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1 
 
A MEMOIR 
 
 OF 
 
 THOMAS STERRY HUNT, M.D., LL.D. (Cantali.), 
 
 Fellow of the Royal Society ; Member of the Xatiottal Academy 
 
 of Ike C. S.,t/ie Imperial Carolinian Academy, the American 
 
 Fhilosofhical Society, the Anier. Academy of Sciences, 
 
 the Royal Society of Canada, the Geoloj^'iial Societies 
 
 of France, Belgium and Ireland ; Officer of 
 
 the O'l'ders of the Legion of Honour, SS. 
 
 Mauritius and Lazarus, etc., etc., etc. 
 
 By JAMES DOUGLAS. 
 
 Read before the American Philosophical Society. 
 April t, 1S9S. 
 
 Philadelphia : 
 
 MacCalla & Company Inc., Phs., 237-9 Dock Street. 
 
 1898. 
 
^ 
 
 2094C5 
 
OBITUARY NOTICE 
 
 OF 
 
 Thomas Sthrry Hunt. 
 
 By JAMES DOroi.AS. 
 (Read before the American Fhiloiofihical Society, Afiril i, /3qS.) 
 
 Among the most versatile men of seieuce, of the present 
 generation, must be elassed Thomas Sterry Hunt. 
 
 He was prominent as a ehemist nearly half a eenturv ago, 
 not only in the field of original investigation, but as one of 
 the lirst interpreters of the new chemistry then being taught 
 by Gerhardt, and he not only grew with the growth of his 
 favorite science up to the date of his death, but heli)ed to 
 enlarge its scope, to exj)and its relati(jns, and place it on a 
 new and more consistent basis. 
 
 As a geologist his work was almost confined to the crvstal- 
 line and palteozoic rocks, not only because his practice in the 
 field under Sir William Logan, in the Canadian Geological 
 Survey, Avas among the older rocks, but because the investi- 
 gation of their origin, decay and metamorphosis in its fullest 
 sense,, fell within the scope of his studies as a chemist, and 
 gave wider range to his faculties as a theorist. For Hunt, 
 besides being an exact student of nature, was a poet, and, 
 being a theorist, was possessed of vivid imagination. He 
 brought his chemical knowledge to bear on the geological 
 problems which presented themselves to him in most ])er- 
 plexing jirofusion, while trying to conceive of the genesis ot 
 the crystalline rocks. And he was of necessity led on from 
 the concejition of the primal conditions of our own globe to 
 speculations on the constitution of the uiiiversal atmos|)liere 
 and the building of worlds in interstellar space. 
 
 UEl'UtXTKI) KKOM PKOC. AMEU. I'HILOS. SOC. MEMOISIAIj VOLOMK. 
 
It was iiiitiinil that tho phase of iiiitieralogy, whicli to liiin 
 would have most attraction, and which he wouhl most sym- 
 pathetically elaborate, would be tlie chemical. Minerals 
 l)einj.i' chemical com|)ounds, he applied to the study ot their 
 constitution and classilication the cheinico- physical law which 
 he liad l)een gro])ing after all his lite, and clearly formulated 
 unly in 18<S(3, vi;^., " that the value not only of uases and 
 \apors. but of all species, whether gaseous, liquid or solid, is 
 constant, and that the iiiteur il weiuht varies directly as the 
 density."' Uiulcr the guidance oi" that law he propounded an 
 entirely new and original classilication of mineral species. 
 
 It was therefore |)reeminently as a chemist, whether he 
 was laborinu' in the laboratory or in the domain of geology 
 or of mineralogy, that Hunt was nn)st at home, and that he 
 left his impress on the science of his day, an impress which 
 will never l)e oft^aced. 
 
 Tiioniiis Sterry Hunt was proud ol' his second Christian 
 name, his mother's patronymic, as more than one of his 
 ilirect ancestors had made the name conspicuous ;ind famous. 
 He coul 1 trace his descent almost without interruption from 
 that I'eter Sterry who was ciiaplain lirst to Lord Brooke and 
 then to Oliver Cromwell — who could preach Puritanism to 
 the L(jng Parliament, and astutely secure his own pardon 
 from Charles II. A much more uncompromising and topical 
 |u*eacher of the Commonwealth was a member of the same 
 stock, that Thomas Sterry who wrote A Riot, Among the 
 Bishops ; or, A Terrible Tempest in the Sea of Canterbury. 
 
 A branch of the family, consisting of three brothers, 
 Roger, Robert and Cyprian Sterry, and a sister, came to 
 America about 175o, and settled in Providence, lioger alone 
 left legitimate ofFsjiring. Two of his sons, John and Con- 
 sider, attained eminence as mathematicians and edited and 
 [»ublished The True Hi^pnblicun, a leading oi >an of the old 
 JetVersonian party. Xevertheless the world at large will 
 hanilv subscribe to the epitaph which commemorates Con- 
 sider Sterry's fame in Norwich churchyard, Connecticut. 
 " Consider Sterry, aged 5H years; died November 15, 1817. 
 
5 
 
 When the world lost iv genius for matlieniiitics and astronomy 
 .seldom ecjualed, rarely surpassed. This monument is erected 
 bv tiie Society of Freemasons, ot which he was an ornament, 
 hy whose lustre the path to tiie high eminence to which lie 
 attained is made plain to tlnjse who strive tor ei|ual excel- 
 lence,'' 
 
 Jane Elizabeth, a daughter of the mathematician, Consider 
 Sterry, was married to Peleg Hunt in IS'l'S. Thomas Stcrry, 
 their oldest child, was born on September 5, 182<), in Nor- 
 wich, Conn, 
 
 Mr, Hunt moved his family to I'ouj^hkecpsie, X. Y., when 
 his son was about ten years old. There the father died in 
 1888, and the mother returned with her surviving children 
 to her old home in Connecticut, She was a woman in whom 
 strength of character was combined with tenderness. She 
 made a successful struggle; by her own exerticms educated 
 her children, and was rewarded by their unllagging aft'eetion. 
 Thonnis' first earnings were devoted to relieving her from the 
 burden of sclf-supi)ort and to providing her with a home of 
 her owr. After her death he devoted a large share of his 
 income to the maintenance in comfort of his two sisters. 
 
 He was twelve years of age when his mother returned to 
 Xorwich, For a short ])criod he attended tiic grammar 
 school, but it was necessarily for a short period. The iinan- 
 cial exigencies of his home were peremptory, and the lad oi' 
 thirteen had to earn his own living. His iirst employment 
 was in a printing ofTice, His next master was an apothecary, 
 and his third a bookseller. His inclinations probably dictated 
 his choice in eacli case, for books and chemicals were already 
 the tools with which he was shaping his I'ature career. But 
 more profitable work oftering in the corner , grocery of the 
 village of Greenville near Norwich, the future chemist 
 accepted it. Fortunately his duties were not exacting, for 
 they left him time to read and even carry on some original 
 investigation, with the stove as his turnr '■'■ and the shelves 
 beneath the counter as his laboratory, . v scientific career 
 v;as the aim of his eftbrts and studies. His most appreciative 
 
6 
 
 advisers aiid allio.s were the local pliysiciaus and their libra- 
 ries wore his stock of books. Itis thoughts turned, therefore, 
 to luediciue and surgery, as tlio most available it' not the 
 most congenial oi" soientifie pursuits, and a skeleton was 
 hidden away among the boxes and barrels of the grocery 
 store, with his lionic-made chemical ajjparatus. But his 
 natural l»ias linally asserted itself, and circumstances com- 
 hined with his tastes to enable him to follow the ])ursuits for 
 wdiich he was best littod. 
 
 The sixth annual meeting of the Association of American 
 (Tcoiogists and Naturalists, the progenitor of the present 
 American Association for the Advancement of Science, was 
 held in New Haven in 1845. The young chemist attended 
 it as correspondent for a New York newspaper. There was 
 read at it more than one paj)er which must have stimulated 
 his thoughts and inuigination — above all, a most suggestive 
 rather than conclusive discussion of the atomic theory by 
 that brilliant but eccentric genius, J. 1). \Vhcli)lcy, a pajier 
 glittering with such ai)horisms as " gravity is alhiiity at a 
 distance," " afhuity is gravity near at hand," and " the 
 extended atmosphere of an atom (Sanscrit atma, breath, 
 omnipresent ])Ower, first ))rinci})le) is therefore its ]iroper 
 ether, through wdiich it radiates pulses of heat and light, and 
 is electrically, magnetically and attractively present in the 
 whole st)ace." 
 
 Thomas Sterrv Hunt's name appears among those of the 
 "■entlcmen mianimouslv elected members of the Association. 
 He therefore took more than the ordinary newspaper repor- 
 ter's perfunctory interest in its proceedings. That of his 
 future chief, William Logan, also stands on the same list, 
 with the strange title, " Geol. Surveyor of Canada." 
 
 The elder Silliman had lectured at Norwich, and had there 
 previously seen the precocious boy. When Hunt met him 
 now again, his wonderful acquirements and natural grace of 
 manner gained for him the friendship of that famous chemist, 
 as noted for his generous appreciation of genius in others as 
 for his own .scientific position. He secured his admission to 
 
t" the 
 ition. 
 
 por- 
 liis 
 
 list, 
 
 the Scienoiiic Selifujl, auJ gjive him a j)()siti()ii in the cheiiii- 
 <;al hvb()riit(irv. There he at oncie becami! so useful to Silli- 
 iiian, Jr., in making a series of water analyses as to earn a 
 Halarv, and ere lono- gain admission to the jirofessor's house- 
 liold. His first. pa])er to Silliman's Journal, "A Description 
 and Analysis of a Xew Mineral Sj)ecics i'(jntaining Titanium, 
 with Some Remarks on the Constitution ol' Tellurium Min- 
 erals,'' is dated from Yale ehemieal laboratory in February, 
 1846, and exhibits the same care in noting everv step of the 
 analysis and every resulting reaction as eharacteri/ed his 
 laboratory work throughout lite. 
 
 He wrote to a friend trom Yale college laboratory. New 
 Haven, June 25, LSlo : 
 
 " I have seated myself in the lal)orat(jry with the llasks 
 by my side, so as to work anil write at the same time. I am 
 busily engaged in the analysis of corals collected by the V. . S. 
 expedition, and now being analyzed for Government. '^lUiey 
 are almost pure carbonate of lime, with a few thousandths of 
 phosphoric acid and ammonia, and occasionally alumina. 
 One specimen which had been sent as a coral mud or sand, J 
 found to be luhite arsenic, ])robably put up by mistake on 
 
 board the ship I am generally occui)ied (me or two 
 
 hours each day in assisting the professor (Sillimau) in arrang- 
 ing drawings and specimens for the lecture. I have free 
 access to the cabinet, and a key to unlock all the cases. 
 .... I am boarding in a club of students at 81.25 a week. 
 We have little or no meat. 1 do not like this ver}' well, but 
 it is cheaper, though I think I will board myself after a 
 while. The room I exj)ected to have had been occupied, as 
 it was uncertain whether I Avas coming, and so I have taken 
 up lodgings in the loft of the laboratory buildiiig itself, and 
 am so quite at home with chemical a])paratus and {)rej)ara- 
 tions all around, but they are congenial spirits as Viw Silliman 
 remarked when he showed me the roinn." 
 
 He writes again on ^[arch 23, 18-46 : 
 
 " My time is wholly occupied in part by chemical analyses. 
 I have made an elaborate analysis of a mineral from Amitv, 
 
N. y., su|)])oscd to bo AViirwickito, but wliicli 1 luivo decided 
 to be ii new species, and liiivc nanied Knceladitc. The results 
 will be ]>ul)lislied in the America7i Journal tor ^[ay, when 1 
 shall send you a copy. ] am now cn<fa}.red in an examination 
 of <»ur Norwich minerals, the Kdwardsite and Mona/ite. 
 I'roi'. Shcpard's researches did not entirely settle the (piestion 
 relative to its com])osition, or identity with the Russian 
 Mona/ite. I have also been assistinj: Mr. Silliman in the 
 jireparation of an elementary chemistry, which he is com- 
 jiiling for the use of schools. It is but partly iinished, and I 
 shall lecommencc the work in a day or two." 
 
 During 1845, LS4() and bS-lT, while a student at Yale, he 
 contributed to Silliman's Journal no less than eighteen artiV 
 clcs and notes long and short ; and wrote the organic sections 
 for Silliman's First Principles of Chemistry. Prof. Silliman 
 thus acknowledges his debt in tiie Preface to the iirst edition. 
 l)ublished in December, 1846: " The author takes ])leasure 
 in acknowledging the important aid derived in this ))ortion 
 of the work from bis friend and professional a.ssistant, ^fr. 
 Thomas Sterry Hunt, whose familiarity with the ]»hilosophy 
 and details of chemistry will not fail to make hii" one of its 
 ablest followers. The labor of compiling the organic chem- 
 istry has fallen almost solely upon him." 
 
 Hunt's connection with the ^'ale College analytical labora- 
 tory was short. It terminated by his appointment as chemist 
 and mineralogist to the Geological Survey of Canada in the 
 autumn of 1846, after refusing an offer from Kdinbro', of 
 assistant to Prof. Johnston, of agricult\iral chemistry fame, 
 and declining the post of chemist on Prof. C. B. Adams' 
 Geological Survey of Vermont. The elder Silliman, in urg- 
 ing his appointment on the Governor-General of Canada, Lord 
 Cathcart, says: " I cannot entertain a doubt that he (Hunt) 
 Avill, if appointed to the post named within, fully justify the 
 strong recommendations of his friends." Prof. Silliman, Jr., 
 says: " His youth might bean objection to his holding a 
 place of high trust and responsibility, but I can assure you 
 that his conscientiousness and maturity of mind are quite 
 
 in 
 
9 
 
 i:i urg- 
 
 ."^iinicient ti> warrant liis aj)i)<)iiitiiioiit." I'rof. C, I'pliaii 
 Sliupurd predicts that " lie will tliscliarge all the duties ol 
 the place in such a manner as to enrich science with many 
 valualde discoveries,"' while I'rol. ,1. ]). Dana " takes pleas- 
 ure in testifviug to the abilitv of Mr. Hunt, helieving that 
 liis personal clniracter as well as talents entitle him to Idgh 
 regard." 
 
 The results justilied the estiniate his friends had formed of 
 the aliility of the youth of twenty to be the chemical and 
 mineralogical mentor to the old trained geologist, Sir W. 
 Logan. Just before leaving New Haven, he wrote to the 
 ijume friend to whom the letters previously (jiioted were 
 addressed: "' It will give me great pleasure to be enabhid 
 t(^ place my dear mother in a situation where she no longer 
 will be obliged to labor." He then rather gloats over some 
 of those who evidently had not aided him in his h^fty aspira- 
 tions and adds : " This is perhaps a boyish si>irit, but 1 am 
 a boy yet, and am not anythiny else^ The italics are his 
 own. 
 
 ]re entered intoolTice in February. IS-iO, and though he did 
 not write a separate re])ort for the year 1S4(] and LS4:7, the 
 influence of his mineralogical learning on the stratigrai)hical 
 tendencies <jf his chief is clearly noticeable in Sir ^V. 
 Logan's report for that year. His summers were spent in 
 the field where he learned from his director his lirst lessijns in 
 stratigraphical geology. There was assigned to him the in- 
 vestigation of the economical natural resources of Canada and 
 the determination and description of the technical ])rocesses 
 best suited for their utilization. The first branch of study 
 was pursued in the summer, and obliged him to visit such 
 remote and inaccessible districts of Canada as could be 
 reached only by canoe. The latter branch, involving an 
 immense amount of minute laboratory manipulation, was 
 his winter em[)loyment. But the routine even of analytical 
 work was not dull, for every determination was stored away 
 for future th 3(M"etical nse, and tiie most commonplace i'acts 
 were fitted into the hyi)othetical structure which he was 
 alreadv buildiiiir. 
 
10 
 
 Ilis first rc})ort apitcars in tiie Canadian GcoloL'ical Survuv 
 report for 1847. It and those which followed till 1852 were 
 devoted chiefly to the record of his examinations of the min- 
 eral waters of Canada. From the analytical results thus 
 obtained he drew generalizations which inevitably led him 
 into the field of geological chemistry. His subsequent 
 official studies among the limestones, dolomites and gyp- 
 sums, and later on among the granites and gneisses of the 
 crystalline rocks, sujiplemcnted his earlier speculations on the 
 agency of water as a rock-forming and transforming medium, 
 and opened uj) those wide vistas of research and speculation 
 which he followed, till they led him to the clear conception 
 of his crenitic theory. Ilis <)fricial reports contained the facts 
 wiiich were of interest to the ]ml)lic, but those same facts, 
 witii the theoretical deductions he drew from them, he 
 embodied in articles, which were contributed to the journal 
 of his old friends, the Silliinans, and were in many cases 
 widely reproduced in Kurope. But in addition to articles 
 suggested by his i)urcly proicssional work, he had hardly 
 been domiciled in his room, which oi)ened off the laboratory 
 of the Survey, when he inaugurated his career of indepen- 
 dent thought and original investigation in theoretical chem- 
 istry by a " Eeview of the Organic Chemistry of Mr. 
 Charles Gerhardt,'' and by a ])ai)er " On the Anomalies 
 presented in the Atomic Value oi' Suljihur and ^Nitrogen, 
 with Remarks on Chemical Classification, and a Notice oi 
 Mr. Laurent's Theory of Binary Molecules.'' These were 
 followed in 1849 by a paper " On Some Principles to be Con- 
 sidered in Chemical Classification." 
 
 The Bibliography (appended) shows how even at this early 
 period of his .scientific career Hunt not only combined the 
 routine work of his profession as a chemist with theoretical 
 speculations, but elevated the drudgery of the laboratory into 
 work of highest scientitic interest, by drawing far-reaching 
 conclusions from every series of determinations which his 
 duties required him to make. His analysis of the saline 
 B])rings of Canada, its soils, rocks and minerals, undertaken 
 
11 
 
 from utilitarian motives, aftbrdcd material for those Inroad 
 generalizations as to the genesis of the material of the 
 earth's erust and the constitution ot the whole solar system, 
 which are the most brilliant products of his maturer thought. 
 They also led him to distrust the tinality assigned by the 
 chemists of the day to the atomic theory, as propounded 
 by Dalton, and therefore to advocate and expound the then 
 revolutionary views of Gerhardt and Laurent. Without con- 
 tradiction his contributions to literature at this period were 
 potent agents in s])reading the doctrine of the new chemistry, 
 of which he was not onh' a disci})le but one of the apostles. 
 His essay, for instance, " On the Theory of Chemical Changes 
 and on Equivalent A\alues," published in Silliman's Journal, 
 ^[arch, 1853, was reprinted in the London, Edinburgh and 
 Dublin philosophical magazines, and in German translation in 
 the Chemische Centralblatt, Hunt himself considered that the 
 views expressed in this essay, and which were elaborated and 
 applied in his subsequent essays, " On the Composition and 
 Kquivalent Volume of Mineral Species," " On Solution and 
 the Chemical Process," " On the Objects and Method of 
 Mineralogy," and " On the Theory of Types in Chemistry," 
 " form the basis of a rational theory of chemistry and of a 
 true mineralogical classitication." 
 
 When sending a copy of his " Essay on Chemical 
 Changes " to a friend in LS53 he says : " This last, unless I 
 mistake, will reform entirely the theory of chemistry, and 
 although I can scarcely flatter myself that my ideas will all 
 be admitted at present or even understood I am sure that a 
 century hence my essay will be a landmark in the ])ast his- 
 tory of the science.' ' 
 
 Thirty-three years later, when the guesses at truth made in 
 his earlier essays had become to him laws beyond question, he 
 writes to the same friend : "I go to-morrow, ^[onday, to 
 New York, to take the chair at a grand dinner, April (>, the 
 tenth anniversary of the Chemical Society, at which, as senior 
 A'ice-President, I am asked to preside. My predecessors, J. 
 W. Draper and J. Lawrence Smith, are gone, and now after 
 
12 
 
 forty years tlio hoy you rcmeiuLer dabbling in acids, and 
 making bad smells, is counted one of the veterans of the 
 science. This is one of the rewards of a life of patient 
 work, and it is a pleasant recognition of honest and faithful 
 devotion to my early love. I feel that the volume now in 
 press will make the new gosj)el of geology and mineralogy, 
 and if I live to complete my mineralogical text-book, I shall 
 do for the mineral what Darwin did for the organic world, or 
 rather I have done that already, and I shall do for it in the 
 next book what De Candollc did for botany. 1 shall be sixty 
 years old in Se])tember, and then hope to have my new book 
 bound and off my hands. I don't feel old yet, but I do feel 
 as if I had done a great deal of work, and as if my training 
 had been such that I am now able to preserve it all in such a 
 shape that it will not be lost to the world." 
 
