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J. :* V-- 3^a-3:^*"T * ^|f va3:T.^ •^•^tlMrifitiriinrii III I Wipnui .Ill mmmmmmmmmmnmmmri ifHva'*, Ky:fiOi iJl'Bi'WWitiMirtiM ^_ THB ADVENTURES OF A YANKEE; OR THE 8JXOULAR LIFE OF JOHN LEDYARD; WITH AH ACCOCKT OF HIS VOTAOB ROCWJ} THE WORLD WITH THr. CIj^LEBR&TKD CAPTAIN COOKE. DESIGNED FOR YOUTH. •BY A YANKEE. # OSTON: CARTEE, H ENSEE, AND T^AOCK. 1831. ^fal l Wh .i l ii i-' i i | - .i - i .irtM ii r-rtl1i l l i i il f ,i iW»Mf i rtt^ * V » • -.•-•-^ ./:'^^ Carter, Andrew,, 8i Co. EBgr»T«r.., Printer., «„U Binders. '^: i'iMiimi i m mK»mtimi m ii i it i m - fc i- ^•*v . r TO r CO t A? INTRODUCTION, : ntrrn; 1. Most of my readers, I presume, have heard of the Yankees, and many of them, no doubt, know who are called by this name. The people of New-England bear this name, which was given to them many years since. The occgisiop w<»it^h gave rise to the name was ' 2. On the arrival of the English in the country, numerous tribes of Indians were found scattered over the land. They had never seen any white people before ; and were anxious to iknow whence they had come, and by what name they were called. The new settlers informed the Indians that they came from [England, and vyf re called " English." mm vm mMntmm Mummimmlibaifim I w INTRODUCTION. 3. This latter word the Indians found it difficult to pronounce. It is always difficult for the people of one conntry to pronounce correctly the language of another country ; and when the Indians attempted to pronounce the word English, they could get no nearer to it than to call it Yang-hees. 4. A short time before the English began the settlement of New-England, a party of Dutch came over from Holland and began a settlement in New-York. They soon hearj^ of the arrrival of the English, and were mudh displeased. They wished the whole country to themselves. Hence, they btecame quite unfriendly to their new neighbours; affected to despise them, and did many things which were calculated to injure them. At several different times they secretly soured the Indians against them, and when the latter called the English Yang-hees, the Dutch, by way of mBtMUf.im ians found it kvays difficult to pronounce tier country ; to pronounce t no nearer to Inglish began I, a party of and began a y soon hearjjf id were mudfi /vhole country btecame quite )urs; affected things which . At several ed the Indians ter called the I, by way of mm INTRODUCTION. ridicule, called them Yaung-hees, or Yankees, also. Such was the origin of the name, which the people of New-England have boru to this day. 5. It is, however, a good name, though sometimes used by way of ridicule. What people are more intelligent, more brave, more virtuous than the Yankees ? What spot on the globe boasts of greater privileges than New-England ? What more illustrious names can be named than those who first settled the country ? Who can tell of nobler names than Franklin, and Sherman, and Ellsworth, and Edwards, and Dwight ? — all Yankees — and to the might-be-added hundreds of others, eminent for their talents, their learning, their patriotism, their benevolence, their piety. 6. Where, too, live a people more distin- guished for their enterprise? Look at their industry at home ; at their adventures abroad. *'—**^'—°*"-''*^"-~«"^''^^^'--"—-*'^-""-"''-'''— "-'•'•' -'^'^ — *^*-^ miaemiauaiimii VI INTRODUCTION. Their ships sail on every ocean ; their mer- chants are found in every country, and their travellers have visited every clime. 7. This brings me to announce to my readers the object of the present work — to relate the adventures of the famous John Ledyard. His life was a succession of hopes and disap- ])ointments. No man ever had nobler plans ; none greater enterprise. He smiled at danger ; and was superior to those calamities which bear down and even crush men of more ordinary minds. 'i'Ui i iuUm •-■■ 8. Ledyard has b«'en called, by way of dis- tinction, " The American Traveller." We have given him the more appropriate title of " The Yankee Traveller ;" and were he living, who believes that he would despise the name ? 'in ■ •ii Mh \u A Ux^mbn ir*"1"iiff-tfTt''fii ' - •■ ■ ' n ; their mer- \tty, and their le. to in}' readers -to relate the IN Ledyard. les and disap- nobler plans ; led at danger ; les which bear nore ordinary y way of dis- er." We have title of " The \ie living, who le name ? > 4f niH«i>ui ajN»# i»*.» mnou ' .i^hi^.JOHN LEDYARD. j CHAPTER I. \ Early Jb\f'c. I 1. John Ledyabd, about whose wonderful life I am ioing to write, was born in tlie year 1751. His native ilace was Groton, a small village in Connecticut, on the Ijanks of the River Thames, opposite to New- London, 'fhe place of his birth is but a short distance from Fort (rriswold, in which, perhaps, my readers know, n great ilumber of American soldiers were cruelly slain, during t le war of the revolution, by order of that famous ti-aitor, Benedict Arnold. Colonel William Ledyard, the com- iiM i mtirii^^ i IWWltVfiT »W>«;{Kwyf»!-^-:>r»^,., |,^ „.^. ^ p JOHN LEDYARD. inandei of the Fort at that time, was the uncle of John, and was most wickedly killed by a British officer, who plunged a sword into his bosom. 2. The grandfather of John, about whom I must say a few words, was a native of England, where he was bred a merchant. At length, however, he removed to America, and for a time, lived on Long-Island. After- wards he removed to Groton, and at a still later date, to the city of Hartford, where he ended his days. 3. The father of John, who bors the same name, early followed the sea ; and, at length, became the captain of a vessel, engaged in the West-India trade. He was a man of good character, and industrious habits. Unfor- tunately for his family, bo died at the early age of thirty- five, leaving John, with several other children, destitute of the wise counsel and good example of a worthy father., 4. It is generally a serious misfortune to a youth toj lose a father, qualified and disposed to bring up a son to habits of virtue and industry. Such an event often chan- ges the whole prospect and course of life of a young man, Happy indeed is it, when a mother is able to supply the place of a father. * 5. This was eminently the case ivith Mrs. Ledyard, the mother of John. She was well informed, resolute, lil firtT l ^lrl iii iilWWM I ldrT rifn i Mntin tfr- il ' i rrM i r' i i t f , ''^--'"^"*— — ■ '- ^■^^>^■ *.^^.rt.^.^- he uncle of John, ritish officer, who whom I must say id, where he was sr, he removed to ng-Island. After- . still later date, to lis days. the same name, )ecame the captain I trade. He was js habits. Unfor- !arly age of thirty- children, destitute of a worthy father.i me to a youth toj bring up a son t(^ 1 event often chan-* fe of a young man. is able to supply th Mrs. Ledyard, nformed, resolute, JOHN LEDYARD. © generous, amiable, and kind ; and, more than all, she was truly pious. Such a mother all fatherless children have not ; but those who are thus blessed cannot be sufficiently thankful. A well informed, discreet, and pious mother is among the greatest blessings which heaven bestows on children. I love to dwell upon the character of such a woman. I love to think of her. I love to speak of her * virtues, and to recommend her example. 6. Such a mother had John Ledyard. By some means, now unknown, soon after the death of her hus- band, Mrs. Ledyard was deprived of the little property left for her support, and that of her children. This was a severe trial. Her children, three sons and a daughter, were still small, and now she had no means of supporting them. Yet, under her trials, she was humble, patient> and resigned. Fortunately, her father was still living on Long-Island, and under his hospitable roof she took refuge, with her little family. 7. Years rolled by, and, as they passed, contributed to the age and stature of John, His mother marked this increasing stature of his person and the expansion of his mmd, with anxiety. He had reached an age to, receive impressions, and such Jrapres§iQos as would lastv Tillll I'^fiHHili I II itTKtlH itMtliMI. I iitiliifiiiK II hi 1 1 II HI Minitfi«iaMalM<— Hi mmim 10 JOHN LEDYARD. It was his forming periorl. Slie felt anxious, as a tender mother always feels, that a right direction should be given to his thoughts and pursuits. It was her daily prayer, that he might escape the temptations which bring thou- sands to ruin. 8. The life of John Ledyard is one of the most ex- traordinary ever recorded. He proved to be a singular man — singular for his love of adventure, and singular for his courage and fortitude. Few men ever passed over so many regions of the globe ; few ever met with more crosses and disappointments, or endured more sufl^ering. YoV, be it recorded to his praise, he seems ever to have remembered his mother with an uncommon tenderness and filial affection. Her image always came to him with a beam of joy. It lightened his heavy heart, where ever he was, whether wading amidst the frozen snow of Siberia, or panting amidst tlie burning sands of Africa. ir:>!i':!r t Is) up hi! wl CO CG 6f vi( ■ f- rr T i. rfl ii r rt(' i irm l n i Tl iiii ^f l rt <>i if r i fl f T i finM 1 iili^ ixious, as a tender m should be given lier daily prayer, which bring thou- ! of the most ex- ;d to be a singular e, and singular for ever passed over it met with more ed more sufl^ering. ;ems ever to have immon tenderness jys came to him eavy heart, where he frozen snow of sands of Africa. JOHN LEDYARD. 11 CHAPTER II. College Days. 'l. The worthy mother of John had resided on Jjong- Island some years, when she was a second time married ; upon which event, she sent him to Hartford, to live witli his grandfather. Here he attended the grammar scliool, where, it is said, he applied himself to his studies witli commendable diligence. But even at this time, he was considered quite a strange lad. He was unusually fond 6f adventure ; and although I know not that he was vicious or ugly, he was wild and frolicksome. rfift.1\ni ■ f irt«i*MliV'rf a-tmvwmw»iMi* ^iiiiiiiiilii. 'irinjniimr'rwiiii ^mumtmm l.'H.nj i JJ 12 JOHN LEDYARD. 2. Having finished the usual course at the grammar school, John was entered as a student in the law office of Mr. Thomas Seymour, a respectable lawyer of Hart- ford, who had married his aunt. Here he spent several months. But law books had no charms foe him. Of course, he made but little progress in the study of the profession, and soon after abandoned it. ;a' 3. But, now, what should he do^ What business should he pursue ? This was a difficult point to decide. We have already hinted at some of his peculiarities, particularly his love of what had difficulty and danger attending it. He longed for something promising suc- cess only through toil and suffering deeds of courage and the most resolute efforts. Such was the bent of John Ledyard. 