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El
the
DL
Europe and America
01^
^ the relative state of the civilized world
' . , ^ at a future period.
Translated from the German
DL- C. F. von Schmidt- Phiseldek,
Doctor of plkilosophy, one of his Danish
Majesty's coiinscllors of state »
Knight of Danneurog
kc. &c. &c.
by '■
Joseph Owen.
■i%.
Copenhagen i8ao. .
Friated b}r Btrnhard Schlesinger.
Ik
^
'.% "Mi
If 1
ill
I, '
'Ifili ;
' i
it'
";T?f","
6?^-
<
to
Introduction of the translator.
I, 1 ! I
Animated with the desire of being the
the humble instrument of imparting to
the American nation, that picture of future
grandeur and happiness, which the author
of the present interesting work, so pro-
phetically holds out to them, I have been
induced to undertake the translation of
it. The diffidence I feel on the occasion,
is considerably heightened by a fear, that
the task I have imposed upon myself, has
exceeded my abilities, and by a consci-
ousness, of not haying rendered justice,
to the beauties of the original. A faithful
adherence to the style of t!ic author,
where-evcr the spirit of the two liin5iurj,es
would admit of it, has been my ruling aim
tliroughout the whole.
This work, which has met with the
most favorable reception in Germany, has
in the course of a kw months, undergone
a tcond edition, and has been translated into
French and Danish, which amply vouch
for its intrinsic merits. Could I flatter
myself, that the present imperfect translation
will engage the attention of the Ajnerican
public, I shall be fully rewarded, in ha-
ving been the means of disseminating across
the Adantic those sublime and noble sen-
timents of the author, which do him ho-
nor as a philosopher, and a friend of hu-
manity. With depth of penetration, dedu-
cing the events of Europe for the last
forty years, from the establishment of Co-
lumbian independence, he portrays, with
masterly hand, their awful and variegated
coi
nai
ser
ha;
spi
lot
prj
frc
at
eu
th.
bri
hi-
tn
CO
th(
tic
ha
m
of
tic
th.
i1. A faithful
t!ic author ,
:\vo liingiKrj,es
my ruling aim
met with the
Germany, has
hs, undergone
translated into
amply vouch
ould I flatter
rfect translation
the Arnerican
arded, in ha-
minating across
ind noble sen-
h do him ho-
friend of hu-
letration, dcdu-
3 for the last
ishment of Co-
portrays , with
and variegated
course*, points out those infirmities of the
nations, Avhich c:illed down upon the pre-
sent generation, the scenes of misery, it
has experienced, and with the beno/olent
spirit of humanity paints in striking co-
lours, the only means, by which, both
princes and their people can steer aloof
from future danger. The fate of Europe
at a distant age, and the encreasing grand-
eur of Americ.i, now engage the author's
thoughts, and plunging into futurity, he
brings to light with daring hand, a picture,
highly advantageous for the latter; but
true to the principles, which shine so
conspicuously throughout his work, consolf s
the former, for her loss of extern:il poli-
tical weight, with the prospect of mternal
happiness, and a fund of intellectual enjoy-
ment.
Posterity will alone be able to julge
of the correctness of our author's prophe-
tic ideas; recent events speak in flr/oi:;!- of
them; it nevertheless redounds to his
■j >
s' .
m
lasting honor, to have sketched out a fu-
ture pohbible condition of the civilized
woildi to have illumined the steps of man-
kind, towards the summit of earthly per-
fection-, and to have delivered his senti-
ments with that independent freedom, which
becomes the enlightened age we live in,
and which thrives so luxuriantly in the
congenial soil of America.
tec
L
ir.
.■ m'
d out a fii-
he civili/.cd
tcps of man-
earthly per-
ed his scnti-
^dom, which
we live in,
intly in the
Contents.
■ d;
■ ■fl
■J, •■f|
ler
I.
11.
North America declares herself free, a.id
hecomes, so*, rerolution in thettnte ofthing,s{
the spirit of emancipation pervades Europe,
as well as South America; attempts mndo
by Miranda; formal insurrection of the Spa-
nish American provinces.
Condition of the European state?, on their
entering upon the );ew period of the world.
Internal remissness; thirst after external
aggrandizement; the political unity of Ger-
many nearly dissolved) in like manner the
representative estates; stajiding armies aftar
the Prussian model ; financial elnborntion ot
the several countries; want of national spirit.
Political union in France, Spain and Portu-
gal, by means of absolute dominion; views
of the govorumcnts inimical to the interests
Pngo
w
'4
"p»t 1 1
icr.
III.
of the tinliniiM Tinly •li-wi"'""'"'''! ""'' •"''"
icvvirni 10 foroii,'!! impiilnp; ils love j.f llio
aril; Helvetia ami the Nfllirrlnud^ ; tlin for-
mer iiitlinpil tn iniiovntinnn, t'le liiitor look-
ing forwitrd m n cnini.lfh- i rvoliilion. Tin
British j»ia»idi lecurc in tli- enjoymeiit of
politiral ni.d civil fvcn.lom , i-iil by a M-irit
pf coinnicrcinl innnnp.ly ond pri'V^, eNciliiiR
the )e»lou«y of Europe! the disiol.ition of
Volfiiid by rpn«nii of tliofiirllifrdiviMiiii, expo-
!>es the priifciph'J of the partiripailng poworn,
RiHsia, Au.tria and Prusiiu; InrRt; Handing
nrmio», thirft ..ftcr conquer •, nn'rhnnism of
inUTunl ndministvalion; the revnlulion of
r.mtavnj the Third in Sweden ; the pencenhlo
proprend of internal imprnvemenl in Den-
mnv^o, Turkey, imd the Asinlic kingdoms and
ifirilories. _ 4
V.liy North America, nflcr hnviiig acquired
luv iiidcpendrnce, could ottnin a stale of
unison under the tic. of a common govern*
ment, and at the name lime that, of the
{.rentest civil liberty, how she has encreased
jn extent and population; how the spirit of
emancipation , and the theory of the right*
olinan, operated in Europe; a misfortune
tor Eiuopc, that the first spark of liberty
took firo in France; short sketch of the
French revolution from the tL.'c of the con-
stitutional monarchy , tbroush the diiTerent
nnarchial and democratic forms of govern-
ment to Napoleon's empire; transformation of
the imperial power into a complete military
autocracy, whicji threateni to swallow up-
ihe whole of Europe; the sentiments and
mode of thinking in Europe changed.
Cha
ter
IV
VI
vi:
VIII
24'
(1 nnil iiih-
IdVl' of lllO
tl^ ; till" loi -
liiitor Inok-
iitioM. 'ri.n
ijoynieiit of
by a fjiirit
jiohition of
vi«i(iii. eipo-
illng pnwor»,
rge ilnndiiig
ii'rlinni«;ti i>[
[•voliuioii of
thepencenhle
!i\l in Den-
iingdoins and
itig flcquirpi
II a stntc of
tnon govern*
Ihttt, of the
lins encrenscd
the spirit of
of the rights
a misfortiiMS
rk of lihcrty
tptch of the
c of thf! con-
the diiTt-rcnt
lu of govern-
nsforiiuitioii of
plete military
3 (wallow up •
Bntiments and
iianged*
Chnp-
trr.
IV.
V.
VI.
vir.
VIII.
24.
Thn f.ill of Nnpolfoii, by (.bitiiintrly rclyin;;
on Ih It jjnml forliino and »ti»iiglli, whuli
wove 111) l,iii,',ti)- hit own ( and inim nl' iil.itidii
with reguni to llie rtrsoiliCHi and diiposit ii'in
of hii oppnnrntf ( rrtrrut nut of Kniiin { Frii<-
lia, Anuria, Iliiiiiia ond tit* ronfodcfntc (icf-
mun I'rincrt tly to nriiu with their people*,
coiiric of events until tliu last peace of Paris. ,\j
Nciircit coMiiuquences , wiih whirli the over-
throw of Napoleon's rnipiro wn« nitiiidej ^
new relation between the government' m d
their subjects, the olT-pring of the alTlii tioni,
endured by princes aii'l people; tciideiu'V \r>
representiitive constitutions under monnrehiHl
licads; internal fermentations and discontent,
drive tnultitndes to North America. 1)5
Further mutes of oncvi'iising and probably
incessant emigration to tlic new world* exiesi
of worl-.inen in inechanii's and the arts, tlie
misery of the niaiitifncturinp; towns; mmhi-
nery rendert human hands daily inflre »«per-
fluous ; the cultivation of the soil and the
parcelling out of large posfessions, in several
itatei; what, governments havt to do under
these circumstances. 7*^
The whole ftf America independent of the Old
world-, North- America, enereasing in popula-
tion and power; South - America freed frjun
European dominion; l!ie vuul to a settird eivil
constiliilioii far more difficult in South, than
it was in North - America ; what sliiipe will
things assume, on the whole of Ainericii, lui''-
ing completed her independence? — S'8
Europe cannot do without America, if she is
to remain, as she is nt present; liev power,
her manner* «nd eustoms at* all fnuiwled on
w *(
M
,»(' .•
Cliap- „
ter , /«S«
the dominion of tlie world ; on the other hand,
Amoiica, lias no need of any of the Eiuoppp.n
natural productions, and will shortly be able
to do without lier artificial productions. Great
advantages of America, with regard to her
means of internal communications; probabi-
lity that America will also attain mercantile
independence. m
IX. How could Europe he indemnified for thelos*
of America? If she will retain and extend
her other commercial channels, and be able
to open new ones for her productions and fa-
brications; grounds against this; failure or at
least great decrease of the customary supplies
of gold and siWerj on this the trade to China
and Japan must cease, and fall into the hands
of lh« Americans; uncertain state of things
in British India ; apprehension of political
changes there; the {lourishiHg increase of the
American East- India trade ; increasing Ame-
rican carrying- trade ; her navy and commer-
cial shipping must shortly, according to all
natural consequences, become the most pow-
erful and numtrous; America much better
suited for intercoiirse, wilh the present Eu-
ropean possessions and establishments in Africa
and the South -Sea; neither will she be de-
ficient in European intolligenco ; conclusive
result of thi.'!. TIO
X. Europe, by withdrawing within herself, by in-
ternal cultivation , and by extending her near-
• est confines, mu = t replace lier external losses.
The idea of one Curopenn political community
must he called into life; then Europe will bo
powerful, and be able to supply her own wants,
without transmarine possessions j what mischief
xir.
[
Pagt
ither hand,
Europpp.n
tly be ablo
ons. Great
Lid to her
; probahi-
mercantile
for the lcs»
nnd extend
nd be able
ons nnd fa-
lilure or at
iry supplies
Ic to China
3 the hands
e of things
)f political
irease of the
lasing Ame-
id cominer-
ding to all
! most pow-
inch better
present En-
II ts in Africa
slie be de-
cuuclusive
I'scir, by in-
ng liT near-
ernal losses.
I ooniniunity
-opo will bo
r oivn wantSs
hat mischief
93
no
Chap-
ter. ■ Pag(!
this idea having been mistaken, has occasion-
ed; what tlie prospects are, of a belter state
ofthings; reprcscntaliye constitutions ; trans-
formation of tlie standing into national ar-
mies; its consequences; colonization of the in-
terior of Europe itself; reacquisilion of the
European Turkish provinces; new «mpirc in
Constantinople; colonies on the coasts of Asia
njid Africa opposite to Europe. 126
XI. AVhat may lay between t le present and such
a future period; immediate consequences of
the independence of l)oth the Americas, Scar-
city of money in Europe; duller circulation
of that which is on linr.d; its effi^cts upon tlie
system of national debts, and paper moi^ey;
of ncniinal state-bankruptcy 5 how toorganizc
such, either by a depreciation of the coin, or
a reduction of the engagements agreed upon,
after the encreascd value of the means of pay-
ment; wliy the former alternative would be
preferable to the latter; a bankruptcy once
begun upon, must becomo general, and must
therefore be a fit subject for general (l(Ii!)era-
tion. Of real state - bankruptcies; their prog-
nostics; decrease of national income, and con-
sequent decrease of that of tlie government;
of lessening the expenditure; the consequen-
ces of state bankruptcy; how such were still
to be prevented. jio
XII. Changes in the civil relations of Europe, Eu-
rope will become poorer, its inhabitants will
hiive fewer wants, but will become more in-
dustrious and politic; change in the S3'stem
of education ; knowledge of the use of arms
made general; its consequences upon the low-
er classes of the people; upon the order of
scientific men ofhusiness; upon the nobility , gc-
' I ■'!
i d
I
111 I
ififi i'
'lHyAlkL^t
ter, o
neml picture of the futiiie slate of Eurcjic,
taken from different points of view. 195
XllI- Future slate of America. The Northern Union.
Reserved coldness, alienation and mercantile
spirit, principal lines in the American national
character; indifference to science and . obler
enjoyments. Education; propensity to conquest
inherent in young states, visible also in North
America; war the means of greater unanimity,
and consolidation; new American idiom and
with it a peculiar line of scientific pursuits;
when will a just cultivation of taste, and of the
attendant fine arts appear ? Political partyspi-
lit; federalists and anti- federalists; several
concentrated points, as also several forms of go-
vernment. Religion; state of ecclesiastical
affairs, necessity of securing the clergy greater
respect, andiui independent provision ; — Nobi-
lity; in as far, as such will once form itself in
America; to what, it might be necessary. — Spa-
nish .Tiid South America in general; — greater
obstacles to the formation of free governments;
what may be expected to take place there. 2tg
XIV. The other parts of the world; Asia; Persia first
feels the influence of European civilization;
Russian embassy there; Bible societies ; Persia
could become dangerous to British India; the
Tartar nations; their possible operation upon
China; commercial communication, by way of
Kjiichta towards Moscow; Africa; the negro-
races in the interior, the degree of culture they
possess; what may yet be expected in the centre
of this portion of the globe; negro- kingdom
in Haiti. — Australia, New -South -Wales. 249
J. ha
self- i
blishi
so to
view
able
emin
and t
it (lis
I
light
throi
Page
T95
e of Eurcjic,
'them Union,
id mercantile
:icaii iiatioiiHl
ce and . obi or
ty to conquest
also in North
er unanimity,
an idiom and
:ific pursuits ;
ste, and of the
ical partyspi-
ilisls; several
ill forms of go-
ecclesiastical
clergy greater
isiou ; — Nobi-
• form itself in
L-essary. — Spa-
•al ; — greater
governments;
)lace there.
la 5 Persia first
;i civilization;
:ieties ; Persia
ish India; the
jperation upon
tion, byway of
;a ; the negro-
of culture they
•d in the centre
legro- kingdom
outh- Wales.
2t9
H9
Preface.
A hat mind wliich has elevated itself to a state of
self- activity , from amidst the piessiuc of the esta-
blished state of liviman affairs, will above all strive,
so to exalt itself, as to have an open and nnbiasied
view of the wordly system of things, in order to he
able to distinguish from thence, as from a lofty
eminence, itsown proper place in tlie mighty whole,
and to survey the course of those events, with which
it discovers itself to be interwoven.
But this world can only be viewed in a tv/ofold
light: through the piinciples of experience, ov
through those of idea; the former could also be
... ' (t)
.,.:1
i
li;
ilil
! i.
ill
imsu*-
II
termed tlic view of the digestive, the latter of the
creative understanding or inward intuition. —
These points of vievT, are, according to their
direction , entirely separated. The observer from
the one, considers the world as a given whole,
which, as soon as it received the first impulse, began
unfolding itself, by the thread of the laws of nature,
founded on causes and effects, in one infinite suc-
cession; every thing will happen, which can hap-
pen, and the way in which it comes to pass, is the
only one, in which it can and must take place, for
'nothing new occurs under the sun, every thing ap-
pearing and disappearing, in order eternally to be
repeated, and reproduced. From the other point
of view, the wise man contemplates the world, ac-
cording to laws, which reason prescribes for a
world, destined to attain its sublimest ends. The
one regards the world, as it appears to the sensual
eye, the other constructs it, at it should be, accor-
ding to the dictates of reason, realized by expe-
rience, —
The great question, which will be liable to be
decided by minds of superior intellectual powers,
but not long before the close of the history of the
r
he latter of the
tuition. —
ording to their
! observer from
a given whole,
t impulse, began
; laws of nature,
ne infinite suc-
which can hap-
es to pass, is the
t take place, for
every thing ap-
c eternally to be
the other point
s the world , ac-
prescribes for a
mest ends. The
s to the sensual
should be, accor-
ealized by expc-
il be liable to be
elkctual powers,
he history of tlxS
i
III
human race, is this: are both these views of the
world to be amalgamated, or are tlvcy to be eternal-
ly separated , and directly opposed to each other?
does the world as it is, contain within itself, tho
ideal world as embryo, and do the laws of expc-
lience become gradually subordinate, and at last
lose themselves in idea, or does the material world,
eternally opposed to the latter, constitute a region
of its own, obliging idea to take refuge in a future
world, the offspring only of its fondest wishes ? —
Without wishing to anticipate either the meta-
physician or the historian , the unbiassed contem-
plation of the occurrences of the world must lead
to the conclusion, that the mere laws of nature,
and their constant and infinite dcvelopement from
primitive causes, arc by no means sufficient to ex-
plain them, in an intelligent manner, deserving
the estimation, they are worthy of j — but we must
allow the human mind the Liberty, that is the
faculty of absolutely connecting afresh, a string of
causes and effects, which being interwoven, fit de-
cidedly in the principal connection of things, with-
out, as far as enquiry reaches, being controuled
by it. —
U*)
h-
ij'V' .; '
i^ i
.1, U.
li'll
k t
"I \
lull '
ffc'iUJl' ■
IV
r
In other words: the living gnnrration of man.
kind, does not always suffer itself, just to go the
road, the pressure of necessity may force or load it;
from time to time a spark of light flashes forth, not
kindled in this world; loftiness of soul resists, and
paves its way to those points, which diametrically
oppose every pressure of circumstances, and disgrace
every common calculation 'of the course of human
affairs. These lucid points of history form the bound-
aries of an old, and a new age. The powerful spi-
rits, which uncontrouled, and free from earthly
eye, bring down to mortals the celestial fire, uni-
ting the invisible, with the visible and perishable
world, hurry along with them, their more feeble
potcmporarics, and from the matter deposited by
them, as an eternal fund for future ages to work
upon, a fresh fermentation arises, affording the un-
derstanding, capable of digesting it, for a length of
time nourisliment and occupation. —
Thus lived and acted the great men and heroes
ofcveiv age; and that which is good and beautiful iu
this world, is nothing but the exposition of certain
sublime and lofty thoughts, which appear origiiially
not to have belonged to it.
the (
ing ;
mate
is, b3
throi
Calh
to ta
socie
irre\
whic
hove
■whic
unic
polii
kinj
off a
acco
fron
imp
sam(
dera
foldl
■S',i»
•ation of man.
just to Ro the
ice or lead it ;
shes forth, not
il resists, and
diametrically
5, and disgrace
urse of human
)rm thebound-
c powerful spi-
3 from earthly
•stial fire, uni-
aud perishable
r'ir more feeble
:r deposited by
e ages to work
ording the uu-
for a length of
men and heroes
and beautiful iu
sition of certain
ippcar originally
Our age has also witnessed great events, and
the coldness of our understanding, ever dismember-
ing and disuniting, and which dissolved the ani-
mated world at last into an empty, hollow notliiiig,
is, by an universal inspiration, once more penetrated
through and through by light and warmth. —
Called away, by oppression from mere abstaactions,
to take part in the actions, and sufferings of civil
society, we find ourselves placed at a barrier, which
irrevocably separates what is Old, from the New
which is yet to come; light and octherial warmth
hover over a mass in a state of fermentation,
which must first settle and bo at rest, before the
union of both, will remodel the form of civil and
political life. —
On the point ef a revolution of this nature ta-
king place, be it allowed to pause, in order to draw
off and exhibit to the understanding, which on no
account suffers its occupation to be wrested forcibly
from it, what is liable to be developed from the given
impulse and elements at hand , addressing at the
same time, a few woras of admonition and mO'.
deration to llio cotcmporurics of this age, so luaui-
folilly n imitated.
■,") .'1
"«'!•
I:"'';'
m4\
m
11"!'
Hi
f
Hi
-Ml
fcy^
VI
In like manner, as sphits come not in imme.
giate contact with each other, cavvying on their lu-
tercourse through the 'vehicle o£ the thought.,
which a. a moveable power adjust and order ,pin.
tual life, - so does all the intercourse of material
life depend and rest upon Money, itself the off-
spring of the brightest imagination, penetratmg
and.comprehending uU the various relation. o£ the
outward world. - But the Outward bciug a reflec
tion of the Inward, «very new impulse from the in-
tellectual world, must determine and remodel out-
ward life, and the effects of its springs of action-, but
the very nature of the things it meets with in the ma-
terial world, prescribes bounds to its operation. -
The later times have witnessed this world held
together, governed, and tyrannised by money, and
a system of calculation m the most extended sense
of the word, all the animated powers and the mea-
sure of their exertions, being only rated according
to numbers ; the world's greatest gamesters were under
the influenceof numbers, and grounded their planson
a calculation, which tore up by the root, all the self-
aependance and dignity of the individual. But a no-
bler inspirationhasburstthischain asunderj that.ha.
happened, which no calculator, could have supposed
possi
ces,
nati(
the I
that
som(
beer
the!
tend
of w
but 1
reus
vatic
able
by i;
to tl
sing
wild
the I
like
the I
cipk
can
will
lot in imme.
IT on their in*
ho thoughts ,
i order spiri*
;e of material
itself the off-
1 , penetrating
lation* of the
beiug a reflec-
ie from the in-
l remodel out-
of action; but
vith in the ma-
operation. —
bis world held
»y money, and
jxtended sense
and the mca-
ated according
Iter* were under
;d their plans on
oots all the self-
dual. But a no.
under J that, has
i have supposed
VII
possible, fiom tlie exJiaustcd pecuniary resour-
ces, and disposeable physical powers of the several
nations, according to the usual suppositions; and
the most pleasini^ result of enormous exertions, is,
that the individual is again admitted to be more, and
something else, than its numerical unity. — .
The revolution from old to new times, /las ever"
been a period attended with pressure and affliction to
the human race, in which the stronger have to con-
tend with prodigious difficulties under the weight
of which, many must sink, ere the goal be reached,
but the weaker, — who are always the more nume-
rous — must go to ruin under sufferings and pri-
vations of every description. — Although unavoid-
able upon the whole, this fate can be alleviated,
by intelligent aud enlightened attention being paid
to the character of the times , and instead of oppo*
jing its spirit — by meeting it, and directing the
wild tendency of individuals towards that side where
the great mass of the people irresistably inclines. In
like manner, as the period just past away, or in
the act of taking leave of us, was subject to the prin-
ciples of mechanism and pecuniary calculations, so,
can it be expected, that money, for the time to come,
will of necessity, be subocdiuate to a more exalted
u' t5
;>"'!■
•ia
m I
M')'
i
.3
mi
"1 1
lip
'1?,
•r
'jk
I k
i
VIM
animated power. - To shew, in wi.at maniiex
this change will bo Uablc l.. happen, and the i-)-.
suits it may pioducc, with rei;anl to n new forma-
lion of the civil state of things. - is tlu^ object oE
the following considerations, whiuii wc offer, not,
as a positive acknowledgment of facts, but to rouse
the attention, stimulate to deeper enquiry, and tu
lead to more enlightened instruction.
I
T..
point
the 1
sistai
Cjl p
mcnt
know
State
that
of th
bene
hi the
scrvil
prote
]
ing
theg
long(
cema
what manner
, ami tlir X'!-
i new foinin-
llic o])je(:t ol"
wc offer, not,
, but to rouse
uiuiry, and tu
II.
I.
1 he fourth of .Inly, in t li c Year 1776
points out the tommcnceinpnt of a new period in
the history of the woihl. — Not provoked to re-
sistance, ])y the intnlcralile oppression of tyranni-
cal power, Jmt in.litleied )iy the nrhitray encroach-
ments upon well earned, and hithirto publicly ac-
knowledged privileges, the people of the United
States of North- America , declared themselves on
that memorable day, independant of the dominion
of the British Islands, generally speaking mild and
benevolent in itself, and under which they liad
hitherto stood, as a colony, in a state, not of slavish
servitude, but of partial guardianship, under the
protection of the mother country.
England, who disdained to stand upon a foot-
ing of equality \\ith its former wards and to resign
the guardianship, it had so long maintained, pro-
longed the conflict, as long as any hopes of success
remained , and diew the rest of Europe into the
,^<f
ff
,1
.|;.«.
.- i, -'■>
WS
ill
«?'
Hi;
111 i^!
iluJM-'
.lomestu c,u.u-.cl. either for or n|r.in,t the cau.c of
,„depon.U.ucc.. 'Ihcsravk vhut l.aJ once been kmcHM.
b,ing by those mcam cairied to thi. side • . t w
ocean, readily met with combustible matevlal. ticvc
„„d a spirit of enquiry into the r^ljht. •? -non, ««.l
a strup^llng nftcv a lawful inderou.ian. e come-
quentU after for.ns of government, >vhich should he
able to protect the individu A, against the arb.trary
hand uf powev. had from the other side, laid hold
of the m..re cnliRhlcned heads; and the conunencc
„.cnt of the French fermentations, uh.ch more or
less electrified all Euv-pe, followed almost imme-
diately upon the peace of Paris (the .otU Jany.
i7«5), ^^h.ch associated North - America as an mde-
pendant state, with the ancient body of nat.ons. -
The newly, formed Republic constituted it-
,clf*) on principles which promised the confederacy
enlargement and consistency, not derived from
the conquest of !5x*j<*e^ ptovinces, hut from the
junction of new States, 'wT^ich must shortly arise
in its extensive territories under the influence of au
encveasing population. This result happened ear-
lier, and upon . u . b^ger scale, than the mos
, ■ . . ' Vinve ■or "sticai.eu, ana
sanguine experraiu: have pi
, / • aouA that she was not alone
America pvovcu. .ci; soo.i, "i-^
take
iisct
beeti
\^-al
pea II
stani
ical
four
of (
whii
the I
LittI
wen
peac
curs
pen(
digii
Vigo
acti^
in t]
that
.) By tbo act of Constitution of the United Stat« of
North -America of th« 17 S«p. »787.
•«
It tlie cnuic of
cbccn kindlfi.
[iii side < i tiw
matcvials hero,
ti , ; 'nan, a»i>l
iidanre, consR-
vhich should he
ist the arbitrary
side, laid hold
the commencc-
NUiich more or
d almost imme-
(thc 20th 3any.
srica as an inde-
ly of nations. —
; constituted il-
a the confederacy
ot derived from
I, but from the
ust shortly arise
e influence of an
It happened car-
., than the most
rv f -V sticai.eu,and
he was not alone
he United States of
»787«
k
3
fHpuhlfl of rxistinp; as a state, hut that she mciiMt lo
take an activo p.ut in the allaiu cf ilu' world, the
iiscussion auil arrangement of which, had hilhevto
been left to the nations of Kuropc; l)y which she
was aiming a blow at the general system of Euro-
pean politic?. As early as i8"3i »hc displayed lior
standard in tlie Med iter ranenn, chasti/.in;; tlio pirv it-
ical stat« of Tripolis, and twenty years aftrr the
foundation of a solid ronslitulion ♦), tlio jealousy
of Great Britain kindled thu first hostile spark,
which being once more stirred up from the ashes, by
the attack made on the English Sloop of war, the
Little Bolt ♦•) burst out into open flames, which
were only extinguished three years later, hy 'he
peace of Ghent ♦♦♦).
By these occurrences, which we have here only
cursorily touched upon, the North- American inde-
pendant state, liad tjfied her strength, preserved her
dignity, by the rejocfun of Ule|ial pretensions, and
vigorously proved and maintained her right, as an
active member in the scale of nations, to take part
in the grand affairs of the civilized world. From
that moment, the impulse towards a new change of
i
♦) Attack of the British oa the Chesnpcakc frigate
the 20 July 1807,
•♦) The 16 May i8u,
»•») »4 Doc, 1814.
events, ceased to proceed exclusively from the old
continent, and it is possible, that in a short time it
win emanate v. holly from the new one. For its
southorn pnrt had hy no means been an idle spec-
tator of the recent changes under the northern
hemisphere; the success they were attended wiDi,
had raised also hopes there, and developed claims,
which must lead to similar results. Under the do-
minion of the mother -country, the Spanish colonies
to the North and South of the Isthmus of Daricn,
could only flourish slowly and sparingly ; but they
were nevertheless in an improving state, and it was
by no means the yoke of an intolerable despotism,
that despair had endeavored to shake of. The
Spanish government, had time after time extended
the! oppressive commercial monopoly *); opulence
and luxury reigned in the larger cities, and even
the rigour of slavery was mitigated by more bene-
volent laws. But thq tcollisron of the different
castes, of which the natiN^-s of mixed races viewed
with jealous eye, the privileges of the born Spaniard}
the awakened instinct of wishing to have a self- de-
termining voice in the affairs of their own country ;
tlic want of prudence in the existing govern mrnt,
♦) To be seen on this subject in: Tableau dc
lEEpagne mcdciue par J. T. r. Bourgoing 4'»e
Edition h Paris 1807, Tom. II pag. 188. s'l-
VT
5
from tlic old
a short tiit.e it
one. I'oi- its
an idle spec-
the norlhein
attended willi,
veloped claims,
Under the do-
Ipanish colonies
mus of Daricn,
ngly; but tiiey
tatc, and it was
•able despotism,
shake of. The
time extended
ly *) ; opulence
;ities, and even
by more bcne-
)f the diffovLMit
id. races viewed
le born Spaniard}
» have a sclf-de-
eir own country ;
ing govern DM ut,
in : Tableau do
r. Bourgoing 4me
pag. i88. s^I-
unwieldy and slow lu all the forms of its adminis-
trative justice, in not meeting; this rising jpirit;
I but above all, the glorious example of North-America
i called forth the first attempts at Emancipation.
I This word as intimating the resistance of a
people, feeling themselvss at maturity, against their
wonted tutelage, and desirous of taking upon them-
selves the management of their own affairs, most
suitably expresses that spirit of the times, which
being called to light in 177G has spread itself over
the new and old world. — These attempts at eman-
cipation, have in a short space of time, been follow-
ed by an almost universal revolt in South
America. —
iks early as 1806, the daring Don Francesco
Miranda, had endeavoured to deliver his country
from the dominion of Spain, with«>ut finding at
that time participation and support sufficient, to
withstand superior force. In the mean time, the
seed which had been sown, did not remain unfruitful.
The revolution which look place later in the mother-
country, gave the thirst after Innovation, the wished
for prelcit, and at least a very plausible air of
legality. The imprudent conduct of the Central
Junta, who represented the resigned Dynasty, and
the impossibility of a vigorous cooperation on the
part of the nominal ruler of Spain and the Indies,
but whose power in fact extended no farther than
iff > • !s!
?l;
« I li
;Hf' ''
li'i
.i;i
i ''i.i
Madrid and its nc.gbovhood, completed the cxplo-
sion The cotcmporary emigration of the I ovtu-
gucse government from Europe to the Bra.ils towards
the close of r8o7, -Hich seated perhaps unknown to
• it on avukano, was already inclined towards the
extension rather than the stren^thning of th,.
beautiful kingdom, may be assigned as an incident
promoting the general insurrection.
In the course of the year i8io, Caraccas, Quito,
la Plata and Mexico reared the standard of mde-
pendance, and received Miranda in triumph at
Guaira, who returned the following year, to devote
himself afresh to a conflict, in which he fell, it is
true but without ruining the cause he fought for.
The legitimate government, which was restored on
the 19 March iSH. i-^^^ matters too far gone, and
the resources of the kingdom too much exhausted.
as also too much occupation and too many disturb-
ances in the mother- country, to be able to put a
.uflicient barrier to the progress of the revolution.
ory colonies. — »
According to the public acknowledged state of
affairs, we may draw this decisive conclusion, that
although Spain, may be fortunate enough to retain
her West India Islands under her ancient dominion,
the South- American continent, will sooner or later
withdraw itself fiom it, and that at least, several
lar-e iudepcndant states will join the national
con
sup
fori
of]
a c
der
bef<
of
urn
req
res
spi
uni
an(
of
wh
pr(
op(
bej
me
sit
th(
ser
na
th<
ted the explo-
of the Povtu-
Bra/.ils towards
js unknown to
ed towards the
hning of thi«
as an incident
:araccas, Quito,
ndard of inde-
in triumph at
year, to devote
chhe fell, it is
! he fought for.
was restored on
)o far gone, and
ouch exhausted,
, many disturb-
j able to put a
I the revolution*
wledged state of
conclusion , that
>nough to retain
icient dominion,
LI sooner or later
at least, several
in the national
tont\;deracy of the civllizeil world. It is to be
supposed, that tho similitude cf the constitutional
forms, and an equal interest against the attempts
of European powers, will unite these new states in
a close compact, wtth the North- American confe-
deracy ; ai.d if a quarter of a century only elapsed,
before North- America began to act externally with
vigor, it may be presumed, that the younger states
of the Southern continent, endowed with more
ample resources, and a more ancient culture, will
require a shorter period, to arrive at a state of
respectable force. — It . is suitable to the human
spirit of enquiry, and is not likely to be a useless
undertaking, to cast a prying look into futurity,
and generally to sketch the outlines of the new form
of the civilized world , according to the results,
which the intimated spirit of the times is likely to
produce. — But as the understanding in all its
operations, is confined to the matter that is laid
before it, and can only develope future forms by
making use of the existing ones, a description of the
situation of the civilized world on its entrance into
the new change of things, must precede the repre-
sentation we have in question, if an enquiry of this
nature is not to degenerate into an empty flight of
the imagination.
."I(r ■
■» X
■t
il
ni,
at >
m
«
. , iiii; ,
mi
li
1
I
8
I
II.
The new spirit that had been cnlhul to lif-- on
the other side of the Atlantic, and the univ< rs.l
fermentation it caused, happened at a pcrioct, in
which the most excessive laxness reigned predoini-
nantonthe old iontnusit. The political existence
of the people v. as for the most part extinguished;
their active industry had heen directed abroad, and
the governments, finding no opposition or dan-
gerous collisions, internally, followed with the
stream. Commerce, exportations, colonial syctems,
every means of acquiring money, were cherished
and protected, riches presenting the only possibility,
of investing the low with consideration and
influence, and the high, with power and inordinate
dominion. - The maxims, according to which
the natioris were governed, laid less in the ground-
pillars of an existing constitution, than in the
changeable systems of the cabinets, and the nature
of their rulers; there remained for the most part,
nothing for the great body of the people, but to be
spectators. —
Germany, the grand heart of Europe, pre-
sented now, nothing more, than the shadow of a
political body united in one common confederacy;
the imperial government, as also the administration
of the federal -laws, were without energy, and
I
unit
not
the
out I
agaii
of p
migl
had
polil
ari«^
extri
did,
the-
feeli
were
state
will
oft!
ilori]
intn
cipa
pcrf(
the ]
stalt
com
mod
J
-V"
i'.d to liL' on
the univirsal
t a periiici, in
"ned predoiiii-
itical existence
extinguished;
cd abroad, and
sition or dan-
iwed with the
Dlonial syctems,
were cherished
only possibility,
sideration and
and inordinate
■ding to which
in the ground-
1, than in the
and the nature
the most part,
ople, but to be
of Europe, pre-
the shadow of a
on confederacy;
le administration
nt energy , and
J
united efforts to Tepel invasions from abroad, had
not been witnessed, since the danger threatened by
the Turks, had ceased. The larger states', grown
out of their obedience, were often ranged in alliance
against the Head, which was scarcely capable itself
of protecting the weaker, against injuries. — The
mighty contention, between the old and new church,
had long been thrown aside; religion bad lost its
political interest, and bad already passed the bound-
aries of rational toleration, add had reached the
extreme of a perfect indifference to nil interests which
did not immediately concern physical well-being;
the people, however, had preserved a more religious
feeling, and purer morals upon the whole, than
were to be expected from the tenets of thd age. — ;
The internal affairs of the individual vassal
states, were exclusively cunducted, according to the
will of their regents; the energy and the importarce
of the representative popular estates, were become
dormant, and the standing armies, which had been
introduced by degrees even into the smallest prin-
cipalities^ since the peace of Westphalia^ bciilB'
perfectly foreign to the hearts and dispositions of
the people, threw an astonishing weight into the
stale of unlimited sovereignty. Being mercenary
combatants, (soldiers) recruted from every nation,
modelled upon a system of blind subordination, and
fe.. -I'
■;!'i'
til
m
.hM
10
„i.a by F.=ier-,ck in Prussia, (who oalr - *"
,g., couU, .l.roush.ho,n, b,ter...d the Orea. V
,: hoh-,g..«: r^«h of pe.rcc.io„. «W f * >■ "
accomplics in diffusing .hi, .y..em of d«poU.m
.,.v all the aiff«ren. relation, of <he ...te. ani >»
e..ing*e people, shower, freed fro. ™luar,
.,er.i.e , nothing hut the ac<,u,r.men. of gam.
AgricuU-ro. agreahlo to the direaion g.ven U^
kad been improved, and «i.h u poP"la"»»
increased-, industry, supported by ••'» P"8"";'
the mechanical arts, had been considerably extended
and government, upon the «hol. jus^ and msld .n
hcmsolve,, had. it cannot be denied, tolerably well
t!r. care of the physical welfare o, t... ..b,.ct
Tbe civil admini,tration., delivered '-"• "'^'-'
opposition, fostered, in unison with .nd.v.dual.xer.
tion, the several branches of emolument, m ordet
vide for money, a. the mean, of aggrandtze.
™n.i they farmed each their greater or lesser tcr-
Xry according to its population and product,on,.
a"th fcodal proprietor doe. hi, land, in order t.
bring forth the great.,. po.,ibl. fin.nc.al result.
But a, each government did this after it. own man-
ner, viewing its neighbour with a ,ealou. .,e, the
:; ,e of Germany never reaped any benehcal
„s«Hfromit, and all .he various i„.t.t«t,on. tnu
r„ ,e Ltndations, and m«.. fall together on *e
first
were
char
the i
the (
one i
in di
▼idu
true
be p
man
of a
faun
empl
heav
Gerr
lity,
valiil
it loi
«uge
beco:
who
thre'
and
The
ancii
of t]
di»Ca
J
II
M'*'
> oaly in that
the Great,)
hey had been
of despotism
state, and in
from military
tnent of gain,
tion given it,
it population
he progress of
rably extended,
It, and mild in
, tolerably well
of the subject.
I from internal
indiyidual exer-
iment, in ordet
; of aggrandize-
tet or lesser ter-
ind productions,
and, in order to
financial result,
er its own man-
jealous eye, the
any beneficial
institutions ini-
, were reared on
together on the
first externed shock. — Circumstances like these
were incapable of producing an universal national
character. — There, where no reciprocal tie binds
the individuals of a state together, who living under
the equal laws of one community, ought to form
one solid whole, the spirit of the nation loses itself
in different directions, and the attainment of indk-
▼idual welfare many be gained, but never will a
true sense of what is Great, and wniversally Good,
be promoted. It can plainly ba seen, that the Ger-
man learned constitution, not having the foundation
of a political existence, in which it could have
found consistency, and which is could so well have
employed, floated as a mere airy bubble between
heaven and earth. Imagination , in which the
German, above all others, displays so great a ferti-
lity, wanted a medium, in which it could prove the
validity of its representations} which not finding,
it lost itself in the wide field of doubt, and took re-
luge in subtile abstractions. Actual knowledge wai
become the property of a peculiar class of men,
who amusing, blaming, and admiring each other^
threw back their light principally on themselves,
and seldom h»d any real influence on the people. —
The arts of oratory, so highly cultivated by the
»ncients, were sunk down to bookish arts, and those
of the more plastic kind, were either kept at a
diftCanoe under the veil of a mythology, wholly
r
I!
i!
is J
12
I
foreign and unintelligible to the people, or wete
content with the slender nourishment, the deviation
from the simplicity of a religion entirely spiritual,
afforded them. Only those branches of human
knowledge, such as mathematics, chymistry with
their attendant sciences, which are directed towards
the investigation of nature, and the utility of it.
different properties, had penetrated so far, as to be
immediately applied to the purposes of common
life; and by the side of these, flourished those
acquirements, which are founded on skill and expe-
lience, and such as render the encrease of capital
more easy, by facilitating the exchange of the va-
rious productions of the earth, from pole to pole. —
If iji Germany, where the imperial crown re-
presented a mere shadow , deprived of power and
consequence, the mighty vassals were all, — in
France the crown was every thing, after it had
victoriously subdued ihe powerful Barons and other
nobles of the country; and the people represented
indeed as a nation one body, but were deprived,
like the several German states, of all political weight,
and were arbitrarily subi.cted to every impulse of
the government *). The same v/as the case in
i
♦) The appearance of a constitutional opposi-
tion, whiph th« Pvlementari^ns wished to give
themselves, was in fact, according to historical
Sp(
tion
coni
lead
•o ii
Alt!
of^
ligi
i^et,
opi]
chu
any
seri
hel
and
anc
ma
of
wit
cha
wa:
tut
hei
1
ople, OY were
, the deviation
irely spiritual,
les of human
hymistry with
irected towards
! utility of it«
50 far, as to be
es of common
lourished those
skill and expe-
rease of capital
lange of the va-
i pole to pole. —
crial crown re-
d of power and
vere all, -^ in
ig, after it had
Urons and other
ople represented
t were deprived,
. political weight,
svery impulse of .
T/as the case in
tutional opposi-
it^ns wished to give
>xdiDg to historical
*
n
Spain and Portugal, wheve religious intolcru.
tion more powerfully suppressed every utterance of
contrary opinions, and every doctrine which mipht
lead to the deviation from the maxims of the state,
•0 intimately connected with those of the priesthood.
Although, since the violent revocation of the edict
of Nantes, an outward appearance of unity in re-
ligion, and its public worship, reigned in France,
yet, a tolerably wide undisturbed field was left to
opinions, differing from those of the ei>tal)lished
church, provided they did not shew themselves in
any conspicuous way. On the other hand, the more
serious and profound character of the former nations,
held the tie much closer together, between the rulers
and the people, attached to the throne by religion,
and by a far more rigid adherence to customs and
maxims frought with veneration, than on this side
of thePyrennees, where frivolity irreverently trifled
with every thing that was holy, and novelty lent a
charm to every dazzling chimera, which tended to.,
wards daring attempts at political reforms, substi-
tuted one after the other, hy the designs of unruly
heads.
sonrces , an usurpation , the motives of which,
laid more iu court- oabaU, than in any int(|sest
tbcy took iu the fate of the peof le.
i"
:M:
1
' I,
1 n '
l1
I
iu
14
Th. tendency of the Rovevnments in Ocrm.ny
being directed towarC. the .ggrandizemement .1
■ • . at the expenco of the confederate
their territories, at the expei"
.,„„ and a co.p.o.e d..oc».i.» «t .he ..-raund.
i„g weak nalional adiCico; .h« .."" wluch ».«
„Lle...y .on.<.Ud..cd under .h. .o.erc.gn po«e.
.i„. a. .h»,r .oreijn neigMour.. In .uck man...
„.„ Vrancc and Spain Ua,u.d again., .k. com-
„„cial and colonial.in.ore... .nd ».. U" .ga.n..
,h. indurtry and encrea.ing naval pi.»« of Grea.
B,.l, »h,...P.r,ug.i, chained, .ince M..h„.n.
„„m »Wch i. ..i "i"')' •->••«-"«* '» "° *
.elf u„d« PomW.. admini..ra.i.n. ».. nearly .»«fc
„,; .he c<.nd,.ien .f a Bri.i.h colony. «orl..ng «.
;„,dminc. inlhaBraziU. ^.r.heh.».t..ot.l..
Tiroud islanders.
Italy parcelled on. among.. diff«fen. J»».r..
~.en.ed upon .he whole, .he .am. pomic.l .p^
rTalce.. Germany, only wUh .h. dlBerene. ol
I heing .call, void of *e .had.w of »««?• »'"''•
the U..cr appeared a. lea., .o po..e» under .he Im-
;'ria..cep.rl Upper and a grea. par. of m.dd.
I
Itll
to f.
JKlai
tu I)
one
the
fror
•ove
whi
sove
rule
wit]
mer
forr
Pop
tern
Chi
infl
trat
at i
Wei
Xisli
ruii
sigi
Close* under I»etcr th« seco.ii of Portugal and
Quee» Aa» of England 170a.
T
in Ocrmany,
zemcment o#
le confederate
the surround-
I which wera
rereign powe*
loir ambit»ou»
»uch manne*
^init the com-
,ot less against
jwer of Great
nee Methuena
ly of England,
ed to free it.
ras nearly sunk
y, working it»
benefit of the
ifferen* powers,
le political ap-
e difference of
E unity, whiclr
J under the Im-
part of middifi
of Portugal and
15
Italy heinj; totally diimeinbcrcd, were sulicrvicnt
to fijicign imi>ulsc; the lowin- part, with tlie fertile
JRlancl on the other side of the Ph.irus, presented,
to he sure, since 1735, the outward appeurante «)f
one national whole, but was too wo ik to withstand
the fate of the more poweiful Bourbon -familiis,
from which according to treaties it had derived its
sovereigns. There reigned in the Papal state alone,
which could not derive its weight from its worldly
sovereignty, but from the spiritual supremacy of its
ruler, the ancient maxims of the Romish pontificate
with the oeccmomical state, faults of clerical govern-
ment. But the consideration and the power of the
former were visibly sunken; the journeys of the
Pope of that time, to Vienna, were, like the co-
temporary ones ♦), of the Hierarch of Thibet to
China, rather prejudicial than favorable to spiritual
influence and dignity; the faulty internal adminis-
tration of the state seemed to court every attempt
at innovation. — The republics to the East aud
West of the Adriatic Gulph, were, since the flou.
jfishing rise of the great naval states, only the
ruins of past glory, sinking visibly daily, into in-
significance. Notwithstanding, neither was the
*) See on tliis subject: Ambaisade »u Thibet tt
au Boutan pur Mr. Tourner; traduit de I' An-
glais par Gastira; II Tomes i Paris jgoo*
m
|6
imagf of formrr ^rcatnei* Mottcd from tVir memo-
ri^sfnor a proper feeling for it extin-uishod in the
niiiuls of Uic inhuhitants of the luxuriant penin-
sula; th<! pvide of tlu- n.oro noble f. .1 itsolf on the
.uhlitn.- rrm.Vms of Uonian nntictuity; and the mo-
numents of the suhlen age of th- family of Medi-
cis, nulemnilied a p.n.plc given to the arts, and full
uf fire, for the los$ of pre«'nt grandeur, and kept
up in it, a lively presentement of a better fCiturity,
founded on the mevits of its ancestors. —
Helvetia hemmed in, between Italy, Her-
many and Trance, by its mountains, continued in
the p.aceable enjoyment ol its liberty, through the
respect, its venerable age had universally ditiused;
nevertheless, the disturbances at Geneva, and the
encreasing spirit of emigration, were sufficient to
shew, that a people who first begin to be indiffe-
rent to the present order of things, would willingly
have recourse to a system of innovation, as a suppo-
gitious antidote against many an arbitrary measure;
by which the ancient ties, which had held the happy
Swiss nation so many centuries together, became
slackened and relaxed. —
The dissolution of the existing form of goverh-
mcnt, in the North - Western Netherlands,
which ought never to have been separated from the
German corporation, was more visibly approaching ;
the unwieldinew of theix disorganized union, had
only
narc
•olid
the
com
pro{!
For
thei;
toge
has
of VI
is pi
in 1
proj
pres
sine
mor
in t
was
The
■r?*
mi tVir memo-
5;uishrd in tlifi
uriaut penin-
I itsulf on the
f\ nnd tlie luo-
mily of Mfdi
• arn , and full
eur, and kept
better fQturity,
8. —
sen Italy, Ticr-
, continued in
y, through thn
•rsally dittused;
?neva, and the
•re sulficient to
n to he indiffe-
would willingly
Lion, as a suppo-
)itrary measure }
d held the happy
)gether, became
form of goverh-
Netherlands,
parated from the
bly approaching ;
lized union, had
T
17
no remedy to adminibtrr to tlio decline of theu-
conmuTie and naval power, which bcrame dihusukI
more felt, bcinp; a natural ron'iequenco of the daily
cncrcasing concent ratimi of the largrr statei; and it
was evident, that the faic of the republic, would lie
decided by, and depended on a blow fropa abroad. —
The Br i t ish-fulands, — nt that time, t]i«
only country in Europe, which united under a mo-
narchial head, modfrate, but on that account, niorn
•olid principlfij of freedom, with a equal balance of
the different powers of the state — were at the
commencement of the American disturbances, in «
progressive state of the most flourishing prosperity.
For this happy condition, they were indebted to
their freedom, and elegible commercial situation,
together with the inexhaustible treasures, nature
has deposited in their coal mines, on the existence
of which, the industry of their diligent inhabitants
is principally founded. Political ebullition, existed
in no hig'her degree, than was necessary to give
, proper life and less perhaps, than was necessary to
preserve in all its purity, a constitution, which long
since acquired after the most bloody struggles was
more deeply rooted in the mode of thinking, and
in the manners and customs of the nation, than it
was imprinted on tW&m, by the letter of the law.
The government had sufficient leisure , to direct it*
(4)
■r^
1i II
.jj&"
I
I
18
]
attention to abroad, and hy means of hostile enter-
pnzes and political tveaties , which must sooner or
later give a naval power a most decided asc cndancy.
held out a helping hand, to the commercial sp.rU
of the people, who aimed at making, (and wuh en-
creasing hopes of sacces) , the .ema.nder o the
^vorld tributary to it, for the productions of its fa-
nnies and manufactories. - The plan, of supportmg
commerce, upon territorial acquisitions, and of form-
ins a kingdom out of the conquered! provmces of
India, whose treasures should flow ^-k to th.
Queen of cities on the Thamse, vras already fully
developed, and the exasperation against the Western
colonies, was to be attributed as much to a miscon-
strued commercial interest, as to a thirst of donii-
„ion; for these dared only to resist the principles
of taxation, but not to disavow the Supremacy of
the crown. The above named ingredients of tha
British national character, evermore coldly repul-
sive - than aimiahly attractive in its nature, had
produced an almost universal antipathy not alone
of the public mind, but also of the individual affec-
tions, against a people, in so many points of view
so highly respectable, and being unceassingly fed
by that envy, which superiority involuntarily
creates, produced the most conspicuous influ.uc*
in the dcvelopement of the lateK events—
i
T
hostile enter-
lust sooner or
ed ascendancy,
imercial spirit
(and with en-
lainder of the
tions of its fa-
1, of supporting
ns, and of form-
id! provinces of
V back to the
IS already fully
inst the Western
ich to a miscon-
thirst of domi-
t the principles
B Supremacy of
gredients of the
,re coldly repul-
its nature, had
ipathy not alone
individual affec-
y points of view,
unceassingly fed
ty involuntarily
jicuous influence
ents.—
19
In the East of EuropR, the first division of
Poland in 1772, had given the most unequivocal
proof of the exclusive arbitraiiness of the different
cabinets, and of the formidable weight of standing
armies. The system of political calculation, which
rendered the interets of the people subservient to
the abstractive idea of "State", and to the conve-
niences of such abstraction , was for the first time
fully exposed to light; and the adoption of this sys-
tem for twenty years , under which, this unfortu-
nate kingdom suffered in the most convulsive ago-
nies, until its political existence was at length
formally annihilated by the last act of dismera-
berment, (the 24 October 1795) seemed to forebode
its future extensive application.
It is unnecessary, to give a further exposition
of the leading principles , which had possessed the
three courts, who began this work of annihilation,
and still persevered in executing it, contrary to
the solemn stipulations of treaties lately entered
into, just when a new constitution enthusiastically
received, had presented every guarantee of security,
the former want of which, having served to give an
air of legitimation to the first spoliations ♦),
t!
♦) Treaty of allianeit between Prussia and Poland of
the 18 November I7S8> new Polish constitutional
«ct o{ tlie 5d of May 1791,
20
J
External aggranducmeni according to square miles,
and numerical population; and internal considera-
tions, as far as they could afford means of attaining
the object in view, - are in short . the features of
these unnatural principles. This oeconomical di-
gestion of an administration merely of things, but
not of persons, could even have been termed excel-
lent in itrkind. Tal^en in this point of view, the
Prussian government gave the most splendid proofs,
of the bcnefi-:lul results whichmay be attained by me-
chanism. Austria and Russia had followed this
example, and it required later events to prove, that
the calculation is not always con-ect, that a standi njs
army, forming a state in the state, is the omly sup-
port, and rallying point of a government, and that
no system is safe, but that which is founded on the
internal strength and unanimity of the people.