 There runs through Hunt's philosophy, as a fundamental 
 idea, the unity of nature and natural processes, this unity 
 extending from the simplest bodies to the most complicated, 
 com])rising the organic as well as the inorganic world, blend- 
 ing ])liysical processes with chemical, and binding into a 
 harmonious system the laws which regulate and the forces 
 which control and the substances which compose the most 
 remote bodies of the universe, as well as those which come 
 more immediately within the reach of hunum research. His 
 mature views were enunciated in "A New Basis lor Chem- 
 istry," a chemical philosophy published in 1887, a book of 
 such signilicance that Prof. W. Spring, of Liege, translated it 
 inU) French, and added a jtreface from which we extract the 
 following: "Mr. Sterry Hunt endeavors to lift the whole 
 structure of chemistry above the i)lane of the atomic theory 
 as received irom Dalton, an hypothesis utterly insuflicient to 
 explain more than one fact. 
 
 " To Hunt a compound body is not the resultant of the 
 mere juxtaposition of the material ultimates in wliich are 
 combined in some manner tl;e aggregation of projierties to 
 which we apply the term matter. But according to his views, 
 it is rather due to an interpeuetration of matter, an identilica- 
 
13 
 
 ds, and 
 
 of the 
 
 patient 
 
 I'aitliful 
 
 now in 
 
 eralogy, 
 
 , I shall 
 
 orld, or 
 
 t in the 
 
 bo sixty 
 
 3W book 
 
 do feel 
 
 training 
 
 n sue 
 
 ha 
 
 lainental 
 lis unity 
 plieateil, 
 1, blend- 
 I into a 
 lie forces 
 he most 
 ch come 
 h. His 
 r Chcm- 
 book ot 
 1 slated it 
 tract the 
 le whole 
 e theory 
 licient to 
 
 it of the 
 vliich are 
 lerties to 
 liis views, 
 dentiliea- 
 
 tion or a oomlensation in different projiortions, as a conse- 
 quence of which the properties of tlie bodies entering the 
 compound are lost, as it were, in those of the new body. We 
 think the intention ol the author can be expressed with 
 sufficient exactitude by comparing such a compound to a 
 resultant of two or more forces or velocities. As a general 
 rule the resultant will possess qualities which, though they are 
 truly derived from the compound velocities in some delinite 
 proportion, are not necessarily their sum, except in a particular 
 ■case. 
 
 " AVlien the identilication or the condensation of matter does 
 not take place at the expense oi' species already chemically 
 ditterent, but exerts itself upon a single and similar sj)ccies, 
 it produces a series of new species, but these are not desig- 
 nated as comiiound but as allotrojue bodies. The diverse 
 jfiates, i»hysical and chemical, whi(;h any given Ixjdy can 
 a.ssume, whether gaseous, lirpiid or solid, are dependent 
 ordinarily on the dif]ferent degrees of condensation of a 
 normal sj)ecies. Nevertheless, there are degrees in the con- 
 stitutions as well as in the essential forhi of bodies, which are 
 not f)etrayed by differences in si)ecilic weight. 
 
 " It follows, therefore, that in ])roportion as condensation 
 increases, so does the hardness of bodies, and, mutatis 
 mutandis. As a further consetiuencc the sensitiveness of bodies 
 to chemical action diminishes with the progress of their con- 
 densation. 
 
 " These views of Hunt's it will be i)erceived coincide 
 with those which guided us (S})ring) some twelve years ago 
 in making certain researches on combinations of bodies under 
 pressure." The author then quotes from his paper, " Sur la 
 formation de sulfuresmetalliquessous Taction de la jjression,'' 
 and adds : "If we have made this quotation, it is not to add 
 a su)ii)lement to the views of our author, far less to lend them 
 needless suj)port, for it were ])uerile on our ]>art so to do, 
 onsiderinu the high position occupied by our author in the 
 .••(.'ientitic world. But we have ventured to show that Hunt's 
 work has awakened in us more than mere scientific curiosit^^ 
 
14 
 
 and interest, and that the duty of introducing' liis tliought.s to 
 the eheniists of France has naturally fallen to our lot." 
 
 We have remarked on the tendency of Hunt's mind to 
 trace more than mere analogies between the processes taking 
 jdace in the different great provinces of nature. He is care- 
 ful to jtrotest against confounding biotical, chemical and 
 •lynamical activities, but none the less he could see such 
 unity of operation in diversity of modes and forms, that the 
 very j>hraseology he adopted or invented imjilied clu.ser resem- 
 blances than he actually wished to describe. Tlie tenns 
 inter penetration, condensation, identification, by which he 
 strove to explain cheiuical phenoiuena, and the creati«m of 
 new chemical s{)ecies, were suggested, I think, rather by 
 physiology than, as illustrated by Spring, by <lynamics. 
 While he admits that " the mode of generation Avhich produces 
 individuals like the i)arent can present n<j analogy to the 
 jdienomena midei consideration, metayenesis or alternate gen- 
 eration and metamorphosis are, however, prefigured in the 
 chemical change of bodies." It was by extending to the 
 domain of mineralogy .is speculations on the relations ot 
 hardness to condensation and to the cheniical susceptibility 
 or chemical indifference of bodies that he was led ultimately 
 to formulate what he considered as a general law of the high- 
 est importance, and of universal application. As I have sairl 
 elsewiiere : ' 
 
 " Chemistry was Uunt's first love; and he never deserted 
 her. When he studied geology, his impulse was to seek 
 below the visible results of mechanical causes for the all- 
 pervading chemical forces and agencies which, by c;isass«x:ia- 
 tion and conibination, by integration and disintegration of 
 elemental matter throughout all space, are building up other 
 worlds, as they built up ours. His lithological researches 
 Avere made not with the microscope, but in the chemical 
 laboratory ; and in his system of mineralogy, neither outwanl 
 resemblances nor similarity of crystalline structure, nor p<js- 
 
 ' " Biographical Sketch of Thomas .Sterry Hont," Transactiona of the In- 
 stitute of Mining Engineers, 1892. 
 
15 
 
 session of common elements, but the relation ol' hardness to 
 condensation and the I'urtlier relation of these qualities to 
 chemical indifference, constituted the basis for his classifica- 
 tion of mineral species. Whether aniidst such a multitude 
 of individual species he, in his first arrangement, assigned to 
 each its proper jilace, may well be doubted, without question- 
 ing the suVjstantial correctness of the principle on which his 
 chemical and natural-historical classification ot minerals 
 rests. Vet it is impossible to follow, in his Systematic Miner- 
 alogy, the beautiful progressive series of (quotients deduced 
 Irom the formula V == p ~- d {v being the coefficient of con- 
 densation; p the chemical equivalent, and d the specific grav- 
 ity) as calculated for the species under each genus, without 
 being convinced that Hunt heard and expressed one c)f those 
 wonderful harmonies of which it is granted to but few mor- 
 tals to catch the theme, amid the complexity and often 
 apparent discord of nature's contending voices. A very few 
 catch even an indistinct echo oi' one or another of the 
 motives which dominate the symphonies of nature ; but 
 fewer still hear and apprehend them so clearly as to be able 
 to write the score. The doctrine of the equivalency ot 
 volumes, as ajjplicable to liquid and solid species, as well as 
 to the gases on which is founded Hunt's Natural System of 
 Mineralogy, had dawned on his mind very early in his chemi- 
 cal studies ; but its laiger significance was revealed to him 
 only toward the close of his life, when, though his physical 
 strength was waning, his mental vision seemed to be gaining 
 both clearer conception and wider range. To him the domain 
 of chemistry was much wider than it had been held to be, 
 under the old conventional theory, which drew such precise 
 lines between chemical and mechanical forces. Like most 
 jjhilosophical chemists of to-day, he regartled all solution as 
 chemical union, and all chemical union as nothing else than 
 solution. In his view all precipitation and all crystallization 
 from solutions involve chemical change, and all chemical 
 species may theoretically exist in a dissolved state, from 
 which they |»ass into polymeric mineral species, often insolu- 
 
16 
 
 ble. lieuardiiiii the same sul)staiK'0 in its dirteront polyiiierio 
 -states, due to ditt'creiit degrees ol' condensation, as represent- 
 inir so many <lirterent cbemical and mineral species, he, like 
 other chemists, was driven to construct chemical tbrnuilas 
 much nnjre conij)lcx than those which satisfied the re(|uire- 
 naents of the Daltonian atomic theory as it had been previ- 
 ously understood ; tor, once volume is admitted to be as 
 discriminatinj:- an element in chemical chanue as weight and 
 ■condensation are in the expression of \i»lumetri'' ch.mge, the 
 cnormor.s volumetric ditt'erence between gaseous and solid 
 states of the same substance, (jr rather between a gaseous 
 chemical species and a S(jlid mineral s])ecies, involves tor its 
 exj>ression the use of numbers which dwarf those assigned 
 till recently to even organic compounds. In his New Basis 
 of Chemistry (second editi< i)„ Hunt calculates the equivalent 
 weight of water to be 21,-Jv)U.3 ; and to the last he continued 
 wrestling with the i)roblem of the actual coi-fTicient of con- 
 <lensation of each mineral and chemical species : liquid water 
 at the point of condensation at standaril ])ressurc being taken 
 .as unity (1 : 21,400). This New Basis of Chemistry was to 
 Hunt no longer theory, but tact. He had believed for many 
 years that the solid and liquid mineral species known to us 
 iire formed by processes of intrinsic condensation, or so-called 
 jiolyinerization, from si pier chemical species. lie knew, 
 with every chemist, that the determination of the coedicient 
 ■of condensation is a problem of the highest moment, a prob- 
 lem which had been neglected in the belief that it did not 
 iidmit of .solution. Wlien, therefore, in 1886, he reached what 
 he regarded as a solution of tliis unsoluble i)i'oblem, and 
 propounded the theorem that ' the volume, not only of gases 
 and vapors, but of all species, wiiether gaseous, liquid, or 
 solid, is constant, and that the integral Aveight varies directly 
 as the density,' he rejoiced in the conviction that he had 
 realized and expressed one of the great laws of nature, after 
 which he had been groping all his life." 
 
 It is to be regretted that Hunt did not leave a more con- 
 -secutive statement of his theorv than that contained in \\\a 
 
 in 
 
polvnierio 
 rcprosoiit- 
 s, he, like 
 . t'oniiuliis 
 c reciuiiv- 
 >cii i)revi- 
 
 to 1)0 us 
 'uiglit niitl 
 li.mgc, the 
 
 iiikI solid 
 ;i gaseous 
 Ives for its 
 io assigned 
 New Basis 
 equivalent 
 3 contiiiuetl 
 cut of eou- 
 iquid water 
 :)eing taken 
 stry was to 
 )d for many 
 lowu to us 
 or so-ealled 
 
 He knew, 
 
 coenieient 
 ent, a ])roh- 
 
 it did not 
 3aehed what 
 •obleni, and 
 Illy of gases 
 , liquid, or 
 ries direetly 
 hat he had 
 nature, after 
 
 I more eon- 
 ained iu hia 
 
 17 
 
 New Basis and his Mineralogy. The defect of his literary 
 method Avas his desire to claim and j)rove ))riority fur his views. 
 His constant references to earlier writings destroy often tiie 
 continuity of his argument and weaken its ellect. It was 
 unfortunate that he could not merge his i)ersonality into his 
 work, and let the work alone speak for itself. It was also 
 unfortunate tiiat his self-conlidenee and bigoted reliance in 
 his own o})inions involved him in bitter controversies, which 
 alienated old friends, and which were not conducted with that 
 humility and difrulence which is the spirit most l)ecoming in 
 discussing subjects so undemtnistrable as problems in geology 
 and theoretical chemistry usually are. These causes with- 
 out doubt weakened his personal inlluence while he was 
 alive, and now diminish unwarrantably the currency of his 
 l)ooks, and retard the serious consideration, if not the adoption, 
 of the magnificent generalization of which he was the author. 
 How wide was his knowledge and his grasp of thought, how- 
 vivid his conceptions and incisive his style, can best be judged 
 by a perusal of his essays: "A Century of l^rogress in 
 Theoretical Chemistry," delivered at Priestley's grave; 
 " The Chemistry of the Primeval Earth,'' a lecture delivered 
 'nefore the Koyal Institute in 1867 ; " On the Chemistry of 
 the Earth," contributed to the Smithsonian Reports for 18(39, 
 and the group of essays dealing with celestial chemistry, writ- 
 ten about the year 1880, including " The Chemical and Geo- 
 logical Relation of the Atmosphere" and " Celestial Chem- 
 istry from the Time of Newton," read before the Cambridge 
 Philosophical Society on the occasion of his receiving fron> 
 the University of Cambridge the honorary degree of LL.D. 
 When dealing with subjects like these, which gave full 
 scope to his imagination, as well as drew upon the vast 
 resources of general scientific learning which were stored 
 away in his memory, the full breadth of Hunt's mind as well 
 as the profundity of his knowledge and the intensity of his 
 industry are displayed. 
 
 His speculations led him into the realm of all the sciences, 
 in all of which he was more than superficially versed. He 
 
18 
 
 thus of necessity giithered from his wide reading germs of 
 tliought, of which wlien fidl}' developed lie forgot the source 
 of inspiration. On the other hand, his own writings contain 
 suggesti(jns which have as unconsciously been adopted and 
 expounded by others wii''^ have tailed to give credit U) 
 the creative mind. For instance, the fundamental idcit, of 
 Lord Kelvin's address to the liritish Association in Toronto in 
 1897 is contained in Hunt's i)a])er, ''The Primeval Atmos- 
 l)liere," ])resented at first meeting of the American Associa- 
 tion for the Advancement of Science, after the War (l.S(»()). 
 lie there shows that a layer of ordinary coal one metre in 
 thickness would sulhce to convert into carbonic acid the 
 whole of the oxygen of the atmosphere. 
 
 His courage was indomitable to the last. After condens- 
 iuLi' and summarizing the conclusions of fortv years of 
 thought in his New Basis of Chemistry, jmblished in 1887, he 
 set himself to apjilying to mineralogy his theory of conden- 
 sation more systematically and thoroughly than he had done 
 in his tentative ]iapers in a natural system of mineralogy and 
 the classilication of silicates. lie wrote this work when con- 
 fined to his room by mortal lingering illness and hardly able 
 to crawl from his bed to his desk. lie needed but few books 
 to supi).lcmeut his memory in preparing the genera and species 
 under which he ranged the principal individuals of the 
 mineral kingdom. And no sooner was his arduous task 
 completed, than he planned and commenced another work 
 which he entitled 77ie History of an Earth. In it his purpose 
 was to elaborate his crenitic theory and trace throughout the 
 growth of the earth's crust the influence of water as a chemi- 
 cal agent, under heat and pressure, in decomposing the 
 fundamental rocks of our globe, and out of these decayed 
 ingredients building up the older crystalline rocks and creat- 
 ing most of our mineral deposits. As these Azoic rocks 
 came to be destroyed by telluric agencies, of which water 
 was the most potent, he would have shown how the new 
 world, fit for the support of vegetable and animal life, was 
 -created from the ashes of the older rocks. No writer could 
 
 iby 
 
19 
 
 iienu.s of 
 lie source 
 3 contiiiu 
 pteil iiHil 
 credit to 
 .1 iJeii, t)t' 
 ^oroiito ill 
 il Atiuos- 
 i Associa- 
 ir (ISOG). 
 metre in 
 acid the 
 
 ' condens- 
 
 years of 
 II 1887, lie 
 )f couden- 
 
 had done 
 alogy and 
 when con- 
 ardly ul)le 
 few books 
 ,nd species 
 
 s of the 
 uous task 
 ther work 
 
 s purpose 
 ighout the 
 s a chcnii- 
 iing the 
 e decayed 
 
 and creat- 
 /oic rocks 
 
 ich water 
 the new 
 ,1 life, was 
 
 iter could 
 
 ;have told tliC story as he did, for hi intellectual equipment 
 consisted not oidy of i)rofouud and curious clieiuical knowl- 
 •edge, won as much from lalxn'atory work as from hooks, but o( 
 nK)re than au amateur's ac(|uaintance with the laws of physics. 
 His study of geology, both stratigraphical and chemical, was 
 ■coeval with his employment as a youth by the Canadian 
 'Geological Society. He was, nnjreover, a good mathema- 
 tician, and what is an ecpially imj)ortant (|ualification in a 
 student of the chemistry of tlie universe, and of the develop- 
 ment of the globe, a ))oet. But death, kept at bay for several 
 years by his determination to live and complete his miner- 
 alogy, at length comiuered, and his vision of the earth's birth 
 and growth remained written only in fragments. It is imjtos- 
 .sible to assign to every thinker his due share of the world's 
 intellectual progress. Few claim, and to still fewer is assigned 
 by universal consent, the discov'eries of any of nature's great 
 secrets, or the formulation of one of nature's imiversal laws. 
 Whether Hunt's law, that the volume ot all species, whether 
 li([uid, gaseous or solid, is constant, and that " the integral 
 weight varies directly as the density,'' is really one of nature's 
 laws, ])osterity will determine. But one of the greatest living 
 ■mineralogists, speaking ot Hunt's system, expressed to me 
 the lirni conviction that it would receive wider and heartier 
 Tecognition in the future than had been accorded to it in the 
 past. As a .system depending on intrinsic rather than sujier- 
 ficial dittcrcnces, it commends itself slowly to the working- 
 student. Moreover, as it came from Hunt's hands it was 
 encumbered by a somewhat clumsy and repellant nomencla- 
 ture. But Avhile there may be errors in fact and statement 
 and faults of style, his systematic mineralogy will rank high 
 among the hermeneutic books of science. 
 
 The earliest and latest of Hunt's literary productions dealt 
 with chemistrv and mineralog}'^, or wdth geology from a 
 chemical point of view. But after leaving the Canadian Geo 
 logical Survey, he came to doubt the correctness of the 
 l)ositious assigned to certain groujjs of the crystalline rocks, 
 iby his old chief, Sir W. Logan, and he embodied his views in 
 
20 
 
 liis addross as Vice- President Vtofc^re the Ainoricun Associa- 
 tion in 1S71, " On the I'rogress ot" the Appalachian System.'' 
 He distiilinted the crystalline rocks overlvinir whiit he con- 
 sidered as tiie ancient floor of <rranitie j^neiss, of Fianrentian 
 age, into <rroups which lie named the Norian. IInri»nian. 
 Montalhan, '^i'aconiiin and Keeweenian, thns conlining to 
 linnted area the wider range assigned by Sir W.Logan to the 
 JInronian. 
 
 Ilis conclusions were based on geogenie as well as goo- 
 gnostic consi<lerati(>ns, bnt they gave great ott'ense to his old 
 colleagues in the Canadian Geological Survey, iiud leil to a 
 regretal)lc controversy with his old friend, Prof. Dana. P>ut 
 to Hunt truth as he saw it was truth, and to compromise with 
 truth was a crime. And to him, as to many another scientist, 
 all sense of proportion was lost as t<j what is essential and 
 what non-essential, and trifling dirt'erences in oi)inion about 
 the position of paheo/oie strata were discussed with as mu<li 
 vehemence as though life and death dei)cnded on the issue. 
 lint whether his stratigraphical distribution of rocks comes 
 to be generally accepted or not, no geologist brought to bear 
 on the study of the older rocks a wider range of ob.servation, 
 or a greater wealth of chenncal knowledge, and his facts ami 
 reasonings will always jirove a storehouse of information to 
 the student, even if his conclusions be ultimately c^ontradicted. 
 He took little interest in paheontology, Jvnd devoted l)ut 
 little attention to the newer rocks, one reason being, that his 
 earlier geological studies in Canada were confined to the 
 azoic and the lowest members of the paheozoic series; anotiier 
 being, that the crystalline rocks stimulated his speculatioii:- 
 on the cheiaistry of the primeval earth more acutely than diil 
 the later sedimentary deposits. 
 
