 234. Siiijie. 1S5. Hear. 235. Owl. ISO. KIk. 230. M'oodpeeker. 187. Moo.se. 237. Fi.sh. ISS. Otter. 23S. Trout. 1So niniiiate iir inanimate; pat an, f,ir the first, lunl in, I'ur the soconil. APPENDIX — INQUIRIES. f)(i7 •J7» i!7tl, •.'.77 '27H. t27!t 2H0, 2HI 'Jh;i, i;h4, •-'HO. 'JSS, '2!)1, 202. 2n:). 204. IVp|)or. Salt. liittur. [. Thou, III). Sho. Tlioy. Yo. Wo, (inclusive.) Wo, (exohLsive.) )TliiB, (aniuiiito.) iTliiH, (iimninmtc.) jTliat, (aiiiiiiato.) iTIiiit, (iiimiiinuto.) jTlii'.ii', (aiiiiimto.) lTliu.>i(', (iininiinate.) jTlioso, (aiiiiiialc.) iTIioso, (iiianiniiito.) All. I 'ait. Wlio. I What. ; What person. I What thing. I Wliicli person. IWliieh thing. Near. 205. l"ar oir. 2i)li. To-day. 21)7. To-morrow 2!)S. Vestenlay. 2!l!l. Hy ami by. ;!00. Yes. ilOI. No. iJ02. I'erhapH. ;!():!. Never. •Mi. Korever. i!(iri. Above. ;(0(). I'niler. 307. Witliin. iiOH. Witliout. ;!0!t. Something. :!10, Nothing. ;iil. On. :{12. In. :!!;{. »)■■ H14. Through. lii"). Ill the sky. aifi. On the tree. ;ii7. In the house. iilM. Uy the shore. .S]!». Through the water 320. To eat. • 321. To drink. ;iii"h. 323. To ory. 324. To love. 32.V To burn. 321'.. To walk. ■!27. To run. 32.H. To see. 32il. To hear. 33t). To speak. 331. To ^trikl^ 332. To think. .'!33. To wi.-li. 334. To eall. 33-.. To live. 3311. To go. 337. To sing. 33H. To danec. 33! ». To die. 340. To tie. 341. T.. kill. 342. To embark. 343. Hating. 344. Prinking. 34.^. Kanghing. 340. Crying. 347. I'o bo, or exist. 34S. Y(ju are. 340. He is. 3r.o. 1 am that T am 34S. AllE YOU ACQU.MNTED WITH ANY MaTKUTAL EllUUKS IN TIIK KNEUAI, OK I'OPII.AR ACCOUNTS OP OUR Indian Tiuiiks ? — If so, please state them. In sulimilliiig the preeodiiig queries on the several subjects named, it is not designed to limit the iiKpiiry to thc.«e particular tonus. Calli'd upon, by the terms of the act, to embody niiiterials illustrative of the history of the tribes, as well as their statistics, the Department seeks to avail it.^elf of the kiunvledge and c.xperieiiee of persons in various i>arts of the country, to contribute their aid. The iiii|uiry is here placed on a broad basis, that it may cuitirace the general grounds froinwhich we are to judge the history and condition, past and present, of the jieople whose beiietit. is sought by future legislative provision ; and by the adoption of a course of publio policy which .shall best subserve the highest interests. It is not suiip(wd that every jicr^on who sits down to answer these ipierics, whether he be in a public or private capacity, will take an ei|iial interest in them, or feel ci|ually prepared, with facts and observations, to reiily to all. l!y denoting the gi^neral line of in<[uiry, and running out the leading rpiestious a littli! into detail, enough I -^s been done, it is cuuccived, to serve .as hints to the respondents, and little more is, indecil, intended. Facts ; .-aight, and nothing but facts. It is e.sscntial that, where the respondent is unknown to the Department, ; n reference should bo given. Many of the inquiries relate to customs and opinions which are believed to be c(ii. niou to most of the tribes ; but the exceiited cases are important to be noted, ami in these cases simple affirmative or negative replies will often be sutricicnf. Where new facts are stated, or ni'W opinions cxprcsseil, which are foundid on per'^omil knowIed;;e or study, in any branch of the subject, it is (if neiment that tliey should be well vouched, llitlu'rio incpiiiics of this kind have been ehiefly in the hands of casual xisilors or travellers in the Indian country, often of foreigners, who have necessarily taken hasty and superiieial glances at their mere external customs and ceremonies. Of tin; more abstru.se view of Inlian character —of tlieir religion, tribal government and clanships, their thoughts on * If there be no iut.nitivc to verl)s, insert tlie siniiilest cuncrcte t'onn lu-re, as, lie cats, lie ilriuks, do. MH A 1'1'EN 1)1 X — INQUIRIES. 1!. (li'Mlli :iii(l iniiiinrtiilily, tlirir iiu'iital i'ii|i.'i('iti(H, iiikI tlic Irailiri^ i'imihcj (iC llirir iictioii, viTy litllr Ija-i I i iiliMrvnl, wliiili |iii..s(>-<"< tlio iliarmtcr nf locarrli, wliili' llicn' arc rsH'iiliiil |i(iinls nf ilis(fi'|iaiii'v. lint, wliali'M r dcp-ci' dC itiipcrtVctinii lias cliarartcriziil llu'sc ili'Miltury ami ca.iiial I'lTnrls in ili"o have this tribe to be descendants of the Welch, who are supposed to have reached this coiilinciit in the twell'lh century. Yet the liritish Druids impu,-ed no such .sell-torturing rites. Much inexiielitnde and nnccrtiiinly exist with respect to the class of evidences to be clrawn from the aiilii|ni- ties of the area of ccinntry now composing the Cnited States. To illustrate this topic, in the Imliaii hi-toiy, exact plans and ileseriptioiis are rcipiired. The state of their traditions is ill-ex]ilorcd, on most of the topics embraced in title V. Their general history ami languages, constitute a wide field for remark. The wlioli! subject is one of interest, and in giving the im|uiry oflieiiil sanction, it is designed to collect and prepare a body of faet.s, which .shall pre.-ent the customs, character, and institutions of the tribes in the simple garb uf truth. I ,1 I. THI<] KND. S T E H E r y P E I> BY J . PAGAN. rniNTKD BY T. K. A N l> I*. O. COLLINS