At the same Xiim, that the commencement of
the dismembarn.ent of Poland took place, the da-
ting Gustavus the Third, in the North, had signa-
lized the entrance of hi, reign , by a revolution *),
which wat intended to restore that power ahd con-
sequence to the royal authority, -Cvhich was sunk
dosvn to a mere shadow of fonti', and to gu=trd
his kingdom torn by factions, against similar
evils. If be had succeeded in attaching the
•) Carried into effect the V9 Auguit r77»-
int
tol
an<
fro
abi
mi
his
sec
evi
ha
pr
foi
ex
if
th
in
ve
to
ar
a
ai
th
it
w
hi
I
to square miles,
rnal considera-
ns of attaining
the features of
economical di-
of things, but
1 termed excel-
nt of view, the
s-Tilendid proofs,
attained by me-
td followed this
ts to prove, that
t, that a Stan din J5
is the omly sup-
ament, and that
1 founded on the
f the people,
jmmencement of
t place, the da-
ort'h, had signa-
' a revolution *),
, power ahd con-
^hich was sunk
ti\ and to guard
against similar
n attaching the
nit I77»'
21
interets, and al'fections of all classes of hii subjettb
to his person, as he had to his new constitution,
and had he been able to preserve himself unpolluted
from the pestilence of a thirst after aggrandizement
abroad^ his government, iu many respects most ad-
mirable, would have had greater consequences for
his people, hni. hi« life have remained in perftict
security. —
The Danish-State, preserved from the above
evil, partly by the mild government of its rulers,
harmonizing with the kind character of the nation,
presented the most stiking proof, that it i« possible,
for the most liberal principles of administation, to
exist by the side of an absolute form of government,
if they are supported by the confidence and love of
the people. Notnithstaading, the fall of Struensee
in 1772, shewed, that even under this form of go-
vernment, subordinate arbitrary measures, are not
tolerated, which are at variance with the custom*
and feelings of the nation. The commencement of
a number of internal conquests, won from the «oil
and the industry of its inhabitants., characterized
the latter period of the eighteenth century, in which
this state gained that strength and those resources,
which kept it from sinking, on its being forcibly
hurried along in the vortex of the events of the
•^orld, at the beginning of the present century. —1
22
\
To the South East, was situated the eTnp»-«
of the Osmans, - a conthmal heterogeneous mgve-
dient in the European national confederacy - and
engaged in one constant conflict with Russia, who
had lately deprived her of the Grim, and perhap.
had in view the restitution of the Byzantinian em.
pi,.. _ Still, the later wars af the Porte wUh her
Ld Austria, shewed, that the fall of the Turkish
state, was by no means so near at hand. a. wa. at
that time supposed; it would, i^^-^' ^"f^^^
be able to withstand, the united attack of Chnstiau
Europe, at peace within herself —
The states and tribes in As ia and A f r . ca
to which Turkey, possessing similar laws and
forms of government, makes the transition, remain,
a^reable to the point of view we have chosen, a.
chaotic masses in the back ground of the picture w«
are sketchmg. They are not yet arrived at that state
in which a proper impulse from the enhghtened
field of intelligence, could be given them, and are
only to be regarded as physical powers in relation
to the civilized world. Their extensive territories,
as far as European power and cunning have been
able to subject them, have been broken up and ex,
plor.d. as lands and mines, for the benefit of the
Lords of the world, as has also been the case with
the islands in the Indian seas, and the continent of
»,iti.h - East ludia. Tiiose *Utes, wUichbave
pre
(as
con
faoi
sia
con
or
nei
iini
per
\vh
sob
nie
thf
wil
firs
bui
of
thi
of
oui
i«c
1
d the empirft
reneoas ingie-
deracy — an^
1 Russia, who
, and perhapi
zantinian em-
'orte with her
f the Turkish
ind, ai wai at
.vever, hardly
k of Christian
and Africa,
lilar laws and
isition, remain,
lave chosen , ai
^ the picture wo
ed at that state,
he enlightened
them, and are
ers in relation
sive territories,
ling have been
iken up and ex-
5 benefit of the
n the case with
the continent of
i, which bave
T
23
preserved their freedom against foreign attempts, nrc.
(as China and Japan) with tlie exception of a few
commercial establishments on their most distant
boi ndaries, completely isolated, or, as Arabia, Per-
sia, and the Barbary states, present a picture of
constant internal dissentiuns, and of defensive wars,
or of predatory invasions directed against their
neighbours. There are yet in this part of the globe,
immense tracts , which have remained wholly im-
penetrable to the »pirit of European discovery, of
which we have very uncertain knowledge ; founded
solely on the questionable authority of persons
merely engaged in an extensive caravan trade. But
the time is perhaps not distant, when these regions
will also be explored, to be subservient only, in the
first place, to the avarice of the cultivated world,
but to become gradually partakers of the benefits,
of a truly humane existence. Much will depend in
this respect, upon the final results of those events
of the world, the origin of which, we have sketched
out, and the developement of which, it is our ob-
ject now, to view in a nearer light. —
4 .
«
^
24
III.
In the above picture, we have enacavouvcd to por-
tray the situation of the world in a political pomt
of view, at the time, the hreaking out of the North-
American disturbances gave the nnnds of men, a
now direction. America became independant, on
account of her being animated, by a spirit, whose
powerful energies, - as a novel appearance m
teal life - Europe knew not how to appreciate;
for England looking upon asuccessful issue of the
attempts at emancipation, as impossible, treatedher
fuU-^rown fostc:-childi-en contemptuously, as if
thev never could become of age; France, carelessly
viewing futurity, and gratifying, more her nv.l.ty
a.ainst Britain, than listening to the common in-
terest of all mother -coUri tries, sent the rebelhous
colonies assistance, and Spain, unsuspicious enough,
not to foresee, that the flames must once reach her
own possession, on the new continent, followed the
.xample of France. The unanimous efforts of all
naval powers, who had colonial interests at .stake
V. ould have rendered the complete emancipation of
the Insurgents, difficult, if not ixnpossible *). Thi.
I;
O It is not unknown to U.e author, that highly re-
spectable pohticians, have considered the los. of
the colonies, -s a gain for EngUnds mercant.le
b(
si
. N
ri
w
e?
g
n
h
cl
A
ti
tl
P
P
d
d
c
i
25
vouvcd to por-
polilical point
It of the North-
nds of men, a
[dependant , on
a spirit, whose
appearance in
to appreciate;
[ul issue of the
b\e, treated her
ptuously, as if
ance, carelessly
lore her rivnlity
the common in-
t the rebellious
spicious enough,
ence reach her
;nt, followed the
lus efforts of all
iterests at stake,
emancipation of
possible +). This
r, that highly re-
isidered the loss of
nglands mercantile
being obtained, th« impuls«» that had bee» Riven,
shewed its effects in a quite different manner in the
New State, than tliu devclopenient of the same spi-
rit did, which occurred later in Europe. In the
wliole extensive territories of the colonies, there
existed no' prerogative rights, but which had been
granted under tlie Englisfi dominion, aud which
must cease with it. For the rest, there was a complete
open field ; neither the immunities of a^ ancient
hereditary nobility, nor the privileges of a reigning
church, nor the difference of colour as in South
America, presenting obstacles to a new organiza-
tion j for at that time the whites constituted alone
the citizens of the state. But where no hindrance,
prevents the developemcnt of a given tendency, it
proceeds, impelled by its innate powers, to the bor-
ders of possibility ; therefore the freedom of the in-
dividual was extended as far, as the conditions of a
community living together under one form of go-
» ▼crnment would admit of; and the sovereign
1
grandour, and that eT-pcrience hitherto, has un-
doubtedly justified this assertion. But in how
far this principle will hold good, in the long-
run, and in its general application to the whole
colonial system, will be more clearly shewn^
hy th« r«sult» of the preieat investigation,
' ('5)
I
I
. i„i tViP new interna) form*
:::r:;;L. u,.e — ^^^
.and more populous dUtriC •«« . cm.
■,„«n. and ">-"» P P „ ,„ p„dace
.,,e1.e„d sue:, am - of » ^^^^^._.^__ ,^
„y m.ou. collision, or ^^_^__
'°r:r::d:"rrcor:;-H.,min.no»
't^tuchtS in tl-olr commo„io...o.. «
rii:rrtr;.rv.i-'----
« Hni.U States the superficial content, of th.
,) M.mboldt states if Louisiana,
North American United States, wi
.„a the western Indian -»-; "j' ^Tt ll
.iVated. at the brcaW out ^ H. ' ^^.
♦ ,«tao French square miles oi 25
. whLu m.k. 4».?' «..«'•?"»' ""■■""
Cll
ur
tb
of
se
1,11
d<
St
to
at
N
to
it
tl
ai
ui
ol
4:
^»
n
U. p. B7-
1
)ne i.tate body,
n this and in
interna) form*
ce decidedly fa*
population of
i spread over a
e miles, being
lid the greater
ts even , com-
as to produce
ebullition ♦)•
too much occu-
th forming new
[ide* cultivation,
mmunication, to
spirit, as could
commonAiveaUh.
, as thefountaia
head ai *i>^ ^^*
il contents of th«
, without Louisiana,
orict wholly uncul-
df the revolntion,
e« of 4$ to the de-
jeographical square
'Esfai toHtique &c.
27
different institutions; which priviles:c, srcmed to
cuinnnte from tlie ric;hts of m.in. But the pliiii*
understanding of the majority, only vicwiug in this,
the decisions of sound common seijse,,and not points
of controversy, which could serve unruly factious fo^
9 standard, liad little or no conception of the
Veighty theories, or of the political erruis arisiuij
irom them, which this niieasure produced. In other
sespects, the formerniodcl of thellutish coasUtuUoi*
Vf^s taken as a pattern, iu the formation of thi^t of
ijhe United States, only traosfoming the sovercijn
power of the crown, into the functions 0/ ^ Ptfi^i-
dent qnswerable for his conduct. — .1 . ;.
The sequel has shewn, that the form of govern-
ment fasirioned after the above ipansei;, vy^ well,
suited to the real interests of the people, Jm4 th<
iocE^l nature of their territory; and hi.sto]:)^ is yu.-.
able to produce a more evident, p^ovf, than, vbat;
North America pucsents, of the txuth, that, in. ordei;
to develope tlvc eu,erg^es of a. nation q,uicyj( ijn,d,
from all sides, the ^etaovin^ of overy obstacle, ^ni,
the full ^nioyment of ii»dependance, an^: pv^perfcy,
are alone re«^uisite. I.nstcad of the wciginal, 1^
united stales, the Union, in, the forty third ye<c
of its independance, now consiis of 2»; in^ead oC
47,000 squaue miles, its ttniitory inclvjdin^ Loui-
siana, and the Western states and districts tonti-
nuijillj eucreasing, in cultivation, contain* 156:^00
%
I
I,
28
,,u.« mU«; the population has r>sen from near 5
to 10 million''
The new .pirit of .mancipation, and ihMhrory
of the rights of man, must shew their effects qu.te
differently ia Europe, on then- results hc.ng once
applied to common life nn.l the organism of t -e
state. Here was not the quoslion of throwing off a
dominion exercised beyond the sea. which hcng
neither known, nor loved hy the people, could only
have innuen, on them, by means of it. representa-
tive..- and of sobstituting for such, a central
powef in the heart of the country; here thoqucstum
Lst rather be, of a complete revolution of th.stand^
ing order of things, which appeared in the l-ght
of or were fdt as so many abuses- - The more
thl people, excluded from all practical paruo-
pation in the executive government, inclined to
the side of theory , to put which into practice, no
positive legitimate means presented themselves; the
more dangerous, must the example of a new state-
constitution be, founded on flattering doctrme.
xvhich held out a so much wished for independance.
More particularly, when it was imprinted on dis-
contented minds, feeling themselves oppressed on
every side, and viewing no hope of relief in the
veal and standing order of things, but still more.
.vhen there were enlightened men amongst thenu
>vho had rvot alone viewed the developement of the
1
n0i
wh
bio
to 1
tlii
the
thi
.pn
hy
coi
coi
f
the
in
tal
a
til.
no
cil
th
of
fo
of
su
pc
fe.
at
from near 5
nd the theory
effects quite
is being onco
an ism of tl'C
;hrowins "'* "^
which beinn
1p, could only
iti re^jresentO'
ich, a central
■re the question
„n of the stand
ed in the lisht
( The more
actical partici-
it, inclined to
ito practice, no
themselves-, the
of a new statc-
lering doctrines
r independance.
iprintcd on dis-
hes oppressed on
of relief in the
but still move,
n amongst thiuu
elopement of the
1
29
nfw doctrines on tlie trans -atlantic continent, but
who h.id fought for their establishment, iit>d had
broui»ht hack a lively and l.islin» impression of such
to their own cdHlitrien. Unfortunately for Europe,
liiis was the case in K r a n c c , where , according to
the picture, wo have drawn of this king<lom, evcty
thifl» was inrlinrd and ripe for innovations, thfc
sparks of which, the government itself had kindled'
by the assivtance afTordcdthc British colonies, which
could not but set fire to the highly impregnated
combustible matter. l<"or tho' government, instead'
f concentrating around it, all the physical and
moral powers it had at cotumund, and instead of, at
the critical moment, going to meet the rolling storirt
in a determined pace, as far a« prudence might dic-
tate, staggered at one time, between the maxims of
a haughty repulsive autocracy , at another between
tliose of an unseasonable submission, and could
not devise the means even, in its innermost coun-
cils, of throwing a veil over the dilapidated state of
the finances, which first compromised the dignity
of the crown. However favorable this weakness was
for the innovators, and however favorable the voice
of the seditious multitude was to their plans, of
substituting in lieu of the existing system, more
popular forms, which at that time were less per-
fectly combined, than darkly sketched out; yet even,
at the first meeting of the Notables, who were
li'l
>
s,
s
3«
^ ™,l* h. .mnd,d «ih, U .» .nc.^' «-^
,1m,. .k. c.«„. and or .h. «...»bV. 0,.. CO.,
F*'"""" , . ,;m.m were oi •<» <=ttn-
1...C.. -w •«-• •=•«•* '"" """"• *t '
"trr«d ..e. th. exU..nc »l .h. .1.-.^ °»
,i.^ J^th. fciii»B« -" »«"•'"« •' "•""."'r
«er«d W, .,e..-.. '^-"v •"^"»- '" *""':"
kj . -.l.to.d. of M. .omun«r. i. »» .m««.
Jprtd, .Wh . con.»i».d a a.ivi.« ?op»la".
pt
eas
gel
iiu
bu
of
pi(
«ff
tin
inl
of
t/i<
th(
iie
s«l
•y
to
•n
•n
•U]
Ui
«a
4d]
I
3»
7, v> il«V»W
•at»r diHicul-
,, thsvn wl».»*.
right* a« *
tdmin >»*»*'
innovator nw
useful piV*
rable civil cot^
provvAcial coui
were of »« c^n-
iction, aa<l ^X*
[c»Hjin« ♦b" '•■'
the throne ; on
lad tbo he«e*l»-»
ancient Roya\
,, veto fiMiae4
, of tbow. who
.ties of those ob,
iolabil'ty, whicb
: th0 factiow was
)\vn in America j
itt an inp,m«ns»
arviB^ populacf,
to «oa3t»»t e.ve»>
•tct?M, to which a domling nnrne w«» prvHied; fM»-
thur by thu iuipetuoifity of the national churactcr,
ptrticulttily towaid* the South, which, however
easily it niif?ht have been curhcd hy pruper entt-
getic measures, as soon as the reins wcro sluck«neil,
I'mdiag no counterpoise to every unbridled panioa,
hurst out into more boisterous violence, and initcMl
of freeing itself fjom the yoke of luporflaoua
pressure, endtavored to break through, and throw
efi, all the necessary burthens of a people constitn-
ting a state. If wc add to these ground -lines, the
intrigues of a depraved court, who viewed the change
of system, with the same indifference, a« they did
that of a minister, and the personal character of
the monarch, who, possessed of gruat goodness Of
iieart, yet, wanting the necessary firmnees, at eriti-
sal moments lowed the levellers sufficieiit tioie,
•ystematicaU} *o corrupt the minds of the poopltr,
to rend«r cvcu the fidelity of the army dowbtftfl,
•nd bv a i«atinual oscillation in his r«»olutiuns
Mkd measures, made it impossible for his adlse-
f eats to back them by any consistent plans , end to
aupport the thxone with effect; if ire mui'eover add,
that the rest of Europe^ alarmed fur the mainte-
nance of the sineient systcito, comld sot usiMii an
4dle sipectMoT of the fcrmentatiojua in Fratiee, sfterr
«uff«ar «fae Maxims of the new reformnm etftbeWoiMl
«9 put «%«oti«Mli Jit teus« be wriAtmt, 4Mi a
1 1
a"-'
m
I
32
declarauon of the rights of man, published u.dcr
suchcircnmstances, must be throu-ing oU .nto the
flames; that the attempt at effecting: a total reform
• in the state after the model of Amev.ca, must carry
with-it, the overthrow of all legal Wriers, ami
that if irx the latter country, liberty had been able
to develope itself, until its furthermost limits, in the
former, deduction, once set loose, must rage with-
out intermission, and every social tie be d.s.olved,
•are some new principle of power, could put a stop
.*° 'fiii^ this principle, the men in power called to
life themselves, by raising an army, it is true, fot
nuite different purposes, which, absorbing much
fermenting matter, left them more at liberty at
home; but which should force the neighboring na-
.tions abroad, with fire and sword a to become parta
l,ers of the blessings of fraternity in the kingdom of
.freedom and equality
For it was alone the free determination of the
rul.rs of those times, or rather the apparent nece.^
sity of affording on the one hand, an honorable
vent to the excited passions, and on the other, of
• surrounding the borders of the republic, with filial-
states modelled after the new forms, in order to
xender it more inaccessible to the apprehended at-
. tack of the ancient powers, and not a hostile under-
standing of these, nor the influence of «migra«ts,
J
33
iblisTiod under
g oil int" ^^*^
a total reform
ca, must carry
L iMirriers, aud
had beeii able
St limits, in the
must ragewith-
tie be dissolved,
;ould put a stop
power called to
:, it is true, for
absorbing much
re at liberty at
neighboring na-
to become parta-
n the kingdom of
which kindled the dreadful war *). -- The inde-
cision which at that time prevailed Ja the diffcieut
cabinets, would have caused them to remain calm
spectators of even worse occurrences, than had hap-
pened hitherto, in order the better, undisturbedly
to follow up their plans directed against the East,
and to guard their territories, against the entrance
of the new doctrines, by isolating the inflammable
matter, whilst France >vas internally desolating
herself *♦). Forcibly drawn in, they conducted
their cause, according to the anient tactics, against
a nation, pouring forth masses of combatants never
before beheld, sufficiently unfortunate, as to pro*
cure tha leaders in France, the most complete
triumph; misled in tlje fii'st place by a contempt
of their opponents, afterwards seized by a panic
terror, at home and abroad, they never were upited
within themselves, being »t the same time unaccom-
•mination oi the
^ apparent necet-
d, an honorable
on the other, of
public, with filial-
jrms, in order to
> apprehended al-
lot a hostile under-
inco of emigrants, I
•) Declaration of wai! against Aurtfia \h* fotk Agril
1793. against Gr«at l|i tain the ist Pebry. 1793.
♦♦) Brisaot had uttared in a mamorable ipeech, in
the Jacobin club, already on the 30th Deer. 1791,
^hat the imbecility of the crowned heuds , had
rendered it ii point of necessity in them to Kd*
hereto a pe a o e able Syst e nil, and that tli*
French nation must ha»«e« in "slialltfnging tHonl."
1 1.
34
.eriet disgur.t of llicit own suhjci;!!. —
happened agveabk .. .h»iv mo». B.ngume e.pec»-
iZ. Th. .r,„y partly animated Tor .he ea>.;e . -
,eU tor wh.chitfoueh., or a. leas, only nnmltul
1„ the field, of .he du.ie. ot .he soldier, allowed .ho
facions, which were con.inually con.end.ng a
,„„e to, dominion, .he grea.e.. scope ot ac.,on
l„ obedien. .0 .he impulse ot .he acknowledged
,„,ho„.y, i. surrounded France with new republ.cs
called in.o life, h, .he parole orders ot generals on
.hemu„e,in.hcNe.he.landsa„d.nl.alr.=n4
enriched .he m..l.er.coun„y «i.h ""'-;■"';*
she oitered up a. .he shrine ot liher.y , gra.etul tor
her beneficent effects. —
Only by degrees, but as a necessary consequence
of events, the spirit of the army became changed,
1 laid ;he foundation of a new order of th.ngs.n
France. During the government of ^^^ Te-r.^'
.vhen internal anarchy ruled with the mos ghastly
sway, and every .dea of constitutxon and rxghts.
and security of life and property, seemed to be
annihilated, - there existed alone - ;1^« "2'
still a sense of justice, of honor, and a legal cohe-
,ence. - whilst noble feelings clung to the recol^
lection of warlike deeds already ^-^-;^' ^^^
fondlv pictured the glorious scenes, which mnat.
J
'Tided Viy the
had in view,
ruinc expecta-
the cause it-
only mindful
;r, allowed the
contending at
:ope of action ;
acknowledged
new republics,
of generals on
in Italy, and
reasuves, which
[y , grateful for
iary consequence
jccame changed,
:der cf things in
»f the Terrorists,
the most ghastly
ition and rights,
ff
seemed to be
ne in the army,
nd a legal cohe-
ung to the recol-
r atchieved, and
es. which innate
J
35
power and woilh seemed to progno.ticate for the
future. — Thus his native country iprc.-euling no
longer a vallyin- point, the camp became the repub-
lican'! country and the honor of the soldier, as
such, the object of all his efforts; every one, who
had still the choice left, preferring the service of
the army, to that of his household gods. And more-
over, on tlie new Constitution being at length put
into force in September 1793, which appeared, pur-
posely to have been so constructed, that it must
: ortly subvert itself, by the friction ofi its compo-
nent parts badly fitting in each other, and render
all civil administration coniemptil)le; whereas, at
the same time, a young, eminently daring deader,
who irresistably commanded the confidence of jhis
associates, and who was strewing his career, daily
with fresh laurels, shone at the head of the army ;
then it was, that civism was obliged to yield to the
glorious sound of victory's shouts , and all respect
and veneration for the laws and institutions, which
by the continual change of parties, were sunk into
mere fleeting phoenomena, must; be lost, in admi-
intion and attachment to the warlike thief, who
pointed to victory in the front, and to distinction,
riches and enjoyment in the back ground. And
Napoleon Buonaparte, united in his own
person, more than all the splendid names did,
which shine so bright in the annals of French milU
II
1 '
36
tary renown, all the qualities, necess:u-y, for accom-
pushing the dating -.vork, of transforming Franc<»
into a military autocracy; even Moreau, the
greatest after him. would only have been a renown-
ed citizen . in a happy republic. If he suoc.edcd
in gaining the affections of his troops and even the
tespect of his enemies, Napoleon understood to e,at.N
we might almost say, * fanatical confidence m the
necessary success of all his projects, a^d-by the vio-
le^t rapidity of hi, enterprises, and the continual
Change of the seat of his warlike deeds, to enchatn
the fiery spirit ofanation, more prone than any otTn*-.
to be dazzled by good fortune. Even his fo^-e,gn
Corsican nature, assisted him .n imposing on the
multuude. and r'cmoved to a distance, that mt,-
mate familiarity, which militates against a rising
ascendancy, not intended to make use of mankind
for the purposes of a reciprocal com'munKation, but
as -the means of attaining its ends; a national
Frenchman, would hardly have succeeded in raismg
himself to the height Napoleon stood on. But it
wa, not his character alone, still less any consc.ous
struggling after some precise aim, but th^ course
of events, uch raided him on high, and assisted
him to develope that, which lay obscurely Imlden
in hH breast. Let it have been a restless thirst aflci
fresh military atchievements, or a correct present.-
men of coming events, which caused him toinvade
th
of
bli
an
CO!
by
of
of
wa
abi
bee
of!
the
pes
coi
spe
of
in-
ins
tiiif
\\
J
37
y, for accom-
minp Franca
; o r e a u , the
len a. renown-
h» succeeded:
and even th©
vstood to ejiit Jj
idewce in ths
id' by the vio-
ihe continual
fs, to enchain
than artyothc .
n his foi-eign
iposing on the
ice, that inti-
gainst a rising
ise of mankincf
lunication, but
is; a national
eedcd in raising
od on. But it
J any conscious
but the course
1 , and assisted
bscuvely hidden
tlcss thirst aflci
yarrect pvesenti-
•d him to invade
the East with a chosen army, after the tranquillity
of the European continent seemed sufficiently esta-
blished by the peace of Campo Formio *), Prussia
and Spain *♦), having long since retired from the
contest, and the Italian states being bound down
by treaties ; — he could never, under the influence
of the deepest calculation, have diosen a career,
which would have led him surer to the attainment
of the aim, of reappearing shortly, as the man who
was univerra'lly looked for, and who was become
absolutely necewary. —
It became every day more evident, what must
become of France, since the i8th;of Fructidor, (theslh
ofSeptembet 1797) which forced Camot possessed of
the most preponderating talents, and Barthelemy of
peaceable sentiments and a wish for a return to
conciliating measures, from the helm of government.
— The opposition of the two councils was become
speechless, and coarse pride, the constant attendant
of mediocrity invested with power, was prominent
in all the discussions of the Directory , breathing
insult, and threatening danger to all Europe, At
the tommeucement of the yeitr 1798, Svvisserland,
nliich had hitherto escaped uutouchsd )>) every
J
♦) Coucluded ths 17th October V797.
**) £y the treaties of Baicl on the 5lh April and
tii July I705»
V
38
instead of the vcnevahle ;-"^"^" ^,,oclaimed
ther.; not, '" •^^■^'="' " ' „,eans of thU unity, to
prepare them more qu.ckly ^
,,„tr;butions of every natur^ ^^^^.^^^^^ ^^^_
Cicient. to overturn tl. pap -^^^^^^^
....erted throne of the C.sa , a ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^
Roman republic; a s.mU r eve ^^^ ^^^
.,e cause, or more properly only P ^^^^^^^^,
r-ch amhassador^l-^^^^^^^^^^^^
,He negociat,ons n. ^^^J^ ,^,„ ,,ere to have
.vhichby the peace of Can^P° ^^^^ Germanic
given a definitive ^^-^°?^"^;;* „,,,„. continued
& , T„ Ttalv revolutionumo
„,« . body. I- I"'J „j„, „j .he aay ;
„i.houl intctmi«.o>. to 1> ^^^^.__.^ ^^^,
,„a,.e. -eft 0.e 1'°" \^;:';„ •„,,. .1 l,sMn,.g
,„„,.c .a..«ardsi -„1. .)». n ,„Mao.ovUy
cleared up to this da), anu
nn
hi
<w
J7
lit
th
th
oh
ex
th
fie
he
ac
pe
as
ad
"1
in
to
of
u{
w]
vy aviTiy, nwtl
•edcvation, one
,vas i)roclaimecl
eecst people in
i this unity, to
gquiiitions and
, considered suf-
t erected on the
id to organize a
in Vienna, was
1 pretext, for the
capital, whereby
e put a stop to,
mio were to have
to the Germanic
)nizing continued
order of the day ;
ng of Sardinia was
tal territories, and
.pionnet proclaimed
ihlic.
m time, in order to
arms in a distant
,n, and directed his
ickness of lightning
,y^ not satisfactorily
lliided his army i»
39
yl'gypt. Apparently iinconcpiiirtl ibat l\us>ia. whose
now ruler seemed luoie determined, tJian any of
his royal cotemporarics , to cxcerciso a sovereign
«way, and had since his coming to the throne (in
1796), been forming plans, to put an effectual bar-
rier, to the inundations of the 1 rench power, and
the new doctrines,— \va« up in arms, on account of
the conquest of the above island; that the Porte, the
oldest ally of France, had followed her example,
exasperated at the invasion of lier teiiilorics, and
that the flower of the French navy had Iwen sacri-
ficed to destruction, by the British at J^bouXir ; —
he continued following up his plans of conquest,
acted the part of the sovereign *) , to the greatest
perfection, which had often in Italy involuntarily,
as it were, burst from him, and accustomed his
adherents to look upon, him in this light, but
upon themselves as daily more and more the
instruments of His will, which was not subservient
to any higher national impulse. But on the flames
of war, bursting forth over all Europe in the spring
of 1799, and, notwithstanding the great sacrifice
which had been made at Rastadt, by the cession of
I
*) It is well known, that Napoleon suffered himself
to be saluted with cannon in Italy, and with
all the etiquette usual on the reception of the
. Roman Emperors.
F
A
V
1
40
. Prince Jourdati had
,,... uu. or u.B.-»j --,,,„„„„,„
„mi.. 1>»'1 ""•"='' j^ j^„ ]„,aan, peace wa.
,0 .he Nile, yes eve ^^^^ „„d the ocean i
van"'-* """ '"V't; , ; 10.. in •'»' *'»'"°"'
_ „„d on l""":' "'""f.,,. „uh the »n«l' «"
ception of Genua, ^^^^ Levant :
.„aU,eco.„u.>.Uu«ea-H^^
„„„„,.ea, »;" ^;__^^„i.,„ , _ on .he m.e»a
.d i,Uo a.. ■^"•"""J. .,H.u„ca, he.- .rad. ani
«U.« »"■"-; '7/:„„..,. .„n,Wla.ed,-
„..i,.,.ion va,»cd and .^.
U„ only man -"'".d '). -^ ^^^^ ^^^_^^^_ „ ,h,
ciates, on >vhom .he eye ^^ ^j,,,^,„ed .he Direc
c„„,.eUa.ion of .alvauon _ ^^^^__^^^^^__,^„„_
,„r,, and the les..la..veboay ^^^__^^ ^^
.ho «.»..i"» '-" ""°'.tcou .oran,on,h-.)
'■■-''■7-^r;--rwr:::on.;a..pic.h.e.o
been frequently ^.^^■,,^, of the nation wer.
rhe people. Tbe "P^'^'f^^^^^'^^ ,,a the first
driven out and dispersed by soldiers, a
♦)
M- landed on tUe
atU ol October 1799 i»^^»P"'
C
w
ot
111
tl
ir
tl
ii
h
h
an
re
e(
t]
a
d
\\
c
g
a
o
M) The I31U of Brumaue, the »vn ,
41
Jourtlati bad
X tbc Russia a
,n ihe Rhine
,n, peace was
md the ocean ;
this disastrous
the single cx-
jnetian islands,
;t of the Levant:,
Republics being
gain transform-
an the internal
, Iter trade and
annihilated; —
few trusty asso-
e turned, as the
ressed the Direc
e tone of a master,
;s his servants to
Lse of a month *♦)
ion, which having
ome despicable to
of the nation wer*
,ers, and the first
:ob« i799in*^«P°'^
4th <rf N»^^ *7»9
Consul, clothed with all the exuberance of power,
was placed preliminarily for ten jcars, at thi; head
!if a military government, but thinly disguised
under civil forms. But 'ore the lapse of three years,
this power was extended, for his life time ♦), and
in order that the name might not be wanting to
the Imperator, and that the edifice he had erected
in his spirit, miglit stand for centuries to cunie, the
senate after the lapse of other two years, proclaimed
him Emperor on the ifjth May 1804, and confirmed
by vote, on the 1st Dec. of the same year, thecrown
as hereditary in the Dynasty of Napoleon.
The people, for so many years torn by divisions,
rendered tameby the horrorsof anartliy, disappoint-
ed in all their ideas of a better order of things, uf
tlie liberty of the citizen , and a national represent.'
ation, which had been so infamously abused, and
disgusted with foreign wars, and internal privations,
were struck with astonishment, and ar(]uieseed in
every tiling, even partially hailing a change of
government, with ardor, v/liich promised peace , and
a settled order ♦♦)in the state; and uniting the hopes
of the return of the gogd old times, with the return
*) Senatus consultxim of the ^i of August 1802.
••) Fixitjr; a word much used at that time, to re-
commend monarcliy, and the heredctary throne.
(7)
:l
I
R
4»
1 ,vi,uh now guvrounileil llie
c,.nlr» ot lui govuruiiicnt, the j "»"
.„ey «..Hcd, returned to the mon«clual to mo
;„v„...c„., and, a. U no. ..tl,orw..o ^^^^
!nev .ud. c.ta.ttoph,=., .0 . co„.pleto »""" f^
l,i>m bv the ..de of >vhioh, all f"""' "' P""""'
poslism, Dy .,,„j„„s ,vcrc thrown oft
rrccaom, being empty .l.ado»i, , .„^._
at pleasure, a. .oon a. they con>me.eed to bo .neon
"°';":e7:ndeney toward, denroerat.c instUution.
,.. ..acbedtbe re. or Europe, front -«>
i, partook, upon the whole, more of •>'= "^^^^^^
revolution ot idea. internaUy in .he m.nd. o men
;.: toUowed the example ot the «'>°";-;« •^';.
any proiected aew laws, was »»
of SeiUbr. 1807.
»t.
ivrounduil ll>e
cd llicii- new
ihat liatl liccn
ntofiudcpciul-
1, after having
loiji the point
irthial form of
nse imaginable
ic military des-
rins of political
.ere thrown off
ced to bo incon-
itic institutions,
com France, but
of the luccessive
e minds of men,
bove country, ift
lensation had t.ot
leads immediately
.remodelled, by the
he i3th of May 1804.1
already been depri-
ig in full assembly,
abolished the »8th
43
embraced wilTl ftnthusiasin. xh€ tenets of the re^o.
lution, and wlulst the more tircumspc. t were coolly
awaiting thr irsulti, the more fi«>ry, had hastened
to hail in p.rson. the approach of the new|and
happy order of things. —
A dangerous spirit shewed it»*;lf not alone
in the countries bordering on the ^bine, — in Hoi
land. Italy, and even in GrcatBritain, particularly
in Ireland, which h nl cause of complaint of being
neglected, before the intimate union with the
.istcr-island took place, which Pitt accomplished
in the year 1800; and preparations were most zea-
lously made in these countries, for the formation of
filial republics; even in Spain and Russia, it wa.
considered necessary, by severe measures to prevent
the clandestine introduction of the seductive poison.
But France presented, in herself, the most powerful
sintidotc to the more extensive propagation of popu-
lar insurrections, having, on the road she had
trodden, arrived at a state of the most lamentable
anarchy, instead of that, of peace and happiness;
end having loaded the provinces , which had been
conquered by the force of arms ior the cause of li-
berty and equality, with the evils of infinite in-
ternal dissentions, attended with the external pres-
sure of a foreign military force -and intolerable
extortions. Thus is happened, that the attachment,
tvlrich had originally been shewn to the new
p
i
44
doctrine., began in the rii»t place v,sa.l) to c..a
but. cm very nalarally confoondin^ the theory wi h
U. infamou. a,l.Ucation, called into Ufo by the
,no,t depraved wick.dnc,,, and every unbrulh-d
passion, it went over to ,hc mo.tdcc.dcd abhovrcnce;
under the nnpv<.sion of .uch sentiment., the return
of Kvanco, to the uionavrhial form of government,
s-rved in fact to .trengthcn the dHferent thrones.
„ul to give the desired support to the mo.tconsum-
.nal. d.spoliMU, which Napoleon very soon exer-
ri,.a. For although tho new emperor in impressmg
on t!,c minds of his subjects the power wh>ch sym-
bolKally belongs to the crown, and the principle, that
ali nrc dependauton the wUl of the ruler, whoalon.
i. en-ry th.n,, tb- people b.ing but his means, but
too wUlin.ly coi.i.d, .ith the must scrupulous exacU
il,.U.. the exaruple of the anc.ent courts. wUhout
bein^ able to attain their dignity; he yet sur-
passed them heyond all measure, in the application
of the prin.:iph^ that ht the state, there must ex.st
but one w.ll. u.d«pendant of which, all things are
„erc instruments; and thts he carried through ve-
pardless of all obnacles. No monarch has ever un-
devaood or exercised, as lie did, the artof rcducmg
at once every thing to calculation, of playing w.th
„,cn. as with figures; of appropriating to Inmse
not ahme the results of the various sciences, but all
the productions of the natural and corporeal powers.
MS
of
m
<e
ar
tc
re
h\
h
cc
si
u
V
c
o
']
he tiitoiy >v'llt
ito life by the
,ery unbiullfd
IcdaHiovrence;
Biili, the return
of government,
ifercnt thrones,
he niostconsum-
very soon exer-
o\: in impressing
wcr which sym-
10 principle, tliat
ruler, vvhoalon*
it his means, but
, scrupulous exacl-
t courts, without
Uy; lie yet sur-
.11 the application
there must exist
ch, all things are
irried through vc-
narth has ever un-
the art of reducing
,n, of playing with
)iiating to himself
)us sciences, but all
id corporeal powers,
45
as if thfy weir alone intended for his purposes, and
of keeping tliu whole harmoniously in play, by a
mechanism, the springs of which a single thought
set at work. And if the ancient cabinets strove mor«
and m.re to round and centralize their different
territories, and forcibly to draw their near .t envi-
rons into the sphere of their attraction, — he em-
braced them jointly in his system of calculation, and
had in view, the project of raising himself -o lh«
coutral point of the whole European world. The
situation, in which he found France, rendered it
undoubtedly necessary for him to tijihten and hold
with iron hand the reins of a government, whicl>
could only recommend itself, but by the resloratioa
of public order and the regular courae of things.
This necessity, cooperating with the voice of an
immense majority, who approved of every thing,
(however unjustifiable) which promised internal
peace, and glory and riches at the expenceof coun-
tiici abroad; assisted him, in the commencement,
in disguising his passion for the most arbitrary des-
potism and the excrcice of it, an^* in rendering
himself popular with the multitude ■-
Tliosu governments, which still commanded
respect, excused many a daring step, which French
politics, strove to represent \vi»h all theart of dipio-
malic sophistry, as measures only extorted from them,
to humble the proud continental enemy , but not
I
•i
«
\
I
46
„ means of ..If -aggrandizement - —"-*;'
the indignation, generally felt in the m.ndsofmen
« th. effort. Great, Britain had been long makmg
to oht^in the unlimited dominion of the sea, , and
the envy, not so just, but still universal, at the con-
^ani encreasing prosperity of hertrade, andmanu-
feetilring inaustry. —
On this lada«, .he Emperor ro.e ..ep hj .lep,
.„ aWlute roler of his kingdom, extended by h,m
„n e.ery side. .nd» .c.n.l Die.ator of the res. of
Europe; who either immediately obeyed h.sproteC
oral commands, or were obliged to pursue the s).-
«m he had directed against England from th,
.urthermost borders of the Baltic to theshores of the
Maiiterranean, _ being the emblem of h.s sup.
"or power, and authority. He maintatned h.msel
tt,.hU positio,-, a. long as the mecham.m of h,
"ate orgar,i.ati„n, (more powerfully ordered, that
1. of any other country) had to contend w,th
*..erial obstacles, which the governments oppo-
"1 ,0 it in standing armies, and foundered a.
Tength on the awakened Spirit of the n.t.ons.
Th. he had never calcuiated upon, but which he
had summoned up aga.n.t him, more by the pubi.c
insolent scorn, he had vailed at. deny.ng at ,t w .
the existence ot all the feeling, of .ndependanc ,
.nd of the deeply- rooted affection, ever, n,t,on tee s
Mt» hear,, forits country and what .s venerable
to
tvi
dc:
eff
qu
al
w
ai
tl
H
n
n
V
1
s
f;
r
I
a
9
47
on account of
the minds of men,
een long making,
of the seas , and
versal, at the con-
trade, andmanu-
rose step by step,
extended by him
ator of the rest of
obeyed bis protect,
to pursue the sys-
:ngland, from the
to the shores of the
iblem of his supe-
tnaintaincd himself
mechanism of hi«
fully ordered, that
d to contend with
governments oppo-
and foundered at
■it of the nations,
pon, but which he
more by the public
denying at it were,
rj of independance,
m every n.ition feels
1 what is venerable
to it, — ■ than, by the intolcraiilc misery, tlie coun-
tries groaned under, by tlie pressure of his military
despotic government. His fall, and what has been,
effected by it, are attended with too many conse-
quences, not to be deserving of a separate chapter. -
IV.
Napoleon fell, not when kings and armie*
alone, but when nations were opposed to him, who
were animated by a leading principle, grown into
an irrevocable determination, of rather enduring
the worst, than his dominion; he fell when the
ignominious subjugation of some, and that which
notoriously threathened others, obliged the Mo-
narchs, to look to their people — no longer alone
to their military, so often conquered and «o great-
ly humbled — for salvation , and to collect theix
subjects en masse, animated with the greatest con-
fidence, around their native princes, as the proper
rallying point. In his oxvn people, lo»g since traa*.
ported by emphatic phrases from one state of e«alt-
ation to another, grown wcaryof flowery harangues,
and in the exce» of tachaustion, iaioapabie o€ a f^».
c,
48
ther enthusi ;tic elasticity, he had nothing sim.lav
to oppose, to such an universal inspiration, as the
above, which exceeded all the limits of calculation.
In Spain, whose just national pride, he had
deeply wounded, and by which he had again roused,
to the most romantic height, the otherwise luke-
warm attachment to the reigning Dynasty, in the
persons of which, the nation saw itself robbed of the
symbols of V.S independence, - he, who uas In-
therto considered invincible, lost the renown of lus
invulnerability; here he was obliged to relinquish
his first plan, and occasioned hundred thousands
of his adherents an inglorious death The wish of
drawing off the eye. of the world from what had
happened, -d was happening daily there, was
undoubtedly a .ancipal reason, for his projected
designs against Russia, being brought sooner to ma-
turity than otherwise. By the most gigantic exer-
tion, of the re.ources of his empire, he meant, by
one blow, to render the resistance, he had ever
dreaded from the East and the North, impossible
for the future; ^n order (when Russia was driven
back upon Asia, and the Allies, who were now fight-
inghis battles, were become virtually, if not no-
finally his vassals) to accomplish his aim m the
West, with less difficulty.
No one will deny, on comparing the wavlike
resources, which stood at his command, with those
49
nothing simikv
ipiration, as the
ts of calculation.
I pride , he had
had again roused,
otherwise Uike-
; Dynasty, in the
tself robbed of the
he, who s\as hi-
thc renown of his
■red to relinquish
undred thousands
th The wish of
d from what had
daily there, was
for his projected
uffht sooner to ma-
lost gigantic exer-
le, he meant, by
luce, he had ever
North, impossible
Russia was driven
ho were now fight-
rtually, if not no-
ash his aim in the
paring the wavlike
tumand, with those
of his opponent, viewed in tlie ordinary light, but
that the calculation was bold, and by no moans ilU
founded ; neither will it appear strange, that even
Napoleon, supporting the character, he had once
assij^cd, must think it necessary for him, in the situa-
tion he then was, to put every thing at stake. His
premises were alone faulty in two things: his army
Was no longer the republican otte< luch as had fought
in Italy under hira, -and irf Germany under Md-
teau}- more shew than substance, it exhibited extet-
nally much of the ostentation and the splendor of
an oriental host, ahd it* ihtorior , was no longer
grounded 0n national and martial honor, but 6n
rapine, plunder arid despotic insolence; — as to
the character of the people^ ke vfai about to attack
on their o^n e6il,hi ^Ht-vticfte ohamefttUy nlistdkert,
and still mora' unfortftttadely »o, with regard to tiifc
local arid j>hysieaina!urd of the country.
Instead of barlwrotW horde* vvho would hastefi
at tll« fits* hjnt, to throw »U An opjuessive yofc«,
lie mer with a peopl«» 1*0* infe»ior to th« Spaniard
in reiigidu* unanirtilty, in attachment to- their na-
tive soill, a»d in makittg an unconcerned sacrifide
of all tatiHif good* for ift* defence; atid what tbej
might be deficient in pride of independance, and
a romantic recollection of former atchievments,
was more than overbalanced, by their most devout
MMMHi
\
^
50
attachment to their Ruler, looked upon as theiv
common father, and in whom they had placed a
boundles. conMence ; he also met with a government
v,hich had solemnly declared, it wculd stand or fall
with its people; which, unshaken hy the smokmg
,„ins of Moscow, and even by the danger winch
.cemed to threaten Petersburg, withstood all ih.
allurements held out for peace, relying wholly on
God and it. people *). The unprecedented con.
flasration of the capital, which rendered a longer
residence in it impossible, was the signal af desuuc
tion for the proud conqueror, and the power of th«
element,, in alliance with the just cause, assisted m
annihilating under the most inexpressible m.senes.
cuicker than human hand, would have been able
to effect, .n army, which had not had it. equal m
the annals of European warfare. But even .nde-
pendantof the winter, it is unlikely that the new
Sesostris would have escaped the destruction, whxch.
the unanimity and the enormous resource, of the
Russian empire, xiow first collected, and pouring forth
one army after the other, had prepared for him in
£,ont and which the revolt of the different n a-
tions, whom undex the mort repugnant feelings, he
h
■n
r«
t]
P
e:
d
SI
P
P
P
t
i:
V
S'
e
t
c
c
a
I
X
t
I*
h >
O See tl.r emperor '.Uxarder-s Manifestos, of th.
iStH of July and of September i8w after the
burning of Moscow» —
d upon as theiv
ey had placed a
ith a government,
c'uld stand or fall
hy the smoking
lie danger which
withstood all th»
elying wholly on
iprecedeated con-
rendered a longer
e signal of destiuc-
L the power of th«
St cause, assisted in
xpressible miseries,
Id have been able
It had its equal in
s. But even inde-
ikely that the new
destruction, which,
us resources of the
id, and pouring forth
repared for him in
of the different na-
ugnant feelings, he
J't;.!-
r'l Manifestos, of th«
;ember »8ii» "fter *!»«
51
had forcibly allied to his banners, was ready to| over-
whelm him with, in the |R ear. — ' ;
Already long-ago every thing had been prepa.
red secretly in Prussia, to be able to rise ?a arm»,
when the day of vengeance should appear; being
the country of all.those crushed by the superior
power of Napoleon, the one, which united the great-
est intelligence, with the deepest sense, of the unpav
donable insults, and the flagrant disgrace, which had
suUied its militaryhonor. — In doing this, the
people acted unsummoned, well knowing for what
purpose, although the government could not yet
publicly proclaim it, being obliged slowly to follow
the course of events, — but at the same time, throw-
ing no obstacles in the way of these patriotic efforts,
which were always capable of having a double con-
struction placed upon them, as long as a direct tend-
ency, was not given to them, by the high authori-
ties of the state. Even York's celebrated convention,
concluded on the 50th December 1812 in the Pos-
cherung mill, which for the first time unequivocally
shewed, (and too- hastily according to diplomatic
Pi nciples), Aa^ the sentiments of the army verein
unison with those of the people^ -r- could not hasten,
the wise delay of the government ; althou;ih every
heart which beat for its country knew , to which
side tha mind of the king inclined, end all acted
tgreaMc to thi« cpatktion. But on tiie Russians,
i
4
mi
5=^
wh.. had punned tlie enemy, without irtermissioa,
shue October, h .ving pressed fow-ard to the Oder.
hpvin,^ driven the renvuant of the Fvench army be-
hind th« Fibe, aU having i.toated t-ie country
from M^mc" to Berlin, tl^sn it w.is. that the king't
fublir. appall in his people ./d lua army, on the
nth Maych, app^atM, and V.nited, in an indisso-
luble league, for the deliverance of Europe, the
outers otJlussi.^ and Prussia, who entered Breslau
or the 15th of the same month, some of the kindred
Perman princ«, immediately joining the alliance—
, . Austria ^*eBt slowM to work. She remained
for a, considerable time, in a respectable posture, «
spectator of the <;ourse of events^ arming herself in
the mean time, in order, (k» the issue be wha* it
would) to be able to hold the balance of power.
She would willingly have mediated a peace, which
would have deprived France of her prepolidance in
Germany, aud confined her within F«op« li"^***^
but which also would have rendeied Russia's adva»*
cing to^yards the West, (which was certainly beheW
with distrust at firs*,) unneceseaty, ard which would,
have kept back the rising. power of Prussia, on the
point o£ it!s oompietfj devel.>pem«nt. She icqutictl
also time to reestablish hea: military re«o«roos, ex,
hausted by former exertiom^, u-pon, such a footing,
as to give her a weight, suitable to her digni-::'.
But on Russia and Bwissia^ haMJo^duxing the. ba^^
«.i
I
to^t intermission,
ard to the Oder,
Jrench army be-
1 ed t.ie country
s, that the king't
Ilia army , on ther
ad, in an indisso-
e of Europe, the
catered Breslau
me of the- kindred
ling the alliance. —
k. She remained
pectable posture, «
arming' herself in
e issue be what i*
balaiLce of power,
ted a peace, vrhicb
lier prepolad^nce in
thin proper limits,
3yed Russia's advan*
vas ce);tainly beheld
cy^ ard which woi^
of Fruisia, on the
lenti. She lequncdi
iitary reeoiiroos, ex-
pon, tBch a footings
aJble. to her dignity,
iji^'dttiing tiiB> ba^^
53
of iei3, sufficiently shewn their zeal in followinj;
up the just cause, having evinced the power and
hardiness of their armies, and the talents of their
generals; on England*), having hy treaty, ensured
their exertions, the necessary aliment, and powerful
assistance from Spain and Portugal; and lastly, on
it being sufficiently evident, by the course of the
proceedings at the Congress at Prague, that Napo-
leon, whose arts were now completely seen through,
only intended to gain time, but not to recede the
least from his plans, and who, still only keeping in
view the mere calculation of numbers, thought, by
an imposing numerical superiority of combatants,
to keep the South and West of Germany attached to
Jbis cause; — the upright emperor then declared
.war on the iith August against the haughty usurp-
■n of the Supremacy in Germany, disregarding
•with a noble self-denial, alltheties, even the intimate
one of conkanguinity, which seemed to bind him to
.the interets of France, and farmed a sphere of attrac-
tion whichy before the end oi the year united all
tue stxtfit of Vha Rhinish Confederation, — Bavaria
first, the lesser ones aftes the decisive battle ef Leip-
sic — with the universal cause of freedom and uf
Germany. —
)i*.
^
4
*) XxtMy o£ Reichenlacb the 15th June 1815.
f
54
Thearmicjof the allleo, now rapidly croised
th« Rhine the last days of the departing year, and
in the iiist ones of .8.4, in^^^der to bring the war
a.ainst Napoleon, in France itself, to a decinve con-
clusion. His dethronement, and the restoration of
the ancient dynasty, could on no account already at
that time, have been the objoct they had in view.
The emperor stood yet too powerful amidst fresh
v^mies he had levied, to warrant such an intention;
,ud. on the Northern and Eastern frontiers, and m
.ne interior of the country, the sense of the people
was by no mean, such , a. to promise cooperation,
or even approbation of these measures. On thecon.
trary, all who were capable of bearing arms, and
could reach the seat of war time enough, hastened
to the defence of the paternal soil , and Napoleon
conducted these resources, with such surprising ta-
lents of generalship, as to throw the allies, more
than for the mom.ut, into a state of visible embar-
xassment, and at least, to convincethem most clearly,
of the possibility of the failure of their operation,.
But proud intoxication at partial successes, which
..e/chavactenzed Napoleon, filled him, with a
,,„rid,.ncc in the present case, which led himtohi.
licstruttion. —
In the midst of the tumults of war, a congress
Hd been opened at ChatiUon, since the 6th Febru-
ary .g.4, which pointed out a peace toFrance, tkat
I
/ rapidly croised
tartjng year, and
to bring the war
to a decisive con-
thc restoration of
account already at
they had in view.
;rful amidst fresh
such an intention;
frontiers , and in
ense of the people
)mise cooperation,
lures, Onthecon-
Dcaring arms, and
enough, hastened
il, and Napoleon
iuch surprising ta-
IV the allies, more
;e of visible embar-
ethem most clearly,
if their operations.
