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1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
E
I
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ABttlDGBMlNI'
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MURRAY'S
ENGLISH BRAmIIi I
!''^V- 5*i:,. T"''
:,.::'.':'•-■ J'- :r:
APPEKDIX;
CONTAINING EXEBCISISS
IN OETHOGBAPUT,
IN vAmtVQi
IN 8TNTAX, Ain>
Il« PUNCTUATION.
DBSIGNED FOB THE
YOUNGER CLASSES OF LEARNERS.
i
BY MNfil^EY MURRAY.
& u •
* t
^J^
• • ^» • <■
♦ e ^
••;o
FQBTTx^IFTH EDITION!
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■'*■".■' *
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>3
, ' • • •
, ■ , • • o 1.
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MONTREAL:
JPITBLISHED BY CASIPBELL BRTSON,
ST. P11AN90IS XAVIEE STBEET.
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INTBODUOTION.
■■*-'.
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4f/.
The Compiler <if << £ tiglisH Gradttiar i4M^
to the different Classes of h^Mi^i^** hk^^p0i
frequentlj solieit^d to piifaf}!^ ^i^ abridgfeitt^tifc of
tbal work, fbr the use ftf <!httdi^to etimrafkiii^M
their graniTxiMioal stndiei^ h^ Kopes tfiHt ^hi w^
toibof wkieb he now o&^ti «o the|i«ibtl6^ wHi Vff
footid 118^ «hd stttisfaateirif;
fiift dbief view ki pteH^in^ th^ l^k (H i^
Ibriii) 18, te^|i#«serve the teg^ wdi^f^dM* Wlii|
tokti and demced by the youiiger gbHii^^ii, lb thmr
fiht sti^jr of the g^ra} offline WfMt 'Wj^
scribes; and i^nseofieiitly to rendeir ihd^ it^^
eatloii to eaeh part lidih itew tM intitiiigf. If Ik
stiHdl irdlteine Ur bett^ aidap^^ fo th^ iiil6tedf
diildr^n tlMin a Mrge one ; iii^d more reddijf ^^^
g^f*«i'th^iialten«ion, froiia theapparievit i^cWeii
of the road* they hav^ to travel^ the Abrk^en^ilt
will ihenild derifte Itddilioiial reeb^niineiidiktii^r.
iTo gko^tlffso.arf aments 1j|i^ greatest Weighs llie
book is oeatiy ; Doi|nd> and priated ^1^' i^ Mf
l^ttefT^ and op good p^^per. i^^W t
A#light inspe^Qii 4^ t^e mann^ in whi(^ liM^
WfifH^ is exeentedt wilt show that it is noi^t^tended
1^ sii^y the place or superiiede theusoiMf tbi
eirigjjsal Qrantimar. If»bQi^eyer>theli0aQbarsof
SQ^li diildren as can devote but % iniaU pinrt /of
their time to this stady, should tiiink propev lo
make use of it, they will noW it is iniagiiMldy fin^
4 Introduction.
it more defi^olive than abridgements commonly
are* It exhibits a general scheme of the subjects
of Grammar ; and contains definitions and rules,
which -the Compiler has endeavoured to render
as e;Kact, cojacJis.e land intelligible, as the nature ^
tb|Q lubjiect would admit.
V The tutors wbp may adopt this abridgement,
nierely as an introduetiou to the large Gramiiuur>
wil^ perceive in it a niaterial ^vantage, wQich
OtIiOT short worjkjs do not possess;, namely, that
the progress of their piipils will be accelerated,
^xA the. pleasure of study increased, when |bey
find jthemsejyes advanced to a grammar, whiobi
exactly pursues the plan of the book diey have
studied ; aiad which does not perplex them wi^b
new idefinitions and discordant views of the stib-^
jeef • The scholars idiso, who, in pther seminaries,
may be tiffined to this ejntome, will be inore
readily invited afterwards to pursue the study of
grammar, when they perceivi^, Jrom the intimate
jDonnexion of the books, the facility with whi^h
ijiey may improve themselves in the art.
Itmay justly be doubted, whetheir there is any
girdulld for objection to the foUbwingcompilation,
on account of the additional cost it will occasion;
Ilie preseriration of the larger grammar, by using
the abridgement, may in most instances make
amends for the charge of the latter. But were
this not'the case, it is hoped the period has passed
IRway^ in which the important business of educa-
tioB was too often regulated or influenced by a
parsimonious econo^)y. ' *
Introduction*
unoti]y
ubjects
1 rules,
render
V i t V
erpent,
nnnUMTy
wHicli
y, *at
Dra(ed,
in Ihey
y liaye
w with
le stib-f
iiiarie8»
) inore
^udy of
ktimato
I is any
ilation,
casioB;
fusing
make
t; were
passed
Bduca-
i by a
The Compiler presumes that no objection can
properly be nfui4^ to the, plmaseoloff y» from an ideii
that, in boo&s of' this kind, the laiignage should
be brought down to the level of what is ftuniliar
to children. It is indeed indispensable, that our
words and phrases should, without requiring much
attention aiid explanation* be int^UigiUe Ui yoting
persons ; but it will scarcely be controTerted^ tb^l
It is better to lead them forward, and improve
their language by proper examples, than to exhib&t
such as will confirm them in a feeble and puerile
mode of expression. Children have langnage, wk
well as other things, to learn and cultivate ; and
if ^ood models are set before then), int^tmcljon and
diligence will soon make them v^der^tood, an4,
habit will render them familiar and pleasing.
Perhaps there is no method by whic^ thiis advan-
tage may, in general, be more readily and effiectq-
ally produced, than by accustoming <jiildren to
comnlit to memory^ sentences in which the Words i
are properly chosen, and the. construction and,
arrangement correct. vThis was one object which
the Compiler had in view, when he cot^posed thai ^
Grammar of which this is an epitok^a ; mid ho :
hopes that he has not altogether failed in his
endeavours to attain it. But on this point, or on
any other part of the work, it belongs not to him.
to determine ; the whole must be referred to the
decision of the impartial and judicious reader.
HoLDGATE, near York, 1797.
0''A^^''>
ADVEETISEMENT.
■V.., '-
^rN^»^r^y»^^i^^^^M»^^»*N*
The nirUh ^nd elmewth editions of this work
k^ ke^ maeh enlarged and improved, £xer-
dses adiqpted to the rules have, in^any instances,
bi^en copiously supplied. In particular, the exerf
cises in parsing have not only heen very consider-
ri>ly augmented ; they have also been moulded
into a new form and arrangement^ which the au-
thor hopes will focilitate to young persons the
anquisHion of this fundamental part of grammati^
C$1 knowledge*
An Abridgement must necessarily be concnsef,
and it will in some points be obscure. Those
teachers, therefore, who do hot make use of the
author's larger grammar, in their schools, will find
ail advantage by consulting it themselves. Many
oltlie rules and positions* are, in that work,sup«
ported and illustrated by particular disquisitions ;
and the connection of the whole system is clearly
exhibited. The ^lo^^een/A edition of the duodeemo
Grammar has, in these respects, received consi-
derable improvements. The Grammar and Ex-
ercises in two volumes octavo^ may be consulted
with still greater advantage.
HoiiDGATE, nei^r York, 1803. , , ., .
wr
OR
let
ai
El
ar
A
v<
# /
BNaLISH GRAMMAR.
is work
£xer«
Cnoesf
5xerT
mridor-
lonided
the aa-
ons the
mmatif-f
cQndse^,
Those
I of the
rill find
Many
rk^sup-
sitions;
clearly
^eimo
1 consi-
nd Ex-
nsiilted
Ui--M:i
\ ;
English Grammae is the art of speaking and
writing the English language with propriety.
It is divided into four parts, viz. Ortho-
graphy, Etymology, Syntax and Prosody*
ORTHOGRAPHY/
LETTERS,
Orthography teaches the nature and powers of
letters, and^tbe just method of spelling words.
A letter is the first principle, or least part of
a word.
The letters of t}ie English language, called the
Edglish Alphabet, are twenty-six in number.
These letters are the representatives of certain^
articulate sounds, the elements of the language.
An articulate sound, is the sound of the human
voice, formed by the organs of speech.
8
English Grammar.
Characters*
Roman*
A
B
C
b
E
F
G
H
Small.
a
b
c
4
e
I
J
K
•
i
L
1
M
m
N
n
O
P
Q
R
P
q
r
S
s
T
jfc
U
U
V
V
W
w
X
X-
Y
Z
y
z
Italif*
Cap.
A
B
E
F
6
H
I
J
K
I'
M
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
X
Y
$
Small.
a
b
c
d
e
f
9
k
I
m
n
o
P
r
s
(
u
V
X
y
«.
in and Italic
N^ro^-i;
Vo
ai
nc
bee
vc
see
ei
dee
ee
ai
jee
aitch
i or eye
VH
hay
el
em
tf
en .
C
pee
4.1
cue
¥
ar
a
ess
tee
^
u or yau
«
vee
a
double u
eks
t
^y
zed
1
9
.;..-v>-?i-- ' 5
Orthography. 9
Letters are divided into rbyrels and consonants.
A vowel ill an articulate sound, that can be
perfectly uttered by itself : as a, «, o ; which are
formed ivithout the help of any other sound.
A conspnant is an {^rticulate sound, which can*
tlot be perfectly utt^i^d without the lelp of a
vowel : as b, d, f, /, which reqnbre vowels to
express them fully.,
The voxels are aye^i^o, u, and sometimes t^
and y.
W and y are consonants when they begin a
Wprd or syllable ; but in every other situaftton
ttey are vowds. i ^
Consonants 4re divided into mutes and semi-
vowels.
The mutes cannot be sounded at ail widiont
the tiid of a vowel. They are b,pf t, d, k, acid
c and g hard.
The semi- vowels have an imperfect sound of
fhen^selve^. "they bx^ fi /, w> n, r, v, s^ a, x^
and c and a soft*.
,^<p.X ix( the semi- vowels, namely, 7, m, n, r,
^re also distinguished By the name of liquids^
jfr<qii|^ tbeir reaqily uniting with other consonants,,
and flowing as it were into tlieir sounds*
,, A diphthong i^t^e unipn of ^wo vowels, pro-
*-\p<H*.tbe distioctiQii between tbe nature aod the, nctme
pf a consonant, see the larger Grammar, 15th ^^it. p. 19,
a2
10
English Grammar,
noanced by a single iippolse qF the voice : as ea
in beat, ou in souna,
A triphthong, the union of three vowels pro-
nounced \ti like manner } as eau in bean, iewm
view.
A proper diphthong is that in which both the
vowels are sonnded ; as or in voice, ou in ounce.
An improper diphthong has but one of the
vowels soun^d^d,^, a^ tia in eagl(^. oa in bo^t. ;
• ■' ■ ■ -, ■■- -- ,. t.^1
SYLLABLES. , '
A syllable is a sound either simple or com-
pounded, pronounced by a single impulse of the
voice, and constituting a word, or part of a word ;
as, a, aUi ar^t.
Spelling is the art of rightly dividing words
into svUables ; or of expressing a word by its
pixiper letters^^- '^■■'^■^■'^■^***^''^- -"*'^^^ •"'
Word^ are articulate sounds, used, by commitit
consent, as signs of our ideas.
A word of one syllable is termed a monosyl-
lable ; a word of two syllables, a dissyllable ; a
word of three syllables, a trisyllable ; and a word
of four or more sjillables, a polysylllible.
All words are either primitive or derivative.
* Dt. Johnson's Dictiionary is Che best stAndard of
Engliab 'orthography.
to a
as,
Etymology*
n
: as 6a
)l8 pro-
> tewm
»oth the
I ounce.
lof the
>at.
,•
*\
w com-
3 of the
I worn ;
\ words
by its
ommdn
otibsyl-
ible ; a
a word
yative.
idard of
A primitive word is tliat which^ cannot be re-^
duced to any simpler word in the language ; as,
rmm^ good, content.
A.derivaiive wordis that which maybe reduced
to another word m English of greater siipplicityi
as, rnanjuly goodness^ contentment^ Yorkshire*
Ti^e second part of Grammar is Etymology ;
which treats of the di^rent sorts <»f words, their
various modificatiofisi, and their derivations.
There are iti English nine sorts of words, or
ai^ they are commonly called parts of speech ;
namely, the article, the substantive or noun ;
the ADJECTIVE, the pronoun, the verb, the
adverb, the preposition,, the pqjj^junction,
and the interjection.
1. Ati Article is a word prefixed to Substan-
tives, to point them out, and to show how far
their signification ,|||tends ; as, a garden, an
eagle, me woman. '
2. A Substantive or Noon is the name of any
thing that exists, or of which we have any notion ;
as, London^ many virtue.
A sabstantlve may, in general, be distinguished by its
taking an article before it, or by malcin^ sense of itself ;
as, a bookf the aun, an apple ; temperance^ induttry, chastity,
3. An Adjective is a word added to a Sub-
stantive, to expre!9site quality : as, an industrious
man, a rsreicoies woman.
12
EngH^' Gr^pmmar.
An A<yee|1ve may jbbjnif^wn by. ijtt inaking M |rhh
the addition of tke Woi(4 i^^a^ / as a ^<f thing, a £u<f
thing j; «)r of any particdlar SttbstantiYe : t», asufeet lipfi>le,
a pleasant ptospeeU
4. A Pronbttn id ii word used itistead <j^ a
Noun, ^avoid'tbe too Yrequenti^jpe^tf
same Word) as, the man is happy i he J8 fc^n^-
TOlent ; he is useful.
5. A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to
BOy or to suFF:^Ji ; as,. I am, I ruie, I am ruled.
A Verb may generally be distinguished by its making
sense with any of the persenid Pronouns, oi^ tfie wotd to,
before it; as I walkt he plops, they loriie ; or^ to wtftt^ to'
play, to mite. ^ f
6. An Adverb is a part of^speech joine|[ to a
Verb, an Adjective, and sometimes to another
Adverb, to express some quality or cii'cumstanjpe
respecting it : as^ he reads t£;<?//; a
vfisin ; he writes tery cotrecitt/*
A|i Aiiverb may be generally known by. iU^ maswiN'lng to
the question. How ? How much ? IjVhen ? of whejne ? |i9t
in' the phrase, ''^ He reads rorr«<r%,'' the answer to the
question, iEIow does he read ? is, correctly.
^Z,^ Prepositions se^ve to connect wordsr^M'ith
orie another, and to show the relation betwipfn
them : as, " He went from London to York ;"
'* she is a^ove disguise ;" <* they are supported 6y
industry." .
A Preposition may be known by ito admitting after It ft
personal Pronoun in the objective case $ a8,.^7A, jl^i*, to,
^c, wil) allow the objective case after them ; with Aim,
tor her, to them, 8fc.
sense whh
lufMt Apple,
♦ ■
3 is b^e^-
to BE, to
im ruled.
Its making
le w<nfd to,
to tphtk^io'
: f
, . . r
iiie<^ to a
,aiiother
llD8taiIl4Q« ,
sweringto
rhene ? lis,
rer to the
rdsr, mth
orted bt/
after it a
K^Tf to,
vfifh him.
Etymdo^k
18
S. W* "^iindlon Is a part of speech that is
chiefly > ^ed to connect sentences ; so as, out 0f
two or more sentence, to raakehut one; it some-
times contie<;t8 (inly words'; as, ** Thou and he
are hh^f^y because yoii are good* ^XifrO afut
three are five."
9* Interjections are words thrown ia between
the parts or a sentence, to express the passions 6r
amotions ^of the speaker; as, O virtue T how
;aililU)le thou art r
ARTiqiiE.
JVn Article is a word prefixed to Suhstaitives,
to point them out^ and to show how far their
^igmfieation^extends ; as, a garden, an eagle, ih^
woman. ,
In English there are but two articles « j|f|d
ihe; a becomes an before a vowel, SMid b^fo^^ii
ssilent h ; as, an an acorn, an hour. But if the h
he sounded, the a only is te4)e used ; as, <8 hand,
a heart, a highway. *
A or a» is styled the indefinite artlde ; !| is
used in a vague sense, to point joutone uog^
tthing of the kind, in other respects indeterminate^
as, **Giv« me a book ;** ^ Bring me an apple.**
The is called the definite article, because it as-
certains what particular thing or things are n^an^ ;
as, ^y Give me the book f '* Bring me /^ apples ;*'
mining some book or apples, referred to.
A Substantive, without any article to limit it,
is generally taken in its widest sense ; as, << A
candid temper is proper for iuan i* that is, for all
mankind.
14
Englkh Qraimhuar.
j| ppilxBtjintlve or Noun ig the name ofjuijf d^ifigr
th9t€f^isi»» Of of winch we have any njp>(ifin; mr
Lti^fiifiy fian^ virtue,
Sohstantives are either proper or opmin^n.
Proper pames, or Substantives, are ^t\e names
appropriated to individuaJs ; as, George^ JLqifiiQnf,
Common names, or Substantives, stand^ for
kinds containing tnany sorts, or for 9orts contain-
ing many individuals under them ; as, animal^,
man, tree, &c.
To Substantives belopg gender, number aiid
case ; and they are all of the third person, Xirhen
spoken o/f and of the second, when 8poken,i^<i> as,
*<BliB8inngs attend us on every side : Bei gratefLl],
c]|ildten of i^n 1 Hiat is, << ye children oi men."
.;.. ..:■;, . PENDER.
Grander is the distinction of Nonny wfth regard
tofiik. There are three genders, the Masciiline,
tb(^ Feminine, and the Neuter.
* A» pom as Uie learner has commiited to memory th^
deiiiii^ops. of the article and sabetautiye, be should be i»m*
plpyed in parsing tbc^ i»arts of speech, as tiiey are arranged
in' the correspondent Exercise?, in the Appendix. The
learner should prc^eed in this manner, through all the defi-
nitions and rules, regularly turning to, and partings tiie ex*'"
erpkse^of one iksfiAition or rule, before he proceed? to another.
In the same order, be Should lie taught to xMirrect the errone-
ous examples in the Exercises. For further directions, re-
sp^in^ the modi^ 'of using the Exerciser, see English Exer-
cises/* Tenth, or any subsequent Edition, page 9^12.
10
le
IS
P»I? I Mr
nomes
nd for
^ atid
fa: a«^ '
ateiliV
nen.*'
eg^d
mine.
ry the
'anged
The '
edefi-
h«0X«
othur.