4. And such being his bent, it was difficult, in a mo- ment, to find precisely the business which would suit his wishes. He was now nineteen years of age, with scarcely any property, and with but few friends. In these circum- stances, it seemed necessary to do something for himself, and to set about it immediately, 5. While in this state of doubt, it so happened that Dr. Wbeelock, the founder of Dartmouth College, came to g' n; s< Ii S( a1 a a SI I a h i»^ffii»MB>iflBidaili*i» «Mi se at the grammar (It in the law office ble lawyer of Hart- ire he spent several arms foi* him. Of in the study of the it. >^ What business ult point to decide. )f his peculiarities, ifHculty and danger hing promising suc- ; deeds of courage vas the bent of John ! difficult, in a mo- vhich would suit his af age, with scarcely I. In these circum- metbing for himself, It so happened that louth College, came JOHN LEDYARD. tm to Hartford. He was the particular friend of Ledyard's grandfather. The good Doctor invited John to accompa- ny him to Hanover, in New-Hampshire, to study in his school, and to be qualified as a missionary, among the Indians. 6. I must tell my readers something more of this school of Dr. Wheelock. It had now been established about two years. It was designed to prepare mission- aries to preach to the Indians. They were heathen, and had never heard of the Bible, nor of the way of salvation by the Son of God. The benevolent heart of Dr. Wheelock was filled with concern for them ; and, at his own expense, he opened a school, in his own house. This was the beginning of Dartmouth College. At first, he had only two pupils, one of whom was Sampson Oncum, an Indian of the Mohegan tribe. As a preacher, Occum afterwards became very cele- brated ; he visited England, and obtained considerable money for the school of Dr. Wheelock. 7. John accompanied Dr. Wheelock to Hanover, and entered his school. To this course he was prompted, in part, by the wishes of his good mother. She was, as •■UHIMHHM 14 JOHN LEDYARD. i I! has been noticed, a religious woman, and felt a strong compassion for the unenlightened Indians. Besides, she bad an exalted sense of the honour altaciied to a iniiii- ble and devoted missionary. It was the sunnnit of her wishes to see her son teaching to the " red men" of the woods, the truths of the gospel. 8. Ledyard was disposed, no doubt, to plense his mo- ther, especially as the contemplated course of lite gave promise of adventure, among the sons of the forest. Hanover, whither he was going, was about 140 miles from Hartford. The country was wild and thinly in- habited. The savages were untamed and veteran war- riors. They could tell of battles with other tribes, and of fights whh the wild beasts of the forests- These ideas were pleasant to the strange mind of Ledyard. 9. At length, Ledyard set out for Hanover ; but he made an odd appearance on his journey. Instead of going on horseback, he procured an old and worn out sulky, which he loaded down with a large quantity of calico. This he designed for curtains for a theatre, which he intended to fit up at Hanovor, for the purpose of ex- hibiting plays. This was a strange project in one who 1, and felt a strong dians. Besides, she altacii8d to a iniiii- ) the summit of her 3 " red men" of the ibt, to plense his mo- course of life gave sons of tlie forest, as about 140 miles wild and thinly in- id and veteran wor- th other tribes, and irests. These ideas f Ledyard. r Hanover; but he jurney. Instead of I old and worn out a large quantity of s for a theatre, which ' the purpose of ex- project in one who JOHN LEDYARD. m designed to be a missionary of the cross. Wonderful indeed was it that he ever reached Hanover in safety. The roads were new, narrow, and exceedingly rt)ugh. No bridges had yet been erected over the streams. Yet the crazy vehicle of Ledyard held out, and was the first of the kind ever seen on Dartmouth plain. . 10. As to the college life of young Ledyard, we have little that is honourable to record. As a scholar, he was respectable ; but he submitted to the rules of the college reluctantly. Confinement he loved not, nor the dull round, as he considered it, of college duties. We must not say that he appeared at any time openly rebellions ; but it was apparent that he disliked even salutary control. An instance is related of the bad manner in which he sometimes performed his duty as a student. The college in those days had no bell to call the students together, but only a conch-shell, and this, it was a part of the duty of the fr jshmen to blow in turn. The turn of Ledyard at length came. He took it, indeed, but it was almost too much for his proud spirit to blow it. He did blow upon it ; but the broken, and grating, and groaning sounds, wliich he designedly made, showed too well how reluc- tantly he performed the duty. 1 J Tmsa m JOHN LEDYARD. 11. Soon after he was settled in his new abode, Led- yard bethought him of his intended theatre. A rude stage was accordingly fitted up ; the calico was brought out, and hung round, in due form ; and here, with the assistance of his fellow-students, several tragedies were acted, no doubt in a comical style. But, as they served to introduce some variety into their dull course of life, they were often repeated, sometin)es to the neglect of the more appropriate duties of the college. 12. Scarcely had Ledyard been at Hanover four months, when suddenly and secretly he disappeared. His restless spirit could no longer be contented. Al- though it was a mystery whither he had fled, it after- ward appeared that be boldly went forth into the forest ; and, through the wilderness, directed his course towards the borders of Canada. During his wanderings, he vis- ited several Indian tribes, whose language he so far ac- quired as to serve him an important purpose, in his trav- els in subsequent years, among different savage tribes, in various parts of the world. 13. At the end of three months and a half, Ledyard again made his appearance at Hanover, and resumed his studies. But his missionary ardour no longer existed. JOHN LEDYARD. m his new abode, Led- id theatre. A rude I calico was brought and here, with the 'eral tragedies were But, as they served dull course of life, Bs to the neglect of oUege. n at Hanover four tly he disappeared. be contented. Al- e had fled, it after- forth into the forest ; d his course towards I wanderings, he vis- iguage he so far ac- purpose, in his trav- rent savage tribes, in H ■ and a half, Ledyard k^er, and resumed bis ' no longer existed. He had seen the Indians, and perhaps was impressed with the difficulty of imparting religious instruction to them ; at least, the conviction seems to have settled up- on his mind that he was not fitted for such an undertaking. 14. Ledyard judged correctly. He uxu unfitted by nature for a life of missionary toil and self-denial. He knew too little of the gospel, and was too unsteady in his views and purposes. Success would never have crowned his labors, and he wisely relinquished the pro- ject. 15. He now became weary also with the confinement of a college life. He studied little, and paid still less attention to the salutary rules of the institution. This neglect brought upon him the just censure of the presi- dent. The admoniUons he received he took unkindly, and now meditated an escape. 16. Accordingly, he laid his plan ; and,' without ex- citing tlje suspicions even of his fellow-students, he pre- pared r$ were disposed to suffer the sailor to remain ; but Captaiti Cook said that it would not do. The sails were now spread and the ships were soon seen urging their way on the billows of the great deep. The sailor was called to an account. This seemed almost cruel; but great strictness is necessary on board ships of war and of discovery. Although sensurahle, according to tho tales observed on board ships, Captain Cook kindly f&gavc him, and dismissed him without punishncent. b tl ai ARD. diiicovered. He was r separated from one to ;bed. It was an afTect- 'f was overwhelmed witli were disposed to suffer I Cook said that it would ead and the ships were le billows of the great to an account. This itrictness is necessary on y. Although sensurable, )n board ships, Captain dismissed him without CHAPTER V. Voyage continued — Wat-tee-oo — Friendly Islands. 1.' Oil leaving New-Zealand Ciiptaia Cook directed his course towards Otaheite ; or, as it is now called, Tahiti, the largest of the Society Islands, and about fifteen hundred miles north-east from New-Zealand. 2. Their voyage, however, proved very unpleasant. High winds threw the ocean into great agitation ; and being ahead, forced them out of their course. At length, the cattle on board suffered for want of grass and water, and even the men piued for fresh provisions. Under 7 8 34 JOHN LEDY/ D. these circiimstancos Captain Cook thought it best to boar away to the Friendly islands, whither they now directed their course. 3. During their run thither they fell in with several islands never before discovered. On one of these sev- eral officers of the ships effected a landing, accompanied by Omait about whom, in this place, it will be necessary to relate some particulars. Omai was a native of the Society Islands, from which Captain Cook had taken him on a former voyage, and bad carried him to England. He had become well acquainted with the English lan- guage, and was now on his return to his native island 4. Omai, I said, was one of the party which landed on a newly discovered island, which was called by the natives Wat-tee-oo. No sooner had tliey landed than they were immediately surrounded by the natives, who plundered them, and for some time detained them. They sustained, howeyer, no persoaal injury. 5. While on this island, what was Omai's astonish- ment to find three of his countrymen among the crowd which gathered around them. Omai entered into conver- sation with them, and learned their affecting story. They had been on this island for several years. They told D. thought it best to boar tier they now directed t fell in with several On one of tbeae lev- landing, accompanied e, it will be necessary was a native of the in Cook had taken him ■ied him to England, with the English lan- to his native island i party which landed ch was called by the lad Uiey landed than by the natives, who time detained them. 3iial injury. was Omai's astonish- nen among the crowd lai entered into conver- iffecting story. They al years. They told JOHN LEDYARU. 