»l successes, which
iUed him, with a
,vhich led him to his
of war, a congress
ince tlie 6th Febru-
)eac6 to France, tkat
55
would have left her more powerful, than shu h.ut
been before the revolution. But on the uppt^urance
of a return of pood fortune, and imagining nothing
less than the annihilation of the enemy, ho reject-
ed with impetuosity, all the proposals, that were
made him, and which according to circumstances,
were very moderate. A general insurrection of thek
peasantry, which he intended to support by ma-
noevering in the rear of the ollies, and the loyalty
and obstinate defence of the capital, — were the
ground -pillars of his hopes. With regard to tlie
latter, at least, he had been mistaken; it is more
than probable, that without a powerful faction in
Paris, ready for capitulation, and inimical to the
continuation of Napoleon's don? • n ion, the allies would
not have ventured upon their hazardous march, nor
have seen it crowned which i'.:ccess. The city did
not perform, what the empero.- expected, nor what
his Lieutenant, Joseph hiJ. promised} and three
months after the passage of the Riiine (the 31st
March) the allies entered it. The Bourbons] follow-
td, close upon their steps; on the 6th of April
Napoleon abdicated the French '.nrone, and on the
5d of May, Louis the eighteenth appeared in Paris,
without acknowledgin ? the Constitution ri the 6lh
April, by power of which, the conservative Senate,
would havehiiu kim proclaimed King. On the other
i
t
««-^JI.Jf«l
1
56
h,nd by a solemn treaty ♦\thelateempcvor, was not
„„,v to retain his title and dignity, but to enjoy the
fur: sovcreiir-^y "f ^he inland o£ Elba, which be had
chcM, for his future residence. The circumstance
even of his being again formally received into th.
Lstofmonarchs, shewed, that the allies were unable
to a. t. entirely with consistency, and instead of K.ht.
,n.. the matter out, followed a system of compos.l.on.
«hich in the sequel, rendered it impossible for the
new government to bring to an advantageous usue.
It n.ight also at that time easily haveb«en fMeseen.
that Napoleon, who assuredly possessed sufiic.ent
resources to continue tbe conflict, only had -n si.
dcred it more prudent to withdraw himscL fur the
„.omeut, in order to come forward agai- . under
better .uspices, on France, after the alUes uad retw
,ed being left to herself- Under these c.rcumstan.
ces'France obtained a peace ♦*), -uch « .he neve.
could have expected, had it not been for the con.,-
derations, which were grounded on the facility,
with which the allies, by mean, of a secret under-
standing, had entered Pari., and «^« -"'l""-;^^ *
the kingdom, vvher. the fire that had only been
quenched, glowed powerfully under the ashes.
ci
w
h
b'
ol
ii
o
a
u
\N
SI
t1
^1 \
♦) Of ibe i2tb April 1814'
.♦) Peace of Paris of the 30th Maicli t8X4-
'hi:
emperor, was not
but to enjoy the
ba, which be had
['he circumstanra
received into tht
allies were unable
,d instead of (''ibt-
;mofcomposilion,
mposiible for tlie
Ivantageous issue,
lavebeen f*-ieseen,
ossesjei sufiicient
;, only had tonsi-
w hiinso.L for the
ard aga:/ , under
the allies had yeti-
: these circumstan-
such a« she neve*
)een for the consi-
d an the facility,
of a secret under-
i the conqucroBsleft
bat had only been
uidex the asJies.
, Maxell tSH-
67
Whilst Iho government thrre, amic^st the uu-
ccnjing conflict uf all parties, — none of wlioui
were satisfiod 'vith the constitution promulgated by
I.ouis oti the 4th July, was employed, in reesta-
bli»liiM,5; the vehicle of state, nccordinp totheform*
of the ancient monarcby, and in uniting with it, .
in the l)cst possililc manner, those instilutions out
of the intermediate period, wliich were considered
as indispensibly necessary; tbose idcp liegan to
unfold themselves beyond the French frontiers, which
were to regulate the distribution of the spoils of the
subverted imperial stati-, amongst the victors, and
to determine the reorganization of Europe.
Spain, now completely liberated from the detes-
ted French yoke, partly by her own efforts, and
partly by the assistance of Great Britain and Wel-
lington's great generalship, witnessed already on the
28th of March, the return of l.er sovereign to his
paternal soil, who hastened with the most penetra..
ting firmness, to reestablish the ancient constitution.
Assured of the support of ihe clergy, of that, of a
part of the high nobility, and through the inllueilce
of both these, of the approbation of the lower classe.
of people, he rejected by a proclamation, gi/i'n at
Valencia, on the 4th May, whither he had procee<icd
until the field should be clear, the Constiuuii n,
projected by the L i h e r a 1 « s, and formally published
C9)
i
V,'
38
o. ,1,. .,.1. May .<..» I.V .... Co,..., .. .1.. '-« "'
"c land' whKl. cn.,u.,«d .... r..l au.l.o. .y of h.
"a,cl, n.,U.i..B but >l" •""■•' '"""'" ■"■• .
. »U„ and ...» adm,n...ra...... ot ,l.c o«ccu.,.o
,„d ...a. Icrd.nand, at.e. I.a«in8 """"*
"":;:;:. May, U,.,...nc.pa, n.cn,..c..ot....
: and .1.0 t«-.B« n...-"y. -"" '"»'"' '"
:: .ha. ...c above c.n>...u..un, formed af.« »««
" . ... "«-"■ »"•' "" """ '""""""°"'."'
TH.hda....a...n,c,arn.od. 1 , on. ...... B-
"": 1 .i»e. -= --^'""^ ''"' '*" °"";
" .. -Md ag.o.b.a .0 .he ancien. tovm. of
„„lin...ed -- ^"J;,;: .„J„.,caland.on...
"t t w «relbl..hed. T..e..n.e.ocon.e.
w,Ushe%v,wn greatest extent,
:r,:.h::.«>Uno.beround.no.e,nden.to.
,he tu.ure. .o adop. mi.der measure. •).
, ...» .t lt.« 7.H Maral. >8"o *" "°"'"
I, ai the law of
author ty of llie
, leaving the M<>-
laracier utuu hcd
. of the executive
hout more oppo-
r having arretted
membcri of tha
couUl make hii
Madrid, and under
s surely tlie hcst
formed after new
lie reigning sentU
B of cultivation, to
:d. 1 rom this in-
y after the other,
s ancient forms o£
piritual subjection
liastical andmonas-
The time to come,
ibsolute restoration,
) its greatest extent,
was first intended,
id more prudent for
(ures *).
Vlarali i8ao has acW-
)£ the system hithertt
59
In the rest of Kurope, the principle of the un-
eonditional ret-itablishnient of every thing oM. wti<
at least not foUowod up with equal rigidiu-ss, in the
political forms, given to the countries and tcrrito-
tics, which were without masters. ^
A congress of the Sovereigns was appointed to
meet in the autumn of 1814. »" order to rej-^ulalo
everything, and to establish the new form of lu
ropo upon a solid basis; but already in the couvso
of the summer , lome remarkable occurrences took
place; Genua being incorpoifttcd with the states
of Sardinia, in direct opposition to the promises
made by England through Lord Bcntick's procla-
mation ♦), and Flanders, being united with
I
pursued. Is the Constitution that has now been
adopted, likely to altind the test of time, without
material alterations? — Experience teaches
ns, that simplicity in the forms of executive go-
Ternment, is not capable of being carried into
effect in largo countries J even the two North - Ame-
rican states, in which it still existed, Pensylva-
nia and Georgia, have renotinced iti retention,
and have adopted the system of the two Houses j
the former by its new constitution of the 2d
?«!plbr. »79o , the latter, by its revised form of
government of May 1795. —
♦) Of the 26lh April 181+.
\ '■'
60
Holland, now transfurmed into the kingdom of
the United Netherlands; which certainly took place
contrary to the cordial wishes of its inhabitants *).
There appeared, at the Congress itself, winch met
towards the cr,d of October . such contradictory
views, and such irreconcileable 'claims , as several
times to warrant the apprehension, that it would be
quite impossible, for any peaceable arrangement to
be brought about, the indetermination which had
hitherto shewn itself, being unable to l^^^ *° *
permanent order of things, and that it would be
neccs.:.ry to have recourse to the sword, to solve the
' points in d,sput.. The negociations regarding the
future form of Germany, the fate of Poland, Prus-
sia's indemnification, around which the political ex.-
t-nce of Saxony revolved, and those touching Swis^
serland. and the aftairs of Italy, were protracted
untU the end of Kebry. i8i5, without bringing to
light, one single clear, positive result. -
Atthiscrisis.onthe ,st of March, Napoleon
once more, - amidst the conflict of passions con,
tending for the division of his Empire *♦), - put
S '.
») Proclamnuou ot 'ho new Tudcr c^ the 1st A«-
gust ISH.
♦») The diftercce is well hnawn between L'Em-
pirc Fraiigais and la f xancc.
H a: '%
6i
) the kin?;c!om of
Ttainly look place
its inhaViitants ♦).
itself, which met
uch contradictory
claims, as several
n, that it would be
le arrangement to
nation which had
nable to lead to a
d that it would he
: sword, to solve the
tions regarding the
ite of Poland, Prus-
ich the political exis-
[lose touching Swis-
[y, were protracted
without bringing to
result. —
,f March, Napoleon
lict of passions con-
Erapite**), - P"*
lUilcr (>t the ist Au-
lann between L' Em-
franc e.
his foot upon French ground. Expected by his
adherents ; received with open arms by the army ;
and hindered by no one; he peaceably passed through
the Eastern provinces, as far as Lions, as if he were
returned after a predetermined absence, and from
thence to Paris, which had been visited by frequent
disturbances, and a number of mimic commotions,
partly useless in themselves andpartly raised design-
edly. On the evening of the 20th of March, at-
tended only by a few, he arrived at the Thuilleries;
the night before, the king had left Paris ; but an
inconsiderable number of faithful adherents had
accompanied him. —
On the news of this event, completely unex
pected at the time it happened, having reached
Vienna, the Congress immediately found the ral-
lying point, which it had hitherto wanted It was
the interest of all the first-rate powers, who wished
to remain arbiter* of the fate of Europe, entirely
to annihilate Him, who had no:v reappeared on the
stage, and on the I'sth of March, in a public decla.
ration, they brought to Protoco^ , their determina-
tion, of following up this interest, with all the means
which stood at theii command; excluding Napoleon,
nt the same time, from all the civil and social rela-
tions of society, and designating him, as the enemy
and the disturber of the peace of the world. This '
anathema, which united all, should it become ng*
i
s
62
„.c«s,vy, « . c™n,« or >Ke .nd icaO, ag.,»«
l>a„c,, onca more auacl.ed Vy .h» c„u™ ot.ve...
.„ ,„c cause of N.po.oo. . produced »"•"■■-";>• J"^
m in the discussions oE the Congress. I. sLov.
visibly now, only t„ come .0 a V"^^^^'yJ"^
„„. ot .he most weighty points >" ''"P™- "^
o,d„ to remove .11 the element, ot a-»«. ''^
the allie.. and reserved the final i'^^'^^^''^
individualquestions, for a future and more peac.
.Ue tinre. Thus was Poland dr.ided .n.otwop. «.
between Uussia and Prussia; that W°°6>n8 - ^l-;
former ..ceived the title of a Wn6'l»n> »« Pol'""-
former, «■- , n^sian mo-
subject, but not incorporated with the
,„ch„ whilst the Prussian part assumed the nam.
„t the Great Dutchy of Posen. Saxony whrch W
been so long the bone ot contention between the
; rent powers, .as dismembered into a It.ngdom
. „hich remained snbiect to the ancent .uhnS
family, and into a Dutchy which fell to the share
rPrussia, whoobstained ^'-^'^■'^^^Z^^
.fertileGrand.Dutchyon the left "^"'*'^'' ^^
the Dntchy ot Luxemburg, was attached a. .con
Iderate sta'e t. Germany, b»' »»""■ '" -"Tn
ofthel.ingof.heNe.herlands.whowas,h.rebf m
M, constituted a prince ot the German confede
Jon. .mongst the member, of the ormer G
„an en.pire, with the exception of those pr nee
„edi.tul b, the act ot the con£ederat>on oi th-
t]
ti
tl
n
t(
u
fi
k
u
d
P
o
t<
f(
a
u
V
n
t
d death againrt
course of -events
1 unanimity, and
mgress. It strove
reliminavy agree-
ts ia dispute, in
5 of discord, from
determination of
and more peace-
ided into two parts,
t belonging to the
ngdom of Poland,
h the Pvussian mo-
, assumed the name
Saxony which had
ntion between the
red into a kingdom,
ae ancient ruling
ti fell to the share
s, the acquisition of
eft side of the Rhine.
Ls attached as a con-
ndevthe sovereignty
.ho was thereby form-
le Gevman confede-
of the former Ger-
;ion of those princes
confederation ot the
63
Rhine, a German -confederation was formed, undet
the supremacy of the former emperor, theconstitu.
tion of which, was rather hewn out in rough masses,
than really organized for political action. Three
new cantons, the PaysVands, Geneva, and Ncucha-
tel were added to the Swiss union; in Italy, th»
union of Genua with the Sardinian state, was
finally pronounced; the Lombard and Venetian
kingdoms were again restored to the Austrian domi-
nions, Tuscany to the former Grand Duke ; and Fer-
dinand the fourth was confirmed, by all the allied
powers, king of Naple* , where Murat, had now
finished, his once brilliant career. —
These fundamental features of the future orde:p
of things, were completed by the delegated arbi-
ters of Europe , amidst the tumult of preparations
for war, carried on with the most tmaniraous zeal,
and umcommon rapidity; whilst the alii armies
under the immec'.iate command of thpir sovereign*
were advancing to the French frontiers. The Ger-
man acfof confederation was signed on the eighth
the definitive act of the congress of Vienna, on th*.
gth and on the 15th of June, Napoleon crossed tho;
Belgic frontiers, having with the most restless acti-
vity, rendered his government popular by a refornl
of tL* constitution, sanctioned at the splendid
4
64
a«,„H, on ,1,= ♦) May tieW, a"* l-aWn, pn«a »n
„„„of,So.oo""mb«ants.long.l.oNe.1,c. n,h.
.M.Lcac.„ponU,eo.e„s..,.nd,„f.>« a--
„,i.od hi, opponc... Fortune, s=e„,.d for .to 1^-
Ly.».m.e„po„Mn,.tu.o„.,u.a„,,u.. 1-
.„ i„u, v,c.o„ 6a.ncd.,y *e allies on .he ..H, uno
!,bellcAUianc.,n.inedhis hope,, and hn.ld
hrfrom.he pinnacleof hi, grea.ne.,, move,ap-dly,
rtTn he had .ucceeded lately in vemonnung ..
than he „,!„ head ot -vh.ch, ly
wv,p -helm as Dictator, Regent, 01 as -
to remain at the ^«^«'' « ^.^^^ Allies aclvan-
simple general, P^^^ ^^'^f ";^^^^^. ^ p,,^ captu-
J A^T Wellin<'^ton and Bluciiei , i< i:
"7 «" ""nd „a,.al.enpn„e„ion of, on .he
la.edon.he5.n. andw ,'„;,,,„ oi-hteenlh,
„u«iy, '"-'■«'»"7"; ':„': r.i,: ^^i, o^
,een,e.ed .he cpual, ""- ■" ^^^^ .,,. ,e.ca.
'«-■■«» Tt The 'v^ed,Ln...a.up.
nine to America, as ne n^u
L^.hln.,e.r.o„Koe^.--;S.W...
exactly a month after he had taken iiv=
») 1st Itini l3«5'
ia.\'\r\% pristod an
e Netlierlnriils. —
did tl c Einpevor
.d in f^ct hud sur-
em-^cl for the first
transitorily. T he
on the i8>h.Tune,
hopes, and hurled
ness, more rapidly,
n remounting it.
; head of which, by
perhaps have been
time, and to obtain
ent, every endeavor
>r, Regent , or as a
The Allies advan-
cher ; 1^1ns "l'^*"'
possession of, on the
.ouis the eighteenth,
e under the iEgis of
i every outlet ifesca-
hed, being si at up,
:t the i5'h °^ •'"^y'
aken th^ field under
(55
quite different expectations, on board of the English
line of battle ship the Bellercphon, which earned
him to the English coasts, from whence, by a deci-
sion of the British cabinet, sanctioned by the prin-
cipal pov.'ers, he was conducted to St. Helena. The
peace which was concluded between the allies and
the monarch once more seated on his throne, (sign-
ed at Paris on the aoth November) did not differ
materially from the former one, which hid obliged
France, to withdraw within her ancient limits, but
imposed upon her, a war contribution of 700 Mil-
lion besides the burthen of an army, ijo.ooo men
strong, \yhich should occupy the frontier provinces,
according to circumstances five, or at least thres
jears, —
4
■UMl
V.
Thus then, after twenty three years of bloody rcvo^
lutions, a Louis was again seated on. the throne of
liis forcfv\thers, and the principles ofMoi 'rciiy were
firmly established in Europe. — But the principle
tif gove;rnm«ut, was no iongpi; the old one, and th«
(.10)
iteSHg!
a g.seit^L^unnuum-"" •"''
t '
V
66
,L.rulc.„,aUW>.gh, ithaano.)Ccv..yvh.>.
lcBnbvou6ht.or,gU.invi,M. for„,, a„dn-.-
fied limits, «... maleiially changed. - A com-
„ ,„g«hor, and reciprocal csleem and ack„o«.
,„dgeLn. of rendered .ervicc, laid .l,e ground
„t a, elation between .i.m, nru.ually n,oro honor-
able. —
i^ov cnturies past, the mo n arcUs had not
^ 1 1 « in the fate of theu'
been interwoven perso nail y m tne la
,e..o..,a.desreo.andhadnot.l,arcdt„,t.
'trwation. and hun.illa.ion. the dome.fc and „u ,1
calan,itios of their nations, nor had thus fough h>
Lr sides, and conquered hy their efforts as they
had done in the late fata, period of the world.
r„n, the uttermost Westernpoint of Europe, t.^ue
borders of Asia, what a change of fortune ! _ Th.
ruler of Portugal transplants his royal throne, to
" coasts of south America, to avoid becom.ng the
p,i,e of the Corsican Emperor.). The Monarch
., Aoc.rdi„8 to XU 1..... .«■>»"". «<■« "" "' «-
„r»me,. .nd the ...id.«« oftl,...or,.r.t. ..■
„,i„ „as..«.lj i. Br..il, .»d thus «e h.v. th.
„„, insu.ce .t an Europe... linSd'-. '"»»8 '''
p.„aa„. upon .» Am.ric.. ».i. ""•' "»* "
67
I ruled stood to
yet every where
rms, and spcti-
,cd. — A com-
ught them near-
m and acknow-
laid tlic ground
illy more honor-
iiarclis had not
; the fate of their
)t shared thus, the
imestic and public
ad thus fought hy
r efforts, as they
iod of the world,
t of Europe, to the
F fortuuel — The
royal throne, to
ivoid becoming the
*). The Monarch
unts, tlic seat of go-
of the court are to ra-
nd thus we have the
n kingdom, being de-
i Hiaitt itate ; but it
of Spain and of both the Indies, is obliged to pas«
seven years of exile, as a prisoner in France, whiUt
the pretender to the crown of the latter country,
after tedious wanderings, first finds a safe asylum
under the British sceptre. The Italian branch of
the Bourbons, despoiled cf half its kingdom, preserves
scarcely the shadow of power in Sicily, rather
governed than protected by British influence. The
l-uther of the Faithful dies in exile, and his succes-
6or, after having made the great sacrifice, of condes-
cending to consecrate the imperial crown of Buona-
parte , is incapable of perserving his wordly territo-
ries. The German emperor, twice driven, from hii
conquered capital, sees his Netherlands, his Italian
and Illyri«n provinces fall into ^he hands of the
▼Lctor; the venerable Roman diadem, snatched from
his temples, and is obliged to marry his own daugh-
ter to the upstait monarch. The inheritance of the
Great Frederic , fulls to pieces , after One lost bat-
lie 5 and the splendor of the Prussian warlike renown,
expires in the field, but more shamefully *in the
fortresses i individual names, and detached bodies
alone preserve the sacred fire, which under greater
scenes of calamity, was again to burst into flames ;
may he allowed to question the duration «£ the
reiatire situatioa of tk« two caunUias.
\
68
for even th. assistance of the Russian host, was incf-
fectvial in a connict, the decision of which was r«.
served for the people themselves. Frederic Wilbam,
driven back as far as Memel, was cbliged to agree
to the cession of half his kingdom, and to the pro-
tectorship and occupation of th- remainder by fo-
reigners. - The emperor of Ru. , having tw.ce
entered the lists, as adjutor and mediator of Euro-
pean affairs, aud twice driven bitterly from the
scene of action, by the defeats at Austerht. and
Friedland, saw war and desolation, carried into h.s
own kingdom, considered from afar, incapable of
approach. In his ancient capital, the Gaul seated
himself on the throne of the Czars, and threatened
the new residence on the Neva with a speedy in-
vasion We make no mention of the sufferings and
emigrations of the smaller German and Italian prin.
ces; every thing was fallen to ruin, and the edifice
of ancient Europe, was rent from its foundation.
Then it was. that the insurrection of the nv
tions en masse recovered all; and xhe union of prin-
ces and people melted into one heart, and one
power, making a renunciation of aH benefits for th«
present, and living o.n , for th. welfare of future
generat.ons, in a thirst after independance and the
xnaintenance of this greatest national blessing, com-
pleted the work pf liberation, from a state ot the
^ most humiliating slavery. —
1',
ci(
ar
fr
L(
'^ A
69
n hosts was incf-
f which was ro-
ledeiic William,
obliged to Bgree
and to the pro-
remainder by fo-
, having twice
lediator of Euro-
bitterly from the
at Austerlitz and
[J, carried into his
jfar, incapable of
the Gaul seated
rs, and threatened
with a speedy in-
the sufferings and
lA and Italian prin-
n, and the edifice
[>m Its foundation,
ection of the n.-
d the union of pxin-
IB heart, and one
if all benefits for th«
p welfare of future
flependance and the
lional blessing, com-
from a state of the
But what sacrifices did this not cost the
I'eopl"! Sinc<! the popular migrations of the an-
:ient tribes, tlicre has never been seen such distress
and misery, as have reigned 'v the later times,
from the day, on which the htad of the innocent
Louis foil, until the last peace of Paris. —
Amongst the several nauons, who appeared upon
the stage, one after the other, a« the circle of de-
struction extended from the West, and returning
back upon itself, overwhelmed France; tlie public
welfare was ruined, the opulence of palaces plunder-
ed and destroyed, and the liumble peaceable happiness
of the lowly cottage trodden under foot. Unprin-
cipled bands of savages, sci/ed on the property of
the citizen and the peasant ; bloodsuckers and up-
starts of the moment, revelled on the lawless spoils.
The flower of the men was slanghtorod, and
their choicest youths, which the diiierent states,
were obliged to put at tlie di^r-cition of the sword,
(as any other contribution) we^ ' annually mowed
down, as the produce of the field, falls under the
scythe. No house was to be found, which had esca-
ped the universal misery, no mind free from hatred
and the most bitter rancour, no heart which w;!s
not filled with lamentations and grief for the dead,
as well as the living- For a latal wound had also
bee» inflicted upon morality; the gcu'-ration sunk
i
V
is
I'
><. \
70
int. .Udn.ss and barl.avUy ; mntron, and maiden,
.vcro violated, male and female children pvew ay
witLout a .en.e of decency or education, ^vith hcen-
tiousncs. and desolation, constantly beforetl -oj^s
and the grey head sunk into the grave, surv> und«d
by ignominy, poverty and distress.
To have hanished such misery, and to have
paved the way for future generations enjoying a dig-
'ificd existence, is the united glory of the princes
and their people; and having in common fought for
and won the present state of things, they ought also
for the time to come, to watch with one common
care, over the reestabhsim.ent and couscrvation o£
what has been gained, in order to prevent the re-
turn of the ancient remissness, which was the pn-
^ary cause of the later misfortunes. The tendency
of the present spirit of the times, aims at callins
tins agreement, either tacitly confirmed, or publicly
acknowledged, into actuallife, and which may be
regarded as the foundation of the new a.pect of the
^orld. France has gained her constitutional Char,
tcr by the storms of the revolution , and «he
^iU continue to enjoy a civil and political free
.lom, founded on a secure basis, should even the.
fickleness of the nation , once more become diss..
tisfied with its present forms of government. A
popular representation is .tipulated « a general
la
sii
til
ti
tl:
\v
oi
0I
1'
II
SI
n
h
n
c
t
t
t
1
V
n i
i
■on» and mnitlcn?
children pvcw H*
:ation, will' litcu-
ly before ll 'irc)",
grave, luivi unded
s.
sery, and to have
ans enjoying a dig-
jry of the princes
:oininon fought for,
gs, they ought also
with one common
nd couscivation of
to prevent the re-
wliich was the pri-
[ics. The tendency
es, aims at calling
nfirmed, or publicly
and which may be
e new aspect of the
;onstitutioual Char-
ivolution , and she
and political free-
is, should even the
more become dissa-
of government. A
ilated as a general
law, 1.) an act of ihc Di(!% fur enr?i > ountvy compo*
sins; the Oennati coiilcduraliun ')
lo.mof thcNe-
'ial protcc-
t form of
i ieformities,
The government of the v
therlands, was modelled, un
tion of Kn;;land, nrconling h
the Dotd'i constitution, avoia..
whicli only threw obstacles in th« way i/f nncqunlity
of representation , and lamed the measures of tli*
jxeculive power. Popular representative forms, and
other similar institutions, had been prepared in
Prussia, even during the time, of tlic grc;i ;est exter-
nal oppression, in order to afford the people them-
selves an opportunity of consulting upon tlieir o\\ ii
affairs, and to reanimate the public spirit, which
had l)ecu so long dormant. Already in the begin-
ning of 1811. th« Notables of the nation had been
called together in Berlin, but, under the then exis-
ting circumstunces, with littlw benefit to the coun-
try; also towards the end of i8i3, the reprcscnta-
tivesofthepeopleail interim, were summoned, tode-
liberate upon the equalization of the burthens of tie
war, and on the means, of warding off from the
deeply indebted landed - proprietors the necessity of
♦) Art. 13. — Each of tbe confederate conDtrie? ii t»
linve a constitution, representod by tho estates
«f the people.
V
7»
parting with their estate.. But the solid foundation
of u veal popular reincsontation. could not be erect-
ed until after the return of a dcHniiivc peace-, and
the solution of this task, on account of the great
claims of the nation, which by reason of the encou-
ragement given to it. expectations, can no longer
bo disregarded. ^ i» looked forward to. w.th the
„.ost longing anxiety. In that part of the forn.e.
kingdom of Poland, which has come under the do-
,ninion of Russia, a national- representation ha,
been reestablished, approaching the forms of the
ancient government. In Sweden, the constitution
remained in force, which had been framed , imrne-
diately in the beginning of the reign of Charles the
thriteenth. after the revolution of the i3tU of
March 1809, which had placed that u,onarch on the
throne; and it afforded the cooperation of the people
in the legislature, at the Diet, greater scope, than
they had enjoyed since the act of security of
'''^^Also in Norway, which, since the treaty of
Kiel, of the Hthof Jauuary 1814, l^^s been united
with Sweden under one ruler . a representative - com
»titution, but wholly diiiering in its forms from that
of the latter country, is fully in force. —
Thus it appears, that, since the intoxication of
republicanism is evaporated, and military autocracy
has been subveited by the too .great distension of
ic sol ill foundation
ould not be erect-
finiiivc peace-, and
count of the great
aion of the encou-
ns, can no Ionics
kvaiil to, with the
part of the former
)me under the do-
rcprescntation has
g th(i forms of the
n , tlie constitution
Bcn framed , iiume-
rcign of Charles the
an of the 13th of
hat monarch on the
)eration of the people
greater scope, than
act of security of
since the treaty of
14, has been united
I representative- con-
in its forms from that
n force. • —
e the intoxication of
id military autocracy
)o great distension of
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
7
/
o
'/
o
#/
S' m>.
i/x
y.
1.0
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73
its own inherent despotic principles, the universal
tendency of Eiivope inclines to a legally free consti-
tution, in which the legislative and oeconomical
Self-deliberations of the People, are op-
posed to the Clements of Monarchy, a power
irrcsistably operative in its own sphere, not ihsti-
tuted by virtue of election or by summons, but
havi:ig emerged, as it were by the divine will, from
amidst the obscurity of the earliest ages, and not
placed by the side of, but reclining, majestically
supported by itself, above the people. - Jf the
foundation of the former of these principles origi-
nated in the spirit of the times, and in the just
claitns of the people, partly summoned toindepend-
ance, by their own rulers; the latt -r one has found
a neJv' support in the Holy Alliance, concluded on
the 15th of Septbr. 18*5. ^^l^'ch unequivocally de-
clares the 1-elation in whioh princes, as delegates of
providence, stand to their people , considered as a
family entrusted to 'their care. It appears from the
above picture, which we have hitherto regulaity
sketched out, that a material diiference stamps the
character of the European and American state-forms,
the latter acknowledging no othcrp6wer, bnt what
is delegated, and temporary. —
Nevertheless, there was mucli wanting , to ren-
der Europe unanimous in th« approbation of the
n'
!**■'
74
Vvincipks of its new organization; not even th«
distribution of the several countries, can be loolied
upon, as definitive; and that sect, which like the
Italian Carbonari *), would wish to deduce th«
unity of nation and government, from the unity of
the language, has spread itself far and wide, in more
than one country. The different parties are nether
extirpated, nor dissolved in one another. The de-
struction of the ancient monarchy; after which, the
overthrow of republicanism ; and more latterly the
fall of Buonaparte, have wafted thousands of dis-
♦) This order instituted by Mnrat, for the purpose
of bringing th hole of Italy ««der his con-
iroul, and d. < its name from the attach-
ment shewn l,y che colliers in Scotland to
James the lid in his misfortunes i ha. princi-
pally brought about the iate revolution, of
,..e 6th of July, in Naples. ~ Th"S sine,
the author published this Work, -...e beginning
of the present year, tivo considerable nations, in
having obtained a constitution, have verified the
, truth of hi, prophetic ideas j and the late occur-
vences in Spain and Naples, have at the same
' time shown, what reliance a sovereign canplace
on a standing army, once animated with th.
'' sentiments of the people, upholding th. ante-
griiy of his power.
^ Translator.
11 ; not even the
jes, can be looked
t, which like the
ih to deduce th«
from the unity of
and wide, in more
parties are neither
another. The de-
,'\ after which, the
more latterly the
L thousands of dis-
irat, for the purpos*
;taly under liis con-
ne from the altach-
icrs ir Scotland to
ortunesi ha» princi-
i iate revolution, of
lies. — Thus since
Work, il.e hegjnning
msiderable nations, in
lion, have verified the
s} and the late occur-
les, have at the same
a sovereign can place
;e animated with the
, ut>holding the inte-
Translator.
75
contented (amongst whom are to he found, a great
mass of intelligence, bodily abilities, and considerable
pecuniary resources) to the Western Hemispheres,
where there is scope for every species of activi-
ty without collision, for every way of thinking, to-
leration, with protection and security against secta-
xial hatred, and persecution. The agitated passions,
and the fermentations inseparable from a new order
of things, will still drive many thousands thither,
and thus a part of the existing generation, dissatis-
fied with the present; afraid of taking refuge in the
past; will fly the old world with all its anxieties,
and settle in the new one. They will be cordially
received in those immeasureable regions, where
nature and government yet in happy unison, appear
only to await the diligent comer, in order to bestow
on him, the most desirable of all benefits , a cer-
tain subsistence and a dignified free existence, a<
the price of a few years of honorable labor and
active pe«fciVt*ance.
. ■(
. \ \ • I I .
: . J ; .
J
I
76
VI.
Thevc are stiU other reasons, indepcndant of tli«
present political state of Europe, winch are likely
more powerfully to operate, in supplying both Ame-
ricas with colonists, and in transplanting thither, a
share of European cultivation and refinement. It
appears namely, that almost every where in the old
countries, by the continued developement of an arti-
ficial state of society, we have brought it so far,
th.1t the quantity of those, whose subsistence does
not depend upon the cultivation of the soil, and iti
attendant employments, or is not founded on some
indispensible handicraft, universally necessary , far
exceeds the demand fortheir ^^oTkor ingenuity. On
this account the price of their labor, hasbeea redu-
ced by those for whom they work, much below the
limits, which would enable the labourer himself or
a family, to enjoy a species of prosperity, and even
the produce of some branches of industry, is insuffi-
cient for the bare subsistence of life. — The pre-
sent state s,f the manufacturing districts of England
and Ireland, of Saxony, the provinces on the Rhine,
and Swisserland, as well as of France and the Ne-
therlands, sufficiently prove the correctness of the
above fact. But as it appears, at first sight, to stand
so completely at variance with the encreasing
I
independant of tli«
c, which are likely
supplying both Arae-
isplantiog thither, a
and refinement. It
ery where in the old
elopement of an arti-
■e brought it so far,
hose subsistence doa«
)n of the soil, and ita
not founded on some
ersally necessary , far
lorkor ingenuity. On
labor, has been redu-
oTk, much below the
le labourer himself or
f prosperity, and even
of industry, is insuffi-
;e of life. — The pre-
i«T districts of England
provinces on the Rhine,
)f France and the Ne-
the correctness of the
s, at first sight, to stand
i with the encreasing
77
consumption of manufactures, and the production?
of art, it will not be improper here, to investigate
the subject more closely, should we even be obliged
to be more profuse, than would be judged neceisa-
ry on a single glance of the matter, in order fully
to illustrate, and apcount for it. —
The plough was held in the greatest veneration,
amongst all the nations of the ancient world, who
are celebrated in history: the Greek requited the
benefit of those inventions , which transformed the
Nomades into stationary inhabitants, by a place
amongst the Gods, and the Roman fetched his gene-
rals from the field, which they were ploughing with
their own hands. Such was not the case with those
Scythian and German tribes, whom the migration
of the nations, seated upon the ruins of the |Roman
universal empire *). Amongst them, war alone,
the chace, with every exorcise wherein strength and
courage and a contempt of death could be evinced,
were held in esteem. Contending for dominion, and
defending themselves against aggression, constituted
♦) Agriculturae non student, sayi Caesar, de Bell*
Gallico VI, cap. 22, majorque pars victus eoriim
lacte et caseo et carne coniirtit. — WhicH is
«tiU applicable to th« Tartar yuitioM of A« psw-
- J aaat day, -^ •
78
the acting impulse and occupation of th(» men; the
women on the other hand took care of house and
field, and under their direction , a little land was
cultivated for the most pressing wants, by the slaves
and bondsmen, who being principally formed of
prisoners of war, and their posterity, became the
ancestors of the later feudal vassals. Christianity
jnitigated the severities of slavery; and by a station-
ary residence, the ancient barbarous manners, wore
^rradually off, but still an inclination for contests
and war, has remained predominant, through all
ages, and even at present, according to the reigning
pstimation, the profession of arms is undeniably
looked upon as the most honorable state for the tree
man, whilst that of agriculture,, if it form the im-
mediate occupation of his corporeal exertions, is
considered the most humble. In direct opposition
to the Roman usage, which despised not alone every
handicraft, but the mechanical;, and even the fine
arts, which did not depend on oratory, leaving the
profession of such to freedmen and bondsmen, trade,
but still more the arts, were the means of eman-
cipating the slave, amongst the above nations, who
made their appearance in the old Roman territory,
and further to the North and East of Enropej and
termed in the new cities a respectable andindepend-
ant class of burghers, who soon militated very pre-
jv^dicially, against the originally-fj.ee military estate
79
;ion of th« men ; tlie
k care of house and
1 , a little land was
r wants, by the slaves
rincipally formed of
osterity , became the
vassals. Christianity
ery; andby astation-
jarous manners, wore
clination for contests
minant, through all
)rding to the reigning
■ arms is undeniably
rable state for the tree
;e,. if it foirm the im-
orporeal exertions, is
In dirept opposition
•spised not alone every
il;, and even the fine
I oratory, leaving the
and bondsmen, trade,
e the means of eman-
;ie above nations , who
old Roman territory.
East of Europe} and
pectable ^ndindepend-
on militated very pr«-
illy-fj.ee military estate
i
(the Nobility). The man of learning stood higher
than the citizen, but was however held in slight
estimation by the Roman. This antithesis is never-
theless easily to be explained from the nature of the
case itself. The barbarians, who inundated theRo-
man provinces, on viewing the conveniences and
ornaments of civilized life, were obliged to respect
the v^rorkman and the artist, wlio embellished their
existence, and who struck thorn with admiration,
by a fund of intelligence of which the invaders had
hitherto, not had the slightest idea. The necessity
of maintaining cities, castles and buvglis, as Curtret-
ses of defence, and the encreasing commercial inter-
course which began to exist with the the Orient, by
means of the Chvistian empire at Constantinople,
were the causes of the mechanical trades being
latterly taken considerably into favor, and new life
being given to the arts, which were every where
patronized and encouraged, at the courts of princea
and within the walls of the monasteries. Ihusarose,
between the nobility, who were originally free, and
the vassal peasant, an intermediate class , with it«
several gradations, and a restless desire of aspiring
to those ranks of society, which possess a pietended
preeminence; this eagerness, which shews itself
sufficiently active at the present day , receives fresh
support, from the privilege of citizens being
exempted from forced military sexvice,
'M
M M
80
With the encrcasiti? population of the citici,
and a further developement of tho^e useful trades,
vvbich attend to the necessities of life, (.ontinually
becoming more numerous) and wi.h the progress of
the mechanical and liberal arts, which are either
generally employed m the improvement and embel-
lishment of our existence, or especially in gratifying
the love of splendor, and the luxury of the power-
ful and rich. - a number of those also arose, who
drew their support, not immediately from the earth,
but from theprice which was :paid them for the
supplying of artificial wants; and their nu.nerou.
posterity, descended ftom, and grown up. on thi.
insecure branch of industry, were coiifined to these
taeans of support, under circumstances, wich were
constantly becomitig more oppressive. The enttea-
,ed competition, lessened the price of works perform-
ed by thi. species of labour; the later generation
lived worse from the same soutce of emolument than
iheir progenitors; still more sorrowfully did it sup-
ply the wants of th& yet more numerous candi-
dates who followed in the same track, and the exer-
cise of the mechanical crafts have long since ceased
to be peculiarly profitable. For the necessity and
demand for the productions of the mechanic and
the artist, however extensively their consumption
has been encreased, could nevertheless, not remam
in such a proportiou with the quantity of workmen.
I
ilation of the citici,
tlKxe useful trades,
of life, (continually
with the progress of
ts, which are either
rovcmcnt nmlemhcl-
pecially inp;iatifying
uxury of the power-
;hose also arose, who
liately from the earth,
$ paid them for the
and their nu.nerous
nd gro\Vn up, on this
,rere coiifined to these
instances, wich were
ressive. The enttea-
rice of works perform-
the later generation
rce of emolument than
orrowfuUy did it sup-
ore numerous candi-
le track , and the exet-
lave long since ceased
?or the necessity and
of the mechanic and
sly their consumption
irertheless, not remain
I quantity of workmen,
81
so Ui to afford thcni all a conifortable suhsistrncc,
as the fruit of their Kil)or ♦) ; more particularly on
account of in.mirnale powers hcing daily suhititu-
ted more and more, in the place of human hands,
by reason of tlio rapid progress the Jntchanir.il arts
have made, and whicii, inilcpcndant of the saving
of labor, multiply, tlie quantity of the productioni
in an equal ratio. Still an equilibrium might have
beuu preserved, as long as productive industry was
limited to particular states, which supplied the rest
of the world with their manufactures. But since
knowledfje hiis been more generally diffused, nnd
the different government.':, with a zeal partly crro-
heous, have endeavored to domesticate every branch
of mdustry, without regard to climate and situation,
*) The enormous enorease of paupers receiving alms,
and tlie prii irtional riic of poor's rates, ii tob«
Accounted for particularly hj this circuni<itance.
Even 'Oddy meutiti.s in his European Commerce,
published in 1305, that the number of poor re-
ceiving alms in England and Wales, constituted
nearly an ^th part of the whole population, and
that the poor's rates which amounted 105,300,000
Lstg, , were double what this tax had been iS
years before. Iri th* jrirar iSig it had risen to
|^,8oo,os« Lstg.
82
*ii<l raiilv »hif)ii::li 111" iiec(!5sity of cmiilo) liig a
constantly em rcMbing iiopuLuiou , I'voiy spccios of
/aln-ici and m uiufacloiics liavr bcfu muUiplii'd in
all fountii..*, ana n..n l...v.. luM>n drawn into
lhc»e l.ranchc. .,f traiUs vvluixby - tlu-y and tl.fir
cbilthen for the ni..&t part - have hein rrnilcrcil
useless for every other employment. Moreover,
every new invention wh.eh by means of an artificial
power, rentiers the use of hands superfluous, will pro.
ducoasurplus of these.ecking employment, and will
thereby l"^^'-•r the wages of those, who ar« still forlu.
nate cnoufih to find work, to iho most scanty pittance.
It will not do to say, that there is more soil,
than tlic huu\ vi man is c^ipablc of cultivating, and
that the advancement of the spirit of human inven-
tion, will always open new canals for unoccupied
vigor to flow into. H must be taken first into
consideration her- , thai, n.en , thrust by neces-
sity out of their own sphere, are not so easily aecom-
modated in a new one, and that ancient customs,
and the direction once j?iven to the mind and the
body, will much rather maintain their rights.
Take a certain number of families of silk or cloth
weavers, of iron or steel manufacturers, deprived of
vvork, and let us see, how they or tlieir children
already accustomed to their trades, would be suitable
for other employments. - The nature of the thing
and experience shew the (iontrary; they would en.
83
""«■■
iiy of oniiilo) iiig n
11 , I'vuiy spccios of
> l)ei'u miiltiplii'il in
- luM;n drawn iiitit
,y tlu-y and tlu-ir
liiwe bcin vriitU'ictl
lo)incnt. Moiciivcr,
moans of an artilicial
supfvfluous, will pro-
jtiiployiiienl.and will
SI?, who an! still fi)rlu.
ij most scanty pittante.
at there is more soil,
lie of cultivating, and
^irit of huinau invrn-
;anals for uuoccupiid
,t bo taken first into
n , thrust by neces-
iiro not so easily accom-
that ancient customs,
to the mind and the
laintain their rights,
nilies of silk or cloth-
ufacturcrs, deprived of
they or tlieir children
•ades, would be suitable
he nature of the thing
itvary; they would en.
L
•renso th« pnor-listn, or liccomo ulinrpori and vajzR-
lioucis, provided 'n war did not ollor a [uut of them an
oppoilunity of enlislinj; and bcinj; destroyed. Mi.rt!
over the institutions of guilds, privileges, und mono-
polies, of all descriptions, render the entranie into
u new trade, diliicult every wlicro, if not impossible,
and when wo tell the idle man, to go and culfivnla
the earth, wc must romembcr, that tliR soil of every
country, where such superfluity «jf liuman hands
exists, is already otcupiid, althouf^h it may not bo
tilled, and that new lands arc diiii< ult to be obtain-
ed, ond more difficult to be brought under the
plough. — Neither ourIu we to forget, that the im-
provement of the mechanical powers, has also b«en
extended to agriculture, and that the new- invented
plough, the threshing and sowing - machines, and
other implements used in husbandry, save many
hands, and promise for the future' to dispense with
many mure ; and that, the cultivation of the earth
has become reduced to such scientific principles, (if
we may be allowed the expression), as to render it
day by day, more difficult for those, who have not
been brought up to it from their youth. — \Aemav
thi vcfure with justice pnsume, that multitudes of
ihc indigent and unemployed, will emigrate to the
Wcslern continent, particularly if our quarter of
the globe bo not visited by war and sickrcsa; and
the cow-pox continue to shield the inf.uit from
r"-Wj '.
84
death, and be the means of encreasing population.
For it is the intevtst of America to domesticate natural
industry, and the mechanical arts and trades, with-
in herself, and thus become independant of all
supplies from Europe; and it is here, that mere phy-
sical strength alone, without ?ny given tendency,
or studied activity, finds employment and super-
fluous support, in the primitive cultivation of a soil
never before tilled by the hand of man, or in the
erection of habitations on places hitherto occupied
by eternal forests. —
If we at length turn our view, to the presen*
state of agriculture in many countries of Europe,
it will appear evident that even the paternal soil, in
many districts, is becoming too confined, to afford
nourishment for those, who have remained faithful
to it. If in mountainous countries, as for example
in the West and South of France, on the Alps, and
along the Rhine, every spot is employed, and the
very earth and manure have for centyries been car-
ried aloft upon the naked rock, attended with the
most boundless labor, in order to furnish soil for the
vine, the olive, or for the different species of cerea-
lia, and at present no^urther room exists for a more
extended cultivation; it is not possible for a more
numerous growing generation to find nourishment
in these districts, whose productions are incapable
of an cncr cased progression. The too f jequeat pra^:-.
85
creasing population.
J dojnesticate natural
rts and trades, with-
independant of all
here, thai mere phy-
iny given tendency,
iloyment and super-
I cultivation of a soil
1 of man, or in the
es hitherto occupieol
view, to the present
countries of Europe,
1 the paternal soil, in
confined, to afford
,ve remained faithful
itries, as for example
ice, on the Alps , and
is employed, and the
jx centuries been car-
le, attended with the
to furnish soil for the
;rent species of cerea-
rootn exists for a more
; possible for a more
1 to find nourishment
actions ar« incapabje
The too freque«t pra<;-
tiee of parcelling out common -lands and large es-
tates, a principle originally beneficial in itself, has
effected a similar thing in other states. It was
undou)3tedly a wise and humane plan, to transform
commons and extensive pastures into fruitful fields,
and by dividing large estates, which their owners
could not overlook, into su:aller lots, ensure more
abundant crops, and an encrcase of population, by
a more careful cultivation of them. But if, as is
already the case at the present day, in several parts,
useful lands have been split into so many small
independant possessions, as to render it hardly pos-
sible for families occupying such very inconsiderable
lots of land, to subsist in the most penurious man-
ner by the cultivation of them, whence then, is sus-
tenance to be obtained for the more numerous pos-
terity, and from what is the state to derive its taxes ?
It is evident, that this condition of things, must
lead to the most poignant distress, and that a bread-
less inultitHde, either driven by irretrievable debts
from their paternal huts, or voluntarily forsaking
them, on account of an inadequate maintenance,
will turn their backs upon their homes, and it may
be considered the most fortunate resource, if tliey,
as has frequently occurred in the later times, carry
with them, the vigor of their strength, to the free
states of America , which stand in need of no on?
86
tiling, but human liands, rapidly to raise them to
the highest Jegree of prosperity ♦). Ami tliosc go.
vci-mncnls under which, such an unnatural tlisten-
siun of the state o£ society prevails, ought not most
assuredly for their own advantage, and for the sake
of humanity, by any means, to throw obstacles in
the way of, or prevent, but favor such emigration,
and render it easy and consolatory for all, since
they have it nut in their power to offer a better
remedy for their present misery. By doing this,
they will prevent dangerous ebullitions, and unruly
disalTections of an overgrown population ; they will
lighten tlie number of their poor, which are encrea-
sing to a most alarming extent, and will put an
end to the trying state of abjectness and misery,
which is felt by every honest heart, and to which so
many thousands are sunk down, who with nume-
rous families in hovels of stiuallidness, prolong their
*) As this relates to the state of things, ai they
arc at present, and as they are likely t»
v-niiuiii loi- the first, we shall on the other hand,
LMideavor to shew in the Xth chapter how Eu-
rope, under different circumstances at
H future lime, will he able to support,, improve,
nnd employ lier pupulntion iu an honortble
way. — .
i
0""
ly to raise thein to
■ ♦). Ami tliose go-
[I ununtuial tlisten-
ils, ought not most
ge, and for the sake
throw obstacles in
or such emigration,
atory for all, since
er to offer a better
ry. By doing this,
illitions, and unruly
opulation; they will
)r, which are encrea-
tit, and will put an
jectness and misery,
iart, and to which so
n, who with nunie-
lidness, prolong their
,e of things, ai they
as lliey are likely t»
hall on the other hand,
I Xtli chapter how Eii-
: circumstances at
lie to support,, improve,
tion ill an honorable
corporc.il e\i-ti.-iice, more s(»ntil-,-, tJian thu jin-l
domestic aniinnls, and wliu aijpeui only to be gifted
with spill Liial feelings, in orclm iu be more st-nsible
of tiieir furlum and pilialle fiilc Or shall liis; ,ry,
tlien, this bunk of instrmlum .nu! warning etornully
before our eyes, ever remain a d.'ad lutir , -lixl ne-
ver, as a living oraclr, bring fortli wise de'iennina-
tions and fresh laudable actiont;' A. id dufs it nnt
teach us, bow the people of the ancient world freed
themselves, from their fermenting elements, how
Greeks and Romans founded colonies in distant parts,
enlivened deserts l)y commercial establishments,
and transplanted the treasures, of art, of life, and
refined manners to the. wild barbarian? How the
Germans, the forefathers of the Northern -Euro-
peans, sent forth their swarms of younger popula-
tion, their ver sacrum? —
That a noble minded German, — for who can
deny Gagern this appellation ? — has seriously in-
terested liimsslf for this most important cause, and
has illumined the path , which so many must yet
tread, — cannot but belong to the many improve-
ments, which the latest times have brought to light;
as also, that the Swiss government at Freiburg has
been the first, — which, with due consideration,
and a laudable care, hai by formal trsaties, attended
88
to th« future x^-elfare and fate of llu-iv countryn.en,
^^h:> mean to erect their huts in lira/.il ♦;.
VII.
Aftuv tlie fore-oing discussion, we may take it for
g,a*ited, that the free states of North America,
.) The author is well awave, that many emigrants,
particularly in the later times to N«rlh- Ame-
rica , have not alone been disappointed in not
meetinj; with the ease and afnuence theysNpect-
ed, but have been uuable to gain a mere suste-
nance; - but this proves nothing againt the
principle itself. Every persen is not fit for emi-
gration, and those who are suitable for it, have
not always, nay seldom, gone the right way and
methodically to work. Gagevn's work -The Ge,^-
-man in North America" , shews most forcibly,
who should emigrate; and how and by what
means he can and must gain a livelihood, and
.UK^ia future prosperity. According to the latest
i.connts, the Swiss colony in Braiil, appears t*
\»r. in ft thriving condition.
f tlu'ir countryn.cn,
we may take it for
of Nortli America,
that many emigrants,
times to ISoiih-Ame-
!n disappointed in not
[ affluence tlicy expect-
to gain a mere fuste-
es nolliing againt the
irsen is not fit for emi-
e suitahle for it, have
rone the right way and
agc'vn's work "The Get-
, shews most forcibly,
nd how and by what
gain a livelihood , and
According to the late«t
y in Braiil, appears t«
89
will encroasc in populaiion, raorp rapidly, Hian any
other territory, partly on arcount of cmif;;rations
from Europe, and partly in conscfpience of tlie
acknowledged laws of population, on large tracts
of land lately broaglit under (.ultlvation. —
But this end will also materially be forwarded
by the salutary effects of an ahnost universal pros-
perity or well-bcinn;, wliich keeps at a distance,
every mean oppression, filthy penury, hunger and
those diseases arising from scanty nourishment and
crowded habitations; all which tend to depress the
growth and the chearful thriving of the younger
generation iu those stales, where children are no
lunger a blessing of heaven, but oftner a burthen,
which liriugs their indigent parents and protectors
to ruin. — It is iialuval to suppose, that tiie en-
crease of population, the extended cultivation of the
soil, and the multiplied sources of sustenance and
of trade, will first lead to the cherishnient of th«
technical and afterwards of the fine arts, as well as
the abstract and useful sciences. We dare furtJier
assert, that the influence of their free form of go-
vernment, will continually dcvf«lope more happily
in the new peoplf, tlie Ceataresof indepenednce, and
Ithat intelligence, which is animated, and ri?ceives
the greater stimulus,, the less con?traint the hum vn
fatuities labour undf«T- .As tht developt;m(?nt of no
90
p„,„ .vcv ..„.:,■,.. .utlo„,ry, .. lo.g a. .» »d.-
'„,.. cou„.crpo«o>,e opposed .oU,..wo.cl„b,
L.o«.oaav,„ce,,...U»Europ»„— n
ccncral impulse, and as, has laiei)
the other independent states. — , , .^
' Wi.h.heLcdes.ec.fpvob=Wmy..oo.'.
,„c«„^o.csc..hee.e„.ora,econfl,c.wh.M«.
c„,„«enced n, Spanish Amer.ca, a .«! on
„,-,> a. on .ho oA« M. of .ho ,sO,mu, of Dauen
: .:l,L:.«.,.pea„d,o,.h.wa,.a„dn,e..
