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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 'r I, V I" ./f . k ♦I- THK II I S 'T « £1 V OP FROM ITS FiusT si:ttli:mi:.\t, CONTAIM.VO A UEOCRAPmCAL DESCRIPTION' OF THE PROVIM'E; ITS BOU.NDARIKS, RIVERS, LAKKS, STREAMS, A.fU DIVISION INTO COUNTIES AND PARISHES; ALSO, ITS CLIMATE, SOIL, FISHERIES, JJINES AND MINERALS. C0VER>'3IE>'T, AND EFFECTS OK EMIGRATION, CAPABILITIES? FOR FURTIIEll .SETTLE3IEXT, TRADE AND EXPORTS, Internal ComniiinicationS) Character of Inlmbilauts, and of the Aboridiifs, RELIGION, &C. frei)i:ki(:to.\: PRINTED BY JAMES P. A. PIlILMl'S, "head (quarters" offici:. 1 oTe . ■I r I'- I ■ \ 4 i ^A igi® tji'iii]! ip\Fii3i^n(c^c> The motives which first induced me to undertake the following History of New Brunswick, arose from frequent observations of the want of such a work in the Province, as evinced by the jjrevailing ignorance of this country, in which we are all most interested. Finding that in many of our Schools, the Geography of other countries is taught, and many of the pupils who are able to give a very good account of other countries, are unable to describe the parish they reside in, or the name of the adjoining parish. Many Geographies are so voluminous, that they are not only expensive, but too long and tedious to peruse. 1 have endeavored to obviate this incon- venience, and to render the work available and convenient to all, — a Manual for the Traveller, an Assistant in the Schools, a Guide to the Emigrant, and a ujseful refer- ence for men of business. icon- ikiblc the )ls, a refcv- tv. TO Tin: VVUIAC. Dirtering from ordinal) works ol' die kind, I have commenced with the Ilistorv, before describing tiic bounds or extent of the Pro- vince ; but it seemed necessary to commence the History when it was a part of Nova Scotia, and long before its bounds wevc described. Some may disapprove of my arrangements, and others very justly of the very slight de- scription given of some very interesting localities which the nature of my work re- quired me briefly to pass over. But having endeavored to give a faithful description, without exaggeration, 1 venture to present the work to a generous public, hoping they will approve of the intention, and pardon the imperfections of THE AUTHOR. .^^ «.. • K THE HISTORY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. t ' .1. The first settlement of this Province by the Aborigines is rather traditional, and may serve as a theme for the novelist, in flights of romance, while no account of its ever having been uninhabited can be found. It is very probable that both this and Nova Scotia were inhabited by descendants from the same tribe, previous to the discovery of America by Co- lumbus, and there appears to be no material diflference in the character, customs, language, or complexion, of the Naraganset, Penobscot, Micmac, or Milicete tribes ; or not more dif- ference than is frequently seen among the different branches of English families occupy- ing different localities and purpling different occupations. It appears to have been the general custom of those tribes to be contented and happy with a present subsistence, almost regardless of the future. They appear chiefly to have cultivated maize, or corn, as their only article of bread ; and when the soil became exhausted with HISTORY OF CK. ice by d may iglitsof having Is very ia were c tribe, by Co- latcrial guage, lobscot, re dif- Ing the Iccupy- IfTerent len the itented lahiiost Itivaled |brcad ; witli that craving crop, tliey liave allowed it to turn to a forest again, so that they hardly left any trace of improvement to be seen by their successors. The Milicete tribe appear to have been the claimants of the River Saint John, and pro- bably, of all New Brunswick, whether from discovery or otherwise is not known. When the French colonized Lower Cana- da, many also emigrated to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and their praiseworthy exertions to Christianize the Aborigines seems to have had the effect of making their settlement among them very secure and com- fortable — all united in one communion, and embracing the Catholic Religion, became like one people. The almost incessant wars between Eng- land and France, at length extended to America, and after a series of conflicts be- tween the troops of those nations — between 1757 and 1763 — the French troops were driven from Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick, which were left in possession of the British forces, and finally confirmed to Great Britain, with the Canadas, by the Treaty of 1763. New Brunswick was then included in the Province of Nova Scotia, and denomi- nated the County of Sunbury. Among the officers of the British Army the fertile soil of New Brunswick had been noticed and admired. General Gage and ..j0V1$TSi tfu UtllWrf I '• '• • NEW BRUNSWIfK. i !; S I i i I. ^ ■some of his associates procured a grant of a large tract near the head of the Long Keach, extending to Long Island. Colonel Spry, also ohtained a large grant near Jemseg, Colonel Maugers obtained a grant of Man- gers Island, Irom which the adjoii^ing Parish of Maugerville derived its name, and Major John Butlar Dight, obtained a grant of five thousand acres, since known as the Ten Lots in Sheffield, extending fronj Tilley's, down the river. It would occupy too much of my time and space to enumerate all the monopolies and large grants that were then secured by offi- cers of the Army and other speculators, which have since proved, in many instances, a hind- rance to the settlement and population of the country. But on the cessation of hostilities between France and England, and the conclusion of the Treaty of 1763, the importance of New Brunswick, through the report of the English troops who had visited it, began to be rumor- ed, and Governor Lawrence, of Nova Scotia, invited persons to emigrate there. The firm of Simonds, Hazen & White, established themselves at the harbor of Saint John, and a Scotchman named John Anderson, selected the flat of Fr^^'^ricton for his farm and trading establishment ; and several families from Massachusetts (chiefly from the Parishes of Rowley, Andover, and Boxford, all but a 8 IIISTOKV OF hed Ida ted ing om of a short distance from Hostou,) came to the de- termination to emij^rate to tlie River Saint John, and efieeted a hindinj^ there in 1763 and 1761, in a couph; of packet sloops, of about fort)' tons burthen each, and command- ed by Captains Newman and Howe. Tlic former fust came w ith the Emi^;rants, but the latter became an annual trader to the River, and the only means of conununication be- tween the Pilgrims and their native land. It may not be uninteresting to give a list of the names of tiiosc enterprising settlers who left the rural districts of tiieir nativity and experienced many and great ])rivations to pave the way for an English settlement in this Colony. The following names have been given to the Author, many of w hom he has had the pleasure of being acquainted with, and has followed the bior of several of them to their i;raves, viz. : Anderson, John, Anderson, \Vm. (his son) Barker, Jacob Barker, Jacob Jr., Esquire, Barker, Joseph Barker, Thomas Burpc, Jonathan (Deacon) Burpe, Jeremiah Burpe, David, Esquire, Burpe, Edward Burpe, Jeremiah, Jr. Burpe, Thomas Bridges, Samuel Bubar, Stephen Cliristie, Thomas Christie, Jesse Coy, Edward Coy, Amasa Estey, Richard Estey, Zcbulon, Esquire, Estey, John Estey, Richard, Jr. Estey, Israel Estey, Moses Estey, Amos Estabrooks, Elijah Estabronks, Elijah, Jr. Estabrooks, Ebcnezer Gnlishan, Hazen, Hon. William n NEW BnHNSHICK. 9 ■A I t ' M t Hozen, John, Esquire, Haywnrd, Gcorj;© Ilartt, John llartt, Thomas Hartt, Suinuel Hartr, John, Jr. Hartt, Anron llowurd, Jcwctt, Ijarlco, Dr. Merithew, Miillihin, Munroe, Evans Munroe, Georjjo Nevcrs, Dr. Ncvors, Jabcz Nevers, Samuel Nevcrs, Samuel, Jr. Ncvors, John Nevcrs, Phlriias Pcrloy, Israel, Ksquiro, Perlcy, Oliver I'crley, Asa Pickard, Moses There were some others, whose names I have been unable to collect ; and some who returned. These setders were chiefly of that vener- able sect called Puritans, or Presbyterians, a Religion to which they and their children generally adhered. The French, at that time, were generally collected in small detached villages, many families occupying a sm^ill place, but gener- ally situated on a rich intervale. They, how- ever, gradually removed to some other place, some to the harbors on the North-eastern coast of New Brunswick, some to Mada- waska, and some to Canada. Pickard, Humphrey (deacon) Pickard, John Pickard, Moses Jr., Price, Plunier, Sylvanu?, Esquire, Peabody, Capt. Francis Peobody, Samuel, Es(|uiro, Peabody, Francis, Jr. Palmer, Daniel Palmer, Abijah Palmer, Daniel, Jr. Palmer, Nathan Quinton, Hugh RusscI, John Say, Jarvis, Esquire, Simonds, James, Esquire, Smith, Jonathan Smith, Nathan, Esquiro, Stickney, Isaac Upton, Samuel VVasson, John White, Whitney, 10 HISTOKY OF But to return to our settlers from New England. They commenced clearing and tilling the soil, and were delighted with the rapid growth and favorable prospect of a good crop, when suddenly an early frost blighted their fair prospects and ruined their crop, and before relief arrived, the next year, they suffered much for want of necessary food. I have often reflected on their solicitude and anxiety, when looking daily and sighing for the appearance of the Tittle sloop that was to bring their supply the following Spring. After an unaccountable delay giving birth to various conjectures of danger along a rugged ' , the Government of Sii* Arcliihald CaniplxH, there was a great agitation al)out the Quii- reiits due to the Crown, and wliich had hcen long in arrears, had amounted now to a for- mioable sum. The casual and territorial Revenue, w liieh also had rather exceeded the ordinary Jle- veiuic, and was accumulatinir fast in 1835 and 1836, be^an to cnijaire the attention of the Legislature, who, having learned t!ie art of raising a revenue hy ijnport duties, thought, of course, they woidd know how to take care of it when collected. The Governor, not concr.rring in the opin- ion of the Assembly, a sharj) controversy ensued, and fmally a Deputation was sent to England ; overtures were made, and fuiall} , what was termed a good bargain w as con- cluded. The Crown Revenues were surren- dered to the control of the Legislative As- sembly, and the claim of Quit-rent was rescinded upon tiie Province pledging itself to pay £14,500, annually, for the support oi the Civil List. This measure "ave "reat umbrai>(i to Gov- ernor Campbell, who, being a man of inde- pendent princij)les and circumstances, left the Province in disgust, resinninir his Govern- inent, and predicting that much evil would result from the late speculation of the Pro- vince. The administration of tiie Govern- ment again devolvi'd upon oy HISTORY OF lov- lulc- lott [uvn- c)uld Irru- Hon, WiUiam Blacky who coutiiniod to administer the same until the arrival of Major Gen, Sir John IJarvef/, in 183B, who was dill) commissioned Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Province. About this time there was a General Election, and our late Representatives anxi- ously desired to be returned again, for the truly patriotic purpose, as they alleged, of taking care of the very large sum of money which they had so ingeniously acquired. This desire was generally responded to, and nearly the same members were returned throughout the Province, and they took such care of the money that their successors are unable to find a shilling of it. Such a reck- less expenditure has seldom been witnessed. At their first sitting it was proposed that a Bank should be established for the Pro- vince, where this surplus fund might become a source of annual revenue, or that it might be lent on interest, payable annually. Both these propositions were overruled, and the whole capital was distributed as though it was an annual income, and a similar one anticipated the next year; so that before our careful House of Assembly was dissolved, the Province was in debt. Sir John Harvey rcmovi'd on the arrival of Sir fVilliam Machcan George Colcbrooke, who now administers the Government as Lieut. Governor and Commander-in-Chief. NKW BRUNSWK K. 2i5 BOUXDARIKS OF THK PKOVINCi:. New Brunswick is bounded on the South by the Bay of Fundy ; on the South-East, by Nova Scotia ; on the East, by the Straits of Northumboiiand and Gulf of Saint Law- rence ; on the North, by Lower Canada; and on the West, by the State of Elaine, the Eastern boundary of the United States. It is situated between the 41th and 18tii degrees of North latitude, and between the 64th and 6oth degrees of West longitude from London, and contains about 50,120 square miles. RIVERS AND LAKES, &£C. The principal Rivers, arc the Saint John, Saint Croix, Miramichi, Restigouche, Richi- bucto, Memramcook,Petitcodiac, Maguadavic and Kennebecasis, all of which, with their various branches, deserve a more minute de- scription than my space will permit. River Samt John, is Navigable for sloops, schooners, and steam packets, to Frederlcton, a distance of eighty miles, iuid for |)roprrlj constructed steamers to go in shoal water, it has been found navigable to the Grand Falls, one hulidicd and thirty miles above Freder- icton. At e* the Grand Falls there is much good iiu.iija nnvigatiua; steamers may be constructed to run ;o the Saint Francis, eighty or ninety miles above the Grand Falls, and there is not less than fifty miles 24 ins roil V ov in extent of tin* f/ifTle ALuliiwaska River and Tamlsiiiiatta Lake, snital>l«.: for steam riy ii ills, er- ic h be cis, Hid lies navigation. Ot* the branches of the Saint Jolin» the Belisle is navigable for vessels from t\velv(» to sirteeii miles. Washademoak River, or Lake, is from one mile to half a mile in v/idt!», and navigable for vessels about twen- ty-five miles. Grand Lake is navigable about thirty miles, and is from two to five miles in width, and the Oromocto River is navigable for vessels twenty miles ; all these branches are below Frederieton. Saint Croix is navigable for large vessels to the head of the tide, about twenty-two miles above Saint Andrews, which may b(^ called the head of the Bay of that name. Miramichi River has extensive branches, but is only navigable for larg(^ vessels a few miles from its mouth, where many large ves- sels annually load for Europe with timber. Restigouc/te River empties into the head of Baie dc Chrileur, and, like Miramichi, fur- nishes timber for loading vessels direct for Europe. Richibucto River empties into the Straits of Northumberland, cast of the Miramichi, forty miles. Memramrook River is near the head of the Bay of Fundy, in the County of Westmor- land, where the tide flows fifty or sixty feet. Petitcodiar is also a very (extensive River, ' I 1 NEW BUIJNSWICK. or, J empl}ing into the Bay of Fiindy, near tlu; inontli of JMumraincook. Magaguadavic River empties into Saint Andrews Bay, about twenty miles easterly of the town of Saint Andrews. It is naviga- ble only to the head of the tide, a few miles from its mouth. Its mills and timber and lumbering operations are very extensive, and many vessels are annually loaded there. Kennebecasis River may almost be con- sidered a branch of the Saint John, emptying into the Grand Bay at its mouth. It is from one and a half mile to half a mile in width, and navigable to Hampton Ferry, aboul twenty-fiv(i miles. LAKES. As I shall have occasion hereafter to speak of the Lakes, when I treat of the different Counties where they are situated, I shall here give only a»brief account of them. Grand Lake, is the largest, being aboni thirty miles in length, and from two to five ill width. Maquapit Lake and French Lake, each five or six miles in length, discharge xhvw waters throuj^h the lower (Mid of the Grand Lake into the River Saint John, their channels, or thoroughfares, so called, running nearly parallel with tlu; River, and generally from two to three miles distant. Tamisquatta Lake is the next largest, being nearly thirty miles in length, and aboul two miles wide. f.j AV. nt rly ita- lics md w(\ :on- Voni idtli, 26 HISTOKV OF pc ak ;rent ;hall l\bo\U each Ivaml theiv Ify leva The Oromocto Lakes, are large, particu- larly on the North branch. Magaguadavic Lake is a great sheet of water, as well as that on Eel River, and there are live or six considerable lakes empty- ing into the Toledo River, which discharges into Tamasquatta Lake. PRINCIPAL TOWNS, &1C. The principal towns of New Brunswick are the cities of Saint John and Fredericton. The towns of Saint Andrews, Newcastle, Chatham, Woodstock, Bathurst, and Dal- housie, all of which may be separately de- scribed in treating of the Counties where they are situated. PRINCIPAL ISLANDS, hc. The islands about the coast of New Bruns- wick are very numerous, and of considerable importance. It is said there* are three hun- dred* in Passamaquadda Bay ; this statement appears a little exaggerated. Grand Manan Island is the largest, being about twenty miles in length, and including the small islands along the Eastern and Southern coast, about the same in width. It is said to be equi-distant from New Bruns- wick, Nova Scotia, and the United States. Its soil is favorable for Agriculture, and it has an excellent fishery round its coast. * Some affirm tlmt there are 365, one for each day in the year. ■ V". % Il NEW nnUNSWICK. 21 j Campohello Island is about eight miles in length, is a phice of considerable importance, ; having some excellent harbors and a good ^ soil for cultivation. p Deer Island seems next in importance, 1 and nearly the same size of Campohello, containing about eleven thousand acres, some good land, good harbors, and good trading establishments. These two Islands are about two leagues distant from each other, and in that space, between, there are too many islands to enu- meratc, and all of considerable importance. The Parish of West Isles, so called, which includes the Archipelago, has owned con- siderable shipping, had a Custom House and preventive officers, and its fishing trade and shipbuilding has been considerable. As this Province is nearly surrounded by the Sea or Bays, having three sides of it a salt water coast, and consequently six or seven hundred miles of sea coast, skirted with numerous islands. It will not be ex- pected that I should be able, in this work, to give a particular account of each, but I shall endeavor to treat of some, with the Counties where they are situated. TEGisUTlVE^ LIBRARY Fredericton, N. B. 28 HISTORY OF H X- to ill es CIVn. DIVISIONS OF i\EW IJKUiXSWICK INTO COUNTIES AND PARISHES. At the meeting of the first Legislative Assembly in New Brunswick, it was found expedient to divide the Province into Coun- ties and Parishes, for the better government thereof, and the convenient administration of justice and adopting of internal regulations. It W9S accordingly, in 1786, by a statute then enacted, divided into eight di (Keren t Counties, which were likewise subdivided into Parishes, each County having a Shire Town for the erection of a Court House and Gaol, &:c. As some of these Counties contained at that time large tracts of uncultivated land, which have since become important and populous districts, they have been sub- divided ; the County of Kent, taking the Southern part of the County of Northum- berland, and the Counties of Gloucester and Restigouche taking the Northern part, and recently the County of Albert, to include that part of Westmorland situate South of Petitcodiac River. A Law has likewise passed our l^egislature to form Madawaska into a separate County, but the sanction of the Crown has been withheld until the line between this Province and Lower Canada shall be finally settled. At present the Province is divided into Counties, as follows, viz. : J if» NEW IJKU NSWICK. 29 1. Saint John, ' These six Counlies 2. King's, are laid across the 3. Queen's, River St. John, and 4. Sunbui7, occupy its whoh; ex- 3. York, tent in New Bruns- 6. Carleton, wick. 7. Charlotte, - - 1 Southern part of > New Brunswick, in- J eluding the Islands. These occupy tlie whole Eastern and Northern Coast of the Province. 8. Wesmiorland, - - 9. Kent, 10. Northumberland, 11. Gloucester, 12. Restigouche, - -^ 13. Albert. As I intend to speak of each of these Counties particularly, I will commence with them as they are here arranged. COUNTY OF SAINT JOHN. The County of Saint John is bounded on the South, by the Bay of Fundy ; on the West, by the County of Charlotte ; on tlu^ North, by King's County; and on the Easl, by the County of Albert. The City of St. John is the Shire Town. It has also four Par- ishes, viz : Pordand, Simonds, Saint Martins, and Lancaster. The City of Saint John comprises the Eastern and Western side of tlu; River, or Harbor, at the mouth of the River Saint John, below ihe Falls of that Uivcr, and oc- 30 II I s TO 11 V or the 01' lint l)C- cupies a Gcogiapliical position latluM- siiporioi to almost ail} other city in America. ^Sltu- ted at the head of shij) navigation, on the mouth of one of the finest and most valiiahki rivers in America, commanding the whole trade of the l^ay of Fundy, with a spacious harbor that never freezes, but is always open to tlie ocean, furnisliing a market for, and thereby securing the trade of all the Northern Coast of Nova Scotia. It is not surprising that its harbor is never without Euroj)ean ship- ping, and a constant scene of bustle and hurrv of business. It has been frequently remarked of Saint John, that goods of English manufacture may be purchased there at retail as cheaj) as they can be in the towns where they are manufactured, and necessary provisions much cheaper. I well remember when the chief trade of Saint John was monopolized by a few, but fair competition has long since ovci- come monopoly. The city comprises four AVards on the East side of the harbor, and two on the West side. It is handsomely laid out with streets at right angles, and spacious squares. The city is nearly surrounded by water, so that on the Eastern side of the harbor it may be termed a j)eninsula, Courtna Bay running up in the rear, and the streets from the har- bor nuining through to its waters. The Fort and Barracks for the Troops at the South 1 1 ; 1 I 'I! I' N f I III It' i. *i*il 11 «EU' BIIINSWICK. <^ 1 point commands the entrance of the Iiarbor, and occujjies a very suitabh^ position, remote from the business part of tlie city, and yet so near as to afford relief in cases of danger or necessity. Saint John has suffered excessively by re- peated conflagrations. Its spacious wharves have been surmounted by stately stores and warehouses, well filled with valuable goods, and all have been suddenly swept away by fire. They have been rebuilt at a great expence, and as it was thought, fire-j)roof, and again replenished with wares and mer- chandise, and as suddenly swept away again. But like a fertile soil, not easily exhausted by the power of two or three crops, its situation has caused Saint John to survive misfortune and rise a^ain with new vifjor from its ashes with increased elegance and advantage. Saint John was incorporated as a City by Royal Charter, bearing date May 19, 1785, and annually chooses its Aldermen, Assist- ants, and Constables; makes bye-laws for the internal regulations of the City, and also for the harbor, and roadsteads without the City, and the piloting of vessels in the Bay of Fundy. On the East side of the harbor are the Court House, Gaol, and Custom House, w ith most of the public buildings and offices. But the Western side is also rising in importance ; has some fine establishments for business. 3j? HISTOKV OK respcclal)lr buildings, and a well established steam Fen}' for public accoinniodation is in constant attendance for crossing the harbor. The port charges, though moderate, amount to a handsome revenue, and assist in public improvement. That part of the City on the West side of the harbor is called Carleton. It has an Episcopal Church, a Methodist Meeting House, and one or more Baptist Meeting Houses, and a most valuable Salmon and Herring fisherj on its shores, which, having been carefully laid out in lots, is annually drawn for by the freemen of the City, in lottery tickets, distributed for one shilling each ticket. Of the successful tickets, the first numbers are considered valuable prizes, and generally purchased for about £50 each. Number 50 would be worth less, and over 100 arc hardly worth purchasing. Great excitement prevails in drawing the prizes, and it has sometimes ftdlen to the lot of the needy to draw number 1. On the East side of the harbor there arc within the City two Episcopal Churches, one Catholic Church, one Scotch Kirk, two very large Wesleyan Chapels, two or more Baptist Meeting Houses, with several other dissent- ing Meeting Houses. The Parish of Portland is situate on the North side of the Harbor of Saint John, and extends up the Kennebecasis River to the \ I., ■A' I I NEW BRUNSWICK. 33 I' ii ■• ,« : ' N M bounds of King's County. It is a great place for trade and sliip-building. Has s])acious wharves, warehouses, stores, and hnnber yards along the Harbof ; a Public Market, foundries and manufacturing establishments. it has two Episcopal Churches, one Catholic Chapel, one large Weslcyan Chapel, and some other dissenting chapels. The Parish of Shnonds is bounded West- erly, by the City of Saint John and Parish of Portland ; Northerly, by King's County ; Easterly, by the Parish of Saint Martins ; and Southerly, by the Bay of Fundy — being separated from the City by Courtenay Bay. It is chiefly an agricultural district, rendered more important by its proximity to the City than the fertility of its soil. Tiie public Penitentiary, and the Poor House for the City and County of Saint John, are situate in this Parish, about a mile from the City. This Parish also comprises the celebrated settlement of Loch Lomond, where there is an Episcopal Church. The Parish of Saint Martins is bounded Westerly by the Parish of Simon ds ; North- erly, by King's County ; Easterly, by the County of Albert ; and Southerly, by the Bay of Fundy ; and includes the Harbor of Quaco, where there is an Episcopal Church, and one or more dissecting Chapels. The Parish of Lancaster includes all that part of the County of Saint John, \Vc:st of C i 34 HISTOUY OF ^ tlio City and River Saint John. It lias, like the Parish of Porthuul, extensive quarics of lime, some superic^* saw mills and manufac- turins establishments : some valnable dvked marshes, and an Episcopal Church. ISLANDS. There arc few Islands of im|)ortance at- tached to the County of Saint John. Par- tridge Island, at the entrance of the harbor, has a light-house erected on it, and a JNIarine Hospital, with some other buildings ; and Navy Island, up the harbor, attached to Carleton by a bar at low water, is used as a Naval burying-ground, and a fishing estab- lishment. LAKES. Loch Lomond acquired considerable fame from its beautiful scenery and surrounding woodlands, and some grants of land were made there, and some improvements made previous to the War with the United States in 1812. After the conclusion of the Peace, in 1815 and 1816, a settlement of Blacks were located there, w^ho had been unfortu- nately encouraged to leave Chesapeake Bay. These have proved rather a tax upon the charity of the public than a benefit to the settlement, although some of them are useful servants and laborers. The first large Lake, a?)out twelve miles from the City, is propably seven or eight miles long, and shows some respectable signs f I M :l NEW IJKUNSWKK. 