96 Omai that their party originally consisted of twenty per- sons, men, women, and children. They had gone on board a large canoe, and were designing to pass from Otaheite to a neighbouring island. They had not sailed far, however, before a mighty storm arose which drove them far out to sea. Their few provisions were soon exhausted. They could discover no land and knew not the way to return. Nor could they return, by reason of the continuance ul the storm. A strong current also united its force with the wind and drove them with amazing rapidity farther and farther from home. Hun- ger and fatigue and exposure soon put a period to the sufferings of most of the women and children, whose bodies they were oblig:' -' to cast into the waters of the deep. A frenzy sci;icu upon others, who jumped over- board and were drowned. For thirteen long days and nights they were hurried forward. On this last day they were thrown i(ton the Island of Wat-ee-oo, where the natives found them. Four only survived, and these were so reduce* ; by famine and swSering that for a time they were nearly insensible. They were taken on shore, and, under the kind treatment they received, gradually recovered. One of their number had since died. Omai 3G JOHN LEDYARD. invited tiie remaining tliree to return with him to their native island ; but to this they replied, " No, our friends are dead ; we live happily here ; we wish not to return." To this we shall only add, that die distance between Otaheite and Wat-tee-oo is more than fifteen hundred miles. The above canoe must have sailed more than one hundred miles a day. What power, but a Superintend- ing Providence could have preserved a canoe, lashed by winds and waves, thirteen days in the midst of the wide Pacific Ocean, 6. Leaving Wat-tee-oo, Captain Cook bore directly for the Friendly Islands, and on the ninth of June came to anchor in a harbor of Ton-gat-a-boo ; the largest island belonging to that group. The Friendly Islands were so called from the kind and obliging disposition which it was supposed at that time, the inhabitants pos- sessed. Later experience has led to the conclusion that they are far from being entitled to this praise. On the contrary, recent visitors have found them capable of great cruelty and revenge. -> -iW'- 7. Captain Cook and his men, however, formed a dif- ferent opinion. Here the ships lay almost a month, and in the mean time the officers of the crew enjoyed them- VRD, JOHN LEDYARD. 9turn with him to their )lied, " No, our friends we wish not to return." t tlie distance between e than fifteen hundred ive sailed more than one ver, but a Superintend- ved a canoe, lashed by 1 tlie midst of the wide lin Cook bore directly the ninth of June came gat-a-boo; the largest The Friendly Islands md obliging disposition ne, the inhabitants pos- led to the conclusion led to this praise. On found them capable of however, formed a dif- ly almost a month, and le crew enjoyed them- selves greatly. They received an abundance of provi- sion, and mingled with the natives on social and friendly terms. 8. The island of Tongataboo they found to be quite fertile, and the agriculture of the natives much superiour to that of New-Zealand. The king, or great chief of Tongataboo, was Povrla-ho, whom Ledyard describes as a mild and amiable man. He treated Captain Cook with great respect and commanded his people to do the same. 9. Ledyard spent one night with Pou-la-ho, who invited him to his tent, and entertained him with baked yams and fish. About nine o'clock, they retired to rest. Their beds consist of mats : instead of pillows, they make use of small stools. During the night several of the natives played on a kind of flute, around the tent, to gratify the chief. 10. During the stay of the ships Cap* Cook and his men were invited to witness some of their amusements. These consisted of wrestling, boxing, and other athletic exercises in which they greatly excelled. They appeared extremely vigourous and expert, and altogether more courageous than any other people, whom the Eng- 38 JOHN LEDYARD, lish had seen during the voyage. By way of return for this civility, Captain Cook gavp a briliant exhibition of fire-works. At this the natives were greatly astonished and delighted. They were shown, also, some of the astronomical instruments belonging to the ship with which they were well pleased ; but they were more amused with the horses, cows, sheep, and goats, which animals they had never seen before. Dogs and hogs were their only animals. 11. One propensity among this people, Captain Cook found quite troublesome. They were great theives. They made little scruple to pilfer anything upon which they could lay their hands. This propensity Captain Cook found prevailing throughout all the South Sea Islands ; and what is quite remarkable, they appear not to consider it any crime. This shows us what evils usually exist where the Bible is not to be found. 12. Among the under chiefs in Ton-gat-a-boo, was one whom they called Feenou. No chief was more re- spected, none was more commanding in his person, or more generous and frank m his dis|X)8ition. He was the devoted friend of Pou-la-ho, by whom he was greatly honoured. Feenou saw some of the peacocks belonging ^iM RD. JOHN LEDYARD. 99 By way of return for B briliant exhibition of irere greatly astonished (ra, also, some of the ; to the ship with which y were more amused i goats, which animals gs and hogs were their people, Captain Cook were great theives. • anything upon which lis propensity Captain lut all the South Sea kable, they appear not shows us what evils )t to be found, in Ton-gat-a-boo, was So chief was more re- ding in his person, or }X)8ition. He was the whom he was greatly the peacocks belonging to the English, and was highly delighted with their appearance. Just before the sailing of the vessels, tlie peacocks disappeared. Feenou had stolen them and had fled. Upon this Captain Cook arrested Pou-la-ho, and kept him a prisoner till the peacocks were returned. Great commotions, for a time, prevailed among the na- tives, and warlike preparations were made. Pou-la-ho, however, was calm, and resisted the rising storm. At length, Feenou was found, restored the birds, and accompanied their return with a present of red fefttliers and provisions to Captain Cook. Harmony wa»now restored, and the parties took leave of each other, witli as much kindness and good will as could be expected. JOHi\ LRDVARD. CHAPTER VI. l^'oyagt continued— Society Islands— Hueheine— Sand- wich Islands— American Continent— Nootka Sound— Onalaska— Singular Discovery— Courage of Ledyard. 1. Captain Cook having taken leave of Pou-la-ho, us noticed in the last Chapter, proceeded directly to the Society Islands, where he arrived, with his vessels, on the 14th August. These islands lie east of the Friendly Islands, and are thirteen in number. The largest of the group, where our navigators came to anchor, is Otaheite (now called Tahiti), which is 120 miles in ci- cumference. sp in m fe Wi cc so n< ai th is ar ta in li! vi m lit kRD. VI. h — Hueheine — Sand- mt — Nootka Sound — -Courage of Ledyard. 1 leave of Pou-la-ho, (deeded directly to the , with his vessels, on e east of the Friendly '. The largest of the to anchor, is Otaheite liles in cixumference. JOHN LEDYARD. 41 The other important islands are Ulietea, Bolabo)' Tubai, Maitea, Hueheine and Eimeo. 2. Ledyard in his journal describes these islands, and speaks of their inhabitants with some particularity. The inhabitants are estimated at one hundred thousand. The men are tall, strong, and well built, particularly the chiefs, few of whom are under six feet in height. Many of the women are also taller than the American women. Their complexion is olive; they are in general quite hand- some ; they have black and coarse hair. In their man- ners they are easy and graceful ; in disposition courteous and kind ; but often shrewd and artful. 3. Their clothing is made of cloth, manufactured from the inner rind of the bark of several kinds of trees. It is cool and soft, but soon liable to decay. In their amusements they strongly resemble the natives of Tonga- taboo. They were formerly idolaters, and practiced infanticide, or the offering up of children. To the Eng- lish they pretended that they never sacrificed human victims, but of the contrary of this the English had too many sad proofs. 4. It may be pleasant to my readers to know what a Happy change has taken place within a few years, among 4S JOHN LEDYARD. the inhabitants of these islands, in respect to religion. Ill the year 1796 and 1800, the London Missionary So- ciety sent out a number of missionaries to instruct the natives, and to persuade them, if possible, to embrace the Christian Religion. But for several years they had little success. The idolatry and superstition of the na- tives was deep laid. The missionaries, however, perse- vered. Within a few years, they have been quite suc- cessful. All the inhabitants of Otaheite, Eimeo, and sev- eral of the adjacent islands, have laid aside their heathen religion and embraced Christianity. They have houses of worship, which are well filled, and schools which are well attended. 6. At Otaheite, Captain Cook staid only a short time, designing to return, after he had visited the American Coast. Before leaving the islands, however, he sailed over to Hueheine, the nativp island of Omai, where they designed to leave him. As he had been of great service to them, Captain Cook purchased of the natives a small tract of land, on which he built a small house for him j he also laid out a garden, in which were planted various seeds, which had been brought from England. Captain Cook also gave him several of the live animals from on board the ships. arts*- JOHN LEDYARD. m to religion, ssionary So- instruct the to embrace irs they had n of the na- ever, perse- 1 quite suc- leo, and sev- leir heathen lave houses Is which are I short lime, i American r, he sailed where they reat service ves a small le for him ; ited various I. Captain als from on 6. The time of departure had now arrived. To all it was a painful separation. Omai was much beloved. He was indeed glad to see his country and friends once more ; but became much dejected, as he shook hands with Captain Cook and the officers, for the last time. It was indeed the last time. How long Omai lived after this, or what became of him, is now unknown. 7. The sails of the ships being spread, and all on board. Captain Cook led the way, taking a northerly course, with a design to make the American Coast at about the 40th degree of north latitude. For six long weeks the ships continued to urge on their course, without noticing any other object than perhaps an uninhabited island or some projecting rocks. Suddenly, one day, an island of magnitude appeared in sight, and was hailed with joy. It was an island which belonged to a group. This was a new discovery. Cook named the group the Sandwich Islands. Little did he then think— little did any one think— of the'results of this discovery. Ah ! little did this celebrated man think that here he would terminate his mortal existence ; and as little, perhaps, that in future years, missionaries from America would be proclaiming, to admiring multitudes, the gospel of Chirst, in its reform- ing efficacy, and in its rich consolations. , >sttr?- r-n u JOHN LEDYARD. 8. The land was now approached, and a convenient harbor received the ships. Soon after, they were sur- rounded with canoes, filled with the natives. They were greatly astonished at the appearance of the ships, and of the English. The latter not much less astonish- ed to find these people, separated from the Society Islands by an ocean nearly three thousand miles in extent, and from New-Zealand about four thousand, speaking nearly the same language. 