.hc„ and hy which, .he ^-''^lf^''^l\^^
coun..ic„ .ho vichcs. and .nos. "'"»^ '■^ »;';,7;
„t .,,0 whole globe, will shine for.h >„ all ..s lns..e
Ihave, following .he oon,.e of even.,, co„s,de«d
as an oc.uv.e„ce, wh.ch n,u.. infallibly .ale P ace,
Le.ovla.en and which will be pa..,cularl,
.o«d by e,.ernal and i„.e.nal inn„enoe of every
,,e,crip.ion; having already a. i.s comn>encemen.
Ca over a nnmber of fiery heads .«d dar,ns.
I:
as long as no ade-
it, it would not be
iropean colonies in
,ica will follow the
ately been the cas«
lite themselves with
obability, theobser-
e conflict which has
icrica, as well on
3 isthmus of Darien.
It, and this is, that
ily will throw off its
ive its laws from the
ill form them within
m interniilly over its
itovy. Without wish-
i- the ways and means,
idependence of these
ust blessed by nature,
forth in all its lustre,
of events, considered
st infallibly take place,
I will be particularly
nal influence of every
at its commencement,
iery heads and daring^
91
sdvcnturers, who could find no [room on the con-
fined and limited stage of European affairs. —
Without therefore for the present entering into
deeper discussions, wc adopt the supposition, as the
basis of our enquiries: that the whole of America,
to the North and South of tlie Isthmus, has become
independent of Europe, and. been forme.l into states,
governed by their own laws, and that the West-In-
dia islands, following the example of the continent
laying nearest to them, have torn themselves from the
European mother countries, and now ask: What
will he the effects of such a change
upon the civilized world in all its dif-
ferent parts, and what influence such
a revolution of the order of things is
likely to have upon Asia and Africa,
being those parts of the globe, which
stand at present upon the lowest step
of cultivation? —
We are well aware, that in order to have taken
our subject in its greatest compass, we ought to have
placed the question thus: what will be the situation
of the civilized world, on the C o I o n i a I - s y s t e m,
wholly having ceased, by reason of the emancipa-
tion of all the European dependencies? But placed
in this manner, the enquiry would lead into too
great lengths, which would not rest upon the base
of actual occurrences, and after having first tu-xeeded
92
in having devdopcd with some degree of clnaniP^i
the consequences of the approaching revolution, and
on the actual results of such having in the sequel,
(hewn the justness or nullity of our conicrturcs,
some later enquirers, miglit be bold enough to cast
a look to a more distant period; and the first result
which would perhaps offer itself to their view,
would be, that th. independence of America in the
above extended s mse, must necessarily carry with
it, the total overthrow of the whole colonial-system.
The consequences of the discovery and coloni-
zation of Aiuerica, remodelled Europe, and her
emancipation will in like manner once more, enti-
rely alter the form of the latter. This is the firit
proposition, which we have to unfold i wc ground
it on the assertion, that, Europe, continuing o
exist in her present shape, cannot do, without Ame-
rica i but that this deprivation inevitably awaiuher,
as a' necessary consequence of the emancipation of
the new continent; whereas America on the other
hand, has no occasion for Europe . and her com-
munication with the latter in the reciprocal way of
ivade must necessarily cease. We dedicate the next
thaptev to the consideration of this idea. —
1
98
d(^"ice of cloavnc^i
lung revolution, and.
nng in the sequel,
of our conjerturcs,
buld ennu;Tli to cast
; and the first result
tself to their view,
ice of America in the
tcessarily carry with
/hole colonial-system,
liscovevy and coloni-
cd Europe, and her
iner once more, enti-
er. This is the first
to unfold i wc ground
uropc, continuing o
inot do, without Ami;-
i inevitably awailshor,
if the emancipation of
America on the other
urope , and her com-
> the reciprocal way of
We dedicate the next
of this idea. —
viir.
ti<urope cannot exis* without America, shall she
remain, as she is at pi-esentj for the European was
centuries ago, and continues to be, monarch of the
terrestrial globe, sovereign by the superiority of his
intelligence , by the extent of his external posses-
sions, by tlu' produce of his still more extended com
merce, and by the tribute, which he attracts to him-
self, from every corner of the earth, of all the
splendid treasures, which inanimate nature can
boast of, and of all what the industi-y of millions
of beings, working only for his purpose, can accom-
plish. — Agrcable to this spirit of sovereignty, the
passion for dominion has formed itself, which cha-
racterizes the European above all other people, and
which, although kept within bounds at home by an
universal claim to such pretensions, immediately
bursts forth, as soon as He has passed the pillars of
Hercules, ploughing the ocean to the West or tho
South, to assert and maintain his prominence, on
the remotest shores. — Wrapped up in this sense of
royalty, he reclines at home, shining in borrowed
splendor and majesty, derived from the produce of
every distant region, which lustre, his own resoux--
ces, would never have been able to invest him withj
he continues revelling in enjoyments, which nature
I;
l,as ncniecUum. accustomed from hU mo,t tcn.loc
youth to wants, vvh.ch all th«ble.siu,s and Uona
Lns of the land and the ocean, F'^-^-ed wuh.uthe
compass of his own quarter of the .lohe.avo unable
tosMisfy. andaboveall. often umnindfulol and
,espisin,thctreasuvesand useful element, w^^^^^^
his paternal soil, so abundantly conta.ns w.thm Us
hosom. Everyone will be sensible of, by h.s own
,„anner of living, that this picture . nottooh.ghly
colored, and the observer, acquainted with Lurope
generally, and in detaU, from the pa ace of he
prince to the retreat of poverty, wdl upon the
whole confirm the truth of our assertion. -
The precious metals, which, by an inherent
value, of all the productions of nature, alone un.te
those properties »n themselves, wh>ch a circtalatmg
medium, destined to determine the price of labor
between man and man , ought to possess, .n order
to answer this end, have only, since the working of
the American mines, flowed into the different chan-
,,els of circulation, in such quantities, as to have
rendered it possible, for the commerce of the world
to have become so extended; and for industry,
iounded on a sagacious attention to the unprove-
n.ent of the mechanical arts, particularly inBritain,
to have attained its present height, which princi-
pally constitute the superiority of Europe. - If she
i, to retain this ascendancy , the quantity of gold
I
t
D
S(
\A
Cl
P
a
tl
w
e;
\v
jr
oi
ei
U)
g'
te
la
te
ra
dj
m
tu
i
n hi* "lo't tendrt
)lps5in^s and Joiia-
jjrodiiced withmthe
c iilobe, arc unable
unmindful of, and
ul clomcnts, which
contains within its
ble of, by his own
ure M not too highly
lintcd with Europe
ti the palace of the
:ty, will upon the
assertion. —
ich, by an inherent
nature, alone unite
which a circulating
e the price of labor
to possess, in order
since the working of
to the different chau-
uantities , a« to have
)mmerce of the world
; and for industry,
ition to the improve-
articularly in Britain,
leight, which princi-
y of Europe. — H she
the quantity of gold
95
and silver flowing to her, iuust not be diniinislitd ;
ii.iy, it must vathir be cnrrciHcd, to le ulilo only
to ludint.iin tlio itrcseiit ordci of things, by averting
jiiid dostioyiiifi, tli.it intoleralilu number of rcprc-
sentativo means of payment (trunr, non- valours),
which a constantly tncrcasing population, inustato
of society more and more complicated, for recipro-
cal services and occasions, and the unproductive ex-
penditure of ( apitals wasted in imajjinary national-
wants, have brought to li^ht, and the burthen of which
apparently seems to threaten to burst asunder, all
the ties of civilized life. — The spoils of the ne\T
world, in like manner first occasioned the present
extensive use of jewels, and the precious metals;
which being wrought into useful utensils and rich
implements, or appropriated to the embellishment
of articles of luxury, in furniture or apparel, afford
employiaent and support to a numerous class of
artificers. —
But America, has not alone furnished in a de-
gree unknown in former times, the means of an in-
tercourse, upon the basis of which, the existing re-
lation of the different classes and the whole conca-
tenation of the civil institutions of society in gene-
ral, have been formed, and retained to the present
day; nor has she furnished us alone with the ele-
ments of a more modern splendt^r and a n)oresumi>-
!
(J.
V6
r,om t>,.nr.. have dnu^ed ih. ulu.lc features of
,0. iul life. Tl.e couly (U-scr.i.liousol timber, wh^rl,
South AnaTk., and the Bal.nma Mnn.U p'-'^^'^^''
have supplar^tci the U5e of inland uood. f^r 'he
purposes of furniture and impler cnt5 1. .ho hou...
of the rich; instead of niaddor h,u, .u-luneal, and
i„.tcadotvvoad ha. indigo bccu.ao an actual nc.c -.x -
ty of the better classe.. Ri- o, an art.clo of nour.sb
,nen.. now ,^enovally «.ade use of in the n.o,t
humble fau.ilies, is a p'ft of the Wostetn Continent,
scarcely to be replaced by any other substitute *) ;
Cotton, tol.acco, coffc-e, sugar, molasses and rum,
these staple- articles of the larger Antilles and the
American continent, although move doubtful as to
their actual worth, have nevevlholes, un.vovsally
l,ecome necessaries, incapable of bein,', supplauud.
In comparison wilhtlic above articles, the consump-
tion of cocoa certainly appears more inconsiderable,
nevertheless chocolade, seasoned with Mexican and
Peruvian vanilla, is a necessity for the Spaniard and
Italian, and an article of luxury in the North of
^) Tli«po' t .• V,. e or Tn • corn, .re not
nienlioa^a uere, oii account of these vrgetables
having becorn* «o indigenous in Europe , as td
tender it longer unnecessary to import tKem
£r«m their nutivo country.
>^i
97
vvliiilo features of
nsot timber, wViirl.
la I sin nils piudut^',
lainl woocU f >r the
r.cnts i.» iho h()U»<»
haJ Kn lineal, and
10 a» actual nr :r 'i -
n avliclo of nourisli
sc c)f in tlie most
Wpstorn Continent,
other sulistitute ♦) i
, molasses anil rum,
ov Antilles and the
move doubtful as to
evlln-lcss univovsally
of bein,'^ supplanlsd.
iiticlcs, thcconsumv
more inconsiderable,
;d with Mexican and
,' for the Spaniard and
ary in the North of
V Tn . corn, are not
Hint of these vegetables
Bjious in Europe , as td
:e»sary to import them
[
lAiroTie; tlic nutnT'ui nnd precious drups, \vl:i< l»
ibf Wr^tcrn i<njtinrnt furnisht'S ui u ith, nro, ncrord-
in;^ ti> llu! newct systi-m of nifdicin.nl science, to
be termed truly itidispt-nsibU! ne. cssaries j tlir- tr.ido
in Vis;iinia woul, fur«, and ntlir ailitlcs princi|ial-
ly wilbiu tlk- reaili of tlie opuitnt alunt , aio less
worthy of nifir'.
'1 bu grcilcM- the c(>usi'(;uciu o is, for the conti-
nuation (if the Kuropean statu and civil - existence,
by proruving these supplies, grown absolutely ne-
cessary by long habit, aiul by tlio powerful elforti
of the 1 jwcr classes, universally strivinj; to attain
tlie advantasps and enjoyments of the hiplior orders,
Mw move unf.ivt)ral)lc is it, f'r our cuntinmt, tliat
the above articles cannit be domesticated either
at all, with us, or in that degree, so as to render
t)i»ir cultivation productive: (f advantage; for Ku-
rope is deficient in warmth and in the other proper-
ties of llic tropic climates. W'v do not take into ac-
count here, that rice is cultivated to advantage in
Some fV'W parts of Lomb.ivdy, in Sicily and th'? Io-
nian i lands, wlu;re a considerable ciuantity of sugar
likeN>'ise grows, or tint a part uf the demand mipiht
be supplied from the neighboring Kgypt. If the
existins; European mode of life is to continue, Ame-
rica will perpetually supply the grand bulk of our
vvanti. On the other hand, the decided prepond»-
(14)
98
rancc of America, consists in the present undoubted,
and for the future incalculable advantage, that all
the natural productions, which Europe has trans-
planted thither, in return for such noble presents,
have become indigenous, not in inconsiderable dis-
tricts merely for trial, but universally so', and ca-
pable of fully supplying the present and every fu-
ture want; and that those European productions,
which now only go thither in the way of trade, can,
and shortly will also become indigenous there, on
the American colonial relation to Europe having
ceased.
The horse, unknown on the new continent,
prior to the Spanish occupation of it, is become the
domestic animal, mostly used for the carriage and
the plough in North, and in South America having
again assumed its native wildness, ranges over her
boundle»» plains ; but on being once more subjected to
the bridle, it has trained in the interior of Chili
and Peru, powerful tribes of intrepid Indians, to
an Arabian course of life and art of war. Although
the use of lactiferous animals, was unknown in the
ancient kingdom of the Aztocks, in the territories
of the Teruvian Inkas, or much less amongst the
hunting tribes of Brazil, the ox, is found every
where at present, either as a domestic animal,
affording nourishment, or in a state of nature; and
Buenos Ayres supplies Europe with hides of an un-
I
/
'
present undoubted,
[idvantage, that all
Europe has trans-
uch noble presents,
inconsideral)le dis-
/ersally so", and ca-
sent and every fu-
ropean productions,
lie way of trade, can,
idigenous there, on
to Europe having
the new continent,
of it, is become the
For the carriage and
luth America having
2SS, ranges over her
nee more subjected to
the interior of Chili
intrepid Indians, to
rt of war. Although
was unknown in the
ks, in the territories
ich less amongst the
ox, is found every
a domestic animal,
state of nature ; and
with hides of an un-
99
common size and beauty, which the descendant; of
European breeds, invigorated by their wild condi-
tion, are obliged to olfer up at llio shiiue of corn-
mercc. Of the difierent discriptions of European
bread- corn, nature had only furnished* America
with maize; they are all now, universally grown
there; oats are produced in the smallest tjuantity,
rye and barley in greater proportion, but wheat
most abundantly, which returns ou an average, in
the North of Mexico, for one seed of corn 17 and
in the South 24, on the river PLite 12 , whereas in
the luxuriant France, and in the North of Germa-
ny, 5 to 6 corn upon one of seed are generally cal-
culated upon. The cultivation of the European vine,
(Vitis vinifera) — has commenced with success in
Virginia, and in the Swiss colony of New-Vevay on
the Ohio, and has florished long in Mexico; it will
become general, and adequate for every demand,
as soon as it is not limited by considerations of
trade with European mother countries, and as soon
as the encreasing population supplies more hands
for the tillage of the soil. According to Humboldt's
respectable testimony *., the same is the case with
the olive, which thrives admirably in several plan-
tations of New Spain, but the cultivation of which,
♦) Humboldt, Essfxi politique I. p. 304'
100
the mother -country has purposely prevented, in
order to retain I lie monopoly of the supply of Euro-
peau oil. The new world cuuld aho long since havo
produced its silk, from its own soil; for Corlez
free from little considerations, and looking into
futurity with the view of a true statesman, had
already .introduced the European mulberry -tree and
the silk Av.,rm into Mexico; hut the jealous policy
of the Spanish government, has Jndustriou-%
thrown obstacles in the way, to depress the rise of
this branch of industry, as well as the breeding of
the indigenous .^ilk-worm *), upon the same prin-
ciple, that the Dutch formerly prevented thepropa-
gation of the spice-phmts, anddeslroyed half the
produce of rich crops, in order to keep the goods up
at a high.v market price. - The sheep which were
irapirted long since from Spain, produce a ^wool nei-
ther inferior in length, fineness, nor softness to the
best European; but the breeding of them is incon-
siderable, except in the Viceroyalty of Plata, but
♦) 111 Mexico, there is an indigenous silkworm,
differui.l from that of the mulberry tree, from
lUe weh oi which, pocket - handkerchiefs are wo-
ven in the Intendaiicy oi Oxu' ;i, which possess a
roughness in the luclintf, similar to that of cer-
tain East India silks, ond which they first lose,
on being used some timt«
1
BUllii i i"
sely prevented, in
;he suii[)ly of Enro-
also long since hava
n soil; for Corlez
and looking into
•ue statesman, had
I mulberry -tree and
t the jealous policy
has industriou"Slj[
depress the rise of
1 as ihe breeding of
ipon the same prin-
prevented the propa-
idcsiroyed half the
to keep the goods up
le sheep which were
I, produce a, wool nei-
is, nor softness to the
ig of them is incon-
oyalty of Plata, but
indigenous silkworm i
le mulberry tree, from
L - handkerchiefs are wo-
Oxa' ;i, which possess a
similar to that of ccr-
1 which they first lose,
1
lOI
can be cxtenilf.id on the continent, as also on the
Antilles, at pleasure. On the Isthmus of Yucatan
large quantities of wax are collected from an indi-
genous species of bee, having no sting, and on the
opposite island of Cuba, about Havannahj the cul-
ture of the European bee (Apis mcllifit a) which has
been transplanted thither,, has already become very
general; in the flowery vallies of Mexico, this
branchof industry beingmore cultivated, willrapid-
ly encrease, and furnish adequate supplies of honey
and wax. Canada, the two Caroliaas, and New-
Spain, have a superfluity of flax and hump, tim-
ber for building ships, and the' golden fruits
of the Hesperian gardens are of equal goodness,
and in greater quantity, in the tropic-districts
of America, than in the southeru countries of Eu-
rope, which are washed by the Mediterranean sea.
Nature has moreover so lavishly endowed this favor-
ed portion of the globe, with vegetables, that they
far surpass those brought thither from Europe, in
point of nourishment. The Banana-tree, the Mani-
oc root, maize and the pqtatoe would alone be suf-
ficient, to banish all idea of want uf articles of sus-
tenance, and of depondance upon foreign supplies,
even without the European descriptions of grain:
and ^vQi\ deprived of the European vine, the Agave
would supply the Amejican , with an a.^^rpable vi-
102
„„„. >„uov.V NeH..« i. .he..w c.n.in.n,,
,i„„.,na.rh«s»Wminc.iuBraMl, vvho.o cha.n,
rmou„ui„s.«.eboe„d.c„..™dfuUonro»-.c«.,
,v..ch ,. ahead, beinj worked byGcm.nmdum ,
. „„e careful afeniion ,o .he quuKs.lver ve.n. m
Mexico, V.UI render .11 -uppl, of Idria Ico^ hence
superflaou, for .ho f-.orc. Copper and .m, on
from .he m„un,.in. In .he in.cr.or of P.a.a, w...h
supplied f.om Buenos Ajre.> San Dom.ngo. abo.e
all ih. An.illcs, i. particularly rich m coal, <.n,
lead, marble and porphyry.
Amevica. thus Standing in need Of ncne Of the
European natural productions, but rather possessing
.ithin herself, more numerous and ^nore ,rec.^
gif. of nature, than any other, uarter of t^glob^.
till also be able to dispense with the works of f -
;g..ndustry and art. as soon as she can command.
-.) ..erica will even require far Ics. supp he
,,., .vlu-n the leave, of the ^-^g-'y-/ ; J^\'";
^,, oh aie .aid io be equally stron, of Haver ^
^ , .. ,, as the Chinese, come
a, i..ili.U>blc to iU<- tiust', -s tue
le generally, i..U.u.e. The cultivation
LchLsetea-pl-t has also been atte„.pte.l
with success in Brazil.
103
he new continent,
lecious metals, defi-
the inferior descrip-
Irazil, whole chains
rud full of iron-stone,
hy German indu»try;
e quicksilver veins in
of Idria froJft hence,
}opper and. tin, won
erior of Plata, will be
San Domingo, above
:ly rich in coal, tin,
n need of nqne of the
but rather possessing
,us and more precious
crquarter of the globe,
with the works of fo-
,n as she ca:a command.
lire far less supplies of
the Parpguayan tea pUnt
[ually stronj; of flavor &
.,, as the Chinese, come
ufe. The cultivation of
has also been attempted
tilt; necessary stock of kno\vlcd;ic, and a sufficient
number of industrious hcnids, which she will soon
find at her disposal, partly by the emigration (if
artificers from Europe, and jKutly by her own cncrea-
siuf? population, who wiUlecomu versed in llu; aits,
which are introduced amonj;st them. Where there
exists matter, and understanding to use it, the free-
dom of handling the whole at pleasure, and security
in the enjoyment of the fruits of labor, the spirit
of enterprise is called into life, and with it florishes
every branch of human industry, if hitherto the
leading influence of the mother- countries turned
the industry of their colonies, to the cultivation of
the so-called colonial -articles, which promised an
advantageous sale in Europe, and forbid or at least
rendered difficult, the exercise of those descriptions
of agronomic, ingenious, and mechanical euipioy-
ments, the produce of which, an exclusive systam
of trade had reserved to itself, to supply, activity
will on the other hand, soon take a different direc-
tion, on the attainment of political emancipation,
an occurrence, which we have taken for granted
will happen. The attention to the defence and main-
tenance of independence, alone brings life into a
multitude of employments relating to warfare by
Iland or by sea. The soldier must be clothed, ap.
pointed with arms and horses, with ammunition and
k^kvy ocdnaact, and a tliQutand (;opsid«rable and
Im
104
lesser iioia-rfqulsitcs, wliidi imrevativp necessity,
soon points out the way of fuvnishing and fabrica-
ting on tho *pot. Tlio coasts must l,e c(,verc<l by
armed vessels, larj^o and smaller ships of uar must
be built, masts, cordage, sail-cloth, pit.h, tar and
an infinite number of articles necessary fur the fitting
out and keeping a squadron at sea, must he made
and supplied: all uhich were neVer once thought
of, during the coloui.ll relationship; alone aihnd-
i„g a vast number of hands occupatioii and sup-
port, and which are the means of quickly diffusing,
and bringing the exercise of many of th<- mechani-
cal arts, into constant practice. This was the case
nith North America, who, at the commencement
of her revolution, found herself nearly destitute, of
ail technical resources and means of defence; vvhsre-
as now, she is in possession of considerable forti-
lications, and stores of ammunition; has already
formed a s.nirited and daily growing navy, and is
complete mistress of the different branches of know-
ledge, and contains all those mechanical institu-
tions, requisite for the encrease and maintenance
of these things. Similar efforts are now making in
South America for public independence, and they
will, — should the attempts succeed - bring forth
similar results. But little does the independence
of a country avail, or at least insecure is its founda-
tion, if the united members of such state, b« obliged
!k
pevative necessity,
ihiiig .lucl fabrica-
ust l)e ci'vered by
shiiis of %\ar must
lib, jiitfb, tav and
:ssavy for the luting
ea, must be tnarte
over once tliou2;bt
sbii>; alone ali<nd-
ccupatio'ii and sup-
f quickly dilTiisin!!,
ny of tb.i- mechani-
This was the case
the comiucncement
nearly destitute, of .
isof flefencc; vvhsre-
f con^iiderable forti-
4
nition; has already
rovvirig navy, and is
nt branches of know-
mechanical institu-
5e and maintenance
; are now making in
pcndencc, and they
cceed — bring forth
es the independence
nsecure is its founda-
such state, b« obliged
1
tO;^
10 pvociu'e their means of subsistence, as well as the
articles of daily consumption, from abroad, andcan-
not do without such. Therefore, as soon as North-
America begAn her conflict for liberty, her govern-
ment and her inhabitants acted upon the principle;
that in order to be truly independent, a state must
bo capable of iinding within itself, every thing re-
quisite for its maintenance and wants in the most
extended sense, without being obliged to have re-
course to foreign countries for these. Under the
influence of this spirit, fabrics and manufactories
quickly arose, wliich supplied the most important
articles of consumption, uudoubtedly of rough tex-
turc, and coarse stuffs, but nevertheless sufficiently
pood, for a people neither spoiled, nor difficult in
their choice, who had a sublimer object in view,
than [hyslcal welfare. Thus the first seed was
quickly sown in the enthusiasm of the momentj
and although since peace has been restored, lu.\ury
has shewn the preference to Eun^pcan, and more
particularly to British manufactures, whereby many
establishments of the above nature, have been thrown
aside as not mature, and have been obliged to give
way to the occupations of agriculture, fisheries, and
trade, yet the ground- work of mechanical skill and
ingenuity, as well as the actual exercise of thos*
trades and arts, which were able to supply the
(15)
io6
coarser necessities of life in a taste not too offensive,
have taken root. The commencement will also be
made with the liner articles of consumption, as soon
as the advanced state of the cultivation of the so.l,
.vhich manufacturing industry must ever follow, but
on no account precede, yields a superfluous quan-
tity pf hands; and the emigration from abroad, and
the encreaseof internal population, naturally low-
exing the disproportionate price of labor m Ame-
,ica at a time perhaps that the same will be raised
in Europe, (which cannot but take place in the
long-run) will alter the circumstances, under which
the American manufacturer works, and bethe mean,
of bringing his productions more upon a par, with
those oi the old world. For hitherto, the most Eu-
xope,n goods, can be imported cheaper from across
the Atlantic, than if fabricated on the spot. The
America;! government, has notwithstanding acted
here very wisely, in not having interfered with pro-
Jiibitory laws of im ortation, and restrictive edicts,
as a certain intelligent and acute traveller , for-
merly wi*M*)' ^^'^'^ ^^""° '" *^- '^'"^
v'iW
,) Voyage dan. !« Et.t, Un.is d'Amiriqu. fait en
1795. »796 -* '797 P« 1" Kochefoucald- Lian-
courf. Tome 8me i. P^ri. I'.a VII. 4* 1* rip«b'
liqiie pag. 4- >M'
1
te not too offcnsivCj
:ment will also be
nsuinptioii, as soon
Livation of tlie soil,
ust ever follow, but
superfluous quan-
n from abroad, and
ion, naturally low-
of labor in Ame-
same will be raised
take place in the
itances, under which
ks, and be the mean*
re upon a par, with
therto, the most Eu-
cheaper from across
I on the spot. The
)twithstanding acted
g interfered withpro-
nd restrictive edicts,
acute traveller , for-
g let the thing take
nis d'Amirique fait en
la Rochefoucald-Lian-
, I'an VII. 4e 1* rtSpub-
167
,'ts natural coursr, which first allows frtbrirs ilnd
manufuclories to flourish, whcrtcapit.il cm no lort-
ger be placed more advantageously in land, when
the raw productions arc at hand, and as cheap, as in
other foreign rival states, and wh6n there is a suf-
ficient number of idle hands, who cdn be ^rofiiahly
Employed in these branches of industry. The Same
course, which, by a wise administration, things
must equally take in South America, where already
ihe most sources of oeconomy arc not unknown, but
even consid6rablo progress made in them *), will
♦) Besidts the working of iTie mines, ond ttje Vrie-
chaui'cal employments dependent thereon, gold
■nd silver, as also curiou^ carved work in ivory
and wood, is executed in Spanish America; and
it is of great importance for the time to co-
me, that Mexico, as well as Peru and Chili,
possess in their natives, a population, industrious
like the Chinese, and legally free , whose natu-
ral dispositions, may bo easily adapted to tha
ingenious exercise of many useful irteohanical arts.
For the innate Grandezxa of the European
predominant race, will for the first, only con-
descend to superintend and direct the fabrics
and irtanufaatories, but ifiH deter it for. a long
tinte, frbm participating in th* labor itself, as
beneath its dignity. AgricOltdre alone, however,
makes a rare exce>tidB in Peru stnAQhili i being
108
nniloubtedly, reiuler America, in a much shorter pc
riod, than is gencraUy 5upp.'sp<l capaMr of notonly
dispensitiR with Kuropi-an manuractuvi-s, but of sup-
plying ercn in the first placr, the Wcst-lndia is-
lands, where tho growth of phintations is likely
ever to remain the principal ohjcct, withthc produc-
tions of her fabrics and arts. Here we must on no
account lose sight of the n;cst important circum-
stance, that the great river, and lakes, in which
America so considerably surpasses the other parts of
the globe, as far as our knowledge of them goes —
for regarding the interior of Africa, no satisfactory
account has hitherto been given — profuscsy offer
the means ot^ ^r\ inland communication, which rcn-
ders uncommon facilities to the rapid circulation of
every production of^industry and nature from the
remotest parts. This very animated internal inter-
course, on such an extensive territory, must render
foreign trade eventually more and mpre superfluous,
otherwise principally exercised by Negroes, Mu-
lattos, nnd Indians, l.i Brazil the prcsmrc rf
the court, hns had very beneficial effects i thi«
respect-, there are at pre.ent sail cloth mnnuf.c-
lorie., cotton spinnerie. and fabrics in nict.il, i.i
a m.st thriving condition there. In la Plata ll.o
manufactuiB of woollens for home consuinplioi.
•nd the neigboring Peru, is entered upon.
109
1 a mnrh shorter pe-
cnpalile of not only
factuii'S, but ofsui)-
tlie West- India i«-
lantations is liK.cIy
cct, withtheproduc-
[cre we must on no
t important circum-
nd lakes, in which
ses the other parts of
■dge of them goes
fiica, no satisfactovy
■n — profuscsy oficr
xnication, which ren-
te rapid circulation of
and nature from the
■ mated internal inter-
erritory, must rrndcr
and more superfluous,
;erci»ed by Negroes, Mn-
i Brazil the presence rf
beneficial effects ii this
escnt soil cloth nianufnc-
and fabrics in metal, in
on there. In la Plata the
IS for home consuinptioii
■u, is entered upon.
particularly slnre the invention of su am- boats,
of which sucli manifold use has already been
made in "North -America, and which offer facilitii-s,
never before known, of navi{»aljn{; rivers and streams.
On the immense and arid plains of Terra lirnia,
the more extensive propa<jation af the aaincl, wliic h
is already introduced in the Caraccas, seems on tlie
other hand to afford the possil)ility of caravans,
wliich can become of the pireatcst importance for ro
clprocal communication between the ivso continents,
over the isthmus of Panama.
The foregoing investi;^ation, seems indonbtedly
to prove, that America, including the West-India
Islands, considered as independent, ran and will do
entirely without Europe. Jt is not our province to
determine, when such an event will take place; it
is sufficient, that the natural course of things war-
rants its happening once, altliou;;h perhaps after
infinite toil, and a determined 0])position on the
part of European jealousy. But on its having occur-
red, what will be the consequences thereof in the
iirst place for Europe, and tliru for the rest of the
v.oiid :' —
I
k
no
IX.
Europe pays h« present ronJumptlon of West -In-
dia and American fiood.. with some prodact.on* of
nature, but principally with those of her f»br,i.
nnd mannfactovirs, which the American partici-
larly v.lues. and imports ih considerable quant.t.ci.
Two case, only are possible, when America, ai ha.
been shewn, is onco enabled to supply herself w.^h
these articles. The European must cither pr6cure
new market, for the consumption of his wme, and
oils. ;for his linens, sha.ls. hats, leather, uon,
glass and fancy- wares, and with the value of these,
pay for the American produce, as he at present
pays for tea. and other Chinese or East-India goodsj
or a renunciation must be made of that. wh.d.
is no longer to be" acquired and obtained, and Eu-
rope must abdicate the throne of the world, onwh>ch
nature has not ordained her to sit eternally. After
the emigration of those, who may not be reconc
led to the new order of thing,, she must, retiring
within herself, endeavor to regain from her bwn
,oil, and her adjacent dependences, by internal ap-
plication, what she has suffered in external splendor,
and foreign enjoyments. We will in the first p ac«
take a nearer view, of the former of theso alter-
pativcs. —
^'•i
Ill
imptioti of West -In-
some production* of
those of her fabriii
3 American poTtici-
nsidcrahlc quantities,
hen America, as has
supply herself with
mull cither pr6cure
ion of his wines and
hats, leather, iron,
th the value of these,
;e, as he at present
B or East- India goods j
made of that, whith
nd obtained, and Eu-
of the world, on which
,0 sit eternally. After
may not be reconci-
Tj, she must, retiring
regain from her bwn
lences, by internal ap-
;d in external splendor,
e will in the first place
1 former of theso alter-
Suppoie w« even wore to loio America, it may
bo aiiswcri'd; Europe still retains her cxttnsivu
K.ist India kiiigtlom, her Molucca islands, her nu-
merous fstabli.shraents on the cua»ts of Africa, her
colonies on the islands of the South Sea, her com-
mercial connexion with China, with the Levant,
with Arabia, Ai^ypt and the coasts of Barbary. Sho
will be enabled by the sale of the productions of
hor arts and manufactures, to procure licr rice anil
cotlun from Bengal, her colTt'e from Arabia, Bour-
bon, Isle de Trance, and Madagascar; her sugar
from /fif^ypt, fiom the African dependencies, and
from the favored island of Otahcitie; hcrsilver from
licr own mines, worked more attentively, and the
gold she has occasion for, from the rivers and sands
of Africa. Provided tlie European only retain the
superiority of his intelligence with his spirit of en-
terprize, colonics will arise, in deserts now occupied
by wandering hords of barbarians; and Asia and
Africa, under European management, will perhaps
deposit richer treasures at the feet of the monarch
of the earth, than the new continent formerly did.
Moreover the commercial intercourse of America
with Europe j will never be broken off suddenly,
and whilst the ancient channels are gradually clo-
sing up, the ever restless spirit of speculation, will
Igng l\efoze, haveopericd new sources of emolument.
i
r
!
112
\\\- allou, lluit niccxpcclctl change will not take
.la.c smulrnly, uhhoi.t gradual transUions, and we
!ul,uU further, thai industry in the ne^v Columbia
states, will first he directed principally to the hrmg-
in. nnricuilure and the working of the mines to
,H.rfecliun. Uut as far as regards North America, it
mu.t he rememhered, that several, particularly the
N.h.n.ic stales, have attained, during the forty three
jcus of Iheir independence, that state of culture
and population, as to he able to supply some work-
,a..u and en. ouragement sufficient, for the estahl.sh-
,..,ut of fahrics and manufactories, and that the
.ucreasing emigration of artificers from Europe,
.1,0 are no longer capable of finding support there,
,uasln.c..s.s,n:ilv hasten the period, when the pr>ce
of lahor - at present the principal obstacle to more
■^ ^,,„,,ess - must fall, on account of greater
competition. There is already a considerable sur-
plus of naval store,, train-oil, tallow, spermaceti
and candles for exportation; tanneries are every
,vlune in the original United states, in the most
flourishing condition, and instead of the formet im-
donation of sho«s and boots, many hnndved thou-
sand pair are now annually shipped. Thus every
such triumph of internal industry, appropriates to
itself a Inaneh of Europran emolument, and conso-
lidates the oeconomical independence of the Uniott.
But tha complete emancipation of Spanish and the
113
cliange will not take
L transiljons, ami we
till! new Columbian
icln;iUylo the liring-
ng of ihfi mines to
Is North America, it
lal, particularly the
.uriugthe forty three
that stale of culture
o supply some work-
eiit, for the establish-
lories, and that the
ficers from Europe,
incling support there,
liod, when the price
icipal obstacle to more
on account of greater
[y a consul erable sur-
1 , tallow , spermaceti
; tanneries are every
d stales, in the most
stead of the format im-
many hundred thoU-
shipped. Thus every
ustry, appropriates tu
emolument, and conso-
[jendence of the Union,
on of Spanish and the
other pntis of South America, is lil^ely to have more
rapid and more extensiv*, consequences, than that
of North America, inasmuch, as, by its operations,
the exportation of silver and gold nhich is annu-
ally made fi-.m thence to Europe, and v.hicb Hum-
boldt reckons to be al cut 55 millions of piastres * ,
must for the greatest part , or \n holly cease. F.-r
thii mass of precious metals did not come to Europe,
exclusively in the ordinary course of trade, in ex-
change for her productions, or as payment fur the
surplus of a balance of commerce disadvantageous
to America. It was sent for the most part, thi-
ther, as actual tribute, which the mother-countries
drew from their colonies, and which flowed either
into the treasuries of the crowns of Spain and Por-
tui^al, to whom, besides the gain of their private
domains, an aliquot pa.t *♦) of the net produce of
all private mines, as a ffodal tythe, belonged, or
v.as forwarded to the large landed proprietors,
amongst wh.an the districts abounding in minerals
♦) Ess&i politique Tome IV. yag. 259.
♦♦) III the beginiiiiig jlh , aiterwards, on mining be-
coming more difficult and more expensive ^th,
but on Btaxil gold the origin.il jtli part is le-
vied.
(18)
IF
I
114
had been divided since the conquest, or itvvns secretly
introduced into Europe by priviite persons, who had
been able to enrich themselves clandestinely in the
mines*). It lays in the nature of the case, that
this wealth, uhich arrived annually at stated pe-
riods in the Western peninsula, finding no employ-
ment there, flowed in a thousand channels to those
states, which worked for the Spaniard, whose majes-
tic inactivity is averse to labour, and spread itself
further over the North-eastern countries of Europe,
in exchange for raw productions, the true aliments
of industry; but, as soon as all the ties of depen-
dency on the old world are severed for ever, these
treasures must remain in their native regions +*).
*) Fischer asserts in his latest description of Bra-
zil, that the Portuguese Government is at least
defrauded of a fourth part of the gold that
is found, and that it scarcely receives the half
of the diamonds which are discovered, and which
wholly belong to the crown.
♦♦) That this failure in the supplies of bullion,
has already taken place , in a degree very sen-
sibly felt by the trade and monied system of Eu-
rope, is proved by an article of the 15th June 1819 »»
the Borsenhalle newspaper, which states, that in-
stead of 24 Millions of dollars, as formerly, from i8»i
to i8i8 only 8,inxi5 dollars have been annual-
OJ
te
tl
A
01
w
m
su
m
re
w
ti
of
it]
th
CO
m
St, or it vvns secretly
c persons, who had
landestinely in the
e of the case, that
lally at stated pe-
finding no employ-
id channels to those
niard, whose majes-
r, and spread itself
countries of Europe,
IS, the true aliments
L the ties of depen-
ired for ever, these
: native regions ♦*).
t description of Bra-
rovernment is at least
irt of the gold that
cely receives the half
5 discovered, and which
vn.
supplies of bullion,
in a degree very scn-
d monied system o{ Eu-
B of the 15th June iSigii*
r, which states, thatin-
rs, as formerly, from 181 »
lars have been annual-
"5
But the immediate consequence of this must be
that tlie quantity of industry, which was paid and
maintained in Europe, by these annual supplies of
specie, must, by their failure, become stagnant, and
the mass of raw productions which was furnished Jby
one, and manufactured by another part of our quar-
ter of the globe, so intimately connected together by
these very precious metals since the discovery of
America, will become superfluous. Whereas on the
other hand ,^ these treasures .which for the future
will remain in America, must be the means of ani-
mating the same mass of industry there, and of
supplying an equal quantityofraw productions, and
manufactures; whereby however, the epocha of the
revolution of the existing order of things in Europe,
will more quickly be brought about, than its rees-
tablishment can possibly be accomplished by virtu*
of any other substituted resources.
For Europe, to be able to dispense with th«
intercourse with America, and the vent she has hi-
therto enjoyed for her productions there, and still to
continue to exist in the accustomed abundance,
must not alone have it in her power to retain in their
ly imported into Europe from Mexico. — Since
the arrival of the court in Brazil, jno bullion is
allowed to be exported from thencs.
i,ao new connexions, and cole).
have hilhevto remained iuar.rcssilAe to 1, r, m
U .^a ne-olonial sysu.n ordominicn ar.e fvo.nthe
"of the old one. capable of n^aking amends for
" oJ ndof giving fresh life to declining m.
what was losi, enact gi b „,,„to be want-
, , . Katthcnecessaryenergy, appears to 1)6 vva
dustry. buttncn^ j ,, -^d in those quar-
„r A,...ic,..pow„tu. e.»„ a. pK.J , and 1 J
„„. founded upon tt.e precou. n„ul ot tl>.
lid and tl,o monopoly "f na..Bal.on, and ol
:: \:lt-,on oM« and .«d«. U c„n.nn, ,
] ,n th«e inliar., and wilJiouUhtm, »ill n'^'
t. able to .n,.po.t ,uMJ ^^^ ^,.
»™ V.O the case, she musi §1"= - 1:
'"" Vjln which is carried en. principally
Chma a^d Japan, wUi ^^^^^ ,^.
terey, Acapulko, Uma , 1^ ^^.^^^^ ^^^^^ ,
...Brazil, round cape H--^
the Japanese, are also UKely to be ]
m
"7
branches of the com-
St be able to extend
ial; bhe must enter
izelerritovies, vvhiih
3il;lc toiler, in order
;ninion arise from the
f making amends for
:sh life to Reclining in-
;y, appears to be vvant-
es, and in those quar-
iied with a probability
untcr the competitioQ
present, and probably
eponderant. The anr
ial system of Europ*
3U8 metals qE the new
Df navigation, and of
I trade; it continuaUy
,,oonas the importation
, which already has be-
ist give v.p the trade iq
carried cm, principally
vbich ^vill bo then inu-
ihc Pacific from M^^""
a Conccpiion, »nd even I
Horn. The Chinese a"A|
y to be on more frieualy
terms, witb the doxvnright trading American, than
with the Euioi-t-an, whose constant striving after
dominion, tliey dread, and whose ical for prosely-
ting (subservient only to a cunning commercial po-
licj) they detest and abhor. — The state of Euro-
pean affairs in the East Indies, is well known; the
fire which llydef Ali, Tippo Saib, Ilolkar andScJu-
diah lighted up, continues inextinguishably to
glow under a very superficial layer of ashes; and
although the deposition of the latter unfortunate
Mahratta prince, and the subjugation of his states,
apparently completed, by tjie Marquis of Hastings,
have once more extended, and rendered the British
empire in India, fur the present secure, yet, \Ue
yesenimentin the minds of the natives, has been
the more rancorously encreased, and will be cont|.
nually kept in partial eruptions, by the minor
warfare of the Seiks and Pindhariis. The mischie-
vous principle of founding a state on the commerce
of a distant part of the \voria, and raiding a com-
pany of English merchants, to be regents of a terri-
tory, at least fifteen -times as large as the mother
country, including Ireland, and containing a popu-
lation of live, times as many inhabitants*), has
#
,,,/!
♦) The English territory proper, jn the East Indioi,
according to William Playfair's calculations,
118
flppressed the trade of the company for .i long time
»)ack, bythe wcii^hlof an expensive udiiiinistration ;
on the otiier hand, the spirit of, trade inherent in
the new sovereigns, and the mean rapaciousness of
their servants, but badly kept in check, have been
the meant of forming a system of government, which
preys upon the vitals of the state, if it may be term,
ed such. The .lasting Duration of such an or-
ganization, which endeavors to unite complete he-
terogeneous elements - as the art of government
and the procecution of commerce — is scarcely pos-
sible, and the encrease of a real surplus gain foiEu-
rope by means of it, is still less imaginable. The
financial state of the British company, which has
only been successful in preventing other European
competition, has in the lapse of lime been conside-
containcd, before the last conquests 217,186 square
English miles, but the tributary states, governed
in fact by the company, but administered by its
vassals, consisted of 230.467. ' t°6«t'*'"' '^^''^^
square miles. The subjugated Mahratta state
oontiins, according to the same author, 447.144
thus making in the whole, 899.796 square miles.
He estimates the population of the ancient ter-
ritory at 23.057300. of that which is tributary,
at 17,995590, and of the Mahratta states, at
83>343928> together 69,395818 souls.
nii
ly for !\ long lime
,ve administration;
tradu iniiorent in
n rapaciousness of
check, have been
government, which
, if itmay beterm^
on of such an or-
lUiite complete he-
art of government
» — is scarcely pos-
lurplus gain for Eu-
I imaginable. The
mpany, which has
ng other European
I lime been conside-
nquests 217,185 »quare
utary states, governed
It administered by its
1,67, 'together 452,652
jated Mahratta state
same author, 447,144
I 899)79'' square miles.
a of the ancient ter-
at which is tributary,
Mahratta states , »t
118 souls.
119
lahly impaired*); and tlic fear it not groundless,
which many entertain, that either an insurrection
of the Indian nations, fed by the commercial jea-
lousy of other powers, will one dny overthrow this
merchant- kingdom, or tliat an independent throne,
founded by Europeans in India , around which,
under a mild government, the gentle and docile
native people, would willingly flock, will put an
end to transatlantic supremacy and mercantile extor-
tions. In trade, America has already very success-
fully entered the lists ♦♦). For whilst, in Spanish
America, the intercourse with ancient India, has
been limited and is monopolized by Akapulko, the
United states, are in the habit of sending annually
a considerable number of vessels, to East India ports,
♦) According to official accounts", the debt of the
Easi Inuja Company in India, anounled in the
beginning of 1319 to 34,18+137 t-stg. at 6, 8 and
9 pro cent interest. Fullarton's celebrated work;
A view of the English in:?rests in Inrlia. gives
such disclosures as to llie administration of Bri-
tish India, as completely to justify the opinion,
we have laid down.
*♦) On the 31st of Decbr. 1818 tbo merchant vtssclj
of the United states measured, officially, 1,225134
f§ Tons.
mu
i.
**■
120
Ch«U....>n «:c. m«l.n..snanU„,., K.,»-
V„„ and .Uk. tor l,om= -n.ump.H,,,, ana CO .on
:;„..,uan,Uies.rnnnp»"y^.-;--l'"--
for the supply uf"ie I.in open
■ -.n. trade as well as its oU.er brand.-
lucrative carrying -tranc,
i.irli ilic covenimcnt most power-
es to Europe, vvlucli tlic go^n
uUy .uppo„s wUh .„ nav,.. -viU conc.n.ra.o ,„e
„,. , and n,„ro in 1... hand, of .he Am.r.cans >vh.»
„dar. Carolina oak. and firs, ...:,,ly a., ml. „ tor
, ■ . .„ f,r .uocrior to Uiat ot Europe,
naval architecture, tar supeiioi
::«ooclnes, and durability, an. ..opossesson the.
own soil, every other nav..lrcHU,sUe,u.th .0
.hundant supernuity. ^'l"-*-'^:;"""' "'"
An^erica also entering the lists, . .11 he ,avt>cula.ly
sUips round the C.,p-f Good Ho,e.nX8. 7.M.
Bostouin:3x3^.aaa,i.nilarnn.b.nmoret.
50,030 bale, of co.ton, co„tai„u.g about ,7 ^
lions lbs, andvaWat.mnhonsofdolar.
,ere exported in the latter year from East
au ports in Anierican bottom. P--;^-^^'; ^
true for European consumption ; but what pro.
Jets open for the future, when this carrying
:::;:, L. .. changed into one, dedicatedto
supply of inland maun factories , and hdw clo.
,t hand, is perhaps thi» period J?
i'^'fe.
L
mkir.s, teas, inus-
iption, ami cotton
fuv re-cxitortatioi
naiiufictoiies. 'llii
las its oilier brand
iiment most power-
U concentrate itself
he Americans, whose
supply a timber for
t to that of Europe
:l who possess on their
•quisite, in the mo?-
rcumstance, on ?out
, will be particularly
nliabitunts liad a>'OUt 50
Good Hoi-e in 18' 7' "'"*
ilar iiumberj morethan
intaining obout 17 mil-
t 2 millions of dollars,
tpr year from East In-
ottomf, principally, it is
>,mption ; but what pros-
re, when tliis carrying
into one, dedicated to the
factories, and hbw clo.e
» period 1?
121
felt, a» it must annihilate a considerable mass of
European industry, and the profits arising from it;
not taking into consideration, that prol ably at no
very distant period, no European navy, will be able
to copo with that of America, provided it be aug-
mented in proportion to the resources and extent of
territory in the new continent. In the Northern
Union, laws have provided for this gradual increase;
and in those states of South America , which are
contending for their independence, necessity but
more the rapaciousnessof dissolute freebooters assem-
bled together from every quarter of the globe, have
created a small naval force, which either as defen-
sive or offensive, will during the progress of the war,
continually cncreasc, and, on a solid organization of
the different states, taking place, which are at pre-
sent but formless masses of fermenting matter, is
likely to be regularly formed and augmented.
But if the principle be correct, of which Eng-
land has given us to splendid an example, that, that
state will take the lead in commerce, whose navi-
gation is protected and supportea by the largest and
most expert navy, — Europe will not be able. Ions;
to maintain her monopoly to her remaining colo-
nies, against America in a perfect state of freedom,
nor continue to wield her trident, when opposed to
her rival, who it even dangerous at present , and
C17)
'
122
;„ ,t„,„„„vot.hcC.....,«a„d,!,eI•.„S...hcha-
.,,„„„,l,=oM-,eof.^m,.men..nd,n..v..cc,
rdv«n.a-s, «i.h whiol. Eu,o,,e h., .0 contend,
vheTcl .U ,c„,ro,,h,cal sUn.„i„n of ..cKurcpa-
*nic i. ..n.n-"r. t"o.ab... - a nnv.gat.on .o
1 from An,e.,ca„ po,.., and P'-"""" '-^
"W „ n >*n,a. .)■.«.» U upon the who.0 .0
^'"tr .,avo u.re.dy ...ol^on of .ho VV«. India
,.,„„d,,<vhi,.h>vmvo,y.o.n no do„b,, follow .h.
' ulso, l.ni,a,.ed to .hen hy Am»lc., m ..r,.,ng
: ndo cnde„„, and have lun.ed a. . cnurr.nc,,,
hioh lay po.,h>y..ke place m. he K...^nd.e.
,f „c further cas. a look .o Africa. >vhc,. ™ch n
„,e„,i.e ficdd to. .he .pi'it "f d,.covery end 1,
" Ition of .rade, lies open;!. i.eviden..h.
To posi.ion of .he We..ern .ide of .hi. ,u.r.or ef
uC U. i. more par.icu..rly 3dap.ed .o an .n.e,-
:,: w.h .ho harbour, and coa... of. he ta..er»
par.ofSou.hA.neric.,.han.onve.,ien.for.he....d
Lhor.o carried on wi.h Europe; .... e.,d.n., .h.
.„a,. of Guinea can be fre,ue».ed >vi.h B..a.e.
,aci,i.ic,, fromCaraeca. Cayenne '-^^"/'"Zi:'
,ha. of Congo, mad. much qu.clcer from Brax.l,
..'■*.
,n 1,01 liJe. The
he Euroiipan «caj,
the F.ngUth chan-
cnt and iniurunce,
It, arc «o many Am-
e has to contend ;
ion of thcEuroiiran
to a navigation to
pronounces them,
upon the whole to
ral dependencies of
of the West India
o doubt , follow the
\merica, in striving
nted at i crurrences,
in the Kast Indies,
rica, where such att
jf discovery and the
• it is evident, that
de of this quarter of
adapted to an inter-
coasts of the Eastern
mveluent for the trade
pe ; it is evident, the
juented with greater
jne and Surinam, and
quicker from Brazil,
123
tlun fionj any one European port, and tli.it the
Cajje of Good lljpe, laying dirtclly tu tlif l..i-.t of
tho Uiver IMata, is much better adaiittd foraumttr-
couise with Rio- Janeiro, Uuenos Ayri"!, and Ma;;eU
Ian, thai> for a Dutch or BiitiUi colony — A^.iin,
how short is the distance from the Cape, tolhclshs
of France, Bouvbon, and Madagascar situated be-
tween the latter and the Eastern coast of Africa,
and how much more favorably suited, are these pos-
sessions for a communication with the new stales of
South America, tliau with their present mother
countries! — And further, how much easier is the
passage to the spice and Philippine islands and
New Holland, being remnants of a former conti-
ncnt, scattered to the South of the coasts of China,
and to the East of the Indian peninsula, from the
Eastern side of America round the C-UJe, or from
her Western harbours through the racilio, than from
Great Bri^ainor the Netherlands; and in how much
greater a degree, is this the case with the Marque-
sas, thp iricudly ai^d Society islands, in the South
sea, which face the fertile coasts of Lima, of St.