TOi^e- -
18,. re-
Bxer-
2.
J^fmdof^.
,.15
Tke miisctiliiie gender^mji|fe» aiiiiilii1»^i>f th^
inde l{ifi4>, BSf a 09^, a hors^, a bull*
Thet^nma gender signi^es animads of 4be
female kiiiiil ; as, a womaniudu^pk) ahen*^^^^^^^^
Tbe peiuter gender denotes oijocts wbljokave
neithei^ males nor females ; as, a Q^ld^.^ mm^» a
gard^i|.._^^ V v^ * '
Some Simstantives natiirnlTy neuter are, py a
fignre of speech, converted into tbei mas^almeiir
feminiiie igender ; as, when we say of tiie sun, &;
IS setting, and of a ship, she sails well, &c. „ ,
« The English language has three raethclaisi of
disting^uishing the sex, viz.; ^
^;;y I. By different word^rii^
■ • Ito.-. •
Female*'
Male.
Female.
BacMor.
Maid. '
Husband.
Wile. f
Boar«
; Sow.
King.
Quee!*. '
Boy.
Gi#].
Lad.
Lass.' ^
Brother.
Sister.
Lbrd.
LadJ^
Buck.
Doe.
Man.
'WomiW.
Bull.
Cow.
f
Mftiter.
Mistn^.
Ballockorl
Steer. )
Heifer.
MiUer.
Nfphew;
^pawner.
Niece.
Cook. -
Hen.
Ram*
Ewe. ■ ■■ "'U
Dog.
Bitchy 4
Singer.
Soiigtstres^ d> -
Brake.
Duck.
finger.
Earl.
Couiiteaa, ,^j
Sloven.
Slut
Fattii^r.
Mother.
Sun.
Daughter. ,
Friar,
Nun.
Stag.
Hkid-
<^«"^«^iav^
Goose.. -
Uncle., J,,,,
M^
Hart.
itoe.
Wizard.
Wltfc*f.
Horse.
Mare.
s ■ .■
• '
Ifi
'-CWDflMPItff*
Arbiter.
2. Bymdiifinreiiceof lerminAtioni iur, '
AbM. Ailwii, Landgrate. liMMJgrmyhie.
Jk^otk AottVii* I^iDii*
Aiiflitaiftralor AdinliibtrtfdxMarqiiis.
AdalterflM. MMter.
AiiilMMadreM.1lfayor4
Arbitrcit. * Patrou,
Baroness. Peer.
Bride. Poet
Benefectreai. Priest
Cateress. Prince.
Chahtrete. Prior.
ConductreiB. Prophet
CoanieAk Protector,
Beaooneas. Sheplherd.
BridcjipRMMB*
Cauirer.
dhiiiiter.
Condoctor.
Count*
Beacon.
Dolce.'
Elector.
Emperor.
Epoliantor*
Execatpr.
QoveriMM^ ,
Heir; ^
Hero.
Hunter.
Hoet
Docli^w.
Eleokreat.
Empress.
Enchantreaa.'
Executrix.
. OoYen^ss.
^Heiress.
Heroine. ^
Huntress.
.Hostess.
.Jewess.
Songster.
Sorcerer*
Sultan.
Tiger.
Traitor.
Tutor.
Viscount
Votary.
Widov«r.
s
Mardiiiifiete^
Bliliresi.
'Sfay^Nreaa.
yPatroUess.
Peeress.
Poetess.
Priestess. *
l^rihoesB.
Prioress.
Prropbetess,
Protectress.
Shepbertfess^
Songsti^
Sorceress
8ultaness»
Sulteufi. ,
Tig^ress.
Tftiitress. .
Tutoress,
Viscountess^
Votaress. .;
Widow.
Jew.
3. By a noun, pronoun or adjective, hAtnf pre-
fixed Ui the substantivd : as,
A obdc-sparrow. A ben-spanrow.
A tdan-servant Aiiiaid«^iervant
A lie^goat .^^.vM' Astra-goat
A hiB>bear. Jk sbe>b«ar.
ASr
•
17
A male-ehild.
Male-descendants.
A female-diild.
Female-desoeudants.
NUMBER.
Niiinber is the qonuderation of aii ol^ji^ct:} as
on^ or more. ,.
Substantives are of two numbers, the sicgular
iind the plural.
The siiigular number expresses but one object;
AS» a chair^a tablow
The plural number signifies more objeetas tbai^
^^ne*; as, chairs, tables.
SoiBe nouns, from the nature of the things
•which t{iey express, are used only in the singi|lj^»
(Other? ouly in the plural, form ; as, wh^at,^ pijtch, .
^(»ld, slot^, prtde,i^c.,,find hello w^y scissors, ^he^ .
rich^, &c.
:, SofiM^ words are the ^ame in both oxHijJb^rs;
Jis, deer, sheep, swine, &c.
The plurjal number of nouns is generally formed
by adding^ to the singular ; a?, dove, doves ^s face^
faces ; thought, thoughts^ But ,wheii the substan-
tive singular ends in «, ch, sh^ or ss, we add ^^ in
the plural; as, box, boxes; church, churches;
lash, lashes ; kiss, kisses.
Nouns ending inforfe^ are generally rendered
plural hy the change of those terminations into ves;
as, loaf, loaves ; wife, wives. , Those which end
in J^ have the regular plural ; as, ruff, rufis.
. Such as have ^ in the singular, with no other
vowel in the same syllable, change it into te^ in
the plural; hs> beauty, beauties ; fly, flies; but
the ^ is not changed, whea there is another vowel
in> thft avllahln : ii«. k»v. kov^e • Hflnir ^Inlavs
J? «*..J.7 ,
^Ji
16
Englkh Gfommartf
CASfi.
In Enfflish) substantives have three cases, t6e
Noaiina!tive» the Possessive, and the Objective.*
The nominative case simply expresses the name
of a thing, or the subject of a verb i as, '' The
hoy plays ;'' '* The girts learn." '
The possessive case expresses the relation of
property or possessioii ; and has an apostrophe,
with the letter s coming after it ; as, " The scho-st
lar's duty ;" " My father's house."
')yhen the< plural ends in «, the other « i|S omit-i
ted, but the apostrophe is retained; as, ^ Oi|
eagles' wings ^ v^' The drapers' company." \
Sometimes also, when the singular terminates
in #, the apostrophic s is not added; as, *' For
goodness' sake ;" <* For righteousness' sake."
xThe objective case expresses the object of aq
action, or of a relation ; and generally follows a
verb active, or a preposition ; as, " John assistsi
Charles ;" << They live in London."
English substantives are declined in the follow-^
ing manner;
Singular, Ptural, ^
Nominative Ceute, A mother. Mothers.
foiteisipe Oate, A mother's. Mothers*. ^
O^etive Case. A mother. Mothers.
' .-■ .'
• Singular,
Plural,
Nominative Case,
The man.
The men.
Potsemve Case,
The man's.
The men s.
Objective Caee,
The man.
The meorv
* On the propriety of this objective case, se6 th^ larger
grammar, twelfth or any suhsequent edition, pp. 54, 55.
/the
E$ymi^offif,
1868, tfie
jective.*
he Dame
I, « The
lation of
strophe,
he scbo?)
i|S omitn
8, « On
•
ininates
\, « For
ike.''
ctof aq
(>l]ow8 a
A assists!
follow-^
en.
er»*. -
BTS.
aen.
aeiiV
Aep.
b4 larger
M, 55.
ADJECTIVES.
An adjecjiiye is a word adcM to a substantive
exjpress its quality ; as, '* An industrious man;''
>< A virtuous woman ;" '< A benevolent mind.''
In English the adjective is not vajried on ao
4^UQt of gender, number, or case. Thus we say,
V A earetess boy f <* Careless girls."
The only variation which it admits, is that of
llie degrees of comparison.
There are commonly reckonisd three degrees
of coippari^n ; the positive, comparative, and
^p«r]ative.
The positive state expresses the quality of an
obj^t without any ioicrease or diminution: as^
good, wise, gr^^t.
The comparative degree increases or lemens
|;he positivj^ in signification i;^ as, wiser, greater,
less wise. . ,
The superlative degre^^ increases or lessens the
positive to the highest or lowest degree ; as, wisest,
greatest, least wise.
The simple word, or positive, becomes the com*
parative by adding r orers and the superlative,
by adding si or est to the end of it; as, wise,
wiser, wisest ; great, greater, greatest. And -the
adverbs n^e and mosty pliEused before the adject
tive, have the same effect ; as, wise, more wise,
most wise.
Monoisiyllables, for the most part, are compared
by er or ^tj and dissyllables by more and most;
as, mild, milder, mildest; frupl, more frngid,
most frugal*
«
Englah Grammar.
Some words of very conmion use are irregular-^
ly formed; as, <<good, better, best; bad, worse,
worst ; liitle, less, least ; mucb, many, more*
most ;** and a few others.
PRONOUNS.
A Pronottn (is a word used instead of a noun^
to avoid the too frequent repetition of the same
•word ; as, <* The man is happy," ,^*he is benevo-
lent," « he is useful."
There are three kinds of Pronouns, viz. the Per-
sonal, the Relative, and the Adjective Pronouns*
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
There are five personal pronouns ; viz. 7, thofif,
hey she, it; with their plurals, we, ye, ot yau^
they.
Personal Pronbuns admit of person, nnmber,
gender and case. *^
The persons of pronouns are three in each of
the numbers, viz.
> Singular.
)
yPlnrafc <^^
The numbers of pronouns, like those of, sub*
.stantives, are two, the singular and tlie plural ;
as, /, th(m, he $ we, ye, they.
Gender has respect only to the third person
/, is the first person
Thou, is the second person
He, she, or it, is the third person,
Wisy is the first person
Ye, or youy is the second person^
T%ey, is the third person.
ral,
or
' ",K
irregular-^
id, worse*
f a noun,
the same
( benevo-*
the Per-
VonounsJ
i. /, that*,,
or ^ouy
number^
I each of
ingulf.
lurat.
■■^u
of. sub^
plural i
person
n
8fii|pii1ar of the^pronoiiift, M «A«, ie. \%iliiitah
culine ; ihe i« &iiiiiiiti0 ; U it neiildr. ''
^onouiii Imire thtee ennefi i the nominiirey
thrpotiMve, and Ch» objecliv^e. '.
^ The ehjective case of a proaeoifl bai, ki gene-
ral, nibriiii jlifferent frpm iiiat of the nonbtnafeive
or the possessive case.
The personal pronouns are thus declined
Penott. Cfle. Singularl
Fhti, Norn, I.
Poa$e98, Mine.
.% .' Obj, M«. .
S«eotuU Norn, ■ Thoa.
Posmt. Tbina.
Obj, i Thee.
Tma. ' Norn. -^ lie. TThey;
itfa#. PoMteM, ^ ^ Hh. Thein.
Oy. Him, Them.
Plmml.
We.
Ours.
Ye 4»r yaa. ^
Yourt.
You.
i».:
*:
Neuter,
Poeeeu.
Ohj.
Norn,
Poueu^
Ohj.
She.
Her^
it
Its. •
It
Thfti^k.
Thein..
They.
Theirs.
Them.
• . M
iiiA^iv^"pidk^6.
Relative Pronouns are such as relate>^ui gene-
ral, td some word or phr^ise going hefore,,.«|ich
is thence caHed the totecedent; they are i&Ao)
as
Engiiih Grummar.
■4%
whick, and thai g at* ** The man » happy u^
live.- virtuouily." *
WhcU it a kind of oMnpcMind relative, isidading
both the antecedent and the relative, and is moit-
ly equivalent lo Mci/ which g a«, " Thifis uAat I
wauted;" that is to say^ *^ihe thing which I
wanted."
Who is applied to persons, which to animals
and inanimate things ; as, *' He is afriendt who-
is faithful in adversity ;" << The bird which 8u«>r
so sweetly, is flown f " This is the tree whi h
produces no fruit."
Thaty as a relative, is often used to prevent the
too fretpent repetition of who and which. It is*
appKed to both persons and things ; as, *< He that
acts wis^y deserves praise ;" ** Modesty is a qua-
lity Mo/ highly adorns a woman."
Who is of both numbers, and is thus declined :
Singular and Plural,
No.ninative, Who,
FoMsetsive, Whose.
Objective* Whom.
WhOf which, what, are called Interrogatives^
when theyare used in asking questions; as, ^^Who
is he?" ''Which is the book?" « Whafate you
doing?"
' ' ' > .• ■ ^
. ADJECTIVE PROXOrNS.
Adjective lVonouns*are r^ ^^ v ixed Luture,
participating the properties botn of pronouns and
adjectives^ » >
^* diM Orammar, lith, or anf subeequetit edition, p. 62
^i'i>ot€. ■
.%■
lappy wka
» indiicling
td is most-
lie t0i^^ I
r which I
;o animals
iendt who
fhichiuv.^t
ree whi h
revtnt the
'ch. It is*
'^ He that
y is a qua-
declined :
Etymoioff^
98
"ogativesn
18, ''Who
^are you
i Li«iure>
ouns and
tion, p. 62
The adjective prononnn may be ttilidividiBd into
four sorts, namely, t Uepossfssivet the dUtrihutivey
the demonstrative^ aud the indefinite,
1. The passessii" are iiiose which relate to
possession of property.
There are seven of them ; viz. my^ thy^ hiSy
her^ our^ yowr, their.
Mine wndthinet instead et my and thy, were
y^y nerky used before a snbstantive or adjective
ijbeghming with a vowel', or silent h ; as, '* Blot
^ut all mine iniquities."
2. The distritmtive ^re those which denote tlie
persons or things that make up a number, as ta*-
ken separately and singly. They are each every^-
either i as, " Each of his brothers is in% favora-
ble situation; '^ Every man must aoceunt for
himself^" *< I have not^een tfifAci* of them."
8. The demonstrative are those which precisely
int out the subjects to which they x'emte ; this
ndthatf these wad those^ are of qiis class; as,
< This is true charity ; that h only its ima^ie.^
7%t$ refers to the nearest person or thing, and
hat to the more distant ; as, ** This man is more
ntelligetit ihsxi that** This indicates the latter,
r last mentioned : that, the former, or first men-
ioned ; as, ** Wealth and poverty are both temp-
tions ; that tends to excite pride, this discaik-
ent." *
4. The indefinite are those which express their
ubjects in an indefinite or general manner. The
bllowing are of this kind ; some, other, any, one,
II, Sf'ch, 8fC» '■:- .V :^
24
English Orammar,
O^er is declined in the followingf manner ;
Singular, ■ s Plural,
Nom. other, others.
Poss. others. others*,
Obj. other, others,
VERBS.
A verb is a word which signifies to be, to i>(^f
or to. suffer; as, *< I am, I rule, I aniruled/'
Verbs are of three kinds; AcxrvE, passive,
and NEUTER* They are also divided into regu-
lar, irregular, and defective*
uA Verb Active expresses an action, and neces-
sarily implies an agent, and an object acted upon ;
as, "to loFe;" 1* I love Penelope." •
A Verl^, Passive expresses a passion or a«^f-
fering, or the receiving of an action ; and neces-
sarily implies an object acted upon ; ^nd an agent
by which it is acted upon ; aSi t9 (relayed i f* Be-
nelope is loved by me. v
A Verb Neuter expresses neither action nor
passion; but being, pr ^, state qf. being; as, *^ I
sleep, I sit. ^^ ' '
Auxiliary or Helping Verbs, are those by the
help of which the English Verbs are principally
conjugated ; they are, dfo, be, have, shall, will,
may, can, with their variations ; and /^^ and must,
which have no variation.
To verbs belong number, person, mood, and
tense,
NUMBER AND PERSON.
Verbs have two numbers, the singular and the
plural ; as, " I love, we love."
anner ?
ral.
its*,
tr8.
BE, to DOy
I ruled/*
PASSIVE,
ntO RECIU-
ind neces-
$ted upon ;
•« ■
I or a««uf-
und neces-
d an agent
ed ; " Pe-
action nor
1 5 as, " I
ose by the
}rincipally
hally wilif
^mdmusL
moody and
ar and the
.:.>
Etymology.
^
In, each number there are three persons ; as>.
Plwal.
We love.
Te love.
They love. ^
MOODS. H '^ '
Firit Penon.
Second Person,
Third Peraon,
Singular.
I love.
Thou lovest
He loves.
Mood or Mode is a particular form of the verb,
showing the manner in which the being, action,
or pi»8ioiH is represented. 1 ^ nur ^
There are five moods of Verbs, the Indicative^
the Imperative, the Potentialy the Subjunctive^
waA ^Q Infinitive*
Th^ Indicative Mood simply indicates or de-
clares a thing; as, <* He loves; h^ is loved;"
or it asks a question ; asj *' Does he love ? Is he
loved?" /'^^,,: n..,;,„,^:,j/-..:-^i,r ,
. The Imperative Mood is used for commanding,
^xhorting, entreating, or permitting ; as, *' De-
part thou ; mind ye ; let us stay ; go in peace."
The Potential Mood implies possibility or
liberty, power, will, or obligation; as, <* It may
run ; , he may go or stay ; I cim rido.i^ be would
walk; they should learn^^ - > /^t -i
Th6 Subjunctive Mood represents a thing un-^
der a condition, motive, wish, supposition, &c. ;
and is. preceded by a conjunction, expressed or
understood, and attended by another verb ; as,
'* I will respect him, though he chide me ;"
'* Were he good, he would be happy ;" that is,
" if he were good."
The Infinitive Mood expresses a thing in a
general and unlimited manner, without anv dis-
»•
2^ EnglUh Gramfiiar.
tinctioti of ntimb^i^ or persbh ; t^^io act^to
gpeak, to be feared."