9. The natives, at first, appeared shy, but not long after ventured on board, and presented to the new comers pigs, yams, sweet potatoes, and other provisions. They regarded the English with evident wonder. They exam- ined the hands, faces, and clothes of the sailors ; and, as if in doubt of the fact, inquired of them whether they could eat. 10. It being the first of February, Captain Cook con- cluded that no time was to be lost. Accordingly at the expiration of ten days he took his departure for the American coast, designing to return, after he should have explored that coast, and the polar latitudes. From this time, nothing remarkable occurred, until they reached the American Continent, and anchored in Noot- ka Sound. ndK> a convenient y were sur- ves. They f the ships, ess astonish- ciety Islands extent, and aking nearly >ut not long new comers ons. They rhey exam- rs ; and, as hether they Cook con- ngly at the jre for the he should es. From until they id in Noot- JOHN LED YARD. 4ft 11. I need not tell my readers, I suppose, that this was the first time that Nootka Sound had been visited by an European vessel, nor that it is a bay of large dimen- sions, extending several leagues into the country. It lies in latitude about fifty north ; nearly three thousand miles west of New-England. After a voyage of so many months and so many thousand miles, one can scarcely tell the feelings of Ledyard, as he again stepped on to his native continent, although a distance of three tliousand miles separated him from the spot that gave him birth. He thought of home ; need I say that he thought of a mother there, who he knew, if she were still living, would think every succeeding night, as she lay upon her pillow, of her darling son. Ledyard had a lofty spirit and heroic courage ; yet he was not proof against those feelings which rivet man to home and which, if sometimes the source of the purest joy, are also the source of the deepest sorrow. 12. The natives of Nootka Sound live chiefly in two villages, and are supposed to amount to about two thou- sand. They strongly resemble the Inilians of the east- ern side of the continent. Their hair is black, and is generally worn in a club on the top of the head, and be- smeared with oil and paints to which is added the down 40 JOHN LEDYARD. of birds. They paint their faces with red, blue, and white color. Their garmenu are of two kinds, the one made of the inner rind of bark, the otbor of the hair of their dogs. They manufacture wampum very similar to that found among the tribes far to the east. The natives they found occupied much of their time in the taking of furs. Cupuin^Cook purchased some of these furs, among which were about fifteen hundred beaver skins, which proved a profitable speculation. 13. Having spent a few days at Nootka Sound the expedition proceeded northward, coasting along the American shore, till it reached Bering's Strait, which separates Asia from America. The strait derives its name from Nitus Bering, a Danish navigator, commodore in the service of Russia. He was sent by Peter I, in 1728, with some ships to explore the north coasts of America ; but it was only in a third voyage, made in 1741, that he discovered any thing remarkable. His ship struck on an island, on the coast of Kamtschatka, and while repairing the damages sustained there, he died in the place. 14. This strait the ships entered; and, in passing through, Ledyard says both continents were distinctly d, blue, and inds, the one >f the hair of ery similar to The natives the talcing of ti furs, among skins, which a Sound the g along the Strait, which t derives its , commodore r Peter I, in 'th coasts of ge, made in rkable. His Camtschatka, lere, he died , in passing re distinctly JOIINLEDYARD. fT seen at the same time. At length, they reached the polar seas, which they traversed during the month of August ; but, at length, being impeded by ice, they were obliged to return, without affecting a desirable object— the discovery of a northwest passage. They now shaped tlieir course towards the Sandwich Islands ; but meeting with the island of Onalaska, an incident occurred which from its interest we shall stop to relate. 15. This island lies in the Pacific Ocean, on the north- west com of America, in latitude 57". Here the Eng- lish found evident traces of intercourse with Europeans. Beside being fond of tobacco, rum, and snuff, the natives were observed to have several blue linen shirts and drawers among them. Besides, tliey had cakes of rye, seasoned with pepper and salt. Upon inquiry, the Eng- lish learned from the natives that there were white peo- ple, at a distance, in the country, who had come over the great waters, in a vessel like theirs. This intelligerxe determined Captain Cook to send some one to ascer- tain the fact, and to inquire who these strangers might be. 16. Ledyard, who was well known for his intelligence, courage, and perseverance, had the dangerous honor offered to him. Full of danger as the expedition must 48 JOH^ LKDYARD. be, Ledyard hesitated not to accept the np[)oIntment ; and, having taken such presents as were jiulged most proper, started upon his enterprise under tiic guidance of a young chief, whose name was Perpheela, and two Indians. Their route, for the first day, lay through a wilderness, into which they penetrated about fifteen miles. Night overtook them on their arrival at a village consist- ing of about thirty huts. These huts were erected ovlt a kind of cellar, or square hole, sunk about four feet into the ground. The lower part of the frame was covered with turf, and higher up was thatched with coarse grass. Ledyard was received with cordiality by the inhabitants, and the next morning pursued his journey, in company with his guides. 17. The day proved cold, and chilly, and wet. Led- yard's feet were much swollen, so that with great diffi- culty he could walk. Towards the close of the day, they arrived at a large bay. Here, Perpheela putting Ledyard's baggage into a canoe, and at the same time taking a seat in it sti'uck from tlie shore, telling Ledyard to follow his Indian guides. At this circu.nstance, Led< yard was not a little perplexed. Can Perpheela, thought he, be treacherous P For a moment he hesitated, but JOHN LEDYARU. m appointment ; judged most tiic guidance !oln, Hnd two ay through a fifteen miles. Huge consist- erected oMir four feet into was covered coarse grass. i iniinbitants, in company 1 wet. Led- h great diffi- of the day, icela putting 2 same time ing Ledyard stance, Led- eela, thouglit esitated, but knowing that he was in the power of his guides, he con- chidcd t? follow them, williout betraying any distrust. After wandering about six miles along the shore of die bay, a canoe was descried which the guides hailed. It proved to be a canoe sent by Perpheela to conduct them across the bi./. 18. It was now night, and darkness thickened about them. The canoe which carried them being of skin, after the Esquimaux plan, was urged forward with great rapidity, notwithstanding it seemed Impossible to know the course they would take. About an hour from the time they entered the canoe she struck with force upon the opposite beach. Ledyard was now conducted to a hut, about forty rods distant, on entering which he dis- covered himself to be in the presence of Russians. These were the strangers of whom Perpheela had told Captain Cook. After partaking of their hospitality Ledyard ascertained that they were indeed Russians, subjects of the Empress Catharine. Their number was about thirty, who, together with seventy Indians from Kamtschatka, occupied the village. About five years before they had come from the latter place to the island of Onalaska, for the purpose of procuring furs. The 11 I ! 60 JOHN LEDYARD. vessel which brought them was shown to Ledyard : it was a small sloop of about thirty tons burthen, and was said by the Russians to be the same in which tlie cele- brated Bering had made his discoveries. Once a year they despatched the sloop to Kamtschatka, to deliver their merchandise, and in return to bring to the settle- ment such supplies as were needed. 19. Having now accomplished the object of his jour- ney, Ledyard took leave of his new acquaintance. He was conveyed across the bay in a canoe, manned with twelve oars, after leaving which he was accompanied by three of the Russians to the ships, which they reached in safety. Captain Cook received Ledyard with a hearty welcome, and paid a high compliment to his courage and perseverance. to Ledyard : it then, and was bicb tlie cele- Once a year ika, to deliver to the settle- ct of his jour- aintance. He manned with :con]panied by 1 they reached dyard with a pliment to his i " 'r*(iT>iii i ' i j i a) ii JOHjN ledyaru. 51 CHAPTER VII. Voyage continued — Return of the ships to the Sandivich Islmids — Landing of Captain Cook — Attempt of Led- yard to visit Mouna Roa — Death of Captain Cook — Return of the Expedition to England. I. Two months from the time the expedition left Ooalaska, Captain Cook again reached tlie Sandwich Islands, and anchored in the commodious bay of Ke-ar-a- kek-wa, on the south side of 0-why-hee, or as it is now spelt, Haw-a-ii (Haw-y-ee). No sooner had they cast anchor than crowds of people flocked to the shore and -': — fSgssasaSBBK? 62 JOHN LEDYARD. filled the bay with almost a countless number of canoes. Shouts of joy and admiration were heard on every side. 2. Captain Cook now made preparations to go on shore, and, for the purpose of a deeper impression on the natives, he proceeded with some ceremony. A passage was open for his pinnace, through the canoes, which thronged around, by two chiefs, who carried in their hands two long white poles, as ensigns of their authority. As he passed along, a reverential awe seemed to pervade the people in the canoes, who sat motionless with their hands covering their faces. 3. A still more interesting spectacle was witnessed on his reaching shore. As if he had been a being belong- ing to another world tiie multitude fell prostrate upon the earth, and with difficulty could a way be opened for him to pass. As he proceeded, those behind rose and follow- ed, while those whom he approached fell to the ground, and thus prostrate continued so until he had passed. Occasionally turning his head, the multitude behind, watching his movements, were again instantly prostrate ; nor did they rise till his head was again turned in the direction towards which he was conducted. The con- fusion, however, ceased on his entering the Morai, a \ jr of canoes, n every side. IS to go on ession on the A passage moes, which ried in their eir authority. ;d to pervade ss with their witnessed on eing belong- rate upon the ened for him e and foUow- I the ground, had passed, itude behind, :ly prostrate ; jrned in the The con- he Morai, a JOHN I.EDYARD. 53 sacred inclosure, into which none but the chiefs and their attendants were allowed to enter. 4. Captain Cook now requested liberty of the chiefs to erect tents on shore, which was readily granted upon condition that none of the seamen should leave them after sunset. On their part the chiefs agreed that none of the natives should enter the tents after the same time. Unhappily, these salutary restrictions were violated, which k'' "< sad consequences in the end. ?::t several days a good understanding was pre- »t'^ i Teraiobu, the king, now an old man, spent a day on board the ships with his chiefs, where they din- ed. On the day following, Captain Cook and his officers dined on shore, at the royal residence, where they were served with baked hog, potatoes, and cocoanut-milk. Towards the close of the day the old king gave orders for a wrestling and boxing match. It was conducted in handsome style, and made much diversion for the Eng- lish officers. The next evening Captain Cook returned the compliment by an exhibition of fire-works. The effect produced upon the natives was unexpectedly great. Many fled, by reason of terror, nor could they be per- suaded to return. Even old Teraiobu quaked, and would IfT" 54 JOHN LBDYARD. have fled also, had he been able, and had not Captain Cook kindly took hold of him, and bid him not be alarmed. 