 Another geological subject upon which he felt and ex- 
 pressed himself warmly was Sir Robert Murchison's erasure 
 of the word Cambrian from his Silurian system, whereby he 
 not only, as Hunt then considered, " committed a stratigra[)h- 
 ieal and paheological error, but cast a slight u])on the vener- 
 able author of ihe name, Adam Sedgwick." He became the 
 
21 
 
 Vritcm." 
 he coii- 
 urontiiiii 
 uniuiiin. 
 ininji to 
 m to the 
 
 as geo- 
 ) his oM 
 led to a 
 i\a. But 
 iiise with 
 scientist, 
 iitiivl and 
 on about 
 1 as nivifh 
 ,he issue, 
 ks conies 
 t to bear 
 servation, 
 tacts and 
 Illation to 
 itradicted. 
 voted hut 
 -r that his^ 
 >d to tlie 
 anotuer 
 )eeulation:? 
 V than dill 
 
 t and ex- 
 I's erasure 
 'hereby he 
 i-atigraph- 
 the vener- 
 lecame the 
 
 ehuinpion of Setlgwick's views and Sedgwick's lights, and 
 espoused his cause in one ot his h)ngest nionogra[ihs, " His- 
 tory of the Names C'ainbnan and Sihiriau in det^h^gy," 
 translated in full by Pewahjue ot Liege in 187'). One of the 
 last letters of the noble (dd geologist, who linked the last 
 century with even ttie latter thinl of the itresent, was one ol 
 thanks to Hunt. All the old fervor and enthusiasm of his 
 earlier davs when he first traced the succession of these oldest 
 ]>alfeozoic strata returns. The letter is worth ([noting : 
 
 "Thinitv College, C.xmjjridoe, 
 
 •' November 14, 1«72. 
 
 " My Dear Professor: — My inlirmity of sight comi)els nie 
 to dictate this letter to one whoso writing will be m(_)re easy 
 to read than niv own. 1 am, however, now in my best state 
 of health and mv hand is unusuallv steadv, but niv eves 
 forbid the use of it. I read your letter which reached me 
 this morning with very deej) interest, and after a very careful 
 reperusal sent it to I)r. Cookson, whose name will ajipear in 
 my Preface as a friend lo our nuiseum, and to all matters of 
 Silieval administration. I entreat you not to think me of 
 such a pettish character as to take offense at anything you may 
 write on vour own jud'jnient and that ot vour scientilic 
 friends. I feel urateful to vou for what vou have done in 
 o[)ening t^^uestions connected with the best arrangement ol 
 the great paleozoic group both of America and of England. 
 I recollect askinu' Prof. Henrv lioaers whether the dilference 
 l)etween the faunas above and below what I may call the 
 great Cambrian break of continuity was as C(jmplete as he 
 expected, after his visit to Wales. He replied, it I mistake 
 not, that it was quite as great and i)erhaps greater. And is 
 it not strange that tiie break in your great paleozoic segments 
 takes place very nearly o\\ the same horizou ? This 1 make 
 out from your letter, and I think I had heard the same stated 
 l.)y the two Prof. Kogei's. Give my kind regards to Prof. 
 William Eogers ; the other professor has also been called 
 away. You have, I believe, the grandest })aleozoic succes- 
 
«).> 
 
 sion ill the worM, V)ut is not ours also :i Uuiiutiliil siiccossioii, 
 oxliiUitoil oil sucli ;v sciilo that you iiiiiy cross nearly the whole 
 ot it in a stout walk of a eou|>le of days? Kii^laiid may 
 be calleil a ge»)lo<.nca! microcosin in which nearly all the 
 formations of the world are nicely packed as if on purpose 
 for human study. With all my heart I wish you success and 
 honor at vour institute of technolouv, but also what terrible 
 news has reached us of your great tire, a calamity which is 
 even now acting upon the feelings and interest of the public 
 bo<lies of England. Ic will, I fear, have interrupted your 
 course of lectures, but have your scientitie buildings escaped 
 its ravages? I trust you will inform ine on this jxtint, as 1 
 cannot but feel some anxiety about yi)iir i)crson and your 
 scientific prosjtects in your institute. Dr. Cookson, a man of 
 cautious and gentle tem})er, advised me to modity some of 
 the statements in my Preface to the new catalogue, and I 
 have complied with his wishes, and my new version of the 
 Preface is actually now in the })ress, so tliat I hope the cata- 
 logue will be out in the course of the next week or ten days. 
 A great (ierman historian had a motto which greatly took 
 my fancy, ' With truth and love,' or jterhaps it would sound 
 better in English, ' With truth and gentleness,' Shake- 
 speare's maxim is through the mouth of Hotspur, ' Tell truth 
 and shame the Devil.' The weather now is pestiferous, 
 windy, wet and cold, but I rather think that the great • storin 
 wave ' of November has not yet reached this part o( Europe. 
 Strange to tell, I am unusually well at this time, (ienerally 
 speaking, I sink in spirits and undergo a kind of collapse 
 during wet weather. I have your photograi)h in my book, 
 and if you would like to possess it, I would send you mine, 
 but I have no copy of a reasonable size at this moment, 
 
 " I think I may fight my way through this winter, but I 
 shall have a hard battle to fight next spring if I live so long. 
 Tlie event is in my Maker's hands. 
 
 " I remain, my dear professor, 
 in truth and good will, 
 
 faithfully and gratefully yours, 
 
 "Adam Sedgwick." 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
•jrj 
 
 session, 
 I whole 
 1(1 iiuw 
 :ill the 
 mi'itosc 
 ess :iutl 
 torrihle 
 .•liicli is 
 • j»iil)lic 
 ed your 
 escaped 
 
 lit, iVS 1 
 
 ivl your 
 
 lUilll of 
 
 soino <>t 
 c, uiiil I 
 u (»t the 
 the catii- 
 jcu (lays, 
 xtly to(jk 
 
 I sound 
 Shake- 
 
 II truth 
 tit'evoiis, 
 
 • storm 
 Europe, 
 enerally 
 collapse 
 uy book, 
 )u mine, 
 eut. 
 
 er, but I 
 e so loner. 
 
 nut death won the tiL'bt, for Atlaiii Sed^'wiek died in .Janu- 
 ary following, eiLditv-eight years old. 
 
 Though the variety ami v<ihirne of his literary productions 
 deiKjte his untiring industry, they by no means express the 
 full measure oi' his activity. For many years, as already 
 stated, after his connection witii the Canadian (ieological Sur- 
 vey, he spent several montiis of every year in the lieM, often 
 with his chi"f, Sir W. Logan. Sir Wilham had attained 
 prominence as a stratigraj hical geologist, bnt was not 
 learned in chemistry and mineralogy. Hunt's familiarity 
 witli these sciences, therefore, supplemented Sir William's 
 deficiency, and as li^ng as Sir AVilliam remained at the head 
 of the Survey, Hunt was ratlier his collaborator than hi-- 
 subordinate, and when Sir William from old age resigned, 
 Hunt was made co-director with Sir William's successor, Dr. 
 Selwyn. 
 
 That he was not appointed head was due to Sir William's 
 knowledge of his lack of tact and of his irritability un<ler 
 business worries. His fitness to direct the technical opera- 
 tions <jf the Survey was beyond question, inasmuch as for 
 twenty years he had been an active worker, and for part ol 
 the time the most influential member of the staff; l)ut no one 
 knew better than Sir William how intolerant of contradiction 
 he was, and how impolitic were his comments on political 
 leaders upon whose good will the votes for the su|)port of 
 thfe Survey depended. His decision, therefore, not to recom- 
 mend Hunt as business director was an act of kindness to his 
 old colleague. 
 
 Dnrinu- his connection with the Survev as chemist and 
 mineralogist he had to investigate officially many technical 
 subjects. The results are embodied in the regular annual 
 reports in the general summary uj) to that date, published in 
 1863, and in special reports. The most important of the 
 latter class was " On the Gold Klines of Canada, and the 
 Manner of Working Them in 18(53," "On Petroleum in 
 Gaspe in 1865," " On the Gold Regions of Lower Canada in 
 1866," and of Hastings, Ont., in 1867, and of Nova Scotia in 
 
 WICK. 
 
24 
 
 1868, and '• On the Godorieh Salt Region and Iron Ores in 
 1870." But apart fn^in such work growing out of his official 
 duties, he was c(jnsulted frer^uently on points, generally very 
 trivdal, but sometimes the reverse, rci[uiring technical knowl- 
 edge and l)etimes protracted and tedious experiments. As 
 the result of the inquiries of Mr. Workman, of the City Bank 
 of Montreal, for an ink to be used in banknote printing which 
 would be proof against photograjihic reproduction. Hunt 
 invented the greenback. lie suggested the use of sesquioxide 
 of chromium and made the ex[)erimcnts necessary to prove 
 its resistance to all ordinary chemical reagents ; but ]\[r. 
 George Mathews, in whose name the yiatent w^as taken, and 
 his partner, !Mr. Burland, used their practical knowledge, as 
 l)anknote i)rinters, in making a suitable ink with this color- 
 ing substance. Hunt read a paper on the subject l)efore tht 
 A. A. at their Montreal meeting in August, 1857. He 
 received a small sum for the use ot his invention in the 
 T'^nited States, and continued for years to draw royalty from 
 Burland ^Iv; Co., in Canada. The United States patent was 
 bought by Mr. Tracy R. Edson, as member of the lirm of 
 Rawden, Wright, Hutch and Edson, by whom it was trans- 
 ferred to the American Bankm^te Company. The United 
 States patent became very valuable on the breaking out of 
 the war, due to the issue of the immense volume of green- 
 backs. Hunt, however, derived but little Ijenetit from his 
 invention, and even his name is now forgotten in connection 
 with the subject. 
 
 Writing to a friend August 4, 1837 : "I have perhaps 
 told yo.. that I have made a fortunate discovery of a process 
 for printing banknotes which is likely to yield me a good 
 deal of money. It is a green ink which cannot be effaced 
 nor copied by })hotogra])hy. I got a small sum for it m the 
 United States, but a permanent right and interest in the 
 patent in Canada. The invention is not, however, in my 
 name, but as ' Mathews Banknote Trust.' " 
 
 But in the following year he has to tell the same friend the 
 usual inventors story of disai>pointment : " You ask 
 
Ires in 
 official 
 y very 
 kuowl- 
 s. As 
 J Bank 
 
 whicli 
 
 Hunt 
 iiioxide 
 I prove 
 ut Mr. 
 en, ami 
 idu'c, as 
 s color- 
 fore the 
 7. He 
 
 ill lUe 
 Ity from 
 3nt was 
 
 linn ol' 
 s trans- 
 
 Unitctl 
 
 out ot 
 
 greeu- 
 
 [roiii liis 
 
 Innectiou 
 
 lierhapg 
 process 
 a good 
 effaced 
 it in the 
 in the 
 in my 
 
 I'lend tlie 
 I ou ask 
 
 25 
 
 about my, or rather Mathews' green tint. It is largely used 
 in the United States, but I sold it there for a trifle, and here 
 our large banks move slowly, but have all adopted it, so in a 
 year they will liave it in use. and pay me something. T hope 
 to sell it in p]ngland, l)ut nothing definite has as vet come 
 about, and have offered it to the Russian government through 
 a friend. As yet it has been rather more trouble than profit." 
 The following letters are historically interesting as the 
 Canada hanhnoie printing tint was the parent of the yreenlack: 
 
 "City Bank, ^[oxtre.al, 
 
 • . "March •_>, 1857. 
 
 "T. Sterry Hunt, Esq., 
 
 ''■ Chemist to the Geological Survey : 
 " Sir: — The attention of tlie Board of this institution 
 having been directed to the necessity of some further protec- 
 tion against the jiossibility of counterfeiting, altering or \A\o- 
 tographing banknotes, I beg most respectfully to ask your 
 opinion as to the various tints, colors, and chemical agents 
 which have been and are now employed, as a means of pro- 
 tection agf^inst these frauds. 
 
 " As your deep research in all that pertains to chemistry 
 and your high reputation as a chemist will give to your 
 o])inions on this important subject a character for reliability, 
 which cannot fail to be valuable on public grounds, may I 
 beg the favor of your consideration of this matter at your 
 early convenience ? 
 
 " Yours very respectfully, 
 
 "William Workman, President.^' 
 
 "Montreal, July 1. 1857. 
 "William Workman, Esq., 
 
 " President of the City Bank. 
 " Sir: — I have, agreeably to your request in your letter of 
 the 2d March, made a series of ini[uiries, relative to the coun- 
 terfeiting and alteration of l)anknotes, particularly with refer- 
 ence to the dangers to be a])iirehended from photogiTi])hy, and 
 I have now the honor to state the results of my investigation. 
 
2() 
 
 ' ' The various modes heretofore adopted, to render impracti- 
 caljle the copying ot notes by photography, are based upon 
 the use, in conjunction with bkck, of various colored inks, 
 and consist in printing, with one of tliose colors, a design on 
 the back of the note, or letters or figures on its face, or 
 tinally in covering with colored lines tiie face of the note. 
 
 " These plans are all ineffectual from the fact that the 
 colored inks may be effaced by chemical agents. I have 
 convinced myself by exueriment that all the red and vellow 
 tints, hitherto proposed, may be destroyed without injury to 
 the paper, or to the ordinary black printing inic, which, 
 having a basis of carbon, is insoluble and indestructible. 
 The blue tints v^-bifdi have lieen employed are equally fugi- 
 tive, and besides, .is this color reflects the chemical rays of 
 light, it is valueless as a protection against photographic 
 copying. 
 
 " Another method has recently been introduced which 
 consists in covering the paper with a ground of red or yellow 
 color, and then upon the surface thus prepared printing the 
 note with a peculiar black ink of a nature so fugitive that it 
 is effaced by any attempt to remove by chemical agents the 
 colored ground. Fugitive black inks employed this way 
 offer a complete protection against photographic copying, but 
 they at the same time present great facilities for alteration 
 and render its detection difficult ; their use should therefore 
 be rejected. 
 
 " The only effectual method free from objection is, in my 
 opinion, to be found in the use of a color which shall absorb 
 the chemical rays of light, and be like the black carbon ink, 
 indestructible and indifferent to all chemical agents. A note 
 printed with the ordinary black ink, and having its surfii.ce 
 previously tinted with lines of an ink prepared with such a 
 color, will be protected against the iiossibilitv of copying by 
 photogra])hy, by anastatic printing, lithographic transfer or 
 kindred processes, while it cannot be altered by any chemical 
 means. Such a color has hitherto been wanting, but is, in 
 my opinion, now sup|)lied by the green ink recently patented 
 
27 
 
 apracti- 
 id upon 
 d inks, 
 jsigu ou 
 face, or 
 lote. 
 hat tlie 
 
 I have 
 yellow 
 
 iijtirv to 
 which. 
 ructiV)le. 
 illy fugi- 
 [ rays of 
 ographic 
 
 d which 
 jv yellow 
 iting the 
 io that it 
 
 euts the 
 this way 
 yiug, but 
 
 Iteration 
 therefore 
 
 is, in my 
 
 II absorb 
 irbon ink, 
 
 A note 
 its surface 
 th such a 
 opying by 
 ransfer or 
 chemical 
 iMit is, in 
 y patented 
 
 by Mr. George ^[athews, engraver of this city, called the 
 Canada Banknote Printing Tint. The green pigment which 
 forms the basis of this ink resists all acids, alkalies and 
 other agents, which can be applied to the paper. It is the 
 most permanent of colors, and as indestructible as the carbon 
 of the ordinary black printing ink. I have the honor to 
 be, sir, Your most obedient servant, 
 
 "Thomas Sterry Hunt." 
 
 Subsequently Hunt took out a patent for an ink made from 
 stannic acid Avith small proportions of oxide of chromium, 
 forming what he called Mineral Lake, but neither this nor 
 any of his patents yielded him much revenue. While 
 scrupulously honest in all ))ecuniary transactions, he did not 
 possess the money-making instinct. 
 
 To the metallurgy of copj^er he was introduced by his 
 friend, J. D. Whelpley, well known as one of the brilliant 
 men on the staft' of the tirst Pennsylvania Survey. ]\Ir. 
 "\Vheli)ley, in company with Col. Storer, had devised a wet 
 method for treating copper ores, which was to })e carried out 
 Ijy the employment of a luimber of novel mechanical 
 devices. Hunt worked out the chemical reactions, and 
 reduced them to formuUo. The method never came into 
 practical use. It was while endeavoring to api)ly it that 
 Hunt and I patented in l^(il» the use of chloride of iron in 
 connection with common salt as a solvent of cupric and 
 ■cuprous oxide, and subsequently in 1871 our investigations 
 and the inadei^uacy of our jn'cvious method to the treatment 
 of silver-bearing ores, led us to patent a method in which the 
 copper is separated from its chloridized solution as insoluble 
 ijubchhn'ide, through the action of sulphurous acid. On the 
 elucidation of such technical subjects, he brought to bear his 
 intimate knowledge of chemical reactions and his habits of 
 careful research, and therefore his i)apers on such subjects 
 have scientific value apart from their technical bearings. 
 
 The rules of the Geological Survey laid down by Sir 
 William Logan strictly forbade any empiloy(:?e to engage in 
 mining operations in Canada or to report on mining proper- 
 
28 
 
 ties, and tiie rule was obeyed with coiamendahle tidelity. 
 But when Hunt left the employ of the government of Can- 
 ada, he devoted not a little time to ex]>i'rt work. He made a 
 report on the Ore Knob copjier mines and other mining 
 properties, but the enterprise to which he devoted himself 
 with all the energy and enthusia.-.mi of his restless nature was 
 the deve^ojyment of the coal and iron rescarces of southern 
 Ohio, and particularly of the Hocking Valley. He published 
 in 1ST4 a volume of seventv-eiirht pages. " On the H^x-kinir 
 Valley Coal Fields and Its Iron Ores, with Notices of Furnace 
 Coals and Iron Smelting, followed by a Survey of the Coal 
 Trade of the West.'' Again in 1881 lie published a still 
 more com])rehensive volume of 152 pages, " On the Mineral 
 Resources of the Hocking Valley,'' in which, besides tracing 
 the identity of the coal beds of the district, he collected all 
 the information and analysis hitherto published bearing «>n 
 the iron ore of the district, which previous to his former 
 report hail been regarded as of little value. He supple- 
 mented his treatise with a section on the latest improvements 
 in the metallurgy of iron, giving one of the first descriptions 
 of the Thomas-Gilchrist method, and with a clear but concise 
 summary of the railroad communications of his favorite 
 retiion with the coal-i>roducinir and consuminsr centres of the 
 North and AVest. Without doubt his exertions V»etween 
 187-4 and 1881, and his insistence on the suitability of the 
 tlrv non-coking, Hocking coal for use in blast furnaces, 
 materially contributed to the increase in tiie coal and iron 
 production of southern Ohio : — for the coal production in 
 1874 of somewhat over l,(ir)(>,(»00 tons rose in 1880 to 
 1,750,000 tons, and the production of iron in the H<x;king 
 Valley -increased from nil in 1874 to 90,000 tons in 1880. 
 The ultimate results have, however, not realized Hunt's very 
 sanguine, too sanguine, hopes, expressed in the concluding 
 jiaragraphs of both reports. 
 