3;3 of improvement around its shores. Tlio land originally covered with a mixture of hard and soft wood, rises gently from the water with very moderate undulations, such as might be inviting to an Agriculturist. There are other small Lakes, whose chan- nels pass through this and empty into the Bay of Fundy by the Black River. These Lakes furnish spacious resources of water for the Mills and manufacturing establishments on their outlets. In Lancaster there are also numerous Lakes abounding with trout and other fish ; upon the branches of the Muscpiash River and Vernon's IVIill stniam, where is a wide field for future cultivation and improve- ment. king's county. King's County is bounded ou the Souiii, by the County of Saint John ; on the West, by the County of Charlotte ; on the North, by Queen's County ; and on the East, by the Counties of Westmorland and AH)ert. It is divided into the Parishes of Kingsion, Norton, Springfield, Westfield, Greenwich, Sussex, Hampton, Upham, and Studholm. The description of these parishes, by the several Acts of Assembly, being so intricate, excepting to persons acquainted with the localities, I will attempt a description which 1 hope ma\ prove familiar. The Parishes of I IcDiipton. Norton. Uphum^ and Suss(j\ extend up the KeiinclH'c.isis 36 HISTORY OF River to the line of the Count) of Westmor- land. The Parish of Wcstjield is bounded South- erly, by the County of Saint John ; Westerly, by Charlotte County ; Northerly, by the County of Queen's, and it extends North- easterly up the Long Reaeh, to the Stream called Devil's Back Creek. The Parish of Greenwich commences at the bounds of Westfield and extends up river Northwesterly to the line of Queen's County, until it meets the line of Springfield, a short distance up Bellisle Bay. Springfield extends from Greenwich up both sides Bellisle Bay, and is bounded Northerly by Queen's County. Kingston is the Shire town of the County, and nearly or quite surrounded by all the other Parishes. It is situated on the Isthmus called Middle Land, being a narrow neck of land between Bellisle Bay and the Kene- becasis river. Here is a Court House and Gaol, an Episcopal Church and a public Grammar School ; the Register's Office, the the High Sheriff's Office, some Hotels, and a pleasant little Village. Each of the Parishes have an Episcopal Church, and in some there are dissenting Chapels. I;}LANDS. The principal Islands are the Kenebecasis, Long Island, and Darling's Island, in the Kenebecasis, and Jones' Island in the Lone; . t'?! 11 n^ ' 1 1 i 1 I 1 1 Id 1 ■■ n ^ 4'"t 1 ; : , ,1 'I'l ' , ,", ^ ' ■•.' '.( y i I M I NEW BRUNSWICK. 31 Reach, and llu» Grassy Islaiuls, whicli be- come very valuable and a growing property tor the County, annually increasing in size and height by alluvial deposits. queen's county. Queen's County is bounded Southerly, by King's County ; Westerly, by the County of Charlotte ; Northwesterly, by the County of Sunbury ;• and Northeasterly, by the Counties of Northumberland and Kent. It is divided into Parishes as follows, viz : Gageiown, Hampstead, Wickham, Water borough, Can- ning. Chipman, Petersville, Johnston, New Canaan. Gagetown, situate nearly opposite the moutli of the Grand Lake, is the Shire town of the County, and on the bank of Grimross creek, (so called,) near its mouth. Here are the public buildings, public Oflices, an Episcopal Church, several Stores, Hotels, &€., and altogether a pleasant Village. Hampstead extends from Gagetown to the lower line of the County, including Long Island, and from the rear of these two Parishes The new Parish of Petersville, is formed extending across the Nerepis Road to the line of Charlotte County. Parish of Wickham commences on the lower line of Queen's Countv, by Spoon Island, and extends up the East side of the river so as to include the lower Musquash 38 IIISTOUY OK Island, wIkmo it extends up to the lowor line of the Parish of Watorhorough, inchiding hoth shorrs of the WasluidtMUoac Lake, for about eight miles, where it is hounded hy the Parish of Johnston. The Parish of Johmton inchides the upper part of the Washadcmoac Lake, and extends along the rear line of the Parish of Wickhani, by the road leading from Fredericton to Saint John, until it meets the lower line of the County." The Parish of Watcrhorough ineludes that part of Queen's County on the East side of the river, between the Parish of Wickham and the Jemseg Creek, extending up the Eastern side of the Grand Lake. The Parish of Canning includes that tract between the Jemseij and the lowcn* line of Sunbury, on the East side of the river, and extends, Northerly, up the Grand Lake until it meets the lower or Southern line of the Parish of Chipman. The Parish of Chipman extends up the West side of the Grand Lake, to the Northern bounds of of the County. New Canaan is the Eastern division of the County, including the Settlement of that name. ISLANDS IN QUEF.n's COUNTY. Long Island is a valuable tract of Intervale, has several good Farms on it, the Parish Church, and some good buildings. The two NEW BRUNSWICK. 39 1« Musqiiasli Islands aiul Matticc Island arc also beautiful tracts of rich Intervale, of great value. COUNTY OF SUNBURY. The County of Sunburj is bounded Northcastcrl} , by the County of Northumber- land ; Southeasterly, by Queen's County ; Southwesterly, by the County of Charlotte ; and Northwesterly, by the County of York. It is divided into five Parishes, viz : Burton, Sheffield, Maugerville, Lincoln and Blissville. llie Parish of Burton is the Shire town, lies on the South West side of the river, extending from the upper line of Queen's County to the Oromocto river. It includes the Court House and Gaol, an Episcopal Church and several Dissenting Chapels. Mauger's Island and Ox Island are also attached to this Parish. The Parish of Sheffield is bounded on the line of Queen's County, on the North side of the river Saint John, and extends up the river seven or eight miles, to a point near the lower end of Middle Island, which Island it also includes. This Parish may be termed the first Eng- lish Settlement on the river, and contains a Presbyterian or Independent Church, and two Wesleyan Chapels. The Parish of Maugerville commences on the upper line of the Parish of Shoffield, and extends up on the North East side of the 40 HISTORY OF O 10 IC it (T- o a fcid )ii lid Ihe river, to the County of York. It has an Episcopal Church and Baptist Chapel, hoth near the centre of the Parish, on ihe bank of •the river Saint John. The Parish of Lincoln extends along the South West side of the river, from the Oro- mocto river to the lower side of the County of York. The Parish of Blissville extends from the rear of the Parishes of Burton and Lincoln to the County of Charlotte, including the branches of the Oroniocto. COUNTY OF YORK. The County of York is bounded North- easterly, by the County of Northumberland ; Southeasterly, by the County of Sunbury ; Southwesterly, by the County of Charlotte and the River Saint Croix; and Northwesterly, by the County of Carleton. It is divided into Parishes (including the City of Freder- ic ton, the Capital of the Province) as follows, viz. : Fredericton, Kingsclear, Prince William, Dumfries, Southampton, Queensborough, Douglas, Saint Marys, Stanley. The City of Fredericton is situated on a point of flat land upon the bank of the river Saint John, opposite the mouth of the Nash- waak river. It contains the public Provincial buildings, such as the Province Hall, the oflices of the Secretary, Surveyor General, office of Audit, Receiver General, Attorney General, Solicitor General, Master of the NEW BRUNSWICK. 41 Rolls, with the usual County builitlngs, a public Market House and Gaol. The Go- vernment House, up at the Head of the town, adds 'also to the beauty and importance of the place, while the stately edifice of King's College, near the lower wing, upon an elevated situation, improves its im])ortance and em- bellishes the scenery, which, with the lofty spires of the different Churches, are first discovered on approaching the place. The fine Barracks, also on the bank of the river, where the Troops are garrisoned, render it still more important, while the well established Gentlemen's country seats around the City are laid oat in good taste and form a beautiful scenery. Fredericton, at the head of the Sloop and ordinary Steam navigation, from its central position'in the Province, was, no doubt, very judicloiisly chosen as the Seat of Government, and as a place of trade must rise in impor- tance, although its commercial interest cannot equal Saint John. It has one Episcopal Church, one Catholic Chapel, a Scotch Kirk, Wesleyan Chapel, and Baptist Chapel, all large elegant buildings ; also a Baptist Seminary. The town appears to be a perfect level, with handsome streets laid out at right angles. The Parish of Kingskar extends from the lower line of the County round the City of Fredericton, and up along the Western 41 , cv Go- wn, ) of ng's [ited em- lofty first The iver, Icr it islied City utiful > and mtral very ncnt, ipor- nnot tholic and hngs ; pears Liccts the Ity of Isteru 42 HISTORY OF side of the river, to the Parish of Prince William. The Parish of Prince William extends up along the Western side of the river Saint Johrt to the Parish of Dumfries. It has one Episcopal Church and one Dissenting Chapel. The Parish of Dumjries extends from the Parish of Prince William to the upper line of the County or line of Woodstock. It has one Episcopal Church. N. B. — The three last descrihed Parishes include the Islands in the river in front of them, The Parish of Southampton is on the Eastern side of the river Saint John, adjoining the lower line of the Parish of Northampton, in the County of Carleton, and extends down the river opposite the Parish of Dumfries, until it meets the upper line of the Parish of Queens bury. The Parish of Queensbury extends along the Eastern side of the river, from Southampton, opposite to the Parish of Prince William, until it meets the upper line of the Parish of Douglas. The Parish of Douglas extends down the river, from the lower line of Queensbury, on the North East side of the river, until it meets the upper line of the Parish of Saint Marys and is opposite to the Parish ot Kingsclear. It has an Episcopal Church and one or more Dissenting Chapels. The Parish of Saint Marys extends from Douglas to the line of the County of Sunbury, M NEW BRUNSWICK. 43 including the Naslnvaak Settlement, opj)osite Fredericton. It has an Episcopal Church and two or three Dissenting Chapels. The Parish of Stanley extends from the rear lines of the Parishes of Saint Marjs and Douglas to the Northeastern line of the County, including the village of Stanley, in which is an Episcopal Church. COUNTY OF CARLETON. The County of Carleton is bounded South- erly, by the County of York ; Westerly, by the United States or State of Maine ; Northerlj", by Lower Canada ; and Northeasterly, by the Counties of Northumberland and Restigouche; and is divided into Parishes as follows, viz : Woodstock, Wakefield, Simonds,* Wicklow, Andover — all on the Western side of the river Saint John ; Northampton, Brighton, Kent, Perth, on the Eastern side of the river, and Madawaska, on both sides, including the Grand Falls, and extending along the Western line of the Province to the boundary line of Lower Canada. Woodstock is the Shire town of the County, is bounded Southerly, by the Northern line of County the of York ; Westerly, by Iloulton, in of the State Maine ; Northerly, by the Parish of Wakefield ; and Easterly, by the river Saint John. Woodstock Village is situated at the mouth * The Parish of Simonds is formed on the upper part of Wakefield. 43 situ rch the and the . in uth- 1 the erly, y the icho; viz : \low, river ^ent, and the the idary Linty, nc of on, in ^irish river [louth part of 44 HISTORY OF of the JMediixnakick river or creek, on which are some valuable Mills and machinery. The Court House, Gaol, and some other public buildings were erected about two miles above the creek, and the old Church, Register's Office, and some otliisr respectable establish- ments, about two miles below, making the Village about four miles long ; but the greatest amount of business is done in the centre, near the creek, where there is a new Episcopal Church, Catholic Chapel, and Wesleyan Chapel. Woodstock IS invitmg as an Asrricultural Parish and important as a place of trade. It is one of the principal depots of inland and river communication on the main river Saint John, above Fredericton. The Parish of Northampton \s on the Eastern side of the river opposite to Woodstock. The Parish of Brighton is on the Eastern side of the river next above Northampton. The Parish of Wakefield is next above Woodstock on the Western side of the river, and is considered a fine farming district. The Parish of Simonds extends to the Parish of Wicklow. The Parish of Wicklow is also on the Western side of the river, and extends from the Parish of Simonds to the River de Chute. The Parish of Andover^ on the Western side of the river Saint John, extends from fUver de Chute to the Parish of Madawaska. NEW BRUNSWICK. 15 The Parish of Kent is on the Eastern side of the river, opposite to the Parisli of Wicklow. The Parish of Perth, on the Eastern side of the river, extends from the Nortliern or upper line of Kent to Little River, the lower bounds of the Parish of Madawaska. The Parish or District of Madawaska is bounded hy the Northern lines of the afore- named Parishes of Andover and Perth, and extends from thence to the bounds of Lowxr Canada. This extensive and j)opulous Parish, before the settlement of the Boundary ques- tion with the United States, was all under Englisli laws, but now the Western line of the Province strikes the river Saint John, about two and a half miles above the Grand Falls, and follows the channel of the river to the Saint Francis river, a distance of about seventy miles, leaving two of their three fine Catholic Chapels on the American side. The Parish of Madawaska was erected into a separate County hy an Act of the Legis- lature of New Brunswick, subject to Her Majesty's approval, but the Royal Assent has been said to be withheld until the boundary line between that and Lower Canada should be agreed upon and settled. The Madawaska Parish comprises an ex- tensive tract of fertile land, rich Intervales and Islands, with extensive rivers. The whole tract of Country between th(^ river 15 stern di of I side in or lower ilea is afore- , and jower ^irisli, ques- undcr ine of John, Grand iver to about ?e fine r * td into .cgis- Iler Int has indary should hn ex- !r vales Tiie river \6 HISTORY OF Saint John and tlie river Saint Lawrence, is intersected witii fine sheets of water, beautiful lakes and streams, witii large tracts of rich Intervale. As the tributary streams above the Grand Falls, upon the Eastern side, are of considera- ble extent, I will e«deavor to give the names of the largest. At the head of the Falls the Little River is situate, and fifteen miles further up the Grand River unites its powerful stream. Three miles further up is the little Sigass River ; four miles further is the Quisibus River ; three or four miles further up is the long Serpentine Green River,* pouring its beautiful green waters into the main river, exhibiting a fine sea green color for a consi- derable distance into the Saint John river. About eight miles further is the Little Rock- way or Iroquisf River, meandering through fertile plains and rich Intervales, chiefly uncultivated. About two miles further up is the Little Madawaska River, which is partially settled upon both shores for about twenty miles. At the mouth of this river is the Little Falls ; its lakes and branches are very extensive, and timber is floated down for more than eighty miles from its mouth. At * Green River derives its name from the color of its water, and it is remarkable, that about North from it another Green River, of a similar color, falls into the Saint Lawrence. f Iroquis River has about three-fourths of a mile from its mouth, a double Saw Mill, two run of stones in a Grist Mill and two Carding Machined ut lhe«auie Dum, owned by M. Terrio. i- NEn HUr.NSWlCK. 47 ihc iiioutli of this river there are several Hotels and good trading; estahlishiiieiits, and a very superior Block Mouse presenting eight sides for defence. Twenty-one miles further up is the Degelee Settlement and a military post, near the foot of Tamiscjuatta Lake. About twenty miles further up is another on the Western shore of the Lake. About fourteen miles further up, above the Little Madawaska, is the Turtle River, at Bakers- ville, where are Saw and Grist INIills, and about twenty miles further is the Saint Francis River and Settlement, &(•. Between the before named rivers are several streams of considerable extent. The branches of these rivers in many cases, drain the same plains that are drained by the branches of the Saint Lawrence, so that in that extensive country the traveller can scarcely find two miles of country without a stream. Madawaska has suffered exccedindv on ' account of the unsettled state of its boundaries. When the line between that and Canada is fixed, it will, no doubt, form an extensive County. Having long been considered a part of New Brunsw ick it has shared in its revenue in times of necessity, and it would be a very great hardship on the Madawaskians now, to be severed from the protection of this Province. The Canadian scheme to induce the INLida- 47 48 HISTORV OK venal and eight rtliur litary jake. cr on \l)OUt Little ikers- 1, and Saint s are The , drain that in can hoLit a mv Iv on danes. iiada is ensive I) red a 1 in its would iskians of this ; INIada- wuskians to petition for such an alteration, upon the [)rcte.\t that the; were petitioning their Legislature for money tor the roads, . will, I Iiope, meet with that reception from the Home Government which such schemes merit. county" OF CHARLOTTE. The County of Charlotte is bounded on the North, by the Counties of York, Sunbury, and Queens ; on the East, by the Counties of Saint John and Kings ; on the South, by ihe Bay of Fundy; and on the West, by the Saint Croix, which separates it from the State of Maine. Charlotte County, by an Act of the Govern- ment of New Brunswick, in 1846, was divided into seven Parishes, as follows, viz : Saint Stephen, Saint David, Saint Andrews, Saint Patrick, Saint George, Penn field. West Isles. In 1803 the Island of Campobello was erected into a separate Parish. In 1825 the Island of Granmanan was erected into a distinct and separate Parish. In 1823 the Parish of Saint James was erected from a part of the Parish of Saint Stephen. The Parish of Saint Sttphen comprises the Western side of Charlotte County, bounded by the Saint Croix river on the West and South, the Northern line of the County on the North, the Parish of Saint James on the East. At Saint Stephen there are two or more Bridires across the Saint Croix river, one at »» ^1 : \ 4 IM B^ t 'Hi linll B Im8 1 ilBff' I'll 11 11 ill NEW imi.NSWICK. 49 the head of the Tide, and the olhcM- at Mill Town, two miles furtlun" up. It is a plaee of considerable business, with its Church and Chapels, respectable residences, \Varehouses and Stores. It has all the appearance of a thriving, busy Town. The Parish of Saint James is the next Parish East of Saint Stephen ; chielly an Agricultural district. The Parish of Saint Davids is situate between Saint James and Saint Andrews ; bounded South and Westerly, by the Saint Croix, and Oak Point Bay. The Town of Saim Andrcivs is the Shire Town of the County, lying at the head of the Saint Andrews Bay or Basin. It has a spacious harbor, and is handsomely situated, contains an Episcopal Church, Scotch Kirk, Wesleyan Chapel, Catholic Chaj)el, and Baptist Meeting House. Its public buildings are respectable, especially its Poor House and Hospital, on an elevated situation, near the 1 own. Tfie Parish of Saint Patricks is situate East of Saint Andrews, including the Digdoguash River and Settlement, with all the Islands within two miles in front, along its coast. The Parish of Saint George adjoins Easterly the Parish of Saint Patrick, including the Settlements and Villages on the Magaguada- vic River, with all the Islands within two miles of its shores. At the Magaguadavie D oO HIS TOR V OF '5 d IS ly \c ro River, in this Parish, are extensive Saw iMills^ and machinery. It is a place of considerable trade, has an Episcopal Church, and several Dissenting Chapels. The Parish of Pennfield extends from the Parish of St. G^eorge, to the County of St. John, including the Wolf Islands, and the Islands of Mace's Bay. Beaver Harbor is situated in this Parish. The Parish of West Isles includes Deer Island, Frederick Island, and Dudley Island, with all the lesser Islands contiguous to them, not included in the Parishes before mentioned, forming ai together an extensive Parish. The Parish of Campohello includes the Island of that name. The Parish of Grand Manan includes the Island of that name, and the smaller Islands about its coast. COUNTY OF WESTMORLAND. The County of Westmorland is bounded Northeasterly, by the Straits of Northumber- land ; Southeasterly, by Bay de Verte ; South, by Nova Scotia ; Westerly, by Petit- codiac River, and the Eastern line of King's County ; and North, by the County of Kent. It was divided into Parishes as follows, in 1786, viz : Westmorland, Sackville, Hope- well, Hillsborough, Moncton. In 1787, the Parishes of Dorchester and Salisbury were ferected. In 1801, the Town or Parish of Dorchester was erected a Shire Town for the f I 'M 'iTs NK.W BRUNSWICK. 51 ii County, iiisiead of tlic Parisli of Wosimor- land. In 1827, the Town or Parish of Shediac was formed. In 1005, the Parish of Botsford was erected. Northerly of the Bay Vert. In 1845, that part of tlie County of Westmorland West of the Petitcodiac River, was formed into a separate County, denomi- nated the County of Albert. COUNTY OF KENT. The County of Kent is bounded North- easterly, by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence ; Southerly, by the County of Westmorland and Queen's County ; West and Nortli, by the County of Northumberland. Kent is divided into seven Towns or Parishes, as fol- lows, viz : Carleton, Richibucto, Wellington, Dundas, Huskisson, Harcourt, Weldford. Richibucto is the Shire Town of the County, a Seaport, and a place of considerable trade. COUNTY OF NORTHUiMBERLANO. The County of Northumberland is a large County, bounded North, by the County of of Gloucester ; East, by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence ; South, by the Counties of Kent, Queen's, Sunbury and York ; and West and North-West, by the Counties of Carleton and Restigouche. It is divided into Towns or Parishes as follows, viz : Newcastle, Alnwick, Wellington, Carleton, Glenclg, Chatham, Nelson, Ludlow, Northesk, Blissfield and Blackville. 62 iiisTonY (jy The Parish of Newcastle is the Shire Ton ii of the Count}', has an Episcopal Church, 'Scotch Kirk, and several other places of worship. The Parish of Chatham, situated on the opposite side of the Miramichi River, is also a place of considerable importance, competing with Newcastle in- trade. Both these Parishes, situated by the same spacious Harbor, export- ing large cargoes of timber, and receiving large importations from Europe, give rise to many jealousies, which occasion, at times, much political strife. COUNXy OF GLOUCESTER. The County of Gloucester is bounded North and Easterly, by the Baics de Chaleur ; Southerly, by the County of Northumber- land; and Nor tinvr tori) by the County of Restigouche ; it is divided into the following Parishes, viz : Saumarcz, Bathurst,Beresford. Bathurst is the Shire Town of the County, a Seaport, and a place of considerable trade. COUNTY OF RESTIGOUCHE. The County of Restigouche is bounded Northeasterly, by Baies de Chaleur ; South- easterly, by the County of Gloucester ; Southwesterly, by the County of Carleton ; and Northwesterly, by the district of Gaspe, in Lower Canada. It is divided into the following Towns or Parishes, viz : Durham, Colborne, Dalhousie, Addinjiton, Eldon. Dalhousic is the Shire Town, situated at i If nsi '■\\ N F. W r, RUNS VV I c: K . o^i the head of the Bales de Chalcur, it is a place of considerable importance. COUNTY OF ALBERT. The County of Albert is bounded Northerly, by the Petitcodiac River and the County of Westmorland ; East and South, by the Bay of Fundy; and West, by the Counties of King's and Saint John. It is divided into the following Parishes, viz : Coverdalc, Hills- borough, Hopewell. Harvey, and Salisbury. CLIMATE. The Climate of New Brunswick differs materially from the same latitude in Europe. The extremes of summer heat and winter cold are allowed to be much greater than in England and Ireland. In Fredericton, the Thermometer in winter has been twenty-three degrees below Zero, and in summer it has been known as high as ninety-one degrees in the shade ; but these are extremes. In a general ^vay, the winters are very pleasant, for business or pleasure. Sleigh- riding and teaming generally make excellent roads, and few complain of being hindered in their business by the cold. During the summer, the growth of vegeta- tion is very rapid, and many plants come to perfection here, in the open air, that would not h- Int lin ta- to lot 6i HISTORY OK thrive in Ensland. Wheat has been known to from the seed to maturity in ( rally requires ninety ;hty It gei grow days, althoug days or more. The rains are not periodical. Two weeks in the summer seldom pass without rain, which seldom continues longer than twenty- four hours. Rain is as frequent in July and August as in November, and it is generally admitted .by Europeans who settle in New Brunswick, that the autumn is much more agreeable here than in England ; and also, that much less damage is experienced here by the winds, at any season of the year, than in Ireland or England. There has been a considerable alteration in the climate of New Brunswick since the commencement of the present century. At that time there were seldom seen naked fields during the winter months, and the ice of the rivers was seldom bare for skating after the first of January, Some used their teams all winter without having them shod. Of late years it has become quite common to see the fields bare of snow for a short time any month in the winter, and in 1830, the Western mail entered Saint John upon wheels, in every month of the winter ; but so uncertain are the snows that the next winter it was ex- ceedingly deep and difficult on the same road. The Climate differs in different localities. The best climate in the Province for Agricul- T NKW BRUNSWICK. i}0 !* tural puiposus, is about Queen's County. Near Saint John or the Bay of Fundy, the summer heat is moderated by the fogs, whicli are very prevalent, and in many cases, further up in tlie country, es])ecially up small streams, early frosts occur. On the Northern coast of the Province the climate seems more favorable for Agriculture, than on tlic shore of the Bay of Fundy. Early frosts succeed North and North-West winds ; but where they come off from the salt water, they are less liable to be frosty. In the district of the Upper Saint John, or Madawaska, the snows are generally deeper, and the rains are more abundant, occasioned, probably, by the great length and breadth of the Gulf and River Saint Lawrence, narrow- ing to a small space, and the immense ice- bergs on the Northern coast constantly emitting a dense vapor, which, when pressed by the wind up the Saint Lawrence, finds vent through the flat country to the River Saint John and towards the Atlantic. ^ From the foregoing reasons, the country between the rivers Saint John, Restigouche, and Saint Lawrence, appears to have much more numerous streanis and rivers, and a larger proportion of intervales than any other part of the Province. In this flat country the summers are sufficiently w arm, and the continued snows of winter, afford the best protection to the soil. 66 HISTORY or Wheat, Oats, Barley and Buckwheat, come to perfection \vith all the ordinary s'lcculent roots, and sometimes Indian Corn in JNIada- 'waska ; but lower down the river, between Woodstock and Saint John, Indian Corn thrives well, and Piunpkins, Melons, Cucum- bers and Squashes grow out in the fields. Iier are sof () 11, SOIL OF NEW BRUNSWICK. The soil of this Province is probably as variable as that of any other country ; and when wc ri view^ the Southern shores washed b;^ liid Bay of Fundy, it appears as though its foundation was a rock, the Islands of the Bay nearly all exhibiting the same appearance. No general rule can, however, be found for the situation or depth of the different strata with which the country abounds. Some hills exhibit a profusion of huoje masses of granite, quartz, and sandstone, up their acclivities, while on the summit they have an excellent soil for cultivation, and others in their neighborhood have a very fine soil up the ascent and a rocky useless top. In flat districts of upland which have generally been covered with spruce timber, there an^ immense beds of brick clay, which, with a a little sand or lime, is readily brought into a good soil, and in these flat lands almost i ^KW BRUNSWICK. 