6. We must now pass for a few minutes to speak of Ledyard, and of a plan he formed, while affairs were in the above agreeable frame. On the island where the English now were stands a high peak which the natives call Mouna Roa. The height of this peal: has been es- uiiiu*ed to be about eighteen thousand feet. Its summit is covered with perpetual snow. No one, not even the natives, had ever reached its top. Ledyard determined to make the attempt. Accordingly having obtained per- mission of Captain Cook, he set out in company with two others, taking some natives as guides through the woods. The first night the company lodged at the hut of an In- dian, who lived in retirement with his wife and daughter, by whom they wer? treated with much kindness, though, at first, they seemed to be quite terrified, at the appear- ance of the strangers. 7. The following morning, Ledyard and his compan- ions proceeded toward the mountain. This day their route lay chiefly through the woods, through which they directed their course by means of a compass. N'.rht \ not Captain him not be s to speak of fFairs were in id where the h the natives : has been es- Its summit not even the d determined obtained per- pany with two gh the woods, hut of an In- md daughter, Iness, though, t the appear- his compan- bis day their h which they pass. N;^ht mmammum JOHN LEDYARD. 'Maa>afii.i 59 overtook them at the distance of fifteen miles from their morning starting place. They encamped beside a tree, which Ledyard found by measurement to be twenty-two feet in circumference. Here they slept quietly, notwith- standing that the dew was heavy and the air quite cold. 8. On starting the next morning, which they did in good spirits, they hoped to be able to reach that part of the mountain where the snow commenced. As they proceeded, however, unexpected obstacles impeded their progress. No path opened itself before them. At the distance of five miles, the thickets became absolutely im- penetrable. What should they now do ? Ledyard was unwilling to relinquish his purpose. It was now, howev- er, obviously impossible to proceed. At this point, therefore, the project was abandoned, and the party again returned to the ships.* * Since the time Ledyard visited the Sandwich Islandi, Miuionaries firom America, it ii well known, have been stationed there, and the most BratiiVing success has attended th.ir labours. In 1823, it was determined by the Missionaries to form • number of stations on Hawaii, the island on which Captain Cook landed. But in Older to do this to advantage it was deemed important to make a sunrey of the island. In fUfilling this design, the Missionaries were induced to attempt the ascent of the very mountain in which Ledyard and his com- panions had failed. In this attempt, the American Miskionaries were successflil. Mouna Roa is situated about twenty miles {torn the sea. The crater of Kirauca J 56 JOHN LEDYARD. 9. We have now arrived at a melancholy part of this voyage. We navo noticed tlie kind reception of the English by the natives, and the continuance, for some time, of a mutual good understanding. At length, how- ever, it was apparent that the islanders began to think the English troublesome. They doubtless were so. In many instances, the English treated the natives rudely, for which they were insulted. 10. The first serious difficulty, however, which occur- red was on the occasion of taking on board the rudder of the Resolution, which had been repaired on shore. It being heavy, some of the natives were requested to assist. In attempting to assist, they caused no small confusion and embarrassment. Upon tliis the mate became angry, and struck two of the natives. Next, he ordered a chief who was present, to direct the natives to assist him. The chief, however, and his people who had become indignant, only laughed and hooted at the English, A crowd of natives now gathered to the spot ; much disorder ensued, U situated at the foot of thii mountain. The upper edge of this crater the MiMionariei estimated to be seven miles and a half in circumference, and not less than one thousand feHt deep. Into this crater they looked. They could see the lava at the bottom boiling and rolling as it were one vast flood of liquid fire. At night, the fire which rose from Kirauca unfolded a sight terrible and sublime beyond all they had seen. h-twiv-'SJjiMv'ii^T^^i^ JOHN L. VRD. m »Iy part of this eplion of the nee, for some t length, how- an to think the so. In many lely, for which , which occur- the rudder cf on shore. It ested to assist, lall confusion lecame angry, rdered a chief ist him. The •me indignant, A crowd of order ensued. ) of this crater the rcumference, and ey looked. They it were one vast Cirauca unfolded and several stones were thrown by each party. A guard of marines hastened to the spot and quelled the dis- turbance. 11. After this, broils were more frequent. Conten- tions were easily excited, and still deeper resentments were indulged. As Captain Cook was now making preparation to depart, he wished to supply the ships with wood. As none was within convenient distance, he offered two iron hatchets as the price for the fence which / surrounded the Moral. This, as we have observed, was a sacred enclosure. The offer of only two hatchets was insuking to the natives, and they felt it to be so. They rejected the proposal with scorn. This irriti.ted Captain Cook, and he ordered the seamen to break it down and carry it to the ships, which was accordingly done. This act on the part of Captain Cook, no circumstances could justify. The Moral was a depository of the dead ; here also stood the images of their gods, and here their religious, though idolatrous, ceremonies were performed, 12. A supply of wood having thus been obtained, the only remaining requisite for the voyage was water. This being not to be obtained at Ke-ar-a-kak-wa, the vessels were unntoored and sail niade fo^^ another island with mm mm 58 JOHN LEDYARD. ! that object in view. A storm, however, came on, which so seriously injured the foremast of the Resolution, that both ships were obliged to return. 13. This was unfortunate. The natives saw them return with grief, perhaps with indignation. Not a soli- tary canoe came out to welcome their return. Towards nighl, however, several canoes proceeded to the ships for the purpose of selling provisions ; but the natives now wanted on exchange only iron daggers, or dirks. From the Discovery the same night they stole besides two pair of tongs, several tools, with which they made their escape. A few nights after, they took away the Discovery's large cutter. 14. In this state of things. Captain Cook determined himself to go on shore, and to persuade the king to come on board, with a design to keep him prisoner until the cutter should be restored. For this purpose, several boats filled with men accompanied Captain Cook to the shore. On landing, he proceeded with a small guard to the house of Teraiobu, who on coming out to meet him, kneeled down in token of submission. Taking him by the hand. Captain Cook proposed that he should accom- pany him on board. Teraiobu reluctantly consented, JOHN LEDYARD. 'ii ame on, which esolution, that ves saw them . Not a soli- rn. Towards to the ships for e natives now dirks. Fronn !sides two pair e their escape, icovery's large sk determined i king to come oner until the rpose, several i Cook to the imall guard to : to meet him, aking him by ihould accom- iy consented, and now proceeded slowly towards the boat. The alarm, however, spread. Hundreds of people soon gathered around their aged chief. They were suspicious of evil design. At the moment of reaching the boat, a native sounded the alarm that they were going to kill the king ; at the same time he approached towards Captain Cook, as if designing to attack him. Upon this Captain Cook levelled his piece and fired at the Indian with a blank. Perceiving, however, that he still approached, he fired a ball, which brought him to the ground. The confusion now increased. A deep indignation sat on the countenances of the increasing multitude. Several stones were thrown, one of which striking Captain Cook, he shot the man dead on the spot. At this moment the seamen, who were with the boat, fired upon the multitude, although no orders to that eiTict had been given them. Captain Cook and his men now found it necessary to retreat. On reaching the shore Captain Cook waved his hat for his men to cease firing, and while in this act a chief approach- ing him behind, plunged a dagger into his back, upon which be fell and immediately expired. • 16. Thus fell a navigator, justly celebrated throughout the world ; a man of consummate skill and of the boldest _JL7 r»f 60 JOHN LEIDYARD. and itKjit heroic qualltie.", Yet, he fell in consequence of bis own imprudence, and in pursuit of an object which no principles of justice could sanction. We shall not detain our readers with the transactions that followed this raost melancholy event. We shall only add, therefore, that the ships soon after again proceeded to the polar re- gions, attempting anew tlie discovery of a northwest pas- sage. This attempt, however, proving as fruitless as had the one the p»-evious year, they set out on their homeward voyage. Proceeding by the way of China and the Cape of Good Hope, they at length reached England, afttr an absence of four years and three months. n consequence in object which We shall not at followed this tdd, therefore, to the polar re- northwest pas- fruitless as had heir homeward 1 and the Cape gland, afltr an mm Mv' JOHN LEDYARD. CHAPTER VIII. Return to America — Interview with his Mother — Rc«- dence at Hartford — Unsuccessful project of a voyage to the North-west Coast — Voyage to S^ain — Repairs to France. 1. Our last chapter concluded with the return of Led- yard to England. How grateful must he have been to have escaped the dangers of so long a voyage, and again to find himself in a land of civilization and refinement. Two years from this date he was still in the British navy. How he had been eiiiployed we are not informed. 