 " The bituminous coal of southeastern Ohio may, in its 
 geographical, commercial and industrial relations, be com- 
 pared to the anthracite of Pennsylvania. The latter, occupv- 
 
 I'J 
 
20 
 
 tidelity. 
 of Can- 
 
 made a 
 
 mining 
 
 himself 
 tare was 
 southern 
 iuV>lisheJ 
 II. Hiking 
 
 Furnace 
 the Coal 
 d a still 
 ; Mineral 
 s tracing 
 lected all 
 3aring on 
 is former 
 e supple- 
 'ovementd 
 scriptions 
 ut c«jncise 
 thvorite 
 res <jf the 
 between 
 
 ity of the 
 
 furnaces, 
 and iron 
 
 notion in 
 ISSO to 
 Hocking 
 in 18SM. 
 
 Lint's very 
 
 :oncluding 
 
 lay, in its 
 be com- 
 r. occu|>y- 
 
 ing an area of 470 square miles, placed on the eastern Itorder 
 of the broad Appalachian basin, has betore it to the north 
 and east the rich and po})ul(»us but coalless States of New 
 York and Xew Jersey, with those of New England, which 
 look to it for their chief snpply of fuel. Moreover, in Xew 
 York, in Xew Jersey and in eastern Pennsylvania are im- 
 mense deposits of rich iron ores which Ihid in the anthracite 
 the fuels necessary for their reduction and manufacture. 
 
 " If now we turn to the West, we lind on the opposite 
 border of the Appalachian basin the coal region of eastern 
 Ohio, and particularly the Hocking Valley coal field, with 
 its 2'A* square miles of superior and easily mined coal, sus- 
 taining similar relations to the rich and populous States to the 
 north and west which must in time to come look to it for the 
 supply of a great portion of their fuel. In addition to this, 
 we have as a further resemblance, the vast amount «>f iron 
 ores, not only those of southern Ohio itself, but those of 
 I^ke Superior, which, with the rajudly increasing export 
 trade in coal from this region, will tind their way thither in 
 larger quantities to be smelted and manufactured. In view 
 of all these facts, we may with confidence expect to see this 
 coal field and its vicinity the seat of a metallurgical industry 
 comoarable to that of the Lehigh Vallev and of Pittsbursrh." 
 
 The qualities of mind which conduce to make a man emi- 
 nent in science are not those, it would seem, which constitute 
 the mental equipment of a successful mercliant. for the two 
 characters are rareh' united in the same ])erson. But factors, 
 whose intluence Hunt could not foresee in 1S74 or 1880, have 
 corne into ]»lay to frustrate not only his calculations, but the 
 jdans of much astuter minds than his It is true that in 1870 
 Michigan was producing 7<)< •,<•()() tons of ore, but no one 
 dreamt that the production of the Lake Superior mines could, 
 within twenty-five years, reach 1(»,(I(M>,0(M» tonsa year, or that 
 between then and now those uususpecteil deposits would, by 
 throwing into the market l(>i>,000,OoO tons, help to gradually 
 reduce the cost of iron-making m this country to below the 
 lowest European standanl. Xor would the wildest enthusiast 
 
30 
 
 in 1874, when Binninuhani, Ala., bad only just Ijeeu l»orii 
 and named a town, have ventured to ]irediet that l^el'ore the 
 •close ol' the century, jng iron would there be sold more 
 cheaply than even in the Middlesboro district of England. 
 Against such forces many of the old-established districts have 
 had to recede, and therefore a new region, even with the 
 •advantages which Hunt believed to reside in the coal and 
 iron of Hocking V'alley, hud little chance of forcing itself 
 into the prominent position Hunt fondly assigned to it. His 
 jn-ofessioiial work in coal Avas also extended into Kentucky. 
 
 In another sphere of extra-collegiate work. Hunt attained 
 considerable renown — as an expert in court. He was occa- 
 sionally employed to give evidence in cases in the East, 
 involving chemical or metallurgical questions, but the trial 
 which brought out his forensic capacity into greatest promi- 
 nence was the famous Eureka vs. Richmond case. By stipu- 
 lation of both parties the case was tried in San Francisco 
 before Justice Field. 
 
 In no one of the innumerable trials which are unavoidably 
 growing out of the ambiguities and absurdities of the mining 
 law of 1872, and for which its irrational provisions give an 
 excuse, was exhibited a more brilliant display of legal and 
 expert testimony. The case was one involving the meaning 
 ■of the term lode, under the law, where no lode under the old ac- 
 ceptation of the term really existed, and Avliere therefore exi^ert 
 testimony was really essential to an elucidation of the points 
 at issue. These involved questions in stratigraphical geology 
 iis Avell as in the genesis and alteration of ores. Hunt's 
 calm and clear statement of the geological facts of the case, 
 and his lucid exi)lanation of the dvnamic forces bv which 
 certain rock strata were shattered and became the channels 
 for the inliltration of mineral solutions, thus constituting 
 these strata a lode: and further of the subsequent changes bv 
 which the original sulphides were altered into the oxidized 
 minerals, then constituting the wealth of the territory and 
 ore bodies in disinite, was so free from bias as almost to 
 €sca]ie interruption fi'om the opposing counsel, and so won- 
 
:U 
 
 sen born 
 letbre the 
 jlJ more 
 Euiilaud. 
 ticts have 
 with the 
 
 coal and 
 ing itself 
 J it. His 
 ntucky. 
 : attained 
 IV as occa- 
 the East, 
 
 the trial 
 ist pronii- 
 
 By stipu- 
 
 Francisco 
 
 [avoidably 
 he mining 
 s give an 
 legal and 
 e meaning 
 the oldac- 
 ore expert 
 the points 
 al geology 
 Hunt's 
 the case, 
 by which 
 channels 
 onstituting 
 changes by 
 le oxidized 
 ritory and 
 almost to 
 id so won- 
 
 derfully cxi)licit and convincingly reasonable that neither 
 bcucli noi- bar failed to iiinlerstand his explanation ot such 
 diilicidt and obscure technical sul)jects. His marvelous 
 faculty of extemporaneous discussion of a scientilic topic was 
 never more strikingly disjdayed than in the long lecture 
 which he gave as a witness in this case, and which was 
 listened to with such admiration that it has remained a tradi- 
 tion in the San Francisco courts. 
 
 He threw into this as into all his work such earnestness 
 that no doubt of his sincerity could for a moment be enter- 
 tained, and the knowledge of the subject on which he was 
 giving testimony was so varied and profound, and his self- 
 ])ossession so supreme, that it was imj)ossible in cross-exam- 
 ination to entangle him in his thoughts or his speech. 
 
 His fame brought him other work of the same description 
 in the West, but he was then growing old and suft'ering from 
 bodilv ailments, which made such fatigue as was involved in 
 faithful mining; work, on the surface and below trround, 
 arduous. 
 
 Another piece of expert work w^orthy of note was his 
 report to the Corj)orators of the Hoosac Tunnel in October, 
 187-1: (Massachusetts, House Document No. 9, January, 1875). 
 Trouble from caving had occurred in the tunnel, and he and 
 other geologists Avere emjiloyed to report on the cause. They 
 found deep-seated rock decay at that portion of the western 
 base of the range pierced by the tunnel, though glacial action 
 had stripped the range elsewhere of its softened shell. This 
 examination fell in aptly with the stud}" he had been making 
 of the decomposition of the rocks of the Appalachian chain 
 in the Southern States, and gave him additional facts with 
 which t(» support his argument. 
 
 Hunt was also one of a committee of which Hon. C. Fran- 
 cis Adams was chairman, which drafted a scheme for a scien- 
 tific weoloiiical survey of the State of Massachusetts (House 
 Document 206, April, 1874). 
 
 The only important field work Hunt did after leaving the 
 Canadian Survey was in southeastern Pennsylvania l)etweeu 
 
32 
 
 187'") and 187S. He wrote for the Second Goologicul Survey 
 of Peunsvlvaniii a sjiecial report on the " Trap Dvkes and 
 Azoic Kocks of Southeastern Pennsylvania." lie completed 
 only the lirst part, a V(jlume of "253 pages, consisting in the 
 main of the historical introduction. The director, Dr. J. P. 
 Lesley, in his letter to the commissioners of the Survey, after 
 explaining the work done hy three of the geologists of the 
 regular corps, adds : "In su|>port of the assiduous studies (^t 
 those gentlemen of the azoic rocks in their respective dis- 
 tricts, and to further the success u|)on which they can. already 
 congratulate themselves, it was unquestionably desirable to 
 compare their observations and conclusions with those made 
 and reached by geologists outside of the State, in the azoic 
 regions of New Jersey, New York, New England, and espe- 
 cially Canada. No better plan could have been adopted to 
 reach this end than to invite so distinguished a student of 
 azoic ecology as Dr. Hunt to visit those districts of our sur- 
 vey which seemed to correspond with those in the North, 
 among which he has spent the best part of his laborious and 
 successful life, and no book could be more useful than one in 
 which he should collate all the known, supposed and sus- 
 pected facts of American azoic geology, with all the accoj)ted 
 conclusions, and proposed hypotheses, published on thr 
 subject by the most eminent geologists of the last half cen- 
 tury in Europe and America. 
 
 " We owe, therefore, a debt of gratitude to Dr. Hunt i'or 
 this historical monograph which will supply a deei>ly felt 
 deficiency in the literature of our science. It is a treasury 
 of notes and suggestions, of the greatest value to the geolo- 
 gists of Pennsylvania and of other States, working in such 
 districts as are occupied at the surface or are underlaid at 
 moderate depths by the Cambrian ai\d sub-Camlu'ian forma- 
 tions, although no final demonstration has been accomplished 
 l)y the author of these problems of superposition, unconfor- 
 mability and identification at wdiich so many geologists are 
 still half despairingly at work. But his opinion of the 
 probable final solutions of these problems will reinforce their 
 
33 
 
 J Survey 
 ykcs and . 
 lonipleted 
 ag in the 
 Dr. J. P. 
 •vey, after 
 3ts of the 
 studies of 
 ictive dis- 
 m. already 
 ssiral)le to 
 luDSC made 
 the azoic 
 aud es])e- 
 idopted to 
 studeut ot 
 of our sur- 
 ,he North, 
 xjrious and 
 h:ni one in 
 1 and sus- 
 c accepted 
 d on thr 
 half cen- 
 
 |r. Hunt for 
 Iceply felt 
 a treasury 
 the geolo- 
 |ig in such 
 liderlaid at 
 ■ian forma- 
 iomplished 
 , unconfor- 
 ilogists are 
 on of the 
 iforce their 
 
 own, when they agroc, an I load to discussions when they 
 disagree."' Prof. Lesley exhibits nice delicacy in thus ex- 
 ])ressing his dissent from some of Hunt's conclusions. 
 
 As a lecturer he attained well- deserved fame. lie never 
 iinlalged in l^nrsts of eloi[uence, and in speakinu', as well as 
 in writing, he eschewed line language, but his conceptii>ns 
 were always clear, his thoughts well arranged, and his mem- 
 ory stored ■with an iuexhaustil)le magazine of facts and illus- 
 trations. An ample vocabulary of words, though not a 
 redundant tjue, was always at his command. 
 
 In private it was a great pleasure to listen to his conversii- 
 tiun, or rather his monologue, for like all good talkers he 
 monoi)olized the subject, ami one of the charms of his public 
 utterances was that he delivered them with all the ease of a 
 personal address. His altitudes were never awkward, and 
 he never indulged in violent gestures, but his voice was 
 musical and tlexible and his manner earnest. 
 
 His first professorship was at the Laval l^niversity of 
 Quebec, of wdiich he was one of the original staff, from its 
 organization in lyolk He continued to give a course in 
 chenustry every spring, between that date and 1S(J2, sjieak- 
 ing French, in which language he could exi)res3 himself not 
 only fluently, but with elotpience and accuracy. He also 
 lectured for several years at ^[cGill University, Montreal, 
 l^nt it was not till he severed his connection with the Cana- 
 dian Survey that professorial work was not onlv his chief 
 occupation l)ut his source of salary. He left Canaila to fill 
 the Chair of Geology in the Massachusetts Listitute of 
 Technology, which post lie occupied from 1N72 to ISTS. But 
 teaching was not congenial, perhaps because he had not those 
 genial qualities wdiich attract and endear students to some 
 professors. It was also disagreeable to him to discuss details 
 and devote time to geol(-»gical periods which w'ere outside the 
 range of his chosen studies. Lecturing upon his favorite 
 themes, or when he could choose the subject, was stimulating 
 an I very grateful, but the routine work of the college class 
 was distinctlv and avowedly distasteful. It was fortunate, 
 
34 
 
 tliereforo, tluit in 186(3, despite tlie liigii recomineii(liitioii& 
 from Lyell, Afurcliirfon, the Kogers, Diiiiu, Silliinun ami other* 
 with whicii lie bucked his ai)|)liciitioii, that he was rejected 
 iu favor of Newberry for the Chair of Geology in Columbia 
 College. And a sense to a certain extent of his ii...".lness, 
 owing to his aversion to mere collegiate teaching ami 
 academic administration, induced him to refuse a better posi- 
 tion than the one he oceu])ied at the Institute of Technology. 
 Though he never wrote in full a lecture or even a scientific 
 paper betVn'c its delivery, he never appeared l)cf(»re an audi- 
 (Uice, even the most uncritical and uneducated, without care- 
 ful prei)aration anil until In; had written out amjde notes. He 
 rarely looked at these notes, but nevertheless he followed 
 them sulficiently closely to avoid wandering fn»m the train 
 of argument he had mai)peil out, and so enlarging on anv 
 section of the subject that his lecture lackeil an appropri- 
 ate peroration, when the allotted time had expired. His 
 lecture notes are valuable, not only on account of their con- 
 tents, but as models. A correct list of his .single unpublished 
 lectures and courses out of college it would be dilRcult to 
 make, but tiie appended list is approximately comi>lete. The 
 following notes of a lecture " On the Chemistry of the Sea " 
 afford a good sample of his method of preparation : 
 
 " Chemistry of the Sea. — Aphnxlite life and beauty and fer- 
 tility true and more than true. A vast liistorv. Some pages 
 from it. Decipher some lines of the inscri|)tion by the fingers 
 of the sea. We must go back to when sea was not; look 
 fcjrward to the time when it shall have disai)peared. All 
 things are of the sea, the sands, the clays, the gravels, solid 
 rocks, great granite hills, foundations laid iu the sea. In its 
 earliest form of life, or at least, earliest preserved. The secret 
 of our mineral wealth is all there ; its history is that of the 
 building of a world. Origin of the sea, time when no sea 
 was, primeval ocean, fiirst-formed rocks, our land has all been 
 beneath the ocean. Compos, of the early sea — limestone, 
 clay, salt, carbonic acid ; their relation ; purification of the 
 early atmosphere ; progressive changes of air and climate 
 
85 
 
 jiuliitiouA 
 11(1 others. 
 1 rejected 
 Unlmiibia 
 11..." mess. 
 
 jtter posi- 
 icliuolo^y. 
 scientific 
 Q an audi- 
 liout cnre- 
 lotes. He 
 
 followed 
 the train 
 
 ng on any 
 
 1 Mppropri- 
 red. His 
 
 their oon- 
 
 n published 
 
 dilUcult to 
 
 )lete. The 
 
 [' the Sea "' 
 
 ity and fer- 
 ?ome pages 
 the lingers 
 ntjt ; h)ok 
 ;;vred. AH 
 avels, solid 
 sea. In its 
 The secret 
 that of the 
 hen no sea 
 as all been 
 -limestone, 
 tion of the 
 nd climate 
 
 Origin of clays and samls, fdliiiir up <.)f l)asins. Our Amer- 
 ican sea basin. Sul»siding bottom. Climate. Mva]>oration 
 and rainfall. Closed basins, Hmcstoiie (ainnial life), magne- 
 sian rocks, gyi)sum salt, i»otarili, salts. Mediterranean, Dead 
 Sea, Salt Lake of Utah. Story of ancient clinuito in record* 
 of the sea. Sea constantly changing in compos, like air and 
 soil. Evidence from mineral s))rings — their history and 
 origin. Saratoga diluted and modified early sL-a water. 
 Contains all soluble matters, ^feteorie waters fall on land ; 
 superficial s|)rings add emitinually new ingredients. Terres- 
 trial circulation, l)loo(l, vitalizing fluid circulates. Air, earth 
 and water great system. Take a single sam])le. j)liosphorus, 
 relation to life, in all .soils and i)lants, in all jtnjducts of 
 decay, drainage water (.soil retains). In the sea growing 
 plants, seaweeds, animaLs, lishes, bones and muscle, come up 
 as food for man. Birds of iirey. Guano, The sea restores 
 its phosphorus. Still another way, oo/.c retains it. Ujdifted 
 bottom soil for new generations. Potash in like nuuuier. 
 
 ' ' ^Metals in ))rimitive sea. So the wash carries tlieni down. 
 Iron, copper, silver and gold. Precious metals of the sea. 
 Silver sea-weeds. Gold. Late experiments, 1 gr. (?)totheton; 
 a thousandfold more than all now in circulation. Iodine, 
 precious agent, the solvent the great aerator of the sea water. 
 
 " Laws of separation and accumulation of these in beds and 
 veins a subject apart and distinct, full of rare instances of 
 nature's chemistry. 
 
 " Another circulation besides that by evap. and condensa- 
 tion. Temperature and earth's rotation. N. E. and S. W. 
 currents ; great circuits of hot and cold water more than all a 
 vertical circulation. Cold current over the ocean's bottom. 
 Relation to ocean life. Depths of ^fediter. Barren waste ; 
 exception not the rule ; stagnant water. Atlantic to great 
 depths full of life. Descending waters carry tlie oxygen 
 down and thus supply life. Eapidly multiplying creatures 
 and abundant life ; lime also to form their shells. Makes 
 limestone possible in deep water. Eises to moderate tropic 
 heats. 
 
•M 
 
 ? 
 
 " Some i»t' tliu.su pliasos ol cliumiual historv of thu sua ; its 
 future ; wo speak <>1 it as uncliaii,t;ing. The ima^'e of eter- 
 nity comparatively so. Land rises and lalls. Here rolls the 
 deep. The .sound of streams that swift or slow draw down 
 Konian Hills. In this strujxiile the land seemingly suucumhs, 
 l)ut really uonijuerd its foe; slowly, meehanieally an<l ehenn- 
 cally it feeds upon the sea ; o to 20 percent, of modern rocks 
 is ^vater ; \ the ocean. I'rocess still goes on. Cooling 
 globe also ; pores will absorb water; little by little it will 
 fail, and the time will come when there shall be no more sea. 
 A seale.ss, waterless continent, from which life is absent. A 
 waste spot in the great creation. Such fate awaits our earth, 
 and all the lunlies of our solar .system sooner or later, when 
 the sun itself shall have been extinguished and cooled in its 
 turn. Such a [)eriod in the process of ages must come, l)ut 
 is'not linal : 'tis but a folh ". season in the eternal vears ol 
 God, and the forces oi His univer.se can again call from out 
 the darkened chaos a new heaven and a new earth. Man, 
 too, how great is that divine gift by which he reads the lesson 
 of creation and destruction, ami can, as in Cam}>bell's grand 
 vision, look on the dying seer." 
 