The Participle is a certain form of the' ^elrb,
and derives its name from its participating, not
only the properties of a verb, but also those qf an
adjective ; as, *' I am desirous of knowing him f
<^ Admired and applauded^ he became vain ;"
\*' having finished his work, he submitted it/' &c»
Theie are three Participles, the Present or
AcUye, the Perfect or Passive, s|,nd the compound
Perfect ; as, " loving, loved* haying lov^d.'*
TENSES. ,
Tense, being the distinction of time, might
seem to admit only of the present, past, and
future ; but to mark it more accurately, it is made
to, consist of six variations, viz. the present, the
imperfect, the perfect, the pluperfect, and the^r,f^
and second fiUure tens^. V
The Present Tense represents an action or
events as passing at the time in which it is men-
tioned ; as, <* I rule, I am ruled, I think, I feai*."*
The Imperfect Tense represent the action or
event, either as past and finished, or as remaining
unfinished at a certain time past ; as, ** I loved
her for her modesty and virtue :" " They weie
travelling post when he met them." '
The Perfect Tense not only refers to what is
past, but also conveys an allusion to* the present
time ; as, " I have finished my letter ;" " I have
seen the person that was recommended to me."
The Pluperfect Tense represents a thing, not
only as past, bnt also as prior to some other point
of
of
■',;■ ."
»>
'tio act; to
the Yeth,
)ating, not
those qf an
^ing him ;"
ne vain ;
edit/'&c.
^resent or
xtmpoittid
ved."
le, might
past, and
it is made
?sentf the
Ithe^r^^
t^tidn'or
; is men-
iction or
^maining
' I loved
ey were
IS
present
* I have
o me."
ing/not
Et^molosiif'.
27
of time specified, in .the sep|;eDce ; as, " I had
finished my letter before he arrived."
The first Future Tepse represents the action
as yet to cpme, either with or without resped; tp
the precise time when ; as, " The sun will rise
to-morrow ;" " I shall see them again."
The second Future intimates that the action
will be fully accomplished, at or before the time
of another future liction or event : as, " I shall
have dined at one o'clock ;" <' The two houses
will hail'e finished their business, when the king
comes to prorogue them.^'
The Conjugation of a verb is the regular com-
bination and arrangement of its several numbers,
persons, moods, and tei^ses. ^ v
The coiijugatiou 'of an active verb is style^f th^
(wtive voice ; and that of a passive verb, the pas-
sive voice" .,, V / n^
The aus^iliary Iin3 active verb To havei' is cpnr
jug^M^ in the following manner : , ^u^isp^iu^ii
ll<^.|«^ ;?H:' :C ■
nM
^,0^^!' i,m^* :Hfi -^ 1j.t
TO HAVE.
ii' -..nnm^m i^'S. . Indicative Mood.' '' ' ;'^*^* ^''*
■ ^^J^esent Tense. drm.^-'.^--^. ^
■r 'H'jt
Singular.
'lr.PiH^
ff""
1. Pets. J ham ,. ,^ ij '
2. Pers, Thou Blast.
3. Pers, He, she, pr it
hath or has,
1. Wchave. , .^.^
2. Ye or you have.
** "J 3. They have, h*^-?'^*
'28
EnglUh Grammar,
Imperfect Tense,
Singular.
l.Thad.
2. TboeJiadst^
3. He, &c. had.
Plural.
L We had.*
*2. Teor you had.
3. They bad^
Perfect Tense. ^
Singular. Plural.
1. T have had. I. We have had.
2. Thou hastliad. ]^ i^e ^^ .2. Ite or you have had.
S« He has had. ' ^ 3. They have had.
I .'1,1 t.
4.^
Pluperfect Tense.
Sini^ae*'^ ^ ^^ ;, Plural.
1. Wehadhad.
2t Ye or you had bad«
3. They had h^d.,
1. I -had had.
2. Thou hadst had.
3..Hehadhad,;-.;/i;^l|^||^^^,v.^
Singular. ..Ak.,^.::^.,;.-^^ , Plural. .,:^-::,,^;:-, ^.,;„,r|-.
1. T shall or will have. 1. We shall or Wilt have.
2. Thou shalt or wilt have. 2. Ye or you shall' or will have
3. He shall or will have. 3. They shall or will have.
* The Verbs, though conjugated at large through all
iheir tenses, that the learners may, by a full and r^ular
display of them, more completely understand their nature
and use, need not be v^holly conimitted to memory, by
young persons who are b^inning the study of grammar.
If the iimph tenses, namely, the prea^nt and the imperfeei,
together with the first JrUure tense, should, in the first in-
stance be committed to memory, and the rest carefully
perused and explained, thO business will not be tedious to
the scholars* and their progress will be render^ more, ob-
vious and pteaedog. The general view of the subject, thus
acquired, and Impresaed, may be afterwards e&tiebded with
«a8e uid advantage.
8
Id
*,. He
V>'iJ
,'^
■i\
u.
f^
m
Singular; !.-i^if^i > ' Plorid. ..-iS^r^nt-a ■' ^
K fT*«n wlH liw^ 1^ . r %> ¥* or y^u 4*m Immt* J11WI4
k He will bft|re liad..n;;4 3. They will h«imrlMi4^
ImpfMve Mood.
'^?
Singular* nufal
. Let me bare. ' t 1. Let us have* fi^
HaTe then, 4>r do tbon S. Haine'ye, or do Jfedl^^^u
hwwi9y4a*>l'i;ttl{t{-vh.„,,^ < have.. - rai,;>b*5^ii«_
^Lethli^hKvf.. V ;■ >S. Lifcs*liem:^hat0«^^f^ ^>-«ifH- • .
. :,■ ;'.„a tj! . ,F^tial Mood. -«"' '■'""'•
infest*!* ^f»tfcS*i->,,>''-;jM> V'^j'f ■'■' .*■»• • '
* s ,,1 (''i Ui
Slngnlaf. PktraU
|l.' I mtiy er can have. 1. W^ may or 4an have.
\. Tbdd mayst or canst 2. Ytf or you may or can
hfive. V have.
}. He may or can have. 3. They may or cats have.
ft.^l
* '.^
.».■■»:•.■■■
i; '■■.•'
;' ■Ws»:.
Imperfect TenseJm
. ••U'lvj^i
Stngutar^ " Plural.
I might, could, would or 1. We might, could, would
,#9llWi¥yfff ..M .^» ^ ^,9<Miiftfc| fillip, , 1; .
|2.i l^iii y-mightBt^ ofiuldst^^ d. Y« or / you »4iiigiit, ^OQiild>
,,iml!i«llM?«hottI4aib(ive<. i WouUlof^ €koui^Mvtti-^(
b. Memi^ oenkli would 3. They m{^t,«cduld^ ^dufd
I ^ ' or ihbfi^ havitf ^^*'*'^#^1^^^'^^ ^b<QUld' hav^. • "''*
ao
EngUllik^fyii^t^
Singular. ^ ^ Plufil. uiWa^ri,
8. He may or can bave 3. Tbey may or 'can have
had. , ,hiK-'^ -vui^ffli^pi ' '
Phi^ct Tense, ..^^la
' Singular...' ^v'ml itr^^tri: /■ Fliiralv' lj^.^^ -^ar---:!**! .1
lrol*>^l8H^i<^u^>'W<HiM>or.l. (Will lOtght, (Ceiald, fV4i«il(l'>
should have had; '• ' or should have IMS.'
Ji. Thou , mlghttti(!'«k>uhidt, 2. Ye or yoil flitg^Mj «Hiilld,
Jvouldst or shoUldst would or should have
3. He naigfit, could, would 3. They might, could, would
or should have Sia4« i« or should have had.
Present TcHse. ^i|4 . "
Plural.
\ j.>^<ir ■v;.'W : 'Ift ■'5¥^ We,|liave.
2. If ye or you have.
3. If they have.*
->ff;
Singular.
1. tflh%ve.
2. li'thou have.
3. If he have."
I J
.' ' »
■;>,.im ■ ,' -' ''■'■' '
^' The r«Maiati^i<^^es of the Bul^uiictHenhdHi^'^e in
g^enecal,, siyttari'to' the ooiTei^Km^tipg ««niii» uf^^tKi^tlfKi^M^
tivc^isdml : with the addition td» thii<'^»*i»fw^ l!l >M ff i Wwi ^
«»^preti»(^ ;<»i; jniliU^d^ 4f mith?tr i^jcoiidfllftni^, iyiiljjl«fv #5th
^upposltioif, ,^. ,hM^i|l he proper to dic^ul f|lM«lKMrffa' to
V
^^^}
aj^
InfioitiV^ilfoiMl.
Prestnt, To have, , - . ' ,
.<-<?*j»tf It/iJt? '^^'-a'!
Perfect. fli'^jiliVjiad. .
■ .*i«»ffi etui .%i!f iUn^. r'.U T*
Having.
Pf€t9n$ or Active,
Perfect or>M&mhei,v:^i\-s}l^
Compound f^fifecL Having ha<}.
■iXKV
Theanxniitfy'ibtf'pettter verb 7V*0<?;' iS fecm*
jagatctf^^ftfll^ti^'^' ^^' ..^M.a s.>^a «t4T .s
((* "i
V-'- ,
„..:fF^,.M-^.^^
^
I Id*''
iy|iil|tive Mood. ._ t, , , ^
?%l«^^1..'
Singular.
'♦.V'
1. Iain. ..i^^.^r v t Jn .1^* we.
2. Thou art. 2.' Ye or you are,
S. He, 8b«, or it bi » -^^'^ 3. They are. - i*»^ W'^
>f3#.*^'? ^'l if^^^ ^^^m^^m A^km'X
\ ' 'SlfigHlai^i^ftt!^^^!^ h ''^ piiwai-.:r«4«ir'rii^rte^ ,c
1. Iwt^ I. We were.
2. Thou wast. '%3«^;| 2.. ,Ye or y^u Were.
3. He was. v 3. They were.
repeat all the ten:M|i.^f«ti|ib mood, with a GOnJjfi^tiDll pre-
fixed to each of th«n:i. For the propriety of conjugating
the tiil^uuctive mood, in this manner, s^ the larger mm^
iMilr^ J^Mi <fee7*«A,vor any itubs^'queii^flllldii; piki|#90 160;^
103, aiid the notee on thi^ n^eueiith rule opwpii^^ t !;
I
"t
li^
M^^fUiiilf^^
1 . W« bwre tbetb. * "^ *
I* M lHI1Kil''BMft«
a. TtNm'lMit Im^o. ;j^%^frf0ahKW9be€a.
d. Ha ImMIi or hat htm. 3. They have beeo.
Phkperfeci Tei^. ^ ^v > . ^
Singuliir.
2. Tboo kadsC been. 2. Ytm^^l^i^,^f^.^.,^,
8. H^lMKlbeeii. 3. They haA been.
, «>■::
First Miure Ten&e.
1.1 shali or will be. ,. 1 . Wtf tlbib hsTe been.
2. Thon ehalt or wilt JHlt ^ %y«lS!% P>Lyott shidl or will' be.
3. He ahell or will he. 3. They ehall or vfiU li^,
-:'4j
V; '> I
r f>
\. I riiaU have been. 1. Wf shpU have been.
2. ThoQ wilt have lieeii. ' 2. !i^e dr you will have tieen.
8« Hei will have beem* ^'^ 3. They will have be^ii. *
IS
<»'4 I ff., 7 fx
..• r?' 'r
$tite Mood.
-?<'*'':
r. fttiC me be. - * ., 1. Lrtualie. ,, y.. j
2^ i« *»M^ l^fl wJifr ^' 1* ye «»• yon or do y^ h«*
3. l^im/le^' ':f•■ri!>M'•,■x^
u3. L#t tbefli iic*
Fotential Mood.
Present Tense.
^
'SUi|ttlar. Finn!.
1. r may oTMsAi be. 1. We miy or can tw.
2. Thoir mayat or canit be. 2. Te or you may or can be.
3. He may or can be. 3. They may or can be.
Imperfect Tense,
Singular. Plural. ; ;
1. I might, could, «weiild,'or 1. We might, oouLI; ivenlt
should 4»e. ^^ i^^ .. or ^should be. * ' '^^
2. Thou mightit, ooilclBt, 2^ ITe or you mighty oolild,
wouldst or shouldst be. would or should be.
3. He might, ooul<|, would 3. They might, oduld, wo«ild
or should be. ' !'j»^ H r or should be* ^ ?^<*^«^
^m^'imi'^i'Perjfect Tense. ^'' / '[.iw-fr^mM VL .£
Singular. Plural.
1. I may or can have been. 1. We may or can have been.
2. Thou may8t.«r«an8t have 2. Te or you may or can have
been. ,ii aj- ,ii-ivy^% \ii<'^\MeHi»'' ■,^^iMyi.:'imtm-*;\
3. He may or can liave 3. They mt^ or can haive
been.
Bli
ll'ji'J'il-
eeen.
>^-*^
>, ..**.'
Pluperfect Tense*
iii%?-fT \,vt«^2V^'^
.^wi^^ii^V^
'Singular.. ■■; 4^ll^' -Plural.' ^^^^j^ . ;h* I
i. I inight, could, wo«ld or T.'We might, ed^SMiKI,
should have been. , or should have been. .
'ih-'f
84
Bngl^Qrqmmar.
SioguUur. Plwftl.
2. Thou mightet^ couldst, 3. Te or you migkt, coul^
• wooMit or chouldst have * ^ould or should hare
been. • been.
3. He might, cdiild, iiiould 3. They might, eould^^ouM
or vhould hare befn. or shouW have btea*
W
Snbjiinctive Mood.
Present Tense,
Singular.
1. in be.
3. If thou be.
3. if ba*t;
Singular.'
1. If I were.
3. Ifthouwert
3. If he were.
Plural.
1. If we be.
2. |f ye or you be. '<* *
3. If they be.
,7,';<(,
Imperfect Tense.
Plural.
I, If we wfere.
3. If ye or you were.
3. If they were.*
Infinitive Mood.
Verl
brm tb
ind the
dy or c
^resenL
favour,
love.
AR
D]lowii
■•'I
\ JjL . '4..wb
Perfect. To hav« hpm.
*i3!i»'*!i
PreseiU Tense. To be.
Participles.
Preient. Being. Perfect. Been.
Compound Perfect. Having Been.
* The remaining t^feises of this mood are, In general,
similar to,t^ coiiR9sp<^ndiag tenses of the Indloative AjLood.
See Uie i|ote at page 30.
lSin£
Hove
I. Thou
He, 8
love
8in{
I l0V€
Thou
TT _ 1 ^
M
'Efyfktiogj^i
96
OF THE' CONJUGATlOlf 6P REGULAR
VERBS.
ACTIVE.
Verbfl Active are called Regnlar whcHi f bey
brm their imperfect tense of the indicative mood,
nd their perfect participile^ by adding to the verb
^d, or d only when the verb ends in £/ a%
■ ; , :■ -Ml ,;,i>(i r ,.
'resent Imperfect P^A P<^fticiple,
favour. I favored. Favored.i ■. , , ,■
love. I loved. Loved.
A Regular Active Verb is conjugated in the
allowing manner:
i\, >■•
f
TO LOVE^
Indicative Mood. ?
Present Tense.
lingular. ' Floral.
Hove*' i; v!y«ff 1. We loye.
{.Thou lovest. 2. Ye^ or you love.
He, she, or it luveth ov 3. They l^ye.
loves. ■■^;r,-::i '.'v-^y "'"''■■'■■
':'t^jmM\
Singular.
I loved.
Thou lovedst.
ii« loveu.
hnpeirfect Tense:*
Plurd. ;, J.
1. We loved:
2. Te or you loved.
Q rill. __ 1 ._„ J
O. A
uey
lUVCU*
36
Bn^M$k Gmmmar.
, Perfect Tense.
Slogular. Plura).
1. I liaff loTed. 1. We haTe loTed.
2. Tkoa haU lotid. 9. Ye or you bate loTedi
3. He hith or hip IotmL 8. They haye k^.
Pluperfect Tense.
Siofwlar. lu j < r PlwaL
]p. I had loTed. 1. We bad loTed.
3. Theu hadit leted. 2. Ye or you had loved.
9. He had loted. - 3. They had loved;
■H'
First Future Tense.
» ■ ■
Sitogiilar; PlaraL
1. 1 ehaU or will love. 1. We shall or will love.'
2. Thoa ahalt or wilt love. 2. Ye or you shall or will love.
3. He shall or will love. 3. They shall or will love.
Second Future Tense.
Sfaigular. ; ^ Plural. «
1. I shall have hived. 1. We shall have loved.
2. Thoa wilt have loved. 2. Ye or you will have loved.
3. He will have h>ved. 3. They will have loved.
Imperative Mood.
^"'rii .
Sin^tohir. Plural.
1. Let me love. ,_ 1. Let us love.
2. Love thou or do thou 2. Love ye or you or do ye|
love. love.
-i'f*«'
3. Let him love.
3. Let them love.
Folential Mood.
n
Prfsent Teme.
8iog«ikr. 'PhivtI.
1. I may or c$n Idve. 1. We whmj or ean lor*.'
2. Thou mftytt or o»Oit Ifre. a» T« or jpa nwj or eon loto.
3. Hi may or can love. 3. They may or can lore.
Imperfect Tense,
SiDgttlar. Plural.
1. I might, eouM, wooM, LWe might, eitoM, Witultit
or should lore. or ihouM lore.
2. Thou mifhtet, couldst, 2. Ye or you might; eould,
W^ttldat or ehoulditlovef wpnU^r . ^vMlim,
3. He might, could, would 3. They might, oould, would
or abonld love. or should love.
Peffict Tense,
Singular. Plural.
1. I kay or can haviF loved. 1. We mayor Gaoha^iaye4«
2. iliott ntaya^ or eanst'I^*^« ^ or you m^y, ^ .^
; hiMre loved. ''■*'. ' tiave loved;. ^ ,.,;.; .
3. He may or can have 3. They ma3^^^^j(|a||, *
/ 1 ' i-
W M* ■•■^\ ^f^lt- ■'
er/iist Tense.
Siogular. PIttral.
1* I might, ooidd, would I. WrulKhit eoilU;; woiil^
or ftbottld' hate loved. oi^Aoaldfhat*liif«i9;'''^^
c '
dd
EngUm^Wminm'*
Singular. ' h^MvU'^. ..i^vfHf
2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could,
wouldst or shouldst v^^ld or should have
have loved. loved.