62 JOHN LKDYARD. Ho had been repeatedly solicited to go to America, on board a man-of-war ; but to this he would not consent. The war of the revolution was stiN going oi md it was not in him to take up arms against his couii y. 2. At length, however, in December, 1782, Ledyard arrived in Huntington Bay, Long-Island Sound, on board a British man-of-war. Soliciting a furlough of seven days, he hastened to visit his mother who was still living at Southold, on the island. With what sentiments he approached her residence, we will not pretend to say. On entering, he found his mother occupied in keeping a boarding-house, for British officers. Without making himself known he solicited to be received as a boarder, and was accordingly shown to a room. ' Having changed his dress he repaired to the sitting-room, and without addressing himself to any one, he took a seat near the fire. His mother frequently cast her eye towards him, but she recognized hira not. There was something, however, in his expression, which still attracted her at- tention. She thought of her absent son. She was sure that the stranger resembled him. Her curiosity became still more alive. At lengtli, she could endure suspense no longer. She felt fpr her spectacles, which having JOHN LEDYARD. to America, on Id not consent. on and it was uii .y. 1782, Ledyard iound,on board ough of seven > was still living sentiments he fotfiul to say. ied in keeping Vitiiout making 1 as a boarder, laving changed n, and without 1 seat near the 3 towards him, vas something, tracted her at- She was sure iriosity became (idure suspense which having adjusted, she approached the still silent stranger, and begged his pardon ; but she had a son who had now beei; absent eight years, and whom he strongly resembled. The gaze of his mother caused a glow of fdial affection to appear on his countenance. He could resist his feel- ings no longer, and the happy disclosure immediately followed. Their mutual joy may be conceived, but we will not attempt to describe it. 3. Before the furlough of Ledyard had ended, he \e(t his mother, and not wishing again to enter the British service, he proceeded to Hartford, by the way of New- London and Groton. At these latter places, he was cordially welcomed by his early friends, and on reaching Hartford was hospitably received by his uncle, Mr. Seymour. This was a pleasant period of his life. He had been a wanderer for ten long years and had visited the remotest quarters of the globe. Rest was now pleas- ant even to the restless spirit of Ledyard. He continued at his uncle's during the winter, in which tiine he wrote the journal of Cook's Voyage. 4. On the return of spring he was no longer ti'i)' ic; u.U His spirit of adventure igain stirred within him. The project of a voyage to the Pacific Ocean for commercial J 64 JOHN LEDYARD. purposes was started by his zealous mind, and within a few days he was on his way to Philadelphia to put it ia execution. He had indeed suggested his plan to several merchants in New- York, as he now did to others in Philadelphia. But at this time, even the enterprising American merchants were unprepared to forward his views. No merchant ships had yet sailed to thp North- west Coast, and it yet looked too much like speculation to attempt opening a commercial intercourse with a country so distant and as yet unexplored. 5. At length, however, ne made known his wishee to the enterprising Robert Morris. This gendeman listened to his recital and to his plans. Morris ;.ith his charac- teristic liberality offered to furnish the outfits of a voyage. Accordingly, a plan was drawn up, and a suitable vessel sought for. Finding none at Philadelphia, Ledyard was despatched to Boston, where he procured one ; but for some cause not now knouTi, she was sent upon a different voyage. A second and a third vessel were afterwards '^irocured, and we may add a fourth ; but, for various reasons, their destination was also changed, and, at length the voyage was altogether abandoned. ^ JOHN LEDYARD. 65 id, and within a phia to put it ia is plan to several id to others in the enterprising to forward his 3d to thp Ncrth- ke speculation to e with a country m his wishee to indeman listened .ith his charac- tfits of a voyage, a suitable vessel ia, Ledyard was 3d one ; but for upon a different were afterwards but, for various d, and, at length G. Although abandoned by Mr. Morris, it was far from being relinquished by Ledyard himself. He next re- paired to New-London, and unfolded his plan to Captain Deshon, a nephew of the gentleman with whom he had made, while a youth, a voyage to Gibraltar. Although desirous of gratifying Ledyard, Captain Deshon felt it to be the dictate of prudence to decline the project. Yet this he aftei-wards regretted, since, at a future day, the anticipations of Ledyard were fullj'^ realized by those who made the first voyage to the north-west coast. 7. Thus disappointed at home, Ledyard determined upon a voyage to Europe, hoping there to meet with better success. Finding a vessel bound to Cadiz, in Spain, he took passage for that place, whence, after- several vexatious delays, he proceeded to L'Orient. He had been recommended to several enterprising merchants, residing at this place. He was well received ; and within twelve days of his arrival, a company of mer- chants was called, a plan agreed upon, and a ship selected for the intended voyage. A bright prospect now opened before Ledyard. He had often met with cruel disap- pointments; but now he had reason to hope for the fulfilment of his wishes. . 5 66 JOHN LEDYARD. 8. It being October, the merchants, upon reflection, concluded it to be expedient to postpone the sailing of the vessel until the following summer. This was quite a disappointment to Ledyard, but he had nothing to do but to wait with patience for the flight of time. As he had access to the agreeable and intelligent society of L'Orient, and a liberal income from the mercantile company, the winter was spent not unpleasantly. In February active preparations were commenced for equipping the vessel. Ledyard saw these going forward with no ordinary joy. The vessel was a fine ship of four hundred tons, and by August he should spread her canvass on the ocean. With these anticipations, he addressed un affectionate letter of adieu to his brothers in America, in which, commending them and his other friends to God, he bid them farewell, should he be permitted to see them no mote. 9. The cup of Ledyard's diseppointment was not yet full. The expedition failed ; but of the causes of its failure, we are ignorant. Disappointed and mortified, his purse exhausted, his purpose bafBed, his zeal wasted, what could he now do ? For a time he sat down truly afflicted and despondent. Again he bethought himself. JOHN LEDYARD. 67 ion reflection, the sailing of his was quite nothing to do time. As he !nt society of le mercantile leasantly. In mmenced for going forward I fine ship of lid spread her icipations, he his brothers and his other should be be at was not yet causes of its md mortified, is zeal wasted, iat down truly mght himself. again he cast his eye around for light to break in from some other quarter. At length, he directed his attention to Paris, and to that capital he now hastened, where we shall leave him till the next chapter. /I- Mi «a»e**'J miMMirTmrirT I! I! I 68 JOHW LEDYARD. CHAPTER IX. Interview with Mr. Jefferton — Plan conceived with the celebrated Paul Jones — Projects a Tour by Land to the North-West Coast by the way of Kamschaika — Invited to accompany an Expedition from London — Cause of its Failure. 1. Our last chapter concluded with the sad and unex- pected failure of Ledyard's plan, and with it his equally unexpected journey to Paris. On his arrival, he intro- duced himself to Mr. Jefferson, at that time minister from the United States to the court of France. On commu- JOHN LEDYARD. 69 ?ived with the ^y Land to the \atka — Invited 'on — Cause of sad and unex- I it his equally ival, he intro- ! minister from On commu- nicating to that gentleman his object, the latter expressed himself friendly to the enterprise, and tendered his assistance to the extent of his power. 2. Within a few days Ledyard met with the celebrated Paul Jones, at this time in France, for the purpose of obtaining money due for several prizes which he had taken during the war. Jones entered with great zeal into the views of Ledyard, and an arrangement was soon closed, by which they agreed to unite in an expedition, the expense of which, if not borne by the English government, should be defrayed by Jones's private re- sources. -'' 3. The imagination of Ledyard again took wing. His wishes could now scarcely fail of being accomplished. He delighted in hazard and adventure : he had now a prospect of riiese, and of fame and profit in addition. At the moment of advancing money for the necessary outfit, Jones was called to L'Orient, where he was detained for three months. In the mean time his ardour cooled, and when he next met Ledyard, it was only to tell him that he could not carry the contemplated plan into execution. This intelligence was as unexpected as unwelcome. # JOHN LEDYARD. 4. An ordinary mind would have sunlc under the pressure of so many repeated disappointments. Ledyard was indeed depressed ; yet he could rouse himself to hope, and now sustained his spirits by still looking forward to better days. As a last expedient, he submit- ted the plan to several merchants of Paris, who formed a company, and made some progress towaids the intended voyage. But at length thd blast of an ill fortune swept along, and again annihilated the fond expectations of Ledyard. After a lapse of five months, he found himself no nearer the accomplishment of his purpose, than when it was first conceived. It was a gratification to Ledyard, however, during his painful solicitude, to enjoy the com- pany of such distinguished men as Jefierson, Barclay, and General La Fayette. 5. The prospect of accomplishing his favourite plan was now ended. He had laboured, but laboured in vain. At this time, he turned his thoughts to another plan, which was to travel by land through the northern regions of Europe and Asia, and passing Bering's Strait to the American continent ; whence, having surveyed the coast, to return home across the country. This being deter- mined upon, his first object was to obtain permission of JOHN LEDYARU. 71 ik under the ts. Ledyard le himself to still looking It, he submit- , who formed t the intended fortune swept pectations of found himself e, than when 1 to Ledyard, jjoy the corn- Barclay, and Eivourite plan 3ured in vain, another plan, rthern regions Strait to the 'ed the coast, being deter- permission of the Empress of Russia to pass through her dominions, by the way of Kamtschatka. This permission Mr. Jefferson undertook to obtain, through the Russian minis- ter at the court of Fran«e. This would require some months, and Ledyard had only to wait with patience the arrival of his passport. 6. While waiting in Paris for the above, he received intelligence of a peculiarly pleasing nature. This was no other than that an expedition was about sailing for the Pacific Ocean, and that he was requested to accompany it. He accordingly hastened to London, where he found a ship in complete readiness to sail. He was offered a passage free, accompanied with the promise that he should be set on shore at any point on the north-v\rest coast he might name. Ledyard readily accepted the proposal. It added not a litde to his pleasure that one of Cook's officers was to be a companion of his voyage. 7. Having provided himself with two dogs, an Indian pipe, and a hatchet — ^his only outfit, he repaired on board, soon after which the vessel put to sea. This was a moment of great exultation to Ledyard. He was no longer planning, but was executing ; no longer contriving means to go— he was already under sail. Alas ! how 72 JOHN LEDYARD. uncertain are all human expectations. Scarcely was the vessel under way, and while not yet out of the sight of land, orders were received for her immediate return. Accordingly the direction was^changed ; the vessel was moored along side of a London dock, and the project abandoned. We shall not attempt a description of Ledyard's feelings, but content ourselves with recording his emphatic language soon after he left the ship : « For- titude! adieu!" n h a tl r JOHN LEDYARD. •cely was the the sight of liate return. I vessel was the project scription of h recording hip: "For- Siberian Tour — Proceeds to Hamburg — Copenhagen — IntcrvieiD with Major Langhorn — Stockholm — Peters- burg — Departure for Kamschatka — Incidents on the s Journey. 