 Hunt had charge of the Canadian Geological collection at 
 .several of the great exhibitions, and his fame and i)erfect 
 command of the French language led to his ap))ointment to 
 the International Jury at both the Paris Exhibitions of l>>o') 
 and 18(>7. He occupied the same honorable position in Lon- 
 don in 1862, and in Philadelphia in 187(3. With him jurv 
 duty was no mere honorary and perfunctory service, but a 
 task to which he devoted himself with such intentness that 
 he was blind to all else in the exhibition but what it was 
 within his province to stud}'. His oilicial position in Paris 
 in 1855 lir.st opened to him the ])ortals ol the great world, 
 and he entered it with all the ardor and high hopes of his 
 impulsive and enthusiastic nature. Some extracts from a 
 letter to an old Norwich friend, written from Paris in Septem- 
 ber, 1855, are interesting biograi)hically as expressing his 
 sim])le unconscious vanity, and historically as they refer to 
 
.sea ; its 
 
 of etLT- 
 
 roUs tin' 
 
 l\V (liiWll 
 lCCUl!ll»d. 
 
 il cliemi- 
 ;rii rocks 
 
 Cool in, Li' 
 c it will 
 innv sea. 
 sent. A 
 air earth. 
 :er, when 
 led in its 
 onie, l»iit 
 
 years ot 
 I'roni out 
 li. Man, 
 he lesson 
 I's grand 
 
 ction at 
 
 jiert'eet 
 
 nient to 
 
 of is:..') 
 
 in Lon- 
 un jurv 
 
 e, but a 
 
 less that 
 it was 
 in Paris 
 t world. 
 
 es of his 
 
 from a 
 
 Septeni- 
 
 !sing his 
 refer to 
 
 
 
 men and events now 1)ceoinin<_f obscure and misty in the hazy 
 ])ast, wliieh yet isso little distant from u.s : " Since I am iiere 
 I have hcen so hiisicd with the duties of juror (h^r I was 
 appointed member of the International .luryi tlnit 1 have 
 really beeri a slave. Vou may judge wlien 1 tell you that, 
 although the J'alaco of Fine Arts is but a few rods from my 
 lotlging, 1 have only been there once, and then on duty and 
 lor an hour only, and I have been onee to the Louvre lor two 
 hours. 1 am tired of it ; I shall leave in three or four days 
 for the l{hine. 1 have need of this to rest me and prepare 
 me I'or lurther labors ot the .Iiirv in October, when the 
 recompenses will all be fixed tor the dilferent exposants. 1 
 have had the objects of the iirst-class minerals, metallurgical 
 processes and all that eoiieerns raw materials of this class. A 
 vast amount of material is c«;llected from France, Prussia, 
 Austria, Spain, etc., but Kngland sends verv little, and the 
 United States almost nothing. The associations of the Jury 
 have been very valuable for me ; our President is Elie de 
 Beaumont, who is justly regarded as the patriarch of geologv 
 in France ; Itesides we have Dufrenoy, Call«Mi and de Chan- 
 courtors of the Imperial School of Mines: J^eplay, who is at 
 the same time Commissionary-General of the Exposition, and 
 some foreign members of more or less distinction. ^ly inter- 
 course with them has been very agreeable. M.dc Beaumont 
 has been })articnlarly kind in his marks of attention toward 
 me and his high iiosition in the scientific world and as Sena- 
 tor has made his patronage very u.seful to me. Dumas has 
 also interested himself for me, has brought me before the 
 Academy of Sciences, and presented me the other day to 
 Prince Napoleon in a most public and tlattering manner. 
 The Prince received me with great kindness. The lu-esenia- 
 tion was the more flattering as it was unsolicited, and as M. 
 Dumas said things al^out my scientific merit that 1 will not 
 repeat, I dined at Dumas' house, and met among other 
 chemists, ^[ess. Balard and Wurtz. M. Dumas was much 
 pleased with some novelties in the way of theories wliich I 
 showed him, and begged me to let him give them to the 
 
38 
 
 Academy in my name ; I thanked him for tlie honor he did 
 me, and lie replied that anything coming from me would 
 always he presented by him with great pleasure. I shall give 
 him my notes when I return from the Khine. ^[eanwhile he 
 has presented one ]>a})er from me on atomic volumes, and <le 
 Beaumont another on the hypersthene rocks, besides I have read 
 two papers before the Academy myself, one on the acid 
 springs and gy})sum of Canada, and one on its saline waters. 
 These were referred to a committee of Dumas, Boussingault 
 and de Lenarmond, and both are published in the Comptes 
 Rendus of the Academy, where I have thus published four 
 memoires, besides one m the bulletin of the Geoloi^ical Soci- 
 ety, on the magnesium rocks, sei'jientines, etc., of Canada. 
 All my memoires have been very well received and much 
 talked of; they seem to have been very fortunate. I shall 
 bring 3'ou copies of them. I am very fortunate in being able 
 to Avrite and speak French. We had a meeting of the Soci- 
 ety last week, and made several excursions about I'aris. I 
 bring you some ahiminium with a little note irom Ste. Claire 
 Deville, the discoverer. As for aluminium, it is still very 
 rare, perhajis 100 pounds have been made by Deville for the 
 emperor, who has defrayed from his own purse the experi- 
 ments. Rousseau, the greatest f ibricant of rare chemicals in 
 France, sells it, however, ai three and a half cents a grain, 
 the price of gold, and ever\'body bu\'s specimens of it at that 
 price, so that he can hardly supply the demand. I .send you 
 a bit in this letter from Deville himself, for 3'ou, but his 
 autograph I will keep till I see you." 
 
 The honor he expected was conferred. He was made Chev- 
 alier of the Legion of Honor, and subsequently raised to the 
 rank of Officer. After the congress of Bologna, King Hum- 
 bert of Italy decorated him with the order of St. Mauritius 
 and St. Lazarus. Literary honors were also showered on 
 him, and when elected a fellow of the Koyal Society in 1859, 
 he enjoyed the di!<tincti<>n of being the youngest of that 
 generation entitled to add F.R.S. to his name. Early in his 
 career Harvard conferred on him the degree of M.A., but his 
 
39 
 
 r he did 
 
 I would 
 
 lall give 
 
 ^vhile he 
 
 ;, and de 
 
 lave read 
 
 the acid 
 
 ; waters. 
 
 ssinganlt 
 Comptes 
 
 ,hed foiu- 
 
 cal Soci- 
 Cauada. 
 
 lid much 
 I shall 
 
 leing able 
 the Soci- 
 Paris. I 
 
 ^tc. Claire 
 
 still very 
 
 He for the 
 expcri- 
 
 oinicals in 
 
 a grain, 
 
 it at that 
 
 send you 
 
 , hut his 
 
 de Chev- 
 sed to the 
 
 ng Iluni- 
 Mauritius 
 jwcrod on 
 yin 1859, 
 st of that 
 irly in his 
 \.., but his 
 
 own University of Yale, on account of some youthful csca- 
 l)ade, never enrolled him on her honor list. The University 
 of Laval, of which he was a member of the llrst Senatus 
 Academicus, conferred on him the degree of LL.D., and in 1881 
 the University of Cambridge, England, honored him with the 
 same degree, assigning him as his chambers, while its guest, 
 ([uarters in Trinity College, near the rooms occupied by 
 Xewton. It was there under the insjuration, as he felt, of 
 the great philosopiier's presence, that he wrote bis splendid 
 essay, " On Celestial Chemistry from the Time of Xewton." 
 Hunt was one of the tbunders of tlie Geological Congresses 
 which have been held at intervals of three or four years since 
 the first assembled in Paris in 1S78. The idea was originally 
 broached at a meeting in Buttalo of the American Associa- 
 tion for the Atlvancement of Science in 187(5, when it was 
 resolved that a committee of the Association be ap})ointed to 
 consider the propriety of holding an international congress of 
 geoLjgists at Paris during the International Exhibition of 
 1878, for the purpt)se of getting together, comiKxrativc collec- 
 tions, maps and sections for the settling ot many obscure- 
 jioints, relating to geological classifications and nomencla- 
 ture. The committee consisted of seven eminent American 
 geologists, ot whom Hunt was one, and to the committee were 
 added Huxley, Terrill and Ilamhauser, who were jiresent at 
 the meeting. Subsequently .lames Hall was elected 
 President, and Hunt, Secretary, and it Avas to his efforts 
 as Secretary that the successful organization of the Con- 
 gress was largely due, for, as was afterwards shown, this- 
 was not the first attem])t to induce the geologists ot the 
 world to assemble for discussion and conference, Caj)ellini 
 had in 1871 unsuccessfully made similar j)roj)osals. At 
 the Nashville meeting in 1877, Hunt presented the commit- 
 tee's report, and he, with Lesley, Hall, Cope, Chambertin and 
 Selwyn, attended the Mrst Congress at Paris. Hunt was 
 elected one of the Vice-Presidents. He took jiart in the 
 opening session, was prominent as a debater throughout the 
 Congress, and was ap})ointcd (me ot the International Com- 
 mittee on L'nification and Geological Nomenclature. 
 
40 
 
 He attended the Second Congress at Bologna, which opened 
 on September "JO, 1881, under the presidency of the distin- 
 guished statesman and geologist, (.^uintino Sella. He ])artici- 
 pated actively in committee work, and in the discussions, but 
 though lie communicated no important ])aper to the Congress, 
 Lis eminence was so conspicuous that, as already stated. King 
 Htunbert conferred on him the order of St. Mauritius and St. 
 Lazarus. 
 
 Uis iiealth was already lieginning to fail. He did not 
 attend the Congress held in Berlin, in 1885, but his unme 
 was jdaced on the Committee tor the Unilication of Geologi- 
 cal Nomenclature. But lie was able to attend and participate 
 actively in the Fourth Congress held in Loudon in Sejttcmbcr, 
 1888. He communicated a pajter in French on " Crystalline 
 Schists,'' and took a warm ])art in the resulting discussion on 
 the crystalline rocks. It was the last occasion on which he 
 visited Kuro])e, and when the Congress met in Washington 
 in August, I8i»2, he was too ill to attend. 
 
 Another organi/.atiou in whose inauguration aud subsequent 
 welfare he took a deep interest was the Boyal S(jciety of 
 Canada. It was created in 188'J. and ILuit was the first 
 President of the Mathematical, Physical iind Chemical Sec- 
 ti(;iis. and was President I'or the vearsof 188^-5. The bibliog- 
 raphy is evidence of the industry with which he worked f(,>r 
 the Society. 
 
 Two other societies whose meetings he attended with 
 laudable punctuality aud to wlujse publications he con- 
 tributed largely were the American Association for the 
 Advancement ot Science and the American Institute of 
 ]Miuing Kimineers. He was active Vice-President of the 
 former in the absence of its President in 1871, and was Presi- 
 dent of the Institute in 1877. The last paper which he con- 
 tributed to its transactions was a very comj)rehensive, yet 
 concise summary of the geological relations of the iron ores 
 of the Lnited States, preseuteil at the joint meeting ol the 
 Iron and Steel Institute (of Fngland) and the Ameiicau In- 
 stitute of Mining Engineers in 1891. The })aper was written 
 
41 
 
 opened 
 tlistiu- 
 ]iartici- 
 iiis, but 
 injiTCss, 
 -1, King 
 and St. 
 
 did not 
 is name 
 (jeologi- 
 rticinate 
 )toniV)er, 
 ystidline 
 ission on 
 diicli he 
 Lsliington 
 
 bseqncnt 
 )ciety of 
 the lii'st 
 c:d Sec- 
 )il)liog- 
 )rked tor 
 
 cd with 
 he eon- 
 tor the 
 aitute of 
 it of the 
 as Presi- 
 ;h he cou- 
 nsive, yet 
 iron ores 
 ng ot the 
 oriean In- 
 as written 
 
 while confined to his room by liis fatal illness, and the 
 material was drawn from the resources of his well-stocked 
 memory. 
 
 In 1878 he was created ;i member of the National Academy 
 (^f Science, and for many years attended its sessions in "Wash- 
 ington, even when so doing involved not a little incon- 
 venience. 
 
 The last two years of his life he spent either in St. Luke's 
 Hosjiital or conlinetl to his room in the Park Avenue Hotel, 
 Xew York, but they were by no means years of idleness. lie 
 wrote most of his Systematic Mineralo(jy when sult'ering from a 
 complication ol diseases, which would have been a valid 
 excuse to any other man for physical and mental rest ; and 
 up to the day belbre his death, whicli took ]tlace on February 
 12, 1802, lie spent hours at his desk, at work on a new book. 
 He died .sitting on his bed, fully dressed, his head Icaninjr on 
 the table, lighting tli(3 grim enemy to the very last. His .sole 
 pleasure, during tlujse dreary months of eonllnemeiit, was 
 tending his plants and llowers, for he hjved them, not only as 
 a well-trained botanist, but with keen sympathy, as if they 
 had been sentient beings. They never olt'endcd his taste or 
 acute sense of smell or irritated iiiin as animals did. For 
 them he had almost a dislike. 
 
 A|>art from science Hunt wrote little or nothing. In his 
 youth he for a time believed himself a poet, and liecom])osed 
 a short epic and translated Latin hvmns. '^IMie loUowiiit:' 
 verses express the mystical tendency of his mind at that 
 perio<l : 
 
 "PREJ'lXISTEXCE." 
 
 " Dreams tliat steal o'er me in my waking hours 
 Tell of another life than that of earth, 
 For ante-natal memories sometimes come 
 O'er the dark flood my spirit crossed at birth. 
 
 " Visions of other scenes in other lands. 
 
 Strange jilimpses of a life now mine no more ; 
 
 Thoufihts, too. that tell me that what is has been, 
 
 Forms I have known on some forgotten shore. 
 
42 
 
 " Friends that were mine liefore I crossed the flood 
 Which darkly hides that vanished life from view ; 
 Wakening niy love, as only brothers could 
 Tell me that all these memories are true. 
 
 "This world is but one scene on life's great stape ; 
 My soul, to whom these visions now are given, 
 Passinjr beyond the darkening Hood of death 
 Shall wake to fuller vision in hiyh heaven." 
 
 His teiiiperainent wa.s always distinctly religions. He went 
 to Canada as a liigh-strnng imaginative boy, who had been 
 bronght up in the strictest .school of Connecticut Congrega- 
 tionalism. In Montreal he was at once admitted into the 
 iimer circle oi the French Canadian Society, which retained 
 much of the culture and urace ot the Ancien Rejime. was 
 devoutly Catholic, and was controlled by French ecclesiastics 
 of trreat snavitv, tact and intcllectiial acuteness. Under the.se 
 influences Hunt adopted the Roman Catholic taith, and 
 remained a devout son of the Church till after the breaking 
 out of the war of the Rebellion, when he abandoned the 
 Church as opeidy and with the same courage and .sincerity as 
 he had shown in entering it, though in so doing he alienated 
 some of his dearest friends. Whatever may have l)een his 
 faults, cowardice and duplicity were m^t among them. 
 
 He remained a bachelor till 1877, living during tlie previ- 
 ous thirty years almost always alone, but devoting a verv 
 large j>ortion of his salary to the support of his ni<>tlier. 
 whom he loved and reverenced till her death, and of his two 
 sisters. 
 
 Marrying so late in life, after his habits had become rigid, 
 and when so many years of solitude had made it difficult to 
 bend to the elastic requirements of domesticity, marriage was 
 not congenial. It interfered with his studies, and his wife and 
 he wisely decided to live aj)art. 
 
 But though a herniit in his habits, he formed many wann 
 friendshi|)S, and was fond of occasional social intercourse. 
 Like all emotional natures, he was subject to periods of great 
 elation and corresponding depression, and in his estimate of 
 
43 
 
 He went 
 liacl been 
 I'ontfrega- 
 
 iuto the 
 
 I retainc'l 
 jime. was 
 c-lt'siastica 
 iuler these 
 aith, and 
 
 breakius 
 ,l.>ne«l the 
 noerity as 
 ? alienatetl 
 
 l)een his 
 
 m. 
 
 the previ- 
 
 II jr a very 
 is uiother. 
 ot his two 
 
 oine rigi'l, 
 difficult to 
 image was 
 li.s wife and 
 
 nany wann 
 intercourse. 
 ,.ls of great 
 ■estimate of 
 
 men was inclined to idealize his friend, and to hold and 
 express unduly derogatory opinions of those he was not in 
 sympathy with. During his long and eminent scientilic 
 career he knew and corresponded with nearly all of the 
 worhi's great chemists and geologists, and of course hi.s 
 acquaintance was intimate with the scientists of this country 
 and Canada, who liveil during the latter half of the centurv. 
 When adopted into the Society of the Lynx, a very exclu- 
 sive Roman body, the members of which are known uiuler 
 the itseudonym of some departed scientist, he took the name 
 of Sir Humphrey Davy, but Faraday was bis model ;uid 
 example. Faraday's luiscllish devotion to science and his 
 voluntary surrender of gain and of a life of ease and wenlth, 
 which would have rewarded the pursuit of technical chemis- 
 try and physics, in order that he might devote himself with- 
 out distraction to the investigation of jnire science, excited 
 Hunt's emulation. At the same time, the beautiful serenity 
 of Faraday's dis|)osition and the jairity and .steadfastness <jf 
 his religious convictions appealed strongl}' to Hunt's deeper 
 feelings. Hunt was a guest at Dumas' breaktast table, when 
 a letter from Faraday was delivered, which, as it was written 
 in English, none but Hunt could read and interpret. It was 
 the acceptance by Faraday of tiie liighest lujunr the Emperor 
 Xapoleon could bestow on him, the Commandership of the 
 Legion of Honor, a di.stinetion conferred rarely except for 
 distinguished military services. Xajwleon when he was an 
 exile in England had known intimately and admired pro- 
 foundly the single-minded jddlosopher, and now through 
 Dumas, the greatest French chemist and a Senator, he thus 
 expre.ssed his a])]ireciation of his work and character. Fara- 
 day's reply was couched in the most respectful though almost 
 affectionate languatre, and emled with a devout wish, that the 
 Almighty would guide his old friend amidst the dilTiculties 
 which now beset his jiath — such a prayer as he might have 
 uttered in the little Saudimauian conventicle which he fre- 
 quented. 
 
 Faradav was Hunt's hero of science, and Newton its 
 
44 
 
 prophet. Therefore tlio cahn ])lnlo.so]ihical spirit which 
 actuated hoth men must liave been to him a constant re- 
 proach: for Hunt's vehemence too often took the phice ot sim- 
 ple earnestness, and his keenly impressionable and irritable 
 nature prevented his always judicially weighing both sides of 
 the many debatable questions on wliich he nevertheless held 
 decided views. 
 
 He was not lacking in candor. If he believed himself in 
 the wrong he was willing to admit his error. But at the 
 same time he was bigote<l in his adherence to any jjosition 
 he had a.ssumed, and when forced t(j al)andon it, he was very 
 ingenious in finding good reasons for his change of base. 
 
 The controversial character of so much of his writings and 
 the constant reiteration of his claim ot ]>riority as 1 have al- 
 ready remarked, obscure unfortunately to some extent the 
 brilliancy of his original work, and have created, it is to be 
 leared, a false im]iression of his character, which was essen- 
 tially chivalrous and generous. Those who came most in- 
 timately into contact with him were those who admired him 
 most. His faults and foibles were not skillfully concealed. 
 They were only too patent. 
 
 Hunt set before himself high ideals. He did not always 
 realize them. But he none the less strove to live up to them, 
 and he did attain to no small measure of success and self- 
 conquest. The heroism of his declining years >v;*H*.magniri- '^ 
 cent, as he worked })aticntly and jierseveringly under the 
 strain of failing health and with a speedy death staring him 
 eonstantlv in the face and threatening witli inevitable cer- 
 tainty to soon cut the thread of life. 
 
 BIIiLIOrTHAPHY. 
 
 AHltliEVIATIONS. 
 
 .V.A.P. — Anu'riciui Acaileiny Proceedings. 
 
 A.C. — Aineriean Chemist. 
 
 .V.N. — AiiH ricaii Xaturalist. 
 
 IJ.A.U. — British Association Reports. 
 
 C. iV: ri.E. — limit's Chemical and (xeological Essays. 
 
 C.G.S. — Canadian Geological Sin-vey. 
 
45 
 
 it which 
 stunt re- 
 e of sim- 
 irritable 
 1 sides of 
 less held 
 
 iinself in 
 t at the 
 
 position 
 was very 
 )ase. 
 
 tin,<:s and 
 have al- 
 ctcnt the 
 t is to he 
 as essen- 
 
 niost in- 
 lired him 
 oncealed. 
 
 it ahvays 
 I to them, 
 and self- 
 >-inagnili- 
 mder tlie 
 iring him 
 ,able cer- 
 
 'Vtj 
 
 C.J. — Canadian Journal. 
 
 ex. — Canadian Naturalist. 
 
 C. Xews. — Chemical News. 
 
 C.H.— Couiptes lieiulus, Paris. 
 
 D. G.S.J. — Dublin (ieoloirical Society Journal. 
 
 f^rd.J.P.C— Erduiann Jour. I'rakt. Clieni. 
 
 (J.S.J. — Geological Society Journal. 
 
 r.^r.E.— American Institute of Mining Engineer.^^ Transaction. 
 