Jago and Valparaiso! An impartial view of the map
of the world is only necessary in fact, to convince
any one, that as soon as the reins of America, are
fallen from the hands of Europe, the intercourse
of the Idttcv with the above possessions, will decline
in proportiojOj a? the means unfold themselves, in
•^
124
the new continent, of lupplyinp; thflse 'proauctioni,
and manufacturin;; those good*, requisite for a ^
commercial communication, and of forming those
political and mora! tie' with them , without which,
a trading intercourie has no worth! For even
the iceptro of intellectual superiority will not be
iwayed for ever hy Europe, should it even be here-
ditarily inherent in the European race, which how.
ever would be difficult to prove; for it ii this very
race, and by no means its weaker part - which has
at all times taken care to remain at home — that
has founded and continues to people the regions of
the new world, propagating itself not more degene-
rately most assuredly, than in ancient Europe, and
gradually ennobling the different races of the other
hemispheres, by a vigorous mixture. The American
is inferior to no European nation, and superior to
many, in spirit of enterprize, faculty of invpntion,
and corporeal strength and stamina. The arts of
war and government have brought forth a Washing-
ton, and the sublimer sciences a Franklin; Miranda
appear -d as it were, a precursory example, of the
political and warlike talents which South America
was capable of giving birth to, and the present cpo-
cha there, is likely yet to develope much, of which
posterity will have to judge. The instruction of
every branch of eful knowledge, is attended to;
the muses are i . without their votaries, and the
<'')-''^
I
thase 'productioni,
I, requisite for *
I of forming those
n, without which,
worth! For even
•iority will not be
lid it even be here-
n race, which how.
s; for it ii thiivery
•r part — which hai
in at home — that
sople the regions of
slf not more degene-
incient Europe, and
nt races of the other
ture. The American
ion , and superior to
faculty of invention,
tamina. The arts of
ight forth a Washing-
a Franklin; Miranda
sory example, of the
vhich South America
I, and the present cpo-
elope much, of which
The instruction of
edge, is attended to;
leir votajfies, and the
I
125
cities of South, rather than of North America, are
embellished with monuments of the plastic arts
which may serve to inspire future genius; the mis.
iionarics of the Catholic church, engaged in impart-
ing suavity, to the manners of the aboriginal tribes
enrich ot the same time the field of science,
particularly that of physics, and Humboldt makes
mention of respectable names , in all the various
paths of human intelligence. Much technical know,
ledge, considerable talents , and the most perseve.
ring energies, will constantly emigrate from Europe,
and the freedom of opinion, as well as of every pro-
fession, will facilitate the devolopemcnt of each na-
tural endowment. But, as soon as the intellectual
faculties onco unshackled, begin to exert themselves
on the vast field of boli llie Americas, and arc able
to appropriate, Uie infinite treasures of nature and
other resour^^es they possess, to the purposes of do-
minion, or to the profits of commerce; no other
quarter of the world, much less a single people,
who have been rendered powerful for a series of time
by the nature of their free civil constitution, but
move exalted by the relaxed state of othn nation?
will be able to dispute the supremacy of the ,.;ean
with the new world.
It appears therefore to be less likely, ;liat Fu-
rope will be indemnified, for her probable loss of
influence, and commexcial relation with America,
I-
ki
u^-
126
by the extension of hcv Uadc and h«r transmarine
colonial system, than.that in th.s respect, U may
rather be apprehended, America will be continually
doing her more and more injury. The quest.on u
therefore, if Europe could not, hy adoptmg ano-
ther line of conduct, in extending her more .mme-
aiate surrounding frontiers, and following a system
„ore suitabletothe neworder of things, supportthe
edifice of her wonted greatness, by novel and per-
liaps more lecure, foundations? —
' X.
As the .mmed.ate consequence of the -^^P-^-J
of both Americas, and the national progress of heu
internal culture, and external navigation, we hav
in the above reflexions, deduced the faUure of the
accustomed unportation, of the precious metals mto
Europe i the total want of sale for European produc-
,.ons in the West-ladies and America, and the rase
of a powerful competition ,n the trade, and nav,g -
..on of tbe lnd,an seas. We have hinted at the pr -
table loss of the European colonial estabhshments
SBSRB5PSH!
12'
i liar transmarine
s respect, it may
,ill be continually
The question is
by adopting ano-
g her more imme-
foUowing a system
things, support the
by novel and per-
ofthe independence
jnal progress of their
navigation, we hav«,
1 the failure of the
precious metals into
or European produc-
nierica; and the rise
le trade, and naviga-
ive hinted at the pro-
lonial establishments
on tlie coasts of the otlicr quarters of the world, on
the islands of the grand uccau , and at the conse-
quent stagnation of those branches of industry,
which the commercial preponderance of Europe,
Jiitherto almost unlimited, has brought to light,
niul continually supported; and lastly wehavealju-
ded to the encreasing emigration of helpless multi.
ludes, from their paternal soil. To prevent Europe
from falling to decay, countries at present flou-
rishing, from being again changed into deserts, the
habitations of ingenious application and active indus-
try from being deserted, harbours choaked up, and
the sublimer cultivation of the mind, (which in ge-
neral is only to be found, where man is independent
of physical wants) from being totally neglected,
an equivalent must at least be found in the course
of time, for the above losses, and life returning
into the exHausted veins, must be made to flow into
new channels. No other possibility of accomplish-
ing this, presents itself, than that, of Europe in-
stead of operating as hitherto, principally abroad,
directing her attention for the future, to herself,
and endeavoring to replace by internal trade, what
the may have lost in foreign intercourse. This con-
duct she ought to pursue, until, by no very impro-
bable concatenation of future events, an opportunity
offer itself evd to her, of re-«cquiring, no mono-
poly — for th»t seem,* to b» losv iox ever — buth.
128
shave of the grand commerce of the world, suitable
to the situation she fills and compatible w.th her
natural wealth. We will explain ourselves clearer
on this subject. — , »i, ♦
The discovery of the new continent, and that
made by Vasco de Gama, of the passage to the East
Indies, round the Cape of Good Hope, have checked
the internal expl.ration of Europe and the culture
of her own natural resources; have stamped the ^
mind, of men, with a longing after foreign enjoy-
ments, and have given industry a tendency, to the
production of articles, of more consequence for the
th. luxury of the rich, and calculated better for a
trade to transatlantic acquisitions, than correspond-
ing withlthe real wants of the mass of the people,
and the general welfare, which is always
more promoted, by the most animated
adjoining intercourse, than by distant
commercial enterprise, on a large scale,
No state ha. moro bitterly felt the disadvanta
ges, of a system of aggrandizement, founded on
transmarine possessions, than the one, who gaver
birth to this spirit; we mean the Spanish penm-
sula, including Portugal, which is almost indivisible
from it, in every natural, political and oeconomi-
cal point of view. What near sources of prosperity ar«
here dried up! The precious metals lay useless m
tHe bosom of the mountains i instead of po..es,mg
■i%^
he worlfl, suitable
impatible with her
n ourselves clearer
^onlinent, and that
! passage to the East
Hope, have checked
ipe and the culture
have stamped the
after foreign enjoy-
a tendency , to the
consequence for the
Iculatcd better for a
ns, than correspond-
mass of the people»
which is always
most an i mated
than by distant
on a large scale,
r felt the disadvanta-
zement, founded on
ti the one, who gaver
n the Spanish penin*
ch is almost indivisible
)litical and oeconomi-
ources of prosperity ar«
s metals lay useless in
instead of possessing
129
supcvfiaous means of nourishmeut, which a fruitful
•oil, in unison with the finest climate, are capable
of producing; this favored country is almost con-
tinually in want of foreign grain; its cities and
villages have become more and more desolate '*'), its
\
*) The population of Spain, as it generally known,
amounts hardly now to 11 millions; it contained
under the most nourishing period of the Arabian
dominion, double this number, not to ypeak of
the times of the Roman sovereignty. The follow-
ing information, taken from the Borsen- Halle
newspaper of iSig (No. 214.6) affords the most
striking proof, of the low state, to which the
internal oeconomical welfare of this kingdoiu is
tunk<;n :
"Madrid the 16th June.
*'The importation of grain from the Grim,
"the Levant and even the North American
"states, continues into tho8< provinces which
"are situated on the sea , whilst the corn in
"the provinces of the interior, has no value
"whatever. It comes cheaper to import it
"from Odessa into Barccllonn, and from Phi>
"ladeiphia intoGorunna, than to transport it
"from the interior".
This almost incredible account will be intelli-
gibie, on calling to mind the description, which
(18)
130
iox«ts ar« w.lhout culture dnd neplccte.l ; and
Nonhera. and even American mariners have engro.
sed it, navi.at.on in the Mediterranean at the en.
U-anre of uhich. nature .eems to have placed xt as
, .uardian. And does the Bntish empire, indebt-
ed^or its greatness, to the commerce of the world,
founded upon the colonial system, present .r'-er-
nally a pictute of harmony, on ..hich the eye ofthe
philanthropist could rest with the most perfect
satisfaction, and acknowledge it, with a ju,t .-nse
of feeling, to be the .umm.tof all earthly exert.r..^
Th, sunken state of Ireland, this island so nchly
labored by nature, darkens the view, and ihe mag-
nificenw and splendour of the palaces of European
N.hobs,. containing every thing, Worthy of th. pro-
Section of man. and what the most refm.d arts of
■» t litfm gg-?"
Aburgoing. (Tabt..a d. l-Esp-gne *noder«e: II.
^ 1C».) m»k« of the difficulties of internal com-
Lnication: Q«elq«e. «ne. de ce. provinces, re-
cnciUent ass*, souvent plus d. grain. qutUe.ne
, ent en eortsortimer. Mhis Ics difficuUiis pour
U dircnlation intcrieUr* r.ndeht c«t. fertility
^ pen prfc. in-.ile au td,t. da roy-ume. Peu
p«,„nca,al, q« i .oit *n plai « « -ctj-
vU4; A»,«* i« moyens d. transport, sont-ih
trhs lentc et tr*» di.pendieUx. —
131
id neglcctod; and
iriitets have engio*.
•raiiean, at the en..
) have placed it as
ish empire, indebt-
nerce of the world,
tern, present iK'.cr.
which the fcye of the
I ttie most perfect
t, with a just j-nse
all earthly exertir.'
his island so richly
view, and ihe mag-
palaces of Europcart
r, -vVoTthy of th« pro-
most refintd arts of
Espagne taoderne: H.
icultiei of internal lom-
et d6 ces provinces, re-
us d« grains qu'elles ne
Mhis lc» difriculttfs pour
rendeht c6U« ffertilitd
ste dtt royaume. Peu
rivirfre navigable,
oit «n plei«e «"*''
d« transports sont-iI»
ieilx, —
enjoyment, have been capable of assCtnblinj!; for the
delight of the children of fortune, can un no account
paraet the crying misery of the contantly cncremsinfi;
multitude of poor, as little as the solid \vealth pnd
prosperity of the most rcspsctable middle- classes,
lire able to do away with the picture of distressing
indigence, felt by so many tjiousanda of labourtis,
on whose ill -rewarded industry, the pver-xieh mas-
ter founds hir proud independence. The height of
human happiness, does most undoubtedly, nothlo**-
om there, where such rough contrasts, connected
which each other, by no softer shades, axe to be
(oUnd. We arp not alluding to the moral state of
this coyntry, our view being entirely directed fp iU
political situiltion j but we venture to titter thiis
conviction, that the irresistible impending change
of relation, in which Great Britain stands »t pjesent
to the rest of the world, jnay inost undeubtedly be
injurious to he^r power of dominion, but U Uke)y
rather to be advantngeous to her internal prosperity.
But this will only be the case, provided the futpsc
policy of Ewrope considered as a body, allow each of
her members, tp prosecute thpir several aims, as
long as. they come under an universal system of
legality, without injury to the rights ofothcj-, upon
a basis of unshackled competition , and fceed from
the prov^oatixjns and chichanes of jealousy wad
egoism, 1^ . i . ..;,..
(»('
1.
132
For there is alone salvation for Eumve, under
the stipulation, that, a. America is powerful by the
plenitude of her liberties, yet combined under one
common tie. Europe also henceforth con.i-
der herself as forming one grand state,
which , although not actually united under on.
central power , but governing herself upon the
principles of one common interest, and one public
Ipirit. as far as regards her relation v> other part*
of the world, be ever ready to uphold the natural
fundamental laws of every organized union, by op-
posing the strength of all to the aggression, of a
few Looked upon in this light, the ancient queen
of the world is still powerful and glorious, without
her transmarine empire, and is deficient, according
to no degenerate estimation, in no one desirable pro-
duction of nature, and none of the elements neces-
sary to raise man to the most dignified state of yer.
feciion. From the Ural mountains to the AtWntic
ocean, which washes the western coasts of the Heb-
^ides down to the chain of the Mgarvian hills, a^-l
from the northernmost part of Lapland to the fut-
thermost point of Sicily, or the heel of ancient Pele.
ponnecus. so celebrated in history; what an assein.
blage of costly territories, what richness in forests,
laXes, and rivers, what fruitful vallies, and cultiva-
ted plains, what fulnes in wine and oil, what blessings
in herds and flocks, ^vhat hidden tteasuxe* oj
01- Eurove, under
is powerful by the
nbined under one
ceforth con«i-
e grand state,
united under on«
herself upon the
St, and one public
lion Vj other part*
iphold the natural
nized union, by op-
;he aggressions of a
I, the ancient queen
id glorious, without
deticient, according
no one desirable pro-
F the elements ncces-
ignified state of yex-
itains to the Atlantic
FH coasts of the Heb-
Algarvian hills, a*'-'
>f Lapland to the fui-
e heel of ancient Pele-
lory ; what an assein-
lat richness in forests,
il vallies, and cultiva-
J and oil, what blessings
hidden tceasuxe» o{
precious stones, what abundance of salubrious wa-
ters, and vvh.it climates, mild and austere, present
themselves, admirably suited, to cherish and pre-
serve the pure ancient race, transplanted hither in
the remotest ages, to invigorate the mind, and with-
out effeminating them, to refresh the senses , with
all the joys and abundance of life ! Where else,
flourish so fine a race of men, where does feminine
exquisitenesii, free yet reserved and domestic, charm-
ing yet full of modesty, lovely still at the same
time dignified, develope itself as in Europe; where
is woman to be found, as here, possessing equal
rights in the monogamous mariage state, ennobled
by education, and by the habits of the stronger sex
even mure powerful, than the apparent ruler, who
offers up his strength at the shrine of loveliness?
And further, the ancient civilization, a work accom-
plished thousands of years ago, by cultivated nations
who inhabited this portion of the globe, the treasu-
res of language, of arts and science, — what advanta-
ges are these, if Europe understood to retain them!
— Do not let us assert, that Europe is become anti-
quated i nature continues eternally young, and re-
novates itself from its own means; but her pow-
er is dissipUed abroad in a space, which she is in-
capable of filling, and those resources she yet pos-
sesses for operi^ttng' upon her internal properity,
are iuimicuUy turned against hcisclf, not alone by
r
r
:■;,!
■1*
134
tlie Moody wars of one stat« apa^h.t another, bm
almost more so. by tfte eternal conflict of self^amb.-
tion. envu.u. rivaUhip in trade, and a ,«ralou, v,eW
cMhe granieurand improvement of the neighbour .
If things are to remain thus, the exhaustion of
every source of foreign supplies , must be injuriom
to us and our own ^velfare will never prosper. For
Euro'pe will never enjoy her own natural blessing.,
„ntil her rulers abjuring all little corsideraiion.
•re happily bold enough, to compass the above grand
idea o: O n e European state body. This must take
place 'ere thdse fatal partitions can be removed.
Ihich «t present .ever st«te from state, or in reali-
ty one member of the same body from the other.
.nd which are the means of keeping them upon a
hcntile footing, in like manner as the savage »
continually armed and prepared for defence or for
attacking hi. neighbour. And is not Europe then
physically considered, one single organized bod ^
Do not her river, and her mountains extend their
course in common through her territories? and are
all these not washed by the same ocean, which
appears to have forced its way, through narrow
channels to the North and the South, in order to
yeach them all, and tender them jointly partaker,
of its ben.^its? And are not tfte production* of her
.oil unequally distributed under her different regions
in order that no one jatt, shall be ableto di.^nse
VH'4.
pa?n«t another, but
onflict of sclf"-ambi-
and a jeralous vicW
It of the neighbour!
the exhaustion of
, must be in)uriom
1 never prosper. For
n natural blessings,
little corsiderations,
ipass the above grand
)dy. This must take
)n« can be removed,
m state, or in reali-
lody from the other,
seping them upon a
ner as the savage is
sd for defence or for
I is not Europe, then,
I «»le organized body?
luntains extend their
r territories ? and are
same ocean, which
vay, through narrow
je South, in order to
lem jointly partakers
ifte production* of h"
ler her diffelrent region*
til be able- to dispense
>35
with till, other, and that tio one country have it in
its power va exclude any member of the same com.
munity? —
But under the influence of our perverse«ps<,
and political jealousy, scorning the dictates of na-
ture, wc have acted upon a different plan; we have
invented prohibitions of importation and exports-
tion directed against our reighbours, wehaveimagin.
ed the blockade of harbours And closing of rivers;
we have devised privileges, and moiiopolizTng tra-
ding companies; and we have contrived manufactu-
ring and commercial system*, in order absurdly to
produce and supply that, whiclicatt beobtaineil chcnp.
et fi'om our ncigbours, whilst the natural produo-
tions of our own coil, which could be prepared and
manufactured for th<3 use of the latter, remain often
neglected, or are undersold in a raw state, for an
inconsiderable price. And to us belong the fruits
of such unnatural endeavours; we reap the misery of
wars carried on for the purposes of commerce , and
of those engaged in, for the gratification of private
ambitious aims, we labour under the nuisuiice and
evil effects, «f illegal trade and defraudation of the
revenue, which make the coasts and frontiers of the
different countries, (which ought, asunder the Ame
rican Union to standcordially inviting, open to each
\
S(
mi
136
nei'<hour*) rend./vou» of a movMly .lopvavd f..blilc,
whotransgva,»ingunnat,ualUw,. occupy an mquw
.Uorialhranchofjusticc, wlm b, but lo- often, wmk-
i„. a, thinly disguised a»tibcc5, d.sbonor, it, name
by" -uilty connivance and introducing a dc
.rce'of rcmUsness into ihi. most partial system, ren-
dor. the ,clfi.h views of the government aborttve I
») -No taxes or Impositions sl.all be levied on good,
■which are exported from one .late .to another.
"By any regulations of trade or of duties, th«
"ports of one state shall not enjoy « preference
.•to those of any other, nor shall ships, going to
"or from one state, be bound to touch at another,
"or be subject to any duty. - No slate, without
-the permission of Congress, shall levy import,
".nd exports, except so many, as are nece.sary
"to put its lavrs of inspection into force. The
.•net produce of kll imposts and duties, which
..pre laid by one State on exports aud import.,
-nows into the treasury of the United states,
"and all such laws ar. subject to tho inspection
"and contronl of Congress. No state shall levy
'.lHunage-duef without permission of Congress.
_i Constitution of the gorernment of the Union
kc. ist Article.
"»r<
nlly <lfI'V«vf«lr.»bl)lc,
vs, ocrupy an inqui-
but too often, wink-
, ilitlionori iti name
introducing a de-
jt i).ivtiul system, rcn-
crnnient abortive J
shall be levied on goodl
I one »Vate ito another,
trade or of duties. th#
not enjoy a preference
»or shall iliips. go»"«5 *•
ound to touch at another,
ity, _ No state, without
reti, shall levy importi
many, a» are nece.sary
pection into force. The
posts and duties, which
on exports aud imports,
y of the Uuited states,
iubjcct to tho inspection
ess. No state shall levy
permission of Congress. '
joTernment of tho Union
^37
If all tlicie thingc arc to remain, ar tliOy arc nt
preicnt •), a vigorou* renovation of our ciuaiti-r of
the globe is not Vo be iniap;inftl, and Europe will
go piccc-mcal to ruin, in proportion, as Aine-
rica by unanimity, and a legally free devcloprment
of lift- ri'sounes, will consolidate Iicr dotninioif,
Ncverlhfless, the present prospcLts ar;;ue ni'ire tha
liope of a belter fate, tli.in the dread of a contrary
one. Europe has experu need the consequence* of
her internal weakness and her external discord, by
tHc ignominious oppression, which she ondiufd from
tlic Into daring iubjiifjator , who uricondltionally
comniandinjr the whole resources of One single king-
dom, with this power ittarked the rest in their iso-
lation, and seized upon one after the other. Europe
lias passed through all the deformities ofpliantas-
tic constitutions, and seems to persist in a represen-
tative form of government. But it appears pecu-
liar to this constitution , tu direct its attention to
the Internal welfare, and tlie secret defects of the
f
*) From B petition, that lias been lately laid before
parliament and signed by'tlie prineipiil mer-
chants in' London, it is to' He hnjied', that the
rfestriWive- system' of' ttade liitTier'tar puVstred by
Engltfndr \Mll be subjecr to mud'ifiodituAiti.:
(19) '
138
,t«l., ana at ll.e same lime, to oppose a irlutary
eo.ntr.,o.se to the natural tendency of the govern.
.,entuh.ch is divected toward, abroad. I may rea-
sonably be expected, .s far as n-.ards the for.ner o
U,s.ob,oc,s, that th.«bstach.s.lnch stand .no.t
in the way of th.- internal vvclf.uc of the gencvahty
of.tates, will above all, fustic the subjcctsofconsr.
deration. These we cons.aev U> be ; the legal ,ne.
-uaUties of privileged and oppressed reUg.ous per-
Las^ons. the disproportionate .r.nciples of tuxat.on
and the personal and local exemptions from bear.ng
the comnrou burthens, the inequality of the st.nd-
«rd, and every defect of the p.. uniary currency.
,be difference of the weighU and measure,, the de-
aciency of internal communications, the proh.ln-
tory game laws on the one side, and the uncoutroul-
ede.crc.se of the chace on the other, every spec.e
of villainage, consisting either in personal or real
acts of servitude, or in labour which is -holly un.
requited, the accise and customs, as far as these ar.
prejudicial to the productionsand trade of a country,
Lithe restrictive systems of gurlds and corpora-
tions, as far a. they shackle the industry of the art.-
ficer and manufacturer. But the -re prog«^
that individual states make in an enquuy mto these
avils and the means of remedying them, and the
^ore' publicity which be given to individual succe-
ful results, the more, m«u will be aware, that th.
^-J—
«■ *iiL—
oppose a iflutary
ncy of tlie govern.
Inoad. It may rea-
avds the former of
wlnth stand most
c of the generality
he suhjcttsofconsi-
bc J the Ipgal ine-
esscd religious per-
rintipU'S of taxation,
ptions from bearing
Liality of the stand-
^iccuniary currency,
d measures, the de-
itions, the prohibi-
andthe uncontroul-
: other, every species
in personal or real
which is wholly un*
is, as far as these are
nd trade of a country,
guilds and corpora-
e industry ofthe arti-
the more progress,
an enquiry into these
lying them, and the
1 to individual success.
U he aware , that th«
iystem of isolation «nd hostility hitherto pursued,
must by an injurious external counter -operatioft,
pnralize every good which may havo been cjlectia
internally, and thus, reciprocal approaches towards
the universal benefit of a Eurnpuan state- inion,
will be facilitated. —
But it is not alone the new and belter prin-
ciples (the fv-ut of most bitter trials, und pn aful
purifications) by whieh the several sovcrnmenti
appear at present to be actuated, that entitle us to
the hope, that an understanding ui alluded to above,
and most devoutly to be wished for, will not be once
more stifled in its birth, by the ancient machina-
tionsof politics; but it is ahu the counterpoise of
a novel free popular spirit, which has burst forth
every where, be it in new constitutions, or even in
the maxims and acts of political bodies, and which
presents a barrier to tyranny, and the thirst after
aggrandiz-ement. Neither is it likely, that the neces-
sary instrument of this latter passion, a standing
army, forming as hitherto a state in the state, will
stand much longer at its command, ir • i xtended
sense it has done since the time of Louis the four-
teenth *J. The aociant system followed in Prussia,
♦) We only quote hora the example of Great Bri-
tain whose standing army ever proportienaMy
14^
und copied by most other governments of recruit-
ing the standing army by means of soldiers of
every nation, will cea^, as being inadequnVJ to pro-
tect, and far inferior to the wrtual j-esources of ^
couiitry; partly because, the free man, who cannot
find support at home, will rather ^eejt it on af«reig^»
joil, than enlist himself binder fore^g^i cpla^s for
bad pay, and partly on acco.unt pf the low st^te x^
Hhe public finances eve^y where, being unable to
^pport such armies of ostentation. ^Ut the more thf
public encouragement of the common -weal *^cr,e^
,es, and the more perepiptorily, *^e fail"" «* ^9-
reign supplies, must summon eye» the weakest
understanding, to repair the lo?s froift the na^Tf
•oil, the smaller tl^e number will K pf ^^^ i"*^'^-
nal population in pyexy statje, whiclj will b^ WM
for permanent service. For the tfuth, [fio^ most
generally acknowlcdgpd, will at length be fully
established, that eyery pitiaeff i» a memb«f P^ the
national army, and as ^nch, must bp ^xerpised anrf
qualified for defending his hearth ^ndcounUyi bW>
^hat the permanent J^rmy QHgbt ou\f 19 po^s^t o^
the smallest, wns considorsljly augmented during
tlie late truly nalional war, but immediately oq
peace taking pli.cp, was reduced, and will be
»tiU further dimiuifhed, there it scarcely any
doubt.
t]
li
P
si
6)
I
d
n;
JE
SI
f£
^1
U
k
S<
tl
e$
.■. i. ii
m -.-
•m^it^
JWts , of recruit-
s of soldiers of
aadequnVs*op*"9-
il ji-esources of f
aan, who cannot
ietiton a foreign
re^gjx folojjitrs for
the low stfitfi ^
being unable to
^Ut the mote thf
non - weal ejicx.tfir
t^e failure of £9-
jyeft the weakest
froift the na^Tf
J^e, of thp inteir
iclj will hft l#yip4
tfuth, [fio\y most.
t length be fully
a naembsr P^ the
t bjB fBxefpised an4
1 und country' ^W*
only t« W»sMt o^
141
the leaders and th,ose njccessary for exercising the
Iroops, and in short only of what is artificially ex-
pressed hy the cadres of an army, which those cla^-
fes,capaj)le of bearing arras and already exercised^,
should be obliged to join, fully equipped on the firs*
6,uin;non« of any iaxijger. With arpiies like thece
A,merica fought her emancipati u, land with such,
eyejry state at aU times, will be best enabled tp
defend its liberties j J90 man bvit .a J«Japoleon could
misufe armed national masses fojr the subjugation of
JEjiyope ; bmt a thou«»nd yews pnlv bring forth on?
such cljaracter, apd tjie ag* jn which he- lived, alone
favoured hi« advancement ; but jt vyas not the skilful
armies of the poteptates, but the spirit that anima-
ted the whole ro*ss of tfeeiv subjects, vvjijch levelled
l^im wi^h the dust. .^
If the twofold problem of puy 9ge were thus
solved, in allowipg the nations, ii; understanding
^vith their governments, to consult thenselves, uporj
thcjr o\yn welfare, which stimulus they even receiv.
ed from the congress of Vienna ♦), and at the same
tjmiB ip. j.end«iing ijipm cjijabj? gf. ^efejidipg them^
ly augmented during
but immediately on
diiced, and will be
here it scarcely any
*) See tho "last act of the Vienna con-
gress of the gth June 1816" — (dccording to
Kliibei's second edition, Ciliingen 1818) § 1. an4
the Gerumu act of Confederation § 15,
■'. '*
142
selves, by accustoming them to the use of arm.
.vithout. on that account withdrawing the flower of
their men. by continual military ^^^r^ '^"^ ^^ ^
ductive industy, on which the welfare of the stat.
depends; the finances would no longer have occa-
sion. to squander away their best and readiest reve.
„ue« upon the maintenance of standing armies;
the people wonld experience considerable alleviation,
and many taxes, at variance with the ^igber pur-
poses of state -oeconomy, would fall away. Then
Lt not before,- the earth would be duly employed
in every species of production, be it in mintng.
a.nculture. or the growth and care of its forests
aid those disp ..nons for the promotion of tnternal
and external com..unication, would be quickly and
energetically made, of which, in many parts of Eu.
,ope. the outlines only exist, and which are no
.vhere arrived at perfection, except perhnps in Eng-
land By these resources, which are the means of
ehoriening distances, and bringing man and man
nearer together, the surplus produce of one tern,
".y could be conveniently transported for the bene-
fit of the other; and it would be impossible for the
future, for one member o'f the whole body, then ntore
intimately connected, to be languishing in want
. whilst another state from false motives of fear, or en^
vious speculation shuts up its frontiers, m order to
.vHhholdthc expect.^ supplies of aid. in the critical
m
£U
m
n(
di
ti(
til
of
P<
cl
P'
ac
Pi
of
cc
ea
ri
E
oi
to
ni
a
tl
gi
E
'i'i:U.
T
*j jij-iji
mmmm'
the use of arms,
ving the flowev of
f duty, from pro-
Ifare of the statt
longer have occa-
and readiest reve*
standing armies;
lerable alleviation,
I the higher pur-
fall away. Then,
be duly employed
be it in mining,
care of its forests,
,motion of internal
uld be quickly and
I many parts of Eu-
an d which are no
;pt perhaps in Eng-
i are the means of
ing man and man
■oduce of one terri-
sported for the bene-
irapossible for the
lolebody, then more
inguishing in want
otives of fear, oren-
:ontiers, in order to
f aid, in the critical
moment of distress. On the solid foundation of
such an improved use being made of the soil, a new
manufacturing system would arise of itself, which
not occupied in producing large masses of goods for
distant quarters of the world, would direct its atten-
tion principally to the supply of internal necessi-
ties; we should be decked out less with the luxuries
of both the Indies, but the impryvcd majority of the
people, would be mor« substantially fed and better
clothed, and ihose enjoyments, of which Europe
possesses such superfluity, would be more generally
accessible to it, A far more extensive degree of
prosperity would every where take place, unalloyed
by an overbearing load of wealth, and a nobler sense
of attachment to the paternal soil, rendered more
consolatary to inhabit, would be felt by all ranks.
On the states becoming more friendly inclined to
each other, the mass of population , would volunta-
rily distribute itself more equally over the face of
Europe; for oppression alone, and a partial surplus
of inhabitants in some parts, together with prohibi-
tory laws, local constraints, and the want of inter-
nal communications, but on no account an
absolute superfluity of population in
the whole of Europe, has caused the late emi.
grations to transatlantic territories. The centre of
Europe it at present the best employed , and most
nwmoxously peopled ; strong coloaies ef agricultural
144
T
and manufactuv.ng hancU could still find room and
useful occuyalion. on her Western extremity . and
in extensive tracts tounrdsl.er Eastern and Southern
frontiers; and it is entirely the fault of the Europe-
an nations in common, in losing ther- children,
by emigration to foreign climes, and wasting '.heu-
i;iood and n.ost vigorous strength, in subjugatrng
the Mahratta states tu a commercial company, keep-
,n.^ the king of Candy in obedience, or in rul.ng
the straits of Magellan and Mallacca. ^vhilst they
are not even masters on their own territory. For
does not the kingdom of the Osmans, from the
limits of Hungary and Transylvania to the shore*
of Asia Minor, form a part of European .o.l? Have
not its cities and villages, its .monuments of
ancient art and science, heen huilt and found,
ed hy the most chosen of the European nat.ons.
and only hecome the prey of an Asiatic barbarian
people', through the contentions of the Christian
world' And do not the descendants of the Hclen.sts,
groaning under the tyranny of the above conquer-
efs in vain sigh for liberat^on? And have the
.Tio've people, now in possession for near four hun-
dred years, of such an extensive territory under the
nrost lovely climate, endeavm-ed to approach or assi-
inulate themselves to the -.aropcan, to introduce
amongst them, the free sentiments, thff noble insti-
tutions, thwarts and science of the Tatter? And do
t
C
a
ti
fi
e
si
b
f
u
a
P
n
ti
n
a
a
u
a
f]
»l
ii
ri
J
r
ill find room and
exliemity , and
evn and Southern
ult of the Europe-
r thei- children,
nd wasting '.heir
1, in subjugating
il company, keep-
nee, or in ruling
acca, ^vhilst they
,'n territory. For
■)smans, from the
inia to the shore*
ropean s-oil? Have
ts monuments of
built and found-
European nations,
Asiatic barbarian
I of the Christian
Its of the Ilclenists,
:he above conquer-
1? And have the
'or near four hun-
territory under the
to approach or assi-
3can, to introduce
ats, the noble insti-
the tatter?* And do
145
they not rvrn remain to the present day, in Hind
Oriental supineness, unsociable, and not allied liy
any ties of blood, directly opposed to Europear. cul-
ture, formidable by their very indolence, which
fieely admits the entrance of the most horrible of
evils, under which mankind, incapable of defence,
sinks, and which can only be kept at a distance,
but not subdued?
This alone would be a sufficient justification
for the Christian Eui-opean nations, putting an end
to this Turkish nuisance j for the welfare of states
and the lives of their citizens , ought not to be ex-
posed, withoutprotection and defence, to those cala-
mities, which nature in her chaotic eruptions, may
overhwelni them with; for the destination of man
on earth, just consists in rendering nature subject
to him, and ii improving and perfecting it, accor-
ulng to the dictates of reason. For this very cause
no lasting peace, but only an armistice, is ima^i-
iiabl« with a people who do not acknowledge the
above destiny of man, but passing their existence,
undti a despotic g iverument in a state of anarcl;v
and lawlessness, are subject to the arbitrariness of
their ruler, and to a blind fatality, founded or. a
system of predestinate superstition, which proves an
insurmountable barrier to every active advance of
rational "tnprov.emcnt. Europe can never lay down
(20)
l,ev , ■. a. ioiK' H, he: South - eastern cervitovics
,,e in vo:^session c,f a r-ple, incapal,lc of nusing
themselves tuihe idea of ale..:nvpolUica. union
and ^vho arc lia),!. to natch only .h. .noxn.nt of
tvanquiUUy, fov .wadinMi- : .t of our qunvter
of the Sl^'1^^. vMth the s:UM^ desperate fury, wh.ch
hurried them across the Hellespont.
If as has been assevled, and which many pre-
paratory events s.em to confirm. Catharine of Rus-
sia entertained tl.. dav.ng sd>eme, of extending her
ki^.dom from the Black sea to the Arch.pelagus
and^aising Constantinople once more to the seat of
a Christian empire, this plan might not appear suf-
lidentlyvipefor the age she lived in, and m.ght
seemimpucticahle, from the then existing unsteady
and jealous politics .>f tbe European pou.rs, .ho
would hardly have pern.itted such an aggrandize-
ment; but it Nvas nevertheless a grand idea, and
beneficial to the general welfare of Europe and U
nray yet one day be carried into execution, the more
the com mo n interests of this whole portion of tl.
globe, becon^e the subject of consu'cration. But to
L belongs the glory , of havi-, oegun this great
work, and of having formed settlements on the
Northern coast of the Llark sea, the anient seat
of Grecian refinement, of which Odessa at lea.,
has already rhen to ., high state of prosperity, and
has been admitt.:' .- a recitnocal operative member
' '^ *^M*
147
#■'
laslftvn lervitovics
lapalilc of raising
I- polilical union,
y ilirt inoin^'nt oE
tt oi our quavter
ei-ate tury, which
nt.
wliich many pie-
Catharinc of Rus-
e, of extending her
the Archipelagus,
more to the seat of
ght not appear suf-
yed in, and might
a existing unsteady
opean powjrs, who
uch an aggrandize-
a grand idea, and
of Europe, and it
execution, the more
,vliole portion of tl '!
nsidcralion. liut to
•_: '.jfgun this great
settlements on the
ica, the ancient seat
ich Odessa at leaM,
te of prosperity, and
;al operative member
in the system of European commerce ♦). Rut this
pliui (Munot 1)0 fully developed, or completed in
itself, before the Dardanelles, under European pro-
tection and dominion, become accessible to all na-
tions. Eor this purpose, in concert with the whole
of Europf', Russia could lend a helping h^ind from
tlie Dniester and Austria from the Danube, and
the reconquest of the present Turkish Iprovinces,
with the cooperation in the North, of the Servians
attached to freedom, and the New -Grecian races in
the South, would not probably be sc difficult a task,
as the expulsion of the Moors formerly from Spam.
If then, as lays in the nature of the idea , having
formerly existed in reality, a Christian empire were
founded in Constantinople, in the :centro of the
Adriatic gulph, and the Black sea ; and from the
♦) "In the year 1794 there was not a living soul
"nor a hut on the spot where Odessa now stands.
'At present (iglS) this city has already ixcoo
"stone houses and above 40,000 inhabitants^
"Above 300 ships leave her hav])our annually:
"and there is so much corn exported from thence,
"that this nc'ghbonrliod, will shortly become,
"what is W4S in the Grecian and Roman teras,
"a granary for supplying the ponntvies in the
Aloditcrrranean". — Political Journiil for iSiR.
1st Vol. P. 199.
148
South point of Morra upwards, as fav as where the
Sawe empties its.lf into the nnnube, and alon^ the
hanks of this r.vor. until it loses itself in the Euxine,
apointof'appui" were found, capable, of supportmg
and organizing evt-ry further plan , towards reesta-
blishing Europe's pristine glory, and consohdat.ng
her communication with Asia and Africa.
The reunion of the islands of the Archipelagus
..^r the newly formed empire, ^vould necessarily
ioi;.w of itself; and, as in ancient times, colonies
^ould flourish on the Southctn shores of the seas
bounding Europe, on the Pontus. in Asia Minor,
and in Northern Africa, which at present is subset-
vient to the Turks. For Europe it never secure from
the attacks of barbarians, and fresh popular inun*
dations, until she again become mistress of her
entire natural territory, aud her opposite shores,
be reinstated in civilization, European manners,
and a friendly cou.mercial intercourse. Ceesarea
and Carthage, Gyrene and Alexandria, must arise
again ; under the ^gis of Eulrope, Miletus, Ephe-
8US and Smyrna, must become enlightetied and free;
and from Prupontis to the promontory of Rhetium,
a tbA.n of industnou. ritles must be formed, such
«, Ihe anc.nt world boasted of. principally in Prusa,
andN.comedia, Gbalcedon, Siflope and Trapezus.
Such is the true colonial system of Europe, to
at ro».pli*h, and establish which, ^e trust considerable
,i *-;
149
fav as where the
ic, and along the
sL'lf inllie Euxine,
^hle, of supporting
1 , towaids recsta-
and consolidating
I Africa.
the Archipelagus
would necessarily
int times, colonies
shoves of the seas
IS, in Asia Minor,
t present is subser-
t ne^er secure from
resh popular inun*
ne mistress of her
ler opposite shores,
European manners,
tercourse. Ceesarea
xandria, must arise
,pe, Miletus, Ephe-
nljghtetied and free;
lontory of Rhetium,
tst be formed, such
, principally in Prusa,
inope and Trapezus.
;ystem of Europe, to
^vie trust considerable
Bvmies will )c made use of, for the last time! —
Here is employment for a century; here prospects
open of a cheering state of prosperity, and a ready
commercial intercourse, which cohtrilutes to the
happiness of both people and countries; and the
productions of Eastern India, would once more flow
through the Arabian gulph, into Alexandria, again
the seat of animation. The Crusades, Under other
pretences but with a just impulse, and the later
Turkish wars, had precisely these objetts in view.
The discovery of America, has thrown Europe out of
her natural course 5 it will Require time for her to
resume the forsaken track, lighted by the torch of
history, and conspicuously pointed out, bythesubli.
west monuments of art.
XI
Ave hope that uilelligent readers, well versed in
history, not unacquainted with the revolution of
events, and Vvho are enu )lcd to view futurity front
the past, will not reject the above picture of a
future state of Europe, as the offspring of a ro-
mantic, and cxtj'avagant imagination; but will
I-
vathcv n.co<ini/o tliovciu, ovUhucs, uiruli fhe spint
cft.-'unesis unccasinzlv slvivinn; u. n.o<U-l into
laslu.8 ronn. .mrll.. rcnlr.o nl.icb, necessity iircsisl-
il,ly inclmrs. but ,nun be rorai.Uy uipporlod in
the task, by aready wiilingne.s. In the mean ume,
uc do not pretend to deny, that a period of tnne,
of indolinite lentil. , lays between the present and
the above future a^ra, uhich can on no account he
sprunp; over,
but must be waded through
and that this interval, on the brink of uhuh, the
present ;rcncration seems to stand, will not be tho
uiost cheering. On this, we return to the -ctual
road of observation, ar.: ',a!l endeav-nu t . dcvelope
and illustrate, in their probable conncxi-.n, the
nearest ton-sequcnces of the grand event oi Vcom-
plete emancipation of America.
We shall confine ourselves in the first place to
that occurrence, which must above all, undoubtedly
take place, and in its endless ramiiications, must
penetrate and change the whole texture of the poli-
tical relation and social intercourse of the civili-
zed world, - we mean the failure of ihose supplies
of 'he precious metals hitherto enjoyed by Europe.
]-rom what has been said before, this may be consi-
,U,e<l as unavoidable, on tribute no longer flowing
into the treasuries of Enropean sovereigns, or of
,1 ,se Grandees holding possessions in America, and
„n payment ceasing for those European articles,
di
S I
III
Ui
ll
ri
a I
11
tl
tl
w
d
ii
n
t
S'
s
1
c
11.:
'■' 4,-
s, wliuli I'h" spii-it
inx ii» nxnU-1 into
1, necessity iiresist-
ially supported in
In the meantime,
t a period of time,
en the present and
n on no account he
,aded through;
irink of ulmli, the
id, will not be tlio
eturn to the actual
ideavoui to dcvelope
jle connexion, the
ind event oi" 'i" corn-
in the first place to
ove all, undoubtedly
ramiiicalions, must
8 texture of the poli-
course of the civil i-
lure of ihose supplies
enjoyed by Europe,
e, this may be consi-
ite no longer flowing
an sovereigns, or of
sions in America, and
se European articles,
\;]ni li Aiiii'iici omc !:> r own iniSiU'k.'* , ulll pri.
(hite htiself; thai a < on I i ii u a 11 y cm rev -
sing « c .1 r t 1 t V II f r e a d y m o Ji e \ i n V. n r o p e,
iiuist hi' till' ( inisroutrnc^K of tbese eviMiti, (.ani.ot
Out he evident. But otlni- causes will uniie willi
ilie above, in romlerin;; tlic precious mctaU inmo
rare, \\lii(h will also niulti|ily the ,>;i>ncrdl dijfif^ss,
and enhan< c tlie dilticulty of keep'iig tbe t isting
means of curienry in cir. ulatioii. Wo allu.le to
tlie ^tagnation of so many branch" s of in<lnstry, lii-
tlicrto in activity for the Wet hi iics and Amcric:i,
wliich had been employed eilher di.ec lly in the pro-
duction of the mi Msarins and articles of luvury,
i(|uifile for the wants of the above coimtries, or
inaiructly, in keeping up the cxtensivo Kuropean
navigatii n, ubich must decline yeuly, in propou
tion as th.it of America will en' reuse j and circum-
dances like these, will also encour-.ge itie propcn-
sity of amassing or treasuring th'-' pr'iioits metals.
Tor every stagnation in productive iuhislry or
commercial influence, noccjsarily renders tjie cir-
culation of money from luind to bund more inert;
the duller it is, consequently the greater dil'iicuU
ties tbere arise for those who are in want, in obtni-
ning money, the more every individual, partly from
the necessity of not becoming cmbarraised, and
partly from excessive caution , will feel inclined,
to deposit in his own keeping, a larger quuntuv
i*
,'
ir>2
T
of hi, rrn.ly casi,, tTi.in he otherwise wouIJ do,
if he hn.l Ihe vvospcet of turninf; hi« (..pital
qu.ckly ov..r, by cmplojin?; it in somo lacrat.ve
nndertakiujj, nt a period of an animated com.nev-
,ial tniitic. For this reason, thinly peopled coun-
tries, having hut little internal tradr. stand in need
of more cash in proportion, than those, wherein the
circulation is 1 risk, and is renc^vc■d several times
annually; it is iheveforc why, a Rrcater accumula.
tion of precious metals out of circulation, is to be
,uet with in averaged poor states, such as Poland
aud different Russian provinces, than in those,
where industry and trade vibrate with animated mo-
tion. But the joint operation of all these circum,
stances, appears to forebode a total revolution in
the pecuniary system of all Europe. We shall in
the first place viow it, as far as it relates to the
iiuanres and the public debts of the several states.
Here wc offer the remarl!, that, almost every
coxintvy without exception, is at present in a stata
of en.bnrrassment. less occasioned by the difficuhjr
of providing for its actual wants, than by that, of
jfpayins capitals Ion- since squandered away, which
have been anticipated from the public income. This
circumstance is principally derived from the pro-
pensity for aggrandizement, (so often mentioned)
congenial to states, and the inclination inherent in.
them, a? in individuals, of exceeding the bounds of
153
riling his (iipitnl
in seme lucrative
nimatcd toinuipv-
nly peoplfil coun-
adr, itnnd in need
tliose, wliorciii tho
■wi'd several timci
f^rcnter accumula-
culalion, is to be
5, such as I'ohind
s, than ill those,
with animated mo'
• ill I these circuin.
total revolution in
i-opo, We shall in
ss it relates to the
the several states,
that, almost every
t present in a state
■d hy the difficulty
;, than by that, of
anderedaway, which
public income. This
rived from the pro-
so often mentioned)
lination inherent in.
;eeding the bounds of
tlirir natural incoinr. The usual revenue of the
sMlis, cousistiti;^ of tliu permanent t.ixcs paid b)
tbc pouplo, was imiiussiblc to sati.sfy this propen-
sity, and tho w.irs tvhich were the fruit of it; nei-
tli( r were «'Xfraoidinary impostn, wliidj uero laid
(Ml thosubjnts ill the custDiiiary manner, adequatu
to ucci'iiiiili^h the juh'ijom's of desiJutism and aml)i-
tidii. 'llie Inal was thru mule, to liiiii the contii-
biitiiin to the n-al nr imapiuary necessities of tlie
state, whicli could no lunger be supported liy tlie
ordinary means of revenue, into a lucrative specula-
tion, by loans on advantageous conditions, whereby
tlie povernmcnts got into tlieir power, for a longer
or shorter s[jate of lime , tliose disposcable capitals
wliieli WW possessed at home, or were to lie procu-
red from abroad. In doing this, they were rolling
tlie burthens of tho time present, upon posterity,
without consiilering, how the latter would be ablo
to iiiid the means of bearing; the weight of its own
engagements, besides that of past generations, and
of providing repayment for capitals, long since spent
and dissipated on useless umloi takings. It is so evi-
dent, that such a system in the administration of a
state, as well as in the domestic oeconoiny of
every private individual, must lend to ruin, if
carried on longer, than there are means of bearing
the encrcasing burthen, that it would be inccmreiv-
able, wliy this view of the case did not lead to
I
»54
niovo nioiloiatioii, il tlic e\pciifiicu uf all age* did
not sufficiently teach u";, that the pressure anil the
passions of the present riioment, almost invariably
overcome every i,onsidcration for the future. Bui
still tlic in'5chief might have had bounds prescribed
it, and a hope of bringing back things to their for
mer Stat", might have been indulged, had not the
general confusion reached its highest pitch, by the
unfortunate idea of raising to a financial resource,
a ])ure mercantile expcdicii' : the issuing of a draft
on funds, actually existing and in deposit, instead
of repeatedly paying the same out; whereby assign-
ments ou monies, no wlieve extant, were issued.
and representatives, of no intrensic value were clo-
thed with the public authoiity of legal tenders for
payment *). For as long as the affairs of a state are
conducted by means of hard cash, the possibility of
fncreasing its expen( es, is limited to the possibility
of being supplied with this money, which is never
to be obtained without an equivalent of the same
value, consequently depends wholly on the product'
*) Tlie auciior lias published his ideas on the cre-
dit o? a country and on paper currency, in a
work , intitl«d •, "On the nature of money and
"the pecuniary currency in a state": Cnpenha
gen iSia-
■ JL.
L
f
:u uf all '^^^^ ^^'<^
piessuve and the
almost invariably
■ the future. Bi''
hounds prescribed
things to their for
ilgcd, had not the
;hcst piteh, by the
liuantrial resource,
e issuing of a draft
in deposit, instead
ut ; whereby assign-
xtant, ^\ere issued,
nsic value were clo-
of legal tenders for
ailairs of a state are
5h, the possibility of
ited to the possibility
Dney, which is never
uivalent of the same
vhoUy on the product-
i his ideas on the cre-
i paper currency, in »
,e nature of money and
in a state": Copenha-
ive resources of the country; but the system of paper-
money, requires in its commencement no such con-
siderations, and an ample space of timf^ elapses,
'ere the evil becomes so sensible, as to be limited
by its own excess. To what len£;tlis this misuhief
can be carried, and how long it can be forcibly
maintained, by the power of the government,
amougst others, the history of the French assignats,
and the fate of the paper -money issued to redeem
them, sufficiently shew. Nevertheless, the most
states are under the constant influence of this sys-
tem , and by the emission of a paper - money, pro-
mising future payment of the sum it represents,
have, besides their load of debt bearing interest,
burthened themselves with a new one of another
species. Such is not liable to interest it is true, but
in its consequences, by the iluctaatin- value, and
final depreciation, which seem to be the inevital le
fate of the best paper -currency, it injures nnd pi.'ys
upon the internal welfare of the state, and on pn-
vate pecuniary exchanges, more sensil)iy, than pa,>
lie loans contracted in the usual mann^ r are evti
capable of doing.
The picture of the public ck-bt of Europe must
create astonishment, and it is a most inaus-
picious phenomenon, thuL five sevenths of the
public income of the British empire are em-
ployed in paying the ii.tercbt on anticipations,
which have been made on future rcswuvccsi for a
156
debt m its extreme analysis, is nothing more, than
the prc-approprlation of funds not yet existing; or
in other words, that msteadofdischarpirit: the neces-
sities of the present, these two sevenths are used ui
xneeting the engagements of times long past.
Through this state of things, it has, by degreescome
to this point, that by far the greater part of the
contributors, mu,t extort the amount of then- taxes
from the soil, or from other branches of uidustry,
in order only to pay them to an (at least m th.s
respect) idle consumer, in the form of a govern-
„:ent annuity, who, had such an insfUution never
existed, instead of lending his capital to the state,
in whose hands it ha. remained unproductive, or as
usually squandered away, would have employed it
insume useful undertaking, from which he might
have derived his subsistence; whereas he is now
invulunt.u-ily obliged tu remain in the class of mere
consumers, being unable to withdraw h.s capital at
■pleasure. It is of no use objecting to this, that
every holder of government paper or stock, is at
lib.nv totarn it intodisposeable capital, by s.leat the
stock- market, at the existing price, like any other
,^ch,-i~e,.l,le article. Upon the whole this alter,
nothing in '.he proportion, -.nuhich, the class of tho.e
deriving a.i idle and unproductive income from Uie
interest of -he public funds, stands to the industrious
and productive orders of the states such a transfer
■^'•^''MJfe-
ling more , than
yet existing ; or
arpin^: the necc!;-
enths are used in
iines long past.
IS, by (Icgieescome
leatev part of the
aunt of their taxes
nches of industry,
1 (at least in this
form of a govern-
1 institution never
ipital to the state,
unproductive, or is
1 have employed it
■om which he might
vhereas he is now
in the class of mere
idraw his capital at
cting to this, that
per or stock, is at
rapital, by sdeat the
ice, like any other
2 whole this altera
ich, the class of those
vc income from <he
ids to the industrious
ate i such a tiansfer
157
of stock only changing the former annuitant into
an active niuinhcir of society, and associating the
purchaser, who had formerly laboured to the advan-
tage of the state, v.ith the class of atinuitdnts. J3ut
supposing the purchase of stock wiac made for
account of a sinking fund, destined for the gradual
liquidation of the public debt; the repayment of a
capital, taken by these means out of advantageous
circulation, would only virtually be restored to
it, on no similar amount, on the other liand, being
withdrawn from it, at the same liiiio, by the con-
tracting of new debts. But as long as this is usually
the case, which d.iily experience ttaches us, the pro-
portion of the above classes remains unchanged, or
alters even for the worse. — By these means, it is
true, the rich and monijd classes of the people,
becoaie bound by the closest tics to (best:', and to
its continuance under its existing forins; l)ut the
links of the chain may be twisted so t(t i, tJiit a.
single crack will be sulficicnt violently ti, burst the
whole. For in a state where the 'neatest part of
the revenue is absorbed by the public debt, the in-
come of the country will not suffer a diminution
by any event whafsoever, be it some general cala
mity, a partial decrease of the taxes, ora voluntary
letrenchment in the expences. The existing uieclia
nism of states being already limited, by theaweliiii (
encreasc of the public debt, to the very verije -jf :iiK
r
M
n
i i
i
■^'S.-'
158
evnences, nocess.v;: for Us support, ran nfford t<^
th. p.Mic debt must be pa,d, othovw.e not alone
every i.lca of credit will van.sh, br.t that povt,en of
the nat.on possessed of the greatest iutelb.eace,
and f most influor.ce, who derives Us income from
this debt, will lose its weight, and the presentorder
of things, withthesccial union of the different classes
ofpeople composing n state, are lUble tube subverted
from their very foundations. The decided prepon-
derance in trade, and the command of those^masses
ef sold and silver, hitherto at t.e power of Europe,
have alone enabled Great Britair punctually to fu.
fill her engagements, whilst France has sunk sevex-
al times beneath the load of her's, and not alone
to firid the annual resources for a public debt of
near 900 millions of pounds sterling, but by the ml..-
„ite credU of her government, to .eta,n the means
of almost yearly encreasing this debt. WUb thede-
cay of h-r influence in commerce, and the decrease
of the circulation of bullion in Europe, the poss.b>
lity of her performing such enormous engagement*
n.ust naturally cease, and the edifice of her natmnal
greatness towering at present to the sk.es, .nust be
precipuated upon Us .inking foundations. Th« sus-
pension of the Bank o. England, from p.yurg Us
notes m specie, continued .0 long, and t]>e almost
fearful circumspection, wHh whuh the exactions of
\
Irt, f-i" afford to
nd the intevpst of
lipvwlsc not alonP
bnt that portion of
salest inteUip;cnce,
rps its income from
id the present order
llie different classes
iable to he subverted
he decided prepon-
and of those masses
\e power of Europe,
r punctually to ful-
mce has sunk sevet-
er's, and not alone
,r a public debt of
ling, but by theinfi-
to retain the means
i debt. vVith thede-
ce, and the decrease
Europe, the possibi-
ormons engagements
edifice of her national
:o the skies, must be
oundations. The sus-
md, from paying i''
long, and the almost
;rhich the exactions of
a iulin- icsuiiipliou of ihii ii.casuie, h.iv(. i,icii :u--
couipiigni.d, may siTve ai v;,uni„g prurnust.cs.