1. Our last chapter concluded with the grievous dis- appointment of Ledyard in not being able to prosecute his voyage to the Pacific. On his return to London, he again began to make preparations for his land tour through the Russian Empire to Kamschatka, and thence to Nootka Sound. ^,„.„„„, liH JAiii limmmmM m JOHN LEDYARD. 2. In a few weeks he left England, and we next meet with him of Hamburg, on the river Elbe. This is a German city of Lower Saxony, 448 miles north-east of London. It is far from being elegant in its appearance. The streets are narrow, crooked, and irregular ; yet it is a place of great trade, being well situated for that purpose, on the north bank of the Elbe. Before the French revolution, it ranked as the third city in Europe. 3. While at Hamburg, Ledyard heard of Major Langhorn, an American officer, a very eccenuic man, who was travelling the country much in the same style witli Ledyard himself. He had been at Hamburg, but was now at Copenhagen. Thither Ledyard determined to proceed, and if possible to secure the company of Lang- horn on his contemplated tour. 4. On reaching Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, 170 miles north-east of Hamburg, Ledyard found Lang- horn, but in circumstances which deeply interested his feelings. He was without money, without decent apparel ; and more tiian all, without friends. Although our traveller had not ten guineas in the world, and knew not by what means he could replenish his purse, when the little he had was expended, he generously administered -Assaestsr^ JOHN LEDYARD. t5 1 we next meet be. This is a es north-east of its appearance, gular ; yet it is >r that purpose, ■e the French lurope. ard of Major ccentiic man, same style witli iburg, but was determined to pany of Lang- 1 of Denmark, 1 found Lang- interested his Bcent apparel ; Although our and knew not rse, when the ' administered to the wants of his new friend, and even felt happy though his money was gone. 5. Ledyard, at length, opened his plan to Langhorn, and proposed that he should accompany him through the wilds of Siberia. " No," replied Langhorn, " much as 1 esteem you, I cannot travel with you : I can travel with no man on earth." This was abrupt; and though not intended, was apparently unkind towards so liberal a benefactor as Ledyard had been. These friends now separated with mutual good feelings; and Ledyard having procured a small. sum of money of a merchant to be refunded by a friend in England, proceeded diroctly to Stockholm. •* 6. Slofckholm lies 300 miles north-east of Copenhagen, and is the capital of Sweden. It is chiefly built on three islands. Its population is from eighty to a hundred thou- sand. Its harbour is one of the finest in the world, being of sufficient depth and capacity to contain one thousand vessels. 7. The next object of Ledyard was to reach Peters- burg, 400 miles to the east of Stockhohn. The route in the summer season lies across the Gulf of Botluiia to Abo, in Finland. The same route is pursued in winter, 76 JOHN LEDYARD. when the sea is snflicicntly frozen to ndmit the nns.nee of sledges on the ice. Although now the latter part of Jpnuary, tiie ice presented no safe conveyanrc, and yet It efleetually impeded ail navigation. The only alterna- tive therefore presented to Ledyard was, either to wait at Stockholm till the opening of the spring, or to travel around the Gulf of BotJmia to Lapland, and thence to Petersburg, a distance of twelve hundred miles. 8. He was not long in determining to take this latter course. Accordingly, in the depth of winter—on foot- without a companion, and without a friend— he took up his long march by the wayof Tornea in Finland, whence he proceeded to Petersburg, where he arrived before the twentieth of March, having travelled amidst snows and storms about two hundred miles a week. 9. Petersburg, where Ledyard now found himself, is at this time one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. It is situated at the eastern extremity of the Gulf of Fin- land, near the mouth of the river Neva. The city was founded by Peter the Great. Previous to the year 1703, the spot on which it is built contained only two huts. It now contains more than three hundred thousand inha- bitants, and the general elegance of its buildings surpasses every other city in Europe. to c> fo fo Ui bi hi ni E di re a F P tl t the pnssngc latter part of mrc, and yet ! only alternn- !ither to wait , or to travel nrJ llience to niles. ke this latter ?r — on foot — —he took up iland, whence ed before the It snows and d himself, is in Europe. Gulf of Fin- rhe city was e year 1703, wo huts. It lusand inha- igs surpasses JOHN LEDYARO 77 10. On reaching Petersburg, Ledyard learned, much to his regret, tiiat tlic Empress was absent, and was not expected to return until late in the spring. Here, there- fore, he was obliged to wait, until a passport could be forwarded to her and returned. This ho received about tlie middle of May, and on the first of June left Peters- burg for Kamsclmtka, a distance of seven thousand miles. 1 1 . It was fortunate for Ledyard that, on the eve of his departure, he was introduced to a gentleman by the name of Brown, who, under a commission from the Empress, was proceeding to the province of Kolyvan, a distance of more than three thousand miles, and on the route which Ledyard would take. Brown invited Led- yard to be his companion. This invitation wn.s gladly accepted, both as he would be able to travel with much greater expedition, and at the public expense. Leaving Petersburg, as already intimated, the party directed their course towards Moscow, 350 miles south-east, at which place they arrived in six days. Moscow was formerly the capital of the Kussian Empire ; but has given place in this respect to the more splendid city of Petersburg. 12. From Moscow their route lay east to Kazan, on the right bank of the Wolga. Kazan is a city containing 78 JOHN ledyard; about twenty thousand inhabitants, and is the capital of a government to which it gives name. To this place, which according to Ledyard is 550 miles from Moscow, they travelled in a IGbitka, drawn by three horses. This is a kind of vehicle so arranged as to form a kind of home, being fitted with the apparatus necessary for living upon the road. 13. Having staid a week at Kazan, our travellers pro- ceeded on their journey, and crossing the Ural Moun- tains, arrived on the 1 1th of July at Tobolsk, a city of considerable interest, and once the capital of all Siberia. It stands at the junction of two large rivers, Tobol and Irtish, and is not far from one thousand miles east-by- north from Moscow. 14. Our travellers remained at Tobolsk but three days, and then continued their journey to Barnaoul, in the province of Kolyvan, famous for its mines of copper, silver, and gold. At this place, Ledyard was to leave Dr. Brown, and proceed alone. Again, however, he was so fortunate as to have offered to him a seat with the courier, who had charge of the -nail. Having taken an affectionate leave of Dr. Brown, for whom he seems to have contracted a sincere esteem, he mounted his seat he capital of a fo this place, from Moscow, horses. This )rm a kind of necessary for travellers pro- 3 Ural Moun- olsk, a city of of all Siberia. rs, Tobol and niles east-by- »ut three days, 'naoul, in the Bs of copper, was to leave however, he , seat with the ving taken an n he seems to inted his seat JOHN LEDYARD. 79 in the kibitka, and in two days and three nights found himself at Tomsk, a distance of about 300 miles. Here they were detained several days waiting for a mail, that was coming by another route from Tobolsk. That hav- ing arrived, our travellers continued their journey, and in ten days reached Irkutsk in safety,, although they had broken and upset several kibitkas, in consequence of their rapid passage over a wild and ragged country. The journey was rendered still more unpleasant by swarms of musquitoes which continually infested them, and by a powerful rain which drenched them for the space of forty-eight hours. 15. Irkutsk is the capital of a government to which it gives name; It stands on the river Angara, which rises in the Lake Baikal. When Ledyard visited the place, the city contained about twelve thousand inhabitants. Since that period they have much increased, and the place is now one of greater commercial importance than any other in Siberia. 16. While detained at this place, waiting for the post, Ledyard made a visit to the celebrated Lake Baikal. The length of this lake is supposed to be 360 miles, and its breadth from 20 to 53., More tliw a hundred apd i 80 JOHN LEDYARD. sixty Streams of various sizes discharge their waters into this lake ; and yet it has but a single outlet, wiiich is less than a mile in breadth. By what means the immense quantity of water thus poured into the lake is discharged, is quite uncertain. By some, it is conjectured that there exists an internal communication between the lake and tlie ocean. The water of the lake is fresh, but so deep that no sounding line has ever reached the bottom. In tliis lake is found the sea dog, a fish which belongs to the ocean, and which seldom enters rivers even for a small distance. How it should have reached a fresh water lake, at least three thousand miles from the ocean, has never been satisfactorily explained. "Nothing," says a ^vriter, " can be conceived more interesting and magnificent than this lake. Those who have visited it, seem at a loss for language adequate to describe the feel- ings which it excites, when first beheld. It is inclosed by rugged mountains, and the sublime scenery around strikes every beholder with astonishment and awe. At some seasons, it is so agitated by violent storms, that in the tremendous roaring of its billows it equals the mighty ocean ; while at others, the clearness of its unruflSed bosom emulates tlje lustre of the finest mirror." JOHN LEDYARD. 81 ir waters into , wiiich is less the immense is discharged, ijectured that men the lake fresh, but so d the bottom, ich belongs to rs even for a iched a fresh )m the ocean, " Nothing," iteresting and ave visited it, cribe the feel- It is inclosed enery around ,nd awe. At torms, that in lis the mighty its unruffled ror." w.:^..; . 17. On the twenty-sixth of August, Ledyard left Ir- kutsk on his journey northward ; and at the distance of one hundred and fifty miles, embarked on the river Lena in company with a Swedish officer, with the intention of floating down its current to Yakutsk. Their boat was an open one, and had few accommodations. After a fatiguing voyage of twenty-two days, in which dme they had passed over fourteen hundred miles, they arrived at their place of destination. Ahhough only the eighteenth of September when they arrived, the ground was covered with snow, and the rigours of a polar winter had com- menced — a great transition from the climate, which was that of summer, which they left belund them at Irkutsk. m 'V%t»^4 ^;^W» vrtat^f ■- ' .rO-iiMmym jiji'-^i^fji .