3. He might, could*. wpuld 3. They might, cofUdu would
•iJl^havelQve^ ^ vor^^^^^y^^^
wmi 4?^* >> ^^mt s^biuhctive Mood: *' ''**^ ^^^^"'^
Present TenseM'^^'
Singular. .^' ^^r^^^S :m\); Plural. ■'^^•
1. If I love. 1. If we love. . ?
2. If thou love, li <.i4*^l 2. If ye or you loveA«*^
., V* U. . Infinitive Mood. ,j..j^ ^^4^'^-
K'Wnift To loW.' '" P«f,*A To have ii^-
•>,!«»w,,i^«N^^^^^^ 'ftirticiples. '*'''^:' :"' ■
Present. Loving. Perfect. Loved.
Compound Perfect, ^ llaying loved.
PASSIVE.
,4." ...i-
^.:'^.jt-,"^^i|3
, y^rbs passive are called regular, wh(^|i they
forM'tfeieir perfect piqrtk^^ the addjtiojn iof 4
dt'ed, to theTerb ^ as, from the verb, **To lore,"
18 formed the passive, "I am loved; I was Ibved^
i:8ttan^be-iovid-m' ' w^^^^*^^ 4^^ ■^F^
A passive vert' is conjugated by adding the
perfect participle to the Auxiliary to bcf through
all its changes of nunibeff pehon, mood and
tense, in the follQi^ing manner.
;''^,*i;
:^ * tr?^!liAJP?^naii4i}(ruteiJi08 of thia mood are, iHiiftneiral,
'■imiliMr^to (he,jCf^{B«pondent tenseji 9^the Indicative Mood.
^mohgy^
/■'
9f
ht, could,
ould have
ild^ would
loVed.
di ■■(*>
JiLiB^^
2:?'i
4fi they
olore,"
iii^n?'
mg the
hrough
9(1 and
ir»neiraV
eMood.
r f
^i
TOVBEimfftD.
■'^ :^' -■ ■■ ^'- • lAcHcative Mddtf- ' ^*^^^' "^ ^^^**^ ^ -^
Singular. . ' Plural.
1. I am loved, i^^virlk ;t<iv*I« We are loved.
2. Thou art loved. 2. Ye or you are loved.
3. He is loved. '^^^^ 3. They are lovedL '"-^
h'xi^fi^'.'-j'^i^ ^m^-ft^f * fvv-<,f ^,^,i^E'*^^i^ i infill- 1 »|
. .dingular..^^' ^"ii|)i^;;,*^\h*'?^ :,|J
1. I was loved. ' 1. We wer« loved.
2. Thou wast loved. . . 2. , Ye or you were loved.
3. He was loved. 3». Toey were loved.
''^'Perfect Tense. ..i^fei^ia
•r Si|igulaiv,,.v;,,^^a;3 ■j,^,,|»li|niV^jb*i.v<.riK)^l'»(r 'J
1. I have beeu laiPi^^ 1. We have beenJoved.;
2. Thou hasibiseO; Joyed. 2. Ye or; yQiii havf}- l|ef o ^
loved.
3., He hath or has be^eo 3. They have been loved,
loved. ^,*^:.^^'^^^^' '^^'^^m^^m'a^:-,^^,
'*gi^ Pluperfect Tense.
. .. Singular .^ .,w^;#^j -^^ P"*^^'.* i^^> - x««v ^ ..I
J.., {had beeii lored. „\i^.r 1.. IWTb, had^e^n loyea.
2. Thou hadst been l<iV(E|d. 2. xe or you had b(Qi^|i,loved<
v3, H« had been loved. 3. They ^4 ^«0 jffT<?i^ £
Enffii^ 'Grammar.
^mt;J^t»r€ Tensf.
Singular. , P!M.
1. I ibaU or will bvlanjHl. 1. Y^t sball or will l»e loTed.
2. Thoa ihalt or wilt be 2. Te or you shall or will be
loyod. ' loved.
3. Ho aball or will be loTed. Sl IHiey shall or will be loved.
Second Future Tense,
<>-■■
Singulir. Plaral.
!• I ahall havrbeen loved. 1. We shall have been loved.
2. Thou wilt have been 2. Ye or you will have been
loved. loved.
3. He will have been loved. 3. They will have been loved.
Imperative Mood.
.i^a-i'^^l",?-^
Singolarv ^^ t^^^JPlnral.
1. Let me be loved. 1. Let us beloved.
9. Be thou loved, or do thou 2. Be ye or yon loved, or do
beloved* ye|||loved.
3. *litt Iftm beloved. ^ -3. Let them be loved.
Potential Mood*
Present Tense, ^
Singohur. Floral.
1* I may or can be loved. 1. We may or can be loved.
2. Thoa mayst or canst be 2. Te or you may or can be
Wy«. loved.
S. H« ^7 or dus 1^ bvai. 3. They may or dui be loved.
*
41
Sinifular. ^, , ^J^t\.
1. I might, could, would or 1. We might, could, would
should be loved); >-**^ or should bfrJof^d^f!
2. Thou mllghtst, cotd^^t, 2. Ye or you'ihlglit,^ eodld,)
wouldstt or shouldiBt l^te would, itt «hou14 ' bef
- loved. ' loved.
9. He might, could, would S^Othe^ might, could, would
' or sfiould be loved, if or should be loved.
Singular. Plural.
1. I may or can hx^ beof^ 1. We ma,y or can have been
loved. loved.
2. Thou maVst dr canst 2. Ye or you lirwy or can
have been loved. have bieen loved.
3. He may or o&n have beea 3. They may or can have
loved, been loved.
Pluperfect IVnw^i ^*
Singular. Plural.
1. I might, could, would or 1. We might, could, would
should have Ineen lovdd. ot should have ; been
2. Thou inigh^t^"*cbuMst, 2. Ye or you might,- coidd^H
wotltdst or sh^uldst ' tfbuld or should htiye
have D^n loved. ^' "*' v. been love<f.
3. He might, could, would 3. They might, could, WquIj^
Gr,.sho*44i,iuiye beeu oh.,' shou¥ h^v^ji;, .l^«^l|,^^
loved.
loved. ,
42
EnffUth Grammar.
SnlyjitDcdve Moocl.
.Ur
Present Tense,
Sinfplar. ^
2. If thou be loved.
3. If he be loved.
Plural.
1. If we beloved.
2. If ye or you be loved.
3r If they beloved.
Hfqferfuit l^etue.
SiDfoIar. Plural.
1. If I were loved. / W t. If we were loved.
2. If thou wert loved. ^*'''^' 2. If ye or you were loved.
3. If he were loved. 3. If they were loved.*
■ V' ;■ •■" ■ . .. ,
Infinitaye Mood. ^ i^^^i
»^Y\ Preaent Tense,
To be loved.
Perfect Tense,
To have beett loved.
«■'.
Participles.
present. Being loved.
Perfect or Passive, Love^ . '
Compound Perfect, Having been loved.
IRREOULAB VBRBS. . /
Irregalar Verbs are those which do jDOt form
their imperfect tense, and their perfect participle,
by the additbn of dor edto the yerb ; as,
Present. Imperfect. Perf. or Papu Part,
I begin, * I began, begun,
I know, I knew, known.
* The remaining tenses of this mood pf«, in general,
siwfiklE: Hrwd eorfaipd||dcni tenses of the fiiidiciiliTe mood[.
S<tf the note at p. 30>
JBiji^molo§fy.
A3
IRRigOULAR VBftBQ ARE 6^ VARIOUS SORTS.
1. Such as htLve the present and imperfect
tenses, and perfect participle, th^^ s^me: as,
Present. Imperfect Perfect P^rt.
Cost, cost, cost.
Pot, put, put.
% Such as have t|ie imperfect tense, and per-?
feet participle the same : as, '^ r
Present. Imperfect. * Perfect Part
Ahide, * abode, abode.
Sell, sold, sold.
'f < . ' ■ »
3. Sqch as hare the imperfect tense, and per?
feet participle diflerent : as.
Present Imperfect Perfect Part.
i4r Arise, arose, arisen.
Blovv, blew, i*j»i^. 'blown.
'»
The following list of the irregular verbs will)
it is presumed, be found bot{i comprehensive and
accurate.
Present Imperfect Perf. or Ptiss. Ipurt
Abide, abode, : abode.
Am, wfis, ' , oeen.
Arise, arose,
Awake, awoke, r,'
r^ arisen.
'^
Be^ to bring r^^
Bear, to carry y bore.
Beat, beat.
Begin, began,
p^nd, tent,;
awaked-
* *
born.
borne. :'
beaten, be^t.
begim,
hent*
44>
Pment.
Bereave,
Beseech,
Bid,
Bind,
Bite,
Bleed,
Blow,
Break,
Breec^
Bring,
Build,
BursV
Cast,
English Grainfnar,
ImperTeet.
bereft, r.
besoSj^t^
ibid, bad^,
bound,
bit,
bled, ^^^:'j,.:'U.
Feet, pv ^SK/m, 1^911%^
bereft, r.
"besought i V
lrtdd^n,bfd.
bound;
bitten, bit.
bled.
'3i.",f
..blevr,mr^< <.-ft'n blown. ;:■.;. i'^ .^
broken . ,, ,1 brokeptiw^^
. ^^,bred, ; •. .-; U- ■ bred. ^..^ i^. ,
brought, .. brqugbt f
built, ^^sxy> built. „. ,
burst, burst.
^^^'^'■^boiight, -^^ ^^' ■ boug!iti^^««*^--^* -
. ■■ cast, ■"■^ -^^'■^■tast.-H^^^*i'^n-^^^
Catchy ^--^^ caught, Ri t caught, R^i
Chide, ; chid, i'>?'^- xhidden* cfhid.
Chooser '^*'^*'^ ' choose, ^^3«I chosen^ I..
Cleaye^.«/»c^ h^^^^^^^Pl l.«.ws.M:iilT '
Cleave, to split,c\ove or cleft,^ cleft, clove^.!^,^.^^j
CUng, _, .^^ . dang,^ 4V plung.
Clothes |C,| jclothed,
Conoe,
Cost,
j:*%l^*'ti^'-.. '
came,
cost.
I ;
Crow, v^^; .crew, rV
Creep, crept.
Cut, cut,
Dare, to vc«^wre,durst,
Dare, R. p ^haU^nge,
Deal, dealt, R.
clad, R.
come,
cost,
crowed.
5{t,)
crept. . 3 . ' ■
dared.
. '»';l.i^
^' aealt, r.
Do,
did,
R.
aiig,
done.
R.
■ .■>■■ W-/ ■"
W^moloffj^.
15
Present.
►rive,
^rink,
[Dwell,
Eat,
Fall,
Feed,
Feel^
FigH
Find,
Flee,
Fling,
Fly, ■■
Forget,
Forsake,
Freeze,
[Get,
Gild,
Gird,,
Give,
G<^,
Grave,
Grind,
Grow,
Have,
Hang,
Hear,
Hew,
Hide,
Hit,
Hold,
»T
nun;.
Imperfedf.
drew,
drove,
tirank,
dwelt, R.
eat or ate
lell,
felt,
fought,
found,
fled,
flung,
flew,
forgot,
forsook,
froze,
gpt»
gilt, R.
girt, R.
gave,
went,
graved,
ground,
grew,
had,
hung, R
• heard,
hewed,
hid,
hit,
held.
ff
vlfir ,
per. or Pan. Pari
drawn.
driven.
drunk.
dwelt, R.
eaten.
fallen.
fed. '\
felt.
fought.
^ \lbund.
fled.
'flung.
flown.
forgotten, forgoi^
forsaken.
;.^i**"j(Vozen«
gilt, R.
girt, R.
given.
vvK gone.
graven.
groutid.
grown,
fe had.
' hung, R«
heard.
hewn.
hidden, hid.
^^^ hit.
held.
■-■■ . l",!
-.•H:
A-:.
■ihQ:).
'■5
■ ■ :t'ii ^
,' jiuri,
mi, .■■'
v^^l^iV
46
Present
Keep,
Knit, ,
Know,
Lade,
Lay,
Lead,
Leave,
Lend,
Let,
Lie, to lie down^^yt
Load,
Lose,
Make,
Meety; :ft^»:^:v;
Mow,
English Grammar.
Imperfeoft.
kept,
knit, R.
knew, R.
laded,
laid,
led,
left,
jj.lent,
let,
Perh or Fau. Part,
kept.
■.>^^/'^.
',h
Pay,
Pat,
Read,
Rend, ^
Rid,
Ride,
Ring,
Rise,
Rire,
Run,
Saw,
Say,
See,
Seekifi^i
Sein
Send,
Shake^
loaded,
r lost,
made,
»^>^et,
mowed,
paid,
put,
read,
rent,
rid,
rode.
•0:
knit, R.
known,
r laden,
laid,
led.
left,
lent,
let.
lain.
laden, R.
'lost,
made,
met.
inown, R«
s«i^ pa»d.
*^ put.
rode or riddei^
V
.-i .„n
r**
('•
-'•■ill -i
^ r. 1^ ■! ^
rung, rang,
rose,
rived,
* ran,
sawed, .,,
< isaid,
saw,
sought,
. sold,
N sent,
rung,
risen.
'^^--•^f^iven.
;iy f
shook,
run.
sawn, R.
s^d.
seen.
sought.
sold.
sent.
■of
shaken.
i:n
*Efyfnoldgy*
41
sent.'
IShape,
Shave,
Ishear,
Shed,
Shine,
I Show,
jShoe,
Shoot,
Shrink;
Shred,
Shut,
Sing^,
Sink,
Sit,
Slay,
{Sleep,
Slide,
Sling, '
Slink,
Slit,
ISmite,
Sow,
Speak, *
Speed,^ ^^^
Spend, - '
I Spill,
[Spin,
I Spit,
Split,
Spread,
Spring,
Stand,
Steal,
Imperfect.
Iihaped,
shaved,
she 3d,
shed,
shone, R.
showed,
shod, .
sliot,
shrunkj
shred,
shot.
■ ,1 ' Pref. or Pan. Part.
shaped, shapeh.
shaven, R.
shorn.
shed.
ishone, R.
shown.
shod.
shot. V I
' ' V shrunk,
"^'"ishred.
shut. >"
sung, sang, sung,
sunk, sank^ sunk,
sat,
slew.
slept;
aUd,
' slcmg,
slunk,
slit, R.
smote, .
sowed,
spoke,
sped,
spent,
#^-^ spilt, R.
spun,
spit, spat
split,
/i^read,
*,P
sat.
'Slain.
^1^'^': slept.
H!'8lidden.
,?*'^ Slung.
shink.
' slit or slitted.
,«^^^*Vtoitten,
<^»n gown, R.
i^'iif ,t
spoken.
sped.
^^" spent.
*^^^^^pilt, R.
*^% spun.
^>f-s».
• spit, spitten.
split,
spread,
sprung, sprang, sprung,
stood, >**^ ^stood.
stole, stolen.
48
SnglUh Gratpmar.
Prfltent.
Stick,
Stinff,
Stink,
Stride,
Strike,
String,
Strive,
Strow or
Swear,
Sweat,
Swell,
Swim,
Swing,
Take,
Teach,
Tear,
Tell,
Think,
Thrive,
Throw,
Thrust,
Tread,
Wax,
Wear,
Weave,
Weep,
Win,
Wind,
Work,
* Wring,
Write,
Imperfect. Perf. or Pam. Purl.
Stuck, 8tUck«
stung, stung,
stunk, stunk. ,
strode or strid, stridden,
struck, struck or striken
strung, strung,
./^strove, striven, v
. I 8tro wed or ) strown, strowed,
^^^^"^ J strewed j strewed.
swore,
swet, R.
swelled,
swum, swam,
jiwung,
took,
taught,
tore,
told,
j^ thought,
throve, R.
^hrew,
^ thrust,
trod,
waxed,
wore,
, wove,?^;-'-a"^'^
wept,
won,, --jvj^;^
wound.
■M:
%0'
sworn, f
swet, 7%.
swollen, R.
swum.
swung.
taken.
taught.
torn.
told.
thought.
thriven.
thrown,
thrust,
trodden.
tr, i ;
(;,,^ waxen, r.
,to|^orn,
woven,
wept*
won.
, wound.
wrought, wrought or worked,
wruijg, wrung,
wrote, written.
^.^i!
Btymblogy*
49
The verbs which are conjugated regularly, as
well an irregularly, are marked with an R. Those
preteritai and participles, which are first mentioned
in the list» seem to be the most eligible.
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
■.1,
i
Defective Verbs are those which are used only
in some of their moods and tense,^ ; as, am^ wcls^
hi'en; can^ could j may^ might ; shally should;
will, would, Sfc-
ADVERB.
' i . ■ ■ ' t ■
An Adverb is a part of speech joined to a verb^
an adjectii;:e, and sometimes to another adverb
to express some qviality or qircums|:ancv respect-
ing ; as, " He reads well ;" "A truly good man »**
** }lid writes very correctly.**
Some adverbs are compared thiis: *< Sopn,
«ooner, soonest ; often, oftener, oftenest." iTh^pfe
ending in ly, are, compared by more and most;
as, " fViseij^ mpre wisely, most wisely.**
The following are a few of tbe Adverbs^
Onee lastly ^^. presently . quickly not
now , before ii||^{'J^p4'^en»" perhaps how
lateW'v'i nauch
PREPOSITION.
liere
indeed
more.
*i;
: Prepositions serve' to connect words with one
Another,^ and to show the relation between them.
They are, for the most part, sat before nouns and
yironouns ; as, " He went^^om London to York ;"t
*• She is above disguise ;" ** They are supported
% industry. :.m^^^-\-
<50
EnglUh Grammar,
The fi>llowiiig \% a.ljht of the principal pnipu-
tjiition»:
Of
into
abovn
nt
oflT
to
within
b«li»w
near
un or upon
fur
without
between
up
nmoirg
by
OVtT
beneath
down
after
with
uiiiler
from •
l>eroi'e
about
iu
tlirough
beyond
behind »
against
> •
COKJUNCTION. '
■^
A Conjunction is a part of speech that is chiefly
used to connect sentences ; so as, out of two or
more sentences to make but one. It somethnes
cmmects only woi*ds. joy jr*- ^- .^Ti-
Conjtinctiond'are principally divided into two
softs, the COPULATIVE and disjunctive.
The Conjunction Copulative serves to connect
or to <;ontinue a sentence^ by expressing an ad-
dition, a supposition, a cause, &c.; as, ** lAeand
his brother reside 4h London ;" ** 1 will go, //"he
will accompany me ;" " You are hapfiiy, because
you are good."