57 n» '■ every rising or little hill is rock} and mi.xed >vith snnd and gravel. In digging clay for bricks, there has also been found saline formations, such as shells, &c., quite above the level of the sea, .n short, every feature of the country, of islands, coasts and rivers, serve strongly to in)])ress the niird with the history in Holy AV'rit, of the fountains of the great deej) having been broken up to deluge the earth. There are, however, many extraordinary' alterations and valuable formations which have evidently been the work of time, and of these the intervales are the most important and valu- able. These appear to have been fornied by alluvial de|)osits from the streams and rivers, and enriched by vegetable matter which those deposites have produced. The intervale islands in the rivers a])p(;ar, generally, to have been made by trees and other substances jjroundins: on shoals. The floating ice and the waves crowd up the sand and mud about it until, in the heat of summer, it produces reeds and rushes,, these collect a sediment from the riley water of the stream, and as a rock or any other fixed substance in ihe tide or current, exhibits a rise of water upon each side and a vacuum below, so our intervale islands are formed with a ridge, each side rising from the head of the island, and finely tapering downwards leaving a hollow in the middle. ar, ncr, t a \m, c in Iter our acli and low 5\) HISTORY OF lutervalrs on small crooked rivers aro constantly undergoing other alterations. The coves or concave shores'^are annually wearing deeper and the stream constantly becoming more crooked, while the opposite points are annually extending further until a considera-^ ble peninsula is formed, and somtimes the isthmus breaks througlj, forming a newchannel and an Island.* These are but ordninary changes and frequently evident. The inter- vales are generally allowed to be the richest and most valuable soil. Those intervales up in the rapid streams and rivers are, generally, of a coarser sand than those lower down, which seem to have been formed of tiiat fine material which may float in a current ; thus the sandy intervale is superior for grain and generally does well for grass ; but the fine soil has been known to lay in meadow for fifty years and also to be pastured every fall. Such treatment is, however, found to dete- riorate the richest soil. The soil of New Brunswick is generallv allowed to be superior to that of the adjoining Eastern States of America. Its uplands are considered superior to those of Nova Scotia, and its extensive intervales are generally acknowledged to be of a very superior descrip- tion, probably etjual to any known. There are some very thriving settlements uj)on high extensive ridges, others on hilly ground, and many in the vallies, all proving that those diTHMfMit •^itiKitioiis luivr fc^rlilc soils. I I i «! J > Itiii NEW lilU.NSU ICK. hU PRODI CK. Owing to the great repute of tlie Timhcr Trade, Ship Building, and other pursuits, too nianv of the aetive and enterprising inhabitants of the Province have neglected Agriculture, ar } more have ncghjcicd to study it as a science , :}ut enough is practiced to convince the observing, that tliis country is capable of producing all the necessaries of life. Wheat, Rye, Indian Corn, Peas, Beans, Buckwheat, Barley, Oats, Hemp, Flax, and Wool, have all come to great perfection. Pota- toes and all other succulent roots are allowed to be equal to those of any other country, and Pumpkins, Cucumbers, Melons and Scpiashes, flourish in the open fields, while Apples, Plums, Cherries, and other small fruit, arc cultivated with advantaire. FISHERIES. ^ The fisheries around the coast of New Brunswick, are verv extensive and afford a great variety. The Cod and Scale Fishery for many years, together w ith the Gas})ereaux or Alewives caught m our rivers and harbors, formed a very considerable part of the com- merce of the country, and supplied the British West India Islands witli those indispensable articles of food in exchange for their produce. The ditTercnt changes in Colonial policy has (50 HISTORV OF lew for Ix 01 )ors, :ovii- lltisl I c luce. rvmhwi] ihat iradc^ of late years less lucrative ; hut the Fish, however, contiwie abundant and may be considered as a rich gift of Heaven. The Gaspereaux come annually up the rivers and their branches to spawn, and arc usually taken in great abundance. When the freshet rises over the low lands they seem to <5port among the bushes, ^wim over the fields, iud are frequently taken in nets in May, vs here there is good pasturage for cattle during the sumnicr months. There is generally an abundance of Salmon in our rivers, and those taken in the Harbor of Saint John are allowed to be of a very superior flavor. The River Shad are also annually taken by drifting nets, and the Sea Shad, whirh are r^onerally caught in Auojust and Septe» jcr, are allowed not to be inferior to our best fish for the table. The Fish taken about our coast, are Cod, Haddock, Pollock, Cusk, Hake, Mackeral, Herrings, Sprats, Shad, and Salmon ; various kinds of Shell Fish, Lobsters, Collops, Clams, Muscles of various kinds, and on the Coast of the County of Westmorland an abundance of excellent Oysters. Whales sometimes visit our harbors but are seldom captured ; but Seals and Porpoises are taken to a considerable extent. There are numerous ether fish with which the coast abounds, some answering to those described on the coast of England, and others differing from any I have ever seen described in any zoologies. Flounders are .i NEW HKLN.SWK K. Hf very ahiiiKluiit, and llio IlalihiitoiTiirbot isaii excellent fish, tVfqiicritly met with and ui^igh fmm fifty to two hundred j)ounds. Stnii^cons are abundant in the rivers, and Uass are fre- quently taken in great abundance. The rivers and small streams constantly abound with Perch, of which there arc tiu('e different species ; also, Ciiub, Trout, Shiners, Smelt, Eels, and Lampreys ; and in the upper branches, above the Grand Falls, there is an abundance of Fish called \Vhit(3 Fish, or Giz- zard Fish, Trout, and Toledi. The Tplcdi, (pronounced by the French Two Lady) has j^iven the name to a very con- siderable river, whose lake abounds with that fish, and which emplys into the j^reat Tamas- quatta Lake. This fish may well be considered a Fresh AVater Shark. It weighs from five to twenty-five pounds, has two strong rows of teeth round its mouth like the Shark, flat, sharp and hooking, will bite off an ordinary cotj line, and is a very voracious fish. I saw one that weighed about fourteen pounds, taken with two White Fish and a large Sucker in his maw. It was equal to a Trout for the table. MIXES AM) .AHXEUALS. The mines of Coal found in several places in the Province have been considered as C th ' 02 histokV of of of wealth, hut tlie "encral hiirh f3" a future SOI I IX rate of wages and the convenienee of gcttuig them from England by iuinher vessels that come in ballast, have prevented these mines being worked as they otherwise would have been. One, however, situate ai the Grand Lake, in Queen's County, has been opened and worked, more or less, for more than forty years. Iron Ore is also found in several ^places, and will, no doubt, be a valuable acquisition at some future period. The extensive quarries of Gypsum and Grindstone have formed a considerable article of export to the United Steites, and the Lime- stone quarries are inexhaustible. GranitCj of a very superior quality, is abundant, and marble is also found in several places. Quartz is frequently gathered as a curiosity^ and I have seen two or three specimens of Asbestos. aces ti:^' ANIMALS. The various animals of New Brunswick have been so frequently described, that a new description of them, to some would be unin- teresting, but as it may be interesting to others and consistent with the History of the Country, I will attempt a brief account of them. The Moose is, probably, the largest and most considerable native animal in the '] i NF.W UKU.NSWfCK. ik\ Province, and it is holicvcd that at the lirst settlement of the country, after th(; peace of 1783, there were Moose cnoni^h in the Pro- vince to have annually supj)lied th(; inhahitants with beef for many years, if they had not been wantonly destroyed for the sake of their hides, and the valuable carcasses left to rot in the wilderness. This injudicious practice did not continue more than twelve \ears, befoi ^, there was hardly a Moose left in the Province. Those that escaped appear to have slipped quietly away into the Peninsula of Nova Scotia, or else to the North-West country. Upon the Island of Grand Manan, care was taken to plant a race of these useful animals, which have increased satisfactorily. Within the last ten or twelve years these animals have ventured to inhabit New Brunswick's forests again. The Moose is a very large quadruped, about the weight of an ordinary ox, but frequently taller than any horse. The male has very large horns which he sheds annually, and they are soon replaced with new ones, which, in their early state, are called velvet, as they resemble that article in their soft Smooth texture. These horns graduallv become harder, until they form the finest and best description of horn. On leaving the head, the horn of an old Moose would rise gradually to the right or left for about fifteen inches in length and about the size of a man's ^rm^ then rise perpendicularly about two feet w t B le: Je. S]) (\\ HISTORY or yd 11 V aiK tl le vise It teen lean's feet ill a broad ])late, iVoui one to tuo inches thick, which soon s(*|)aratt.'s into six, eij^ht,oi- more, round sharp pointed horns, from live to ton inches in leniijth. The points of the horns on the animal's head, frecpicntly extend six feet in width from each other. Tiie Moose is generally of a dun or grey color, has a very (I large head and bulky nostrils or mulller, Ion necessary, he can use legs (which, when in defence) and lonj;- ears. It feeds on grass and bushes, and its flesh is excellent beef, and bears a high price in the market. The Carraboo resembles the iMoosc in many things, but is much less. When pur- sued together, the Moose will trot and the Carraboo galloj), or rather run like a horse in full speed, bounding along \\\\\\ incredible swiftness. This animal is said to be of the same species of the Reindeer of liajjland. Its flesh is allowed to be far superior to that ol the De(jr. The common Deer were unknown in our forest till within the last twenty years, since then they have become abundant. Bears of two S])ecies have been very troublesome in d(^stroying sheep and small fiaitlc in former years. The connnon Ant Bear has very short legs, and is considered less destructive among tlu; stock than the long legged ranger, with a r)ro\vn nose and a white spot in his breast. Wolves were verv nuiwrous, and ^erv -1 1 I I NEW BUUNSWICK. 66 destructive among the sheep in this Province about forty or fifty years since, when, like the Moose, they left the country ; but within the last seven years, they have visited us again in quest of the emigrant Deer, but so many have bcei^ captured within a few years, and so many have been poisoned, that we hear little of them lately. Foxes, Loup Cervieis, Wild Cats, Racoons, Porcupines, Peaconks or Fishers, VVood- qhucks or Ground Hogs, Saple or Martins, Minks, Squirrels, and Hares, are native animals of the country. Of the Foxes, 1 might notice the red, silver grey, and the black, which command a very high price on account of the beauty of the fur. Of amphibious animals, we have the Beaver, Otter, Musk Rat, and Seal. BIRDS. We have the large Grey Eagle, Bald-head Eagle, Fish Hawk, Grey Hen Hawk, Duck Hawk, Snake Hawk, Sparrow Hawk, Cat Owl, Screetch Owl, White Owl, Saw Whet, Moose Bird, Raven, Crow, Heron, and Bittern. There are also two species of par- tridges, and an abundance of the Plover and Sni|)e species. Wild Geese, Brant, Black Ducks, Wood Ducks, Grey Ducks, Black Coots, Widgeon, E 6(1 HISTOKV OK Whisilois, Old ^Vivos, Tral, DiukiTs, Sliai^s, Cormorants, Loons, Gulls, and several other species of web-footed fowls abound in the country. Gulls are very numerous round the islands of the coast. Ganets,* and IMother Carey's Chickens, are also abundant a short distance from the shore. To mention the numerous singing Birds, Jays, Cuckcoos, and ordinary J31ackbirds, Swallows, Sparrows, Wrens, and Humming Birds, would be difficult and useless. } ad ck ;at et, nd lar- lud )0(l lou» CIVIL GOVERNiMENT OF THE COLONY. The Civil Government of New Bruns- wick has undergone such changes since its first formation into a Province, as has been from time to time deemed expedient and necessary. The Legislative Assembly were formerly elected for seven years, but as grc -t com- plaint was frequently made of that system, an Act was passed in our Legislature, limit- ing the duration of the Assembly to four years. This law has also been confirmed and approved of by the British Government. Every recommendation from the Legisla- ture of this Colony has met with the very kindest consideration from the Home Govern- tnent, and such concessions have always been made as were considered conducive to the '-i,. NKW BRUNSWICK. 67 M general interest. Under this prudent man- agement, our present system of Government is one nurtured by paternal care, and improved by experience. The judicial arrangement of the Colony is also very convenient. For the settlement of ordinary business, and occasionally relieving the Gaols, a Court of Nisi Prius and Oyer and Terminer is annually called in each County, or twice in the year, if necessary ; and it is frequently the case in some Counties, that the Sheriff has a Blank List. The Grand Jury is called and dismissed in two hours. The Courts of Common Pleas sit twice a year, with two additional quarterly terms, if necessary. In these Courts minor causes for debts exceeding five pounds may be tried, and complaints of ordinary offences attended to. All debts under five pounds, or not ex- ceeding that sum, may be sued before a Jus- tice of the Peace, and if required, decided by a Jury of three free-holders. The ordinary business of the Counties is transacted by their respective General Quar- ter Sessions, composed of the Justices of the Peace and Common Pleas, such as receiving and auditing the County Accounts, ordering the Warrants of Assessment, and appointing Parish Officers. In this way the different Justices coming from every section of the County, acquainted with its wants, and the peculiar circumstances of almost everv sel rol 68 HISTORY OF IS lav- ihc ling lent the land Icrv locality, and also interested in the amount of the assessment or tax to be raised, are very suitable guardians of the public interest ; and as a law of the Province, requires the Grand ^ury annually to audit the County Accounts, any public imposition may be easily detected. Guided by such internal laws and rules as have been found salutary and convenient, the community generally seem contented with them, and when it was, a few years since, proposed in our Legislature to alter the sys- tem and establish Municipal Corporations, it was opposed by a majority of that Body. •When we look at the workings of Municipal Corporations in the United States, see their constant or continued elections, and witness the ruinous eficcts of their numerous taxes, we see nothing desirable in their system, and feel much better content with our own. The system of admitting Attorneys and Barristers, has been amended within the last seven years* It was formerly the case that a certain length of time only was required for the study, but now the system is nearly the same as in Nova Scotia. After five years' study, the Student is examined before a competent Board, as to his proficiency, when, if approved of, he is admitted as an Attorney in the Suj)remc Court, and after two years' practice he may be admitted as a Barrister. There are now about one hundred and seventy-seven Attornics and Ikmisters en- rolhid in New Brunswick. ^ If' 1 - NEW BilUNSWICK. 6d »-. EFFECT OF EMIGRATION ON NEW BRUNSWICK. Emigrants have generally arrived in this Province quite ignorant of their best iiiter- BSts, and under very erroneous impressions as to the best method of proceeding. Som6 have an idea that their first step sliould be tb procure wilderness land, which they value high as being free from rent ; they compare it with the value of land in their native country. Others very justly desire employ- ment, and if laborers are not in immediate demand at the aggregate rate of wages they have heard reported, they leave the Province quite oissatisfied with the place, and travel on to the United States. Others come Avith a determination to leave the Province again as soon as they have earned the means of paying their passages. All these description of emigrants are quite useless to the Province. But there are others who come with a deter- mination to give the place a fair trial ; if they cannot obtain great wages, they will accept of such as their employers can afford. If they do not become rich in a short time, they are constantly acquiiing useful knowledge, and gaining a little money, and eventually become useful settlers, active tenants, and frequently independent farmers, a credit and a benefit to any country. Such establish themselves either in our cities, our old settle- ments, or in the wilderness lands in a perma- 70 HISTORY OF nent respectable manner, assist in opening the roads and resources of the country, and set au example worthy of imitation. If y id sh CAPABILITIES OF NEW BRUiVSWICK FOR FURTHER SETTLEMENT. There are few situations in New Bruns- wick where there is not an extensive field for improvement, both on the occupied farms and on wilderness land. The fust settlers occupied, generally, the shores of the rivers, and in many places the second tier remains unoccupied. The Province is capable of having eight times its present quantity of cleared land improved to advantage, and of supporting ten times its present number of inhabitants. Upon the River Saint John, and its branches above Frcdericton, at least one half of the intervale remains ungranted, and about four-fifths uncultivated, besides the extensive uplands of an excellent description. How- ever strange this description may appear to some, the reason of it is evident. The main object of the most enterprising is directed to the timber makins. The idea of accumulating property by hundreds and thousands, throws the slow profits of the farmer in the shade, and he leaves his farm and takes his team to the forest, re":ardlc;VICK. 73 I in a sloop of about forty tons. When the new settlers came in 1783, a few ill-shaped boats came on the River, and one or two of the kind called Periogos. About the year 178 i, Nchemiah Beckwitlu a Nova Scotian, trading in Sunbury, l)uilt a Scow to ply between St. Anus and St. John, similar to the Tow Boats now used above Fredericton. This was considered a great public accomniodation ; it could sail Well with a fair wind, be poled along shore in a calm, or rowed in still deej) water. About the ycr 1791, an old Schooner was jprocured by Mrssis. Pine and Segee, which carried forty or forty-five tons, and became a regular freighter. About the same time, a regular Mail was established to run w^eekly from St. John to Fredericton, and return, in a large two-sail Boat ; and this Post Boat. as it was called, was considered for many fears the most genteel mode of travelling. n adverse winds, they sometimes reached an ijin, but more frequently fell short, and had to put up at a private house. In a few years, however, the old Schooner bad failed, and Messrs. Pine and Segee each built a small Sl^op, decently fitted uj) for little packets. In the meantime there was no comfortable means of conveyance by land, excepting h] the winter when the ice was good. About the time the Post Boat travcilod, I Vvell remember the anxiety with whic!i we 73 71. HISTOKY or looked for our two City Papers weekly, the Royal Gazette, edited by Christo])her Sour, and the Saint Jolin Gazette, edited by John Ryan. Tliese papers were about the size, of a sheet of letter paper, contained sometimes iialf advertisements and the few IMarine arrivals that occurred. Deaths, &:c. This mode of travelling was but little improved until 1816, when a Company having obtained an extraordinary charter, launched the first Steamboat that ever plied on the Saint John. This Boat was named the General Smyth, and made two trips a week, rate of passage five dollars, and freight of a barrel five shillings. This was considered a great public accommodation, but notwith- standing the privilege of the charter, and high rate of freight, the enterprise was not profit- able until the Boat was worn out ; the Com- pany then built another, which paid well. In 1829, the charter expired, and the River was thrown open to free competition, as it always should be. Four or five good Boats were then speedily erected, which plied with speed, and good accommodation to the publics About the same time our roads were made good, and Mail Coaches no^^• ply at all seasons of the year for moderate fare. El ^ I < ' , A A NKW nKrJNSWICK. 7o I T . ■: i GENERAL CHARACTER, MANNERS AM) CUSTOMS OF IMIADITANTS. To give the character and describe the customs of the iiiliabitants of this Province, is no easy task ; coming from difl'erent coun- tries of Europe, from the Unitc^d States, and adjoining Colonies, they may be said to par- take of the customs and manners of all those places, as well as of the country which they have adopted. These, with the native inhabitants, form a peculiar class of operatives, seldom confined to one occupation, and sel- dom unemployed. When the ship builder i;n;^ iso contract for a ship, he collects his scatlored materials and builds one for himself. If he fails in finding a market for the vessel, he loads her and sends her to Europe, and probably becomes a ship-owner and merchant. There are few mechanical trades in the Province who have not in some way or other taken an interest in shipping, or stock in the funds. The Farmer, the Carpenter, the Mason, the Barber, the Tailor, the Shoe- maker, and the Widow, have all been engaged in such speculations. If the Blacksmith is not fully employed, he can construct some machine in imitation of that which he has seen imported, and upon the model of which he will invent improvement, and then exhibit his work in the ma'*ket ; or rather than lav dormant, he will, ol his own notion, build ;i 76 HISTORY OF Steamboat or vessel of iron. The Fainicr, too, often discouraiied at the low prices of his produce, turns his attentic and team to the woods, and becomes a timber makeri Merchants become saw-millers, flour-millers, and nail-cutters, and in every trade and occupation we find men ready to shift from one pursuit to another, and generally ac- quainted with all. Under such circumstances, nurtured in the school of experience, and taught thoroughly that necessity is the mother of invention, it is not surprising that the common observation is frequently made, that the people of New Brunswick are generally better informed than those of the same class in almost any other country ; awake to every opportunity which may present itself, and ready for any enterprise ; they are also, generally, obliging, hospitable, and active. In politics, while the elective privilege is exerted for a fair representation in the Gov- ernment, the inhabitants generally exult in a Monarchical Government. Among the emigrants from Ireland, there have been many successful farmers whose strict adherence to one occupation has been well worthy of imitation, and amply re- warded by their good success. 1 have before observed tb/^ difference in the former aiJ present mode of travelling, ?r^} I would here ';;)serve the diflerent effects upon the health of the laboring classes. In ; I A ^ 1 I- ■'W^ NEW BKiyiN'SWlCK, 77 former years %vlieii eacli traveller had to work his way cither by travelliii'j; on foot, or plying the oar, he was heahhy c lul vigorous ; but oi' late years it has b<*cn observed thai teaming, and espoeially long drives in the wintei) are injurious to the health. OF THE ABORIGINES. The Alilicete Indians continue to wander about t'lKj country, few in number, degraded in appearance, and destitute in their circum- stanciis ; few Jtcquire either a con»j:v;tency or improvement in their circinnsuuucs. Their general habits of drunkenness kc^ep tiicm degraded and miserable ; and were it not for the charitable donations of clothing and pro- visions given them by ihe Government, they would suflfer more. All 'Mideavors to educate them has been of little advantc»ge ; the Mili- cete is an Indian still. Thc^ie are two or three small villages of this tribe, where their Squaws and Papooses continMe wliile the stronger Indians hunt. They seen, to have retained not evcui a traditional account of their country, and care little for the success of their posterity. There have been a few solitary instances of their acquiring some property, but none of tlu^ir having retained it for any time. T!ie f ;rm has been too great a confmement, and the stock has reijuired too 7/ 78 HISTORY O; t Oi" are inucli care and food. I roiiiombcr havini: seen one pl}in^ an old tVeii^htin^ vessel on the River, hut lie continued the practice but for a short time. Others have been instructed in English families, and taught the ordinary* management of a farm, but liave derived little advantage from it. For some reason or other, and none more probable than their general intemperate habits, the Milicete tribe is greatly diminished in number ; and the sooner they can be induced to abandon their former roving habits, and apprentice their children to English occuj)ations, the better will be the circumstances of the remnant of the tribe. RELIGION. The Religion of New Brunswick seems not to differ materially from most other Eng- lish countries. There are Episcopalians and Dissenters, Church of England, Scotch Kirk, Congregationalists,Wesleyan Methodists, two or three different denominations of Baptists, Roman Catholics, and some others who differ so little from some of the before named sects, that it is hard and unnecessary to make the distinction. These difl'erent sects generally live in great friendship with each other, quite free from those numerous animosities which are • i if m NKW inU INS WICK. 7J) froqneiuly descriluMl Id ollun* places. The Morinonitds arc rcpoiunl to liavo piomiilj^atcd their wild schemes in one roniote corner of the Province, with little encouraijenient : and Millcrism stole f^ently into the borders, but with litde efTcct. It would probabl} be as difTicult to carry away the minds of the inhabitants of this Province with new schemes " by the slight of men or cunning craftiness," as it would that of almost any other country. It has long been admitted, that no preacher of only ordinary abilities, can be popular in New Brunswick. Error has indeed, in some instances, displayed its true character ; but its ascendancy has generally been of short duration, and its votaries have generally escaped from its dangerous grasj). Every year exhibits many proofs of Christian charity among the different denominations of Chris- tians, and there probably never was a time when there was a more general zeal and anxious desire to promote the general good, and extend the truths of the Gospel, than at the present period. MILITIA OF NEW BRUNSWICK. It appears that soon after the settling of the American Loyalists in New Brunswick, and the convening a Legislature, there was Q Militia Law enacted and enforced, and the 80 HISTORY OF Piovincc has never been without an elVective Militia cvev sinee. Various opinions and complaints have frequently arisen as to the propriety of the measure, and the well known fact that the Militia has been a sort of politi- cal force, rather than a military defence, l^as increased those complaints. In 1806, I knew a body of Militia, con- sisting of five cfiective Compiuiies of Infantry, and each commanded by a Captain, two Lieu- tenants, and an Ensign ; also, a Cavalry Company, numbering about a dozen, with a Captain, two Lieutenants, Cornet, and Quartermaster ; the whole commanded by two Colonels, a Major, and the usual Staff, all which may be considered a fair specimen of the Militia system at that time. In 1807, our American neighbors having assumed a threatening attitude, our Commander-in-Chief ordered a draft of one-fourth of the Militia of the Province, and this draft was ordered into garrison in January, 1808. Five Companies were sent to Fredericton, four or five to Saint John, one to Saint Andrews, and one to Presque Isle, where they were kept for three months doing Garrison duty. The following summer the Legislature was convened, and a new Law was enacted, requiring twelve days' drill and three days' training of the whole Militia of the Province, in the districts where they resided, without pay. By this unfortunate measure, the inhabitants acquired NEW BRUNSWICK 81 m more disconteiit than inilitarv knowlodiir. and ihc Law was altered or repealed at tUv next meeting of tlie Legislature. Few Aeis of the Provineial Legislature have elicited more opposition than the iMilitia Law ; but the number of Volunteer Companies eontinur to increase, and the spontaneous ardor ot the Provincial Militia is still unabated. The Militia of New Brunsw ick would I'orm a vary formida})le defence in case the country wa^ invaded. To shew the great increase of the Militia, I would observe, that in LT21, there was out; Battalion for the City and Count} of Saim John. Now there are five well organized Battalions in the County of Saint John. In the whole Province there are thirtv-twu Battalions, including, probably, one half of the elTective men in the country. About one half arc not enrolled, beinir either mij^ratorv or churning exemption. \i. I i\ C R i: A S 1 .