Bui should even this promised payment lu specie,
actually take place ♦), the bank of England alone,
and the paper it has in circulation, are covered by
this mearure, as long as it may be adhered to; its
adoption has no influence in itself, upon the possi-
bility of liquidating the national debt in the long-
run, which is indeed paid, by order of government,
by the bank, but not from its means: fur the soli-
dity of this debt depends entirely on the amount of
the revenue and the resources of the government,
who again rely on the capacity of the people in bear-
ui-T the present burthens undiminished, for the
future, but these again repose upon the unimpaired
receipts of the country, that is to say, on the conti-
nued command o^ the commerce of the world. But
as the foregoing discussion of this subject, offers rea-
sons, completely at variance, with the undiminish-
ed duration of such a commercial prepohdcrince, a
total overthrow of the present system of finance is
not alone to be apprehended in Great Britain, but
I
*) Since the publication of the first edit .a jf thfs
work, this has been carried into eileci, ut the
period, and under tha rcstricuoas, stipulated by
parliamentf
i6o
T
in us far as she constitutes .Isc of the wlmld
pecuniary life of Europe, in tiic CDiitinentdl slates
iilso; and it remains for us to enquire, wliat turn
things arc likely to t.ike, political ocronoiny resting
entirely at prcjcat, on the existing relative value of
money. —
When the nrccions metals as me r ch a ii d i n ^ ,
become scarcer in a limited sphere of circulatioii ;
they vtill also as cum assume a higher price ; tlu;
eagerness fu their possession and use, will render
their owners more (li.sinclincd to part with tliein,
and will dcterniiiu- liim, who stands in need of them,
to give, ahove tln-ir usual cxrhangeal)le value, an
cquivivli-'Ht adequate to the dil'lHuUv of obtaining
them i in otliei- words, the same quantity of metal
of a certain fineness, or a coin of i'i[ual weight and
standard, will under the above circumstances, pay
for a larger quantity of mercliandize, than could
have been bought for it, betore the precious metals
became more riirc-. We shall in this respect once
more approach the times, when the same measure
of corn, which i-; now j)aid willi two ounces of sil-
ver, cost iicfore the uiscovcry of America, half an
ounce only. IJut ihe fiirtlier we advanrt,- towards
this approvimntion, tlio less it will be possil)le, for
the state to demand or obtain the same quantity of
precious metal in t.ixes, which it was enabled to
levy, prior to this catastrophe. Tor that sul)ject for
'
<»i-
I
■\se of tlic v.-liolo
cutiuneulal sl.itcs
ruiuire, wliat turn
I (iccononiy icsliug
[<r ri^lalive value o£
me rcli nil (i i r o,
ere of c.irciikilion ;
higher price; tin;
A use, \vill remlor
to part with tlieiri,
nds in need of them,
i;ingeal)le value, an
l'i(uUv of obtaining
: i^uantity of metal
i)f e^iual weight and
: circumstances, pay
handize, than could
tlie precious metals
in this respect once
n the same measure
h two ounces of sil-
of America, half an
we advance towards
will be possible, for
the same quantity of
ch it was enabled to
For that sultjcct for
i6i
example, «ho was taxed at 2 ounces of silver, when this
sum was equal to one measure ofcorn, cannot, with-
out being taxed higher, that is, unjustifiably curtail-
ed in his income, pay more than half an ounce of
silver or the fourth part of the former amount of
i)is taxes, in the same coin, if this half ounce of
silver, is really capable of supplying the state with
the intended value of one measure of corn. If he his
obliged nothwithstandin'g, to pay h'gher taxes, for
example one ounce of silver, he only pays, it is true,
hominally the half, but virtually the double of his
former assessment. But as it will be impossible to
inforce this, for any duration of time, it may be
iaken for granted, that the numerical quantity
0^ the income of the government will decrease, aJ
the value of the precious metals rise iti proportion,
to those articles, from the exchange of which, the
subject must pay his taxes. If therefore a state had
retained, with the exception of the dectease of th»
precious metals, every other soUrce of emolument
and prosperity, instead of a former income of 40
millions of dollars, it Would only be able to Calcu-
late upon one of 10 millions for the future, in th«
same coin. But on this it follows immediatclj', that
the state calculating its expeflces Upon the same
scale, eannol likewise pay its creditor, rfiore than a
fourth part of tlie fioininal amount iri the Satftecoin,
(fta)
t '
u\
p
ti
J^
JU
162
n mteve,,-, nn.lthatas soon as th,n;^s m poneral
h.ve found thciv level, he uu,l>t to be verf.dly ..-
tisfica with this rckution, fur u. reality he u>ll h.
able to provide fur the sa.ue wants, vv ocuve the sam.
en,oy»aents, and pay for the s.me services and labor
.v.th his nom.nally reduced >ucome, as he could
have doHC before. In this n^anner then, justue
.•ould in fact he duly administered, but the govern-
ruent, ^vhich reduced a capital, or ils contracted
.naaoemonts in the proportion of 4 to 3, had osten-
,,bly°made a bankruptcy, which, considering the
intermediate state, that must he past through, be-
iore a rule generally ju.t, could be conveniently ac-
commodated to all particular cases and exigence.,
would be attended most undoubtedly with md.v,-
dual inconformities and disadvantages, but which
nrust sooner or later be considered nevertheless as
hrevitable. Tt ought to be the fust consideration of
a state convinced of the necessity of tins nomi-
nal bankruptcy, to organize it so, as to be as harm-
less as possible.
To effect this, only two expedients appear to
present themselves; namely, that of keeping up the
nominal nmountof all engagements made in money
.huh could then be discharged by a currency de-
preciated according to circumstances, and agreable
to the example we have chosen above, by coin con-
tauun^ but one quarter of the gold or silver , th«
: > -t ■
I
1 63
hings ni pciu'ial
1 1,0 perfectly sa-
rralUy lie will h'J
p' o':uio tlie SiUn*;
ici- vices andlaLov
jme, as he tcuild
ler then, jusliic
:i\, but the govern-
or ils conlvaeled
4 to 1, had osleii-
1, consitleiing th«
: past through, be-
be conveniently ac-
ises and cxigtnccs,
nedly with indivi-
jntagcs, but which
ured nevertheless as
rst consideration of
ity of this nonii-
io, as to be as iiarni-
iped-ients appear to
at of keeping up the
ents made in money
I by a currency de-
ances, and agreable
above, by coin con-
! gold or silver , the
ancifut om-'s of the same name did; or thai, of ic-
dutin", Uie nominal amount of all slipulalcd pay
iiuuts, acroiding to tlic au^;m r"-'d value, wJiith
ni.uicy may h.ive assumed in reg.ird t.i nierchandir.e
and the price of labour, — by whiih a demand of
1 ) dollars, could legally lie liquidated by 2.', dollar*
in the ancient undcbascd coi»; ♦).
The principles of these two systems arc so syno-
nymous, that it is perfectly indilferent, which of
them the government might think proper to follow;
but above all things it ought lo be carefully avoid-
ed, not to allow such a measure to anticipate the pro.
per period, or to be put into force as an arbitrary
initiative, founded on the self interest of the govern-
ment. The precise tuue ought to b« .so chosen the-
•) In states, wliich hnd to f ee themselves from a
depreciated paper curroj -y, and to regulate sti-
pulated cngageinciils, made at different periods,
besides similar measures having been adopted, a
reduction of the paper nuney was also made
upon the principle of time; by virtue of which,
the same nominal debt according to the value,
which it bore in hard s^' .-r, at l\ie time it was
contracted, can be liquidated by very different
sums, iu the . 'W standard mo.iey, It is evident
that a. double r<duction occurs in cases of this
nature*
111
1^
;l
1 64
I
rcforc, that it would not be necessary to a n n o u « c e
a chanf^c, Jml onl, to sanction that which
had already taken place, und simpl> to puhlish
the rise in value of the precious metals, now become
scarcer, which had long before been felt in the gene-
ral operations of commerce, and in the intercourse
of daily exchange, and agreable to it, to regylat*
with moderation and equity, the relation of the dif-
ferent classes of society, interwove,! with each other
by pecuniary transactions. Of the two alternative
vrhich have been proposed, the former appear* mor«
suited to the natureof the case and the conven.enc.
of civil life, than thp Jatttu Fi,r as neeessity and
custom have introduce^ since time immemorial,
the exchange of merchandise according te certain
quantities and measures, which being grown toge-
ther, as it were, with the roots of civilized i«rtitu.
tions, must be looked up..n as lasting and peraia-
rent; it is nothing move than just, that the metals,
as precious wares given in exchange fov it, should
bp coined upon such a scale, ai aecording to their
JBtrinsie value, might easiest offer an enuivalent
to the above weights and measures. Tke people
would be less perplexed and embarrassed in their
dalculations. if their dealings carried on in ducats,
crowns and groats or inarks, skiilings and pfennings,
were continwed for th? ffims agwWe V) ijiis scale
in a lighter money , than if, for tl** mk9 of the
1 65
ylo announce
1 on that which
pi J to publish
Btals, now bi-. nue
nfelt in the gene-
in the intercourse
to it, to regylat*
-elation of the dif-
cji with each other
e two alternativef
imer appears mor«
id the convenienct
r as i^ceessity and
time imuicmoiial,
curding te certaii^
being grown toge-
)f civiliaed i«»4»tu-
asting and peraia-
jst, that the metals,
ange for it, should
according to their
offer an equivalent
sures. Tke people
iibnrrassed in their
iirieil on in ducats,
liijgs and pfennings,
>6ie*bl« to »l»is scale
for tU» MJi# of the
ancient heavy coin, whichcou!dp''rh>,, s pay for three
or four times the usual quanii' ' *" inerchanJize,
they should be obliged to calca' ding to per-
fectly stranj^e fractions, in unf.. ' 'ties upd
ths'r ?'espective subdivisions. '1 e added;
that in the present state of society vhere the
immp.diate exchange of material necessities, is coiti-
pl( lely supplanted by the intervention of inoney ,
a,id labour, co,atrary to the ysage of former time?,
is requited by the same means, leaving the receiver
the choice of all the productions gf jiatyre or art,
either for necessity or enjoyment, and rendering
him consequently f^r more jndpyendent of his em-
ployer, than any other consideratign for his >abour
could do — it is of the greatest ^importance, parti-
cularly for thp bulk pf tjie latgiifins classes, tljiit
^00 sensible i scarcity of coin do not take ylace,
which, vvith a weighty standard, and the pre-
cious metals being high in price, must necessarily
happ^nJ whereby the d<)ily and weekly circulation
wpuldbe impeded, aqd Jt vvoyld be impossible to
p^tain with facility, %\}o$e quatjtities of the necessi
ties or comforts of life, v/h'ich pre required for daily
§Qnsunjpti0n. — Jt js oply jinQC money h»s circ*
Jated in sijch jtliyndanci?, as tp afford the means ol
UPiyprsal «XQhjin|,e, and of satisfying every species
9f service, jp i{g 6»j*lJ?jt raffiifications, that tlie
ijvisjyn 8| Jafevur i^a^ f» wondeyfujly )?rogrcssp.('.
\i
\h
M
166
,l,,.,„.l, wlu.h ^unv^, th.- ino.ni.t proj^ovity of ni:i
nufactoiics and fal.rus, and ihc luMlV.llon nf Uuu-
productions, could have bc-n altauicd; i-v.vy sfn'-
pn"c in llu, main sp'"'?. ^^''"^^^ ""^' ' v.tiosvade
movement in the aniinaud transactions of civ.l lo-
cicty, m- even hvins th.m to a total ttaRnation.
Thes.n.ulavityuf the intimate connexion, which
exists between all the European slates , will exempt
none of them from a bankruptcy, of the nature wc
have above described, as so o n a s t he n c c e ss i ty
shall appear of such t a k i n {? place in
that central point of Kuropean traffic,
where the greatest load of debt exists, be it in go-
vernment paper or a representative currency, which
can .-.lone be liquidated by the precious metals; and
the mojt powerful remedy against the inconvenien-
ces attendant upon such a measure, and the hope
of ^\\ inequalities being levelled in the shortest man-
ner to reciprocal satisfaction, are to be found in
this very universality of the case. For if it were
possible to suppose, that in a considerable state
of peat influence, the value of aierchandiv.e, to that
of gold and silver, could remain at the same stand-
ard, when in all other countries on account of the
want of bullion, it had already fallen the half or
more, it must then be allowed, that as long as this
continued, the intercourse with the former country
would be broken off. for as all trade grounds
pvi<»|'pvity of m:\
peilV'i tion of i\u''n-
niiK'd; I'very stop-
ranso a ri'tiopiatle
actions of civil »o-
tal ttaRiiation.
e connexion, which
nates, will exenii>t
of the nature wo
IS the necessity
I k i n f! place in
•ope an traffic,
exists, be it in po-
live currency, which
rccious metals J and
ist the inconvenicn-
sure, and the liope
in the shortest man-
arc ti) bo found in
ise. For if it were
1 considerable state
merchandize, to that
n at the same stand-
es on account of the
y fallen the half or
, that as long as this
h the former country
$ all trade grounds
t
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167
itsesf i)n the primiple, that the seller can again pui-
tliase his productions and wares, iir the same price
Jic disposed of them for, v.hicli is nothing further,
than repaying the labour of the producer antl manu-
facturer, and moreover be alj!e to g.^Jn what may lie
necessary for his o>vn support, during tiie inlei val
of the exchange, the state, in which the ancient
relative value still existed, must necessarily keep its
export articles too high in price, and the other coun-
U-ies, where the quantity of precious metal deman-
ded, would pay fur double the labour, , would not
hava it in their power to pay the price required by
the former. But the impassibility of things remain-
ing in this condition for a continuance, appears
evident; for the precious metals would soon wander
from those states, where they were equivalent to the
smallest quantity of labor and produce, into those,
where they could pay for more; and this exporta-
tion ■ — in spite of all imaginable obstacles — would
continue to flow, until the quantity of bullion be-
came equally distributed over all those tern tori :;s,
united by, or accessible to a reciprocal corr;iierce,
and the relative value of produce and merchaudiz.:,
had once more found its level.
If it would not appear too bold to cherish tbe
hope, that in the same laudable manner, in which
the several governments have commenced to recon-
cil« th* exteiaal ^relations of their diffsrent states,
l!
■■*!
I
1 68
hy fiicndl) agreements, tlioy would equally he in-
dined tu submit the internal affairs of ihcir coun-
tries, in as far as r^'gnrdcd the important interests
Of the whole, to a general discusiun, it might rea-
Jonahly he expected, that the regulation of the rela-
tive value of money, would become a topic of deli-
beration, as the continually encreasing distraction
of the financei of all, would stimulate each indivi-
dually to bring this subject upon the carpet. A mea-
sure of this nature is the only one rapabl; of giv-
ing birth to, a uniformity of the pecuniary standard
throughout F.uropc, so suitable to the occasions of
the age; which amongst all inslitulions, would un-
questionably be the most important, that a truly
paternal care could employ, for the alleviation of
Commerce, and the prevention of manifold obstacles
and frauds, anr vrh would of itself as it viere,
calltolightav .orm scale, of all local weights
and measures.
But however important this solicitude ttiiy he,
and however applicable it may appear to measures,
excellent for the community at large, on a reciprc
Val understanding having taken place, the niote
each government individually, must prevent, by
every exertion of state- policy , and the most disin-
terested sacrifice of self- interest, a real baukruptcy
taking place, incalculable in its injurious consequerr-
ces, insteadof that nominal one, which according to
I
wuv 1;
m i n i 1
this ii
mean
finds
of its
as wt
wares
«ums
value
.by. t;
on se
must
this i
merii
tiul 1;
»pecti
kind
laboi:
lilOUi
provi
kig t
the I
space
vno-nl
the- 1
th»l<
I
equally he in-
of ihcir coun-
itant interests
, it might rea-
ion of the rela-
I topic of deli-
ing clisfiactiou
te each indivi-
carpet. A mea-
rapabl: of giv-
iniary standard
lie occasions of
ons, would un-
t, that a truly
! alleviation of
nifold obstacles
self as it \Vere,
all local weights
icitude may he,
dr to measures,
;, on a recipro.
lace, the niofe
St prevent, by
the most disin-
rcal haukruptcy
riousconsequen-
lich according to
169
wur humble calcLilTtinn, niay he considertul as the
niiniinuin of an iinvitalilc evil. It is evident from
this antithesis, thnt utulcr a real bankruptcy, we
meuu that state of things, in which the government
finds itself no louper able, to fulfil the true value
of its cri:;agemenls, by paying so much in m^ney,
as would puichase the same quantity of produce or
wares, which could have been bought, by the legal
*ums due to the state -creditor, before the rise in
value of the precious metals took place, and where--
.by, the rttcome of those , wbase existence depends
on service* rendered and capitals advanced thestate,
Biust co-nscquently be curtailed. Symtoms precede
this state-bankruptcy, which,- as warning presages
merit every attention, appearing to announce a par-
tial bankruptcy,, in the several relations of the re-
spective classes, of civil society. A token of this
kind is, that nothwithstanriing the emigrations of
laboupcvs, fbr the last eight or ten years, and al-
t-hough no local fall but even a rise in the price of
provisions has taken place, the weavers wages, accord-
insr to ;he ktest and best authorities, have fallen int
the manufacturing towns of England, in the short
space of two years, and in many cases within nine
mo-nths-^ to the half of what they amounted to, where
the- highest, and have- been reduced a quarter where
th>l«>\Test- payment- was- given; the price- of other
¥"k
"I
<"T
170
species of labour has also sunk in Uke proportion ♦),
The manufacturing district? of other states, nhere
the workman with wife and children and a bleeding
heart, is obliged for want of the means of daily sub-
iistencc to forsake his homo and country, present a
no less gloomy prospect. Let this actual state of things,
which we have discussed more at large in the VI th
chapter, arise either from a too extensive produc-
tion, disproportioned to the possible means of sale
for the articles produced , whereby their price l^e-
comes depressed, and the master manufacturer ohli-
ged to secure his diminished profit, by lowering the
price of labour, or from an excess of competition in
the number of hands seeking' employment in this
branch of industry, (which would imply a want of
other channels for the employment of activity)
whereby the master in enabled to ruduce the price
or wages to the lowest limits, or from both thriie
causes"uniting to pioducc the melancholy result;
that nation nevertheless, considered in the light of
a social body, is already to be looked upon as insol-
vent, who can no longer satisfy the claims of , its
*) Tliff Borseu Halle newspaper No. 2190 for 1819
contains a specification of wages in Manchester,
borrowed from the Times, which fully warrants
the above result.
diffe
of tl
the s
objcc
divic
to bt
what
to it
agaii
ncce
this
rivci
ben
aati(
cred
com
kecf
libri
may
t io
leasl
perl
Thii
edl;
que:
hav{
nier
beyc
cati
171
e proportion *),
r states , where
and a bleeding
ins of daily sub-
ntry, present a
il state of things,
rgc in the Vlth
Ltensive produC'
( means of sale
their price l;e-
nufactuver obli-
by lowering the
f competition in
loymcnt in this
imply a want of
;nt of activity)
ruduce the price
from both the*e
lancholy result;
1 in the light of
i upon as i n s o 1-
he claims of ^its
No. 2190 for i8«9
'0$ in Manchester,
ich fully warrants
different memberion the public income, the amount
of the general gain being no longer adequate to
the support of the community. — It will not do to
object, that this common revenue is too unequally,
divided, and that the phenomenon in question, is
to be attributed to such unequal distribution; for in
whatever hands the income may be, it is, in regard
to its circulative pt^ers, completely the same, as it
again streams out i^m every hand in exchange for
necessities and luxuries of all descriptions, and for
this reason may be considered, in its totality, as a
river in constant motion ; that is to say, provided it
be not hoarded up, and thereby cause a sensible stag-
nation, which appearance of a universal want of
credit, would be the approaching symptom of a
complete dissolution. The present impossibility of
keeping the wages of the labouring classes in equi-
librium, with the requisites for a tolerable existence,
may rather bi.- attributed most safely to a diminu-
tion of the national income, decreased at
least relatively, to a population which has
perhaps augmented beyond the usual progression.
This explanation of the case, is completely cwnl'irm-
cd by what we said above, respcttinj,; tlio conse-
quences, which the independence of America will
have for tlie European manufacturing and com-
mercial system J for every progress that is made
beyond the ocean , in producing and labri.
eating those articles necessary for th-j wants 01
172
conforts of life, anA wliich hitherto had hern sup-
plied from henci', causes one branLJi of Eiuopean
indurtry to dec.iy, and one of the numerous sprinfl*
to dry up. from which the puldic income flows to-
gi-thor. The effects of this, must necessarily fall
back upon the labouring classes, as long as at least,
the main stock of geiu'ial industry does not send
forth a new shoot in the plac^pf the one that is
withered, and fie^h sources he not opened to the
public revenue. But the more extensive, the navi-
gation, the manufflcluring industry and commer,
cial traffic is, ulii«h Europe must shortly lose*);
the more difficult will itbe, for even the mostindus-
trious people, to make amends for such loss, and
the longer the intervening period will be, before
the new springs of national wealth, which must then
be dug for deeper, will flow sufficiently abundant.
But as long as the national income is really diuii-
nished, and in a constant state of decline, the d c^
crease of the real revenue of the govern,
m ent, which is nothing more than an aliquot part
of the national receipts, cannot fail to follow, but
will rather ntro-nde in proportion to the diminu-
tiun uf ihe foniur. For we may most assuredly
maintain without feav of contvadiction, that in all
the
that
vied
aire
wot
higi
this
jnui
pro
♦) UooH hack at tlie Vlillh chapter.
Viarl hem sup-
li of European
iiirvous sprins*
come flows to-
necessaiily fall
lunj; as at least,
does not send
tiie one that is
opened to the
nsive, the navi-
r and commer-.
shortly lose *) ;
the most indus-
r such loss, and
will be, before
which mvist then
cntly abundant.
is really dinii-
ecline, the d c-
f the govern-
n an aliquot part
1 to follow, but
. to the diminu-
f most assui-cdly
:tion, that in all
tcr.
the oonsiderable states and communities of Europ'.',
that proportion of the united income, which is le-
vied in taxes for the necessities of the state *), ha»
already experienced a tension so unnatural, thiit it
would be dangerous, if not impossible to strain it
higher, in order to produce a larger quotient. Butr
this quotient far from being able to be encreased, i|
jnush rather liab^to be considerably diminished,
provided the greaWr competition in the markets of
gurope, continues to depress the pric* of corn **)
♦) To the direct taxes and imposts j'aid to the state
are also to be added, the immense sums whith
are levied in all European itatei , for town and
parish-dues, poorVratcs, support of hosvitalsand
also what the oqujpment pf the n»ilit>a» burgh-
er.- guards, a\id o\h»t iK-rsojial taxes cost the
individual. To reduce \h^ whole of these
contributions, will constitute one of the
most imporlant cures of the several governments,
if ihe pvincipil intent of every state -union Jh*
welfare of the subject, is not to bo saorlfic 1 i»
the exaction of these taxes,
A u t h tt r,
♦♦) In the Eilingbuvg review for January 1820, the
editors not alone express Ihcir opinion, that tlif
value of gold will rise, and thai the prices oi
all other articles nuist still fall lower, asa
conscqupnce thrrpof, h\u tliat it will eiicien'c
the difficulli, ui l>»y'"c ^hc uouiiual amount 01
1 74
«nd the general distress frustiatci the execution of
legal uicasurcs, for kecjiing it up, as in Kujjlnnd,
ot an uimaiuial high rate. The only possihilityof
augmenting this aliquot part or the one side in or-
der to cover the inovitublo deficiency on the other,
it to encreasc the numl)er of contril)Utors, by bring-
Ing those without employment, into a state of acti-
vity, thereby rendering them pro^ictive membersof
the community, and gradually drawing them within
the verge of taxation ; on which subject, we have
tlirown out some hints in the Xth chapter. But as
experiments of this nature, do not proceed with ra-
pidity, and cannot, at least in those states \%hich
hitherto derived their principal income from the
European manufacturing and commercial systems,
likeep pace, with its decrease; such countries are
likely unavoidably to witness for a period of time,
a considerable reduction in their revenue, which
deficit will continue to grow more alarming. But
upon the public receipts being diminished, and go-
vernment possessing no resources to supply the defi-
ciency, the necessity of a d cc r ease in expend-
iture, follows of itself, and the (iuestion is only,
the present heavy permanent taxes .vin Great
Britain.
Translator.
lim
is I
tui
of
m.1
thi
sta
pu
sat
mi
m
th
ru
lei
th
ar
m
01
It
m
ir
C(
r<
r
tl
V
si
execution of
in Knj^lnnd,
possibility of
ne side in or-
)n the other,
)rs, by brinp;.
state of acti-
ve members of
g them vvi til in
BCt, we have
ptcr. But as
)ceecl with ra-
£ tales which
)nie from the
rcial systems,
countries are
jriod of lime,
venue, wliich
aiming. But
shed, and go-
pply the defi-
in expend-
;stion is only,
axes .vin Great
1 1 a 1 r.
hm\ !.ucii cm be biou-ht about, and on whom il
is to fall.
In nil F.uropcwn countries, the public eypcntlt-
tare is divided into two very distinct classes, the one
of which is dedic ated to the mainK.'nunce ef thi; stato
machinr, in its present ovgani. ilion, the other to
the fulfilment of those cngugcmonts, whidi th«
state has contra^^d for it-i preservation, or other
purposes, in past times, and left to posterity as a
sacred debt, inseparable from the possessions trans-
mitted them. Which of these two branrhos we exa-
mine, in order to discover the possibility of lessening;
the expenditure, and thereby preventing a complete
rupture-, or ti public declaration of the state, acknow-
ledging its inability to fulfill its engagements, and
the nccersity of arbitrarily reducing, ifnot, ofwholly
annulling them, we meet every where with the
most insurmountable difficulties. If the present
organization of political oeconomy is to continue,
It becomes very difficult in the most states, to deter*
mine, where the restrenchment, which necessity
imperiously demands, is to come from. The expen-
ces of the estaM.'hriiemts, on which this oeconomy
reposes, appear every where already , to have been
reduced to their very extreme limits. 1 lie pay of
the standing armies , the maintenance of the na-
vies, the salaries of but too numerous officers of tho
state, who aevexthelesi can with difficulty keep out
■>'
m
176
too- complicated «tate-rnnchiiie« in an unwield) ing-
tion, tliu suppuit requisite for tlio arts and sciciueS;
and even thu eiKkruious, yet iiisuilitiont pruvision
luado in most lounlries for tho poor — arc, taken
on uti average, and turnud into the niaturial nuccs-
.•ities of life, so disproportionately innde(|uatc, that
a coiisideralilo litld must be left open, for illeftal
gain, such as the abuse of piJJic iiionie», feei,
bribes, an<l every description of fraud, in order toac-
couut for tho possibility of many servants of govern-
nu-nt physically existing, whicii the lawful einolu-
inents of their oi'lices could on no account cnalile
thcni to do. Umler tiiesc circumstances, au encrca-
»ed endowment for pul)lic services appears more ne*
cnsjiary, than it is possible to imagiiu', or uiconiplisU
a retrenchmunt. And in this lays a very coopera-
ting cause of the universal relaxatmn of thost' tiei
of esteem and attachment, which ought to unite the
governed, to their authorities; in this, the hidden
seed of an internal rancour, whicli could easily dc-
gencpate into open dissention; in this, a ground
source of the inoral depravity, compluined of so uni-
versally, and pervading more and more the several
classes of society. Tor the majesty of the throne
being immediately inaccessible to the majority of
the people, is, and oug)it to be rather viewed froili
♦ distance, as the most elevated object, thnnexamin-
«d and comprehended by the subject on a ncaiti:
in^prri
its pow
nud pa
The ar
iveople,
tor: tion
of the
which
invtsil)
care sh
thu uii
are de
carried
are in
power
from I
above
to wca
lion, (
of the
light,
and di
times I
ploral
misery
indige
multi
1/7
nwield) ing*
tnil tciciueS;
am, takvn
:urial nuccs-
e(|untc, that
fur ilk-fxal
311 it's, ieei,
lurder to ac-
ts of govt' in-
bful crriolu-
imi cualtle
au t'licrcit*
rs more xie«
ill cuiiiplibll
ly cuopera*
tlioSL* tiui
to unite the
the liiddeu
[ easily de-
, a ground
;d of so uni-
tlie seTciai
the tbi-ono
tnajority of
iewed frorti
innexamin-
n a iicaiti:
inspection tacrefore its attvihiitos and the effects of
its powt'V, uvo divided, like the vaji a single light,
mid ijiuticipatcd by the servants of its authority.
The armed force, is an eijil)U'in in the eye of the
ireople, of the power of the sovereign, alTording pro-
tection to the good, and subduing the|contumacy
of the liadj his justice heams from every tribunal,
which dtals out the law in the name of him who it
invt»il)U', hut coirsidercd to be preseutj his paternal
care shews itself in the council where the interest of
the whole and the welfare of the common family,
are deliberated upon, and his determinations are
carried into ^:iic(Xi by the interior authorities, who
are inleispcrsed amongst the people. No hutijan
power will be able to prevent the hidden archetype
from being compared to the image reflected in the
above niirvorg. It must therefore necessarily tend
to weaken the social ties, and dissipate the venera-
tion, due to power and supremacy, if the servants
of the state are looked upon iu a bad or doubtful
li-^ht. or if thev depart from that external propriety,
and dignity of their immediate sphere, which at all
times ought to distinguish them; but it is more de-
plorable, when led, through poverty and domestic
misery, they commit acts of public baseness ; or their
indigence lowering them in the estimation of the
multitude, renders tliem th« objects of the proud
(34)
178
p.ty of theweaUhy citizen. Such is indeed the con-
dition of thin-s at present, that to devote ones self
to the service of the state, and to bring up the gross-
ing generation for the same purpose, unless under
peculiarly favorable circumstances, is a step which
requires the most mature consideration, through the
apprehension of not acquiring a decent maintenance,
imperiously necessary, and not to be rejected by even
the most disinterested mind. - As little favorabl.
impression does it make, when public works, such
a, buildings, roads and canals remain unfinished,
or are carried on but slowly and imperfectly for
^ant of resources; and whenever tlie people, assem^
bted together at public solemnities or festivities, feeU
ing themselves as one body , and beholding theii
•wn grandeur, in the splendor of their governrftent,
as in a central mirror, ought to evinCS a joyful
interest on the occasion, poverty paralizcs the spring*
«f action, and indigence is visible on every sid.
through borrowed glitter. We refraiii (torn enter,
ing further into this subject, as from what has beett
said, the result is sufficiently cleat, that tather an
increase than a saving in the expetlditure, may b.
reasonably expected, if the engine of slate it to b.
roaintained in its present org atiiza t ion.
If wc direct our view to the other class of th»
national expences, namely the ptovidifig forthe in.
1«rest of th* funded, and the Uquidation of the AoaV
Iced the con-
ute one's self
ip the grosv-
unlcss undei
a step which
, throuf-hthe
naintenancc,
jccted by even
ttle favovabU
works, such
n unfinished,
iperfectly for
jople, assem*-
istivities, feel-
holding theii
• governrtient,
infS a joyful
zes the springs
,n every $id«
li from enter.
what has beett
hat tather an
iture, may b«
slate i» to b»
liza t i'Oii.
er class of th»
[itig for the in*
9noftb« floAV
J 79
in? public deb«, it is evident, that no savnig cau
take plaee here, by an arbitrary reduction of the
rate of int. rest, without de facto declaring the
bankruptcy of the slate. And if even the utmost
unavoidable distress, might excuse such a despotic
stroke of power, at the moment of its execution,
yet its consequences arc of that serious nature , that
a discerning state -policy, would Mcrifice every
thins, rather than uncou-rvncd allow, the possibi-
lity of this dangerous measure occurring .«t a futurt
time, which would no longer be withip itsfpntTPUl.
For is has been observed above, the national debt
In all its branches, forms amongst most nations, th«
income of a very considerable class of citizens, of
importance and great influence, by reason of thf
superiority of tl'eir wealth a»d educiitiajii who.
accustomed to no other means of acquir^ent, and
confidently reposing their whole welfar^ oh this
alone, would bitterly feel the smallest curtaument
of their income, and would loudly bewail seeing
themselves, as i» jeward for their confidence, exposed
to wretchedness, or at least to a state of poverty,
the more sorrowfully contrasted with their former
opulence. The fat? of all chariiabU institutions.
veuuues more seriously, to be taken into considera-
tion; fur on their unimpaired continuance, the last
resource of so many helpless beings, particularly of
the other «ex, d^pena*. which latter, loss favorably
180
gifted by nature, with tho means of self protection
and unrewarded by the state, for the nieritorious
sacrifices they nothwithstanding make to the public
welfare, grounded as this is, alunc on domestic vir-
tue, have in all ages justly excited the piety and
tenderness of the benefactors of the human race, to-
wards the foundation of suitable asylums for them.
The funds of these and other philanthropic instituti-
ons originally indebted to private benevolence, are al-
most every whereplaced in the hands of government,
partly in consequence of the natural confidence
shewn to the state, as being considered thcsafest debt-
or, and partly aj;rcable to hints and insinuations ur-
ged by those at the helm. Tbese revenues now depend
either on inscriptions in the great book of the public
debt, on treasury bills, or on various descriptions
of government paper, sanctioned by authority and
under th^ guarantee of the country. Should these
promissory engagements, by the inability of the state,
lose their customary value, and be buried in the
ruin of universal desolation, the prop of existing
poverty and the hope of posterity falls to the ground;
for what renewed support or assistance, has the lat-
ter to expect from an age like this, void of roinnii-
seration, and unmindful, in the ardent pursuit after
uncertain gains, and ephemeral enjoyments, of its
own, but how far more forgetful of the future wel-
fare of posterity ? — If we descend from the legaid
I
of pu
tweer
protei
tion
mcnt
serve
likel]
exert
edsu
no d(
annu
tor, '
and
For
whic
third
intei
itscl:
sani<
man
cont
who
llioi
not
of ii
gOV(
oft:
of c
181
f -protection
meritorious
;o the public
lomcstic vir-
le piety and
fian race, to-
ins for tliein.
ipic instituti-
ilence, are nl-
government,
il confidence
he safest debt-
inuations ur-
s now depend
, of the public
descriptions
ulhority and
Should these
ty of the state,
Duried in the
[) of existin;^
;o the ground;
:, has tho lat-
lid of coin 111 i-
t pursuit after
nionts, of its
le future wel-
am the xeguid
I
of public institutions, to the private relations ba-
tween man and man, which being founded under the
protection of the laws, on the confidence of the dura-
tion of the conditions and forms of reciprocal engage-
mcnts, enacted and guaranteed by the government, de-
serve the most conscientious consideration; we are
likely to find there, a still stronger inducement, to
exert every means, of warding off if possible, the dread-
ed subversion of the r)ublic credit. For it is subject to
no doubt, that the example given by the state, of
annulling the legal obligations of debitor to credi-
tor will make its way into individual intercourse,
and there be attended with similar revolutions.
For with what kind of right, could that state,
which having arbitrarily reduced its capital debt a
third part, or having lowered the stipulated rate of
interest from 6 and 5 to 5 and 2 pro cent, exempt
itself, from allowing the private debtor to enjoy the
same indulgence at the hands of his Creditor? — In
many cases pure justice could demand a similar
concession, at least for that class of state creditors,
who being indebted to private persons, and having
ihoir incomes reduced by the above measure, could
not be required to pay their debtors a larger rate
of interest, than had been meted out to them by the
government. But not taking this particular view
of the case into consideration, the whole machinery
of civil society is so iniimat'ly connected, that tiw
M
182
•w
greater must ncecssavily Imrry alonp wuh u. the
s.n..Uer integral pavts. and one whcl forc.d f.o,.
as position, must produce here a rtoppasc and create
there, an unnatural motion. Thus, what would be
nothing move than sta.tly just for the aate-credw
,„vs xvould h. but highly equitable on the oth.f
hand for the multitude of tho.e. .vho interwoven
.vUh thi» numerous class of consumer,, and enjoy,
in, in daily circulation more or less the h^nefxts of
their income, would sensibly feel their own welfare
injured by the diminished prosperity of thciv pa-
tvons. Nor is it upon the whole possible to be .ma.
«i„ed. that a legal benefit coul4 b. coriferved upon
' particular class in the state, undistinguished by
Jy peculiar n^arks of offipe or of honor, but merely
grounded on the fluctuating possession of claims
Ln the government. wHhout .t tl. same moment
Jtendi.,g it U> .U. B^tit is evident, l-w hard such
a measure would fall upon the generality of credi-
tors what complaints it would engender, and what
an infinity of contrary claims, differenpes, and pub-
ji,- Uw -suits, it would occasion. For if even, when
viewed on the whole, we find that the qualities of
debtor and creditor areuot so distinct in individuals,
but that many if "ot the majority unite, both m
tl;eir own pevsuu. . whereby the injustice done on
the one side, would appear to be compensated by th«
•ndulg.ncc .hewa on the other; yet, in tl^ ^"f^^'^
bumh
•ccur,
a dou
train
comp
•the fi
thin
And i
afresl
on G
el. -
rang
othci
greai
the <
ofth
land
then
betv
of tr
tff f(
to ji
elas!
rfd 1
the]
call
isl
L
,vUh it, the
foic«;d fiori
i, ami create
liat would be
stale - cvecU-
)n the other
I interwoven
, and enjoj>
je benefits of
own vvelfar/B
of theiv pa-
)\9 to be ima.-
ifeired upon
inguished by
r, butinerelj
on of claims
same moment
low hard such
ility of credi-
Ley, and what
ipes, and pub-
if even, when
;0 qualities of
\n individuals,
unite* both in
istice done on
pensatedby the
i^ til* infiaitf
L
183
bumbovof particular cases, this oftdn clues not
•ccur, or only partiall)- and imperfectly. Moreover,
a doubtful interpretation of the law, with its wbola
train of distraction, reciprocal animosities, and jusi
complaints, not so easily to be relieved, will shake
■the foundation of all social union, if mine and
thine no longer repose upon ancient cuod-faith,
*nd acknowledged laws, but aiJe to be subdivided
afresh according to a reduced scale, rcstin - whoUy
on ConV6ni«nce, a right hitherto unacknowledg.
el. — . Under circumstances of such ptcuniai'y de-
rangemeht, ihe poisessioii and value of land and
other immoveable property, would be subjected to
great change and lamentable fluctuation. For in
thd course of time, arid through the great inti'icucy
Of the social ties, it has happened, that only fe;V
landed estates belong wholly or uni*eservedly to
their poisessorsi th« riiort are, if examined, divided
between these, attd meri of capital, in the quality
of mortgagees. The latter, commonly spleculatord
<Jf foresight^ and inactive spectatoi's', are better abl«
to judge of the cours*of events, than the industriou9
class of citizens and orgricultuvists ; and in distract-
ed times, pregnant with changes and reduction*;
they will at all events seek to secui** themselves by
calling in their capital* with the least possible \d$,,
is long as there is yet time, in o^der to be ennhleJ
«» profitaiff^ adVanti^g«Wi»iy O* owownstanees. Tin*
IH4
tendency actiHl upon f^cneraUy , will rcinlev it ini-
possible for tlu; lund ownevs to pny back tliciv inoi't:
ga^es as ie(iuivcdby their cruaitori ; lur money In ins
iu'^request from all sides, no one uill i'cei inclined,
under the nl,ovo slate of ihings, to part ufth it. The »
last niclaucholj rcsouvee of publicly selling tho
estates at any price, must as long as this crisis con-
tinues, reduce their relative, far below their actual
or productive value; speculation will possess itself
of immoveable, as if it were moveable property, in
order to resell to a profit tomorrow, wliat had been
purchased yesterday. Under a continued repetition
of ephemeral possessors, the love of the soil, and
>viih it the care of its cultivation, the attachment of
the tenants, and every remnant of those moral ties,
which raised the true nobleman and the independ-
ent landholder to a patriarch within his own boun-
daries, and to the most loyal vassal of his king and
country, must vanish; and in the place of that spi-
rit, which is bent on preserving and protecting pa-
ternal property received in descent from honorable
ancestors, mean interestedness, and the most con-
temptible dissipation, which fells the tree, in order
to enjoy its fruit the more promptly and with less
labour, will appear.
Such has been the the condition of things in all
ages, when bad internal oeconomy, and a too great
distention of its external relations, have exhausted
L
thf TC
pable,
of su'
And 1
appci
riod,
and c
when
(juartt
able t
rcsou)
V
mindi
p;e.in
niedit
tivcl;
itate,
impe
doubi
tion,
enabl
aiely
jrevol
woul
the c
the 3
mlcv il ini-
tlieir inoi't-
none) in ing
.L'l inclincil,
vftlj it. The'"
selling: tho
s crisis con«
their actual
)ossess itself
pvoperty, in
lilt had been
?d repetition
iie soil, and
ttathmcntof
s moral ties,
le indepciid-
is own boun-
his king and
• of that spU
rotecting pa-
in honorable
he most con-
tree, in order
and with less
' things in all
lid a too great
L\vc exhausted
-^ » p ij . j tp
185
thr Tc^ources of the state, and have rendered it inca-
pahlf, of maiiUaining the balance lietween theclainis
of Mil'MStence, and the means of satisfying then*.
And how reasonahlo is it not, to apprehend the
appeivaiiro of this situation, at no very distant pe-
riod, on the overgrown system of F.UTopean politics,
and commercial supremacy falling to the £;round ;
when this overthrow will threaten to lead hack our
quarter of tho globe to an internal occonorny, suit-
able to its extent and proportionate to its natural
resources ? —
Were it possible to produce a conviction in the
minds of those, who are possesjed of power and the
ji-.f.ins of decision, or of those, whose duty it is im-
mediately to influence the former, thatopour inac-
tively giving ourselves up to the course of time, a
jtate, such as we have dtscrihcd above, actually
impends over our heads; the» the hope would jun-
doubledly yet remain, tfaat a vigorous deterrnina,
tion, quickly adopted by the government, would
enabh it to niaintaio ihe helm, and by consider-
ately meeting., and systematically acting upen the
jrevolution of thirtgs, once become jnevitable,
would prtvent the suddeness of the change, hinder
the chaotic distraction of the transition, and deprive
tlie new social formation, from bearing the stamp
i^fu revolutionary origin, which indiscriminatelv
186
confouiuls justice \vitli Injusllc.-. it, as wu have civ
deavort^a lo shew, there is no prospect of vcestabli-h-
uig the balance in the income and cxpendituio of
the most Kuvopeau states, on their retaining their
present political organization, (and which we have
taken for granted), then, no other remedy can he
applied, but to make a timely and voluntary
renunciation of the existing institutions,
and with wise circumspection and vigorous hand,
even to proceed tc tho formation of new ones. Did
the inclination cnce shew itself of bcin;; willing to
change the system; the special knowledge of its pre-
sent organization, and the particular character and
nationality of each people and country, would dis
tinctly point out, what should be rejected, wiiat
should be admitted, and according to what princi-
ples, the old institutions could be united with f.ie
new! We can only trace out here, those prominent
features in the imperfections of the times, wh.ch
developing themselves, with or without our inter-
ference, cannot be pernicious and irregular., but in
the latter case.
It will be necessary probably in the first place,
to limit that principle, hitherto supported from so
many sides, and agreable to which, the power of
government, extending a leading influence into the
smallest ramifications of society, stands ruggedly
opposed to the people, being tbos* who are governed,
and a1
the nd
of J)*"!
who!!
in his
dcfen
wliere
of an
but t
the p
tiona
cutec
by t
grad
local
own
of a
oora
and
tern
wou
187
WU lluVC CIV
if vci;:>tabli4i-
pendituro of
aining their
ich wc have
niecly can he
Yoluntary
I i t u I i I) n s ,
goroiis luiml,
\v ones. Did
n^ willing to
ilgc of its pi-2-
character unit
y, would di.s
ejected, what
) what prind-
lited with t'^ie
osc prominent
times, uliich
^ut our inter-
3gular., hut in
the first place,
ported from so
, the power of
luence into the
tands ruggedly
10 are governed,
and also in invalidate the maxim, which centres
the administration of the state, exclusively inaclass
of persons in its pay, being considered as a thing
wholly incompatible with the properties of a citizen
in his quality of subject. — There, where the man
defends himself, is to be found the protector, and
wlierc he conducts his own aifdirs, there is no need
of an administrator. And it is subject to no doubt,
but that a great part of that, which is done for
the people at present, by meani of a number of func-
tionaries who are paid for the purpose, could be exe-
cuted without salary, just as well, and even better,
by the people themselves, provided they were
gradually attracted by political institutions to afford
local assistance, and administer themselves, their
own affairs.
That by training the whole male population
of a nation to the use of arms, which we have re-
oommcnded elsewhere in another point of view,
and which in opposition to the standing, might be
termed the sedentary army of the country, the state
would annually save large sums *), is very evident,
L
*) I rom- ft sketch drawn hi the Politiral Journal
lor IS18. tV. I. P. X27) it manf be seen in what
proportion, the- army expences stand to the state
rev-Miue. an* accoiding to which the income of
188
nor will it b« flisputtd, tl.at thealluv*rneni« for war.
and the tRini)t.ition of inva.lin;; tha nphts of a
waaker neighboui must cfaso, with tha unf.-rtunate
facility of leading an axmy coiui)lel«ly onuii-ped
intotb« field, and at the saina time, the former occa-
ftion of the enc rea«e of the public, dobt. Bnt a» an,
runt, as well a« tbo mo»t modi-rn history sufliciently
.hew the jK)ssibility, of the citizen being formed
into a defender of tha common soil, and into a i>ow.
erful protector and avenner of the national honor,
to do they in Iikr n;attnL-r, present U5 with excellent
OKamples, of his bein- equally tiseful and capable
of participating iu the administration of theconiipon
afJairs, for uhich he must feel the deepest interest,
if it only be thu serious intention of the government,
to call upon liim f'-r this pufpoJC. It Is our opinion
therefore, that as an attrntion to the whole, par-
ticularly in re^.ivd tj the general lecurity, the ad-
ministration of iustir-, and the defence of the
country, is ih.; incumbent duty of the government,
on the other hauci, the administration of all loc»l
the rnisjian mnnarcVty, it fstimated «t 4S w'-
tioni of dollar*, of whieh »» are required f«rtl,«
tnaint.iiawce of Hi* itanditijf artny. Ner is thu
e:«p.'i».e likely to be diminisUc^ if tHt ftaeMt
iy»tenv i» tv 1»« ffonti»iieA
and »
tatioi
bcin^
4ha( 1
the (I
iflrch
not tl
to til
rectii
huih
well
with
oft)
is ii
huti
the
oeck
of V
by 1
ign
bu
is a
,UiJ
fru
on
i:
lenin for war,
rights of «
unfortunate
•ly oqui|'ped
8 former ocfB-
Bnt a» aiu
ry sufficiently
leing formed
id into ai>ow.
itional huaor,
iviili oxcelient
i and capable
if theconii^on
:epest inteve»t,
le government,
Is ourupinion
16 whole, par-
urity, tlio ad-
efenco of the
a government,
on of all local
lated «*t 4S *"''•
required f*ir tli»
l»y, Ner -is this
* if th« present
189
and »p«rinl intercits ou^ht, without the leait hcit-
tatioii to he left to the differ«n» comnaunitiei, al
bcio|{th« ncareitc.incerned, if only care wer^Mlten,
«ha» by an energetic and proper lubordination of
the •everal poweri — which the Fjench term Hie-
larchic dcs pouvoirs — individual ebullition* did
not derange the motion of the whole. — According
to thi» principle, every sort of loci police, nil coj-
rertional- jurisdiction, the mainteaanue of public
huildingi, harbours, and caritKble institutions, at
wall as the support of the poor, asinaiters irrelc»itnt
with the higher duties of the guveinmont and its
firuiQces, would be coniiU«ntly aalras4ed to the tare
of the diflerent communities, as was formerly and
is iu several places, the case now. Also tha diitri-
hutiou uf the taxes to be levied on the people for
the necessities of the tt.ite , and the expences of local
oeconomy, would be effected much b«tt»;r by means
of vi'piesontatives chosen from amongst tluid, than
l>v tlie delegates of government, who are ftenerally
ignorant of the ability aud the means of co utri-
bution peculiar tu different individuaU 5 but it
is a matte* of coursa, that government should con-
»uwilly retain a controui uv«v embezzlement and
fiiiud, end a puwor. of decision in cases of disi)iUe,
a-iul complaints of partiality aJid unjust pi'occedings,
Lon ijic pax t of the local, authorities- and ovwr^ecv^.
1
M>4
It •
1
ili.nositioni, from a mullilixlo ot pnvf.al care» .nnl
• nxi'-ties not hclon-ms to its i.iuvuir.i, and hriii;:
..xnlti-a al.ov'e all petty detail, would l.o able In
giMsp ihf mm of the wholr, with II move viporci*
hand, and would gain in proportion in moi U ,'»ran<l.
em and in the veneration of the people, liv nux-
ing itself les^ in the affairs anil priv.a-: artions of
individuals it would jhow iH'-lf, Nvh> u .t wusne^es-
•nry lo to do, with all the niaiesty of tho thrum- in
order, move cnorpetiialij to enforce ihat obedience
and vesp.ct, wbich-is due to the sovcveign by the
subject, and which nothing weakeni more, than the
interference of government in relative matters of
Jittluconseciucnco, where wvong mcnsures are for
the most pavt infallibly adopted, through the natu-
ral ignorance of the local merits of the case For
it is with the state, in this, as with the oeconomy
of the individu«l, in which the head ot the family
is looked upon in a contemptible light, who instead
of employing himself in the preservation and the
increase of the joint property, and retaining the
principal management of the whole, directs his atten-
tion to the detailed concerns of the house, which he
will nev«r be aM- to understand so well, us those
who have been .,i.:,.i... '. ny nature to aUend tn these
duties. By ' ' m.- this n>. -., the several
rominunilics w.aiid also be p;ainers; directly, by the
lc«.« expence of a voluntary administration, and
r
still 11
tiuu t
thu cc
^nlijb
or di
It) in
ublc 1
The I
inbn
cxcU
ulon(
gulal
ters I
fath(
al carc< nn«l
•, and hoiii;:
I 1)0 alilc! m
lore vip >:'"«'
irior il i^raiKl-
t(>. 1>V liiiv-
i(' action* of
I it was no< cs-
ho tliruni- in
mt obedienctr
■ reign by the
iiorc, than the
ve matters of
sures arc for
ugh the natu-
he case For
the oeconomy
ot the family
t, who instead
ition and the
retaining the
irectshisatten-
3use, which he
well , as those
a'ltcnd It "these
c , the several
ilirectly, by the
istratiun , and
itill more uiduTctly, by the more Qiiiduous attrft.
lion Ihcy whoiiUl iJ.iy to tliQn own, rathtff than t»
tho concern* of theu ncij^hours the ritUen and the
inlubit-nt of the country wmild look iipcii lusiown
or district as his pioi.eity, and u 'uUl w.it< l« ov^r
Its inten-sts, as soon as lie was induljiL-l unh a suit,
able share in the deliberations of Us aaininiuriitjon.