The Conjunction Disjunctive serves, not only
to connect and continue the sentence, but also to
•^xpr^ss opposition of meaning in different degrees:
as, *'^Though he was frequently reproved, yet he
did not reform ;" " They came with her, hut went
aw^ay without her." -
The following is a list of the prinqipal con-
junctions :
' The Copulative, And, that, both, for, there-
fore, if, then, since, because, wherefore.
Eti/mologif,
51
The Di*ijunctivc, But, titan though, either,
or, as, unless, neither, nor, lest, yet, notwith-
standing,
INTEHJECTIONS.
Interjections are wortis thrown in between the
parts of n nentence, to expj-ess the patusiohs or
emotions of the speaker : as, <* Oh ! I have alie-
nated my friend ; Alas ! I fear, for life ;" " O
virtue 1 how amiable thou ait !''
The following are some cif the Inferje<'tiims :
O ! pish I heigh ! lo ! b<>hold ! ah ! tush ! lie !
hush I hail!;
OF DERIVATION.
Words are derived. from one anothor in vari-
«
oiw. ways, viz^ ^
1. Substantives are derived from verbs; as,
from ** to love" <romes " lover;"
2. Vefl . are derived frOm substantives, ad-
jectiv»*s, and sometimes from adverbs : as, from
"salt" comes "to salt;'* from "warm" cOmes
"to warm ;" from "forward** conies "to forward.*'
3. Adjectives are d'^rived from substantives:
as, from " health*' comes " healthy.**
4. Substantives are derived from adjectives :
as, from ** white** comes " whiteness.** , ' '-
5. Adverbs are derived from adjectives; as,
from " base** comes "basely.*
.^^.;-'^i
i»
Enijlith Gr4nMuir.
SYNTAX.
The third Part of Grammar is Syntax, which
treats of the agreement and construction of words
hi a sentence.
A sentence is an assembliige of words, form-
ing a complete seiiK^.
Sentences are of two kinds, si.UQple aqd com^
pound.
A simple sentence has in it but one subject,
and one finite verb : as, " Life is short."
A compound sentence consists of two or more
simple sentences connected together : as, ** Life
is short, and art is long ;" <* Idleness produces
want, vice, and misery."
A phrase is two or more words rightly put
together, making sometimes part of a sentence,
and sometimes a whole sentence.
The principal parts of a simple sentence are,
the subject, the attribute, and the object.
The suli^ect is the thing chiefly spoken of;
the attribute is the thing or action aflirmed or
di^nied of it ; and the object is the thing effected
by such action.
The nominative denotes the snbj<»ct, and usu-
ally goes /before the verb or attribute; and the
word <»r phrase, denoting the object, follows the
verb; as» '^ A wise man governs his passions.'^
Here, a wise man is the subject ; governs the at-
tribute, or thing affirmed : and his passions^ the
object. V ^
Syntax.
5S
w '
Syntax principaliy coriskis of tvi^ part», Con-
cord and Government.
Concord 18 the ag^reement wbioh one word lias
with another, in gender^ number, cat^e or per8on«
Government is that power which one 'part rof
speech has over another, in directing its. mood,
tense or case. i ..
A, verb nlust agree with its n6iiiirlktiv6 case, lit**
number and person t as, " I lekrn ;" " Thott artH
improved ;*' *• The birds sirig.* '•
v^if^l*
RULE II.
Two or more nouns, &c. in the singular num-
ber, joined together by a copulative conjunction,
expressed or understood, have verbs, noiins, and
pronouns agreeing with them in the plural niiiY^-
ber : as, " Socrates and Plato were wise ; t^^
webe the most eminent philosophi?rs of Gr^ce %'*
<' The sun that rolls over our heads, the food xjli^t
we receive, the resjt that we enjoy, daiW aefmoTStsA
u^ of a superipr arjd superintending Potirfer;*'
The conjunction disjunctive has an effect con-
trary to that of the (conjunction copulative ; for as
the vei'b, noun, or [>ronoun, is referred to the pre-
ceding terms taken separately, it must be in the
singular number : as, " Ignofancp 6r negligence
has caused this mistako ;" " John or James^ or '
Joseph, intends to accompand me ;" ** Thet^e w,
in many minds, neither knowledge nor undeV-
standing.** 'Mi:::^''^':^r4'i^rm^'k:^.¥rmj^.-- ■'■ ' ■ ■
i
wm.;^:-
54
English Grammar,
>»
# RVtB IV.
A noun of muUitude, or signifying many, may
have a verb or pronoan agreeing with it, either of
the singular or plural number ; yet not without re-
gard to the import of the word, as conveying unity
orplnrality of idea : as, "The meeting washrge ;"
^' The parliament is dissolved ;" " The nation is
powerful ;*' " My people do not bonsider M<y
have not known me ;" *' The multitude eagerly
pursue pleasure, as thetr chief good :" " The
council were divided in their sentiments."
RULE V.
Pronouns must always agree witji their antece-
dents, and the nouns for which they stand, in gen-
der and number ; as, " This is the friend whom
I love ;" " This is the vice which I hate ;" ** The
ki^ and the queen had put on their robes ;**
*^ 'Hie moon appears, and she shines, but the light
is not her own.
The relative is the same person as the ante<^
cedent, and the verb agrees with it accordingly i.
as, V Thou who lovest wisdom," ** I, who speak
from experience."
RULE Vli
The relative is the nominative case to the verb,
when no nominative comes between it and the
verb : as, " The master who taught us ;" ''The
trees which are planted." ^
When a nominative comes between the rela-
tive and the verb, the relative is governed by
some word in its own member of the sentence :
. ■,/.
*; '^^ '-,
Syntax*
66
as, " He who preserves me, to whom I owe my
being, whose I am, and whom I serve, is eternal.''
RULE VII.
When the relative is preceded hy two nomina-
tives of different persons, the relative and verb
may agree in person with either, according to the
sense ; as, **/ am the man who command yoa ;"
or, ** I am th6 man who commands you."
RULE VIII.
Every adjective, and every adjective pronoun,
belongs to a substantive, expressed or undertitood;
as, '* He is a good as well as a wise man :" " Few
are happy t^th&t is *^ persons ;** " This is a plea-
"^ant walk ;" that is, ^\ This walk ist** &c.
Adjective pronouns must agree in number with
tneir substantives ; as, ^* This book, these books ;*'
ih'At sort, those sorts ; another road, other roads.
RULE IX.
The article a or an agrees with nouns in the
•singular number only, individually or collectively;
us, ** A Christian, an Infidel, a score, a thousand."
The definite article the may agree with nouns
m tlie singular or plural number ; as, " the gar-
den, the nouses, the stars."
The articles are dften properly omitted : when
used they sliould be justly applied, according to
their disitinct nature ; as, '* Gold is corrupting ;
the sea is green ; a lion is bold."
RULE X*;*,,;. ;•
One substantive governs another signifying a
■■'■■■ 1"' I*' ".
56
English Grammar.
it
different thing, in the possessive or genitive case ;
as, *vMy father's house;" ** Man's happiness;''
** Virtue's reward." , ^
BULB XI.
Active verbs govern the objective case ; as
" Truth ennobles her ;" " She comforts me
" They support i« ;" " Virtue rewards her fol'
lowers.** ,
•■ RULE XIT. ':,/"•';■''"'"'' ^
One verb governs another that follows it, or de-
pends upon it, in th^ infinitive mood; as, ** Cease
to do evil ; learn to, do well." " tVe should be
prepared to retider an account of our actions."
The preposition to, though generally used be-
fore the latter verb, is soml'times properly omit-
ted: as, " I heard him say it ;" instead of, **^if(|
say ityy-i -.;^^|i;.^ y„4^^.r-mn^-■ -■ ^'■.
RULE XIII.
In the use of words and phrases which, in point
of time relate to each otiier, a du^ regard to that
relation should be observed, instead of saying,
*' The Lord hath giveuy and the Lord hath taken
awifty :" we should say, " The Lord gave\ and
the Lord hath taken away." Instead of, " I re-
member the family more than twenty years ; it
should be, " I hath remembered the family more
than twenty yearsV W
RULE XIV. *
"•' •.-i'l.!-'- - *
''^/■}Xi
Participles have the same governm«nit as the
verbs from which they are derived ; as, *' I am
weary with hearing him ;" " She is instructing
Jl I»V M\*WB. «»7 i«-!.«f»nx#n«.'»»r, f ri^ ^ 'fficf t»,i'»
syntax.
57
RU;^ XV.
Advcrbsy thotigh they have no governirient of
case, tonse, &c. require an appropriate situation
in the sentence, viz, for the most part before ad-
jectives,' after verbs active or neuter, and iv^r
quentiy between the auxiliary and the verb ; as^
" He made a very sensible discourse ; he spoke
unaffectedly m\A forcibly j and was attentively
Aearc/j by the whole assembly."
Kr:^
IIULE XVI.
Two negatives in English desstroy one another,
or are equivalent to an affirmative ; as, "iVbrdid
they not perceive him; that is, "they did per-
c(Mve him ;" ** His language, though inelegant, is
not ungrammatical'^ that is, " it is grammatical."^
Prepositions govern the objective case : as, " L
have heard a good character q/* Aer ;" ^^ From
him that is needy, turn not away ;" " A word to
the wise is suffi^cient for tkamf ^* We may be
^M^^ 2kX\^\m^y^^ without richesr
•T .S\
. i . i
, ; , IIULE XVIIl.
Conjunctions connect the same moods ind
tenses of verbs, and cftses of nouns artd pronounVt
as, " Candour is to be approved and practised ;**
** If thou sincerely c/^^ire and earnestly /?ttr*ii<?
virtue, she will assuredly be found by thee, and
p¥ove a rich reward ;" ** The niaster taught her
and me to write;" " ifiTc and she were school-
fi?ll(JfWS, ; * . ■'>'■ ■/■ ■ ■' ■■ , ;r,'^-' : ^ ' ■
^KJk
m
English Grammar.
Some conjunctions require the indicative, some
t|^ snbjuncftive mood, after them. It is a general
role, that when something contingent or doubtful
is Implied, the subjunctive ought to be used : ncti
** If I were to write he would not regard it;"
" He will not h^ pardoned unless he repent'^
Conjunctions that are of a positive and absolute
nature require the indicative mood. **-4!y virtue
advances so vice recedes ;" " He is healthy be-
cflfJt^e he w temperatet
RULE XX.
When the qualities of different things are. com-
pared) the latter noun or pronoun is not governed
by the conjunction YAa^i or a^; but agrees with the
verb, or is governed hy the verb or the preposi-
tion, expressed or understood : as, ** Thou art
wiser than I;'* that is, "than I am." " They
loved him more than me ; i. e. " more than they
loved me ; ** The sentiment is well expressed by
Plato, but much better by Solomon than him :"
tlycit is, ** than by him."
RULE XXI.
To avoid disagreeable repetitions, and to ex-
press our ideas in few words, an ellipsis, (»r pmis-
»ion of some words,*is frequently admitted. lu-
stead of paying, *' He was a learned man, lie v^as
a wise man, and he was a good man V we, luse
the ellipsis, and say, ." He was a learne|d, wise,
and larood, man."
Wheji the omission of words would ^»bscure the
sentence, weaken its force, or be attended with an
Fi
teacl
>ng
and
V0IC«
it mj
ed fr
of tl
«ylh
Prosody*
59
frkl
(fill
|t;"
lite
impropriety, they mmt' 1>e .expressed. In the
sentence, ** We are apt to love who love us/' the
wwiiihem should b^ j^upplied. /' A beaiitiful field
liud trees ;'' is pot proper language. It should
be, ** Beautiful fields and trees ;" or, ** A beau-
tiful field and fine trees."
tl CLE XXII.
. All the parts .of a sentence should correspond to
ea^h other : a regular and dependent construction
throughout, should be carefully preserved. The
followipg sentence is therefore inaccurate; <* He
was more beloved, but not so much admired, as
Cinthio*:' It should be, ** He vvas more beloved
thiin (Jitithio, but not so raiit'h admired^/'
PfiOSODY.,.V
PROSODY consists of two parts : the former
teaches the true pronunciation of words, compris-
ing Acemty quantity^ emphasis, pause and to^^'X
md the latter the laws oi versification. 7^*
Accent is the laying of a particular stress ofihe
voice on a Certain letter or syllable in a word, that
it may be better heard than the rest, or distinguish-
ed from them : as, in the word presume the stress
of the voice must be on the letter u, and second
syllstble 2fume which take the accent.
* Be« the 23d edit, of the larger Granriinar,^ p. 212.
f:;
6o
English Gtammar,
QUANTITY.
The quantity of a syllable is that time which is
ociitipied ill pronouncing it. It is considered as
long or short.
A vowel or syllable is long, when the accent is
on the vowel : which occasions it to be slowly
joinedrin pronunciation, to the following letter :
as, " Fdll^ hahy modd, hduse, feature J' ' •
A syllable is short, when the accent is' on the
consonant; which occasions the vowel to be
quickly joined to the succeeding letter : as,>* an't
bou'net, hun'gei*.*'
A long syllable requires double the time 6f ti
short one in pronouncing it: thus, ^< mate" and
" Note," should be pronounced as slowly again as
" il/a^l* and « Ao^"
EMPHASIS.
■i^/m
By emphasis is meapt a stronger and jfuller
-sound of voice, by which we distins^uish some
word or words on which we design to lay particu-
lar stress, and to show how it ejects the rest of
the sentence. Sometimes the emphatic words
must be distinguished by a particular i, tone of
voice, as well as by a greater, stress^ ,
. i ■-^:, - ■ ^■- - • ■''■ ^ ''"^"'■'' ^ '' ■■''^"
■^-- ' ;'■ msi:;:k 'PAUSESi::;!.;^,,,. . ■: ^,, >*,. ;*,.', ,, ,.
Pauses or rests, in speaking and readings are a
total cessation of the voice, during a perceptible,
and, in many cases, a measureable space of time.
1 '•*.-■■ ,*'
Punctuation*
61
e which lis
iidered as
e accent is
be slowly
ng lettei' :
is' on the
i^el to be
a»,>*an't
time 6f k
mate" and
y again as
ind fuller
uish some
y particu-
be rest of
tic words
•ittono of
'♦,i
'». ^-fj
h ?*<!:'? 5 !>;-
.'A ''* \
ling^ are a
^rceptible,
;e of time.
"ONES.
Tones are diflbi'ent both from emphasis and
pauses ; consisting in the modulation of the voice,
the notes or variation of dound which we employ,
in the expression of our sentiments.
VERSIFICATION. *
Versification is the arrangement of a certain
immber and/variety of syllables, according to cer-
tain laws. '*'•
Rhyme is the correspondence of the last sound
of on6 Yerse, to the last sound or syllable of
another.
's 'fl 1
/'^ ,.?*-5 •
PUNCTTJATIOlf.
. •??.-,
Ifl^ the art of dividing a written composition in1;o
sentences, or parts of sentences, by points or
stops, for the purpose of marking the different
pauses, which the sense and an accurate pronun-
ciation require, r f^r;i^ -.X ..
Tbe Comma represents the Shortest pause ; the
Semicolon, a pause double that of the comma ;
the Qolon, double that of the semicolon ; and the
Period, double that of the colon.
The points are marked in the following manner :
^The Comma ^ - / ^ * « The Colon •? ^
m^y The Semicolon ; ^ 4^^ The Period.
4
I'll
M
m
English Grammar,
COMMA.
The condina usually separates tliote parts of a
sentence, which though very cloi^ely connected in
sense* require a pause between them s as, ** I re-
member, with gratitude, bis love and services."
*^ Charles is beloved, esteemed, and respected."
' SEMICOLON.
• , The Semicolon is used for dividing a compound
sentence into two or more parts, not sp^.closely
connected as those which are separated by a com-
ma, nor yet so little dependent on eacb, other, as
those which are distinguished by a col^n : as,
** Straws swim on tlie surface ; but pearls lie at
the bottom."
COLON.
The Colon is used to divide a sentence into two
or more pa^ts, less connectl»d than those which are
separated by a semicolon ; but not so independent
as Separate, distinct sentences : as, ^< Do not flat-
ter yourself with the hope of perfect happiness :
there is no si|ch thing in the world."
' PERIOD. '
When a sentence is complete and independent,
aiid not connected in construction with the follow-
ing sentence, it is marked with a period ; as,
** Fear God. Honour the King. ,Un|^e ph^Uy
towards all men." *^
' ■■■ ■ . ,„ ;•■' . _^'^-lBf«f'^*«H> ■ '.■■
Besides the points which mark tjie pauses in
discourse, there are others that denote a different
Pknctuatron,
m
modulation of iroice> in corresponilencft to the
sentew These are,
The Interrogative point,?
-The Exclamation poiiSt, ! * ' ' ' '
The Parenthesis, ( )
a8, *' Are you sincere ?"
" How exciellent is a grateful heart !"
** Know then thU triith, (enough for ihait to know,)
Virtue alone is happiness below." ^
.,.^^be following characters are also frecfuently
used in composition.
An Apostrophe, marked thus * : {is, ** thoV
"judg'd." am
A, Caret, mark^4 thus a : as, <' I diligent.''
lA liyphen, whichis thus marked - : as, *' Lap-
dog, to-morrow." ^ ' i 5 V,
The acute accent, marked thus ' : as, ** Fan'-
cy." The grave accent thus ^ : as, " Favour."
l^he proper mark to distinguish a long syllable,
is this~ : as, ** Rosy ;" and a short one this^ :
as, *' F511y.* This last mark is called a Breve.
A Diseresis, thus marked" : shows that two
vpwels form separate syllables ; as, '< Creator .''
A* Section is thus marked §.
- A'Ptfragraph, thus f ^^^* ^^'^^ ' ^-^^ >^^^' ' -^ ■ ^
A, Quotation has two inverted commas at the
beginning, i^nd two direct ones, at the .en<jl, of a
pbra^f or parage: as,
** The proper study of mankind is man."
'M
wi
■r*-m
Jt.'
■'<\''.i,,
;K- .1
■■•ji
m
I
64
EngUih Orammar.
Crolohelt or Brackets serve to enclose a par-
ticular word or sentence. Tbey are marked
^*»"»[ ]• .« '
An Index or hand ^jT points put a remark-
able passage.