\ G P O P U L A T ION O F NEW BRUNSWICK. A Census taken in 182'l, showed the popu- lation to be, - - - ' 74,176. In 1034, .... 119,457. In 1810, - - - - 156,162, which was the last Census tak(;n. But it muv now be estimated at, 200.000. u Aborigine •*-»>•> ''' Animals, . Birds, <'•'; Boundaries of the Province, '^'' Capabilities of New Brunswick \\>r fiu tlior i^etllcmcnt, 7<> Civil Divisions of New Hiunswivk, &('., . . - '^^ Civil Government of the Colony, *>*' Climate, *'* Emigration, . >. First B>glish Settlers, ^ Fisheries, '*•_ General Character of Inlial)it:uitrf, '" Governoi's of the Province, '•' History of first settlement of New Brunswick, ... •'> Increasing Population of New Brun.swick, .... 81 'Internal Communication ami Conveyance, .... 72 Lakes, ^^ Militia of New r.nmswick, '^ Mines and Mineral.-^, "* Principal Town.=), 26 Principal Islands, '^" Produce, ^^ Religion, ' Rivers and Lakes, . • • " • • • • " Soil, ^56 Trade and Exports^ '*• COUNTIES. Samt John, *^ -King's. • • ' ^ Queen's, *.' Sunbury ^ York 40 Carleton, 43 Charlotte, '^ Westmorhnd, ^ Kent .5^ Northumberland, •"• Gloucester, Rcstigouche, ' Albert, ^ ..*^.. ^^w. > "^.A IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I no 128 12.5 1^ 12.2 Ijo 1^ 2.0 1.8 L25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 .«^,v : (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un das symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent 6tre filmte d des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, 11 est film6 A partir de I'angle sup4rieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en has, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 CANADA: ITS GROWTH AND PROSPECTS. CANADA: ITS GROWTH AND PROSPECTS. TWO LECTURES, DELIVERED BEFORE THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE, T O R O IV T O, ON THE 13th AND 27tu FEBRUARY, 1852. BY THE REV. ADAM LILLIE. WITH AN APPENDIX, i.^i, CONTAXNINO INFORMATION BEARING UPON THE RESOURCES AND POSITION or THE United Courcies of Leeds and Grenville. BROCKVILLE: DAVID WYLIE, PRINTER, RECORDER OFFICE. 1852. ! 1 5 i L- PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. " The Growth and Prospects of Canada," is a subject of 80 great importance, of so universal interest, so little understood and so much misunderstood, that wo are happy to have an oppor- tunity of re-printin g from the Journal of Education for Upper Canada for March," 1852, the very able Lectures of the Rev. Adam Lillie, laiely delivered before the Mechanics' Institute of the City of Toronto. Mr. Lillie's talents and industry admira- bly qualify him for the Statistical investigations which he has undertaken and pursued with so much fairness and so great labour, and we may add, with so satisfactory, and so many un- expected results. It is below the impulses of a generous and a noble mind to seek to depreciate the character, and institutions and progress of a neighbouring community ,whether of a city, a church, or a coun- try ; and we are persuaded every true hearted Canadian w^ii cordially respond to the remark of the eloquent Macaulay, in reference to the people of the United States : — " It is scarcely possible that an Englishman of sensibility and imagination should look without pleasure and National pride on the vigorous and splendid youth of a great people, whose veins are filled with our blood, whose minds are nourished with our literature, and on whom is entailed the rich inheritance of our civilization, our freedom and our glory." — {Miscellaneous Writings — Review of Southey^s Colloquies on Society). But it must indicate impulses less generous and noble to depreciate the character, the institu- tions, the progress of one's own Country. Too much of this spirit has been indulged in Canada, to the great injury of our social contentment and public happiness. One of the most for- midable obstacles with which fhaDeparJtrnent of Public Instruc- lion hns had to coutoud, husj been the imprcssiuii and nsirrtiou thut Cuiiiula WTS too (in Ijchiiid tho ncighboiiriiig Status to adopt such a syslcni ; and tho ar^^aimonts to tlic rovurso havo often been roccivt'd with ^roat distrust, and soniotinics with absoUito iiuM'cdiliilify. .Mi>. f-iM.t.ir/s Tiiv-tiiics is tho lirst attempt by a jrnii imI cNiiiiiip.iit ion iiiid (•(Jiiijuirifson oC Statistics, to rcmovo tho ( rnni'Kiis ai:d injur oiis impression which has Ion ii; and exten- sively prnvailed, as to the ('(jmp irative proiiress oC Canada and the IJnitctI States. By this in(|iiiry, wo tiiink Mr. Lillie has roiulered an impnrtiint service to his adopted Country. Wo arc suri' every Am rican will admit the candour and dilij^^enco with wliiidi Ma. LiLi.ii: has prosecuteil his in(piiriea, wliih) every Canadian must rejoice ut the conchisions A\hich thcso inquiries have established — conchisiony which should excite in the mind of «'very ndiabitant of Canada increased respect and love for his Country, and promi)t him to labour with inore confidence and energy than ever lor its advauccnicnt and prosperity. The present Edition has been most carefully revised and cor- rected ; and some slight additions have been made to it. rm:i-'.AL!': ro 'I'hk i'Iiksloni' kdii'Ion, The Preient Edition comprises One I'houianrt Copiei, with an Appendix em- bracing— I. A Table of the Agricultural Census of the United Counties ol Leeds and Grenville, for the years 1831-2. II. General nrirl Comparative Remarks upon the Extent and Resouices of there Counties, fihnwiriij the advance made for a period of years. III. A Brief Sketch of BrockvJIie, "the capital" of the United Counties, and Prescott, the County Town of Grcnville; and a rai)id glance at the Twenty-five Villages contained wholly, with Smith's Falls which is only partially, located within the Counties of Leeds and Grenville. IV. Extracts from the " Municipal Act" of Canada West, showing briefly but truthfully the essence of the Law under which Bonds are issued, and debts con- tracted by the Municipalities, and their payments guaranteed to the Public — added thereto a Letter from the Hon. Wm. B. Richards, Attorney General of Canada West, bearing upon the same. This Pamphlet, crnlmdying the Appendix, is issued with the consent of Mr. Lillie; to whom Canada is now, and Britain will hereafter, it is not doubted, be- come deeply indebted for his patriotic researches and able compilation of so much valuable matter as is contained in his Lectures, in relation to the position of Cana- da, about which much ignorance unfortunately prevails in Britain. The proricnt Edition is published for gratuitous circulation, exclusively in Eng- land, Ireland and Scotland, with the exception of a few copies that may find their way into the hands of friends. It is not issued .-s. .i private speculation ; no pro/it will be derived to the firm at whose expense it is now published, and whose name is purposely withheld, beyond a participation in the indirect benefits that may accruo to them in common with other Canadians, by thus aiding in dis- pelling a portion of the iijjnorance that has hitherto existed in relation to the actual growth and progress of Canada. Ho far as rebtcs to the Appendix, no literary merit is aimed at ; it is intended to cotitain simply a few facts connected with, and a rough and general outline of the past and present resources and position of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville. The publishers therefore ask a careful perusal of the contents of the pamphlet by the friends cf Canada abroad; by the philanthropist and the more immediate friends of the emigrants daily leaving or in- tending soon to leave their native land to seek a dista' . home ; by the patriotic and loyal who would de«irc to see a portion of the redundancy of Her Majesty'e subjecte tr»niferr«ii;hbour.s, tho Amfricana, more iMier({(>tic in thia rcipect, have napcil proportioiiiitt; bfoditH thereby. I'ntit but teeently, Engliah capital huM .vMii{ht the United Statn in prerer«>ncc to Cunadu,and their stocka in tht London iiioney inaiket have theieCore murkfd hit^h. litceiitly, however, Canada BoniN are at u hii-litr lale ol preniiuiii than Aiiiencan StuekM. Canada is yet in ita infaMcy, lint it is i^ainini^ Htreiii;lh daily, like a healthy youth ; and enjoys largely the ble^iiiiiijs ol SelMiovernmcnt undei Free Uritish ItiNtilutions. With a I'upuiatioa under Two .Millions, thiMi! is room enoni;h and lu Hpuie lor Twenty timea that number on its broad, heuliliy, and lei tile Kurface. Her re8ource.s, an extensive aa they are varied, will, as they become developed, oli'er u sure security lor increased investment of a portion of the redundant capital of Uiitain, while the honourabla character which Canada has ever sustained in her dealings, is & guarantee that bar Laws are so framed as to render repudiation on her part, or on that oi any of her Municipalities, as creditors, under any circum8tanntlj, Englith r Rtockf in th« vever, Canada clu is yet in ita )y8 largely the I a I'upulation ity times that i extensive u lor increased liu honourable rantee that her ol any of her ber Woiki|for FIRST LECTURE. Ladiks and Gknti,f,mkn, — The subject to which I am, this even- in si, to ctill your !itt(')ili()ji, — inf cresting in itself from its relation to tilt; progress ui' (tiir nice and the providence of (Jod, — must to ut hiive a .s[ieeial interest, because of its reference to ourselves. My tluuTie is tlu; (growth and l'rosi)ects of Canada — in other words, the adviiiu'cinriii, we nw (turselvcs making, with the anticipations w« may cherish Ibr ourselvi's and our chiUlren. By the e.\«M!llent Leetures delivered by Mr. Robertson, in the early part of the season, on the History of Canada, I am happily relieved IVom the jiecessity of occu|)ying your time with prelimi- nary details, ilenco with your permission, I will proceed at once to tlie topic announced, only premising that I speak chiefly, though not exclusively, of C'auada West. This I do [)artly because I am better acquainted with it and have the materials relating to it mora within my reach, partly because it is newer than Canada East, partly too because; 1 think the comparisons so often made between the two sides of the Line fair only when confined to Upper Canada. The Population of Canada at the time of its surrender to Britain in 1760 is variously stated at GO,OUO and G9,275, exclusive of In- dians. Of these estimates, the former is that given by the Board of Registration and Statistics, which I extract from one of Mr. Scobie's very valuable Almanacs (that for 1850) ;* the latter that supplied by Mr. Smith, (in his excellent work on which I have taken the liberty of drawing freely)t from the Report of Governor Murray, With the exceptionof a few trading Stations, of which Kingston and Detroit were the chief, this Population was confined to the Lower part of the Province ; nearly the whole of its Upper portion being then a wilderness, occupied by the Red Man as a hunting ground. From 1770, parties, chiefly old soldiers, began to come in from the other side : to which some considerable additions were made, after the Declaration of the Independence of the United States, • Scobie's Canadi.nn Almanac and Repository of Usel'ul Knowledge, • for the year 1850, containins? Statistical, Astrononnical, Departmental, Ecclesiastical, Educational, Financial and General Infornaation, 8 vo. pp. 80. Published annually. Toronto: H. Scobie. t Canada, Past, Present, and Future : being a Historical, Geographical and Statisti- eal Account of Canada West, containing 10 County Maps and one General Map, with a Business Directory. By W. H. Smith, author of the Canadian Gazeteer, royal Svo., Vol. I., pp. cxxiv, 290, 80, and 24 = 518. Toronto : Thomas Maciear, Publisher. by United Empire Loyalists from New Jeruey iind Pomisylvania, who located themselves along the frontier Townships. So late, however, as 1791, the date of the ConstiUitionul Act, tho whole Population of Upper Canada is declared to have l)cen " calculated at less than 50,000." According to the authority alroudy quoted (that of the Board of Registration and Statistics) it anioinited in 1811, twenty years after the separation of the Provinces, to cnly 77,000. Hence it is not inorn than forty years since its growth can be said to have commenced, if so mucii as that* From, that time it has, with occasional intorrnptiuns, advanced steadily, and, especially during the last twenty-five or tliirty years, at a rapid rate. Euuciicttc rc[)orts the Population to have been in 1821—151,097 ; which, taking ms he docs, 77,000 as the number in 1811. makes it nearly double in thirteen year,-j. — (Vol. I. p. lOS.) If tor the sake of securing all possible exactness we connect with the above Mr. Smith's statement of the numbers in 18M< (95,000) and 1825 (158,027) respectively, the rate of increase, though somewhat reduced, is still- 67 or (iS per cent in eleven years. Between 1824<, (from which period the calculations agree) and 1834, a rise takes place from 151,097 to 320.()93 ; which is doubling in ten years, with 18,4-99 over. The u' xt iburteen years brings us up from 320,693, to 791,000— the nHurn for 1850. Witliin the brief space of a quarter of a •cntiu-y there is an advance from 1.51,097 to 791,000 : which gives ns at the close of that period over five times our Population at its beginniuLr — more than ten times our Population in 1811, or accordinir to Smith, close upon ton times that of 1806. Lower Canada, during the same time, rose from 428,630 to 791,000; the same number with the Upper Province ; being an in- crease of nearly 90 per cent. Taking Canada as a whole its Popr.lation has increased from 60,000 to 1,582,000 in ninety years. lience in 1850 it w:is over twenty-six times Vvdiat it was in 1760; more considerable than 2^ times what it was in 1825, when it immbered 581.657. From the returns already made, it is believed the census just compb ted will show a Population for the united Province close upon, if not over, 1,800,000: — thirty times its amount ninety-two years ngo, nearly three and one-tenth times what it was only twenty-seven years since. " All this," exclaims Haman (Est. v. 13), at the close of a glow- ing description of the height to which he had been elevated and the glory with which he felt himself encircled, " all this availeth me nothing, so long as Mordecai the Jew sitteth at the king's gate." What '• availeth" it, some of us peevihihly exclaim, that we are growing at a rate which cannot be denied to be rapid, so long as our neighbours on the o'her side of the Line are so liir out- stripping us? How far do you conceive, are they outstrijiping usl Let us look at the facts, however terrible they may prove to be. "Wise men hold it well in very bad cases to kuow the worst. Compare we then Upper Canada first with the Free States of the Union, then with the State of New York, and lastly with Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois conjoined ; and see what the result will be. According to the American Almanac for 1851, page 212, and " The World's Progress" (a " Dictionary of Dates" published by Putnam of New York in 1851) page 4'81, the Free Population of the United Sates, was, iu 1800, 5,305,925. The latter work, (Ap- pendix, ]). 704.) states it to amount to 20,250,000 in 1851. In 1810 it was 7,239,814., (page 431). Thus it is in 1850 about (not quite) four times what it was at the commencement of the century; while Upper Canada contains, as we have seen, over ten times the Population it possessed in 1811 ; or, at the lowest calculaiion, ten times its amount in 1806. The slow growth therelure turns out to bo a rate of progress not much under thrice that of our neighbours who are supposed to be moving ahead of us so fast. Flow growth this of rather an anomalous (loseription. Taking the ten years between 1840 and 1850, the difierence is less: thongli during that time we have advanced at a rate fully twir.- tliat of the F^ee States, whose increase has been 45 per cent, (that of the whole States being 33^; (.World's Progress, ]». 704), while ours has Ijecn 94< or 95 per cent. In Lower Canada the incr^-ase for the thirteen years between 1831 and 1814 was nearly 85 per cent— to wi% 34-94 (Scobie*s Almanac 1850, p, 53). An increase of fifty per cent, has taken place v.'ithin the last seven years in the County of Quebec; which has advanced from 12,800 in 1844, to 19,074 in 1851. Let us turn now to the State of New York, one of the best in th« Union. That State contained iu 1810, 959,049 Inhabitants. 18-20, ,, 1,372,812 do, 1840, 2,428,921 do. 1850, 3,200,000 do.— World's Progress, pp. 443, 704. In 1850 its Population is thus three one-third times (a trifle over) what it vras Ibrty years before, that of Upper Canada being in the same year close upon eight one-third times what Smith makes it in 181 ]•; or over ten times its amount in 1811, as stated by the Board of Registration. Not amiss this, we should think, for a country of whose slow growth so much is heard. It is, however, towanls the West the tide is flowing. Let us pas« with it, and mark the results. For the purpose of comparison we have chosen the States of Ohio, IVIichigan, and Illinois combined, chiefly for these two rea- sons ; first, because they have been, we believe, among the most rapid in their growth — sulficiently rapid at all events to make the comparison fair for the West ; and secondly, because our Statistics enal)le us to take in a longer period than we could have done in the case of some other States which we should else have been dis- posed to include. Availing ourselves once more of the aid of our old friend, **Th» World's Progress," wc ascertain the united Population of these three States to have been in 1810, 247,570— viz. Ohio, 230,760; Michigan, 4,528 ; and Illinois, 12,282. They stand as follows in 1 ii 1850— Ohio, 2,200,000 ; Michigan, 305,000 ; and Illinois, 1,000,000 ; in all 3,505,000, or fourteen one-six times their number forty years before. This assuredly is a splendid increase ; enough, and more than enough to justify the most glowing of the descriptions we hear of what the West is destined to become. How will poor Canada West stand in comparison now ? Let us see. As already observed the Board of Registration and Statistics gives the Population of Upper Canada as 77,000 in 1811. Between that and 1850, when it is set down at 791,000, there intervenes a period of 39 years, within which we have an advance of close upon thirteen times (twelve six-sevenths) to set over against fourteen one-sixth times in 40 years. Does not this bring them sufficiently near to prevent their despising one another j to make them j^gard one another with respect and interest ? Here, it will be observed, the statement of the Board of Regis- tration is followed. Should it be objected that Mr. Smith makes the numbers larger in the earlier period, being unwilling to ques- tion the accuracy of that gentleman, who has evidently taken great pains to inform himself, and produce a work eminently reliable — thereby laying the community under an obligation, of which, I trust, they will show there appreciation in the proper way, — I know only one satisfactory method of disposing of the difficulty, namely, to take a,s the basis of comparison a period at which the representations substantially coincide. For 1810 then let us substitute 1830, which will allow twenty years for development and comparison. In that year Ohio, Michi- gan and Illinois contained in all 1,12(5,8^1 inhabitants: Ohio num- bering 937,637 ; Michigan 31,639, and Illinois 157,575. Hence the number in 1850 (3,505,000) was three and one-fifth or one-sixth times that of 1830. Canada V^^'est contained in 1830, 210,437. Twenty years after, namely in 1850 (1849, Smith) it numbers as we have seen, 791,000 — over three and three-fourth times what it did in the former year ; which makes the scale descend handsomely in our favour. Thus it turns out that Canada West is advancing at a rate fully equal to that of the best of the Western States. These comparisons, triumphantly as it has come out of them, can hardly be denied to be unfair to LJpper Canada, or at all events to stretch fairness to its utmost limit ; because they set selected por- tions of the States against her as a whole, and because the Wes- tern States are growing, to the extent of the native portion of the immigration, at the expense of the others. Of the increase of the Western States a large portion consists not of additions to the country as a whole, but of mere removals from one part of it to another ; while the increase shown to have taken place in Canada West, is an increase on the whole. The difference which this fact makes in the c.lculations will be illustrated immediately, though already it can hardly fail to have been observed from the dispro- portion in the rate of growth above exhibited between the newer States and the Union as such. 9 There are one or two remarks of a general nature which I would first make in relation to the States in the West. Their most rapid increase takes place usually during the earlier periods. To no inconsiderable extent it springs from the w^ish to obtain possession of the lands nt the original Government prices. As soon as the prospect pre n ■ itself of an early sale of these, often before they are surveyed a rush is made upon them. By and by, the best portion of the lands being taken up, while numbers, large numbers it may be, still come in, the crowd moves in another direction ; or vi^aits in anticipation of the early opening of some newer territory. At this moment parties are passing on from the older to the newer portions even of Iowa, while others are looking with desire mingled with hope to the vast regions on the Missouri River, still in the hands of the Indians. How far our friends on the other side are gainers on the whole by these unlimited facilities for the obtaining of new lands may admit of a question. From what I observed in the West last sum- mer during a journey of 3200 miles through Michigan, Illinois, Missouri and Iowa, I should doubt the immediateness, at all events, of the gain. The issue will by and by perhaps be good ; and that is a great deal — the grand point indeed so far as the race is con- cerned — but this spreading out so largely involves now, I am dis- posed to think, no small amount of unnecessary hardship; holds civilization, for the time being, at a lower level than it would other- wise reach ; and tasks the church and the nation to supply to tho extent needed, the means of Christian and general instruction; though in the latter case it may be chiefly the agents that are wanted from abroad, as an appropriation for schools is generally made in these newer regions, at an early period, if not from the very first. Let us look now for a moment or two at the effect of compari- sons of selected portions, that the severity of the test to which Ca- nada has been subjected may be seen. Take, by way of experiment, the Home District* — (we use the old name for greater convenience)— setting it over against the States selected. That District contained in 1799, 224 Inhabitant*. 1824, 16,609 do. 1834, 46,288 do. 1842, 83,301 do. 1850, .....113,607 do. Here we have an increase in 51 years of more than 500 timea ; while Ohio, whose Population amounted in 1800 to 45,365, shows in fifty years an increase of between 48 and 49 times. To be sure by carrying it back ten years farther — to 1790 when it numbered 3000 — it is brought up in 1850 to over 730 times ; but this only increases the advantage of the Home District, which in the year in question contained none at all. I Ml * In 1852, the United Counties of York, Ontario, and Peel— the metropolitan Counties of Upper Canada, contained according to Bouchette, 1 ,361,600 acre?. 10 The Population of Indiana was in 1850, when it numbered 1, 000,000— 177i times what it was in 1800 (5,641) ; but this it will bo perceived is greatly under the Home District within the same time. Here we see how conclusions drawn from particular cases may mislead when applied generally. While in Upper Canada there have been difTerenccs in rate of growth, yet the comparative rate is hardly less satisfactory than the amount on the whole, the different sections having generally maintained a fair proportion to one another. The Gore and Wellington Districts (formerly one) present us, for instance, with an increase of more than 19 times in 33 years ; having advanced between 1817 and 1850 from 6,684< to 130,661. Within the same period the Western District has risen from 4,158 to 3 1,1 99 — an increase over seven times ; London from 8,907 to 46,805 — between five and six times increase ; Norfolk County from 3,137 to 17,504— between five and six times; Niagara District from 12,540 to 46,543 — nearly four times ; while in seven years Oxford has nearly doubled, having increased between 1841 and 1848 from 15,621 to 29,219. The following extract fiom a statement furnished by the Clerk of the Peace to the Board of Registration and Statistics, shows the extraotdinary progress of the Huron District in a period of 9 years. The Population of the Huron District, (now the United Counties of Huron, Perth and Bruce) in 1841 was 5,600. In 1R47, six years thereafter 16,641.