The gov.nnincnt on ihe other han.l, would rmp the
uihnite advantage, of being alile to .IcUicatc itseU'
exclusively to the care of the wiiole, which it
alone comprehends and is alone called upon to re
gulate, by passing over partic uUii Itii'.s, and all mat-
ters of detail, which it is still unaole, entirely to
fathom.
And what a multitude of important objects, de-
manding the most undivided solicitude, do notpre-
(junt themselves in thi» sphere of its .deliberations;
particularly at a time, agitated by an indeterminate
fermentation, in which so much that is nev ai:d un-
common, impetuously bursts forth, and which must
be ordered and adjusted, if the whole, forced fiiiii
its ancient C'urse, and finding no new level, shall
not to sink in indiscriminate ruin ! Here we direct
01 r view principally to t!ie consolidation and esta-
blishment of representative constitutions, such as
have lately been again introduced, in
France, the Netherlands, Poland and in different
German states, or, such as are still to la
f*
i
192
foTWiea, a gre a !ilc to Tceeived assurance-,
in many other parts of the German confederation j
and we conceive, we are not ha7,av(\inf; too much in
assertin-, that it will be the most difiicuU problem
for the art of government, to lead the natiom
through the transition, of the old into a new ex-
istence, without incurring dangerous commotions.
For every animated power, once put in motion,
goes irresistibly forwards, if an adequate counter-
poise be not opposed to it; and according to this
law, as several symptoms of the times seem also to
attest, nothing is to be apprehended move, than that
in states, in which the people have been called
to a participation in the government, never be-
fore exercsied, the principles of monarchy are likely
to be thrown too much into the shade, and their
energy weakened, by the intrusion of maxims, do.
lignated democratic. But no g re ater mi sf or-
tune could befal Europe, than the ele,
ments of monarchy being paralyzed,
^hich alone correspond with the ancient manners
and customs of her nations, and are at the same
time capable of preserving their unity, and poiiti-
cal existence *). But if this sublime end of all
natiiiUi
must a
tioh ir
which
ing thi
preven
grantee
tuousl;
by no
the or
Sc
vernm
Britaii
old ab
r.eil rig
on aci
and tl
tence,
must '.
mentii
a maj
*) The nature of the case must convino* the nidre
thoughtful observer, that the young statei of Ame-
rica cannot be held up, a. an example provinf
193
ss u ranc e -,
)nfedeTation i
too much in
cuU problem
the nation!!
to a new cx-
commoiions.
,t in motion,
uate counter-
rding to this
seem also to
ove, than that
3 been called
It, never hc-
•chyate likely
ide, and their
f maxims, de»
iter misfor-
an the ele-
paralyzed,
cient manners
e at the same
y, and poijti-
me end of ajl
ivinoe the /nare
ingstateiof Ame*
example provinf
national welfare is to he attained, the govcrnmnnU
must above all tliinfis, exercise the greatest precau-
tion in making those advances towards a reform,
which we have considered necessary, find in resign-
in<^ thai which is no longer tcnible , in order to
prevent what is justly demanded, and has been
granted with disinterested generosity, being impe-
tuously laid claim to, and violently seized on, where-
by no limits would be foreseen to the demands on
the one, and concessions on the other side !
Scarcely less diiTicult, does the situation of go-
vernmentJ appear, in those states, where as in Great
Britain, by reason of constitutions, of long standing,
old abuses, or imperfect guarantees for their suppo-
sed rights, claim the anxious attention of the people,
on account of the universal tendency to innovation,
and the uncomfortable state of their present exis-
tence, cramped on so many sides. The government
must here strive, above all , to uphold the funda-
mental pillars of the edifice, but to reconstruct in
a manner suitable to the necessities of the age,
th« practical possibility of ttie total abolitiott of
mouarchial principles in Europe; the result of
the attempts made to imitate the ahove paltfrn,
may serve ai instruction to the more saiignine •
(a6)
194
those of US an.lent ccnnpavtments. which no h..nr,cr
aflovd their inhabitants security or con^x•n.enct■.
But, toprevent a general stain -hnnkruptry, wUhaH
the ruinous consequences, w. have ah-^ady pictured, |
no more powerful remedy presents itself, than m
those countries, uhcre a national representation .s
embodied to deliberate on the affairs of the commu-
nity to determine by ^vell - appointed regulations,
the share such assembly shall have, in the admini-
stration of the finances. For since that nice confi-
dence is now lost, which, upon the model of ahappy
family, peaceably entrusted the affairs of the com-
munity, to the direction of the highest authority,
^vithout mutually binding themselves by irksome
conditions; if the age, and the restless spirit of ag-
grandizement, and an unnatural distension of the
resources of the state, have created difficulties no
longer to be solved in the usual manner, and asth.
xi.ht of a joint deliberation has been granted to
the people, there is undoubtedly no subject that
calls for a more important exercise of this invalu-
able prerogative, than that, which concerns that
share of income, the community at large and each
individual, are called upon by the state, to contri-
bute towards its necessities and the public welfare.
If even a total reform in the present features of ad-
ministration and the existing system, were inevita-
ble, if even, hereorthere, a reduction of the nationai
debt,
order
si.nl.. t
publii
due in
cumst
bably
In
»i
the (
on tl
and i
quet
on t
v.ilu
new
lian
vlty
U'iUi
ei'l'ci
deci
195
licli no Ioniser
convt'nicncf,
jptcy, Willi all
ready pictuvrri,
itself, thnn in
presentation is
of the coinmii-
jcl regulations,
in tlie admini-
lat nuce confi-
nodclofahappy
irs of the com-
i;hcst authority,
ves hy irksome
2SS spirit of ag-
istension of the
difficulties no
nner, and astha
)een granted to
no suhject that
! of this invalu-
h concerns that
t large and each
state, to contri-
public welfare.
it features of ad-
tn, were inevita-
onofthenationai
debt, vvcic the only means of giving birth to abetter
order of tliin'js, it would be elXcctcd under a repre-
ss nl..tive constitution, not without ccnsiderable
public and private distraction, but yet without pro-
ducing those conse.iuences, which under other cir-
Gumstances. such decisive measures would most pro-
bably develope.
XII.
In the former chapter, we have closely investigated
the elfects of the entire independence of America,
on the pecuniary and financial system of Europe,
and find as the resuhsof our enquiry, that the conse-
quent decrease of the precious metals in circulation,
on the one part, is likely to enhance their intrinsic
value, which would occasion the establishmant of a
new 'pecuniary standard; whereas, on the other
hand, the stagnation of commerce, and the inacti-
vlty of those branches of industry, deprived of the
usual tranatlantic vent for their productions, would
eliect a diminution in the national income; this
decrease in the lecoipti of th* country would cause
196
a deficit in the usual revenues of government, and
the omharassment in coveiin- it, would tend above
all, t(. pave the way for the introduction of new
forms l.nth political and administrative ; the expen-
diture of the states would at all events be lessened;
the present expedient of obtaining resources, by con.
tinually augmenting the national debt, abolished;
and the existing load of the public engagements,
would be reduced proporlionably to the new order of
thin-s, even at the risk of being attended with a
statebankruptcy. What change these antecedents are
likely to occasion in civil life, and in the influence
exercised by the different classes of society on each
other, and what alteration they may produce in
the course of time, in national characer, manner?
and modes of living, shall at present form the ob,
jects of our consideration,
Europe, deprived of her most important co.
Icmies, and carrying on with difficulty a contest
against the enpreasing preponderance of America,
for the preservation of the yesn^inder, probably
fruitless in the long-run, will become poorer;
she will have no equivalent to offer that quarter of
the globe, no long.n- standing in need of her na,
tural and manufactured commodities, for that mas*
of productions she has hitherto been in the habit
of drawing from thence, and must consequently
renounce generally, if not wholly, the use of
such
reig
197
vcrnment , and
luld tend above
luction of new
ive; the expcn-
ts be lessened;
sources, by conr
ebt, abolished i
; engagements,
the new order of
attended with a
e antecedents are
in the influence
society on each
may produce h\
»racer, manner?
;nt form the ob^
St important co-
Ficulty a contest
rijce of America,
inder, probably
Decome poorer;
(r that quarter of
need of her nat
ies, for that mass
sen in the habit
lUst consequently
rholly, the use of
such *). Industry hitherto directed to objecU of fo-
reifin commerce, will turn its attention to the
*) We find a remarkable confirmation of this pro-
position in the following article taken from the
Borsen- Halle newspaper of .|th Novbr. i8t9.
"In the latest work of Mr. von Humboldt,
''Ihere is a calculation of the itninense sums,
"which go from Europff so inconsiderable in
"size, to America and Asia, not for necessi-
"ties of life, but for articles we could fully
"do without. Who would have supposed,
"that we use annually »+o millions of lbs of
"coffee, 3a millions lbs. of tea, of which fds
"remain in England, 32 millions lbs. of i.o-
"coa, and ^^50 millions lbs. of sugar? These
"articles looked upon by us as indispensible,
"swallow up yearly 558)200,000 Franks. The
"industry of Europe is inadotjuale to supply
"an exchangeable valne in merchanaize, eqwul
"to the amount of this enormous consump-
"tion, wliencp follows, that gald and silver
"lose themselves in Asia and come out of
''circuUtion in Europe. Under the above
"553 million* of francs, which sugar, colTi'c,
"tea and cocoa, cost, the value of dye woods,
"spices, diamonds, pearls , cotton ftV. &e. i*
"not reckoned."
The author has not hitherto seen the work, from
which, this info;,taution is derived.
198
native soil, m onlev to uin from U vcparatron fur
those privations which threaten to be felt more sen-
sil,ly fro.nclaj to day. The distress of a po.ulal.un
becoTuin, continually more dense, and violently
contending with the means of existence, ^vh.ch the
resources of the slate founded on an artllicial orga-
nization, have no longer the means of alleviating,
bein" felt by all, will call forth those inherent am-
nuite°d powers, whose friction will destroy the me-
chanical and passive mode of thinking, hitherto
pursued, which takes no interest in all, that doesnot
come in immediate contact with physical welfare.
Man does not voluntarily forsake the course he has
been accustomed to move in, but on being forced
into a sphere of new activity, he will gradually gain
.trcnnU in contending with unwonted diiiicullies.
The mind will be unable to direct itself so decidedly
asatm-esent, to gain and the acquirement of im-
mens, riches; other and more honorable roads to
celebrity, will present themselves; the spirit of spe-
culation will be limited, but a greater fund of la-
bour will await us, and a more multilateral activity
^viU summon the Citi/.en to more general duties,
and render him partaker of a more enlightened
state of culture. Possessed of fewer pecuniary means,
and having less li.ue for enjoyment, man will no
longer consider it, iiulispensible for his existence,
but will become more mod.*rate in his wants,
nnd
the
and
com
liim
lue,
oth(
d is
to c
ope
Stat
abb
knc
of c
citi
tai
act
on
fou
jpr
all
of
an
tiz
inJ
pr<
I
reparation iov
felt more scn-
if a population
and violently
ce, which the
artii'icial ovga-
of alleviuting,
e inherent ani-
esti-oy the iiie-
king, hitherto
1, that does not
lysical welfare.
: course he has
n being forced
gradually gain
ted diit'icuUies.
L'lf so decidedly
irernent of ini-
lorable roads to
,ie spirit of spe-
ter fund of la-
ilatcral activity
general iluties,
)re enlightened
ecuQiary means,
t, man wili no
ir his existence,
J in his wants,
nnd more politic in the iioii't't fnrcian scn.c of
the word; with this quality, sLUliincnts nf respect
and consideration, which his sphrrc (,f adinn will
command from hh fellusv citizens, will iudmiiiiry
him for a thousand vanities, which are only ef va-
lue, when dignity is not to he attained, by any
other means. 1 hus then the ideas of honor and
distinction would in the first place , he suliject
to other modifications, and a wider field would be
opened to emulation, than the service of court or
state in its more confined sense, has hitherto been
able to hold out. The ideas also of the extent of
linowledge, necessary for the general improvoiiKMit
of all, from the highest to the lowest independent
citizen in the state, and the direction, which edu-
cation must take, in order tostimulato individual
activity amongst the various classes of people, will
exr)erience a visible change.
In conjunction with the elementary rudiments,
on which the acquirement of knowledge is alone
founded, religion hns hitherto hern the only sub-
jprl, of which some instruction, has been given to
all without exception; but for the future, the study
of native objects, the constitution of his country,
and the essential ideas of the laws, to which the ci-
tizen is amenable, will form a cycle of universal
information, which will be foreign to none, whose
pretentions place them abore the ni&nial classes.
200
In this civcle of civic kmnvli-dge nii«l its exercise in
]iolitJc;il life, the man of Utters cannot l.ut come in
friendly conliut with the industrious burgher, the
rlnpy with the laity, the mnn ..f business with the
niiist, and the citizen with the well-infovmcd coun-
try-man. The service of a r ui s , on the duties
of the militia beinjj no longer confined to a parti-
culur class, hut undertaken by the body of the citi-
7,cns, to whom they essci tially beLng, will consti-
tute another circle of social approximation and pe.
nerous emulation. Without doubt it becomes every
mm, and belongs to a just idea of his perfection,
to be able t.) guard and protect his life and proper-
ty, and with the same power and al)ility, to defend
the existence and honor of his country, against at-
tack and violation. The preparatory exercise ne.
cessary for the fulfilment of these dutii s, has almost
every where been viewed hitherto, as a forced or re-
munerated service, to evade which, has been looked
upon as an advantage tid a privelege, but on no ac-
count as a voluntary duty, incumbent or the citi-
zen himself, and to withdraw himself from which,
would be considered disgraceful. But this will be
different for the future, and the youths of all ranks,
tlie flower of the whole nation, without regard to
particular destinations, will assemble round the
slandaul of their country, and having completed
their exercise of aitms, will mc«t from time to
T
time
pose
assui
rit
in ^5
inca
lor t
youl
olfic
a ga
use I
cisc
witl
futu
man
tim(
adv!
coul
thin
nati
del
rit (
der
xvitl
tior
varl
its exevnsc in
ot Imt come in
s burglifv, the
siness with the
nfovmcd coun-
on the duties
tied to a jiarti-
)dy of the citi-
ig, will ronsti-
ination and pe.
I becomes every
his perfection,
ife and proper-
ility, to defend
try, against at-
ry exercise ne-
tics, has almost
IS a forced or re-
has been looked
;e, but on no ac-
•nt or the citi-
;lf from which,
>ut this will be
jihs of all ranks,
ithout regard to
mble round the
iving completed
It from time to
1
201
time £■)!■ purposes of discipline, shouhl evc n tlio re-
pose of their country hv undisturbed, 'ihis iii med
association, will most assuredly call to lipht, a spi-
rit of harmony, an exchun.'j;c of iunliun.iUs and feel-
ings, and a love of the people amonsst ihemstlvos,
incapable of bein:; nianifi-sted at the present d.^y:
for our children find only comrades at school, ■. ur
youth, companions behind the couiitiT, in public.
offices, the universities, or in tie conhned circle of
a garrison acquaintance! — The kn<i\vledge of the
use of arms, seems not to be ac>iuiri:d, and the exer-
cise of them, not to be put into temporary practice,
without rubbing the initiati^jn of the youth in his
future vocation, and the actual employment of the
man in his particular occupation, of a portion of
time, which many would perhaps consider more
advantageously devoted to the latter objects; we
could be content with answering, that secondary
things must ever yield to those of a more important
nature, and that individuitl iuclination, must mo-
del and accommodate itself to that, which the spi-
rit of the times now renders inevitalde, but in ox--
der to satisfy those, who are not so easily cuntented
xvith general refutations, we wjli cojnbat the objec-
tion in detail.
In the first place it must be admitted, tliat a
variety of occupations, appears to generate tli**
■^ 1
A
nec.».avy ti.uc vequaod for .hem ; and that tl.o*e
have usually the leas., and aic the latest hn.shcd.
vho without n,tcrmi»sion, remain at the sa.ue un.-
•form and often unimportant emi.loymcnt. Jf so,
., cannot be denied, that a hralthy robust audact.v.
body is undoubtedly rendered more vigorous, by
the exercise m question, which will also promote th.
atrongth and ability of the mind, andconsc-iuently
♦he time devoted to tho use of arms, will easily b.
xc-nined by the dispatch of a more sprightly actt-
vit'y; lastly, that the cnerjiies of the citizen, bemR
ai.cctcd to different objects, which engross the ex-
tent of his understanding, ii a .thingaiighly suit-
able to, and which becomes him as a Man, ncccs-
.arily forming his mind in a stronger and more
m.nly mould, and rendering him by these means,
better qualified for his particular destination. Now,
..hat is admitted in general, must also hold good
in special cases. If we turn to the n.ost numerous
class of the people, ^vhich comprehends those, who
derive principally their support from bodily labour
and dexterity, we can conveniently divide them,
ix^to such as are employed in continual motion, and
into such, as lead a sedentary life, dedicating them-
selves to the exercise of mechanical occ ;,at,ons.
The use of arms, in as far as it affords the opportu-
nityof being trained, from time to time in the open
,iv cannot but b« beneficial to both; to th. former.
bee;
the!
rcgi
san
cle>i
wh
uul
Atiii
the
pul
the
tlic
plo
me
tri(
the
ver
of
chi
at
thn
tlM
on(
and that tho»e
latest I'iniNlud,
t the same unJ-
ovnicnt. If sii,
robust a u(Uctiv«
)ie vigoroiu, by
also promote tht
ndconsoiiuently
, will easily b«
B sprif^htly aclt-
c citizen, beinj;
I cnpross the tx-
ijng" highly suit-
i a Man, neccs-
ronger anl more
bv these means,
estination. Now,
t also hold good
3 most numerous
hends those, who
um bodily labour
itly divide them,
nual motion, and
dedicating them-
lical occr'iations.
fords the opportu-
j time in the open
th -, to th« foEmcr,
203
jjecamc they will gain the strength necessary fuv
tlicir laborious employments, and will become more
regular and more adroit, as the example of llic pea
snnts' sons who are enrolled in the standing armies,
clcMily proves; to the latter, because the body,
which by a continued sedentary posture becomes
unbent and mollilied, will find motion and a ncvf
Atimulus, in the above exercise. But with regard to
the attention to rivic duties , and tlic execution of
public affairs, in as far as such could fall to the lot of
the parents and foremost members of this portion of
ilic people; the labouring classes, must be in a de-
plorable state, if the time employed in thene engage
ments, would fall heavy upon the otherwise indus-
trious citizen, and not rather bo advantageous to
the prosecution of his occupation, by reason of this
very species of activity promoting the enlargement
of the understanding and creating a reciprocal ex-
chaHge of ideas *). it will also be acknowledged
at last, and implanted in the worldly course of things,
tliatman shall labour in order to support life, but not
that life exists, for tha sake of labour; an idea, which
once grown practical, must bring back to a mors
♦) The introduction of the new city - regulations in
Prussin, is not said t« lj«ve prodn-od iiijiirions
conioqiiciices.
204
oquitaMe icaU, the striking di«propovii.^n, which ii
f.,„na iMtw.rn l.'miir an.lwnscv p.n-tioularly in the
luanrh., of .unnufactuvin? industry.- If w" l'^"*'"
tolho mercantile clas.. as tlu- .m<l.«tor iMtwoen
the ranks of society devoted to corporeal or inltUoc.
tual labour, we shall also find, that neither the stu-
dy, nor the use of arms, would he detrimental to the
youog .om.ncrcial pupil, as little as the exercise of
l.ublir charfT»-s and rei.i.s.ntitive fon. tions. would
he unsu.tal.U: for the merchant of consideration.
1 urtl.er. if we re-ard the so-called learned onhr
,n the state, the far more numerous portion of this
das,, stand un.louhtcdly Im need of a learned tdu,
cation, a, necessary for the fulfihnent of thc.r
Yocations, hut are no» destined to prosecute it fur-
ther, or to enlar-e the r.pions of science, beiu?;
only required to he acquainted with their existing
dimensions, and to put the result, of this Know,
ledge into practice, he it ..i se.vnuts of the < l.m.h.
or of the Uw, ol the administration or of pul.lii
oeconomy, or in the capacity of physicians and sur
geons. Living amongst the people, they ou^^ht to
devote their whole time and attention to then), and
nolhin- can be move iniportaut, than to make them-
selves early acquainted with ull their wants and
throwing aside all higher notions of distineliun, to
nssimulate themselves, by experience, to their sen.
timcnts and character, and to shew them in cvcvy
thinj
state
been
pUbl
life,
copr
grea
likel
rill i
aid
actii
part
ters
chat
or p
ratii
con
arts
niu<
cess
witj
loni
thei
not
lun
tho
be <
itbe
■liflTi, whirh i»
ioulnrly in the
— If we |ia«s«'n
liatur ln'twoetJ
eitl or iiiU'Ucc
neither theslu-
viinrntal to tlie
, the pxercisp of
nrtioni, would
■ consiiU'iution.
I learned onW-r
portion of thii
a lenint'd tdu.
Iliiient of their
t)rosccutc It fiir-
f science, being
th their existing
is of this know.
s of the t liHH h,
ion or of public
ysicians and sur
e, they ou^^ht to
ition to then), and
ban to makethcui-
llieir wants and
i)f distin':lion, to
ice, to tlu'ir sen.
w thorn in cvrij
tor,
thin^ whicli hcmmei the independent fitizrn of «
state, a nohie and laudable example. Since it hui
been looked upon at an advuntngi: in our improved
public ichooU, that boyi of very diffcrynt ranki of
life, pass them in joint emulation in one common
course of inslriutiun and amusenionti; how much
greater must tlie b'-nefiti be, which the youtlii ar«
likely to reap in body as well ai mind, by a gene-
ral armed association, assembled round the stand-
ard of their country, for the purposes of exercise or
actual warf.ire, and which advantages must be im-
parted to the riper men, by being made participa-
lers in the nllairs of the nation, cither intlie public
character of jurors , or as administrators of the city
or provincial revenues. But then the system ofedu-
cation would require a direction being given to it,
conformable to the object in view; above all, the
arts of oratory , formerly of such powerful weight,
must again be called into j^otice; it would be ne-
cessary to enrich the encyclopedia of knowledge
with many new branches, but to lopp off those, no
longer in unison witli the necessities of the age. By
these means, which we particularly request, may
not be lost sight of, that, would take place vo-
luntarily, agrcablc to the choice and dispositions of
those, to vvhom tile direction of these objects might
be entrusted, which necessity will shortly of
itbelf bring about. Fur we dare to make the heretical
^
206
mophecy, that it will soon be impossible to retain
the whole extent of bibliographical knowledge, re-
quired at present of those, who esteem themselves
belonging, to the class of the learned; the v.ry
simple reason is, that this amplitude contmually
increases with the progress of .time, and ancient
theories, being exploded by modern discover.es,
n^ust cease to be practical. The state of science, in
all those branches adapted to common hie, affords
the most striking verification of this.
If henceforth, as is at present every where the
case in Europe, the lawyer is to ground h>s juris-
prudence, upon the knowledge of the detad of th,
Roman law, on the universal and particular rights
and statutes of his own country, and the inhnite
number of the special ordinances ar^d decrees of his
government, it will Bot be possible, for youth to
Tvind themselves, through the intricacies of such a
voluminous study, which even now, almost exceeds
th.ir abitity. The consequences^re, that the me-
niory is overloaded at the expence of the more exal-
ted oversight and the power of judgment; and the
application of the law becomes continually more
difficult, by the doubtful nature of what i. right,
^vheveas the grand aim, of making their own laws
intelligible tothe people, becomes every day, less
and less attainable. - It will be equally impossible
for the future ecclesiastic, to find his proper place.
J
207
ssible to retain
knowledge, ic-
icm themselves
rned; the vtry
ide continually
[le, and ancient
em discoveries,
te of science, in
ion liie, affords
s.
jvery where the
rround his juris-
the detail of th»
particular rights
and the infinite
n,d decrees of his
le, for youth to
icacies of such a
V, almost exceeds
ire, that the me-
of the more exal-
dgment; and the
;ontinually more
of what i» right,
• their own laws
mes every day, less
equally impossible
his proper place,
J
fronJ amongst the labyrinths of antiquated church
and heretical legends, and the infinite apparatus of
do'^inatical and oriental erudition, comprehended
under his preparatory studies, and to render what
he has so laboriously acquired, of benefit to men as
they now are, provided he shall suit the present ne-
cessities of the age, and be the guardian, the pub-
lisher and interpreter of those holy laws which are
imprinted in the heart, which superior to all literal
constructions, unite mankind in love and hope, and
alone are capable of reestablishing the tottering pil-
lars of the social union, and of reanimating those
feelings for morality and decency, which havg been
deadened by the enormities of an age, without paral-
lel. But the science of medicine, appears to be mor«
in its infancy , than any other branch of human
knowledge; being founded on the newer systems
of anatomy and chemistry, it is likely, by the dis-
covery of the magnetic and electrical powers, to b«
more and more led over, into the regions of physics
and psychology ; the physician who wishes to culti-
vate these sublime fields of intelligence with suc-
cess, will find it unnecessary to burthen himself
with the acquirement of more ancient theories, no
longer possessing a practical influence in life. —
That which is required, as an indispensible condition
of a learned acquaintance with every branch of his-
tory, it also likely to bo lue^sMreil upo'a aaethcx
I
208
scale very shortly. For the course of the world car-
ries with it daily, its texture of events, and w.ll
render it impossible, at least for him, who cannot
exclusively devote his whole life to this enquiry, to
embrace a knowledge of the almost innumeval,le
■occurrences of modern times, with those of remoter
ages connected only with the present, by ind.st.nct
■and almost imperceptible clews. Further . the more
the world presses forward to a perfect state of uni-
son, the wore the knowledge and use of the modern
languages will become necessary, as the means of
reciprocal information and active cooperation l but
the extensive study of the dead languages, now look-
ed upon as the basis of academical knowledge for
every person, will on this account be less culti-
vated and subject to limitations. As belonging pe-
culiarly to the province of history, it will without
doubt be classed under this branch of science, as
soon as the sources of positive knowledge can be de-
rived from judicial books and scientific works, writ-
ten in the languages of the existing countries *).
Greece produced leaned men, in the true sense of
the word, who understood no language but theit
own —
♦) It is a fortunate circumstance, tliat the mot im-
portant ot the ancient languages, the Greek, by
be i
whi(
elen
tlie
linn
to s
vv'lii<
mod
sitiu
shot
life!
hitlj
to li
of S(
of I]
whii
cert
an i
f the world car-
•vents, and will
m, who cannot
this enquiry, to
ost innumevalile
those of remoter
!nt, hy indistinct
urther, the more
ect state of uni-
ise of the modern
as the means of
cooperation \ but
"uages, now look-
l knowledge for
)unt be lets cuUi-
As belonging pe-
^, it will without
ch of science, as
wledge can be de-
itific works, writ-
ing countries ♦).
the true seme of
inguage but their
209
In taking thi? view of the subject, howshall we
be able to preserve the integrity of the sciences,
which alone depends on the dcvelopement of the
elementary ideas, or to maintain the connexion of
tlic whole, reposing upon the occurrences of formes
tirans; and lin one word, how shall we be able
to save the history of mankind from oblivion,
which should unite the remotest with the most
modern aeras , by means of comprehensible tran-
sitions, and putting time out of the question,
should reflect the picture of one infinite scene of
life? We answer, this will happen in future, as has
hitherto been the case, through those contributors
to human knowledge and those masters in the fields
of science, the learned, in the proper acceptation
of the word. 'iVe by no means wish to see this class,
which is eminently important for mankind, and in
certain respects the most honorable of all, assume
an inferior station in society, but only more dis*
e, tbat the mot im-
[Bges, the Greek, by
the course nf events, ns hinted at in the Xth
chapter, will again perhaps, at no very great
distance of time, be introduced g«>nerally into
political life, whereby the knowledge and the
use of the treasures containtd in it, will be more
universally dispcried.
(38)
210
linctly separated than hitherto, from that of prac^
tical proic:sors of the sciences. There
will, and must be in all ages, learned men; but
all those, who mean to devote themselves to a prac^
tical life, shall not be educated as such, for by this,
ihey often lose sight of the immediate ptcsent exis.
tenxe and its claims upon mankind; moreover, the
encreasing mass of the sciences, will alone render
the universality impossible, to which out literary
ostentation at the present day, but too eagerly as-
pires. But the true man of learnin g. should at least
be able to take a general survey of the whole of hu-
man knowledge, and be familiar with its threads, in
order to guide himself at pleasure through the mazes
of the mighty labyrinth, and devote himself to the
cultivation ot some particular branch of science,
being the guardian and adviser of the human race,
it is but leaionable, he should be held in distin-
guished estimation, and exempted for the future,
Irom civil burthens, in order to be enabled, free
from care, and earthly solicitudes, to soat aloft and
abide in the spiritual regions of thought, and to fa-
shion with immaculate purity, those moulds, in which
the terrestrial substance ought to assume forms,
more worthy of the sublime image of humankind.
In the .ame parallel with ihe learned, stands the
artist, both representing the perfection of humau
nature i it i. the duty of each in his particula.
sphi
life
red
\eat
whi
is u
pair
true
upo
layi
fosti
gui(
clas
the
and
feof
con
the
rogi
bpp
war
int{
the
excl
tou
war
whi
.,;-s!^
1
211
I that of prac-
; n c e s. Ther«
ned men ; but
»lvc8 to a prac.'
ch, for by this,
te present exis-
moreover, the
[I alone render
ch out literary
too eagerly as-
', should at least
he whole of hu-
h its threads, in
trough the mazes
himself to the
nch of science,
the human race,
• held in distin-
. for the future,
he enabled , free
to soar aloft and
jught, and to f*-
moulds, in which
J assume forms,
; of humankind,
irned, stands the
ection of humau
in his particulaB
sphere of action, to diffuse generally through nctu.il
life, that nobleness, with which he has been inspi-
red ; on this account, both may claim equal privi-
Icsres and exemptions in their respective paths, and
which can only appear without thorns to him, who
is unacquainted with the labours of the mind; the
■palm however, should only be conferred on the
true man of learning, as on the real artist, (not
upon the mechanical imitator of master -pieces,
laying before him) and a preparatory school should
foster innate talent, and conduct it, with judicious
guidance to the distant, but exalted goal.
We have yet to speak of the nobility. Thi«
class, originally representing those free by birth,
the peers of the sovereign, his natural counsellors
and companions in arms, in later ages denoted the
feoffees and large landed proprietors who often, iii
contradiction to every idea of their estate, became
the opponents and assailants of the power and pre-
rogatives of the crown , or acted as the tyrannical
oppressors of the lower classes of the people. After-
wards, being raised by the favor of the sovereign,
into an hereditary privileged caste, the majority of
the families composing it, were prefered, and even
exclusively appointed, to the higher offices of the
tourt and state; whereby ho regard was paid to a
want of hereditary landed property, thepossc^.^lln» cf
which, ori-inally conaitutcd a necessary attribute,
212
of thii order. If this class is to step forward with
any degree of \vpin;lit, in tho dcvclopcmcnt of the
new association of things every where on the eve of
laXing place, and if it is to participate lienel'icialiy
Jn reordering the grand Eui-opean constitution ♦;,
it can only accomplish tliis object, by ardently assert,
ing that character assigned it by nature, as media-
tor between the government and the people, and
supporter and protector of their existing ri.'thts,
instead of contenting itself with the enjoyment of
advantages and real or imaginary privileges ; acting
thus nobly, it would form the dignified centre of
gravity, round which the reciprocal agitated powers
would assemble, and against which the unruly
waves of discord would break, which, without this
counterpoise, are not likely to be hushed with faci-
lity. In order fully to ansyver such a destination,
it would he absolutely necessary for the nobility
frnm their earliest youth, to be made acquainted
with, and love the country, which they are to de-
fend, the constitution, which they are to support,
the rights of the different orders, which they are to
maintain, the laws, to which they are to ehforcd
*) It is knowu , that the clement of nobility , has
not been admitted hitherto, into tkc American
coustitutious.
obet'
ever
ted
are
bccc
war
und
diat
rier
Tho
self
lose
fio n
abh
pici
the
wc
VI po
and
app
the
TlCfi
and
juyi
(|ui
pOSi
of*
» forward with
opcmcnt of the
c on the cvu of
ate Ijeuelicially
constitution ♦/,
ardently assert,
iture , as media-
he people, and
existing ricrhts,
le enjoyment of
ivileges; acting
nified centre of
agitated powers
ich the unruly
li, without this
ashed with faci-
h a destination,
fur the nobility
nade acquainted
they are to de-
are to support,
hich they are to
' are to eftforcft
: of nobility > has
nto tkc American
213
obedience and vcsiicct, nnd to b'^ bnni-lit up in
every thin 'i; which is patrimic and national, i'(uic,i
ted amongbt those, with whom, and for nhoin tht y
are to live, and pussess that coura,;n ami skill whir.'i
become the future leiidr'js nf tlit-ir counti ■. ii;i n i.i
war, not less tlian llint Sjiiiit for jii.aid; .mil
undaunted integrity, whic'iarc disinl' rixtid ;riMi--
dians against oppression, and iii'.uiniuiiiil.iMi' ImIt-
riers against the iiisolt-ncf ul n-bi iliiu:s si'.iioii.
The true and only nolib'in.'.n is rcp.irdb.vs if liim-
self in the wdf.ire of the wlioli', and llic lustre
loses its dignity, if he, whom it di!-tin;;ui.s!ics iiiiovt'
Romany, does not also accoinplisli, what so lcv\ are
able to perform.
If we wished to draw, as it were, a perspcctrTe
picture of the future state of Europe, ajniii li; to
the individual subjects uf which wu ijavi- treated,
we ought above all things to dttcriniiu; ihc ctli',
upon which the value -af this fleeting Jiiiiij..ii life,
and that of not less fleeting generations, ii to be
appieciaied. lie, who estimates life, actording to
the ahsence of uneasy and sorrowful foulin";';, or
n(;:;;ilivc happiness, and atcordinp: to a contiiiu- nr.e
and intensity of pKnisant >:ensatiu:;s, or pojitive en-
joyment; he who pri7.cs above everything', t)!,-i;ari
quiUity and cnso of an unitnbitti'r^d cxistend', in
possession of those benel'its of life, liie rcX2u;ui.;lio:i
of which, uuv twofold u:iture painfully fi;cls, and
3
214
wlii( 1. borrow from tl,r force of habit, aiu' the pre-
dikction of our forefathers, a double claim; lastly
h., ^^ho is anxious to reach the goal of life subjccl
to the- least i.ossible molestation, and rather bends
to the course of events, than actively pats his shoul-
dcr to the uh^-fl of the times — wiU find this pic-
ture, proviried he be able to survey it, from his point
of view, dismal and alarm! g in the extreme. For
most undoubtedly there will come a time of great
distress, and he who cannot submit to privations,
„ill sink; he who with self-denial and dependence
on himself, cannot support the exigency ofthecrisis,
will be burned away in the vortex of universal af-
flict,on, and violently precipitated there, whither
he did not wish to go. There will probably be less
vvar, at least in the interior of Europe, if the pow-
ers,'clinging, as they appear to do. to the idea of
an Areopagus to adjust their own differences, procure
it a lasting influence for the future; but storms
generated from the conflict of political elements,
and as much from national as individual oecono-
mical distress, will rage the more numerous, and
n.ovc dangerous. The continual decrease of the
,„e.ns of subsistence, with which we are daily more
abnminaly threatened, is likely, with an enrrcuse
of ..opulatiou, to plunge thousands of generations
otluvwisc bloou.ing, into the vortex of misery, as
Ion- af no remedy be applied, by a proper organisation
off
-.ett
nevi
seri
rihl
•PI'
UHf
cal
tiin
ths
tol
uui
or i
wit
of
in
mo
wh
ei
va|
tat
thj
the
tin
of
coi
th
21:
it, aiu' the pre-
If claim; lastly
I of life sulijcct
tid ralhor bends
y pats his shoul-
II find thii pic-
it, from his point
e extreme. For
a time of great
lit to privations,
, and dependence
ency of the crisis,
of universal af-
l there, whither
probably be less
rope, if the pow-
I, to the idea of
ferences, procure
ure; but storms
ilitical elements,
dividual oecono-
; numerous, and
decrease of tlie
\vc are daily more
with an en< rt-ase
ds of generations
rtex of misery, as
roper organization
of emij»rations tu foreign ))arts of the globe, or the
jLttlement of rohmists in the interior of Kuropc, on
nevy lands. Dt-sp.iir may probably call to light, a
series of sanguinary and cruel abominations, thohor.
rible prelude to which, has already made its public
appearance. Aery of constitutional reform, and an
ungovernable striving and longing after new politi-
cal codes, caused principally by the prcsiure of the
times, and sensibly felt by all, are likely to shako
the internal structure of more than one state, and
to burst into the pernicious fl.imes of civil discord;
unless, the inordinate impetuosity of despotic power,
or of popular cupriciousness, be not driven back,
within the pile of legality, by a wise conciliation
of reciprocal claims, and determined perseverance
in what is right, which must instil respect into the
most untractable minds, linaliy, tliat luxury,
which has been nourished by the tributcof the usurp.
el dominion of the world, and the habitual extra-
vagance in internal oeconomy , and external osten-
tation, no longer to be supported, arelikely to over-
throw the happiness of innumerable familii-s; and
the unavoidable impending revolution in the exis-
ting relation of money, is likely to cause the ruin
of thousands, who neglecting its virtual possession
confided their welfare in its symbolic value. All
this must happen, before the proud queen of th«
World will ha vp .learnt, to adopt herself to hear new
2l6
fitiitlniu, an I U> limit her neccssiiirs of nourish-
ji'.ciif, ' liilliui;:; and (hnjrsfic rcpMlatinn;, to those
nv.ius i.f s.itisfjin;^ thoiu, wliich Iut nu n toilolTen.
Tlivis tlicn, Mi''j»'iiing cvfu that wi'.ilom united with
iMifr:y ^^ruidi! the hi-lm, the approm liing future pe-
rind is still likely to he so pregnant in tumultuous
noilnliojn, nnd to rnvry along with if, so ni;iny pri-
vnt 'Jiis, sijffcrings and misrovtuncs, ns more lliiin
i\uiply to OK-rit the just .Tppclldtimi of distressful
til .i's. .lud tin- feeling mind cannot rffrnin from
(Mstin': .Ml > JO of cuniniiserntion upon t!ir approach-
iH'' j{(iu.r;Ui-)n, over nhom tuch ralainities impend,
iron llio other h.uid, we do not estimate the
vilue I'f individual life, tccordin<» to its feelings,
l.ivt its a(.lii)us, and consequently judire of the pas-
sine exi'^tcnce of one generation, n{;reahle to what
it coutribuies towards the attainment of the subli-
mest iuin i)f liuuian nature, the above picture would
turn or.t far move consolatory. For us this aim
towards which the lives of countless generations in-
ce-santly incline, can he no oilier, than ^o rupre-
senv reason on earth, and to tame the impetuous
passinns \uUiin us, and the wilder powers of nature
vithout uf, hy means of voluntary laws, and so to
(irran?.!; the whole in harmony complete, that the
spirit, which is from Hod shall he preiloniinanti;
it is prohal)le, that however cloudy" the present per-
turbation, niny appear," the new form of things,
en!»i
• (ins
end.
mail
excr
attai
by t
the
by t
a le
«acli
cam
awa
ptos
in V
the
chai
com
the
boui
rati*
of n
amf
vity
the
Wou
iirs uf n'.urisli.
latioiis, to those
r i)\\ n .'.i>iliirfi'H.
iii>;n iiiiiU'il with
liii'T futuic pc-
L in tiiiiiultuous
it, ?i) iiuiiiy i)ii-
s, ns moro tlian
(111 of flistvessful
lot iffiain fiom
on thr iipproatli-
laiiiities inipcnd.
not estimate the
r to its feelings,
uilp^o of the ]).!«-
igreable to what
^nt of the subli-
)ve picture wouhl
roi' us this aim
s gcnci'atioijs in-
r, than ^o vupre-
10 the impetuous
powcTS of nature
' laws, and so to
ipletc, that t lie
be predominant;;
:'the present ptr-
foini of things,
217
(•nK'^niIer«il from it, will ktjll sIio\y, that \vp liavoinailt
(oiisuleial le approaches toward* this ino»t sublime
end. For brutal an«l arbitrary power, ha* undc
niably been obliged to cede much ground, to thoau
excrtiuni evinced every where, and made tor the
attuinmeijt of a reasonable state of unanimity, either
bv the governments in their frequent discussions on
the commoj? affairs of our quarter of the globe, or
by the people, in their reigning tendency towards
a legal definition of th« ri?;hts and privileges of
each order in the stite. Struggles of thii nature
cannot remain unfruitful, and thp changes which
await commerce and the various branches of indus-
try, will contribute most powerfully to their future
prosperity. The servitude and slavish dependence,
in which thp acquirement of their daily bread, an4
the strug-^la after physical existence, have hitherto
chained the majority ot the mass of people will bq-
come less frequent; for in consequence of the blowt,
the manufdtluring system, extended beyond all
bounds, must necessarily suffer, the younger gene-
ration will be driven from the squallid habitations
of misery and infection, will sp«Si4 itself over a ijiore
ample sorfaee of the earth, and WiW direst its acti-
vity to othet employments of the mind. By this,
the decrease of competition in the tintieill trades,
would ensure those who had reiriatned to pVosecute
C«9)
1
I
218
them a belter pt.cc for their labour, and uitb .t a
more ea.y ami unconcerned exi.tence. 1 inally Hr
more act.ve participation in the affair, of tlu- state.
which mu,t gradually fall to the sl^are of theh.ghct
orders of the citizens, will raise in them, that respect fo.
themselves, and that shame for the opinion of others.
Jn which the seed of all civic virtue is contained ;
for the more uncontvouled and public, man l.ves
under the influence of the law, the more dis-ust he
internally feels for what is unworthy, but the n.ure
basely he be oppressed, the more vile will he become
in his private actions. In on.word, the energies
of almost every individual have been awaKenedand
from every side excited, by the distress of an age dread-
fully calamitous; the misfortunes, which the abuse
of these powers, and the savage raging of unbr.d-
led passions can bring upon mankind, stand, in
universal fresh and bloody remembrance ♦) ; on which
account we ought not to disregard the warning ies-
,ons and advice of the noblest among th« people,
Humanity must shudder at the sanguinary acts
committed lately at Palermo, but which afford
another proof of the justice of the above re-
mark, of the author, who no doubt alludes to
the irauch revolutign.
Translator,
who
sent
If ll
arot
opei
as tl
yet
wo I
be ;
woi
tinj
tied
R
pi
hv
dc
w
til
ai
r, and witli >t a
cc. I'inally the
aivsof tlu- state,
lare of ihehif^liet
m,that respect for
)pinion of othcri,
,ue »• contained;
blJc, man lives
! more disgust lie
hy, but the more
ilewillhe become
rd, t'ue energiei
can awakened and
Bssofunagedread-
, which the abuse
raging of unbrid-
nkind, stands in
ranee*); on which
the warning ies-
imong the people,
the sanguinary acts
10, but which afford
:e of the above re-
ao doubt alludes to
ranslator.
219
who have pointed out those roads, which still pre-
lent an opportunity of escaping from the laljyrinlh.
If the electrical shock, which, given in the West,
moused Kurope from her lethargy, has hitherto
operated almost universally in a destructive manner,
as the crude powers of nature are wont to do, it is
yet to be hoped, that the arts and sciences, in which
wc shall still long remain predominant, will now
be able to accomplish in cool contemplation, their
work, of bringing to light from amidst the fermen.
ting Clements, the qualities of a noble and digni-
ficd human existence ! —
i
XIII.
Returning to the point from which we started, and
placing -buforc us the picture of America, as she offers
herself at present to the observer, andwilHikcly be
developed, in the future, the m6st perfect contrast
with the state of Europe fetters at on. e our atten-
tion. If the institution* in Europe b« antiquated,
and an universal struggling he evinced, to overturn
t
220
the existing orJcr, of thine', and to erect a newetli-'
fice upon the anci(-nt base, the age of poli.tii al wis.
dom in America, is on the other hand directed to
the desirable aim, of allowing what is new and
scarcely founded, to take root, and forming a natio.
nal unison, common customs and a friendly affinity,
by the force of habit. — In the first place we treat
of the United .States in the Nortliern hemisphere.
That which here strikes the traveller and the Eu-
ropean eraigrint, as most remarkable, is according to
their united testimonies, the division of interests
the want of tranquillity of mind and nativ* feelings,
every one pursuing 1)ut his own views, and even
forsaking with indi erence the soil, that nourished
him, if the hope of superior gain allures him into
the newer V. cstcrn lands on the Ohio and Missi-
sippi; in one word, the more material feeling for,
and exclusive attention to the acquirement of
worldly wealth, which begets a restless and unsteady
course of life, continual'!)' fed by new speculations,
is predominant luue, so that we may With justice
asievt, that the European will for a cotisiderablc time
retain the ascendancy in the intellectual regions.
And still -*■ what are we to expect otherwise in
a state, which scarcely forty years independent, has
witnessed only its second generation of free natives,
and in conjunction with the original stock of Bri-
tish colonists, contains, ott an immense surface, a
J
trect u rie\V edi-'
)f poli.tiial \vis-
and directed to
hat is new and
Forming a natio-
liendly affinity,
it place we treat
srn hemisphere.
Icr and the E«-
e, is according to
/isjon of interests
d native feelings,
views, and even
, that nourished
il'iures him into
Ohio and Missi-
erial feeling for,
acquirement of
lless and unsteady
new speculations,
may With justice
considerable time
Icctual regions.
xpect otherwise in
independent, has
on of free natives,
inal stock, of Bri-
rtmensc surface, a
221
thinly strewed population, composed of every Eu-
ropean nation : Germans, French, Dutch, Swiss and
Italians, who have neither language, descent, nor
religion common with each other; the pursuit, after
an actual maintenance, and the subsequent acquire-
ment of wealth derived either from the soil, or
mechanical ingenuity,' alone congenial to them all,
tends rather to disperse, than to combine th.em,
in cordial proximity. The form of government con-
tributes also to delay the fusion of the heterogeneous
elements; for the former colonies aiming at the
greatest possible freedom, were transformed into
united states, each independent of the other, and
only invested the common goverijiment of the whole,
with so much of the power of sovereignty, as was
just necessary, to present externally, the view of
one political body, and to prevent internally, dis-
cord and civil war, as well as those obstacles, which
one state might oppose, by means of prohibitorjr
measures to another, and thus hinder the develope-
nicnt of the resources «nd industry of the whole,
lor this reason, tkc union is by no means a trunk
jiiovvn from one coinuii^n root, but an aggregate of
foreign masses, which no natural bias, but
universal law has united, to wLich, in the pos-
session of freedom they have subjected thcmselvss, in
order, under its protection, to attain a state of
prosperity.
■4
«
222
In ouler to elevate themselves to this prosp^
vuv. or rather, only to inSure themselves the means
of attaining it, - for as for enjoyment itself, the
majority have hitherto no time - no quicker re-
source presents itself, than that of commerce ; hence
the mercantile spirit, which certainly is predomi-
„antin America, where even that which is most
immoveable - th« soil - form, one of the most
important articles of trade. This spirit, every one
hreathes throughout his own peculiar profession;
and and instead of delivering the produce of h.
industry upon order, to iixed customers, or contract
inir with the regular merchant for it, offers it fci
sale in liis own warehouse, or exports it on his
own risl^, if Ins affairs are carried on upon a larger
scale. This propensity keeps the isolating and un-
sociable inclinations of men', as envy, avarice and
xnea«interestedncss, in continual agitation, stifling
the birth of all sympathetic feelings, and prevent-
ing that exchange of ideas, which can never be cal-
led to light there, where the one would rather be
employed in anxiously watching the other, in order
surreptitiously to gain some advantage from h.s
neighbour. From this source undoubtedly flow that
rold'ness and unainiableness, and want of confidcn-
tial effusions, which are prejudicial to sociableness
on the otkerside of the ocean; not less flows from
it, that estimation of the different branches of human
otci
veri
to a
a su
still
is ei
the
sin^
lyf
out
as t
cre£
pori
nes!
ver;
cati
sull
anu
hel(
Xnc
pro
in ]
ric£
nev
nat
soil
sett
to this prosp©-
elves tlie means
nent itself, the
no quicker re-
immeice ; hence
nly is predomi-
t which is most
me of the most
pirit, every one
aliar profession;
I produce of hi..
lers, or contract
it, offers it fcf
xports it on his
3n upon a larger
lolating and un-
ivy, avarice atid
citation, stifling
gs, and prevent-
can never be cal-
would rather be i
le other, in ordnr
antage from his
oubtedly flow that
,vant of confiden-
al to sociablene&s
»t less flows from
branches of human
4
occupation, according to t'lc net proceeds, they se-
verally return ; and licnce the indifl'ersnce slievvn
to arts and sciences, wiiidi oiler an enjoyniu'nt of
a subliraer nature, than is necessary to hiiii who is
still wholly engaged in what is earthly-practical. It
is easy to conceive how this spirit will operate upon
the course of education, and the culture of the ri-
sing generations; those brandies will be particular-
ly fostered, which enable man to assist himself with-
out foreign aid, and speedily to earn a subsistence,
as the precursor of independence, which naturally
creating influence, soon renders its possessor, of im-
portance in the state. Thus strengtb , and pliant,
ness of body, a ready power of combination, perse-
Ycrance and an indefatigable resolution, as qualifi-
cations, which prevent the mind from sinking in
sullen moroseness, under the strokes of fortune,
and rather spur it on to renewed activity, will be
held in high estimation; those branches of positive
Knowledge, which are immediately practical, and
profitable in a material point of view, will be learnt
in preference. And such is actually the case in Ame-
rica, generally, (for a description of this kind cau
never mean but to •represent the greater masses) and
nature, who first requires men to be rooted to the
soil, before she allows them to cast a view into the
aetherenl rci^ions, has here also remained faithful to
h«r pijuici^ies. lu what way she will lead this
I
I
224
ruing people further, and unfolA in them, a ne.v
history of the world and of mankii: ' we ran only
hazard some conjectures, foundel on comparatne
information derived from the anuals of more ancient
nations. .
The same propensity which exists in the unbri-
dled character of youth to range the remotest parts
and to grasp at the whole world, is found also pre-
valent in new states, which long invariably for ag-
grandizement and conquest, if nbt enclosed by nur-
ture, as Swisserland, ^vithin narrew and prescribtd
limiL Aminated by this propensity, did th. incoit.
siderable city on the Palatine hill, compus.u .t va.
rious descriptions of people, soar on h^gh, until sWj
hecamfe tb.i mistress of the world; hurried away bj
it did the Macedonian Alexander invaie Asia, and
grounded his monarchy, only dismembered s« sbbn,
by the premature death of its founder; Instigated
by i» did the unimportant kingdom of the francs
under Charles the Great, spread itself ovetGermany
and Italy, as far as the Hispanian borders, and be.
come adorned with the splendour of th* re*oVat«a
imperial diadem. The same impuls,* has fextcndei
the ^ issian territories, only b«come properly Eu-
wpean in the last hundred years, to the gulph ^
Bothnia and the border, bf Silesiri in the Wes*,
and as far as the Black sea in the 9<mth. Neithrt
hai this inclination, as soon as the nfew s«te begaii
to fl'
Arjjci
i]nisi
Ui n
In- lit
peace
fully
olieys
pully
expel
Tlie i
»()t 1
partii
pi^rtu
JUOIC
whicl
more
the e
afford
once
world
those
fore if
dissol
ing r
i fastiy
i whole
■<'*,
-„i_
1 ihcm , a ne.v
I we tiin only
on comparative
of more ancient
,ts in the unbri-
p remotest parts
found also pre-
variably for ag-
sncloied by na-
r and pirescribfed
f, did tb- inconi.
compos'jvt v<t va-
; h'gb, until shte
lurried away bj
inva.le Asia, and
embered so sbbn,
nder; Instigated
m of the Francs
el! o vet Germany
borders, and be-
of th« re*oVatea
Is^ has extcn«le4
me properly Eu-
tn the gulph <l^
iiiit. iri the Wes*,
5 9<mth. Neithrt
s nfew state begdl
22/
to fiel its .sticnixlli, remained inert, in tlic North-
AnjciK'an union, as may he amply seen by tho ac-
quisitions of Louisiana and llic two I'loridas , and
Ui ngcrandi/crnutit towards iho VVe?tern 'ndian
I U-niturios. JJurin;i the last war , terminated by the
peace of Ghent, tliL' republic stretched its arms lonp-
fully towards Canada, and that this country still
oljcys the sceptre of Groat Britain, may be princi-
pally attrihuted to a certain deficiency in military
fxpertness and a want of determined measures.