A Brace > iinites three poetical lines ; or
> nni
connects a number of words, in prose, with one
common term. M'
An Asterick or little star^ directs the reader
to some note in the margin.
An Ellipl^is is thus marked ; as **K gJ*
for King.
An Obelisk, which is marked thus f , and Pa-
rallels thus ||, together with the letters of the al-
phabet, and figures, are used as references to the
margin.
CAPITALS.
t 4.
The following words should begin with capitals.
" ; 5>.
1st. The first word of every book, qhapter,
letter, paragraph, &c. . .
2d. The first word after a period, and fre-
quently after the notes of interrogation and ex-
clamation. , if* « *
Capilais*
65
#
dd, The names of the Deity ; as, Gud, Jeho'
f ah» the Supreme Being, &c.
4th, Proper names of persons, places, ships, &c.
5th, Adjectives derived from the proper names
of places: as, Grecian, Roman, English, &c.
I
<
6th, The first word of an example, and of a
quotation in a direct form : as, ^* Always remem-
ber this ancient mttxim ; * Know thyself/"
/
7th, The first word of every line in poetry.
♦
8th, The pronoun /, and the interjection C /
9th, Wards of particular importanc e : as, the
Reformation, the Restoration, the Revolution.
'.4 . '^^
APPE'NDIX
«
' ' cbxTAIIflMC
' EXERCISES
fN ORTHOGRAPHY, IN PARSING, IN SYNTAX,
AND IN PUNCTUATION.
PAET t:
%
EXERCISES IN OUTHOGRAPHT.
■'Si ■■
A sprig of mirtle.
Tlie liHy tff the vftlley.
A tmrder of daysies.
A fxid of Tilets.
Tfie'Affrican maryguld.
The vArigated geranium.
Newington peecfaes.
Italien iiectarins.
Turky aprieocks.
The Orleans plumb.
A palate of satlet. ;
A dish of pees. •^ .
A bunch of sparagmss.
A naess of spinnage
T&is Portugial mellon.
Dutch currans.
Ked and white rasberrtes.
The prickly coucumber.
Red and purple reddi»hea.
Meally potatoes.
Earley Dutch Turneps.
Late colli flowers.
Dwarf uabages.
A hauthorn hedge.
A fine spreddiiig oak.
A weeping willow.
* The erroneous spelling h to be rectified by Dr. John*
son's Dictionery. For the propriety of exhibiting errone-
ifu» exercises in Orthography, see the Adverti&ieuient to
(h« £icvetith •dition of the Eiigli^nh EAeiciiseis
ixereises in t)rtfi(Ǥrapkp.
iX,
%
^itr<
-\'-
A pidgeofi pye.
A plumb puddin. t
A rich cheaMofdM.
A beei^take. • ; ^'
A mutten chop.
A sholder of Lavb.
a! fillett of veel.
A banch of venason.
A o|ip of choocdlale.^'^K ^ t :
A bason of soop. %^
Ooalchester oistert. 'i^
Phessanto and Patridgea.
A red herrin. -
-■*.
f
A large lobstor.
The gras in pmn*
Safron Is yallow.
Yinigar Is sowr.
Sliugar is sweet.
A pair of sciszon.
A silver bbdken.
A small pennkriifft^f
Black lead pencils.
Ravens* f tails.
' A box of waifers.
A sticic of sdeling walc>
Tba pint of a swordi
Sammon is a finer fish than The edge of a ru«er. •
turbot, pertch, or baddick. The tai 1 of a plow.
The gras of the fields,
iiisbon orranges.
Spanish chessnuts.
.A beach tree.
A borcb tree,
A floor f ardin.
Afeildofrie.
The wheat harvist.
A bleu sky. ^l > ^^^is^tw
A lovly day. ^y
A beautiful! scenn.
A Splendid pallace. 'M^^f
A chcarful countenance.
An ancient ca.stel.
A utvaight gate.
A strait l\ne^
K-'. y'f-yi-j ">
ti'.
A cl^an flore. « •
An arm chara.
The front dore.
The back kitchim
The little parlor.
A frelndly gift.
$ An aifectionnate parent.
A dutifiiU child.
An oblidging foehaivoor.
A well(;ome messefiger.
Improvcing con versa t4t»ii»
An iri»portiinate bi'ggtjt-.
An uccasiiinal viMttvi'.
■■'i
m
68
AppewMx.
A diwgreable joorpyv
A wUlful errour.
Blameable conductb^
Sincere repenteiice.
Laudible persuits.
Good behaivour.
A reguler vissit. .
A severe headake.
A skillfull horsroaii.
A lavorable rcceplion.
Every seatton has ito pecuDef
b'iautys.
Avoid extreams.
Never deceive.
ArtifiUal flowers, .k^-t^i^mu Knowledge inlarges the mind.
Chrystal streems. To acquire it it a great pr^vi-
Murmering winds, >,,; ,;v' ledge. 14 • '
A tranquil retr«et*«f^^wK sr^' I'he school encreases«3^«i\'!
A noixy school. '%t® i^t We must be 8tudeou».; * •
A surprizing storey. Enquire before you resolve.^ *
Spritely discourse. ;v % / Be not affraid to do. what i.%
Frophane tales. ^. .7^*0 ;t**t;■^•^;«^..,. rights ..ip. i-^,!, ,,,.^,i.^i^tij^.,;.:4,r.
>r*
PART II.
.*^v*.t*W«.
EXERCISES m PAAiSlN6. "
*#€#M,.ibiiivi.
Exercises in Parsing, as it respects Etymology
■" alone. , -^f^^- ^^■
SECT. I, i,<%is^te.:n
•.
rAipmlogical Parking Table.
What part of speech ?
1. An Ariirif. Tr rifir Kind r >> ny f
Sxercuu in Parsing,
2. A st$bs€antwe. Common or tvoper ? What^
Oi^nder? Camber? Case? Why? J
3. AnddjeetwCf What degree of com{mri0oa ?
To what doies it belong ? Why im adjective ?
4. Aj)ronoun, What kind ? Person ?, Uender ^
I^umber? Case? Why? .^^
5. -4»cr5. Whatkind? Mood? Tense? NumTv
her? Person?, Why? If a participle, Why ^
Active or Passive ?. .<
6. An adverb. Why is it an adverb ? .\
7. A preposition. Why a preposition ?
%, A conjunction. Why? ^
9. An interjection. Why ?
Sect. 2. Specimen of Etymola0(kd Parsing,
Hope aninoates us.
ZT^^e is a common substantive, of the neuter
gender, the third person in the singular numbei!,
and the nominative case* (Decline the suhstan^^
tive,J , Animates is a regular verb active, indica-
tive mood, present tense, third person singular.
(Repeat the present tense^ the imperfect tense^ and
the perfect participle ; and sometimes conjugaU
the verb entirely.) Usnti personal pronoun, first
person plural and in the objective case. (Dedlin^
the pronoun.)
A peaceful mind is virtue's reward. /
A is the indefinite article. Peaceful is an ad-
jective. (Repeat the degrees of comparison) Mind
is a common substantive, of the neuter gender,
the third person in the singular number, and th^
nominative case ^ (Heclifie the substantive.) /#is
m
m
7^
Appejidix, -^
ftfr UTisgular terb neuter, indtcitti vd ttibbd, present
tense, and the tmrd pei^ii 8tnj|ii]si^. (Rej^tthe
pteif^ltense^ike imperfidiietise, andtk^pattiei'
jE>^> «^itM^^?deftoM(z% conjugate the verb eMrefy,)
VWeif^ih a cohin^h substantive, of the third p^-
son, in the singular nnihber, and the. pd^ie^sive
caiij.^'' Y-^*^^*^* ti^^ ^stan^pe.) Reward is a
ccinitiidti iit^h^^ of the tliird person, tti t^e
sinfnilar nnmber, and the nominative case.
'mL.
■ r»- .ii .'♦ v*^
.^*l^^'ii'
SECT, XII. - . m^w^^'h. ■ .'^■
\ ...
Article and Substantive, ' ^j-
A bush . , A pnnce ^*
Atroe-' ■•- •;; .p^i.vi/ A rivulet .%^^;^.'1^\-'
A ilotirer ■ ^ d 't*s J 3'i^v*i*i*;'.*iFt; *foTbe Haqfiber ■ pm-k't^iAifm
An^iqnil^^ .^ 5*ift!W;\ . Gjntgwy .:nidmt'!:i^m-hm
An aimona An abbesp t .'^ >^
A'boose ■■"■: ; ./• :^'Abnl1d^^'■vln'=^V^^^>^vvvi\^
Af|.>our ^r>f«^^^i>l<^^^.Aft Europe tvi;^,-. '
A|9 htpour — *^ The science* ^ j.^,^,|,
An oostler ' ' Yorkshire
The garden The planets
The fields /, ,:^.i ,^ .,„,-;;, T?he sun ,iy,, ...,..,..:, ^x
Th^ rainbow '» „A "volume
Th^-d<i6«i#<^^*\^^^'^-'" '-Warchnient-'' 4«4;.«!«t!l-^|,K'' ■ ;
The fliAii»lar*8 duty ^h« pens V ),«*"/««
Th«hori99n| A diipositieli, ^: j^.,
Virtue / . , : , Bencyolence,
The ¥lcee ■ An oTfirsjifht ''
■ifi
Eacerci^s i%,Parsing.
A variety
Oeofge
TtieRhinj^ ,: > ,•
A jj^rammar ,. ' : ,
Matbematlpa
The eleinei|;t9 ^
An earthqijiHlc^ ^I>^JVJ»
Tfie King's prfi^ogiitlTO,
Africa ,.•";; •.'<ij'i4 ft t-
The Continent !,. ,;
Roundness . ^yg^^y^ «^
Adeclevity, %,:^|,^i. ,
Blackness , ,^-^<5»|fe»^^,,a|J
An inclination .i^y^^^^k,:^
The uqdertaklng ,
Penelope ,^-v4;^-.i,
Ouustancy-,|r
An entertaininent^s;;.-^^|s,;
A fever
.a.
A^
The governess
An ornament
The girl's school
Depravity
The coDstitutidh
The laws
Beauty ,
A consumption
An elevation
The conqueror .^
An Alexandec .. ;
Wisdom --,v^:m0^m. h.
America ^-i ■^^.'.,Vi^^00^:W<
The Cnsars
TheTbaiEiies ,
A river
The shadoyrs , .; i>t^
A vacancy ,.H,ym, ^il!«j«>^
The stars y^t'^^^^i^:^\li^^ An idea.. s....^.^-..:.^,kfw^:A
A come^-;?,,a^^i;^^j^^i^j, ■ A whim
A miracle ,#^%jris^»4% r Something
A -prophecy^. ,,^<.^,^ j.,j.^.NQthii*g.^ ,
■fs^
SECT. IV.
ArHd^, AdjecHvky and SuBsia^tw4^^y'^-*^-f
A goodhfart, r.^^^p^An obedient scm ^^
A., wise bead ^ V L^^ .A diligent scholar A.
**«^^
A^ strbhl; body ^*
Shady trees
A flagrant flower
The verdant fitUds
^^^,*^>An obedient 80i;i ,
, A diligent scholar
*^**^ ^ A hippT parent
The cau'Jid realsoner
Fair proponds .i ■ ^ n? r
A mutual agr«eiiie|i|, t^.^
if
"I!
n
?P
I
■■^;«
'Vi^MBrAQ!
li
Appendix.
A peaoeful m\ni
CompoMd tboiigbtt
A aereiie aapeet
An affiible deportment
The whistling winds
A boisterous S(?a
Tbe bowling tempest
A glocoay carers
Sapid streams
Unwholesome dciws
A severe winter
A li^ksft clrone
T»*ft indsiaSi'Hous bee».
H&rsalc*?;, dovm ' '^^^'^ ■ ■
Tb« c«i"\;le3i* ostrich "
TJ be datifai atork
Tb« spasious firmanient
Cooliiig breezes '^^^^
A woman amiable
A dignified character
A pleasing address
An open countenance '
A convenient macitlon
Warm clothing
A temperate climate
Wholesome aliment
An affectionate parent
A iiree government
The diligent farmir
A fruitful field .
The crowning hanrest
A final rr~r td
i;*«-
A virtuous conflict'^
A plain narrative
An historical fiction
ilelentless wm'
An obdari;it8 hfitiA
Tempestttons pcisiGiie
' At^^mper ^.Hibai^i^i/l'V,''^ ■'■'■''
A ser?sual r;rnd
Tbe bablling brook
A Hmpid stre&m
Tbe devious walk •■^»^^':^^'^''
A wiotisig canal ■/*^*v4 .
The serpentine river
A melancholy fact
Aq interesting history
A happier life
The woodbine 8 fragranoa
'" A cheering prospect
An harmonious sound
Fruit delicious
Tbe sweetest incense
An odorous garden
The sensitive plant '
A garden enclosed
Tbe ivy-mantled tower
, Virtue s faik* form
A mahogany table
; S weet scented myrtle
A resolution wise, noble, dis-
inters, »;Kd ,
Consolati lenient hand
A b^**«r i id
kl.
': »» .^ ^
^'ff^^M^^'
yh.
A mlafrabie and
f;
A«j^tWTfrted|^lnt ,^ Jippu _ ,
I am slii«fi^ • ; '- T(Mi t9C9a«|^ lnii ^ .^*f1»
llboa arl 4n.d|if trloufti^ n: • ^ They .4^^
H« b dUinterestdd ^ <■ -, Let him confti4«r . : 4<
Thou dwt iiii|«ovl„a ,«»i « , il.et as impir«r# #wrj|«lvi« f a^^
He aairisted me m : Know yoanielvitii, ijff/, ; • ji Wfl ^
;^f^tP(Minq^ted jHifjenrpfyj- J^et tbeiii.a4v«ift«)e »♦ »r n r
0ar bfipM did flatter us h They may oi^i|^,<^.)
l^liey have^dit^ilftadme r^^' i^f can f(«^v« ) > ■'
Tour expectatioQvibiui {felled He might eiirpadw tfaeili . -.w
ltiftacold#iitlia(2:hapfieiiied We could overtake litfiB. ,»
He ^<ld resli^bb ^ hiinsetf j^^i I would ha tenppj^ f
T*?'.i.- '^eiuf« Tviii<detei)|ith^ Ife »l|ott)4:.itpai>l^ 'i\r'ii^,i^^ct 'I:'
iCou shall nubniii He may have deceivj|d^,pa,
^e hoQoar Uten gmlE'hey may have i^^ff^^teiv
E
71
Afpenm::
GtMdf liiiyblir'tKld) >rmil
He will bart ik^iitmXntik
ifft tluiH hayf agreed
Let'nieilNipfeH
D« fMi iiilCitKi him
Pri^ire yofir leMbiis
Thou ii)ifhtel liat« fAi^a-
' . Ted ' ,
We sbottld have toniilier-
ed "•■■:■-'
7o see <he inn; U pleieaMt
To IWa ^ell ia iMfodiira-
We '
Promettng othera welfare, To baye cotiquered hlnlliBlf
they advanced their own wae his highest praise
interest* To be trusted we must be
He lives reqpeeted virtuous
Having resigned bis office he To have been admired avail-
retired ' ' ed him little
They are discouraged Ridiculed, persecuted, despi-
He was condemned sed, he niainl|iined his
We have been ren^ardo^ ^^^ "^.^ principles
6he bai been admired Being reviled, we bless
Virtue will be rewarded Having been deserted, he be-,
The person will hkve been < came diseouraged *
executed^ when the par- The sight being new, he
doa arrivea* startled ' ./ su
Let him be animated' This uncouth ilgure startled
' Be you entretited ' him Vs%fe»li
Let them be prepared I batesearched^ I have found
It can be enlarged? .'^■«*^'^'i' it • '' ■ >^<»i^ iwO
Tou may be discovered They searched those rooni^'f
He mighi-'be eonvinced jEf'*i^-*be was gone y^tt^'t'
It would bit car^esed The book Is bis; it was
I may have heart' deceived ' mine ^< < -''<^
They might have; been li«fi« These are yours, those are
'^''■' oured'- -'- ours vr„-
Our h9S*#f ttM d^elllul / That Is what F feared i,^*^ J ^^
.'JAvi ,
None m(
I*
HisestM
Her worl
Eachmu
tibn
Every h
tforn
Which VI
li wasni
Hers hi
do
r,
■■ -.-^i'
ri
fl have s«
napi
Thirdly,
cone
Thetaik
ed
We pou
thei
We often
perfi
Exer4iffe$ m. Parsing,
f^
T^r^oondttc^ m^ tli«ir aj^ TImI' ^,|he l|i|np ?f )Mch 1 4f-
N<^n«met who could fvofd liThp/ipiia.pre^^pTf ]|iq|iM!lf?
it , WboM book! art tlp«9«?
Hit Mteon^ is my lioopur Wliom bat^ w« MHrred?' .^
Har wocic^doet her crodil Some are iiegl|||ent, others
Each must anewer the ques- indaetri<|KMui
tibn' Onft 9iajf . deoeiye oiff'e
ETery heart kijiowa It, own self . . , /
^ iorrowt All have ,,a. taleot to i^»
Which was hie choioe pro?e . <^
li was neither , • ^ Can a|iy dispute it ^ , ^^, ;
Hers Is finished, thine b to Such is our condition. , ; y
do
'Z/"'
iSJsrcr. VL
IS ■-■%.?
,. Uv
Adverb, PrepoiitiQn, Car^'uncHon^ and Intsv'
■ Jection,
el have see^ him once, per- This plant is foundibcre and
hfljps twice elsewhere
Thirdly* and lastlft I shall Only today is properly
conclude ©ure ^'^' *'^
The taslc is ahready perform- Tbtey travelled through
ed France in baste, towards
We pottld not serTOj him i^- (Italy
then^ but we will here- Trom virtue to vtce» the pro-
|if^r grein is gradual,
We often resolve but seldom By diligence and frugality,
perform ^^ <f* we arrivo at cqnip-
.1 iW'.i
:KJ
V*--
■i' -ill
i:' :ft-..