— Increase, 11 ,0 13, 1848, one yeai thereafter 20,450.— Increase, 3,807. 1850, two years thereafter 26,9.33.— Increase, 6,483. According to the census just taken, the above District contains 37,480 inhabitants; thus making its present Population between six and a half and seven times (6| about) what it was eleven years ago, a rate of progress which promises to place it ere long, near as it is, among the most populous portions of the Country. Well, it may perchance be said, it would seem all is right thus far ; for we have not merely been increasing in numbers as rapidly as our neighbours when we had supposed our growth slow com- pared with theirs ; but r^.ore rapidly, much more rapidly : what how- ever is to become of us in the future ? The immense European im- migration pouring in annually to the States, will certainly in a short tirre turn the tables completely against us. This is another popular fallacy. In spite of all we have heard on this topic, or may have joined in saying on it, the balance here too is in our favour, largely in our favour. We receive, in proportion to our numbers, a much larger share of immigration than our neighbours. ''The World's Progress" (p. 309) sets down the immigration from Europe, during the year ending 30th September, 1848, at 218,453. For the year ending June 30th, 1849, it amounted to 299,610; (Ibid. 698). Since that it has risen, I believe, to some- thing over 300,000. The immigration into Canada amounted in 1845 to 25,375; in 1846, including 2,864 from the United States, it reached 35,617; being exclusive of these 32,753. n thus Apidly com- how- |in im- short opiilar huvo rgely much For thQ sake of comparison reckon that for the States 300,000 j and that for Canada 30,000 : this will come, we presume, on both sides, very near the fact. Throwing the Slaves out of the calculation, the Population of the States is to that of Canada about as fifteen to one ; while the addition made to it by immigration, instead of being (what it would ref|iiiro to be to equal our increase from the same source) as fifteen is only as ten to one. Tims is our assertion demonstrated that here too the balance is in our fiuvour, largely in our favour. In the Globe of last Saturday,* as doubtless many now present have observed, the fact which I have just stated was shown in re- gard to the immigration from the British Islands. You will per- ceive it holds in relation to the entire immigration. Though I had made my calculations before I saw that article, the confirmation it afforded of the conclusions I had reached, (for which, I confess, I had hardly been prepared,) gratified me much. My notice of this matter will be excused, as I would not like to seem to take a good idea even from a newspaper without acknowledgment, the gentle- men of the press having the same right which others have to the credit of their own productions. In Davis''s ** Half Century" (Boston 1851) the immigration into the United States between 1830 and 1850, is estimated (p. 29) at 1,500,000, or over. Scobie's Almanac for 1848 (p. 54), reports 466,179 us the Canadian immigration for the 18 years between 1829 and 1846 inclusive. For the two deficient years add a tenth, 46,618 — the number for the twenty Avill amount to 512,797. Be- tween our Population and that of the States the discrepancy was much greater during the period in question than it is now. Call the proportions, however, the same then as now (in doing which we relinquish a very large advantage) our immigration compared with that of our neighbours is more than five to one. Theirs, instead of fifteen which their Population requires, is only three to our one — hardly that. On this topic we would merely add that the immigration to Ca- nada for 1851, was up to 11th Oct., 40,299 (Canada Directory, p. 581).t As illustrating the success which has attended settlement in Canada West, I would mention that in the eight years from 1844 to 1851, inclusive, £92,655 4s. were remitted through the Canada Company alone by Emigrants to their friends in the British Isles and Germany, to bring theiu out to this Province ; according to the • 7th February, 1852. t The Canada Directory : containing tlie nannes of the professional and business men of «very description in tho Cities, Towns, and principal Villages of Canada: together wiUi a complete Post Otfice Directory of the Province ; a Directory of Public Offices, Otficers, and Institutions ; a.id a variety ol Statistical and Commercial Tables, exhi- biting the Population, Trade, Revenue, Expenditure, Imports, Exports, Public WorlcB, &c.,'&c., oi Canada, and a variety of other useful information, brought down to No- vember, 1851 : By Robert W. S. Mackay. Hoyal 8vo., pp. 692. Montreal: Joh» Love). !K| 13 published statement of the Coiupany, the number and amount of these remittances were as follows, viz : — Number. Jlinount. Yean. 549 £4,611 10 11 1844. 790 7,632 10 2 1845. 1,101 9,744 3 5 1846. 2,081 15,742 13 11 1847. 1,839 12,647 8 5 1848. 1,798 12,575 13 7 1849. 2,454 14,385 6 9 1850. 2,621 15,515 16 10 1851. 13,233 £92,655 4 Be it observed I am not depreciating the United States. For running them down the facts brought out furnish no room. Did they, however, do so, I would scorn to use them for such a purpose. The man who can seek to elevate himself, or that which is his at another's expense, I despise. Moreover, he who thus acts pays himself, his friends, his country, a very poor compliment. I wish simply to show that taking wluit is recognized on all hands as the very beau ideal of progress — an example of it hardly, if at all, to be paralleled — we are progressing at a rate which should, not mere- ly, stifle complaint, but inspire the warmest gratitude and the brightest hope. In what I am doing I consider myself but as giving God, our Helper, the source and sustainer of the progress described, " the glory due unto his name." Hitherto I have dealt exclusively with the increase of our Popu- lation, that which, in connection with its character, forms the basis of National prosperity. Let us now direct our attention to the in- crease which has been going on, at the same time, in the quanti- ties of land under cultivation, in agricultural and other products, in .stock, and in the property represented by the Assessment Rolls, with the rise in the value of Land. The Western District (Counties of Essex, Kent and Lambton — contents 1,616,640 acres) contained in — 1842, 69,345 Acres of Land under Cultivation. 1844, 82,726 do. do. 1848, 115,708 do. do. 1850, 425,279 Acres were occupied. How much cultivated, I cannot say. In the London District, (Counties of Middlesex and Elgin, — •ontents 999,04«0 acres) the quantities under cultivation were in — 1842, 112,633 Acres. 1844, 130,329 do. 1848, 177,752 do. The Brock District (County of Oxford — contents .')84<,320 acre») stands as follows : — In 1842, 67,397 Acrei cultivated. 1844 83,046 do. 1849, 125,741 do. We find in the Gore District (Counties of Halton, Wentworth, and Brant— 741.761 acres) :--Tn 13 do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. 1842, 222,098 Acres under cultifation. 1844, 266,848 do. do. 1848, 310,513 do. do. The Home District (Counties of York, Ontario and Peel — con- tents 1,361,600 acres) shows the following returns: — In 1801 , 4,281 Acres cultivated. 1811, 14,578 1821, 39,732 1831, 101,290 1841 253,708 1848, 376,909 By way of specimen of the increase of products between 184.2 and 1848, we select two or three items. The former of these years yielded, in Upper Canada, 2,321,991 bushels of wheat ; 478,117 of oats ; 3,699,859 lbs. maple sugar; 1,302,510 lbs. of wool: the latter, 7,558,773 bushels of wheat — an increase as compared with the for- mer year of 4,336,782 bushels; 7,055,730 bushels of oats — being an increase of 2,267,563 bushels; 3,764,243 lbs. maple sugar — an increase of 64,384 lbs. ; with 2,339,756 lbs. of wool — a quantity exceeding that of the former year by 1,037,246 lbs. To illustrate the increase in stock, we give (Smith, vol. i. p. 122) the returns for Upper Canada of horses, milch cows and oxen for the years 1825, 1835, 1845, and 1847. These are— In Horses. Milch Cows. Oxen. 1826, 22,589 51,216 23,900 1835, 47,724 109,606 46,066 1845 98,598. 199,537 65,127 1847, 113,812 218,653 72,017 A table is given in Scobie's Almanac for 1850, of the crops of the United States for the years 1840 and 1847 ; from which it ap- pears that in proportion to Population, we are much before our neighbours as to quantity of agricultural products, with the excep- tion of rye and maize, in which, especially the latter, they greatly exceed us. There were produced for each inhabitant in the first of the years compared — 4*96 bushels of wheat in the States ; in Canada — 6*62: in the States — 7*21 oats; 9*85 in Canada. Canada yield- ed 16'62 bushels of potatoes, while the yield of the States was only 6-35. For the second year (1847) the quantities stand : the States — wheat, 5*50 bushels ; oats, 8*09; potatoes, 4-86: Canada, 10'45 wheat; 9*75 oats; 6*57 potatoes. The Assessed value of Property in Upper Canada was : — In 1825, X2,236,874 7 8 1835, 3,880,994 13 6 1845, 7,778,917 9 6 1847, 8,567,001 1 Of these returns it is to be observed that they show only the re- lative increase of value ; and not, except about the earliest period, its true amount. The diiference between the real and assessed value, about the times compared, will be illustrated by the following extract from a letter addressed by James Scott Howard, the intelligent and re- spected Treasurer of the County of York (late Home District), to B u William Gamble Esq., Chairman of Finance Committco, bearing date, Treasurer's Office, County of York, January 30th, 1850: which confirms at the same time the view already given of the progress of that District. / *3 Is. 4id. Can the country which is in possession of this be justly held to be very poorl Convert the above sum into dollars and cts., it makes $137,072,016 80 cents. Well, say you, what of that? You shall see. Whether the real and assessed vahies correspond as nearly in the State of New York as they now do in Upper Canada, I cannot say ; but suppose them to do so, and assuming the calculation given above to make a fair approximation to correctness, the not disagree- able fact is brought out that, in proportion to our Population, we are not much poorer than our neighbours of the Empire State. According to the American Almanac for 1851 (p. 237), the value of the taxable property of the State of New York for 1848, was $666,089,526 : something less than five times ours, with a Popula- tion over four times ; including also, be it remembered, the wealth of the City of New York. While these calculations are not given as certainly representing the facts to which they relate, but rather as suggesting an interest- ing subject of enquiry ; we may claim to have been at least as philosophically and as profitably employed in making them as in grumbling over our poverty, real or supposed, compared with our neighbours on the other side of the Lake. The contrast which Canada West presents now to the published descriptions of it by travellers of comparatively recent date, is re- markable indeed. Talbot states (vo'. i. p. 110) that when Col. Talbot commenced his settlement in 1802, " there was not a single christian habitation, within forty miles of his residence." This city, then York, he describes, after 1818, as being the most westerly town in the Upper Province ; and asserts that between this and Amherstburg, a dis- tance of 325 miles, few villages, and those few of a diminutive size, are to be met with. Dundas, Ancaster, and Burford, he de- clares to be the only places which, from the multitude of their in- habitants bear the least resemblance to villages ; and the whole Population of the three together, he represents as " not exceeding 600 souls. — (Vol. i. p. 120.) Thirty years before the time of his writing (he published in 1824), " there was not," he says, " a single human habitation between York (this city) and the French settle- ments on the St. Clair, excepting the widely scattered and undis- turbed retreats of the numerous Indian tribes, most of whom," he adds, "have since retired to more remote regions." — Vol. i. p. 121. Dr. Ilowison, the third edition of whose sketches beai-s date 1825, 16 111 describing a journey which he took from the Talbot lload to the head of Lake Erie, mentions (p. 199) that his road lay through what were then called the Long fVoods, where thero was a stretch of 37 miles of iminterruj)ted forest with only one house within the whole distance ; just such a solitary trij) as 1 had myself the plea- sure of making lust summer in Iowa, with the exception that the solitude consists thero of prairie, instead of forest. These wildernesses are now filled with Towns and Vdlagcs— many of them of considerable size and beauty ; and numbers of them wealthy. Let us look at a few of them. ,^^^y ' The site of this large and handsome city, was, in 1793, occupied "'-' by a single Indian Wigwam (Talbot, vol. i. p. 100); inhabited as would appear from Bouchette (vol. i. p. 89), by two families of Mississaugas. By a gentleman, Thomas Ridout, Esq., of the Bank of Upper Canada, who came to this city in 1797, when it contained only twelve families, I havo been informed that the Indians were so numerous and powerful in the neighbourhood, and withal dis- posed to be so troublesome, that a block house was erected by the Government for the protection of the citizens from their depreda- tions. A few years ago 1 had the pleasure of dining with an old farmer on the Don, who told me he built, I forget whether the first or second housQ in it. The lot, on King Street, of course, was given him for nothing, on condition of building on it ; and he might have had as many as he plcuscd on the same terms. The Covern- raent House was at that time a tent ; erected, I believe, in the ravine east of the present site of the Parliament Buildings. Hav- ing been an old Loyalist Volunteer, my friend received his supplies of flour from the Commissariat, there being then none to Ije had anywhere else. He had the choice of the whole neighbour- hood, including the present site of greater ])art of the city, as a farm ; but he selec'ed the bank of the Don, three miles from this, on account of its being better land — a choice which will not sur- prise anyone if the description given by Talbot makes any approach to the truth. His account which we quote as a curiosity, is as fol- lows : — " The situation of the Town is very unhealthy ; for it stands on a piece of low marshy land, which is better calculated for a frog-pond, or beaver-meadow, than for the residence of human beings. The inhabitants aie, on this account, much subject, particularly in spring and autumn, to agues and intermittent fevers ; and probably live-sevenths of the people are annually affected with these complaints. He who first fixed upon this spot as the site of the capital of Upper Canada, whatever predeliction he may have had for the roaring ot frogs, or for the effluvia arising from stagnated waters or putrid vegetables, can certainly nave had no great regard for preserving the lives of His Majesty's subjects. The Town of York possesses one great advantage, which is that of a good but defenceless harbour." — Vol. i. p. 102. It was in 1794 (Bouchette, vol. i. p. 89) that the ground was fixed on and the Government Buildings commenced. The Popu- lation of the City was : — In 1801 336 1817 1,200 1826 1,677 1830 2,860 1832 1,000 1842 15,336 1845 19,706. . . . . .1850 25,166. It is now, 1852, 30,763. According to the uenaiis rcturnii; for last year, the .V-sscsscd value ot n property in tho City of Toronto was £3,\ 16,^^00. The annual viiltiu (It 6 pur cent, amounts to X 186,983 5s., on which there is u tiixiition oJje 17,4.2}). (I'oods imported at the Port of Toronto during the year 1851: — For duty £656^52 3 8 Free, 38,045 3 7 Total duties collected, 94,330 5 8 Export* to United States Ports, 81,841 1 9 8 No precise account was kept of the Exports from Toronto to Mont- real, (Quebec, or the I'orts on Lake Ontario and the River St. Law- rence, but it may be safely estimated at four times the amount of those to the United States, or £327,364-. Sixteen daily, semi-weekly, weekly and monthly newspapers and periodicals, are now published in Toronto, devoted to the pro- motion of lleligiun, Education, Medical Science, Literature and i'oliticH. From Talbot's description of the city I will select a few items which will assist you in forming some idea of the improvement that has taken place. " It contains," he says, " 1336 inhabitants, and about 250 houses, many of which exhibit a very neat appearance. The public buildings are a Protestant Episcopal Church, u Homan Catholic Chapel, a Presbyterian and a Methodist Meeting Houa«, thi! HoMpital, the Parliament House, and the residence ol the Lieutenant Governor." " The Episcopal Church is n plain timber building of tolerable size, with a small steeple of the same material. It has an extensive burial-ground, which is tastefully fenced and planted." " The Uotiiuti Catholic Chapel, which is not yet completed, is a brick edifice, and intended to ho very magnificent." "Th(! York Hospital is the most extensive public building in the Province, and its external nppenruiice is very respectable." Speaking oi iha streets, which he describes as *' regularly laid out, intersecting each other at right angluii ;" he states that "only one of them is yet completely built ; and, in wet weather, the unfinished streets are, if possible, muddier and dirtier than those of Kingston." How changed tho j)icture now. Into any extended description of tiie difference 1 cannot enter, which, to do it justice, would require a lecture for itself. With the Hospital, which still stands, compare the .si)l(jiidid Provincial Lunatic A'iylnm. Look at the elegant Cathedral, close by, which occupies the site of the " plain timber Episcopal Clnirch, with its small steeple of the same material." Pa.ss u[) the street and cast your eyes on the Roman Catholic Cathedral — to which no one would hold the epithet " magnificent" to be misapplied, with. its chaste Bishop's Palace by its side. Walk a few steps further, and look at the noble buildings in course of erection lor the Provincial Normal and Model Schools — which are not l(3ss creditable to the country, as indicating something of the feeling with which education is regarded, and to the architects and contractors of whose skill they afford such a favourable speci- men — than ornamental to the city. From the Normal School re- turn to St. Lawrence Hall, and tell me how many handsomer structures you have seen in your travels. Step on through King" Street, with its splendid stores, and Yonge and Wellington Streets, with their beautiful Banks and Mercantile establishments. Call one of file numerous cabs which offer their accommodation, and VI 18 treat yuursolt tu a sif^ht uf tho bcaiititiil cliurclics niid other miblic buildings ; Trinity Cullc^u and thu University grounds und biiild- inji?, witli oiir villus on every hand, and tell mo whore on the old continent or the new, you will find a city, which, lor its age, ex- cels what was so lately nuiddy Little York. Toronto is, however, but a specimen ol" what is going on through- out the country. Hamilton, for example, which was laid out in 1813, and contained in 1830 only 2846 inhabitants, hud grown by 1846 to 6832, and numbered in 1850, 10,248. Hy the census just completed it is brought up to 14,199. It had in 1850 thirteen churches, was lighted with gas, had four foundries, with manufac- tories of various sorts, several banks or bank agencies, a largo number of wholesale establishments, with a multitude of handsome buildings, public and private, and an extensive trade. Tlie annual value ol' assessed property in the city of Hamilton, in 1851, (luiing but six per cent, on the estimated value of property in tho city) was £94,259 8s. Tho duties collected there in 1850, amounted to je59,398 12s. 2d. Dundas, the neighbour of Hamilton, distant from it only five miles — one ol' the thriie places described by Talbot as numbering 600 souls among them — had in 1845 a jKapulation of 1700, in 1850 2500 ; and it now contains 3519. It had in 1850 seven churches, three llouring mills — one of them with six run of stones; — a paper mill ; a large foundry ; an axe iiictory ; a woolen factory, the pro- prietor ol which (Mr. Paterson) had the honour of taking a prize at the World's Fair for blankets — as had also Mr. Gamble, of Pino (rrove, Vaughan, — with other factories. of one sort and another, too numerous to mention; several bank agencies; many hand- some buildings, public and private ; and though last, not least, a newspaper. Brantlord was surrendered by the Indians und surveyed in 1830. in 1844 its population was somowhore iwm' .000. The census of 1850 gives it as 3200. Now it i^i 4000. Its increase diwing the last ten years has been nearly 300 per cent. It has seven churches; a brick town hall and market house, which cost Je2200; a brick school house, erected at an expense of jG700 ; with two foundries ; four grist mills ; a stone-ware manufactory ; there bank agencies ; two newspapers, vith many large stores and handsome dwelling houses. Within seven miles of Brantford stands Paris, which from a population somewhere near 300 in 1834, had gr "vn in 1850 to 18(0. with six churches ; five resident ministers ; two flouring rr ' . with seven run of stones ; two plaster mills; a woolen factory ; two foundries ; a tannery ; a planing machine ; a soap and candle factory ; a saw mill ; a bath brick manufactory ; a bank agency and news- paper; with private residences, in regard to which it is not too much to say that tliey h i • .vortliy of the eminently beautiful sites they occupy. The pr^i,s:_i, i;Op/"ation, jtS shown by the census just taken, is 1905 — to wbu"*). if Las risen inm 761 since 1844. Woodstock, which vrns surveyed In 1833, contained in 1850, 1200 inhabitants, with six cJuirches ; several mills ; manulactorics 19 of various sorts, and a goo. Within three miles of Cialt is Preston, a thriving town, * < iitaining i\ population of 1 150. 6o- .i';en miles north east from Gait, stands the town of Guelph, of whicli the survey was commenced only in 1827, and whose po- pulation, numbering 700 in 1843, reached in 1850, 1860. This handsome town contained in the latter years seven churches ; two bank agencies ; several insurance oflices; three gristmills; a saw mill ; a carding and fulling mill ; a foundry ; a woolen factory ; four tajuiori' s; a grammar school, a library and reading ro(mi, and two newgpa[>crs. The town of Stratford contained in 1840 only about a dozen houses — it has now a population of 1000. The town of Goderich, which 22 years ago was in the midst of ;m unsurvcyed wilderness, 60 miles from any settlement, now con- tains a population of 1329. Niagara, reported by llowison (p. 74) to contain 700 or 800 in- habitants, has now got 3400 ; while St. Catherines, of which he speaks (p. 148) as a " village presenting no claim to notice," has, according to the recent census, a population of 4369. According to Talbot (vol. i. p. 58) Quebec contained in 1816, 14,880 inhabitants. Its population in 1850 was 37,365. It is now over 40,000. Montreal, which now numbers 57,718, contained in the same year (1816) 16,000. Cornwall is described by him as con- taining- '^'^0; its population in 1850 was 1506. Prescott he sets down uL 150; now it is 2156. Brockville is represented by this same writer to contain 450 souls. Its dwellings, he describes as built of wood, and tastefully painted. It had then " no church" though it possessed a parsonage-house. These wooden buildings have long ago given place to ctogant stone structures, which testify at once to the wealth and taste of their proprietors. It contained in 1850 a population of 27.'>7, with six churches — several of them stone. Kingston, described by Talbot (vol. i. p. 98), as the largest town in the Upper Province, contained when he wrote, 2336 inhabitants. t 20 Its population in 1850, amounted, after various mishaps, to 10,097. It is now 14,725; it is, besides, though the dark colour of the stone of which its buildings are erected gives them a somewhat sombre aspect, a very handsome city. Its market house is a noble struc- ture. It has eleven churches, several oi them beautiful, and is the seat of a University — that of Queen's college ; — and of a Roman Catholic college (Regiopolis) and cathedral. " Between Kingston and York" (Toronto), Talbot says, " there are two or three very small villages, the largest of which is Belle- ville, containing about 150 inhabitants." In 1850, Belleville con- tained a population of 3500 ; and Cobourg and Port Hope — the two villages, I presume which he thought too small and insignificant to name — the former 3700, with seven churches, a college (Victoria, which is rendering important service, especially to that region of Country), with an attendance of 60 students, two grammar schools, and a cloth factory, " employing about 175 hands, and turning out 800 yards of goods per day ; and the latter (Port Hope), 2200, with four churches, three bank agencies, several insurance societies, and a weekly newspaper. Since Talbot's time a number of new towns have sprung into existence between the cities named, of which we can notice only Bowmanville, laid out about 1832, which contained in 1850, 1750 inhabitants, with eight churches, two bank agencies, a weekly newspaper, with four grist mills, — the proprietor of one of which, Mr. Simpson, obtained a prize at the World's Fair for a barrel of flour ; — saw and oatmeal mills, a cloth factory, three tanneries, and two potteries. To compare any of our cities, as to growth, with cities of such world-wide repute as Boston or New York, may perhaps be deem- ed somewhat too bold. As this, however, is an adventurous age, it may be worth while, were it but to prove we are not behind the times, to run the hazard. Begin we then with Boston — New England's noble capital — which taken all in all, is without question one of the finest cities in the world. Boston contained : — In 1790,. 1810,. 1820,. 18,038 Inhabitants. 33,250 do. 43,298 do* 11830,.... 61,391 Inhabitants. 1840,.... 93,000 do. 1850,.... 135 ,000 do. World's Progress, pp. 212, 694. Dividing the above into two periods of thirty years each, Boston contains at the close of the first, about two and a half times its number of inhabitants at the commencement ; while the close of the second shows three and one-tenth times the number of the beginning. The population of 1850 is eight times, or nearly, that of 1790 : Toronto being in 1850 over six times what it was eighteen years before, to wit in 1832 ; more than seventy-five times what it was forty-nine years before, or in 1801. Between 1840 and 1850, the increase is — on Boston, 45 per cent; on Toronto, 95. The re- cent census makes the increase between 1842 and 1852 — 100 per cent. New York, the emporium of the New World, — a city that for its age, will, we suppose, vie with any on earth — numbered: — In 21 10,097. e stone sombre striic- i is the Roman " there 3 Bellc- Ue con- the two [icant to /"ictoria, sgion of schools, ling out 00, with Lies, and ing into ice only )0, 1750 weekly f which, barrel of rics, and of such e deem- |us age, it liiid the japital — ist cities knts. 212, 694. 1, Boston times its close of [r of the jirly, that leighteen what it Ind 1850, The re- -100 per liat for its -In 33,131 InhabiUoU. 1840... .312,710 InhabiUnU. 96,373 tlo. 1850,.. . .517,000 do. 202,548 do. 1790... 1810,.. 