 .M.P. & P. — Hunt's Alineral Physiology and Physiography. 
 
 P. .v. A. — Proceedings of American Association. 
 
 P.M. — Philosophical ]Maga/inc. 
 
 U.S. P. — Royal Social Proceedings. 
 
 S.J. — Silliman Journal — American Journal of Science. 
 
 1840. 
 
 On the ^leteoric Iron of Texas anil Lockport. G. li. Silliman Jr., and 
 T. S. II. S. J., ii, p. 370. 
 
 Description and Analysis of a Xew ^Mineral Species Containiui;- Titan- 
 ium, with Some Remarks on the Constitution of Titaniferous Min- 
 erals. S. J., ii, p. 80. 
 
 (^n Ozone. S. J., ii, p. 10:1. 
 
 1847. 
 On tlie Artificial Formation of Specular Iron. S. J., iii (?), p. 411. 
 Review of the Organic Cliemistrv of .M, Charles Gerliardt. S, J iv 
 
 p. 93. 
 On the Relations of Glycocoll and Alcargene. S. J., iv, p. 108. 
 On the Action of Sulphuretted Hydrogen upon Xilric Acetene. S. J., 
 
 iv, p. 350. 
 Analysis of 3Iinerals in Third Annual Report of C. R. Ad:»ms of the 
 
 Geological Survey of Vermont. 
 
 1848. 
 
 On the Analysis of Chromic Iron. S. J., v. p. 418-411). 
 
 On the Chemical Constitution of (rclatine and its Transformation. S. 
 J., V, p. 74. 
 
 Seven Reviews in the Scientific Intelligence, and One Analysis of Chro- 
 mic Iron. S. J., V, p. 418. 
 
 «^n the Anomalies presented in the Atomic Volumes of Sulphur and 
 Nitrogen, witli Remarks on Chemical Classification and a Notice of 
 M. Laurent's Theory of Binary ^lolecules. S. J., vi. p. 170. Re- 
 pultlished as "Theory of Types in Chemistry" in C. & G. E. 
 
 On the Chemical Nature of Gelatine. S. J., v, p. 259. 
 
 Geological Survey of Canada (1847-1849), April, 1848. Rejjort on the 
 Rocks and Minerals of the Ottawa— especially Epatitcand Analysis 
 of Mineral Rocks. Pp. 125-165. 
 
■Pi 
 
 40 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Note to ii Paper on tlie Clieinical Nature of Gelatine. S. J., vi, lip. 259, 
 
 2(10. 
 On the Acid Springs and (T\'psuni Deposits of tiie Onondaga Salt 
 
 (Jronp. S. J., vii, pp. 175-178; Edinb. New Phil. Jour., xlvii, i)p. 
 
 50-53. 
 On Some Principles to he Considered in Chemical Classifications. S. 
 
 J., vii, pp. 89-95; viii, pp. 89-95 (?). 
 •Chemical Examination of Algerite, a New .Mineral Species. S. J., viii, 
 
 pp. 10:5-108; also Ii. J. N. II., vi, 1857, pp. 118-123. 
 Chemical Examination of the Water of the Tuscaroni Sour Spring, and 
 
 of Some Other Waters of Western Canada. S. J., vii, pp. 304-372. 
 On the Decomposition of .Vniline hv Nitrous Acid. S. J., viii, pp. 372- 
 
 375. 
 On the Geology of Canada. P. A. A. S , ii, pp. 325-334. 
 On a New .Mineral Algerite, Boston, Proc. Nat. His, Soc, iii, 1S48- 
 
 1851, pp. 259, 260. 
 Leucine and Its Homologous Relations, with some Critical Remarks 
 
 upon the late Researches of ]Mr. Wiirtz. A. A. A. S., pp. 231-233; 
 
 also S. J., ix, 1850, pp. 63-67. 
 Report on Limestones, Assatite, and Mineral Waters. C. G. S., pp. 
 
 47-05. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Geology of Canada (1849). S. .1., ix, p. 12-19. 
 
 Leucine and Its Homologous Relations, with Some Critical Remarks on 
 the Late Researches of Mr. Wiirtz. S. .1 , ix, p. 63. 
 
 Chemical Examination of tiie Waters of Some of the Mineral Springs of 
 Canada. S. J., ix, pp. 266-275. 
 
 Rcsearcli upon some Derivations of the Benzoic Series of Chural. S. .1., 
 p. 275 ; and other note in the Scientific Intelligence. 
 
 On Some Saline Springs Containing Barj'ta and Strontia. P. A. A., ]>p. 
 153, 154. 
 
 On the Taconic Sy.stem. P. A. A., pp. 203-204. 
 
 On the Determination of Phosphoric Acid. P. A. A., p. 338. 
 
 Analysis of Soils and Ashes of Peat. P. A. S., p. 222 (not re- 
 ceived). 
 
 Canadian Localities of Minerals. P. A. S , p. 311 (not received). 
 
 On Magnisite. P. A. S. p. 353 (not received). 
 
 Locality of Asphaltum. P. A. S. p. 357 (not received). 
 
 Malate of Lime in Sugar Maple. P. A. S., p. 389 (not received). 
 
 Report on Soils of Canada East and Mineral Springs. C. G. S., p. 73- 
 100. 
 
 1851. 
 On the Mineral Springs of Canada. S. J., xi, pp. 174-181. 
 On the Chemical Constitution of the Mineral Warwickite. S. J., xii, pp. 
 352-356. 
 
47 
 
 v\, i.p. 259, 
 
 (liiira Halt 
 , xlvii, pp. 
 
 itions. S. 
 
 S. J., viii, 
 
 prill*:;, ami 
 )p. 3G4-3T2. 
 iii, pp. 372- 
 
 ;., iii, 1S48- 
 
 il llciuarlvs 
 )p. 231-233 ; 
 
 ;. G. s., pp. 
 
 Remarlvs on 
 1 Springs of 
 unil. S. J., 
 
 :>. A. A., pp. 
 
 !8. 
 
 J22 (not re- 
 ived). 
 
 ived). 
 G. S., p. 73- 
 
 S. J., xii, PI) 
 
 Description and Anaiy.sis of Loiranitc. P. >[., ij, pp. (]n-(\l. 
 K.vaininalion of Some Canadian .Minerals. V. -M., 1, i)p, 322-328. 
 Iteinarks on the Litholoiiieal and Pahuontological Characters of ihc 
 
 Potsdam Siindstone, P. A, A., pp. 271-273. 
 On the Homologies of the Alcohols and their Derivatives. P. A. .\.., 
 
 PI). 21(;, 217. 
 Cohimliite of Iladdain. P. A. S., p. 043. 
 Octahedral Peroxide of Iron. P. A. S. p. 242 (not received). 
 Ecouomical Use of the Skin of the AVliite Porpoise. P. A. S., p. 386. 
 Report— North Shore of St. Lawrence below Quebec. C. G. S., pp. 
 
 37-')4. 
 
 1852. 
 
 On the Compound Ammonias and the Bodies of the Cacodyle Scries. 
 S. J., xiii, pp. 200-211. 
 
 On the Octahedral Oligist Iron. S. J., xiii, 370-373. 
 
 Examination of Some American Minerals. S. J., xiv, pp. 34(>-34G. 
 
 Examination of the Phosphatic IVfatter and Supposed liones and Copro- 
 lites Occurring in the Lower Silurian Rocks of Canada. G. S. Q. ,T.. 
 viii, pp. 209, 210. 
 
 Report (on Chemical Work). G, S. C. (report of ])rogress), p|). 93-121. 
 
 Remarks on the Lithological and Paheontoloiiical Characters of the Pots- 
 dam Sandstone. P. A. A., vi, i)p. 271-273. 
 
 18.-)3. 
 On Atomic Volumes. S. J., xv, p. 116. 
 On the Theory of Chemical Change and on Eciuivalent Volumes. S. ,T., 
 
 XV, 226-234. Reprinted in C. & G. E. 
 Ou the Constitution and E(iuivalent Volume of some ^liiieral Species. 
 
 S. ,1., xvi, pp. 203-218. lieprlnted in C. & (i. E. 
 Rei)ort— Mineral Waters of Canada. C. G. S., pp. 152-179. 
 
 1854. 
 
 On the Theoretical Relations of Water and Hvdroo-cn. S. J., xvii, pji. 
 
 194-199. 
 On the Chemical Compositions and ]{cinarks on the ^lineral Si)ecies of 
 
 Algerite. S. J., xvii, pp. 351-352. 
 Description of Parophite, xvii, p. 127. 
 On Some of the Crystalline Limestones of North America. S. J., xviii, 
 
 pp. 193-200. 
 Illustrations of Chemical Homology. P. A. A., pp. 237-247, and S. .1., 
 
 xviii, pp. 269-271. 
 On the Composition and Metamorphoses of Some Sedimentarv Rocks. 
 
 P. M., vii, pp. 233-238 : Erd. J. P. C, Ixii, p. 174. 
 On Phosphatic Organic Remains in the Palteozoic Rocks. P. A. S. (no 
 
 copy furnished for pub.). 
 Ou a Number of Mineral Species. P. A. S. (not furnished for pub.). 
 
- 1 " 
 
 ■ima 
 
 T 
 
 48 
 
 Hcport fin- tlic Year 1854. Tricliiiic Feldspars. 
 Silurian Rorlis. C. «. S., pp. 873-388. 
 
 is:).-). 
 
 Tliouirhts on Solution and tlie Chemical Process. S. J., xix, pp. 100- 
 
 103. Reprinted in C. & (i. E. 
 On the K(inivalents ot'Sonie Species. S. J., xix, jip. 41(5-418 
 On the So-called Taleose Slates of the Green Mountains. S. J., xix, \\ 
 
 417. 
 Sur les roches niann^sienncs du sroupe de la reviere Hudson an Canada. 
 
 Paris, Lex. (i^oj. Hull., xii, lHi4, 18.m. pp. 10-il)-1031. 
 Xote snr les sources acidcs ot les sypses de Ilaut-Cannda. Paris. Coniptes 
 
 Rondus, xl, pp. 1348-13.")!. 
 Snr les volumes atonn(iU(s. Paris, Comptcs Rendns, xli, pp. 77-81. 
 Recherches sur les eaux miuerales du Canada. Paris, Comptes Ren- 
 
 dus, xli. pp. 300-304. 
 Sur les rapports entre queUjue composes diflfdrant par II._, et par O.^. 
 
 Paris Comptcs Rendus, xli. pp. 1167-1169. 
 Examinations of Some Felspathic Rocks. P. M., ix, pp. 354-3()3 ; Erd. 
 
 J. P. C, Ixvi, pp. 149-ir)4. 
 
 On the Serpentines of Canada and their Associated Rocks. R. S. P., 
 
 viii, pp. 423-425. 
 On the Parts which the Silicates of the Alkalies, may play in the IVfeta- 
 
 inorphism of l^oeks. R. S. P., viii, pp. 458-401 ; also P. M., xv, in 
 
 IftiS, and S. ,J., XXV, pp. 278-287, in 1858. 
 
 1857. 
 On the (Miirin and ^[etamorphosis of Some Sedimentary Rocks. C. S. 
 
 ii, pp. 355-357. 
 On the Chemical Composition of the Waters of the St. Lawrence and 
 
 Ottawa Rivers. P. :M., xiii, pp. 239-245. 
 On the Reactions of the Alkaline Silicates. S. .T., xxiii, pp. 437, 438. 
 Note on the Cherokine of C. V. Shepard. S. J., pp. xxvi, 27-50. 
 On the Prohahle Orijxin of Some ^fagnesian Rocks. R. S. P., ix, 1857- 
 
 1859, pp. 159-164; S. .T., xxiv, pp. 272, 273. 
 Report of Chemist and Mineralogist of the Geoloirical Survey of Canada 
 
 ft)r the Year 1853 on Mineral Waters and Laurcntian Limestones. C. 
 
 G. S. 
 Ditto, ditto, for 1854, "On Triclinic Felspars of the Lanrentian Scries," 
 
 and "On Silurian Rocks." 
 Ditto, ditto, for 1855 "On Iron Ores and Metallurgy of Iron," "On Ex- 
 traction of Salt," "On :Magnesian Mortars," "On Plumbago," "On 
 
 Peat and Its Products." 
 Ditto, ditto, for 185(?, "On Parallelism of the Metamorphic Silurian and 
 
 Lanrentian Rocks." 
 
4t> 
 
 , i)p. 100- 
 
 .1., xix, p. 
 u Canada. 
 
 ;, Coiuptcs 
 
 77-81. 
 iptes Hen- 
 
 't i>ar O.^. 
 
 ■3r>3 ; Er<l. 
 
 H. S. P.. 
 
 Iho Mttii- 
 M.. XV, ill 
 
 ks. C. S. 
 
 re nee anil 
 
 13T, 438. 
 50. 
 ix, 1857- 
 
 f Canada 
 stones. C. 
 
 n Scries," 
 
 On Ex- 
 go," "On 
 
 Inrian and 
 
 All tiic above in Itcport (»f ProL'ies^, i)nl)li>lied in 1857. Altsiracfsof 
 above were pulili>iied in C. N., ill, l»l-'J7, and in S. .F., second 
 series, xvx, pp. •J17-220, and xxvi, pp. 234-240, under tiie title, 
 " Contriltntions to tlie History of Opliiolites," with additions, "(»n 
 Seri)entines and Some of its Usi.-.." C. N., ii, pp. 28-34. 
 
 C'lieuiical Report and "On Dolomites and tlteir Formation." C. <J. S, 
 (report of progress), lH,->7, pp. 1!I3-32'J ; Lanreuts. 58. 
 
 .Mineral Waters and Origin of .Magnesian Rocks. C. N., ii, p. 258. 
 
 1858. 
 
 On the Theory of Igneous Rocks and Voleanos. C .1., iii, i>p. 201-208; 
 
 C. X., iii, pp. 194-201, antl repuldislied in C. cV (i. i:. 
 On Die Chemistry of llie Primeval Ivirth. S. .1., .xxv, pp. 102, 103. 
 Contributions to the History of ()|)liiolites. S. J., xxv, pp. 217-220; 
 
 xxvi, pp. 234-240: Erd. J. P. C, Ixxv, pp. 457. 45S. 
 On the lOxtraction of Salts from Sea Water. S. .1., xxv, pp. ;!(>1-371 ; 
 
 C. N., iii, |)p. 97-110. 
 On the (Origin of Eeldspars and on Some Points of Chemieal I-itliology 
 
 S. .!., xxv, i)p. 43.J-437. ^ 
 
 On I-^npiiotide and Saussnrite. S. J., xxv, p. 437. 
 On Some {{eaclions of tlie Salts of Lime and .Magnesia. S. .1., xxvi, pp 
 
 109, 110. 
 
 1859, 
 
 Contributions to the History of (iyp>nni and Magnesian Itocks. P. A. 
 S., pp. 227-247 (1800; ; C. X., iv, pp. 294, 295. Reprinted in C. & 
 G. E. 
 
 On the Formation of Magnesian Limestone. C. .1., iv, pp. 185, 180. 
 
 Fish 3Ianure. C. N., iv, pp. 13-23. 
 
 Formation of Siliceous Rocks. C. N.. iv, pp.295, 2!l(). 
 
 (Report as Cliemist and Mineralogist.) On Intrusive ]{ocksof ifontreal 
 and (Jrenville, Minerals from Silurian Rocks and History of Dolo- 
 mites. C. O. S. (report of progress, 1858), \>\^. 171-218. lU'itrinted 
 in part in C. J, v, new series, pp. 420-442. Abstract in S. .1., 
 second series, xxxi, i». 124. 
 
 Contributions to tlie History ol Euphotide and Saus.surite, S. J., xxvii, 
 pp. 336-349; Erd. J. P,"s., Ixxx, 1860, pp.333-330. 
 
 On Some Reactions of tlic Salts of Lime and ^lagnesia, and on tlie For- 
 mation of Gypsum and Magnesian Rocks. S, J., xxviii, pp. 170- 
 187, 3G5-383.' 
 
 Notes on Some Points in Cliemical Geology. B. A. R., 1860 (Part 2), 
 pp. 83, 84 ; C. N., iv, 18.59, pp. 414-425; (J. S, J., xv, pp. 488-490; 
 S. J,, XXX, 1800, pp. 133, 137. Republislied in C. & G. E. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Analysis of Canadian Wolfram. C. J., v, p, 103. 
 
 On the Intrusive Rocks of the District of Montreal. C. .1. v, pp. 426- 
 442, 
 
» 
 
 oO 
 
 On the Titanaiiircroiis Iron Ores of Cnniidii. C. N., ii, pp. 41, 42. 
 
 Uu the Kornmtion (»t' (iypsinns iiml DulDniitos. O. 8. .J., xvi, pp. V)2- 
 
 184. 
 Sur les relations (Mitre los niiitiercs ainyloiilcs ot allmniinoidcs. Paris, 
 
 C. U., 1, |)p. 118(1, 1187; .lour. (It; IMiarni., xxxviii, pi». 122, 123. 
 On Home of tiie luineous Kocks of Canada. S. J., xxix. pp. 2H2-2H4. 
 Notes on the Dolonutes of the Paris Hasin. S. .1., xxix, pp. 284-280. 
 Review of Some Points in the (Jeology of the Aljis. (Memoire sur les 
 
 terrains liassiipie et lieiiperion de la Savoie par Aiphouse Fiivre). 
 
 J. S., (second series), xxix, pp. 118-124. 
 
 1801. 
 
 Xote on Chloritold from Canada. S. .1., xxxi, |>p. 442, 44'i. 
 
 On Ozone, Nitrous Acid and Xitrovien. S. .1., xxxii, pp. 109, 110. 
 
 On tiie Taconic System of Dr. Kmmons, S. .1. (seeond series), xxxii, 
 pp. 427-4:{0; xxxiii, pp. 13.j, 18(i. 
 
 On Some Points in Cliemical (Jeoloiiv. H. A. R. 
 
 On the Tlieory of Types in Chemistry. C. ,1., vi, pp. 120-129; C. K., 
 lii, 247-2.50: P. .M., xxii. pp. 15-23; S. J., xxxi. pi». 25G-2t't4. 
 
 On Some Points in American (Jeology. C. N., vi, pp. 81-100; S. .1., 
 xxxi, pp. 392-414. Reprinted in part as "The Origin of Moun- 
 tains"' in C. it (;. E. 
 
 On the Origin of Some Magnesian and Aluminous Roeixs. C. N., vi, 
 pp. 180-184: S. .1., xxxii, p. 280 ; C. Xew.s, vi, 1802. p)). 1.58-100. 
 
 Notes on the History of Petroleum or RoeiiOil. C. N.. vi, pp. 241-25.5 ; 
 C. News, vi, 1802, pp. 5, 0, 10-19, 35, 36. 
 
 Mr. Rarraiuleon the Primordial Zone in Nortii America, and on the Ta- 
 conic System of Eniiuoiis. C. N., vi, pp. 374-383. 
 
 1802. 
 
 Considerations sur la chemie du globe. C. It., liv, pp. 1190-1105; C. 
 
 N., vii. pp. 201-205. 
 Note on the Taconic System of Emmons. C N., vii, pp. 78-^0; S. .T.. 
 
 xxxiii, p. 188. 
 No' ' ! Occurrence of (Jlauconite in tiie Lower Silurian Rocks. S. 
 
 (»nd series), xxxiii, i)p. 277, 278. 
 ;heinistryof the Earth. C. N., vii, pp. 201-205; C. R., June 9, 
 
 1802. 
 .-»escriptive Catalogue of Collection of Economic Minerals of Canada, 
 
 and of its Ciystalline Rocks sent to the Loudon Exhibition of 
 
 1802. C. (t. S.,pp. 01-03. 
 Note on the Various Theoretical Views Regarding the Origin of tlie 
 
 Primitive Formations, liy C. F. Naumann. C. N., vii, pp. 262, 263. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Note sur la nature de I'azote et la theorie de la nitrification. C. R., Iv, 
 pp. 400-462. P. M., XXV, pp. 27-29. 
 

 
 ol 
 
 42. 
 , pp. 1')'^- 
 
 •s. Pftris, 
 », 123. 
 WJ-3H4. 
 84-280. 
 ire sur lef. 
 Hi Fivvre). 
 