> ^^m
•\l'^'
r^^^^tppen^'^''
DOW than fonMHitf
\
Ve uni ofU^ below mW
wishm, «^ iWW oi|r
msert
Some thing! inak« for hifQ,
otliers ii^iost qIhi
^^ *^%^ci;; aiif i^e Wni ^ii-^ By ttis fmpriideii^ lie Wm
bably satbe^a"
m^ ewe^fiy Che birds sitjj^f
"Why art thou so he«'^*?s;. ,'
H« Iv litde 4ttiinti^#, nijr^
absolutely stupid ^^
When win thej* ai¥lW* *" '
)|>]unged in^o hew diffi-
eulties •
^ii^'ottt t»i#'aS of charUy.
he supported' titmMlf
with credt^^ *" ' ' '
Of his talents tnubit m^g^t
Where rtrtdl #• sto^?^ **^^^' f *ba' paid, <jdnierritng his
Mentally and bodily, we ': iintegrity nothing
are curiously and won- On all occasions she beha-
- derfuUy formed ^ * •*>**» ted with propriety
Wf> in vain look for a He will be d(>tected though
pfl& between yirtue aud') *^v1i^ deny the faM ^^
vice ^, i ^^ he has promisied, he should
He lives within his income ^ act accordingly
3?]i8 iNMiaa was. (»>ld ^at a Shq will tranB^reas unkas
great prl6fc> aaid tibove she be adoaoiflslifd
•' ^ita Talne \>:^ Jf vbe weire eilcoura^^di iE^
She came down stairs ^ow- would amend
|jt» but weut. briskly up TboUgbhe e«Bd6nei|^ioc(, I
iftjij ,.||gaii|,«4^^.f ,. will respect him >
His iktberand moHier n?id llieir tillent^ dre triore brit
i>i>^ fBicle, reside :« Rome/ ^aiit than UisM *' ^
We most be t^nip^ e' we Notwithstanding bi^jpover-
■i4^t
li^ouid be heaitny
^i)]-
He b as old as his ■, olass-
ty, be is a, wis* ud
worthy person
Hi
«^.»'
m'
E 2
£kiNVHr*et m Paninig^
Tti
iMtt, ^t iiol M 1«ih (ft* If Mir ^atlTM art. iBoi«»
ed rati, «Mr wanto wUl^a
lia U btoHi tdUeraat and Hape oAmi amawik ^ aek
baueTdleiit dom satlsAfls ut
^€ wil itoy tilt Ike arrives Tfaough he U IWdy, j^ Im
Ha raliret to rest tooii, that in uot ToUtlla ^,
Va may rite early O, f eacel how deeihidMe ait
We oiksbt 4a %e tbarikful, tlio«
for wa liave received Ihavel^een* often ) p ec iiiel»
■ much ^ alae! wiili,trifle8
Though ha U Often advised, Scrange'!! that we sImniM he
yet he does not eiforn •so Infiitiufted '
Hepraof eilber eoftent or X)1 the haijjiiillalians ta
hardens Its etiject whicli vice reduces «is '
Neither prosperity, noT ad- Hackl how «weetly ^^
▼eraity "has imprev<M woeidlark sings
him Ah! tin delusions «f hope
Hti cai!i,acqtflre no virtne^ RaiV aimpTicity! «e«iree df
'^^''^nless ike atialce some genuine Joy
saoriAoes Behold 1 how fleasant k is
%et him that sitandeth, take lor hrethl^h to dwell «a^
^ heed lest he fall gcther in unity
tf thoa wert his supeiior, Welcome again J niy .M|t
tho<& shouldsttfiotha^ lostlriead
hoasted
«tJ '
•.^iW'
*5
\;. . ^ '.
*t ' > fv ' '.^J: "^S
.-/ ^
•
^ #,
-^t •
f
•-s^'t^^W^ !'
.f ^.j> I'r^ '"' .
^J'.
. ^J a i ',^ vU.
4
'■*:<(
'fti-^i • K^i
M
"> * 1
f
it
^
m
•
•78
Apptkdix* ' I
SEVT. VII.
•tH*^tf*
A few instances of the same wards eonsiitiUin^
several of the< Parts iff iSpeechi
»■ . f .1,., ■/ ', ■
Calm v?9a tbe ciay« pd U^t Damp air.^ !• ifnwholf'
ineoe delightful some ' ^ , ,
Wt may expect a calm after Guilt often Wta a 43amp
a storm
To prevent panion, is easier
tlian to calm it
Better is a little with con-
tent, than i^ great deal
with anxiety
The gay and 'dissolute think
little of the* miseries
over our ;iprightli«st
hours
. ' . ' ' ■■ ■ ■)
Soft bodies damp thf, found
much mor^ thf^bard
Though she is rich and
fair, yet sb^ Is uot ami.-
i^bich are steijing soft- They are yei young, and
ly after thena
A little attention will recti-
fy some errors
Though he id dut^ o^ danger
he is still afraid
He laboured to still the tu-
■■ ,. ■■< • '
mule .
must suspend their judg-
ment yet a while ^|^,.
Many persons are ^better
than we s^^ppposiB them
j.^to|b,e
The few.an^ tbe mairiy have
their preposset^ioiis
Still Waters are commonly Few days pass with.oot some
the deepes|! clouos
Mueb money 1^ is corrupt- We are too apt to like par-
ing ^ . nicious company
Think Oijuch, and speak He may go or stay as he
little likas
He has seen much of tha They strive to learn
world, and* been much He goes to and fro
cafvaaeu *
BIs.tyM
ben
The mo
. the
sno
T^ de<
is-r
He baa e
ioft
She is b
bnl
den
WeqSQs
bet'
Every b
BebaTti!
'j!
Nouns,
Wai
Ing no
cdnyen
p^btub
Wri
tive Oft
boy, ft
f » • r
E.^t^i.i'^^.
79
Hit .<yMni art tbwfi tfirni To h\k wia<loiilk we <iw«' otgr
ben; but he bas not j^Wtlegee
MM^Ddfe l^nowledgo' Tbf prop9|rtIon^ I* ten tp
^e nio^« ' Ve ' are ble^d, one '
. tbe more grateful we He served tnem with bit ut-
slionld be kno^it abhlty
T^e deeire of getting more When we do our ^tmoft, no
ie- rarely satisfied more is required
Bo l^as eqi^l knowledge, bot I will submit* for submission
* J* inferior judgment . bringapteace ^
6be is bis inferior in sense, It is for our health to bo
bnl his. equal in pro-. temperate
deuce < Oh I for better times ^''
We i|ifist«makt a Iiko space I have a re|(ard lot him
betweentbe Mnea fie is' esteemed bOtfi on his
Everj being loves its like own aoooant, and'<to that
BebaToyOttsselvei like men of Ms parents '
Both of them deserve praise
'-.i
r.,
SECT. Vllty
i I
iVottiur,' Adjectivesi and Verbsy to tfi
compared^ and cor\jUg(^ted»
m'
WritB) in the nominative case plural^ the foU^lv;-
ing nouns : apple, plum, orange, bush, tree,. plant,
cdnTenlenee, alsoraer, ndvice, beginnin^^, defeat,
p^6tubera:nce. *
Write the following substantives in the noinina-
tive case plural : cry, fly, cherry, fancy, glory, duty,
boy, folly, play, lily, toy, convenii^ncy.
Write the foUowinsr noiins In the poggsssgirs ease
Wi'M
Appei^4iik
singiilAr : boy^ girl, manv womati, lake, 8e% ohurcti;
lass, beauty, sister, bee, branch. ^
Writ^ the foliowinff in the nominati?!^ caseplural :
loaf, sheaf, seli^ muff, knif^^ stuff, wife,*stan, wolf^
half, calf, shelf, life.
Write the following m the genitive case plural x
brother, child, tia^n, woman, foot, tooth, ox, mouse,
goose, p^Qnyv •
Write the following nouns in the ttomitiative and
possessive ca^es plural : wife^ chiefs die, staff, eitv^
riv^r, proof, archer, master, cTutch^ tooth, moutdt
baker, distafi^ ^
Write the possessive singtilar and plural of this
pronouns X, thou, he» she, it, who. and others : \
Write the objective case^ singular and plural, «f
the pronouns, I, thou, he, she, it, and who;
^.i^^Compai^ the following adjectives t fair, grave^
bright, long, short, tall, white, deep, 8trong> poor,
rich> great ^ ^^.p " ^ , ■ ^ ^
Obmpare the (bllowing adjectives : amiable, mo*"
derate, disinterested, favorable, grateifUl, studious^
attentive, negligeitit> industrious^ perplexing.
Write the following adjectives in the comparative
degree; near, far, little, low, good indi£^rent, bad,
WcWthy, cOttvetoienti
Write the following adjcettve^ ttt thfe superlative
degree!: feeblle, bold, good, ardent, cold, bad, base,
tittle^ slrottg^ late, near, content. ,^
Coi^ligate the following verbs in th^ in<?icative
mood, pifesent tense* beat, gain, ."^d^ eat, walk,
desire, iDterposCk •
Conjugate the following verbs in the poienlial
mooil, imperfect. iefise: fear, hope, dream, %, con*
sejaU improve, eoniroveyt,^..
;;jti,/i->i«,-.-UU, "J,;,: J.
■■A^,- -
.'■A
mood, perfect tense I dnte, ppepatef, star vte; omrt^
iodnlge, demonstrate.
Conjugate the following: verbs in the imperative
mood : beli«3Ye, depart, invent, give, abolish, con*
trive.'.-- ' , ^ • ■. '
Write the following verbs in the infinitive mood^
present an4 perfect tepses: grow, decr^t^, ^ve,
prosper, separate, incommode, ;,
• Write the present, perfect, and coinpoand parti-
ciples, of the following verbs : CQi^fess,, disturb,
pleasCf know, beigin, sit, set, eat, lie, tay. '
Conjugate the following verbs im^the indicative
mop^^ present and perfect tenses of tlje passive
*foifee: honour, abase, am^se, s%bt, «iliigji|e^
please, envelope, heresyer^'''''^'^''^'^^'r^'^ :
Conjugate the following verbs in the inciieftlive
%Q^j^, pluperfect and first futur^* tenses ;4y> con-
trive, know, devise, choose, coihe, see, firo. eati.groWt
bring, forsake. ."^ !^ - \.
Write the following verbs in the present and im-
perfect tense*? of tlie potential apd ^iibjunc^iv^n^oods:
know, shak|8i|fr„ilf.S^j, JP|^. bl9>r„;beiitj^,;|^-
seech. ; ,'■ ■^■v-^' ■■■•-;,.■:■*'■ -f' ' "'^ ,.;:*',,
, ?^v \fj\iQ tije following verbs in the indicative ^nood,
imperfect and second future tenses, of the pa^isive
voice : slay, draw, croyn, throw, defeat, grilid, hear,
divert ■■ ■•°^'**^^^^ dii^<id uiy^ .^^'Sii - •-..■ ''.:-■; ■
^'' Write the following verbs iri the second and third
persons singular of al) the tenses in the indicative
and subjunctive moT/C^ : approve; condemn, mmim,
freeze, know, arise, drive,. blow, investigate.
,: Form the following verbs in the infinitive and im-
fi A.' .■ ■'
> >
.■■><!
,:*■■■
*'5
•,:,l. '.SV:*'
:, , -?■;■., '' ;..;-
•82
AppptdiTP*
perative moods, with $be!r p^rtielpIeSi atti|i;the pas-
sive voice: embraceydraw» deieat, smile. \
M
SECT. IX.
Y ■■ .^r-mwH
Pramisaiaus JExircises in Etymological Parking.
InyoVLt wfiole behaviotir be bumble aod obli-
Virtue is t^ie universal cbarm^^
l^rue pblit6ue»s has its seat iti t!le heart.
. . ■ ' ,'
We should endeavour to please, rather than to
shine and dazzle. »< f
Opportunities occur Haily for strengthening in
ourselves the habits of virtue. ,^ < ,<. /
Compfission prompts us to relieve the wants of
'whers, ■' :•..:;■ ..^-v
A good mind is unwilling to give pain to eith#r
mail or beast.
.-i-
Peevishness and passion often produce, firom trifles
^eme^ seHous mischiefs. ,
'SiliNi^^^ ofteti nourishes passions, equally ma«
llgnaM in the cottage and in the palace. v.<
A ipreat proportion of human evils is created by
oiirs^Wes, ; » j^
A passion for revenge, has always been consider-
ed as the mark of a little and mean mind. ;^
If greatness flatters our vanity, it multiplies our
^anrers... • . :- ■ y ,,. ,, y
To our own failings we are commonly blind. 4
Tbe friendships of young persons, are often fouii-
4ed en capricbiu* likings. \<wf'^^-.
-1 V-:; >**■
• ,. * .; .'_
*#*
Exercuea i» F^tnng.
sr
i I»' yoitt youthful amufliementi let no unfairness
be found.
'Engrsiire on your minds this sacred rule, **J)o
unto others, as you wish that they should do unto
you."
'^Trath and candour possess a powerful chani^ ;
thes^ bespeak jinfversainivour.
'After ' the iSrst depariure from sincerity, ti )s
seldom in bxit power to stop : one artifice generally
leads on to atiother.
Temper the vivacity Of yttutn, ifith a proper
mixture of serfous thought, . , , ,,. . '■ ■ 4
The spirit of true religion is social, kind, and
'Cheerful. ;.. , ... - «». .• ,^',.,.-a;;v .
of others, eve^r betray you into profane sallies. - 4^^*r ,
■In preparing for another world, we must not
neglectthe duties of this life. h^^^ lil
'-^he manner in which we employ oiir present
time, onay decide our future happiness or misery. ,
Happiness does not grow up of its own accor^:.
it is the fruit of long cultivation, and the acquisition '
of labout^ iind care.
A plain undarstanding is often joined with great
worth. *
^ The brightest parts are sometimes found without
virtue or honour.
How feeble are the attractions of the fairest fbmi,
when nothing within corresponds to them.
Piety and virtue are particularly graceful anil' -
becoming in youth.
, , Can we, untouched by gratitude, view that pro«^^
-I 'a
•r
8*
» Affpndixn
fimfixi Qf i{9o4r w^ch tl^^ 41vi|^e hand povLT$ around
uC ' ^ . .. . ^^
^Xhere js nothing; in huma^ life n\ore . an4abl« and
respeotable, (han the character of a truly ]jinunbl(^,,
and i)enevolent man. >Y
What feelings are more uneasy and painful^ than
the workings of sour and angry passions ? .i^-
No man can be actiye in disquieting others, who
does liot, at the same time, dlisiauiet himself, , '•
A life of pleasure and dissipation, is ai^ ^emy i||» i
health, fortune, and character.
To correct the sj^lri^ of discontent, let ns con-,,
sider how little we deserye, and how much we'
enjoy. , / »
As far as happiness is to be found on earth, we '
must look for it, not in the wortd, dr the thhigs of
the world; but within ourselves, in our tempei*,'^"
J*
and in our heart.:*|i:V->f ' --7'«f , ■ : ■ • ;; . '■i-^^i:- : r i 1: P^
Though bad men attempt to turn virtue into rfii'^*
dicule, they honour it at the bottom of their hearts.
(K what small momei^t to oiur real fiapfiineisi^i
are many of those injuries whioh draw ^^rt^K. q^r
resentment! . • ' ' -r '*^'- ' '.' .V?'^^' •'■^
In the moments of eager contention, every ^Jji^iifg ,
is magnified and distorted in its, appearance. , ,
Multitudes in the most obscure stations, are not
less eager in their petty broils, nor less tormented
by their passions, tMn if princely honoilrs were the
prize for which they contended. '^f'' ': ' *^^'
The smooth stream, the serene atmosphere, the
mild zephyr, are the proper emblems of a gentle
temper and a peaceful life. Among the sona of
strife, all is loua and tempestuous. >
e:
%
'■^
. :t
Sxerci$0$. mj^arging.
BX^.
<#
ll^/El^rSES IN PAJRsi?lGr AS IT. i|ESPECT8
BOTH ETYMOLOGY ANP ^TNTAX.
fy;;^..
Syntactical Fwsim Tftbh,
Article. Why is it the definite «r|icl« ?
'^^4'^'^mM^T^^f^ indfifinite?^, ,,^l,. u,,^< ■ '■,.-. -,^
Why oualtted ? "^hy. repeated ? >?.
Subst^i^ipe, Y^by is i| in the possessive ciisfi? *?^ i
^' -^--v #:!>;. ■H'Why;,i%*li^,pl4e9t^ye,qape?.,i^ -*■• :,^*,^K
-. ./: :>tis>!^)iyJO;appo^|fjio|r?L?,,,^, ,, -.rif
Adjective, What U Ijts sufcistftiifcive 1 ^*^ « .^H'^'^l'^v
•• 'Wbgf, ip.,|^ 8jngi;\lar^ W^^ tlio pliirjd
' ' number ii
, ... -..^
('*^t I.
. > ' ' Wliji^ in ||;he qogopariiti ve degree, &g. ?
' ,' h bt>^Wh|y omitted, Why repeatfl^?
JPronouH, , , What is its imtecedent ?
"L
t . ,f-»
?^<^w.'i iJ-i^ii'^^y <»^M*^ mascuIine^fWhy, of the feminiilf,
1 ^*^ id
Why of the neuter gender ?
^ .. 'Why of the first, of the second, or of tho
,, third person?
4*i "ttt ^'•y ^* *' *^* nominative case ?
Why the possessive, V/by ihe objective ?
"Why is it in the -sing^ular, Why in t^e plu-
;i/. ri^v ralfiumber?
' V,
n
fKI
Ftrh.
i ^ .. ' • I
WI17 oailled ? l^<b|r r^ftkU^ ?
What is it« lioiiiliiatlye cote ?
WHat 6R8e<dpetU govern ? ^
Why W it in fhe^ngUiar ? Why ih th« pla^
ral nomber^ ' "
IVhy in the dint person, &c. ?
Why is it in the infinitive mood ?
Wl|y in the sulvjunctire, &c.
Why in ihls ^rtiGiili^r ten^ ?
What relation has it to another verb, in point
oftiine? ' ' »
Why do participle* soaietiiAes govern tht
objeottve oase ?
Why is the verb omitted ? Why repeated ?
What is^lts proper situation ?
Why is the double negative used ?
■DtThyrejectiid? ;
PrepoMiion, What e^t does it 'govern ?
- ;^'l' ' * Which is the word governed ?
Why this preposition ?
Why omitted ? Why repeated ?
Conjunction. What itnoods, tenses, or cases, do4^ it con-
nect? And why? What mood does it
. require? Why dinrtted?