1830,.. World't Progresi, pp. 444, 701. Its increase thus stands as compared with Toronto, two and a half tinges in the twenty years between 1830 to 1850, against six times in the eighteen years between 1832 and 1850, or nearly eight times in the twenty years between 1832 and 1852 ; sixteen times in sixty years against seventy-five in forty-nine ; sixty-six percent. between 184-0 and 1850, against ninety-five. Hamilton contains now, 1852, over five times its population in 1836,— an interval of only sixteen years. In 1850, Montreal con- tained over three times that of 1816 ; Quebec fully two and one-eighth times — now over two and one-third — and Sorel about four and one-half times, or 6646 inhabitants in the place of 1500. New Orleans had in 1810 a population of 17,248 ; in 1830, 46,310; in 1850, 119,285. That of Rochester was in 1820, 1502; in 1830, 9269; in 1850, 36,561. In 1810 Buffalo contained 1508; in 1830, 8653 ; in 1850, 40,266.— (American Aim. 1852, p. 200). Thus, in 1850, New Orleans numbered between two and a half and three times what it had done in 1830 ; Rt)chester nearly (485 under) four times ; and Buffalo about four and two-third times ; while To- ronto contained in the same year, 1850, all but nine times its po- pulation in 1830 (2860) ; and Hamilton about four and a-half times what it numbered in 1836. Perchance we may l)c asked liow our Canadian cities compare in growth with Cincinnati, or St. Louis? Very favourably, we reply, as the following statistics prove : — The population of Cincinnati was in 1850, — when it reached 1 15,590, — about twelve times its amount in 1820, thirty years before, when it numbered 9642 — [World's Progress, p. 245] ; — while To- ronto had, in the .same year, 1850, eighteen times its population in 1817 — that is 33 years before; and has now, 1852, over twenty- five and a-half times. Davis's " Half Century" (p. 29) reports Cincinnati at only 82,000 — nearly 24,000 less than the statement we have adopted. We have given the larger number, because being professedly taken from the census of 1850, we suppose it the more correct ; and be- cause too we would do our neighbour full justice. Saint Louis contained in 1820, 4597 inhabitants; and in 1850, 70,000 — a trifle over fifteen times the previous number. Toronto, as we have seen, had in the latter year, eighteen^times its popula- tion in 1817. During the last thirty years our growth has thus, in its rate, ex- ceeded that of both these cities, which among those of the West liold first rank : as it has also done that of Detroit, which in the interval in question shows an advance of nearly fourteen times (from 1422 to 21,057) against seventeen times in three years more. To the specimens already given of rise in the value of land in the rural districts, we add a few illustrative of what has been tak- ing place in the towns and cities. In 1840, the Government paid .£19,000 for 32 ncres of land in 22 Kingston; part of a lot of 100 acres wliich had cost the party from whom the purchase was made £500. Bishop Macdounell paid, in 1816, £500 for 11 acres in the same city. The front portion of the block was laid out in 184-0, in quarter acre lols, which brought from £160 to £250 a-piece. Perhaps it may be said that land in Kingston had, at the time in question, an undue value given it by the circumstance of the city's being made the seat of government. Be it so ; Brantford has never been the seat of government : yet two lots in Colborno Street, which cost originally £10 for sixty-six feet, were sold last summer —the one for £25, the other £30 per foot. A lot was pointed out to me last autumn, in one of the second or third rate streets in London, for which I was told from £7 10s. to £9, could easily be got. Quarter acre lots in Guelj)h, winch in the year 1830 were pur- chased for £5, command now from £300 to £400, and in some spots even higher prices. A lot in Goderich was recently leased at the annual rent of £30, which the proprietor bought 20 years ago for £10. Forty acres of land in this city, extending from Richmond up to Gerrard Street, were sold, how long ago I cannot say, by Hon. Mr. Crookshanks to the late Hon. Mr. M'Gill, for 23s. 9d. per acre; which now average in value, I presiune, not loss than £750 per acre. The M'Gill property, valued Ijy the proprietor in 1823 at £4000, is now supposed worth from £75,000 to £100,000. Six acre lots in Yonge Street, which cost in 1825, £75 ; could not be purchased now, probably, under £1000. Between 1850 and 1852, an increase of 9622 took place in Mont- real, which makes it now more than three and a-half times what it was in 1816. By town is described by Bouchettc (vol. i. p. 81,) as containing when he wrote, about 1830, nearly a hundred and fifty houses. Its population, reported by the late census as over 8000, is there- fore now probably eight times what it was in the year above named. The value of its rateable property is £4-48,595 16s. 8d ; and its assessed yearly value £26,869 8s. The land on which it stands, purchased for £80, Smith sets down in his Gazetteer — published several years ago — as worth £50,000, or over. Those who have been fbr any length of time acquainted with the Country, must be struck with the improvement going on in the character of the houses ; the handsome frame, or brick, or stone dwelling, rapidly taking the place, in all the older localities, of the log-cabin. The roads are likewise improving fast. For example, in the spring of 1837, 1 journeyed from Brantford to Hamilton in company with a friend. We had a horse which, acpording to the fashion of these now ancient times, we rode in turn. Night came on ere we reached Hamilton. The road was in such a state that neither of us could venture to ride. Compelled to dismount, we had for the sake of safety, to plunge on through the mud, leading our horse, and sinking deep almost at every step. Such was my exhaustion. 23 that en reaching the friend's house whether we were going, I had to rest myself by leaning ray back against the door. A macada- mized road of the first class now stretches, and has long done, over the puddle through which we thus laboriously forced oui way. Twelve or fourteen years ago I travelled several times between Guelph and Hamilton. Of the character of the road it would be useless to attempt giving a description to those who have not seen it. The thought of the journey used almost to terrify me. On one of these occasions — of which the recollection is still fresh, and likely long to be — I met a friend midway ; when turning aside round a large mud hole, half occupied by a great stump, we halted under the shadow of the huge pines which skirted the road; and inquired of one another's welfare, and of the " going" very much as ships meeting at sea make mutual inquiries as to longitude, latitude, course, and so forth. Not far from the time of which I speak, a minister, who had just come out from England and wa« going to Guelph with his family, was, by a shrewd friend who ac- companied him, taken round by Brantford — a distance of 57 miles or thereabouts — instead of proceeding direct from Hamilton, 26 miles, under the idea that had the new-comers gone through the road I have mentioned, they would, on reaching their destination, have imagined themselves to have got whence there was no egress. No trick like this, which was reckoned a clever one at the time, would now be necessary ; as between Hamilton and Guelph there is an excellent macadamized road, xit present the journey from Toron- to t'le latter place, which would then have required nearly two days, is performed in about twelve or fourteen hours, and will, when the projected railway opens, be accomplished, without fatigue and at a trifling expense, in a couple of hours, perhaps less. Ere long, the plank road, which is so fast pushing the venerable corduroy back into the woods, will have to retire before the rail- ways with which the land is likely to be covered. How improved is our condition in regard to the conveniences of life, compared with what it was a few years ago. The first steamboat on the St. Lawrence was built in 1809. It made its passage between Montreal and Quebec, for which it charged nine dollars (eight down), in thirty-six hours actual sail- ing, being sixty-six in all between the two ports. A second was launched in the spring of 1813, whose time was twenty-two and a half hours. The passage is now made up in fourteen hours, or less, and down in about eleven, at a charge varying from two and a-half to three dollars for the cabin, 2s. 6d., I think, for the deck. The year 1816 added two to the number of the St. Lawrence steamers. The first Upper Canada Steamers belong to the year 1817, when two were built, one to ply between Prescott and Kingston, the other on the bay of Quinte. Now they cover our lakes and rivers, nnd every year. is adding at once to their comfort and beauty. The charges too at which their accommodation are afforded, are generally speaking moderate. In 1849, their number on Canadian water* amounted to 103 ; with a tonnage of 16,1.56 tons: since which timo 24 a large addition has been made to their number, no fewer than eleven having been built in 1850 (Tables of Trade and Navigation, p. 441) ; how many since, I cannot say. We are to have a daily this summer, it is intimated, a through line to Montreal ; and a mail line, touching at the intervening ports. In 1792 we were blessed, it would seem, with an " annual win- ter express between Montreal and the Upper Countries," compre- hending Niagara and Detroit. The improvement was thought very great when it came as often as once in three months. Now we have not merely the mail distributing its precious load daily through almost every part of the land, and in its remotest regions once or twice a week ; but the electric telegraph, by which we can, in a few moments, communicate with all the main parts of the country, and the leading cities on the other side of the Linet. A message which I gave in last summer to the office in Chicago about 12 o'clock noon, was delivered in Montreal within two liours, the distance being somewhere, we believe, iibout 1200 miles. To get an idea of the post office accommodation we enjoy, it is worth your while to look into Scobie's excellent Almanac for this year, where you will find over five pages of names of offices and post-masters. For the trilling sum of three pence we can send a letter, or as many of them as may be brought within half an ounce weight, from one end of tho land to the other. Nor is this all, we have a cheap Ijook and parcel as well as letter postage. The mercantile progress of the country outstrii)s, if possible, its progress in the respects we have been contemplating. At least it fully equals it. In 1805, 146 vessels, with a tonage of 25,136 tons arrived at Quebec; the vessels numbered in l!?>27, 619, with 152,712 tons; while in 1849 the vessels reached 11S4, besides 144 to Montreal, in all 1248, with a tonnage of 502,513 tons. The tonnage arrived at Quebec last year amounted to 531,427 — besides 230 vessels to Montreal (Globe 3rd Feb., 1852). In the year 1849, the tonnage of vessels registered in the Province was 87,461 tons, nearly SJ times the amount of the whole tonnage to the country in 1805. The vessels were 723, (Scobie's Almanac, 1851) all but five times the number trading to the country in the year 1805. The value of the imports to Quebec was in 1850— £688,441 10s. 9d. ; in 1851— £833,929 5s. lOd. According to an agreement made with Lower Canada in 1795, by which the Upper Province was to receive an eighth of the ''duties payable on goods, wares, or merchandize, entering the Lower Province," the share of Upper Canada amounted in 1801 to j£903 currency. The Customs of Upper Canada yielded in 1846, JB391,171 Is. 3d. For the United Province the duties collected in 1850 reached the sum of £615,694 13s. 8d. Canada imported in 1850 articles to the value of £4,245,517. Its exports, during the same year, of its own domestic products, amounted to £2,669,998— (Scobie's Almanac, 1852). During 1850, 1250 vessels passed down the Welland Canal and 1259 up ; while last year the down vessels amounted to 1752, and those going up 25 to n4iB.— (Quebec Gazette— Toronto Globe, Feb. Srd, 1852.) Th« vessels psissing through the Welland, St. Lawrence, and Chambly Canals in 1850, numbered 13,808, (11,379 British, 2429 Foreign) ; with a tonnage of 1,190,475 tons. On these £4-556 7s. 1 id were received as tolls, while the gross revenue of the canals, including Burlington Bay Canal and Saint Ann's Locks, amounted to je65,772 10s. ejd. For the years 1847, 1848, 1849, and 1850 re- spectively, the receipts were je50,131 16s. Id — je4b,493 158. 6d, — £56,200 15s. 5d,— and £65,772 10s. 6 id .—The average uett re- venue being £45,272 18s. 5id. — Tables of Trade and Navigation. How we stand in relation to some of these points when compar- ed with the United States, the following returns will show. The total Customs received into the Treasury of the United States for the year ending June 30th, 1849, amounted, as given by the American Almanac for 1851, to $28,346,738 82 cents — that is, between eleven and twelve times the Customs of Canada (£615,694 13s. 8d.— $2,462,778 74 cents) with a population more than fifteen timt-s ours. The value of the products of the United States exported in 1849, was $132,666,955— (American Almanac 1851, p. 172)— less than thirteen times ours in 1850 (£2,669,998 or $10,679,992) for a popu- lation fifteen times as large. Between the value of the imports of the two Countries for the years specified the difierence is still greater, those of the States being under nine times ours — to wit — $147,857,439 — against £4,245,517 or $16,982,068. In the President's Message for last year the exports of 1850 are shown to have reached a sum considerably higher ; but as the dif- ference is described to have arisen, not fror.i the increased quan- tity of products exported, but from a temjwrary rise in price in thw earlier part of the year, it aflbrds no fair basis for comparison. From a table given in the American Almanac for 1851, (p. 165 j see also Davis's " Half Century,*' p. 29) showing the exports, im- ports, &c. for each year betAveen 1791 and 1849, it appears mat the exports of the United States reached their highest value in 1839, when they rose to $162,092,132, being $1,892,252 over fif- teen times ours (the proportion of the population) for 1850. Small as this excess is, it is in appearauce only that it exists, be- cause the sum above named includes, not as it ought to do, the pro- ducts of the country merely, but the entire exports. The difference between the two in that year I have no means of ascertaining; but in 1849 it was $29,425,177. Suppose it to have been the half of this in 1839, an addition of thirteen millions or thereabout would be necessary to bring up the exports of the United States in their highest year to ours for 1850, the difference in population being taken into account. In 1850, 1509 vessels entered inwards at the Ports of Quebec and Montreal, with a tonnage of 522,116 tons, besides 132 with 4457 tonnage Ly sea and St. Lawrence ; while the outward vessels from these two Ports were 1587, with a tonnage of 543,963 tons, t» which are to be added 119 vessels from Gaape. The total number 4 X ^■1 36 of vessels outward and inward was 3338; and the total tonnage, the inward Ports being excluded, 1,066,079 tons. In the above trade 37,582 men were employed. — Tables, &fc. pp. 438, 439. The number of vessels entering the United States during the year ending 30th June 1850, was 18,512 (8412 American, 10,100 Fo- reign), with 18,195 (8376 American, 9816 Foreign) clearing there- from, in all 36,709. The tonnage entering and elearin": was 8,709,841 tons.— (Amer. Alman. 1852, p. 180). Instead of fifteen times ours, which the population would require, the number of vessels was thus only eleven times, and the tonnage not much over eight times. The number of men and boys employed 391,941 — (American Almanac, 1852, p. 180.) — was about ten and a half times ours. In Canada, 87 vessels (eleven of them steamers as we have seen), with a tonnage of 33,138 tons, were built during the year 1850. — (Tables, &c. p. 441). Those built in the States during the same time were 1360 (159 of them steamers), with a tonnage of 272,218, 54-mnety-fifths.— (Amer. Alman. 1852, p. 179). Hence, in proportion to population, our neighbours exceed us l)y 55 in the number of ships built ; but fall short nearly one half in the amount of tonnage; theirs being, instead of fifteen times, but a little over eight and one third times ours. Coriipared with ours, therefore, their vessels must on the whole have been small, not very far ex- ceeding one half, a fact to be accounted for, we suppose, by their including a large proportion of canal boats, and other similar craft. Of the imports from Canada into the United Slates during the year 1850, the value reached $4,521,306. In so far as the nature of the vessels was discriminated, the value of the business done at the ports of Oswego, Rochester and Buffalo during 1850, was — in American $717,045; in Canadian $1,783,040.— (Tables, &c. p. 443), thus over two thirds, approaching three fourth of the value of the trade of these ports, during the year mentioned was in Cana- dian vessels. It is time our remarks on the material interest of the Country were brought to a close. Thanking you for your patience and courtesy, I must reserve what I have to say on its higher interests — those, namely, of a mental, spiritual, and civil character, — as also its prospects, till this night fortnight, when, with your permission, the subject will b« resumed. SECOND LECTURE. t* ^».n.>A/*/>^w»" Ladies and Gentlemen, — In accordance with tho intimation given at the close of last Lecture, I have to call your attention^ this evening, to the progress which is being made by Canada, Canada West especially, in her higher interests, or those of a men- tal, spiritual and civil character ; with the prospects which are opening upon her. Mr. Smith tells us that the number of newspapers in Canada in 1810 was five, which were all published in the Lower Province. Kingston has now, if I am not rnistaken, as many ; Hamilton has, I believe, one more ; Quebec somewhere about twice, and Mont- real and Toronto each more than thrice the number. Canada West, which in that year had none, and only eight or ten when Bouchette published (vol. i. p 111), must, I conclude, from a list I have just seen, have over ninety — not much probably under a hun- dreil. The whole number in the Province I cannot positively say ; but judge it must be at least a hundred and fifty — or thirty to one what it was forty-two years ago. This, I am disposed to believe, our friends on the other side would call going ahead. Ninety where within the memory of by no means " the oldest inhabitant" there were none, they would at all events, recognize as a very creditable advance. On few things do our neighbours pride themselves more, justly we believe, than on their newspapers. Yet, young as we are, we have nothing to fear from comparison even here. The number of newspapers in the United States, as stated by Davis in his " Half Century" (p. 93) was 200 " as nearly as can be ascertained," in 1800; 359 in 1810; 1000 in 1830; 1400 in 184.0; and in 1850 about 1600. Of this last number 371 were in the New England States, and 460 in New York. The " World's Progress" (p. 445) reports 1555 in 1839. A calculation I have lately seen reckons them now 2800. Taking this latter as their present number the supply would be, in proportion to population, equal to about 180 to us ; or 90 to Ca- nada W^est, which is rather under than over the fact. With twenty millions of people to whom to look for subscribers, provided he succeed in securing the general respect, an editor can, •of course, afford an experise for the procuring of information and the command of talent, which would otherwise be beyond his reach. Hence should individual papers be found among our neigh- ^ &\ 88 boura excelling ours in fullness and ability, it would be but what was reasonably to be anticipated. Wliether this be the case in fact, or to what extent, I cannot say ; but from the specimens I have seen on both sides, which have been somewhat numerous, 1 question whether ours will not, on the whole, compare favourably with theirs in charnctcr. My impression is that they will. With- out pU'dffing myself for the correctness or propriety of all their con- teuts— which, I conceive, their conthictors would not always de- fi'ntl on rtfk'ctiou — I but state the truth when I say that the amount of ffood writing and good thinking contained in them luisollen sur- priserl me. The number of book-stores foimd in our cities and larpjer towns, viewed in connection with the extent of their stock ; and the books contnined in the libraries ol'our various institutions and met in our dwellint'.s, would seem to indicate that a taste for reading exists; while the chunicter of many of them shows it to be to a considera- ble extent correct ; thotiirji, we doubt not, improvement in this par- ticid; l!)s. 1^(1. Jn iSoO the Schools numbered 3059, and the pupils ir)l,89l ; with an eNpeiidilure of je88,429 8s. T^d— an in- crease of 470 on the Schools; 49,979 — close on iifty per cent., — on the})upils; and on the anii.»unt of expenditure, ^020,522 9s. 5^d. Besides this, -614,189 14s. O^d. was appropriated to the erection or repair of School Houses — an item of which, previous to 1850, no return was made. As compared with 1842 the sum available for the salaries of common School Teacliers was considerably more than doul)le— being £88,429, against £41,500. Between 1847 and 1850 the private Schools have increased in a still greater ratio, having advanced from 9(), with an attendance of 1831, to 224, with 4663 Scholars — a result gratifying on a variety of accounts. The Academies and District Grammar Schools have advanced, within the same time, from 32, with 1129 pupils, to 57, with 2070 ; which is nearly doubling both the Institutions and their attendants in the brief space of three years. The grand total in atttMi/'MUce on Educational Institutions was in 1842, 65,978; in 1846, 101,912; and in 1850, 159,678. Compared with previous years there is in 1850 some diminution in tl.'C number of Pupils in Colleges and Universities ; wliich will, we trust, prove only temporary, the attendance having risen be- tween 1S47 and 1849. from 700 to 773. The following particulars, derived from the American Almanac • Annual Report of the Normal, Model and Common Schools in Upper Canada for the year 1850 ; with an Appendix, By the Chief Superintfendent of Schools. Printed by order of the Legislative Assembly. Crown 8vo. p. 396. 29 or 18i>l, will assist us in Ibrming iin idoa as to how wo stand when comjcuvd with oi'.r noii>hl)oiirs, in regard to the number of oui cuniniun ScIkjoIs and lliu parties Iteming educated in them, with the sums expended in their siij)port. In Ohio, with a p()})uhition tiver two and three-fourths ours, there wore in ISIS, r)()(i2 Sciiools, with 9t,1'3(i jnipils, sustained at a cost (4$22I,S()1 11. ots.— or jer)(),200 7s. Md. ; ol" which $11.9,205 4-4 cts. were from public lands, und $7r),r)9(! Croni other sources (p. 277^. Illinois, whoso p()i)ulatiun is over a fourth more than ours, had in IStS, 2.'n7 Schools, with un attendance 'of 51,U7 pupils, sup;)orted partly ]»y tlio proceeds oi'a School Fund and jjartly by Tax. 'J'he ;iniount expended for the year I could not gather from the stato- nicnt I'iveu ([). 280). Michifian with u ])opidation nearly two-thirds ours, had in 1849, 3()'iO Selidols, e(j)il;uuing 102,871 pujiils ; towards the sup])ort of which $52,30;') 37 cents were ])aid from the School Fund, and $75,801. 92 cents from Taxation— in all $128,110 29 cents, or X32,275 Is. 5d. Michiaau had thus in 1849, in proportion to its population, about the same number of Scholars we had in 18.50. While, however, the number of Schools was a tiiird more than ours, in proportion to [)0])ulation (one more only in fiict) ; the sum paid for their support was nnich under one half— a circumstance which, when we con- sider that our teachers are under, rather than overpaid, suggests doubt as to efficiency. With them the number of female teachers is much larger than with us, which accounts, in part, for the diffe- rence. With a population a fourth over ours, Illinois had in 1848, 271 fewer Schools than we had in 184G, with only about half our num- ber of pu])ils; about one-third our number of pupils in 1850, with 742 fewer Schools. Ohio had in 1S48, with a population two and three-fourths ours, about double our number of Schools, with 7476 less than our num- ])er of pupils in 1846; considerably under two-thirds our number in 1850. 'flie amount paid for their support came short of ours in 1846 by .£11,706 lis. 10 ^d. Jt would thus ;ip]iear that in the very important matter of Com- mon Schools we arc decidedly before the States just named, which may, we suppose, be taken as a fair speQimcn of those of the West aeuorally. The nunil)er of Schools in the State of New York in 1849, was 13.971 — a little more than four and one-half ours for 1850, with a population about four and one twcnty-secondth. Of pupils in at- tendance, the number was 778,309; exceeding ours, according to population, in a proportion somewhere near four and one-fifth to lour and one twenty-secondth. On the support of these Schools the sum exjiended was $1,115,153 62 cents, or Je275,788 7s. 7^d. — under three and one-fifth times ours. For our population then we liuve ill 1S50 spent a considerably larger sum on Common Schools than did the State of Now York in 1849. The pu[)ils taught in private Schools in New York State are sup- E I 30 pofiod to amount to about 7fi,()()0 ; a number about equal to four limes ours, alter allowance lor tin* (liiicMcMice in popiilalion. In this particular, our neighbours hav(! largely tlu; adviiutage ol" us. — American Jllmanac, 1851, p. 