Tlie disasters of tliis war, which have nevcrtJieless
»ot remained witlnut compensative consequences,
particularly, where the American navy had an op-
portunity of signalizing itscU, have evidently brought
more life and zeal into the preparatory dispositions,
which are likely to ensure future success, and the
more iinposing the situation of the Union becomes,
the earlier an ever-lurking jealousy is likely to
afford her an opportunity , of trying her strength
once more. I'hus here, as fo'inerly in the >.d
world, war is likely to be the means of bringing
those ingredi(t'nls of this new people, which are yet
foreign to each other, more r.ipinly into CMUtatt, of
dissolving them into perfect harmony, of awaken,
ing national feelings, and of keeping more sti-d-
, fastiy alivo. tliiit ciuhusiasiTi for tlie r'.ocd of tlic
; whole, wjiich since the revolution ap])eii cd to h^vc
( io )
i
L_
226
become d-vmant, but ao,ain hurst forth, on the use-
less destruction of the Capitol by the Brit h, and on
the attacks uiadn by their squadrons on the defence-
less coasts. But if such a public ^rpirit for the
grand interests of the nation, has once taken root,
and in the . outsc of time becomes diverted from po-
litical and eternal objects, to those of internal wel-
fare, there is no result, however noble in its kind,
.vhich this state may not flatter itself, with being
capable of bringing to light. The commercial spi-
rit engendered in the Atlantic, will find a power-
ful counterpoise in the greater stability of the truly
agricultural Western states, and, a^ agreable to our
premises, the more unnecessary , the commercial
intercourse with Europe becomes and which once
will finally cease, the more the communication of
the former states will cncrease with the interior of
the vast continent, and will there, as well as in the
West India islands, be richly compensated for the
stagnated sale of those productions, which Europ..
heretofore paid for, with the produce of her manu-
facturing industry. But the more the political bond,
torn asunder from all foreign relations, ga.ns in
strennh. and the internal intercourse becomes ani-
xnatJ, the more, will the language, manners and
^..linations of the people assimulate themselves.
An American character and an American dialect
^•ill arise. The English, as the language of thelaW
i
and I
thcf
mate
as en
aditii
men
repre
selve
not
book
whic
quat
ditio
toth
Gree
are ]
of sc
tory
and
whic
theii
stita
the
iiilin
and
vion
ta!,
Uorr
rth, on theuge-
Brit h, and on
on the defence-
spirit for the
nee taken root,
iverted from po-
of internal vvel-
ble in its kind,
;eU» with being
commercial spi-
ll find a power-
(ility of the truly
I agreable to our
the commercial
and which once
mmunication of
h the interior of
as well as in the
pensated for the
, , which Europe
ice of her manu-
ihe political bond,
lations, ga.ns in
urse becomes ani-
;e, manners and
ulate themselves.
American dialect
nguageof thelaW
!
and the courts of justice, will it is true, ever form
the foundation of the latter, but through the inti-
mate connexion with the several aboriginal as well
as ctiiigrant people, so many foreign words will be
adiiiitled, and from an incessant original develope-
iiient of the mind, whose rar^iant beams language
represents, so many peculiarities will attach them-
selves to it, that in the lapse of a few generations,
not alone a national idiom, but even a particular
book -language is likely to spring up, to understand
which, the old English, will by no means be ade-
quate. ^Vith this language, a peculiar code of eru-
dition will also form itself, very dissimular possibly
to the present European one. Not the histories of
Greece and Rome, nor the languages of these states,
are likely, in future times to form the general basis
of scientific education; the study of the national his-
tory , from the time of the very first settlements,
and the language of the mother countries, from
which the descendants of the emigrants had derived
their extraction, would much more probably con-
stitute its ground- work) and the investigation of
the origin, and gradual propagation of the primitive
iiilialiitnuts of the new world andof their languages
and monuments, is also very liable to shade in obli-
vion, not alone the Egyptian, Phoenician and Orien-
tal, but even in the course of time, the Grecian and
Roman antiquities. But aJjove all, the exploration
>
l_
228
J A,
of the native soil, may be looked in.un as the I'li-
Tiiary ohiect of l.Mvne>l rcsoni(.li, tontaiiiin.-i as it
certainly docs, in lliu bosom ol I'le mountains, in
the obscurity of the tracklfss fovesfi, nnd on the ijn-
mense plains, which have never fell the i)lnu2hshuro,
nov scarcely the step of u lonely wanderer, an
abundant store of hitherto undiscovered treasures,
either belonging to the history of the antideluvian
world, ov capalile of benefiting future generations.
The practical pr .prnsity of this people, will pio-
bably combine wiih this research, an unremittin};
study of mathematics, ar well as of the chymicul,
technical and occonouiical sciences, in order justly
to appreciate, and to mnke a true appropriation ot
the above treasures. On the other hand, metaphy-
sics, and mere al Miacl liiorts of the mind, are not
likely to gain ground for *oine time io come, ap-
pearing principally to flourish there, where a dis-
tinct learned order in the state exists, which in some
measure may he considered as a luxury and appen-
dage of a civil -society, long since sated and soaring
above any interest, physical life can ever afford,
and consequently incompatible with the necessities
of a nation, only first engaged in attaching itself to
the soil. No visible efforts can be expected in the
culture of taste or attention to the fine arts, until
the enthusiasm for one common country, and the
iinnrc:oion of nature, so inexhaustibly rich in U)0 j
niai
niu
and
hav
poss
esti
iiun as Ihf l>ii-
)ntaii»in'!; as it
iiiDuritaiTK. Ill
(Hid on the iiD-
lie plnuchshuio,
wandcri'v, an
ivtrcd treasures,
he antideluvian
ire geucralionj.
eople, will pio-
an unremitting;
f llie thymicul, j
in order justly
appropriation ot
hand, metaphy-
le mind, are not
nie lf> come, np-
rc , where a dis-
ts. which in some
Kury and appen-
jated and soaring
can ever afford,
h the necessities
ittaching itself to
( expected in the
,e fine arts, until
country, and the
stibJy rich in \\\^
229
■.uMiniest scenes, as well as in rainier heaulics .mil
manifold cliarms, shall have fired some nrij'inal iir.
nius, to make lier the theme of his iiimioilal soujt,
and 'he nation, in a state of {^ixater ( onipuiure,
having laid asi(]u their most pressing interest:;, shall
possess a sense of feeling, sufficiently exalted, to
estimate such works *), In the first place tlu!
♦) Tho striking picture, wliicli Kant draus of uu
age, which contains the requisites for the dit
covory of a scale to regulate taste, and with ii
a model for every fine art, would lead us to rx-
pect the appearance of such an cpocha in Aine
rica. We take the liberty of quoting it here, a.?
a favorable omen, observing only, that ,ii liu
time it was drawn, (1790) the state nf thiiij.';s w,i'-
not then sufficiently developed in the new wniM.
to have warranted tliis great ntnn , in iijipivin ;
his ide'is is tho future state of that piuiiou if
th« globe, —
'The preparatory study of all the fine art?,
"if they are to be brought to their higho.L
''degree of perfection, appears not nloi)t» d
"lay ia any given directions, hut in iho cti!-
"tivntion of those intellectual qualities, ) y
"means of thosr, elementary principle?, wliici,
"are called "h u m a n o r i a": proliabl y bccau-r
"humnnity signifiss on the one siJe, the j^t
"peral, feeling of parlic);pation , and om t.1'<>
v
230
p,of.ciencvin"rato,y. ^Mu.h th« pul.l.r rh«rnctcv
and the discussions of the kgului.vc senates have
"other, the power of an intimate and uni-
••versnlcoinmunn«tion5 whi.h properties corn-
"bitipd, lonslUiite a stulo ol happmeis, suit-
••nl.lo to humankind, being thereby dulin-
"guishcd from the limited faculties of the
•■hriitc crealio... That age as well as
"people, in which the active propensity
•Winced itself, of forming a social compact,
•which transforms a nation into a lasting
••commnniiy, and which impulse had to con-
"tcnd with the considerable difficulties, that
••embrace the weighty problem of uniting
frcndom, consequently equality, with
constraint (more from veneration and
"submission to laws voluntarily enacted, thnn
••from a sense of fear) : it would he necessa-
■•ry for such an age :n.d surh a people first
"to invent the art of a rcfiprocal c.mmuui-
"cation of idea., between the most polished
"and the most unrefined portion of t!ie na-
"tionj to pay attention to the several grnda-
•lious, which exisi between the culighlon.d
.••a..d cultivated state of the former, and tia-
••natural simplicity and originality of iho
"latter; and thus to discover the medium
•between the highest possible c u 1-
"tivation, and man m a contented
IS 111
toiy
it, a
in ire
May
«evi:
and
)uMir rlmrnctcr
ivc senates Ihive
intimate and Hi»i-
ich properties coin-
uf happineis, suit-
g tliereby diilin-
\ faculties of iho
ige as well us
active propensity
a social compact,
on into a lasting
npnlse had to con-
e difficulties, that
oblem of uniting
f equality , with
im veneration oiul
arily enacted, thf>n
, would he necossii-
5urh n people first
riprocal ccmmnni-
ihc most polished
portion of t!ie na-
I the several grnda-
cn the cnlighlontd
he former, and tlie
origiualily of the
ivev the m e d i u m
st possible cul-
i n a contented
-J.J I
r?nd<'r'*d peculiarly th>; pnivitic uf the Auioiic ui,
is likely to eniergu from th.ii jjiofiisitui of ihcKiind
tory phraseoi'of^y, wliicli at pii-si!iit i^iMicrally $i>iini)s
it, and to exalt itsolf to iliat brilliant art, \vi; ad-
mire tn the legacies of a FJ-inostlicnes and aCiinTK.
I May, it lliuu, only suhseivafnt to truth and justiif,
Mcvur allow itself to be abused as a tool of factions,
and in rtxiJuiHiendalioii of pi-initious measures!
L
'state of nature, which alone c o n-
"stilutes the true scale for taste,
"a s a n inherent human feeling, not
"to be goverued by any general
"r u 1 e s.
"A more advanced age will hardly
''render this model superfluous, a %
"it will be c o n t i u tl fi 1 1 y d e p a r 1 1 n "
' ni ore a ii d m ore from nature, a n d
" n o t b o i 11 g i n p o s s b s s i o n of any of
"her extant impressions, will at
''last be incapable of foriuiii!; an
"idea o f t h e happy union, in one and
"the same people, of the legal cun-
"s t r a i n t of the h i g li e s t culture,-
"w ith the power and Corrcctnesi of
"a a t u r e, u n c o n t r o u I c d and s u n s i b 1 o
"o f h e r own d i g n i t y." —
II is reserved perhaps for America at some fu
tura time, to realiis this idsa.
2^2
Tor unforl.inntely, that incurable evil of tli.?
iriml.i id of ancient nnd moilrrn limci, polilital
l)avty-»L'i''<. »'•'» "'" remained foreign to America;
liy tliij wel.y no means uish to designate a wise,
nnd cvrn vigorous opposition under the u-gis of a
sncrod invulnerable existing constitution, hut « pas-
sion for innovation diiected against th« forms nnd
the actual organized institutions of the state It is
huowM, wli.t concussions, the diverging tendency
of thcf.^deralists and the anti - federalists h« occa-
8l(mcd since liie origin of the union; the latter arn
accused of wishing to slarken its bond, and to en-
.roaso the rights of the individual states, which
nonld render the constitution more democratic;
nhercas the former, are said to have only joined the
present union, as being the most desiiahie thing
for the moment, but to wish in their heaits, iheexe-
cutive power of the government cncreased at the ex.
pence of the independence of the diflerent States,
and to evince an inclination for monarch ial
principles. — Even at present the greater part of
the citi/.ens, participating in the administration of
affairs are divided into these parties, or are at least,
as IS ever the case, where party- spirit exists, looked
npon ns belonging to them. - Circumstances seem
f.i- the moment to give the federalists, or at least
those of their party, wlu> wish to have the power
of the L'nited- States -governrjcnt upheld in its
(I rua
danp
war
e.vacl
ac(|ii
forti
vy, I
UlMl]
i.i'.t t
attri
causi
in
dual
dene
men
the
Avhic
pula
geth
lu\u
CL'd
whic
up a
to b(
I aw.il
ance
vent
233
ihic evil of til?
inici, political
i»n to Amciica ;
signate a whv,
V the tt'gii of a
itioii, but « i)as-
tli« fortiis and
the static Jt is
rging tetuUncy
•alists ha« occa-
I ; the latter aro
und, and to cn-
il states, whifh
d e ni *i c r a t i c 5
I only j'lmcd the
dcsiiahli; thing
r hi-nits, iheexp-
reascd at the ex.
difl'i'icnt States,
• m o n a r c h i a I
greater part of
irninislration of
5, or aro at least,
iril exists, looked
cumstances seem
[lists, or at least
have the power
t upheld in its
ffrwalfit exti'fif, a consideraMc prcponderancy. The
daii;;i'i ihreat(;ncd from Knglund, to which the lait
war hjs more thin t ver turned thcpuhlic attention,
exacts, not less than the maintenance of the new
aciinisilions, the adoption of gtiicral measures, for
foriifyin;» the vulnerable points, encrcasiMg the na.
vy, and forming and strengthening tiie national
army. Miit theexccution ef sut h measures throu^h-
i''".t file union, demands the employment o' all the
attributes of the executive power, consequently
causes it to make its appearance oftner and
in a stronger liu'ht. Other i auses will gra-
dually expand, which are apt to promote this ti n.
dcncy toftards a more absolute form of govern-
ment. — 'It) tlicsu belonfr, the rapid encrease of
the great trading cities in the Atlantic states, in
Avhich a mass of people Jisproportionate to the po-
pulation of the internal country are crofvded to-
gether, the wealth which accumulates there, the
luxury and corruption of morals necessarily produ-
CL'd by it, the el)uHition of the various passions,
which, enclosed witliiu narrow precincts, mustlip;ht
up a flame the more destructive ami tnore difficult
to be extinguished: all c ircumstan; » , which caa
awaken apprehensions for the undisturbed continu-
ance of the present political -fov/ns. What may pre-
vent for a long time to come, the explosion of the
(30
234
verturbed elements, and tend to secure the existing
•tate of things, is the necessity of unanimity for the
common defence in repelling the attacks, which
are to be apprehended from the conflict with the
jealousy of Europe, and the question of maritime su-
periority; as well as general want of a reciprocal
approximation, for the purposes of intercourse, as
soon as, according to the reasons we have laid down,
the communication with our quarter of the world
shall have ceased. But on America being once left
to herself, and fully secure from abroad, on her po-
pulation having encreased in that proportion, which
is to be expected from the natural progress of cuU
ture and the incessant acquisition of emigrants,
and on A multitude of idle! conjumers on the one<
and of paupers out of employment on the other
side, having sprung up from \.his encrease; theepo.
cha of turbulent popular commotions is then likely
to make its appearance, and the seed of discord to
•hoot up; nearer interests and the isolation of the
powers, now less attractive or repulsive, by|reaion of
their greater scope for action, effectually stifle th*
growth of this baneful plant at presentj Then that
might easily happen, which on a surface of half the
globe, ought not to seem surprizing, of several cen.
tral pointis having formed themselves, each go-
▼erning its sphere of attraction, and causing inde-
pende»t states to revolve around them; and if out
,-.h
:ure the existing
nanimity for the
attacks , which
:onflict with the
1 of maritime su-
t of a reciprocal
)f intercourse, as
e have laid down,
ter of the world
I being once left
iroad, on her po-
roportion, which
progress of cul-
on of emigrants,
mers on the one<
ent on the othejt
increase; the epo«
ons is then likely
eed of discord to
s isolation of the
Isive, by|reaion of
ectually stifle th»
;senti Then that
surface of half the
g, of several cen.
imselves, each go-
ind causing ind«-
khemi and if ou*
posterity should behold a royal throne raise itself
on the banks of the Poiowmak, and a cliair of Pre-
sidency over a Western federal - state situated onth*
Ohio, that would only have occurred, which the
course of the world hitherto, most cer'fiinly autho-
rizes us to expect. For the principle of democracy
continues fermenting inwardly, and will strive to
shew itself foraewhere, outwardly, and most natu-
rally there, where the po ulation given to agri-
culture, more than to the employments of the
citizen, only requires but a light rein, to curb the
overbearing disposition of natural freedom. —
There is still a tie, which originally was des-
tined to check the savage mind, by the influence of
respect for invisible powers, and the hope and fear
derived from such, before the idea of a social com-
pact organized agreable to equal laws, could gain
an ascendancy over it. V/e mean Religion,
which at first, adapted to the condition of its foster,
children, addressed itself only to the outward man,
in a sensual and as it were corporeal form, in arder
to wean hjm from a $tate bordering on lava^eness,
to one of concord and morality, and to oppose the
barriers of social order to the eruptions of every
wild propensity. But on this care being entrusted
to the state, it had been the means of forming, it
addressed itself to the mind, in ordeir to imprint on
It the haymony of virtue, which i« subject to no law,
to plant in it the love, and the eacxifxce of «very
I
236
I. ■ '
*!]
thing at the shrine of good, and to stamp it with
that nobleness of feeling, which ^an raider the
descendant of heaven worthy of returning home,
to the mansions of his eternal father. Then even,
religion, as being a lasting institution for moral im-
provement, required a garb and outward form, about
which, the under-tanding ever on the alert, soon
differed, and which in order to be of stabilitj-, de-
manded the legal determination and the protection
of the various states. Thus arose a church constitu-
tion, and with it, the dispute, never fully adjusted,
regarding the relation in wbich, this church* stands
to the state. It is unnecessary to describe at large,
how this contest was carried on in Europe, through
the dark ages, or how the church remained trium-
phant, as 1 '^"^ as the imagination and faith out of
ignorance, <i unsuspecting filial confidence, govern-
ed the nations, bat how it was overthrown on the
understanding having exerted its right of enquiry
into the grounds of belief. Neither does it belong
to our province to enter into, how a checkered mix-
ture of sensual ceremonies and forbidden tenets, in
those countries ruled by the sceptre of the church,
upheld their obedience rather by the force of habit,
but there, where liberty of conscience had been allow-
ed , plainer forms called to light the more inward
spiritual worth, and the doctrine began to be valued
more than the rites, moral conduct more than
outw
subn
— 1
of til
fectl
chur
for i
cipa!
deci(
test
cond
abili
nitic
the I
the ]
der
and
sup]
the
i. i
I stamp it with
^an rfltider the
eturning home,
cr. Then even,
on for moral im-
vardforra, about
the alert, soon
of stabilitj', de-
(l the protection
church conslitu-
r fully adjusted,
is church* stands
escribe at largp,
Europe, through
remained trium-
ind faith out of
ifidence, govern-
irthrown on the
right of enquiry
r does it belong
a checkered mix-
bidden tenets, in
e of the church,
be force of habit,
ce had been allow,
the more inward
egan to be valued
iduct more thiin
23?
outward ceremonies, and voluntary conscientious
submission, more than the blind obedience of faith.
— The American legislature has solved the problem
of the precise relation of church to state, in a per-
fectly new way; having, in order to maintain the
church belief, and to provide for a continual source
for its propagation, made the adoption of the prin-
cipal tenets of Christianity in some, and the
decided profession of the doctrines of the Pro-
testant church, in the most stales, an exclusive
condition, on which the rights of citizenship, and
ability of being elected to public oliices , and dig.
nities, depended. — But the laws of the residue of
the states, tolerate all religious opinions, and allow
the Papists, who in the othi r states are particularly un-
der restrictions, the full enjoyment of equal rights
and privileges, but have left at llio same time, the
support of the church edifices, the endowmrnt of
the rites of worship, and the choice and mainte-
nance of the ministry and other servants of the
church, to the different congregations ; and inorder
entirely, to prevent its interference in wordly mat.
ters, have by law excluded the clergy from all par-
ticipation in the legislative and any other civil
offices *),
*) According to the constitution of South Carolina,
BO one is copaJile of being an elector, who does
a ,.,
.'f!
;;i ,f
23s
This organization o*' the ecclesiastical order, is
in reality yet too new, and the condition of Ame-
rica hafc hitherto been too unsettled, .to be able to
form a judgment as to the probability of its dura-
tion ; but a view taken of the human character
not profess the main doctrines of the Christian reli.
gion ; according to the laws of Massachussets, De-
laware, Maryland, and North Carolina the pro-
fession of the Christian religion is sufficient; but
according to those of New- Harashire, Vermont,
New "Jersey, South Carolina and Georgia, the be-
lief in the Protestant religion e«pressly, consti-
tutes eligibility to the legisUlive assembliei , and
other public employments. The constitutions of
Massachussets and Maryland, authorize the imposi-
tion of commune or district taxes, for the main-
tenance of the Protestant clergy, in the other
states, the care of the ministry, is entirely left to
the arbitrary will of their congregations. In New-
York, Delaware and No'th .Carolina , the clergy,
are excluded by the letter of the constitution,
from all pubL. employments, in the other states,
the same rulo is almcngenerally, but only observ-
ed through the force of custom and habit. Agre-
able to the constitution of the Union , Congress
can never mak. a la,v, which declares any parti-
cuUr religion to be the ruling onj, or forbidpthe
free exercise of ^ny other. ,
tvoi
sub
seei
or I
is e
beii
the
mo
van
bel
and
the
ny
anj
den
red
edl
i-^iw •«
239
istipal order, is
dition of Ame-
, to be able to
ity of its dura-
iiman character
the Christian reli.
/lassachussets, Dc-
Garolina the pro-
ii sufficient; but
nshire , Vermont,
d Georgia, thebe-
espressly, consti-
re asseipblies , and
lit constitutions of
ithorizetheimposi-
es, for the main-
irgy, in the other
, is entirely left to
[rpgations, InNew-
rotina , the clergy,
)f the constitutionj
in the other states,
[y, but only observ-
n and habit. Agre-
e Union, Congress
declares any parti-
5 onf, or forbidpthe
tvoiiU not acknowledge it to be compatible With ths
isublimcr ends of religion, and consequently would
seem to forebode it change taking place in it, sooner
or later. As the possession of free landed property
K esteemed the uiust honorable means of .<absistence,
being the most independent, so is the dignity of
the human condition imparied , the further it re-
moves itself from this state of freedom. — The ser-
vant in the pay of the state stands in this valuat o£>.
below the land-owner, who receives from no one,
and supports many ; and again, far below him stands
the private servant, let him have been hired by ma-
ny or a single individual, for the performance of
any particular business. But now it appears evi<
dent, that the ecclesiastic, in the sphere of the hi-
red servile relation, into vvhich he is undoubt-
edly banished in America, docs not stand on his
right place; for being the mediator between the lavr
and pen onal captice, he shall, by instruction and
council, and a discharge of holy functions, exercise
a superiority o^^er the minds of his congregation,
with which, the dependence on the good will and ge-
nerosity of the members of his community, stands
>i as great a Contrast, as the exercise of paternal
authority does, with the provision made for the per-
son of the father, by charitable donations of he chil-
dren. Perhaps in America, and in all places, where
tht natura e£ ths «ase is ths same, it hus not beea
.'40
h t
II
H;:.v t.ik'"! itu'j( .--sidcrM'.uri, • "'lat rl; ' c alone en-
sure; rcyrct, and 'hat tlie authont.y, whose subsis-
tc!.i:o (k'prni- on tlie nipvice of those pbccd under
its ..(diiVL; of action. st;iiid»i at varinnce with itself.
Th<-i(.! vf: \v:-:.'i: piL-dectss'W.-; , wit), a laudable
loifih.;'jjlit, in, th< so states, ir. -.vh^ch the church
being pn wn v) toge'hui- v, >'. tht- forms of the ci-
vil institutions, must necessarily exercise a greater
inllucnre, have taken care, to secure its servants a
provision founded upon fixed rights, having assign-
ed them eithM- landed property; or suitable perpe-
tual dotations, not alone for their own support, but
that they mi?;.'- exercise the duties of benevolence,
and shew thtms.-lves as the fathers of the poor, to
whom the surplus of their income lawfully be-
longs ♦). The correctness of this maxim loses
■4 I
♦) "Bon.i ecclesiae non sunt episcoporum, sed paupe-
"nim, quorum pinniiralinncm quodammodo ge-
"runt. — Sipauperum compauperessumus, etnos-
"tra sunt et illovuin, *> autem privatim, quaa no-
"his sufficiant, possidemus, non sunt ilia nO!..ri)
"6cd pai'perum, quorum pro-.uretionem quodam-
"modo gerimus: non prr-<-i'uitem nobis usurpa-
••lione damnaViili vindicamiis". Those words bor-
rowed from tlie letters of Saint Augustin, have at
all times formed the aeknowledged principles of
the churcli.
;. ' t alone en-
whosc subsig-
pbccd under
ce with itself.
t); a laudable
:h the church
rms of the ci-
rcise a {!;reater
its servants a
having assign-
suitable pcrpe-
■n support, but
if benevolence,
of the poor, to
; lawfully be-
s maxim loses
jruni) sed paupe-
[[iiodammodo go-
res siimus, etnos-
rivatim) quaa no-
sunt ilia n06.a'H)
r-tionein quodam-
;m nobis iisuipa-
Those words bor-
^ugustin, have it
ged principles of
241
notliinp, in having been exa<:2;eratcd by tlie snper-
sution and weakness of bigoted souls, by priests
liuving abused these gifts for the purposes of auilji-
tion and an inordinate luxurious life, and by proud
bishops having revelled in superfluity, whilst the
luwer orders of the clergy , standing in the nearest
connexion to the people, and working most for the
cause of religion, languished in want. The Luthe-
ran church reformation li.is put a l)arrier to the
above excess of wealth and pdlitical influence, and
tliDso states which have remained firm to the old
cluiTch, have at least in this, faithfully f llowed the
cvuniple ))y partial reforms. — But the foundation
of a suitable niiiintenance for the clergy, out of
their own means, or rather from property lawfully
belonging to the church perpetually, (and not by
coUectiims nor by a salar), bargained for at the ac-
cession of every new minister) has still been adhe-
red to, and it is really to be wished, that the other
methods of supplying the deficiencies of too scanty
benefices, which have been introduced or retained,
by die side of the above fuurulation, mi'iht once be
again abolished. — The preacher of the word of
trulli, ought not to receive even a part of his in-
dispensible maintenance, (is an immediate gift of
the children within his fold; it ought to be secured
to him, according to the ideas of justice, even
( 32 )
hi
242
i^■\ihont tlio doiintions of the lattor; but let tlie
community retain tl.e desirable privilege, ..f sweet-
ening itlic life of their (lipnified minister, as
they°vould that of a beloved father, by markr of
att«rhmcnt. and grateful esteem. Should Ameri-
ca once elcrate herself to that state, which renders
the mind generally, more free from earthly cares.
and more susceptible for the sublimer intellectual
world, she will also see the necessity, of clothing
that order with moie independence, whose duty it
is, to n-akc the support of the spiritual feelings and
the improvement of the inward man, the only ob-
,ects of its cnre; and by investing it with a greater
dagrec of external respect and more settled rights, it
Will be stimulated to more benevolent activity. We
doubt not, that in the progressive Idevelopement of
time, this rising people though at present sublu-
nary in their reflections, yetactiveand aspiring, will
arriveattheforegoingstatej and then, that cordiality
and union of min.'.., that we have regretted the want of
at present, and which of indiriduals form a people,
of a people a community, being the visible emblem
of au invisible divine kingdom, will not fail to
make tlieir bright appearance.
jSorlh America has hitherto no Nobility,
as little .13 she has an ecclesiastical order, and is too
voung yet, as an independent body, to be able to
hoabt of ancient families. In tke mean
law w
ing u
of col
tority
world
one f
itself,
tants,
their
nistra
the se
same
assists
into
grcat(
est e:
amidf
Amer
the h
hersel
must
It ma
(Viuic
tonsti
to inc
here ,
hLCOJl
e aoie lu dlcoji
time, no | durat
243
r; Ijiil let tlie
lege, of swtct-
l niinistiir , as
■, by jnnikr of
Should Ameij-
which rondors
i earthly caves,
er intellectual
ty, of clothing
whose duty it
al feelings and
1, the only ob-
with .1 greater
settled rights, it
It activity. We
levelopement of
t present sublu-
d aspiring, will
1, that cordiality
ettedthe want of
s form a people,
visible emblem
will not fail to
no Nobility,
order, and is too
y, to be able to
mean time, no
law will be able to prevent noble rnccs from stari-
in;; up, and the tendency of honourin;:; the merits
of (clelyated ancestors, in the persons of their pos.
torily, will operate as strongly here as in the old
world. A large landed estate, held in the hands of
one family, through many generations, forms of
itself, a species of patronage over the lesser inhabi-
tants, who are dependent upon such possession, iu
their traffic and modes of livelihood, and the admi-
nistration of high state charges in the legislature or
the senates, honorably conducted by many of the
same name, ensures a celebrity, which considerably
a«ists the heir of such a name, in his secure entrance
into the world and his admission to a sphere of
greater activity, as it spares him the first and great,
est exertion, of forcing hims ,^ into notice, from
amidst the obscure multitude. Such a nobility
America will also once possess, and it would still be
the happiest cast of the die, if she could confine
herself to this, which a renewed series of merits,
must constantly uphold and support. Nevertheless,
It may not be contradictoi-y to admit, that an aristo-
riaUcal principle might even un''..ld itself in her
constitutions, as these in tlie coarse of time begin
to incline to the forms of monarchy, and that also
here, an order represi iitcd by birth might once
become necess.-.ry , for the purpose of forming a
durable barrier, against the extremes of human
244
errmrH: despotism, wliich sulijefti all to one rommnn
oppression, and the cxces* of clcinucr.iry, wliich dis-
solves every thinjj in wild licentiousness. But wlinl-
t'vr futurity may have in reserve for the riper ages
of these plates, ihey never can fail in nttaining
their liigh destination, as Ion;: as the fundauK'Ulal
piU.irs of their happy constitution, the niuality rff
all in the eye of the law, and the publicity of their
Ics'i'ilature as well as their tribunals, remain un-
impaired.
Iroui the states of the Northern Union, our
view carries us to that imiuense territory, extend-
ins from the Western borders of Louisiana to the
I'acilic Ocean, and from thence across the isthmui
of Darien to cape Hoiu, whu;h iias hitterto, with
the exception of lira/.il, done homage ... the Spa-
nish sceptre. It is dilTicult to determine, during
the conflict for indepmdence, in which large tracts of
country are at present epgaged, or even after having
obtained their freedom, how the institutions of tli
new states are likely to form themselves; lor what
has hitlurto, for the convenience of the organ i/.a-
lion of the insurrection, been constructed after the
North- American model, may entirely be looked
upon as provisional measures. For in this part of
America, the road to the attainment of a new civil
coiiStiluflon, which would unite the st«e in secu-
rity undei" equal laws, is l>y no meaus so even and
flfO f
tiie i>
hcie,
tutioi
of pu
secure
hand
prete
even
nobil
dices
per c
visiot
And
cunsi
liarbi
slave;
ca, tl
popu
to one rommnn
acy, wliichilis-
(■5s. Butwlint-
the riper ages
I ill nttainirijT
e fundaiiKuial
the rqunlity trf
blicity of theit
Is, remain un-
in Union, our
iritory, uxtcnd-
)ui!>iana to the
OSS the isthmus
hittarlo, with
in;c> . > the Spa-
jrmine, during
ch larj];c tracts of
ven after having
itituliuns of the
elves ; ior what
sf the organ iza.
ructed after the
;irely be looked
in this part uf
t of a new civil
le st«e in sccu-
lus so ev^n and
frcp from ohslat lo<;, ar> was the riis'- mOicN(H)i. Ou
tlie hrenking out of the duturluiines, llifre \v( re not
here, us there, plcments of n ir'prtsentalive (onsti-
liitidu; there were no absenililii-s fi»r the di8cussi<n
of puhlic altairs, and no fundamental law, whiili
secured the citizen u;^aiiist opi'rcssion. On the other
hand, the institutions uf unlimited monarchy, the
pretensions uf a religion theonlyone tolerated, au.l
even predominant in civil allairs, tlie puutr ol a
nobility pifted svith vast possessions, an . the preju-
dices of the Wliites, Mestizes, Muiattoes *), and Cop-
per coloured ni^lives, with their innumerable subdi-
visions, did, and still exist in jjrcat abundance.
And altliough South- America has undoubtedly a
considerable advantagje over the United States, in
harbouring but an inconsiderable number of black
shivcs within her bosom , wherciis in North-Ameri-
ca, they constitute nearly ft seventh part of the whole
population ♦*), jut the cousequences are not to be
L
*) Tl'.epe three principal castes, the Spaniard cla)t«es
lilijor tho coimiion .t opi-l hil iui of jfiisoiin ' le
p. i>l)ltf Ignite do razoii) thereby loweiinj: tUt
ludiuns as it were, to the condition of hrutf^t.
*♦) Essai politique sur le royinime de 1b noHvclIe
Espngiie par Humboldt; & Paris I8II. 5 Vol, Svo
Tom. 1. pag, 221.
M
t J
246
f.ncseen, whicl. .tc liaMc to be pio.luf cd , hy tlu.
.,,tivc Jnaians wl.o am free, it u true, in tho fvc
,f llu. l.nss l...t Nvlu. havo'be.-n for conturie* op-
,,,..;.,..l l.y .ul,or.rm.U. tyranny, and inf..mously
ruhhfcl of tlu-iv nol.lencs of . haractcr . awak.-n.ng
f,.,„ tluirl.tlMrgv, as soon a. the univer.al struggle
after a l-ltr existence, and the gift of a more en-
lightened cultuve, daniicrou. in the he3.nn.n3.
sh-ai have also reached the,.. I'or ,t cannot he de-
„icd. that it is no easy task, equitably todctermme
the future placo which about two millions of abon-
.inal Mexicans shall take in society, or by th«
xn.ans which civilization offers, to put a stop to the
inroads and depredations of the well- mounted Cu-
,„anchcsinNew-Iiiscay, or the Patngonians near
tl,c straits of M..gellan, or to reconcile the brave
^,aukanians to the new order of things. The ex.s-
tc.ce of large and populous cities*), furnished w.th
.very art and all the refinements of luxury, and
scarcely excelled by those of Europe, in corrupt.on
and depravity, is likely to exert a considerable m-
flaencc on the organization of future forms of go.
vornment, and on the course of iho passing events.
M Mexico lia 000. Limn r^ «oo, r..:=„os Ayrc. 40,000,
C.US.O ;,o,ooo. Montevideo iO.ooo inh.hltanV.
tc. &c. , • . .
The
and V
;iU'l 1
'lltUt
ii.unt
that
ill th
that
for »r
V..1, V
piovi
for c
lUtru
own
disco
neigl
pectc
will
aien!
be cr
com J
fit;
uxtec
stitu'
whol
appr
likel
rope
■A., k
247
loduf ed , I'V tli'-
truc, in iho rvc
or centuries op-
and infamously
;tcr, awakening
nivnrsal stiuggle
t of a more on-
the lieginninf?,
it cannot lie de-
iilily to determine
nillions of abovi-
niety , or by thu
put a stop to the
ell- mounted Cu-
'atnponians near
::oncile the brave
hings. The exis-
f), furnished with
$ of luxury, and
pe, in corruption
I considerable in-
ilure forms of go.
ho passing events.
P.nciips Ayrcs 40,0001
10,000 inhabitanU
HiL- tcndcucv of siuli < iii/^, is cvor uionarchiul,
iinJ vvliun rovolutions brsjin, uu.lcr such a political
uud moral state of things, which cliangcd the coa-
'titutiun of the ancient Romans into an absolute
monarchy, there is at least strong reason to believe,
tii.il siirnlur causer may produce like effects. And
111 the present case, it is of no inconsiderable weif-ht,
tiiat the monarciii.il g;overnment, wliich has now
lur more than twelve years buen indigenous in Bra-
v.il, will rather favor those of the insurgent Spanish
provinces, whose wishes incline to similar forms;
for on republican constitutions being universally
uitroduced, it could hardly hope to inainl^iin its
own existence, against the inward fermentations of
discontented minds, or the outward pressure of
neighbouring republics. — Neither is it to he ex-
pected, that one and the same form of government
will be found adapted to every part of such an im-
mense territory ; there, where a numerous population
be crowded togetlier in a disproportionate narrow
compass, a central power may rather appear most
fit; whereas in less populated districts of greater
tdxtent but lo(j.i'r conne.xion , local, or Cinfon con-
stitutions, and a federal -tie, rather embracing the
whole, tlian I'itthig closely , may be considered most
appropriate. — The Southern half of Anieriia ig
likely to become much sooner independent of Kv-
I'ope in a commeicial respect, than the Nortlicrn
1:1
248
part, for U will rpcoivcits succour., from the Intter,
and'will pnv for these u'ith those luec iuu. n,etaU
uhich hitherto tloued to Europe, 'i Ims an internal
ahd coastin- trade will he opened hetue.n the tsvo
pi-eninsuhis, rendering them cntir- iy inc'ependent .
of the rest of the world, which will only then pre-
sent iiself, as an object subservient to their future
possible plans of aggrandizement.
The internal affairs of South America are not
likely to be so soon settled. For although the less
numerous tribes of Indians in the Northern hemis-
phere, continually forced farther back by the m-
crease of settlers, and enervated by the immoderate
use of spirituous liquors, must gradually become
extinct; the hardy and numerous nations in the
South, may possible find means nevertheless of main-
taining themselves; and the spectacle may he reserv-
ed for posterity, of viewing the gradual progress of
these nations from the lowest steps of cultivation,
to the highest point of civilization, and of behold-
in'T independent states of American ind.genous
people, entering into the ranks of kingdoms, found-
ed by the descendants of European emigrants. It
can only be the lot of future centuries to ascertain,
what shape religion will assume amongst them,
what forms of government and civil institutions
^^^ll develope themselves, and how the mixture of
European culture and Indian criginality will operate
upon
the Si
vigors
hibit
huma
their
appro
than 1
ginal
W.
of the
♦ance,
poses (
tive !i
have a
r^neai
der El
Greece
limits
sovere
249
•f.in the InltcT,
irc-riuu^ nii'tiih
lius ;ui internal
tuciii ihe two
ly independent .
(inly then pre-
to their future
America are not
thou-ih the lesi
vovthern hemis-
ack by the in-
the itnmodeviite
•adually becoma
nations in the
rtheless of main-
le may be reserv-
dual progress of
s of cultivation,
, and of behold-
ican indigenous
ingdoms, found-
n emiST'iiits. It
irics to ascertain,
ainon»st them,
;ivil institutions
r the mixture of
tiality will operate
upon the whole. But according to all probability,
the Southern part of America being richer aiid more
vigorously endowed by natute, is likely also to ex-
hibit more interesting results foi- the history of the
human race, than North Ametica, whose people in
their further dev«lopement, are more apt a<»ain to
approach the model of their transmarine ancestors,
than to unfold a new picture of life formed of ori-
ginal elements. —
XIV.
W e have yet to take a view of the other portions
of the globe, which are only at prejent of impor-
tance, In a» far as they are subservient to the pur-
poses of Europe and America, but not from any ac
tive !ink they form in the chain of civilization. We
have already noticed, that the coasts of the Mediter-
ranean, in Africa and Asia, are likely to return un,
der European dominion and protection, and that
Greece will reflourish under new forms, as soon a,
limits he put to the pernici-us nuisance of Turkish
sovereignty. Ptrjia, whose civilization has only
__ (33)
250
l«t
h!
•■■'. ■?.'
beert hindered by the want of a settled form of pa.
vernment, and thcunhappy wars of succession, whuh
have invariably been the consequence of Oriental
politics, perfectly undetermined on this head, may
possibly even sooner, enter into the line of cultiva-
ted nations, on account of her intimate connexion
Tv-ith Russia. The reception of a resident Russian
embassy, contrary to all the former usages of Asia-
tic governments, has made a great step towards this
aim The bible- societies have also found an en-
trance there, and in conjunction with the religious
main object, the encouragement to learn thos«
languages, which have not been admitted withm
the'literary sphere, as preparatory to a nearer
mtercourse with those nations hitherto without
the limits of modern civilization, is possibly not
one of the smallest collateral causes of the zeal,
with which the British nation supports these socie-
ties. No person of information will deny, that Per-
sia, unanimous in herself and relying upon Russia,
may one day become dangerous to the British do-
niinion in the East Indies, under the cooperation of
the independent and discontented nations to the
North, and North- West of the territories of the
English company, nor can it be doubted, that the
native Indians as well as the rival European powers
uould rather behold this extensive kingdom under
a native government, than under th« present mer-
Ctinti
Knc
Pcrsi
those
tceni
conq
jinc(
then
Chin
ors.
niur
•whi(
rous
to a'
the :
ben I
eept
forn
tion
and
and
hers
in t
trib
has
fine
he^r
the
251
id form of gou
ccession, whit h
ce of Oriental
this head, may
line of cultivu-
Tiate connexion
Bsident Russian
usages of Asia-
top towards this
found an en-
th the religious
to learn those
admitted within
ry to a nearer
litherto without
is possibly not
sea of the zeal,
lorts these socie-
II deny, thatPer-
ing upon Russia,
J the British do-
;he cooperation of
1 nations to the
territories of the
doubted, that the
European powers
; kingdom under
the present mer-
Ciintile administration on the other side of the Ocean,
Enclosed within Asiatic Russia to the North, and
Persia, the Fast Indies and China to the South, are
those numerous races of people, who in the thiv
tcenth and fourteenth centuries, came forward as
conquerors of the world, and of whose dominion,
since the overthrow of the Indian Mogul empire,
there is no monument left, but in the reigning
Chinese dynasty, descended from the Tartar conquer-
ors. These vast territories undoubtedly contain a
mursery of hardy and enterpriiing nations, from
■nhich a new Ghingis-chan could once emerge, to
rouse the people of China from their lethargy, and
to awaken those energies, which, by the influence of
the same customs for a thousand years, have become
benumbed and stupefied , rendering ev(;ry con-
ception of new ideas, or approach towards renovated
forms, physically impossible. Reports of commo-
tions m this vast kingdom, not cntiri s rejcctable,
and renewed from time to time, iiave reached us;
and the impossibility, which Europe ruay soon find
herself placed in, of continuing her trade thither
in the usual manner by sea, will most assuredly con-
tribute, to the commercial communication, which
has already been opened, from Kjathta on the con-
iines of Tartary, ilnough Siberia towards Moscow,
hc^ng more frequently made use of by caravans in
the Asiatic manner. 3y this very road then, it iS
r
*} t
253
possible, (trade being invariably tbe precursor of*
higher slate of civilization) that new idea^ and iho
various European scii^nces, may flow back to those
countries, and which may be the means of bringing
forth a better organization of their religious and ci-
vil institutions. — Thus changes are gradually pre.
paring themselves in these extensive countries,
•vhich are likely to lead their inha'-.tants, from a.
iife of mere sensual enjoyment, and an activity only
directed to the purposes of animal existence and th»
savage impulse of violouco, to intellectual necessi-
ties and exertions, and will unfold in them, the
sublimer ends of human nature, — Most assuredly
it would be a grand idea, were Europe, who is 5u-
debted to Asia, for her ipri.nitive knowledge, her
culture of the human mind and her religiom, im.
mediate gifts, as it were, from the divine hand, des-
tined to rustoi'e her, these presents perfected by me.
ditatioB, and matured liy the labours of thi>us,-.iidv
of years.
The future fate of Africa lie< veiled in d«eptr
dbsrtjrity We are only acquainted with th* C'>asl|
of this lii«d of wonders, and have Wt a very scaii*.y
knowledge uf its interior from the Mediterranean
to the I'Stli or at the inostihe nth degree of Nor.
thern latitude, and from it« Southern extrenii y,
scaa;ccly be^'ond the 50th degree apwards. Those
prodigies, nature may couce*l wiifain its i)080ia,
will <
times
trace;
stake
ry so
is, ai
race,
signs
line
unm
out 1
the i
dista
tellei
ante]
was i
in c<j
acqu
of m
in t
ehaii
the i
ter "I
into
in ii
opin
tli.it
picti
253
precursor of «
ideas iind the
back to those
ans of bringing
eligious and ci-
i gradually pre-
sive countries,
tants, from a
an activity only
istence and th»
lectual necessi-
l in them, the
Most assuredly
ope, who is iu-
knowledge, her
r religion, im.
[iviaeband, defi-
Devfected by me.
xxs of th"US,Midv
'eiled in d<»ptr
i with til* C'>«sii
b«t a very sca«ty
3 Mediterranean
1 degree of Nor.
ithern eJctrenii y,
ipwards. Those
itJun its i)osoiat
JL
will only be revealed to the investigators of futuv»
times, on having more successfully followed up tie
traces of those heroes of discovery, who not alon*
staked but sacrificed their lives, to a thirst of enqui-
ry so beneficial to mankind. But the great enigma
is, and remains, the appearance of mankind in a
race, whose color, hair and other characteristic
signs, intimate a most ancient consistency nnd a
line of generations produced on the same soil, and
unmixed since the lapse of the remotest ages, with-
out having risen any- where, as far as our own, and
the knowledge gained from caravans from the most
distant quarters reach, above the first steps of in-
tellectual developement, Theopiiiion wastherefore
entertained formerly, that the actual negro race,
was a variety in the human species, superior indeed
incorporeal flexibility, and sensual qualities and
acquirements, but far inferior in natural capacity
of mind to the original race of Caucasus, and that
in order that no link should be wanting in ths
chain of beings , it occuj'iLd the medium between
the itrtellectual man, and the most peifect ape. La-
ter expevit'iicc, and tlie enijuiries uf physiologists
into the construction of the negro, have, it is true
in individual instances completely refute i thepbove
opinion; but at the same time it is not '.npossible,
tlicit the interior of Africa might present us with the
pictur* of a iiriuieval world, actually iu being, i«
254
» I'
tv
i '
.k [
wliich the existence of ■ ' ■ ^ -icvs of the present
human generation, at u... vly vegetative ancUhen
awakened to animal sensuality, passed away without
a trace. At least, as the history of the human race,
as far as we are acquainted with it, strictly follows
.in its progfess, the developement of individual life,
from adolescence to the maturity of manhood, it
Miay undoubtedly be allowed to presume, that an
earlier state, corrr>ponding with that of infancy,
which is unconscious of its being, may have prece-
ded thaf period, in which, perhaps after an obscure
existence ^f many ages, a holy tradition takes up
the history of man, then come to a knowledge of
himself, and awakened to a sense of good and evil.
But no one, who is acquainted from the course of
history, with the gradual developement of civiliza-
tion, which only advances from land to land atist>
lated distances, never being discovered every where
at one and the same time, can find it contradictory,
that it is possible we may yet behold a model of the
foregoing state of mankind, still on earth. What
we learn from observation, of the negro -nations
Mtherto known to us in the interior, places them
at the point of an existence purely sensual, given
to every impulse ef animality, possessed of just so
much understanding and dexterity, as are requisite
fov satisfying their necessities, or rather of prepa-
ring nature for the purposes of an instinct of im-
s of the present
itativeaml then
3d away without
he human race,
strictly follows
individual life,
)f manhood, it
sume, that an
hat of infancy,
lay have prece-
jfter an obscure
dition takes up
a knowledge of
' good and evil,
n the course of
lent of civiliza-
d to land at \so*
red every where
it contradictory,
1 a model of the
n earth. What
; negro -nations
ior, places them
y sensual, given
isessed of just so
as are requisite
rather of prepa-
i instinct of im
pi-ovcnient already awakened in them, but still
iijnoiaiit of the furce of reason and the dictates of
consciencei For the negro is ingenious, and dispo-
sed to all kinds of v.-ork, carelessly chearful as a
toyish boy, obedient, when well used, but also re-
vengeful, savage and ferocious in his passions, as
the tiger of his deserts, when irritated, and cold,
without remorse and tears, on having accomplishud
any act of violence; jat xhu same time prone to
theft, without an idea of the sanctity of property,
like the child, who without liesitation appropriates
every thing to itself, it sees before it. Time will"
shew, if races may not be discovered, approaching
nearer to the original state of childhood, than tliese
people, who liavc arrived at the degree of man, in u
complete scusual condition. Those who are already
known , and particularly the inhabitants of the
coasts, will be liable to greater advances, by their
coming more frequently in contact with the civili.
zed world; and were the abolition of the slave-trade
to succeed, not alone in laudable resolutions, but
in reality, and were the lawless subjection of the
negro^transformcd into an obedience under pater-
nal guardianship, a stain which disgraces humanity,
would be wiped away, and the education of these
children of n iture, would no longer as hitherto, be
purchased by blood and nameless cruelties. The
indefatigable endeavouj:s »f theBritish African society,
! rl
a.
256
.iii.l tlic (loser connection, which Africa will coma
Mill) uiUi liMiia; Am*ica, wariMnt us to f\[;ect a
most f.ivowil)U; ii'sult in this icspcc 1 ; niid on this
^ioiaiiH, a more soliii hope is to lie encied, than on
till! (luvaiioii of the new ncj:;vc - iiinj^doni in Haiti,
wl.ich appc.irs to bo but at p'.eseiil an incongruous
ess'iy, which, the measure of the intellectual facul-
ties of both ruhiis and people, is Vcvy possibly io-
«uHi(ient, to biin<; to a prosperous consistency.
I'roin the abominations, with which this attempt
lias (Uiiled the leaves of modern history, the eye
lurni with satisfaction to yon blooming colony in
\iw South VVdhs, which founded by the refuse of
I'.uropean malefactors, has in, less than thirty
jeais*), by tlie adojition of rigid but wise measures
rombiiicd with those of forbearing,' humanity,
grown to a population of upwards of 25,000 souls,
who are not nlor.e in possession of eVery necessity
.of life, but have dif'lerent articles for exportation,
which vhey give in exchange for those conveniences
vi civiliaed life, that are familiar to the main stock
n The first settlement in Botany Bay took place in
the J ear 1787. "Wat kin Tench's narrH-
liva of the expedition to Botany Bay,
\yitl» an account of New SouthWalei>
London 1789, contains full p^ifticuUr* of it.
•ft
in t
isla
the
and
eial
ed
hap
peri
its ]
insp
for
fort
the
pow
sma
even
wor]
havi
fiica uill coma
us to t'\[;ect a
(1; niui on th\t
en cied, than on
igdinii in Haiti,
an incongruous
itellectua.' facul-
i/cvy possibly ill-
:onsistency.
hich this attempt
history, the eye
ming colony in
by the refuse of
less than thirty
)Ut wise measures
rinj,' humanity,
i of 25,000 souls,
)f every necessity
! i')r exportation,
lose conveniences
o xhe main stock
^'
' Bay took place in
Tench'* na rrH-
to Botany Bay,
IV SouthWalei/
^i^ticuUrs of it.
•f the inhabitants from the time of their residence
in their mother country. If the discoveries in this
island, CYCceding Europe in size, be prosecuted in
the degree they have coin.iu r.^cd, and population
and culture encrense in an equal ratio, a commer-
cial depot will be also established here, which link-
ed in the chain of the civilized world, will per-
haps once unite the greater lart of the islands disr
persed in the Australian seas, under the vvings of
its protection.
Should the author have succeeded in havinp
inspired a heart here and there, with a greater love
for the cause of humanity , and in having held
forth the sources of miserv in a clearer lifht, for
the benefit of those who wish to see, and have the
power of acting; should a considcr<(ble or even a
small part of what has been argi'ad, conjectured,
even perhaps only dreamt of in the foregoing
work, stand the test of experience, — it will not
have been without it« adva 'ta^es.
n
The reader is kindly reque.ted to e«cuie the erroi*
of the pre.s, which have unavoidably crept ., 'o the pre-
,ent w.rk. occasioned by the setter', total ig, oranco of
the English language; the following are pointed out, as
particularly prominent.
Pago
V.
3-
18.
32.
174.
191.
Line
II.
7-
I3«
for
oetherial
pirvatical
is
Thamse
sword a to
(in the note) James II
30 — not to sink
rend athereal
— piratical
— it
— Thames
— sword to
— James lid's son
— keep
— not sink
tcuie th« eirrois
ipt ii to the pre-
ital igi Trance of
pointed out) bf
ethereal
piratical
t
rhamei
iword to
lames lid's ton
keep
not sink
'I
I
-I
.1