Why repeated? '*» »^f L ,
iMtfjwtum. Why does the nominative case follow it?
, Why the objective ? Why omitted ? Whf
repeated ?
Adverb,
jiit*-
'•(
■?^'.;'"
<•.
e"- V,,
.V
♦ ^
:,I*^>Si
'■■f-f
i.U ^.t'
•»'.••.
^.,V ;../.£-.
Exerciser mParmg^
^ . . Sjpeeimens of ^ynla^tcal Parnn^,
Tiee degtwftt ttti
^^;3
Ftc'tf 18 a commoti sabstsnttrtf, <lf the nenter
gender, the third person, m the sinffular number,
and the nominative case. Dbffraaes is i^ reg^ilar
Verb active, Indicative mooti, present tense, third
perfi^n singular agreeing wit)t its nominative
f *, Vice," accordiiig to Ftule iv which says ; (here
l^peat the .rule.) . £^ is a p^^nal pronoun, first
person plural, iii the objectivrcase, and governed
by the active verb <* degrades/^'agreeable to Ruie
J I. which says, &c. ,, .
* ■
9 '*ir^ He wIm Uveftvirtuoiuly preparjerferatl eTcntt.
^•. \ AJ^. ummf ■■■ '-■ : ■ ■' ' ^■■' ' — •
V; He IB a, personal pronoan> of to third person,
singular number, and masculine gender. Who is a
relative pronoun^ which |Uis for ttr antecedent
^^he," withv^hich it agrees in gpiid^r and num-
ber, accordinr to Mule v. which says, &c. Lives
a regular verb neuter, indicative mood, present^
lense, third person singular, agreeit>ff with its no-
* mutative, /< who," according to Rme YU which
lays, &c; Viriuo%ufy is an adverb^ of quality.
Prepares a regular verb neuter, indieattve mood,
present tense, third person sii^ular, agi-emng. with
its nominative, '* he." For is a preposition. All is
an adjective pronoun, of the indefinite kind, the*
plural number, and belongs to its substantive^
*\ events," with which it agrees, according to Ruie^
■ .1 -'■■:.•: 'yx'sr'/,
''w->i'»r.;
rB/^-f'
!■>
*i:
■it
m
■''^\;^^.:S Appendiso^^^
tin, which layS) &e, EtetUSitn a common suhstan-
tive of the thii^d person, in the plural number, and
the ohj^ti^e die g:^^«d'^by the ()^po8ition
** for," according JixK^j^v^^;^^]^,!^. which says, &c.
i "^?^ I ^P^w^^'jy^^onj^nct^ ,F(illt/ in a, com-
moid^uhstan^^ ii}t\}e singu-
lar j^iYm^r, jpd iti^ nomfp^iiye caf e. J^niiceip a
^|"|egularyerTb active, iulyu^ctive ipp()d, prie^ent
i^nse,^ tliirj per^Qii lingular, ^nd is governed . by
i^e conXynctipn *| if,^accpi'ding to /ct(/e xix. which
'f^fiffi^^'^'^^e^k 1^ pertpnal prpnonn, ^^1^? *^"
Gond person singular, in the omective case^ gp-
Terned by the active verb **enfic6, agreeably to
Rule ^l» which sa^ys^c* , Reject is a regular active
verb, imperative mood, second person singular,
AUd agrei^s with its nominatite ease^ " thou,'* im-
pliedtf Its is a personal prononn, third person^in-
gular nftimber, nnd of the neuter gander, to ag^ree
w4«h iis substantive **foHy," according to Ruh v*
which says, &c. It is iiv the ^oesessfve case, go-
i^efned by the rioiin ** allurements,'* agreeably to
J9u/^ X. which says, &cr AUwtements i« ae o^raf-
«»i»ff suhstairtive, of the neuter gender, the tiiird
pCFTSMi, in Ike plural ntimher', aird the objective
lase^igoverned'hy the verb *^ reject," according
40 iMf'X. wMubinysi'&^Cii '^^^ »«
■^%%i... >.' >'\m'\ ' --ivX '*.<^ **,»??, ' '%
^"^':,'»s,:_
an-
ind
ion •
c.
Exerei$e$ in Panin^t
SECT, m
«
Ex0rciie» oa^ the fir^t^ second, third ai%d fourth
Mules of Syntax *
• -r ■ . ^ • •
1 . The contented mind spreads ease and cheer-
fulness around it.
' The school of experience teaches many nseful
lessons.
' In the path of life are many thorns, as well ^s
flowers. , '^
'Thou shouldst do justice to all men, even to .
enf^voies.
■ ■ ■ 2. Vanity and presumption 'ruin many a pro-
■ raising youth. ,,^,^::^^fpr,t;^^^ ,.- ' '
i Food, clothing, and credit, are the re wai'ds of
'industry. 4''MrW''\'^''¥^^-^'f^'^*^''^ • '
He and Williaqn live tocfether in great har-
iDony. # ' .
' 3. No age, nor condition is exempt from
trouble.
Wealth, or virtue, or any valuable acquisition,
is not attainable by idle wishes.
4. The British nation is great and generous.
The company is assewbled. It is composed
of persons possessing very different seuttnient^^^
^ A herd of cattle, peacefully grazing^ affords a
' pleasing sight. , v W
■ ilJii parsing these exercisen, tue pupil shviiltivApcat Iflie
respective rule of Syiititx, and shuw tiiat it Kppliea td the
\ sentence ivhici|^j|c^w parking. ^|,, <H..iM^:i^ ^yu v>^4)jt/ ■ '
\ «.
''f>''» •
li.<i
»
.. »^, m*'V ':
Appef(^ii§i
6MCT IV
j&p«f^ct>0f c » ihe fifthy sixth y seventh and si^hti
Mulest^ of 'Syntax,
^ 5i>'Tbe man who is^ faithful iy^ attached to reli-^
gipn, may be relied on with confidence. ' t
'ir^be vice:} which we should especially a^oid,
are those which most easily beset us. f
6. Th^y Fho are boni in high stations, we not
always happy «
Our parents and teachers are the persons whom
^e ought, in a particalar manner, to respect.
If our friend is in trouble, M-e, whom he knows
and loyes, may cdnsole him.
7. Thou art the man who has improved his
^irilegei, and who will reap the reward*
I am the person who owns a fault comiliitte<i|
tmiivfhfi disdains to conceal it by falsehood. ''' \
8. That sort of pleasure weakens and deba8e#4
Even in these times there are many personal •
who, froni disinterested motives, are solicitous ta
promote the happiness of others.
:h'
SECT. V,
ta
t ,-. *.,ui
, -H^
'•V-
Ba^^fci^es on, the ninths temh;. eleventh and tweffttif
9» The restless, discontented person, is not a
good iiiiendy a good neighbour, or a good subjecti
i<Tfoe yvntig, the healthy, and the prosperous
dhould not presume on their advaTiiagesV '"^^-^-f
■%
ISstercisst in PkrstHg.
IV
'lO; Tl)6 sdittWijidiUjififnce' will mare the la-
tor*^ approbation. '
« The goed pai'entV greHtent jojr, hi to see h\h
chi)(iret> wise and virtuoi^s. >
11. Wisdom and virtue ennobl' us. Vice and^
folly debase .us« '
Whom can we so j !is*^ly ^'>v'e, »s them who have •
endeatroured* to make us "nnl happy.
12. When a pewon ' nf- ing to do^.he »
almost always tempted vr^ngi
* We need not urge Chari< do good : he loves
to do it.
We dare not to teaire our studies without per-
mission.
' '.,'1';'./' .-., 3MCT, VI ■'■;.",.'■ ■':, ^ '
ihfercises o^ the thirteenths fourteenthy^fteeiUh,
sixteenth^ and seventeenth Rules of Sj^ntOtC,^
' 18.* The bnsinesB is, at \M completed; but
long agbi I intended to do it. * •
I Expected to See the* KingJ' ^before* Iftie left
Windsor. ' -v^ ^^ ^
;The misfortune did happen ; biit we Wly
tiopedand endeavoured to prevent it. * ' ;
' Td hiVebeen censurea by so judicious a friend^
^voiiid have greatly discouraged me. •: /^i;, ' *
, «, ,,H*4. Having early disgraced himself, he, becaime
inean and dispirited.' ^ . ' '■ -
KribWingwirti to be my superior, I el«serfdlly
iBubmttted. . .
IS*.^ We should yWays prepare for the worst
4iHd hope tor the best; ^^MA^^sfv^^ • ^ ^^^f^i^m
4
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^^eteii^mthee^^i(^^ twmii^
twen^^ii €md tt/Mty-^i^ikM Jtuks Sf %filaa?.
(- . ' :!
1*. '*
ta^^i^^iiian, we ihda gfanhn^fBn fi^wn4^m
iii||pimtobe^?ieaid8. ^ I ,,a^;
pei^httiote. 4||ai|da9dff j)(k0rei#--
p^^ttiidllMifi we.are. ^ ^ '-u/-^ ^' r;ujj
filial IP ^#ojp^ r
am.peitoi^^n0t>i« Wtewtive than he, ^ t|(Hds;^
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i^sj mtik
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'^ '"tntP^^t^tr t^j tii -^v:"* f
m
itkiiimwttd b]f piety and virtue. ' 'K- !^x^>
.tetranTi lol&gle with the feelii^ ot afiectieiii ieii-
•QQ^fhtre of oommf)iida,tiot^ ^
Jiet tiot pur ejcpc^tlobs from ther^arf iim%
mfm too kifrti ; li^S imf
fei to * wfiter e9mp§i9^ti^
_io^ii»»¥ piNit iiw^'Mrttie. ioif^ ' "' " ""
Jibiii9l heeiffi«id pleauir^, m oiuiA Is fl## '
^;^
ia .* ; ■ I
». iirtj^s. '^ ->i>
illiiigy at lUijr rate» in oQitopinsofi'
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Si'
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rf iiiat
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wm^^ of diii»ttl«iit, limlill^^
Sloth li like t|ie »Iovir|y-ilowing, palrid Jlr^iijmt' >
^^ ^^^- — fo llio liiii«db» bom JS«tioo9^t
d poi|(iii|K^^ andinfeoiti irill^h
^''"ffmiffsi^^ 4evimg«>^ilfid^Wor«^t|i«i^^%iii*''
€QiiMioii60»|Mid Iho cbeepii^|jpv^poct of a wmY
life; io M to $tlii ii^ dem^i Siftbo evtl o;KOfi(i<-
O^'oneono iiniiiw> 1i>V IbnntoooiS { miuitefVi 1>ijr
loirilMei «fPs^||oM»f«^^ iUMl|i^^.
tho pNliont o ip d it ioi l^iMW^&iiJ^
catot, ThoilBoOitaiiiltf of ^Oigpyro
"> im 0'-'^
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Wli«it iMfiMitiilinll^l^
— "- M to lkiii^.n«vw ^#ipili!-^'^Mal 5' 'A
^ ttW* along th*.i»|8i#iiiiJ|ln^.M;^J7®^* /i'> ,.<>ai iiiJ^.^ ife'fSi
^ti«iM^ i^i» torn
iOJ niiliire it but •ri,;ftiiiPim*«J^^ '
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fW.ltil'^-
%p*'%^'i-^~\uA^'w
Milk aft tW eTtninjS ttoakt tilr«v»U,
lij^ * f)«m^>'?i-X
1^ J#l!«il<Mtt:^l!^ iiP^r ^r-vrf-^ :/-.1^;^!i!;
iLii^if««Ml Ihe tt9^ ^m ^e to poMi ^ '' ""
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wlum j^ «li6* «Mr iMt* itf ttM^*f
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itad iHAoQt ooiAlK li^ #l«lii|ptlib iW^
Uffg^'
Tkua wko
bedf # #ifbets of ttoHwt; c«ir
mui-
port< may smile at dm^pHneH of fdltone.
m^^ajm %^M^ des^rtea me now m the inMiii
poeidiar Deecl*
briil^paito, but .11^0 Juif^^ <»4ll?#fd d«^ li#
platingr tkw two hotti«# . c > . ^:^i:w7: **:^;jif i
F3
I
'•?(9t»i$i%|MMHi». ) ^^.^I?k
W« ire phce4 herefi^ J^ trial of our Tirlwi.
bei«
' ll^miieMlors yirtotf if 1^^^
'|i^ «DOVWurv -TirtU^'if lMll^.I|0lf !tjt''.^' 1 / r*t ; . >Yt?9 ''I
ht fiithers offisiHie If ill nol coodenm IhM.
\»n
■ 1
tune* ^ ,.,|..,^*^.f l^i. i .•^|-;;,f..r, ,,,tiT ' .- ,-,|,;V^»J ^.R,.;' V-,,-,1J
Who bave I VMlovtliK kHlW'inii^
B nuM wbolie raised jfirom owunu it dead*
RULBXII. {■■ . /,:;am^
.^j(|j['v^*lkl5r (.■^;V?l)}ip ^;^|?^;,^«i;|v; :uu! v,'.i:^.i iiftlj'n^^
Voa ought not io^t9& too hastily. . ; .
I hpese^n 8ai|fe ty$N9g fpnb to c^duei
ROUS WI.
three yvars.'- . ■ .^n.-* ^': -rvi?! Hjit x>>^'te-i
j^p«ared to tiaVje heen a imut cifMllersk ;
1 ' ■: * ;f
\ V
.vmt»t:r,w.m ■■
16*
' miff'''
'ii mm
■,)■»;'
^^^ -. ^ .»P
«tiidhi«i to tToid all niterooiinie. ^« f;ti>^4i
^Mrenl ^iMlet, he entirely loct liisMpli|mi v i^^
He was pleasiiig iiQt||fc^^0MMe he im Ma.^^'*
Wmm^m ,
rhm^cjuiDet i^e iioiiim{^^^
▼ai%. ' ''•■'■'• ■■■■.' ,
iKMi hy no meaiit pernftit it ^ t H, ^ :
/Itwai lien; tie that &ey were ib'Mgry il&fc^ ^
My brother and bim are|k^ler^kgi^mip^ i
■ ' ''^"i.-^ r'-'^
not ioi^P^ >i^^
«-.; ' '."■
.f .- . ■ ■ t' ' ' '
r,fr-
They are much grease/ gaipi^rs than mehf iiir '
tfiiexjKBefc^d^vent. /
TOf li(^ as well y ll»il^t
be 18 Ji much better grammarian than them;' #'^
v^
^were
the dictates of true honoi?. m-KJ i; yc?fi^ nf? ; ^ i^,!^
"Ife mQst guard ag^iiift f^ither too great seVer-
itY^or^<Jlity of mimibel^/ ^ ^
ffeiiJV^tlfe Is-t^ V€?^
Themis a God that jiidgeth in the ear^. ^^"^^^Mu^
will r#Mce together.^ \.^- -^n'^i i^>^:^.w% m ^<^^k
.^im ^'- . •' :... •■.>/'<¥ -.^--^r ;-•'; ■:■,"■ ■■■■ i'm'-^--^i '
4 RtJtEJ XXIl.
e. is more bohl and active, hqt not so. wise and
ble, than knowledge*
colnpani6ri.:^'^^c^;^^'^V^ " --^^^^^M^
\M as vihikWfe; Arid'itte teb^^fiSi
^..)
Mi
■IM-
Exereii^i^ AjifMiual^oii.
m
m
linly
S I
tSii^'^
ver-
'.«'j
.kit
%%f ??^>^' «*«f..ip«wit>:«i»-^
■> t,-^^
▼end ittmtUNift Miii aJditioiis lii^e^;fi(|fn
PART IV.
i v.-'
•.»•
.'i •
feitiidiiidon of tKe puj^rs future honor. ^ /
Setf-eoneeit presnmptioil and olntinacy i»liit
j^en^s the wlioje duty. . C )/
7|3^ifi|^ T«^ jpi^wf d, ,fii|^
finn i^d constant ij^rit will assiu^cal^
pinest. ' ■ . , v:''^* " '" ■
CoAtinne aciy dear ehild to iip«ke Tiifiie thy
4 He who is a stranger to industry may poi^Mi
hnt he i^nbt enjoy;
8ei#iire of those ]^
li^ich mk^ alltehr^ %\m irH^
'm\x.
The path of truth it i^ ^bun and a safe path thai
of falsehood is a petplexing maae.
Jim^reir beet!
'-'>''<.
B^rmh th^ imghii of
;#:,,-
,:-Wf.
■',;;*'l*'*f''
al^
t^e i|f|S|^ of gaieti^ a^riied #htbf ^
iriilMiiig. ,
Thero 18 nd moHiNi^ wke and i^k
^md rf^if^f? ;■'*#■' Im;- ^ii^o^ -'r-^f . ■■' •>>^:. -rj^ i^
^Siie & lA iiiitf^om W^ on
vt
fc-^'iJH^^Sfekii
^% j^ip <^ a^pUlow #&er ^ df^ M^
einpcirance in feenefi^W anlii^^i^i^. 8
P;*-i
r,il
cf wiut liii to nioirro# t(| |>^ Iip^|i|^s»^^^
'UtimmjL-.Jka^'^ ^'■.•■*?-4,a^-.A^;^''*'''V^ '■- ^'.■' ' -■!!
.*".
uthr
Ifh guiltf
tilv
^y-rr>
.-''1^ffi^w/y^' l:<i«*ir.^-'s^#3^t*!t
^PEBLINe BOOiiBr-l^af «flifiti%f»ii^^
^<SRAMMAR8~^3A^irray> SipaH; do. t«rf«, prUx fji.
. strongly bound ^n aMp ; i<^tiii«>, ^*Cullodi*s, Reid*t^
rHnttoiti^ Vo8ter*8, Gonglt^V Bonnycuti««| Ingnun^^
an^ Greece, Siippson'a Bng)ai)d, Rome l^d Greece..
ELOCtJf lOK— BwimrV Priii^lptes, M'CnMocKa Cogm
•qipei^r, "Ufsirt^f* English Reader, cjiie^p edt^oli^ . •
^EOGRAFHTS— Ewing 8, Relf ». plney's, Hifedheire.
Woodbridge's, Emerson's, ^ Steward's, Golidfn^^f
Gramn;!^ of (^eograpby.
^TLAg9ES-^jffng*s Plalo pipd Col^pred, mm%
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