'I'M'). Massachussets had in ISIJ>, 3710 public Schools, with an attend- ance of about 180,000 pupils (n3,()r)9 in summer~19I,712 in win- ter); costing $836,0(10, or JC20}),015. Making allowance i'ot tho diflerenco in \)Oi)ulation, — about a fourth more than ours ; — the number of &?cliools and pupils is nearly the same as ours for 1850 — rather inidcr than over — but in i)roportion to population, the sum paid lor tuition is considerably (jG 10,000) more than double. This liberal dealing with their Teachers rellects high honour on tho Bay State ; which will, wo doubt not, find the money thus expend- ed one of her best investments. Over and above her public Schools, this State hud in the same year (1839) 1111 ])rivate Academies and Schoots incorporated and unincorporated; in which 31,447 pupils were receiving instruction, at an additional cost of $302,478. Thus we are initiated, in some measure, into the secret of the superiority of Massachusetts over her sister States ; of the respect she commands every where ; and of the inlluenee she is exerting in tho newer regions, whither her sons arc carrying her churches and schools and modes of feeling, and where their efforts will by and by be crowned with a success which will more than reward them. Tn the character of the instruction given in our Schools, an im- provement is taking })lace fully equal, we believe, to the progress making in other respects. Here the Normal School is, under the superintendance of its able and indefatigable masters rendering us great service. Tho substitution which there seems a disposition to make, wherever practicable, of large School Houses, erected on the most approved ])rincipl€.s, and supplied with all the facilities of instruc- tion which the best text-bool^s, maps, plales, apparatus nnd so forth afford, — but above all with such a number of (pialified Teachers as admits of proper subdivision of labour and classification of pupils — in the place of the small, ill-ventilated room in which the scholars have been wont to be shut up \vith their single and op- pressed master, is pecvdiarly gratifyiiig. Schools like those in London and Brantford, which I have had the pleasure of seeing in operation, I should think it difficult for any one to visit without wishing to see the country covered with them. As illustrative of the spirit of our Schools, it is worthy of ob- servation that, while no violence to conscience is attempted or countenanced, the Bible is read in 2067 of them, or fully two- thirds of the whole ; and that in many cases, ministers of the gospel, of various denominations, hold, by the choice of the com- munity, the place of superintendents. The increase of visits paid to the Schools by " clergymen, councillors, magistrates and others," which were in 1850, 18,318 against 11,675 in 1847, shows a growing interest in them which is pleasing; but the fact by which the country's feeling in respect 31 to thorn IS oxpriissing itsell most unequivocally, is the roadin*- iiMuiiiruity, mid libonility with which thf pcoplo arc tiixing them- s(;lvos for Uieir snpjxjrt. For l.lii' improvements wo, lirivc been tracing, so full of hope (or the liiliire, it is hut justice to nckuo\vliuli;u tliiit wo uro liir^oly in- debted to the iutelli;^eucc, the siui^loness of purpose, und the untir- ing!; industry uith which the Ciiief Superintendent of Schools is devotiuLi; himself to his very importnnt iivocation ; in connexion with th(! ^< iierous und eiiligliLened liberality of the Government and the coiumunity. In the number and extent of School Libraries, wc are greatly exceeded by our friends in (he Slides; but they are beginning to be introduced among us, and will, wc hope, vtv long, bccumc uni- versal. t)Nr fa(!ililies are iiuu'casing in the higher departments of educa- tion, as w'c-U as the more common. I'd the number of our (rram- mar Schools, cousideriiblo tuklitions are, as we have already seen, being made; ; and we have occasion to know that their general im- provement, with the j)laciug of their advantages within the more e.'isy reach of the community, is engaging the anxious attention of those, (not a, lew of them at all events,) entrusted with their man- iigement. Our Provinciiil Tiniversity, with its star Is,")! (|t|i. |f)(l-l!tf>) of VZl CnWi'^cH :incl I'liivmsities, e.\teniie LVj.OOO ; one 31,000 (Ih'.Avn I'nivei-.silv) ; one (Yale) 19,000; ami one (Harvard) K|.,*iOO. Willi .some olihi.so wo linvi' notiiint^' to roniiKire, our Misliliitloiis beiiiii^ nri yeL in Iheir infancy; ihoM'j^h V(> ho[te to have in time. 'The :i"-iiiej,i!e num- ber of volumes in the l'2\ hibrnries is 7S!i,!)()7. llesitU-s flu so there are Liliriiries foimd in all liie I'lrt^er oitie.s ; many ol them ol" considerable iwtent aiul value. As nuudi jis ten yeiirs !i'^''o I li:u] the pleasure ol' lookiun' ;i! one in New I^Mllord, Ma.'isiiehusetls, which contained 10,000 volumes ; and i spent a conph! ol' hours on the evenin«5 ol' the Urd of .Inly last in exaniininjjc one in Suijit Louis — the Mi?rcantile Association Lii)rary — wliicli, thou:,di in- cludin*i; oidy about r)000 volumes, is (»f the lirst class as to cliurac- t(^r. 'I he books endirnced aluu»st cnery deiKirtna nt of kuowledj^e — history, civil anil ecclesiastical, tlieolojiy, law, medicine, science and art, poetry, bio^i'raphy, tra\els Jind general literalure; are ad- mirably chosen ; and many of them the hc-i ers, nnd X'fi2,921 for the i^rcetion und rij)uir of School Uouslvs. — Scobie'v jUmanae for lS-)2,;>. 31. 'rhcrc is :i imrticnhir ul' hiirhor importimoo still thjin any hifliorto niuiu'd in \\ Iik-Ii w r ari- niakin^^ :i jiroiircss vi>ry niarkiil, iiaiiifjy, in liuMlilit's lor ri.'liiiioiis inslructiou and vorship. Our churchrs a)i(l uiinustcrs arc nndlii'K ini? liist. In sonio ri'sjiccts tlu) rapidity ol'tlic iufrcnso may ]tcrii ps he a (IIsa'lvMnt!i^r<\as it lias a tcuch'ucy to IvTp tlu" ("•u^rc^iiilioiis smaller and wcakiT thiiu thry ini;nht otliL-rwisahp ; yet tho fuinoslni'ss of which it rurnishcs ovkIimicc is conum iidahk', while it, at the saiuo tiino, prepares liolorohnnd a supply Ibr the multitudes pouriuu' in upon us so fast. J''n»m a llepurt ol' a ('ommillce ol" .Assi'mbly, proseiitrd ir)tli Mnroh, 1S'2S, it appi^ars there were at that time in IJpiu'r Canada, 23f» minisft-rs— td)oiit JiMll'itt'tluim Ahlhodisls, some of wiiom liud come in its early as 1792. The nund)er at tlu^ oommencement of 1851, as stated in the (.'luiada Directory, p. ^'>^i\l, \vas8()9— one to every 870 ol" the po[)idation. At this ni"mont they can hardly be under 1>00. In IS2S the lumdji-r of ehu.-elieswas 141, or from that to !.")() I (i() (i|'thei:i beiu'.r Alelhodists. They arere])orted in 18-i8to amount tn 895— six times their number only 20 years before. Now th(r — bcMU'j,- now six tim(\s as numerous as they were twi>nty years airo, while our populatiun, as we have seen, number- ed in 1850 somethinq; more than five times what it was twenty- live years be Ion;. This is a liict worthy of notice as indicating the feeling of the country. Not nnnoly, however, arc the churches as to number kee])ing pace with, outstripping the increase of the population; but in character they are rising with the wealth of the community j becoming in proportion to that, at once, more commodious and more handsome. In their case as in that of the dwellings of the people, brick and stone are, in many parts, taking the place of wood. The Home District in 1850, contained 1G3 churches. In the Gore District they had risen between 1817 and 1848, that is, in thirty- ono years, from 4- to 64, exclusive of those in the Wellington, for- merly included in the Gore District. Seventeen years ago Paris contained none. All denominations worshipped in the School House. In the fall of 1834 I recollect being told by a brother minister that he had on the Sabbath before been one of three who waited turn for tlie use of the house. Now Paris contains, as has been noticed already, six churches (one stone and one brick) with five resident Protestant ministers. Urockvillo, you will reccillect, had no church when Talbot visited it. Now it contain*: srVt )i. Jhunt- ford, which had none eighteen years ago, nt»w c.^niains ei^ht. In this city, instead of the ibur which Talbnt narii's, we have now twenty, exclusive of four or live at Yorkvi!!'— which in Ids time, and much latter had no being, its site — now occupied with so many handsome villaa — being covered with woods. 94 Fiirthermoro, the organizations to which Christianity has given birth elsewhere, such as Bible, Tract, Missionary, Temperance and Anti-Slavery Societies ; with Sabbath Schools, and Institutions for the relief of the destitute and recovery of the sick, are found in ac- tive operation among us: conferring their varied blessings on those who need and will accept them ; besides holding a place in the public esteem and enjoying a measure of its patronage which give promise of growing strength and service for the future. This city contains four Theological Institutions — to which a fifth will probably soon be added — where a considerable numljer of young men are preparing for the ministry among the difierent de- nominations. In Lower Canada the Directory, p. 553, reports 641 clergymen ; being one to 1190 of the population. All, I presume, whatever their difference of opinion in regard to some points, will admit that during the period which has passed under review, no small improvement has taken place in our laws, our civil arrangements, and in the understanding and application of the principles of government. Things are now placed to such an extent in the hands of the people that, if they fail to move on in harmony with their notions of propriety, they will find it difficult to discover parties other than themselves on whom to throw the blame. Our Municipal Institutions are, we believe, working well on the whole — improving the country, while they are at the same time, by the duties to which they call them, giving the people the consciousness of power, and teaching them so to use it as to i)ro- mote the general prosperity and ensure peace and general satisfac- tion. Other topics will suggest themselves to you of which note might be taken, perhaps ought to be ; but we must hasten to a close. In the face of the facts above adduced, what is to be thought, Ladies and Gentlemen, of the depreciatory comparison so often made between ourselves and our neighbours as to rate of progress ? They are, in my opinion, as erroneous as in their operation they are calculated to be mischievous. The impression which forced itself most strongly on my mind during the journey to which I have referred elsewhere, was the striking coincidence in appear- ance, with the exception of prairie in place of forest, and condition between these States and Canada West. They are progressing rapidly ; but so are we. New towns presents themselves on every hand ; small, it is true, many of them ; yet destined to be large ere long. Thus too it is with us. With theirs our towns compare very favourably ; so do our rural districts. My belief is that a Cana- dian farmer would return from such a tour as I made somewhat disposed to boast ; that he would say our cultivation is at least as good as that of the West ; and our farm houses as good, and pro- vided as comfortably. In the progress of our neighbours I rejoice ; and would be happy, instead of wishing it retarded, to see it accelerated. This would gratify me, not merely for their sake and for the sake of the world, S5 ppy; rould Olid, but for our own. We have an interest in their growth, which operates as a spur and encouragement to us. To a young country like this it is an advantage which cannot easily be rated too high, to have an intelligent, energetic people along side of us, whose ^- perience, whether successful or otherwise, wo can turn to account. The good qualities which we all recognise in our neighbours form an additional reason for the cultivation of a spirit of respect and kindness towards them. Add to this our oneness in origin, in language, and in whatever is most important in thought and feel- ing ; and the cherishing of any other spirit will be seen to be, not a simple impropriety, but an offence, a crime. God, moreover, seems to have marked out one high and honourable destiny for us — the privilege of showing on one of the most splendid of theatres, what Christianity and freedom and intelligence can do for men ; and of realizing their united blessings in proportion to the fidelity with which we fulfil the trust committed to us. What is good among them let us imitate : but let us act with discrimination ; and not like children, hold their cake and rattle to be better than our own, and brawl for them, merely because they are theirs. The time you have been already detained, forbids my dwelling on the Prospects of our noble Country, however inviting the theme. My belief is that it is destined at no distant day, to hold a high and honourable place among the nations ; and to exert an influence, wide and powerful, on the world's well-being. Of these anticipations we have an earnest in the progress we have been contemplating ; as we have a pledge for them in her extent and natural advantages, and in the character of her people and her institutions ; taken in connection with the corrector views beginning to be entertained in relation to her, and the apparent plans of the infinitely wise and gracious Sovereign of the universe. A few words on some of these points, with a practical suggestion or two, and we close. According to Bouchette (vol. i. pp. 64<, 182), Canada contains an area of 346,863 square miles — Lower Canada 205,863, and Upper Canada 141,000 — an extent about six times that of England and Wales. Surely here we have ample room and verge enough — space to expand till we become, so far as numbers can make us, a mighty nation. The writers, whom I have had opportunity of consulting, speak, with one consent, in high terms of the agricultural capabilities of our country. Howison declares the " soil" of Upper Canada to be " in general excellent, and likewise of easy cultivation ;" (p. 247) — points out its superior adaptation to the production of fruit (246) and flowers (281) ; and afiirms its capability, under proper culture, of yielding crops very much superior both in quantity and quality to those ob- tained while he was resident in it (248). The " climate" he de- scribes as being, '' in the westerly parts of the Province particular- ly, alike healthful and agreeable," (242). He looks also with con- fidence for its improvement as the land becomes cleared (242, 247). In respect to the prospects of emigrants, he expresses himself as 96 follows: — After relating that ho had ^ resided eight months in the most populous and extensive new settlement in the Province, and daily witnessed the increasing pros})erity of thousands of people, most of whom had been forced from their native land Ijy poverty," he continues: "No one who emigrates to Upper Canada with ra- tional views, will be dissippointed. The country is becoming more agreeable every day, and only requires a large jujpulation to render it equnl, in jjoint of beauty, comfort, and convenience, to any part of the eartli. The deliglitful asylum wliich it affords to the poor and unlbrtunate of every class, is a circmnstnncc that has hitherto been little known or a])preciated, and one which is ol' par- ticular importance at the present time, when agricultural and com- mercial embarrassments have reduced so many individuals to a state of destitution and misery" (272). There is mueii in this writer of a ;',imilar chnriicier, wiiicli we cannot quote. (.">ee pages 214, 215, 252, 271, 27{^, 281, 2S:i.) " The climrttc of Upper Canada," Talbot writes, vol. ii. pp. 157, 168. "although verging towards the extremes ol' heat and cold, is very fine, highly liivo.urable to tiie growth of grain, and the production of the finest fruits ; and the soil, though badly culti- vated, is not surpassed in fertility by any tract of land of equal ex- tent on the American continent. All kinds of grain which are among the productions of the Mother Country, are cultivated here with astonishing success ; and many fruits and vegetables, which in Great Britain and Ireland are only raised at immense labour and expense, attain in Canada, without the assistance of art, a degree of perfection wholly unknown in more northern Countries." The extremes of heat and cold iire less in the western ])eninsnla of Canada than they arc several degrees south of it, as proved from observations extending over a period of from ten to twenty years, which may be seen in a Treatise on the Climate of Western Cana- da, by H. Y. Hind, of the Normal School, published in 1851. " In point of salubrity," Bonchette avers in his accurate and fine spirited work, vol. i. p. 349, " no climate in the world can perhaps be found to exceed that of Canada, wiiich is not only a stranger naturally to contagious or fatal disorders, but extremely conducive to longevity. In the early periods of the settlement of the Upper Province, the fever and ague \vere indeed very prevalent ; but as the cause of this local afiection was gradually removed by the draining of marshes in the progress of cvdtivution, it has almost en- tirely disappeared." Of the different portions of the Country he speaks in terms very similar, while passing them under review. Though less acquainted with Lower than with Tapper Canada, I have travelled a good deal in it, and think it a fine Country. Scenery more beautifid than that on the rivev St. Francis, especial- ly about Melbourne or Sherbrooke, it would be difficult to find any where. Of the township of Dunham, Grandby and its neighbour- hood, Abbotsford and the region lying between that and St. Hya- cinthe, the same may be said. Tiic townships, wliicli consist ge- nerally, I believe, of good land, afford excellent opportunities for settlement j as does also the Country on the Ottawa, pnrt of wiiich. 87 liicivc rppcr [ut as ly the 1st en- |y he 'icw. biada, [uitry. :'cial- |l any Hya- \i ge- is lor iiicli, however, belongs to Upper Canada. Ni nbcrs of the Lower Canada Towns are very handsome, and exiubit satisfactory marks of progress. Montreal and Quebec are beautiful cities, and becoming more so every year — growing rapidly, the former especially, and destined to advance at an accelerated pace. The proposed steam comnuuiication with Europe, and the projected railroads, taken in connection with the energy of their inhal)itants, will, it may be expected, contribute largely to their prosperity. All who have lived among them bear testimony to the amiable character of French Canadians; and i'riends in Montreal, on whose judgment I feel I can rely, have informed me that great improve- ment is going on among them, as well as among the English-speak- ing portion of the population. The (icological Survey which has for some years been going for- ward unddr the aljle superintendence of Mr. Logan, is bringing to light a variety and amount of mineral wealth surpassed in few quarters of the globe. An interesting catalogue of the minerals already discovered, with their respective localities, — pn a red by Mr. Logan lor the World's Fair, — may be seen in Scobie's Alma- nac for the present year, as also in the Canada Directory for 1851. Facilities for commerce, almost nnbounded, are furnished by our rivers and splendid lakes— justly termed inland seas — which will be ero long increased by our railroads already in progress, or pro- jected, witli others sure to follow them. For a vigorous and honourable use of these advantages, and hence for the future greatness of the country, we have a guarantee in the character of our population. We have to be sure the reputation of being deficient in enter- prise. On the supposition of the truth of this charge, I should like to know how the progress we have been contemplating, of which but a very hurried and imperfect sketch has been presented, is to be accounted for. I can think of only two theories on which its ex- planation can be attempted — to wit, thi.it of the celebrated David Hume, which would annihilate the handsome buildings and well filled stores which we imagine ourselves to see around us, with the elegant steamers that seem to ply on our lakes and rivers, and the cultivated farms and barns bursting with plenty, apparently pre- senting themselves to our vision — and the comfortable looking peo- ple with whom wo conceive ourselves to be meeting and mingling, where so lately there was nought but wilderness; and have us be- lieve them to be all pure matters of fancy, ideas existing in our own foolish brains (though on that hypothesis even these must be unreal) ; or one on which, when a Ijoy, I have heard the erection of the old Glasgow Cathedral explained, which has been declared to me, without if or but, to have been built by the fairies during the night. Perhaps these benevolent gentry have been and may still be at work here ; and it may bo to them we owe what we speak of in our ignorance and pride, as the works of our own hands. Should these theories be repudiated, a fair measure of enterprise must, we think, be granted us. Look at the manner in which numbers of the cities and municipalities are taxing themseltes for %.. 38 the railroads roferroil to above, and other improvements. Is it thus |K;o|)le \'uid of ('nU'r[irise are wont to act ? He must be somewhat Ibol-hiinly wlio will cliMrw the citi/ens o( Hamilton with want of enter[)risi', in the iiice ol' the (act that lor the compk;tion of tho Groiit Western Kailroad they are vohuitarily payini^ ninepenco in the ])oaiid on tln'ir assessed value. 1 am inclined, moreover, to think the jinblishcrs oC Smith's Canada, (Scubie''s Almanac and Manuals, and the Canada Directory, display a very creditable mea- 8uri^ of enterprise. The value oTlhis (piality lo a country like ours, — to any country, — we are disposed I'ldly to admit. In so far as deiieiency may exist, we would, therefore, coiuisel improvement; but we hold the repre- sentations often made on t his subject, and Itelieved, it is to be feared, by not a lew I'rom the conlidence with which they are uttered, to b(! altoj^-ether contrary to Ihct; and, to parties situated as we are, most inigc'iieroiis and inischievous. From what has beeji shown al)t>\(.', in relation to schools, churches, and the other moans of Christian instruction, the inference is irre- sistil.)le that our i)enplo are tt) a ij,ratityiuiv extent, thoui>h by no mi'itns the extent desirable, iud)ucd with the love of knowledge and im])ressed with a reverence for (iod. ]t is true, ililierences of oj)inion exist amonp; us, as experience sbv ws Ihem lo have tdways done, tliouu'h in varying degrees, wherever fri^edom t)f thought and discussion — ri<^hts most precious — have been conceded ; but in one thinii,- 1 trust we shall be found to au;ree, namely, in the recoi^Miition of the fact, that it is " right- eousness'' which '' exalteth a. iKition," together with the determi- nation to be governed in all things by Heaven's revealed will, and to act towards one another in the spirit of the gospel which we pro- fess in conimon. But are A\'e not slaves, prostrate on the earth, foaming with rage, and struggling to bite the loot that tramjiles us? or at best held back from rebellion, with tho spirit of which we are penetrated, only by the bayonets v.diich guard us'( Would that fler Nhijesty's troops, if they l)e indectl charged with kee))ing us in order, Ibund as easy work elsewhere ! Seldieriug would then come as near as might be to a sinecure. It is neither Ibrce nor fear, but a love — warm as it is true — to our noble Fatherland ; a respect for her cha- racter; a gratitude for her liberality; a conlitlence in her justice and honour; and a iulness of symatliy with her, that holds us in our preiScnt connection. Our '• love makes duty light." Here, as elsewhere, there may be something to mend, and time and patience may be recpiired ere our institutions are perfected ; but, in the mean time, we are free, if under heaven there be such a thing as freedom. Where is tlie nation that can claim to take rank in this respect before us? "Slaves cannot breathe" in Canada; " they touch our country, and their shackles fall." Of this we have among us thousands of living witnesses ; who feel thcmstdves hero to be not things, but men, and able to call their wives and child ien whom they love — their own. 3o long as earth shall contain with- in her wide circumference a single slave, may Canada be ready to 39 Finl- and pro- rage, held rated, 'Sty's ibimd rar as ove — r cha- ustice us in time >cted ; such a rank uada ; have IS here liUli-eu with- idy t:cae sus- picion of the country's principle, or damage its reputation, or in any way injure it. Its interests are far too sacred to bo sacrificed to party feeling or party projects in any quarter or in any form. From my inmost soul I apply to it the beautiful legend of my own loved native city, " Let Canada Flourish" — its older form especially — " Let Canada Flourish through the Preaching of the Word." With thanks for your attention, on which I have drawn, I fear, more largely thnn I ought, 1 bid you, Ladies and Gentlemen, Good Night. APPENDIX. 45 8 A "^©••oco-*a5cooo«o o c> CO -»f' o> a> o o = -9 C^ Oi CO i-H c« ?c c< o •<"- "^ i>in oi '^ '■£> o^ * in c< '- CO »* X w CL. — ^ *M C'l fit; i 1^ c^t-co-^-^inoif-asi-H c» OS CO in in o «+ >% ■s « c^ c* •* o» o uo c< 1 cu 1>< s ««■ ..1* -« -m „L, CI • . o< >!^ ci CO -H 5& 00 CO 00 CO CO I- CO t' 00 u u CO • • •-• d »-< d <-< CO •-I c< w in c< to 1* 1- 05>0C0^l>«O'«* c^ CO CO in CO CO o F^ ir. 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CO to o CJ to t^ Oi rH 'f ^ r> >n -iO o CM Oi -> tH n >* ro CO ro CO XI GO c< I t— t in 00 o H Now, in order to show the increaie of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, it will be necessary, in as brief a manner as possible, to contrast the Statistics contained in the foregoing Tables with such inlbrmation as we can conveniently lay hands upon. From a table furnished by James Jessup, Esq., Clerk of the Peace, we learn that the popnlation of the United Counties in 1830 was 21,375 ; in 1835, 28,504 ; in 1840, 34,765 ; in 1845, 36,350 ; in 1850, 44,306 ; (Brockville and Prcscott not included in the two last men- tioned years) while in 1852, the popMlation is 48,751, (Brockville and Prescutt excluded), so that since the year 1830 the population has more than doubled. With the increase of population there has also been a correspond- ing increase in all those materials which tell of real progress. Taking the same years as are given above, we find that the num- ber of acres of land under cultivation was in 1830, 61,199; in 1835, 82,813; in 1840, 113,938; in 1845, 127,751 ; in 1850, 153,099; in 1852, 190,796. The increase in the amount of land under cultiva- tion is here shown to be more than three times the quantity of what it was in 1830, and the present average value of which may be stated at about J65 per acre. Notwithstanding the large number of forest trees which must have fallen during the period stated under the axe of the hardy farmer, there are many broad acres still to be brought under the plough, the wood or wild land amounting in the present year to no less than 354,762 acres, the value of which may be quoted at from 15s. to 20s. per acre. The number of saw-mills in 1830 was 44 ; in 1835, 51 ; in 1840, 57; in 1845, 65 ; in 1850, 74 ; the number being in 1850, 111 ; an increase of over 150 per cent, and it being fully expected that for the present year no less than from 12,000,000 to 15,000,000 feet of lumber will be produced in the United Counties alone, worth at the mill about £2 per M. feet, most of which will find its way to the markets of the United States, and being about one tenth of the whole exportation for 1851 from Canada to that country, and upon which an import duty of 20 per cent is paid. Turn now to the horse, and contrast the number of these noble animals in the years noted above. In 1830 there were 2668 horses in the United Counties; in 1835, 3924; in 1840, 5756 ; in 1845, 6391 ; in 1852, 12,203, being nearly six times the number in 1830. Take horned cattle, excluding cows, and how stands the easel In 1830 there were 6222 ; in 1835, 6689; in 1840, 6845 ; in 1485, 8550 ; in 1850 the returns are entered under the head of" neat cat- tle," which includes all of the bovine species. In 1852 there were, taking them as " neat cattle," and including all, as in 1850, 46,243 j or setting tiiem down separately, that is excluding milch cows, 26,640. The milch cows were in 1830, 7862 ; in 1835, 9649 ; in 1840, 11,800 ; in 1845, 13,717 ; in 1850 not known ; in 1852, 19,603 ; being two and a half times more than in 1830 ; and from the quantity of butter made, as appears by the census, these cows yielded in butter, each, an average of about 64 lbs. In 1830 and 50 the following years up to 1850, wo have no account of the number of factories estublishod or ni operation; they must therefore have been few. In. the later year, huwover, we find them stated at 176. This number includes tanneries for the manufacture of sole and other kinds of leather. Pot and pearl ash factories, the latter for buildiui^s and machinery recpiire only a small outlay ; furnaces and foundries, sliiuj^le factories, nail factory, and manulacto'-ies for scythe snaths, hay and manure forks, ^rain cradles, shovciS, sad- dle-trees anil hames, pails, rakes, wheel heads, tfcc. These articles arc manufactured by the aid ol"m:ichinery, some driven by steam, others by water ])ower, and arc; fully etpial, and superior to, goods of like kind made in the United States or imported from (ireat Bri- tain. In addition to tlu^. above there are at present in operation seven oat and barley mills, and nineteen fulling and carding mills, besides an extensive woollen factory. The tanneries will tan and produce the present year not less than .'lOjOOO sides of sole and upper leather, and kip and calf