 , 110. 
 
 Ifs), xxxii. 
 
 129; C. U.. 
 -2<'>4. 
 
 .10(»: S. .1., 
 of Moviii- 
 
 C. N., vi, 
 l.-)8-l<)0. 
 p. 241-255 ; 
 
 on the Tii- 
 
 0-1 195; C. 
 
 i-HO; S. J.. 
 
 Hocks. S. 
 
 R., June 9, 
 
 of Canadii, 
 :hibition of 
 
 igin of the 
 )p. 262, 263. 
 
 C. H., Iv. 
 
 On tlu! Clirniicnl iin<l .Miiicraloirinil Ucliilionsof Mi'liunorpliic Uocks. C. 
 
 N'., X, pp. 1».')-20H; I). G. S. J.. X, lH(i4, i»p. 85-y5; S. .1.. x.xxvi, p. 
 
 214. UcpuhllslR'd in C. & O. A. 
 On liic Euilirs Clinnit.- in Palieozoir Times. C. N., vlii, i)p. 323-:«28. S. 
 
 J., xxxvi, p. ?M. 
 Sur la nature ilii Jade. C. K., Ivi. pp. 12.')5-1257 ; S. .1., xxxvi, p. 420. 
 t'ontrilnilions to tin- Ciieinicai and Geoloirical History of Hituniens and 
 
 of I'vrosrinsis or Hittnninous Slmlts. S. .1., xxxv, 1.*)7-1T1. 
 On tlic Gold .Mines of Canada and the Manner of Working Tin in. C. N,, 
 
 viii. pp. 13-19. 
 
 1864. 
 C'ontrihutions to Fiithology. V Theoretical Notions. 2. Classification 
 
 and Nomenclature. S. .1., xxxvii, pp. 248-2(i6 ; C. N., i, jti). 16-36, 
 
 161-189. 
 I.aurentian Hhizopods of Canada. S. .1., xxxvii, p. 431. 
 Contributions to Litliology. 3. On Some Eruptive Uocks. 1. Local 
 
 !M('tamorphisn», S. J , xxxviii, pp. '.H-104, 174-1H5. 
 Notes on the Silicifications of Fossils. C. N., i, pp. 46-50. 
 On Peat and Its Uses. C. N., i, pp. 426-441. 
 (/ii (Organic llemaius in the Launntian Itock of Canada. H. A. It. 
 
 IHiiS. 
 
 Vorkommen des Apatits in Canada. Neues Yahrli. Mineral, p. 84."); 
 Halle, Zeitsehr. (fcsanimt, Naturwiss., xxv, p. 297. 
 
 Contributions to the Chemistry of Natural Waters. S. ,1., xxxix, pp. 
 176-lit3 ; C. N., ii, p. 1-21, 161-183, 276-29!». Reprint in C. <S:C,. E. 
 
 On the .Mineralogy rtf J^ozoon Canadense. C. N., ii, pp. 120-127. 
 
 .V (ieographical Sketch of Canada. C. N., ii, pji. 3.")6-3f»3. 
 
 On tile Mineralogy of Certain Organic Remains from tlie Liiurentian 
 Rocks of Canada (1864). G. S. Quart. J., xxi, pp. 67-71 ; P. M., 
 xxix, pp. 76, 77. 
 
 Petroleum, Its Gecdogieal Relations, with Si)ceial lU-ferencc to Its Occur- 
 rence in Gaspe, with map. 3Iontreal. Pi». 19. 
 
 1866. 
 On Petroleum. P. A. A., xv, pp. 29, 30. C. N., iii, pp. 121-123. 
 On the Metallurgical System of Messrs. Whelidey and Storer. P. A. .V., 
 
 XV, pp. 30-84. 
 »)n the Primeval Atmosphere. P. A. A. S., pp. xv, 34-37; C. N., iii, pp. 
 
 117-120. 
 On the Laurentian Limestones and their Mineralogj-. P. A. A., xv, pp. 
 
 54-.")7 ; C. N., iii, pp. 123-125. 
 Further Contributions to the History of Lime and Magnesia Salts. S. J., 
 
 xlv, pp. 49-67, 
 Report "On Geology and Mineralogy of the Laurentian Limestones,"' 
 
 "On the C-eology of Petroleum and Salt," "Porosity of Rocks," 
 
52 
 
 •IVal." C. <J. S., Hei>oit of Pn.uncss for ISOS-W), pp. ISl-SUl. 
 Ottawa. 
 Hopoit oil I lie (Ji)l(l Region of Lower Ciiiuula. C. (J S., l{eporl ot 
 Progress fr. 1863 to 1806, pp. 7'.»-90. 
 
 186T. 
 
 On tlie Objects iiiul MetJiod of Mineralogy. S. J., xliii, i.p. 203-207. A. 
 
 .\. !•.. vii, pp. 23S-242. Heprint.a in' ('. A O. K. 
 On the Mineralogy of Crystalline Linieslones. Geol. Mug., iv, pp. 357- 
 
 3»)0, 432-477, 478; Les Monties, xv. pp. 17-24; Airliives Sci. Pliys. 
 
 Nat., xxxi, ISC' i)p.5-14; C X., iii, lsG8, pp. 225-231; Koy. Instil. 
 
 Pro<., V, 186!.. ,.p.l78-lM5; Sniitlisonian I{ei)orts, 18)19, pp. 182-207. 
 Surla formation ties gypses et des dolomites. C !{., l.viv, pp. 815-817. 
 Sitr (|Ueli|nes reactions de silo nnignesieiis et sur les rocUes magnesiferes. 
 
 C. H., Ixiv, pp. M4(i-849. 
 Snr les petroles ile I'Americine, dn Nord. Paris, Hull. Soc. G4i»l., xxiv, 
 
 pp. 570-573. 
 Terrains ancieiis de lAineriipic du Nord. Hull. Soe. G^ol., xxiv. pp. 
 
 C64-t;))9. 
 Siir la tlieorie de I'Origine des montagues. Hull. Soc. G^>!., xxiv. 
 
 087-(i89. 
 l>L'seriptioii ge.>logi(iue dii Canada Ivpiis-e (leologiijne du Canada. 
 
 pp. 3-35. 
 Hi'port on the Gold Kegion of Hastings. C. G. S.. pp. 3-<!. 
 
 1868. 
 
 On Some Points in the Geology of ViMinont. S. .T., xlvi, pp. 222-229. 
 Notes on the Geology of Southwestern Ontario. S. .T., xliv, pp. 355- 
 
 362; C. X., iv, 18(59, i>p. 11-20. 
 A Notice of the Chemical Geology of Mr. I). Forbes. Geol. Mag., v. 
 
 49-5!). 
 On the Chendstry of the Prinu-val Kartli. C. N. (new series), iii, pp. 
 
 225-234. Uead to the Hov. Inst. (Jieat IJritam, Loudon, Mav, 1807. 
 
 Hepui 
 
 ). Ill 
 
 c. & (;. K 
 
 On the 'Jold Uegion of Xova Scotia. C. G. S., pp. 3S. 
 
 On the (.'heinical and Geological Kelations of Metals. I'. A. A. (paper 
 
 read, not printed). 
 
 1869. 
 
 Volcanoes and Eartlniuakes. C. N., iv, pp. 8S7-397. 
 
 The Magnetic Iron San«ls of Canada. C. N., iv, pp. 467-469. 
 
 On the Probable Seat of Volcanic .Vction. Geol. Mag., vi. p|). 245-251; 
 
 C. N., iv, pp. 166-173; S. J., 1. 1870, pp. 21-28. Reprinted in 
 
 C. A: <}. E. 
 Ktudes chiini(pies snr le cuirre. C. R., Ixix, pp. 1357-1310 ; C. X., iv, p. 
 
 334; S. .L, xli.x, 1870, pp. 153-157 
 
53 
 
 . 18l-21tl. 
 |{cpoil of 
 
 13-207 A 
 
 ■, pp. 357- 
 Sci. riiys. 
 oy. In>-ii'. 
 ,." 182-207. 
 , 815-S17. 
 Uiu'sitorc's. 
 
 l^ol., xxiv. 
 
 xxiv. pi>. 
 
 6;)!., xxiv. 
 
 11 CiMiula. 
 
 '222-229. 
 ^PP 355- 
 
 Miii-., V. 
 
 >), iii. PP- 
 May, 1867. 
 
 A. (paiuT 
 
 ip. 245-251 ; 
 cpiintril ill 
 
 ;. N.. iv, p. 
 
 Oostcrrpicli. Zcitschr. Hcrsrwi'spii. xviii, IHTO, pp. 157-159. 
 
 UfolojricHl Features in Viciiiily of Bulceil .Moiuilaiii. C. N. (new series), 
 
 iv, pp. 218-224. 
 Borings for Oil in Southwestern Ontario Hepion. I{ea(l to \. A. A. S.; 
 
 Abstract Am. Xat., ii. |». 388 (k p.). 
 Tlie (roiierieii Sail Hejrion — Iron and Iron Ores. ('. ('.. S., pp. 2n-;504. 
 On .Vnrient Erosions in the St. i^awrenee Valley. Paper read \. \. A. 
 
 S. (not printed). 
 On the (Jeolojfy ot Northeastern Ameriea. Paper read A. A. A. S. (not 
 
 printed). 
 
 1870. 
 
 On Anieriran Iron Sands. P. \. A., xix, pp. 181, 132. 
 
 The Oil-hearing Limestone of Cl'.ieago. P. A. .V., xix, pp. 157-159; 
 
 S. J., i (1871), pp. 420-424; Am. Chemist, ii (1872), pp. 27-29; C. 
 
 N.. vi, (1872), pp. 54-59. lU'prinl.d in C. & (J. E. 
 Notes on Granite Koeks. 1'. A. A., xix. pp. 159-ltil ; V. N,, v, 388- 
 
 40« : S. .1., i (1871), |)p. 82-89, 182-191 , iii (1872), pp. 115-125. 
 On Laurentian Hocks in Eastern Massachusetts (1809). S. .1., xlix, p[). 
 
 75-78; C. N., v, pi). 31-38. 
 OnNorileor Lahradorile Rock. S. J., xlix, pp. 180-186 ; C. N.. jtp. 
 
 198-205. 
 On the Oeoloiry of Eastern New England. S. .1., 1 (1870), pp. 83-90 ; 
 
 ('. X.. pp. 198-205. 
 On l>aiirenlian Hocks of Nova Scotia. S. J., 1. pp 132-13-1. 
 On a Miner.il Silicate Injecting Paleozoic Trinoids. C. N.. v, pii, 449- 
 
 451 ; S. .1., i. (1871), pp. 379-380. 
 The Liquefaction of Hocks. (!. .Mag., vii, pp, 60, (ii. 
 On Astronomy ami (Jeojogy. C. N. (new series), v, pp. 460-462 
 Labradorite Hocks at Marblehcad, Mass. S.J. (second series), xlix, p. 
 
 :<89(i p.). 
 
 nescription of the .New England (iraiiile I'ormalion, Essex Inst. Hull., 
 
 i, pp. 1U6-107 (i p.) 
 On the Salt Deposit of Western Ontario. Paper read A. A. .V. S. (not 
 
 printed). 
 
 1871. 
 
 .\ddress before the .\merican .\>.M)cialion. delivcreu at rndianai)olis. I. 
 (ieogiiosy of the .\ppalachian System. 2. The Origin of Crystalline 
 Rooks. P. A. A.. XX, pp. 1-59 ; A. \., v, pp. 451-51)9; Ceoj. Mag., ix 
 (1872), pp. 76-7S. Bcprinted in C. &(i. E. 
 
 Notes on tiie Hunt and Douglas New Process for the Extraction of Cop- 
 per from Its Ores. A. C. i. pp. 199-200. 
 
 .Mineral Silicates in Fossils. S. .1 . ii, pp. 57-")8. 
 
 On the Oil Wells ofTerre Haute, hid. A. M. N., v, pp. 576, 577. Re- 
 printed in C. tV (i. E. 
 
r>4 
 
 On the Clu'inistry of tlic Kaith. Smitlisoniiiii Report for ISfiO. pp. 182- 
 
 207. 
 .Viiiilysis ol'Coal.s and Crystalline Kocks IVoin Vancouver I<ilan(l. P. A. 
 
 .\., pp. 1)8-100. 
 TlicOrifrin of ("rystalline |{ocks. P. \. \., xx, p. I^') ; \n\. Nat., v. p. 
 
 470; S. .1., ii nliird 'series), 205. 
 Notes on Granite Kocks, S. J., i (third scries), p|). 82-182, ami iii, p. 
 
 115 ; C. X., V. p. 3S8. Reprinted in C. i!c (i. E. 
 
 1872. 
 
 The Or cin of Crystalline Hocks. |1H71|, A. ('., ii. pp. 291. 202. Ite- 
 
 prii "d in C. vV <;. K. 
 On ,\l|)inc (Jeolojry. S. .F., iii. pp. 1-1.">. Reprinted in C. it G. E. 
 Heniarks on the Late Criticisms of Prof. Dana in Reference to My 
 
 Theory on the Origin of Crystalline Rocks. S. .]., iv. pp. 41-52. 
 Geolotiical History of the Mountain of Montarvillc. C. X.. vi, pp. 224- 
 
 22(i. 
 History of the Xaines Camlirian and Silurian in (ieolojiy. C. N., vi. 
 
 pp. 281 -:U1. 417-448. Reprinted in C. ».V G. E. 
 Osserva/.ionl intoriis alia ncoloixia del urnppo del Monte Bianco, 
 
 Transl. Firenze. Ball. Com. Gcol. Ital.. iii, pp. 131-140. 
 On Prophyries of the Coa-^t of Mass. Essex. Inst. Bull., iii, pp 53, 54, 
 On Eahradorite Rocks in New Hampshire and Colorado. G. S. New 
 
 Hami)shire, report of proj^ress dnrinji 1871. pp, 13, 14, 
 On the (Jeoloiry of the Vicinity of Boston. Boston Soc. Nat. His. 
 
 Proc, xiv, pp. 4.") 4y. 
 lU'inarks on the Extraction of BisnuUh from Certain Ores. I. M. Iv, i, 
 
 pp. 2t!0. 201. 
 Origin of Metalliferous Deposits. Lecture delivered hefort? the .\meri- 
 
 «'an Institute of .New York and i)uhlisiied in C. & (J. E. 
 
 1873, 
 
 Tlie Geognostical History of (he .Me»als. I. M. E . i, pp. 331-346. 
 Remarks on an OccurnMice of Tin Ore at Winslow, Me. I. M. E., i, 
 
 pp. 373. 374. 
 The Origin of Metalliferous I)ep(»sits. I. M. E., i, pp. 413-420. 
 Notes on the Geology and Economic .Mineralogy of the Southeastern 
 
 Appalachians. 
 The Metamorphism of Rocks 
 (Geology of Southern X'^ew Brunswick. 
 
 Breaks in the Americal Paleozoic Series. P. \. \.. xxii, pp 113-11)1, 
 |{emarks on Prof. X'ewlierry's Pai)er — "On Circles of Deposition." 
 
 P. A. A., xxii. 100-198. 
 Some Points in Dynamical (Jeology. S. ,1., third series, v, pp, 264- 
 
 
 o 
 
 270, Reprinted in C. & G. E, 
 
 On the Copjier Deposits of tlie Blue Ridge. S. .1., vi, 305-308. 
 
')'J 
 
 pp. t8'3- 
 d. I'. A- 
 
 Silt., V, p. 
 
 iiul iii, I). 
 
 •202. Ue- 
 
 O. E. 
 
 ice to My 
 
 41-52. 
 ■i. pp. 224- 
 
 C. N.. vi. 
 
 te Hiunco. 
 
 pp 53, 54. 
 (J. S. New 
 
 Nnl. His. 
 
 I. M. K . i. 
 
 the .\int'ri- 
 
 U ;U6. 
 
 1. M. Km i. 
 
 •12t'.. 
 outhciistern 
 
 IIH-IUI. 
 Deposition. 
 
 Paln'ojrrapliy of tlic North American Continent. (1873), .V. (J. Soc, 
 
 J., iv. |>p. 41«-4:n. 
 On the Theory of Voleanos. (1H72), Boston Soe. Nat. His. Proc., xv, 
 
 |.p. 250-252. 
 On tlie Crvstaliine Scliists of tlie Green and Wiiite Mountain S<'ries. 
 
 Boston Soc. Nat. His. I'r 
 
 oc, XV, pj.. :!()<.». :!10. 
 
 On the Kozoon Canadense. (1870), Irisii Acad. l'io<.. i, 1S73-74, pi). 
 
 123-127. 
 Ou Concentric liainination in Itocivs. Boston Soc. Nat. His. I'roc, xv, 
 
 pp. 2G1, 2G2. Beniaiks l.y Kunland. 
 
 1874. 
 
 On the Crystalline Rocks ol tlie Bine Bidge Sonthwest of I.ynchliurg, 
 Va. (1878), Boston Soc. Nat. His. Proc, xvi, pp. llfi, 117. 
 
 (Jeolojry of the North Shore of Lake Superior. I. M. E., ii, [t. 5f<. 
 
 The Ore Knob Copper Mine and Some liclated Deposits. I. M. K., ii. 
 pp. 123-131. 
 
 Beniarks on Position of Maiinelic Iron Ore- of Northern New York. 
 J. M. E., i, 370. 
 
 On the Cement of Some Natural and Artilieial Stones. P. .\ . A., xxiii, 
 p|). lot), 107. 
 
 The Disintegration of Hocks and Its (Jeological Sitrnifleance (ab- 
 stract;. P. A. A., xxiii, pp. :;9(i. 
 
 The Sewage Question Chemically Considered (abstract). 1V.\. .\.. 
 
 . V. pp. 
 30H. 
 
 3(54- 
 
 .xxii, pp. 107-100. 
 On Wet I'rocesses of Copper Extraction (al)stract). P. A. .\., xxii. pp. 
 
 78(b), 70. 
 On the Decayed Rocks of the Hoosac Mountains. I. .M. K., iii. pp. 
 
 187, 188. 
 The Coals of the Hocking Valley, Ohio. I. M. K., ii, p. 273. 
 Magnetic Iron Ores of New Jersey. I. M. K.. ii, pp. 334, 235. 
 Occurrences of Glauconite and Fossil Resins. Boston Soc. Nat. Ilis. 
 
 Proc, xvi, pp. 301, 302. 
 Remurks -^u the Stratification of Rock Masses. Boston Soc. Nat. His. 
 
 Proc. xvi. pp. 237-230. 
 The Deposition of Clays. Boston Soc. Nat. His. Proc, xvi. p|i. 302 304. 
 On Dr. Oenth's Researches on Corundum and Its Associated .Minerals. 
 
 Boston Soc. Nat. His. l^roc, xvi, March 4. 
 Breaks in the Ameri<.an Paleozoic Series. V. X. .\.. xxii, pp. 117. 
 
 1875. 
 
 Celestial Chemistry, v. Popular Science Monthly. 
 
 Deposition of .Sediment. A. J. S., ix, pp. 01, 02. Boston Soc Nat. His. 
 
 Proc. 
 Report on Hoosac Tunnel. House Doc. No. 0, 1875, Mass. 
 Chemical and Geological Kssays. Hoston. Pp. 480. 
 
-')(; 
 
 Tho <Jpolnjri<ul Survey of Missouri. Amer. Xat.. ix. pp. 240-245. 
 K(iuiuk> on Hiiuatitc Iron Ores, Kastirn I'liiti'd States. I. M. E., iii, 
 
 pp. 417-432. 
 On the Boston Artesian Well and Its Waters. Boston Soc. Xat. Hi». 
 
 Proe , xvii. pp. 48fi-lM8. 
 Keniarivs on the Relations of Priinonlial and Crystalline Works in 
 
 New Ensrland and Elsewhere. Boston Soc. Nat. His. Privc., xvii. 
 
 pp. 508-510. 
 
 1876. 
 
 The t'ornwali Iron .Mini- and Some Related Deposits in Pennsylvania. 
 
 I. M. K., iv, pp. 31H-325. 
 History of Crystalline and Stratified Hoeks, P. A. A., -\.\v, p. 2«>5. 
 Oeology of Eastern Penn.sylvania. P. A. A.. .\xv, pp. 208-212. 
 On the Pelrosiiex Porphyrus of X. Caicdina. P. A. A., xxv. Ut-aiJ. 
 
 not printed. 
 A N>\v Ore of Copper and Its Metallnr.L'y. I. M. E., pp. :{2.V.329. 
 The Development of Our .Mineral Hesoiirees. Beiiisr the Fifth Paper of 
 
 the First Contrib. of the Uepuh. Series. Harper's Magazine. 
 
 1877. 
 
 The Ooderieh Salt Region. I. M. E.. v, pp. .">3S-5<iO ; S. J., third 
 
 series, xiii, p. 231. 
 Older Rocks of \Ve>tern North .Vineriea. 
 ,1. D. Dana on the Alteration of Roeks. Boston Soc. Xat. His,, xviii, 
 
 pp. 108. 109. 
 The Decayed tiiieiss of tin- Hoosac Mountain. Boston Soc. Xat. His. 
 
 xviii. pp. 106-H»8. 
 
 1878. 
 
 International Creidogical Congress. P. \. A., xv, p. 485. 
 
 Special Report on the Trap Dikes and .\zoie Rocks of Sontliern Penn 
 
 sylvania. Part 1. Historical Introduction. H. CJeol. Surv. Penna. 
 
 Report E. i>. 8-21 ; 2.")3 pages. Harrishurg. 
 On the (ieology of the Eozaic Rocks of North .Vnierica. Boston Soc. 
 
 Xat. His . kix, pp. 275-271). 
 The (Juehec Oroup in (Ji-ology. Boston Soc. Xat. His., xix, pp. 2—4. 
 Introductory Remark at Phil Meeting. I. M. E., vi. p. IS. 
 Remark on Nicktd Deposit of Oxford. Canada. I. M. E.. vi, p. 213. 
 Remarks on Origin of Clays. S. M. E., vi. p. 188. 
 t)n the Origin of Crystalline Rocks. B. .\. R.. p. 53«. 
 On the (jreol()gical Relations of the Atmosphere. B. A. H.. p. 544. 
 
 1879. 
 Coal and Iron of the Hocking Valley, O. I. M. E., vii. p. :{i:{. 
 The Historv of Some Precamhrian lioiks in .\merica and Europe. P. 
 A. A., xxvii, p. 27»; S. J., xix. pp. 2«58-2h;{ ; C. N., ix. p. 2.-»7. 
 
'it 
 
 a. 
 
 I. E.. iii. 
 
 Nat. His. 
 
 <rorks in 
 r«*c.. xvii. 
 
 isylvaiiia. 
 
 2 
 
 V. Kta.l, 
 
 3-29. 
 
 I Paper of 
 '.iiie. 
 
 J., third 
 
 His., xviii. 
 Nat. IIi> 
 
 lern P«*nn 
 rv. Pftina. 
 
 oston Soc. 
 
 p. 2-1. 
 
 p. 213. 
 
 .14. 
 
 urope. P. 
 
 Table of Geological Formations, p. 51 ; Eozoii-, p. 10, aii<l Dnminion of 
 Canada, pp. 5*2 -."(5, in Maclarlanf's .Xnier. Geoloirii al Haihvay tJiiiili-. 
 
 KeiiiarkH on tlie Position of (.'(.juxr hfarinj? Uocks of l.ak*- Superior 
 and Pennsylvania. 1. .M. Iv. vii, p. :j;W. 
 
 On tlie Origin of Clays on the Atlantic Seaboard. I. M. K., vi, p. 188. 
 
 1880. 
 
 The Chi'inical and (ieolojiical Uoiations of ilic .Vtniosphcre. S. .f., xix, 
 pp. :i40-ac:!. Hiprinlcd in M P. & P. 
 
 On the Recent Formation of Quartz and on Silification in Callf-irniii. 
 8. J., xii. p. 371 : C. K., ix. pp. 435, 1881. 
 
 The Genesi.s of Certain Iron Ores. Science (edited by Michels), i, p. 
 201 ; also read to A. A A. S., 1S80. 
 
 Letters and Nf)tes on the Iron Itearins and Associated Kcx'k.s of the 
 Manjuette Kegion, and Comjiarisons with the Archean of Canada 
 and of the Eastern United States (with coininents by T. IJ. Brooks). 
 (Jeology of Wisconsin Survey of 1873-71). -v, 18X0. 
 
 Ues terrains pre-Cambriens dans I'AinericjiH; Jj Nord. Congres Oeol. 
 International Coniple Henda, Session of 1878, pp. 2-2'.»-23-2. 1880. 
 
 Siir les liniitcs dn terrain Cainl. .^n. Congres G6ol. Inter. C. II.. Ses- 
 sion 1878, p. 95), 1880. 
 
 On the Origin of Anthracite (abstract), Science, i, p. 303. Head to 
 National .\ca<l. of Sci. 
 
 1881. 
 
 IIi<itorical N<»tes on Cosmic Physiology. I'. A. .\.. x.\x. p. 48. 
 
 The Taconic System in Geology. C. N. (new series), ix, p. 4'29(alistract) ; 
 
 abstract. Am. Nat., xv, p. 401. Head Nat. Acad. Sci., 1880. 
 Remarks on Pre. -Cambrian Rocks of (ireal Hritain. Bos. Soc. Nat. 
 
 His . XX, pp. 104-141. 
 The Hydroinetallurgy of Copper and its Separation from the Precious 
 
 -Metals. I. M. E.. x, i)p. 11-25. 
 Nature in Thougiit and Language. Lon.. Ediii. and Dub. Phil. Mag., 
 
 1881. Reprinted in M. P. & P. 
 
 1882. 
 
 Address of Welcome. \. A. A, S., Montreal C. Meeting, xxxi. p. fil3. 
 Remarks and Notices. .\. \. A. S,. Montreal C. Meeting, xxxi, pp. 
 
 618-639. 
 The Eozoic Hocks of Central and Southern Europe. The Serpentines 
 
 of Italy. P. A. A., xxxi. 
 Celestial Chemistry from the Time of Newton. Proc. Phil. Soc. of 
 
 Cambridg*', iv,p. 3; S. ,1.. xxiii. pp. 123-133. Reprinted in .M. P. & P. 
 The Relation of the Natural Sriences. Address before H<»yal Society 
 
 of Canada. C. Nat., x. No. 5. and. with additions. Popular Science 
 
 Monthly, xxii, p. Iti5. 
 
■BtH 
 
 r)8 
 
 1883. 
 
 Classific'iition of tlic .Natural Sciences. P. A. A., xx.xii, p. 29. Ucpi'iilcd 
 
 ill M. I'. & P. 
 IVc-Caiiihiian Kiicks ot tlic Alps. I'. A. A., .\xxii, |>|). 239-24i : Am. 
 
 Nat., xvii, pp. 10!»<J-1102 ; al)Slracl, Sciciicf, li, pp. :i3i-;{3;{. 
 Tlie Serpenliiie of ^^lat(■Il Island. X. Y. !'. .\. .\., xxxii, p. 242; A.iii. 
 
 Nat., xvii. \\. 1037; Science, ii, p. 323. 
 The Decay of Rocks (Jeoloijically C'onsideied. S. .1., xxvi, p. 190; 
 
 Scieuee, i, p. 324; Am. Nat., xvii, pji. 645. Head to Nat. Acad. 
 
 Sci., .Vi»nl IT. Hcprinled in ^I. P. A: I'. 
 Coal and Iron in Alabama. I. M. K., xi, p. 236. Kiij:;. i^: Mininj;.!.. 
 
 XXXV, p 113; altstracis, School of Mines, t^uart. iv. j). 225; 
 
 Science, i. p. 101. 
 On the Pre-Camlirian Hocks of Kiirope and .\iiierica. C N.. x (new 
 
 series), p. 126, 127. 
 The Geology of Port Heury, N. Y. V. N., ix, p. 420-422; Sci. Am. 
 
 Supp.. viii (No. 195), p. 3096. Kead to Am. A. A. S., 1879. 
 Geolojry. Protriess for 18H2. Smilhsonian Ueport for 1883, \k 126. In 
 
 part in the Viririnias, v. p. 141-101. 
 The Pre Camlirian Hocks of Wales. Science, ii, jt. 403. 
 The (Jeoloary of Lake Superior, Science, i, i»p. 218, 219. 
 A Historical Aec-ount of the Tatonic t^ueslion in (Jcolotry. with a Ois- 
 
 eussioii of the Helations of the Tacoiiian Series to the Older Crystal- 
 line and to the Camlirian Hocks. Can. Royal Soe. Trans., i, sec. 4, 
 
 pp. 417-427. 
 Relation of the Natural Sciences. Inaugural address. Can. Royal 
 
 Soc. Trans., i, sec. 3, p. 1. 
 The Geological History of Serpentines, including Notes on Pre-Camhriaii 
 
 Rocks. Can. Royal Soe. Trans., i, sec. 4, pp. 105-215. Reprinted 
 
 in M. P. ic P. 
 Notes on Prot. James Hall's Address, on the <teologi(al History of the 
 
 .\mericaii Continent. P. \. A., xxxi, p. 69-71. 
 Historical .\ccoiiiit of the Taconic (.Question in Geology. Can. Royal 
 
 Soc. Trans., i, p. 217. Reprinted in .M. P. iV P. 
 
 1884. 
 
 On the Chemistry of the Natural Silicates. \i. A. H., |). 679. 
 
 The Origin of the Crystalline lioeks. Can. Royal Soc. Trans., ii (3), 
 
 p. 1. Head Ix-fore Royal Soc. of Canada, .\bstracl, S. J , xxviii, 
 
 p. 73. Reprinted in M. P. & P. 
 The Apatite Deposits ot Canada. I. M, K.. xii, pi). 459-468; K. & .M. 
 
 J., xxxvii, p. 138. 
 Camlirian of North .\merica. Read to Bos. Soe. Nat. His. Am N., 
 
 xviii, p. 409; Canadian Rec. Sci., i, p. 77. 
 
;")<) 
 
 llcprjiitftl 
 
 24!ii : Am. 
 
 '242; Am. 
 
 i, p. 100; 
 ,at. Acttil. 
 
 Mining J.. 
 11 "'2ri • 
 
 ;.. X (new 
 
 ; Sci. Am. 
 
 79. 
 
 1>. 126. Ill 
 
 with ii l>is- 
 Icr Crystal- 
 9., i, sec. 4, 
 
 III. UDVal 
 
 C'amtirian 
 i{(|iiint('(l 
 
 lory i>r lliP 
 
 Jan. Ui>val 
 
 ans., ii (:<). 
 .1 , xxviii, 
 
 ; K. & M. 
 
 Am N., 
 
 XotP on Apr of Rock.*; on RorcU-r of the Trias near the Iron Mine* of 
 
 Pcnnsj'lvania. .\. I'liil. Soc. I'm., xxi, p 4."»H. Discnssed l»y 1'. 
 
 Frazcr. 
 The Eozoic Rocks of Norlii .Vmcrica (.\hstract). (Icol. Kncy., i (liiird 
 
 scries), p. ."iOt} ; Tanaiiian Kcc. Sci , i, p. 82; R. A. R.. p. 727. 
 Tiic llciK'sis of (. lyslallinc itocks. Am. Nat., xviii, p. (iO.'). Abstract 
 
 of pa{)er read to Nat. Acad. Sci., April 15. 
 
 1885. 
 
 Riographical Notice of Prof. Rcnjamin Sillinian. 1. M. E., xiii. p. 782. 
 
 Remarks on Natural Gas in Canaihi. I. M. E., xiii, p. 7H>. 
 
 An Electrical Furnace for Reducing Refractory Ores. I. M. E., xiv, 
 p. 492. 
 
 Note on the Apatite Region of Canada. 1. M. E., xiv, p. 495 ; P. A. \. 
 \., xxxiv. p. 199. 
 
 (Seology (Progress <•!', for 1883). Smithsonian Report for 188:1. p. 443, 
 1885. 
 
 I.es Divisions du systeme Eozoi<)ue de r.\meri<|\ie de Nord. Soc. 
 (J^ol. Relgi((ue .\nnales. xii p. 'A. 
 
 Tlie (Jeolcigy of the Scottish Highlands. Science, v, p. 87. 
 
 An Historical Account of the Taconic Question in Geology, with a 
 Discussion of the Relations of the Taconic Series to the Older Crys- 
 talline and to the Cambrian Rocks Second Part. Can. Royal Soc. 
 Trans., ii, sec. 4, p. 125 ; abstract. Science, iii, p, 675. Re|>rinted 
 in M. P. & P., Chemistry of Sea and Land, and Youth's Companion, 
 
 .lune. 
 
 1886. 
 
 Apatite Deposits in Ijawrenlian Rocks, .\bstract. P. A. .\.. xxxiv, 
 p. 199. 
 
 A Natural System of Mineralogy with a Classification of Native 
 Silicates. Can. Royal Soc. Trans., iii (I}), p. 25; S. .1. S., xxxii, 
 p. 410. Reprinted in M. P. & P. 
 
 •Mineral Physiology and Physiography. .\ Second Series of Chemical 
 and (tcological Essays, xvii, 710 pages, Boston. Review Am. 
 Geol., viii. p. 110. 
 
 Note on the .Vpalite Region of Canada. I. M. E.. xiv, p. 495 ; Cana- 
 dian Rec. Sci., i, p. 05. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Remarks on Hocking Valley DistriiM. I. M. E.. xv. p. 754. 
 
 Further Notes on the Hydrometallurgy of Copper. F. M. E.. xvi, p. 80. 
 
 Elements of Primary Geology. Geol. Mag., third decade, iv, p. 493; ab- 
 stract, E. & M. .1.. xxxiv, p. 219; Nature, xxxvi, p. 574; H. \. R., 
 1887, p. 704. 
 
 Gastaldi on Italian Geology and the Crystalline Rocks. Geol. Map., 
 third decade, iv, \\. 531 ; abstract, B. A. R., p. 703. 
 
()() 
 
 Tlu- (tciH'tir History <if CryslnlliiM' Hocks. Ciin. Royal Bor. Trans., 
 
 iv, sec. 3, p. T. HcpriiiU-ii iii M. V. & P. Abstract Canadian Roc. 
 
 8ci.. i, p. 147. 
 The Tuconic Question Restated. Am. Xat., xxi, p. 114. Reviewed by 
 
 .1. I). Dana. S. J., tiiird series, xx.\iii. p. 412. 
 Cljeniical Intcf^ration. S..I., xxxiv, p. 11(5. 
 A New Basis tor Chemistry ; A Chemical Pliilosophy. Ifiri pages, Hvo. 
 
 Fioston, S. K. Cassino. Supplement to Natural System in Mineral- 
 
 otry. Can. Royal Soc. Trans., iv (',]), p. (53. 
 History of I're-Cambrian Rocks, condensed from " Azoic Rocks, " and 
 
 l)ul)lislied in M. V. A: P., p. AO'i. 
 Integral Wtiijihts in Chemistry. B A. R., (537. 
 The Sonora Karthtiuake of May 3, 1887. B. A. R., p. 712. 
 
 188H. 
 
 On Subdivisions. Cn conformities, Cliaracterisfics, etc., of the l,o\ver 
 Paleozoic Formations. International Conn. Geol. Am. Committee 
 Reports. 1888 A., pp. (>8, 09. 
 
 On tlie Study of Mineralogy. B. A. H., p. (527. 
 
 The Theory of Solution. B. A. R., p. 636. 
 
 Mineralogical Evolution. B. A. R., \\ 682. 
 
 188S). 
 
 On Ctranet-veins of the Lawrcntian Formation. I. .M. E , xvii, p. 594. 
 Classification and Nomenclature of Metalline Minerals. Can. Royal 
 Soc. Trans., vi (3), p. (il. 
 
 1890. 
 Iron Ores of the Ignited States. I. M. E., xix, p. 3. 
 Eetler concerning Prof. \^)n Turner. I. M. E.. xix. p. xxi. 
 Notes on Geology of P^astcrn New York. Macfarlancs Geol. Rev. 
 
 Guide, second edition, p. 187. 
 The Geological History of the Quebec Group. Am (Jeol., v, p. 212. 
 
 1891. 
 Ees Schistes Cristallins. Congress (leol. International C. R., 4th sess. 
 
 p. 65. Londres. Abstract, Nature, xxxviii, p. 519. 1888. 
 Systematic Mineralogj' based on a Natural Classification. Published 
 
 by Scientific Pub. Co., New York. 
 
 HOOKS WKITTE> HV OH T. STEUUV IIU.NT. 
 
 Chemical and (Geological Essays : 
 
 First Edition published in 1874. 
 
 Second Edition with new Preface, 1878. 
 
 Third Edition, 1890. 
 
 Fourth Edition. 1891. 
 Mineral Physiology and IMiysiography. 
 
or. TranR., 
 Indian Rec. 
 
 eviewpd bv 
 
 pagps, 8vo, 
 in Mineral- 
 locks," and 
 
 the Lower 
 Committee 
 
 61 
 
 A Second Series of CI.emieai an.l Geological Kssays wi.i. a (Jen.Tul 
 Introdnction : 
 First Kdition imblislied In issf!. 
 Second Kdiiiou win, m-w i'lcliue, 1H9(». 
 A New Basis (or Chenii.slry: A (Jlienilcal Philosopl.v. IHHT. Translated 
 I'y I'roC W. Sprin- i„i„ French an.l pnl.lisj.e.l in fans and 
 l.iege as Un S.vsl.'ni<' ClH-Mni.ine Nouveaii, IHSl) 
 Systenmti,- Mineralogy based o„ a Natural C'lassilication with a (Jeneral 
 Introduction, 1801. 
 
 Special Report on Ihe Trap I)yl<,.s an.l Azoic !{ocks of Southeastern 
 Ja'Diisylvania, lISTH. 
 
 RXTHA i,i:("nni:s. 
 
 1806 
 
 1872, 
 
 xvii, p. 504. 
 Can. Royal 
 
 Geol. Rev. 
 , p. 212. 
 
 i., 4th sess. 
 <8. 
 Published 
 
 1874, 
 
 1875. 
 
 1875. 
 
 1875. 
 1870. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1877. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1883. 
 
 1884. 
 
 1885. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1886, 
 
 1888. 
 
 1889. 
 
 1807 Lectures on Chemical an.l Physical Geography .lelivered 
 l)el.)ro the L.)\v.'ll Inslitulc, Bost.)n. 
 
 Twenty lectures on Chemistry delivere.l belor.. ll... La.lics' Educa- 
 tional Institute, .Montreal. 
 
 Six lectures on Clu-nustry of the Waters .leliven-.l b.-f,,,,. the 
 Boston Society of Xatural Hist.)rv, Boston. 
 
 One lecture on the Constitution of Wat.ras Related lo Modern 
 t heniistry and Physics, b.^fore Examiner ( hib 
 
 One lecture on the Glazier Period, delivered for the Lit an.l Hi. 
 Society of Quebec. 
 
 Kighteen lectures on the Practical Geology of the V. S., Boston 
 Eighteen lectures on Elementary Gology". 
 
 A Course on the Older Rocks before the B.)ston Society of Nat 
 History. 
 
 The Building .)f the Earth, delivered in Salt Lak.' City 
 Chenucal Hist.,ry of the Earth, before Chestnut Street Club 
 Coal. 
 
 Twelve I.'cturcs on Mineral Physiology In-fore L.,w,.ll Institute 
 
 Ihe Manufacture of Iron, before Finance Club, Cambri.lirc, Mass 
 
 On Arb.)r Day, Montreal. 
 
 On Geology, Campobells. 
 
 On the Ali)s, Liverp.ml, England. 
 
 Thory of Volcanoes, Montreal. 
 
 Goethe and M.xlern Scienc.-, The Concord Sch..ol .,f Philos..phy.