■'\ I ■' JOHN LEDYARD. ^ CHAPTER XI. Siberian Tour — Yakutsk — Meets with an old Friend — Return to Irkutsk — is arrested as a French Spy — order- ed to leave the Russian Empire — Returns to Londott. 1. It was now Ledyard's wish to proceed as soon as possible to Okotsk, a port situated on the Ochota, from which vessels sailed to Kamschatka, and distant from Yakutsk between six and seven hundred miles. This expedition was the more necessary, as winter would soon render tlie journey impossible. While making prepara- M Friend — Spy — order- j to London. i as soon as )chota, from distant from miles. This !r would soon cing prepara- iw#M*WMMilMMMi«paU*H ^ >j»ii t <>» ^ i^*»V» JOHN LEDYARD. ^ tions, he was informed that it was already impracticable. This was a grievous disappointn;ent to Ledyard; but reconciling himself as well as he was able to his fate, he determined to make the best use of his time, in gathering information respecting the country in which he was to tak*. up his winter abode. 2. We shall not detain our readers with the result of his inquiries, although his journal contains much that is interesting, curious, and instructive. 3. At the expiration of two months from hia arrival at Yakutsk, he had the pleasure of meeting with Captain Billings, who had just arrived from an expedition to the river Kolyma and the Frozen Ocean. During Led- yard's voyage round the world with Captain Cooke, he had become acquainted with Billings, who served during that expedition as assistant astronomer. The meeting was grateful to both, and here they spent five weeks together much to their satisfaction. 4. At this time Captain Billings invited Ledyard to accompany him to Irkutsk, whither it was needful for him to repair before he set out on his return to Okotsk. As this would not be until spring, and as Ledyard de- signed to accompany Captain Billings at that time, he rtHlillii t&min^^ in JOHN LEDYARD. accepted the invitation. The river Lena being now frozen, they travelled upon sledges on that ; and with such speed did they perform the hxunny, that in seventeen days they found themselves ac Irkutsk, a distance of be- tween fourteen and fifteen hundred miles. 5. Here a new misfortune awaited our traveller. By an order of the Empress of Russia, which was forwarded to this placp, he was seized as o French spy ; and under the conduct of two guards was whh the greatest expe- dition, and in the midst of a Siberian winter, hurried forward towards Moscow. From this latter place he was conducted into Poland, where he was left to dispose of himself as he pleased — with a strict injunction, however, not to return to the dominions of the Empress, upon penalty of being hanged. 6. This sudden and peremptory recal of Ledyard by the Empress, after having received her royal passport, may well appear surprising. Various conjectures as to her motives have existed. Her avowed pretence was a humane one: that she would not be accessary to the death of so brave a man, attempting a journey through regions so remote and inhospitable, and aruong savages <50 ba harous as inhabited the north-western coast. But JOHN LEDVARD. «6 a being now ind with such in seventeen stance of be- aveller. By as forwarded ; and under •eatest expe- nter, hurried Iter place he eft to dispose ion, liowever, npress, upon Ledyard by yal passport, ectures as to etence was a sssary to tiie rney through liong savages coast. Bu; .'** the real ground of his recal is with much greater reason supposed to have been the jealousy of the Russian- Ameri- can Fur Company, who were unwilling that a foreigner should survey the country, and publish to the world an account of his discoveries to their disadvantage. Hence they made such representations to the Empress, as to in- duce her to issue her royal mandate for his return. 7. Ledyard, as we have above stated, being left to himself on his arrival in Poland, took the shortest route to Koningsburg, the capital of Eastern Russia. His con- dition was now truly deplorable. His fond hopes were blasted, and he had no longer any rational prospect of ever being able to accomplish an object in the pursuit of which he liad spent years of the severest toil. Added to this, his health was greatly enfeebled ; and he now found himself without a single friend to comfort him, or to fur- nish the means of returning to London. 8. Fortunately, however, a gentleman agreed to ac- cept a draft for five guineas upon his old benefactor, Sir Joseph Banks ; and by means of this money he was ena- bled to reach London, after an absence of one year and five months. r5^:*'v*-S^W-^' niLiMiJiiiiiilS ii J i i i li i m- JOHN LEDYARD. CHAPTER XII. ' % Expedition to Africa— Proceeds to Paris— thence to Marseilles— Sails for Egypt—Proceeds to Cairo— Ill- ness — Death — Character — Reflections. 1. Although Ledyard now found himself in the soci- ety of friends and acquaintance, he was unhappy, for he had no object in view. In this state, Sir Joseph Banks re- commended him to the African Association, as a proper person to explore the interior of that continent. He was accordingly introduced to the Board, and when asked when he would set out, replied, with his characteristic promptness and decision, «' To-morrow morning." It is scarcely necessary to say that the Association imme- diately took him into their service, and commenced pre- parations for his departure without delay. According to his instructions he was first to repair to Egypt, and travel thence across the continent as circumstances should direct. 2. The prospects of Ledyard were once more bright, and he did not conceal the satisfaction which he felt, in » — thence to > Cairo — HI- If in the soci- appy, for he ph Banks re- , as a proper nt. He was when asked characteristic lorning." It iation imme- imenced pre- According Egypt, and tances should more bright, :h he felt, in JOHN LEDYARD. iT being thus honourably and usefully employed. It was an enterprise, he well knew, in which he must suffer hard- ships and encounter danger. But with these he wa» already familiar. He had suffered from poverty, and been the sport of a strange fortune. He had suffered from the unkindness and jealousy of man — had wandered through inhospitable climes, a stranger and a beggar, in want by day, and houseless by night ; yet his heart was still strong ; and !" view of his African expedition, he seems to have forgotten all previous cares, defeats, and disasters. 3. On the thirtieth of June, his preparations having been completed, he left London. On the morning of his departure, be took leave of the secretary of the Afri- can Association, to whom he said : " I am accustomed to hardships. I have known both hunger and nakedness lo the utmost extremity of human suffering. I have known what it is to have food given me as charity to a madman ; and I have at times been obliged to shelter myself under the miseries of that character, to avoid a heavier calamity. My distresses have been greater than I have ever owned, or ever will own to any man. Such evils are terrible to bear ; but they never yet had power to turn me from my - ^*- . i M.l i n .ll « ii i'l li( l].l i ; ilil ii M li Mfc i : ilB Wr ii i ii.i*i 88 JOHN LEDYARD. purpose. 11 1 live, 1 will fuiihfuUy perform, in its mmost extent, my engagement lo the society; and if I perish in the attempt, my honour will still be safe, for death cancek aU bunds." , „ . 4. On leaving London, Ledyard proceeded to 1 ans, Ui«nce to Marseilles, where he took ship for Alexandria. From this last place he pursued his journey up the Nile to Cairo, where ho arrived on the nineteen! !i of Aupst. Here it was his intention to join a caravan, with which io travel into the interior, and to continue with it to the end of i'5 route. It was not, however, until the expiration of three months, that he found a caravan going to Sennaar, whither he wished to direct his course. He had engaged his passage, settled the terms, and already the dny was fixed on which he was to leave Cairo. 5. But the will of Heaven was otherwise. This was to be the end of bis earthly travels— of his mortal career. When on the point of starting, he was suddenly seized with a bilious complaint, which in a short time closed his life of vicissitude and toil. Thus, at the early age of thirty-eight, went to his grave John Ledyard, who for originaliiy of genius, for courage amidst danger, fortitude under tvial, and resolution under defeat, has scarcely a parallel in the history of man. >.^ JOHN LEDYARD ¥ ^, in its utmost i if I perish in r death cancete 3(ied to Paris, or Alexandria. cy up the Nile nth of Aupst. with which .to th it to the end e expiration of ng to Sennaar, le had engaged ly the day was ise. This was 1 mortal career, iiddenly seized >rt time closed he early age of lyard, who for anger, fortitude has scarcely a 6. We cannot better close our account of nn- derful man, than by quoting the language <>* '> wrote from personal knowledge. " To those wnu navL- never seen Mr. Ledyard, it may not, perhaps, be unin- teresting to know, that his person, though scarcely ex- ceeding the middle size, was remarkably expressive of activity and strength ; and that his manners, though un- polished, were neither uncivil nor unpleasing. Little attentive to difference of rank, he seemed to consider all men as his equals, and as such he respected them. His genius, though uncultivated and irregular, was original and comprehensive. Ardent in his wishes, yet calm in his deliberation ; daring in his purposes, but guarded in his measures ; impatient of control, yet capable ofj«trong en- durance ; adventurous beyond the conception of ordinary men, yet wary and considerate, and attentive to all pre- cautions — he appeared to be formed by nature for achieve- ments of hardihood and peril." 7. It will only be added, that the life of such a man is not without its use. He indeed accomplished few of the great enterprises which he planned ; but it was not his fault, only his misfortune. Why he was thus defeated in respect to enterprises, the accomplishment of which ■MHItil) mwiwiiiM - irTrtr^TT-iMiiTinoir"fmr i'"i'n If i 90 JOHN LKDYARU r would have been useful to the world, is hidden from us. Nor would wo vainly inquire. Perhaps he is equally entitled to the respect of mankind, as if lie had accom- plished all. To hi.^ countrymen, and especially to the younger part, he exhibited traits of character well worthy their imitation. In his disposition he was amiable ; to his benefactors always grateful ; and in the exhibition of disinterestedness had few equals. With his decision, energy, perseverance, fortitude, and enterprise, Hving as they do '.n better times, what may we not expect under tVic iiusp' :e.A of a smiling Providence from our American ycuiii? U^ ^ 'f'V' '' r ^ ildc'ii from us. lie is equally c liaii accom- i)cciQlly to tlie er well worthy is omiable ; tu e exhibition of his decision, prise, living as t expect nnder I our American -ftM '■-'•:V ' '^l»k«^l ^tmr^^v^y ■ Mij^^A>m'^i*im<»!^im!:*