skins, the solo leather in quality equal to any manufactured in the United States. Till 18-1'9, when the new municipal law came into operation, the property oi' the country was rated at a nominal value ; it is now rated at its real value. In 1830, the nominal value in Leeds and Grenville is set down at £2')0,9(VA Ids. ; in 1835, je329,352 IBs. 8d. ; in IStO, £i09.623 l'2s 3d. ; in 1845, £4.56,415 19s. 7d. ; in 1850, je4'80,182 7s. 3(1. In 1851, neither the census or any sta- tistical information was taken; but the aggregate value of all tax- able property for that year, as returned by the several municipali- ties, amounted in the townships to the sum of jG 1,3 14,853 8s. 2d. ; and in the incorporated towns of Brockville and Prescott, £24,607 17s. 5d., being the rental value of property in these towns, equal to six per cent on the assessed actual value (£410,100). thus mak- ing the actual value of real property in the United Counties amount to £1,724,953 8s. 2d. in 1851, against the nominal value of £250,963 16s. in 1830. The returns for 1852 were not completed when this was prepared for the press. Then, as respects roads, the march has been onward. In 1849 there was only about 5 miles of macadamized road in the two Counties, now there are constructed and in course of construction four great leading plank and macadamized roads, running from, and connecting with, the St. Lawrence to the rear, embracing a united distance of about 125 miles, at a cost when fully completed, including the first 5 miles, of about £36,000. Of these roads, four are owned by private companies, the others by the United Coun- ties. Tolls are collected upon those portions of the roads that are already made. In pointing out Leeds and Grenville as a desirable locality for the establishment of manufactories, from the immense water power available, it may not be out of place to mention the educational establishments of the Counties. By the annual report of the Chief Superintendent of education submitted to Parliament at their last meeting, honourable notice is taken of the school houses of both Counties. Each possesses a greater number of stone buildings than 51 any other County in the Province, Leeds having 131 school houses and Grenville 82, in all 213, not including the schools of Brock- ville and Prcscott, the County grammar schools, nor the schools kept up by private persons, many of these being in operation inde- pendent of the common or national schools. f i, ,•./>, Ill J49 tviro tion )m, Is a The United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, formerly known as the District of Johnstown, are in length aliout 55 miles, their breadth being about 30 miles. On the east, they are bounded by the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry. These latter Counties contain a po])idation of about 40,000. The Town of Cornwall is the " capital" of these Counties. Besides being rich in an Agricultural sense, they arc also so as respects the pro- duction of sawn and square Lumber, Pot and Pearl Ashes, &;c., and olfer great inducements for immigrants, the land being gene- rally good and held at moderate prices, while there is at present a great demand for labourers and mechanics, not only in the interior of the Counties, but along the front on the St. Lawrence, where several public improvements are going on. The extreme no'lhern boundary of Leeds and Grenville is marked by the Ei^l " River, Pvideiiu Lakes, and Ridcau Canal, on the latter of wl i \ re works of the most beautiful and substan- tial kind. These . ..crs form a continuous line of navigation for Steam Boats and other craft upwards to the great western Lakes, or downwards to the Ocean by the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers. Leeds and Grenville are divided from the United Counties of Lanark and Renfrew by the Rideau Avaters, over which several excellent bridges have been built. The River Ottawa bounds the northernly limits of Lanark and Ptenfrew, over the waters of which floats the timber from the valuable and almost inexhaustible lum- bering region of North Western Canada. Perth is " the capital" of Lanark and Renfrew. There is still a large quantity of land in these Counties, which might be purchased by immigrants at a very reasonable rate. They also contain may fine farms in a most ex- amplary state of cultivation. There are also many manufactories established, where are produced numerous articles suitable to the wants of the siu'rounding population. Water power is likewise plentiful, formed by various streams which are scattered through- out the district. The population of Lanark and Renfrew amounts to about 33,000, and the inhabitants rank amongst tht foremost in Canada for intelligence, energy and industry. On the east Leeds and Grenville are bounded by the United Counties of Frontenac, Lennox, and Addington, which have a po- pulation of about 36,000, the city of Kington being the " capital." Leeds and Grenville are bounded on the south by the noble St. Lawrence, on the opposite bank of which, at an average distance of about two and a half miles, lies the State of New York. Fronting Leeds and Grenville, on this majestic river, are located the greater 52 portion of the far famed " thousand isles." The St. Lawrence, it need scarcely be added, is navi'^able to the ocean, by means of its splendid canals to avoid the nipids, for steamers and other vessels of 400 tons burthen, its surlaco being daily studded during the season of navii>ation with every variety of craft, (reij^hted with immigrants and maniiiacturcs from luirope, as well as the produc- tions ol' Canada and the I'nited States. Leeds and Grenvillo arc distant from Montreal about 130 miles. To and from the latter city there is daily eommunicatioi by luime- rous lirst class steamers, at cost, to immigrants, of about 2s. 6d. per head. There is also dv. .y communication between these coun- ties and the eastern States of the United States^ to New York and Boston, by Railroads, ihe distance being about 450 miles, and the time occupied, ranging from 20 to 30 hours. The fare on the Rail- roads, to immigrants, averages about 10s. Either of these routes offer inducements not to be found on other routes, although the route by the St. Lawrence is much the superior to the immigrant, anxious for a cheap and healthful passage ; w'.ile, to those already settled, or who may yet settle within the bounds of Leeds and Grenville, they offer ready modes of reaching the best markets with the products of the soil. In fact in this respect the advantages are superior to those possessed by almost any other district in Canada. These Counties are also extremely healthy, the water pure, the air bracing, and the summers free from intense heat. The winters, though long in the estimation of Europeans,— yet render travelling on sleighs for pleasure or business quick and pleasing, — the snow being always good during winter for this travel. The United Counties contain the Toyvns of Brockville and Pres- cott, and twenty-live villages, beside fifteen townships averaging about 36,000 acres to each township. The soil is excellent, and suited for any description of crop. In many localities plenty of good stone for building is to be found, and taken all in all, there are few dist'-icts "SO favourably situated for manufacturing or agricultu- ral pursuits. Men of cai)ital Avould at once find scope for enterprize, and the investment oi' their means, with a good prospect of a profit- able return. Brockville— Has a Population of about 3400, and is " the capi- tal" of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville. Here the public buildings are located and the principal courts and sittings of the Counties municipality are usually held. It is situated on the banks of the St. Lawrence. That noble river, in front, rolling its clear waters onwards to the ocean ; while v. cstard to the great in- land lakes, the vision is lost amid numerous beautiful islands that lie scattered upon its surtiice ; and eastward with the stream, im- mediately below the town, three islands break upon the view, and present a continuous chain, at irregular distances, from shore to shore, a distance of about 5000 feet, which at a future day, not far distant in these days of rapid progression in Canada, may T( 53 it capi- Ire the tngs of jii the Jng its sat in- U that I, im- view, shore |:e day, L, may form the foiindiiiion for the piers of u railroad bridge to span the St. Luwrcnco and connect Canada with the Ignited States. 'I'he level of the shores on either side, a short distance back liom the edge of the river, arn abont 100 feet above higl" water mark. Broekville is t j be one of the terminus of the proposed " Lake Hu- ron juid St. Lawrence Railroad," which hiis been surveyed, and for which plans and s])eci(icati<)ns are now in course of prci)aration. The distance hence to ( Georgian J3ay on Lake Huron is said to bo under 200 miles, through a country, greater part of the way, most favour- able lor constructing a railroad, and which will oiler great induce- ments for the emigrant to become a settler on the wild lands ad- joining the route. The distance from Brockville to Montreal is about 14jG miles, which is reached by steam navigation in 12 to 14* hours, passing through the far famed rapids of the St. Lawrence, or by railroad through the northern front of the State of New York, for about three-lburths of the distance, in 10 to 12 hours. It is dis- tant liom New York and lioston — from the latter about 400 and from the fornu^r about 500 miles, A\'hich may be made by Rail- way most of the distance in 20 to 30 hours. Not less than eight of the largest and first class steamers from Canadian and American i)orts touch at the wharves daily, during the season of navigaiion, independent of the very many smaller steam and sail craft, olleriug hourly unlimited facilities for tiie transport of property and lor travel i-ast ami west. The town is chiefly sup- ported by the agriculturists in rear, whoso fine farms ure scattered over the laud, and weekly pour hi their surplus productions over turn-pike, macadamized. ;ind plunk roads, to be exchaugc.'d for the manufactures ul" the town, or those from Britian and tlui United States. A number of valuable manuliictories are carried on, em- bracing a large factory for ianning utensils, some of which made a most creditable display in the Crystal Talaco Exhibition of 1851, one stove foundry ami machine shop, and another in course of erec- tion, a llouring and two saw-mills driven by the waters of " Mill Creek," which mingle with Ihe St. Lawrence at the western end of the Town. A steam saw-mil! and i)laning-machine, three tan- eries, witliininy and various other mi'chaiiicjil trades and occupa- tions are iu siicccsslul opc>ration and em{)loymcnt. There is also an extensive biick-yanl, and a commodious ship-yard. Merchants stores, with goods from the four cpiarters of the globe, are here in abundtince; three bank ofiices of discount, telegraph office, post office, custom office — this port being also a warehousing port — and last, though not least, the Town boast of two weekly newspapers, the Brockoille Recorder and Brockville Statesman, which have largo circulation iu tlu; adjoining Counties. There is also in the Town an extensive pulAic library, and a well conducted reading- room, in which may be Ibuud the leading journals of Canada, Britain, and the Ignited States. We cannot do better than close this brief and imperfect de- scription by extracting from a correspondent's letter in the Recorder of 8th Ajtril last, a sketch of Brockville : — •'Few Towns iu North America, and none in Canada, will com- n 94 pare with Brockvillo, iii the beauty and lumltliiulness of its site. Situated upon a gently rising ground, on the siinitnit of which stands the Court House;, a uiudcl oftirchiti'cturiil clrganco and sub- stantiality, with its chissic figure ol' Justice uvcrlfHjkiug all be- neath it. Immediately in rear the gromuls bcauliliilly " undulate like the summer ocean," and coursing along the base of liicse un- dulations, like the great Sea Serpent amid the billows of the 'mighty deep,' is Mill Creek, whose \valers drive the busy 'click clack' of various machinery. luunediately to the cast and to the west, some of them embowca'cd in trees, rise the lofty spires of numerous stone, rough-cast, and brick churches, where; meet our towns-people to serve their (led, ' none; daring t(j make them afraid.' In front, and away to the r- .it and left, are many solid and hand- some private dwellings, not a ^-^w surrounded liy choice gardens, orchards, and other useful conveniences so necessary to good house- wives. Up and down the Main Street arc; numerous substantial and handsome brick, rubble, and cut-stone stores, hotels, and other places of business. Still further o(f, upon Water Street, is seen the superfluous steam issuing from the work slujps of the industrious and enterjirisiug bce-hivc; like manufacturer mid mechanic, llichly studded with islands in front, ab(jve and below the Town, the ' mighty St. Lawrence,' touching the banks of the great and growing Republic, rolls its clear Avaters to the ocean, and floating, in season, • Watt's' life moving pnlaees laden with the hardy emi- grant from our father-land, and the fruits of trade; and commerce, or the produce of the backwoods-men and toiling agriculturist." pRESCOTT — Js situated on the river St. LaAvrence, distant from Brockvillo about 11 miles by ])lauk and maciidami/:ed road, and by water, on the high-way to Montreal. It is the County Town of Greiiville, and has a ropulation of about 21:')^, Fort Wellington is contiguous to the Town, where a detachment of soldiers is usually stationed. Few Towns in Canada Iravc; exjx'rieiUM'd greater ups and downs of prosperity and adversity than Prcscott ; atone time considered the foot of lake and river navigation for sail and ste^am craft; but subsequently abandoned as such. Iveeenlly, in prospect of becoming the terminus of the proposed i'.ytovv'u and Prescott Railway, which has been already commenced, ami being opposite to Ogdensburgh, where is tlu^ terminus of the American Northern Railroad, its sun of prosperity is again seen struggling above the horizon. The country immediately in rear, for agricultural })ur- poses, is very indiflerent, yet the luuul of industry is scattering im- provements over the neighbciu'hood. A very considerable portion of its trade is derived from the American side of tin; river, to which a small steamer plys hourly. Prescott h;is it ne\\spa[ier, the Prescott Telegraph, its post oflice, custom lunisc, schools and numerous churches ; an extensive steam fiouring-mill, foundry, a large num- ber of merchants stores, and numerous meclmnics shops of various kinds. Almost all the Canadian and y\meri(!an steamers touch at the wharves daily, giving additional life and animation to its cur- rent dailv business. in 55 from nd by AU of rton is r nps lime ti^nm )spect cscott posite Ihoru o the par- lor ini- lr)rtion Lvhich lescott lerous Iniuvi- irious [ch at Is cnr- Jlddisoriy in Filizabothtowti ; dislaut from Brockvillo 12 miles, population InO. Iiocatcd in the lu>art of a rich agricultural coun- try, on the main maoadamizod road to the Ottawa. lias a school house, post ollicc, mcrelumts'' a,nd nu^chanics' shops, and pot ash manufactory. Bvvrrlei/, in Baslard ; distant from Brockvillc about 2-i< miles, population ahuiit '2^)0. Has a post otfiee, churches and school hous(;s. (Jood water power, on which are erected a" very large floiu'ing and saw-mill. There is also iu the place 'a foundry, tannery, m(n*chants' stores and mechanics' shops of various kinds. This is a urowino; place and oU'ers a fj^ood opening for trade. Burritfs Rapids, in Oxford ; distant from Brockvillo about 34 miles, po[)u]atit)n about 300. Situated on the Rideau Canal, has great water power, which at present drives a flouring and saw- mill, sliinp,Ie aufl other machinery ; has its churches, school houses, post ollice, merchants' stores and mechanics' shops. This is an im- proving villaii:e, and is ronuuitieally located. Chambcrhiin's Corners, in Lvitley, distant from Brockvillo about 23 miles, i)0|)ulation al)out 125. Has a post oflice, merchants* stores, and mechanics' shops ; in tho neighbourhood are fine wheat grow- ing farms. Easton''s Corners, in Wolford ; distant from Broekville about 24 miles. Has a post ollice, steam saw and flouring-mill, merchants' stores and mechanics" shops. The farms on oil her side of the street running from the Corners have a perfect garden-like appearance. Elgin, m South Crosby ; distant from Brockvillc about 34 miles. It has a merchant's jtore and po«t ollice. pot and pearl asliery, sur- rounded by fuie farms. Farmersville, in Yonge ; distant from Broekville about 15 miles, population about 250, on or near to the route of the proposed rail- way from the river St. Lawrence to Lake Huron ; communicates to Broekville by plank and macadamized road ; has its churches, schools, post oflice, merchants' stores and mechanics' shops, and in sight, a short distance off', are saw and flouring-mills, cloth-fulling and carding works. The country around is really the agricultural garden of the two Counties. Gananoque, in Leeds, on the banks of the river St. Lawrence, in front numerous islands arc scattered in beautiful profusion, many of the finest steamers touch here daily, distant from Brock- villo 32 miles on the highvv^ay from Broekville to Kingston, popula- tion about 900. The water power here is unrivalled in trie County, and capable of driving almost any extent of machinery. It has at present saw and llouring-mills, nail, hoe, pail and rake manufac- tories, post ollice, cliiuchcs, school houses, custom house, merchants' stores and mechanics' shops. This is a desirable location for the investment of capital in manufactories. Green Bush, in Elizabcthtown ; distant from Broekville about 11 miles. Has a steam saw and grist-mill, merchant's store and me- chanic's shop. Is surrounded by many fine farms. Hicks'' Corners, in South Cower, distant from Broekville about 56 28 miles. Has pust otfice, school hoiiso. tMcicluuits" stores, mccha- nii's' shops, and pearl iishery. Kemptvillc, in Oxford ; distant Irnni Hrockville uboiit IM- nules, situate about 4 miles I'rom the Kidean Caiinl cornniMiiit-ating thereto by a navigable stream, and also on tlw^ niute t)f the propijs- ed IJytown and Frescott Railroad, ropnlation about 1000. Has good water power, on whieh are erected (lonrintr and saw-mills, with various other machinery. Has post oliiee, churches, school houses, merchants' stori's and mechanics' shoiw ; luniberinu' to some extent is alsc» carrieil on in ilu' nei miles ; popula- tion about 200. Has a church, school house, post oflice, a large steam ilouring-mill, merchants' stores and mechanics' shoiis. Good farming country in rear, and one of the finest (arms contiguous to the Village that there is in the two Counties. Mnllory Town, in ^^onge ; distant on the road to Kingston from lirockville about 13 miles ; population about 100. i'ost oliiee, a number of churches, school, nu'rchants' stores and mechanics' shops, and two potash manufactories. Merrickville, in Wolford and JMontague, on the Rideau River Canal ; population about 700 ; distant from JBrockville over plank and macadamized road about 29 miles ; the River oilers most val- uable water power, second only to Gananocpie, and which lias been improved by the erection of saw and tlouring-mills, cloth manufactory, shingle and otluu- useful and prttlitable machinery. Tt has its post office, churches, school houses, merchants' stores and mechanics' shops in great number and variety ; an agency of the Provincial Insurance Company is also established here. This is an improving Town, and a good point for capitalists to invest in. The country about is very good for farming purposes, more particularly on the east side of the River. J^orth ^iiigusta, in Augusta, ; distant from Rrockville, by plank and macadamized road, about In miles; situated on a small stream which drives a saw and llonriug-mill, ami supplies water for two potash manufactories. ft has its })ost oliiee, churches, school house, miirchants' stores and mechanics' shojis. This place is improving very fast, and the country around is rapidly clearing up, and presents many well improved farms ; population about 250. a It val- li lias cloth [uery- Is and .f the is an The Lilarly Iplaiik I vi'aiii ir two k'hool ICC is iaring ibout 57 J^ewboro, in North and South Crosby ; distant from Brockville about 38 miles on the line ot tho proposed !St. Lawrence and Lake Huron Railway, and on the llideau C^anal, wIumc sleamcrs, dur- ing the season oi' navi incurred, t)i which shall be incunul, wiih the ii ten .-it thercut, winch ^hall full (hie or become payable wiihin such year, und no lJy-l,aw hereitttci lo be pafcsed for creutiiii( any ^uch debt, ov lor conrracliiii; any loan, shall be valid or elleclnal to bind any micIi .Municipal (Corporation, unle>s »iich Hy-I.aw .-hall cunlain u clause up- pointing (jonie day within the Cii.aticial year in which such Hy-Lasv sliall be passed, ibr the same to taUo cU'ect and come into operation ; noi unless lire whole (>!' buch debt or loan shall by such Hy-Law, and by the bills, bonds, denentmes,oi olher obliija- tiorib thereby aulhoii/ed to be isiued toi the same, be iheieby made payable williin twenty years at the l.irthot (exclusive ol" tlie lirst and laat days ot such peiiod) (rom the time that such I5y l..aw shall be so appointed lo lake ellecl ami eoiiie into opera- tion ; nor unle.-s a sjccial late per aniiiim ovt r and abo\ e and in addition to all ulher rates whatsoever .-hall be sellled in such 15y-La>\ to be leviid in each year lor the rmymi'iit ol'such debt, or the loan to be contracted, with the interest thereof, nur un- eR.s such special rate according; to the amount of lateable pioperty in such Ciainty, City, Town. Township or ^'illa^re, as ihc case may be, as such amount shall have been asct.'riained by tin- assessment returns for such County, City, Town, Township or Village, for the linancial year next precedni!,' tlnit in which such By-Law shall have been passed, shall be suliicieiil to satisly and di.-chaii^e sU( h debt or loan, with the interest thereof, within twenty years at the faitbest from the iiiiie that sucli By- Law shall be so appointed to takeetf'ect and '-ome into opeiation, and on the days and times and in the manner slipnhileil by such 1m -Law, and by the bills, bonds, deben- tures or other obli;;alions diiected to be i>sue(l for the uUiOunt of such debt or loan, under the authority thereof; and it shall not he competent to any such Mnnicipal Corporation to repeal such By-Law or to discontinue such rate iinlil the debt so created or the loan so contracted, and the interest thereni, shall be fully paid, satisfied and discliart;ed ; nor to apply the proceeds of any such special rate, or any part of BUch proceeds, to any other purpose than the payment, satisfaction and discharge of such debt or loan and tlie interest thereof, until such debt or loan, wilh the interest ♦ hereof shall have been fully paid, satislied and dischaij^cd : Provided always, never- theless, that in the event lA' theie beiiii; any [lart of such special rate on hand, and which cannot be immediately applied towaids the payment, satisfaction or dr-charge of such debt or loan or the inteiest thereof, by reason of no pan being then due and pay- able, it shall be the duty of such xMuiiicijial Corporation, and Miey are hereby required to invest such money in the (ioveinment secuiities of this I'lovince, or in siicii othei securities as the Governor of this riovince in Council shall think lit to permit, direct or a|)pjint, and to apply all interest cr dividends lo aiise, or be received upon the same, t) the like purpose as the amount so le\i(tl by such special rate, and no other. Sect. 178,— '• And be il enacted, That any By-Law by which it shall be attempted to repeal any such By-Law for raising any such loan, or for the payment and satisfac- tion ol the debt contracted for any such loan, or to alter aiu '^uch last mentioned By- Law so as to diminish the amount to be levied for the payment and satisfaction of such loan or the interest thereof, until such loan and interest shall be fully redeemed, paid and satisfied, shall be and the same is hereby declared to be absolutely null and void to all intents and purposes w halsocvcr, and if any of the ofHcers of such Municipal Corporation shall, under pretence of such pretended By-Laiv, neglect or refuse to carry into effect and execution the said By-Law for levying the necessary money to redeem, satisfy and discharge such loan and the interest thereof, every such oflicer shall be decaied miilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by line or imprison- ment, or both, at the discretion of the Court whose duty it shall be to pass the sentence ol the Law upon such ollender. Sect. 179. — " And be it enacted, That it shall be the duty of every Sheriff, who shall receive a Writ of E.xecution against any Municipal Corporation created or to be created under the authority of this Act, il such Writ shall be ( i dm Jcd with a direc- tion to such Sheriff to levy the amount theieof by late, to dcli\er ;; copy of such Writ of Execution and endorsement to the Chamberlain or Tre;isurer of such Municipal Corporation, or to leave such copy nt the office, place ot business, or dwelling house of such Ci aml)erlain or Treasurer, with a slatemcnt in wiiting of his fees, and the whole nnr.junt l"->!- irincii>a!,, inteusl and costs iccpiired to be paid lo satisfy such execu- 60 tion, culciiliitt'd to tli« ftarii<>, ami in raso hiicIi ntiioiiut, with iiitcreitt Ihi-n-oii Iroin lln'.uch precept, tuch Collector shall have a neneral rate roll diiivered to ihciii for such >eai, it shall be their duty to add a cdIiiiiiii iheieto, headed * Mxecution rate in A. IJ. vs. Tlie Tow:ishi|),' (or lis llif cr/sc niiii) he, mliUn'^ n, if more than one), ami to insert therein the amount hy such pit. ■ i i ie(|iiiied to bo levied Upon each person res|)eclively accordinii; to the reipiirements ol ^uch piecept, and to levy and collect llie amount of such Kxeciition rate from such persons respective ly, in the same maimer as such ijeiu'ral aninuil rate is hy l^iaw dirci-ted lo lie li.'vitd and col- lected hy Mich Collectors, and to letmii such precept wilh the amount so levied and collected thereon., alter dediiclinn his |)erceiila;j;e thciefrom, to such Sherili' within the same time as such Collectors aie or shall hy Law be leipiiicd to make the returns of the general annual rate aforesaid to the Chamberlain or Treasurer of oUch Municipal Corporation ; Provided always neveitheless, liL^ily, that any suiplus that shall remain in the hands of such Sherili' upon any such piecejit or precepts, after siitislyiii); such Execution and all interest, costi and lees theieor, shall by such Sherili' he paid over to the CI imbcrluin orTieasurer of such Municipal Corporation within ten days after the same oliall be so received by him and In.- applied to the i;eneral purposes of jiich Municipal Corpui\.;i.iii as the surpliia of any other late; And provided also, secondly, that the Clerk ol .such Municipal C'oipoialion and theseveial Assessois and Collectors of such Corporation shall, for all purposes in any way connected with th' carrying into effect or ptrmiltiiiii; or assistini; such SherilF to carry into ellijcl the pmvijions of this Act, with re.*pect to the satisfaction ot any such llxocution, he taken and deemed to be the Ollicers of the Court out of which such Writ of Hxecution issued, and as such shall be amenable to such Court, and may be proceeded at;aiiist by Attachment or otherwise to compel thu perfoiaiance of the duties hereby imposed upon them as any other Officers of such Court may by Law be proceeded against for a similar purpose." DAVin wYLiE, printer: — brockvii.m: