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THE PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WIIHLI).
.T<^)HN HFltKINHINK.
Hoa4— 1
PROVINCIAL LIBRARY
VICTOrJIA. B.C.
r r T.
3
b(^ (^
jjHr^
CO NTH NTS.
Iiitroiliictiiin m
Siiiiiiimry of tli« world'H iiriitliictiui ' " ' " )j
Ki|uivaliiiiU of viilmig nHeil 15
Tlie iiidiiHtry in vuriiiiiH cuiiutrieti j-
Nurtli America ir^
United States ji-,
Kankof States iis |irailiioora of iron ore 17
Lako Su)>erior rejjion |b
Alal>ttiiia-Tvnn<'N8eu re);ioii ■>■>
PenuH.vIvania, Nen- York, and Now Jersey distriet 23
VirKinia 2fi
Ohio anil Kentucky 2(J
Missouri .«
Other States .,7
Ini|inrtsof iron ore .«i
Kritinh North Auierira 29
NovaSootia o|
Ne>. Brunswick ; 33
Quebec oii
Ontario 3^
British Columbia 31,
<'»'»» ^ !!!!!!!]!!'' ^ 40
Mexico ,-
4i»
Honiluras and Guatemala ,^^
Haiti ,1.
fiontli America ■„
Colombia .,.
'■•"» !'!!"!!; ^;;!!!!"!;;!;;;;;;; no
<'liil« 5a
Venezuela -.>
Brazil r>j
I'araguay gr
Uruguay 55
ArKcntina eg
llolivia J...
'■■"'•"1"' .'.'^."""'!.V''.V!!.'.'".'.V"" 50
(irciit llritain j.jg
Historical sketch of Itritish mining 71
Kranco -r
Spiiin ....!.......... HO
Bilbao ores ui
Mines of Koutliern S|i!iin ^
I'lirtuKal gg
Sardinia \ yg
8R!S6«
OONTKNT8.
The iiKliiHtry in viiriiiiiH i-i>iintripH— Coiitiiiiinil. pagi..
Kiir<i|iit— ('oiitiiiiieil.
tSWIIlllMI IH)
Norway 114
1IoIk><>ui 1 Ifi
Deniiinrk VM
(ivriimn Kiiipire I'M
AiiHtrin-lliiiiKary 125
Switzorlnud 137
Italy 13a
UiiHHiuii Knipiru 135
KiilK<>ri» 142
8ervia 142
Turkey 142
(Jreeco 142
Asia 114
I'urHia 145
AOcliaiiiHtaii Mli
Inilir. iiikI lliirinali 1411
CliinvHu Kmpirt! 156
Korea I5H
Japan 157
Africa 159
Kgypt 15ft
Morncvo 160
Al^rria ItM)
Tunis 162
Liberia . . 163
(Vntral AlVic.v 16;j
MutlaKUScar KB
Natal 161
MnHliuiialniiil 161
Sontb Africa 161
(Iceanica 166
llonuMi 166
NewOuli'dcMiia 168
New Soiilli Wttli'B 168
Kim til AiiHtraliu 171
TaHinania 171
New /ealaml 172
8auilwicli iHlamlH 172
Tbn prncliiction of iron iirt'H in tlic L'nited >Stiite8 in 18!)4 173
Character of iron ore protliiieil 174
Otlier niateriula nscd a» ore 175
Iron ores UHi'd in blast furnaces 176
I'rotliiction of iron ore, by States 177
ClaHsiliciitimi of orcH 177
Relative rank of viirious Htatcs 170
Michigan 181
Minnesota 182
Alabama 182
Virginia anil West Virginia 183
I'ennsylviinia 183
Wisconsin 184
Tennessee 184
New Jersey 186
CONTENTS — IM-USTRATIONfl. 6
The pnH'.ii'tinn of iron urea in tlio llnitvil Stati>a in IWM— <.'ontiiiiieiI.
rniilui'tiiin ol' iron iir« liy SliiteH— ContinniMl.
Keliitivr rank of viirioiiH Htutes— Coiitiniii'il. Pagg
Colorailu IWi
New York IHT.
Ot'orgia and North Caroliua 1(*1
( »tli«r StutoH ■. 187
Valnatioii of iron ori'» 187
KKHMHnlur anil iniu-Beaaoinor orun 18U
Important prodnoinK niiucH 191
Ktorkii of iron oreH liW
Iiuportanco of tlio I-aki' SniH-rior iliHtrii't 194
DiHtrilintiini of I.ako Superior iiren 196
Importation of foreign ircm or«M 197
ArkMowliMl);infntH ISKi
Kililiuxruphy '■^^
ILLUSTRATIONS.
IM.AfK I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
I.\.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
DinKTuni sliowiuf; diBtribntion of tlii; world's jirodnction of iron ore
In the y.ar IWfJ 8
l)ia);ram uhowinK dlHtrihntion of the world's production of pig iron
in thi' yi'ar 18!l-i 10
liiagrain sliowing proiluc.tiiui of iron ore by variiHia I'ountrii^M from
1874 to lH!t:i 12
Diagram Hbowing (iroihu^tiou of pig iron by various vountriet from
1871 to 18!i:t 14
Map of North .Vnierica, Hhowing oocurrcnces of iron ores Hi
Map of Smith America, Hhowing orriirrcnresof iron ores W)
Map o!' Knrope, showing omirrenccs of iron ores .'iti
Map of Ania, sliowiug oeimrreuees of iron ores 144
.Maji of Africa, Hhowing oconrri'iii'e« of iron ores 160
.Map of Oueanira, sliowing occnrrcuceH of iron oreH Itiii
Uiagram Hhowing the total product nuil iniportH of iron oreH 171
Diagram Hhowing couteiupuruuciius production of iron ore in proiui-
neut States - 178
Diagram of pig-irou production in the rnitcd .States, 1880 to 1894. .. 190
Diagram showing thn relative production of iron ore in the Lake
Superior region to the total output of the I uited iStates 191
Diagram Hliowing shipini-ntH of Lake Superior iron ores and Htocks
at lower Lake ports, I88,j to 18!t4 196
THE I'lKIIII (TlOX OF IROX OIIES ';; VARIOI S PAKTS OF THE WORLD.'
HV .InilN lilKKIMIINK.
IXTIM)I>r<-'TION.
The iiiini)>er of politicnl diviHJoiiH of tlie world in wbich iron ore is
proiliiced or iii!tiiur»ctiir<Hl on »iiy (miiniderable Hcale in limited, and in
Hcnaoof tlioHe which li»ve develo|>ed ornswl their iron ores the h)cationH
of nianufarture are w;attere4l and the ca])acity of each phint i» Hinall,
no ellort ht'injx made Ity the Government' fifllcers to colle<;t HtatiHtics.
In Home it iH ini|H>ssiblc to hx-site the dei>OHitH detlnitely, but it is hoped
tliatthismoMo};ra|>li will rertult in Ht-ciiring nincli tulditional information
for future ]iul>lication)i.
The Woihr« Columbian Kxposition offered an o|>portunity, by per-
sonal inspection of exhibitM and conferenecH with representatives of
various foreign countries, for collecting data concerning the iron-ore
resources of the worhl, their quality, apparent quantity, distribution,
the extent to which they are or have been utilized, etc. SujiplenuMitary
correspondence with rei)re«entative8 of the United States (iovernnient
in foreign countries and with men noted as metallurgists in different
parts of the world has resulted in obtaining considerable additional
.information, and the general result is here presenteil. The diverse
sources from which the information was obtained and the im])ortance
which various countries bear to the Unitexl States as producers of iron
ore, or of pig iron, will explain the difference in treatment.
It is expected that this monograph will excite interest iu the relative
position of the countries of thi> world as producers of iron ore and
nuinukacturcrs of aetal therefrom, and show whence ore supplies are
now or can bo drawn by countries exhibiting an apparent detlciency
either in the quantity or quality of their native resources.
■Till) KtatiHtirH for thi« report, which hail Iweii plaiiiicil to rovi-r tlin year 1893, were prewDteil to
tliii Survey in inaniiitiript larly in tli« fall of Iml, hut Ihi'ir publiriition was <liiluy<'il, ii» iliK to new
iB^ittlntlon whirli nm-eiwitatiil a clian^e of form of *lii> report " Mini'ral lii'Hiiurri'a of tlif United
SlatcH." ThiH explanation In ilne to Mr. Itirklnliine. TIih eoniptete report for the United HtateH for
the year I8m i» given at the fli>iie of the arliele — Day.
PROVINCI Al Ltr r? Aa:Y
VICTOniA, L^ C.
8
MINF.KAI. URSOimrEH.
HITMMAnV itV TIIK WOULD'H IMMHHTTIOX.
The I'liiik of I'ouiiti'ius ti.s pukIiivith of iron ciin )i*^ aVproxiniiitHy
<l<'li>riiiiiicil t'roiii tli<! tiillowiiifr HtsitiHtii-8, wliicli .show tbtt iiiiioiiiit of tliJH
Miutiil obtiiincil liy Hincltiiijj iron ores into piK iron. In partly civil-
i/,i'<l lands, or wliuro tlio crniler prorcsscs are maintained, nitieli of tin'
metal prodin'od in in tlic condition ot' wronKliI- iron, obtained by direct
motliods, tliu ores bcini; treated in open charcoal tIreH. Tliu wnHtulul'
nesH of tlieHe methods is Hn<'li tlnit a lar|;ci- i|niintity of ore is demanded
per tim of prtNluct il'' n where \>ifs iron is obtained by HMieltinK; eonse-
<|Uently, a loeiilit) , loducinf; but a small ipiantity of wrou(;ht iron by
these crnde |)ro('essi's may consiinh' in its miinnfacture more iron ore
tliiiii nnother section whow output of pij; iron is cousidornbly t;reat4^r
than the amount of bar iron made by the former locality. The con-
I'lition of iron nnmnfucture and allied indnstrics in various countries,
or in s'ertnin Htntes and districts, and the extent to vhicli the mines of
'•"on ore lire wrou^^ht, cause what would be in one section of the country
an enterprise of minor importance to assume i;reaU>r prominence in
another section, in the one instance a snmll oat|int of ore converted
into iron and steel bein;; industrially of more imiiortauce to this coun-
try than the production of {rrcator (pumtities of raw material which are
cx|)orted to othiT lands.
In the preparation of the jiig iron and iron-ore statistics, amounts for
the year 18!)3, or where these could not bo obtained, the latest reliable
data are given to indicate us correctly as possible the contemporane-
ous relative importance of each t^ountry. However, as the ontiiuts nniy
be intluenced by domestic causes which do not similarly affect other
countries, the maximum tpiantity of pig iron and iron ore produced in
any one year sin<'e the Centennial Kxitosition of 1S7(! is also given, the
interval l>etwcen tiie Centennial and the World's Columbian expositions
being selected as marking eras of industrial interest, especially in the
I'nited States. The figures representing (pumtities arc the number of
metric tons in all countries except the United States, (}reat Itritain,
Uussiii,' and Canada, where the long ton of li,L'40 pounds is used. This
table will give, and the illustrations will show graphically, the position
of ea(;h country, and any special inquiry concerning one or more of the
political divisions named (!an be followed by consulting the data under
each of the descriptions whii^h follow. The table does not include all
the countries from which information was obtained, but principally
those the reports concerning which show, by statistics or estimates,
the (pmntities of iron produced or iron ores mined.
I KiiMHi.i tt i'i-)tt>r-lH, Mhirli iiri> in immmIh, liiivn lit-i'ii •-iinvcrU-tl into Umii toiiH.
u. n. arcxnoiCAL nuRvfv
i«TIINTH ASHUAL HtffmT
OTHER COUNTMICS 2, 600,000 TONS.
SWEDEN I.ZOO.OOOTONS.
CHINESE EMPIRE I.SOO.OOOTONS
RUSSIAN EMPIRE I.SOO.OOO TONS .
AUSTRO- HUNGARY Z,00O,00(>T0NS.
FRANCE 3.650,000 TnriS.
SPAI N S , 3SO,O0O TONS
GREAT BRITAIN 11,350,000 TONS.
GERMANY AND LUXEMBURG II.40O.0OO TONS.
UNITED STATES 16.300,000 TONS.
fAMT III rt. I
'37,000.000
'SO.OOO.OOO
-40.000,000
aaooo.ooo
20,000,000
10,000,000
DIAGRAM SHOWINQ DISTRIBUTION OF THE WORLDS PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE IN THE YEAR 1892.
\
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORKH.
I'roiluilioM of pig iron and iron ore in rnrioiit eimntrieH.
[Metric tons except where otherwiHe Hpcclficil.]
E I I.Rt4>llt
3 I reported
^ prouiiction
Pig irnn.
E
North AnitTit-n;
Uiiile<l Stjilt's
Ilrit Uh No. t\\
America h i
Mexico
Ciibik
Mitxiinlini
rciMii'ti.(l
iinKliictiijii
2 I^atcHt g
J relM.ilcil J
\M priHliictiiin. '^
\m3 n;.\2t.:>Vl ISOO l 00,202.70:1; IKg^l Ian.3g7.li3 ISK |al6,2IKI.06a
I8».1
Europe :
(irejit Ilritnin
ticnnflliy
Friiiice
Aiii4lriti-IIiinjE»r,v..
Kiirtiiian Kiii|iin<d. .
fieljf ium
Swwieii
Kpnin .
Tiirli
Italy f .
■rki'y/
Switi'.crlaiitl//-
Norway h
tfre«!ce i
IHO:i
IWKI
liiu:i
1803
IKU'J
18u:i
lKU:i
1802
lH!t2
1H80
Sartiiuiu j
Aula:
(■hinat- IWtt
Jauaul 1800
luuiam
55. Ilt7 180a
nlO.;i0li; i»o;i
Nunc! I
aO.O'n.OiM 1882 '
4. 08(1. IHi:.! I80;l ;
2.o:)2. .vn
9H2. 7u7
1.150.701
745, 2tU
45:1.421
2011. 450 18U:l I
12. 7211 1884 !
4. SOU
,'>. 270 1888
■J87 1870
Nrmc
188:1 !
lKo:i !
i8o:i ■■
1880
1801
,W, 047 1893 124,7IJ2 189:i
<I|0. :iu<l 1803 a 2(1, , Ml 1803
None. I8!i:i a3(i:i,:i40 I80:i
n 8, .58(1, ii8» I8!i:i a\
4.080. 00 I 1803 II
2, (HID, 4:10 IM03 '
082.707 18U:i
1, l,'iO,704 1802
8:12,220 i»io:i
400. Ul 3 180:l
200,450 1803
18,405 180:i
n.im 1802
1,40(1 1880 I
None. 18e:i I
No„e.)lSIJ(.
500. (HjO 1802
22, %Vi 1K90 2J. 1*^6 UW)
1882 t
None.
I
cLitng tiiiiH <2,240 piMinilH) ; l.UiHi long loitH fqiuil I.OIfl mrlrir tniiH.
A The CiiiiiuUuu autlioriticrt tv{Kirt thiit it Ih iinpoHHililc t<> olitiiiii corn't't 8tntiHl>rH iiC tlii> iron nni
pnidiicliun excciit In tlie <'»'uhuh .vt-ara, those ri'portwl lor otlii-r jvar-s bciii^ mvuriulily lirlow tbo
iictnal uut]iut.
cNodutu are nlitaiimbliMiionc Immh^ collei-ttKl) of thn iin^uftionuf inm on> 4ir of iron in tlu* lEi^piil)-
lic of Sfcxiro. luiil till' Iltfuri'H j;iv«'n art' the n-Miih of a i-Iomc I'-sliniali' iniiiio tiy the writer, w Iio in I89II
viriltt'tl the iron ore ttcpoHiln unil Iron iiiiliiHlrit-H in Mi-xiro.
d Appart-ntly ttiv ItuNftian Ehi|iiri} in tlie year 1S'J2 i-itticr ilrew ii|ion Ntm^kA of iron orr on Imnd or
pIhc iinportud eonsidfrublr orr in tliat yi-iir, an tlii^ ii-nu on- protlnrtion (l,f>77.oiri tonHi wonlil iii>i. u lien
I'hargeil into bluHt fiimfu:UH. nialto tho 1.014.252 toiirt of pi^ iioit ullh wliiiti tlio Knipiri' im i-n><lit('il in
tliat year.
f Am information in regard lo lUily'H iron iudurttry botuciMi the .M-arn IKTd anil lAi^ll i-otihl ni>( bn
aeciired, and as the former year Mhoweil a priHioct Ion of 2o.0nit tons, wliilc in tin- taller lint IH.^o.'i tiiurt
\ren< nianitfaetitred, it i.i proliahle that tlie ttnixininin output lor tUt> years nndi-r considtration
weurred in ono of tlio interniodJatt yenro.
/StatiHtiitt and iuforiuation in n-ganl to Turkey h inin industry are very nieaK'T. and those gi\ en
am ( rttiuiatert made in the year 1KT9.
(/Of tho time under ecmidderat ion, vi?.. IrtTt , 1803, statist irn for Switxeriand for thr years IHK'i to
1892 only have Itoen secnnid, and these were furiiiHlied li\ I'rofeswir Tetinajor. It is pnibable, uh will
IwHeen from llu* description, that the nianiifaeture of iron was earrieil on more actively in lln' wirlier
years than it is at pn-sunt.
h Norway's Inui industry has appartnlly dii'd out, only one fnrnaee b^-ini; active in tlu^ year IHKl,
and no later figures lu'ing ohtainalil". Tlie ttiM;ration of thix furnaeo eoiisumiil praeiUall, the entire
iron ore output for the eouutry at* far as known.
itireeco's niaxlunm prodnetion Ih an OHtimate. made up fi*nni data eidleeled, HtatistieH for the
entiro country iH'ing available in hut few years.
jData for hut one year, viz, lHIK)-t)|, were obtiiined from Sardinia.
AChina niakoH no n^turn of iron ore mined or pi^ iion nnidr, and the figures ^jvrn are eMtimates
made hy Profensor Chnrt^h, who is well atciuainti'd with tin iron induntry of that Empire. They are
as nearly eurreet as It waH (Kmsible to make them.
JTlie llgun>fl of the irt>n ore priHluetionof dapiui itrebaseil on infonnntinn furnished liy the Japanese
olllcials with the data at hand at the World's Columbian Kx|Hisition a-* t** the anniiiul of iron ore
re<iulrud to nuiko a ton of pig in>n, the Htatlstits of mdy tlie metal prodneed bi>ing i'oll:ih>d.
m In the native provineen ol India, iron is prtHlueeil direet from thf i>re <u -' -le furuaees, and in
Bunie distrtets nn ntAtlstics other than tlu' valuation <d' the produti ean be obtained.
10
MINERAL UKSOURCES.
rroiiiirtioH of p'nj iron and iron or. in varioun countrica — ('oiitiiiue<l.
[Mi'lrlc tniiH except wlioro ntliKrwtHi* HporiAutl.]
CnuiitrieB.
I'lK in.B.
Iron orp.
!
£
3
1892
I.illOMt
riiiturted
ItriKliictloll.
£ 1 Mnxiiuillli
g 1 n-l)urt«(l
^ imMluctliin.
i
1802
LiilfHt C
IinMliirtiiiu. ^
12,000
Mftximuni 1
rtMHirltil 1
primucttiin.
Soiitli Americn:
HrHtila ...
»,0M
1
United StJiUrt of Co-
:M) 000
1
Africa:
None.
None.
1892
189:t
1892
4r>3.00u! 1881
i,om' ... .
057,000 I
Ocean it'll:
1892
1892
Nonii.
350
1
Mew Zt aland (i
700i
I
1
""'^
a III Hriizil thorn nnt twii blimt fiirniu'ea nnil a niiitilwr itl' Cutnlaii fiirfseM, tliu nutpiit itf wliicli liu
Im>i-ii clDNitly 4'i«titiiilt4'il by Mr. (). A. Ih'rby, ruminiRHAo |rui>Km|thirA v K<)u)o>;iea ol' llrflzil, who irt the
aiithui-ity on thirt Hiiliji>ct.
li No I'uliabli* tijftin^H an to Iho Uiilh^l SiDli'it of Colomliia wi-ru obtainiMl, and tbn OHtiniato of in.a
ore pnMlnrtHl will of i-ourrti* di",'tMi(l Iiirjjely ii|M>n tlio io'tivity <ir inai-tivity of tho bl.itit fiinuwM'H.
e AuHtnilia ut |in>seut ]iriMlui'«rt no yin iron, all llii> inm oro niineil lit'lnK iimnl in a'lver Hini-lli^rtf aaa
Mux.
li New /enlamrii oiit|iiit of ill;: iron iiml iron om wn^ inori'ly an oxpprinirnt, tlio nnionnt nicntiuned
lioiug proili:i'i-il ill II lew wtu'lm in .lone iiiiil iliily. 1892, aH will Ihi foiinil by referring to the ilutaileil
(letu-ri|ition.
From tluuibovc table it appwirs fliat tlio world's prodiictioiiof pi^iroii
ill 18<.i;< Wits nearly L'r>,ll(Hi,(l(H) liiii<; toiiS; and that oLVMtOjOtM) tons of iron
ore were iiroduced. Tliese, tigiires are the total ainonnt reported, but
additions should be made for various countries not reiioitin^r, inakiiiK'
the totals about 25,5011,011(1 nietrie tir long tons of pig iron or its equiv-
alent, and ri;{,7riO,(KMI tons of iron ore.
A similar estimate for the year 1.S92, for which there are more com-
plete returns, places tiie total product for the worhl iu that year: Iron
ore, 57,0(m,(MM) hiiig tons; pig iron, L'7,0(m,(H)0 long tons.
Taking the average for the past live years, the world's annual pro-
duction of iron ore approximates 5r>,5(M),tH)0 long tons, from which, in
the shape of ]iig iron and wrought iron obtained directly from the ore,
an annual output of probably 2(i,300,(M)0 long tons of metal has been
obtained.
From the quantitiea which appear in the table two columns. Pis. I and
11, have been prepared, representing by relative areas the proportions
whi(;li the iron-ore output and the pig-iron output, respectively, of dif-
ferent countries bore to the total for the world in 1892. TliObe two col-
umns are constructed upon the same scale, the base of the column
representing the pig-iroii production being one-half of that represent-
ing the iron-ore out)mt, but an equal area on either column represents
the same number of tons. The tigurcs for the year 1892 were taken >t,
preference to those for the year 189.'(, for the reasons that more complete
data were obtainable for the former year and that in the latter year
abnormal conditions restricted the output of some of the more promi-
nent producers.
U. a. aEOLOGICAL 8URVEV
SWTEEhTM AhNUAl REPORT PART III PL. II
OTHrR COUNTRIES ezs.ooo tons.
SWEDEN «50.000 T .^NS
CHINESE EMPtRC 500,000 TONS.
BELGIUM 7S0,00O TONS.
AUaTRO-HUrttARY SOO.OOOTDNS .
RUSSIAN EMPIRE 1 ,00O, COO TONS .
rflANCE S.OOO.OOOTONS.
6ERMANY AND LUXEMBURG 4.850.000 TONS
OREAT BRITAIN 6,700,000 TONS.
UNITED STATES 9,lSO,00O TONS.
27,000,000
zs.ooo.ooo
20,000,000
15,000,000
>IO,000.000
• 5,000.000
DIAGRAM SHOWING DUSTHIBUTION OF THE WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF PIQ IRON IN THE YEAR 1892.
I
PKODUCTION OF IKON OHKS.
11
These two coliiinns show that in the year 1.S02 the followiiif; iippvoxi
mate piojMHtions of the worUl's outpHt of iron ore and proilnetion of
pig iron were contributed by tlie ditlerent eountrieH:
Proportiouate output of iron ore anii iiitj iron hij rarioua eouutrio in is;i2.
CouiitricH.
UnitodBtatM
I Ifornian Kniiiin;..
I (ireat IlriUin
Spnin
Fmnco
Auril ria-IInngary .
KUHHlan Kmiifrit. .
Cliiiit>iH< Kni|)ln>..
SwtMlen
Other couutritiH. . .
Total.
Iron oro.
Per cent. I
2U-
W-
20—
e
i
i_
3—
2
5
CoiilitrieH.
United StatoH
Oreat Itritilfn
(iorinany
Krancn
ItiiHHian Kiiipirt^ .
AuHtrla-l[iii)|rtir_v.
'lolKiuiii .'. .
ClillK^ae Kiiipire...
Sw&Ii^n
< )tlu;I' cuuutrlos . . .
Pig iruii.
Pn cent.
;t4—
M—
1K_
7
4—
:i-
:i -
Total
III the column PI. I special space has not been assigned to any
country whicli did not produce over 1,(MK),(M)0 tons of iron ore in 18!ti',
wliile in column PI. II separate space is assigned to no country produc
iiig less than one-half million tons of pig iron, except China and S'veden,
which closely approximate this ligure. Comparing the two colunius, the
importance of the United States, Great Britain, . '. Germany as iron-
on\ producers and pig-iron manufacturers is evident. Tiiis also shows
that Spain, though a liberal producer of ores, is a small consumer, while
Belgium, on the other hand, is a large consumer and a, small jiroducer.
Pis. Ill and IV show the relative i)roduction of iron ore and of i)ig
iron in the more prominent <!ouiitries for two decades, 1874-1893. The
absence of reliable data inevented representing on I'l. Ill the llgmes
for Austria- Hungary, wliicii would take a place between the lines
showing the outjmts of France and Biissia. PI. I V is constructed on a
vertical scale double that of PI. Ill, so as to show more prominently the
rtuctuiitions in pig iron production, and also to emi>hasize in a more
p;:)iiouiiced way the similarity in contour which the lines of inm ore
output and pig-iron production exhibit in countries deiiending largely
HlM)ii domestic ores.
The (Tiiited States was the largest manufa<!turer of pig iron in 18!»;{,
and it also Las the record for niaximum annual jnoduet, viz, i»,2(»2,7(i;i
long tons, in l.SiK). Its iron ores are richer, however, than those charged
into the blast furnaces of the nearest competitor, England, and there-
fore, while the United States was the greatest produ(!er of iron or(%
Great Britain, with leaner native ores (to which large amounts of rich
foreign ores are added), charges more ore into its furnaces. In 189,! the
United States was the heaviest producer of iron ore, iiaviiig n,587,(!L'9
long tons to its credit, followed closely by (Jermany with 1 l,ir»7,4!tl
metri(! tons and by Great Britain with 1 1,20;?, 17ti long tons; these throe
countries, which produced nearly etpial nuautities, thus furnishing tw<i
12
MINEKAL KESOUUCES.
tliii'ds of till! total iiiiioiiiit of iron o\v, iniiicil, siiiil tliri'<--i|ii!ii-tei's of the
world's pi}; iron.
or tlic rciiiiiiiiiii;; countries eontrilintiiifr ovoi' l,(HHI,IHIO tons ol' icon
oi'f, Spain ranks next, witli a total of r),l!l7,r)iO ini^tric tons; followed
by France, with .'!,(>4T,4L'3 tons; Ans.tria-FIunfjary, 2,(».SL',.'»S.'i tons; l!ns-
sia, l,r>77,(»15 tons; China, Ij^OOjiMK) tons; and Sweden. l.t8;j,7(W ton.s.
All of these countries priu;ti<;ally <M)nsnnie the iion ore mined witliiu
their bordi'rs, with the excei)tion of Spain and Sweden. The former
produces but a comparatively small amount of pi;; iron, most of the
(nes beinfj exiwrted, principally to (ircat Britain, France, and the
Unitctl States. Sweden's iron-oi'e output will probably increase, as
within laic years this country has ex)iin'tcd a considerable amount, and
the exjtort trader is j;rowinK'. As to the remaining; pronHnentcountrie.s,
AI};eria, Italy, Cuba, and (Ireetrc, the largest |)ro|>ortion is exported, no
pig iron beinj; njported as ])rodiu'ed in any of them, with Mk; exception
of Italy, where there is a relatively small out]>ut.
The {greatest outi)ut of iron ore for anyone year is repoiied forClreat
Itritain, in 1882, vi/,, I8.(».'!l,)ir»7 lonj;- tons, and for six years within
the two decades past that counfiy exceciled the maximum which the
United States reached in 1802, viz, l(!,2!)li.(MM; hmg tons. The largest
jiroduction of iron ore in (iermany in IS!(2 was close to the amount
obtained from tiie min(>s of tlu^ I'nitcd States in 18!l.'>, when business
was greatly depressed, while the best year of prodiu't from the mines
of S])ain,vi/, 18!H), was but one-half the tonnage obtained in 18!)3 from
American mines.
An exauiinatiou of the table suggests that the variinis countries can
be divided into three classes as i)roduccrs of iron ore.
1. Those which mine sutlicient iron ore to supjdy their own demands
but export none, or but small anumnts.
2. Those which, while consuming domestic iron ores, are obliged to
draw largely from other sources in order to obtain sutlicient raw mate-
rial of the re(iuired charaitter for the iron manufactured.
.'{. Those which, having excellent iron-ore resources, easily ex|)loited,
utilize none, or but a small i>roportion, by making pig >»• bar iron in
domestic blast furnaces or forges, large amounts of the ores being
exported to less favored countries.
(Considered in this light, the Knitcnl States, Russia, Austria-Hungary,
China, Japan, Brazil, and Mexico may be incliuled in the II rst class.
It is true that .some foreign iron <H'e is imported into the United States,
but it is used only in such of her .')2I blast furnaces as are on or close
to the .\tlanti(; seaboard, and even here a considerable amount of sueb
imported ore was displaced by domestic ores when the |)rice of the lat-
ter (due in part to h)w freights on long hauls by lake and rail) was
reduced. Thus, during 189.'!, 1 l,.')87,(i2!» long tons of iron ore were pro-
duced in the United States, and but .">2(i,i».">I long tons were imported
(some of which was not really commercial iron ore, Itnt intended for
u. 9. aeoLOGicAL suRvrv
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPOflT PART IM PL,
7S7677 7B79aoei82 83e4 8Se6 87eea990 3l 92 93
— 16,000,000
ISk 000.000
14,000,000
IS.000,000
12,000,000
11,000,000
9.000,000
B.OOO.OOO
S.OOO.OOO
2,000,000
I.OOO.OOO
7S 78 77 78 79 60 81 8t 63 »♦ »S at 87 88 B9 30 91 92 33
DIAGRAM SHOWING PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES FROM 1H7I TO 1893.
I'KonUl'TION OK IKON OUKS.
13
|iiii'|Miso.s (itlior tliiin iron iiiiinufsicturt'), thu iloiiicstir priMluctjoii of pi^
iron bciiif; 7,ll.H,ri01i loiiji tons.
I.iilc tlj^iiri'K concerning; Uussia sire iinol)tiiin!il)l)', lint tlim country
evidently jirodnces till the iron ore which is required lor its Idiist I'ur-
Uiwes, little or no ore beinji either exported or iiii|M>rtrd. In 18!!^, 214
ruriJiiceH Hupplied l,0M,2.~i2 metric tons of pi); iron, while the proiluc-
tion of I!us8iiin ironorcMnines is stated to hiivt^ been 1,577,015 metric
tons, so that it probalily drew on some st(H-ks of domestic ore <m hand.'
Austria-Hungary also practically supplies its furnaces with domestic
ores, the small amount of imports and exports nearly balancing each
other, the latter being somewhat larger. Owing to the failure of a
corres|>(>ndent the report is incomplete and no late figures were obtained,
but the I'iiiipire produces somewhat over 2,<HM»,(K)0 metric tons of iron
ore, and slightly under l,(H)0,(Ht(> metric tons of pig iron.
China, with the exception of the two blast furnaces near Hanyang
now being erected by the (Jovernment, has no mmlcrn furnaces, all of
its output of .j<Ml,(NIO metric tons of iron beinp produced from domestic
ores in small direct-process furnaces or forges. Neither Japan, Bra/.il,
nor Mexico produces much iron, the bidk being imported, but such as is
manufactured is produced from domestic ores near at hand.
In the second class fall (ireat Hritain, France, and Belgium. '
(ireat Britain in the earlier times depended almost entirely n]>oii
native iron ores, and it was not until the introduction of the lie.ssemer
process, rcjiuirhig iron ores of special g'-ade, that the imports were an
important feature in the iron-ore .supjdy. Of late years this im|Mirtation
has reached large proportions, aii<l in 1893 4,0(m,804 hjug tons, over
one-fourth of the supply of the 710 Kiigli,sh blast furnaces (of which
327 were active), were imported, jtrincipally from iSpain, the <lomestic
mines supplying 11,203,476 long tons. The production of pig iron in
that year was 0,97(),990 long tons.
Franco formerly produced nearly all of the iron ore which was used
ill its blast furnaces, but after the loss of thc^ provinces of Alsace and
Lorraine, in 1871, both of which contained large deposits of oolitic iron
ores, the importation of ores, principally from (lermany, Spain, and
Algeria, increased, until now nearly one-third of the iron-ore supply
comes from foreign sources, the figures for 1893 being 1, ((30,442 metric
tons, while 3,047,423 metric tons were obtained from domestic mines.
The pig-iron production in that year was 2,032,507 tons.
Belgium, like France, at one time supplied all the iron ores which it
smelted. These ores were, as a rule, low in iron, and improved blast
furnace practice disiilaccd them by richer foreign iron ores, until in 1893
but 284,405 tons were produced from Belgium's native mines, while
about ],5(MI,00(» tons were imported to supply the needs of its various
blast furnaces, which in 1893 made 745,204 tons of pig iron.
' In 1803 thu pig-irun priitliictluli in tlic UutiHiau Kiiipiru woa 1,160,704 metric tulm
'■7
14
MINKUAL l{l',8()l!R(.'KS.
>
III till- tlilrti i-liiss lilt' |>riiici|isil cniiiitries arc tlii' (riTiiiiin Kinpins
Wpiiiii, Hwi'tleii, Al^'i'iiii, Culm, Italy, ami iirci'ci'.
(■iti'iiiaiiy ii(M-ii|)i)'.s a |iliMut in two <;lii..sscs (l' ami .'(), aM it prmliici's
till! Iiiillt of tli(« iron on- wliit'li tlie blast riiriia('t;s ol'tiiat coiiiitry hiiivII,
iiiid also ('X|iorts a largo aiiioiiiit C2,'^H\,ir>r> metric tons in ISBU). This
guvs iirincipally to I'rancu anil Itclfriiim, but is oll'sct to :i largu extent
by tlie imports of rich foreign iron ores from Spain, tSwedcii, etc., for
use in steel until tifact lire. The latter ainoniited in 1H!)12 to l,li5'),<S4<'(
metric tons. The total output uf the (Jerniuii blast furnaces in 18!).'t
was l,!t.S(i,(M)a metric tons.
Spain has some excellent ileposits of iron ore which arc cheaply
wrought, but owing to the lack of suitable fuel near to the ore mines
the (|uaiitity which is smelted within its borders is small, the pig iron
pnHluced in l'S!),'( being but lili(),4.~)U metric tons, while the iron ore
outjnit was reported as .'i,t!»7,r)40 metric tons. Of this amount, over
one-half is sent to (Ireat Britain, the balance, outside of the home
consumption, going to (Jcrmany, Kratice, the Cnited States, etc.
Until tiie opening of the magnetite dejiosits in the niutli of Sweden
in the year 1887, the exports of iron ore from that country were small,
but 8iiu:e that date they have stcailily iucreased, until, in 18!».{, 447,!»;51
metric tons were sent to other countries. The balance of the ore jiro-
duced is smelted in blast furnaces, l.~>.'i of which were in L:a.st in 1802.
Tliey produ(;ed in I.Si)3 4."»3,4iil metric tons of pig iron, the total iron-ore
oiitimt in that year being l,483,70U metric tons. Charcoal ia the only
blastfurnace fuel in Sweden.
Algeria ships all the iron ore luined (4rk{,()U0 metric tons in 1802) to
foreign countries, principally the United States, France, etc.
Cuba does not manufacture pig iron, and all of its iron-ore product,
which in lH!).'i amounted to .'t<i.'i,;U)> long tons, is sent to the United
States, citizens of the latter country owning and operating the deposits.
Although the Italian Ijovernmcnt fosters a domestic iron industry,
lack of suitable fuel has been a drawback to devel()i>incnt, and in 18!)U
but 1U,72!> metric tons of pig iron were iiiatle, while the iron-ore pro-
duction was 214,487 metric tons,' must of this being exported to France,
the United States, Kugland, etc.
(ireeco docs not, so far as known, smelt any iron ores, all of the
output being sent to various foreign countries — the United States,
France, etc.
None of the remaining countries arc as yet im|M)rtant fivctors in the
production of iron ore or pig iron. Canada exjiorts to the Uniteil
States such of its ores as it does not smelt. Switzerland uses iu the
blast furnace almost its entire productiou of iron ores, supplementing
her native iron ores from foreign sources. Turkey, while making some
iron, exports most ()f the iron ore produced. Norway's iron-ore and
pig-iron industry has lu-actically died out, but one furnace being active.
' lai.Mi uii'lnc tiiiin iu IHU;).
U. 4. GIOlOGtCAl «URVF*
4>'TrFKTH ANNUAL nrPnnr part lll PI lu
T T r r T T T f
• •
«>
<ik
.7 .|.-
tt
9D
9r
sK
91
tWATS^TAlN
MBMAWY AMD tUXfMBUHG
uwcroNS
FRANCi:
— "•— •HUSSIAIItMPrRf
A
- —
AUSTRIAN EMPINC
i\_
1
- 9.000,000
SWEDEN
/
/
/
/
/
1
/
\
1
\l
\
N
A/
''
1
/
1
■\
/
h
/
\
T
,
T
- B.OOO.OOO
\
/
/
/
/
/
'
\
\
/
r
\
7,000.000
/
'•.
/
1
■■
N
f
f
/'
\,
^
/
s
/
>
1
/
\
I
/
/
/
/
e,ooo,ooo
r
5,000.000
/
^— "
/
/
/
/
/
^
/
,^
/
\
/
,^''
f
\
/
A
/
/
^'^
/
/
/
4,000,000
/
,
/
/
__,.
--^'
■'^^
/
/
/
/
t
/
f
/
/
/
/
3,000,000
/
i
y
/
/
/
/
/
f
/
\
/
\
/
—
-U
•
i, 000.000
>
/,,
•
/
^f'
'"•>
\
—-
.4 ■
—
''*
-— -
>..^
/
•■V.
.-■:•
.,,
—
.000,000
trnt; p
^
^ '
-■•'
— — H
^.•' ■
^— "
"^"
^'
*•"*".
fir^-
i*^:
~^-
■-"'
"I 2
"'* ■
'--
—
— .
■—
"■*-•.
■-:- !
l-A^*' •
— zk
_z
l_h:
L_zl£
1 7E
e
...s>
— S!
"J
_jk
— as
-3L
S9
so
3L
_JE
n
DIAGRAM SHOWING PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES FROM 1R74 TO 1«93.
PKODI'CrioN ol' IKON OHKS.
15
Siirdiiiiii lllill(^s ii siuitll iiiiiiiiiiit of iron ort;, hut ilot-s iioi Hiiifit iiiiy,
Itiilgsii'iii iiiiikttH Ik limited <|iiaiility ol' iron, as ilo .lii|)iin, Iniliii, iind tliu
llnlti'd Hta)*'.8 of ('olornbi^i, wliili* tlio iron .>rc |irod(ii'cd in Anntraliit
and OliiU) are umihI uh (lux in tlio HinidtcrK.
Another class nii^lit bu addud, to inclndu tin; conntrirs known to
havo ii'on-ortt doposlts of wiiitdi little or no use is made, sneli lis
Moro('(;o, Tunis, i'ursia, (Jtiiitral and SSoutliurn Africa, Venezuela, (iaa-
teniala, Haiti, Serviu, etc.
KIJl'IVAI.KNIH lir VAI.IKS I SFO.
In tliese rojiorts the f<dlowiii){ e(|uiva1ents of Ibn-iKU weijfhts, nieas
ures, and valutas have beiui used. These an; not in every ease exiu-t,
and some vary with ratt's of ex(dian);e, Init they are Hiillleiently correet
for the piu'iiose of com|)ariii); i|iiiintities and viilues of iron ore, etc:
ir«ii/A(s. — (liiu ini'tric ton ri|iiiilH L','.'(M.<iL' iioiiiicIh. or O.ilKI'J \imis toim, Oiin |iooil
oc|ii>il» !Ui.li:< |ioiiiiiIh iivoii'(lii|i<iiH. Oiiit kilo);rniiiiii<i i'c|iiiili4 2.1.'()lli jiiiiiiiiIh nvoirilii-
]iiiiH. (tiui Muxiciiii c|iiiiital ciiudIh 101. Ill puiiiiilx iivoirilii|ioiH.
Meamirm. — Oim iiii-ItT fi|imln ;).2S0',t fert, or l.OiKIG^I .vurilit. Oiio riihic meter, or
Htrrr. vi|III)Im 3.'>.:<I7 ciiliii; foot, or l.;«IS ciiliic. yiiriU.
Money. — Onu .Mi'Kiriiii cuiitavo «(|iiiiIk oiiuliuir cniit. (Iiio (ioriiuiii iiiiirk ('i|iialH :.'l
niiti. One Treni'li rr.inr oipmlH lil.ri icntH. <)ni< linliiin rnjioe oijuuIh 35 to !.')> uvntu.
Ouu Itiiliuii lira ur ouu HinuiUli (luiiutu uiiuala lU.U cuiitn.
TIIM INIJUHTUY IN VAIIHUIH COUNTKIKH.
NORTH AMERICA.
IINIIKD .STATES.
Iron ores have be<in mined or are known to exist in every State or
Territory of tlu^ rnited JStates, with possibly three exceptions. In
some HtatJS which in years ]>ast inuintained an iron -prodncinK industry
upon lo('al ores, as Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island,
Delaware, South (."arolina, (!alifornia, Utah, and \Vii.sliinj;ton, the iron
ore deposits are not now wroufj^lit, or if any small (piantities of ore
are obtained they are smelted in other States or used as allux in silver
smelting. In otiier States — Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, .Arkansas,
Wyoming, New Mexico, and Montana — either known iron-ore resounnis
await utilization or but small (piantilies of ore are produced. In still
others, as New .lersey. New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Vir
ginia,and Ohio, many local ores have been disi>laced by richer or more
desirable ones obtained from other States or from foreign countries;
although in seVeral, particularly New Vork, New Jersey, and Peiin.syl-
vania, large tiuantities of excellent ores are still mined. Other States,
as Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, mine large amounts of iron
ore, only a small portifwi of which is used witliin their boundaries.
The importance of the iron-ore deposits of the I'liitcd States is
emphasized by the fact that the domestic production iu 1892 reached
16
MINKKAI, UK.SOUUCES.
l(t,liiMi,(i(i(i Idiij;- tons,' twenty-two States iiii;l two Tcnitorifs contrib-
iitiii;; to tliu total. If to tliis ruuoril ot i>i'o<lii('tioii from devcloiwd
(h'|)()sits a smiiiiiiii'y of tlio known bodies of iron orewliieli are not now
wronglit is ii(bb-(1, the e,xeellent resonrces of tlie country in this min-
eral will be aitparent.
The litenitnre of Anieriean intii ores is (luite extensive, including a
8|)ucial volume prepared by Prof. Haphael I'uiupelly for the Tenth
(.!ensus(V()l. X\'); statistical nioni)j;raphs in Mineral Kesources for
1,S8;!-.S4, 188(i, 1887, 1889-00, 18!»1. 18!tL>,and 18!»;J; the volunuum Mining
Industiiesoi' the Kleventh Census; jiapers upon special deposits in the
Transactions of tiie American Institute of Mining ICngineers, of the
American IMiilosophical Society, and of othei' technical associations, and
geological and comnu'rcial data in relation to the occurrence of this nun-
eral wiiich appear in the geohigical reports of various States. .Vs the
l»iimary purpose of this jjapcr is to give citi/ens of the United States
information concerning the iron ores and the iron industry of other
countries, the data referring to the Cnited States are introduced to make
the record more complete, special attention being given to the coun-
tries wliich compete with this country or which supply it with ores or
nuiuufactured iron. It will not therefore be advisable to re|)eat the
detailed information which is found in the volumes referred to, but
rather briefly to summarize liie iron-ore deposits of the country, and to
supplement the data ])resente<l in the nmnograph upon the "Iron ores
east of the INIississippi Uivcr," which is embodied in the report Mineral
Uesources of the United State.s, I88fi.
Volunif XV of the Tenth Census gives detailed descriptions, illus-
trated by many plans, geological sections, and chenncal analyses, cover-
ing most of the deposits which were wrought about the year 188.5, and
an account of the new discoveries or e.Kploitations since that time
would, if treated with the same detail, require space nearly ecjual to
that volume. This will be illustrated by the following extract from the
volume of Mining Industries of the Kleventh Census (p. 14), showing
th(! raidc of the various States as producers of iron ores in the census
years IS.jO, IS(i(», 187(1, 1880, and 1889, to which similar data for the year
189.'t have been added from the volume of Mineral Kesources of the
United Stakes, 1893.
I MiiK ral Ui'Huiiiri'H. r. S.. 189'.', p. '.'«
CO
(x:
ID
CO
PRODITOTION or IRON ORF.8.
17
I I
.-. ct n
— 1)
►5 -g,!
b si
as
ir> fn ^ ^ :j O y^ '^ ^ '/:, .-^
= It
- 4" ;,
> H >^
t- CO o»
J -= M £•
c S ^ P ^
"i.
<§
O 'A ^1
HO «a
M a
8(»24-
i I
an « I- i!;
m CD t-
=s >■. u a :
• H 3i^ u i3 2 (S
to I- OO
ffl VI ri
? i § i «i » i s
11^ to I- 00 tJ* ^ ^H ei rt
1 i
ill
t- X ?; o .
o .5 £
3 S t* o
- t- B "Z ,^ I a
o ■- CI rt f
3 «
ki a
4 3 a 'tr 2 ■& 9 ■• -2 S j3 '^^
a a -a
6 (s a a
^ t
bft
■SI
5 i
o. J
IS
MINKUAI, KKSOIHr-KS.
Ill discussing; iloiiieslir iron ores tlic deposits will lie leffin'd to by
districis, mid tlii^ inoic pioiiiiiii'iit of Micsc will rccfivi^ attt-ntioii in tlic
Older ill which (licy iiic picsi'iit contillMitors to the supply of the coun-
try, reference to iiidividiiiil mines Iit-iii};' used s|iiirin)j:ly to iiidiciite
Hpeciiil features or to eiiipliasize late developiiient.
i.Aiti-: sri'Kuioii iiKiiiiiN.
The, iron-ore mines of the Lake Siipi
;ioii, located in (lie north
ein jiortioiis of the States of Michit;aii, W isconsin, and Minnesota,
contriliiite a lart;c proportion of the. ore smelted in the I'nited States.
The percentages of the total ore oiitimt of the country wliiclicaiiH^ from
this region were: .".1 in l.SHit, ."i(i in IH'.Ht, 53 in ],S!ll,.V» in 18!t2.and r>l in
I.S!»;i. Wliile tile Lake Siiiierior region is to hv credited witli more tlian
onelialf of tiie total iron-ore tonnage of the country, the qiialily of
mineral taken from its mines is also aliove the avera;;'e of domestic ores
mined, thus adding tu tlie commercial importance of this i'ei;ioii. It is
estimated that the iron ores extracted in this region during the period
ISS!) to 1S!),'{ made from 5."»to(J.'t per cent of the i)ig iron iiroduccd in the
country in that period, proviiled all tlieore mined from this district was
smelted in the year it was jirodiiced, no account of stocks of ore on
hand being taken into consideration.
The mines on the iijiper peninsula of Michigan have produced the
largest amount of iron ore, but in late years Minnesota has been advaiie
iiig rapidly and may comjiete with Michigan for preeminence. Wiscon-
sin, alt himgli contributing heavily, is far behind Michigan and Minnesota
in output. The bulk of the ores coming from the Lake Superior region
are of the red hematite variety, but a jiart of tlie ore fro'ii a number of
lines is hvdrated, and ranked as brown lumiatiti
II
ever, but few
<tf the active mines can be considered as producing the latter class of
ort^ only. Several iiiiportant mines sniijily magnetite in (luantity, wliitdi
is tbiiiid in juxtaposition with red hematite.
The distance between the mines of the ]jiike Superior region and the
majority of blast furnaces using their product demands that only the
richer ores be shipped; con.sc(pieiitly, deposits furnishing high-grade
ores which could supply in addition liberal amounts of leaner red and
brown heiiiat.tes, and apparently ex tensive veins of magnetite of inferior
grade, are nnwroiight, or, if they have been worked, are not now
ex)iloitcd except for the better ores.
The mines in the Lake Superior region are located from l.liOO to l,8t»((
feet above Lake Superior (or from 1,.S(H) to 2,400 feet above sea level)
and ari^ from l.°i to IIH) miles from the lake.
Some of the prominent mines which have been exploited in late
yeiirs are wrcmght "ojieii cut," anil the lirst development of the iron
ores of the region was by o|ieii work. Most of the mines, however, are
wrought underground, tlm various levels extending in some iii8tain*s
from 1,(MM» and even 1.500 feet below the surface.
In no other part of the eoiiiitry, and probably nowhere in the world,
is iron-ore iiiining carried ou iu u more thorough manner than iu the
PKOni'CTION OK IRON OKE8.
19
liitkt' SiipiM'iin' (listriitt. The, lioistiii;; ami imiiipiiii^: inacliiiicry ami tlio
coiiiiiiessoi' iilaiits ai't! yeiicraliy of the imist ainiiovcd <l('si;;ii. Power
(IrillH ami lii^li explosives aru iitili/.ud to break tlie iiiiiieial ecoiioiii'
ieally. Electricity is iiitroiliiccil for lijflitiiifr and for traction iiiidci-
(rroiind, and air compressed l)y \vatcr-|io\ver nuichlncry is conveyed
miles to work hoists, pmn|)s, drills, etc.
In mining; methods this district is well advanced ; mine timbering and
shaft siidiin;; have received (careful attention, and the steam shovel is
employed to di}; ore, in I he open cuts or to load it on cars from stock
piles. The oif, after bcinj; mined, is placed on stock piles or conveyed
by railroad cars from 15 to 1(10 miles to various ports on hakes Superior
and Michi^fan, ami there <Iuniped into {uxtkets in imposing' shippin;;
docks, from which vessels are <iuiekly and cheaply loadctl. Tlii'se ves
sels carry the ore to various points on Lakes .Michigan and Krie. where
exjH'nsivi^ niachiiu'ry lifts the <n'e fnnn the vessels and conveys it onto
stock jtilcs or to cars wlii<'h transpoi't it to points of consumption even
more distant. A coinjiaiativcly small poition, yet by no meansan in.ti;;'
liiticant amount, of this ore is smelted near' where it is mined, or reaches
the blast furnaces usiu;; it by direct rail transportation.
The shipping appliant^es have been a nw)st important feature in [ler-
niittin;; the on^ from the Lake Superior re;;ion to rcai'h distant points
of consnm|>tion. Millions of dollars have been c\|iendc(l on ship])in^'
docks, and millions mor(! on leceiving docks and rtiilroad terminals.
Other millions .still have been devoted to building; and ei|uippln<;
ma^niticent steam ves.sels of lary;e capacity. Anionj;; these the novel
slructures known as " whaleba(;ks" were built to facilitate cheap trans-
portation on the (ireat Lakes .system.
The iin])ortance of the I/akc Superior region is best illiistiated in the
statenuMit that since ore shipments were cnnimenced in IS-lit |o the clos(>
of ].S!t3 a total of over.Sl,.5((0,(l(MI tons of iron (U'c have been taken from
the mines, the greatest annind output being in 18!»L', when !t,o(»4,;WS
long tons were mined. Of this great total there have been won from
the mines of the .State of IMichigan, since l.SI!», (;!),,")(M»,0(K» tons; from
Minnesota, since l.S,S4, 7,<K)(t,0'M», and froiu Wisconsin, siiu'i^ I.SSO, about
.'),()(HI,(l()(> long tons. The total and maximum annind outi)utsof some
of the |irondn<'nt niiiies will indicate the capabilities of this region, the
si/.e of individual deposits, and the extent to which they have been
exploited.
The following table shows first a column giving the mimes by which
(he various mines or (^omliinations of mines are now known, several
o])enings which wei'f originally sejiarate nnnes having, in a nnndu'r
of cases, operated i lintly. The second column gives tiie gencial loca-
tiim of each of the prominent mines, by i>lacing it in one of the live
ranges which are generally lecognized as comprising the Lake Bnpe-
rim- region. The third colunni shows the year in which the mines were
first opened. In the case of the .Jackson and <'l('veland mines rhe llrst
shipments are claimed to have boon made about 1849, but the exact
20
MINERAL HK8(timC'Kft.
date JH ill iluiilii. In thv.nv iis in otiici' caHus tlii^ niinits may liavc Ix'on
i))ioii<'*l in iulvaiK'i; of .sliipnifiits. Tlie t'oiirtli i-iihiiiin ronlaiiiH tli** total
|)ro(lii('tioii. Tliis is tlio n!;};reK!il('- ainoiiiit of iron orv. taken from cacli
mine (11- };roiii) of niint'M from its first o|»'iiiii}; to tlie close of tlie year
\H',y.i, the liniires ))eiii{j; in most ilistanees secured l(y*corresi>oii(leiice
with those coiitrollinf; the mines, anil in other cases from tiie annual
re)Mirts of the Michi};aii Millill;^' linreaii and from the (Jleveland Iron
Trade Review. The tiflh column ^ives the year of maximiim annual
output, while tiie sixth ^ives the production in that year, the statistics
being ohtained from the same sources as mentioned above. The list of
mines ineliides only those which have olitained |iromiiieiice, either by
lar},'e annual outputs or by a heavy ajifji'egate production for a series
of years. They are arranged according to the total amount mined to
theclose of' the year IHtl.'t. The table does not include all of the mines
which have been wrought, nor even all which may be considered as
now on the active list, for there are a number which have not produced
large ipiaiitities of ore in any one year or in the aggregate:
Total prodticlidii and unuimiim nuniial intlput of tlif jiriufifial l^itkt: Superior iron-ort'. niitinM.
NaliH'w of iniiH'H
liiiliKcn.
Vi'dr
i.r
IIIHlll-
I Ing.
'J'uliil iiri>- Miixiiiiiiin iiniitml
iliiitiiiii oiiliiiil.
t(l fluso of
1893. Year. Ldiik luim.
Laki' Snpprinr
(^'li'veliinil [rnt)MiiiiiiK('ii
Clutpi"
Noriir, V..,fi \. Nori"ii» . .
Peiii) Iriiit Miiiiiit: Co —
Kliiiiii'Ntita InuiC'ii
ItfllllltlH-
•iHrkHOl)
Clfvi'lmitl ('lill«
Clminpiiin
PiltHltiirg aud Laku Aii-
(Ii'liiii-.
Chaiuller
CiilliV & Tilileii
AHhraiul
Aurora
-^•- ■ iVMitclioll.
Wintlirnp
Cniiunouwfalt li
Kloromw
New York (York) (fo)
Liiiliii(;t4iM
VoliiiittMtr
Iniii UiYBF
M icliigainiiii>
Dunn
HutuboliU
I'ahMt
Cantliria
Newport anil Honnir
('ary ami Weal Cary
Itrothorlou
Nppiuni'u
AruKoti
Great WcMtcru
IronHi'lt
Pt'wabii!
Oeruiania
S*M:tinn 3:( (c)
I'aliui
Hiwaliik
KlnsHnhr Mounlntn
Mountain Iron
Couitnodoru
ManjiU'tto..
ilo
Mcnnuiin*'*!.
(ti>}(i-lurx
M<'nonihiu(>
YtTmilioii ..
Maniiiellt'.
. IHNO
. IHH'.
. 1C77
. IKH4
1H71!
.do alK40
.do IHtl4
.do 1887
-do 1804
Vermnioii . . . . 1888
Uogebin 18Hr.
do ! IHKT.
do i 18Hr.
ManjuutU)....: 18Kti
IH70
1H«(I
I8H0
lHft4
IHHU
187U
1H82
1872
1887
IHOri
iH'ti
IHHU
1HK6
IHHT)
IKKT.
18H!I
IKHli
18«7
IHIXI
iBKn
1H8;'>
IHKti
IHOIt
iRo;t
180*2
do
Mitnonilncf. ..
do
Murijuottv —
Klunoniiiuw. . .
Man[untt4). .
McnooiiiM-i-. ..
Mari(ucltf
Mcnoinincu. ..
Miin|uet1<>
<io){td>io
Manpiftle
Uoufiliic
.....do
<lt)
]^Inri|iietto
Mcltonilnev . . .
(In
Qligoblc
Meiioiiiinet*.. .
(iiigebic
ilo
il(>
Heanbl
ilo
do
do
Tjotiif totm.
8, (Ml). 441
5,:iHI,«W
4. 777. 200
4,.''>ril.0UII
4,iM-', jrj
4.iii;i. aui
;i, UK8. ;i'J4
a, 112*. 522
a, 02:1, ;i I II
2, w.i, .m
2.0:111, li'.i"
2. 2.W, sio
1.7:l5.4r>B
1,524,HI.1
1.48H.(i4l
1.4«2.(122
i,:i.v.i.:iUH
l,24.'.,8;il
1,(191, I'll Ti
1,0.14, '271
l,OOfl,;)47
»«4, 5H7
885, 4li«
7911, 2.'i7
724, 180
721,910
7117, .118
(i8i.in'.i
,118. 117,1
11:1, !I67
478. :m;i
4111. 708
441.740
412. OKI
402. 084
;o7,.ii,i
2.13, .100
2:i». IHHi
1,11,200
12.1. 211,1
129. 086
86,000
1892
1892
181KI
1892
189:i
1K92
1889
I8'.HI
1892 ,
1890 {
1893
1802
1892
18',I0
1802
1801
1802
1892
1889
1870
18111
18MI
1889
1818)
1891
1870
1800
1890
1802
1891
1892
180:i
1892
1892
1892
18113
1889
1890
1892
18113
1803
1893
1B93
a Tfaere in some uuciTtAint.v of to tinio of Hrat cxiiloltiitton.
c Ore uot now taken out a« Suction 33.
444, .IIW
374, 490
742. 844
1,1812,003
340, 382
,'ill»,771
287, 390
i;i,i. .WJ
358, ,177
232, 084
345, 323
«42, 449
385,810
449, 7118
'289, 966
479, rill9
191,658
271,, 185
218,738
94, 809
141,303
l:i4, 700
179, 238
80,012
16'2,72l
79, 712
174,.1'i7
8(1, 3,19
174. 706
121., 180
110. 72;i
Ul»,6'27
181. 107
108, 000
140. 53.1
1»4,7.15
111,1.200
1311, 108
107, 243
151,200
126, 2S5
119,441
86,000
b Abandoned.
PRODUCTION OK IKON OKES.
21
This statement iiuliciitca that up to the ch>se of ISICJ t4'ii of the min-
ing; o|)eratioiis in tlie Laliit Huperior region liave each conti'ilnited be-
tween l,(NHI,<HH»an<13,()0<),m)0 t^tiisof iron ore; tlirce.lietween LVHN),«HN)
and ;{,(HM),(KM); three, l)etween ;{,(MMl,(M)0 and •t,(tO<t,(''»<>; *onr, lietween
4,(NM),<H>0 and r>,(HW,{)m; one, over TstKH),!)*))); and one, over (i,(MH),U<H).
Twenty-one mining operations liave eacli in one year i)rodneed between
ltM»,(KK>and ;i(K),0(M> Ion),' t4>na; (Ive, between 2»M),(MI0 mid. •!(IO,tMM»; live,
between ;{m>,4HH» and l(M),(>IIO; tliree, Itetwecn 4(K),(HK) and r><K),<MH); one,
between ritM^MM) and 0OO,(MH); one, between (HH),(MI() and 700,000; one
exceeded TOO.CHM); and in one year tlie Norrie mines took out over
I,(KM),(MM) tons.
A number of mines not mentioned in the table have supplied anmi-
ally (|naiitities of ore, or are credited with affKrepitcs which elsewhere
would entitle them to be (uuisidered important mines, the purpose of the
table being to indicate the large number of great producers, rather than
to give a directory of iron oi-e mines in the Lake Sn|)erior region, of which
from eighty to nint^ty have been reiwrted as active in late years.
The exploited iron-ore dci>osits of the upper ]>eninsala of Michigan
are in a wedge shaped area lying against the State of Wisconsin, and
in two instances the interstate boundary (aits the strike of the ore
bodies, or " ranges," as they are termed. Those in Minnesota occur in
two practii'ally parallel ranges. The general dcsigmition of ores of the
Lake Superior regiim localizes them in live ranges, as follows:
1. The Manpiette range, located in Michigan, which was llr-stexjiloited
in 1.S40, and up to and including l.S!t3 liiul su|)plied •10,7.">0,000 tons of
iron ores. Its ores are shipjied principally from the jtorts of Manpiette
on Lake Superior and Kscanaba and Gladstone on Lake Michigan. A
small amount M'as formerly seut from L'Ausc on Lake Sniicrior and St.
Ignace on I^ako Michigan.
1'. The Menominee range, |>artly in Michigan and partly in Wiscon-
sin, oiieiied in LSTT, which had furnished a total of l.S,tiOn,lK)0 tons to
December <31, LSO.'S. Its ores are shipped from the ports of Kscanaba
and Cladstone on Lake Michigan.
3. The (iogebic range, like the Menominee, is situated in both the
Statesof Wisconsin and Michigan. Its first shi)inient of ore was made
in LSSt, and in ten years it has jn'odiiced I."i,2.'")0,000 tons of ore, which
were sent to ]ioints of consumption principally from the ]>orts of Ash-
laud, Wis., on Lake Superior, and Kscanaba, Mich., on Lake Michigan.
4. The Vermilion range, in the northeastern ((ortion of Minnesota,
which Itrst made shipments in 1K84, had up to the close of 1S!).'{ pro-
dnced 0,200,000 tons of iron ores, the bulk of which was forwarded
from the port of Two Harbors, Minn., on Lake Superior.
5. The Mesabi range, which was tirst exploit«!d in 1.H92, and during
two years has mined 700,000 toim of ore, which were sent to lower lake
]iorts via the ports of Superior, Wis., and Two Harbors and Huliith,
Minn., on Lake Superior. The report upon domestic iron ore prtnliictiou
S2 MINEKAl. RKSOUUrKS.
ill IS!(4 (It'iiKiiiMfrati's that this ii<-\v (li'V('l()|>iu<Mit is r:i)iiillv iissiiinlii^ il
iiiiisl iiii|iiii'taiit |Misiti<iii as a smirrt^ of Nii|i|ily,
Tlid ('\ccllciit t'licilitics oll'ci'fd liy sliippiiin anil iiM'i'iviii;;' docks aiul
liy am I ill' vcssrl ('i|iii|iiii(>iit raiisinnosi of lliiMiru lo lir. I'l'liiuiilii^d several
tiMit's,l)iitiit)l\vitlistaiiilin)jtlH'lal)or-saviii(j;ai>|)liaiii!t'susi'.(l,siii'li ndiivii-
dliii;:' adds to tlie rost of ti'aiis|iiirtation. The ioeatioii of the ileposits
and the I'liniatie ronditloiis resti'iet navigation on llie iiiiper lakes to
illxint He\ en niontlis eacli year, ami these ' wo faetois liiive assisted the
gi'owtli of all rail ti'ans|>ortatJon for eonsiderahle i|iiantities of ore.
While th(^ transfer of oro loeai's at the mi lies, from ears to |)i>eketH in
the shiiipin};' docks, from piiekets to the lioldsof vessels, from vessels to
stoek piles on reeeiviii^ dorks, from these piles to ears, and from ears lo
fiiriiaee stock houses or stock piles, adds to tin; cost of tlie Lake Siipe.
rior ore. the (>\peiise of these rehandlinjrs has lieen so reduced as to
permit ores from .Minnesota, Wisconsin, and jMiclii;;an to eoiii|iete with
forei};'li ores elo,se. to the Atlantic seaboard, with a^ protei^tivu duty of
but 7r> cents (now reduced to 1(1 cents) per loiij;; ton fa\'oriiiK MieiloiiieH-
tilt product. This leliandlin^' is, however, id' advantage in e<piali/.in(;
the orecoiniii}; from a ^i veil mine, and it is probable that this tlioi'i>ii(;li
admixtiiie is responsible, at least in part, for the icj;iilarlty of coiu]m>-
sitiiin shown by many of the ores taken from the lart;er mines.
A few blast fiirnaites depuiidiii}; upon charcoal as fuel, and one |dant
usiii<{' coke made near the fnriiace from coal broii^rht to the head of
Lake Superior by vessel from I'eiinsylvaiiia, or coko carried thither
by all rail, are active in tlie Lake Superior rc};ioii, anil it seems proh-
altle that the local ntili/iition id' these ores will be iiicreasud us the
demands of a ;rro\vin<>' population are to be met.
AI.AllAMA-II.NNKSHKI; 'IKIilllN.
Next to the Lake Superior district the most important contributor
to the iron ore output of the I'uiti'd Slates is the re<:ioii einbraciii^
central Tennessee, northern Alabama, and northwestern (!eor;;ia,
where red anil brown heiiiatites are mined in i|Uaiitity, Alabama I'lir-
iiishinjr the };''''i'l'''<t' i|uaiitity, followed in order by Tennessee and
(Jeorijia. The red hematitiMires are known as the "Clinton IbssiT'ores,
and locally have ilesi>jnatioiis of " lied Mountain," "dye-stone," ''moun-
tain," and ''river" ores. They are inl'erior to the liake Superior ores
in iriHi contents, and are generally lii;r|ier in phosphorus. Some <d' the
deposits near the out^-rojis have been wroiijflit ''o)ien cut," but most of
the iiiiniiii; is iinderfrrouiid. For a considerable distance from the Hiir-
face two varieties of ore, known as " hard " and " soft" ore, are mined,
but as the workings j^aiii In depth the hard ore predoininates. The
percent:ij;e of silica and lime also varies greatly. The brown lieimitit^^B
are excellent, and com pare •favorably with others of the name ela.«8
tbund elsewhere, making satisfactory foundry iron. The deposits are
uf unusual size, and are largely wrought by open cut, steam Hliovels
PKOniTCTION Ol' IKON OHES.
2;}
liriiiy: used to dii; ilifoii'. wliicli is cjn rifil to wnslicrs tii lit^ pi'i'|iiii'*Ml
till' use (II- .slii|iiiiciit.
TIk; (listrict lias iiii ;iilvaiita;;(> in the rclutivo |i(isitiiiii of tiir (irt's
and tlie coal mniiiis. 'I'lm red liciiiiititf <-H|i('i'iall.v lies rdiivcnii'iit tn
nial dc|M)sits, wliii'li Hiiiiply liifl tin- siiicltinj; flic ores, vliilt- tlii> Lalii-
Sii|icri(ii' icjridii is liiiiidrcds ttf miles (Vom any availalilucdal Hold.
Tim brown licniatitcs aiii };i'ii<'ially iiiorti distant fniin coal, Itnt iiniiiy
i)i' the dc|HisitN are close to iar^c timbered areas IVoni wliicli cliaicoal
is made lor blast I'limaces, and a niinilMT of tliein ai'e witliin ('onvciiient
distances of ^'ood coal de|iosits.
Prior to tlui civil war Kiiiall charcoal fiirna(;ns were located in this
district, local Inown hematite deiiosits supplying' ores which were of
good character and easily smelted. It was not iiiilil after the war
that the red hematitu or Clinton fossil deposits were, exploited, and
then development was rapid, owiiif; to the cheapness with which they
could lie mined and their close jiroximity to cokin^M;oal, |iarticnlai'ly
in the nei-rhborhood of i{iriiiiii|rham, where t\n'. veins of red hematite
reach their jricatest width.
This <!lintoii fossil ore, unlike the <n-e of the Lake Hiii)erior district,
is not rich In iron, yiehliii}; on au average from 42 to 47 per cent. The
Southern brown hematites, if iirojierly washed, yield from 4."» to ."lO per
cent of iron, being often used as mixtures with red ores. 'J he cheap-
ness with which both ore and coal can be mined has combined to build
uji a large industry in late years, most of the iron prodiu'cd being of
foundry giaile but t<M) high in phosiihoriis to be used in the liessemer
steel process. Home carbonates and a limited <|uaiitity of magnetite
are used in this district.
The amounts of iron ore mined in the States named from lS,Si» to l.S<i;{
in-e as follows:
I'riiilitrliiiii (if irim iin in llr .llnhamii-TeniteKSee reijiiin from tSS!) In ISM.
Slali'a.
IfiHA.
1800.
IBOI.
I89'J.
Ltnui fintM.
■2.:tf>.ini
4(Hi. ri-8
I8IW.
Ltiiifj tonM.
Ltnt'j toHK.
1.8117.1(1.-.
4«5. OUT.
■M. OHK
Lnnji tniip.
i.iwo.rai
2rM. TI-lI
1,74:'. 4 l(i
:i72. mm 1
a 180. 111.-,
'I'l'liliessm
m, m
Totiil
J4 , UtO
'.'•jtii.tn:!
'.>. 0O7, SDH
'J, 781, 5118
J, wo, 7o:i
'.'.301,421 1
a InrliiiHiig North ('anilina.
I'FNNSVI.V.kMA, NKW VllllK, AXIl M'.W .IKH.SKV IHSlliK'l.
I'mnsj/lnniia. — While producing one-half the total |iig iron made in
the United States, and rich in all four of the difl'erent varieties of iron
o'-e, Pennsylvania il id not furnish in IH!».i more than about (me-tenth of
the total ore re(|uired for the State's blast furnaces in that year. The
iron (U'cs, though abundant, .seldom contain as much iron as is demanded
by the present advanced blast-furnace nuinagement, and the State
24
MINKRAL UKSOURCK8.
tlitTt't'iin' (lrii\v.s liirut^ly (III tlic l-iik(^ Sii|Mn'i<ir le^rion, New Yoik. Nbw
.Ifi'.scy, and \'iii'i<iiis riiri'i|;ii <;iiiiiiti'iiis. Tlio Htal*; may rciilly lie ilivitlcd
into two, if not nioro. lii.stricit.s. VVcHt of tlm Alli'^lniiiii'H tlic l-iike
Sn|ici'ior iron oit-s an- rt-iiftl on entiiTly, only a Hnnill annaint ol' nalivt^
carlionatoM'vs l)t>in^ niiniMl and sniclt«'d. In tliotsislern district native
red and lirown lit>nia titles as well aM inaKin'titt'H art' niiin'd,and iron ore
hi'onKlit in IVoni Ni'w Voik, Nt'w .h^rsi-y, tin* Lakti Hn|)*Tiorr('|rion,<!aliii,
and oMmt t'or(>i;;n countries is also used. In Miis district arc sitnatc<l
the ('ornwali Ore Hills, which are really tliree hills of iron ore, com-
posetl almost entirely of nm^netite, of Bessemer },'rade, lint rather low
in iron contents, avera^int; from 10 to IH per cent. This deposit hau
furnished iron ore for over one linndretl and titty years, the amount
taken from it in this tinut liein^' estimateil as over 1L',')4K),(HN) tons to
the close of the year IH!):i. Of this amount one half has been taken
out within the ]iast decade. In 1S!Kt the Coriiwal! Ore Hills produced
more ore than any otner single mining operation in the United States,
the out)Mit, 't3t),7l)5 lon^ tons, liein^ small when compared with the
ma.ximnm, 7)t!M>-0 hnif; tons, in IMS'),
The brown liennititcs arc found extending; in a (;eneral northeast and
southwest direction alon^r the eastern side of the I'due l*id;;e and Itahl
i')a$;le mountains and their spurs, while on the western side of the lllue
liidge occur the re<l hematite, deposits, the ma^'netit« mim-M bein}; prin-
cipally alon^' the Konlh IMoniitains.
The foillowin;; table will show the amounts of these varieties of iron
ore produced in the years l.SS!) to IS'.Kl:
I'tinlnrtiitii of ftilfn'ritt vanrtifH (»/ intn on- in rtnufttilninhi from ts'Sft to ISlli.
Ma;:iirtilH
Hriiuii lii'iiiulit
liOlllKMIIIltiti'. ■
L'arlMMUiti«
Tolul
■ Itiitg. httiitf tiinti
- KI.UIO
liKI, .V.5
lB2,liri7
:ui. WMi
»ri,;iiM
415,7711
14:i,74,'i
311, 78II
l,.'>nii.',::i4 I i.:;gi.ii'j'j
l.inttltiinn.l
Til. 'Ml
:ui:i,Kiii
IIL', BK'.I
1U,(|VJ
l.iiini tintg. Lomi tnntJ
IIHri. IWIi I 4i«i. 1114
ZBt. \
Hi:i. ;iu7
I.'*, [tia
S7, i).i:i
I.HCJ
I.Ti.VM 1, 1184,1147
There are in this State a nnmlier of mines, some well ei|iiippe<t and
containin;; larj^e bodies of iron ore, which are not o|ierated at present
on account of the low price of I^ake Superior iron ore, which, as a rule,
is much richer than the native (U'cs. These deposits may attain liecome
active should occasion demand.
Nrir Viirl;. — This State also |irodu(;es the four dilferent characters
of iron ore, the bulk of the )ir<Kluet l>ein^' nniffnetite from the Lake
(Jhamplain district, in the northeastern |iortioii of the State. A small
amount of the saiiuM'aricty is obtained in the southeastern Heetion,thc
latter al.so fnrnishint-' all of the brown hiMiiatite and carbonate ores,
while the red hematite is mined in the iiortliern-<'entral section. Ap-
proximately fr >m one-half to two-thirds of New York's output of irou
I'HOUIKTION OK lia)N OKKS.
•if)
or<« IS sineltivl in tlw blast riiriiiiccs lociitcd in viiriiins piii'tiuiis of Hut
htalf; tliu liiiiuni^i'iit' tlutriclifi' iiiii};iii>tit«s, vo<l luMiiatilt^s, anil carlxMi'
iitt; ores is stMit to I'ennsylviiiila. A sinitll iiinonnt ol' roM>i;;n iron on-
iinil liinitt'il ((niintiticH ol' Ijukc Supfi'ior antl Miissiidiusi'tls oi-i-s arc
iilso ln'oiit;lit into Now Yin'k.
Thi^ Liikct!lniinplain tlistrict is i\n' most prominent proilurinK re;:ion,
Hiiil np t^i tlie clone of tli« year IHlK't liail, since its first exploitation in
IMII4, )>r<Mliiceil altoul 1S,(NH),<NH) tons of iron ore.
The following table shows the pnMliiction of iron ore in New York
frum the yuur 188!) t4> 181).'(, inclusive:
Vrmiuition nf iron ore t» Srw Ynrk ffom lSS!t In IS9:i,
IDMI
IMM
1891
I'riHiiirt.
I.nn<i tonu.
l.-.'17,r.:i7
l.;!5:i,:iu:i
i,ui7,2ia
I HIT.'..
lltlM.
Lotlfltnu*
MII.UW
534. ll'S
The greater portion of the magnetite obtaiiieil in the State of New
York is rich in iron, some of it being of licsseiner grade, while ore troiii
neighboring openings is high in phosphorus. It is in New York that
lip to the present time the largest uinuiiiit of coiicentrat^-tl iron ore has
been itrodiiccd.
New Jcrney. — Tiie general line of magnetite ile|Mmits starting in
northern New York exteiiils to southeastern Pennsylvania, passing
through the northwestern ]M)rtion of New .Jersey in a general northt^asl
and HimtUwest direction. With the exception of n sinall amount of ore
whicb is a mixture of niagiietite and brown and red hcnmtite, the
former produminating, all of the output of New .Jersey is of the inag-
neti<', variety, the biilk.of which is used by local bla.st furnaces or is
sent to IVnusylvania for Hinelting into pig iron.
While the. iron-ore mines of New Jersey Jiavc been adtivo for over a
century, and nnicli of the ore is of excellent quality, the deposits are
becoming deeper and more costly to o|>erate <m narrow veins, and some
of them are |ira(;tically exhausted. It is therefore ]>robable that unless
the leaner ores are utilized or radical (changes are introduced New
.Jersey's iron-ore mines will not contribute in the future as large an
amount annually to the supply of the couniry as they have furnished
in past years.
26
MINEKAIi HKSOUKCES.
Since tlit^ yciir 1H8!1 tin' iroii-ori' ]>ro(lii<'.ti(iii of Now Jersey lias been
as follows:
I'l-oihtolion of ivitti urr in Xeiv Jfrsfij from ISS9 to /.S'.V,/.
\S»'.<..
imw.
l.tmi/ totu.
41.'., 610 ; IKU'J.
4»!i, HUH j |KU:I.
1 r.'A'i.fiia
eroUucl.
LitNtj tint*.
. 4l|fi,4S.'i
338,150
New .Ii'i'sey has several eoiieciitratin^ jilants for eiiricliin^ the lean
ores, one of which is the largest in the country, but the i|ii!tiitity pro-
(1 need has not been snPicient to intluence the position of llie State,
owing to the fact that the work has lieen largely oxperiineiital.
It will be noted that the relative decline of ore production has been
greater in New York and Pennsylvania than in New Jersey, bnt each
of these States shows a material de<;rea.se. Taking ilie three together,
the oiitpnt of 189'J was 2,4 10,001 long tons, and in 18!t;? l,5.SS.L'r>7 tons,
slightly less than oiiejJialf the itrodiict in 18H9.
Virginia practically consumes all of the iron ore which it produces,
but little ore being either brought into or sent out of tlii^ State. Three
classes of ore are iirodiicc'l, but the majority is of the Itrown hematite
varic^ty, ill which the Static rakes tiist position; in addition to which
small amounts of red hematite and a mixture of red heiiiatiteand mag-
netite are niiiied.
The jiroduciiig mines are giuierally situated in the southwestern jior-
tion of the State, c lending in a general nortl'east and southwest
<lireetion along the libie Itidge.
The amounts of ore wcni in lli<' last live J-ears are as follows:
Protttictiou of iron orf in t'iriiitiin.
I Yeani. , Prmliii't. ., \ciirH Cnidiict. <
htiiiif lojig. Loiit) tont.
lWt9 40II,1M isua I 741,027
1890 r>4:i,r.K,i i«b;i .. nOiB.ue.'i
iggi (i.',n,9iii ! j
(I llH'lllllilltr Wl>Hl \'lrgllltll.
lllllo ANIi KHXTICKV.
Ohio and Kentiieky furnish earboimte ores and their derivativf's, all
of which are consumed in local blast furnaces, most of the iron-mining
operations being found in the Coal .Measures of the eastern and .south-
eastern iiortiolis of the State. Although Ohio ranks next to i'ennsyl-
vania as a lu'oducer of pig iron, tin- domestic mines ecnitributed but
about .'{ per cent of the total iron ore smelted in the State, the lialance
coming from the hake Superior region.
PRODUCTION OF IRON OKKS.
27
The pnsitioii oC Oliio .is iiii iiouorc producpr, owiiiH' to tlie compare
lively poor cliiiractter ol' the ores, lias graduiilly decliiied, as will be seen
from the t'ollowiii;; table:
I'rodiiction of iron ore in Ohio from LIS!) to W.9.V,
VwirB.
1181)
rHuu '. -
1881..
1
I'rwliit'i .
Loni/ tirtm.
254, '.W
lOU, IWH
IIU, 4B7
1892.
189:i .
IM-whict.
, Lotift tens.
95, Ten
118. 141
Mi.ssoriii,
Missouri, like Ohio, has declined as an iron-ore i)rodu<!er, dne mainly
to the praetieal exhaustion of I'ilot Knob, one of the principal deposits.
The two largest producers in Missouri have been Iron Mountain and
Pilot Knob, but the output of the fornu^r has been greatly restricted
in late years, while the latter mines but little ore. The total produc-
tion of Iron Mountain has been about 3,.J0(),00(» tona, and I'ilot Knob
about l,r»()(»,(«lO tons. With the exception of a small amount of brown
hematite ore obtained in the southprn-central .portion of the State, the
iron ores i)rodaced are all of the red hematite variety and are tbnnd in
the eastern section of the State. The ore is generally of good (piality,
the red hematite yielding M t« (>.') per cent of iron, averaging about 57
per cent. The State's output from 1889 to 18i»3 has been as Ibllows:
I'riiiliwHitn of iron ore in ^fiKllOllri from ISSn In 1S9.1.
Lonti lonu.
1889 -li&.lW
1S9U 181,090
1891 10«.949
18112.
t
I'rminct, j
Lung tont.
118,494
77, BM
OTMKIl .ST.XTKS,
Of the remaining States, Massachusetts and (Connecticut innduce
excellent brown hematite, the Salislmry region in the western portion
of these States fui iiishiiig 4(»,7.')2 long tons in lH!t,'{.
Mmylinid obtains from the vicinity of lialtiincu'e a small amount nf
nodular carbonate ori', which is used in near-by charcoal bla.st fninaces,
and also mines a liniiteil iiuantity of brown hematite ore in the western,
or rather northwestern, portion of the State. The principal source of
the ore 8ui)plied to the large blast furnaeos of the Maryland Steel
0(»mpuny at Siianow Point, near l!altiiiioie, has been Cuba.
West N'irglnia mined a sniidl amount of brown hematite ore in the
extreme n(nthi'ast<Mii section of the State, but, as in the western por-
tion of Pennsylvania, the bulk of the iron ore for West Virginia blast
furnaces comes from the Lake Sui>eri(M' region.
28
MINEKAL RKSOtlROKS.
North Caroliiiii produces a siiiiill iuiiouiit, {jcmTally from lO.OOO to
2r),(HM) tous, of inajriietitc ore (some of wliicli is sorted by iiiiigiiutic <!oii-
ueiitrators), the greater portion being Hiiiolted in tlie one active furnace
at (Jranberry, close to a large dejMJsit of lean ore. A new furnace has
been built, but is not yet in oi)eration.
Kentucky in IWK! won 3<!.714 long tons, principally brown lieniatitc,
with some cturbonatc and red hematite ore, nearly all of which was
used ill the blast furnaces of the State with ores from Missouri and
Lake Siijierior.
Texas blast furnaces are su|>plied by local deposits, all of the bioM /:
hematite variety, and yielding 4(» to 4S per cent of iron, ]irodu<'iii
22,()20 long tons in 1H!)3; but, in addition, in that year .'S,(l(IO tons of
magnetite were obtained, though not shipped, in the Llano district, in
the western section of the State.
In the Western States the bulk of the iron ore produced in I.S!i;{ ,vas
brown hematite and ningnetite, and with the e.\ce])tion of the amounts
used in the blast furnaces of the Colorado Iron and Fuel <'',nij»any, at
Pueblo, Colo., and of the Oregon Iron and Steel Conii»aiiy, near Port
land, Oreg., this ore was all employed as a tltix in silver smelting.
In mining silver ore, princijially in Colorado, a large amount ol argen-
tiferous iron ore is obtained, which does not contain enough of 'he
lirecioiis metal to make it valuable on that account, and it is sold to
the smelters as a Mux in reliiiing gold and silver ores.
There is a number of large uiideveloiied deposits in New Mexico,
Wyoming, Utah, Montana, California, Washington, and other Stales,
which will no doubt become aittive when local demand for such ores
arises.
There exist at various jioiiits on the Atlantic and Pacific seaboards
de])osits of magnetic iron sands, or rather layers of tinely comininuted
magnetite which have by the action of the waves become partially
8e|iarated from the siliceous materials forming beach sand. These
deposits have been exi>loited to a liiniied extent by jiicl l; the mag-
netite from the mass by means of magnetic separators, bill as there is
usually a considerable percentage of titanium in Die ore sand, and as
the material must be made into l)rii|iiettes for trans)iortation and con-
venient use, but little of this ore has been emiiloyed in iron production.
Some of these sands have been takCiii from the shores of Long Island
Sound and Narragaiisett Hay, but at present the little now produced
there is iisctl by painters, and for other purposes than the ]iroduction
of iron. On the Pa<'itle coast de|>osits ai this sand are wrought in
northern (California and Orrgon for the purpose of extracting the gold
found tbereiii, the iron ore being v'onsidered as tailings.
IMI'OHIS l)K IIKIN (ll!K.
The importation of tbreign iron ores into the United Stat'^s and the
approximate relation which these liavt^ borne to the output of dome^'.ii"
ores appear from the foUowiug statement. The iiuantiti!'" oJ iron ore
PRonUCTION OK IKON ORES.
29
mined in tlu' United States have been reported only in the census years
and in tiie years mm, 18!H, 1892, and 18!t3, by tiie divisiDU of mineral
resources of the United States Geological Survey, but estimates for
other years have been i)rei»are<l from the pig-iron production, by calcu-
lating the apparent consumption of ore.
Aiiprorwiitle ri'htl'uttt between importti of foreiffti iron ores and production of pitj iron and
of Uommtic iron orett ii: lite I'nited States.
Yenm.
Pin Iron
iiiiuIb.
1872 .
I87:t .
1874 .
I.itntj Inns.
a, IH8. 7l;i
'2. Ml, lMi:i
2,401, Hll'J
1875 1 2,U2:i,7:U
1870 : 1, 8(w. noi
1877 2,(1(16. 594
1878 ' 2,:i()l,215
1879 2, 741 , 863
1880
1881
188J
188;i
1884
188S
1880
1887
I88H
18811
ia«p
1891
1892
urn
■J,»:a, nil
4, 144. 2,54
4,(123, :i2;i
4,ii95,510
4, (197, 808
4, 044, bin
0, 08:i, :i2g
0.417,148
0, 489, 7;i8
7,003,042
9,202,70:i
8,279,870
9,157,000
7, 124, 502
Doineatii;
iron urn
prodiifed.
Lontj tmis.
5, 175. (KNI
5, 105, (HHI
4,8:12.000
4, 047. (KK)
3,7:11,000
4,1:13.000
4.019,000
5. 255, 000
()7, 12ll,:i62
7, 'M, 000
8. (ri7. UOO
8, am. 000
7, 027. 000
7,018,000
10,105,000
11,388.000
11,941.0(10
1)14. 518. 041
10,030.043
I4,.')»l,178
1(1,200,00(1
11,687,029
Foreign
inm orn
inipor((Ml.
IjOtKi Itmt.
a 27, 000
a 02. (((10
«60.(KI0
a83, 0(KI
a2(i. 000
a42, (JOO
29, 705
284, 141
493, 408
782. 887
.)89. 055
4»0, 87.'
487. 820
390. 788
1,0:19,4:1:1
1,194, ,101
587. 470
853, 57:1
1.240,8:10
912,804
80(1. 68."i
520, 051
a KxniM Hl:i( iH(ji!M III' (till amiiiint of foreign iron oro iniiHirUMl tiiive btMiii cuUputotl oiil.v Hincn thd .venr
1878; pn-vlouM til thai, ilalo iiiily the viiliin iif the oro ho iliilKirti'tl whh i-iillaloil, anil tliu aliovii llgnr'-A
WPCf prepart'il IViim lhrMi>. Whili' tllR csdniati'H liir a mirii'Mof .vcara are prnhalil.v rliiHn to (lie artiial
ciMmnniption. Ih(i ai-i-uiniilatiiin iit' or itral'tH ii|Hin atuckn wunlil IncruaHO or (limintBli tlit> iimuititioa
inhieil in Hpt'i-ilir .vuura.
b CVniiKs llgnrL'd.
UUITIBH NdUl'II AMERI(!A.
Tlirougli tlie (!ourtesy of Mr. A. Blue, director of the bureau of mines
of Hie Province of Ottawa the following luble has been iireiiared, show-
ing tlie i»roduction of iron ore in the Dominion of Canada, including
British Colmnbia, by calendar years, and al.so the exports of iron ore
and tlie make of pig iron by years ending .June .SO. Unfortunately,
with the excciition of the census years 1871 and 1881, uo exact figures
can be obtained, and those for the remaining years are made up from
incoiiiph'ie letiirns, and will i>robably show less tlian the full amount
of iron ore mined.
The Domiiiiiin <iovernment has nuide cHbrts to encourage iron-ore
mining and smelting by offering bonuses iiimn the ore siiielted or upon
the pig iron made, in addition to customs duties assessed on foreign
products. The Ontario Provincial (ioveniiueut is now taking similar
action.
30
MINEKAI, KESOUECES.
i'rotliirtion unit fj-piirtH of iron oyv in <'iuiodii,al80 pitf iron mtiifi'
Iritiiiin' I KxpiirlH riKiniii
lirtMluctioii (yeurH eiiil iiii)(lH(v*'iiri*
(raltiiidnr * iiij; i-nili'ii^
years). ' Juiielii'f. , .Iiini» :ti»j-
IK68 .
'Slid
11-.
in;.. .
IHTIi
1H77
IH'iK
187!l .
ISdl)
1881 .
18H3
188:1
1881
I88.'>
I88li
1887
1888
18811 .
t8M) .
1891 .
18112 .
lam.
Short iMit.
Xki
40. 1211
III). 708
76, XIO
78. 587
84.181
7«,.'ill
W, 071)
1011.248
124. 702
•I f tmit. Khori toH».
•-Ti.iua
■.'7.848 '
i.'i. a:i2
nil. KHi
20. 105
47. 2IHI
44.278
92,44:1
14. 286
7. 7.'i.'i
5.421
3. ,'162
:ll), 524
44, 077
4:i, KI5
44, 1)44
25, :K)8
54,307
7, .542
2:1. :i8.'i
1 3, .534
24.752
13,711
14,648
7,707
20.385
25,700
26, 179
;i9,717
22. 210
24, 822
24, :i73
23,891
42, 443
56.947
III tlicainiuiil report of tliii division of iiiiiicral statist ics and ininrsof
tlio (' uoIofAical Survey of Canada for l.S'.tU tlicrc, is a Kra[)lii(; Htateiiiciit
showing the prodiietioii and valni' of iron ore by proviiires from 1K,S(>
to 18!»2. The <iiiantlty iii'odiieed and the vahie of tlie .saineas given for
tlie year 18!»1! are as follows:
t'rottiiflion ot' iron orr in t'omnlii in rs!i..\
Viiinilily.
NdVH Scot in
Uneltfc
BrillBh Ciiliiiiiliiii..
I'oIhI .
Tioii.
7K.2.'i8 i
22, 01)11 1
2,300 1
l":i.248
4>ll)4..58l
H2, :i8,5
0,1)00
As inontionod above, there were Kl.S.iitS ions of iron ore iirodnced
from ail the miiit^s of tlie Moniinion. Of this ijiiantity Vli,!)'18 t/inis were
n.sed ill the country. This amount rejiresonts tlii^ ore fed to three fur-
iiaees in Nova >S(;otiaan(l two in (jiiebec. The, amounts fetl to the
furnaees and the pig iron proiluced in ISOI are as follows:
/'if/ iron iiroiinitii in ISUt und IS',).: in I'anmUi; ivnuitmplioH oj' are, fuel . etc.
Mat4>riillH riiailo anil liaiil.
Piu iniii iiimlf tmm..
Ii*i>ti i>ri> cnnHiiiHi'd I'lliH,.
L tilian'nal IhinIii'Ih-
.' ..
Kni'l riinHiitni'il •! i-riko
( >'iilll .
FIit\ rnllKIII)U-(l
.tons..
.Uiiis.,
(jllHllllt,V.
21. 891
00. 11:13
441.812
30, 026
2, 170
Il.:i77
ValiH'.
4>.'inN. 001
1:10.1155
22. mil
1)8, 402
2,868
11., 546
1892.
giinnllly. I VHllle.
42, 44:1 W7, 421 '
no, 1P48 2.511. WWi
I.i2i,;m5 78,201 !
50.882 , 152.311 I
1.740 ; 1.707
2.'. 1)67 21.867
Tlio graphic statement of the produetioii and value of iron ore l)y
provinces sIiowh that in eae,li of these years Nova Scotia was by far
PRODUCTION OF IRON OKKfS.
31
tlie largest iji'odm'cr; ami a tiiblo fjiviiif; tlio. outjiut of the Nova Scotia
iiiiiit's li-oiii IHTti to 18it2 iii(Ii(':>tc.s a lu'ai'ly continuous yrowtli, from
ir),li74 tons in tlic foriiiur V.) 78,2r»H tons in tiie latter year. Tlic nuixi-
nmiii production of (juebec in the interval covered Ity Mie. statement
was 2L',ti!H> t(uis in 18!»2, that of Ontario was 10,894 tons in 1888, ;: id
that of British Culuuibia 8,371! tons in tlic same year.
NOVA SCOTIA.
At the works of the Londonderry Iron Company, at Londonderry,
Nova Scotia, red and brown hematites and carbonate ores are usctl.
The hitter arc first calcined.
Mr. K. (1. H. Leckic, in a description of the iron tle[>osits of Torbrook,
says:
■Skirliiii; tlio ncirtli«rii edgu iif the cnniitioH ami roriiiiiii; a iMiilicm of tli« goiitli
aliiiro of tliu Itay of Kiiuily it a raiiK>i of liillH callcil Uiv North MoiiiiUiii. This
ruii^4; riHCH to a hci/^ht of froiii 400 to 5IN) ft;ut abovu sea luvttl, aint ih of 'frh^tsii; tiMp
formation. Coiixiiloralili' ina^'iiutlc iron oru is fouiiil in thiH trap, orcurriii); in
parallrl vvinN running loUKitndinuIl.y with tlio axis of elevation unci varying in
thicknoKH from •> iuclius to 1 fuct. Sonnt Hjili'Mdiil crystals of magnet ito may lin
olitaini'd Irinn this locality. ITnfortiinatciy the iron-ori' veins are tilled with a lai^e
nnniher of i|ii.trtz nodnleo, which make the oru practically valneleHS.
The South Munntain ran);u is from li to S miles south of the North Mountain, and
rniiB parallel to it. Accordiii); to Dawson, this latter run);o wan euiisud by mii
upheaval of )rranite diirini; the I'liper Devoiiiuu period.
Lyiui; between the North and Scuith nionnt»ini4 is the fertile plain whieh eonsti-
tntes the Annapolis Valley, and <lown the middle of which Hows the Annapolis
Kiver. Deposits of bo); ore have been found on the surface thronKhont the valley,
but nioro especially in the custeru uiid of it, where it lii'S between the Hoiith Moun-
tain and the Annapolis liiver. Some leases have been taken liy Americans alouK the
south bank of the rh ' r, but as yet the deposits remain entirely undeveloped.
On the .South Mountain, iu the Devonian rocks, Ho rich and abundant deposits of
muf(netite and red honiatito. At C'lonientsport, on the Mooso liiver, is a inaKiietie
ore, which has been worked to a considerable extent. Operatiims were carried on
in tins locality previous to 1S;!0. After a stoppage of over thirty years they were
atjiiiii resumed. A charcoal hot-blast furnace was erected, and iu the year lS(i2
a tons a day witc beiiiK turned out. The bed is from 7 to 1) feet in width, but the
ore is IukIi >ii both pliosphoriis and sulphur.
Thirty miles east of Mouse Kiver, at Nictaiix, several lar^e beds of innKnetic ore
are exposed, east of which are the Torluook iron deposits, very regular in width,
haviuf; an average thickness of 11 feet. The ore is clean, thero bein^ no slate or stone
between the walls. The strike of the iron ore bods or veins runs diagonally across
thediBtriet, the );eneral directiim boiii); iioitli til) east. There ari^ four known voiiis
of red hematite, which have boeu traced for thu most part across the whole district,
a distance of abimt !i or IS miles.
Ki'irinninK at the north. No. 1 vein is the most importiint of the four, and is the
one which is boin;; worked at the Torlirook mines. The ilip is south, and varies from
7I)>J to 80 ' from the vortical.
It is iioticeahlo that this bolof ore is entirely free from sliclls, while No. li vein,
overlyiii);, less than 100 feet smith, and several beds of the snrroiindinK slate, are
highly fossiliferous.
No. 2 vein, or the "Shell Ore" vein, was worked by open cut for many years to
supply the old fnrnaeo at Nictanx Tails. It is intermixed to a larce extent with pet-
riticd marine shells, containing their natural calcareous properties. They are very
32
MINERAL RESOURCES.
cloiirly ninrkeil, loaviiif; in tlir matrix ii well-il«liiiiiil iinpreHHion of tlii> ininiiteHt
lines, and arc ot'leh Ibtinil in rliistiirH, mi iiuni|iavt anil lniniiiK«n<Miiiii that i>n» nii^lit
iniHKine tlic » Imli' to lie I'ornieil ori<;lnall.v I'roni onu vant li«<l of xliellH. Tlin vein,
wliii'li iH alidiit t! to H fint wide, ih a ri^d licniatitii givinK a diMidud red streak,
but at the weHt«rn I'ncI it liax liecii slightly nielaniorphoHed liy its proximity to the
igneous roek, causing it to lie soniewhat nuiguetic.
No, ;< vein, about tbree-<|uarters of a mile south of No. 2, is the same in width
and structure as '\n, 1, lint it is somewhat magnetii' in character, and has a darker
streak — a leddisli- irown color. This vein is nearly vertical, but, if anything, dips
slightly north.
No. I vein, in :>11 probability, lies about a ignartcr of a mile south of No. :<. It has
been openeil for a distance of 2 miles east from the 'I'lirbrook mine, and lias the fol-
biwing diuieusicius: Ore, 'J feet; slate, ',\ fei^t; ore, I foot.
The Torbrook mine is sitmited at the foot of the South Mountiiin, Smiles from
Nictaux Itiver. At the Niittaiix mine, on the western side of the river, the workings
are in a magnetic ore bed, H feet wide, which is high in both phosphorus and sulphnr.
Lenses of the available property in the Torbrook district were taken, and work was
cnninienced in tlii^ fall of IXIH). Active operations did not, however, really begin
until the spring of IK'Jl, when steam-hoisting and air-drill jilants were put n .
The <iutpnt in the spring of IMII was about 'Jll tons per day ; in the spring of 1892,
about 7(1 tons, and in tl>e fall of IH'J'2, 1,S() tons ]ier day.
JnalitHvs of iron ore from tin; Xirtaiu- iniiif, \nra Scotiti.
I'rotox tile of Iron
SeHiiuiiixiiloiir Inin.
Oxiile of iniillL'iini'st'.
Sillra
I.ilni
Abiiiiinji
MiiKiM'wirt
Sii]|)liiir —
I'liimiiliuriiH
Mettillic iniii
Ka.l.
Per tent,
iff. 09
40.. 13
.(HI
l».4fl
7. IK)
I.IIU
1. 811
Trace.
TriiiM'.
55.74
j No. 2.
No. :i.
1 Prrcmt.
ftr ernt.
10.22
III. '.'8
.:i90
00.72
60. 7(1
Dr. E. Gilpin, Jr., coiiiiiiiHsioiier of iiiiiies, Novii Scotiii, writes: "On
tlie east bi'imcli of Kaat Itivcf, I'ictou County, exti!n8iv(i ofMM-iitions
wt'i'e carriwl on in tlio. (Icvelopnifiiit of liiuonite ii-on (lei»o.sit.s." The ores
are (;oin)>aet, inaniniillated, and tibroii8, anil their quality is shown hy
the following analyses:
AnulyHCti »/ rictait Coiiiilif, Xorn Srolin, iron itrrn.
(^'ompoBition.
Iron oxiilea
MaMKinieNH iixiilt*...
Aliuidlin
LimB cHrlHiiiiili!
MngncHiii i-Hrbiinii(e.
PhnwplmriciH'iil
Siilplmr
Kill™
Tilnnir iwUl
Muialure
Ti.liil .
Metallic iron.
Pliiiflpliiirim. .
Per rent.
8S.02
0.7S
IP. 71
1.44
0. H'J
II. :i4
0.'J4
2. 14
Trace.
4. HI
100. IH)
62. 24
II.
Per emt.
0.1. IH)
I.IU
Prrrnil.
81.10
0.20
0.04
4.80
0.15
'rriifcs.
4.20
08.04
0.'i. 20
None.
00.40
511. 8.1
Per rent.
48. '..'2:1
14.41
0.01.1
rmri-H.
II. 48
25. Vi
UK). 78S
;i,1. 820
0.112
AnalyaUi I, Dr. S. Macadam i II. Ur. T. E. Thonie ; III, J. U. Huxley i I V. K. Oiliiiu. .jr.
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORKS.
33
NKW IIHINSWICK.
On the Millsti'Piwn Uivcr, Oloiici'stiT (Joniity, Now Brunswick, i.s a
bed of niii}{uetiu iron oni about 2'> feet thick, int«rstrati(ic<l with ii
highly iiltcrud and sill(^(-ouH ar^ilite. Developments consist iif a tunnel
about LT) I'ect long, and a shallow shaft on the bed at the end of the
tunnel.
Bog ore exiHts iu Kent County.
({lIRnEC.
The principal, in fact the only, kiiidH of iron ore now mined in this
Province are magnetite and br(»wn hematite (bog ore). The mines which
have produced or do produce t he former ore are the 1 1 uli, Haycock, and
Bristol nunes, witiiin a few miles of tlic Ottawa River, forming: the
western boundary of the province. The deposits occur in Laurentian
rocks.
The Hull deitosit, which has i)roduced magnetic iron ore mixed with
red hematite and grapiute, is located about 8 miles from Ottawa. It
was tirst opened in 18.>l. This ore was formerly used in the blast
furnace of the Canada iron Mining and Manufacturing Company, and
made into pig iron at the mine; the workings have, however, been
inactive tor years. The following analyses of the Hull ores are taken
from the rei>orts of tl.e geological survey of Canada:
AnaliiiCt of maijttetite J'rmn Hull, i,iiwliec.
Illmk (MB. I ,. I
I'erosldo of inm
Pnitiixiclii (if iron
Oxiilo (if nian;:i(ncs(( .
Aliiniiua
l.ilue .
I'er cent.
' T.I, 80
MagncHia
Phoaphords
Kiilnliiir
Carlmtiate of liiiin .
Siltai
(traphito
Water
l.gH
.027
.085
r rent.
Ki. 82
.12
.79
AS
.04
.08
.11
20.27
I'er rent.
IMi. 20
17.78
Trace.
Trace
.70
.4S
.01.-.
.28
2. on
10.44
.71
■rdlal a 100. 042
McialUo Iron i 63.51 I
IilOd.UH
07.94
o!)«. 2«.'i
ri8. 78
(T Anal.vKl, Dr. T. S. Iliinl. Ii AiinlyHt, Ppif. C". F. C'luiiKller.
The principal mine, the I'Vn'sythe or Old Ironsides, showed a width
at the surtmte of l."> to Xt feet in a cut 1(K» feet long. The ore occurs in
limestone, associated with a hornblende-gneiss. The ore is of two
kinds, the black magni^tic ore and the so-called red ore, which is a
mixture of magnetite and hematitt^.
The Haycock mine, about 12 miles from the city of Ottawa and 8
miles east of the Uatineau Uiver, is now priietically al>an<Ioned, but
was wrought t<) supply local forges, some of the ore being smelted in
the blast furnace at Hull. The ore, a rod hematite containing a con-
8024 i
34
MINKRAI, KKSdUKCES.
sidei-iible iinumnt of iiiajfiictitv, is lianl anil coiiipairt. Owinp to the
size ami isolated location of tiic ore Itodies, mining' is staled to have
been expensive. The composition of the ore iu selected sampleH is
given by I'rol'. E. J.Ghapiuaii as follows :
Anali/HVH of iron ore from the Ilaiicnrk initie, <^>^t€het\
I'eroxiUpof imn.
rrntiixiil<« of ii-itii
MaiiKi>iii'Hi!Oxi(ltv
I.iliio
Miij;iH*siti
IMiiiHpliorir. iiciil..
Siiliitiiir
'L'lriiiiit! oxido
Ctu'buii
luHuliililu
Nil. 1.
I'er cent.
N8.08
II. Ml
.24
.r,5 I
.i;i '
.111 i
.u:i I
3.17 I
.:i6 i
Ku. 3.
I'er cent, i
«u. m !
7. 110 I
Tnifi'. j
Tnici'. I
Trine.
Ti'at-o.
2.;i4
.4.1
.11
Nu. 3.
I'fr ernt.
85.45
.5. 24
.15
.41
. 17
.13
.117
2. 12
Total.
Oil. 83
ml. 08
111), llli
08.34
09.70
03.88
The Itristol mines, opened in 1872, produced a hard magnetite con-
taining considerable snlphur, rendering it necessary to erect kilns for
roasting the ore. The ore is found in two lodes, the general course of
which is north-northwest and south-snuthwest, known as the North
and South lodes. Most of the mining has been done on the Houth
lode. The North lode is apparently l."»0 feet in width, and what is
known as the South lode is about 2.")(l feet in width. A favorable
feature of tiio dojiosit is the siiiall amount of lean ore found, either
good ore or rock being obtained from the workings, in the catalogue
of Economic Minerals of Canada 1880 the ore is described as "occurring
in a series of beds which are interstratilled with reddish hornblendic
gneiss and glistening mic.iceiius and hornbleiiilic schists of the Laureii-
tiaiiage." Analyses of the ore show from oH.'M to (iC'iO per cent of iron;
sulphur, none to 2.40(i; )ilios])horus, none to 0.008. When roasted, the
analyses showed from C2.r» to 03.24 per cent of iron; sulphur, O.SL'I
to 2.221; ]>liospliorus, none to 0.014. The roasting plant at this luiiie
embraces both the Taylor and Davis-Colby modilications of the West-
man kiln, supplied by gas producers.
The bog-iron ores of the Three Rivers district in central Quebec,
iM)nsisliug of variable mixtures of hydrous se.siiuioxide of iron with
organic and earthy nmtter, occur in jtatches near the surface of the
sandy soil. These pat^'hes are from a few sijuare feet to several acres
in extent and from 3 to .'50 inches in thickness. They are always found
in or near the borders of swamps or lakes.
Lac Tortile, which well illustrat<^^s the method pursued of mining
the bug ores, is situated in the southern part of Kadnor, about 1 mile
beyond the north boundaiy line of the seigniory of Champlain, and
a miles from the Ht. Maurice Kiver. The lake is about 3 miles h)ng,
averages a mile in breadth, and occupies the lowest depression of a
great swamp. By removing an obstruction at the discharge the water
PROUIICTION OF IRON ORES.
35
was lowi'ieil simi« ti or S feet, iiiid the (ue, wliieli is IoiiihI in Mie loiiii
of eiUK'retions in tlic soft, Kiceiiish iiiutl, is tiil^eii out Ity liiiii<l (roiii the
shallow portions of the lalie alonff the shore (tliose left l)iire on (he
h)\verin{,' of tlie water level), wliilo in deeiier water it is raised by means
of dredges. The ore, thus obtained is waslied in iron sieves, and is
then ready for traiis|iortatiou to tiio furnaio at Kadnor. It is stated
that during 1.S92 large deposits of massive ore. 2 feet ami uiiward in
thickness, were discovered at the bottom of the lalie. It is also claimed
that paying ([uantities of ore can be obtained from areas apparently
comidetely exhausted some eight or ten years previously, new ore
having l)een de[»(>sited from the ferruginous waters.
On the .south side of the St. Lawrence Kiver, opposite Three liivers,
in the second, third, and fourtli ranges of lientilly, tiie Canada Iron
Furnace Cimipany has discovered and is worlving aimmber of rich beds
of iron ore, which are generally found along the faecs of the terraces.
At the largest bed, covering al'out 10 acres, work has been carried to a
depth of 4 f(^et without leaciiing the bottom; in .sonus places tlie thick-
ness may be ."» or (i feet. The ore is line, but near the bottom becomes
heavy and nmssive, pickaxes being necesssaiy to break it.
Operations have also been carried on by this company in the fourth
range of Kildarc, county of .lolliette, where one patch aveiages IL'
inches in thickness. There is a bank of bog ore here which is rei>orted
to have been traced for 7 miles.
Mr. P. H. tlritlin, in an article on "Charcoal iron fiom bog and lake
ores," I gives the following analyses, Xo. 1 representing a large (piantity
of bog ore .selected from various ]>oints in the Three liivers district for
th(^ Jiadnor furnace, and No. 2 a large amount of Lac a la-Tortue ore,
while Ho. 3 is a siimple from the same lake made by I'rofessor Carlyle.
Analjiiies of Cutiiutian hmj ami lake «ie«.
Korrii
Furrii
Matifr.
Alum
I.jliip
Mftgn
Siilph
Sillia
T.IIHH I
i^ iixiilo....
IIM iixiilr..
iiiiio Dxiiii'
iim
Mil .
hnric, Hiihvllriili'.
iirio nnliv'ilrjili'..
»l JKUitiou.
Till ill.
Nil. 1.
Nil. 2.
t'er cfiif.
I'rr epul.
m. 74
7". 04
1.18
1.78
2. m
2. -Jll i
■.\.n
.;i2
. '.a
.27
.liO
.7(1
.111
■ "1 I
i:i.U4
7.81 i
1(1.41)
IB. 84 '
Mptiillii- irim
I'liiinpliiiriiH -
Sulphur
42. K
.:Wi
.07(1
40.0:i j
.331 '
.003
No.
3.
l;r e
■III.
«!l
04
2
llll
-
43
m
47
(III
li
17
1.5
100
11
49
31
20.'i
Black iron sands occur in great (luantities in the lower St. Lawience,
and are met with in smaller amounts at various jioints to the south-
west along the valley of the .St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes.
I Tninimi'tlouH Aiiiprkuu luatllitto of .Miiiin); Kugineors, Viil. XXI, p. 090.
36
MINERAL KKSOUKCES.
Along tliu north slioru of Lake Kric. tliis Hiiiiil is in somo plat'eN fimnd
in .siKtIi quantitios that attempts weru inaili', more tluui tll'ty ywais a};o,
to colh'ct and Hniclt it with an a<lnii.\tni'<i of lioj; on-, wliiirh was flicn
treated in a blast furnaro at Xoiinandale, Norfoilv County, Ontario.
Dr. T. Stcrry Hunt, in his Notes on Iron and Iron Ores, says:
* * * Tlio ^roat iU'ImmUh ciI' bliuk iron hiiiiiI on the lioituli iieiir tlio iiiciiilli u( tlie
MoiNio Kivoi' liiiviiig attnictotl iiitontion. viirioiis utteinj»t.s to riHliu'o it \vt!i'e iiniile
in )'<fi7. Tlio cim wiiH BiiiirBHfiilly tiratcil li.v tlm lildiiiiniry jirciciHH in iKirtliiTii Nnw
York, anil llir rcHiilt priiviiiK HatiHfautory, si'vural liluuiuiiry t'liruuciiii at MoiHiu were
put intii NiirreNHriil nptiratiiiii.
Till' xtiatilii'il Hanils at Miilsic, lyiiiK aliiiiii 10 I'vct above liigli-watcr mark, (irnn-
tratt'il by tlir rimtN of T.iai! KbriiliN, and Imlilin); iiiarinr njitilts, itre liaiiilnil by irirgii-
lar <lark-('oliMril lay rs, in »liirli tliu irmi or» |iri'iloniiiiat<ifi. Tliii Haiiir tiling was
attorwarclH renia.'l <mI by me in tlie Htratitii'd NiindH at niiich higlirr li'VeU in the
vicinity. Wlii'rr tliiNr Haiiib lorni the beach they are ex|i<iHi'il to the aitinn ol' the
ravri), which I'll'cct a proicst of conciintration on a graiiil Hcalc, no that, it in naiil,
altera pr(n':>!ence of certain winiU great bcltH of nearly pure black Hanil arecxpoHt^l
along the Hliorc. Trenches v ere Huiik to a dc]itli of o feet oii the nhelving beach
about half way between h*gh and low water mai'k. The deetiotiH presented alterna-
tionHuf nearly jiuie nIIi' eoiiHNand and of black iron Band, the hitter in layorBof from
half an inch lo ii iiiclcH in thickneHB, often with a Hiiiall adiiii' tiire of graiiiB of red
garnet, which Biimct.iuiuH formed very thin coatiiigB upon the Burface of the black
layers. It wan cany, from these trenches, by mcaiiH of hIiovcIn, to remove without
much admixture the thicker lavefH of the moist black sand, which would measure
from 11 tol! feet out of the Ti feet excavated. This material wasjilli'd upon the beach,
and afterwards carried to the washing table. The mixed Hands of tlu^ higher levels
yield, on an average, by washing, about !."> per cent of black iron Biiinl.
The wasliliig of the ore at Moisie, prejiuratory to Hiiielting. was done upon a shak-
ing table by aid of a gentle current of water, u large part of the lighter grains,
chiclly of i|uart/., being washed away. The ainonnt of material removed in the ]>ro-
ce.ss of wiiHliing at Moisie is not very groat, as may bo seen by coiiiiinring the propor-
tion of magnetic grains in A ami C, the MoiHie sand before and aflir washing. The
latter was found by analysis to contain about 5. .5 per cent of insoluble matter, chielly
Biliccoiis sand. Ihi! renuiindcr being almost entirely oxide of iron and titanic acid.
Of three specimens from Moisie. .\ was an average sample of several hundred tons
gathereil in the manner just described, preparatory to washing, JJ a portion taken
from a layer (i inches thi<'k, about 'A feet below the surface of the beach, and C the
washed ore. as prepared for the bloomary tire. In this connection are given the
results of some similar doterminatious with iron gauds from other localities.
Anahino of Moiaio uiid other black sand iron ores.
Spi'cmi'
Kruvity.
2.82
'2.88
2. 97
2.84
'2.81
MaKiK'tli'
ore.
2'ercent.
4n.;i
4i).3
.52. (1
48. .'I
6.'-..7
•J4. 11
5S.0
MoiHie It
The specilic gravity of the siliceous sand with which those iron sands are associ-
ated was found, when determineil in bulk, as above, to be about L*. An iii8|iectionof
the iron sauds from the various other localities above mentioned shows that they all
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES.
37
cnntnin, bpnlilen thi> i>ri"< of inui, a Hiiinll iirn|«)rtioii of ri'il garuct nnil more or less
of line silii-4'(iiis sand. 'I'Iik lutter of tlio two Niihstanct'H it is |M>SNihlti Ut roinovf
uliiioHt entirely liy rnrcfiil wiislilni; of tliu eriiilo me. Tlie use of a niiiK»et cnaltles
UN to separate the hiaek iron-ore grains into a magnetic; ]Hirtion. wliicli is nearly jinre
iiia>{n<«Uc oxide, and a nonniagnetle ]iorli(»u. whicli is ehielly titanic iron, bnt, in the
spi'i'liuens knliinitted to uxaniinatioii, holds a |iortion of the Hiliecons matter, which
the iniperfi'ctly wa.Hhcil Hand Hlill retains. '! o two piirtionsof theore thnsohtained
were aiialv/ed separately, the Rolvent nsed i. ..ng, in lioth easi^s, hydroehlorie aciil.
No. i is an analysis of a s|»eeineMi of nnwashed lihick sand from Moisii;, holding lit. 1
perrentof niugnetic grains; No. J, of the nonmagnetiiT portion of thesaineore; No.
H, washed ore frnin .Moisie, containing .^>2 per eent of inagnetie grains; No.l, tint lion*
inagnetii' portion of the same ore; No. H. a determination of the iron sand of lier-
simis, containing :il.T per cent of nnignetic grains; No. IS, of the noiiniagnctic por-
titm of tint sanii' sand ; while Nos. i and /< are analyses of magnetic and nonmagni'tic
portions <d' iron sanil from the month of the .St. .lohii Kiver, at Miugan, ciuitaiiiiiig
48. ;t per cent of m.ignetic grains.
AntOywH of t'anadUm iron nanih.
No.l.
Ptrcmt.
70.10
i«.oa
No. 2.
I'rrcmt.
30.74
No. 3. a
ferrtHt.
85.711
4.15
Nil. 4.
No. 5.
No. 8.
Vfrctnt.
24. IMI
20. «5
22. 24
I.IU
';}?.
'.'3. 80
34.73
No. 7.
Perernl.
HO. 411
0.50
No. 8.
I'ercriil.
40.31
31.00
Protox Ide of iron
TIlBUll-lUlill
Prrcfiil.
28.1)5
Pereent,
85. 50
3.40
1
.40
.go
I.IU
.U5
(t>)
TraiM-s.
.62
.75
.70
4. 20
02. 52
1.35
I.IIO
.50
l.'i. r,ii
;i6. DK
Lime
;■ ■
1
5.92
6.H
1.B5
tU. 115
8.75
43. S6
3.85
1
a. Mr. HriHHiii' I'oiniil tlmt ttiu waHlitMl niixetl tire roiitaineil 0.007 per ci'iit (if plitisiiliorim iind 0.070
]ii>r ci-iit of Hiiiptmr.
6 t'ii(It-*t<-riiiiut'(l.
Mr. .1. Obiilski, inininj:; engineer for the Province of Quebec, states
tliatl.'(!,.>10 toiisof linionite or liog ore and 1,550 toiisof ina(>iietit*' were
mined ill 1H92, and S.T.^O tons were e.vporled during the eiikuuiar year
18i>2, but of tliis a iKirtiou was stoelc of itri^vious years.
Hematite and magnetite ores are found in tliis Province, and in some
mines the two are mixed. The magnetic ores are gei illy associated
witli tlie Laiirentiaii roclcs, mostly in tlie vi(^inity of crystalline lime-
stone, although lH>th hematite and magnetite are also founil in the
Ilui'onian rocks.
In Lanark ('oiinty, in the eastern part of Ontario, red hematite and
niiignetic iron ores occur, bnt no active mining is carried on at inesent.
Some important mines are opened on the line of the Kingston and I'em-
bioke Railway, and a large ]iortioii of the ]>roduct obtained was some
years ago sent to the United States.
Near Calalwgie Lake, in the townshijt of ]{lithflcld, some of the
magnetic ore is tine grained and granular, and some is compact, while
still other jiortions have a banded structure. The Calabogie Iron Com-
pany formerly carried on operations here, sliip|iing to various points
the ore obtained from tlie two workings which were operated.
88
MINERAL l£KH(»IIHrES.
Tlif followiiifj jinnlyRCH nro (tliiiincil to bo tiiirly r('i)r(»sontativ<'. No. 1
(riiiiii^ troiii tlii> ii|u'iiiii}; near tlio liik(>, wliilu No. 1' wns I'lirtlitr iiwiiy,
Tlie jiiitilyHes were made by Mr. fiinertoii.
.Inalyif of Calubuijit l.akr imn ore.
Ferric nxidp.
Fi'rriHlN iixiilt*
Sllicu
Tllanir oxiili'
lMiurt|ilinr'iiH. ..
Siiliihiir
Irtiii
Na. t.
Nu. 3.
IVr ffnl.
t'fr cent.
44. Ml
.'iK.MI
X'l. Kl
■i'i..l!,
4. ■.'«
t.-.Ui
.00
.4(1
.O'JH
. L'U;i
.:iH
.10
M. (IS
.ID. 116
Twelve miles Honth of the Giilabo^ii- Lake mines, near lloiind Lake,
ore lia.H been toiinil, but no work wa.s done beyond the develr>|iment of
the mines. Twelve niile.s still farther south, in the township of Lavant,
arc thi! Itethlehem ami ('aldwt^ll mines. Mat;netite was known to exist
liere for years, the lirst develo|iment work beinir in l.HSd, and whi^i the
pre.senee of a hirj,'e body of ore was established a i)orti()n of tiie land
was leased to the liethlehem Iron (!omi)any, which earried on active
niiniiiK operations, Hhip|>in(r the ore to its works at liethlehem, I'a,
The vein strikes northeast and Houthwest, approat'hiiiK north, and dip.s
IW^' to .'{"» ^ to the southeast. The walls are ]>ersistent and wellilefmed.
The vein varies in thickness from U to .'!! H'ct, dne to the r(illin;;of the
limeston(4 foot wall. The ore i.s compact crystalline, and eleavablc,
mi.xed with a larf;e amount of <'hloritic mat<>rial. Its com)>osition la
illustrated by the Ibllowing analyses:
AiitilifHeH n/ irott iirt- from liftlih'liiin iiitil t'tttthrfll, h'lniiid Luke, t,>iiehrf.
1 nm
.Silica
Aliliiiiiiii
Miilii;itlic.t4f . .
I.i
MiiKliCHiii
I'liimplioniH .
Siilpliiir
Nil. I. (Ill .Nil. 2.(»|
Vfreent, Per
6:i. 7:i dH.
4.400
Arm
.mi
cent.
40
15
70
:<2
o«
It AnitlyHtH. UIhhIch tV Co.
(i Aiiul.v«t.K. M.KcKil.
c Pliimliliiiric iirid.
Ten miles farther south are the Roberts mines, where the ore occiirB
in lenses, making mining rather uncertain. Operations were sus-
])ended after taking out i;0,0<MI to 2r>,(MM» tons. Two analyses showed
57.77 and (i3.L* |ier cent of metallic iron.
The (Jlendower nn'nes are 4 uulcs from Bedford Stati(m,on the shore
of Thirty Island Lake. The ore is Lard, compact, and eleavable.
PRODTICTION OF IRON ORES. 89
Aaxociiitetl with it in siiinll v<>iiis iiiul in l>iiiicli(>s arc carlioiiiilcs ol'ilio
iill{Mliiio (Mirtlis. Hi^vt'i'iil tJiouHiinil tons ol'tiiisnro wcri^ sliipitcil tii
/.iiMcsviiii', Ohio. Si\ aiiiily.-ieH Hhowcil tlio toUowiiif; to Im> thii cimiiio-
Mitlon of th<i oi'f:
AiitilyniH iif ttleiidtttver irint ore, Jtftlfttnl iSVd/iriH, <,f»tbn;
Iron (lu.im III ni.»»
Slllcn Il.;:c) 111 111.87
MmiKiiiN'iii 47 III .HO
Alilinillii I . .'lU III .7.5
Sulpliiir I .1171 III .42
Tilauiuiixiilu 'I'rui-e.
Litnu IKI III l.WI
.MukiiibIu liHIii •l.'.'O
I'liiiMpliuriin 01 III .ll'J
Mr. \V. Hamilton Moiritt says:
I'niiii Ontario, Hiiiro lH,"i!l, iilioiil I0I),IK10 toiw (if iron oro liiive lii'on 8lii|ip«(I to tlm
United Stutcs iiji to tlio jciir IWS, .iml I'roiii tlm iioii-nrii (li'iioHitHiif i>iisti'rn Ontiirio,
nloii^ tlin lino of tlio Kin^Hton iiiid INhiiIh'oUo Kiiilroud. Homo 200,01)0 tmiH of iron oro
in all liavo boeii HhippiMl to the Iliiiti'd StntoH.
A body of heniatiti-ore is stilted to iwist sontliwost of TIninder Hay,
on tlio iiortlici'ii shorts of Lake Superior, and a larffo dejiosit of linionite
IH reporttul on an ishind in Lake VViniiiiie^'.
Mr. lltH'aco W Winc.liell 8tat4'H that disf^overics of iron ore were made
in the Atikokan Kange between 1885 and 18!MI, and that although the
surface oro is excellent there is a deterioration in depth. The deimsits
are in nearly vertical lenses. At present Mr. VV'inchell iloes not think
the Atkokan can compete with the doine.stic Lake Supt^rior ores in
the TJiiL'od States.
The anaiysos ifivsri ii! the Caiiiulian geological report sliowed from
03 to 08 ]»er cent of inetaDic iron, together with a tioniplete absence of
titanium in all the sitecimens examined, and asnlpliur content ranging,
where it is specilied in the return, of from 0.ur>'2 to (I.1S."> per cent.
Some large bhist-furnace ]tlaiii-< are jirojected to iitilizti the iron ores
of Ontario, and one or more of these will jirobably he put in operation,
thus encouraging a liberal exjiloitatioii of the iron-ore de])osits of this
I'rovince.
nillTl.'^ll . ilMMIlIA.
I'rof. (Jeorge M. Daw.son, of the Canadian geological survey, in a
panijihlet entitled Tln^ Mineral Wesilth of Jiritish Oolumhia, gives a
description of her iron ores, from which the following is extracted:
.Most of the (iri'H of iron ho far fonnd in iiuantity aro niagnetiti'H, wliich oi'ciir in
ONBoi'iation willi tlio oldiT inotninorpliic rocks. Clay iroiiHtoiies arc, liowi'ver, of
frecpient orciirroiiro in tlio coal seaniH of Vancouver and (jneoii Cliarlottn islands, as
well an in tlio Tertiary rocks of tlio interior. These nii);ht, in siiiiie cases, lie profit-
ably worked in cnnjiiiiotion with the I'oal strains, as they occur iu the same strata,
and in some iustancea are even associutetl with tlio ooiil. The uudnles vary in weight
40
MINERAL RESOURCES.
I'roni 11 poiinil cir less up to several tons, unci at llii> Unynes Sonnd mine a stiiTlelent
qiiaiitity might probably lie obtained lor the regular HU)iply of a blast furnace.
The only iron-ore deposits which have yet been worked are those of the Huuthwest
side of Taxada Island, the largest exposures of ore occurring about It miles northwest
of (iillies Hay. Hero the ore mass is from 21) loii."i feet thick, ami cunstitutes a some-
what irrcffular contai't deposit between limestone or marbin and granite, thin veins
iif the ore bi-ing oci^asionally found reticulating the linu'stone. I'rom this point to
the niu'thward, for nearly a mile, tli<^ ore is occasionally si'en, and at one place there
is a conlinuons nx)iosure about 'JsiO feet long and from 1 to 10 feet thick. Kor mining
and slii|uuent the dejtosit is most favorably situated. Tho ore is a hard, dense
.magnetite, a ])artial ainilysis by l>r. It. .T. Harrington showing (18,10 percentof iron
and 0.iX)'i per cent of ])hospliorns. Another analysis, by Whittield, representing a
lot of 1)00 tons, shows imn (i."i.71, phos{diorus O.OIU. A more detailed analysis of the
Texada Island magnetite, made by Mr. Edward .1. (.'Iiapnian, shows the following
composition :
AnuUju'm i>f 'mm nre J't'inn Titxutia Island, llrithh ('(tliimhia.
Pruloxiibi of iron. ..
.SemiiiioxUle lit' iruii.
Oxifle i>r niiiu^aiiuse
Titanic iicid
IMidsptioric iii'iil
Per
c.v.nt.
28. ra
07. Ill
'I'ructi.
.11
.117
Per
cent.
Sulptiuric nclil ' 0.09
Silicii iirii) HihreeaH nn(lter...| 'i.M7
Total ! 119.88
Metallic b'ln 09.12
As soiiu! Iniii <;i'os Imve been imported iiitr llie I'nited HtiiteH i'roui
Ciinmlii, and its tlie )fe<'K'iM''i'''i'' poxitionH of ! " two coiintrie.s slioultl
eiK'.ouiiige iiitiniiite (■oiiiineicial rcliitiun.s, the subject liii.s been treated
in (Miiisiderabje dctiiil.
Tlie (lien Iron Miiiiiifj Company's {frouiid, about 12 milo.s ea.st ot
Kiiiiil()()|i.-.. exhibits (bur veins from lit to 2(( feet in ^vid^h, visible on
the .surface at (b'stiiiices from .">00 to (100 feet in leiif^tli, near tlie track
of the (Jaiiiidian I'ticihc I'liilwiiy. Tlie works are .supplied with a chute
.'500 tce( lonn'. and an iierlal wire tniiiiway 1,300 feet in length ('apable
of delivering 100 tons per ten hours on the the cars. The ore is mag-
netite, and claimed to bo ada])ted to the maiiufactiireof Bessemer steel.
.Se\eii hundred and fifty ton.s were shipped in l.siM to the United States
and L'OO tons to the Kevelstoke snielting works tor tluxing o|ieratioiis.
Iron ore is also obtained from the Hesoiida mine, iStrait of (ieorgia.
The Siirviy ifj indebted to J\lr. A. |{. {'. Helwyii for a general revision
ol the da+a iireseiited and to Dr. (ieorge M. Dawson, of the (Jauadian
Geological Survey, for copies of sti'tistical reports.
CUBA.
The iron-ore beds which are worked on the island of Cuba occur in the
provi'ice of Santiago, near the .southeast coast of Oiiba, on the foothills
faciiig (he south slope of tlie Sierra Maestra, and east of the Hay of
Santiago. The crest of the Sierra Maestra is about .S miles from the
uuast, and has au average elevation uf 4,UUU feet.
PRODUCTION OV IRON ORES.
41
In a paper upon Tlie Iron Ore Uanjfe of tlieHautiiigo District ol'Cuba,'
I'rof. James I*. Ivimhall says:
'I'lio south slope of tb« Siena Maestru, wliirh east of tlie Hay of Santiago forms
tliB <ouHt niiiKu of tlie isRiiid ofCiilKi, iti, for a ilistanii' of ut least :il> inilcH, iiiaili! up
of t'riipli\ I) sytMiite, cnvenul with a iiiaHMive ovorilow of traj) (i^piiUttio dioritf). Tliis
Las ri'achiMl the Horfaru throiiKh iiinniiKirahlo <lil<es. The trappcaii liult ri'arhi's a
tliickiiHSH whii'h I estiiiiate to ho not hrss than 2,(HN) fort on thi^ xlopu of thu SiiMTi,
and a, huight of sonir :i,r)(H) feet. As it dcMlinrs from this elrvation toward the sea it
lilii'wisr thins o(f. Thus tlie nppcr ]iart of tlii' sonth slope is an encnriioiis mantle id'
diorite ri'stin^ on the syeiiitic hody antl huse of tht? range. TIio .Inraugiia IIIIIh, no
called, are the iMiImination of the footldlls of the Sierra, hot ween the hays of San-
tiago un the west ai]d (■iniutaiianio on the east. Thev ronstitute an alpiniM>ody id'
hills, distinguislied from the massive hody of the Sierra Maestra hy thiir isolation
as fonr distinet parallel ranges, sneiessively declining in eleviition with the general
slope toward thesea. The Hiunniitsof the first or upper iHolated range of tho.hiriiugna
Hills, reai'hing nil elevation of some 2,(MK) feet ahove the sea, are mainly eroded from
the dioritic nnmtle down to the syenite, which lirst makes its appearance at their
lower or southern liase. This range, as compared with tho only other iron-ore
hearing range, namely, the lirst, ])resenl8 the more favoratde ciinditiiius lioth for the
original development of iron-ore hollies and for their |ireservation.
This traiijii'i'ii rock, so largely developed iiiion tho think of the sierra, may ho
supposed to be the present form of ail originally more hiisie material, from wliiili
large volumes of ferric oxide have been sejiarated hy uietaHomatisni (weathering).
The large masses <d' specular ore found along the tirst and secoml ranges of foothills
can lorriNiiond only to a small proportion of the ferric oxide which, together with
other mineral matter, has heen eliminated by chemical forces friiiii the original
Igneous magma. The unei|iial development of the iron ores of these two ran ;es of
foothills jiointH to nnei|ually favorable conditions for tho sejiaration, eoncentrition,
and ]>reservati<Mi of the ferric oxide.
The iron-ore bodies of the al])iiie district cast of S.nntiago are exceptional from
the fact that they are altribiitahle (o the iinmodiate ;ilteration of erii|»tiM> rocks,
and that resulting residues, including an important i.ortion of their original fer-
riferous contents, have been preserved almost in situ.
As tlie development of the (!til)iiii iron-ore mines lias been carried
on by A iiKU-icaii capital anil under Amcricnn mi\nii(;emcnt, ami as these
deposits have attracted miicli interest ainonjj: users of iron ores, the
above technical description of the formation litis been inserted.
Professor Kimball further says:
One of the most striking features in the region is the great profusion of so-ealled
ore lloat on the hillsides ami in ra\ iiii .,. I'robably more iron ore, and this generally
of the best dcNiription, is thus found as lloat than has yet been exhibited in situ in
the loriu of ledges or bosNcs. rragnicnts up to many tons in weight lie siattered
upon and below the outcrops, (dteu obsciiriiig the ledge and gradually working
downhill into the ravines, Slo|ics and ravines so riilily slri'wn « illi blocks and
bowlders of lirst-chiss ore would, under circuinstani esof Icssdilllciilt Iransportatiou,
becoino productive sources of supply.
instances ha ve come to.not ice, as at the l.ola Kast mine (not of the.luriingnngroup),
where the erosion of the hillsides has taken place in the best of ore. At this locality
the ore is exceptionally soft and |iorous, and hence yielded to eroHiou more readily
than the incasing rock. Thus only the rcinn.iuts of a once lino body of ore still
■TrunaacUuna AiuortvuD luatllatii ut MiulUK l':ui|lu>'i>rs, Vol XIII, |i|> Oi;i Ii:i4.
42
MINERAI, RESOURCES.
exiHt, uihI tliosi' nnly u.s lloat upon tlir Hidi'H iiiiil biittom fit' n dcciM'avinr, wliich
occMmicH ihr. i>!;iro <»!' thii foriiu'i" ore body, iiniio ot' wliii-li in li-t'l iihiiNc <lrMiiiii^()
iBvel. At Sevilla what was unci' nil elevation rDiitainiiig a lioss iif iriiii lll■(^ in seen ill
the la«t stafjes nl' ilissoliitiini, iruii-oie lliiat lieiii^i all that is left, and this lyiiiR
(lireetly en the ilisinte^ratinj^ syenite.
IJke the Deeiineiiee at Sevilla. many iif the lower syenitic t'oothills, in line with
the sei^oiiil raiij;-e, in wliieli art^ (lev 'loped all the ore bodies known to he extensive,
iilthoiiKh eroded of dioritie overllow, still bear U)ioii, or .jiiHt below, their surface
ruiuiiaiits of ore.
On West mine n number of ribs ot' iron ore come to the Hiirface, ineliidingat least
two which physically ditVer from the dcvolopcil ore of East and West mines. The
specular oxide of these mines isi|nite free from cleavn);''. and in weathering asHiimes
a rounded outline.
A second typo of ore referred to weathi'is in prismatic blocks, and |iosseBse.s the
slriietnre of dense ti'a|ipean roiks, such as nhoiind in the form of dikes liolb within
the pyenito and the altered overlying iroi>-bearing rocks, l.cdges of thisdcscription
.are uniformly rich at ex]iose.l surfaces, .'.nd so is their detritus i>r lloat.
Such deposits even under exceptiona', circ-nuistaiiecs are not likely to he perma-
nent ill depth, while the majority of iheiii must he expected to prove of a very
shallow char:ictor.
rnlike the gr(^at Arclncaii deposits of sp-'cular oxide, both classes of ore deposits
above described ha\'e undergone a jn'oeess of coneonlratioii without going through
the intermediate stiige ot' sedimentation. Ill other worils, they are products in one
case of the segregation of ferric oxide, in part from intcniK'diate sources, and in
the other of alteration in situ of jirotoxiilo basic rocks by peroxiilation of their most
unstable base, iiiunely, ferrous oxide.
A tliird group of iron ore deposits, having inueh in common with the second ilass,
already described I's occurring on West mine hill, are found within the first range of
foothills next below the suniniit of the Sierra Maestra, and distinct frinn its imme-
diate south Ihiiik. Within the de\elopinent <d' a niantluof epidotie trap occur bodies
ol' feri'ic oxidti nio>" or less magnetic from a<lmixture with magnetic oxide. ,Sneli
are the bodies of i.a Kolio tract of the .liirangua Inm ('miipaiiy, and of tracts not
belonging to tli's company, but the bulk id' such of thiur product as can be si'cn
falls as a rule bolow the standard of even the second-class ore of the East and West
mines.
The most favorable conditions for the devo'.oiunent of large bodies of highly con-
centrated speriil;ir oxide in the iron region of the .Sierr:: .Maestra are to be found
toward the edge id' the expand id' triip]iean rocks, where rcducd in thickness by
erosion, near their contact with tin' underlying syenite.
Mr. F. I'\ Clihsoliii, ill ii roport descriptive of tlie ore ili^posits, says:
At the north ojiening on the I'ldou mine of the .fiirangua group, a \'ortical face 2(H)
feet high has been made, oxjiosing a section across an iron band or vein, showing
some portion id' the inclosing country rock on both sides, this country rock being an
eruptive, ]irobably diorile, and showing no limestone. The structure here is very
distinct, and the cut shows a well-delineil, nearly vertical body of iron ore main-
taining ]tractically the same thickness from top to bottom, ^^'itll well-dcliiied posi-
ti\'e planes of demarcation between the ore and the country rock.
Notwitlistiiiiiliiig tlio coiiclusioibs readied by l'i'ot'e.><sor Kiiiihiill, HI)
eriil e.\|ieiMlitiiies wore
lusioibs
iimdo towiird developiiifi; propertie.s wliieli
exploitutioii.s iiidieiited to lie merely mantles of detrittil ore.
The ore i.s mined in liirjje open cuts, and transported by cars to docks,
I'roin wliicli it is loaded into vessels. The Jiiraugtia Iron ('ompiiiiy
delivei'8 its ore to the harbor of Santiago, while the Higiiti siiid 8paiiisL-
1
J
]
puonucTioN nv iron oukk
43
Aiiio-ican (•(iinpiuiics (•(•iitoiiiplato sliippiiifv t" <l<icks erected on Hie
eoiist.
I'l) to tlie present time only two eoinpiinies liave exjiorted iron ores,
viz, the JuraiiKua Iron C:<)iiii)any and tlie Hi^ua Iron rompaiiy. The
latter, whicli made its first sliipmeiit in I.S02, Is not now active and
may not assume importance as a ]»rodiicer. A tliird (corporation, the
Spanisii American Company, liad ere<'ted docks, built railroads, com
menecd exploitations, and was reported ready to make slnpmcnts when
the demand for ore ceased.
Tlie followinK are the amcmnts of iron orc^ importt^l into the United
States from the Cuban mines in the years mentioned, this being the
only country to which ore has lieeii sent :
Yearn.
Iroii-itre jirtiiliictiiiii in Culm.
KxpurlH lt>
tho Uiiiteil
StaU'ii.
1«»4.
18".. .
IKKIi .
IWi? .
IMH.
I8"9 .
muu.
f,nint tons.
•JI,71IH
81, lUO
11I.7IU
117.711
\m, U4(i
25a, 270
:iO'i. IHIH
KxpitiiH to
the I'lijlfd
States.
I /.(>n</ tnng.
itoi am,:i77
i«»-' ' ;i28.!ir)ii
1*13 ;io:i, a46
lota] to cloMH of
iiiu:! 1 J 111.;, ■■MO
If to this is added the sto, ,, of ore on hand ;is reported by the
.Inraiiftua Iron Oompany on DecfttilHT .!l, ],S!i:j. tooether with tlic
aiuoiint lost at sea and the di,screpaiK!y of 7 tons betwctn Hie railroad
andcustomliou.se weiyht.s, the total will pt.:,iically e(|iial the utile
liroduction, viz, 2,(M»;{,!>L't) tons. To the importati. is yiven ab,. the
e.xcess .stock of iron ore on liainl should be added to determine the pro-
duction, but as tlie stock Is practu'iilly a constant quantity (beiii}; from
(t,<K)» to C,."(()(» tons) the production in any year is appro.'vimMtdy repre
seiited by the exports. The above data have been siipph, ,i |,y the
.InraiiKiia Iron Oompany (Limited) and by the Sif,ma Iron ( iiipaiiy.
The following' analyses of 10 caif^oes of .liiraiiKua orn (alioiit .m.dOO
tons) received diirinn l.SH,S-!(,i were furnished by .Mr. (I. ('. IJiibbitt,
chemist of the Welliiian Iron and Steel Company:
Anulj/KiH iif lin niiyiii'x iif Jnniniiim {('nhii) iron nrr.
MoiHtiirn
Ilrlvil 111 i:i'J :
I fim
SiUfii
l*llOS)lllUI')II4
Siil)il)iir
MlUlfftltM'm'.
Aliiiiiiim , ■ ,
l.liiii'
MllKIII-Hill . .
I
A\4M'Jllir.
IIIkIio.iI,
l.OVVPHt,
/ Vr ernt.
/Vr crnt.
I'fr Cfnt.
l,3,-i
•J, 411
,14
till, ,'itO
112. .Ill
.17, 73
!l, 7Kli
1:1,8.1
ri.lKI
. nan
, ii:i!i
,01,1
.:i2ii
.6112
, i2r.
. 2,'-i,1
, .IKO
,I!IU i
2, 21111
2,87
1,184 1
l.illU
1,88
1,37 1
■"•-'"
1, 28
Trilor, i
1
44
MINr.RA , RESOURCES.
i'rofessor Kitiibiill states that the ore "oc<uirs in all forms of red
hematite, inclmliii},' micaceous, ainorphons, granular, and subcrystal
line vaieties. The variety last named is commonly studded with
minute crystiil.s of magnetite and martite. Variations in the color ol
drillings, from red to black, imjdy une(iual distribution of altered hem
atite, of tlie water of hydration, and of manganic oxide."
Professor Ivimball gave as the proximate chemi(!al constitulion of the
.Iiirangini ore district the following:
AniibjstK (if .liirami\ia(Ciihn) iron nrrf.
Moiatiiro
Silicii
Iron
l*]Kti4)ilinrim .
Siilphiir
C«i
ri'iit
o U
81
II
24
fl
IHI
11 10. fid
in
01)
(llW
5
(III!) til
Olllj
lUfi
II
■J4«
Most of the Juraugua iron ores are received at the jiorts of Philadel-
phia and Jialtimore, as the mines are controlled by the Uethlehem Iron
Company and the Pennsylvania Steel Cinnpany, whose blast furnaces
are conveniently reaclied from tlieso ports.
The Sigua ore which was sliipped also came to Philadeli)hia, and was
distril)ntcd to a number of blast furnaces in eastern Pennsylvania.
Owing to imperfect sorting, the initial exportations of the Sigua ores
were not up to the exiiectation warranted by tlie analyses of samides
collected i)revious to exploiting the property.
iMi^ssrs. Hattle vt Nye have described the Sigua iron-ore mines as
follows:
TliB Si({iia mini's ;ir« sitnatoil in tlii> oxtrcnni iiiiHtcrly ciiil iif till' ('nliiiii liDSneiner
iroii-iiri! niiif,'!'. which lii's niHl »( Siintiiinn iln Cnha anil iixtciiilH in ienfjth iilioiit -'2
miles, im tar aH lixainiiiiil. 'I'lio oro m .iiis ini tlie llaiikH of tlio fnnthills of the
Sii'ira Maestiii Momitftin ranui', •inil iilmui I iiiiles liai-lc from tlie Ciirililiean Sen in ii
ilireet line. There are three lar^c Hiirl.iiK iiiite.iopM where eiiwion has exposed the
ore, whieli in eharaeter is n reil speiiilar .mil is loiiiposeil of liiiwlileis Inapeil njion
OIK) another in vast i|nantitie», varying in wii^lit I'roin a few ponnils lo in.iny tons,
anil in several plaies iiiileroiis of soliil ore in leilgi'S oiinr, which we take to he ore
in place. The ore oiitrroiis average in wiiUli alioiit HOI feet, the surface hctween
them heing composeil of ore-heiiriiiK gronnil with ilikes of rock. These ilikes v.ary
from ,")() to KM) fiet in wiilth, ami we take them to ho merely separations lietwcen
the lenses of ore which lie below the surface, anil ilo not cut the ore. We sank ten
small test iiits at raiulom, anil all of the pits yielileil I ton of ore to I tun of ilirl.
\Ve I le lirst a sample ri'iiresentinK an average of all ore exposcil on the surface,
anil consiiler that the ore can he inineil with but little sorting eijiial in i|iiality
as shown in analysis 1. The Siimple was taken hy stretching a tapeline across
anil over the outcrops, aid a small ])iece liroken oil' ut ever\ loot mark. The seconil
aaiiipliiij; we emleavureil to have represent the i|nality to wlm h or nlil he eomiiier-
eially snrteil (marked No. 2),uuil was taken hy knockiiin oM H(HJ small pieces.
PRODUCTION OF IKON ORES.
Analijam of iron me from lite Sigiin mine, tuba.
45
Trim
Silica
riioH|ili(iruH
Siilphnr
Alnniiim —
Lime
MoKiifHiii. ..
Mungaut'BC .
No. 1.
No. 2.
/Vr cntt.
/Vr rent.
58. 10
64.1!0
15. M
.'i. lU
.034
.023
.046
.042
.22
.88
.50
.74
.71
.01
.,84
.28
Mr. E. V. (I'liivillifirs gives the average anal.v.si8 of lour general
samples of Sigiia ore a,s follow.s:
Areragi! iiimpoxition of Sitjnn ( ' iihii i irmi ore..
Metallic iron .'»8. 40
PhoHphurtiH 021
Silica i:i.:iBo
With a revival in demand, it is expected that the exportation of Cu-
ban ore will increase, the output being conveyed to tliu I'liited StatevS.
Hence it has been considered advisable to present data concerning the
deposits more in detail than is given to those of other countries.
MEXICO.
In Mexico iron is produced in small blast furnaces and ( 'atalan forges,
some of the product being made in rolling mills, and at a number of
the fiirnsices iron is run directly into ciistiugs. The Catalan forges are
small and located in remote mountain ranges, the material being car-
ried to them and the product from them on the backs of burros or
peons, and of the fifteen blast furnaces in the Itepiiblic not over ten
can be considered as at present in condition to operate. With but one
exception none have direct railway connections, but in several instances
it is practicable to secure this by branches of a few mih^s added to lines
already constructed. Owing to the iron ore occurring in the mountain
ranges, and to the absence of wood except in these mountains, most of
the existing plants now haul their product by mule team for long dis-
tances over difficult roads before rea(rhing railway cmnmuiiication.
But little domestic pig iron is produced for sale, most of it being
made into castings or rolled into ordinary merchant sizes of bar iron at
or near the blast furnaces; but large amounts of iron (either as pig or
in the manufactured state) and of steel pay duty upon entering Jloxico,
while all of the railroads have concession .s, extending over a greater or
less number of years, admitting free of duty manufactures of iron and
steel required for their construction, maintenance, and operation. These
concessions embrace not only the rails, spikes, plates, bridges, etc., used
46
MINKKAI, HKSOIIROKS.
in construct ion. Iiiit al.so llio lovoniotives miiiI rurs i'p,f|niriMl tor tlie
e(|ui[)inent of tlie roiid, us well as tlii^ iniitcrial. citiu'r in cniiln or iiiiiii-
iif'acturod form, eiii|)loy*'il in tliu repair or <;onstru(!tiou siioiis. Sonic of
the coiicessions lia\'e bnt a sliort time to run, but unless tlie domestic
nianufaeture of iron is a<lvauced in (|naiitity and decreased in cost it is
doid)tfiil whether tliey will cease at the present limit.
The I>e|iul)lic of Mexico demands Just sucii manufactures of iron and
steel as are re(|uircd elsewhere, but for the present the possibilities of
producing' .steel rails and other jiroducts whicih can be made econom-
ically only at works of huge capa<'ity, requiring heavy cai)italization,
need not be considered. Tlu^ present requirements of the Itepublic are
inor(i in the line of ordinary castings for uiiichirn-ry, for buildings, and
for domestic use — chilled plows, chilled car wheels, agricultural imple-
ments, water jiipes, etc. — wldh' wr(Miglit-irou nails, siiikos, merchant bar,
car pins and links, shapes and angle irons, hoop irons, ami possibly plate
<«• sheet iron would be in immediate demand.
At present the duties collected may be illustrated by that (ui pig iron,
1 ccntavo per kilogianime, and that on castings of bar iron, ."> centavos
per kilogramme, cipiivaleni, rcsjMM'tively, to $10 and $.">(> j)er metrics ton.
Mexi(M) has abundant deposits of iron ores, the most renowned IxMug
the ("erro de ^lercado. or Iron Mountain, near Durango. Just beyond
the limits of the <'ity, and less than -' miles from its center, the Cerro
de Mercad. rises from tin* great i)lateau, a hill nearly a mile long, a
third of a mi ^ wide, and from 4(M» to (iOt) feet in height. The surfac(^ of
the mountain i vposing (ue, so as to bo dassiticd as good mining lands,
aggregates over '0,(M)(l,0(H» sipnire feet; but there are indications that
the deposit is no : all above ground, but extends beneath the i»lain
from which its to i pi()iect.s.
Tli(^ Cerro de J .orcado is ajiparently formed of one or more ininieiiBe
veins or lensi's of specular and martite iron ore, standing nearly verti-
cal, the fragnients of which have, by the action of the chMiients for ages,
been thrown down from the slopes of the mountain as a talus.
An analysis of the average of samples ]iersonally collected by the
writer from about 7,(MM).000 sijuare feet of the 8urfa<'e of the hill showed
the following composition :
AiiiilyHiti of iron ore from the Cerru de MervadOf Mexico,
i I'rr cent.
Metiillir iron i 61!. 775 |
I'hospliiM-iiH ' . 'J88
Silirt-itiiH iiiittt^^r, iiD-liiitiiiK a lilllo I
t i laiiiii ai'iil ' r.. 2J0
IMiimphurim in UHJ imrlrt uf iron : .458
Enormous iiuantities of ore yielding in the blast furnace over 60
per cent of iron, with phos])horus ranging from 0.0.5 to I per cent, can
be obtained. The record of the last blast of the charcoal furnace close
to the ( 'erro de Mercado showed that the iron ore obtained yielded over
C(i per cent in the furnace.
PRODUCTION OK IRf)N Old
47
Mr. T. F. Witlicrln^c lias (riven 18 iinaiysi's of this ore. wliicli sliowed
from (ia. 10 to (i8.t(» per ceut of iron; pliospliorns, (».01.'!» to 1.03; silica,
»:S2 to (!.97.
The deposit of iron ore at I)urau},'o is truly nMuarkabic, iiM(l,.iii(ln('d
by reliable data published, no other deposit has yet been d('linit«!ly
described and critically exaniined which excels the (Jerro dc .Alercado
at Durango in the api)arent quantity of rich ore existing in an indi-
vidual deposit.
The coMii)iler of these reports, speakinjj; from |)ersonal inspection of
nuuiy largo deposits, and after examining numerous reports and state-
ments concerning " mountains of iron ore,'' is frcje t() assert that he
knows of no defiosit of iron ore where so great a quantity is visible as
at the Cci ro de Mercado. A period of eleven years intei'vened betwiM'u
bis two vi.sits to this unique deposit, viz, 188:-' to 18i»;{, sullicient time to
eliminate any false inqtressions of magnitude which his early insjiec-
tion, when he spent ten days on the mountain and in its vicinity, might
bave produced. When revisited in 189,3 ore was being dug on the plain
outside of the mountain boundaries for shiimient as llux in silver
smelters. This may be part of a great nnintle of dotrital ore, and its
eonnuiuuted state would indicate this; or it nniy be merely the weath-
ered surface of a more conqiact body of ore. In a deimsit of sudi
magnitude it is not 8uri)rising to find considerable variation in the coin-
liosition of the ore. As a mass the ore of Oerro de Mercado is not of
Bessemer grade, but in some portions ore well within the limit for idios-
phorus is obtained, although they may not be sutliciently regular for
dependence; in others il;e ore abounds in apatite (-rystals, which, how-
ever, readily separate from the niMss, and as there are all intermediate
compositions, a supply of ore suitable for moat purposes can be selected.
In the State of (Joahuila iron ores of apparently satisfactm-y char-
act«r exist in suflicieut rpuintity for development within less than 100
miles of the present exploited coal (ields and active coke ovens. It
is probable that the extent of the coal field and also that of the iron
deposits, when definitely determined, may bring these two raw mate-
rials still closer together. The coke now made Iroin the coal obtained
in this district is not a siqierior metallurgical fuel, but it is possible
that it may be improved in (piality at some additional cost of maiiu-
faeture.
The i)rospcctus of a mining company in the district of (Joalconuui,
State of Michoacan, presents in favorable terms the [>ossibilities of
manufacturing iron on t he Pacitic (3oast from iron ores churning to exist
ill great quantity, and of a comiiosition which is certainly very satis-
factory, using charcoal as a fuel.
Some of the known deposits of iron ores now unwrought are as fol-
lows: In the State of Puebla, district of Matamoras, and at Acatlan, in
the form of magnetite and hematite, and brown hematite at Zacatlan.
In the State of Morelos, near Xoiiactepec, there are several varieties
48
MINERAL EES0UKCE8.
of »|)piH'eiitly jff'xl ore. An excellent .speculiir ore iiiid some lirown
luMnatite ine also found near Tepuxtopec and sonie magnetite near
Bueua Vista, both in tlio State of Guerrero. Ited lieiuatito and mag-
netite ami brown lienuitite are all found in the State of Ziu;at«i'as, and
excellent ores are claimed to abound in the States of Oaxaca, .lalisco,
Hidalgo, and in fact in almost all of the States of Mexico. These
deiwsits are either remote from railroad connection, or, if more (!ou-
veuient, a supply of fuel can not be readily obtained, or tiiey are in
some of the dei>re8sed valleys, where the climatic conditions interfere
with cheap labor.
Iron ores are at present mined to sujiply iron works at Duraiipt, in
the State of Dnrango; at Zacualtipan, Kncarnacion, an<l Apulco, in
the State of llidal};o; near Toluca. in the Stat« of Mexico; at Tula,
in the State of .lalisco; at the Comanja works (now idle) near Leon, in
the State of (iiianajuato; near Tulancingo, in the State of Hidalffo,
and nejir Jojutla, in the State of Morelos. Most of the ores which are
or have l)een smelted are of the brown hematite variety; those at
Kncarniu;ion are magnetites, and those at Durango red hematite. With
the ex('e|)tion of an experimental campaign at Durango, when a mix-
ture of charcoal and coke was employed, charcoal has been the only
fuel utilized for smelting the ores.
The (leitosit at Encarnacion is of unusual extent, and large masses
of tiie ore are " lode stone," giving rise to the tradition that the deposit
originated from the fall of an '•nmense meteorite. The same theory
was in Humboldt's timeasserte*. is .iccounting for the enormous deposit
at 1 >nrango, and was jtossibly suggested by the large masses of meteoric
iron found in several of the Mexican States.
A <!areful estimate shows that 1(),3(H) tons of pig ir(»n were ]»roduced
and 20,500 tons of iron ore mined in Mexico in the year 1803.
HONDURAS AND Ul'ATEMALA.
Mr. It. Padieco slates that no iron ore has ever been mined in these
countries, Itut a large dei)o8it of magnetite is reported in Hondura.s,
near the east coast, which formed one of the speculative features of the
Honduras Intcroccauic Kailroad concessiou.
HAITI.
At the Colunibiiin Exposition sam))lcs of magnetic iron ore from the
northern and soutliwestern portions of Haiti were exhibited; also
(chromic iron ore from the island of ViUilies, oft' the southern coast.
Iron ore is also reported to <!xist near Port an Prince.
The Haitian commissioners reported that no iron of any kind is pro-
duced, nor is the ore used commercially.
PRODUCTION OF IKON ORES.
49
SOUTH AMERICA.
OOLOMHIA.
Iron ores are foiiml in viiriouH Hections of tliis nonntry, iih in Cnni-
(linmrcii, Anfioiinia, iin<l in the region of tlie Ocmxle 81111 Ciistobal,
but it is reported tliat none is iiiined except to supply (lie. I'ladeiiis
Iron Woiks, situated on the plain about 10 miles eastol Hofjota, wliieli,
it is stated, produced 70 t<)ns of pijif iron per day for eouversion into
all kinds of hardware. Prol)al>ly some :Ht,(mt tons of iron ore are pro-
duced per anuum. There is also an irou wtuks at J'aclio, about I.")
mile.s northwest of l{o<;ota, whieh was founded about lifly years ajjo,
but owing to the superior faeilities of the I'raderas Iron Work.s, whieh
has been in operation only about twelve years, the former has been
closed.
Col. Thomas B. Nichols f.ives the following interesting description of
the works at Samaea, in tlie State f Boyaca, wliicli are no longer in
operation, but which will serve as an illustration of several other similar
attempts made without proper investigation to develop industries in
sections of various countries which, by superficial examination, seemed
to offer encouragement to investttrs:
Tlin-ty-livi! .voiiih iiko a lilast ^llrllil(•<^, u ii;voibrriilniy InniiKir, anil a |iiiil(lliii;; fur-
nace woie Imill iii5ai- what; wuro ln^lioveil tn lie riiM depcisitH iiC iron and coal. That
jirojcct, iliil not snccec^d ml producing iron in natisfactory or jiayinj; i|Mantily or
iiuality, and al"t<^r sptjiidinj,' almost $50,000, tlio projectors gave np, anil the property
and enterprino passinK into other hands, a eompauy was then formed for the pnrpo.4
of carrying it on.
In 1H7« a contract wan niiulu with two citizeiiH of New Jersey to ffi to .Saniaca
and tlieroorei^t a rolling mill with a capacity of 2.000 tons of linishcd iron a year,
inclndiuK rails of from 15 lo HO pi ils to the yard, Mats varyiiif; in width froiii 2 to
8 inches and from one-tenth tolt inches in thickness; anf,'iilar and T liars; roiiinl, flat,
andsfiuarohars; iron foreitlier ri)j;iilor snspension hriilKcs; for roofsaiiil liuildinKs;
channel iron; malleahle-iron lieaiiis, lolnmns, and armatures; plates and other iron
necessary for railroads, and iron for agricultural iiiiplcmonts.
These men had understood that the lilaat furnace and accessories which were at
Samaca would ho capable of producing the crude iron that they would need to run
the rolling mill. Hut lliey found that an entirely new plant must lie constructed.
A niiw contract, therefore, was made to liiiild a hlast furnace with a capacity of
10 tons ihiily, a hot-air furnace, ovens for roasting ore, and a cupola 25 (cot high.
In October, IK7!>, withont having ace plished anything in the way of paying results,
the men abanddiied the works and returned to the I'nileil .>*tates, and in 1S80 the
State liocame sole owner of the enterprise, appointed an agent to look after the
accounts and manage, with the director, the funds, etc., pertaining thereto, and to
assist him in the completion ami operation of the works.
At this time there were upward of 200 men employed at .Samaca. (If these H were
Americans, and the wages paid them were as follows: Director, lfK,(K)0 a year; 2
ma.sons, *7 a day each ; 1 molder, $5 a day; 1 blacksmith,*.!; 1 carpenter, *1; and 2
machinists, $S.."iO and $2.50, respectively. Of natives there were 2 overseers at $2 a
day each; 2 carpenters, $2.20 each, and 2 at $1 each; 20 masons and hod carriers at
an average of $1.20 a day each, anil 107 peons at from 15 to 30 cents a day each.
8024 4
60
MINKRAL KESOURCKS.
Thort^ \vHi'(^ 1' ore iiiiiiPH, tlit' poorer Ihhii^ nearest tliH workn, mid wliiit ore IiimI tn^nn
iiHfld \\»H takpii from it in onli-r to avoid K<>i*>K <)^<'r tlit^ luid roadN in tlie ^'i(>inity,
whicli wiinid ]\:i\r liiid to Imilontt in order to p't I lie lietter ore. Tliern wimndepiwit
of eoiil neiir the ore niineH, lint It \vii8 of a poor quality, and it »»h iieecHNiiry to ^n
:i inijeH to ifit piiiil coal. 'I'lie laek of trannpiirlallon faiilltieH In one of tlio KieateBt
ilitlteiiltie.s to lie met witli in nnih an enterpriiM' im the iron workN of Sainiiia. In
IrniiHportinK heavy nnichinory in that eimntry it iit taken apait at iiiikIi iih posiiilile,
and the )iarts are <'arricd in rartH where thero are eart ro«il», or, failing thene, it is
trannported on thn liaekH of men or ninh'H.
It in more than twelvoyearH Hinee I made my report on the w<ii-kH, and at that tiint^
they had I'OHt 4<l05,ril!l.!).'i, and thiH did not inilnde almost 4'!'.IHIII that had 1 n
exjiendtMl on tlio workmen. The workH were not nearly eom])lete or ready t.. ■ •'"»'ate
at that time, and I have lieen inforini'il the (iovernment liaH never made any ime of
the hnildinKH and they are lieiiiK allowed to an to mill.
I f.;ivnthe relativtt vttHt at the inaniifaetorieN and at Samaca of Home of the maeliin-
er.v pnrehaHed and taken there: A mirrow-){an^e loroinottve coHt in PittNhnr^, l*H.,
$^(,.')T.~>, and mounted in Saniaea $t l,4Tt).'ill. The iron partH for four eara iimt at the
maniifaetory .Witl.lH; eo»t, delivered near .'^amaea, $l,(ilO. The iiist of a IT.VIioiHe-
power tiirliine wheel at mannfaetory, ifTOH; earried to the eiiil of the eart road, ItX)
niileH.from Saniaea, if;},?*)*'. Ki(;lit hnndreil I'eet of wire rope, I ineh in diameter,
orif^inal eont, $!Hi; delivered in .Saniaea, eost .f^tL'O. .\ report made in IXHO ^ave the
eoHt fif extraetin^ .'lOO toiiH of ore a.s $l,(liN); eoNt. of prodnetion of L'tK) toUH of coki!,
$500; and the piircliage price of 250 touit of liuieHtone, $625.
I'EKU.
Iron ore is iibiiiulant in I'uni, the IiIkIi Cnrdillorii.s l)i>iii{; cut by
roagiietic iron-ons Vfiiis, wliicli ({eiicnilly cnKSH tlic ridgcH of iiioiiiitaiii.s
at ri{;ht iiiigli^s to tlit>ir ii.vus. Tlicse inagiietic veins iiio mostly in the
(lioritfR and porpliyrics, wliicli liavo heeii uplifted in the (Jrotaecons
liniostones, forniiii};) in I'ern jtt least, the toji of the Andes. Tliese
volcanic distiii'liiinces seem to Inive been veiy aetive in tlie hitter part
of the Cretaceous ajje. In ])laecB their iietion is slntwn only in sonic
few hundred meters of };r<>'m<l) while in others whole letigiies of terri-
tory have been thrown ii|) tind distortt'd, and long ridges of highly
crystalline dioril(^ hills have been formed. The si/.e of the veins of
iniignetite corresponds generally with the area of volcanic action. In
places where this action has been hx^al the width of the veins varies
fnmi 4 inches to 2 feet, while in the regions where the volcanic acition
has been more extensive veins tire reported over ."tO feet wide iitnl
many miles in length. The ore of these veins is generally well crystal-
lized. Some of the ores assay as high as t •' marcs"' of silver to the
" ('nion'' of (!0 quintals ((!,(K)0 pounds). To .judge from their iissociation,
the ores are likely to be siilpharous an<l phosphoric, but there is no
doubt of their high percentage of iron, Probably they have bt'Oii
formcil in the crevices left by the |)ori)hyries and diorites. The rocks
and veins cooling slowly together gave rise to the highly crystal-
line inagnctic veins, which cut up the Aiules in many pla^'es. Some
of these veins occur associated with serpentine, some contain titanium,
and others gold and silver. Some magnetite veins on the Pacific Coast
are found in eruptive or metamorphic rocks of very old formation.
U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL R E PORT. PART III PL. Vt
l.ilii Alf<icii8-('ii Hiilliiiinrr
MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA SHOWING THE OCCURRENCE OF IRON ORES.
200 400 600
SCALE.
PRaVl,\'C!AL. LIBRARY
VICTORIA, B.C.
PRODIICIION OK IKON ORES.
61
LimnniteH hIho itlnMiml in tlie liigli altitiiilcH <>(' tin; Aiidfs, having
bet'ii foinit'd by tlic (IccnmiWMitioii of iron pyriltis. Soint^ of (lu-sc
linionitcM nro lii^li in iron, l>iit its tkoy all ciintiiiii Hilvt'r tlicy tiiii be
rt'Kiinled |)riiicii»ally tiH silviT orcB, wliicih tire known in tlio conntiy by
the nanu! of "paeon."
in thedcjiartniontHof iVncaehsand.lnnin, aboiif 6()let;nas(a Pcrnviaii
|p(;na is iM|nal to 3.4 niiles, in round nuinlter.s) from th« I'acitii; Coast
and 4,IHM) feet abovo thii sea level, there are important veins of hematite
ore. The veins of .Iiinin are espeeially noteworthy, for this is Mie only
place where iron ore is rcportt^l as beiiiR smelt^'d in Pern. The "C'hun-
clioH," or nativeH of the great Annv/.on Valley, come to this locality to
provide themselves with salt from the great salt inonntain (Montana de
la Hal), which furnishes the greater part of the Ania/on Valley with
this condiment. While obtaining salt the "Ohiinehos" also produce
some iron, using crude Catalan forges made of adobe and blown by
wooden bellows. The furnaces are about LM feet scpiare and .5 feet high.
The(H'c is generally fed by itsi^lf, but sonietinu-s lead and salt are added,
very fusible silicates of lead, soila, and iron being formed. The fuel
used is charcoal.
In Peru the savages are the only iron j)roducers; their more eivili/<)d
(Munpatriots are satisfied with buying iron from abroad, whc^ther ic be
in the form of horseshoes or raiLs, ])aying in silver at the rate iriiposed
for these articles. According to the icports of engineers engaged in
eonstructing the. Kerro (,'arril Central del Peru, many Peruvians were
satisfied to obtain foreign iron witlnait a silver ecpiivalent, and serious
inconvenienee was occasioned by the removal of rail spikes, nuts, car
links, pins, etc., and, in fact, of any other form of irou which could be
rewlily carried away.
There is really no coal or iron industry in Pern. The severe topo-
gra|)liieal featurcsof the country, the absenceof roads and also of wood
on the Pacific Slope, (he ignorance of the people as to iron producti(m,
and the repealed civil struggles which have beset the country have
retarded its development and prevented the exploitation of the coal and
iron deiwsits that are known to exist. It is claimed that the heart of
Peru, that is, the top of the Andes, is practically a coal bearing region,
yet the largest and most successful silver smelters located on the railway
receive most of thet'oke from England and roast tlieores with " tacpiia,"
the excrement of llamas. Charcoal or wood is principally used for loco
motives and stationary boilers. An int«'resting deposit near Tumba is
claimed to consist of carbonized wood, found below the surface of a
region devoiil of any signs of vegetation.
Senor Vicente Pazos y Sacio, of Pachuca, Mexico, furnished much
of the above datain regard to Peru, which hasbcen supplemented by a
revision by Mr. .lames R. Maxwell, ('. K., who was engaged for eight
years in constructing railroads in Peru.
52
MINEKAL KESOUKCES.
OIIILE.
Mr. ('. N'utti' V iiiiuli! ii ri'iHirt to tliu. Chilean (iovormiieiit on the iron
ores of liiat cduiitiy. wliicli lie states may be neolo^iically divided into
three main sections. Near I lie coast are tlie granites, diorites, syenites,
and similar rocks, together with mica sdiists and clay-slates. At the
back of these rocks, farther inland, occur .Iniassic, Triassic, and meta-
nioriilii<' rocks. Finally, there are the rocks of the (Jordilleras.
The j;ranitic, rocks of the coast rejiiou contain the more important of
the iron-oie dci)osits. The veins are lar;;'er and more constant, ami
the ore richer and purer than those met with in the other districts.
Anion}; the known deposits of iron ore are those of Mejillones, Antofa-
yasta, Taltal. (Jlianaral. Caldera, lluasco, and esi>ecially (hose of Toto-
ratillo an<l (^(xpiimbo, and near tiie harbor of Loa Vih)s, as well as one
recently dioC!)vered in the south, near Lebu.
The S(!cond region, whicli includes the Jura.ssic dejiosits, lie.s east of
tlie region just described, rises to a eeitain height on the (.'ordilleras,
and in the Tn)rth apin-oaches the coast somewhat (dosely. Beds of iron
and manganese occur near the Sierra (ioida, Juneal, and Terra Ama-
lilla, and largo veins are found at Tros I'untas, Atacama.
The third district, still farther to the west, rises liigh up tiie Cordil-
leras. In this region s))athic ore o<-curs at t'hi/.bla, well u|) in the
mountains, and farther down at Challacollo both iron and manganese
)re are nuit with, while titaniterous iron sand is found in the Atacama
lesert, near <'alama and at other ])laces. In the (Iepartmt>nt8 Illapel
and ('<(iid)aibala, iron ami manganese nunes exist at Hatuco, Lampa,
Maipo, and San h'elipe. The ores of iron discovered are ehielly oxides,
arc generally low in sulj)hur and ])hos]>horus, l)ut spathic ore is occa-
sionally found.
No iion is i. ..liifaetured, and the only iron ore niiiu'd is used as a
llux in silver smelting.
VKNKZrK.LA.
Mr. S, Norton, who nnide two Journeys to N'ene/.uela, states that an
irononi dejiosit on the Orinoco Kiver at Inuitaea, Venezuela, is ol
great extent, and adds:
Tliere iiro iiiillioim nl' Icms of iiiin ciii! <it' lii^li k'''"'" ('"'t ''>>> '"' iiiiiii'il and
NJiippfMl nt. .'i low cost. 'I'Ik' nro wa.s Iti'Ht Inniul al tin- omhI, cihI ot'a - , nr ol' tlic Iinu-
tai'ii MninitaiiiH, alinut 51 inilrs froiri Min tnoiilli oT the Oiinoi-o Kiver. It wa.s iniiirft
near ait i^)aMll raited ('oriNiiiio, Inrniod 1>,v a siiia'! ai'irt ol' the ( >i-iiio('i) Iv'iver paMHiii;;
aroaiid it. Liir^f' veHHelH are ablt^ to coine witliin .^(1 feet td' tlie Hhnre, and at Koine
plai'esHlill nearer. The ore is traeed to within l.lilK) feet of the river ami 2IM) feel
above it. llowlderH of iron ore wei;r)iin^ fioni 100 pound.s to 101) toiiH eo.er an area
on the topH of the liillH ;i.0<N) feet lon^' and 100 feet wide, there lieiii); in Hi^'ht from
1B0,IK»I lo i;ilO,0(IO toiiF. ,>f i^rHKenn'r ore. 'I'lie true vein Iiuh an averat;e thiekneNHof
12 feet, Jinil Haniples ■ aken at wiilelv Neparated ipointn show an iinehaiiKin); clianic-
ter. Howlders id' iro.i oi'e ai'o also found at pointN It, XJ, and i>5 miles tu the west-
ward. A lui'Ke outerop is also tu bo seen ou CuriHinio Island.
PKODUCTION OK IRON OKKH.
53
Mr. Norton contiiiups;
Tlie iiliove in a lirirf di'si'ii|)tioii of wliat Ih I'laimi'd U< lie tlii^ Hiiinll fiiil nf tlin
ruiig<>. i;x])li)iatic)iiM riiniiMl dii t ) tlio west sliow tliiit a« tlic' liriylit il' tlio liilln
increaHiw tlio sizi' iif mr liodicM ini'icaso also, until at |ilar<'s tlir ()iitiiii|P is Irimi KHI
to ;t(IO li'ct wide, and as <}X|iliiint.i>ns now oxtrnd nvrr alxpiit (i inilcH. (!a(di suc-
ceiiding ti'St troiicli tn tln^ westward Nlinwing more and iiior" ore, anil a« we know
tliat tlie ore. is to lie I'linnd at a point il'i miles lieynnd, we have, I think, good reasons
to helieve th.it there arc at least :i'i miles cd" an ore range. <Jn thi north sloiie <d' the
hills, as far as I have lieen, there are thonsands of tons of ore v hieh have heen
worked down from the disinlegrate.il vein nnittir, ho that if I shonn'. do as iininy
others in deserihing the range 1 would say that the onteroii was from .'ilH) to 1,(1(10
feet wide. This ore lonlil he easily ami cheaply won. The navigation of the Ori-
noeo is not diHieiilt (the lowest watir we fonnd was L'2 feet) and 1 never saw a place
where a beginning conhl ho made at so low a cost ; in lact the location is an ideal
one. The Orinoco Kiver is navigahle for 1,2(H) miles, and this whole region is open
for American trade and shonld give return cargoes to the vcsHels engaged in the
transportation of the iron ore.
A siimijle of Iiiiatacii ore, niial.vzeil l>y Mr. (Jlemcns Jones, sliowcil as
fol)ow8:
Auahf^h of iron oreffoui IiiuiUifO, I'chc*wc/«.
! Per cent. :
Per cent.
Mi.lnlHc irrni ' (W 7((0 i lAmtl
3. 2»7
.(1U7
.011
BBAi^IL.
Tlio iron-ore i)ro(lii('tion of IJrazil is at present limited to the demands
of two snnili blast furnaces, one in tlie State of Sao I'anlo, and one in
Minas (ieraes, and of ii eonsiderable number of direct process forf-es in
tlie latt^'r State. No iron ore is oxjiorteil. The (tovernment bhist fur-
nace, established in 1«1H at Hao Joao do l])aneina, in the State of Sfio
Paulo, was remodeled in l.S<>r> foi a dail.v oiiti)ut of 3 tons of pif,' iron,
and presumably the annual in'odiiction since that time has been on that
biisis <>r somewhat aiifjinented. The furnace at 10-i)eran(,'ii, near Itabira
do* impo, in the State of Miims (ieraes, belonsiiiK U> the (!ompanhia
Foists e Kstaleiros and hai'iuf; a capacity of ."i lU' (I tons a ilay, has
l)een in blast .since the early \mt of l.S!i:i. The number of direct pro
cess forces, situated mainly in tlu^ region Ix^tween ()((ro I'reto and
Diamantina in the State of iMinas (ieraes, was estimated in l.SS.i as 7.">,
with :■.•! annual inodiu'tion of at I'list 1,(>()I» tims. Some of these tbrges
have been enlarjfed, and the am aal prodiu'tioii Is probably considerably
im^reased, but no reliable data is at hand for estimating it, though 2,500
tons would probably be a maximiiiii ligure. The total iron-ore output
therefore is presumably in the neighborhood of 1-',(MI() tons \)fv annum.
The Ipanema iron is consumed mainly by the (lovernment railways
and ar.senals, but a portion of boih cast iind wrou}ilit metal is worked
up at the e.stablishment for local ajfricultural and industrial needs.
54
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Tlie Hsperaii^a iron is largely coiisunipd l»y the mining oiiterprlses of
the neighborhdoil, and enters the general local trade, or is shipped to
the Kio lie Janeiro foundries. The imxlnet ot the direct process forges
is converted into horseslntes, nails, etc., or is used for the simple agri-
cultural implements retpiired in the innnediate vicinity, and t^^ a limited
extent snp|ilied to mining enterpi'ises for stamp heads and other uses.
The extent and importance of the iron ore deposits of Hra/.il are great,
hut up to the present time lack of fuel and of trans|Mirtation facilities
has retarded the developun-nt of the iron iinlnstry. The ]>rincipal and
most accessible region is in the iStatt^ of Minas (ieraes, extending also
into liahla. A prominent geological feature of the Serra <le Es)>inha(;o
Mountain range, that tornis the divide between the River Sao Francisco
and the coast rivers, is " itabirite," a rock composed of granular quartz
and micaceous hematite. Ity decomposition the quart/, disappears, and
this be<-onjes a fair hennitittt, often nnissive, but usually friable. When
in the latter condition t\". beds fretpiently carry peculiar striTigers of
gohl bearing ii'on ore witn clay, known as ".lacutinga," and alarge part
of the gold product of Minas (Ieraes has been derived from this fornmtion.
Throughout a conuideralile portion of the range, continuous surttu^e
exposures of the ore beds can be traced for miles, ami ma ly of the mo.st
prominent |)eaks, such as Itabirado Oampo, Itiibira do Matto, Dentron,
Piadada, Curral tl'el Kei, etc., appear to be composed princi|>ally of
iron ore. This Is particularly thecase in the region between Ouro Preto,
the capital of the State, and DIamautina, where, throughout a distance
of about L'tH) miles, thrive or four parallel ridges of the ore ociair. This
is the region supporting the Ksperani;a blast, furnace and the direct-
|)rocess forges above mentioned, and thi^ reported excelhun-e of their
product attests the chara^'ter of the ore.
l.'nfortumitely, this ore region Is without an adeipiate supply of fuel
for theilevelopment of an ircni industry. No coal is known in the vicin
ity. A large part of the region is in "campo," and the forest that
formerly <u>vered another )iart has been devastated to a cimsiderable
ext»Mit. No ore has as yet been shipped to the coast towns for smelt-
ing with imported coal, or to I'lurope, imr (;aii such sliipnn-nts be made
with the present high rates of freight on lira/illan railways, The ore
district is now tajiped by thi* t'entral Kallroad at a distance of abinit
r>00 kilometers (,'tl!,~> miles) from Hio dc Janeiro, ami several otlib.- roads
under construction from the coast of Kspirito Hanto ami Ihilila will iilti-
matelyreach itat a less distance from tide wut<-r. Thecharai'terof the
ore, and the facilities for mining, owing to the elevated position of the
deposits and the friable nature of the (U'e itself, are of the best, and it
is claimed thatidieap transportation is all that is roi|uired to make this
extraortlinary region an lm|)ortant factor in tli<^ world's production of
iron ore. At several points of the same region excellent manganese
ures are reported in couueetiou with those of iruu.
PROr)t7(;TION OP IKON ORKS.
55
Several mineriil ii'Kions, though of less extent, luefoiUKl further west
in thesiiine State of Minas Oenies, and in those of (ioyaz iintl Matto
(iiosso. These are, however, too far inland and too far removed from
any known supply of fnel lobe of nnuli Importance, except for purely
local consumption, for a long time to come. A possible excreption may
be the deposits about Curumba, in the State of Matto <irosso, which,
located on the navigable waters of the Paraguay River, might furnish
ore to a iioitiou of the La Plata Basin.
Aside from the hematit<* ores, nuignotite deposits of more limited
extent are known to exist at various points in nearly every State of
the Kepublic of Brazil. No special examination of the deiwsits has
been made, but apparently some of them are of great extent, and the
ore is of excellent app<!arance, but, like magnetic ores elsewhere, they
are probably subject to an admixture of titanium and apatite. At
present magnetite is worked only at the <lovernment foundry of Ipa-
nema, in the State of Sao Paulo. Two deposits, reported to be of
large si/.e and good (luality, are within a very few miles of the excel-
lent ports of Antouina, in the State of Parana, and at Sao Francisco
do SnI. in the State of Santa (Jatharina, the ore at the latter place
being associated with manganese. The facilities for shipping from
these points are smdi that, if the ores prove as good as reported, it will
inobably not be long before they are exidoited.
Acknowledgment is due to Mr. Orville A. Derby, "(^ommissao (loo-
graphics e(ieologica," of Sao Piyilo, Brazil, for the above information
in reference to the iron ores of Brazil.
Mr. William I'l. (Curtis, formerly in charge of tht^ Bureau of Amer-
ican Itepnblics, supplied the following analyses of sonu' of the iron ores
of the State of Minus (ieraes:
Analyaen uf iron nrex friim MUiai lieraen, liruzil.
irou.
Ver ernt,
HtniatileHof (irainliirt'li) tin. (166
Oliaisli' (Kiiiniiliirl cirCiiiMiiulii 0(1, 81)
Italiiritu (tliiso ut" tiramliiicln 6(i. 03
Ferriiuiunim miijiliiiimi'ali* ttl* (irau-
itarela WM
I'AUAOIAV.
Iron (ues are found in Paraguay, but none are reported as being
worked.
I'KUdTTAV.
Iron ore is found in many localities in the northern district, and in
the hill ranges of the interior, but the deposits are not worked. Lett
Hom, an Knglish mineralogist, reports the linding of some very rich
magnetic ore.
5G
MINERAL RESOURCES.
ARGENTINA.
The (iovornineiit miiioiiiloRical biucini mentions iion pyrite in cpr-
tain (listriclM and rciriiginous days in otiici-.s. It is also stated tliat
magnetics iron ore ocu-urs in considerable (pianfities in tlie Province of
('iitiiniara. in the western-central portion of the country, wliich is now
bein^ exploited.
HOI.IVIA.
This country exhibited some spe<'iiiiens of carbonate of iron and iron
pyrites al the I'aiis l':x|)osition. but no iron ores are reported as either
mined or treated.
EUROPE.
GREAT HIM'I'AIN.
As tlic most active comjietitw with the t'nited States for supremacy
iron production, and as a nation wliich for many years led (lie world
in this specialty, (Ircat I'.ritain is entitled to consii
lerable space in this
discussion, and hence details are jriven with liberality.
The iron ores of (Ireat Itritain are liberally tlistributed through
Knglaml; a large (|Uantity is raised in Scothnid, and smaller amounts
are in'odiued in Wales, Irclaml, and the Isle of Man.
The ores miiy be classed in a general way as —
I. Liniointc. found mostly in the nxrks of the Suliciirlxniiferons and
•lurassic ages. The later and nicn-e important of these deposits are in
abroad belt stretching from lancolnshire to Wiltshire, and are worked
in l.iiicolnshire, Northamptonshire, Leicestershire, and l.'iilland. The
<lcposit seems to ha\<' been originally a bed of (carbonate, lying so
close to tiie surface that the ore pas.sed intoihe condition in which it is
found.
Ilematll)
buml in the locks of the SnlicarhoMifeidiis age,
iiltliough a small amount is taken from l>ev(niian rocks, and the lean.
aluminous, blown ores of Ireland (used for niixin
til the more sili-
ceous ores of I'lngland), which occur in
lids of basiilt of Tcrtiarv
;i. < 'arboiiiite, the "leat iiortion of llie
age. TIk^ hciiiiitite mined in I'aighind is taken from tlic inonntain or
('iirbonifeions limestone of (himberland and Ijancashire, while the
Irish ores me found in the provinces of I.einsler and Ulster, i>riiicipally
the hitter.
iin ore .now mined, which
comes from the same group of rocks as the limonite mciitioned above,
i. e., the .lurassic, but from a lower horizon, nanicly, the marlsUnie or
Middle I;ias. liciiig covered with a considerable thickness of rock, it
is uiK^liaiiged in composition exce|itiiig at out<;rops. The remainder of
the carlionate (ue produced is the clay ironstoni' of the ( 'iirlionifcroils
formation, which a number of years ago was the mainstay of the
U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
MAP OF EUROPE SHOWING THE OCCURRE
too 3 "
s(;ale
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. PART III. PL VII.
PE SHOWING TH[ OCCURRENCE OF IRON ORES.
l.ilhAHoi-iiir.iR.illiliion'
11)1}
SlfAL.e
PRODUCTION OP IHON ORES.
67
British iron triHlc. It is now, iiowcvcr, (lisi)Iii<?e(l by the ironstoiie of
tlic Oolite and lAns, Scotland and iStaflonlsliirt' hcinji tlii' principal
jirodn(!ers of oie found associatcU with th<! (Joal Measures.
Mr. 11. Baucriimn, author of The Metallurffy of Iron, gives the fol-
h)wing data concerning the carbonate oies, and divides them into
(I) Cleveland ore, (2) balls and clay-baud stone, (3) black band f)re,
(4) spathic carbonates.
Mi)athi(5 carbonates aro found at Perran, Cornwall, Brendon Hills.
Somersetshire, and in Weardale. Only the latter mines are at present
oi)erated, the ore now being used in the manufactuie of spiegel iron
for steel, etc.
lllack blind is obtained chiefly in the pottery (North Staffordshire)
coal fiehl, and is used in making forge iron. When calcined the black
band is largely emi)loyed as fettling nniterial under the name of " i>ot-
tery mine," the best pieces being put aside for that use, and only the
leaner kinds smelted.
Nodidar carbonates of the Coal Measures are now princijially used
in making special classes of iron, such as cold blast, foun<lry, and chill-
ing iron for roll-making in South Wales, Shropshire, and South Staf
fordshire, and the highest class of malleable iron in the West Riding
of Yorkshire. They are too costly for common forge purposes. The
Scotch <:lay bands, which contain manganese, and are somewhat dolo-
niiti(!, are mostly smelted for foundry iron.
Irish ore, the pisolitic brown ores of Antrim, occur in thin beds rep-
resenting old lake ixittoms in the basaltic plateau that covers the north-
east of Ireland. They vary from an ore yielding 40 to 4r» per cent of
iron to a mere alumincms day. This ore is probably of Miocene age.
Of the iron ores produced in late years approximately over one half
is carbonates one-(piarter hematite, and one-liftli liinonite ore.
Sir Lowthian Hell, in an article on "The American irim tjade,'"'
classifies the Hnglish iron ores as follows:
(1) Altered carbonates (a variety of brown ores) got by open work
from the Lias and Oolite formations in Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire,
Lciitestershire, etc.
(2) (;arl)onate (clay ironstone-') got by mining in the Lias, as in
Cleveland.
(.'i) Carlioinite (clay ironstone) got from the CoarMeasures as itoccurs
in Scotland, Staliordshire, etc.
(4) Red hematite, largely wrought in Lancashire and Cumberland.
(.5) Brown hematites, such as the ores of Antrim, in Ireland, and the
l'\irest of Dean, neither of these being of much importance.
(tl) Sundries, consisting of dilfereut varieties, but all in unimportant
(luantities.
The foHowing interesting statement for three years ending December
'Speriiil vnliiriH' tif t\w liriti-*!! Iinii iiliil SIci'l Iimtitiilo. 1890.
'Olhir milulliiigwls iluirii thai tliii ia uu iiulitic I'Mslliliiiiiw liinestilie ' ransloniud into liluuuite.
68
AIINKKAL KKSOITROES.
.'{1, 18!I0, hIiows the ninniiiits of British iron ores mined, an<l the vahie
in ^n-oss iiiitl per ton, u.s well us tliat jier lon^ ton per unit of iron, in
Ainericiin money:
I'miliiiliiiii mill value of Jlviliiih iron oreH, tSSS In tS!W.
Yean.
Aiuount.
Total value.
1888
1889
1800
Ijiinti tditn.
14.61IU. 7i;i
14.54U. lUS
W,78U,707
»1«,946,374.28
18.0L'5,B17. 1-'
lU,(KW,m:i.BiJ
Value per
Uiu.
tl.lO
1.28
1 :i8
Average I ApproxL
' • piitMiflal.il
35.85
3ii.6'i
35. 18
$3.23
3.8U
3. 83
a Diviiliim thf iiluivr hy UK), tliui-iirtt pi-r unit itl'iruii in tin. m't' is 3.'J3. ',1.1). niiil :i.t);t i-i'lits. respt-i'tively,
tor the \ fill's iijtiiiftl, the perreliluge of iiri' lieiujj roiisiUi-ri'il uh liimeil uli tlif t'liriiiirf > ielit.
Thi.s table indieateH an a]>p!ireiit inerease in the cost of mining the
iron ores (probably on account of greater <le|itli), wliilc tlie average
percentage of iron in the ore is decreasing.
.Ml. .losiah T. 8mith, in a paper read before the British Iron Trade
Association on "(li-eat Britain's rei|iiireiiients and avaihil)le sup|dy of
Bessemer ore," states tliat iron ore is found in no less than twenty-seven
(umnties in Knglaiid, twelve in Heotland, and one eai^li in Ireland and
Wales, lie divides them into two heads, the hematile and Lias, and
says that <if the latter there is a good siijijily, but tliat-of tiic, "hematite,
however, tiie (piantity available is more uncertain, and although it has
recently been proved by new discioveries to be more ainindaiit than was
at one timi^ supposed, it is doubtful if the pre.sent annual out))Ut could
he largely augmented, or indeed ijiiite maintaincil.'' From this state-
meiit and' from the falling off of the iron-ore output it may be inferred
that (iieat liritain has reached the height of her iron-ore production,
and a reduction of her annual output may be e.vpected, and is in fact
shown by the figures given above ami by later statistics.
The brown oolitic ore found in Lincolnshire is a bed rea(^hing some-
times a thickness of L'O feet. Mr. Hell repiu'ts a series of analyses rep-
resenting the <Mini|>ositioii of every foot of the .seam, wliicli, as will be
seen from the following resume, show great irregularity iii its ditt'ereut
layers.
Hemime of analyaei of lAneolnshire (KnglantI) nolilic iron ore.
Slliia 3. 112 111 18. IM
<,'arljuiiati' uf lime :i. 18 to IHI. 83
Miiimiiie j .'•..44 tu 17 !W
Irmi I4.4U to:i7. 13
A
veniKf
l»
r rent.
«.27
34. '.'0
8.87
2_'. 40
The Lincolnshire ore is mauganiferous, and is best Htted for making
basic white iron, with about 'J per cent of maugauese.
PROmrCTION op IRON ORKH.
69
Instead <if liaviiiK tli<^ very ciileiirt'oim iiatuit- rliarm-teri/intr the
Liiicoliishii'f ore bed, tJiat of Nortlmiiiptonsliire in Hilireoiis. In a
description of ti visit of tlie (ieolitjfists' AHWK'iation to tliis roniity,
the following statement is iiiude: '
The iroiir^toiiv beiU vnry iiiiicli in tUirkneHfl, in tlio ((uantity iif iion in Diein, antlin
tUe uiihIb (if (lieir iMinrri'i Most, of lli« Inferior Oolite fiiHMils am fiiiinil in tlirae
lieila. At Dni^toii the iron ore Iihh Iiimmi chiKwitlnnit intHiniiitsion foi a t(>'i'<>t niiniliiT
of yearn. tSonietlines u (le|itli of nearly 20 feet eaii he utili/eil, linr nnire often tlie
n|>|iernioHt and lowest liedx are rejevteil, tin' former bein^ Hauily and poor, and the
latter t'ontainin<{ |dion|ihati-H. The churai'ter of the lieot ore in pernliar, conHiHtin);
of nearly rertiint;nlar, oi- it may be oval, eoncentrii- bo\*'rt of rirh, (lark iron ore in
the ronditiim ttt' limoiiite, with eoreH of orher<niH or gret-h material. This is uiostly
far)"inate of iron with Home Biti(>at(\ ami in the lower beds abinit '2 per rent (»f phos-
phate of iron, (jivinn '^ " blnish tiiixe. The latter ore is thrown to one side. The
proportiini of iron in the workable ore varies from !'."> to :!IP per i enl, lliongh the
casings eoiitaiu a greater and the eores a less ainonnt. Tlo' probable Honr<-e of the
iron in these beds lias ^iven rise to inui-U disrussion. The most sa^isfai-tory ex])la-
iiation appears to be that the organie aeids prodni><l by deeonipiising vegetable
mutter in the estuariaii beds above gradnally attaiked the inm-eoiitaining minerals
of the beds in whiib they oicnrred and of those below, dissolving the iron, anil thus
leaving the upper layers bleuibed as white sanil. The impervious l.iasclay kept the
ferruginous water in eontaet with the htwer beds, so thataH the h\drostati<- pressure
foreed the solution along tin* lines of least resistaiiee in these lower layers linnt w as
gradually replareil by iron in the beds, and iron by lime in the water, tixygeiiated
water tinished the operation and produeed the hydrated ]ieroxide now nut with.
Sir liowtliiaii Hell says tliat the ore is very easily mined, almost as
easily as day foi' hrieks.
According to Mr. M. 11. .Mills, it was imt until 187(i that any serious
attempts were made to use the iron-ore deposits of Leieestershlre. In
the vale of Helvoir the soft Keiiper sands and theoverlyiiif; Lias slntles
lie eonformahly and dip to the southeast. Farther eastward is found
the marlstone in an e.seari)ment of hiird, arenaeeoiis rocks. The work-
able bed of iron ore, to !l feet thi(;k, lies on the summit, iiiid with the
overlying ooliti(r limestone forms an extensivt! table-land. The bed,
however, is very variable in thickness and (|iiality. There is a continu-
ous outcrop of this rock bed from Melton-Mowbray to (irantham, and
idl idoiif; it there are extensive workiuffs of ironstone by several com
piinies. Tlie workable ironstone is abinit H feet thick, with 4 to <! feet
of cover, and rests on ferriioinous limestone. Loug cuttings tire ilriven
and the cars are laiil elo.se to tlni face. The stouts is removed in small
iron wagons, by a locomotive, to a tipjile, where it is lotided on the rail
road cars. The refuse is spread behind the tat^i and (M>vered with soil
to renew the surfact*. The ore is not usually cah^iiied unless it is
heavily charged with moisture.
Iron oreH of the Carhom/eioun limentonc, northern counties, — The prin-
cipal mass of the iron-produtung Carboniferous limestone of the north-
ern and north nudland counties of Kngland etnerges from l)eneatli the
Coal Measures of Durham and Northumberland in the east, and is
> rroreeiliiigs i)l' iIib 0«olugirtt8' AsHuciutiuu. \ol. 12, p|t. \''2 nie, l.iiiuton. li^lJ'J.
60
MINKHAh UKHOlJKCEa.
Iioiiiiili'il l)y II stocji I'iil;;'!' overlooking' llu^ villi' ol' ICili'ii on tlie west.
Il roai'lics its lii^rjii'sf |iiijiit in tlii< iiioiiiiliiiiiniis liin^i- of rros.s l''i>ll,
iinil fonns it triirt of iiiooilitiiil roiiiitiy, wliiili, In tin' ni-iKlil)iirliooiI of
Alslon, I'.xti'iiiiH lor 11 widtli of :,•."< mill's, wliili' in llio I'li'vati-il ri't;ion
iiiljoinin;,' tilt' Scottish lioicli'i' it stirtrlirs iilinoHt i'oni))li'ti'ly iicross tlu!
i.sliinil. AI'tiT an iiiti'iviil of :i I'l'w niili-s, Mir sanii' ('oinitition apiin
I'isi'H towiii'd till! wi'st, iVoiii licni'iith tlir ni'w ird .siinilstoiii' of I'l'iiiitli
mill tlii'Coiil ■Mi'iismi's of Woikiiifitoii and Wliiicliavrn. iinil lorniH si
i'onii>arativi'ly iiiii row lirlt around tlir olili'r slaty rorks of tlir lake ilis-
tiii'l. Till' slnic'liiii' of the lii;;li land, on wliifli are sitniited the towns
of Alston, llexhain, and Allwhistle, dilfers niuteriiilly frorii that of the
(M>iiteni|ioi!ineoiis formations oeriirriiiK' both in I'int^land and VVsiles,
fintlier smith, whii-li for a great tliiekneHS eoiiMisf princiiially of almost
iininterrniited liedsof limestone. Some of the lead veins in the vieinity
of Alslon, in portions of their eonise, instead of lieing eom|iosi'<l of the
usual veinstones aeeonijianyin;; lead ore, such as ealeite, lliior.s)iiir,
etc., are tilled with lirown iron ore, and many veins have yielded hirge
(|iiantities of this I'liiiracter of ore. In the eastern part of this region
spathose iron ores make tlieir a]i|K>ariince alinndantly in the lead veins.
The led hematite from the vieinity of W'liitehaven in <'uinberlaiul, and
of l'"iiiness in Lancashire, is obtained either from the (,'arboiiiferoiis
rocks or from those of the Kilnrian age. I'raetieally, however, it is
deiived almost entirely from the former, since the dejiosits in tlio Mill-
riaii rocks are of extremely limited extent.
The Carboniferous limestone series consist mainly of iilternatiuim of
111
iiestoiie will
shal
eii ami sa
lidsti;
The sandstones and shales are
generally thin, often not more than '1 or 3 feet, and seldom exceeding
12 feet in tliickness. On the other hand, the liinestoiK^ occurs in
enormous beds, sometimes exceeding .'iOO feet In thickness, and it is in
these thick masses of iiioiintain limestone that the hematite is i»rinci-
pally found. The ore tills lissures and lake-like basins in this rock,
somelimes immediately below the drift, while at others it iireseiits
itself in ail irregular form deep down in the Carboniferous limestone.
It is found in almost eveiy bed, from the lowest, resting on the Silurian,
to the highest, ibrining the base of the (Irits and the Yore.dale rocks,
at Whitehaven and Fiirness, respectively. In eonseipienee, however,
of the liicllnatioM of the liinestoni', and the exti'iit to which it lias been
denuded, this dllVerence of geological horizon does not always all'ect
till' actual level of the dejiosits, and inimy of tlieiii occurring in the
lower beds are found much nearer the surface than those in the higher
ones. At VVhiti^haven some of the, (iiiest deposits of iron ore occair in
the upjier beds of liinestone — tliOHe lying immediately below the tirits.
.\t liigrigg, <lrowgarth, and I'arkside the ore is found in large, irregu-
lar masses in the limestone immediately under the Millstone (irit, one
ol llie beds of which forms in each ease the roof of the dei>o8it. In
section these deposits present in many respects the a|i|ieai'aiice of a
bed, since they follow the diji of the rocks in which they lie and usually
F'UOKirCTION OK IRON OUKH
fit
|ii'a'«'rv<> a tult'i'iilily iiniroi'iii lliirkiicsH, wliirli in (lill'i'ii'iit ilt>|MiNitH
viirit'H IVoiii I It) silxMit It) left, l!iit lew ol' Hit' (Irpiisjls (irciiiiiiii;
iiiiiiiiMliiilcly iiiiilei' tliudrits sin- IoiiikI to lie nl any Ki'*'at ilistancc IVoni
III*; iipiicr !■(!{;(<, of tliono locks, anil in many cases tliu ore ronn"' '.':.iiii
bi'iicatli tliciii to tlio bottom of tin; ilrift.
The HiiIXM'licial cxtisnt of tlii'sc deposits is sometimes very lai'fre, tliat
at I'arksiile liaviiiK an area of IH jicres, wliili^ iiiiiiieioiis others vary in
si/u from 12 to Id acres. In Kiii'iiess one deposit only has lieen roiiiiii aH
yet while searching for coal — in the liij;h(v-it lieil of limestone iiiiiiieili-
atcly lielieatii tiie Vorcilale rocks. The dcpositH in the iiitcn liate
lieils are many and various. Some of tliem lie immediately Itelow the
drift, ill basins hollowed in the limestiine; otiiers are at consiih^ralilu
depths in tlie limestone, inclosed in irrefjiilar caverns, w hich are some-
times at a depth of Xi fathoms from the surface iind surrounded on all
.sides by limestone. The deposits in the lower beds of limestone restiiif;
upon the Kihiriaii rocks are anion;; the lliiest which liave been found in
the Kiirness district. Aiiionf^ thise may be mentioned tho.se of I'ark
and Lindal Moor, the Ib'st of which extends over an area of l."i acres,
and at one point has been iiroved to a depth exceeding' .'(( J feet. The
deposit at Ijindal Moor is !l(H) yards In length and about L'.'S yards wide.
At Whitehaven the hematite is usually of a dull red color, and ocimrs
in hard, compact inasseH coiitaiiiiiii; numerous irregular cavities, which
are fre(|ucntly lined with a botryoidal concretion generally known as
"kidney ore," on which a coating of specular iron ore, iiuartz, aud
calcite is sometiiiie.s formed. On the other hand, the ore at Fur
iies« c()nsist.s, to a large extent, of a loose, incoherent material compo.sed
of delicate lilmy scales of micticcouB iron, soiling the lingers when
touched, and inclosing fragments of more compact ore, many of which
have a concretionary structure. The harder hematite, locally known
as "blast ore," is einidoyed entirely for smelting jmrposes, while the
softer variety, .sometimes known as "smitty ore," is much used for form-
ing the bottom of puddling furnai^es.
In the Cleveland district, the most important iron-ore region of
Kngland, Mr, Hell states that there are two well-known seams of this
ironstone, the Tpjier and Lower beds. The first was objected to as
being siliceous and irregular in ipiality. In the .southern portions of
the district its position can only be traced by a thin and unworkiible
band. At Kosedale Abbey it thickens to as much as 10 to IL' feet.
When first opened it was considerably richer than the lower seam, cim
taining as iiiuidi as ."t? or 'Mi jx'r cent of iron. This sample, however,
had lost one third of its original carbonic acid. It is (<btained near
Hosedale Abbey by drifts in the seam itself, and as the workings
advanced the ore becamt^ poorer, ]ia.r'ily from more of tlie metal being
in the form of carbonate. Immediately beneath the top seam there was
found, within .S(( feet of each oth'r, on tiie face of a lofty cliff, two
wedge-shaped masses of ironston'j, with their iwiuts downward. The
62
MIN'itAL KF.HIIUKCKS.
ujiper biiseot' tlicsc two IriaiiKiiliir "Iciiosits hail ii width of '2l» and ;W0
feet, lesiiectively, tlie former haviii^t a itpriiendifiilar height of .">(» feet
and the latter of Ki) feet. Tliese two masses of ore united at L'tH) or
;M)0 yards from the faee of the drift, but soon after, viz, at a distance
of 4(M) yards from the faee of tiie clitV, tlie united mass suchleniy came
to an end, as ultimately did tlie mine. This stone was a dark blue-
blaek in color, with a distinctly magnetic actioi., and (contained nearly
.">(» per c-it of iron. The top seam itself having, however, only a thick-
ness of about 4 feet, was worked at Kosedale, close to the sea, and at
Ingleby (Ireenhow, but JJoaedale Abbey is now the only mine worked
in this bed of stone.
Mr. Hauermau states that th<( oolitic and liassic ores are essentially
l)seud(Hnoriilisof oolitic linmstones in siderito, which have weathered to
limoiiile. The phosph.;tcs arc also to some extent of later formation.
The Lower bed may be ;egarde(l as the only general source of the
ironstone of Cleveland. It h.id been worked as early as the year IH.Jti
in the neighborhood of VVhitljy, but IH.-)(> was the year of its disctovcry
at Rston,near Mi<ldlesborough. The ironstone seam in the northern
liortioii of the lidd has a thickness varying from S to Id foot, A small
shale parting divi<les the seam, which gradually increases in thickness
southward, until in the valley of the Ksk the bed is split in two, with
;U feet of rock intervening. The average yield of ironstone as worked
atOrosmont did mit exceed L'.") per cent, against.Jl per cent in the best
mines near its northern lioundary.
Mr. Hell says that the comi)08iti<ui of the Cleveland ore is shown by
the following analysis:
Aualyais of i'leiiland iron ore.
Percent
Intll prntnxiilf
Iron |ifro\i<lt'
MunfiaiiRHi' jiroloxiili'
Alnminn
Ijinio
MHfineKi.i
('arimnio mii!
Pliospboric uritl
39. 02
.115
7.86
7. 11
■J2. «5
1.8S
InHoliililt^ matter. Plr.
Silica Kululilr in lU-'iil .
'I'ntal
Kqiiivalent to:
1 rnn
rhuspborus .
4. .')«
7.12
33. S4
.312
He also gives tlie following analyses showing the coinpositiiui of
various parts of the Cleveland bed, where the shale bed is 12 inches
thick:
I'RODICTION OK IKON ORKS.
(18
CoinpoHHion nf the t'lei-rlinni 1 l.tnjUmd) inni-ore hni in dijf'rriiit huf^rs.
Silira
Aliimiiiii
F.imo
MagneHia
Snliihiir
PhoBiilioric iuid —
Cmltoiii*- ai'irt. wah'
I'rotoxidftnf irnn. ..
(:t.4 fcH-t '"■*^ "*"'
tliick).
thick).
/
er opiit.
i:i
75
II
10 1
:i
08
40
'J'J
00
4i
00
Per eitnt.
15.110
1:1. (13
K.OO
1.07
.24
1.40
m. 511
30.57
ShHln
(I ftK>l
Ihiikl.
/Vr fciit.
;i4. a;
20. 14
3. &>
3. 03
.K2
1.08
1 3. 110
24. US
Mot toil)
(2.3 lept
(hii'k).
/Vr ernt.
12. 30
1(1 n«
5, m
i.:;n
.00
1.4(1
Z\. (10
43. 14
■i'„,,,l 100. IB i 09.81 I 90.85 , 100.28
MHoiiiciron:::;: , •->o.4o 27.70 n.oo 3020
PhnH|.l.(.r(c< Oil! .nil .472! .011
'riicsc (iKiiieH i»i<(v<' not only tlu^ existence '>( a band of shale jionr
in iidii, but. also an additional aiiioiinl of eartli,\ matter in other parts
of the scam, by which tiie iiercentaKc of iron is rediK'ed.
The iroiistoire of Cleveland occuis in the Middle hias, the, two prin-
cipiil beds beiiij,' known respectively as the I'cctou and Avieula seams,
from the incvaleiiee of tbssil .shells boloiifiiiif? to those {jenera. The
usual color is a dull bluishf^reen, arising from the, pn^senee of silicate
of iron, its structure beiii}; oolitic, with numerous iiitersiiersed fossils.
The beds worked extend inland from liedcar to near Middlesborout,'h
on Tees. At Kslon the main bed attains its greatest thickness. From
Kston the bed gradually but slowly thins otf toward tlio southeast,
but in the opposite direction this takes iilace more! rapidly.
In former days the ScoUh iron tiadt) owed its suc(^ess to the variety
of clay ironstone known as -'blackband" ore, found in the Coal
Measures in seams varying from 12 inches to '_' feet, and as delivered
at the bank containing about Xi per cent of iron. The miiier.il was
piled in large heaps and tire apiilied; the associated coiroiistiblo
matter, being surticient tor calcination, disappeared, leaving the cal-
cined ore containing about .").■> per cent of iron. The employnont of
this mineral is now almost a thing of the past, but the furnaces when
using local ores are fed with clay bands which aiiiiear to allord about
30 per cent of iiig iron. Scotland, however, still inainlaiiis its position
as to the <iuantity of iron proiluced by liberal importations of foreign
ores, cliictl) Spanish.
Ilcnidl i lex.— TUc: depo.sits of red hematite in the west of HnglaMil
vary a great deal as to their dimensions and purity. This ore is, as
previously stated, found principally in Cumberland and !-ancaahire.
Thechief working localities are near I'.iixham, in Devonshire, and a few
small mines in the Mountain limestone of the Meuilip Hills, in Somer-
setshire. These are now used tor paiut.
f)4
MIN'KlfAl, KI'.SIUIKCF.S.
'Pile I'oicst ol' Dciiii UiiN |irol)iilily oiic of tlif lirst Heitts oC iioii triide
ill (ircMti I>rit:iiii, I'm' llicri' is cviileiict' that tlii' lioiiiaiis canicil mi tlic
iiiamifactiin! o\' iron I line on a \i\v<n' scale. Tim Farewell Hock, or
Millstmie ( Irit, wliirli iiiMh'rlies I he Coal .Measures lliroiijilioiit the Tor
est of Ueaii. cmilaiiis in its hnvesl lied a deposit of iron me, wliieh to
a small extent is wmUed on its eastern mit('io|i; hut the extensive
deposits (it ore wliicii supply the iron of the l''orest of Dean occiir in
pockets or "churns" in liie upper beds of the ( !ailimiifei<ms liiiiesioiie.
Soiii(> of these chiiiiis often contain seveial thousand (mis of hrown
heiuatitc. which is lor the most part soft and easily worked, hut which
nevcrlhcN'ss varies i oiisidci alil.N' in (plality. Tlie Mlack i'liiish oie
siMMi'tinies contains as iiiucli as ild per cent ot peroxide ot' iioii, hut tlie
poorer varieties, heiiii; containinated hy an admixture of clay and ear
lionati^ ol lime, are proportionately less rich in iron. The most impni''
taut workin^js in the limestone ol this district are those situated on its
ea-lern outcrop, where <'avities in the almost |ierpeiidi(idar beds ai'e
tilled with deposits of rich ores. On the western side ot tlie held,
where the strata are less inclined, iron ininini'- has long lieeii eMeii
sively carried on. .Ml the more successful iiiines, however, are found
to he to the dip of the excavations made by the ancient miners, who
Iteipicntl.v penetialed to ^'lealer depths tliaii I'oiild have been expeitted
witli the means al I lieir disposal.
Ivini una of Ihr Ml siKiiif itf/r. — The marl-;r<ine bed t'oriiiin;^ the high
est jiortion of the .Middle Lias series is ottiu ferrilKiiions, ami in certain
localities cmistitiiles a valuable iriiiistom>, Monietiliies atlslining a thick-
iiessof L'O feet. This ore has been wcnked al Adderbiiry, .Steeple .Vsloii.
and at l"o\\ ler. near Stonesliehl, Oxtonlsliire.
lirouii heiiialiles of a somewhav sandy and iliipnre charaeler occur
in the liias. Oolite, and ■•ower <ireeiisaml formal imis, and a'e fonml
fioiii the iiorlliern parts of WiltHliiro to tlie Wolds of NorkHliire, pass
ing throufi'li Oxfordshire, Northainptoiisliire, and I,incolnsliire. It has
usually the appearance of a brown lei.ilginoiis oolitic rock. The most
important of these deposits is that at the liase ot the inferior oolite,
which ext(-mls from tlie neigliliorhood of Itanliiiiy through Nortliamp
toiishire. These ores arc poor in (pialily and cheajily mined.
The heinalite deposits of Wt^st Ciimlierhmd and KiiriicsH have, it is
stated, been worked from the twelfth century ; ami, on iiecoiint of the
comparatively high percentage of iron in the ore. they have been an
iinporlant laclor in the supply of (treat Mritain. I'he hiMiiatite deposils
hitherlo wrought occiii in the center and at the extreme ends of a belt
of country extending along the seaeoast from Wliiiehaveii northward
for a (liistiUiee of about •'!:< miles, its greatest width being about H iiiih's.
Those ill the north are about Kelloii, Salter, Winder, I'"riziiigton,
(jleator Moor, liigrigg, and ICgremont, and those in the south at Sile
cKdt, llodbarrow. Water l'dean,aml in I'lirness. the central part of llio
belt being worked in the hills about Kskdale.
IMfODHCTION OF IliON (IKKS,
fir>
Mr. J. n. Kciiiliill, in his wmk im 'riiii Iron < )ri's ofdrcal liritiiin uiitl
li'<-laii(l, states Dial those ori's arc all r<iiiiiil in the Cailionircrniis lime
stones, but that numerous <le|)osits, not cornniercially ini|H)rtant, occur
ill the I'iskdale ;;ranite and Hnnerilale sycnile. The deposits in (Jai-
boiiil'erous limestone are in variable s)ia|ies. lieiiif; soMietiincs lied-likc,
asain vein like, and at otlicr (ilaces lilliiiir dish like hollows in Ihi^ lime
.stone, immediately below the drift, while not iiilreiiiieiitly they ha\e a
most iricffular shaiie. Tiie bed-like and vein-like deposits are nearly
all t'oiind in the Whitehaven distvjct. (iood examjdes oC the Conner
are .seen at llinrifij;. while the laiidal Moor deposit illustrates the latter
type. A j^ood example of an irr( (fiilarly shaped deposit is at \Vyiid
ham and at No. 7 jiits at l'.i};riK{J. The famous llodbarrow mine is the
only liU'}.ve dish like ileposit, and itt' extent lias not been fully a.scei-
tained. Its Iciifitli as far as known is aiioiil I.IKHI yards, and its breadth
KMI yai'ds, Its };ieatest thickness is aboul I.'JO feet, and IIk' averanc^
perha|)s ll.") fe4't. The deposit contains very little stone or other Ibreijiii
matter, so that it may be considered as almost a solid mass of ore. The
ore from the llodbarrow ih-posit has been exported to the riiited
States, and has been usvd as a mixture in some blast furnaces close to
the .si^aboard.
The, ore of (he Whitehaven district is chictly of a hard, massive
charaeter. much harder in soimt pla(u>s than in <illiers. Its c<ilor varies
from a brownish led or imrple to a bluish iron i-'iay. Mr. Kendall sa.\s
the general composition of a lir.st-class me is .-.iiowii by the followiujj;
analy.ses. No. I beint; an average saiii|ile of the Soiitham ore, wliile
No. \i is an example from llodbarrow, and No. .'5 an average of T.S
Mumplcs of a good ore. the latter being drieil at I'll! :
Anttlfitis III' iro» tn'i from lliv It'hilihttt ci ditlru/, l\iHflitinl,
I'prn'Odp (if iron
Proloxiilcol' iMiiiiiiiini.i.f
Siliru
AlllIDilllL
I.itiH-
Mii^'iii'Miu
I'i'r rent. I'er rnit. I\'r rvnt.
Diirvta
Carhniijr acid . ..
PlHiHphiiriu iivUl.
Siilplini-ir mid ..
Siilpliiir
WttUT
HH. 7;i
S1.41
811.67
Inu-).
.:!2
. 18
4. !»i
T .111
il. 42
1.114
.117
1.2,1
.41
.7"
1.12
.12
.11 ,
. Ill
. i:i
1
I Mointnni lost itl 212 '.
Some of the ore, however, is poor, tliere being a great \arialiiiii in
(piality. In one deposit which
ive an average analysis
if i;l..st per
cent of iron the exirenies were MA'.) and
I'r cent.
The ores of the I'liriiess deposit may be divided into three classes.
viz, (U hard. com|ia<'t, bliie-piiriilc ore; (L') dull, reddish purple ore: and
(;{) wift. dark ore, the latter being most abundaiil in Kiiniess. I lie
SO'Jl .".
ci;
MINKH.M. i;i:.s()(ji!ci;.s.
rdllouiii;; ly|iii':il :in:ilysfs will sliow IIk' ((HiiiiDsitiipii iif tliesc dill'iMOiit
classes 1)1' (lie;
.titultiats itf i'ltnuHti inin m-un, Eutjliinit,
Forrir nxido
I'nilfixiilr i)riiiiiii|;iin<'so.
ManKiini'Hf
Hili™
Atinuiuii
Linn'
MftyiH'siu
C.'lirlMiiiic itciil
I'hnMplmrir Jicitl
Siil|tliiirir nriil
WaiiT
IjtH^ nil ifjniticiii
Mt>it4hir(< lu8t at 'IVl ' 1''..
No.l.
Per rent. I'd- criit. Vet eent.
,".'4 i 76.35
.24
10, 46 !
1.87 I
.60
.24 ,
.o:i
.04
2.02 1
7. :io
1.71
e.m
.41
4.111
1.40
7.27
2.10
.21
.64
.03
2.54
10.00
Tnlal
Mi'liillic iriili
SpLH'illc (>ravit.v .
lOU.OO
52. o;t ,
4.34 :
119. 02
DO. 0.1
64.00
02. ir>
4.04
3.08
("ounly Antriin. Ireland, i,s almost entirely covered by a .sheet of
bii.salt ol' varialile lliieliire.ss. Tlii: basalt is nsually di\ided into npper
and lower sheets oi' layers, separated liy the iron-ore beds, which (biin
a convenient liiKi ol' ilivision, Parallel to these oic beds, and inter
stratitied with both the upiier and lower basalt, are a number of other
I'crrnuinous bainls, usually consistina' of ferni;;inons clay called "bole,"
with an undiulying layer of litliomarjfe. The thickness of the pisolitic-
ore bed varies, sonu'tinies very abriii>tly. When it is thin or has dis-
appeared altos'elher it is said to have a "sipiee/e." Sonietiines the bed
is absent over lar^e areas; in other parts it is induratid by intrusive
dikes. In certain areasit hasaii amorphous character, no pea-like bodies
beiii;; present. The dip of the beds, like that of the basalt, is {jener-
ally (o the south at low angles. The ext<'nt of the pi.solitie ore iind its
accinnpanyinn' bole and lithoniarge is not ac<'nrately known. but may be
taken to cover about SUd squaie miles. 'I'lie pisolitic ore, locally known
as "sliot" ore, consists of solt brown or reddish iluminoiis ore, « liic'i is
f;-eneially overlaid by (day. called '• brush in;;'." In this lue snndl and
approximately spheroidal pieces of hard, rich ore, (.ftcii black, iinl !;('ii-
erally about the si/.c of peas oi' less, but sometimes as larue as walnuts,
are eml 'dded. the lar;;cr bein;; m'ar the top. .Someo*' tlii'm ,ire stron;;ly
attracted liy the magnet. In thickness the oie \ aries fiom ;{ or I inclnss
to nearly I feet. Under 'his pisolitic, ore, Ihe boiindury not bein;;' well
dclined, is a brownish or reddish ferrii;;iiious rock "bole"' containing
nunu'rous coiicielioMarv eodnles of basalt, Sometimes the iron is
. (lis
ti ilmted in ii regular layers or nodules, the rcimiindei- ol the bed having
tlu^ character of lian.xite. It is nnidi lately hard, and breaks into irreg-
ular cnboidal i)ieces, the bed varying in thickness from H to 17 feet.
I'nder the "bole" occurs the litlioiiiarge, locally known as "marge," a
variegated soft rock of prevailing blue-slate (M)lor and greasy f(!el, vary-
ing from IL' to'IO feet in thickness. Like the "hole,'' it contains concre-
tionary nodules of basalt, but they are more uumerous in this bed.
PROnUCTION OK IKON OKKS.
fi7
The. (lUiility nf tlic, pisolitic ore is ^iioil, altli()iii;i|i it viirics iiiiicli in
ditlweiit |)a''t.s of the- tli.-itrict, the ahiiniiioiis iriiilrix bciii}; more iilmn-
ilaiit ill soioe poitioiis tliiiii in others. As sent to tli«^ iiiaiket it will
yiehl Iroiii .'!ii to l.l per (^eiit of metallic iioii. Its coiii|)ositioii is .shown
by tiio Ibllowiiifi analyses:
Jiialyam ofpiituliUi) iron oro/riim Couiily Antrim, Ireland.
(ih'ii
i'tr cent.
62. 4:1
4.75
.'.'8
8.40
10. IK
•J. HO
. .5(1
arlir.
Per cut.
71.01
l.HH
.'1! Of)
4. 25
.CI
.01
.20
Cargaii.
t'rr '•rnt.
00. 511
Hi-doir-
aliaiO'.
J'errrnt.
05. 42
Kllurk
I my.
J'i'rcfiit.
o;i. 70
VvaUt\\fW Ml'irfiii
Protnxtdo iif iii;iKani>ric
Silira ...
.11
5. 47
7. 02
.08
.10
'rrari).
.0:1
;i. 08
14.:t4
Trace.
7.08
12. .54
.20
.08
.02
Trace.
6.28
8.82
n. :io
12.75
. 10
.05
.0(>
.02
4. (ill
12 7(1
Titanir. acid
8.XU
WhIit
l.KH
H.48
Water, liyjiroHcopic
Tolnl
'ijetallii' iron
0. 40
IKl. 80
47. 40
lOfl.lHI
51.01
OS. 115
4(1. 511
mi. 44
45. -U
100.28
44. 00
VVitii tiie hematites of (jiimljeiland and Laiicashiie about 10 per cent
of tlie pisolitie ore is used for Hiixiii^ inirpo.ses.
liole yields much less iron tlian tlie pi.solitii; ore, laiifiinjj from lid to
-'.■» per ct!iit, lint contains a laifjer ([iiantity of aliiiniiia. Tlie ratio of
alumina to silica is also higher than in jiisolitie ore. This makes it use
ful as a tlil.v for the silictMiiis ores of diinilierland and Ijam-ashire. The
yield of iron in the lithoinarKe is too small to render it of any value in
iron making exei'iit as a lliix.
Pnxluciion. — Her Majesty's inspec^tors of mines, in compiliiif,' the
Mineral Statistics for (Ireat Hritain, class the iron ores under tlirco
heiuls, vi/, the (^oal mines act (chiclly arnillai iis cailioiiatc, piirtieii-
lars of individual returns not liein^f allowed iiiuh^r the statute), metal
liferons mines act (eomprisiii}; Ijrown ironstone, aluminous hematitis
and red li(>inatite) and open works. Theanioiints prodiictMl as i-eporled
under these various acts in IStH, 181(2, and I8!Ki were as lullows, tlu!
quantities of pi^^ iron which these ores i:ould furnish hciiij; al.so indi-
cated in adjoining' columns.
I'roriiiilinn of iron orv in (Ircat Itritain in /.W/, /.v.v, and tSO.T.
From mifiPi* under the
coal iiiines act
FrOTII lIlillCH IMIlllT tlic
toelallircrmii* in i n »■ h
act
From open works
Total
Iron net
1803.
I'lj; iniii iilitiihiiililc.
1801. 1802. 18ii:i.
Long ton». Lt>Hi! loilK. I.im.i tuna. Loiuj l"tni. Koii'lttms. l,iin;l hnm.
7,2J!1,150 .15.544,480 .-iflO, 180 2.108,745 1,00,I,;(I5 I.IMIH.IOT
2. 57(1, 20:i
2. 072, xm
2. 353, 700
11. 314, 481
2,3.50,010
2.280.071
1,342.375
1.017.1112
1.214.785 1,231,331
1.13:1.048 770.300
12,777,088 11,312.075 11.203.170 4,528,312 1,041.178 3,078,604
t\x
MINKK.M, HKSOIRCKS
hiviilfilacconlJii!,' lolioiiiiiliiiies the ii't.ii-orciirodinitum in l,S!t(), l,S9l,
1«!IL', ami ISO.i was as follows:
Jnm ore miiu'tl in Ihr rarimiH rountrifn nf dirut lirihiin hi fSH", ISftf, fsa' and /,s'.9.'?.
Cotintrietf.
180O.
Ltrntj to'u. I l.iui'j tmm. Limit tiin-i. I.inui tonu.
EnRlaiul 12.5(«i,«il, 1I.1K12.-1I n 111, :m:i..'>(ll | 10.2««, 77H
ScotUiiil ilOR, <;ir> I 748. xm «72. 4:i.1 I 847, 4011
Iroliinrt 1611.004 104,2112 i 70. 7;t;i 07.2113
Wales 31,485 22. :i.'i0 (/.) (/;)
Tillal in.780.707 12.777,0811 11.312,075 11.203.470
II Ilii'liiiliii'.' till' Inli' III' Man .iiiil Waliin
(<Si4' Knulaiiil.
Divided according; to comities in tlie viiriotis coiiiitrics tlic piodiu
tiou in LSI)], JiSllli, and l.SO.? was as loiiows:
Irim-iire priiitiii'l iif iirent IWilnin iu IS'if, lS:t3f and fS:K>.
EMlhAMi AMI W.M.BS.
Ciiuittiee.
Vorkali irp
rum hi-rlani1
l.inriiliiHliiri-
StaffnnlHhiri'
N*orthiiiiiiiliiiisliii'i>
LaiiraHhiri'
liCiri'^ternhiro .
OxfiinlKliire, inrlitiliii^ Kutlaiiil anil
Willslilri'
(lliiiiri'st»ir»hir«
Shni|i.4hini
(aanniiiruanallirc. incliuiiliK KlintRliiriv
Dfrli.vMliirw
MiiniiiiitltliHliirr
Wiin'f»t*'rHliiri*
Durliu
Lnntj tnns. hoiift tonu.
lli'ViiiiHhirii
Waruii'k8liin» ...
Soni'Tsi'lHliirp
Caniuirtlionsliiro.
Brii'i'nshirii
(•iiniuall
Nottiiiffhanisbirn .
Isli.iifltari
5. 200. 322 1
1.417 8011
1.214,131
1.071.121 I
1,043,541 I
1)77. 1.10 1
040. rj.'i
144. .'i7«
0.3,748 .
ri4, 102 I
21.. 130 i
20.810
17..'i.'iO I
11.11)7 I
7. 71.-1
4.300
1.400
7!li ;
422 I
3811
K.irslilfC
Iti'iifrfiwrthlfi' ,.
niinittarliinRlilrn.
l.anark.^liire
l.lnlithj;iiw»hin'.
Kilinll'irffhshirii.
Kif<»lilrc:
Stnrll/ii|iilili« —
3,493,210
l,3.'i.'i. !i:w
1.459.404
1.040.040 '
1,120. 3S.'i I
84.'V. 305 .
680. 085
157,0115
A3, 1411
M. 044
22, 070
13,415 '
24.750
14, .3112 I
0,275 I
2.550
018
881 I
54
213 I
liOl
/.oiif; iiina
(.713.278
1.3.-12. 4111
1,030.112
808. 770
710.1171
870. 072
471,0118
133.010
.Ml. 3IIH
51.5110
18.284
8, .545
18.701
13, 4011
nil.
110
.540
823
31
1811
124
13
11.025.061 I 10.3<»,.'ial ' 10.288.778
322. 045
127 IM
101.515
87, 247
,50, 257
47, lai
10, m
337
210
181
an '
101
340
115
287
45,0011 '
n. 205 1
1
TO
1
716!
305, 349
121, 117
81,104
09. 118
61,417
8«,8«4
0, 383
2. »7
IltBI.ANii.
rintpranil l.i'lDHtiT
748,330 I 872, «IS 847 406
Tiilnl liir (irnal llrllain
12.777.0811 11.312,675 11.201.470
Ml. . I. S, .leans, secretary <il' tlic British Iron Trade .Vs.socialion, lias
given \ aliiablu as.'^istancc in supplying tlie litjiires of production.
PROiniCTION or IIION ORKS.
(59
Britixh impiirfationii.—An wcmld iiiitiiiiilly be sii|)i)iisc(l, ChciiI I'.iit-
aiii is ii liiiffc iiiiiHiiter of foicifjii ores to siipiili'iiienl lirr Kcncnilly
leiui iiiitiviMncs, iiiid ill tin' your IHi*.! slic dicw tVoiii vurioiis koiutcs
l,0<ir»,.S(il loiif.' tons of iron ores, ii^iiinst I.ITI.T'.IO lonj; tons in isn(».
;!,lHO,ril.'! t^iiis ill ISOl, iilKl :!.7.S(»,,-)(i:! Ions in IS'.tL'. Tlic Collowiii'; tiilili'
will hIiow the countries (idiii wliieii tlie Coieifiii iron ores were ohtaiiieil
in the yeiirs incntioneil:
Iruu ui-.« imiiurUd into (Inul llriUthi in isuii, isnl, ISH.', ami /.«.'«.
rmihtrluM.
Spnln
Algeria
! 18!)0.
Iioiui tonti.
J.liaH, 07-.'
■m, IKJ'.l
1891.
I.timi tonit.
'J,».'J7((
1:111. 'JUD
«■-'. 8:17
2.'.. 45:1
15.0irj
4.-|14
20, IW
18»2.
Limtj tont.
2,42:1, 18a
1 Tit), 3111
12(1, 281
lU. linj
14.11112
4, :i74
42, 302
itm.
LonQ tong.
3, 024, 083
li;t,8W
127. (.20
1 15. 051
«, 4!l!l
472
7.MI7I
Itulv
Turkey
AilHtntluHiu
....■ 4U,r,l7
IK, !lll«
■.i,47r,
2:1, 7«5
4,471.71«)
:i. iKu..'>4;i
3,780,503
4, 005. 861
Tlie totiil Viilue of thin ore as returueil liy tlie, lioard of customs, esti-
mated on a liiisis of $4.HI per pound sterling, was i«(i;,lU4,!tll or .iCi.Sit
per ton in l.S<M», i!!! l.(S7l, l!>t» or *:!.7.'. per ton in IS<»1. ijl;?, 149,100 in ISllL'
or ijCJ.I.S ))er ton, mid .s I. !,.-)(»:!, 11 <i in 18!i;! or $;?..!:{ per ton.
The iron ore exported from (ireat Britain was but 7.507 tons in 1S!t(»,
2;i,;i!»4 tons in 1 Sit 1, and 7,051 tons in 18,)2, iirineipally to tlie Inited
States and Holland, while in 18!).{ S,L'01. tons were exported, inineiitally
to the ITiiited States, lieltjium, and (iermany.
The following: tables will show the iiroduction of iron ore, the imiiorts
and exiiorts, the amount of pig iron made, and the material eharfifd
into the bla.st furnace, including mill cinder, etc., to produce this pig
iron, in as inaiiy years as such data could lie obtained. From this it
would appear that (heat Britain depended aliiio.st entirely upon her
native ores until 1S71.', when the imjiorts increased fi'iiii .'V_'l,0.'il long
tons to ,SOI.50.'5 long tons, being still greater in lS7:i. rhen falling olV to
but 45,S,(;!>;} long tons in I.S75, showing with ,some exceiitions a sub.se
(pieiit growth to 4,471, '!)(» long tons in 181WK The large importation
of foreign ores was stimulated by the iirodiiction of I'esseiner metal,
making a, certain characterol iron ore essential, and as the demand lor
steel iHi(,'wa»sed the amount 0/ such ore ii.sed was augmeiit«Hl.
70
MINEKAI. UESOUKCE8.
Great Uritaiii's production of initive ores was largest in 1882, viz,
18,0:!l,!ir)7 loMj; tons, lint it lias fallen to an ontpnt of lint 1 l,2();!,t7(»
lonfjtoiis in IS!).!, the snialK^st amount reaehed for over twenty years,
Sldlislir.t ,)/ the. iiriuliictidH, im;wr(«, diid ixpnrla of intn urr in Crml Urilii'ni.
'I'nrs. PriMliiclinii.! Ini]<ii'1t«. l-'.\purttl. !
Proiliirtioli. Ini)inrtrt. Ilxpnit^.
men.
laOT .
imw .
IKIiB.
IHTO .
1871 .
1H72 .
m?;i .
1«74
i«7ri.
1X7I1
1«77.
187H.
l«7il .
mf Innn. I.iiini tuny. I^otvj toim.
lite, iiir
oiji.orm 35!i
ifiu.'i'ii ii4,i:i'i ;i-'ii
.-iiis.Mr) 1 i;ii,3'ii ! 'iiii
;t70. 86i
:i:i4, HH«
ri»4, :ir)7
S44.1
821.1
.841,;
UII'J. I
Tit't. :
, :i7ii, :
114,
4:1:.
i;ii.
:fii
•jiw
:iiii
:i2i
11:14
8C1I
,'iii:i
!ltl7
•vm
764
141
4ris
it!i:i
07'J
•j:ir.
1, Mil. 4:14
1. i7;i
will
l.lwa
iVXl
. 1'24
. (lli:i
,0112
!, 4.'i8
042
1880.
1881 .
1882 .
18811 .
1881 .
1885.
1880.
1887 .
1888
1889.
18110 .
18U1 .
1 8112 .
18!i;i .
11,1 I,
020,
440.
11:11.
;|H3,
17:1,
417.
no.
0118.
."lOO.
.".40,
780,
777,
;il2,
20:1,
l.uiKl Itiiiu. l.inni tonM
2.0:14,401
X>. 489
2. 4411, 277
08, 7rr.'i
:i. 282. 4110
21,07:1
;i. 178.310
8, 708
2, 728, 072
8. :ilo
2, 817, M7
10, :i,'-.:i
2.870.209 .
:i 702,11:10
50, 11:14
:i..'i02,ii71
9, 7;io
4,o:il.20.'i
.■•i, :i7l
4.471.7110
7, .'■.07
:i. 180. .'m;!
2:1, :i04
:i, 780, 60:1
7, o.il
4, 000, 804
8.201
The iirof-re.ss of the iron industry of (heat I'.ritain is epitonii/ed in
tlie table whiih follows.
Slnliatiiit of the prodiiclion of pin iron in (treat llrituin.
I'll iiliirt ill
1740.
1788.
17110,
1800.
1818.
1820.
I82:i.
I82,'i
1827
1828
18:i0
1 8:1:1
iH:tr. i.oiio.iHio
IKIO I,:i47.790
18411 I,:ill0,400
1842 1,000,1:18
1844 1,0110,008
184.'; I,.'il2..-i00
1847 , 1.11911,508
18.-12 1 2,701.IMKI
l.uit'l Inns.
17. IHHI
08, 000
rj.MHIO
2S». IHHI
:r2,-|, IHHI
400.1100
454.8110
58l.:i07
;;;.'0. ihio
70:1, 184
078,417
700, ihio
18,54 :i,009,838
i«rv. :i,2i8,i,54
1850 3,580. :177
1857 3.0.50,477
18.58 1 :i.4:iO,004
1850 :i.71-2,;t.54
18011 3,889,752
1801 i :i, 8o:i, :i9ii
1802 i 3,943,409
1863 1 4,510,040
1804.,
1805, .
1800.,
1807..
1808..
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1870
1877
1878
1870
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
188.5
1880
1887
1888 7,098,909
1889 8,:i22,H2l
1800 i 7,1HI4.214
1891 7,4110.1104
1892 <l, 709. '-'55
1893 6,970.900
I'i'iiiliK-liiiti
Iiitni/ tuna.
4. 707. 051
4,819,254
4, 52:1, 897
4.761,023
4. 970. 206
6,44.5.7.57
,5.1813.515
0,627,179
0,741,929
0.500.451
5.001,408
0, :I05. 402
0, .555, 997
0, 008. 004
0. ;l81.ll."il
0. 00.5. :i:i7
7, 740, 2:1:1
8,144,440
8. 580, 081.
8. 529, :0I0
7.811.727
7,41.5.409
7. IHIO, 7.54
V.I. 518
PRODUCTION or IKON' OKE8.
71
Till! following t;il)lt' will show tlit' iiurnbiir of liliwt fniiiiiccH in optMii-
tioii ill (ircsit Itritiiiii, tlic i|ii:intily of pig iron itroiiiiiied, and Mit^iunonnt
of iron oi'f. ii.-4(mI in its iiioiliicllon for cacli yi'/.ir from L87.'t to IS!l.'t;
t-'iiriuti'in ill htiiHt, jiii/ irim pvudinTii, iiiiil imii un- iliarijnl in Hrriil Itriliiin. IS>.1 In ISUfi.
YeHin.
I IK
1873.
IH74
1875
1 8711 .
I«77.
IK7H .
IM'.l -
l««ti .
IK81 .
\»ifl .
1888.
I Fur-
I l.la«l.
08:1
lU'.i
li'.'i)
,'tH:i
r>4i
4117
.'.1)7
r.iir.
I.iiit'j tinm.
Ht, X20. UUfi
ir., 854, 077
111. .I.'ill, 75:1
17.Hi:i.8IH
18, 'J5II. nil
I7,-J!IU. 781
l.'i, 7117, 08IP
■JI,(iKli. 7411
;!ii, ;;4ii xt
i!l,L'4!P, Hi:.'
ai.oij.;;-,'.
I'ij; irim
IIIIKlf.
l.Ullf/ /fWIJf.
II, r>on. 4.M
Ti, mil. 4118
(i, aiK. 4CU
II. .lO,'., 1817
II. iiu8. eiu
li, :i81.ij,'>l
.'•., 1111,'., 3;i7
7. 7411. 'j:!;!
X. 141,4411
H, frtSIl, IIHO
H, .V.'ll. :[IH'
Fur
imi-iiH il
{ (lIUHl.
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1884
I88.''.
18811
1887
1888
18811
IHIIO
1 811 1
18ie
I8u:i
47C1
4:14
:i9li
4115
414
3711
rill:;
327
I run urn
Hllll'ltl'll.
t.iiiii/ II,
18,887.
17,937.
17, 'J1I7.
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mm
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I'ili inin
llllKit'.
mill Itnu
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,41.'.. 41111
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18, 3l!3..W;i
7, .Vill, .'ilH
19, 152,1171
7,1818, IKill
111, C183. 1148
8, Di;-.', 8'.')
19,213.11111
7, 18)1, '.'14 1
18,,'il8, IllJ
7,4llll,lHil
III. 341. 451
11, 7U1I, 2.'i5
1 IS, tl-.'u, 1153
1
«,U70,9UU
IIISIIIIIII'AI
Itlini.SlI IllllN-lllll', MI.M.NQ,
Tlio rcMiord.s of tlio prodiKitioii of iron ore in (rrcat Britiiin .show that
this niint'ral was iist'd lilicrally for tho inannfiu-tnre of iron hy the
Itonians and Daiios, and possihly at I'lirlier dates by the ancient Itritons.
(Joins, tlliulm, pottery, and other articles known to have been used by
the Koiiians have been found in cinder jiih's near the l''orest of Dean
((lloiicestershire), in Cninberlaiid, Knrness, Sussex, Kent, Worcester-
shire, Durham, North iimberhiiid, etc. Many old workings, shafts, etc.,
Lave been discovered, and in several instances sliovels were found
made entirely of oak wood, or merely tipped with iron. The earliest
preserved accounts dat<! back to the twelfth century, and numerous
relercuces arc made to working iron <ires in writings of the tliirteenth
century.
In Scotland no evidiiiices of Iron having been mined by the Itomans
have been i'c|iorted. and it is |ii'obable that no iron was made licre until
about the year IliOO. In 17."iO a furnace was erected nt (loattleld, and
another at liiiiiawe; in IT'.KI there were 17 firnaces in Scotland, |iro-
diicing a total of about 1(),0(((> tons per annum, whihi in lS()(i there were
27 furnaces, having an aggregatceapacity of about li.'S,(liM) tons. Itccorils
which liavi! liecii kept of the iiroduction of ironatone in Scotland since
IS.";,") show that tlie annual output gradually fell otf from l.'.r(()(l,0(MI Ions
in l.S.")7 Jo l,L'."i(l,(HH) Ions in ISti.S, then increasing witli some exceptions
until IS.SO, when L',(!."i!l,.'iI7 tons were |ii'odiiccd. Since that ti
' the
production has declined, and in ISK.'! the output was but 817,4(1(1 tons.
.Mthongh iron ore was known to exi.st in Ireland at an early date,
Mr. Kendall stales that its economic iniportance was not reali/.ed until
ISt.'t, in which year an atteniiit was made to smelt the ore (which was
liidbably of the "bole" and not pisolitic variety) with coke made from
turf, but this was unsuccessful, in 18(11 the beds were again worked,
and since that date have been a contributor to tlie ironori- priidiiction
72 MINKWAI. UKSdUllCKS.
(pf (iiiMt l!ril:iiii. Ill thill yciir Hi") liiiis were iniiicd, :iii(l willi sonn;
cxci'iitioiis the (ml|iiit slmwi'd a f^iiiiluiil iiicrciisc, until ISSO, wlicii tii«
liiiixiiiiiiiii i(1'1.'.1!>,:!l'."i 1(111^- tons wiis it'iichfd. Siih.s(M|]U'iitly the prtHliic-
tioii liiis (Iffn'iiscd, and In l.S!>.'i Init (i7,l.".l2 tons wt'rc mined.
In considt'iiMjitlic viirimis districts of l'',ii};land sopiiratcly. il is I'onnil
that, whili' cvidcnci's of early woi kinf;s are met witli in neaily all of the
sliiies, it is onlywilliin <'onii)arati\('ly recent times that any leeoids
liavc lieen kept.
In ( 'nndiei'laiid. Ml'. Kendall states that it appears that on tlu^ deatli
of the I'.arl (d' .Mlieinarle, in 117!t, he lieipieatlied a for^^e at Wynefell
(VVIiiiifell) and an iron oie mine at lO^reimmt to the .Vliliey of llolme
Cilltrarii. This oie lias lieeii worked more or less nninlerruptedly to
the present time. In the stewards" and receivers' accounts of the
.seventeenth and eighteenth centuries mention is made of royalties
received for the K;;ienioiit ore. In 171MI the two fuinaees at work in
this county are reported to lia\e produced .")(!.") tons of <'ast iron. In
the riMMird of iron ore produced in (liinilierland from tlm year IsHt to
istio the aniouiil mined increased from lOO.OOl) tons in (he lirsl nien-
tione<l year to l,7lir),t7H tons in I.SSl' (the mavimiim output). Since
tliat date the |irodiiclion has fallen oil', hut ('iimlierlaiid is si ill an
iin|iortaiit factor in the iron ore industry of (Ireat liiitain. I..'!.")!', 110
tons heiii;;- mined in IS'.l.i.
'I'Im' lirst certain reference to early iron iiiiniii};' in l'"iirness is in the!
t'hartiilary of h'tiriiess .\l)bey. The monks of that place wcuked iron
at Orjjiave in the early part of the thirteentli century. In Ili.S:,', or
some siihseipiciit year in the tliirteeutli century, the convent liecaine
|)ossessed of the iron ore under Alinschales. and in the year I IIHl
ohtaiiieil a yraiit id' iron oi'e in KM) acres in I >altoii, ()rjj;rave. ami Mer-
lon (Mai'linj. It thus appears lliat some part of the valualile deposits
which are now heiiij; worked in the localities Just mentioned were
known at least (iOO years an'o. In lot'") the lilooiiiaries in the lordships
of llawkeshi-ad ami ('(lulton were suppressed, liecaii.st? it was feared
ii,\ the customary tenants that the conlinininee of said smithies would
caii.sc a ijreat scarcity of liniher, as this was then largely used for niak
inj;- charcoal, and !M.'! timbei trees were purchased in l71(M'or C1,7(I0,
for use in an iron woiks in f'nrness. In ISIlt l.SL',(IOO tons of iron ore
were ]irodiiced in this districi, the ipiantily f;radually increasing ton
ma.vimnni in ISS:;. when l.KI.S.dll.'! ions were mined. Since llieii the
output has declined lo less than a million Ions.
In ( iloiicestershire. Hie l''oresl of Dean has long licen cclehraled for
its li'on manufacture. Large piles of cinders containing Homaii coins,
etc., have been found, and subseipient to the Itoman ociaipation the ore
of the forest was probably conveited by the Danes and also by others
jirior lo the Norman compiesl, whence the name " Dane cinders." given
to large lii'aps of slag which were found s(rattered over I he forest.
Somewhat prior lo 11.S4 the lirst charter granted by lleiir.N II. then
I'lJODrc'l'ION <)l' II(f)X ilUKS.
Diikc of NnriiiiiiMly. lo'lw Alibcy nt' h'lii.\lt\v s|)»'cilics iiii iron works .w
ImDiiikI. mow i;itoii, on llic ciistciii side of llic loicst. so IIimI pifsiiiii
alily ir nc was iniiii'il in tlic forest. His sci'oiid clinitcr. h Ijcn kin;'-,
is niort' t'X|ili('it, ami <lfSiTil)t's "an iron for;;o frt'i^ anil ipiit willi as free
liiierty to work us any of liis forjies in (hMiu'snc." In II arly purl of
tii«^ tiiirleenUi ciMitiiry tlie fiiriiac^t'H accni to liiivc >^ii>\\u so niinicr
oils as to cansc serious waslt- of timber in llie forest, anil Henry II
ortlereil all the for};es. with soln(^ few exeeptions which lie nanieil. to lie
removed fr the Forest of I»( In iL'Sli a '• regard" of the forest
was taken, whieh sliowed that there were fill forces at work in the
finest at that time. Niimeiims iiientioii is ina<le in old doeiimrMts and
eliarters as to the numlierof fiiri;es in the {•'orest of Uean, llu^ amonids
paid iis rent. ete. The yield of the iron ores of the forest in IHL'.S was
stated to he !I.S(M) tons, jfiowiii};' ;;radnally in amoant. A talile j;i\ injj
the oLltput l>y yeais from IS,">t to IH'.MI shows that in the former year
.S.".,,")(H! tons of ore were produced, whiii^ the maximum ontpnt was in
IHCH, when KiO.Tl'L' tons represented the total fur the year. The amoniit
prodiieed has since that time declined considerably, the lifjures for the
shire in lH!i;! hv'iuji pnt at oiVilMt tim.s.
Iro e is not now mined in Sussex and Kent, but in the earlier
history of the country considerable ore was won. The last furnace,
however, went out of blast in the- year ISliH.
Little is known of the iron trade of Htatt'ordshire, Warwicksinre,
Worcestershire, or Salop during the Homau, Saxon, and Xorman times,
but in thi^ writings of the sixteenth, seventeenth, ami eigldeenlli cen-
turies fre(|uent mention is made of pits of coal and iron ore in this .sec-
tion of I'lnghuid. (lough, writing in ISIK!. says: "Twelve miles east of
Wellington isanextensiveparisli,includingfourteeM villages. Theinhab-
itants ai e chietly emi)loyed in getting out coal, linu^stone. and iron ore.
There are two furnaces worked by a steam engine, one of tiie largest in
lOnglaml." This shows that at this time it was an important iron pro-
ducer. Stalfordshire is reported to have sup|>lied 1,(111(1 tons of iron in
17l(t, r>»l,(l<tO tons in l.SOd, and L'l 1,(>(»4 ton.s in IS,1(>. The iiroduction of
ironstone in this shire in l.S.")!t. when the continuous record ci)mmenc(\s,
js gi\eii as l,,").s;!,(l(»(l ton.s, reaching it.s nuiximum in 1871, when 2,L'l.S,74r>
Ions were mined, while in IS'.M) the inoduction was but l.liL'l,."iI(Hons.
Warwickshire produced .'Mi.odO tons and Salop l!t7..')S!» tons in 1S.51I,
reaching their maximum outputs in 1. ST.") and ISCil, respectivel.v . when
!l7,4.")(i tons and 4r«l,(MI(l tons respectively were mined. In later years
the output.s were small, Warwickshire producing about i.',(«M) and Salop
.")(l,0(Mt tons or less of ore.
In Derbyshire and ^■orkshire the earliest workings seem hidden in
obscurity, bat I'arey, writing in ISll, meidiims L'.'i jdaces where be had
noticed .slag and lemains of old bloomaries and (rharcnal furnaces. In
174(» 1,4(H> t(ms of ir(m were made in YorkHhire (West Killing) ami '>'M
tons in Derbvshire. The industry grew, ami in ISIKi there were in
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Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SM
(716) 872-4503
'
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74
MINERAL RRSOritCKH.
Derbysliirc IS ftirntwttiH, li; of wliit^li were in bliiMt, iiikI 14 t'uriiacus in
VoikHliiro, priMlui-inK, res|K><-tivi)l,v, 10,.'<2!) niiil L'7,(>4<i tons of inin. In
1811 the CU'vulaiul main liantl Huenis U> liavo buen diacovt'ivtl, but wjih
little workiMl until I.S.*(0, sinee which time tlieontpHt ra|>iill,v inei'eased,
and in the year 1855. when Mr. Kenilall's statistieH eommence, the
Cleveland distrii^t ]H'(Mln<'ed 8(ir»,;«M» tuns of iron ore and West Uidin^
l>rtr>,tMM) tons, Derbyshire mining 4(Kl,r>(M) tons.
The oiit|int of the('leveland distri(;t r<'a(;hed its inaxiinnm, nj.'tli,)),').')
tons, in 188.!, that of West Uidinn, 785,(»L'8 tons, in 18(i8, and tlnit of Der
byHhire, 'I!t2,07;i tons, in IS7I. Th<> last two, however, have declined in
iin|)ortan(^e. and in I8<H) they prodix-ed lint 77.4.'!:! tons and L'.'t,7.'t2 t4ins,
respectively. <'!eveland, while at times sliouinf; a diminished output,
still rcnniins the prirn-ipal sonrce of iron ore in ICn^lantl, having fallen
in but one year below .'>,tHH),lllH)tons until I8!li.', when it showed a decline
of nearly l',(l(M),(MK» tons, recovering somewhat in 18',t.'(.
In Devon, <'orii wall, and Somersetshire, iron-ore mining d(M's not
appear at any time to have reached much importance, the txital output
of these three shires in 18!t2 bein^r sli};htly over 4,(MM) tons, while the
niaxinium cond>ined total in ow. year reached oidy 1(H),IHH) tons.
In Durham and Northundiurlantl the present iron-ore intlnstry is
snndl, but in ancient times it is said that the Konnins produced lar^e
(juantitiesof iron there. Its ifreatest iron ore output was in 1871. when
l!Mi,848 t<uis of day band and 88,44!> tons of Hpathic ore antl limonit<e
were wrought.
In Northaniptoimhire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, Itnthindshire,
Uxfordshire, and Wiltshire there are numerous accumulations of sla^
in which are fountl lionuin coins and pottery, but during' the Haxon and
Xorinan ugi'n iron smelting' .seems t^t have declined, ami shortly aft^'r
the time of Henry III to have died out. Mr. S. II. Itlaekwell says:
"An invcstipition at the chtsc of the exhibition (18r»l) was rewarded
by the disc(»very at ilifrham Ferrers «if a bed of ore many feet in thi(!k-
ness. This led to further (examination and to the discoviTy of tlie
Ntu'thampton ilcposits." In IS-Vi attention was directed t.^ the iron
ores of Wiltshire, and in 1858 t\w iron ore in the Lower Lias at Scun-
thorpe, in Lincolnshire, was llrst worked. About the same time or a
little lattM' the ore of the Middle Lias of < Oxfordshire l>e(;an to be worked,
while the mining of (U'e in the Lower Oolittt, near Lincoln ('ity, waH
commenced in 1872. In 1882 the dt^jtosits at llolwell, Kastwell, Wal-
tham, and Wartiniby, 'u Leicestershire, were o])ene<l. Northunipt4>n
Hhire, in 1855, produced 71,084 cons of iron ore, ami Wiltshire l.'i,(HK)
tons; Lini'olnshire and Oxfonlshire nuide their tlrst outputs of 2,(KH»
and (!,)).'!<) tons in 18.5;), while Leicestt^rsliire <'.ontributed its lirst(piota
in 1881. The outputs of Northamptuimhire, Lii'icolnsliire, and Leu'es-
tershire iiu'reased rapidly, reaching their nnixima of 1 ,.550. Ml.') toim in
1880, l,.5(!(MMM> tons in 18,80, and O77,i;!0 tons in 1801. res|M'ctively.
Uxfordshire has iievei' produced 1<K>,000 Um» of ore per annum, and
PHODHCTIOJf OF IKON ORES.
in
niiice 1880 its pnHluct lin» been coinliiiK'tl with AViltsliirc, wliiuli sliirc
I'cuclieil its iiiiixiiniiiii output, ir)!l,804 tons, in 1871.
(iliiiimorKaiishiie, Itrecoiisiiirc, ami MoniiioiitliHliiro were also Htatod
I/O Ihs tlio M'tiiicH of early Roinaii o|ici'atioiis. The iron ore is mostly
day ironstone, altlioii<;li somu llmonitu i8 also obtained, the maximum
output of oru I)ein<r in 1871, when 1,174,8128 tons of the former and
7l!,7(i<i tons of the latter were mined.
FKANOP,
The iron-ore dejmHitfl of France, nIthoiiKh Tinmeronn eTiongh, are
greatly scattered, and, except in the case of the oolitic fornnitiun in
the east of tins ijonntry, there are no de|M)sits capable of feedin;; any
considerable number of blast furmu-es, such as exist in the Cleve-
land district of Kn^^land or the Lake Ku|)erlor, Middle Htutes, or Ala-
bama-Tennessee reKi4)ns of the Tiiited States.
I'rofossur Jordan groups the French iron ores under tlie following
heads:
1. Magnetic iin<l oolitit; ores. — These ores are of no great importance
to iron nianultw-turers, and but a small qinintity is mined, altlumgh
some deposits exist in the Pyrenees, the most iniiMirtant of which are
those worked at I'uymorens. These ores are found in beds altermiting
with thin strait.i of mica-schist, ami yiehl about M per cent of iron.
They also occur in the provim-us of Anjuii and I'roven(;e and in the
eastern ))n>vinces aiound Mount Canigou. At this 'place M. Max
1 Miehanoy states that they Ibrm a band from east to west, !■*> kilome-
ters (!).\ miles) h)n;;, pas'iiig through Ivscarro, Thorrens, and Fillola.
Tiie strata are about 'M meters ((m feet) thick, with an average of 45 to
55 per cent of iro'" and 1.5 to 2.7 i)er cent of wanganese. They are
diniculttomine, and sell for '.) francs per ton nt the mine. Tliewautof
coke has abi) aided in |)reventing their exploitation. These ores are
employed for making crucible, tool, and cast stesi, and are smelted in
the three charcoal blast furnaces at l>ia, near l*rades( western Pyrenees),
which consume about 25 tons of roasted ore each per day'and 12 tons
of charcoal, producing 12 to 14 tons of llnished iron. M. Duchaiioy
also mentions a deposit of magnetite carrying 5<i ]ier <'ent of iron at
Dielette, near i'herbourg, the ore Xn'.d being split into live vtM'tit^al bands
7 to 15 meters (J3 to 4!) feel) thick. The ore is sold in Scotland,
2. Ked hematite. — The largest deposit of this chariuittM' of ore is in
the Department of the Ardetihe, near the t4)wns of Privas ami La
Voulte. This extensive deposit is formed by strata between the liower
Uolite and the Superliassic nntrl. The ore varies in character from the
red hematite, with a conchoidal friu;ture and of agaielike texture
(enntnining 50 ])er cent of iron), to the schistose and even oolitic
hematite (with only 30 per cjut of iron). In the neighborhood of Alle-
vard, in the Dauphiny Alps, v ...m'ous workings have been 0|>eiuMl
upon veins containing spathic iron ore in sandstones and crystalline
7C,
KIINKKAI. UKS()ini<;K8.
scliiHtu. TIic iiiiiii'rni, ii iiistnKiiiiiltM'oiis H|)iktliir. ore, iiiiu;li iiiixud with
piiipic, iiKiliidiiig HiindMtoiifs, Hcliists, and i|iiiirt/., iiftuii closely »kK1'*'-
Kiit<>d, is broiiglit by iiK'liiied |)liiii*>s, lisiviii^ ii fall of l,<i3Sf<;<>t in a
k'n^th of a inilu, from llui mint's on t1i«; liii'sldcs to t\\v liciul of tlie
di't'NHiiig fl)M>r. The lai'pT sized picees are ' !■ aned by a wat^r Jel and
passed over a continuous picking belt, tint mixed iiiec-esare tranxferred
to spallint; tables, while the clean ore falls from the belt into wagons,
ready for the calcinin;; kilns. The calcination of the coarse nmterial is
eil'ected in kilns heated by ;;us, imide in producers. The calcined ore
is raised to a second ])ickini; hou.se, ami jiassed over balanced piirkin;;
tables. The smaller ))ie(!es arc cleaned by <;nishin{; and si/in^', the line
powder being pass(Mi over a series of wotslcn rollers cari'yiii}; horsttshiK*
inaKue^H U} separate the UK^tallie particles. The smaUeHt si/.cd oro from
the first jticking house is treated in a liartz sand Ji(;, the coarser
ores on double I'oinpartment continuous nntchines. The washed oi-u is
removed to the cahunin;; furnaces, wlii<-h are of two different )>att4.'rns,
one vertical and the other inclined, but both are heated by gas. The
calcined tu'e is tpienclicd with a Jet of water and carried to an agglom-
erating machine. Finely ground hydraulic lime is added to the
(pienched ore and the mixture is molded in a briquette machine into
blocks weighing ir>A pounds. The bri(|uettes are removed by railway
afUu- being dried for a wi k. Jn the Avt^yron u red hematite, in Infra-
liassie butls, is woi'ked for Deca/eville furnaces, but the deposit is of
but slight importance. In the Pyrenees, red hematites iM'cur in con-
nection with extensive de|>oBits of brown henuttitu and spathos<t ores,
but there is no distint^t deposit of red ores.
.'{. Carbomite ores. — While spatlioae and ironstone ores are met
with in most of the coal districts, the more imintrtant de|)08its are in
the Alps and Pyrenees — the Allevardand St. (ieorge's mines of Messrs.
iSchneider iS: ('<>., the former being situaU^d 4)ii the slope of the J)au-
]ihiny Alps and tjie latter on the bavoy slope. The Allevard ore is
found in large lodes in the talcose scliists, and comprises several kinds,
varying in colcr from white to red, according t.o the stage of dei^onipo-
sition, and known eitlicr as '*Maillats'' ores, i. e., having large iliom-
boidal crystals, or " Uives*' ore.", i.e., ores with a more confuseil crystal-
li/i'*ion. The ores of the 8t. Ueorge nnnes are ipiite similar to the
.MIcvard, but are perha])s iu)t. quite, as rich. M. Duchanoy states
that the 8t. (ie4>i'ge vein has a southeaHt and northwest strike, a
thickness of from l! to U meters (tij to 120 feet), and istra<'ed for a length
of 14 kilometers (8'^ miles). The ore contains fiO piv cent of iron pro-
toxide (.'M.8 ])cr cent of metallic iron) and 8 |ier cent of manganese
protoxide (<i. II per cent of manganese). While there are a ntnnber of
excellent cailKinate deimsits in the Pyrenees, they are not worked to
any extent e\ce]>t in the Department of the euRtern Pyr<-iu;es, where
considerable tleposits are found on the siojies of MtMint Caiiigou, not
far from the Mediterranean shore. Tin- primNjial mines ai'e at TIdm'-
rent and Sahorre. These ores, unummlly free from sulphur and phos-
rUDKUCTKtN OK IKON ORKS.
77
?
plioriis, tMMitiiiii t'i'Kiii 15 til r>.°) ]MM' i;ciil> nf iron uikI tVoin L' to I per
vAtiit of iiiiiiif;iiiiuHU, with Ik gaiii^uc "which is not iiil°i'e(|iiuiitly t'iiNil)l«i
4. Brown heniiktites. — Under thiM hoiMl Prot'cssur •lorilitn inclnilos
only Hu<;h ores as are the least hydrated. Itrown tilirous hoMiatites,
always more or h^ss niangaiiit'eroiis, fr<<o Iroiu sulpbnr and with only a
triu;euf phospliorns, have liccn worked in the Purigonl district ( l)t'|iart-
nient uf Charcnte and Dorogne), but the i|iiaiitity mined is inconsider
able. In the nt'imrtinoiit of Charonte are found tiie (luillot and (iros-
bot ore, as well as those of Tapaiinat, but thesi; are not oxtonHively
Worked. The only brown hematite deposits of aittual importance are
sni-li as are <;oiitiguons to the l*yi'o»*!es. In the vicinity of the town
of I'riulos are the FiUols and Sahorre mines, which (thietly furnish
hematite ores with a calcareous gangne and soft ores. In the Depart-
ment of Ariege are the Nan(!ie ndiies. This deposit, which is found
in the ITpiN^ Liits, and is very irregular, supplies a mixture of brown
nianganiferous hematite with oolitic ore and red hematite!.
'). Oolitic ores. — The great oolitic deposit, the most important iron-
ore field in France, has its origin in the Helgian |H>rtion of Luxemburg
and extends through Lorraine to and beyond Nancy, in the valley of
the upper Moselle. It o<-cupies the upper |>art of the Lias formation,
or, according to some gctdogists, l)elongs to the Lower Oolites. The
bed, whicli is sonu^times singUvand at other places sulHlivide<l, has a
total thi<-kness varying liccording to the marly intercalations of from
1! to .'(.'i meters (<i,5 to lb') feet). It rests directly on the Superliassic
sandstone, and is covered with a vast .lurassic plateau. The ore con-
sists of small grains, generally of the si/.e of a pin's head, agglutinated
by a calcareous or argillaceous cement, the whole lieing (colored gray,
yellow, brown, or red by the oxide of inni. At some places — llyaiige,
for exampl(« — they are of a greenish <'olor, a silicate of |>rot<>xide of
inm. The iron cout^Mits range from 120 to .'(5 per cent. The gangiu- is
sometinu-s argilhureous and sometimes calcareous. Phosphoric acid,
although small in some deposits, not infreipiently reaches I |H-r cent,
and this is es|)ecially the case in calcareous ores. In other parts
of Franco there are important deposits of hydrat4!<l oolitic' orc»!. At
tlussey, ill the Department of Ha<'ine; at S<Mivan<;e and Laissey, in the
valley of the Doiibs, and at Oiigney, in the .lura, these ores are met
with, though less abundantly. The Maxeiiay mines, in the hepartmeni
of theHaAneaiif' Loire, yield phosphoric; ores carrying 27 toL'.S per cent
of iron. Then there are those- of Moiidalaxac, in the Department of
Aveyroii, and others not so important at Villebois, in the Depart luent of
Ain, and theAvehM mine, in the Department of (tard.
(i, O^raniilar hydrate:! iron ores. — The supply for the (dd ehare^ial
furnaces of Fraiiche-Oomte and Kerry was obtained from deposits of
pisolitic ores. These ores which are granular, the grains varying from
Ibe size of a small pea to t'lat uf a hazeluut, are obtained by buddliug
7S
MINKUAI, KKSOIIKCKS.
anil ililiitiii^ in wiiln- ilic "iiiiiic rliiy" prociirfil t'i'i>iii irrf(;iiliir i'ec.i>8M>H
(irriivilit'sxitiiiitrd *'illi<Tiii NciH-oiiiiiiii or in (lit- rppiM' Uxrordiaii -Miif
stiiMc. Tilt! ^Mii);iic. is sili(UMms, itliiiiiitioiis, 4ir raUtarooiis. 'I'lif yield
is IVoiu .'toto'trt iici'cfiil of iron, witli Hli);lit tnu^cHot' |ilios|ilionis. The
niiiK^H wiirkcil in l''i'ancluM'onit<'- wore Hitnatcd in tlui Di^parlnifnts ol
Donlis anil tlir llanic Saoni', anil in tliu Drpartnient of (^lii'r, in llir
Iti-rry ilistiict. Siuiilai- ores wcrr won in tlin olil province of (lliani
pa);ni', I'.spiM'ially in tliu ncpai'tiiiiMil of llaiilu-Marne, wlii'ictliey with
foniiii in ili.-positB or piHiki-ts in the erarkx anil ilepressionH of the I'lirt-
lanil liniestonv. These ores arc piu'er than those whieh resleil in Mieii'
priniitivi! place, anil are ealleil '*riM'k mine.'' They arc not largely
worked. Other siiiil more important Champa;;iie ort^M are worked at
the haseot' (lie Neocoinian formation, in masses intercalated in the sand
deposits. These ores, which are known as "mine denii Aroche," are of
superior i|iiality to the nnlliolithic in'es, coiilainin(; less phosphorus.
After washini;, they yield from ;IH to -lli per vent in the lui'iiace. The
third variety, also worked in the (!hampa{;ne, are >'milliolithic"ores in
the form of <;'rains of millet seed, emliedded in ferrn^nnons clay in the
upper Neocomian formation, the clay liein); often ponnded and washed.
They are of inferior i|iliilily to the ores just descrilted, lint can lie
worked open cat, and arc wim at lint little expense. At. I'oix, in x\r-
dennes, a very considerable deposit is worked in the Oxfordian nmrls,
supply in;; a pnlvcrnlent ore which is not nsed until washed, and car-
ries eonsideialile phosphorns.
7. Various hydrated ores. — liesides the ores already mentioned, other
iron hydrates are worked. lielonK'n;; either to the class of hydrated
hematites, with partitioned hollows or cavities, or that of ores arising
^ from decomposed pyritii; veins or lodes, or simply tc that of limestone
or saiulslone im|ire;;nated with oxide of iron. None of these deposits
arc of any impurtancc.
I'rolialily onethiril of the iron ore supply of the Kroncli lilast fur-
naces is olitained from forei^'n mines, principally from those of Al{;eria,
Spain, Italy, and (iermany.
M. Ad.i'arnot, of I'aris, en;;iiieer in chief of mines, has pulilished a
work, entitled "Minerals ile Ker de la France, ile r.Mjji'ric, et de la
Tnnisie," which ^'ives over \,iHW analyses of various iron ores in l''rance,
supplemented liy a number of detenninations of Alj^erian and Tunisian
ii'on ores. Analyses of most of the iron ores mentioned in this article
are ^iveii. This mono^fraph will be found of service to anyone desiring
U) investigate the chemical aiuilyses of Krencli iron ores.
In s|H-akiiiK of the Freneli iron industry M. Max Duchanoy says:
'I'hn tliri'o larui'nli );niii|w of W(irkH in l''ri>ii»i> iirr Hitiiiitcil ill lli<t luiitli, iu III)) imfit,
ami In llii' ci'iitir. 'I'lii' iiortlicin f;roiip iihi'h tlin ri<'li iiii|iiirti'il iiii'M ciI' Spain iir tlin
iron orr rnriiiHliiMl liy tlio I.tni^wy Coinpunv; t1ii> cHHti'm ^roiip i tlin *vork.s of
Mi'iirtlir. Mimilli', and llaiitn-Miirni) ntili/.n tlio loiiil nrrn, wliili' tlin ret;. nil K''""I'i
ronipriHinu tin' workH at .St. Fltii-inii' anil AlaiH, tlii< lar^n inntalluticin at Crousot,
ttint tlioae ut .Moutliivun, iih« thti urea uf Umd uiid lli'rry.
I'KODUCriON <»l' 11(1 IN (»HK.S.
79
Till- {groups (il' ii'iiii oi'f iniiics in Kriuiro iii't^ in a luss fiivoi-iililc |i(i.sitiiin
tliiiii Mkihu of iicifrjiifori'if; fitiiiitiics. Must iif t\w iron wnrkN iirr sil.n
iilc'd »t thu cim! beds, tar from tlii^ rirh orus, to whi(^li llu'y ai'u ohii^ri-il
to liavu ri^coursu for tlii' |iroilut;tion of steel. The larp* works at llivi'
lie (iier, 8t. (■Itienne, Ht. diamond, Coininentry, Montlirison, (Ireiisot —
the steel \v<irks of France — are situated at the fuel sn|i|)ly, ami at Ion;;
distanees from the ore beds of the Alps, Pyrenees, Anjoii, and Al^-ria.
FoHH^ni iron ores and those from the fnintier departments lirin^ •'«), 40,
and I') tVanes per ton delivered at the fiirniM'e, and it is only throiiKh
perfeelion of inaiiaKenient that Frai!(;e has been able t4i sustain her
iron industry under foreign competition.
< )f thi^ impiirted iron ores, the \ Ip'rian cost In IStKl 4.') francs |ier ton at
the furnace; the I'^lbaore, l.'t friincs (it (;ostH lint l.'i fraiM-s at the mine);
the Spanish ores of ('arta^ena and Itilbao, 4>'t francs, and those of tiie
Pyrenees ,'{0 francs at the furnace, the latter being worth l(t to l(i
frames at the mines. Mr. Duchanoy thinkii it would be a ^I'cat advan-
tiiiM' III hx'atu the works nearer to the iron-ore mining centers, which
would retlnco the cost per ton of iron.
'riirongh the courtesy of Professor ilordan the following table is pre-
sei.ted, showing the proihiction <if iron ore in France, the imports and
expoi'ts, iks well as the amount <if pig iron manufactured. According
to this table the production of native iron ores increased until the year
IH(M), and froin tiiut time on the amount mined has tluctiinted accord-
ing to the demand, l.-ing greatest in the year \HU2, when .'!,7(>7,(MM»
nietriu tons were |ir<i(luced. The minimuin output was in 1871, when
but l,'S52,U4NI metric tons wore mined.
The imports show a comparatively constant imtrease from the year
IStMt until 188,°<,sincewliiehdate they have remaiiicil practically station-
ary, wit h the e.\(;eption of two years, when there was a (lecided decline.
The largest amount iiujiorted was in the year 1M!)L', when l,titi'!,7L'3
metric tnuu were reported as being brought iu tVom various foreign
countries.
The largest amount exported in any one year was in l.S7;{, when
.'CiL'.H-l.j tons were sent away. Th«* amount fell until, in 187'.t, but (Mi,((.'ia
metric t<ins were exported, then rose and continued stationary until
1.H.S7, when it again suddenly advanced to 1281,128 tons, since which it
has remained practically statiouary.
so
MINKKAL KKSOIIKCKS.
'I'll)' iiii^xiiiiiiiii in;ik)' III' |ij^ ii'iin wiih in tlic yi-iir iSH.!, when l.',Uti!), (.'ill
iiit'ti'i<' tons wv.n: |ii'<mIiii'ciI, the ISIKi <iiil|nil liciiit; L'.IKtLV'XiT toli.s.
I'rmtiiclhm of iron nre and pit/ iron iit Fnitur, anil Ihr imfnirln anil rjrpnrtn itj irnn ttrr.
I Mill ii Hill.. I
itiailf.
Inin iiri'.
•
itiiri. (1
IiiijHirlM. h
Kx|Mirli», /»
igin
litm
i.m>4,iiiia
18411
IIIMI
IIWU
2. 24U, mm
1.821 I8HI
:i, n:);t. (MHt
2ia<.lllKl
711. INNI
IWtl
:i 1118 IMKI
.iim (imi
114 mill '
\mi
a. luiii. KKi
:i. 2711. (iiHi
a7,'i. (Kio
4aii. (nm
fl,'i, INHI
IIWI
181,111111
vm
:i. i:i7. iiiHi
4,'.8. IHKI
111, KKI
ntnr.
a.Oll.lHNI
477. CIOII
l.VI, IMHl
\<m
a. 182.0181
4«l. MW
1:18. (Mm
IM17
2. 772. mMl
4112. 1100
l,-||l, IHKI
IKIW
2.li84,lll8l
!i,'>4. I8N1
lim, INHI
IH6U
a. Ml.DIHl
2. nu.mw
:i02, IHKI
4811, mio
2:10 (HHI
IK7I1
14,'i,INHI
IK71
i.Hri2.iiiHi
2. 782. IKKl
a7i>. iKiii
WW. (121
1:111 IHHI
1872
:i:i7. i»Mi
187a
a. ll.M 124
720. fil.'i
:i,"i2. Hi.'i
187«
2. 'iin. .'.48
8111. IHM
2ia.iHKi
187.1
2, .'ilHi. 87<1
KI2. 7118
170. WM
1878
2. aii:i. :iiii
840. I8A
Id,-.. IIHI
1877
2. 42li. 2711
U7ll.l>:il
7!1. 112
187K
2. iim. una
Iia2. aii,'i
140, IHKI
1879
2,271.17a
011,812
m. 8,v.'
18811
2. 8;i,2iti
1 ia7 fiiHi
111.7181
1881
a, ii:i2, U7II
1.2811.7811
88 2112
1882
3. 487, ril
l,42.V87H
I21.IRK1
I88;i
a, 2117. 8.-.a
1.1811. 217
lll.'i, IHNI
1884
2, 1178. !>48
1.412 --■4
1211. OIKl
188S
2.ai8. iiM
1.42ll,IKia
811. .'lAl
18811
2. 28,'>, 848
1, l.'iH,l'i:ill
111:1. iiao
1887 . ..
2. .'>7I1. 4ll!i
2,841,7,-.7
1,l,'i4,4ll,-|
l,aiii,iiii,'i
281, 128
IkXS
294.214
18(19
a, <i7<i. :t8ii
l,442.;ul,l
281.,'>ii:i
18911
a, 471. 718
1,8111,242
28.*i. :i(MI
I811I
a. ,')7ii, 2811
l,4a7.B27
2»8, ,'|»I1
18H2
a. 7llfl. 748
1,118:1, 72a
:ia'i, iKHi
18l'a
a, IU7. 42a
l,tl.'10,442
11 2, .'881
288. :mi
:)17. 77;i
4ii.'i. ii,'i:i
NI1N. :ifi:i
WW K9I
l.iiOil. 8:17
I, 1,'ili. 87S
l,212.7r8l
1,-11.1 7111
1. 2(111 .148
1.2211.1144
1.2:1,'., :ii 18
l.:iHu.'.Hiri
1,17m, 114
K,'.ll. 1141
I 217,8:111
i,:wi,«jii
i.4iri. 8117
1 I in, 272
1 1:1,'., 212
1,, '.ml. 827
1, '.2 1,274
1,4111 28«
l,72"i. 2Iia
1 . n8ii. :t,'vii
2,il;l9,l8l7
2, <HI<,1. 4:«1
!.871,.VI7
I . ICIII. iil8
I..M11 ,'i71
l.,^ir7. 8-;2
i.Axa. a40
1, 7:1:1. »M
1,!K12, 1181
1,1110. 185
2. ll,'.7, 2.S8
2, Iia2, ,'ill7
aKiuuri'H.if |iri>iliirliiiii uri-iinliiiu In tin* ulllrjal Miiirni] Stalijtio«.
b Ki^iireH iil* iii)]KirtH anil e\piHiH I'niiii tlli' ciiaIiiiiih HlatiHtioH,
HPAIN.
Wliil)> the |>i);Jroii iniliir'try of Hpaiii hsis not iiilvstiHX'd so rapidly an
Hint of othtM- l')iii'0|icitii i;oniitrii'H. her hir^'c <U>|io.sil.s of iron ori's at
liai'li'il the att«Mitiiiii of for(>i(;ii capital, and (uiinpani(!s wi'i'v I'orincd to
operate them. The principal i<N-alitics heretofore yieidinfj[the.>4e ores art-
sit nated in Hie Hiscayan I'rovinees of Oviedo. Haiitaiider, Itiscaya,
(liiipii/.coa, etc., lint tlio.st^ tliat have been most (extensively worked are
in Hie vicinity of Killiao, the mines of wliiuii form three f;roups, those
of Soniorrostro, (ialdaines, and Olltirgon.
The ore is described by .Mr. I l«Miry Newton as " hydratcd |H)ro,\ide,
ocenpyiii); veins or lodes in rocks of <!retaceons a^e, ijiiite rich and
parti(!id»rly free from phos)ilioruH and sulphur.'' lie coiitiniu>s: "The
ore, iiH great4'r depths are reaehetl 111 tiie veins, is found to be only a
pissan, ur oxidized (iut<-ro|), the mass of iiiichaii|;cd deposit beiiit?
spathic iron ore (carbonate oreH), containing, however, a greater pru-
purtioii of sulphur than the guBsuu ore."
PRODlin'ION OF IRON OREH.
81
Magnetic iiiul HptMnilururcH ttre aitu* touiid in t\n\ H(>iitlii<rii ]ir<)viiici*8,
ill MiiriMH, Mitliiga. .Suville, etc. Some <m^ is also iiiiiieil in tint iiit4>i'ior
prnviiicuH, but tliusu tIepositH liuvo not obtained cuniuiercial ini]iortaiic«.
IIII.IIAO OltKH.
Mr. II. Uaiiornian doHcribi-M tim Soinori'OHtro minus as "bein^ con-
taiuetl in an oval area, liA miles lon}r and three- foiirths of a mile broad,
ill the hill called Monte Traino, where the ore forms a bed included
between sandstones and limestones of the Tppcr Cretaceous (Henonian)
period." The ores are of three kinds, distinjjiiislied asCainpanil, Vena
dulce, and Ftiibio, whose average compositions are as follows:
Analjint of iron oret/rom Somorroitro, .V/iuin.
CMnpuill.
/Vr rfut.
1.132
•J. 4H'J
Traiw.
t
Prrernt. ' Perrmt.
00. 50 77. 85
Mmdkhiiimki nxliln
Lime
. o;u . 50
Tra*'f. Trnt'c.
MHKiit'Hia
KJIica
5.55 1.88 8.50 1
L<mH(ml}iuithiii
ToUl
MntHllk) Iron
56. 66 ' ta. :iK fii fin 1
1
Mr. liaiierman says: '
The Caiii|ittoil orit in ruil both in iiiaHs ami powder, iiiiMloriktoly liuril.nml imgnri-
nt«il with I'lili'ilu. It furiiis the iippur purt u( the licil, and from itH Htnit'turv iippeiirx
til ho HU iiltci'od Hpatbiu (iro. In ilopth it piiHHUH into thii richer and Hol'ttT Vena dnli^p.
Both klndii ari< tailed red h»iuatitv, but thi'.v are not improbably tiir);ite,,jud};i<iK
from the amount of volatile matter nhown in tbo unalysiH. The Kuliio ore \» linmnitc
of spongy or niammillated Htrnctnre found along the outcroi> of NvhiHtoHu BandstoueN,
whirh eontain altere<l uoduleg of carlxmate of iron. The actual thirkucxs of the
nuiin bed liuH not been proved, but it is known to bo mure than 2(IU feet. The Knbio
ore foriUH an eiicarpment that TiBeH to a height of 300 feet.
These ores have been worked for ages in the Hiscayaii forges and are
noted for their rediicibility.
In discussing the variations in Itilbao iron ore, M. Cyi'iiU|iie Melson,
in '-La Sidcriirgie en KraiKie et iV riCtranger," says:
Campanil ore in eHHeutially an unhydrouH oxide with a caloareouH );anKne. It in
otony, with a bright red dust. The texture in conipaet, hut ofti'ii <!ry»talliiie.
NunierouH fragmoiitu pregeut rhoniboidal nodules tniiiHfornied into peroxide of iron.
Tile large number of aiialyHes which have been publUhed enable iih to deline Caui-
)ianil na an ore containing 6 to !) per cent of Hilica and 3 to 5 ]ier cent of lime and
magnesia — that Ih to say, having a solf-f-iKible gangue. The proportion of iron
vnrieH from 53 to 51 per cent. Vena ore is an i>!:hydrous peroxide of iron, compact
but friable, with a small quantity of clayey gangue, which causes it generally to
have an earthy appearance. When dry this ore is very rich, and frct|Ueiitly yields
as much as (Vt and even tio per cent of iron. Practically, however, it rarely yields
more than 5K to CO per cent, on account of the large (piantil.v of water euntained.
The gangne exists as an aluminous silicate, which is readily fusible. Kubio ore is a
8«'_'4 (!
11
S2
MINKKAI. KKSdlTKCKH.
hydr'di'il iii-roxiilc dl iron with hiIii-immih ;;iuikii(>. Iliil km tlir uibiiKlK^ if NiliciMiiiH, It
liitH to III' Miixiiil with liiiivHtoiiit ill tho liliiHt riiriiiii^u. Wliiln ('itiii|iiiiiil iiikI \'«ii»
iirr oM'N 111' chiarly (l(3tiiiH(l ty)Mi, ICiibio in, oti Ihn coiilriiry, ;iii oni varying; froiii (iiio
HXlDMiii' to Ihii othiir. Thorn urn all tlin iiituriiiixliulii varii'tiiH, Irnm rich Kiiliio with
.>! to Titi jirr cunt uf iron anil S to 10 \tvr (unit of Hilira down to ordinary Unhio with
IH |iur cont of iron and !•'> lu IH jior cent of HiliiNi, and (^vcn to uctnal fi^rrn^inoUH
HaiidHtoiK*.
Ah IniiK »H tho ini'tullurKy of irini wiw ri'|ir«ituiiti'il nidoly liv tlic Catalan furnace
and i\w ClKJiiut fnrnaui* and ilH variutioH, tho only ore worked wax tho Vena, which
tlio TiiinurH (ditulned with dilllcnliy liy iiiraiiHof tortnoiiH and priinitivi^ Hiilitorra-
nc.iii KnIlcriuH. For Idiutt furnaccH w lieio wood (charcuul ) waH oni|iloyud, ('ain|ianil
hooii Iicciiiiio IIio (iro par oxiMdhtncc, lloiiiK |ioi'oini and oaxily pviictrattMl hy canon,
it roi|nirod no niixtnro to ho iiddud, and I'lirniHiicd pi); of a uniforin character, oven
in thoHnialloHt fiirniu'im. In the trcatniuntof liiiliio, iHpecially ordinary i|iialitioN,
>t wan iiocoHHikry to oinploy hut air and coko fnriiaceH of lalge capa(dty, and now
that rich ore8 have liecoino raro, Uuliio with l.'i to \H per cont of nilica fornm the
principal eli!fni*nt of tho ehiir;(r for the fiirnacos of tho Nervion Valley.
Tho followin){ analyMoH hIiow the conipiMitiim of Hoinu of thu typical orux:
.iNd/^urK of iron orrn from HilbaOf iSpain.
yriiiii'u.llelKli4iiO
luipuny o
iUllKM.
r the Hon
Itaw
rarlwn.
ii(o.
urroatru
Kiiiiitlwl
i-arlMiu
alo.
I'er enit.
7.70
:i.(Ki
Orcuncfl
Ite.!
Iwniatltr.
Cainpa.
uii.
I'er eent.
B.OO
Ti.OI
.21
3.(11
l.d'.
78. U
ra trniiConipany, I
Lllnilnl.
Dniwii lii'iiiatilr,
itiihlii
Violin. Uiiltlo.
t*er eeni. Vrr rrttt.
.'•. im 7. 17
l.llj 11.30
.15. 2.07
1.00 .30
. ail '
(^'miinii.
Ori'OD-
cem.
/Vr eetil.
8.25
K. 10
1.44
1.(10
Audra.
rer rent.
10. V.
H.WI
1 15
.50
02
l,OHR from lieatiiiK
Silii-A . .
/Vf cent.
V. m
0.00
.Kl
Mm
1.70
/'«r rent.
36. 2»
2. ;il
I.hiHi
MAKUeMiM
Pnidiiidodf iniii
IVnjxiile of initi
PnttoxiilciiriiiniiuHiii'He.
I'lTiixllte el' IlialluHUi.HH
2.117
3.21
50. Ml
6.31
1.00
1.17
4.28
»o. ;ii ' 77. ;b
i.:io
l.M
75.88
.........
tracea.
traciw.
8I.»SI
T0.98
78. 2»
i.44
(racaa.
.88
.70
.74
.45
l'hoii|iliorlc ju-iil
Tl.lMl
Meiallic iron
Iriu^N. triu-CH.
.03
.0:1
IK
100.30 1 V».1\
~83.« 1 It.lif
100.10
~53.1ir
102.82
^42.83
00.99
'57.27~
9«.S0
"^54.(12
1(1(1, 03 1 1110. 1/7
' ssloTi '54.80"
In (niniinorreiinly tli(^ tii'Ht tliriMt i|iialitieHof orenaro rocoffni/.ud, but there iHufnnrtli
which, liefiiro loii);, will aHHiinie );roat importance. \i/., oarlionnto of iron. Thia oro
IK found in thick niiutHoH at curtain poinla. It ia of cryHtalline tu.\tiiru; ita KaiiKue,
n hich (l(MH not exi;o(^(l X to 9 per cent, i« formed of practically eijual parta of lime,
iiia);no8iti, and ailica; yielding; only 40 to .12 per cunt of iron in tho raw state, lint
which is oaaily incritancd to .'ii to .'iti by iiiastiiifr. Hitherto thia ore. hax been
iiiiworktMl and scarcely reco;{iii/ed by the Spaniarda, who undurrato ita importance.
The ore ia aomi^what pyritoua, but thia uluinent largely diaappears with careful
roaathiK.
Ill 1SK7 till' cuinpiler of these re|HirU, iu it contribution to tho Trans-
iictionM of tlio Ainurican limtitiito of Mining Kngineurs,' tilinwud that
lip to that (lat« the recorded total production of thu Bilbao iiiineH of
• Vol. XVI, p. i«e.
rUODUCTION OK IRON OBK8.
«3
Hpniri witM (ti'iMtliciilly (4i|iiiil lo tli*' );r()K.'i(iiil|iiil nC till llii< iron urc miiM'H
III' tint Luke Hiipfrjoi' ri');ioii ol'lliu I'liiliMJ Htiites. JttMliirtMl to luii^
toiiN the Htiitlrtlii-M hIiowmI lit tliHt tliiiii lliv ritllowliit; :
f 'tfiNjHiriMoN f>/ itrmiui I It/ iron miMtn nf Itilhan, Siiiiin, with thntiv of' f.itkv Stifti-rim- itiitlrirt.
TllUl lUtMlllliilMl lit cIllHKnf IMM .
Yi>iirl\ Avi>riiu<- priHlnrliiili
RUInmiiIU- l«»kitHiiiM*r)tir
trlot. I ilialrli'l. I
Itontj tonn.
■Hi, r>7.'i. K7J
/,.
lt<l lofM.
:iii
>C«. IIU
1
1 IJ. WIT
8iiliHtMjiieiit U> IrMT, liowuvur, tlio <levulii|iiiiiMit of tint Lakw Hu|M>i'i(ir
reKJoii lias iiiuili! it ontritiik tlitt Hilhiiii tliHtiict, tliu toliil lor IIk* piist
Huvi'ii yiMi'H bi'iiiK, lor tliu Lakv Uii|H'iior region, .'tl,8ii7,ir>L' loiit; ions,
iiimI lor tin; Kilbsio iliMtrict, l.'K,l't:{,l!l.'{ iiiclriit Ions.
Ill )i i)ii|M'r on '■Trunsportiii;; iinil di'i-ssiii^r ji-mi ortt itt OaliHi-ri-.iKi,
Bliaiii," Ml'. Ki'tMlcrlck KviiHiiit^toii sayH:
Tilt) ili'iioHitH III' irnii iirr in ili» proviiiiH^H nf ItiNouyiiiiiiil Saiiliiiiili'ni|i|i(!art<MH-ru|iy
» tiiiHit'inii ill tliu I'lipcr .liiruNHir foi-iiiiitii>ii» loiil hit tlir |inH)iirtM ol' rcpliiriMiiiMil —
tlittl in, Hiiarry iir HpiithuMi iii-rH wrni tin- priiiitirv iiiiiHTulit rroin wliirh the liiiiniiitim
liiivii Ik'xii iiriiiliici'il iiiiil I'i'ili'piiNiti'd liy tliii artimi iil' iixj^nii hiiiI wutiT; liiit tlinrx
i^xiHt, iiHperially in tliu proviiieiior SHiitaiitlur, otlirrdepimitH, llMMiri^iii nl' wliirh it in
not NO oaHy to 4'X|ilaiii.
lOxti^niliiig from Sojan-H throilgli Ciiliarreiin anil Olirr^on to (iiiai'iii/o, anil i'iiili|-ar
iiiK nil orou of alioiit !NI mpiam inilex, ia a valln.v wlnmu );i'ii<>nil liml in tilMl to Tin) fitrl
nhovn the ara, tlio .liiriuuiie or Nuocoiiiiaii linieNtonu Inriiif; lirri' rovrri'il liy Hiirfaro
iltipiiHilH of soft ar);illar(ioiiH drift, containing linionito iiitiirHpcrHnl in tlic ilay in
piiMHH vuryiiiK '" ^^eJKlit from Nuvvrul toiiH to Unit of linr Kiaina of xaiid, liy far tli«
greater iinuntity, however, lioin^; tliu Hi/.o of nIuukIu or Kravil. 'I'lio amount of ore
varies fromri ver leiit to 10 per cent liy weight o( tliu rlay n ilh wliiirli it isaxHoiiated.
Thi'Ho depoHitH overlie the limeHtoiio and are IHt) fei*t thick in moiiio plarea, while ill
otlierH they are not more that 2 fret thick.
In Rome placea esteiiHive dcpoHitH am aUo found lietweeii Hpiira of the liiiiiHtoiic
or deep baaiuH fur up the aide of the iiioniitaiii, upward of I.LtM) feet above the level
of the Hea. The ore ia of two diHtinil varietiea, one part I'liiiHiMtiiiK of heavy water-
worn pehhleg, howhlem, and ahingle of hard, compact Iialnre, iiintaiiiiiiK TiH per
lent to 51) |ier cent of inetallie iron, and the other of Hoft, poroiia piecea of liiiliio,
ainiilnr to that of the llilhao diatrict, evidently the reaiilt of replacement, tlieae
pieces containing more Biliea, leaH metallic iron, and heiiig much lighl«r than the
liowldera and ]ielihU'H.
The oxiatence of tlicHe depoaita of iron ore in the Snntaiider diatrict liaa h:ng liiHin
knon-r, lint nntil i^ liccamu evident that llilbuu could not maintain the larKe annual
output, only Hinall ainoiinta were occaaionally riddled or Hilled out of the xiirroiind-
ing jartha hy the land ownera, and a few cargoes were aeiit to liotterdam, Philadel-
phia, and the Middleahoroiigh dh rict, hut the reanlt wan iinaaliHlnctory. The ore
coutaiiied too much clay, while the cxpenaeH atteniling ila prcpuratioii for IhciuarKet
and trunaport made ita coiiipetilion with the llilhao orca impoaailile.
In the Caharceiio iliatrict it waa found that generally the amount of iron contained
in the clay waa about ItiO to 4!K) tona in 1,0(10 centinietera of " waxh dirt," or about
A hnndredweigbt in a cubic yard, while plucea were cut into whence more than 15
hmidrudwoight waa extracted.
8»
MINKUAI. RKHOUIK'KH.
Ill lli)M|iiiiliiv III' IrciiiHloiK', lint lit till viiriut inn KxiHti'il. Many niiiiipliw wi-n- wiixhi'il
liy liiiiiil.ilriiiil lit IIKI ('..anil iiiiiilvxi'it with tlm rnlliiHiii); rrsnilii: Mi't»llir inin,
ril).r>ll|ii'ri:i'iit: Nilivii, 1.71) piT Clint ; hiiI|iIii , l).IIM|H'r>'i'iit; |iliim|ilioriin. li.lKW|ii'rri'nt.
Snni|il<'it HiiliHi'i|iii'iitl,\ Inkrn rrntn ii pit L'5 frut ili'ep )(iivr niniiltH iih rolliiWB: Mutulllii
iriiii, ri8.li!l piT I'tint; iiiiiiikiiiiiwi', I). IK) pur ri'iit; niliia (iiiHiiliililiM, 4. 'ill prr rent;
nlnniinii. li.l'H per ciinl; nnlpliiir, li.lll piT I'uiH ; pliii«)iliiirii' nriil, (i.tfJ per ri<iit. An
nvrrttKuor livn i'iir|{(H)« Hunt tii (irrinany at tlm cihI of IHifJifiivn; Miitullii: inm.riT.IT
piir vcint; plnmpliorir iiciil, 0.<U7 piT rent; milplinr, O.tUi piT I'lint; Hilio», 2.11 por
(■«iil. Tlie iriiii on< wa» wiwliuil liy niarlilniTy, anil lininK <> lioli^ mtiiipli', mprnNunlii
ninri' nciiiratuly tlio riiinnirrrial valiin oT tlni ilupmltH.
A cnnipany fiirmoil in IKXit tii wnrk n cniiceHnion of TitNl arriii) in tli« ilintrict of
raliarriinii, urccti'il wiuiliinK iiiacliinmy, I'liimtnicti'il u line iif iliaiii railway, tx intiiea
KaiiKB tliroiifrliiiiil. I'nini tliin plaor to tli<i inurKiii ol' tlm liay, anil tlii-rii iiriivtcil tlin
miceimary iiin-i'luniiiiiK plant. In tlin I- year of tlm louipany'H work 'Jlt.OOt) tuua iif
wnalii-tl oil' wiiH tiiriii'il oiil , ({Iviiv, •'•" !•- •' •«"<• "f metallic inm when driwi at UHt C,
while ill ixitll it wan nxpiMteil tiiat ICOCr, i;>nii wonlil lie prixlncoil. Two other iinilvr-
takin)(H of tin- iiaii"^ iliiHiriptioii lia' c lately lireii ntarti'd, anil it ia proponi'il to
eri'i't niai'liini'ry ip the llillnio iliiitrirt t'> wanh the iliinip hrapa, which oontaiii vain-
nlilc niiiiural. Tlio :iiHt of thin mineral frvo on lioaril in ahout I HliilliuK« l>*'i° '"■■>
exeluHivu of royalty and ailiiiiniiitratiiiii cliarKim, lint it Hhoiihl lie pniuiilile to reduce
thiH. The ooHt of prmliictioii iniiHt i'l all ciuuih of thia kind depend greatly on the
i|lliilitity turned out, there lieiiiK a certain enlalilinhnient eliai'Ke. I'littiii); the ont-
pnt at 'KI.OOU tniin per year iiiiil the value of the inineral earthii nanheil at 4)i(>touHto
4!N) loiiN per 1,IIIKI enliio nietem, the eoiit in aa near iih |ioHHilile 4 iihillinKH friuj on
liimril, thin anionnt repipHeiitiii); the cont of dim{in)i; at the mine, the eimtof earriiiKn
of "wanh dirt '' to (he wanherN, wanhinf; the inineral, t^onveyance to the |Hirt, quay
diien, and eont of putting on hoard.
MINKM ilK HOI'TIIF.IIH .sl'.\IN.
Mr. A. I". Wilson, in a paper iiii "Tim iron oroHof tlic Mu(lit«3rriiiittan
H«itlMiiir<l," rctiil before the Itritisli Iron iiiid Steel Institute, stiys:
The iron-ore priHliieiii^ proviiicun of the noiitli of Hpaiii — and enpeeially thone of
the I'rovinee of Alineria — will iinipioationahly pla.\ a large part in the immediate
future an i-xportera of iron ore. The oren from thin Province are ainiady fairly well
known, and the output, wliieli at prenent in steadily growing, will nhortly increaae
with great rapidity. Several ]inrchunvH of miiien in the noiithern provimcn of Hpaiu
have heeii made during the hint two yearn, eliielly liy Itilliao mine owners, and as
noon an tliene priipertirn have heeii opened up and trannport to the roant haa lieen
provided for, a great inereane in the iiiiintity of iron ore exported friiiii llieso prov-
iucea may lie eoiilidently predicted. There are orea of every elann in the aonthem
diatrietn — lirown hematiten, low in iron, high in water, lioth free and eomhinod, and
prodiii'ing alioiit HO per cent of Hinalln; hard purple heinatitea, carrying 5,5 per rent
of iron and !< to 4 per cent of mangaueae, K() ]ii-r cent being liiinpn, and mangan-
iferoUK oren, eontaining over 5() per cent of iron aud I'J per cont iif inangaiieHe. The
principal iron-ore producing provineea of the nouth of Hpaiii are Miinia, Almeria,
and Malaga, and the production for the paat three yeara han lieen aa followa:
Iron ore produced in miilkern Spain.
I'ROUIK'TION OF IRON ORES.
8S
'I li<) (liMTOiiHii ill (inHliii'tiiiii fur IWKI in nraiiiinteil riir tn it )(rnat cxleiit liy llm iiiitl
Htrikii wliioli tiMik |ilui'ii in Kn){li>iiil In tliut year. II will lii^ hpvu Mint tin' ]iri>iliir-
tiiin of thn wliolii (iT tli« Miiitli of Hpiiin in iit piiwuiit iiiilv iViiiii iiiii' hIxIIi tii inii-
i'i)(liMi of Mint iiT Vizriiyik ( IliHcity ) iiliinii, lint yi'ur liy ymtr, iim tint |ir>Mliii't iil' the
liitti'r iliM'liii' ■, that of thu Inriiu'r iniiy ho nxportoil to iiicri'iiHi*, iinil tlio oiit|iiit.*t nf
the uoi'tli mill hiiiiiIi will ({■'niliiiilly apprnai'h ciicli iithrr. Tin' ih-pimitH, hiiwi'Vi'i, ul'
thKHiinlhrrii proviiiicH arc mil in any way hii cxti'iiHivi' an that iil' Ililhuo. It in prnh-
alile thiit all the wnrkalilii ih'piinitn at pn'Hoiit known in tlm Hiiiith tin not ciiiitain
more than iinn-lialf thi' iinantity iif urn that wan i-:ir)t u , ' ilc in tint llilhao inini'n.
(Ill the iitlier haiiil, tliti niini'Hortliu nniith have nnviTal lulvu' i '^tin iivi'i- llii>ni> nf Mif
north; lahor in thoro rininliliirahly ohnapnr, tlit' cliniali' in iiiik h ilrirr, anil l'i»i)(hln,
lakiiiK thn uvurat;i> nl' thr w hole year, iirii not in vxconn •!' th< hv whiuli are |iai(l I'rnni
the ui'ariir port of llilliao.
A lui'Ke prnportinn of the off, tcHi, Ih Rnperinr to the llllh i' orm, the cimtlutrn
Oanipanil lining of lii'ttrr iiiinllty than tho average llilluio Cainpanll, in that it nni
tainH more iron anil Ichh nilira, while the nortln'rii ilintrirt can not lioantor Hiii'h ori'n
itH the nianguniroriinn oieHol' the llerri'riiiH, In Alninriu, anil orthi>('artuKi'n»<Iinlrii't,
ill Mnrcia. The hiwiicnn of thn Meditnrrani'an fri'lKhtn m amonnluil for by th<' favt
that larger Htnami'in can loiul elieapnr at portn on the Hoiitln'rii lount of Spain than
at llilhao, which in a Hhallow-water ]iort. Moreover, thi' ;inionnt of ilinpati:li money
carnoil nniler chartern of nti'anii'rit from the noiitli of Spain in large. Tiiin ilinpati'li
in not I'arned from Ntoamers which load at llilhao. The pri'Hont freight per ton from
llilhao to Midillenliorongh is hetween .'in. (if 1.3!) and on. tid. (41.3:{), while fnnii the
Honth uf Spain portn, Hiirh an (Inrriieha and Almerin, it in 8h. :td. (!f2); hnt HteMiniTH
from ihe mnith of Spain pay lOil. (^).'20) |ior ton for loading niiil llln. (.'(I'i.'t:;) per hour
dinpatcb at lioth cmln, whirh in worth Jn. (ft). IS) jierton. As the tonnage of the
world in Increaning rather than decreiuiing, it in on'; fair to mippoHe that the dillrr-
ence in favor of the noiitli of Spain will ho further denionittratod on time goeii on.
The principal iron-ore mining centerH in thn sontli of Spain are: Cartagena, I'ulitH-
parra, Morata, and the Sierra Knmedio, in the Province of Mnrcia; llerrorias. Sierra
do lledar, and .Merra Albitmilla, in the Province of Almeria; and Marbellu, liuhledul,
and Kntepona, in the Province of Malaga.
In no cone do tliene Honthern deponitfi ocrnr as true lodes or veins; they have inva-
riably lieen prodmod os beds or deposits by a system of replacement. They occur
for the mont i>art upon schistose rooks, and are covered by limestone or dolomite.
There can be no doubt that nt one time the limestone rested on the schistose rock,
itiid that, in the course of agen, they wore gradually dissolved by acid waters carry-
ing iron, which metal replaced the dissolved limestone. As a general rule, there is
in these southern deposits no dear division between the iron ore and the limestone,
the former, as it were, growing into the latti'r. Hard, inolated innsHes of limestone
occur also in the miilst of the ore bodies. On the other hand, the division between
the iron ore and the underlying schist is quite clear and well deliiiod. At the |ioint
of contact the schists are generally altered or decomposed to a soft white clay or
kaolin, while lower down they are hard and of a blue color. The deposits are all
situated in the slopes of uioiintaiii ranges, and are in mont cases very favorably
placed for working by open cut.
IKD.N OHBS m THK PBOVINIB OK MIRCIA.
Ill the ProTinco of Mnrcia the Porman deiM)8it8 of iron ore near Car-
tagena are well known as a source of iron ore for industrial purposes.
In the intepior of this Province, however, there are large deposits as
yet unopened, and little known to the commercial world. Their remote
ness from any shippiiifr port severely haiiilicaps them in conipetiiifj
with seaboard ores, but with improved facilities for transport they may
8fi
MINKKAL RKSOUKCKS.
nit iinatcly liccoino nvailable for export. Tin- ilopo.sits referred to, known
locally as the ('ahis|iiin'ii iron ore, eonsist of fonr separate ^m'ou|)s of
mines occnrrin^ in the form of an arc of a circle \H) kilometers (about
II.' milcsj lon^^, the mineral conecssions itoverin^ an area of 4.'t() hectares
(l,(t(i.'! acres). The larffc^st of these fjroiips is near the station of Calas
parra.oii the ("artaKcna anil Madrid Railway, I H» kilometers (S7 miles)
from <':n'ta};ena. ISotli red hcnmtite and ma.i;netlc oxide ocrnr, and
both ores are hard and compact. An averaji'c .sample of each kind
nave:
AmilifHfM iif iron ore from Ciilu/fparrn, Spain.
Ufil lieiii- .Miitfiiet-
iititK. iw.
I'rr e>itt. Vrr cent. '
Slllrji mill Inniillllilr ;.»' lu. 10 I
Siil|>liiir .Kii .1119
I'hiixiilioriiR Trfti'n. .'J41
.Mtliijlii- ir.iii riT.IK) M.OO
Mr. Wilson says that all of these deposits can be worked on the open-
en t .system. The railway carriage from< 'alas|iarra to < 'arta;;ena amonnts
to l.0."> pesetas (♦(!.!•(!) \wr ton, and when the mines have been connected
with the railway at (3alasparra it is estinnited the total cost of the ore
on board at Cartagena will be as follows:
t'oMt (»/ niihintf Sjniiiinh iron orm.
Mining
'rriiniipiirt Iiy i-tilili*
'i'ransjiort l>v iiiirntw j^iiiifci'-
Aiiliiniatir loiiiliiiK
Kail tu l.'iirlii^i-iiii
Sliil-ilKii
I.l>jlliill}£ nil Ht**Illlier
ttiMii-nil I'iiarKi^N
PeRutati.
l.M
.'.•5
l.UU
.III
4. Ml
ii.su
I.IMI
.M
Total.
e.811
At the current rati^tf e\i;han}re, this is cipnil to abont ij'I.H!) per ton.
MiiifH of MoviiUi. — Sonic 4"! kilometers (li.S miles) west of Oartugcna,
and at a distance of IT Uilometers (KIA miles) from the coa.st, the
deposits of Morata are met with, occiipyinn valleys formed by the
Sierra .Mmenara, and branclies or H|mrs of the sani<s and extending
southward toward the Sierra I'^nmedio. The mineral (^incessioiis
coverall area of nearly .")(M) hectares (I, li.Ti acres), and th(^ available
snpply of iron ore. has been variously estiiimted at ■l,(IIHI,(HM( tons,
r>,(KH),lllH) tons, and .S,(l(H),tHH) tons. The output from this district is at
the present time niiK'h reduced, the annual production not exeeediiig
lL',(KK»to l.'>,(MMl tons, and this from one mine only, whcM-e the mineral
is gained by iiiidcrgroiind workings. The mines siilfer the ilisadvan
tage of not having direct (uimmiinieatiini with the coast. The ore is
carted to I'urazuelos, uii open roadstitad, and the steamers are loaded
PKOnilCTION OF IRON ORES.
87
by means of biirgoa. NotwitlmtaiMling tlicse (UHlcnltifs tlie cost of
tlie ore, put on Iward, does not «!xcee(l iiesctiis (8ny iBI.Ui) per ton.
The. ore is red lieiiiiitite, and the oiit<^n)i)s are iiuineroiiH and <^an be
traced for considerable distances, thoiiKli some bave been proved only
to a depth of S niet«rs (2(! feet). The various di posits have a general
dire(!tion of northwest to southeast.
The followiuf^ is an average analysis of the ore, dried at 2)2° F.:
Average pomjio«i(io» of iron ore from Mornta minr/i, Spain.
IVroxiil« »!' iron
erut4ixlili<
IVriixiitiiof iiiiiilKniitiA» .
Aliiinina
I.iiiit*
Majnit^'iia
Ilarvta
Siliro
Siiliihiir
eiioHphorii! ai'ii)
72.00
Nil.
2.00
.eii
7.2H
l.;io
.07
4. :io
0.03
' Ver rent.
Oxilli^ nl' /.llir
CarlMiiiir iiiiliyilritli).
i;iiml)iiiiHl wiil«r
Tiilal
Iron III tliu ilrieil oru
Iniii In tliii rawuni..
Moiaturu
7.10
4. on
50.40
47. H9
4. DO
iSierra Enmttlio. — This district has been soinewbat disappointing, the
estini.ites of (piantity, based upon surface i.idications, not having been
realized in depth. At present only one mine, the Santa Isobel, is in
active operation. This mine is w(nked by open cut, and nuiintains an
average annual output of about 25,0(K» t(nis. The shipping port is
Aguilas, with wiiich the mining district is conne'ted by 34 kihmieters
(21 miles) of railway. The ore is a red hematite of excellent (piality,
and is nearly all lumps. The following shows the averiiije contents:
At'erage iomi>niiilio« of iron ore from Ihe Sierra Eiimnlio (titlrirt, Simin.
IVr rent.
Iron (iu dried ori!)
MiuiKaneHofiiidrU'dotv)
Sillcft
Alanit Ml. 0(1
1.0Utol.50
til 2. 60
Tra' 111 .002
Trana ti> .002
.50 to 6. 00
(I VnryiuK witli tlia loaanna nf lliii yuar.
Notwithstanding Aguilas has a good harbor, the loa<ling facilities
are not of the most economical kind. The ore is tipped from the rail-
way wagons onto the Jetty, is there loaded into carts, moved a short
distance, then shoveled Ironi the carts into the steamers which lie
alongside. In this way HOP (<» (MM) tons can be loaded per day. Steaiiij
ers up to .'VMM! tons ciin lie alongside, and steamers of over 4,<KMI tons
have been loaded, but these have to lie some distance away from the
jetty. The cost of the ore put on board ships at Aguilas may be taken
at about *1.45 per ton, which includes 2.17 iiesctas (ii<0.42) for railway
88
MINERAL RKSOUKCES.
ciii'ria{;(>. Frci^litn from Aguilas ar*; rather liiglxT than from other
Houth of JSpaiii iiorts, on account of the harbor dues.
IRON ORF.8 IN TUB I'KnVINCR nr AIJHKRIA.
The J'rovince of Ahiieria is particularly rich in iron ores, and con-
tains nearly every variety — brown hematite, j-arryiug 48 per cent of
iron and 1(» jter <^ent of water of hydration; rich man^'aniferons ore con-
tainint; •'>.'! per cent of metallic 'iron and !l per <'ent of metallic manga-
nese, with only ."{ per cent of molstnre, and magnetites, carrying up to
(»4 jier trcnt of metallic iron. Beginning at the eastern end of the
Province, the first mine of importance is the Herrerias de las ('uevas.
This deposit consists of beds of red hematite and manganiferous iron
ore, se|)arateil by layers of decomposed schists, and the whole is covered
by ii mass of what is locally called " limestone," but wliicdi is in reality a
highly siliceous oxide of iron, or "gossan." This mine was formerly
worked by the t'anipania dc Aginlas beh)W the level of the Almauzora,
which flows within 5(1 meters (abcuit KM) feet) of the workings. The
river broke in and Hooded the mine while this (company was working
it, the. bottom of the open cut being 17 meters (.'•8 feet) below the
level of the river. Aftt^r lying idle for some years, a London firm t<M)k
over the mine and built a masonry retaining wall 120 meters (,'5!(4 feet)
in length and 12 meters (.'iO feet) high, whic^h has suuc«:S8fully held biick
tlu' river. As a n^sult of this work there is now available a large area
of iron-ore bearing ground, a large |)ortion of which can be and is
being worked by open cut. The ore as it is broken is hauled from
the bottom of the open i-nt up inclined planes. The mines are <!on-
nected by a narrow-gauge railway . I kilometers (3 miles) in length with
Palonnu'cs, an o)>en roadstead, and here, as at most iron-ore shipping
places on the south coastof iSpain, shiploading has to be done by means
of lighters.
The following may be taken as an averagi^ analysis of the general
bidk of the dried ore from the Herrerias de las Cuevas mine, after
expelling 3.'_'.{ per cent moisture:
Armiijr vomiiiiHilioH of iron ore from HirrrriaH rfc (ii» 'mmxi/i, •Spuin.
IVnixiili' of irnii
I'urt'Xiili^ itf tilllllKAUeHP
Aliiiuiiin
I.liiie
MiiKiKtHia
Sillra
Kiil|iliut« (if luiriiiiu
CoiiiMT
Arwiiic
AlllillKtUV
I.I..I ,
Per rent.
75,21
l:<. 44
.!«■>
.24
.01)
2.12
2.72
.007
. iKi
.o;i4
PhuHultorto wild..
CoImIi
Siiilu
Couiliinwl n-iitor .
Par cent.
0.018
.2110
.DSO
4.200
I'lital 00.844
ll
Metallii- iron
Miftullll'. lllttllKllllt'Ht!.
Siil)ilMir
f'koii|ihuruH
t2.«S
O.tu
. :i7:i
.UHH
PKOnUCTION OP IRON ORES 89
SiilMoincd is siii iiiiiilysis of the <»re Hpecially rioh in iiianj;i»"<'«e:
AHal!lii» of mungaHiferoun iron ore from Herreriat iiiiiic, Spiiin.
Per rent.
I'enulil-ioflron 40. :a
I'orox iil« of iiinngtiiifM6 1 45. H»»
I'htmpliaiti <il'liiiie I . 18
l.lliii! 2.1::
( .'iirlHiiiiitu of iiiiiKnMia | -^
(.'nrlHiuuti) cil" 7.ilir l . &*
Baryta ] 2-«)
AlulnilKl .45
Silinl 2.IU
Siil|>)iiir.
WilHT...
ToUl.
Metallic iron
Motjillic iiianeaiiettt^ .
IMinHidiorus
Suliihur
The iiviiihibli! i|UiHitity tit' this ori', hi»w<'viM-, is iiiconsidcriiblc, and it
is so iiiixwl with tins ortiiiiaiy iron ore of the mine that its selection as
a (listiiuit ehiHS of oi<! woiihl not be re imnerati ve. The so called " lime-
stone cover" has been hcie worked for silver. It I'arries alMmt 1 1 ounces
to the ton, with lO.H per cent ferric oxide.
Mr. Wilson asserts that the cost per ton of working and piittinK the
iron tjre on bctard ship at I'alomares may b»' estimated as follows:
Coal of ii'orkiny iron -re in the Almeria tliflrict, Spain.
I PflaeUa.
(ietlinu ami iiiliti^ the ore.
(:..rriaize to I'alntiian'H
Luiiiliii^ JntontfaiiiifrB
MaiiaKt^iutiiit anil aunilrica
Uoyalty
Total
2.25
I.OU
1.00
.60
l.OO
5.7S
This is equal, at current rate of exchange, to about ^1.11 per ton.
The present output of this mine is about .'»,00(> Umn of ore i»er mouth,
and is increasing. The ore is in good tlemand at works in Kngland and
Wales for the manufacture of spiegel iron for the Bessemer process, and
it commands a high jirice.
Sierra dv Iteiiar. — In this district there are numerous iron-ore mines,
some of which promise to develop into i)ropertie8 of magnitude. Hut
few of the mines are being worked, owing to the want of conimunica
tion with the coast. The locality is ivltont l«i kilometers (10 miles)
inland from ( larrucha, which is the shipping i»ort for the district. The
ores art! hematite, limonite, and magnetite, and their occmrrence is
priurticnlly the same as \\m already been described. The ore from
some of the mines is very small, only from 10 to 15 per cent being of a
lumpy cliara4'ter, but there are jiroperties which yield nothing but
hard, himpy hematite of the lirst quality. All the producing proper-
ties :»{'■ being workeil by open cut, and the annual output is about
100,0<M> t4ms.
90
MINEKAI, U':«oi:K('ES.
Tlio |>i'iii<-i|iiU iniiicH arc Jiipitur, l'nr(in<lo, mid Hmii Miiiiiii-I. The
oro, Viiiicli ( urs as l>rowii lioinatite (tarryiiiff 4S per cieiit iron and as
s<>rt purple lieiiiatit<> carrying over (Mt per I'eiit iron, lies on niicn-scldst
rock, and is covered liy schist or, In sohh^ pla(H>s, by limestone. There
are also nnmerous masses of sc^hist and limestunc in the ore itsell.
The schist overburden, beinff sort, is easily and (rheajily removed. The
workings have been carrieil on to a depth of over .'">0 meters (l(i4 liwft).
The ore is sent down sell'-aeting inclined planes and is r^nveyed U>
the «roast by means of a <rable tramway I."»,(i.")(» nieterc (.'il,.'M!(i feet) in
length, the longest in Sjtain. About 400 to ."ifMl tons are conveyed by
this ropeway per day <>l' HI honrs, and the cost is alHint ].'2't jiesetu
(ijiO.24) per ton. The ore is tijiped at tlie terndnns at (larrnclni on the
beach, when^ a large stock is kept, and from this heap trann'onds rnii
ont onto small wooden Jetties which )iro.ject into the sea until a snlli-
cient depth oC water can be attained to enable the tlatbottonied light-
ers carrying abont (iO tons each to come alongside. These are loaded
with baskets <" ore, are then rowed out to the steamer, which lies nbont
4(KI meters (oneiiuarter udle) from the shore, and the ore is hoisted on
board. It is wonderful with what ni|iidity this work is carried out; its
imivh as L',(HI() tons can be loaded in one day by these means at a cost
of about $0.:iO ])er ton.
C'lo/ i>er Inn of iron ore on board ihip at darrucha, Spain.
Miliiiiu iinii tniiimihi^ to rnpfiway Htatiiill
('arrili^e (•» (iiirrucliu
Royalty
I'li'ttifig nil Iwiiril alii|>, lite
Manat^eliieul, rto
Total.
Pmietiui.
2.UU
1.29
1.(10
I.OU
.hU
6.76~
At the present rate of exchange this is equal to about $1.11 per ton.
Hesides the uiines above described, there are nniuy properties in
private hands on which little development work has been done. There
arc also magnetite tle|M(sits which have not as yet been develo|H>d in
any way.
Mr. Wilson says that *t has been estimated by couijietent authorities
that in this tlistrict thiTc are available n|)ward of 7,0<M),0<I0 tons of
marketable iron ore. Th^^ following are typical analyses. No. 1 is the
soft hematite, a largo proportion of which is smalls; No, 2 is the hard
purple henuitites of tint district, antl No. 3 is an analysis of the mag-
netites found in the Sierra de UeUar.
PUODUCTION OF IRON OKK8.
AnalfffirH uf iron orvafrom the Sierra dv Ite.dur liintrirl, Spain.
91
I'eroxido of iron
['riitoxideuf irtin
I*(iriixidtti>t' liiiil)Uiiiit*Hn
(Ixiilis III' liiiul
Oxick' oC cKipiier
Alillililltl
Lime
MuKnoHia
hHrvtu
Silii'n
Siilpliiiric iM-iil
I'liuHpliui'iu arid
Siilphiir
OxiUt) ot'xini;
ArMiMii<-.
Ltm<l bult. iiirkt^l
CuinliiiKMl watei-
Carliuiiic acid
Tuljil
yvr emt. .
I gS. 14 :
I'er emt. I'
79.41X1 I
;t. 4;i
Niilie.
.03
1.3-.'
i.«;i
.4a
III.
'er e*nt.
71.71
l;i. 37
1.68
4.6U
.u;i i
.04 !
.274 I
2.aio
.544
.4'.'o :
7.2.'.0 1
. 1121)
.o:i6
.35
.1. 28
.30
I'rai'u.
1.45
2.70
.70
' .032
.\ 7.040'
Metallic iron, dry »rt'. ■
Iruti ill raw iirt*
MauKanemt in dry oru. .
Siii]>li(ir
4*liiiH|iiiunm
MoiHtnni
50.00
05. 87
1)0.824
55. «22
40.015
1.517
.012
.010
10.800
.008
.03
.00
Tract).
3.70
2.15
100.028
60.IKI
SUvru Alhamilla.—IXwxe, are three principal Ki'owps of mines in this
(listriet, viz, Los Biinos, Allaro, iiiid liiicainena. Tlie liist iiuined is sit-
uated alxiiit IH kilometers (11 miles) in a iiorMieasteily (...eotioii front
the port of Alnieria, at an elevation of 480 meters (l,r>7r) feet) aliove sea
level; the second is situated about "> kilometers (3 miles) to the west of
Los I'.anos, at an elevation of r>S(» meters (l,JMi;$ feet) above sea level;
while Liieainena is 1(> kilometers (10 miles) north of Los Haiios, siiid is
about 1,(HK) meters (3,281 feet) above sea level.
The ores in all three {jnmps are hard red and purphi heniatitex, ton-
taiiiinjf 3 to 4 jier cent of inanpinese; in Los Haiios, also, tlien^ is a small
proportion of oehreous brown ore, jioorer in iron and more porous in char-
acter than the iirevailing mass of heraatite. The ore bodies occur
between schist and dolomite, bcint; coven^I by varyinj,' thicknesses of
the latter and in places by a coiiKloinerate of limestone and iron ore,
and are favorably situated for working by open cut. A scries of
beiicln's are formed 10 to V^ meters (.S.? to 30 feet) iipart, the cover is
taken ofi and tipped at the side into deep ravines, while the oic is let
down by im;lined jilancs t.<i the ropeway station. From the pint of
Almeria there is ii railway of 3-foot gau{,'e which extends in ii north
easterly direction for a distance of l(i kilometers (10 miles), having its
terminus within l,r>00 meters (1,921 feet) of Ijos Hiinos mines. These
\,rM) meters of steep ground iire bridged over by a cable tramway,
which is on the single rope systtim, is self-acting, and is constructed to
deal with 3r» tons of ore per hour.
The Allaro group of mines is connected with the same railway at a
jwiut a short ilislauce below its inland terminus by means of a cable
!>2
MINKRAL RKSOURCES.
Ir;iin\vii,\ on the <lniil)lU'i'()|>o Hystcin. T\n', 1611^411 of this ropoway is
r»,;{(K> meters (17..'5S!M('C't). The iiielli<Ml of shi|i]>iiig itt Alnieriii m ttie
saiiic as at S'aloiiiarcs and (iarriicha. In two or three years' time the
harbor wiiieh the SpaniHiiCiovernnient is liiiihlinf; at Alineria, ami which
is now in a forward state, will lie eonipleted, and it will then be |iossi-
ble to load from tlie nude, alongside which the steamers will lie. The
Lucaincna p'oup of mines has recently been juirchased by Bilbao mine
owners, and active work has been coninien(;ed witli a view to opening uji
the jiroperty so as to enable a large outpnt to be dealt with. The iron
ores of the Sierra Alhamilla are eminently siuted for the Siemens steel
process, as well as for the Bessemer process, their excejitional jdirity,
added to their liini)>iness, renilcring them formidable competitors of
liilbao ('ampanil ore. For some years past the ore from lios llanos and
Alfaro has been shipped in large (piantities to the Cleveland district,
to Scotland, and to Wale.s, for nse in the Siemens process, for which it
has been found very sintable. The ore is mine<l ]>ractically all as lump
ore. ihe only "smalls" present in the delivered ore being occasioned
by breakage in shipment.
According to Mr. Wilson, the quantity of ore available in the three
groups has been variously estimated at l,<NMMMM),r),'HKMMIO,and!),(MMMHHI
tons. The following are analyses of the ores from these three difl'ereut
groups of mines:
.tiiflfyio'ii III' iriiu orm/rom Ihe .llliamilla iliflrict, Spain.
Pi>rox iilf> <tf iron
CunixUlniil'lMilllKaiiRllfl
ttxiili-M ofloail, t-up|H>r, mid 7.1ne.
Aliiiiiiiiti
Maf(ii«Hla
Lidiu
Stlliii
Carbiinln aiili ydriile
SuliihurkaclS
ehuapliiiric »ci<l
A rHunic
CNiliiliiiiud water
].!>•» by caliJiiatiou
Tiilal.
Mi-taltir iron in tin* dry iiri-.
Mftallir nian^ani>M4>
Mi>ii4ture
, LoH TlauiiM^ Alfam. T.uoainuna.
/Vr ci-nt,
74.14
5.18
Niine.
I.M
i.7;i
1.81
l>.5U
1.00
.05
.en
N'nnr.
7.71
I'er cfiit.
0U.6g
4.117
Niiliu.
(J. on
4. UK
d.li
2.2:1
Vfr etnt,
77.09
6.82
Ntine.
0.00
0.72
2.04
6.44
0. 00
Trariw.
Trarea.
'rra«»a.
51.00 I
.'1.27
1.78 .
48.78
2.05
100. 0(
53. oe
4.31
aOriadat312°F.
PKODUCTION *)V IKON OKES.
!I3
Tliese mines iiie only in conrse of beiiif; oiiened np, lint as tliis is
iM'ing (fiinieil out with niiidi energy it may bee.\|»ei!le<l tliat the (lutpnt
Iroiu all of them soon will be largely incresiscd. The cost of working
and putting the ore on board ship at Ahncria is as follows:
Coal of imrkimj and sAiji/iiNg iroii. (iron in the Alhamilla ilittriKl, S/iiiin.
Worklne nml rtellTSry to rahle.
TniDHit by ciihlt' to railwuy ...
KailwHy t-nrrlatin to Almcria...
LoHilhiK into Ht^'AiiiorR
Itoyulty
Maiiaiii^ineiit and aitudriei
Total..
' Alhro.
t.na Banoa.
/■wedM.
!.12l>
.126
1.250
1.000
l.(,«0
.tl25
Lnrailinna.
retrtai.
2.00W
1 2.500 1
1.000
.628 1
/VMdu.
. WV,
1.250
I.UOU
1.00(1
.S25
uu. 760
no. 125
a 0.125
n At llinciirnint nito of oiclianKo thcm^ total icmin amiiiml toalHiiil 41. 11 anil »1. 18 ii«r ton.
IBO.N OKKH LS TIIK I'KUVI.NCK nr MAl.AUA.
Marhelhi. — These well-known iron-ore mines are situated about 5^
kilometers (^ miles) from the coast, near the village of Marbella, some
5(> kiltmieters (lU miles) southwest of Malaga. The mines are eonnected
with the eoast by a urivato railway of 1 mett • gauge worked by loeo-
motive power, which terminates in a pi</ 1,300 feet long, alongside of
which steamers with a draft not exceeding 21 feet can be moored. The
cost of carriage from the mines to the coast, including the loading of
mineral into steamers, aimmnts to L'o cents per ton. The ore is entirely
magnetite, and is fountl in one deposit with a width of from 10 to 40
meters (.W to 131 feet), considerably faulted in its course. The work-
ings are altogether underground, and the greatest dejith yet attained
is l.st> feet from the .surface. The output of ore varies from 70,000 to
80,000 tons i>er annum, and th»* most of it is sent to the United States.
The estiiiKited cost of winning the ore and placing it in the trucks
ready for carriage to the coast is about $1.20 jior ton, exclusive of roy-
alty, and the present selling price is $3.52 per ton, free on board at
Marbella. An analysis of the ore dried at 212° ¥. gives:
AHalyait of Marbella iron ores, S^ain.
Poroxido of iron 57. M7
l»rotoxid6 of iron 26. JWS
I'rotoxido of inaiiganeHf Traci^.
Alumina i*'*6
Lime ^*
Maglieala i'^
Sillnl SO™
Sulphur ...I 0.0110
IMlimptlorif! acid..
(?om1iilii'il water..
ToUll.
Iron ill tliodry uro.
Muiaturt'
Per rent
.018
100. 02 I
~61. 17 I
.26
Entepona At Estcpona, some .'10 kilometers (ISJ miles) southwest of
Marbella, there are several iron ore deposits, from which a few cargoes
have been shipped, and, although none of the mines are being worked.
!)4
MINKRAI, RESOimCKS.
tliei'f iirc riiiiioi's III' solium of tliciM lifiii^' r('<i|H-ii<>il sihiii. 'I'Iii^ niiiu'ral
liiMT is iii:tt;ii()lit<' <>(' ti>»»\ i|U!ility, iis will Ix^ st'cii by tliu t'ollowiiig
aiiiil.vsis :
Atialt/MU of irini nrr from KslepuHUf iVymiii.
PproKiflo of Iron
l*nitii\iilo(ir Iriiii
I'ri>(n\i<lt> l>r lltUIIUiMICHt*
Carlmrul*' of Unit*
Siil|ilhili<(if liiiii)
rtiiitt|iliat4> ()l litiiH
( 'iirltDiiiilf III' li)iiD|£HiieiM
Milt>ni'Nlii
Alumina
M.78
U.IIH
.40
4.0*1
.M
.05
•J. 5a
h. m
.70
Siliiui...
Wator.,
Alkali
Iriili
Kul|ilinr
Phim|il)itniH .
Per uent
■J.TA
.5<l
■ja
m. K
.'■U. 25
.014
.01
IMilviliil. — Tlu;rii is a ^rouporiron-oru miiieHoii tin; Hierriiili'l Koble-
ilal, (lislaiit ri'diii Mai'bclla about 111! kiloiiictt'.rH ( 14 iiiik'H),iii a iiorthwust
ilii'i'ction. Sitiiatetl as thcsi; iiiiimH ari;, on tlio. iiorthei'ii slopes of tlie
sierra, wliicli attains a height of 4,(HK) to C,(MM» feet above sea level, they
ai iiiai^eessilile until a railway or eableway to the (;oast has been pro-
vided. As at iMai'bclIa, the ore is entirely niagiietite, remarkably free
from impurities. From analyses of samph-s taken from diO'erent mines
of the {{roup, inetallie iron varies from <>l ht (Mt per eent; siliea, from
0.30 to U per eeiit; sulphur, from tnu-es to 0.0.t per eent ; ]ihosphoru.s,
traee.s. Tlie mineral oeeurs between serpentine and limestone. The
area of the mining eoneesaions of this };roup is more than .'MM) heetures
(7 10 acres).
San MiitliidH. — About 10 kilometers (0 miles) northwest of Marbella
there is another {{roup of mines, known as the Han Malhias mines, in (he
valley of the Uio Verde. Though more accessible than the Uobio<lal
mines, this group is unconnected with the coast. The ore here is " mag-
netite," b\il is not so good as at Koblodal. .\n average analysis gave:
Analyaiit of mayncliU: from Son Mathimif Sjtaiit,
Per cftnt.
Metallic irnn ' B7.en
Aliiinina - 2.04
Silioa B. 02
PhoBplinrir aclil Nodk.
Sulphur 04
The area of the mining concessions of the grouj) is about L'OO hec-
tares (500 acres).
IKUN OIIEH IN 'I'lIK riKIVINCK uF KKVII.I.A.
At Podroso and (iuiulalcanal, on the Sevilhi-Merida Uailway, there
are large deposits of iron (jre. The uiiuos at the former place are about
10 English miles from the iieare.st railroad station, from which to the
port uf 8evilla is about ;><'t English miles. The Kevista Mineria states
PRODUCTION OK IKON OHKS.
9r.
tliiit II riiilway irt to \h'. ••oiiMtiiK^ted, ihmI that iiinniKiMiu'iits Imvo l.eon'
miuh' to cm ry tliu oii! to S«villii for t pesctuB (*(>.77) iht ton. The roy-
alty is Htiited to bu lO.lO ))ci' t<tu on sill ore extracted. The ore is
Kjiid to exist in enormous <iiutntities, and to yield from "»•"> to (m jier cent
of metiUli<! inin. Tlie same authority says that for the wcnking of
another ^rouii of mines, situated only about 2 miles from the Pecintso
station and 4.'i miles from the i>ort of Bevilla, an Kufjlish company has
been forme«l under the title of the Iberian Iron-Ore (Jom|)any. Analy-
ses ma<le in England show ore with 57 to t>7 jier cent of metallii; iron,
tiuadahanal is distant about 110 kilometers {08 miles) from Sevilla.
The ores from all these places will be shipped at Sevilla, which is not a
good shippiiif; port, for only steamers of light draft can lie alongshh^
the wharf, at wliich there is but limited accommodation. The mines,
especially in the case of (luadalcanal, v.ill be seriously haiulicapped
by such high railway freights, which are more than twice as much as
is i»ai<l by any other iron-ore coiiii)auy in the south of Spain. The
following are stated to be average analyses of the iron ore of (iuadal-
caiial:
Analyaci of iron ore /mm (iuaAaUamil, Spain.
No. 3.
I
Per cent, , Per cent.
Slliia ' 5.85 I O.JII
Limo W
Siilplmr .02
rii(iH|)l)iiriii4 Trace. . IM
I'enixlllu iif iron 78. ;m !t7 57
IVrtix lil« (if inungiinvBi^ 1 . 82 i
HolBture 8.75 1 1.52
Totiil IM.72 I 100.15
MuUlliuirou 54.81 , 08.30
IRON *tRK8 II* THK I'ROVINrK OK llrRLVA.
Although the Province of lluelva does not appear at present in
the list of exporters of iron ore, there are large deposits of this min-
eral, which, however, is not of a very high class. At the Rio Tinto
nuiies the oxidizeil cai)ping of the pyrites lodes, which has been
removed in the process of working by open cut, has been stacked,
and there are now enormous quantities of this mineral available,
exceeding l.',00l),000 tons. The imi»urities of the ore, however, not-
withstanding its high per<;entage of iron, are much against it, as the
subjoined analysis of a sample illustrative of the whole lot will show,
the arsenic i»resent especially being a formidable obstacle. This ore
could be put on board at Huelva at a cheap rate, on account of the
excellent facilities which the Itio Tinto Company has for carrying and
loading, anil it is possible that some works, e.- aeially on the Conti-
nent, would nse largo quantities for making cheap iron. The ore is
hard and lumpy throughout, there being no smalls; it is of a ligiitish-
red color, and of a iwrous character. There are also deposits of iron
w
MINKKAI, KKSOtmcKS.
<)i'i^ III l'i'<'t(t-iiiil, (III the Iliutlva-Zafra raihviiy, luit HitiiiUcd im they
ill'*', more Ihsiii KM) kiloini'ttti's (<U iiiileH) tVoiii the const, the <|iii>Htioii
of I'riMfjht i'> II Kfi'ioiis oiii;, uiiil they me not lit iireseiit l)<-iii{( worked.
.tnatj/^in of iron iirr /mm liio Vinio, Sfinin.
i'pr Milt. ,
IVr rent.
Ppntxiilf of iron.
rriit4i\Mltt of Iron
Hiil)ilii<ln i>l' Irun.
Hiil|iliiiri»iiGtd. ..
HlUm
AlumiDa
Lime
KlnfinMla
l*hiiM|thorlc lu-id ■
ArniMilniiH iiriil...
Li'utl uxltle
77.1.7
.M
.IW
1. 117
11.72
1.89
.45
Tr«i».
.(HU
1.24
I.M
CnpiieroxIflP 0. (17
Anllninnv iixlilii .13
CiiiiililntHl wm«r II. DO
lliHatiirii .41
Total IW.M4
I mil M. 48
Sulphur 1. a
Pliaaphnnie WW
Armulo OU
I
Liii-fre i|iiaiitities of jiyritt-H from tlie Uio Tinto district lire exported,
iiiid the clinker resulting from roittitiug tliis ih sold to liliiHt fiiriiiiceH tu
hv used us iiii iron ore.
It will be .seen from the foregoiii{; ohHerviitions that iiii iilmost eoii-
tiniioiis series of de|M)sits of iron ore extend along the Hotitlieastern
coast of H|iain, comiiieiiciiig with the I'orniiin de|M)sitH at Ciibo de
I'alos, and contiitiiing at no great distiinee from the coast through the
ProviiiccH of Murciu, Alineria, and Malaga, tinally trending northwest
to the farther inland districts of the Province of Hevilla. With im-
proved facilities for transport many, if not all, of these might he properly
worked.
'I'he iron-ore mines of Asturias, nitliougli the ore is less pure and
more refractory than the liilbao ores, ]ir(Hluce largely. iMr. U. Oriel
states that "the deposits consist ]irincipiilly of Devonian, Silurian,
and (Jambrian qiiartzites, impregnated with iron oxide somewhat high
in phosphorHs."
Mr. J. J). Kendall, in speaking of the deposits in the Province of
Malaga, says that the ore-bearing section tonus part of the iiiountain-
ous region known us the Scrrauiade Honda, and extends from the shore
of the Mediterranean Bea to an altitude of about (i,l(Mt feet. All the
rocks met with in this region belong to the Archean age, the strata
being much distorted, and frei|uciitly assuming high angles. The deiios-
its usually present the form of bedded veins, generally with high angles,
but aometimes the inclination is not great. The roof or hanging wall is
dolomite, and the line of contact between the ore and the roof rock very
irregular. The foot wall is serpentine, sometimes associated with gneiss
and mica schist. At the Mariel>ella mines the ore vein is lenticular in
form, the direction of the deposit being northeast and southwest. It is
about 8()0 feet long, its greatest bresidth and depth being 200 and 420
feet, respectively. The hanging and foot walla consist uiaiuly of aniphib-
olite and mica schist.
PROItirrTION OK IRON ORES.
97
In tho sontli koiiic ol' tlu! Iiii'n<'r S|>iiiiisli vein.-* Iiiiv«i Ikm'ii *'\l<'iiHivi<ly
qiiiii'i'ii'il rifiir tlio Hiirt'iicf, iiiiil this HyHltiiii lia.s in .sihik- in.sliiii<'«-.s lu'cn
(Miiitiniicil Ion); artur tliti tiiiio wlien, uwiiiK to tlu- iiicrfiiHinK <liM'''li> '^
would liiivu lirt'n i'lii>si|i('t' to work niitlei'Kronntl.
The liilbau ores are all i|iiaii'if<I, the ile|MisitH bcin); near the Hiirfat;e.
MoHt of tht'ni have it tliin uoveriiiK ol' >«>il and rocky deliri.s, allhouKli
sonit', UB those on Triaiio Mountain, are overhiin liy shale or liriK'sloiif,
hut these ro<;k.s are thin as(u)niiiareii with the ore, and are easily removed.
Where the eonce.ssiouH are small and close together there is often diHI-
cnlty in dis|>osin(;of the overhurdeu and roek, unless arriiiiKeiiieuts eau
be made with a neighbor for spare. I'owder is mostly used iu i|intrry-
iuiS, but dynamite is also employed to eidarpt the bottoms of holeH so
as to coiieentrate the aetioii of the powder.
In the followin;; table of analyses of Hpanish iron oies an avera(;e of
I! earjjoes of I'onnan ore is given, which was received at Pennsylvania
and Now ,lersey furmiees. The i»ercentaj;e of phosphorus is very low,
rangiuf; fnnn (Mil to (MILT) per cent. In the analyst's, of which this is
the average, tho range of iron in th<^ undried ore was from ttl.l to 51.88
fior cent:
AHahjnvH of Spaninh iron uren.
rnnnnn
CiiniHr^o;
IliKliMt
l.liWI'dt
MailH>lla;
Seleot4Ml liiiiip
SiilphiiroiiK liiiii|i
Saliil iin<
SomnmHtrii iniii iirc t'nini HIMiiui, Spain ;
Canipiiliil iiiiiifH—
N... I
Nil. J
y.1.3
Nii.4
Vt*na ilulr*!—
Nil. 1
Nil. 2
Nil. :i
Riiblo-
Nii. 1
Nii.L'
Avoragp iif :i7 HiialvHi'ii iif within- Sniiiorrantrii iron on*:
HiKlii-at '.
LowpHt
A vvragn
Inn.
Drli'dal. Ilinalii. pliiiruii. *'"'•'''"'• !
•iVi' V. r»l nliili'.
1'frcriit,
5-.'. 812
I'rrernt,
M.OMi
M. 70
4».86
81.05 :
02. U25 :
50. OM
fi7
74
40
.10
20
40
8,>
7«
01
:io5
r>o
VI
■w
mi
50
65.
50.
.15.
.')7.
.4h:|
41. 772
50.20
47.13
51.005
t'tr rrHt.
U2
rrrenu.,
.065
.000
.04
.014
.013
III I
'rtare.
.018
.00«
.021
.OIH
Ol.l
.0124
0.01
.KIO
1104
Trai-p.
Traif.
.0211
Mr. H. G. Babbitt gives the following analyses of 4;S cargoes (about
110,()0() toi.s) of Porman onts imported from 1.SS8 to 18!),(, and of 12
cargoes (about 42,(KK) tons) of Uubio ore, imported during the same
period :
80^4 7
OM
MINKKAI. RKKOITIN^KS.
.iMa/i/Jfrt of I'urmnn ami fiithitt iron om*.
A\i-rii|:r. lliKht'Ht.
MiilMtiira
llrlHl III 'JI3 :
Irnii III nni.
l'hoH|tliiiniN
SMlpliiir
MllllL'UIII'HK
AliiiiiiiiH ■
Mnif
MHgneHlii ..
LcHil
/Inr
ArmMilu..,..
■f rent.
t'trt'ent.
i.M
u.uu
;<\. V
,'.5. 47
U.Ull
'.11 III
.ii'ji
. (p:i7 '
.m
.4114
..MM
.4IU
3. :i:i
ii.:i2
1.C177
'J. uli»
.mi
. 7.'.7
.1124
l.iiTI
. '.'55
l.:illl
. ii:i4
. imi
Vr eriil.
I. 711
1.V 75
H..'iO
. IIHI
. :uiii
t'l'ilUI'. Miulll'Ni. I^tWHAt.
I'er frnl. I'rr cfnt. I'er e*iU.
10.07 17.70 I 8.17 I
.VJ. 07
14.(10
.017
.172
60. :m
•ill. 0<)
.U2.'i I
.SMI
.010
.40
Niino.
Mono.
Niiiiu.
Coiici'HHiiniHiii'curiniU'tlhy (ln'j{()VcrMoi's(»r rroviiiccM Tor work iiij; iron
lire at ii|)|>i'i)\iiiiiiti!ly>'!i cciiLs i>cr iicnt t'oi' tli«i Ki'oniulth'iiiiHt'd and 1 \»'r
(■cut III! tlus t^i'osH |iriiilu(;tiiiii, tlif {;niiiti't^ Ituiiif; iiuriiiitled to work the.
inint'i'al or to hi-II tlitt coiiceH.siuii lor u fixed t*uin,or rent it on a royally.
Mr. .1. I). Keiiilall HtateH thai tlie royalty ])aid on Illlbuo ores i.s mimic
tinieN as liif;;!! as 1' sliillings (tO,4.S), the averaffu lieiii{; about 1 shillin^r.
Tile lorei^oiiiH; details will illustrate the Koiirces li<iiii whit^li the larjje
expluitaliouH of iron ore are derived and the iiosHibilities of a (Miutiii-
uaneo of the.s»'.
M. Ale.xaiidie I'oiircel .supplied most of tlie data for tint lollowiii);
table, showiiij,' the iron-ore production of Bilbao, that of the whole of
iSpain, the. cximrts of iron ore, and the i|uantity <if pij; iron made.
Vroducliitn nf inm nrr ititd jiiij intii in Spiiin; uhn iron ut-n t'JiinrlH,
Trill) iirii )iriMliirlifiii.
Tau«.
llUbao.
Via iriiii
tlliull'.
18«0. .
IMl..
1861! .
IMI3..
IWH..
I8ll.'i. .
IHIKi. .
I«li7..
IMW..
ISO'.P. .
iKrII..
1871..
1«72..
m7:i .
1874..
187.'.. .
1870..
1877. .
1878..
18711. .
1880. .
1881..
I8IIJ..
I8KI..
1884..
188.'i. .
IHWl..
1887..
1888..
1880..
law..
1801..
1892. .
1803..
Metric tont.
60.81(1
54. 8611
711. 4IHI
71). 7211
120,47(1
1112. :>6II
80.U12
l:i(l.(J7.'.
154. 120
IIM.WK)
■^'M. 3;i7
40:i, 142
4112. (Mill
20.1. :I4II
10, 821
:i4,29ll
432,418
1.04(1.2114
l,30,'i.05B
1.202,1171
2. mi. 027
2, (120. (126
3. 8.1.1. 0(KI
3,027.7.12
3.210,321
3.311,410
3. 185, 228
4, 108, 001
3, 631. 503
3.001.511
4, 320, 0:i3
3,710,060
4. 673, S«0
4,018,650
M. 1 1 f Kxiiiirli
liiliil liir '
K|miii.
Metric tiiun. Metric tnnn Metric tmt$.
I7:i.,"8i3
i:iii,2.i»
2W.102
2rJ.(17tl '
2.13,121
101.648
I8U. i:ii
2.14.481
;i8.1.
Vl
311. 34.1
430. Ml
,185, 762
781,468
811,026
402 11.12
.120, (W.1
0(18, 800
1. 102. 171)
1,703,0.11
1.754,20.1
3 U15.338
; ,./2,(181
4, 726. 2113
4.626.270
3. 007. 266
3, 1133, 208
I. 1011. 046
6. 700, 200
4,5(81,018)
4,318,705
6, 788, 743
5.670,600
6,405,142
5,497,540
U31,1II'J
811,211 .
1,150,684 I
1.. '120, 848 '
2,5:12.274 '
301.436 I
740,802
8>iO. :I81
711,126
3:i0, 603
638, 406
1,277,423
1.807,()2«
1.048,181
2,032,887
3, 088, ;i)3
4,026,233
4, 226, 827
3.067,607
3,706,743
4.187.620
.1,215.712
4, 464, 385
.1.1161,613
6,708,811 '
4, :I43. 8:i4 '
4,773.827 i
4.646.877 I
73. IKIO
42,828
85, WIO
114,304
120, IHH
130, 020
124.303
1.10,225
57, 728
148. IHH)
105. OOO
225. IHH)
213.366
247, 320
260. 450
l'U(»l>lICTIf)N ()!•' IKON ()UK8.
99
POIM l'<iAl..
Iron nrt'H of ^ooil ((iiality orynv in iiiiiiiy jiitrtM of tli<> Kiii;;iloin, liilt
with r<nv t'x<'i'|itii)iiH all the iiiiiu's iirc piiU'tii'iilly ultiuiiliniiMl. Tliis may
h*' accj)iiiiti'(l I'lir liy tli(« poverty of the coiiiitry in coal aixl the absriice
of foroHts. Th<! followiii;; iruii-oru deposits of I'orttipkl may l)0 men-
tioiiod :
The hemittitt! bed of (Jiiailmmil, in the I'roviiice of Traz fisMoiites,
oceiirH ill the Ivaureiitiaii roeivs, may be followed for ii disluiieuof 't
miles, and is frequently (iii feet in thickness. The veins in the same
pi'ovinee in the lira^Mli/.a distiirt now (trodiiee but little ore. The ore
deposits of Moneorvo, also in the Tnt/.-osMontes, iinisist of it number
of lentieular buds in the l.iinrentiiiii rocks. The beds, \vhi::li aresiane
times aL'H teet in thickness, have a, };eiitle dip; and aro frequently
traversed Ity i|iiurt)! veins. They <u>ntain both red liematite and mat;-
iietite. The detritus detai-lied from the hills by rains forms extensive
surface deposits in the valleys. The iron ore in beds is said toeontuin
fnun ;$!» to .v.! per cent of iron. In the district of < Meinira, in Alemtejo,
iron and niaiigiinuse occur us lodes, as surfae.e de|Hisits,und as deposits
of sandstone containing' iron. The lodes are wide, tniverse the Lauren-
tian lim(>sto!ies and slates, and contain hematite, pyrolusite, heavy spar,
and quart/,. The )U'odiietion of irun ore in I'ortu^al is jirobubly below
1U,U(N) tuns annually.
JniilffneM of Alvitu Vttrl'.uial iron ortH.
No.1.
Per cent
;).H6
25.20
»,'>. m
4.47
Triiii'.
. .'.(1
Trim-,
'rrju't.
.Ill
N'hIK'.
No. 2.
/•it ml.
l.'M
■a.:n
.15. 4H
57
N.ino.
fm
^ U
TriM't'.
.01
1.60
(Kiile of inaiiuniiffle
Ijmo
Toliil
I(KI.3'J
OS. d:i
UD.M
~ 66.0()V
sAnniNiA.
Iron ore is mined on thb island of Siirdiniii, and in the year 18!K)-!»1
l(t,l!K> metric tons of ore were produced.
The deposit of magnetic iron ore at St. Leon in the fiscal year
lHt!.'»-(>0 produced 13,810 metriu tons of ore. No tire was reported as
mined in 188U.
HWKI>KN.
No cimntry ]>os.sesses greater interest to the metallurgist than
Sweden, which has for centuries been a producer of iron ores and a
manufacturer of iron and Htcel of such character as to merit recognition
100
MINKHAI- KESiJlIKCES.
as staiidiirds of (ixcclleiu'e. In fact tlit; loiificsfublishi'd (|iiiility of its
]ir()durt I'iitlifi- lliHii ilic <|iiaiitity iiiiulc, fiicouni;j;i.'s a intisentatioii of
til*; uiiiiural icsoiirci-s of Sweden in considerable detail as far as tliey
relate to iron ores. Its iron and steel industry is also uniijiio in its
continued dependence upon charcoal or wood, even refuse and sawdust
beiny converted into gas in suitable producers, and its chief reliance
upon magnetic ores.
(Uvloiiufil rt'lations. — Swollen shares' with Norway the Scaiulinavian
peninsula, of which it forms the eastern and larger part (58 jier cent),
extending from C'.t'J to .j."»'=> north latitude, a geographical situation cor-
responding to Alaska. The greatest length of Sweden, abinit 1,(MMI
miles, extends from considerably within the Arctic zone to below the
northeastern extrennty of J'russia, while the greatest breiulth ap|iroxi-
niatus 250 miles. The area of the mainland and the islands amounts
to I70,<i00 sipiare miles, of which about one-twelfth consists of water.
Mr. lljalnuir Lundbohm (vide Swedish Catalogue II, statistics) says:
Till' iiiiinutaiii rcKiuiiu ut' .Sweden liuvii tlieir (;i'L'iktv8t dcvi'loi>iiU'iit in tin' nnitlii'm
iinil wiwtcrn piiitJi (il'tlio ununlry: nairowiii;; in hi tlii!Nui'\v«Kian frontier, tin-, liijjli-
liinil ili'HcendH iih ii vast HliipinK plateiui towanl tile llnll' of lliitlinia. Tin! npgicr
part (if tliiN jilaleau inclincH f^railnallv anil ronlains many lar|{u lakuuanil eniirinnim
niarKliOH; tlu-n the lakes ilerreiise in si/e, the vallevH liei-iinie Ntoeper, niiil the ninuii-
tuiuH are covered with forests, and finally thu roast hiinlscupe coiiiinences, with its
liroail ulens and niiiiiurons traces of tliu I'liriner intriisiiin of the sen. Over all this
plalean arms or hraiiehes from the tells iir moiintaius are to liu seen in the I'lirm of
brn:ul ridges, many I'allin); away sonn; ilislaiiee from the coast, others, on the eoii-
trary. Htretchioj; ;is far an to the sea. disperse into rich };ronps of islands, or force
themselves lietween the lakes and lieeonie united to the lower phiteau uf niountaiiis
and woods which oeeiipy a part of the south of Sweden. The lowland oiciipies a
part of the littoral aliinf; the (liilf of Hothni.i, and apjiears farther Nontli ill the nat-
ural depression, whii-h is marked by the lakes in central Sweden, and eontaiiis the
idaiiiH of rpland. Westmanland. Wester^iitland, and Oster^iitl.-ind ; and a;{ain in
the plains whiih siirroniid the wooded plateuu of Smalaud. and of which that of
Skane is the most iiiiportant.
The largest lakes lie in the great irregular dij) or depression which
extends across the Kingdom between the North Sea and the Baltic, and
in an earlier geological period formed abroad (channel between these
two seas, but of which, owing to the elevation of the land, only some
few of the larger basins now remain. T\w. principal of these is Laktt
Vcnerii, l.',l."i()8inuire miles in area, third in size of I'jiiropean lakes, and
N'etlern, T.'lli square miles in area, and the.se tire of great ini|)ortaiice to
the (^ommniiication of (central Sweden, as they are the chief |ioints of
the priiici]ial I'anal .system of the Kingdom. The entire country is
dotted with many large and small lakes, .several of which have an area
of more than 4(^ .nipiaie miles. Mr. Jjundbolim says:
There are iwo lunspienoiis features which explain why Sweden is different from
most of the other parts of Kiirope as regards the i^eneral character of its natnral
features. The country is sifnated around the center of the ancient Scandinavian
Innil ill', and in the f;reatnr part of the country only two of the Keoh'Kical series, the
oldest and the youngest, are represented. Thus the uneven, undulating siirfaco of
PRODUCTION OF IKON ORKS.
101
till' rocks, liolDiiKiii^ to Mm Arclii'aii serinH, is in (jninTal cnvurwl witli (iiiati'iiiarv
depoHJtH of ^ravrl, Maml, and cl.-iy. Anions tlit^ Arclican rori^H ;rni>iss is tlif^ most
t'oniinon, occjipyin^r nearly alt of t lit; sontliwnst of Swcilt'it an<l a vi<r>' hroa<l licit
alont; tlin east coast, from Vcatcrvik, south of Stoctiliotni, nil tbc way to tlielmnndary
of I'iiiland. Tim nniforniity of tlicsr districts is, howitvcr, often lirokcn, partly liy
llic presence of ^^ranite, diorite, ^alilM-o, liyperite, et<r., partly by the oceiirrciiee of
soinit tine-}];rainiMl ro<-ks, which are snpposcd to lie the yonn^est ]>art of the Arelican.
From 11 i>ractical point of view these rc.cks are more important than any others, on
ai'i'onnt of thi'ir coiinei'tion with the Iron ores, the ]HireHt and richest of the latter
occnrrin^ in the limestone hlillutliiita anil ^raiiititc,espei-ially in a 1ar<;e licit running
from east to west across the conntry from the lialtie to \'ermlaM<1, not far from the
NorweKlau frontier. 'Tlion^^li this is the principal iron-liearini; district of .Sweden,
very important iron ores are also found in other ]ilaces, us in l.apland, ,Suderiuunlauti,
iinil (tHtcrgiithinil.
Varieties of ore. — The iron oros <tl' Sweden consist princiiiiilly of
"blin'.k ore" or niivgin'titis lienintite, or .spcculiir ore (iieroxide or sesipii-
oxide), all of wliich iirc fjciienilly called •' numntitin ores," to diKtingnisli
tlieinfroin tlie lake and boo ores, wiiieli are won in Sniaiand smd several
other itrovinces. Tlie iiiaKiietic ores often have larjjer or smaller i|uai.ti-
tie.s of specular ore mixed with them, .sometimes in such proportions as
to make it dillicult to de<-i(le to which species the ore should liea.ssi^iipd.
The nnip;iietite and specular ores belono; to the primitive or liaurcntian
formation, and occur with few excepti(Mis as beds or stratilied nni.s.scs,
the dip of which commonly si|iproaches more to the vertical than the
hori/ontal. The thickness of tlic ore bodies in th<' southern part of the
country };enerally varies from that of it veinlet to KKI or l."»0 feet, and
in nearly all of the mining fields there are commonly found several
psirallel beds se|)arat4'd from each other by more or less sterile rock.
The ffcologiciil arratioeinent of tli»^ Swedish "mountain ores" varies,
but tVom a metallurftical point of view tliey tnay be divided into three
itroups. The tlrst division embraces the ores lyiufj in more or less euritic?
or !;;rannlitic gneiss, and containing };enerally some feldspar, and i here-
foi'i- more alumina. The most typical ores of thi.s (;roup lie in };raiiite,
which is {jencrally re(l in c(dor and soniewiiat gneissic. Most of them
ai'i' s|i(i'ularorcs, often marked by a distinct striping, cau.scd by icpeated
alternations of pure iron-ore .seatns with others of curite and i|uaitzite,
in such a way that the saitie .series of beds may contain hundreds of
seams of ore, intermixed with barren rock. The ores lying in the gneiss
rocks proper arc gtuii^rally nnignetites, .sometimes rich in silica.
The ores of the .second division are gtMierstlly purer atid more con-
centrated than those of the prece<ling division, and have well-detined
bound.aries. In most instances they appear as h^iticidar la.vers embed-
ded ill rock, often arranged in rows. The deposits of this division are
often of great widtli but of less longitiulitnil extent than those of the
first division. Some of these ores are remarkable for the <|uantity of
magnesia which they ('ontaiti, and all hough they can connnonly be
smelted witliout any or sometimes with a small amount of lime as
>'ROv»fNCIAU '.lOKARt
VICTORIA, B. C.
102
MINKHAl. RESOURCES.
Iliix, wIkmi the rock is ru;\\ in insi^iieslii, rnrnierly Imtli limn and qiiiirtz
wcro used in tin- reduction of the ores. Now tlic method is ('li:in};ed,
and {generally no (piartz is used, but ores ricli in silica are mixed with
those more basie.
The tliird division eomprises those ores whi(di eontain a consi'lerable
ipiantity of nian^aneso and often a not ineonsidera))le amount of sul-
phides. The e(nitent of manganese is derived from intersiMM'sed niin
erals, l)nt in some of the iir<^ de|>osits in t)ie limestone the man(;anese
com|iounds appeiir to be mixed with the hitter, so that the manganese
eontent maybe as hlg;h in that part of the deposit wliieh is poor in
iron as in that which is richer. Tlie majority of the ores of I his f;froHp
are magnetite, although some ores containing peroxide of iron also
occur exceptionally, and should belong to this group. Some of the
manganiferons ores are so rich in lime that they reijiiire to be mixed
with siliceous ores in order to lie easily snu'lted, while others are what
Is (lalled in Swedish "cngaendc'' (going by themselves), their gangne
being such that no tlux is re<iuired for their smelting. There are also
ores rich in manganese which contain so large an amount of magnesia
as to neeessitat^t the use of both lim(! and (|uart/.os(^ ores in smelting
tlnMii. The greater nnndter of Swedish or-'x must \»- fluxed with lime
in order to yield a glassy slag, and mo«l of them arc thus moie or less
acid, or, as it is called, "dry."
I'cnrntiiiie of irmi. — The iron contvmtof the Swedish ores varies from
30 to 70 per cent, but it is generally about .">((. As, however, the calca
reous ores are much scar(U'r than the siliceous ones, ores occurring in
limestone are often used, although their iron content is but L'O per cent
or even less, as a mixture for the richer sili(!e(nis ores, in some ores,
particidarly those of the tlr.st division, the (Mintent of alumina is not
inconsiderable, while ores belonging to the second group in |)artieular
and some of thos(> liclonging to the third are very rich in magnesia.
They generally contain very little phosphorus. Mountain ores contain-
ing more than 0.1 percentof phosphorus are as a rule employed only to
mix with others containing less phosphorns. The ori's lowest in phos-
lihorus are generally ust^il fur produ(;ing iron for steel making.
Iinpiiritii'n. — The greater numlier of siliceons specular oi'es are free
from sulphides, and many of th*' magiu>ti(^ iion or<-s also t'ontain only
a small |)roportion of sulphur; other magnetic ores are, however, inter
spersed with metallic sulphides, such as sulphides of iron, magnetic;
pyrites, and arsi^nical pyrites (l)aniiemora), so that the ores, if the iron
produced is to be free frcnu sulphur, must be subjected to careful cal
cining, and many kilns have been erected for this purpose. Most of
the ores, howe'i'r, are calcined not so nundi for driving out the sul|diur,
which generally does not occur in large amounts, as in ordei' to (convert
KCiOi to l'V;(>:„ and thus to nnike tlieon^ moie easily reducible.
Kspccially <'haracteristicof a lai'ge innnber of the, Swedish mountain
ores is the fact that they contain only minute (plant ities of phoHpLorus,
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORKS.
108
in many (uiscs not more tliiin O.OOl to 0.(K)r» per cent. This, In'SHk-s
t\u' Ciict tliat eliarcoiil is nscd in snicltinj^, acc'oiints for tlic «'.\cfllent
(|iiality of Swedish iron.
The lake ami 1)ok ores in Sweden lielon;; tx) the Qnateinaiy i)eriod,
and are in faet still being ileposiled. They occur in several jn-ovinces,
and have in former times been nsed for the direct iirodiiction of
malleable iron. They ft<*n(Mally contain several tenths of 1 per cent of
phospliorus, and are em))loye(l only in tlie inannfactnre of foundry and
puddled iron. The lalie ores, according' fo their ap]iearance, are called
"gmiiiowder," "pearl," "penny," or "cake" ore, et(\ They occur in reedy
places, a short distance from the slnn'es of the lakes, forming beds up
to 'M feet in thickness. These ore.s are taken up in the winter by means
of hmg shafted scrapers and riddles of iron, and a new Ited may be
formed in the same pla(!e after some thirty years.
Of the total iron-ore product of Sweden, Prof. Rich. Ackermaii says
that between two-thirds and three-tpiarters is magnetite, one-third to
one-quarter specular, and the balam-e g(MieraIly about 2,(100 tons of
lake or bog ore.
(leiHfriipliiciil (listrilmtion. — The greatest (piantity of Sweden's best
iron ores, and at the same time those that have been worked the long-
est, occur within rather a small space compared with the total area of
the country, that is within a belt having an area of r),.S(K) ,s(|uare
miles, which extends from the (lulf of Itothnia on the east to the dis-
trict north of Lake Venern on the west. Southward this ore Region
continues to the niid<lle part of the Province of < istergdtland, and iu)rth-
ward to the northern border of the Province of Dalecarlia. Here occur
farthest to the east the Dannemora liehl, famous for its ores free from
phosphorus, and in many other respects nnitpie, and in about the mid-
dle of this district are situated the Norrberg, Itispberg, (iriingesberg,
Striberg, Stripa, and several other extensive mining lields, and farthest
to the west tlu! Persbcrg and some others. It will thus be seen that
the principal iron-ore dei)osits extend from the Dannemora region,
north of Stockholm, across tln^ country, ending some distance from the
Norwegian border, covering a length of ISO miles. North of this oi'e
distri(^t are found large iron-ore bodies, as far north as the vicinity of
the polar circle. Mere are situated tlu^ iron-ore deposits of (iellivara,
Kii'umivara, and Luossavara, in length of strike, thicki.ess, and per-
centage of iron the principal iron ores of Sweden. Some of the dejiosits
are large ami rich. Thus a horizontal section through the nearly ver-
tical nuiss of ore at Kirunavara and Luossavara represents an area of
5,.'iH4,0(K) sfjuan! feet; all the ores attlellivara have in their outero|)-
piiig an area of about 2,f!!tO,000 sipnu'e feet, while at lUiotivara tlu^ area
is estimated as .'!,2.">(l,((00 square feet. As the average i)erccntage of
iron at several of the mim's amcmnts to (10 or (i."» and sometimes more,
it i.s uviduut that miuing might be pursued on a large scale.
104
MINERAL KESOl'BCKS.
I'litil hitely, however, all of these hist-iiieiitioned mining districts
have been lying Idle, partly I'or lack (if coiniiuiiiieatioii and partly by
reason of tliehigh pen'cntagesof phosphorus (at (lellivara and Kirnna-
vara) and of titanium (at Kuotivara). Mr. I.undbolini states that ull
three of those (h^posits an? loeated in Swedisli Laphiiid, Of these only
that at (lellivara is worked, and it has lately been eouiie<^ted with the
harbor of I.ulea, ar the north end of the Haltie 8ea, by a railway belong-
ing to the (lovernuient. This railway is 120 miles long and .said to l>e
the most northern railroad in the world, .'»(• miles of it being within the
frigid zone. The ore Is taken from the stock piles at Lulea and loaded
by an American steam shovel. The com|)any owning this deposit has
ex]>orted ore to Kughmd, tliA United States, and < iermaiiy, and is making
pre]iaratious for lai'gely increasing this exjiort. The iron on* of (lelli-
vara is partly niagn(*tite, partly specular ore, both oc(airring as numer-
ous long layers in a giiuissic rock f(H'iuing a mountain about 4.;J miles in
h'Ugth and about (iOI) feet in height above the surrounding tlat country,
having a width of about 1.;^ mih^s. Many of the ore layers are of rnn-
siderable size, sonu' of them being from 1H(I to ;{IM» feet wide, the dip
varying from I") to SO degrees from the |)crpeiidieular. The quality of
the ore is also vtu'y changeable. CJood Jiessenier ores containing 07 to
0!) per cent or more of iron occur in large (piantities, but the greater
part of the ores are high in ])liosphorus. The )>ercentageof sulphur is,
on the contrary, very small, exc(*pt in a lew cases.
Mr. .lercmiah Head, in a [taper on "Scandinavia as a source of iron-
ore supply," says:
/Uiniit lSf>7 a iiiiiKiictitn mini'. Nitiliiteil nii tliB HPnIioaril, n little to tlie imrtli of
Ueltf, uxportiMt two car^oi'.H nl' orr 'niitaiiiiii^ 1>li ])i'i' cent ol' irnii, and only a tract)
of i)liiis|iliiiriiM. NiitwitliHtaiiilitiK t \at sti aiiirrH caifviiiK 1,1100 tciiis iiiiilil lie so
t;ln8t' iti to tlir iniiirs thai the ore r nhl Ite wlieeletl I'i^lit ahoai'<l, the eont of jtro-
(liirtioii anil ilelivery at that tin' was higher than the priee ohtaiiiuhlp, anil cou-
Nei|tieiitl,v theininn waH aliaiMliinetl.
Ill ISHK the total eNpoits rose rroin ll.tlSi; (the anioiint for 1SS7) to I17..~>.1fl Ioiih,
anil Ihose to the Initeil Kiii(;iliiiii ; i ti.")7 to l!L',ti7L' tons. TliiH siiililen inerease was
line to the operations of an Kni^lish eoiiipany, whii-h hail ilnring the previous year
niiiili' a railway tl.'!! miles long froni tin' iron ore ileposils at (lellivara, in SweiliMh
I.aplanil. to l.nlea, a seaport on the western Nhme of the (inlf of llothnia, 710 miles
from .Stoekholin. The eonression miller whieh this eonipaiiy oiteratoil ineliiiled also
the right to work anil esport iron ore from the ile|iosits at (iellivara. Kiriinavara,
l.noHsavMra, anil .S\ appavara, whieh lay on or near the Heleeteit ponte, at a royalty
uf from till. 1 1-' eenls) to Sil. ( It) rents) per ton. Anothrreompany, elosely alliuil with
the railway rom)iany, was estalilisheil to imrehasi; steamers anil eoiivey the orn to
hritish anil otlier ports; anil .'i thiril was to rent anil work two lilaht fnrnaeeH at
Walker-on-Tyne, I'jiglaiiil. Tlie result was, however, ilisappoiiitint;. The jiig iron
liroilneeil eonlaiiieil from O.lt to O.li per eent of phoHphorns, anil was, of runi'Ne,
i|iiilo niilit for ai'iil steel making. As sneh pig iron for any other purpose was not
largely in ilemanil, ami if it hail heeii, eoiilil have tieeii more eheaply proiltieeil liy a
mixture of ('lev.'himl ami hematite orea, the enterprise iliil not result in siiri-esa.
This alVeeteil the interests of the allieil eon paiiies so adversely that they, too, were
presently ohliged lo diseoiitinne operations. Itnt the (iellivara mines were foiiml to
yield not only sneh phosphorie ores as were sttnt to the Tyiie. Imt also, from eurtuiu
uf the workings, u proportion of or» of exceptionally rieli anil pure i|iiulity.
I'RODUCTION OF IKON OKKS.
10.1
Tlin iiii|iiirtH into tint iriiititil KiiiKdoiii foil from li2,*S7'J tons in IHHH to l.'i.lL'T tons
in IH»'J, r.,n;tl tons in ISiH), nnil toii.KW ton8 in IWIl ; inni, iiH liir ;m (liin cmiiitrv Wiw
concorntMl, thr (o'llivarii niiiH!H ini^lit JuMt uh wi'll lin\'«* renscii to «!xiHt. Tim S\v«(l-
inli (iovoiiiini'nt iliil not. it<K'>''<l with roinplaiiniiy tli« tol:il .'ili>inil»nnn^nt of tliu
entei'priHr. It took tlio riiilway, and at'tor a time ^rant<>(l tuvomltlo rateH to a
Swt^diHli cnnipany, wliic-li t^NtalilislnM) Ibnr f;rail(t8. A, inteixN'il for acid prort^sBttH,
containing about (ill jtci cent of iron and (KOI )n^r cent of |dioH|t]iorns, :tnd 1>, in-
tended for tlic liiiHic It^'NHenn^r procoNH. containing about ({5 ]icr cent of iron and 1 to
2 per cent of phoHplioroK. Ore containing appreciatde jdioHphorut^, but not enough
to render it unlit for arid ])urpoBeH, watf ealb-d grade It, while grade <' coniprisutl all
b<d.wcen tliut and grad^t I).
Tbt^ yiebl of the ipiarrieH (there are aH yt^t no undergriunul workingH), of which
there are i:tl. waH found to be eonipoHcd of grades A and \' to the extent of 'JO )ier
cent, wliile Wl per cent lielonged to the lower grades. 'I'lie effect of these improved
arrangements soon bei'aniu apparent. The imports of Swcilish iron ori' into the
United Kingdom gradually rose frinn !!,1(M tons in IHHI to Kt,72-' tons in IK<t2 an<l
:{r>,ti<ll tons in lS!i:i. Almost all this was of A (|ualLty, and was deliverttd to furnaces
in the Cleveland district at jiriccs averaging IXs. (say $l.:iri) pertiui. 'I'hi' imports
during the year IMJII were about lltO.UtM) tons. The exact lignres have not been
obtained. The general verdiit of those who have trii'd the ore is that the guarau-
teed standard of riehncas and ]nirity lins, so far, iieen well nniintained.
The Continental ircni conipanii^s liave be<;n still nuH'e enterprising than their Kng-
lish oonipetitors in utilizing the new sonrco of iron-ore Hnp))ly.
Since 1SX7, when the (iellivara-Lnlea Railway was comph'led, to December, lS9;t,
the total aiuinal e\]>iu'ts havi' increased by over UKl.tNK) tons, (d' which :jri,(MNI tons
came to the Knifed Kingdom and the renniindi^r went inoHM,Y to (•ernuiny and Austria.
During the last six years .Scanilinavia has beconu^ :i nnist important smirce of iruu-
ore supply to the |irincipal iron-producing countries of Kuropo. The me travels
about 1,11X1) miles to Knglish iCIcvelaml), anil l,ti!H) to (ierman (Dortnmnil) works,
and 1,I0(> miles to Witkowitz. This is farthir than from thi' celebrated Lake Supe-
rior mines to the I'eiinsylvania steel works. <^nly very rich ores could bear such
I'ost for transit.
Inasnnii'h as in th<' last-nanmd countries the great bulk of the steel niMnulaitured
is by the basic process, whi'reus the exact reverse is the lase in (Ircat Ibilain, it is
only natural to expect that what is sent to them shoiilil be mainly grade I), anil that
which is sent to Kngland should be mainly grade A ; and this is In accordance with
the actual facts of the ciise.
Mr. I'aul Kupclwciser, general manager of the Witkowilz works, says that iluring
livi" or six years he useil iSwcdish nuignetitcs from (iellivara and id.sewhcre (probaldy
tirangcsberg) to thtu-xtent id* about tl(),IKK) tons per ann
The\' contained from til
to M per cent of iron, and cost from 22 to 21 shillings (+,"i.;i2 to .f.'i.XI ) delivered at
Witkowitz. He mixed them in the raw state, in the propnrtiiii. of from it;t totid ))er
cent, with other ores, mostI> s])athic, and calcined. I'scd in this way there was no
diltieulty in smelting. The resulting |iig iron was taken in a molten eondition to a
Itessemer converter, and aft.-r being partially blown, to a basic-lined Siemens furnace,
there to lie finished into steel.
\'ara ore, is also tiow extcnsix'ely used at the large sfcel works rn
tirade 1>, (lelli
Upper Silesia. The |iort of entrance in this, as in the previous car^e, is .<teftin,
whence it is forwarded liy rail. The Westphalia works are users of the same grade
It reaches them via Uotterdam, some going forward by Uhine navigaf ion and some
hy rail. (Jraile D is olfered at about ir>s. fid. ($11. 75) ]ter ton, delivered in trucks at
Antwerp for use in the I. lege and Luxemburg districts.
The value of grade .\ ore, containing iV.) per cent of iron and 2 per cent of silica,
is at present about IHs. (id. (if 1.17) )ier ton delivered at MidillcHborongh furnaces.
ISpanish Kubio ore, containing oO per cent of iron and 8 per ci^nt of silica, costs
106
MINERAL UESOURCES.
VJn. (!(l. (jfn.O'J) pi>r ton. In ntlicr wonltn, tho iimc (if ^radr A (lollivara iimjjiietif*' tirn,
Diidrr prcst-iit cnnililiuiis, Hliniil<! rniiblo Hiiirltcrrt to i-licapni tli» coHt iit' i>ro<)iirtinn
III' \\\ii inin tnr acid Ht«>(>) jiiirpnNi'H.
'Dm lar^o inid j^rnwin;; iiiipiirlations iiitii (ionnaiiy serin alfln to alVord )iro(if' timt
(tnidn 1) iH )'i|iiall,v otvalnr in tlir niiinnrailiiruot' pi); iron intnndrd for tin' licssi-nn'r
liHHir proreBH as rarrii'il on in tliosit roiinti'ir.s. Tlir i|in'Ktioii mnainH, How lar I'.iii;-
si> to ailvanla;;!' ^rado I-!, witli or without nativi> phosplinrntii' oith, anil
land I'ti
with or without |iuildli'rH' tap, in making; pi^ iron Hnitalilo tor tlin lti>H.sfiiii-r haflir
Pi
I'ssf Diirin;; tlii' twidvi
'ar.H IKHL>-ls<i:< th« iirodiii'tioii of piiildli' liar in tlii>
rnitiMl Kingdom has dt>i'rt*UNrd )ty o.'t pi>r rent, and in thr Clcvrhini! distrirt liy T.i
pi'r cunt.
The Cii'llivaru deposits an* I
miles I'lU)! Iiy 1 tn
iiih'M liroad. Tin
si^ht, or which can ho didcctcd liy tho dip nccillo, covers an aroa of Itlt) acres, itor-
iii^r.H have hccn made to a depth of IT.'i feet withont reachiii;.; the liotto
The
ipiantity of oi'<
has not lieen ileterinined, hut tliere is no doiiht that it is enormous.
Till
list of till
ale
■il (llevolund i
stn
I'll
till
iductid
rif a to
ic«Hsary
of Clcvi'land pi^; iron is ahont I'l Hliilliufjs (.$:<. IS;t). If this were ilisplai^'il liy (ielli-
vara ore yieliliii<; ti.*) per cent of iron, 1} touH would lio rei)uireil. At the same total
cost, 1."" shilliiif-s jicr ton of (liK proilnced.tliis would admit nf the prici'of two thirds
of l.'i shilliiius, or 11) shillings ($'2A'2) ]icr ton of ore delivered to tho fnrnaci^H, lieiiiK
paid for il. Aceorilin^ to cnHtoin-honsii returns, the lowest average value of iron ore
jmjiorted troni iSweden into the United KiuKdom Hiiico IHMH is l(i shilliiiKH per ton.
Mr. ,). T. Smith, who visited (lellivara in iHXH, considered that when the output
reached l,rilHI,IMKI tons per annum the cost of raising, convoying, and jiiitting free on
hoard at I. ulna will not o\i I 5 s. lid. ($1.3il) per ton, ineliiding roy.ilty and hiiiuh
other ihargis. Itnt as the outiint has not yet reached one-third of that i|iiantity,
and as all charges have not been included, we may increase his estimate* to, say,
tis. lid. (If I.."!") jier ton free on hoard at Lnlea.
From Itilliao. which is l,(i:iO miles from Mldillesliorongh, the present rate of sea
freight for the conveyance of ore is about as. 3d. (.fl.liT) jier ton. In view of the fact
rhat I.iilea i>: 1,.~mII miles, or fully one and one-half timiH as far, <inil that, on accunnt
of ice, the tralllu has to lie dune during only live mniiMis of the year, ati additional
Is. ltd., or a total of lis. lid. per ton, is not too high an estimate for the average freight
from thence. This brings the lowest cost )irice of (icllivara ore to (Is. fid. -(-lis. lid. or
lUshillings (.fH.II) per ton delivered in Cleveland, withont reckoning any prolit to
inodiicers. Thes inililions were by no ineaiiH ignored by the original Hwedish ami
Norwegian Railway Company. Their concession, "hich was first obtaineil in I8KJ,
authori/eil them to continue their line through to Victoriahavn, on the Ofoteii liord.
That tiiinl. and indeed the whole of the west coast of Norway, is always free from
ice. however scM'rc the winter, due to the fact that it lies in the path of tln^ linlf
Stream, and of the warm winds which are eoutiuually moving from the ti'opiis to
the polar regions, i in the way to \'ictorialiavii, and H.'i miles from it, or nearly the
same iliNtance as liellixara is from lailea, the projected railway )insses the deposits
of Kininavar.'i and l.uossax .'ira. These are similar in character to those at I tell i vara.
.Middlesborongh is only 1,17(1 niilcH from that port, whereas il is l,'>rill iiiileH from
Lnlea. Rotterdam is \,',V2',\ mites from \'ictoriahavn, against l.-^.M) from l.iilea. Ant-
werp is 1,|IK) ami l.lil'M miles, respectively. Stettin is eonsiderably nearer to liUlea.
Uelatively tollermany and Austria, Kngland, and especially the Cleveland district,
will Hcenre the greatcHt advantage by the o|ieniiig out of the Victoriahavn ronio,
but there is little jirospect of Swedish ore of any kind being delivered to Middles-
borongh, even \'ia Victoriahavn, at less than 12 shillings ($^.110) |ier ton; and this ia
a higher jirice than can be expected at present for any kind excejit gnules A and It.
The careful and elaborate surveys of the (iellivara and the three neighboring
dejiosits which were made in IS7"i by a commission of experts sent for the purpose
by the Swedish (joverumeut Heem to establish the following faclH; (1) That tho ore
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORK8.
107
in nil more or Iphb ninK"<'ti''. t'l'' iiictjillic iron cdiitMimil liciiiH; in tho rornlitinn cil'
protoxiilfl, |)iro\i(lr. or iiinfjin'tic iixiilr, or m ciiiiiliiiMiliiiii (if tlicHc ii\iilcs. (L'J Tlint
it in lomiil ill IimIcs or v«iiiH, wliiili, tiiH''""''' willi tlii^ linlroc Um in wliiili tlic^.v lie,
ajipear to Imve liiiil an intrnsivo nrif^'iu, iind am nsnally more or U'NH (liHtorttMl.
(11) That tlio loiles aro UHsoriatwl witli giiciHS, ipiartz, I'i'lilspiir. uraniln, lionilili'nilc.
anil mica scliiHt. ('oriiniliim, lluompar, falcHpar, aitinolitit, aclamantiiic, aslii'sliiM,
npiilotc, anil garnets aro also I'oiiml in oralmnt tlinm. , (1 1 Tliat tin' plios|iliorii» is in
thi! lorni of apatitii(l'a,:.'l'0|)anil can toaKri'at rxtiMit lii'Mrjiarati'il liylianil )iiikiiiK.
(T)) Tliat. orosnOiiriently freufmni plioHplniruH lorariil stcrl pnr|io8i'S is lint ,i portion,
Hay oni! lii'tli, of tin) wliiili'. (li) Tliat tlir ili)]iiiHits Kimerally protnnlr at llio sitrla' r
of tli« mountains, wlii'ro tlii^v aro oasily (listin;;niMlial>lr Ironi a lonsiilcralilo ilis
tamo by tlioir ilark lolor. Tlio oro in sifjlit, or traiMsiblo liy tin' ili|i nooiUo, ronxti
tiiti'S nsnally aliont !> por oont. of tlio total Hnrfaro aroa. (7 1 That tho iiioro olovatoil
anil nmro ontlyiiiK portions of tlio ilo|iiisitH yiolil, as a nilo, orr ronlaiiiiiiK hss iron
and nioio inipnrities than tho lesR clovatoil ami iiioro lenlral portions, ami thai
samplis taki'ii from tho intorior of tho liiiles ^ivo bettor uiialvses tliun those taken
from noar tho Hurfaoo.
Mr. V. T. Lidiier states that there are live iiuarries workiiifjf at (lelli-
vara at present, whic^li he descrilies as follows:
Ftcdvrika. — Here the ore is 85 feet wide, but only i>r> feet is mined.
The ore near the hangintr wall of the (! jjrade, not being in demand, in
left in jilace. The A, l>, and (J ores, which ar6 heie W(ni, are rieii in
iron, often as high as 70 per cent.
Selct. — Here the (ne is KKI feet wide, furnishing B and (J ores, rich in
iron but high in )>hosphoi'us.
Hertijim. — Here the ore is 80 feet wide, which, on account of the iron
pyrites (contained, is classed as ore.
Hermdin has an ore width of I't feet and furnishes l> ores higli in
])hosphorus.
TiniiriilfK Hill has a width of ore of .'{.'50 feet, but only one-half of
this width is worked at present because of inade(|uate transportation.
The ore contains from 0.7 to l.;i per cent of phosphorus, and is classed
as 1 ) ore.
Of these quarries the first three mentioned are on a tract a siiort
distance .south of the main field, while the last two are on the main ore
field. The freight rates to Luleii are given at ijl.07 per metric ton,
which it is hoped to reduce in tln^ future. ICight hundred men are em-
ployed, and the ipiarries arc liglitcd by elec^tric lamps. When the rail
road was first jirojected it was (^xiieetcd to run from Lulcii, to (iellivara
and Kirunavara', and from tliere to Lofoten, on the Norwegian coast,
which is open for navigation all the year round, while Luleii is closed
by ice for seven months.
The gieatest depths to which the ir«n ore mines of Sweden have been
workeil do not exceed 1,0(K( feet. Considering tiiat as a rule there are
no particularly large <|uantities of cither minerals or water to hoist, the
machinery for tliis w.i.k nee<l not in general be of great jMiwcror capac-
ity, say between 80 and !I0 horsepower. The ores are usually hard,
and have to be blasted, the cost of mining being stated to be from 50
cents to $12,50 per ton.
108
MINKKAt KESOUHCKS.
AnaltfMfis, — TIh* tollowin^ aiiiilyses of SwimIisIi iron oros wf^^c |«ib-
lishwl by Mr. N, LilieiiltcM-^ in a paper on **Tln' nianiifartnre of clianNial
iron in Swollen,"' and arrcollated from ^SVnalyH<^nt Jiirnnialnu*r, 1871-
I8!»0,"by Adi»IfTann:
AiialjiHfH of SiVitliMh iron onn from dinlrwlH produr'tmj nearly on-r l,(flMi lonn.
i'rnviiicrti hihI ilin
triclH.
Provimri'iit'liewtrlk-
liiiiil .
Nyiiii^
I*eiiiiiii|;
rruviiii'c III rplaiid:
Ihniiieiiioni
Dii
I>o
I»o
SktMtiha
rriiviii(-ei)l'f)alariit>:
Viiitjiiri!
Tuna HiintlierK
Do
Kdtiiiiifl
kiMliiTK
Iviktt
KitifiiiH
(iriiHlwrir
nakHlH-Tj:
Nylterjj
SvartbiTK
IfHllt
KullJiij^Niiur}: ■
Lunuvik
Ktillhli.vtlaii ...
Sven«I>o
Pnividrt' of \\'(!nt
iitaiilaiKl:
MurliiTK
Klacklii'rg
NoiTl)oig
Knllniura
KoiiniiKHlM!rK. .
Kannviild
Stiiprt
Maria
Stripa
LoilllHTg
Svartvik
StalMnTK
KarrffnilVan . .
liiKclHltyttjiii . .
Siripa
Uiitflinrn
Klarklt
StriliiTg
Hiiit;Mhyltuii...
Fo^iiliyttan
FtTnliytlan
DalkiirlHlH-r;: - -
Proviiico of Wnnu-
1 11 11(1:
N'oriltnark
FuUlllllOHBt;U . ..
lalitirg
I Metric I
I tons.
NvaitK 7,4«2 '
JVniiiiiK 4,379
De*!**!'!- ! :i:i, nrj
siiiKnirvuii I :n, lu'i
SmlraSlllieig I :i:(, IK'i '
Sti>rrviiiniiiK :t:i. 1B2
N'orr Ski'tiika ; 4.438
(iniiiinel^riirvflii
Krongriit'van
Nyj.'rut'\an
i triiKrit (Van |
I )i-ag)rrii fviin '
Laiitr^rn I'vaii
ltylM)ij:»;;ru(Vaii
St4>r(;rnl'vaii
Nnrra I.ojiriifvan
\'iii<lgriifvaii
KvartlHTU
aUtUi ltiN|iert;, No. 1
KalliiiuHlH-rK. No. 1
LaiiKvik, No. 1
KullHliytluii, No. 1
Hvoiialiu, No. 1
Peret. I'errt. Per el. Per rt.
43.50 \\l.'2 1!4. :i 0. US
51.07 S.r. I It.HT. .02(1
5i.:!ii
12. a
44.18
ir.. IK)
02. ir.
li.'J
4U.IM
14.98
54. 115
7.8U
tl. 4.'V
19. fW
4. 0.-1
12.3
1U.42
. 080
. 2:{(!
.013
.03
Pfr et.
0. 1107
.UUH
.(lO'iH
.m)3
. oo:i3
.(K)2
.04(1
Shm-knllM^rgnifrufvnii
KlniklHTg.T^o.l
HurgiiiaiiMtfriit'van
SUini Kalliiiora
rddriTalla
Norra I' urpniiigHgnirvaii
Stripa
Maria
Ktripa
FaUt>r<irvan ...
Svartvik
StallhiTg, No. 1
Kitrruriitvan
lii^olHfrnitVaii
Stripa
^'olIllt{rll^^an .
Itaiikognil'van
Svartberg
Toppgrtil'van
LiM^kfinilvan
DnIknrlHlierg, Nu. 1...
KiiKuritlVaii .
Ix^rg
Ualivtiaii
bo
SundHgnitVan .
Province of Soder-
niauland ;
Kaiitorp ..,
Proviui'e of OHttr-
tfiitland :
Narlurp
ItergH^riifvan ..
tVnniiioHRfU...
Norragnifvan .
KronjinifvaD ' 41,124
Storgnifvau 41,124
\'iig;;rufvan 41.124
7,175
Kantorp 12.13.1
Nartorp, No. 1 j 4,058
'Journal United Utatoa AesucifttiuD of Clurcuallruu Workero, vol. 5, pp.257, 258.
PRODUCTION OK JBON ORK.S.
ion
These iiiiii1ym>H <!(> not iiiclinle siiiy fniiii tlic (u-lliviini. tlistrirl, a large
iitiinl)ei' ut' iisMiiys ot thusti (iivs lieiiig itiiblished in a r»(|mrt fnnn the
geolojrical survey of Sweden of IS75. ' In a report, for \H'M Mr. H.
Liiiidholim' g'V'H HI) ainily.ses, made by Mr. V. I'etersHon, ainonjf
which the ftdlowing are representative:
AHiiitfHvit of Gellintra, Stfetteii, iron oren^
Mntnlllc iriin
l'llllH|ltlorilH
li>Hiiliilitc ill hy-
ilnH^lilorit^ iiclil . .
No. J.
I'er rent.
34. .VI
l.Kl
II. 70
No. 2.
Nil. ;i.
No. 4.
I'er cent,
47.20
4.10
11.00
No.B.
No.fl.
No. 7.
No. g.
I'er eeiil.
r.». la
1.40
7.04
I'er cent.
(12.20
l.lUi
2.47
I'er cent.
115. 2.1
. o:i7
<l.»8
I'er cent.
no. 9:i
.115
•J. r>»
I'er rent.
01.40
■ HI
10. :i2
I'er eeitt.
.IM
4.14
Mr. II. ISauerniau gives an analysis of lake ore from VVerinlaiid
made by Svanberg, as follows:
AnalyneH of t'laUn (Sweden), liiku iriiH lire.
Motallliilron
Oxide of niancanese
Silica
Alumina
Lime ,
MafCtiesia
IMioaplliiriu Hold
WaUr anil nrf;anic matter.
0.47
.23
.18
17.81
Throiijih the courtesy of Prof. Richard Akerinan, of Stockholm,
Sweden, the following table is i>resenfed, showing the jiroduction and
exports of iron ore and the production of pig iron in Sweden for a
series of years.
Producllou in and exports of iron ore from Sweden, and pig iron produced.
Iron orn.
I'riMluc-
liim.
I Met. lima.
1?60 1 281, .121
1S55 :i74,.5u:i
18B0 417,337
18
4:18, 135
445,585
453,553
171,007
517,002
1862
1803
1864
1805
1880 4111.214
1807 .W.l.afll
1888 548,000
1800 ; 587,804
1870 ! 6.10,7:10
1871 ! 062.832
1872 7112,753
1873 832.857
1874 028,825
1876 822,800
K\|iinlN
Mil. fiMK.
Noiii'.
Nuiie.
2, 12.1
.1.525
6,738
.1.313
7, 740
17, 305
13,040
10,110:1
12,04,1
0,474
13,116
ll,!l(ll
18,851
■a. 809
2.1, 310
27,210
Mel. long.
142. 2:14
188. :i08
18.1, 134
l«!l, 701
1011, .141
180.772
241.:i5.1
220,7111
2:10, 1:12
26:i, 403
263, 042
292,082
:10II, 470
298, 803
330, ,150
345, 872
327. 71W
350,604
Iron ore.
1870....
1877
1878
1870
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1880
1887
1888
1889
189U
1891
1892
1893
rriHluc-
lion.
Mrl. tnnti.
7116, 057
7;t8, 692
077, 328
045, 190
775, ;144
820, 137
892, 803
885, 124
IHI9, 553
873, 302
872, 479
903. 180
959, .140
085, 004
041,241
987, 405
1,29:1, .183
1. 483. 7U2
ExiMirtM.
Pigi
I jToon
Met. tvim.
14,920
12, 401
13. 5:16
12, 570
29, 002
24, 287
20, 107
:i2, 320
:i9. 602
25.817
10,288
41,086
117,35(1
118. .173
187, .132
174, 148
:I20.871
447,931
I ,
Met. toiiH.
3»2, 622
344, 484
:140, 707
.-142,480
4111,713
4:15, 428
:i98, 04.1
422,627
430, .%4
484, 737
442, 457
456. 625
457, 052
420, 0B5
4.10. 102
400.013
4ai,6(U
45:1, 421
I nmlnnlaniK ItiTiittiilHo om MalmfyniliKhoter i Norrltotteuu Ijin.
* Aiiatitfbrukoinater i Norrbottomi Malmberg.
ito
MINLIiAI. KlSOl'ltCKH.
Mr. •liM'fiiiiiili lliMil KJves tlit) t'ollnwiti^r as tli« i|iniiiritif.s ol' SwimIIhIi
irmi iiiM^ iiii|ii)i'tt'il into t iriMt llriliiiii in tlii^ yciirs iiainnl, tlifsr aiiioiiiilH
bfiiif; iii('lii(li-<l ill tin- total fxports in I'lolfSHor Alifiiiiairs lalilc:
•SivfiliHli inni tin- iin/ntflni itiln Urtitt tiriliihi.
TeHni. AliMMint. ' Yinirii. Aiiioiiiit. YmrH. \in t.
IM».
IHMI.
181)7.
I Gi:i
743
IIWK..
I>«MI..
IKim.
ItOnif t"iit.
OLiiT: '.m\...
15.427 IfK ..
S.KU IMl
I ::llrl (<<».«
:i, lli><
i;i. 7'.".'
:r>. iHii
i
Till* talxilai' statciiit'iits sliow a slow liiit ^ii'iidnal j^Towtli not only in
til)! anKinnt of iron ore ami |ii(; iron iiroiliiccil, l)nt also in tliu cxiiorts
of iron on;. TIk; iron ore wliicli is now ininud is |ir(\siinial>ly also innrli
rifluM'or cl.sti Ix'ttcr prciiarcd for niiirki^t, for if tlic exports Ixi siibtracted
from till- prtMliK-tion ami tlit; haliiiicc. coiisiiUtrcil as tlieainoiinl cliarfrrd
into tin- fiiniiiws the average liKures for the deeado from IStlK to IHiiJt
show that 47tl,14.'> metric tons of iron ore were re(|iiired to prodiiee
L'L't,T!(7 metric, tons of ]>\ji ii'on.an av(;raf;<J yield in the fiinnu^e of 4(>.!t
|ier cent. In tin; decade from I8.SL' to 18!U, inclusive, however, it took
but .Sl.l,.'!.H| metriir tons of ore to produce llt,(l(Ht tons of \tiji metal,
(iiviiifl a furnace yield of TiLMi per cent of iron. A portion of this ap|iai'-
ent iucrea.se is eviil(>nt ly due to the disphuiement of the leaner lake ores
by the richer magnetic and s|iecular ores.
The export tradeof Sweden rose from nothing in l.S.j/i to I7,3!l."> metric
tons in l<St>5, and then remained practically stationary, or had but sli<rht
(;hau};es, until IMcSO, when it advanced to nearly .'i(»,0(M( tons, reaching
;«>,('0-' tons in IHSt, fallinj; to 1!M.'.S,S tons in l.S.S(l. and th.'ii rising rap-
idly to lS7,ri,'!2 tons in IH'.Mt. showing a sligiit decline in 1S!H, wliicli is
nmre than olfset by the shipments of IfSlCi, which were i'{2(»,S7l metric
tons, and of 1.S!),'5, .I47,!l.'fl metric tons.
Miiiinti liiirs. — Since in no other country is so miu;h attcnticm paid to
the careful preparation and iiiining of iron ores, the following notes in
regard to the iiiiniiig laws of Sweden, tlii^lr method of pr()spe(;ting, (;tc.,
are taken from the Swedish catalogue prepared for the Cnlumbian
Kxpositioii by Dr. S. A. liiifstriim :
According to the mining laws of Sweden evei \' Swedish citizen is
entitled to claim ail mineral dejiosits coutainiii;: the ores of various
metaKs, including iron, with the exception of lake and bog ores, manga-
nese, iron pyrit<;.s, magnetic i)yrites, etc., provided, in all cases, that
the minerals are to be found at a distance of not le.s.s than I'OU meters
((>.">(! feet) from dwelling houses, building ground, or garden. A cluiin-
liolder is authorized to explore the ground holding the mineral deiiosit
within a radius of 1(H» meters (328 feet). The landowner is entitled to
partake in the working of the mine to the cxtiuit of a half and to share
the profit equally. When the deposit is laid open a certain area of 200
1
PBDnUCTION OK IHON dHKs
111
mpt<'rs (<)"»(> fet't) in luni^'tli iiiiil bruiuUli in ii.ssiKiie<l, witliiii wliirli t\w
owner of the mine has exchisive riKlif- to work. 'I'lie liouniliiiit's of tliiH
ai'i-tt extend (iownwaid verticiilly. A cei'tiiin ainonnt of woik is to lie
(lone yuiiiiy on the said urea; if not, the rights are forfi-ited and tlie
deposit tlien may be Hid)ject to a new claim,
Miiiiiiji imtlwilH. —Thvi miner's conipass has been nsed in Sweden for
two hnndrutl years in prospeetinfi for iron and otiuir ores, tliese hitter
Iteinfi iiniMfgnated more or less with magnetite or magnetic pyrites,
and therefore the miner's compass is em]>loycd in tlie discovery of zinc,
lead, and silver ores. For the magnetic surveying of the ore fields
Thalen's magnetometer and Tibcrg's inclinatory needle have been in
use dwing the last decade to advantage. The nntgnctic maps of the
mine lields, (b'awu according to surveys with tliese instruments, have
hIiowii more complete and exact history of the magnetic conditions
than the comi)ass alone.
In the examination of ore deposits the dinmoiul drill has lately come
into extensive use. The drill mostly in use is run by hand power as
well as by pi'troleum motors. With this drill Ixuings have been made
to the depth of nearly IM feet. Hometimes larger diamond drills run
by steam or compressed sir are used. During the years liS.S7-lH!H
examinations were carried out in this way to a total depth of about
1(I,,S(K) meters (;«,(»(»(» feet).
In consequence of the hardness of the Swedish rocks tindtering as a
rule is not needed in the mine shafts other than for guides for raising
ore and water and for hulder ways. The cost per meter for sinking ver-
tical shafts 4.5 by 4 meters (14^ by 134 t^'ot) in .section, with the neces-
sary timbering for hoists, pumps, and ladder ways, is fr»,m 155 to iJ.SO
Iter meter, or say $17 to $24.50 per foot. The dimensions of levels are in
general 1.5 by 2.2 to 2.4 by 2.5 meters(4.!» by 7.2 to 7.y by 8.2 feet). The
cost Iter running meter for level work varies between $.S and $13 (say
$2.00 to $4 Iter foot), the miner paying for the explosives, tools, and other
materials.
Owing to the hardness of the ores and their gangues the method of
underhand stojting without filling is still most used. About .HO jter cent
of all the into ores obtained are mined by this method. But metlntds
of back filling are used for such <tres as have a tendency to cave in, as
well as Cor mining ores of great thickness.
Usually the metalliferous rock is separated from the sterile by means
of picking by hand, the rock having first been crushed, either by
macliino or hand pttwer. The richest iiieces of ore are first seitarated,
and the remainder, if it contains any ore, is put thntugh anitther course
<tf picking and washing. For some irou ores magnetic separators are
used, as at Upsala, Orebro, etc.
II:
MINKKAf. liKH(i|lli('K>
l>l'. S, A. Liilsliiiiii KJVfS till* jivi'l'itK*' ltliiiM;tl |il'iMliirli<>ii nl' tlll^
Hwi-tlisli 1 11 III 111(1 iiiilM's, liy kiliils, mn follows:
.tnrtiiit ininmil pi'iiitmi ttf tht- SweiltHh intH-mi minfM,
I lUfll
Klll.Unf •„•:
Ia7I IHMII. IMNI IHIH).
Moiltitiiiii iiM>
I.iiki' iiiitl lio^ iiri'.
J/rlriV liiiK. Mrliir f«ii«. Slrtri.^ /nrur.
7ii;i, 7II1I i«c, ir.ii u«.'i. iVi I
«. iHH i :.', "ini I ■.'. i:i«
rroihicHnn. — Tin- olliriiil Mwfdlsli stnlistirH (or IH'.Cl jjlve iiiiiliy iiitfr-
cstiliK' taltlt's ill r(>};!iri| totlii^ iii'iiiliii-tion of iron on-, pi^ Iron, mill otlirr
iiii'tiils, anil till! f(>llowin){ tiilili- lias lici-n |iir|iai'i'il from tlii'si*. Tint iron
on- wnn iiiini'il from .'MI arlivc inintis sitiiulcil in 1 1 " liiiis" or imivincus,
anil iloi-s not incliiile 1!,1.'75 tons of lako or lio^; on-, of wliirli 2,1*1)1 tons
raiiHt from .loiiko|iin|;s, and TiU tons from Kronlii'rKs liiiii. The talile
sliowH tli'st till! liiii or provinri', scronil llio total amount of iron ore anil
I'ork broiiKl't to llii< siirfai-o ami tliiTi- sorteil, tliii'il the total amount
of iron on-, olitaini'il from this mati-rial, fourth thi> itiMri-iita;;)^ "f ore
obtaini'd from thi' roi'.k and ori', and llfth the iierreiitagu of total iron
ore uiitpiit by liins:
I'ruitui-tiini uf iron orr in SiiniiH hy provini'en.
I'ruviln-eii.
I to Htiiiiu-<<. ■
KiipiiarhtTUH {
Nurrlitpttfii.-*
iinlin.
\'fHlniiinliinil8
VitiiiIiiiiiIh
r|wilii
Sli<!('rlii>il)lHilil.H
Stm'kliullim
t ii'dulKiruH
OiilHrKiitTanilH
iluiikiipiuKM
'I'lilal fur lll!i:i
Total (or lmi2
ilrlric t::ut. Ml
707, it).'!
fira, Ml
ll'.M. U4U
4011. II7II
111:1. 46.1
124, KSn
4:1. 1:.;'
Tie. . 1
30, 3'l9
trif
4iri,
:iuii,
1100,
Dl.
611,
27,
24.
12,
foillr
114:1
5114
2UI
iHj;
772
704
2fi(l
ll»
(1811
B:I4
221
2.718 -.'M
2.:il2.oll2
1.481,4X7
1,2»1, 11:1:1
I'm-i'iitaije
rrn-onlARn
ol'oroto
of total iron
na-k.
orooiilput.
ftr mil.
Pfr rfnt.
58.7
28.01
65.0
20. (iO
48.4
2(1. 211
67.1
1.'.. 77
56.1
0.10
,'.5, X
4.71
62.8
1.81
42.7
1.113
:iu. g
.82
15.4
.06
IIIU.U
.02
.M.5
lUO. 0(1
5.V0
imi. 0(1
Of this 1,481, 1.S7 tons of iron ore, 1,1!U,298 tons, or 80.0 i>er cent, was
magneric iron ore, and l.'.'S7,l.S!> tons, or I'.t.l per cent, was hematite ore.
Tlic. anioiint also includes l.'<,575 metric tuns of initgnetically concen-
trated ore, which was produced at nine establiHlinients, twoeach being
situated in Upsala, ( )rebro, and iSoderniauliinds, and one each in Vest-
manlands, Kopparbergs, aud Getleborgs Liiii.
PRODIICTinN OK IRON ORKfl.
113
Tlin fitllowiriK in iv list of flm |irjiuri|ial iit^tivti iiiiiii-H of iron orn in
Hwedeii, to({i'HnM' with their output in IH!i;!:
tMjtut tif llir iiriuiiynl SweilUh iron nn miiiiH in ls:i.t.
Nniiii'H ^r tiiilirrt.
lii'lliriirniiiiilmllili , NiiiImi|Iiii» ..
(tninui-MtttTitHnill)'' j KitiiimilHTu-t
KlHikliorualiiltKl VciilinniiliiiiiN
SlrllHirK»fiilli't
I'lTlllttTU 'H'll VtlUt4ll,VlU'l'littl>ll
Skill I iinil VI liillia
Strlimfi'lt.'l
IlialHTgaliiltot Vimttliaillniiclii .
KllllllHll lHTU«filllet . . . il"
Kolninu'lxTilnllllli'l •/,■''"
DiitkHrrMlicruMl'iitliit i on-hiti
niitii iiirii Norii I'ult rpi«»U
pHlilltfllMirH Mt'llHlll'iill «lti
rtrttltrii.
\'i>milaiiilii. .
Orilirip
iln.
N...OI'
iiiint'M.
■Ucfrti' t'mt.
1)
Mm. riiit
Jl
•.'Bi.iiiiri
;,
4:1. 4117
,-1
4U, 6'.>7
l\l
:i5, :a'.
;iu, Kil
1
at, Ml
4
•JH, .'mU
.'1
'jn. 48.'!
:t
•A'..:il^
:.
•J4, Hlltl 1
1.474
1, 1411
A talile is alHo^ivtMi showing thi-, increiiseU iiriioiint of inm or<i niiiipd
l»er liiiiuini jmt tMiiployee, as follows:
I'rodiiclwn nf inm oir in SiieiUu i»r imptoiife.
\... t I rriMlllrtiltll '
lolalnmn- „,ir„„„r.. '
'"'■^ "' prr vvnik
IIIHtl.
wurkiiicii. .
Tolnt iiiiiii
'"•'■ "'■ i,.r
rrmtiirtttm
of inm iirp I
ork-
ninn.
IWll-IWB
ll)««-1871l
1871 1>I75
1876-18X0
1881. 1885
1880-1890
f). <H)1
4, Ml
o,4ao
4.88;i
6,'JIO
8, M7
Meti'iettnii.^
00.7
118.4
121.0
147.7
110.8
148. 7
I8«0,
1X00
IHOl
imi
180^1
8. Ml
7. .'rfll
7, .110
Mtttic tima.
; 157.7
! 14K. 4 i
158. :i I
170. H 1
m.3 i
In coninieiiting ou the iiicieiiscil output per workiiian, the statflnienft
is made that the above lijiiires do not show the entire amount of ma-
terial moved, and that in the year 18i»a the .^OOit men below Krouiid
handled, in addition to the iron ore mined, 1,8(!L',0(K» tons of roiik,
some of which was left in the workings.
Of the 4.13,.tLM metric tons of metal |)rodueed in l»!t.'!, 447,.'5(W tons
was pig iron and (l,O.VJ tons castings direct from the furnace. (»f the
447,3(»2 tons of pig iron, liH.'^TlS tons, or (i3.8<i per cent, was forge and
puddle inm; U.">,47!> tons, or :\2.r>2 per cent, Hessemer.and iMartiu iron ;
l,-'!»4 tons, or O.Uil per cent, spiegel, and 14,S71 tons, or .'5.;{.{ per cent,
foundry iron.
Of the works, l.'U had blast furnaces which were active during the
year, the total number of furnace stacks being 11»!», of which l.'ili were
active. The average output per furnace was -',!tH.$ tons, the average
number of days in blast 245, and the average product per furnace per
day IL'.IS metric tons.
It will be interesting to note the characteristics of blast furnace
management which prevail in Sweden and in the United States. In the
8024 8 „ .
114
MINEKAL RESOURrKS.
Uiiiti'il stales l!l lilast I'liriiiU'Cs iiHiiig cliiircoal wt-re reported as aetive
at llie close oC the year 18!(.'i ami '10 at the close of the pieeediiif; year.
Assuiiiin^r that tlu; latter represeiiteil the number of Aiiierieaii blast
furnaces in operation iit any time (liiring the year, their total oiitjiiit in
IH!),'! — ,'i.S(i,7Si» lonji' tons — will then be divided by Ml, jifivinf; an iiveraKe
annual luoduct per l'urnac« of 9,(>7(> long tons, as against 2,9.S3 metric
tons per furnace stack in Sweden. A,s the Scandinavian statistics are
prepared in a diH'erent nnuiner from those in the United States, the
at)ove comparison can not be considered as exaet; but to further illns
trate the practice in vogue the following statement is jiresented:
Comiiarison of blast fiinntve pi'ir-tive in ^tveihui tiittl the- t'niteii Sluing hi 1S03.
Swcdi'ii iiiflrii' toim.
I'liiteil StHt4*H Ion;: tuim.
I TnlAliMim-
her rlitiretial
lira
118
ToUl
imxlurt.
4.'>3.4'il
3B«,781 <
A vuraKe
iiiitpiii
IHT f'-Tiace.
■J. 2;s
3,278
NORWAY.
Unlike that of Sweden, Norway's iron inihistry, never large, lias
declined, until now little if any iron ore is mined or pig iron made.
The prevailing ore of Norway is magnetite, and the two principal locali-
ties at which it is found are the Skreia iron-ore lichl, northwest of Ohiis-
tiauia, and the district sonthwestof Dranimen. The ores are staled to
occur either imiiiediatcly at the Junction of the granite ami Silurian
beds, or in metamorphic beds nearest to the grainte. There are also
some extensive tieposits of hematite and magnetite oi. the central
western coast, Itiit they arc, said to eoiituin considerable phosphorus,
and are therefore not wrought.
The rocks in the vicinity of Arendul are gneiss and various crystal-
line si'hists, which inclose beds of liinest^ine, and often pass into ndca-
scliist or hornblendic schist. These rocks strike northeast and south-
west, dip at a considerable angle southwest, ami inclose numerous
deposits of magnetite, more or less mixed with siieciilar iron ore, In a
belt KS miles in length, parallel with the coast, and extending from
< )yestad to I'Makstad. The ore masses are of a lenticular ibrm, varying
from ti to (iU feet iii thickness and from 'iM t^tlilH) feet in length, and are
surrounded by a peculiar envelope c(umisting of a mixture of the metal-
liferous bed and country rock, the principal miru'rals being mica, horn-
blende, garnet, calcile, and imignetito. The center of the bed usually
consists of nnignetite. which is sometimes coar.sely granular, but is
always accompanied by other minerals.
PROimniON OF IRON ORES.
115
The following tiible, supplieil by Prof. Hiclianl Akermaii, of Stock-
holm, Sweden, .shows the decline of Norway as an iroiiprodnc.ing
country :
Production and cjcportn of iron ore and iirodiirl of piij and bar iron in \orwaif.
PriHliictitni. ExpoTtM.
Via iron
iinilr.
Hur iron
iiiihIi!.
ifetrie tont.
MftrielonM.
7, 57r>
■J.H'Ji
7,51K)
i, na
7.:i76
4.180
«, 16,1
;i. »75
7.085
4.010
«. .-lai
:i, aiio
7, 14."^
4,7.'J5
1). '.W.'i
:i.b;5
2. 1120
i,riii.''i
i.;iiir.
1,0611
2, KIO
K70
I.2'.i2
7:i7
1,40(1
002
1,100
740
'.o:u
1. !74
Nrini'.
Ninip.
i«m
700
287
.1. 470
;i. .170
»:io
K43
855
KIO
825
100
:i2ri
405
400
600
;i7o
400
V12
4ll.'i
015
440
;io7
LIS
100
289
The average (irodiiet from ISol to 1H80 is given as follows:
Arerniir product and I. r/mrl of Xorwcijian iron in prriodi of fin; jicarHfroili /.s'.W to ISSO.
PeriiiiU.
1851-1855.
18511 180(1
1861-18(15
1866-I8T0
1871-1875
1876 1880
Intn
(irp.
riK il-oli
inodd.
Hht iron
lillMie.
['nMlllitlinli.
RxpiirlH.
Metric tfiiit.
Mftrie ton».
Metric tons.
Metric tnnt.
2:1. 4(111
15
0. 860
4. a5(i
22, 0(l«
0, 'Mm
4,410
32, 200
I,:i20
7,740
4. 090
20, 2(1(1
ll.d'Jd
5,240
2. 14(1
25. 540
17. 4:15
1,050
«.'.()
12. 000
4, 40(1
1,040
45(1
In an article [u-epared by Mr. Jeremiah lleivd, read before the Hrilisli
Iron and Steel Institute, he makes the following statement:
III llin Hiiiiiiiii'i' (if IKIII I viHiti'il Hi'VKnil iiiiiKiK'tic iidii-oin ilopoNitK in Mm iiai);li-
borhdod (>l'(>i'(iiiKlti(l 1111(1 .Vrciidal, (III tlio xixitli ciiiihI (if Norwiiy. Tlu) ordHKcnied t(i
lii) ill ncBiIy voiliciil I xlcs (ir vniiw of very viiiialil« tliickiiCHH. In fdniit'r tini(!n bov-
eriil (iC tliiiii liiid lii'cn «xt(Mi.'<iv(!ly woikod, iin wiin (c.'diticd liy llic iiilH, li«HilinKx>
h(iii|m(ir lindnxk mid (ire, and cvkii rcniaiiiH (if windin;.; a|i|iarntiiH Htill to lio huoii.
Near SonBi'iidal, lictwccii CliiiHtiaiiHaiid and .StavaiiKoi'. i" the titiviiiferoiis iron-ore
depiwit a iiiilo and a half liiiiK mid tiO t(i 70 yiirilN thick, ('(iriiKTly \v(irk«d liy (he
Titanic Iron t'oinpany, I.iuiitod. Alioiit the year l«lj« this eonipiiny loa.sod two (dd
116
MINERAI, RKSOUKCES.
fiirimciM lit N'ortiiii. near Stockton, Kii;;ImiiiI, »m\ tlioni iiiuile nt tli» riit^; nf nlioiit 200
toiiH per week what tlirv (^iillrd tituuit* |>i<; iron, 'I'lio niiiu^rul imt-d w:iM in j>iirt titau-
itrronH oroo))tain«it troiii Sof^gtMiiliil, iiud in purtSpanJKli, Al;{i>rian^ jind KIban lieina-
titrH and IrJNli \mg oich. 'I'Iih proportions varied ai'i'drdin^ to tlii' product desired.
Tile ni(dti!n metal wax run into iron molds, and was sold Tor lii^rb-idaxH pnrpoHcs,
]>rincipally in tlie Leeds and Slieflield markets. Tin^ tilaniferons ore was at lirst
found diltlenlt to smelt, lint that dilliculty was eventunlly entirely uverconie by the
adoption ofsnitalilo mixtures. The titanic pi^ iron contained I'roni 0.0;i8 toO.lHo per
cent of ]diospboriMih and up to ;{ |ier ei^nt of titanium. The sla^ contained up to 3
per cent of titanic acid. The company, after a fairly successful c:ireer of six or
seven years, wa8 coinpidled to suspend operations, owin^ probably to the advent of
steel, and the Norton furnaces have been inoperative e\ersiuci\
Siiu'o the year ISHS llie imports from that c<mntry to the I'uited Kiu){doui have
been ignite insif;n>ticant.
There is a dejiosit similar to the ,So);<;enilal near Kkersund, .'I miles long ami 2 to
I'J yards thick. To the mirth of Tromlbjem is a vein of magnetite 11 yards thick
and of unknown leuftth.
In .lune, IS'KI, I au'ain visited the west coast of Norway, piu<Hin]ir from IterKen to
the Lot'oten Islamis and back to .Stavan^i^r. I explored one mtMintain situated alo,ii{-
side of a deep-water tiord somewhat farther to the north of Trondhjein, in wh.ch
magnetite ore was protruding at various jioints, and which I estimated to ' .'Utain
not less than l.'.~>,()tH),IMK)tims. Not far friun this di'iiosit isanothi'rof Hiuiilariharacter
which I call Trondh.jem, V. It is Hi nules Iouk by II yards broad. Its depth is
unknown. One end of the deposit is within 12 miles of a small seaport situated at
the head of the tiord. The biMlrocks are igneous and metamorphic, and generally
sinular to those of the Swedish deposits.
Still farther to the mirth are other ileposits of magnet ic and epecular ore, which I
ehll Trondlijem, /. Specimens taken from them yielded til per cent of iron, 0.2 to
0.!) per cent of phospboriiH, ami 0.01 to d.ll pur cent of sulphur.
In one «if the l.ofoten Islands 1 examiiuMl several detacheil deposits. The s])eciinens
Relecled yielded on analysis til per ii'Ut of iron and only trail's of phos|>borus; but
they contained no less than K.li per I'cnt of titanic acid. The deposits do init appear
ever to have been worked, althougli within a quarter of a mile of a good navigable
tiord.
In 1891 but one bliist fiiriutcu was iit work in the wliitlo country,
namely, tliat at Naes, near Arcndal, )>i'oiliu'iiij^ 75 to l((0 tons jter week
of eliareoal pi'tf iron. Tlio ore used was Helf-tJiixin;;, being obtained
f'roni loesil magnetite mines, containing abnut 50 ])er ct^nt ol' ii and
(irodiicing a pig iron witli O.O.'to per cent of pliospliorus.
It is claimed that native iron of terrestriul and not mi^leoric origin
exists in Norway.
iiKi.cni'M.
Keigiuiii produces a consider!),!)!!^ amount of ))ig iron, but the greater
|)ortion of tint iron ore re(|uire.d for its onlpiit of metal ciwnes Ironi for-
eign sources, chiefly (ierrnany, Hiitiin, ami Algeria, only about onu-niuth
of the iron ore smelted being won from Kelgian iron-ore mines.
According to M. Paul Triisen'cr, of Ijiege, to whom the Survey is
indebted for the table of production and im|M)rts which appears further
on, the iron ores of Belgium are divided into the following cla.sses:
First, the " violettc" iniiu;, oolitic iron ore (red lieinatitc), oetairring
in the older iSiluriaii or Devonian formationB, which are somewhat
similar to the Alabiiroa fossil ores.
PRODUCTION OK IRON ORES.
117
Second, ininette oris, oolitic, limonite, wliicli is worked in tlu! extreme
Houtli of the I'rovince of Liixeinlmift (Musson and l''iiliin/y), and wiiicU
also extends into France, Luxeinhurf^, and Lorraine in Germany.
Tliiril, a bog ore in Oam|iiiie, near Liniliourg, tlie suijply of wliicli is
of limited <|nantity and almo.st exhausted.
Konrtli,manfi;aniferonsiron ore, which occurs in the Provineeof Liefje,
on La Lienne, as small irregular beds 'n the Silurian pliyllastes.
Fifth, "yellow mine," being the massive limonite of the Devonian
f(n'mation. None of these mines are now wrought.
The total annual iron-ore i)roiluction of Belgium is about 20(l,(HM>
tons, and is furnished almost exclusively by the first, second, and fourth
cla.«ses (»f ore al>ov(^ mentioned.
The first " violette" mine is on the Mense River, between Nainur and
Huy, analyses of the product showing about 40 i)er cent of iron and
from 1 to l.r) per cent of phosphorus.
Philips, in his "Ore I )ei)08its," describes the iron ore dejmsits of Bel-
gium in the following woi'c' ;
Heiiiatitn orciirs in K»lKiiiin in v;vrimis rniiilitioiiH, but tliat iilmoHt cxcliwivaly
eiiiiiloyi'il is fdiiiul in tlio loim of oolitic or piHolitic ){''"•"»• 1" tl''" «tiite it torni.s
iiii|iort;iiit ilciiiisits in iiuiirtzoHo siiiists wliiili nnili'iliB tlie Coal MeiutnroN, anil crop
out on liotli HJdi'rt of the valli'y contaiuin;? the coal. The jirimipal iron-oro iniiitw
are Hituated on tlie norl'i siihi oi the valley, where, in the neighliorhooil of Vedrin,
there are four disliiict i"::!;;.; of ore, respectively 2} inches, I in<-lies, 8 inches, and
lU inches in thickness, foriiiin||5, with the inturualntetl schists, a bed nearly I feet
thick.
At Marchoveletto there are fivii strata of Iron ore, varying from S to 20 iix^hes in
thickness, while at lloiissois, near Vezon, the hematite attains a thickness of aliont
7 feet. Tlio hods, however, are at various points intersected by veins and faults,
and the unality is, generally speaking, inferior. The principal mines are neiir liny,
where there are two layers of hematite having a niiited thickness of little less than
4 feet, separated by about 1 foot of shale. The average yield of these hematites is
from 115 to »() ])er cent of iron.
Thi'.lnrassii! series, constituting the surface of the southern jiortlon of the Helgian
Province id' l.iixeiiiburg as well ,is the (iiaiid l>»chy of that name and the northern
part of Lorraine, Is rich in Iron ore, and fiinilshcs importiint supplies to the llelglan
inui works. The ore from these localities Is known by the name "ininette." and is
a line-grained oolitic 11 like, which occurs in i^xtenslve deposits in l.u.xembiirg and
l.iuiaine, but less plentifully in Itcdgluni. Near the French frontier the beds of this
ore are from ."> to l! teet in thickness, anil the ore contains from IK) to l."i per cent of
iron. The gaiigue consists prlncl]uilly of cali-itc, with a little siliea and gypsum '
Limonite occurs in various forms, and in deposits of very dllfcrent geological ages.
Ill more recent formations It Is found in lieils. sometlmos above :t feet in thickness,
reposing in dciiressloiis ii aiglllaccoiis saiiils mainly sitnated along the banks of the
Rivers Dcmer, the two Ncthes, and their allluciits. Th es from these deposits,
which are concretionary and jiorims, contain aliout 10 per cent of iron, with a con-
siderable amount of pbosphonis, biitari' easily reduced, ailicenus limonite contaiu-
ing phosphorus is worked in a (^niitcrnary formation nei^r Quevy, in the I'rovince of
Ilninant. This ore, associated with an argillaceous sand, forms a bed from ;i to 5
feet in thickness, inclosed in a depression in Tertiary sandstone. The rocks com-
prised between the hiwcr i|nart/,<>se schists and the coal formiition Inclose many
'Timsi- ili-piiHlH !iri* imtn* lillly ilcacnls'il iu the rmiiirt iiliuii tile (iHriuilli l-liiipire. See pil(;o 1"J0.
118
MINERAL RKSOUUCKS.
iiiiportiiiit (lepoHitH nf liiiioiiite, which haw lii'bii ilrawii upon to supply the lilaiit
fciiiiiie(«. Theuu di'posils iir« ol'tiMi oxti^iidivi!, aiicl thu orr alwayx occiirH nither ill
iiiUHHt!H or vriiiH, but iirvni* in tlut form of beds.
Statisti<!s Cor l'>(>l<>;iiiin, faUoii troiii the 'sStatistiquo ih's Miiu-s, Mi-
iiirros, ('iivrii-res, I'sliii's .Mij! .illurffiiiucs," tlie hitter being an extract
friiin the .i" i)ef des Travaiix Pulilics," show that in 180L' anil 181*3
the lollowi.i iT of metric, tons of iron ore were |iro<hK'ed:
( duct of iruH ore in lieltjiitm in tS!).' and JS!*S.
irnrj.
I6u:i.
Meti-io tunt.i Franet.
'jiiu. U4:i ' I . (Wi. luu I
•MX.Wj : 1.477,9011 I
TIlis ore eaine from the foHowing jirovinces:
I'roiliiclifnt of iron ore iti ttelfiiitm, inj prvviin-es.
I.DXi'inbnrfi Hl,03ri
.»%e 08,210
Niimiir 54,408
LirittiDiiru :i,7r»o
Huinjiiil a. 480
lulul 'JU!I.U4;i
ilrlnf tuns. Frnnrg, Mftrie tmin. Fianea.
134, 7U0
4li:i, U(W j
401,4(81 I
211. W) !
10.80(1
u:i, ai5
!>:(, 404
:iu, 'joo
7, IM
I.^H. 4(81
ou:i, 70U
424, lUO
144,50(1
.17, •2W
'.'84,405 1,477.00(1
In the years 1892 and 18it;!, 7r>;{,L'(!8 and ~^!^),'2^)^ metric tons of pig
iriiii were iirodnced, valned at ;{8,71(i,(l(l(l and .■!fi,(>r)i;,r»(H» trams, or 51.40
and 48.18 Cranes jter ton, respectively.
To produce tiie.se amounts of nig iron the following materials were
consumed :
.tmniinlH of mitlfrinh fhiirijrtl into tlir lU-hjian htost furnaces.
Ili-lt£ii(ii ii-Dli on- .
I'lirt-ilili inili nri'N
Cillili-i-. m iiip, clr
Mtlric tiots. Mfli If tuns
100.^:10 'J4:i, 587
I.UI.UIU 1.178.444
■J,VJ,(141 ■J-J0,672
Tiitui l,ll04,4Uli l,ll4'J.7ua I
The following table shows the prdd'Ktiion, iiiiports, and exports, as
well as tlic c()iisum|)tion of iron ore, and the annual make of pig iron
in llelgiiim. In calling atttMitioii to the lack of accor«l between the
llgures of (■onsiimption and Import and (export, M. Trusenter slaten
that he thinks tli(\ latter are in error, and the tignres oC consuniption
collected by the Mineral Statistical linrean more worthy of belief. The
discrcitanc.v between the two arises from the fact that iiim ore is admit-
ted free of duty into ISelgiiim, and a consideralile amount is imported
PRODirCTION iW IliON ORKS.
119
from tlio (JriiiHl Diicliy of Liixt'iiilmr}; wlii(^li is not recorded nt tlie
tMiHtoni ottltres. This (lilliM-eiice, liow<!vcr, is not. so inarkt'il sinuc ISS.S
as in provions yoiirs, fjrciitcr civrc liiivinj; liccn tiilvcui to obtain full
statistics.
Tlie pi^f-ii'on |>i'o(lu(;tiun of Bplginiii liail increaswl foni 144,15-' tons
in :-ii"»0 to S:i-I,'2'M t^ons in l.S.S!», l)ut lat«>.ly tiuMo lias been :i. fallinj,' oil',
and in 1S0;{ liiit 74."»,l't!4 totiswiMo nla(l<^ Tiic output of tlomestic, iron-
ore mines lias also diM^liniMl from tln^ maxlinnm of l.(n!»,2.!l tons in
18(!r> to but L'.S4,4(m tons in 1S!.».'!, and l!t'l};inm di'pcnds almost entirely
upon the foreign importation of iron ores, most of whieli conie from
(lermany, Fraiu^e, Spain, iVlneria, et<% Tlie domestic ores for lielgian
furnaces are sni)plied cliietly by tlie Luxemburj; and Lorraine oolitic
limonite ores, known as "niinette," and carryin;;- .'50 to .'55 per cent ot
iron, tlioHpanisli and Algerian ores bRiii}; used in the manufacture of
Bes.semer pig. It is probably owing to the limited supply of domestic
ores that the Helgian iron triule has not grown more rapidly.
Proiluetion, impnria, and ij-imrta nf iron ore in Iteliiiiim; aim (imoinil «/ iron oi-e and
cinder charged into lilaut/ttriiacee, and pig iron made.
[ Metric touH.]
'■[i:!;"^ I" rlH. I IMmrtH.
1S60 298.272
1860 800,170
1861 8:I9.II4
18B2 859,92(1
186:1 8511,1911
1804 9;u,;i62
1885 1.019.2;ll
1860 H86,ll;il
1867 092, «29
1868 519,740
1869 02«,04(1
1870 dbi.xa
1871 09ti,(l:W
1872 749,761
1873 774,109
1874 i ,'i27,:lUU
1875 MViAlAi
1876 269,200
1877 1 2:14,227
1878 207, 1,'m
1879 ■ 19.-i,212
1880 ; aw. 499
1881 224,882
I8H2 ' 2cn, 212
18X;i i 216,490
1884 1 170,7.'>ri
1886 187,118
1880 15:i. :17H
1887 185,180
1888 ' 2l:i,:i27
1889 2U2,4:ll
189(1 ! 186,546
1891 202,204
1892 ! 209,»4;i
18iU 284,465
Iruii ore vliarjxml into riiriiiiceH,
nelKinii- Korttl>,'n. (.'iudur. Tiitiil.
XI, 8:io I
112,784 I
111:1, ora
221,568
:(40, 592
:u7,801
■J2, H91
;m0. 281 i
.151,900 ;
.■lOX,.')"! ,
594, 495 I
7110, 59:1
7:10,541 I
7:l8,«;i">
ao4,:i70 1
071, i:u I
78:i, :i22 i
83:1, 622 ;
614,5:14 i
921,611
1,108, ,501 !
1. 19K,li:i7
1.012.460 I
1,488.140 I
i,:ig:i,(ioi I
1,367,71HI '
1.451.805
1,746.984
1,80,5.210
1.044,422
1,5:14,279
1,079,485
I
1,50, 128
200,457
202, 889
195, 038
2:10, ,5;i9
157. 697
152,227
2:16. 06S
1(U, 576
179,807
162, 560
178,997
21.''>,042
1(19. 144
141,707
100, 417
210, 747
240, !l«:i
189, 127
310, 582
307. 16:i
3:14, 1101
:107, 104
19(1, 988
156, .5811
10,-|. «7;)
170,529
148.310
155, 108
171,0.54
192,127
228, 804
1,:IU7, :ioo
1,00:1, (HIO
1,695,700
1,827,70(1
1.900,700
1,822,7(8)
1,520,7(HI
1,02.5,000
l.:i20.00fl
1.31:i, 185
1 . 205, 400
17,5,900 I i,:i8:i,:ioo
192, 2.59
200, 40:1
1112, :i08
15:1, 987
162,:l52
i;iii,.587
197, 328
207,717
180, 705
407, 205
152,805
190,230
243,587
1,, '10 1,2,50
1,478,745
1,041,515
1,514,187
1,408.085
l,441l,:i07
1,449,212
1.001.042
1 . 008, Kill
I,, 58,5, 810
1,380,6:19
1,521,619
1,478,444
178.510
231, 484
270, 996
282, 819
250, 6;i5
2:18. 907
279,315
312,4(10
317,440
278. 6:18
25:i. 880
252, IU1
220,872
1.1172,0111
1,910.0:12
2, 104.819
1.11.50.993
1,887,072
1,827,921
I,92.5,a55
2.121,765
2,112, :I8(I
2,031,0,59
1,793.184
1,964,496
1,942,70:1
IMgiroii
iiiailu.
144,452
319, 943
3ii,8:i8
360, 559
:|92, 078
449, 875
470, 707
482. 701
423, 069
435, 7,54
534,319
565, 234
608,248
654. 065
606, 113
531,, 500
,541, 790
490.508
470, 488
528. 954
4.53, :i71
608, 084
024, 7:10
720, 910
783. 4;i3
750.812
712,870
701,277
7.55,781
826, 8.50
832, 220
787, 8:i8
084. 120
75:1. 268
745, 261
In l.S!i;f the pigiron |n'odiiction of Belgium was in proportion about
us follows: 1(» per cent of foundry grailes, 57 per cent of I'orge, and .'l.'{
per cent of Bes.senier grades, which will indicate in a general way the
120
MINERAL RESOURCES.
clitinic.tui' of ores used. Jt is probiibl*; tliiit future c.liiiuKe.s will be
toward a jfrnuter in'oportiou t)f IJesseiiicr piff irim iniid»' from torcign
ores.
Jii ii paper on the •• Miniii^r history of Belfjiiiin" I'resideiit A. Briurt,
of tlie Society of I'liijfineers of llaiiiaut stiitcs the ^(eiieral condition of
the iron-ore industry as follows:
DiHi'OVfliii'K of iDinimrat'' ily rcciMit iliilr in ixMgliljorinK riiniitiii'N Imvc iiiiiile
known lieilH of oro of micOi i'icIiuhhs, ho riiHily woi'liril, uimI in Nurh ailvuntiigeonH
Hit nations tinit. oum liavo lici n aInioHt entirely aliandoniiil, in H|>iteof tin- Huperiority
of tlir ine itstilf It IniH I'v n lioi'ii fKiiriMl that tim nirt»llnr;;y of iron, fornmrly ho
Itonri.-iliin;; in Itclginni, \vi;1 -ntii'riy desiM't onr i-onntry,an(l 1o< rNtalilisliiHl clHt'wttere.
TInwoal iniliulry lias Hi!rnri'<l tinitof iron. If a lai'Ki-aniounlof onr coalNlnive Ihmmi
ex|iorttMl. attriirted liy tlo' ort>H to !>« treated, nini-li of tlo'se ort>H liiivu conio into onr
cinintry, and, in Hpitt* of nnytliin^ altnoriiial in tlit; fart, Inive cimm to Hopjily our
bhiHt fnrnai'OH,
DENMARK.
The lion. (Mark E. (^arr states that no iron ore is mined in Itenmark,
and that the amount of eriide iron imported is so small that no siecoiint
of it is reported.
(JEUMAN EMPIRE.
In Luxemburg, (iernian Lorriiine, and a small ]>art of northwestern
France, oolitic iron ores hx^ally known as "minette" are found in strata
which are varioi.fly classified as the Uppermost Lias or the lowest
members of the Inferior (Udites or brown .Jura series. The district in
which these ore deposits are found is somewhat more than fib miles
in length by 11 iti breadth. Of iliis the (Sernnin portion has a length
of rather less than W miles, and a width of about .S miles. In nearly
the whole of this area the deposits are of sin-h size as to render them
of eominer<;ial iniportaiute, occurring (iiincipally in a gradually rising
range of hills (ui the left bank of the Mo.selle River. The granules of
ore are mainly round or elliptical, and of about the si/e of a head of
a pin. The nmximiint develo|>inent is in the northeiii ]>art of the
<listriet, at ICsch, in Luxemburg, where there are three |)rincipal beds of
ore, ea<;h averaging from lb to 12 feet in thickness, inclu(hMl in about
82 feet of limestom>. On the French side the principal workings are in
the viiunity of Longwy. The ore is made up of oolitic^ grains of linioii-
ite, olteii nnich mixetl with nodules of limestone.
Over one-half of the output of iron ore in the Uernian Empire comes
from the minette district of Lotliringen and liuxeinbnrg, where oolitic
ore, in the hydrated state of iron oxide (brown iron ores), are found in
large (juantities in four .seams, which diminish in thickness Irom north
to south. The uppermost is of a black <!olor, siliceous, and small; the
settond of a gray color, calcareous, and I to 5 meters (l.'l to Ki feet)
thick; the third is of a red color, calcareous, and .'{ meters ( lb feet)
thick: the Ibnrth (Hie is also of a red (;olor, but is siliceous, and about
3 meters (lb feet) thick, in mining, the ores are mixed so that no tlux
I'KOimCTION OF IRON ORKS.
121
(limestone), or only n small aiiioiiiit, is newssiiry in the blast ruriiacc.
The coui|io8ition of the dillereiit beds is given in the lollowinK analysis,
1 being the Hlaek beil at Luxenibnrg (Itollingen), :i the (iray bed at
Belvanx, Lnxembuig, .'5 the Ked bed (ealeareons), and 4 the Red bed
(silictioUH), both at Kiissingen, Iaixend)urg.
Aiialyaen uf I.Mhr'tnijen and l.iuemburij iron oren.
Pemxiile «f iron. .,
Aliiiiiina
SlHru
Lime
MuKiiesia
I'buHpliDric ROill..
Sulpliurir iu:lcl
Ciiruuiiir ai>Ul
Lous tit' if^uitioli
'lotal
Metollioirun
—
I'rr emt.
t'tri-ent.
t'frcrnl.
/'rrfCHt.
rifi. o:i
(12. 43
40. 1,1
43. Oil
«. 7;i
(1. .12
2.74
1.71
ir.. 74
11.40
7.63
4.1. IK
,1.04
:i.«2
24. 28
3. 27
.411
. ;i.'i
1.30
.17
l.«!i
I.IB
.70
1.47
.21
.13
.UB
3.71
11. :m
2.111
11., 14
1 2:1. 18
( 1.41
1 3.07
0(1.98
on.9»
100.03
100.03
38. 52
43.70
28.10
30. H
Th« following analysos are taken from dillereiit parts <»t' the district,
aud illustrate the ratine of eoiuposition :
AnnlifneH of mim'tle ores, <iermany.
r.(K-iiliiiiv
Iron. Aliiininu. LIiiib.
Siltoa.
' Per cent. I'er eeiit.
Ksrh, hrowii im^ a8t4>40 7 l«8
Ksfh. gray ore :(Uto:i4 ■ 4li>6
Kolliiigfti, (^riiy <tre 40 to 42 '< 7
KmcIi, reil.cali'iirt'iiuK :t,'it4)4H TitoO
OeltliiKeii, red, Miliceun»..i liSto.TJ
Ani i 2)Uo30 lU
Per cent.
I'er cent.
flU) «
13 Ui 1.1
14 til 2U
«ti> 7
3
10 to 20
5 tci 12
8to B
'l'rar.i\
3.1to40
8 til 12
18 to 20
The i>l)osi)horiia varies from 0.5 to U per cent in the Luxemburg ore.
The red eiilcare<ins bed is the one which is considered to yield the best
variety of ore. The jiillar and stall method of working is employed.
Dr. Hermann Wedding, speaking of the Liixembnrg tues, says that
as tbey are mixed the liirnatie yield is from .{1 to 42 per ceiit, the
average being 38 per cent of jiig iron.
The output of the miuette district of Lothringen and Luxemburg in
the year IH'.M was (l,22.S,(MMt tons, or M per cent of the total amount of
iron ore mined in the (ierman Knipire in that year, wherf is in 1871
this proportion represents bnt .'{(! per eent.
In 18!t0 the production in Lotliriugen was .'{,L'.')C,(HK) tons, and in
Luxembnrg .'!,.'{r)9,41.'{ tons.
The second iron-ore district in importance is that of Siegen (Sieger-
laud). The entire district belongs to the so called Coblenz beds of the
Lower Devonian jieriod, in which predominate spathic ores, mixed with
brown hematite, particularly near the oiit(;rops, and in some veins red
hematite occurs. In more than 500 lotles the average thickness varies
122
MINKKAL RESOURCKS.
IVoin li to G meters ((!."> to l!t.7 i'ect), but in the lodes of Kiscrl'eld ii tliic.k-
iiess of 25 meters (82 feet) is reached. The once celebrated Htahlherg
deposit, near jMusen, where a wedge sha|)ed deposit is said to have been
worked for ovin- /»"»(> years, is now iiructieally exhausted. The lode had
a thiekness here of 7."» meters (24(! feet). The ores occur either as
irregular lodes iu the diabase, or form deposits between it and the
ueighlHU'iug slates. As is usually the <!ase where spathic, iron ore is
present, it has been converted into liuionite near the surface. The ore
is very clean,' partiiuilaiiy free from phosphorus, high ii! manganese,
and is therefore principally us(>d in the manufacture of spiegeleiseu.
The i)r(>ductirm of the district is from 1,(HH»,(KM) U> 1,2(H»,(MM» tons per
annuni, and is about 10 per cent of the total for {iermaiiy.
Iron ores occur in the Upper nevoniau rocks in a part of tiie Prov-
ince of llesseuNassau as beds, contact ticposits, and segregations,
often near the surface, particularly in the country bordering on the
Hivcr liahn, south of Siegerland, striking Wetzlar and (iiessen east
and the Khine in the west. These iron ores generally occur connected
with schalstein (a sort of diabase) as red lienuitites, but brown iron ores
and nuinganiferous iron ores are foui:d associated with tlieretl ores, or,
in some instan<'es, take the |dace of them. The nuiin portion of these
iron ores is smelted in Westphalia. The yearly output does not consti
tute <piite 7 jier cent of t\w total product for the whole of (iermany,
being from 7.">0,0(M) to 7!tO,(KK) tons.
The tburth <listrict is that of I'pper Kilesia, which furnishes a little
less iron ore than the preceding region, being (!.3 per cent of the entire
Gi^nnan output. The ores here (x^cur nt the surface in the Muschel-
kalk (a psirt of the Triassic formation); they are brown lienuitites con-
taining'considerable manganese, but, besides a large quantity of silica,
often also galena and calamine (/n('0^,). In the adjacent Tertiary, Keu-
per, and ('arlxui formations a few clay ironstones are mined, but they
are of no great im]>(>rtance, being but 2 |ier cent of the output of the
district. The ores are viTy poor, and generally yield fnmi 27 to 2S
l)er cent of pig iron, which is rich in phosphorus. Therefore they are
enriched by other ores from Htyria, Sweden, etc. The ores are all
smelted in upper Hilesia, the yearly output being from 770,(MH) to
7.S0,(HM» tons.
The tifth district in im)iortance is the Westphalia coal region. At
Kssen, Hochum, Hiirdt, and various other localities there are |iarallel
de|>osits of ironstone, closely resend>Iing the bhu^k band of the Scottish
coal fields. In addition to beds of comjiact ironstone, a nodular concre-
tionary variety sonietiines occurs iu the shales of this formation. The
total of this district represents about .3.1 per cent of the entire produc;-
ticm of (Jermany.
The sixth district is that of llsede (between Brunswick and Han-
over), where brown iron ore occurs in the shape of beaii.s,and balls in
the Cretaceous formation. The phosphorus is so bigli that the pig iron
»"■
PRODUCTION OF IRON OR?:S.
128
ina<lo from this oro coiittviiis :i \n}V cent of tliis oliMiuMit. The on; is,
however, pnictiitaily self thixiiij;. This district eontributes '2.1 |>er cent
of the entire mitpnt of (lerniiiny.
The seventh district in iniportsince is Osnabruitk, wlierit spatliic and
brown lieniatite ores, low in piiosphorns, are found in the "/eclistein"
formation. Its mines yieUl a little more tliau I )>er (;ent of the total fur
the country.
The last district of moment is Oberpfalz, in Bavaria, wliere, partic-
ularly near And)er};, brown iron ores are found in tlie brown .lura
formation, tlie district furnishing about 1 per cent of the total produc-
tion of (iermany.
Besides these principal districts, iron ores exist in various parts of
the Kmpire. In the liar/. Mountains, parti(!ularly, red hematite and
browu hematite are widely distributtMl in the Devonian rocks, and are
prim^ipally mined between Elbingerode and HlankcnburK'. In the
"Zeckstein" formation, near Schmalkalden and Kanisdorf, iuTlinringia,
spathic^ iron ores are won. In tlie eastern liar/,, near I lar/,l>urg, oolitic
red ores are mined. Tlieso deposits occur in rejjular beds in the oolitic
fornnition. In lower ijilcsia magnetic tires are taund near Schniic<leberg
in the crystalline slates, and red iron ores near tiaucr in clay slates.
Brown and specular iron ores are produced in the Kifel Mountains.
The following tabic gives the percentages produced by the diifereiit
districts in the last year foi' which this was totally and a<'cnrately
obtainable, vi/., 1888, and the Survey is indel)ted to Dr. Hermann Wed-
ding, of Berlin, for this as well as for revision of data in regard Ut the
production of iron ores in (iermany:
I'ereentiKjeH «/ lohil iron-ore outiiul of different di«(ric/« in (Iermany in ISSS,
DIatrictii.
1. Lllxr-iiiblir};itiiiUiOlliriiit!Oii. .
2. Slef^erland
3. l.ahu lli/.irk i
4. OlwrHihlifaieii
6. WttNtplialia (liUrk Imiid)
(1. Ilmdi)
7. <,)i*iittbrur.k
8. tlliBi'iifalz
B. WVMtiiliuliii (viirloiimirfH) . .
lu. Mllt<'lliai"/.(l':ibiiig<:i'uili'.alo.l.
lU. I
6.1)
«.:<
.■'•'
i.'i
i.ii
1.0
DlstricU.
Ostharf and ThitriiiRla
Wi'Htlmrz (MiirlxtrK. We.) ..
Per cell*..
0.5
■A
.1
H.3
N icilorstilitenifU
N'ltrdeilul
KrzgHlitrjfti
HuIhiich ((liHiMTHtMl cires)
Tcitiil
OoiiHidoriug the cJiiinicter of the various ores luiiu^il in I88H, tlio fol-
lowing ainoniits of each sort woie produced:
Protlmtion of different chararl4;rn of iron ore in Germany in ISSS,
Mimltf (onlitii! hrnwii liemutitu)
Ilruwn iriiii nri' (Wniwti heiimtUu except nifoettp)
Stiiitliir iron (Hf (carlMmate)
K*hI iroiiiirufn-il hriiiHtit^)
Btaik Iftiiil oi-es (larbiinate)
MaiiKaiieHf hwh (mau)£aiiil'eron8 irun <ireH)
Tnlal
Metrii' ionii.
0. 007. IXH)
2. .'.'IT. CHK)
1,1)80,000
030. OOU
330, 000
20 UOO
10,604.000
124
MINKKAh HKSOUHCES.
Ill IH'H) (!,iiiri,(MH) iiii'trii! t'Oiis of iiiiiii>tt<^ ore were )ii-oiliii-«il, Ihmiik
5S per runt of tlut wliiili! proiliK^tion of (leriiiaiiy.
Tliu <-oiii|nu'alivii oiit|)iit of lli» (liD'oriMit diHtrictH iiiiMitiniit'd in 1800
was as folluwH:
Irim-uri uutimt uf Hirmitn dinlrictH in AVW.
I'liMuiiburK'iiKl I'lillirtliKon.
Si<-ut>i-luiiil
La*i'!U'/.irk
OlH'rst'hJHHioii
HRtriclnliM.
fl.OIMKW
WI7. IKHI
781. MNI
77i), IKJO
* Metric toDiJ
Ilsi'iln
(tHUuliniirk .
ulwriiliiU ..
327.000
121.000
M4.0OO
Tlii^ |iroiliii-.fioii ill other districts lias not liceii accurately reported.
Tlie total production o*' iin'i oro in Uennany in IH'.HI was Il,40li,l32
metric tons, valued at M,(HH»,(KH) marks (>itlO,5(H),IK>0).
In I8!M» 1,r»22,180 'iietric toi s of iron ore were imported into and
l!,l.M»8,ri2 tons expo'.ted from i lermaiiy. That sent away was priiici
]>iilly forwartled t.> HelKiiiiii aii'l France, while the iiii|H)i'tH were the
largest from Spain, smaller ain</iints comiii<; from Austria and Sweden.
The production of iron ore iiy ]irovince8 in 18!M) was as follows:
I'mdnclioii of 'ro» tirf in (Ifrmtniy in /S!M) hy Pruvinri-n.
FniHHia;
SilcHiit — Mrtrie lonn.
llpiii'lii 77(>,(K)0
Kri'Niiiii, Lioi;iiitx 2«,(I00
Sttxi>ii,v— MerBeliiirK, Krl'iirt
Hiiuiiver —
Hil.l.wli.Miii ;t'.>7,0(IO
Osuuliriick 121, (KX)
WeMtphalin —
Milliliter ,
Miiideii
AriiHliei'K
7."), 000
(ill, IMH)
!I77,(HI0
«04, (XX)
57.000
44«, OIX)
1,118,000
IleHaitii-NasHiiii—
KuhhhI
Wiesliadeii
73, 000
WX. IKHI
tiSl.OOO
Klieiiiluuil —
Colileii/. 1,0X1, (HX»
Kolii 21, (XK)
Aurlieii 2:t, 000
DiiHseltlurl', 'I'rier 7, (MK)
MXkOOO
4, 243, 000
l.iixeuiliurK ;i, aSit.lHX)
KUntis-liOtliriiiKcii H, 2W>, 000
HeHseii 173,000
Uuvui'ia:
Oberpfiilz 144,000
Olierlrniikeii it, 000
ViiriiiiiH iiliK'cs 2, OIX)
liraiiiiBcli wei);
Waldeck
Scliwnr/.hnrg-Kiiilolfatudt
Sat^lisi'ii
Wiirteiiitiiiif;
OlUfiliermau .Stales or ProvineuH .
l,"i.'>,000
134,0(NI
;«j,000
12,(XI0
11. OIX)
3,000
24, 132
Tdtal 11.40H, 132
PRODUCTION Ol' IRON OKKS.
fS6
i'l i>i(ni7l(i«, rxporlH, aiirf imporlt of Won nre in (lermauji and l.iitembiirg; almpUj Iron madi.
I
Veard.
I.ilxmn-
burn.
rriiMHia,
I'tO.
Tnlal for
(titriiian
Kmiilre.
K)i|mrta.
lrii|inrtH.
Mttrie lonll.
I'iu Iron.
Strlrin Imu.
1 10.188)
171,000
2o:i, 342
:i05,761
:i69. 000
.524, 601
904.6,58
645. 693
996, 7:i8
087, 163
1,200,28,1
i,:i66.o«:i
l,:i45,620
1.401,477
l,988.:i94
2 240, 574
1.18)6,262
2, 020, :)8e
1,846.:)45
1.032.725
2,147,641
2, -226,587
2.720,o;i8
2. 014. 009
3, :)8I). 806
:).4no.7io
3. 600. 612
:i. 687. 4:)3
:i, 528. 658
4,02.1,95:1
4,:i:)7,42l
4, 524, 558
4,658,451
4,611,217
4,0:17,461
4, 086, IH)3
Mttrittomi.
ilitrieloHi.
Ilrtrie lant.
tUlritlotu.
1844
1862
IK65
...
1867
726,000
1870
1871
086,470
1,170,030
l,;i31,74:l
1,442.666
1,052.40.-
1.1181,720
1,262,825
1.407.017
1,6I3,:I92
2. 173. 46,1
2, 101.881
2. 476, 8115
2, 676, 076
2.461,454
2, 648, 4110
2, 434, 170
2.640.711
3,250,001)
1872
1873
4,846,8:i3 6, iV7, 576,
4 i:iO 000 5 579 756
1874
1876
3, 677, 948
3 5i:t 253
1876
1877 . . .
1 TfMl ai«9«
:i. 716, 22:1 ' il 970 048
4,040,484 .5, 4.57.101
4. 246. 037 :>, 850, 420
.5.1815,177 7,2:18,640
5,411,801 7,.57:t,772
5, 786, 449 8, 203, 2.54
0,180.641 8.756.617
0..554,:i42 9,005,796
0.500. :I70 0.157.809
"';i2i,';i42
1878
1880
1881
1882
I,2«l,0:i8
■1,44:), 278
1,621,182
l,8afl,0,'0
1,808,481
1,771,1,'-)
1.B:i1.A49
1,744,651
2,211,820
2, 179, 8:)6
2, 208, 122
1,984,428
2,276,155
2, 363. 232
607,007
616,000
783, 3110
800, 37:i
980, 442
8,52,310
813, 1)00
1,036,217
1, 16:1, :i7:)
1,2:14,789
1,. 522. 180
1 . 408. 035
1. 0.55, 843
1,573,202
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
0,1 161,. 570
6,70l,:i05
7.414,800
8, 485, 758
9,:i51,106
10,6(M,80II
11,002,187
1890
3.350,413 ! 8,040,710
11,406,132
10, 6,57. 602
11,5:10,013
11,457,401
1802 . . . .
1
The poBitinti of tlic Geniiau empire as a coiisuiner of pig iron is
emphasized by tlie stiitcment that in 18!HJ tlit production of pig iron
in tliat country was 4,!t37,4til toiia, the excess of imiiorts over exports
being .'{7,95(1 tons, making the apparent home consumption 4,075,417
tons. In 1803 tlie production was 4,086,003 tons.
AU.STBIA-HUNOABY.
The most important dejiosits of iron ore in Austria arc tound in
Styria, where spatliic iron ores occur in tlie strata of tlie Transition
formation, and at tiie bottom of tiie Huiitsandstein "■mation. One
large deposit is about 1(10 miles from 'Ueichenauzu-Scliwartz, but tlie
greatest development is at the Krzberg, near Eisenerz, where the
strata aggregate 45 meter.s (148 feet) thick. The Noric iron of Tacitus
and other authors is reported to have been prepared from ores obtained
here, an<l the industry has continued from the date of the Koman
occupation to the present day. A tire which occurred at lUisenerz in
1018 destroyed documents then existing which carried the irou manu-
facture back to 712 A. D.
Spathic ore also occurs in Oarinthia (in the crystalline slates) and
in the north of Hungary in tlie counties of Fips, Gomor, and Sold, in
clay slates. The Berg uud lliitteiimauuische Zeituug, in a descrip-
12(1
MlNKRAIi KK.SOtlKCKS.
tioii of tlie riiirics III' till- Kiiiniiii'.ii'iui,v-.ssil|;iitiir.jiiii ('(iiii|iiiii,v in Kakos
((ioiMor CoLiiity, llliiiKiiry), hIiiU's tli;it tlicy (•ovrr siii iiriiii ol l.'l.i imi-c«.
The Dcvoiiiiiii cUiy slates lorin llie root' iiimI Hoiir of the. liiowii lieriia-
tite, wliicli ((cciirs in (,'nsat tliickness at Vaslicny. Tlio beds striiii-, in
a siiiiliifasl, (linM'tion. witli a dip of 'M" to (MP. At VuslioKy lliiff dh;
Ix'iIm are iiiHtiii;;uislii'ii, the lowest ■'{!) I'eet I iix^heH tlii(;k, contains
lihuik, nietallielookinj; brown hematite, with \'> per eeiit of inaM);aiie.se
anil -It) per cent of Iron; the iniilille bed, Im I'eet in Ihickness, is formed
of liKht brown qiiart/ose hematite, with 12 peri'entof niaiii^anese and
."(0 per eent of iron ; w hile the npper bed, !W feet in thiekiiess, is eoni-
posed of a reddish biown hematite, with '2 to 4 per eunt of nmn(;anese
and ;<."• Ill (iO per eent of iron. In thi; Hakos distriel two beds oeeur,
rnnnin;;' parallel to those at Vashu);y, and separated by 10 to ]H\ yards of
elay; the lower bed is ijti I'eet, and the upper one 7H feel in thickness.
Itotli (Mintain brown hematite, whieh passes in plaees into spathie ore,
red hematite, and speeular iron ore. The avera^^e pereentaKu of iron
varies from III txi 15. lioth nunes are worked principally by means of
itdit levels.
Analyses of the Uakos ores jjave the following; average:
.Irrruije nimiiuHilion 11/ iriiii iirc from Jlakon, lliingary.
Pproxiiln of iriiM
I'nitoxiiln of riDiiiuatii-Hu .
QiiHi-t/
AliintiDit
Cuprii: oxiilfl
?»iwnl.|
5M.r>i
i. 11.')
■Sl.m
l.:u
.Jl
Par usnt.
n.oM
.319
7. ;i2
I.inii.
Total
M.gei
The seeoml district in importance is that of Bohemni, where oolitic
iron ores (mostly red and brown) are found in the 8ilurian rocks. Ca-
rinthia, mentioned al)ove, is third, and is foHowed by Moravia, where,
in dilferent formations, brown, red, and clay iron ores are found.
iSouthern Hungary iirodiices ma^nietie iron ore and Silesia bof; iron ore.
The output of iron ore in the various Provinces of Austria in 1801
was as follows:
Output of iriin ore in Au»lria in ISOl hy J'ruvinciit.
Metric tons.,
Styria ' 781, ai4
Rolteiiiia .
Carintliia .
Moravia. ..
(lalicia —
KalKburK--
118, 712
I'l.KI.'i
8.817
7,641
Carnlola
Tyrol
Slleaia
Lowor Austria .
Metric tons.
7, 4.'.4
.1, (12»
5,:H8
1.48U
ToUl l,V!ai,249
PK(ll»U«TION OK IRON 0KK8.
127
Tli« t'ollowinjj liilili' sliow.s Mm pitxluctioii, iiiiportx, ami e.\|>orts (»t'
iron (HO ill the Aiisiriiui Kmiiiic, t<>K«'tlii'r with tiio iiig iron oulimt, in
Miich yoiit'H iiH tliu HtiitiHtit'S coiihl be ubtuiiied :
Produi'liini, ii»/)«r(«, (iikJ ixporlK of iron iirr in lint .liiHliiiiii Kmpfrt, ahu pig iron maile.
Ywn.
Inn
AilH(ri».
MetHclom.
.o|-(t priKlllrtidll.
I mil
Iiii|H}rtit.
(iri>.
Fx]MirtH.
Metric titim.
Vitl iron
niiwle.
ilelrie. (nnf ,
144, :i5l
22:1 046
:I48. 708
:ilo, 7mi
:i6i,o:i8
425.071
4.10, ,167
4,12, 244
476.827
5:11,850
694, 980
546,742
6114,347
4110,425
:I88, 2:10
4:14,2,10
404. 160
464, 234
5:10, 646
611,463
701,0:17
7:U,346
714, 784
7113. 360
704. ,1:12
7181. 227
8.15. 8l:i
1815. 370
021.840
IMO. 647
982. 707
H uniiar> ,
'I'otiil,
IftIO t
M'Imlmu.
Jf rMe (onu.
ilelrietiiitt.
,,,
1
1
IM67'
IH70
1)471
8:1.1, 151
8.VI, 0115
1125, .120
1.040.46(1
IKHl, 48.1
704. 8»l
.1.11. 1160
6:i8, 701
nou, 150
028, 240
6:11.080
620, 000
002.510
>(82,3i:i
117:1, 8211
8:11.471
770,181(1
846. ,■1611
1.000,:i20
! !!.1. 1.1:1
I.:i6l..148
1,231,210
903, 200
1, 100, 111
1H72
\nn
1)474
l,I66.7i'H
42:1. :i 14
308 24:1
.147, 456
1, :t2ii. :i'ii
1, 10:1. 127
902, 422
\m
IR7H
iiiiiiiiiiiiiii
380. (H»>
1.011,680
440. (.1011
440, 0(10
1,:142,610
1,322,313
:::::::::::::::::::::::.
50(1, (HHI
,160, 001
634, 4.17
0111,210
702,241
875. :s:t
020. .141
973,471
1,306.000
1,412,027
!,«4:i,777
l.704.,1«:i
2, 1,1:1. 780
■•. 1116. H12
1.013.8:11
2, 082. 583
46, 403
48, 7:iu
08,121
71,070
73,248
86.290
140.018
88. 1150
108. 12(1
106,250
SWITZEBLAND.
Prof. 11. fl<' (tiiiird, of tlie I'olytocluiic School, Zurich, has 8n]>plioc1 a
very iiite"estingcoiitiibiitiim upon tlio miiu-riil deiiosits of Switzerland,
in tMin.sidei.-'.ble detail. From this admirable paper, which has been
*ran,slated in full by Mr. K')bert Stein, the followiii}; data is excerpted
as Hpecially referriuff to the iron ores and tlieir exploitation.
The i»riiicipal, but not the only, center of exploitation of iron ores in
Switzerland is situated in the .liira, where two kinds of ore are found —
jiisolitic (He, or bohnerz, and Subuxfordian ore. The pisolitic ores be-
long to the siderolithic terraiie of the Jura, wliii^h is well represented
in most of the States of Kurope. This terrain! presents, in general,
gypsum, vitri liable sands, vcfractoiy t'hiys, and, finally, granular iron
ore, explinted for some centuries for the furnaces of .Jura in the valley
of Matzendorf aiul in the valley of Delemont The exhaustion of the
deposits is less to be feared than the huik of fuel and the insufticiency
of routes of communication. The siderolithic terrane of the Jura is
Tertiary; it is intermediate between the middle Parisian and the Ton-
grain.
128
MINERAL UKSOIIRCES.
The composition of ^raiiiilar iron ore (pisolitic) is as follows:
Analynis of Sipihh fiiHulilir iron fire.
Per oenl.
OxirliMir iron 58.74
Siliiii- aiiil 1X211
Aliiminii 1 14. 16
Unie :i:i
M.-tutiPHiA .11
CnrlKiiiic will ."*
I'hnHptiiirir m-irt 'rnice.
WaUTiniil liititiiii!ii i:i. 54
ToUll i 100.20
Perec lit.
Mnliillic iniii 41.12
I'liimphDniB Trace.
Siilphnr ;
.Silicon
The ore owiiir.s in ghdmhir, iiiiliiiry, bciin-shaped, or cKg-shaped
grains, sonietiiiiu.s in iiiiiorphous conipiictor Kubconipact niassi'H. TI1080
niiiHses are incoheicnt, earthy (eaitliy ore), or, on tiie contrary, form
large bJocus, more or less rounded, from 1 to H deciiiieterH (4 to 'M
inehe,s) in diameter, whieh the miners call "niotliers'' (iiiiitter). These
"m(7'! • •■" indiciite generally the beginning or the end of a consider-
able bo-ly. The secrtion of a i>isoiite shows sevt ral very thin eoncentric
layers, which suggest <'oiieretionary formation in water.
The amorplioiis ore (ills or covers superlicial crevices in the upper
white .lurassie iind has a iiia.ximuni thickness of JO to 'M meters (<i(i to
!>.S feet). The ore in ixieke'is tills boilers (cliaudii'r , of limited extent ;
thickness often 5 meters (l(i feet). The ore in sheets forms more or
less e.xteii.sive layers, with a thickness sometimes of .'» meters (IG feet).
The ore is caVed rich when the grains are regularly distributed (assoles)
and when the clay in which they are embtidded merely tills the inter
stii'es between them; poor, when the grains, much less numenms, are
disseminated in the clay which forms the mass of the rock. The yield
by washing is <mi un average (iO per cent; by smelting, 4(1 to 50 per cent.
The ore dejiosits are in general covered with a barren roof .some ceii
tiiiieters thick, of whitish or bluish clay, sometimes containing isolated
clayey pisolites, which are always refractory. The grains of ore arc
embedded in a bolus (iiiiitri.N) of reddish, ochcr-yelJow. violet, brown,
sometimes even lif;ht-gray clay, called Colus, which is ditferent from
the barren roof.
The !Subo.\fo.'dian ores are found in calcareous marls, gray or yellow,
in which numevous ferruginous oolithb are embedded. They sometimes
pass on int,o a compact rock with !) to Ifi pei' cent of KeO, II^O. In the
central Ju va this rock attains a thickness of 1 to 2 nieteru (.'I to <i^ feet).
It is worked at Movellier, where it is 2 nmters thick (Oi feet). At
Htallberg, west of Weissensteiii, it attains a thickness of 4 to .'i meters
(i;t to ;o feel). In the Jura of SchaH'hauseii exploitation was formerly
tloiirishing, as is attesteil by numerous ((uarries opened in these depos-
its, as well as by the scoria- spread over the country. The ore at that
time was treated in itlace by the most elementary methods of metal-
PRODUCTION OK IKON OKKS.
121t
liirgy. Scvenil .siiioltiiijr furiiiices, e.siie(!iiilly the oini at I.autl'en, near
the Calls of the Rhine, were in activity as late as 1S5(). The furnace of
Lautl'cn was supplied exclusively with indif^enous ore. In the Aar;,'au
.Jura the bohucrze are of little importaiico, the deposits are not thick
enoufih, and the ora is too much mixed with clay. Continuous washing
was re(iuired before smeltinjij, and the exploitation has been abandoned.
In the IJeniese .Jura six .active iron mines are found con(;cntrated
around Delcmont, and this is the only region in all Switzerland where
the mineral industry is of any importance. The iron of this region is
well spoken of, and is especially suitable for bar iron. The annual ex-
ploitation furnishes about 1. '50,000 liectoliters (,'?0,000 long tons). One
hectoliter (one mining vat) weiglis 200 kilogrammes, or 441 pounds.
The Jura of Nouchatel and N'aud possesses no mines.
The iron deposit of the Gonzen, below Sargans (Canton of St. (Jail),
like several others, was often abainh>uod and always resumed. Its
thickness in the gallery was (i meters (1!»A feet). The roof is formed by
Alpin(! limestone, to the folds of which the deposit a<!connnodates itself.
The stratum has often been crushed, and forms letiticnilar bodies in
the limestone, and tliese lenses are always jiarallel to the strata of the
limestone. Thus it is a stratum that has been constricted intx> the
shape of a string of beads.
The ore is "I'otheiseustein'' (FeiO,.„red hematite). The upper part
jtasses into the '• Melirtes Erz," a mixture of hematite, red jasper, )yro-
lusito (MnOi), nuignetic oxide of iron, iron pyrite, calespar, clay, quartz,
and sometimes oligist. Xoxt comes the true deposit, with mangiinese
1^ meters (."» feet) thick, containing MnCOj (dir.logite or rhodoclin site)
in threads. This was known in the year 1200. It is probable that it
was exidoited by the Romans, for the <'Ountry of Sargans was a lioman
province. It was actively wrought at intermittent periods, and with
active exploitation will not be exhausted for a long time to (!ome.
At the (Jonzen three banks are distinguished: (I) a fat bank (homo-
geneous ore); (2) a lean bank, with unartz, limestont!, and pyrite; (3) a
black bank, very rich in manganese, which is tln^ best. At the tinus the
mine was working the transportatio" if the ore to the I'actorie.s of I'lons
was !u;complishe(l by sledges drawn ly men or by the aid of mules from
a relay station, situated threel'oiu t!is of the way up the height. This
mine has been abandoned for ii'iMit ten years, for reasons similar to
those which have caused tlie abandonment of moHtof thee.xploitationH
in the Alps.
8t)24 "J
130
MINEKAL KESOUKCES.
Anahjain of tionzeti iron ore, HwiUcrtaiuL
xe.34
2. HO
1.78
.36
.10
Tram.
.05
.27
8. '.12
Tumi ' 100.00
OkIiIi' iiflrim
Silir.io iicitl
AlUMlillil
I.lliin
IStacnt^Hia
('iirlmnic ai-id
IMiiiHiihnrit-- ai-i(i
AlkaliuHd
Wutur 'lUil bituiueu .
■Mofillli''. irnn .
IMu)H|>ltoriiH . .
Siilplnir
Silicuu
00.438
.022
1.31
aCa]culat«l from t)io difference.
No a(!tive e.vploitatioii whatever is cirried on in the Beriie.se Oberhiud.
A number of old, abandoned difigiiig.s are found there, and .several
furnaces bear witne.s.s to fruitless aivenipts in this direction. It was
espeeiallj' the ferrugin<;U8 oolite that was ioi mcrly attacked. It is found
in the ccdoreil marble of Kr/hnbel and its thickness is 1.8 meters (6 feet).
Bad roads, lack of fuel, the jmverty of the deposits, aud, as everywhere
iu Switzerland, their twi.sted and irregular structure, had led to the
ruin of the few exploitations that were formerly attempted. The mai)
of the raw ])rodiu't8 of Switzerland, which was prepared on the occasion
of the expo >£iion of Zurich in ISSU, indicates an iron ore at Matten. in
tlie valley of Lauterbruniien, in the Bernese Oberland.
Sledging genera" ,' costs 40 centimes (8 cents) for li^ hours per quintal
.(100 i)ounds) aud ')6 t<.> CO centimes (11 to 12 cents) for di.stanees of 3A
to 1 hours.
The mineral iiidu.stry of Valais, in the Alps, is dead, not a single
metalliferous mine being in operation. As regards the quality of the
iron ores of \'alais, they are too niucli phosphoretted. Only three
inm ores are worth mentioning, aud even these are abandoned. The
mine of (Jhamosim, in the eah^areous stshists of the Middle Jura, is a
nest 30 to 40 feet thick, with banks (i to 8 feet thick. The mineral
is chamosite (hydrated silicatt^ of iron and alumina). This mine was
e.\i)loited by open cut, with mills at .Vrion, and yieidi'd, in lS,"i,"), .■?0,000
([uintals of iron, and iu 1850, 20,000 (piintals. At the mine of Chemin
in the green talco.se schists, tlie ore consists of kidney-shaped mas.ses
8 to 10 feet thick. I'yi'ite is found in the nest. The KeO is good. At
first this mine yielded 12,000 to 14,000 (luiiitals of iron, and produced,
with 8 to 10 miners, 10,000 (piintals (.'lOO tons) in 1850. The mine of
Charrat or Vence is the most favorably situated, being at a low level,
and the ore is good. It is far from exhausted, and may yet have a
ftiture. At Tessino tliero are three iron mines abandoned, one iu
operation, and a i>rospcct, which developed good ore.
I'KUUUC'TION OF lUON ORES.
131
111 Grisoiis, as in Viihiis, the iisofiil luiiiuruls lire widely distributed;
but liiO deposits arc piior and often defonned by reason of the folding
of tlie rcf^ioii. Iron ore is iiarticuhirly abundant in the micaceous form
in the valley of Ferrcia (whose name indicates tiiat it has been long
exploited); in tlie form of magnetic oxide near Trans (Oberland), at
Schmoris, and near Sur, in Oberhalbstein; in the form of red, brown,
and magnetic oxide, in the upiier valley of Tisch; and Tuorz (Bergiin),
with the foundries of I>ellaluiia, Itoveredo, in the Misox, sent out annu-
ally, about the year l.S(il>, in the neighborhood of 30,000 ([uintals of iron
to <-!oire and into lower Switzerland.
In (rrisons, as in the Bernese Oberland, in Valais, ami elsewhere in
Switzerland, many characteristic local names are found which indicate
that the mining industry was at one time important in the country.
The mountains in the vicinity of Ferrera aie ricli in iron ore. From
Fignell, situated at a great height, and U leagues from the furnaces,
ore is brought down in sai^ks. It is a spathic and inicaccous iron ore,
rather rich in meial. A Jjombard society extracted from it formerly as
much as 1,.S00 quintals a year. Camfer or ('ampfeer (Campus fcrri), in
Upper Engadiii, was christened, no doubt, on account of its old iron-
ore mines.
Iron ores are found in the sorpeutiiic and the greoii schists of the
vicinity of Sur and at the Staller Herg, often iningh^d with pyrite.
Vivianite (eisenglimmer) is for. in the red schists of the Alps of Err,
and of Val Lugii on the road lo ltcr(;iiii. Magnetic oxide of iron is
disseminated in somewhat indistiih i cj vstals in (lie serpentine of Val
Hercla, of Fallerjoch, Mortels, Malenco, etc, uid also in the green
schists of Pirlo, Sassera, and other phices. iioii |pyiite occurs every-
where in the schists and the serpentines, also in th« -schists of Ca.-.,imia.
Oligiste (rothiMsenerz ai(d ciseiiglanz) is found in ilie dolomite of the
middle Keui)er, in the green schists, in the talcose schists of the Piz
Verona, in the diorite of the Alpe Mortels, on the I*iz I'adella, in the
syenitic gneiss on the summit of Mount Bisgrazia, at Sasso. iiisolo, mid
at other placets.
The following is an analysis of the oligist (eiscnglaiiz) of Albula,
made in IHSH at the Federal Institute for the supervision of liuilding
material at Zurich:
Amth/Hh of iron nrti from .tlbitld, Swihfrliiiuh
Iniii oxiilt*
Sllinm
Chitspliorir lli'itl.
Siilithiirii'iiriii,
86.70
8.H2
MiiO I Tmciis.
Mutalllc iriin (10. 80
Siliiiiii I 4. 11
MiuiuniieH*. 'rraf-ert.
Sulphur .25
(( Sniiill <iiiiitltltiu.4 nt' CitO, M^O, iilitl iilkiilieH.
132
minkua: bksources.
I'rol't^ssor (Ic (liiiiid coiu'luiles with the sliitomcnt tliat Switzerland
is out'- of tlio liiiist lUvorcd ('oiiutrics in iiiintu'iil woaltli. The causes
wliicli {)"pveiit tills industry from boconiiii^' tldiirishiiig are: (1) The
pov; ity (but not the rarity) of (ho metalliferous deposits and lodes, or
ol'the(!oal MiMSures and tlio unfavorable situation of several of them;
(2) above all the dcfDrmation and cuttinfj; up which these deposits have
undergone by reason of the folding of the Alps. The deposits of the
Jura alone are exempt from this drawback. The future of the mines is,
he asserts, nil, or nearly so. They were able to maintain themselves
aud to support local industry at a time when, owing to the ditllculty of
communication, they did not have to fear the competition of the great
centers of mining ijroduction. Accordingly we see them llourisb in the
Middit! Ages. At th«^ present day they are nearly all doomed, despite
theexcellenee of their ores, which are often superior to foreign products.
Prof. I;. Tetinajer, of Zurich, sums up the statistics of irou-ore pro-
duction as follows:
'I'bo iroii-ori) |>i'(i<lii('ti<)n (if Switziirlaiid docrcasoH from year to year. Tlie oxpluita-
tioii of tliu rich iniciMMMiHs sncriilar iron of FiliHpiir in (iriHouH, aiitl that of tbo
iKMiialitiMtf tliii (ioii/cu. iKi'i to Im- abaiidoiiod Dwing to tlio insiitticifut proiliictivity.
At tlir ]irrsi'iit <lay only tin' ]iisolitii' ili'pcmitH in tliu Dolabort; Valley in the Hernetie
.liiiaai'c wurkiid. Tliu iirodiictioii of iron ore, with the iniportx aud exportatioQii,
was aH follows :
I'roiini'Aion, mporlH ami 'jporln of iron are and pUj iron in Swilserland,
I'l-iHliii'tiitii. IriijM'rt.s
Kxpurt!,
Vin iniii.
I'rofhiotion.; Ini|H)rl8. I Kxports.
IHH5
Mitrit'toui.
1
IHUn : '
14,<NI0
14. 145
11.771
IIJKM
11), 40.')
11.700 :
I8MS
IK81)
ISDO
1892
Mi'triv ton$. Mi'triatmit. Mftrie-lnnu. ytetriattmu. Melnptmit,. Mi'lriclont.
.1"
5, SI*.". .
:i.giiu '
4. Nil
5, (Kill
«. (UK)
8. »'a
4,42:
4,600
4va04
«,0!>0
5, DUO
Ti, bm
4..'ilHI
.1, m
:i4,iii3 {
3i,Hi:!
37.iii:i
41, on
40,074
4K,0(I7
41,(l.';i
4U,82.'i
7. 3,15
7,(KI7
U. 387
3,215
r>, 4U(
4,277
4,4(10
0,104
IIAl-V.
The iiianiifiicture of iniii in Italy is under a decided disiulvantage,
due to the scarcity of good fuel. However, considerable iron ore is
nilned and exported, the bulk of which comes from the island of KIba.
This island at tlie cud of the last ciMitury belonged to the princes of
I'ionibino, and was tinally ceded to Napoleon I in I.SOL'. By tlie treaty
of Vienna in IHl.T tlie island reverted to the Tuscany (Jraiid Ducal Gov-
erninent, by whom the iron ore mines were worked until l.S,")!. In that
year the (roverniiiei:t contiacted with a stock coiii|iany, which worked
the mines for thirty years. In the. nM'aiitime, with the union of Italy
the mines of Klba became the |ii'operty of the State, and when the
concession came to an end on ,111110 30, I8,SI. tin mines, together with
three foundries, were leased to a groui> of cii|iilalists represented by
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES.
133
the General Bank of Italy. Tlie new concession ran for tliree years from
.July 1, 1881, tlie lessees )myiiif{ ."i lire (iO ceatiines ($1.08) per ton of ore
exported from Elba and the neighboring island of (Jiglio. Tlie niax-
iiniim annual output was not to exceed 2(M),()00 tons. All of the deposits
are located near the aeacoast, and have been wrought, it is stated, by
the Etruscans and Komans, evidences of thcsse ancient workings being
shown by the old waste heaps, which are of encninous extent. The
ore bodies, which occur in beds of limestone lying in mica schists, are
found along the whole of the east coast of the island. The prin-
cipal mines are the Kio Albano, Vigueria, Calamita, and Kio, the ore
obtained being generally specular and hematite, with some magnetite.
The deposits sometimes occur superficially, as at Kio Albano, where
the bed reaches .W meters (104 feet) in thickness, averaging 10 meters
(3.! feet). At other times they are covered by limestoiuc and in places
by schist.
The ore from the island of Elba is practically of three different
kinds: Elba lavata, Elba andante specular, and Elba andante non-
specular. The importers claim that in shipments these last two are
not kept separate, although they come from different openings. The
specular ore is rich in iron and low in phosphorus; the nonspecular
is, comparatively speaking, high in phosphoius, while the lavata is
low in this element, as will be seen in the foUowing analy.ses, the ore
being dried at ;il2o V.
Analjincs of Alio iron ore».
l)rio<l lit
aia".
Elba aiiilnnto (ttpooiilnr), nvfirnco iiC 4 rnrjjopfl
KUm iiiiiltuit4< (ni)iit4i)ecular), nvcrugt' iif 'J carnDi'H.
KlUa lavata, avurage of 8 cargouH
Pi>r enit.
I 62. (115
0(1. t'S
I 61.17
Natural atate.
Iron.
:u
I'rr cnit. I /Vr rent.
'.'. 7(W I (Kl. 1)111
5. IM ri7. rj7
7. 7.W m. 5U4
Plios-
phorud.
/Vr cfiit.
II. O'.'l
AH
.0094
In 1892 the mines were leased under stringent conditions, one of
which was that the output was not to exceed I.S!l,0()(t tons jier annum,
nor to be le.ss than !H),(MM> tons, of which one third must be small
washed ore, while Italian (!onsumers were to receive more favorable
terms than foreign buyers.
In Lombardy and I'iedmont iron ores .ire also mined, and in the
Provinces of Lombardy and Tuscany good iron was iiiiide for cen-
turies from native ores, charcoal being u.stvl for fuel. Of the iimount
of iron on* mined on the inainland in 188,S, 21,;$27 tons came trom the
Province of Lombardy, two-thirds btuiig IVoni the mines of Val Trom-
pia, while 1,0(M) tons weie raised in the Province of I'iedmont.
The otlicial mineral statistics of Italy for LSIK! show that in that year
the island of Elba produced 177,.i!»5 metric tons of iron iuc,of which
134
MINERAL KESOURCES.
59,796 tons were washed ore. The total production by districts was as
follows:
Produciion of iron ore in Ihr Kingdom nf Italy in isn.l.
Difltrlrta or rrovincos.
Amount
pr(idiiiu*<l.
.Vrtnc torn.
177.:ill5
4,304
8,577
14
1,016
Dmlriit of Milan :
Tot'il
191, 1105
In 1893 8,80". tons of inanganiferous iron ore were also mined in
Italy.
The price of the Elba ore declined from 13.25 lire (.*t2.5C) to 9.12 lire
(.f 1.7(5) in 1893. The siiipmeuts from Elba in the latter year reached
115,894 tons and were exported to the following places:
lUporln of iron ore from the island of Elba i» 1S9S.
DMitiimtlon.
Amount.
ITnite<l StatoB
Encliinil /•■
Holluntlltnrllfc. -iuni juni Gorniany
Maiulnna (lor ilii. ostlo fiiruociis) . .
10. KM
71,097
20,'J8.'i
2,0:11
Destination.
Amount.
FranfG
Tnlal.
iMetrie tons^
1,145
Considerable pjrito is also mined and exported from Italy.
The table given .lelow shows the amount of iron <tro produced in the
island of Elba in mch years for which data could be obtained, com-
mencing in 1851. It is stated that from 1752 to 1801, and from 1819 to
18i51, the exports .verc 1,189,810 tons, and an estimate for the years 1802
to 1818, for which there are no returns, would make the total exported
from 17.52 to 1851 1,4.33,.500 tons.
l«r.i.
lliKI.
IKTil.
liari.,
ISM.
1H67.
1H6H.
IKi!).,
18l«l.,
1861.
186'.'..
18U:i.,
18UI..
IgOii..
186U..
1867 .
1868..
1860. .
1870 .
1871 .
1872 .
187:l..
1871..
187.-.. .
187(i .
1877..
1878..
18711..
18NU..
1881..
1882..
188;)..
1884..
18S-. .
I88ti..
1887..
1888..
18811..
18IIII. .
18HI,.
189'a . .
I8u:i..
PRODUCTION OF IRON OR. ',
I'roduelion anil expurtu of iron ore in llalij ; aho pig iron mnile.
135
Prudnctiou.
Klbtt. Total for Italy
Mrtrictotta.
'2-.>, OH
:»), ttm
62,IW8
64,607
60. 62.1
68,48.'>
61,;i2!)
56. 88:1
38,487
40, 687
03, US
B!l,447
08.468
104.078
110,407
82, 867
54, 9511
58,713
,'>:i, 468
SO, 801
120, 046
201,001
22:1, i:t8
1U4, 324
107,540
196, 220
155, \!S
173, 177
274, 322
Jltrtric tout.
N2, 708
180. 377
1811. 3:17
2118, 090
194.830
1,>), 4117
227. ,-.47
231,7110
229. 732
189, 721
186, 8.')7
289, 0.18
421. 1165
272, 00«
243, 082
225, 308
211(1, 955
220.014
230,575
177. 157
173. 489
220. 702
210,486
214,487
191, 305
KxpiirtH.
Mlia.
ilHric long.
22, fl6:i
25,994
48, 262
60, S3I)
61,418
72,875
60, 279
44,010
36, 600
64,440
67,739
106, 572
101, 025
114,488
98, 417
72, 58:i
60,047
65,077
60, 162
47, 76,1
127, 187
173, 67.1
219, 1.13
174,017
202,012
182, 545
180, 740
202, 966
318,394
349,291
213,349
177, .19.1
230. 458
176,072
170,418
175, 262
19.1, 821
126.614
213,698
111(1,712
2118,681
115.894
172, 089
IMgiron
iiiimI*...
Metrictoim.
22,000
26,000
25, 480
21. (154
20, 278
20,000
18.405
15. 991
12.291
12.205
12.538
13,473
11,346
11,930
12.729
8. 038
The mines in Klba wliicli produce ore aie the I!io Vigueri.i, Kio Al-
baiio, Torni Vera, and Cahimitit. fn thirty year.><, i'rom 1851 to 1881,
3,4.'J0,.372 tons of iron ore were exjiorted from Elba. Tills, added to the
exportatioiis up to 1.S51, makes a total of nearly five millions of t<ins.
RUSSIAN EMPIRE.
AlthouRh a motallnrirical industry lias lonjf existed in parts of
Eurojieau Enssia and Siberia, strictly speaking, metallurgical works,
as at present understood, were not founded until the reigu of Peter the
Great, who in the year 1700 established the lirst sepi.rate oflicial mining
administration, and by a ukase on December 10, 1710, iiromulgated
the first Eussian mining law, which has been the basis of all subse-
quent governmental measures for the regulation of mines. The Gov-
ernment works and mines are divided into dLstriets, each under tiie
supervision of a special mining inspector. There are four .such dis-
tricts in the Urals, one in northern Russia, and one in Poland. The
private mines and works are ujider the inspection of district eugiueers,
13fi
MmERAI- UESOITUCES.
eight in tint ITrtils, four in the < 'uncitsus, six in western anil six in east-
ern Sibiu'ia, the district engineers forming tlielinli between tlio [iriviite
minims and works and the eliief mining adniiuistriition.
The worlving of iron ores and tlieir treatment in coldljlast fnrnaeos
or in forges lias been earried on for eentnries in the government of
Novgorod in the neighborhood of rstinzhina, afterwards called Zhles-
nopol; but the manufacture o*' pig iron and the treatment of iron on a
larger scale was tirst develo|»e(t in central Russia, and in the govern-
ments of OInetz and J'erm, where not only ric-li deposits of ore, but
also an abundance of wood occur, together with other natural and
economical conditions favorable to the dcvch))uncnt of the iron indus-
try. I5y d<!grees the )iund)er of works increased, and the iron industry
took root in localities where it had not i)reviously existed; still the
chief centers were always in the ITral Mountain region, in central
Itussia, and Poland. However, in recent years there has been a large
production in southern Itnssia.
In the Urals, the nu-tallurgical industry began to take root in the
beginning of the seventeenth (U'utury, about the time that the (lovern-
ment had built the tirst iron works. The discovery of iron ores near
the river Nitsa was followed in I(i.'U by the initial enterprise in the
Urals, called the Nitsinsk works. At these works wrcmght ircui, as was
usual in those ilays, was manufactured directly from the ore in forges
or hearths supplitnl with artiti(;ial blast. Afterwards the industry was
flrinly established by Peter the Oreat. Iron ores were discovered in
the Oovcrnment of Olnet/, in IC^". being first exploited by a foreigner,
but subserpiently by the governn (ul.
The government also actively followed up the idea of the manufac-
ture of iron with mineral fuel in the south of Russia, the tirst of such
works being established in the (lovernment of Kkateriiioslav in 1797,
but this and several other |ilants subse<iueiitly erected were unsuc-
(«ssful, and it was not until 1871 that a furnace was erected in
the Don Province and proved a success, this plant being followed by
others. The discovery and detailed exploration of the extremely rich
ironoro deiM)sits of the Krivoi-rog was followed by the erection of
several large iron and steel works in the south of Russia, and it is
exi)ecte(l that within a few years the industry in this portion of the
Russian Kmpirc will develop to such an extent tliiit the Ural wc.ks will
be obliged to cede their precedcnc^e, at least as to tpiantity i)roduced.
Ill the last partition of Poland the land on which the iron industry
first started in the thirteenth century was divided between Prussia,
Austria, and Russia. In 1814 there were forty-six blast furnaces within
the limits of the principality of Warsaw. The period between 183.'! and
1837 was remarkable for the introduction of the hot blast and the
employment of coal in the manufa(;tui'e of iron.
The works of eastern Russia, namely, of the (lovernmeiits of Perm,
Viatka, Ufa, and Orenburg, bc^longing to tlie .so-called mining regions
of the Urals, smelt maguetic and brown iiii:i ores chielly ; but red hema-
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE8.
187
tite, siderite, and spherosiderito sire also smelted in comparatively
miiall quantities. The must i'ciiiiiri<al>lo deposits of magnetic iron ore
occur at i^Iounts Hhifrodat and V'isolvaia, in the central Urals, in tlie
(iovernment of Perm, and at Mount Magnitnaia, in the south Urals,
Government of Orenburg. The deposits of Mount Visokaia, which
furnish several mining districts witli ore, yield above 8,000,0<)0 poods
(say 125,000 long tons) annually. This ore contains from (i3 t« (iO i)er
cent of iron, and can often be smelted without the addition of fluxes.
Mount Ulagodat annually yields over 3,0(H),000 poods (say 48,000 tons)
of ore, containing from 52 to 5.S per eentof iron. The Blagodat Mountain
consists of augite-porphyry, passing into uralite porphyry, the summit
tx-ing capped by a compact basaltic rock. The magnetite is distributed
in stringti and irregular masses and is very compact, but contains iron
pyrite, calcspar, apatite, mica, and analcime. It is mined by open cut.
A model of the cx|)loitation and photograjdis of various portions of
the excavation, showing a largo number of men digging ore and women
wheeling it in barrows, with samples of the ore and products therefrom,
formed an interesting feature of the display in the Russian court of the
Mines and Mining liuildiug of the World's (Columbian Exi)osition.
Mount Blagodat ore, unlike that from Mount V'isokaia, requires the
suldition of limestone as flux. The ore of Mount Magnitnaia, .is mined,
is (|uite rich, <;ontaining sonicdmes as uiuch as (!G per cent of iron, but
is not largely mined, owing to its distance from iron works and want of
means of communication. Besides the three localities named, a con-
siderable amount of magnetic iron ore is obtained from several depos-
its on the eastern side of the Urals. In IST-l an important deposit of
specular ore was discovered in the north of the Urals, and in 1890 the
Koutimsk Iron Works were built for smelting this ore.
Extensive deposits of brown hematite occur in the central and south-
ern Urals, under varying conditions, viz: (1) In small irregular masses
in plutonic rocks; (2) as beds in metamorphic rocks; (3) in deposits at
the contact of metamorphic and plutonic rocks; (4) in beds at the con-
tact of metamorphic rocks with Silurian limestone; (5) in accumulations
in the lower horizon of the Silurian formation; ((5) in beds of clayey
sandstone of (jarboniferous or Devonian ago; (7) as accumulations in
the form of nests in Silurian or Carboniferous limestones; (8) as accu-
mulations in alluvium.
Some of these ores are of high quality, yielding pig iron suitable for
the Bessemer process, an analysis indicating as mucli as 08 per cent
of iron after the moisture is driven off.
Deposits of spherosidcrite, said to occur in the Cai'boniferous sand-
stone, are found in many parts of the Clovernment of Viatka, and in the
western jjart of the Government of Perm. In general, those ores are
not rich, and they contain a liberal amount of phosphorus. The deposits
of red hematite on the western slopes of the Urals, which are in Car-
boniferous formations, sometimes yield 01 per cent of iron in smelt-
ing. Chrome iron ore is also found is several localities in this region.
138
MINF.RAL URSnURCES.
The on> is rcporteil to contiiin from 10 to .50 per cent oxide of iron and
IW to .'{S per cent of oxide of clironiinin. In tliis cmint'ctioii the follow-
ing extniets are instu'fed, tiikcn from "A iSlioit DcsiTiption of the
Bakiilsky I >i'po8its of Iron," written by Mr. Ad. Ochrni:
Thr'so miiinx ari' HitiiatiMl on thii western Htopo nf tlic hhiiIIii'i ii I'rul Mnniitains, in
the Zliitotiflt (liHtrict, in tint (lovrrnnifiit of llfii, at a tliMtancn of (U) kilonnMcrfl
(HT. -'X niili'H), Hiintliwinl of flin town of /latoiint. l''oi' miiri' tlian a century ami a
half tlirHfl iriin-cirn mines have supiilieil a nnmlier of Iron worlis famunH tliron^liont
Russia for the exeelh-in'e of their metal. Tln^ iron ore is found in ehiHt) ciuiueetlon
withilolrunitic limestone, it lieinu elaimed that these liniestom'H are transfornu'd into
Hpathie ore and afterwards into hrown hematite, au<l that in the mineral heds in
(|uesti(in all the sui'c.essivo decrees of Hueli a transformation may lie oliservi'd. In
the exploitation of the Itakalsky deposits, hrown heuuitite was ohtainetl at the ftur-
face. As the workings were carried deeper, spathii' iron ores were found, wliich
Hul>se(|uentl,v nave jilaee in turn to di>loniitie limestone. At these mines hrown
heinatit<^ and spathic ores serve as tln> principal materials; in siuue gdaceg, liowover,
red hematite and specular iron ore may hi> ohserved. At pn«ont ahont 100, (llX) IcuiK
tons of iron on'S are yearly w(»n at the Ilakalsky miin's, ami suudted into ]nj^ iron in
hiast furnaces in the vicinity. On acconni of the lack <d' mineral fuel, charcoal is
nsed ill all the furnaces in the soutlnrn l'':i| .Monii tains for smelt in);. The whole of
the! IJakalsk.v ore dei>.)sit is divided int.» lots or shares hclon^inir to tlm owners of
several furnaces. The (pnintity of ore wliidi m.iy he won hy open pits within the
limits nf the share hcdonniu;; to the Siirisky Iron Works is estinmteil at l(i,CI(IO,0(IO
long tons. This I'stimate is louuded tin a scries of trials, which show that every
ciihic meter contains, .-iccordin;; totlie<iuantity of un product i\'e m.aterials in the layer,
from 11,,'> mtttric t(nis to lilt tons of ore. The richness of the ironstone deposits of
the three iieifrhlan'inif shares indicates that the .-imount of (tn* is to he estimated at
not less than the above <|uantity.
The mini!i<; of ore is carried on at all of the mines in open pits, hy a series of ter-
races, whoso height varies from - to 1 meters ((U to lit feet) ju'cordiug tothe contpaet-
ncss of the rock. For hlastin;; solid rock work gelatinous dyiwimile is useil. The
conveying of the ore is done partly liy r.-iil (l)eeoville system) and jiartly liy two-
wheeled carts, drawn hy horses. The ores are sifted through iron grates in onler to
remove the chiy and earthy suhstiiiices at the place id' exploitation. Here. also, the
ore is carefully roasted in large ojteu heaps, snmetimes H,1KX) terns hcing in one heap
under cover of earthy fire. Hy the me.aus ein])loyed ',) tons of well-roasted ore are
obtained for each cubic meter of biridi wood consumed. The roasted ore i> again
sifted before it is transported, the whole loss by roasting ,'i.nd sifting amounting to
about '20 per cent of the original weight. The iron works being at a distance of
about 100 kilometers ((i2 miles) trom the mim's, the roasting of the ore on the Bpot,
by lessening the weight, reduces considerably the cost of carriage. The transport
of ore is carried on only in the winter, and is done nartly by sledges, drawn by horses,
and partly by i.vilway.
The average standard quiilitics of the roasted ores are shown by the
following aiiiilysis:
AnalijDis ofroatlrd Ilakahln iron ore.
Per cent.
Vur cent.
Tnn-i>t» 0.75
.41 to L'..'i4
aTniio to .U4
Tracoto .05
r.7. fis to fi2. ni
:i.H8 to 10.18
2. 22 to r>.08
.40 to 2.12
Silfcft
' Maii^ani'HO oxifli'
■ I'hoHplinritrt
tSitl|iiMir -
rtAveratic nf live ilcit'inmiiiiioiis. o.O'-Ti.
PROmirTION OF IRON O^KS.
139
Tlio iron district of centriil Kussiii incliideH tlio (Jovcrnnieiits of
Nizlmi Novj^orotl, Vliulitnir, Itia/aii, Tula, Kalouffa, and Oriol. T\iv
ort's worlied aro the brown lic.niatitcs and siderite. As a rule tlmy are
easily reducible, but in the niiijority of cases are not distinguished
either for their riclmcH.s or i)urity, as they contain considerable idios-
phorus. They aro, however, suitable for the manufacture of cast iron.
Olnetz and Finland are rich in hike and bog ores, but the majority
of the ores are poor in iron and phosphoritic. In the south of Poland
brown hematite ores, containing 40 i)er cent of iron, aro found inclosed
in rocks of J)evonian age. Tlie Carboniferous formation of Poland con-
tains nunicrons beds of spherosiderite, the thickness of which is very
variable, but this mineral is often found in large masses, and is exten-
sively worked. Numerous deposits of brown iron ore ocicur in the west
of Russia, in the Governments of Vilna, Minsk, and Volyn. A con-
siderable amount of spherosiderite, containing 27 to S.T per cent of iron,
and brown hematite, with .'5r> to 4.5 per cent of iron, is raised in the
south and east of Poland, but the nia,jority of these ores contain |)hos-
phorus. The bog or lake ores r)f Finland are dredged from the lakes
which abound in that Province.
The Don coal basin, in the south of llussia, is known to be rich in iron.
The ores of this district are chietly brown lienuitites, which occur in
Carboniferous strata. Heside these, in the soutli of Kussia there are
im)>ortant deposits of purer and richer ores, containing OO to (!8 per cent
of iron. These deposits, which consist of magnetic, specular, and red
hematite ores, occur on the borders of the Governments of Kherson and
Ekateriuoslav, in the neighborhood of Krivoi-rog. The exploitation
of tliese deposits has been .comparatively rapid. In 1890 more than
19,000,000 poods (over .'500,000 long tons) were i)roduced by seven mines
working on the open-cut system. Besides this there is a deposit of
magnetic ores, favorably situated near Korsak Mogila, in the Tauride
Government, about 20 miles from Berdiansk, one of the ports of the
Azov Sea.
140
MINKKAI- RKSOIIRCK8.
Tlio following tabic, taken from t)i<t IiidiiHtrics of UiisMiii, Vol. IV,
iMiiiiiiKHiitl Mt^tiilliirffy, liy A. Kcpitcii, shows tlieoiit|iiif of tlio KuHsinn
iron ore iniiios l)y districts, as well us the iiuriiliei' of iictivo mines in
eucli district, for tlie years IH8(i to IHtN), thu liiteHt for which otiiciul
llKnre8 could he obtained:
rrodurtion of iron nri' in UuHHiii, hij diHtrit'ln^
Kruluna.
llnil«
rclilnil IhiHHiti
H^Mitli ICmmhIu..
I'liliillil
Hilxirl*
Nurtli UiiN!«ia. .
Finlaiitl
CtturaHiin
iiliil .
Number
>riiiiiii^rt.
mi
PnMliiutton.
a 10
ViHttla.
41.741
7, i:i4
n. r«i,
T.imi,
7:ii,
4:i;i,
ift)
4UII
(HHI .
:[iK)
'(Ml
XiiiiilH'r
nl'iiiiui'S.
au
ata
PnKluo.,„„.j.|f™;-
VmtiU. (fct
47. 474, NK)
H, \\M, MKI
111. (HW. :uio
H. 7»L', .MK)
KII.WKI
WU, TiUO
6,7112,200
n77tl
IH,770. lOU [
1I02(
n77t!
RegloDi.
NiiiiiIht
of niliifH.
VrftU
<7rlltrill KuHt^iA.
SiHitli UimHiu . . .
I'oland
Siliuria
North KiiHHia ...
FinliiiKl ..
f.*iiiiuaMim .
4B8
20
•11
70
4
I'l
al3<
1/
aia4t
«2.7.''i4,.'iO0
I'ttmln. {I)
Til. 111,700
10, 2211, IKK)
21.IHI7, 1100
i:i,:io«.riou
7k;i, 200
1,009,U(HI
2. MO. 000
T(lt4ll .
.| „J^5{ lUO, 107,8110
822
20
20
m
7
1117
nln2
PrtHliictlon.
I'otidi. (h)
4U. 204, 700
M, (127, :«)0
i:i. IIU4. uoo
12. 14H,MI0
7U9. WMI
4H 1,200
2. 201, 500
0;i2(
a 14'Jt
1890.
Niimltpr
ul'inlih'H.
4.Vi
22
22
40
ti
a 180)
2
I'liadl. (6)
SO, 268, 178
12. 272,7H8
22,907,.'i:M
i:i. :i04,iW9
7tU, 8U1
571, 472
3,125,000
2:12, .WO
( a IK]
108,022,052
a LukuH. b A immhI is eiiiial to 30.113 pounds aroinlupols.
The following; table, excerpted from the same publication, shows the
amounts of dilfereiit characters of iron ore smelted in the blast furnaces
of the Russian Umpire for the years 1882 to 1890, both inclusive. This
table demonstrates that between 1882 and 1800 the consumption of mag-
netic iron ore increased (i(> per cent, while the consumption of brown
hematite ore was augmented only a little over 110 per cent. Red hema-
tite ischieHy smelted by the iron works of .south Russia. A striking
feature in this table is the large increa.so in the amount of forge and
mill cinder smelted, over ten times the amount used in 1882 being con-
sumed in 1890. About one-half of this (quantity was consumed by the
tin works of Poland, while the thirty-si.ic works of the Urals smelted
only about one fifth of the 1890 total. This may be ascribed to the fact
that in the I'rals the ores are ritdi in iron, and cost comparatively little,
while the works of Poland smelt exceedingly poor ores, which, more-
over, are r.ather expensive.
I Tlui t^italH ill tliia talilo iw f'uniiHliiMl iliil imt rorrcHiifUHl witli tlie hiiuih uf tlm varinua it^^uifl, anil
wt're tlicrol'onniltiTiil: liut that lorlSllOaH ri'i-civrtl wan rurri'cl, liriuj; cumpileil from iitlHT aourrea.
PRODUCTION OK IKON OHKM. 141
.imituntu and nirii'tivx nf iron nrt' Hutfllnt in linHnian hhitt I'lintitofM, /.sW.' to ls:tf).
[TtuiiiHiiiiiU iif pmmIii.]
Vnrtety.
Hi'iUi(jniiitll».
Slilerit.i
Cliky 'rnoNUiiifl
I.hI<i) unil bii^itru
OUiHr tiri'8
8lu(% ruMt Iriin, ouil Hcrap.
Total
1883. IHWI. IglM. mw.
IIIM. I lull?. IHMK, I8MI. IgWI.
M»Knetlr 11, (ms; 12,111:1 13,120 i;f,2(4 i:i,ns4' l,'.,o:w in 'i-ii 12, Ton
Hniwii liviiiiitlti' ;iri,(M4 ill. 131 M.Mu :i4,3a;i M.xn 4:mii!ii 4:i,i>4u ,'>i, iiii
14, led .7,003 14,3111 10,03:
TM 1,244 1,6.W 2, 1,';4
ei,U.'il 01,571 01, IM 08,00:1
I I I
i7,7i);i
40. :I4H
11,2110 21,h:io
|14,UIH I
I2,H(K|, 18, 7«i; I «,5:i4, 14,1113
i,im\ 1,8011 2,ii:ia
I ! 1 4113
2,074 3, ,W2 4,250| 6, 728j 7,.'>40
00,277 78,0311 85,5301 01,1031 110,877
I I I I
Tlie table fjiveii below will show tlie iinuitically iiiiiiiternipted f;rowtli
of tlie pig-iron iiidiistry in Ku.ssiii t'roiii the year 1822 to 181K), and was
takoii from the "Miiiinj; IiuliistrieH of Uiissia."
Production of pig iron <n Jluiaia/rom 1822 to tSOO.
Yuan.
I'nHlurtiun.
Av(>rHH<'
.\mrly jiro-
(huaioii.
Yoara.
Prod notion.
AvrrHgo
(liu'tioii.
i822-ia2ri
1828 18;i0
1831 I8:i.'.
18:I0-I84U
randi.
:io, 010, 104
,'>:i, 711,844
ii2,41P8,248
,14,51)0.471
50, u:io, 734
32 51,1, 519
Ol, 717, 572
Poodt.
0.154,041
10. 742. :ioo
10, 400, 0.10
10,1I|1I,2!U
11,200,147
12,.103. IM
13,043.514
1858-lRflO
I'nodt.
82, 800, 707
88, ,128, 007
07,081,:i05
110, 084, .102
1311,754,007
140, 010, 704
212, 320, 743
Vimdn.
10,501,04'
17. 005. CO
10. .106 270
2:1.810,018
20, :,-K). 081
2P, 02:>, :i.io
42,405,040
1801 1805 . .
IHOfl 1870
1871 1875
1811 1845
1840 18,1(1
1851-1855
1870-1880
1881-1885
1889-1800
The following table gives the protlnction of iron ore and ]>ig iron in
the Kiissian Empire in such years as these figures could be obtained,
Mr. (leorge Ivameiisky, of St. Petersburg, Russia, furnishing those for
18!K):
Production and consumption of iron ore ih Iluaaia; aho pig iron manufactured.
Yonni.
Prodno-
tion of
iron ore.
— — „
Metric tonn.
8. (MM
48. :ion
120.11:12
.181.771
.138. 2H2
oiij, 1:11
0!K1, 4110
7»!1. :iuo
Kll,.135
80:i,OI4
008, 607
'.'. "i,'o6:i,'8:ii'
8117.0118
rig Iron
liiatle.
ifetrie ionf.
Years.
rnHliiu-
' tlon of
iron ore.
I'lg Iron
iiiado.
1840
1850
1800
1800
1887
1888
1800
1870
1871
1872
1873
18-'4
1875
1870
1877
1878
1K70
Metric tout.
Metric tnm.
428.511
441.:i.10
n 402. 125
n 455. 2:14
u 474. 005
It 501.:i44
a 519,213
a 52:1,710
a 002, 785
110.10,413
ii728.:iUl
11 01 1 , 8,14
1.1814,745
1,011,252
1,K*704
1881)
: 1881
1882
1881
1884
1885
1880
i 1887
; 1888
1880
1800
... 1.023.88:1
.. 1.(HI1.080
. .1 1.078,000
0118. 000
. . 1,010,1810
.. 1,001.050
.. 11 1.071.400
. a I,:i:i4, 142
.. II l,:i78.o«o
. 11 i,ei:i,025
.. a 1,707.313
'.'.'.'.'.'.:'.'.'.:'.
":i.i4,'o:i2
3.1:1.710
:i03.005
378. :i87
371.:i55
420, 484
:io6.'7:i2
410.001
! 1802
I 1893
..j 1.677.016
■■|
a I
00;; tonu.
142
iMINKRAL UKS(JUltCi:8.
nilAlAKlA.
M. Leon Tim, .inl,' in reportiiijf on tliuiiiinci'iil resources (triiiilfjaria,
states tUiit ini.uiietic iron sand is found near Saninkov in tiie alluvium
of tlie rivers, beiuf;- formed from the de(M)iiii)o8ition of syenite, which
constitutes the iiu)untain of Vitousch and nei;,'hborin;,f heiyiits. The
ore, hu says, is pure and ricli, and has from tiuie immemorial been
employed in making iron by a niodilied Catalan forj;e process. It is
collected iu natural or artilicial basins and washed with more or less
care. The ore is treated in low furnaces with charcoal for the direct
extraction of the metal, tlie product beinj^ taken to forjjes where it is
hanunered and shaped into irreguhir bars by means of hammers,
worked by water power. Tiie waste is enormous, and it is stated that
six i>arts (.;" iron sand (containing (iO to 70 per c(!nt of iron) are reipiired
to produce one jiart of iron. The slaj,' <'ontains 40 i)er <'ent of iron.
The metal, whu-L is of good quality and easily worked, is exported
into Asia. Iron smelting was i>racticed in a large number of small
works scattered along the Isker or its tributaries, in the neighborhood
of Sannikov, where there were at that time more than 80 furnaces and
18 hammers, and also at Ktropole, where the Sannikov ore was treated,
on account of tiu; abundant su]»ply of wood. Tha industry is rapidly
decliniug because of foreign competition.
SKUVIA.
Mr. I'\ W. Uanu^s, who superintended the rebuilding of the old blast
furnace at Majdenpek, Servia, formerly used by the Servian Govern-
ment, states the charcoal is useil as a fuel in the blast furnace. The
ores, which are chietly hennitites, contain when dry about 55 to 02 per
cent of iron, but t'>c silica is rather high.
TUUKEY.
Turkey has some rich deposits of iron ores, ant' sonuiore is exported,
lint little of it, however, is manufactured into iron in Turkey, and this
small (puintity is nearly all )troduced in the Province of Hosnia, where
the iron ores, laiucipally linioniles and magnetites, are smelted iu
the old-fashioned •AVolfofen." Probably some L'5,000 tons of iroti ore
arc annually smelted, the yield in metal, owing to the eruuc methods
employed, being very low.
A large deposit of red hematite is reported to have b(>en found in
the district of Varies, Turkey. Iron ore is also found along the Hank of
the Treskouac Mountain, in the valley of N'araaac Uiver, and iu the
Snioeka, Slatina, and Schaski mountains.
' Itovuu Ulilnrei'llii lira Min.s, Vol. XIX, pp. I-'.".'.
1 '{ODUCIIUN Of IKON DUES.
143
UREKCU.
(irtH'cc, alxxiiiiLs in iron o cs, iiriucipally Ciirlioniito.s, licin.ititcs, iiiid
niiijjnetiU's, f'orinin^j irrCK'i'l"'' nnis.ses in the limestone, or at. eontiict of
the limestone and mica-seliists. Tiio greater ixirtion ol' the ores contain
manjianese, those of Seri])ho.s yielding sonictiuies from 5 to 8 per cent
of this metal.
At Seriphos, cue of the Cyclades, a brown hematin is found near
the seashore in the form of compact masses from !) to 45 fei't in thick-
ness, and in the interior of the i.sland bodies of magnetii! iron ore exist
in the immediate vicinity of granite. These deposits were worked as
open (piarries, and it is stated that this island was used by the Komans
as a place for kee[)ing ;'onvicts, who were made to operate the mines.
Exploitation in later times was commenced in ISTO. In 1880 a French
company obtaineil the mines, and since the latter date have shipped
the following (|uantities of iron ore, the tons being the short ton of
2,((00 iionnds. Hetweeii J87() and 1880, 4L',000 tons are said to have
been exiiorted
l-'.rjtnrl>i of imti nrc /mm Srrijihon, lSSt-IS^:l,
YearH.
Kxpiirtt* to
Ihn riiitcd
Stales. ,
Y.ar».
Tolill
uxportH.
KxiMiriM 1^)
tin- rnit«(l
SUilea.
Short tout.
.^ 150
(1, wo
28, 10(1
21.«45
7, :t.'>o
:i;, 0411
61,215
Short long.
Short torn.
18, ISO
37. 7.10
89, 470
70, 360
142, 445
87, 670
Short tonii.
6, !I5C
18, 776
30, 460
10, 080
41,440
4,800
13. 185
3, WO
2fl. 31)0
45, 380
188.^ .
1892
1887
The hematite ores contain 40 to 48 per cent of iron, 2..*5 per cent of
niiuigmu^se, 2.5 to 4 per cent of silica, and 0.02 per cent of phosphorns;
the liuKniito ores, 50 to 5.'{ per <*ent of iron, 4 to H j)er (;ent of sili(^a, and
0.0;>r) to 0.04 per cent of phospii jrns. Tlie magnetite in the interior of
tlio island is stated to contain about *)5 ])er cent of iron.
Mr H. 0. Babbitt, chemist of tlie Wellnmn Iron and Steel Company,
has ipplied Uu* followinfj analyses of f*>ur cargoes (abont 12.000 tons)
of Seriphos ore, imported fro.u 1SS8 to 1S1»;(:
AmdytitH of ^Seriph
uH irnii itre.
MniRturc
Dried iit LM2':
Iron
Silicu
VImH|ilmni
Sutiihiii' . ■
Aluiniiia
Liiiui
MA^UilHi.l .
AvuruKu.
UIglliwl.
I.(IWfiM(.
Pit emt.
Per cent.
I'er rnit.
3.88
5. 36
1.8.'i
50. 45
03. 14
.53. 32
0.084
8.0(1
0. 33 1
. 034
. 044
.013 i
.108
.U."
. ll.'hl
1. 140
1.7:!0
,:illl
l.OtH
i.:ai
. 875
2. 800
3.010
1. 530
.771
1.730
.310
144
MINERAL Ur.HOl'KCKS.
About oiit'liiill'of this (iro was uiiiKiic'titc, and liiu! lialf'rcd hematite.
The ('oiiiiia^Miic Fraii(;aiso des Mines du Lauriiiiii own seven j^'inci-
pal concessions, containing l.l.tS acres of hind, on the eastern sliore of
Attica at Oypriano, and hav(^ been granted ix'nnission to work iron,
lead, copper, zinc, and niangaidferoiis iron ore. The mineral bed is
formed by a series of deposits alternatc^Iy of grannlar limestone and
schist. The inni and nianganiferous iron oresoet'nr in large quantities
at the first contact. Since 1881 nianganiferous iron ore has been
shipped from Oypriano, containing Xi to 40 per cent of iron and 12 to
18 per c(!iit of nianganese. At the end of 18!)3 it is estimated that
l,(tC.".,«8() tons, valued at !i<2,07!>,500, have been exported since 1881.
The total amount of ir<ni ore mined in (rreece in 18!*13 was approxi-
mated 2r)0,(HM> tons, and in addition 157,7o(i tons of manganese and
manganifcrous iron ore were obtained. Manganifenms iron ore is also
exported from the islands of Milo and Eubcea.
ASIA.
From frequent references to the use of iron in thelJible, from results
of explorations in the vicinity of ancient IJabylon, of Nineveh, and of
otiier buried cities, and from various other sources, proof is abundant
that the region now recognized as Arabia, Syria, Palestine, and Asiatic
Turkey is the original home of the earliest iron industry. These sources
of information also show that much of the iron ore treated came from
htcal deposits, which in some sections are still utilized on a small scale.
Dr. liiidwig Heck' gives much information on the early iron work •
ings, from which the following is excerpted:
With thn At^HyriiUiH iron ^vas roiiinioii, and iruit unr in at>uii4ltitit ill Mh^ AHHyriiin
inountiuns. Tli(« Kunls in Syria Htill iiuiku their own iron, ami Htful is l\iinwn to
have Imm'Ii niiiilc ill thi) nionntainoiiH conntrirs.
Wlion tho city of Dainascns was taUtrii in H(K1 li. (,'., it liad to jiay to tho AsHyrians
about l(i7,<H)0iioiindh of iron. From thi.s it can liisjndfti'd how lii);hly iron was \ allied
and how rxtenHivoly it waH used in those early times.
'I'lio excavations of Khorsahad disclosed u Htorerooin tilled with iron billc'ts, weinli-
iiiK altod'itlier about ;t.")L',()()0 pouiiils. Most of these wort' )ioiiitcd at the end, had i
IriiKth of from 13 to 111 inches and a thickness of from It to .51 inches. wei|;hin({ from
!1 to It ponndseach. Ka<'h Inul a hole near thui'iid O.S inch in illanictcr. They were,
indeed. I'illits of c(uiimercial iron of the time, and the holes served to tie them
to^^etlicr in bundles to be carried on the backs of oxen, mules, or camolH.
The billets jiroved 1o be sott iron of excellent nuality. Iron eltains, ^o.iks, horse
bits, and iriui b.irs were also fonnil,
The smiths of llama.scns bore an exceedingly Iuk'' reputation for their skill in
working iron and steel. Ncbuchailuezzar, the KiiiK of Assyria, boasts of having led
away the sniiths of liamasi'iis into captivity, Timnr, the KiUK of the Tartars, diil
the same live linndreil yi'ai's a(;o. The lioinan Kmporor Diocletian had lur);e factories
established at Damascus to furnish arms fortius Itomaii army. Thron);h th» liomaiis
the DainaHceiie swords were introdneicl into Kiirope.
The Israelites oiituined articles of iron and steel from the ChalybeaiiH in northern
Armenia, a jicojile whom .losephus calls the dcHcendants of Tnbal-t'ain, the iron
smith and master in workiii); metals.
There is alnindaut proof of an cxtensivi^ industry in iron and bronze in .'nuaaii.
' Ilii' Ifi'Hi'hii-litc tU'M Kittens ill seiiirii ti'olwitilit^iuL'lien mid ciiltiirliisloriMi^lM'ii !lit/.iL'liiiii);t-ii.
PRODUCTION OF IKON OUES.
145
Iron wiiH .■spcciHlly valued by the Isniolitcs, anil iniii oiiw me rr.(|niiitly loiinil in
tlie l.olmnon MountailiH. Tho nunie» of aniuu of tlm cities iniliuute their |>romiiient
eonnection with the ancient iron indnstry and ore niininj;.
Masses of clay iron ore are found intiTniin^'led with spathie ore of line <iiiiility,
ai«l there are miinerous evidencesof ancient ininiuf; activity, but it vasof an inferior
kind. The Kroinid is broken in all directions, but it is evident that (jiily those ores
wcri^ taken which could be most c^Tsilysiueltid. None of the pits arc! extensive, liut
they run lor Ions distances in every direction. The ore contains from 50 to tiO per
cent of inui, and tlic^ metal nuido from it is of excellent (|uality. However, the
8c;arcity of timber in the mouutaius of Lebanon precludes at present the workiugof
these ore deposits.
As louK as there was abundance of timber for .harcoal there was a considerable
iron industry, and the steel produced in that region found a ready sale all over .Syria.
.ludKing from all accounts, the Hebrews smelted the ore not in jiits, likL the Kjrvp-
tiaus, but in high bloomery or block ftiruaces, for the Hebrews were familiar with
the bellows aud its uses for smelting purposes.
PEKSIA.
The consumption of iron and steel iq) to tlie present time in Persia
has, according to Mr. A. F. Stiihl, been inconsiderable. He states tliat
the importations from Kussia by way of tlio Caspitm Sea amonnt to
'2,(M) tons per year, and a smaller (inantity comes from India, thron^ii
the Persian Gulf, theditliculties of transportation makiii<; tiic price of
iron (piite high. The home production, which is small, is made in the
vicinity of Amol from bro\vii hematite ores won there.
"With the exception of the arsensdsof the ditlerentSttites, the Teheran
Schachziide Abdnlazinier Iron Works aud one machine works are the
only consumers of iron. There is not a blast furiiiice in operation, owiiif;
to the lack of capital and coutidence, although there is abuudauce of
workable ores.
There tire masses of magnetite in the State of Kaschan, micaceous
hematite in the State of Nain, and specuhir and magnetic ores east of
Ye/.d, 10 kilometers (« miles) northeast of the little State < ) litifk. The
latter occurrence is the largest in Persia. In the middle of the desert
a liirge, dark hill occurs, in which Mr. Stahl estimates the amimnt of
iron ore at 0,000,000 cubic meters, not taking into consideration the
many hundred thousand tons of ore as bowlders, which cover the sur-
face of the plain for from 2 to ;{ kilometers (l\ to V{ miles). .Vbout 30
kihmieters (18.0 miles) from this hill, at tlie little UKmntain village of
Narigaii, is a deposit of brown sind red hematite U'.". to .'SO meters thick
(82 to 08 feet). Brown antl red hematites are also found in workable
quisntities at Hashan, in Bezirk Uaabiid.
While all the iron oredeposits mentioned above an; tit a considerable
distance from the cotil bed.s, that at Ardsdvc, 70 kilometers (43.V miles)
west of Teheian, is in close proximity to the eosil oiii(idi)s. The ore is
a .scaly red hematite, canyiiig about 70 per cent of iron oxide. In ,AIr.
Stahi's opinion this woidd be n tavorable sitiuition fur iron works, as
.SOL'l 10
14G
MINERAL RK80URCES.
tbo coal is on the spot iind tlio princii>iil innrkvt, Teheniu, is not fur
distant.
Ainonjj otlier ore beds, Mr. Stall! mentions the tbllowinj;: About 13
kilometers (7A miles) east of Tehenin, in the Donshantepe ^[oimtaiiis,
is A rich specular and magnetic on^ mine, but the nearest coal is higher
up, close to the source of the DJadcu'ud River, about .'{"> kilometers (23
miles) distant. North and east of Seinnan workable aiuounts of red
hematite are found, but nocMial outcrops are known in tlie I'eigamberan
Mountains. Retween l)am$;han and Schahrud, north of the road, rich
red hematites outcrop, and about 15 kilometers {!( miles) away arc the
coals of Tazire. At Agere, distant a kilometer {.(> mile) from a copper
mine anil ch)so to the coal, brown hematite breaks through the Lias
formation. In the Tur Dervar ravine large masses of iriagnetite cmt-
crop, but there is no coal in the neighborhood. Hetweea Tasc'h and
Taschcliarbag titaniferous red hematite outcrops in tlie diabase, and
there is also considerable coal, but the amount of iron nrv is small.
Though all the iron ores occurring in Persia are not nu;ntioned above,
it would seem from the foregoing account to be well suiiplied with tliem.
Al'(i HANI STAN.
Magnetic and hematite <n'es are said to o(T,ur in the Hazara country,
and a clay-ironstone in the Tertiary rocks at liolan. In the \Va/.iri
country, near Kanigoorum, in eastern Afghanistan, limonite ores were
at one timoiuite extensively used in the manufiicture of iron. The ore
is said "to occur in shaly beds below limestone, and is roasted, bei'oni-
ing thereby black and magnetic.'' At Ba.jaur, in the I'eshawer district,
in tlie extreme northwest of India, iron was made from magnetic sand
which was in great demand at Cabul.
INDIA AND UUUMAn.
Iron ore occurs in nearly all the distiicts of India, tin- crystalline
rocks of the older formations generally containing the rich, pure ores,
while the later sednrientary ro('ks contain the leaner and inferior (|inility
of iron ore. The varieties most freijueiitly found are red and brown
hematite and magnetite, although clay-ironstono and sjiatliic ores, etc.,
are also met with.
The imjiortant iron-ore fields of India are: (1) The brown hematites
of Harrackpur, in liengal (northeastern India); (2) the s|)ecular and
nningetites of Olianda, in the central provinces; (3) the red and brown
hematites of Kutni, in the central provinces.
In the JIatlras Presidency rich magnetic iron ore was for some years
raised and smelted by the Eiust India Iron Company.
At Lohara and Pipalgaon, in the central jirovinces, near Chanda, a
dense H])eeuhir and nnigneticore is found interstratilied with cry.stalline
schists in largo nuisses. which oc(;ur as hills and can be worked above
ground. At Teudukahra a manganiterous brown hematite, apparently
PRODUCTION OK IKON OKE8.
147
intei'.stnitilicd witli liiiiestoiic, is wroutflit by the natives on a e(>in])ara-
tively hu'jjo scale. Huperllcial liinouitt;, locally known as "latcrito," is
coininon tlirouf^liont tbo whole of India, and is used in- many of the
native furnaces.
The following analyses of the iron ores of the three important fields
mentioned above are given by Mr. 0. It. von Hchwurz:
AnaljiaeK of reprcaentatire Kiml Indian iron iiivh.
Brown ores
oi Bar-
raf'kiinr.
Cliniifln orOH.
IMaolitio
liinoliltuor
Kiitui.
Magnetito.
Siieriilar.
fer cent.
78.1
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
IM.a
98. U
«r.. 6
2.G
•J. 1
5.1
Trace.
.5
.5
Carboiiati-H of liiiio nnd inllKnoHiii
.5
2.7
1.3
1.4
11.2
1.4
1.6
<.u
,76
Wntiir
Trace.
Total
lUO.O
100.(1
OB. 76
100.0
The brown iron ores at Barrackpur were used at the iron works
established there by the Governinent, but these were hot in operation
for any length of time.
At Satnapur and Dewalgaon brown hematite also occurs in consider-
able bodies. Manganiferous ores are al.so found.
Production and value of iron orci mined in India in the I/earn ISSDf ISBO, and lS9t.
IUK'.I. . ll*90. 1801.
liritUh Provinces.
BcliRal
Ilurniah
Out ml jirovini'eH
MattraH
Noiihwi'sU'rn iiroviiicoa awl
Oiiilli
Hniiiliay (incliHliiig SiiuUi and
native StatcM)
Punjab
Total
yative Staivt.
Hi\i|tutana StatoH —
My«urn
Central Imlia Amnir
Kaahuiii
Ni/.ani'rtilinnini<niM. ..
AiiMMinl. \'aliif.
HlUllt.
Value
Amount.
Long tonit.\}tuprpii. (a)
14, *27 ^4, 6(i»
lo,05:t :i, 107
1,428 2,:!86
119 I 11.014
M I 1, 770
1 3(!0
211,483 I
11.007
1, 2114
Total
Total Inilja
78
^<»
n.ooo
:tO. 402
20,041
ai.2o7
a. o:i3
4. 3110
Long tonM.Utupeca. ia). Lanq tonti.
17,8.'i3
31,200
6,004
238 I
12, 052
7,601
0,.'>84
2, 118
524
l,8.->7
:io, :uio
20, 141
81.863
72,450
Tio.iST
4,400 I
28,20,'i j
4.421
i;m.si4
lO.'i, 107
20, 008
0,478
400
Value.
Ittipeee. (f7)
20. .M 7
17. (WO
0. 214
175
10
87
187
1.141
339
1,773
24. (I3U
10.480
00, 0811
(W i
3,2ri3
33,33,'i I
3,092
130,097
102,0.12
a 'I'lie nipee JH a nilver eein, (lie Htanilanl unit of viilue in Iniliii. Its nominal value in 2 Htiilliii|r8
KncIiHli noine.v. or aimiit 4?* i-cntH .Vniern-an. but HUwe tin- ilri-lim- in tlie nnirket priee itf ailver ilH
lorei^n pui-( liiisin^ (lower ban been redueeil (o alii>nt one-ball*, lieiti^ eijuivaleiit <Inne 1 to about 26
or 110 eelitM .\nieriean.
b Amount not niiorteil.
Ub
MIiNKUAl. KESOIIKCKS.
MoHt of til"' iron in-odiici-d in liiriigal jirobiibly cinne from Burdwan;
tbat produced in Hurnisdi from I'ronu', and a .small (luantity fruni
Pakokkn. In tin- central jirovinces tlie siijiply is from Sivngor, .labul-
pnr, and Sand)alpnr, altliougli some other districts produced iron ores
of which no statistics are obtainable. In Madras ores are obtained
from Bellary, Kurnool, Malabar, Salem, etc., and in the northwestern
provinces and Oudh from Lalitjiur and Kainann.
In the liajpiitana States the majority of the iron ore won came from
Ulwar, altliough Meywar. Uundi, .Ihaluwar, and Henswara also con
tributed to the total. In the Nixam's dominions the |)roducing dis-
tricts were ICIgendal, Indore, Waranjfal, Mclidnck, and Athfjarh lialda.
The principal distrii^ts in Mysore were <'liittel(lroog, Shinioga, Tunikur,
and several others.
The actual ]n'oduction of iron oie in India is scmiewhat larger than
that given abr)ve, as the figures for sonic of the native and interior
provinces could not be ascertained; in the year 1.S02 it probably
ap|>roximatcd .■>0,(MH) long tons. '
The magnetic and brown hematite ores which formed the chief supply
of the old Burmese furna<'es were obtained in the eastern Prome dis-
trict, in south-central ISurmah, and still farther south largo deposits of
nnignetite were rei)orte<l in the Tertiary hills between Maulmain and
Tavoy. In Upper liurmah the luincipal site of iron manufacture was
at I'uppa, an extinct voh-ano, where the ore is reported to occur in the
upi)er Tertiary congh)ineratcs of the fo.ssil groui». Other sources of
iron were ai Meaday, north of Slinebo niyo, and in the Shan States,
which are tributary to Siam.
Considerable iron was mannl'actiued by tlie natives, but the imported
British iron has displaced this to a large extent.
The above data may be supplemented by the following excerpts from
I'hillips's Iron Ore Dejiosits:
Iron (>i'(>s art- plriitit'iilly <listri)inti-(l nvcr lar>^f arttUH in BritiHli Iniliii. In I'tMiin-
Hular India tlii'nia;;nt'tic- oxiilt' (MM-iirsi'itliiT in Im-iU or Vi>ins in alnuiNt all thr rc^ionH
in wliirh nM>taninr])Iii<; iui-Um ]n'<-vail, wliilt^ in sonii- Iiicalitics, aH the .Salcni tliHti'iot
in tliu Madras rri'Hiilt'ncy. tin- ilcvi li>|>in(Mir of nia^nitilK i» <hi a Hcalr ol' ffwat niUK-
nitndi'. In many ( iimi'h tlicse dc'iiohilH appuar to liu nut viins, l)ut lit'ds ot'oro, in tlio
Hainu way an do tltu-gnuiHHoid and Hcliistosc ro(d\H with wliicli tlioy an^ uHHooiated.
The riili or™ of central India oecnr princijially as liciuatitrH in rockn liulunKing to
the lower transition Hories. At Iiani;;an.i t-oal ticld. in tlu' Uaninla Valley, there is
a large snjiply of ironstone, whiili originally existed as Idaek hand or elay iron-
stone, anil has near tlie siniaee heiMi i hanged to liinonite. .Segregated haiulH of iron
ore, which not iiifrii|nently ocenr ((jward the hasi^ of lertain heds id' lateritu, are
the Honrees of an I'asily worlied hrown hemutite, which sonietinns contains a lurgo
jiercentage of iron. Thcai^ nri's are enii)loycd l»y native smelters in localities scat-
tered over almost the whoh^ (d' India, and iriui sands which occur in the rivers
rnnuing throngh the lieccan trap are concentrated hy washing and nsed iu some of
the small native blast fnrnaces,
lu the Kadapah and Karnni districts, Madras, iron ores occur in great ahnndance,
and are treated at a nnniher of native ir<tn-smelting villages silnatcd along the east-
eru side of the Khundair Valley. Certain tracts in Ilyderahail or the Ni/.am'H terri-
PRODITCTION AI' IRON ORF.S.
14!»
t»ry li:iv*' loii^ hi*i*!i n-idirati'il (of tlieii- ii-'iii orrM. iis wrll ji.s I'ltr tlifl ;x(toil (|ii:ility nf
the itKitiil |irn<lii(-tMl Iriiiii tliriii. Ill till' ( iriHHiv trilmtai'V statt'H tin' iiianiitiu'tiirn of
iron \h on ii Hniall Ni-:i]o,
Notwitlmtiiiuliiii; tint itlnuKlaiiiit ol' iron on' lliron;,'li(iiit fSainlialpiM , Jit'lirnkol in til)'
only locality wliuro KoicUin;; is i>\ii'nHivrl\' i-ariiciL on 1>y tin- natl\'i'.H.
Anion^ tlir nioHt iniiiortaiit ilrpositH ol' iron orr In riMitral India aro thoHO of the
(iwalior State, wliirli iiiiliiili' iiia)i;n<'titi' ami nil anil lirinvn licinatiti'M, wliirli with
oniai oxti'iisively wiirkiil liy tli« natives, lint are now to a jjreat (ixteiit neijlei'teil in
eonHei)uenee of the f;reat iliHtances tlie ore lias tu lie earrie I to the I'liel,
Throiifrhoiit the I'resideney of lti)ni'<ay iron ores oeeiir in the form of ina^iH'tite^
iMMniititH, anil liinoiiite. TlieHe ores are all e\(ensively workeil in native foreen.
In AsHani the prineipal ores fonnil in tlie valley <>f the nrahinapiitra, aro eluy iron-
KtoneH of the Coal Measures anil an I in pure liinonite frniii the Sithhimalayan Htratn.
Hall Htati'H that the only iron ore workeil in the native liirii.n i^s of tlio Klnmi itnil
.laintia hillHiif a tttaniferotiH inaKiiotie oxide, proenred liy washing ferriiginnDHeurtliH
and yi I vels.
In the IN'f^n di\'i^ien of Miirmali iiii atinndant supply ot' iron ore is foiiiifl in tlmTer-
tiary roeks of the i-aHtern I'roino dislrii^t. In 'I'enasseriin He\'<oiteen diKtinet loeali-
tieH are known in which there are deposits of iron ore, all lieint^ Hitiuiti'd in the
Tertiary hiils hetween Maiilni.'iiii and Tiivoy.
Ill the peninsula of Malacca iron ore occurs in the iii< ntains in larf^o, irregular
iiniHseB, bur is not at present worked.
Mr. V. liiill. in liis ^[iiiiuiil of tlic (icoloffyof Fiidi;!, jjivcs itilcicstiiiK
ilfscriptioiis of tlic inocf.sau.s pursued l>y tli<" natives in siiicltiii^ tin*
ViVi'ioilH iron ores wliicli alnmnd tliroii^hoitt I lie country. This in, mn-
faetiire was formerly one of the iirineipal industries of the inhabitants,
Imt it ha.s been ])rae,ti(Nilly destroyed by the <'oni|)i^tition of Kn(;lisli
iron. Mi'ntioii will be made of some of these proee.s.ses.
The famoiis iron |iilhir at tin* Kiitiib, near Delhi, the noblest speci-
men of the Indian iroiismith's art. areordiiii; to >[r. Hall, indicates an
amount of skill in thi^ iManipulalion of lai-ofe masses of wroiij^ht iron
which has been tlie marvel of ill! who have riideavored to a^M-ount for
it. It is oidy within comparatively recent years that forj^es or foun-
dries have turueil out similar masses of metal. The (!xpo.sed iiortiou of
this pillar stands L'L' feet above the fjrround, Helow the surface the biise
expands iut^) a bulbous furin 2 f('<>t 4 inches in horizontal diameter,
which rests on a Kfidinm of iron bars, fastened with lead into the stone
ptivemcnt. The diameter of tlit? pillar is l(!.l inches at the base, iind
ll.'.05 inches Just below the capital, which is .'^^ feet hifjb, the total
woi}{ht being estimated as exceeding C tons. It has been suggested
that this pillar must have been formed by gradually welding pieces of
wrought iron togethtM'; if .so, this has been very .skillfidly done, since
no marks of such welding aro to be seen. Analyses of the iron mailo
by l)rs. Percy and Thompson show it to consist of " pure malleable iron
without alloy." From the form of the letters in the inscription, various
views as to its age have been suggt^sted. Mr. Ferguson believes that
A, 1). 4(M) is not too lar from the truth. In this jiillar, therefore, which,
although it has been ex|)oscd to the atmosphens shows no sign of rust,
is testinu)ny to the skill and art of the Indian iron makers of l,r>(HI
yi^ars ago.
ir>()
MiNF.ii.M, ur.sorucKs.
Dr. Hfck suys tlicrc iirc oilier (^\itiii|ilcs()l' tlioruiiiarkiihlc nkill of' 1 lie
liiilian siiiilli in I'or^iii^^ iron. Anion;; tlx'sc is tlii> ttMnpIc of Kiiiiiinik,
tlioi'oot of which was supiiorlccl l)y iron lieams L'l lect Ion;; and H iiiclit^H
s(|uaro('acli. Ar(!ha'olo;,'ists set tlic timo when tliis t(mi])lo was Imilt at
IL'.'UI to 1241. It is a fact that in tiic nortli as well as in the far Houtli
of Inilia there exist examples of for};in;<:s ilatin;; from the fourth to the
fourteenth centuries, such as exist nowhei-e else in Asia, and wliicli
wonhl bt^ the priile of lMiro|H* today. 'I'liiis we are justilied in eoneliid-
in;; that the iron industry must have nourished in India to a very hi;;li
de;{re(! under favorable conditions, sinet^ it was ))ossible tn use iron
even for buildin;i; purposes.
('rucible steel was and is made in India, and for a time Indian
"woot/.,'' or .steel, was in demand by cutleis in l'in;;land. Tlie famous
J)amascus lilades atfaiiu'd a world wide ri^putation for llexibility,
stren;;th, keenness, and beauty, lon^' before it wa.s known that the
nuitei'ial from which they wer(^ nuide was pioduced in an obscure
Indian villa;;e. Traders from Persia found that it i)aid to travel to
this place, diilicult of acce.ss, in order to obtain the m\v material. How
old the steel industry is may be snrnused from the fact that steel tools
have been found in graves wiiicli date back 1.")(I0 years before (Mirist.
In the tyiiical Indian furnace or forH;e the ore is in direct (rontaet
with the fuel, and is reduced, without the addition of tiux, to a i)a.sty
mass, complete licpiefaetiuu not takin^f place. There are, however,
exceptions to this, and it is stated that in some furnaces limestone is
used as a tlux, and that in iar;;e furnaces in Jiirbhum the iron was pro-
duced in a liuid c<uubtion and run into pi;;s. The iron was '.old at a
liiKh price, the bulk of tlie profit ;;oiu;j; to the traders thnmyih who.se
hands the product passed, while the anu)unt |>roduced bore but a mis-
erable ]iroportion to the labor, time, ami material expended. In some
cases the consumption of charcoal for tin; prodiuition of llnished iron
was 1-t tons of the former to one ton of the latter. The tinibcu' us(!d,
however, was almost invariably the best that the particidar jungle
affords, such as sal. teak, etc.
Dr. liuchauan, during his journey through Mysore, Cauara, and Mala-
bai', iu)ted scleral places where irou ores occurred and were worked.
At V'elater there were 'M furnaces wbicli behmged to a Moplali. The
ore was jtrepared by being washed in a trough i)laeed in a running
stream. Tin; furnaces were ex(;avated in mounds of clay ."> fei^t t
inches high in front and I feet at the base, and about 7 feet wide
from front to rear. The excavation for each furnace was 2 feet 11
inches by 2 feet, being dug from the top of the mouiul to the bottom.
An arched cavity at the back, with a hole at the base, was then made,
and the structure surmounted by a chimney. The charge tionsisted of
2,l(i() pounds of ore and 1,8!(() pounds of charcoal, .some of the latter
not being consumed during the blast of the furnace, which lasted 24
hour.s. Tiie yield of iron was from 2K! to .'i84 pounds, according to the
PROIXTTION OF IKoN OKE.S.
If)!
siiiK'OHs (if tlic opcriitioiis. If wiis iif tin' usual (;hiinict<M', |i:ii'lly null-
Iciililf, llioii<{li lii'ittU^ Tilt' lifll(»\vs which supplied iiir to the liiiiiiicti
wert' liMtlicr bii;;s l.S inchcH lii;ili and !) iucht's in diainetiT, one man
woikin;;' a i)air by (daspiiij^- the slit llapn at thf top, and by altt'rnalcly
rai.sint; and depressiuf? the bttjjs tho air was driven thr<>u;4:h a iio/./Je
<;iiniin(in to both. lOach furnace rcituirt-d two pairs of bellows, an ! i-acli
pair was operated by two men. who relieved each other.
Dr. Ituehanan alHo deH(;ribes the niannfaeture of steel in Mysore, us
follows:
TliM luriiaco conHirtti'tl ot' ii liori/ontal ash ]iit and a VfTtical tirn|tla('c, liotli Niiiik
liolow tlid lend of til" Ki"'""!''- 1'"' 'i^'i I'it "'"* thri)i'lciiiillm of iK^iiliit in wiiltli
atiil liei^flit, niniitM-tt'd with a irt'nsr itit, into wliirli thv. aslics cniilil )in drawn, 'I'lu^
lirejilacii wan a rircnlar pit, a I'uliit in iliaiiii'lcr, and was ((iniKMtcd » itii lln^ auli )>it,
tlin distaiicn IVoiii tin* tnirt'aco nf tlir j^rotiinl tn tliti Imtloin tttnn^ 2 ciitiilH. A Hirrecii
(11' iniul wall ,"i I'ci't liiKli ]ii'nli'ct«cl ilic lirllowN man I'l'oni lirat and Hjiark.s, The
liollowH wrrt^ of tlin onIiiiar,v fi-.rin, a rniiica! IfatiuT sark with a I'in^ at tli" top,
tlii'oiifrli wliii'li till' opriator pp.sxuil liin arm. 'rinMrniildi's, inadi^ of nnliakod I'lay,
wi!r4i conical in loiin and id'a'iont I pint i'a|iac'it,v, Iiilii cai'li a wrd'^c of iron (inadu
from iron sand, wliii'h almin was elatnied to !»!■ lit for sttM-l) and It rnpticH' wei<;Iit of
tlic Htcni of tliu (a.. Mia aniiciilata, and two ;,'i'c«ii Iravcsof a Hpi'cics of ConvolviiliiH
or Ipomu'a were placed. Tlie months of tl'tt crni'iMoH wore covorod with round rnpH
of nnlmki'd da.v, tlio Junctures widl Inti'd driid near the lire, and weri' tlien rr'ady
for the fiirnaci). A row of criicililcH was lirst laid around the Hhipin;; .aoiilli of the
furnace; within these another row was placed, and tile center of tll(^ dome .so formed
was occupied liy a sin;;le erneihle, nnikin;; l."* in all, The criieihlo opposite the liel-
lowH was empty, ho that it eonld bo withdrawn in cjrder to supply fuel hclow. The
fnrnaee hi'in^ tilled xvitli eharco.'il, and the enieihh's covered with it, the hellows
were jilied for four hours after lirinii, when the operation wjis euiisitlered as coni-
phti'd. When the eriieildes were o]>eni'd the stci'l was found melted into a hiitton,
showinnthat coinidetc fusion had taken iil.'iee. 'I'lic Im Items weij,'lied ahoiit L'l rupees
each. 'I'ln'i'e were thirteen men to ,*i furnace, a headman to m.'ike and liU the eriiei-
hles, and four rel.iys of three men each, one to attend the furnace and the n^niain-
in^ two the hcllowH. Tin; total )U'oduetion of steel in tho vicinity dtiserihed was
OHtimated to lie 12 liuudredwei){ht jior aiinnin.
lietween the years 1,S7L' and 1875 there were, it is stated, 1,400 iron-
ore mines or digfii'iK'"^ '" operation in the Province of iNIysore.
In a deseription of the niamd'acturo of <:rueible steel tit a vilhisc —
Koiia Saniiindru)n — I)i'. N'osey states that the erueibles were niiule of a
refractory clay (b'vived from decomposed fi'ianite, tojjether with frag-
ments of old furnaces and broken erueibles, kneiuled up with rice ehatl
and oil. Pieces of iron, with some, fraginents of glassy slag, were placeil
in, and cakes of steel, weighing on an average 1.^ pound.s, were taken
from, each crucible. Tlie.se cakes were covered with clay and annealed
in the furnace for from ll! to 1(1 hours, ami then enoled; and, if neces-
sary, the annealing was repeated until the reipiisite degree of mallea-
bility had been obtained. A Persian trader from Ispahan wtis iu the
habit of going backward and forward with the steel, per.sonally super-
intending its manufacture. Malcomson ••"iiuirks that the ore of this
hx^ality nuist be, of exceptional <|uality, as otherwise it (^oiild not have
maintained, in ,sj)ite of its riMiiote siti/ation in an un.settled country, its
reputation as the best material tor I'Minasciis blades. •
152
MI^ .•■.RAI. liKSdriiCKS,
III llic liiililiiiiM (lisiiict, wlifi'c iiiilivc iiii'iiiiccs on ii hiiijt! sciilc wcw
ii (listiiifjiiisliiiiu teat HIP, it was cstiiiiiitcd tliat. tlic avcrajiToiitpiit fVoiii
I'acli liiniacc was .'!l tons of '• ka(;li<'lia " iiini ])pr aiinuin, and as tlii'fc
weio abont seventy turiniec^' in tlic district, tlic total .\ early output
ai)|)ioxiinafed 1', 10(1 tons. In these fninaees tlie ■' kaelielia " iron, unliiic
tliat jtroiiiie'd in otlier parts ol' India, t'onned at llie lioltoin of cliu fiir-
liiice ill a inollen eondition, and resoinbled pi}{ "'on. The subse(|ueiit
reliiiint;, a soitof |)iiddliiij;|)ioeess, indiieed a [lasty condition, adinittin;;
of the iMiji beiiiu drawn out ami lianiniered until it bocaiiKt tlioi'diighly
liiallealile.
The following narrative from liall's " (ieolofiy of India" is a typical
illustration of the nietliod employed in western ISeii;;'al, Orissa, and the
ad.joiiiinj;' districts of the central provinces in the inanufactiire of iron
by the natives:
'I'ho I'liniiici-H of .'\;^:iriiiK. Iniilt of iimd. :ii'i> iilxHit ',i to I fi-rl lii>;)i, v:t]trrin<; from n
diaiiictcr of aiioiit _'l fed at tho linac to l.j fi'ct iit llii' top. I'lw. Iii'uilli is :i loundiMl
ciivit.v al>oiit 1(1 incliiis in iliametor, ami tlii' ciniilar Nliaft, aliovo it is li inclics in
iliamcter. (Ill a licil of cliarcoiil. i'aiiiiii<i<l down info thi' licartli, i^nitrd cliarcoal
is plai'nd, and tin' Nliaft is tl'cn tilled with eharroal. lilast is proilnceil 1>y a pair
of kettlednini-liUo lu'llowK. eonsistin;; of ludlowtMt lo«;s of \v(»od -vitii goatskins
iittarlied, and no//Ies of 1)ainhoo, 'the skins are disteni'iMl 1»y tension or spring
alVorded hy sticks i «itli cords atta<'lied) stnek into the ground. Ily throwing; IiIh
weij;ht alt''rnately fr')ni one side to the other, tin! operator, who stands on tin* leatluT,
oveieoiiies the leusion. his heels aetiiif; as stoppers to the valves whieli admit the air
into tho hellows. In ease ailditional pressiiro is ni'eded. the operators' wives stand
with tin'm on t|ie liellows and aid in jirod'n-in;.; the hlast. The Itanihoos whieli con-
voy the blast are Inted Into elay tuyeres, which are in turn lilted into the front of
the f'nrnaee. The Mast is maintained t'or six lionrs, the people en;:;aj;ed chan^^in;;
jilaees from time to time. Powdere<l ore Is spriiikleil in alterii:;;- layers wltli ehar-
eoal on top of the fnel in the shaft as »ooii as the latti'r is fairly ignited. As Blajr
forms it is tapped from hides which are Miereed for the ]inrpose in the siile of the
hearth atdill'erent levels as the smelting jiroeei'ds. and then closed with lumps of
well-kneaded clay. Ten niiniiles hcfore the conidiision ot' the process t)ie siqiply of
ore and find fed into I he top is shut oil" .'iml tlie liellows are worked \\ ith extra vij^or.
The clay kit iny: of the hearth is llieii broken down and a "j^ii-i.^or ball of semi-
molten iron, ineliidiii;^ slei; anil half-burnt charcoal, is taken out and iiiimediately
lianiniered, by which niea' a consiiler.-ilde ]u>rtioii of included slac- still in a state of
fusion is squeezed out, and the ball is then half cut in two to show the c|M!ility of the
iron. In some cases, by several rclic.'itiii;;s ill o|ien furnaces, and b> hamioeriiif;, tho
AKiiriasretine lliislon|ic intoiroii tit tor ihi^ market, but in other instances they dis|u>so
of tho "giri" to jiarties who work it into ba.*a.
In tlio sixteenth and seventeenth (reiitiirics the Province of Assam
was famous for the niaiiiiliieliire of iron cannon. 'I'lie laifiest specimen
known to < 'olonel llannay was in Ifaiifjpnr l'"ort. It measiireil 17 feet
.'U inches in length, and tlic^ metal was 7'| inches thick. l"re(|ueiit
invasions of the Iturmese and heavy royalties, however, led to the liiiiil
abaiidonmeiit of the iiulustry.
A very interestino' collection of the Indian exhibits shown at tlin
Centennial Ivxin itinn in l,S7(;, incliidiii;;' skin bellows, a suite of sjicci-
nielis of iron ore, " woot/" steel, etc., was relaincil, and can now be
seen at Memiirial Hall, I'hiladelpliia.
PRontrcTioN OK moN orks.
153
An ore larfrcly used in mitivo fnniiices, in addition to those coninioiily
icnown as ningnciitc, etc., was named by Dr. Hucliaiian "laterite,"
wliicdi appellation was johaldy derived Ironi lateritis, a brick, as the
'iiaterial was cut into bn- lis for bnilding. The term laterite lias been
apjilied gein-rically to a -roup of Tertiary rocks wlii(;ii occupy an im-
portant position in the superficial Ki'ohigy of India. The common
character wl^ich persists throushout all th(! varieties of laterite is the
jmssession of ;i ferruKinons element, which is in the form of l)rown
hydratcd peroxide on the surface, sometimes as black masnetie ore
inside. The reddish-bn»wn ajipearance, dne to the presence of i)ero.\-
ide, explains the origin of the name. This ore was jircpared for use in
the furnace by washing in a trough..
The natives in India nevei- employ iron ore in the massive form if it
can be avoided, as this would involve the labor of mining, and the
lumps of ore would recpiire to bo broken by han(i into small pieces, the
finer particles being carefully separated. They therefore generally
select the weathered pieces of ore which are found on the surface of
magnetic deposits, or use magnetic sands, etc.
Mr. Thomas Tunu'r, in a paper entitled "The production of wrought
iron in small blast furnaces in India," gives the following analysis, made
by Mr. Harris, of a sample of iron ore obtained by (^rushing a number
of small lumps of Kajdolia weathered magnetite:
Atmliisin itf Ititjdithii Inilid irnillnred mnc/iielilr.
P«r cent. '
I
l'"orrj(; oxiili' ! (in. )l,"i
Ferruim iixiili' , ni. ."lU
Silica. I -,.113
MQiijfiitioiiB oxiilr j . 'JiJ
Alttiiiitia ! .."ii
Lliiie i .30
Mugnosiii I Triicn. [
Siilpliiir
riii>K|ilintii iiiilivdriiic...
.Mdinlillc III HKl (•
'■ 1" I »:ilvi ami liwB
Mi-tHllu' Iniii
IMlUHpIlllMlH
Vercpiit.
0.02
.03
.01'
.1. -^A
W.OO
U13
Mr. T. n. Holland, assistant superintendent of the fieologieal Survey
of India, in an account of the inaiiiifactine of iron in the soiilliern dis-
tricts of the Madras Presidency, slates that the scarcity of fuel is the
great drawback to the develoimieiit of the iron-ore deposits of southern
India, the only carbonaceous deiiosils hitheito di.seovercd being beds
of bituminims shale or small deposits of lignite. The fuel which the
natives prefer, where it can be obtained, is charcoa'l made from the wood
of the iilbiz/ia amara, a deciduous tree of iiKidi'iiitc si/.e, with mottled,
hard heart wood a;id concentric, iilteiiuitiiig li^ht aii<l dark bands.
Where wood chaicital can not iieolitaincd liainboo charcoal is employed,
a.sam))leof which analyzed by Mr. Harris gave S per cent of ash, 8.7
lier cent of moisture, and, by ditlereuvie, 83.;{ jicr cent of carbon, Mr.
154
AriM'.RAr, TiESOURCE.^.
Iliini.s iilso uiiidt' the followi'ifi' iiiialysos of ciuilc iron anil of ciriiler
li'oni tlic Itajilolia fiiinaccs:
AnalyniK of ICajiiuUii ciuilv iron.
Per cent.
0.0(10
.(K)5
.U28 ;
Per rent.
(1. oi;t
08.181
('Hrbmi. rlih'My
Silirtiii, <'|iifll>
iiHrlmrcoiil
Mtiii;;iin('f)i^
'I'nlnl
KHI. OIH)
.ItKttftHiH of Uajditha nUiij.
IVt emit.
73.05
Silir;i
10. :i;i
l.S.'i
;!. 4!*
M:lulH-(.jii 1.07
Siilpliiir - 1 .03
rhoii|ilint'ii- iitihydriilc .35
Oinrcutil itiiil hmH : 1.57
Toliil 1 lOO.OO
M.hillii- iruii I 88. Ill
Apart, from llii' iiitcrinitiiflcil .slajf anil charcoal, tin* iron ia of I'xcel-
lent (|nality, while it i.s evident that the .slafj must lia\e deriveil the
iiicrea.sed |>ro)>ortioii of lime, iinipiesia, and )>ho.s|ihoru.>< either from th<>
iLsli of the fuel or from I he wali.-i of tlie fnrmne. The .slaj; contains such
a larjic iierceiilafic of iron as to demonsliale a most wastefid process.
]\Ir. Turner, in his paper mentioned above, says:
If till' inannrartmr i>\' iimi in India i.H to In- ciiiricd on in tlin fiitiiro iin nny ciin-
Hiihinibli' scull', it innst lie cNino by the niln|i|ii>ii nf Kni'i>|>('aM nirtliii<l8 iir liy the
iinprox'i'nu'iil anil cxtciminn of native nifthdilH. 'I'lie ^ri^ut nlislai'li' Ih (lie ab.scix'n
of niiiu'i'a] i'lU'l in l\w nri;xlil„i|-)u)n(l ol' the nro rc^^ioiiB. 'I'ho cimt ol' cuiriaj^c nl'
nativf i'ni'I br(Mi<;lit t'niiii tin' crntral |iroviin'('M, Iti'ii^al. or tho Ni/.;nii'H iloininions. or
from Uurniali. wimld also |ii<'vcnt its nsi' in \\w rantral, wi'sti'ni, ami Hontlicrn ilih-
trii'ts, wbiT.' Il II' ili'|Misi(s occur. Co. . '. ! 'lablii i|iiantitii'S of co.il ain nii't with
in parts of Imlia. anil iliiiiii;;tli(i last two or tliriM' years thn proiliiclioii bas increaii'il
conuiilcrably. Tin' coal is, bowcvcr. rcnioti' IVom tbt' ore deposits, and tbiiro is no
economical means <d' transit o\er tin lon;^ intervening distances. For tliese reasons
Mr. Holland is of the opinion tlial tlie fiitiiie of iron smcltiiif; in India is a forest
i|ni'stii>n, and tbinkHsiiccess is tbeitifore mil di more likely to be obtained by a number
of small works than '> "mo lar^e one. If the native industry were eoiidiicted under
proper direction, instead of leailinff to tin' ib'slniction of timber, as at tneNenl. it
mi^lit mean the conversion of lar^e areas of w bat is at prcHcnt waHte. laud into pro-
ductive forests.
Apart Inini the considcraliiin id' fuel, the climate of India is nut Hiiilable for the
conduct, of lar^e iioii and steel works by l-jiropcan labor, nor is there a iiuti\e popu-
lation with Ion;; training; in works of ;;reiit ina^nitnde. The initivo indiiHtry, even
when carefully Insiere.l and encouraged, would nlili/e but a tithe ot' the resonrces
of the Indi in Km)iirc. As |iointeil out by Mr. I). Windsor h'icbards. the supply of
Spanish iron is within measurable dist.ince of exhanslioii, while tbi'samn may be
said of many of oiir other sources of Knp]d\, and it may yet be possible to brill;.'
these rich Indian iron ores to Eii^lcdi shores.
PrtODrcTION OF IIIOX UKF.S.
155
niiNKSK k:mimi;k.
Prof. .Tolm A. Cliurcli cstiiiKitcs tlic prcscnl iiiiiiuiil iiroductioii ofcast
and wroiifi'lit iron iiiMilf in the, (^liiiicsc lMii|)iic diicc tly tVom ii<in ore to
exceed halt' a million iiictric. tons, and ri'iiorts tli(^ oxistcMicc, of imi)or-
tant deposits of niajinetite and (tf red and brown hematite ores in the
I'i'ovinces of t3anton and Shansi, in the southeastern ijortion of the
ICinpire. There i^- also an e\ten:;ive (hiposit of titaniferons magnetite
in Mongolia, in the northern central seetion.
In ti et'anton Provin('e the natives oies are smelted in small furnaees,
C to 11! feet in heiy,lit, blown by hand or foot bellows. In the Shansi
Province iron is produced in clay crucibles, a number of whicli are
jdaeed in an open heap of anthracite coal, tln^ contents of the ci ucibles
bein}>' ])oured from them in a molten state or allowed to cool and the
crniciblc then broken otV the metallic mass. OwintJ to the crude
nu'thods emi)loycd, it is doubtful if a ton of metal is jiroduced from
less than -!A tons of ore, and the iiou ore oat])Ut of China propei' may
be estinnited at about l,riOO,(K)0 metric tons.
The Chinese (iovernmeiit has contracted i'w the erection of two
blast furnaces near llanyany', and considerable worU on tliis plant has
already been completed.
Many extravagant .stories concernin^A this ('hincsc iron and steel plant
lia\e been printed by newspaper correspinidents, but in an article in
the Eugiueerinjji; Keview C. J. Bnelus says:
Thi^ works iuo sitiiiitcil oii tlm Viuistzc) Ki.'UH!' liivc^r rit Ilimkow. Tlicru aro two
fiirnact's *!'» to't liiy:Ii. witli .~ir>-toot ('ow]Mn" stuvi's; also Inur cahnniiig IviliiH. 'rhoiv
ia .a Hossmiior plant with two coiivi'iiiTs ami .'iiio]iiMi-lii-artli )tlaiit w ith tbtir tuniaccs-
A rail iiiiU cxtoiuls hi'yiiiid tiii' lii'sscincr works, iiiid a iil.itti and a liariiiill lii'voiid
the oiM'n-lii'urtl' f'liriiaccs. A Indt and nut: shop and a small arniH factory aro coin-
]>]('.tod. ,\ y;ini and armor plant is Iiein;^ adduii,
Mr. J. T. Child, United Sttites Consul at Hankow, Cliinit, in a report
.sui)plemeuts the above by the following:
KolliiiK mills and arsenals aro now apiiroai'liiiiH iumplclion in Ilanviing, iicily
4>p]»oMiti' llankow, on tin) tlan s'llo, tn'octoil under tin; auspices of tlio vi(.'or<iy of
ilnpcli ami lliinan. Tho ]tlant covers al)oii1 "ft acrrs. with a railroad lA miles in
len^^th from the ^'an^;tze Kiver to the works, innl theuee to the Han Uiver, with an
iniline fro'ii tin; lopot' tlii> Yanjjtze liank to the water, where powerful maeliinery is
loeated todraw tile ears up a steep inelinc ot' ahont iHMt feet to tin; Itfvei. Tho W()rks
were duaij;ned by an Kn^iish i'nj;ineer and modern anil improved machinery has been
itnporteil, mainly from Kn){laiid. Tin" buildings are, niifortiin.itely, loeatiMl in a
valli^y liable to overtlow. and their foiindatiotis liavi' been raised l'< feet by the labor
of tliuiisands of eoolies. The work was enmmeticed in 1H!H. Tlieri' are I'urnares.
steam hammers, ami rolls with their appendages for inanntactiiriti!^ railroad iron,
which is tlie main oltjeet tor the erection of the plant. I.ar^o cinantilies of (Jliinese
iron are now in the y.ard, with some. l-',ni;lish iron for Idemlinjr purposes, and coke is
lioinj; imporliil fri>m Wales to be used temporarily as a test of what the foundry can
do. The plant is estimated to have cost so far not less than $;(,500,(1(KI, and it will
cost iit least $l,(tlN).lH)il more to I'omplete it.
Trie mines from which tho ore is to be obtained :ire near \Vaiijj[-Shi|i-Kini;, .-iboiit
70 miles liolow Uuukow, oouuoctiii)! with tlio river by a railroad and dock at u
156
MINKRAT. RESOrROES.
liiiiilinj; :! miles lirlnxv \Viin;;-Slrili-Kiiij{. Coal, liiitli li;iiil ami Hi)ft, is iiiiiinil in tliis
iii'lfflilxirliixiil ill till' (•niilcHtr mMiiiicr, no ellort licinj; mail« to diniii llir iniiios of
wiitiM'. mill, once tliKideil, tlii'V nrn alianiliiiicil iiml m-w <iiiis opi'iieil. 'I'liis ciiiil has
been |)ioiii)Um'i'<l misiiitabln (or Hiiicltiiif;, (■(iiitaininj{ tiio iiiiiili sulplnir, liiit it in
thought that a good i|iiality I'liii hr olitaiiii^d I'lom mini-.i iind<'V(do|i(td. Mini's of
iron (irn and ciial arr niimi'ioiis in this section, and nwiiij,' to the (.'heap labor obtuin-
iiblo thuv ran be worlied eiononiieally.
Consul (!liil(l states tliiit this is tlie most pi'ofjrossivo inovomeut so
far iiiadt' in Cliiiia lor tlie i)uri)os(> of iiiaiiiir:i:-tiii-iii;;- arms, steel rails,
and nia(;liiiiery, as the plant is of a ma^iiitmle siilli(aont to re(|uiro
several liours to inspect it.
Mr. V. T. (ianliier, I?ritish consul at Hankow, describes the deposit
from which the Ilanyatij,' works will obtain their ore. He states that
it is situated 17 miles inland from I'^hih-hni-yao. At this place there
is a hill of ore .'i miles Ion;;' and 400 feet high. Three analyses of the
ore showed o,").!)!, (IL'.'SO, and (I7..'50 ])er cent of metallic^ Iron. There aie
said to be eviden<es of forinc^r workings in the vicinity. A railroivl is
being built to convey the ore to HanyauK.
KOREA.
In respons(> to an iiii|niiy for JMrorinatlon, Mr. Aufrustine Heard,
consul ^:eiicrai of the I'nited States at Sennl. Koica, kindly furnished
the foUowiuj^- for the use of the Initcid States (leological Survey:
With the oxeeption of a small annual imporlation. amoiintin;; in 18!M) to riXii tons
and in IS'tl to (lill tons, alioiit two-lhinls of wliieh was old horseshoe iron, all the
iron ii.ied in Korea for aurienltnial, bouseliold, and other ]iiirposes is of native pro-
diietion; but, alllion^'b the i|nantity niiist be large, no statistics of it exist. It is
not taxeil, and tlio (iovernment keeps no records. Iron ore is foiiiul in many parts of
tile jieninsiila in great abiindanee. It is generally of good i|iiality. but no report
npiiii it has, so far as I am aware, ever been tnadii piililie by foreign experts, riioso
who have traveled in the intry, and there have been very few, liavo kept their
observations to themselves, and it may bo doiilited whether any thorimgh exae.ina-
tion has ever lieen 'naile of thu iron deposits. The interest of prospectors has been
eontinedto goM,anil any knowledge rtigarding iron has been incidentally picked up.
It maybe that the fai't that cnal has not been found in proxii lity to the iron dejiosits
has diseonraged invostigation. .Neither iron nor coal has been Hysteinatically
sought for.
Mines, such as Iho.y arc — shallow holes in the ground — are seatrcniil ttirouglioiit
the eoiintry ; but they can not go deep. The natives do not undeisland ventilation
or lighting, and tlH?>' can not deal witli the water which acciimnlates in the mines.
They do not use explosives for blasting out the ore, and, as they work only what they
lind easy, the mines are soon abandoned.
A good deal of the ore is magnetic, and if it were not riih would not pay the
natives to work. The ore issmelted in the oldlashioned Catalan furnace with char-
coal — a most expensi\ e procc-ss. 'iMio cheapness and abiindanee of the metal prove
the extent and richness of the ore deposits. Every traveler in the country alliideg
to them. In a native report of a Journey the writer nieiitions having seen great
iiiinibers of iron mines, and speaks jiarticnlarly of four — at Kang-hwa, Vongp'yoiig,
Kiinliwa.and llong-clihon—'' which can be worked for KMI years." llesays: "In
the Kanghwa prelect iirc, on the nioiiiitain Ko-eyo sail, there is a loadstone mine
of which the iron coiilil be made into steel."
PUODUCTION OK IKON O'iES.
157
('iiiii]ili(>lt, iti his .lounicy to tin' North <il' Knrcn, sayH : "The only iiiinrH wts kjiw"
(wht'ii on tJh- road Ironi Scnnl to Wouhihi) *' wrre tlircr or (bur nn-n (li;;iiin^ ironstone's
out of tln^ hcd oC a stream near ('li'an;^-to, and tlni only worlier in nu'tal notieraliUi
ontsido the ]iiTff< towns is tlie hlacksniith, whose tiny i liareual t'or;;e is rarely idle."
He is siMMi (^very\vhere in Korea.
Carles speaks ol' workinjjs of ircni said to li(< in thi^ hills a little to the east uf
Ch'hiin-inal.
One of the lurj;eKt t'oundries for <;a8tin;^ the hij; ir"n kettles for iMdlin;; rieowliieh
ar<5 nsod in every Kori'an taiiiily may ho Hecii on the hij;h road ahont halfway lie-
twec'U .Seonl ami TyiiiKi 'I'e n-.etaj eoniiiig from the mountains in the neighborbuod.
JAl'AN.
Tlur most, iiiiportiiiit ore of iron in .liipiiii is inii<;ii(;tite, IouihI liberally
(listrilmtiMl in coiniJiict intis.scs, und tilso jis siind. At ilci^iorih'ickiicliiii
arc iron sciiitis (inafjiictlte), tlie dcptli and Incadtli of wliicli have not
been ascertained, but tliey are reported to extend for a distanee of sev-
eral miles. In Iwaki iron ore is found in considerable quantity, lyiiij;
in broken granite, covered with a layer of tiileose slate. On tlie west
coast, lielow Niij;atii. iron ore occurs in the sea sand, which yields about
!.'{ per c(iit of iron. The nuiffnetic iron ore when separated from the
sand eoiit,:ins from (12 to (i.5 ]ier cent of iion. The "ollection of min-
erals exhibii'd at the Colunibiiin ICxposition liy the lini)erial (ieological
Survey of Japan included magnetite, liematite, liuionite, siderite, and
pyrite, I'roiii numerous localities.
Accordiii}; to Dr. (Jeert. the following' iron ores are found in Ja])an:
Ilrown iron ore, indifferent \arieties, ol which |)ea iron ort^ is ono (a peenliar
speries of this ore, eoinpost'd of round t;rains). 'rhei-onimon brown iroti ore is found
in id/.umo, Mutsu, iliuga, Satsunia, Sbiuano, and lli/en. ].in:onite oeeurs in Tosa,
Sutsuuia, Id/.ti, and in Totoini, the on-in the latter i)!aeo being useil in nu'dicines.
Ued iron ore, ctuitaininii oeher, is of stift ([ualitx , sonietinies ealletl bloodstone. 'I'ho
dirty oeher siteries. whieh also contains some clay, is very s(d"t and powdery, being
generally what would be called red oeher. The principal places where this iron ore
is fouml are Mino, Cwari, and in Totoini, etc. (,'lay iron ore is very coinnion in
Yamato, Satsiima, Suwo, lloki, anil Nolo. Ciibieal, doileeahedral. and knobby pyrites
are fiMind, but the latter kind is not smelted. Cubieal pyrites are found in Fujiyan a,
Sliiiiuno, ]>ewa, Satsumu, Kii. Id/u, and many other places. Tlie dodecahedral
pyrites are di\ i<h>d by the .Iapan"se into two siu'ls. tlni yellow (gidd) and the wliiti;
(silver) iron ore. Soineof the yellow sorts contain a little gold, espei'ijilly that won
in Iwami (liiisan.
I'lof. 15. S. liyinan, in an Inlcresting account of the primitive maunei'
in which steel and jiif; iron is nnule in Japan, says:
'I'hcy are ]Modue.d from ir()nsai\d, which is i>lttaincd either by cut ling down the gran-
itt^ ; nd breaking it up by hand and washing it, or the river sand is w;ishcd. or the ore
is taken liom alluviiil ground. The ore from such alluyiiiin is reildish and more, fiisi-
ble than the other kinds, owing no iloiibt I o its longer i-xposiire to weathering iiillii-
iMiees. The ore washed I'rom iho rock stands next in fusibility, and that from the
river sand is the least fiisibli-, due jirolmbly to the fact that the watiT has protected
it from the air, iw becnii.He lln^ weathered surface has been wiini idl, anil it imiy likely
be line ill part to the iiresence of titanium. .Most of the ore used at the Am.igawa
Iron Works is brought on horseback from various |daceK over ;.' leagues distant, but
is washed again at thr liirnace .-lud reduced to half its weight. Some ore, however,
is washed on the hillside close to the furnace, in the winter half of the year, but tlie
If.s
MINK1£A1, HK^SOUKCKS.
rock ill j^(riii-r:il is iil' iiil'rrior i|uuli1y, :ilt)iniii;li sonic ]iiii'ts jirc ^ooil. Mr. Ijyiiiiiii
i-sliinati'il tliiil tlic ainoiiiit of ore wiislicil nut of the rocU is iilioiil iiiic-liiill' of one
per cent of its entire weight, Tlie tmr is snn.'Ued in :i primitive iiiitnnor in clay fnr-
nnces, aliont oni'-iialf of tlie amount of iiii'tal olitaiiieil Iteiii^x callcil j^nod Htci^i, niie-
sixtli poor steel, anil tlie lialnnce liaril jiii,' iron. Tim ore yields about 30 per cent of
iron in tli(> furnace, owiiii; to the poor iiietliods eniploycd.
Mr. T. Kitsiiiicsiiki, of till' Aiii coi)])*-!' iiiiiic, Akitiiki'ii, Japan, makes
tlio following- stiitciiiciit in lepird to the iron ores of that country:
Onr iron ores were practically not explored until lHil2, when the (Jovoriiincnt, in
the expectation of estalilishiiif; iron works, iniide an examination. .\t jiresciit four
districts Iiavi! Iieen ex|ilored, vi/ :
1. Kainaishi, in the norlherii portion of the conntry, aliont II) miles from the Hea-
|iort of Kaniai.slii. In this district tiiere are 10 dilferent deposits of m.aunctic iron
ores, and the estimuted <p-antity of ore availahli,' is l.l,ll(K),l)(l(l tons, ('['his result i.s
olitained liy takiin; the snpcrlii'ial areiis as exiiosed and mnltiplyinji them liy the
deptii, which ranges from 10 to 70 feet). Some of these mines were worked from
XXIX foriibiiiit three years, when the furnaces were abandoned on aecomit nf a deli-
eiency of fuel. At that time (18VX) a blast furnace with Whitwell stoves wa.s linilt
at Kamaishi, and a railway was conslriicled for a distance of l.'i miles ciiiinectin;; it
with the mine, but these have all been destroyed. After this tliiMle]iosit was profit-
ably worked by iiidividuaks on a small scale. This ore yields DO per cent of iron in
the ftiriiace.
2. In the Seiiin district, also in tin' northeastern ]iiirtiiin of .lapan, but a consider-
able distance from the shore, are 'iimid five deposits of red hematite ore canyini;
about 4.5 to Ix lier cent of iron, the lieils lieiiif; estimated to contain 811,700 tons
of ore. Tliesi! dgposits are situated about II miles from the railway station of
Kiirosawajiri, and about the siniie distance from the Kilakaminawa Kiver, wliicl' is
navinahle and tlows into Sendai liay on the I'acitic side of the island.
:t. The Akataiii district in the north is also distant from the seashore, but iHsitii-
ateil only ."i miles from a iiavii;able river. Here ar" found deposits of red hematite
ore estimatpil as containing H7I.IHI0 tons and yieldini; from ."lO to 00 per cent of iron.
I. In Hokkaido ( Ve/o Island i iron sand occurs in several jilaces on the seashore,
the estimated i|uantity being 100,000 tons. There are also iron sands in the southern
portion of the island which have not yet been explored.
Ill ii Ititc imblicalion by "Wada Tsuniishiro, director of the ininiiiK
liiircau, entitled The Mining;- Industry of .liipaii. l.S(i7--l>S!t'-', the ojiera-
lioiis <Miij(>d on at the two iron .-^aiid mines of Nen, in Kino fjiri, and
Voshida, in ^ Oshida niura. Initli of which have been wroiiuiit for cen-
turies, iire described.
At the Yosliida mine tlie banks tn- bills of ore .sands are washed at
iiii/iicroiis jdaces into ti (anal and rudely separated in sink holes, over
O.OOO.OnO jHiii/ids beiiiK obtained annually from ."iO dilfereiit workinj;s,
al II cosi of i>l..'l'i pei hinj; ton. 'I'he coarser ores, •• masa."ure cmployod
for makiii.u steel; (lie (liier, "makomc," for producin.;;- cast iron. The
li};tires of operations lor one year are as follows:
.liiliniil priHliiilioii of Hid Vmhida irnn t>rr miti .hi/iiui.
I'ihuiiIh.
Irnn siniil iiiilii
kwniiittHi) ■
III iisi'H ill lii'iirtliH |l,l77,m
Ini-t'cs' (3(13,1140 I
' n. loo.to) I SVfiiii U8iil ill lii'iirths i;i6(i,(H)()
I.^iiMhii'I
sii-cl niiiili-
Pit; intii.
: 2,"3;.»i«i Wriiiighl
2,70(1,0(10
PRODUCTION OF IKON OUE8.
159
.Most of flm .liipiiiicsf iron works iirc, liciiitlis, hut l:iti'ly imxlt'iii
blast Curiiaces have Im'Oii iiilnKliiciMl : iria^ni'tic si'iiaialois aii' also
t'iii])loye(l to bonoliuisite tlit; iron oic sands.
I'rodtirlinii nf iron ill ..^iipitii I'niin /,s,s7 to isun.
Vi'urii. I Tuni). 1 Ycura. 'I'liiin.
IIWl l.l.'.IOT
18)12 i:;. 1114
IH«;) 14,717
ixm ii.7t>r.
\Mi 11.71(1
lK«(i M.CW i
li«7 I.'i.l47
UM I8,0.W
iMi) aj. iKi.'i
18iH) 2'J.'.>;|0
rrol)a))ly (iO,(MM» lonf; tons or more of iron ore were mined in I.SIIO for
the ]>nri)ose of imikinf- iron.
AFRICA.
EGYl'T.
Antlientic Idstory eoiicerninj; tlie manufai'tnni of iron carries the
investifjator farther l)aclv in K^iypt tliiin in any othei- portion of llie
{ihibe, allliongh reference to tlie use of iron in Aiabia antedates similar
data for H^rypt. The oldest known sp(!ciinen8 of iron are ciedited to
an era in advance of, or at least conleiapornneous witli, the erection of
the pyiauiid of Oheops, in wliich iron iools have been di.scovert^d.
A specimen of iron found uiMler the ICj^typtian Oludisk which was
removed to America and now stands in Central Park, New York, con-
tained, aecordinj; to the late A. L. Ilolley, the following percentages,
viz: iron,!)H.7.'J8; carbon, 0.521 ; idio.spliorns, 0.048; manganese, 0.1 l(i;
copper, 0.102; .slag, 0.1. "»; and smaller percentages of snlphur, silicon,
nickel, (lobalt, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum.'
J)r. Ludwig I'.eck, in liis Die (leschic'hte des Kisens in seinen tech-
nologischen und ciilturhistorischcn 15e/.ieliungeii,'says:
Iron w.'i.s known to tlio E};y])tiiuis rioiii tlio curlioHt tinicN. 'rhcre arc oxti^nsivD
iroii-oro ildposits in tin' lonntry. In tlic ni'igliboHiood ol' tlu< v.illcv of Muxliiiru
nnnin-ouN remains ol' iron worliH were fooncl. In tin- winilc of Wadi vast banks ol'
hiMnatite were found to have been worked. The nioimlains of Nnbia, Kibiopia. and
MerOM were rii-li in iron ore. Klhioiiia was the sial id' the iron \ndnsti\v, and Ibc
illiiKtratiiins fonnil in burial (diainbi'is show iiiK the nielbodB in vosm- f<M- prodmin;;
iron are iilcntieallv tlie same as those |irevailinn Ibcre to-dav.
In llie norlheni ii.irt cd' Kordofan is the principal inni disti ic) of K>;vpt. Kii h
bo({ ore oeenrs in abiindnnee, anil in almost every village nse is made «l this ore.
II is found iiti .1 depth of 7 to s feet under the s.and. .\ slial'i t to .% I'wt wide and 111
feet deep is dug and the ore taken out nntil the hide eaves in, when a new one is
dux a few feet from the old one. The ore is liroken up to the size of beans and
melted in eoineal jiiii id' r,2 to 14 inehes in depth and dianu'ter. fbe pit is tilled
with ore and chareoal and .ovcred with a thiek layer ;if eoal. The end id' the bil-
lowH 18 inserted at an an);le of about 1.1 , and Idowinj, is befjun after the lire is
Ktivrtoil. After an hour the mivss settles down and beuins to sinter. More OW and
'TraiiHiictiuus .-Viut-ricau lii.slitiite Mini ig K
liifc'i
ii.rs, Vol. VIIl.
p. 27s.
100
MINEKAL UESOURCKS.
coul arc , Killed until in aliuiit ten Iiduih llie |iit is i>iitt.v will lillcil with irim and
Hliij;. Till! rosiilt (iT lliis prorrss U :i nias.s ol' |i!iitl.v iiielliil oio, wliirli is laid aniilu
fnramii'oiiil llleltill^^ Tim si^cond nioltiii;; i'l ilinii- in tin' wiiiii) pit and lasts mily a
ooiipli) of liiMiis, at tho Diid of which ii spongy hall of iinn ri'inains at thu hollom of
tbf pit, fnsuly ndxrd with sla;;, whilii a hfa\y hhu-k sla';, rich in iiiiii, is fiinnd on
top. Thia Hlan is used ajjain in suhsniuent inidlinKs, 'I'he s|Min;;y hall of iion is
then laboriously hrnken up, freed as luneh as possihle fnnn sla;;. and sold to the
muitliH. Tho bellows used for this purjiose are of the unist primitive kind. A bowl-
shaped vessel of ilay, with a lonj; pipe, is lovereil with skin. This skin has a hole
ill its top, through whiih the workman puts his linj;er and raises the skin as iniiih
08 he eaii and then i>uslies it down a^aiii, coverint; the boh; with his hand, thus
pressiii); the air throiiKb the |iipe into tho lire, fho iron thus oblained is sold for
about I! eents jier pound. Three men are eugaKeil in this work— two to tend to thu
bellows and one to the pit.
Vniler favoral)le eondilioiis l."i to 2(( pounds of iron are produieil in twelve to lonr-
teeii hours. 'I'ho iron obtained is of },'<>od qnalily and soil. The ores used eoiilain
from 60 to 70 pur cuut of iron, of whudi from 'JO to Id per cent is cxtraeted.
MOUOCCO.
While Morocco coiitains cxtoiisivo (Icposits of ifoii oi'C and other
miiienils, tho .Moori.sh Government hits opitosed steps likely to Iciul to
the exiiloitiitioii of them. .lebel Ihulid, as the name implie.s, is the dis
triet most generally siipiiosed to eontiiiu iron ores, wliere there is a series
of hills conimenciuK at thci'oast 15 miles north of Mojfador and extend-
ing for a considerable distance inland. No mines have been worked
in this range of hills within the memory of the oldest inhabitant,
although it is stated that the Oarthaginiiins once operated iron works
there. The French have recently procured a concession from the Snl
tan of Morocco granting permission to export miiieriiis, but as land is
uot actpiirable by Enropeans, and the Snltan's snbjects would not be
allowed to work a mine on their own property, the concession is simply
nominal. All the iron consumed in the country is imported from
Europe, and is principally fiwedish wrought iron biirs, but old iron
tires are also brought from (U'esit Britain. The Survey is indebted to
the courtesy of Mr. .lohn K'nssi, United States consular agent of Salli,
for most of the above data.
ALUEKIA.
The most important ores of Algeria tire tho.se of iron, which occur in
the form of magnetite, red and brown hematite, and sideritc. In the
departmentofConstantlnctlieMoktael I ladid Company owns the mines
of Kharezas, Bim-liamra, and Ain Moiklia, the mines being connected
with tho .seaport of ISoiie, liO miles distant, by a railroad. The last-
mentioned mine is commonly known by thi^ name of Mokta el I ladid,
and is an irregularly stratified deitosit included in mica .schist which
originally formed a clitViOO feet in height, exiiosed upon abend in the
outcrop where the iron ore is iiiinsiially niiissive. The bed dijis at an
angle of about M', and its greatest thickness, meiisured hi)ii/,oiit:illy,
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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
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■ 2.2
S Iil4 ■"
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTSR.N.Y. 14580
(716) 873-4S03
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PRODUCTION OK IKON OKES.
KM
in re|K)rte«l to Ih" more tliiiii 1(K» I'wt, Imt it ^Tudiinlly b«'coiiies tiatlcr
uiiil (liiiiiiiiHiiuH ill Hizu, until wlu^nt it is wurktMl iiiiilur(;ri)iiii(] tlic tliiul<-
noKH docH not cxcwd -'S ft-et. A wicDiid ImmI, 1;{ U^vt in thickness, hiiH
bi'cMi diHcuverud lietwueii tlie HcliiHtusc roof of tin; iiiiiiii duposit nnd iin
ovvrlyinijr bed of liiiibtttoiu-. Tliu ore is generally a bhii»h or blackisli
mixture of dcUHC li<tniatite and iiiagiK-tite, coiitainiii}; fruiii 58 tu (ill per
cent of iiiutitllic iron. A portion, li<iwev(>i', is sotY 'ind ln'ownisli-rcd in
color, and can hu iniiied witliout tlie use of iniwdcr. Tlie latter depoHit
M worked open <|iiari'y by a Huccession of terraces.
Ill the departiiient of Alger spathic iron ores and heiitatittts resulting
from their decoiniMioition and peroxidation are found in veins indo.sed
ill Cretaceous roiiks. These are for the most part assiK'iatcd with ores
of copiier and lewl, whi(;h are Honi(>times the prevailing minerals.
In the department of Oraii another class of de|M)sits is found, i-oii-
sisting of hematites ass(M;iatcd with limestoneH, probably of Lia.ssic
age. The ores, which vary considerably in composition, are often man-
ganiferous, and in most cases are inoderiitely liard. Another vhiSH of
deposits occurring in the strata of the Miocene age is <-onsidere<l to
have been derived from the wast*- of .liira-isic ores. Mr. Charles T.
Grellet, cousul at Algiers, states that with the exception of Ittmkour
d'tii the Coinpagiii'j des Minerals de fer Magnetii|iie de Mokta el Iladid
has bought all the iron itre beds of the Ouelhassas Chcragas ore dis-
trict, formerly a part of the territory of Tleiuceii.
The iron-ore region of Ouelhassas contains 31 recognized beds of
iron ore, forming U distinct groups, but t^ipographically considered
these may be reduced to4, vix : '1) That of Iteni-saf, including the
biHls ot Das rill and of Bar el Haroud (iKiwder grotto); (:.') that of
Ten Kreut; (3) that of Djeb el llaouraia (formerly the property of the
English company of Camerata); and (4) that of Sidi-sali. At present
but one is being wor':ed, that of liar el Itaroud. Tiie ore is worked
oiien cut at Hcni-saf, the underground works being iiicMit only for
pros|iectiiig purposes and to fiu:ilitat<^ the means of conveying the ore
from the place of extraction to the port. The ore consists mostly of
red hematite, containing more or less inanganese, to which it owes its
brownish-red anil sometimes black color, and it is chisely associated
with compact and hard limestone. It^s hardness is variable, often
diminishing under cover und becoming ixiwdery. The .Mokta el Iladid
Company guarantee their Tafna ore to carry .V» per cent ol iron
The port of lienisaf is a private oiu^ being conceded for ninety-nine
years to the Mokta el Madid Company, who Ituilt the various works
connei'teil with the harbor.
Mr. (irellet gives the exports from Meiii saf for IHllli as '_".»!.."> 17 metric
tons, valued at $r)lU,<lH4,aiid for l.S<.)3 as L'0;t,.'i:{.S tons, valued at <*a!l2,44:2.
The bulk of the ore was shipped to Kiigland; the Nctlieiiands, France,
United States, and Helgiuni following, '" '.'le order named, as coa-
siimcrs.
m-M II
i(;2
MINERAL KESOUKCE8.
UuriiiK tlu! years l.-WS-l.S!».'{ tliu Wellniiiii Iron iiml Stvcl ('oinpany
iiniHirUHl .'{(i ciirfjocx (about !M),(KH> loim) of Mokta ore, part of wliiuli
waH red hematite and part Kpeeular ore. The avera^'e eonipuHJtion of
this ore is sliown by the following analyseM, furniMheu by Mr. II. C
Kabbitt, chemist of the coni|>any :
AnatyHfn nf .W rarffiH'ti ttf Mokta (Algiriii) iron orrn.
-
Avonijeo.
Hlghoat.
y Vr rent.
Liiwiwt.
/Vr rent.
t'fr cent.
a.:i6
0. 76
0.7.W
.w.o*
61.58
.'>4. 03
.010
.033
.012
.401
.712
.OM
1.4.V>
2.020
.38
2. H'l.'i
6.,'i8»
.85
1.746
1.740
.38:1
.828
.828
Trace.
Mointnrp
DrliMlHt'Jl-^':
Iron
lMi(M|ili»ruH .
Kiilptiur
MAiiKniit-Hc..
Aliinilnii
l.iiiiu
MagDUBlu ...
Tlu* following table, sliowin^ tho proiliu^tion of iron orcein Alj^cHn,
lias l)een revised hy riot". H.Jordan, of Paris, l^'ranec. It was (compiled
from oflicial niiiRM'al statistics and from the reiM>rt of tiic ciiHti>ius dis-
trict. There nrv no blast farniu;cs in Alc^ent^ mid the exiN>rts to for-
eif^n iM>rts other than Franco began in lS(t4, when l/AH) kilos (included
in the 3*»,r>()U kilos exported in that > far) were shippi'd. Since 1«S84 the
exports t<» foreign piU'ts have always surpassed those for French ports.
The production prior to 1870 closely approximat4>s the ex|H)rt-8.
Prodiit'liuH and esportalion of Jhjeriun iron orrM.
Venn.
PriHliii'llim.
Kx|Mirla.
Vwn.
1877
I'rodui'tloii.
Metric tims.
4,54, (88)
370,0(8)
418.000
(110. (88)
0,57.000
.'i67. 000
.157. 000
4113. 000
411). OIK)
433. 000
4:18.000
384.000
:i52.(88)
475. (K)0
405,000
4,53, 000
31)4. 188)
Ex|>orU.
Metnc tons.
447, (88)
370. (810
411.0(81
.503. 188)
,573, (8)0
.508. (88)
.543, (88)
420, (88)
4,58. OHO
488,000
:I66.0(8>
306, (88)
430, (88)
517,000
444. 000
381). (8)0
271.004
1800
J/i-fiiV f(i»*.
Metric Imi.
14.000
13.000
18.00(1
21,(88)
30,5(8)
.W. (88)
1 10. Ml
1011. 800
213. (88)
212,000
168.000
161.(88)
351). 000
411). (810
461.000
401). 000
4:is. 000
1888
187!)
18(12
1863
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
18811
1887
1888
1880
18181
1804
1««5
1860
1H07
i8n.H
1801)
1870
157.(8)0
IIIK, 000
374, (100
44.'>. (H)0
.535. 188)
5,57. (KH(
512. 000
1871
1872
1873
1874
I8U1
181)2
1875
1870
TINIS.
Prof. Hilton de hv (loiipilliere, of Paris, Franci', states that the iron
ores of Tunis are all I'oiiiid in the Krouinine, iietween Tabarea on one
side and Cape Seirat on the other (in the country of the Neftns 1
I tribe)
about UO kihimeters (lli.i miles) from the sea. They are Itrown and red
hematiti's, avera};iii};about fit) jier cent of iron, the e.xtreme limits being
from 41 to <>0 per cent. M. Ad. Cariiot, in liis Minerals de Fer de la
PRODUCTION OK IKON OUFH.
163
Fninec, lUi PAIgrrit', ft dc la Tiinisie jjivcs n iiuihImt of aiiiilyses of
Tunis iron ores which ranjjc from ;{2.(i2 to (itt.l'O per cent of iron. Some
of these ores carry nian^'anese.
Tlieso deposits liave been the object of the coiicessionn of Han Kad, jrt
Bon limagne, Dj Bollif and (tanara- belongiuK to the Mokta el lladid
Company; also of those of Ouea Ueri /enna, Biiuichibii, and Uoiimit
taniora. Those cfnicessions are all sitnated near one another, and have
not been worked. No iron ores had been exported np to ISO.'J, and it i.s
lirobable th;it, in the .statements made as to the exports of iron ore
from Tnnis, they have been confotinded with the zinc ores, which have
been largely exploitetl at Knau.juet el taht (near Ueja), and at Dj
UoHsas.
LIIIEBIA.
Mr. William D. McCay, United States minister resident and conaul-
K«neral at .Monrovia, Liberia, states that no iron ore is mined in Liberia.
lie says: ''There are dtiimsits of ore in Alonrovia, (Irand Cape Monnt,
and in the Kinley Mountains back of tiie (irand IJassa, but the richest
deposits are in the vicinity of Carysburg, in the interior. What little
irou is needed is imported in the shape of bar.s."
OENTKAI, AKKICA.
Iron ores occur in many parts of the interior of Africa. On the
banks of the Senegal, on the Congo, and in various other places tlie
natives smelt iron, the ore used being chietly rich ferruginous sandstone
of modern formation.
Livingstone nienti<ms iron works in Loanda, the ore for which was
obtained near by, and states that the Nanyeti were skillful artisans in
iron. In Angola and eastern Africa generally— indeed, all over the
continent— iron ore is found of good (pialities and in abundant quanti-
ties. In Manganya iron ore is dug out of the hills, and its manufacture
is the staple trade of the southern highlands. Kach village has its
smelting house, its charcoal burners, and blsuksmiths. They make
good axes, spears, needles, arrowheads, etc.
Henry M. Stanley, in his work on The (Jongo and the Kounding of
its Free State, writes: " Iron is abundant. Yalulinia, Iboko, Irebu,
and Ubangi are famous for their sw(nilsmiths. The Yakusu and Basoko
are preeminent for their spears. In the Museum of the Association of
Brussels are spear blades feet long and i inches wide, which I col-
U'cUhI among these tribes. ' He aKso mentions an abundance of dark-
red ironstone at Manluniba Lake. At lUira. on the northwestern side
of the lake, are smelting works and mannlactories of iron wire and
ware.
MAI>A(iA.S(!Al{.
Mu<'h iron ore is rt^piuled as existing in tills island, especially in
Inierina,
1G4
MINERAL RKHOUKCES.
NATAL.
Mr. J. P. Il!imilt«)ii stiitcs tliat there iMptml iron ore in variuiis partH
uf Niital, and on tiie I'rustwiciv fiirni there is a <le|Misit of nniKMetie iron
ore ■'{ feet '.\ inclies in tliici{iieHs, wliieli can l>u traeeil for huiuu ditttauce.
There in also red lieinatite ore in the Dnndee district.
MAHlIUNALAiNU.
Mr. U. M. W. Hwan says that the ipiartz l)eltN of thiH country contain
iron lire and some nianj^anese. In two |)hicos in tlie ({nart/.ite fornui-
tioii of tlie Doroba Monntains ho found masses of maf^netite and hem-
atite. On the top of Mount Xyufjuzwe, near Fort Victoria, there is
also magnetite. Along the right hank of the Habi Hiver are many
native villages, whose one industry is iron smelting by crude methods,
theore being obtained from Mount VVedsa, which has great local renown
iuKallirlaud as an iron-producing mountain.
SOl'TII AFRICA.
Mr. W. n. Furlonge, mining engineer, of Joiiannesburg, S. A. K.,
reports as follows:
Tliiirti is nut 1 puiiiiil uf iruii iiru iiiliiuil ur Miiiiilti'il in tbu wlioie uf Suiith Africa,
uxri'pt by tlii^ iiativoH; iiii inruuNiilurablu ainoiiiit iH riMliiruil liy tbeiii iu Hiiiall ruile
cbiy t'liriiiii'eH, by iukuiim of uburciial and bunil bolbiwH. Tb» iriiii tlioy pruiliivo m ol'
MiipiTiur qimlity, uml in iiiailc into aHsa^ais, kiiivuH, etc., but tbu tutal qtiaiiity in ho
Hiiiall that it nui'il nut bu taken intuaccuiiiit; iiKlceil nun- tbcy tinil it cheaper to buy
knivvH III' Kiirupvan nianul'actiiri), anil they nittki* thiiir iithiir wrapuUK frum Hcrap
irun pickeil up at ilillomit niini^H, The rranun that nii irun in niailii hiTc in that, on
tlu'i'c are uii niaiiut'acturicH tu una it, Ibrri' 18 no iluiiianil fur it: tburii is always a
Hupi-riibunilani'i! uf HiTa|i I'm' tbi' miiall riiNliu);N inado in thuilill'uri'iit machine sbupH.
An irun cunccHNiiin liaH been f;raiituil in the TranHvaal, but tbeuwiicm have nut exer-
ciNcil their iiptiun, partly fur thu abu\u rcasoiiH, anil partly I'ruiii the fact that, an a
iluty uf K cenlH per puuiiil woiilil then have tu be levieil uii all iuipurted articles
inaniiraetunMl uf irun ur ateel, the cunci'.HHiuuaireit wuulil either have tu ittart the
iieceHHary uianiifuctuiieH ur meet HtreuuuiiH piililie uppusitiun. The cuueeBHiou will
Hiiun expire.
The iriiii-ore ilepiwitH may be iliviilcil iiitu three Koieral cla«Heii : A. Ilyilratcil ureii
uf recent uriKin : II. Stratilleil ilepuHitK, iiicluiliu); ferruginuuD uaiiiUtunes, argillitea,
etc.; C .MoKBive ile|iuiiitH, niuntly uiii);iietiti'H.
A. The hyilrateil uren cuver iniiiietiHe areiiH, anil are entirely superllcial. They are
generally the luiise, earthy variety and have evidently been derived fruni thu huIu-
tiun tti irun cuntained in the neif;hbiiriiiK ruckN. Tliuu^h tlieiw urea may in siime
iiiHeN furm a valuable lliix fur Hiiicltiii); uperatiuiiH, they are uf iiu value per He ax a
Huurceuf irun, hciiiK invariably meehaiiically mixed with Hand, gravel, etc, which
uriginally Htreweil the Niirfaccs iipuii which they were depuNitud.
In order tu f{>vo n clear idea uf tlieHccoii>! and third elaiDieii uf irun urulnimitenter
slifjbtly iiitu the general geulugy uf the High Veldt ' cuiintry. It eunsistH uf beds uf
llat-lying Heilimentary Htrata rcHtiiig un granite, and everywhere travermid by green-
xtuiie ilikcH, In many jilaceH tlicne uliler atrata are uncumfurtably uverhiin by eual
meaaureH. The Heilimentary Htrata euiiHiat uf aaiidatune abaleH and cuuglomeraten,
■ TmuMlctiuii* 111' till' AiiM'rii'tiii liiMtittite iif Mining EuKinimrM, Vtil. Will, p. 334.
PIlOmiCTION op IRON ORKft.
165
aa well on HiinriiiniiN nrnnH iiT iiiiiKiD'Hiitii liiiLnHtniir; nml nItliniiKli rnrnly lyiiiK liori-
/.niitally, iih tlm rciitl iiii'nHiircH ilii, llioy nri< ni'Vi^rllicli-HH, iih ii riiln, only Hliglitly
tiltud. Tlio iiifiiii ^I'olof^ifMil titiitiiro to lin iiotcil Ih tlio woikIitI'u] por&iHUMM'eof tlioHO
lieiU ill liotliHtriko iiiiil<li|i. Tlio <'iiciir|iiiieiit ol'tliK ni)!li Voldt iHiiot. iilwiiyHrriii^iicl
by tli« l>e Knap rovks, nml wIdto tliny are nlim>iit f;riiiiltir unil lelilspntliic roikH,
micli nil porphyry, niirite, folMilr, cti-.. are nloiio foiiml, nml tlii' oriiptlvo );r«oiiHtoii«
in Htill imiro roiiiiiioii tlinii on tlio IIIkIi Voldt,
K. Tlii-Hn orcH ol' tlii< Htrntiiieil ilcpoKitK orciii' niiiniiK tlift llnt-lyiiiK mimlHtornin nml
Hlialm of tlio lll|;li Vclilt nml tli« tiltiiil Hlinlns, (|iinrt/.itiM, etc,, oT tlio Low Volilt.
Tliniii|{lioiit it Ih iihiiuI to liml IiimIh of Hnmlntonn or qnnrt/:i(4' pniuiiiiK into otIinrH of
nearly pun* iiiiifjiietito over lnr};4« (liHtuni'ct* nml for f^rent tliirkiinHHcH; nnil otlierM of
Hlinlii nro oliwrvrd to |inHH into ncnrly pure hmiintito. Tlii'rr in nlwnyn, liownver, noiiio
lionialiln with llin iimKimtiln, nml nlHo hoii.u llnionito, tlioii|;li tliiH Ih linrn purely an
iilteni 'M proiliict. The linnntito Ih ^i-ni-rnlly anft nml orhiiroiiH, though when it
oi'curH . '110 in the Hnmlntoiifl heilH, where its nnioiint ix nlwnyH ineongjilernlile, it in
iiNiially u iriffht Hcnlex of Hpoenlnr iron. It iDililliiiilt to nrcoiint for tho origin of
theHo ilepci" >H, iiiiliwH we niny HiippoHe ti'iit in the enm' of the innKKOtite this iron ore
reHiilted from the fllHint^'^rntimi of pieexintimj^runitie roekii, ami wnH enneontrnl^Ml
by the netion of the sen. nn on ninny Hea benches, where binek HnmlH hnve nncniiiii-
lateil over Inrge nrenn. Wlint may ^i^e morn eolor to this liypothcHis is the fnet that
tliiiHe beils of iron ore nre ilistiiietly bnmltiil or strntilieil in ninny plarcH, nml Roiiie-
tiiiieH niteriinte with others of pine snmlHtohe. The heinntite lieilH were |ierhnp8
oriKiiinlly a mmlily Heiliment.
Upon the Iliirh Vclilt there nro enorinoiis i|iinntities of those ores thnt nro not
HilieeoiiH to niiy ^ront extent, nml nn in many jilaeeH they are foiiml in the iinnioillate
noiKliborhooil of the imnieiiHe innl ilejiosits of the eonntry they may be ntili/eil nt
Home future time. There nro also other ilopositsi of magnetite in the shape of Inrue
llHSiiro veins trnverslii); these IliKh VeliU roeks, but of this I enii not spenk with niiy
certainty, mir can I as to whether or not any (leposits occur in the coal nieasnreH,
thiiiiKli 1 believe they ilo. Test^ of the ores show the iron cniiteiit to be from (iO t^i
(Ut per cent, witli phimplioriis frnin O.thi to O.IU. .Soini- of these ores unvo renctions for
titnninni. (if course llin Haniples were selected.
As iiiny perhnps be inferred from the fore}!ojii)r^ there nre also eiioriiinns ninoiintH
uf elay-ironstono, such ns is workoil in KnKlnnd, to lie I'onml nmoiiK the lil|;h Veldt
Htratii.
('. The mniiHive deposits nre fronlogicnily the most interesting, and thoiifrli observed
only over n compnrntively siiinll nren, it is certnin that they occur very widely over
till" northern portion of the Transvanl.
The ]ilaee where I saw these massive ore bodies was snnio 50 miles north of the
HiKh Voldt eHcnrpmcnt and as ninny miles away froiii coal. Tliere nre no strntilieil
rocks in the district, whether tilted or otherwise. Th(> country rock seonied to bo
a llesli-colorpil felsite, though from its soinotimos containing wcll-detlned orthochtae
crystals, together with (jrnins of ignnrtx, it mnyperhnns be termed n granite. This
relsito Is only oceasionnlly seen, owiii); to the eiiormons i|nniitity of i;rcanstoiie,
which seems to hnve nliiiost everywhere covered it. It is necessnry to say that tlio
country is only hilly or nndnlntlnK. Risini; from this moderately level Inml is a
iiiimbor of hills that are ]irominent from their perfectly conical shape. The Inr^est
of those I f'onnd b,v an aneroid bnrometcr to be li'.Ti feet hl^h. while at the base the
diainetor is probably one. half iiiilo At the bottom nml for the first 101) feet of the
ascent greenstone oceasionnlly nppenied "in pince." but from Hint point nothing else
wiisobsorved but mnssive ningnetite, which wns so frei|Ucntly seen "in place" that I
wns onnblod to assure myself thnt this wnsprncticnlly n hill of solid ore. Mostof it,
too, oxhibiied polnrity to such nn e\teiit thnt breaking the ore wns not ea.sy, owing
to the smaller particles becoming nttaehed to the hammer bend. HesideH magnetite
ninnll ipinntities of hematite nml a little limouite wore observiMl, but no traeos of
•|iiurt/. or rock of any kind.
106
MINRKAL RESOURCES.
Tim otliiT liillH, tliniiKli siiiMller, with idniitical in PhiHiictrr. thciUKli tliny riliiliitecl
no )rr<'rimt»iir iit tlirir Ikihi'h. TIh' Hnilnc^i fur wiinf diHtiinn' h Hircwn witli ttug-
niiMilN cil' niMKiK'tito, wliicli );'>vfl ii littlu trcnililo liy xtiikin;; tii tbo tir<w of waffoii
wIkwIh iiinl ti> our liDrevn' alioeH. I nniy iniMitiim lliatthc llntTH i'(>ni|ilain of UiIh iu
iilliiir piirtH (if tliK niirthiTn HiMtiun, Imt I liiiv(> inily wrn it hisrc.
I <^nn form no tlirory ua to tlii> priiliablo origin of tlii'xi' IiIIIh of niaRiietito, an tlicy
Hcc-ni to occur witlxnit any m'i|unni'«. It ih poHHihlr that tlui iron iu»y liavoocriirri'il
in tlw Kruinistono nriKinally, wliicli liy (li'cinnpoHiii); (wliii'li it ilorfi very rapidly
lii'ri') luft tli« ori! Htandiiij; nl>ovo tlio Hnrfiirc, but I v/an uuviir abb' to flud any niorii
inaKurtito in tlw Iar(;i' );reiMiston« ureas now expisiMl. It in truii that this grooniitonn
now containM llHKnri'x lilli'il with a matrix I'onipoaoil of a byilratcil oxiilo of iron ami
a l'ttlu.i|uart/. ThiH vuin matter nontaiuH frim Kolil, malachite, nzurito, bornito,
I'hab'opyritc, ami jirobably other copper oreH; also Hnniltitu anil iiici'olito, with p«r-
hnpN other oren of (tobalt ami nii^kul, ami linally mmpiekul ami galena. All the
above oroa carry ijolil anil Hilver. Thu locality hoH a Hpocial iuteriwt from tho fart
that miMt of tbcHO veina were worked by the "anciontH/' moat probably for copper.
Unfortunately no aualynes of the magnetite were mailo, act for the jiroHCut tlieHe
iniineiiHo.niaiiHOH have m> commercial viilue.
The above data refer to the iron urea i>>' the Tran»vual only, om I am not familiar
enouKi- with Cupe Colony, the ()ran;;e Free State, llaHiitoland, Natal, llritisb
Kccbuiuialanil, etc., to f;ive more (lullnlte inronimtion than that neither minin); nor
HMieltinK of iron ore 18 carried on in any one of them, but from what I know of the
KeoloKy of .South Africa I am aasured that depiiHita aimilar to thoHe I have written
of will be found thron);hoiit the entire extent of it. There are in this eonntry ]irob-
ably many other ilopoHits of iron ore of which nothing is known, ami which may
beloni; to a cliuiH other than those inentioncd.
Mr. Chiirles M. l{olkor, ininiiij; onginocr, supplied tho followiiiK iiifor-
iniition ill roj^fanl to tho iron-ore deposits in thesoiittieni part of Afri(!ii,
statiiif; that he knows of none whiuh are beinjj; iietivcly worked by white
men. There are hirgc hematite deposits near Mount VVcdxa, iiortlieast
of Fort Victoria, in Mashonahiiid, which are utilized by Mashonas iu
making' assagais, arrows, hoes, and domestic tools. Numerous smaller
dejiosits scatte,re(l about Salisbury, Uartley Hills, Lo Maghnndis, etc.,
in Mashoiialaiid, which areexiiloited for similar purposes by the native.s.
There is iiii(|u<'stionably iron ore in the Dutch Republic (Transvaal),
but it is not worked.
Mr. Daniel llahn,of Oape Town, Africa, writes that the natives in
iSouth Africa, i. e.. the (;oiintry south of the (Janeiie and Zambezi, do
not work any iron ore, although cxcenent deposits of ore are found
at various jiliwes.
American ministers or consuls in (l^ambia, Zan/.ibar, and the Straits
Settlenients report that no iron lU'e is cither used or imported.
OCEANICA.
nuRNEo.
Mr. .lohii C. F. Randolph, mining engineer, of New York, fiirnishcd
the following ilata in regard to the iron industry of Borneo:
The HinoltinK of iron ores almiiHt ceased about the year 1S70, through the rlienp-
ni'Ks of KnjjIiHh iron and Nteel, wbieh is now passed from hand to hand by the
trailers, until it reaches the wildest tribes in the interior, lining already fashioned
PRODT'CTION OK IUr>N *)RKH.
167
into wiHiil kliivPH (]ini'iiiiKi<), Ikwh, (cliiiiikiilH), iiml iixi'K (liliivnii);ii) of t)i<' hIiii|ii'
llit*y urc iirniHtoiiH'il to. Tltn iirt of iron iiiiil Htvv\ making in lliin iHluiitl In ho oUl,
liowuvKi', tliJit It U iiiiji' 'Hilili' to Htiitn wlicinro il whh ilirivt'il, mill niiiiii' I'i-w hiliiiII
I'liriiucHH {lOHHilily ntill niirvivc, Imt tlii'ir |iri>iliii't in I'lir morn I'oHtly, nitlioiiuli iiiiii li
HM|iHrior to the iiii|iort<»l iirticlr. Tliiit tlit< limt art of iIuiiiuhiiviiimI or laiiiiiiatiiil
nitiol, nliowiii); a wntiT pattuni, rcailinil Iiiiii iUiv<)lo|iiiii'iit In Itoriiiio i* nnilouliird,
nnd Mr. l{nnilol|ili ntatrH that hi' han hail In IiIh lianilN liliiilrH»rnati >■ '<rkiintn)ihi|i
from Rtei'l proiliiciMl In natlvii forKUH HU|ii'rli>r in ti'nipvr anil hiiaiitv to 'i.> hliiK tlio
Kiiropenn niiiHitiiniH hIiow of thr nianiifartiiru of ToImiIo in the Mlililln iV|,'i'H. Thci
principal localltii'H whrri> iron Hnn-ltin^ ami hU'v\ fabritMition in nat *'' liinnicrH ami
fori^CH WITH lliiiirlHhliiK prior to IS70 w«r<i:
(1) In Noiilli ilorniiii, at Sian Mnroii;.;, llnHHon-l'lv, ami i-Hperially alnn^ tlit Monli'l-
Int Klviir, wlini'K at loait 10 fiirnai'i>H anil l'iir>;«ii wnri' nt work m 1'<II).
(2) Ir th« \vi*Hti-rn ilmtrirt of Hoiith norniio, at Katin^nii anil KatariiiKf^i'* 'I'lio
l.iH ' I, .111 many fnrnan's in \K<(), iiHiiit; lliu iron oriw from Samjia Itivi'i ami the
Maiitiki'l liranrh, IIowiiik into it. Five thoiiHanil paraiiKH are Haiil to liavi' himn
niailv ill thtwii iliHtrirtH in IK'id.
(3) In WfHt llornro, at KamlawanKim, on thr Ilakan Itiwr. ami .Maliin anil 8im-
jiiinK on tliii Siilnr Kivrr.
(1) In north llornro, whrrc many fnrnaci'H witi' working until 1S7II, I'lnpliiyiii);
from IMMI to ilHI Chini'M' anil Malays.
Siimii of the trihiHof Dyakn (hoail liiiiitcrH) far in tlio interior air Hiill Hiiiil to
work a finv forKVit, ami thitir Htei'l i.s famoiiH for quality ami lii'aiity.
All of thin Hmi'ltini; woh ilono in iiativi' rylinilriral fiirnaros, ^ fiwt I iiii'lii'H lii^h
ami 10 fi'et in cireiiuifi'roniM', tho intrrior having; tlio form of a>. iiivi'rlr>l |ivraniiil.
The HmrltiuK '.one waa Ur> imhiw long, I!l inchrit wiilr, anil !l iiichitH liiKh. 'Ihi'mi
fiiriiarrR, built of wi'll-HoliTtvil ynllow clay, worn fol'int'il hy lirHt placing a wonili'ii
core, anil oiitNiilu of that a I'yilnilriral wooiliiii form, ami taiii)iiu|; tho I'hiy lanifiilly
liutwern thu two. After a monlh'H ilryiiiK, iliiriii;; which fiirtlii>r tampini; in ilouu,
thii coTK unil 8iirroiiniliii){ In x ari' reniovcil, ami the Ktaik hoiiiiil with Htronj; rattan,
'riiii ilryln^X i>* I'ompli'ti'il with a Niiiall lirr, iilaroil iiiHiili' of tho fnrnai-o. The cam-
paign of Hiii'li a Inrnari' liiNtoil hut a ilay, the oro iihiiI IiiiIiik iroiiNtoiie from the Coal
MeaHiiri'H. At tir.st thr hottoiii of the Ntaitk or rriu'ihlr waH parkeil with ]Mi\\ilcriiil
charcoal two iiicliiv thick, with a cavity in tho iniilillu in which toaHHcmlilo the iron.
Two o)iciiin};H were iiiailc, the lower onr for the metal anil the upper one fur the
HhiK. Three larger IioIuh were maile in the hack ami hIiIcx for tlie liliiHt. The
tnyi'^res were of linrnt clay II incliex lont;. tapering towaril ami conncctcil with the
lihiat lio\ hy woollen tiihcH. Kacli lilitHt ho.\ waa operuteil hy haiiil anil coiitaineil a
vulvo niaile air-ti;{|it Ity fcatherH. It Hii]iplieil air to one tuyere, ami waH wofImmI hy
one man. ttlowin^ coala were limt jilaceil into the crmihle, anil acteil on hy the
blaat; then the furnace wait two-thinlH lilleil with charcoal, anil on this a liiyerof
ore WON placed, the liliiHt heiiig increaxeil ho iih to make the llrst action on the ore
one of roaHtin^. Ah the charge doHceiided, another layer of charcoal Ih aililed, and
then one of ore, nnt Hi;£e, in regular HiicceHHion.
The proportion of ore to coal w»h 1 to 10, the feeding heing done from ahnvo, and
the top heaped up. After a lapHe of two and a half honrH the charge iiHiially Hank
fliifllciently for new ore and coal. Slag wiiH drawn every twenty mimitcM, the hIaHt
being stopped by withdrawing the tiiyercH for live or more minntcH, the diHadvantage
being that the majority of the iron lloweil out mixed in the Hiag. When all the coal
wiiH bnrued, the metal wiih tapped through the lower hole an a rod, glowing, hardly
tlowing masH, which hud to he helped out of the furnace with wooden ]ioleH toa le\'el
place, in front, Htrewn with line xlag. Here the inaH» n as beaten with wooden mallets
until It became Hhiiiy. Heing ntill full of nlag (to the extent of one-tenth) it had to
be repeatedly heated red hot, muiI heab'ii with hainmern, until it ciiiild ho forged.
The rcHiilt of one ilay'n work of four men wan 1.% ponmlH of iron. KorgcH arc leaa
ir,8
MINERAL RE80tTRCE8.
rare to-dnv tlmn amnltin); Ciiriiiiii's. Tlie iimial ciiiantity of mntorial fnl>ricnt«il in
tlio fdrifOH at Nt'^^unv, in Hoiith Ilnriico, iH liir^e, nnil tb<' prixluct is Iiiuioiih in tliut piirt
ul' tlii^ iHlanil. TliK " |iiir»iif;" ii4Kli»peil like atiwiiril, or Mexican nmi'licte and HervpH
liiitli lor UHi' ill tlic jiiiiKlti ami ax a wunpoii in war. Tlin paranja now in iihc aro
i'liii'tlyot'l''.ii);lisli maiiiirai'tiiro, Hiniilar totlione ('iiTiilatin^ through tlie whole archi-
jit'laj^o, anil very intorinr in i|iiality to tlnmc proiliireil in Horneo.
AVliat lias bt-eii saiil of Honieo is e(iiially true of the native Malay
statcH, the ishtiulH of Java and Sumatra, and in fact of the rest of
Malaysia. Home few furnaces like the one described in itorneo are
o«!ca8iona1ly seen.
NKW OALEDONIA.
Accordinjj; to a report issued by the French colonial office, this coun-
try has considerable quantities of iron ore, containing from 2 to 5 per
cent of ehroniiuni.
Mr. .r. (!. H. MiiiKi'y. of the New South Wales geological survey,
gives analyses of nine specimens of Xew (Caledonian iron ore, which
he states contains from 0.7."> to L'.Sfi per cent of chromic scs(iuioxide.
The various elements in the ore varied ius foHows:
Analyneii of New Calcdnnian iron ore.
Per rent.
MoiHinrnnt 10(r r
1 21 to n 63
Tracr
Inm iMTiixiilc
Inn pmtoxiili'
&t. r>0 to TK. ()H
.4.') to 4.05
Nirkfl pniloxiilr
2<> to 1 3r>
( 'iibalt iinttiixitlu
Ahiinitm
Kilini
None totrHC4>, '
4.41 tu 10. HO :
Trare to 17
Miiuiii'nta
lMioi4|ihnri(' in-id
Truri- to . 57
MrUillif linn
46. 54 if) ST. 80
NEW .SUtTTII WALES.
Mr. .Joseph E. ('arne, geological surveyor, department of mines and
agriculture, supplied raost of the following data :
Tlie existence of extensive depositN of ricli iron ores at Wallerawniig, MittnKong,
near Pieton, Ilorrima. Mount Lanibie, near Illayney, near ('owra, Lyndliiirnt, Lne,
Port Stephnna, and in varioiiH otlier partH of the colony IniH heen deinonatrnted, in
many instanccH in the vicinity of coal and liniCHtone in alinndanco, although lint
little IniH been done tnwai'd developing thin imporlnnt Honrce of wealth.
Ill fact, with the exception of the Fitzi'oy worka at Mittagong, which have lioen
abandoned for aoine time, the only worka in the colony are tlioac of the Eakliank
Iron Company, at Lithgow Valley, which were originated in IST.'J. Theae worka
conaiat of fnrnace, foundry, and forge and rolling iiiilla. Moat of the |ilant, includ-
ing a 24-tnn lly wheel, waa made on the ground. The hlaat fiirnnco ia capable of
producing 100 ^ona of gray or 115 toiia of mottled iron per week. During 18S!)2,i;M!
toiiH !) hiindredwi'ight of bur and rail iron wore made, valued at jC 18, {iSOlOa. Sinolt-
ing lia.s been abandoned for aonie time, the worka being at present employed for
working up old iron.
PRODUrTION OP IRON ORES.
169
In IRflO considoriililn iittoiition wan i;ireii to tli« irnii on' <l<-poHitH of New Sniitli
\Valfl8, owini; to the vinit of iiii KiikHsIi cxjiort for tlin piirposn of inakiiiK a report
on the iron ore, coal, ami limefltono dnpoRitx of thi' rolony, with u vii'u of oHtablisli-
in|r iron Hninlting worka.
IrroKulnr niasBCH anil veins of maKnctito, witli gurnet ironntone. and Honie IocIph
of brown liematite occur in tiin Devonian 1>c<1h near Wallerawang, wliilo int(*rltmldt<(l
with the Coal Measnrua, whicli extend from \Vall<irawan({ to Kowenfola, are several
thin beds of rich clay-lianil iron ore — a variety of hematite.
According to analyfiiH made by ProfeHHor LiverHidgo tlic magnotito orn averages
40.l<7 per cent of metallic iron, the garnet irnnKtone 21 per cent of iron, both lieing
inferior, the brown hematite yielding 37. K4 to ril,.'i2 per cent of iron, the clay handH
4U.28 to Sti per cent of iron of better grade.
The depoHit of brown hematite at Mittagong is a Riiring dci)osit formed at jnnr-
tion of the Hawkesbury and Wianamatta forniutionH. Iron ore, comtistiiig of red
and brown hematite, occurs in the Ilawkeabury rockx iit Mount (Clarence in couHid-
erable quantity. A sample analyzed by the Government analyst eontaini'd iVi per
cent of metallic iron. This ore is generally very siliceoiiH.
At Br "vns Cre<^k, near Blayney, several de|)OsitH of iron ore occur, which furnished
the major portion nf the ore used during snu>lting operations at Kskliank. Itrown
iron ore was also obtained from Newbrid^<).
A few miles from Lyndhurst an ontcro]i of brown iron ore in limestone orrrra. At
Ilroula, uearCuwra, magnetic iron ore of good iimility is reported in quantity.
The qnantity of iron ores availablo for smelting works in the Mittagcnigor I'icton
district is estimated a|iproximat«ly at 8,2:U,(M)0 tons, containing :i,(i8^l,nn() tims of
metallic iron; in the Wallerawang district, '.',481,0011 tons of ore, yieldiiig 1,212,(XX)
tons of motallic iron ; and in the liylstono district, 2,22r>,(X)0 tons of ore, containing
9.'i7,18n tons of metalUc iron.
In framing the above estimate of the (|nantiti<w of iron ore available in the ilis-
tricts mentioned, (miy thoAe deposits whieli are within reasonable distance of rail-
way carriage have been considered.
Ill tlip Cohiinbiiin K.xposition tlierc were, exhibited:
1. Iron ore aiiil coal i'roiii tlie Mitta!;<>ii<; district, liiiiestono from
Marulaii,aii<l \}\ff iron, castings, etc., niannfactared from t<lii> above iron
ore. The iron-ore deposits of tht* Fitzroy, or Mittagonfr, and Mcrrinia
districts, from some of which the exhibit was taken, consist of brown
hematite, limonite, and bog iron ore. They wcur cliiefly in ten different
localities, nine of these beiwg within 5 miles from the old Fitzroy Iron
Smelting Works, and one abont 4^ miles froi .no railway line at
Moss Vale.
The Government geologist describes the deposit from which this
exhibit was taken as having been "formed from fcrrnginons springs,
some of which are still (lowing and depo.siting hydrons iron oxide, The
ore varies from hard, tjompact brown hematite to soft, ocheroua nniterial,
ant! yields on analysis from 47.2 to 01.4 per cent of metallic iron."
The average of twenty analyses showed 48.40 per cent of metallic iron.
Coal is worked at the Atlttagong and Herrima mines, and the nearest
limestone is at Marulan, 37 mih^s by rail from Mittagong. Other
de|M<sits of brown henuitite occur in the (ronlbonrn district, distant .''i.l
milcH by rail from Mittagong.
2. Iron ore and limestone from Port Stephens.
170
MINEKAI, RESOtlKCKS.
At Ironstone Mountain, in the I'ort >St<'i>lii>ns district, occurs a
bed ol' magnetic iron ore, from wliiclt tlie Maniple exiiililted wau taken.
The geoUifjical surveyor states tliat the bed of ore is from 3 to 4 feet
thick, and can bo traced fur over n (juarter of a inih^ Tho result of
six analyses shows that the ore contains from .'57.71 to 4M.,'{.3 jKjr cent
of metallic iron; but they also indicate as much as 7..'{0 per cent of
titanic, acid, 1H.70 per cent of .silica, and '>.'2H i»cr cent of alumina.
3. A pile of about 2 tons of magnetic iron ore from Hroula liidge,
li70 miles west of Sydney, or alxmt 90 miles from the nearest coal
deiKtsits at Wallerawang. The analysis shows (I.VJ'-' per cent of metal-
lit^ iron.
4. Another pile of 2 tons of brown hematite obtained 8 miles from
Pict^)n, which is r»3 miles from Sydney. The.-to brown hematite ores
are described by the late (iovernment geologist as similar in origin
tothoscof Mittagong, havingbeen formed at the surface by ferruginous
sjiriiigs. In the deposit from which tlie above exhibit was taken
the same ol1i(!er estimated that about .S(IU,(IOO tons of ore arc available.
-Vnalyses show 4!».3i» per cent of metallic iron.
Ti. Some brown hematite froui Ntnvbridge, yielding M.S per cent of
metallic iron, which was used ilnriiig iron smelting at Lithgow.
(!. IJrown iron ore from the parish of Calvert, county of liathnrst,
yielding ."lO.O.") per cent of iron. This iron ore deposit, which occurs in
diorite, is lenticular in form, and |)rol)ably owes its origin to a chalyb-
eate spring. I'rospectingoperations wereconfined toafew small open-
ings made in winning ore tiirsmolting at Lithgow some years ago. The
de))osit is in close iiroximily to limestone.
7. Magnetic iron ok^ (■nti.So per cent iron) from the parish of Erro!,
county of Ilathurst. The deposit from which this oi'c was taken occurs
in diorite, and is closely associated with a chalcedonic ipiartz reef. A
cutting made in obtaining ore for the Lithgow Iron Works revealed a
face of ore about 30 feet by l.") feet; about 10 chains to the westward
several smaller openings have been made in similar ore. The ore is
strongly magnetic, and forms a natural loadstone,
8. IJrown iron ore from a mine 104 miles west from Sydney, giving
55.84 per c'xt of metallic iron, a considerable quantity of which was
used during smelting operations at Lithgow. An opening about 2
chains hing by about 1 chain wide was made, revealing an irregular
bunch of brown inm ore occurring in talcose schist. The workings
had reached a de]ith of about 30 feet when smelting was discontinued.
9. Brown iron ore (5.S.0(i per cent) fi'om Cliefden, near Lyndhurst,
about 188 miles by rail from Sydney. A large, unprosiHicted outcrop
e\t>i^n<ls fur about ouu-hulf mile, with a width of from 2 to 3 chains, in
limestone.
PRODUCTION OP IKON ORKS
171
10, There was also oxliibited a collection of iron, liiaiifjanosf, aii<I
cobalt ores from tlio minister for mines and agriculture, Sydney, which
included the following iron ores:
Iron oreH from Neiv South ll'alet.
Character of ore.
Mi'tallic , , ...
iron, i Locality.
I'rr cfiil. '
0"_'. f( Xorwoml, near OnnliMtm.
4f<. fl .Joniin, near lioiilhiirn.
.19.18 Willi'nMiSlatiim, l.nkr Crcnrtlf, near (innllnirri.
50. 41i Near <ion)lnirn.
n.m Klt/,riiv mine. Mlttaiicni);.
42.07 Wentliroiik. Sinillet.in.
4». (l:! NewhrWue. « inilea tVorii lllavnev.
111.114 Drake. New Knglanil.
0«. 34 : VnungCowradlHtrii-t.
38.40 j Near Claroueii Town.
Do
1)11
Do . .
Do
Do
Do
MajrnotiU)
.._ _.. . .__
These analyses are evidently from sampled dried at 212'^.
Iron ore occurs near Lyndhurst, about l!tO miles from Sydney, and 17S
miles from Granville, where extensive iron and machinery works are
situated; also the Clyde Smelting Works, in which the Lyndhurst iron-
stone was used as a tlux in the smelting of silver ores. In this nunc are
three lodes, 2 feet, 35 feet, and 40 feet wide, rtjspectivtdy, and though
this deposit has been prospected to a depth of only a few feet yet a
large <iuantity of ore is in siglit. Dm ing the year IS'KJ there was raised
in. the Broken Hill district 1,051 tons of iron ore, valued at £1,19H.
The bulk of this came from Balaclava, about 8 miles from Broken
Hill, the balance being taken by the i»roprietary company from thetmt-
cropof the lode. It is used as Hux. All of tlie iron made in New South
Wales, Australia, at present, as reiiorted in the returns of the ( leological
Survey, is obtained from scrap at the Eshbank Iron Works, and not
from iron ore.
SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
In South Australia magnetite and red and brown hematites occur,
some of which are used as lliix in the silver snu^lters. The only
deposit which has as yet been worked for the pnriiose of iron manufac-
ture is the Mount Jagged iron mine, 9 miles souMieiist of Willunga
and 11 miles north of Victor Harbor. A eonijiany was formed in IHT.'i,
which built a snnill furnace to smelt the magnetic ores with charcoal,
but after a short blast the furnace was abandoned.
TASMANIA.
Tasmania has considerable iron ore, largo deposits at Illfracondie, S
miles from the Kiver Tamar, being destiribed as yiel'dlng a good (piality
of brown hematite. Iron sands are also repented as occurring. None
of the deposits are worked.
172
MINERAL RESOURCES.
NEW ZKAI-ANI).
At Tiirnaki, siinil coiitniiiin;; nia^notic oxiilc of iron, often titaniferous,
is round. It isbclic^vcd to hv tlip result, of tlie ilcstniction by the waves
of nuLsses of iron-la'arlnj; material. Similar iron sand lins been used
in the inunufactnre of iron both in New Zealand and in Tasmania,
where it also oceiirs. The re]M>rt in 18!M» on the mining industry of
New Zealand states that 14 tons of hematite ore were ex|M>rted, but no
later reports are accessible.
Mr. .lohn 1). Connolly, consul of the United Stat«>.s at Auckland, New
Zealand, has, through the cinirtcsy of the Honorable K. Kiddon, minis-
ter of mines, supplied statistics in regard to the amount of iron ore mined
and used in that country in 1802. He says:
AUIioiikIi tliiTO arc liii';;i' <li'p<iHitH of inin (uiikI anil irnn nrn in varions parts of
Wi'w /riiland, niannfactiirrd iron Iihh not Uv-ou prndnnod to Hnnh an oxtont iw to make
it a mai'ki'talilii coninioility. Unrin); 1S!I2 tli« Onotiin^a Iron Workn Company pro-
Uiu'od al)f>iit ^^^O tonH of iron, on which the <iov»rnn)t'nt ]iaiil a Immiuh of .11300, Init
it rcniaioH to lio Hn.:) wlnithiir iliat ronipaiiy will rontinne ith operationfi.
This iron was n\iule between June .3 and .Inly 10, 1802, from cinder
and native ores, vi/,, l*ara))ara riid VVhangarei ores and ircn sand.
The iron sands were niiule into the form of bricks in order to be more
easily smelted. Tlu^ ores yielded about 50 i>er cent of iron in the
furnace, so that the total amount used a|)proximatcd 700 tons.
Some years ago a magnetic separator was shipped from the United
States to New Zealand for the purpose of treating the iron sands, which
appear there in an unusinilly concentrated condition.
SANDWICH ISLANDS.
These islands are of volcanic formation, and the Hnnor.able John L.
Stevens says that no iron ore i.s produced or ]>ig iron manufiu;tured.
In facit, ho never heard of any minerals being found. The sharp tools
used by the natives before the islands were discovered by Europeans
were nuide from a peculiar kind of tlint rock.
I'UOUUCTION OF IKON OUES.
178
THK PRODUCTION OK IRON ORES IN TIIK I'NITKD STATUS IN
1S94.
The rwioi'd of ironoro production in the year 18ilJ, auioiinting to
11,879,«7!» long tons, shows ii nli{;lit advance (about '2.\ per cent) over
the quantity mined in 1803, but notwithstaiidiii},' this the year 18!»-t can
probabiy be recorded as the most unsatisfactory iu the history of irou-
ore inluing in the United States.
The returns for 1893 indicated the smallest output from domestic
iron-ore mines since statistics have been collected by the United States
Geological Survey. This Is shown by the following table, where, In
addition to the total product, the relation which that of each year bore
to the maximum output of 1802 is given :
Production of iron una in the United Statet, ISS9 lo JS!)4.
Tears.
! put.
I88D
Long tttnf,
U, 518, 041
16,030,043
14,501,178
16, 206, 060
i\.f»i,wa
11,870,679
81). 00
08. 40
811. .^;i
liju.oo
71.10
72.1)0
Ifgo
181)1
1802
1893
18M
While the (juautity of ore credited to 1804 is small, when compared
with that of the other years mentioned, except 1803, it is much in
excess of the amounts reiiorted by the only other records accessible,
viz, the censuses of IStiO, 1870, and 1880. The reduced production,
however. In connection with the prevailing low prices, made the year
most unsatisfactory, becau.se itafl'ected an increased amount of capital
and a larger number of emiiloyees, made necessary by the extension
of the Industry to nwvX the demands of inec<!ding years.
The percentage borne to the maximum output of 1802 indicates the
remarkably depressed state of business in 1801, but piooalily a more
r!i|ultable comiiarLson is to average the iron-ore inodiietloii of the past
two years and that of the four preceding years as follows:
[,nll^ tiillH.
Avorugi! luiiiiiiil iiroiliictiiin of iron ori< for .vriir.s ISSSI, IX'H), ISill, ami M!I2. m, ;t(!(), IMli
Averugu uimiial proiluetioii of iron ore lor yours 18Ua unci 1S91 11. ?;!;), G.") I
Avoragu iloHciency \h:t yt^nr ;( ff>x\, 81'8
The average annual output for 1803 and 1804 was 76.30 per (sent of
that of the four preceding years, and as during tiie periods of large
production mining enterprises were extended, new developments ina<lo,
additions to ecpiipment secured, and augmented cajiital invested, a
reduction so great In the (iiiautlty of ore mined would of itself crijjple
174
MINERAL RESOURCES.
luiniuroiis enterprises. Itut when such reiluetioii was neeoinimiiied by
an uii|)ieee(lente(l deeline in |irices the depressing' intliieiiee was ;,a°eiitly
intensilied.
CHARACTER OF IRON ORE PRODUCED.
The (changes in the country's output of llie dltVereiit vivrietiesof iron
ore are set forth in the foUowinf; statement, \vhit!ii shows th(! (luantities
of eaeli ehiss of iron ore in various years, and the i)roportion which
they bore to tiie total outiint of tlie yivir. The division of the foreign
iron ore i.s not iitteinpted, but the umjor portion may be considered as
of tlie red heuiatitt^ variety:
Character of iron ore produced.
KiiiiU uf ore.
ILoHiftijilM. Longtoitg. Lnngttnit.
ItoilliiMiiiitid' J. I'il, ira:i O.II5«.28K 10,527.11511
Hniwii hiriiiKltc. ! 1,9IK.(B2 2, .'ffl.OK? 2, ri.V.I, !i;!8
Mhkiii'IMc ' •-'. l:ii,-.'7ii ■•.:m(.a\:> 2,570.8:ih
Carliimulc 82:1,471 4:12.2.11 a77,(117
j TutiildntiioH-
tii! uru
: Ftircicii oren
i Kraiikliiiitn, i-iwtil.
I IIUIII
7, 12(l.;i62 14, SIB, 041 ■10.03(1,04:1
liOniJtnnt. t/imi/ionn.iIjtniijtnltK.^ iMHtf linm.
!l,:i27,3l»l ll.(H(l,Blll S,272,(>:i7 U r.47, 4:14
2,7.17..'ilH ! 2,4«.-i.l01 I 1.8111,272 l,472,74K
'-! :I17. lOK 1,B71,IKI,'> l.:i:lo.88li 1)72,2111
IHU. lOK 11)2, OKI 1:14,8:14 87,278
14, Ml, 178
012.8(14
(0, 290. (100
800. 58,')
31,S73
ll,587,(12il 11,870,(1711
520,0,-.l I 107,;i07
37, 607 i
I
Percenlaiita of different rartetim of domctlic iron orm for rarioim yean.
Kinds uf ure.
1880.
1880.
1800.
Percrnt.
05. 05
10.0(1
16.03
2.30
1891.
Per rent.
0:1.02
18.110
15.88
1.30
1892.
Per rent.
71.47
1.5.25
12 10
1.18
18in.
1801.
K(m1 lii'oiat ltd
Per emt.
31.52
20. D.I
20. 07
11.56
Per cent,
02. ;i8
i7.:iK
:7.26
2.U8
Per cent.
71. 30
15.00
11.40
1.0
/Vr rent.
78. (IK
12.40
8.18
0.74
TJM'se stateiiieiits are {^rapiiieally ilhistrated by PI. XI, ou which
coliiinns and divisions of cohinins ropiesent the rehitivo (luantities of
each class of ore and the total iron ore mined in the omisus years 1H.S0
and IS.S!> and in tiie years 18i)() to 1H!>4, as reported to the Survey. On
the same plate are indicated the relative quantities of foreign iron ores
(not divided into classes) which were iinporte<l in the years named. A
rajiid and practically coiitinuous increase in the projiortion of red
hematite ore produced, a decline in the relative tjuantity of brown hema-
tite, and a still more marked decrease in the iiroportion of magnetite
are also demonstrated. The use of carbonate in late years is practically
insignificant, the foreign iron ores importtMl being in greater (juantity
than the carbonates utilized; in fact, the amounts of cinder resulting
from furnaces in which pig iron is puddled, or iron and steel heated,
and which is used in blast fiirnaci^s as an ore, have been in excess of the
(luantitics of carbonate ores mined in late years.
U. 8. crOLOCICAL SURVEY
"""^ 1889 1890 1691
^ mm ww\ mw.
ftlXTFFNTM ANNUAL RfPORT fAHT III PL. y|
1892 IB93 1H.J4
IMPORTATIONS OF FOREIGN IRON ORt
'^///y^
1-1.1'. .';;;/; -1
■'-■ f — n
LCGCNO
1890 1891 isgj
PRODUCTION OF CXJME8TIC IRON ORE, BY CLASSES.
PIODUOTION OF IKON OKE8.
175
OTHER MATERIALS USED AS ORE.
The extent to wliich mill ciiicU'r, ntll mid liaminer sciile, and otlior
artltlcial products are employed in the pigiion industry, is but imper
feetly ft|)preciated and can be dellnitely dett^rniined only by means of
statistics eolleeted Ironi eaih blast lurnaee. lOstiinates can, however,
be mi«le I'roni the reported quantities of rolled iron and steel produced
in various years, and such estimates indicate that there were produced
ill the United States the followiii}; approximate amounts of mill ciiid(!r,
scale, etc., a large proportion of which was fed to blast furnaces as ore:
IMtmalc iij
mill
vintt
T, ncalt; etc., product
(/ ill till
IniUd StuteH.
1 Yenni.
(jnnDtlty.
LoHff tons.
BIIO.OUU
IHU.OOO
SOU, OVIl
Yoara.
Qiiimtity.
Lmg torn.
BOO. 00(1
IXHI.OUO
&00, IHKI
j
1 1880
1890
IRfM
I«»I
The reduced quantity is due to the increased use of steel, which in
its manipulation produces less cinder and .scale per t(.n of ])iddiict,
and to the exhaustion of old stock jiiles of cinder. The (|uaiitities of
such material which should be deducted from the natural iron-ore sup-
ply to iletcrinine the average yield are, however, partially offset by the
consumption of iron ore as a fettliug or lining for puddling and other
furnaces, as a jiart of tlii! ciiarge of open hearth steel furnaces, as a
llux for smelting silver ores, and in minor quantities for other piiriioses.
The amoiiut <if iron ore used in rolling mills and steel works may be
considered iw approximating 70 per cent of the (piantity of cinder fed
to blast furnaces.
The Praiiklinite residuum reported .separately for 18!»L', l,S<»;j, and ISIU
is a clinker containing iron and inanganese, resulting from roasting this
ore to obtain zinc oxide. This clinker, being fed to small blast liiinaees
III Peiinsylvaina and New Jersey, produces spiegeleiseii, an alloy of
iron and manganese.
A considerable amount of "blue billy," or purple ore, wliicli is the
result of roasting iron pyrites to obtain sulphuric acid, is also led to
blastfurnaces, but the line state of cdmuiinution of this material gener-
ally produced in the United States, and the ingredients .sometimes found
in it make it unpopular.
The "blue billy" produced from Spanish pyrites, being freer tidin
objectionable elements, and the lump residuum resulting from Xova
Scotia pyrites, entered into the jiroductioii of pig iron *■ the extent of
about 24,000 tons in 1804.
A small amount of residuum from copjier smelting, containing about
one-half as much silica a>' iron, was utilized at some blast furnaces, and
it is probable that larger (|uaiitities will be enqiloyed during 18!)r>, as
they supply a cheap but inferior ore.
1T«
MINEKAL KE80URCE8.
IKON ORES USED IN BLAST FURNACES.
Ah tlii^ i>riiici|i!il iiHit of iron orit \» for tlie proiliictioii of pi); iron
ill bliist furiiii(;cs, the (|iitiiitity of \>in iron jiroduceil mid tliu miniber of
bliiHt. fiuiiiU'CH in opuration am );oi)(t iiulii^rs of tliu conHiiinptioii. The
Aiiiericaii Jroii and St«cl Assouiatioii collectH stati-stics iiiid publiHiics
tbc amount of ]ii},' iron hijuIo diiriii); cat'li half yuar and thu iiiinibor of
fiirna(H>H in bhwtt at thi- end ol eacli interval. These reports, sumuiarized
for the past tliree years, show the foUowiug:
I'roduction 0/ piij iron and number uf faruucei in the United Slalee in bluet, at Mervali
of eix tnunihn.
illllr \i-lirH rllllillK —
Jniie.10, Iglf.'
I)ii™il»rai,l«9-.'.
JllllviH), I8II1
Di'ii'liilivr:!!. lUtKI.
.Iniii':iu, IMU
UcciuibvrJl. IBIH.
N'uiuImt
of fur-
Vin lit>ii
UHVUM ill
lUUill'.
biwt.
Lvna tinu.
'JM
4, 769, BKt
Mil
4,3(17,317
•aa
4.M2,0IH
i;i7
2,5ai,M4
IIIK
•i.m.iSI
185
9. IKI9, 4U5
Total pr<Ml no-
tion for Itiu
year.
Long lime.
9. 157, 000
"7.i24,'603'
'6,'B57,'m«'
An exaiiiiiiation of this table, in connection with that of the iron-ore
out put, sii};jj;e.stM that the i)roduction of pij; iron in IfttH would require a
greater int-reast^ in the amount of iron ore mined than the actual figures
show. This apparent discrepant^y is explained in part by the use of
selected ores, and in part by the exhaustion of stocks of ores at bltvst
furnaces. The reduced rates at which iron ore was sold, and the com-
petition for a restricted trade caused work to be suspended at many
I'lines, t'lose which did not supply material of a siijierior character
being among the (irat to (.ease operations; iind as blast-furnace uiaii-
agers were forced to economi/.t! in every particular a careful selection
of ores resulted. (!onsc(|Ueiitly the yield of domestic iron ore for the
Unitcil States in 18!U was above the average of the years which imme-
diately ])reeedc<l it. A careful estimate sliows that in IS'J-i the domes-
tic ores used yielded an approximate average of 55 per cent of iron.
As iiidi(;atcd above, a number of furnaces wore put out of blast within
the past two years, and in many of these the stock on hand was used
U)>, while a declining market would not encourage the accumulation
of supplies of ore at othtM' furnaces. The annual reports of the Survey
consider only the iron ore mined and the stocks of ore held at mines or
in the hands of producers (see page 1!)4), no attempt being made to
collect or report stocks held by blast furnaces. Under ordinary eir-
ciiiiistances the furnace stocks of ore for the entire country vary but
slightly, although at individual plants and in districts there may be
considerable tliictuation, but in the jiast two years the quantities of
stock carried at blast furnaces have been below the average ; conse-
(luently considerable ore may have been utilized which would not
appear in tlie.se rejiorts.
PKtJUUC'TION OF IRON OBE8.
177
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE BY STATES.
The proiliiction of iron ore in eitcli State, dividi'd iiitn the I'onr cIusscb
which are recognized iu thsHo reports, iH shown by the table beluw.
<'LAH8TFICATION OF ORES.
The Ibllowing classitlcation of iron ores is the sauie an iiHcd in pre-
vious reiMirtx, and although it may he open to Honio teulinical criticisM),
it is believed to be the best arrangement, representing practically the
commercial division generally adopted l>y .sellers and purchasers:
1. Red hematite comprises those ores iu which the iron occurs as an
anhydrous o.\ide, giving a red strcalc on a iH>rcelain ])late, the cohtr of
the ore being generally a brownish-red or red, although sometimes a
dark-gray, almost bla«;k. This class includes " red hematite," " fossil,"
or "Clinton" ores, "specular," "micaceous" ore, "slate" ore, etc., as
well as some "martite," which is a pseudomorph after magnetite.
ti. Brown hetnatite, which contains more water than the red hematite,
is generally of a brown or yellow color, and when powdered shows a
brown or brownish-yellow streak on the porcelain plate. The varieties
are known as ''limonite," "turgite," " pipe" ore, "bog" ore, " goethite,"
"oolitic" ore, etc.
3. Magnetite comprises those ores in which iron occurs as a magnetic
oxide, generally black or blue-black, or occasionally steel-gray or gi-een-
ish in color, and which when powdered give a black streak on a test
plate, and are attracted by a magnet. In this class is included some
" uiartit'C," which is mined with magnetite.
4. Carbonate includes those iron ores which contain an excess of
carbonic acid. They are generally gray, yellow, or rather butf and
brown in color, and are t«sted by the use of hydrochloric acid. They
comprise the "black baud" ores, "clay ironstones," "spathic" ores,
"siderite," etc.
From some mines brown and red hematite, or red hematite and mag-
netite, or carbonate and brown hematite ores are obtained out of the
same workings, the extent to which ores are hydratcd or weathered
transferring them from one chkss to another; or diiferent classes of ore
are found intermixed or alternating in the same deposit. Wherever
possible an attempt has been made iu the statistical review to separate
into classes the different ores coming from the same workings, but in
some instances this was impracticable, and the product is credited to
the predominating character of ore won.
8024 12
178
MINKUAL UKSOIIRCKS.
/Vorfilcfian «/ dlffirnil niriiliet of iron mi' hi llir grar IS!t4, Ajf Klutei,
Htotn.
Illll
hemutlliv
Lottg tout,
4,:r7.'..«7l
2. 068. 4«l
1. IH2. 362
;i».«4.l
25. :i2l
;H7,riiii
164.236
"■■iii.ooo'
2,6111
SS.DKI
64,0(11
llrtiwn
lii'tiiaiil*'.
Mntfiiptiltt.
('iirhniitttc.
LuHif tont.
Tdtal.
Jttmii imm.
4. 410, IJ'4
2, 06N, 4IKI
1,403,(10(1
tuii.na
K12, 067
347, Ml
293, 831
277,4113
2M, IIIV
242,7.10
174, OM
81.026
(M.403
44. 4311
42, MH
;iO, 2.10
1,1,361
7,01,1
Lontt ttmt.
Lunti tout.
43. KKI
310.724
MB, 403
117,140
VirutiiluiiiKl WtwtVIr
2,226
IWR.MI
33
'IVniM'HMtM*
Ni'W.hTHi'y
l2H,f.0,'i
02,'iio
27, tuu
110.111
17.32.1
" "277.'4ti:V
4(1. 2.10
100, 4:>a
7(kV
1(1, ION
NfW Vi.rk
(fiMirKiaiiiHl NiirlliCaru-
M.403
Moiitiilui, Ni'w Mi'xtvK,
11, MM
1,712
15.30,1
;]fl, 777
30.290
i,i,;ini
17, 140
4,(W.>
('lllllHTllcUljIllll .MiiHna-
■I'fXJlM
7.01,1
Tllt4ll
0,347,4.14
1,472.74(1
072, 210
»1. 270
11,870,670
TliiH tiiblo shows tliat twenty-four Statics and TerritoricH prod need
diii'injj tlieyear 1.S04, ll,.S7!»,(>7!Uoii}{ tons of iron ore, of wliich 9,347, t.'U
tons, or 78.(iS j»er cent, was red lieniatite; 1,472,748 tons, or 12.40 jier
cent, was brown lienintite; 972,210 tons, or 8.18 per cent, was magnet-
ite, and tlie balance, 0.74 per cent, was carbiniatc ore. Two or more
States are grouped wiien separate amounts would disclose individual
operations. This indicates an increase in tlie relative proiiortion of red
hematite won from 7I..'{!» per cent in 1H!»,3 to 7.S.C8 jier cent in 1804,
8,272,037 tons of tliis variety of ore bein(;i>ro(lu<:ed in 1803, and 9,.'i47,4.'i4
tons in 1.804, an Increase of 1,074,707 loii)^ tons, or 12.00 per cent. Tlie
brown lieinatito decreased from l,.840,272 tons in 1803 to 1,472,748 tons
in 1804, a loss of 370,,')24 tons, or 20.30 jier cent. Tlie nia};iietite also
declined from a product of I,330,88(i loiiK tons in 1803, to !»72,219 tons
in 1804, a decline of 3.')8,007 tons, or 20.0.") jier cent. Similaily the car-
bonatt^ output fell from 134,834 tons in I8!)3 to 87,278 long tons in 1804,
a decrease of 47,5r»0 tons, or3."».27 percent. If, however, the |irodnctioii
of ill! the various kinds of ore is considered, the 11,870,070 hing tons
mined shows an increase of 202,050 long tons, or 2.52 per cent, over the
1803 output of 11,587,020 long tons.
All of tins increa,sed production, with but few exceptions, was in the
Lake Sujierior region, principally in Minn :ota, where the Mesabi
Kange, which was really ilevelojied in 1803, and made but a small
shipment in that year, became an active competitor in the market, and
the present low cost of mining on this range has been a prominent
(actor ill its larger ]>roductioii. The other States in the Lake Superior
district show decreased outputs, and this is also the case in most of the
iron- ore producing States, being especially marked in Pennsylvania,
Alabama, New York, New Jersey, Tennessee, etc. In Colorado the
U. h. QltllOTilCAL ^URVE
H noil oou
7 SCO. 000
KlitrfStH ASMiAi l^fpfiHI
J 500,000
2.500 000
DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING CONTEMPORANEOUS PRODUCTION
SI ATES.
OF IRON ORE IN PROMINENT
PBODUCtlON OK IRON OKES.
179
iiicronseil anioiint of pig iron which was proilucud from iiativi! ores
iUiKiiientud the State's output over that of 1893. Afissouii, Ki'ntu<',k.v,
and the western Rroup of Montana, New Mexii'o, Nevada, and I'taii
were the only other States which show an increased i)rodu('.t, and tliis
increase was small.
Pennsylvania, New York, and Colorado are the only States which
reported mining the four classes of iron ore in 180-1; Virginia and West
Virginia, Kentuc^ky, and the Western States furnished three kinds;
Michigan, Alabama, Tennessee, Cleorgia, North Carolina, and Missouri,
two kinds; the balance of the States are credited with one kind of ore
only. In some cases admixtures of the ores above uieutionert were
won, but not reported separately.
The lean character of a majority of carbonate ores, the small veins in
which they usually are found, and the necessity for roasting prepara-
tory to charging into blast furnaces have discredited their use. Simi-
larly, the cost of mining and washing brown hematite ores, which seld<mi
yield over 50 per cent of iron, has discouraged their employment when
richer ores or ores freer from phosphorus are conveniently ol)tainablc.
The utilization of the richer magnetites has been iuHuenced by dis-
tance from furnaces, while the benettciating of lean ores of this class
has been impracticable at the low prices prevailing. It is worthy of
note, however, that experiments in cheapening magnetic concentration
have progressed during the past year, and it is possible that concen-
trated ore will be a feature of the 1895 product. In 1894 there were
IH-oduced 14,8(»l tons of magneticallj' concentrated ore, and 7L',313 long
tons of Jigged and hand-sorted ore.
The i)revalence of red hematite ores in the Lake Sui)erior region with
a high percentage of iron has permitted mining and conveying them
long distances with the exceptional appliances in use, while an abun-
dance of less desirable red hematite close to fuel in Alabama and Ten-
uesse^^ has assisted in keeping this class of ore in favor.
KKLATIVE BANK OK VAKIOUS SIATES.
The reduced output of iron ore affected the mining industry in all of
the States which in late years have held prominent positions as pro-
ducers, but this has been most pronounced in some which were formerly
recognized as large contributors of this useful mineral. The rank of
tlie various States is exhibited by tlut following table, which illustrates
by number tli'^ relative position wlii('h each iield by reason of the ([uan-
tif.v of iron ore produced in the variiii's years for which repcu'ts were
made. These positions aic determined from the (|uantities of iron ore
reported for the Sixth, Seventh, Kightli, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh
Censuses, and for the I'nited States (ieological Survey for the years
1890, 1891, 189L'. 189,$. and IS94. The absence of llgures indicates that
no ;re was reported as mined by the State in tliat year. The largest
producer in any year is indicated by 1, the next in rank by 'J, 3, 1, etc.
1«0
MINERAL KE80UUCES.
Hank of I'ariaua State» in producers of iron orn.
■Stak'S.
1860.
1860.
1870.
1880.
1880.
1890.
1801.
1892.
1893.
1894.
Vi
15
10
7
'»
13
17
26
12
27
13
10
3
11
10
3
n
17
3
11
17
3
U
18 '
10
12
13
16
21
15
17
10
10
10
25
10
10
2S
11
Idaho
13
14
6
17
3
11
18
14
18
6
10
23
13
18
13
a
14
23
18
16
1
a
U
25
15
17
1
6
14
14
14
14
7
e
5
5
16
18
1(1
i
.1
16
15
1
a
10
16
1
3
20
16
i
3
MtrhtgRD
MiHAiHMinni
20
, 7
10
10
20
u
23
12
22
12
23
12
18
12
22
24
8
21
4
8
4
8
9
8
»
16
4
24
11
10
3
18
4
21
12
10
17
4
21
13
20
»
20
a
18
13
21
24
«
I
20
4
15
10
23
13
■"s"
8
20
2
3
2
4
17
:i
20
5
17
t
1
1
21
u
4
8
10
11)
8
22
25
g
22
2!
15
»
19
22
8
16
22
7
17
19
Utah
12
U
10
11
IS
12
'5
Virginia
7
"i
21
6
»
«
r
9
4
14
11
14
15
211
a
24
r
24
6
23
7
21
6
Wittcoimiii
Totiil numlM^r of
Slali'H anil Ti-rri-
torio8 reporting...
16
13
21
18
21
23
28
25
25
24
25
24
III the ceiisii.s rcjiorts for lH.jO, 18<!0, aiul 1H70 the statistics of the
pi'dductioii of iron ore were obtained largely from leiiorts made by
various bla.st rurnaccs of the aiiiouiit of iron ore (consumed. These
tables did not specify iu what States the ore was iiroduced, but merely
gave the anioiints reported as being used by blast fiirnaees. No rejiorts
for intervening years are accessible; hence no absolute deductions are
iniide for the intervals between censuses, but from 188!t the figures of
production an' obtained from similar data. Wherever any State is
reported to have exceeded an aiinnal i»rodiietion of 5(M),(K)0 tons of iron
ore this is indicated by having the ligures in full-faced type.
It will be noticed that Pennsylvania was the largest producer of iron
ore reported until the (umisus of l.S8i>; that in the census of 1H8!) it
ranked third, and that it continued to hold the same position until 18!>2,
when it took fourth place, while in 1H!»4 it dropi»ed to tirth in rank.
Hy reference to the diagram showing the production by States it will
be seen that this is due to a decline in out]>ut, intensitled by augmented
production in other States.
Michigan was a comparatively unimitortant producer until the (cen-
sus of 1870, when it a.Hsumed second place, which it held until 188!>,
when it outstripped all other States, and it has since coutinned to be
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES.
181
preeminent ns an iron-ore producer. It probably as-siiined fir.^t place
abont 1881.
Alabama did not assume a prominent position in iron-ore statistics
until 1889, when it produced .slightly more iron ore than Pennsylvania.
It occupied second position until 1894, when it fell to third in rank.
Minnesota has had a phenomenal and constantly augmenting product
of iron ore. Its first iron ore was shi|)ped in 1884, and in 1889 it occu-
pied fifth position. Although its output increased in 1890, it fell to
sixth plaee, returning to fifth in 1891, and occupying third and second
places in 1892 and in 1893 and 1894, respectively.
New York ranked eighth in 1850, rising to third place in 18(50 and
fourth in 1870. It occupied the latter position, with but one exception,
until 1892, when it fell to fifth in rank, subsequently declining to si-xth
l)lace in 1893 and to tenth in 1894.
Ohio, which in 18.'j0 and 18«i0 ranked second as an iron-ore i>roducer.
Las declined greatly, ai.d now occupies thirteenth position.
MICIIIOAN.
Considering individual States in the order of their iron-ore produc-
tion, Michigan is found as retaining first rank, but with a decreased
output. The amount jiroduced in 1894 was 4,419,074 long tons, a
decrease of 249,2.10 long tons, or 5.34 per cent, from the 1893 output of
4,(i68,324 long tons. This State mined 37.20 per cent of the total iron-
ore product of the United States in 1894. The bulk of the ore won (viz,
4,375,971 lo'.ig tons, or 99.(t2 per cent) was of the red hematite class,
Michigan ranking first as a i)rodnccr of this class of ore and contributing
40.81 per cent of the country's total. The remainder of the ore mined,
4.3,103 long tons, or 0.98 i)er cent of the product, was magnetite, the
State taking fifth position in this class, with 4.43 percent of the total
of the United States.
While the Lake Superior district, as a whole, contributed in 1894
more iron ore than in 1893, this increase did not come from the older
ranges, viz, Manpiette, Menominee, and (Jogebic, nearly all the mines
of which are found in Michigan, but from the new Mesabi Kaiige in
Minnesota.
Most of the iron ores of the Marquette Range, and some of those of
the Menoiniiiee Range, are generally of a high grade, and are clas.sed
as " hard " ores. < )wiiig to this physical characteristic, and also to the
great depths readied in some of the mines, the cost of mining these
ores is greater than in the Mesabi Range, where some new operations
are carried on by strijiping the surface and loading the iron ore on the
railroad cars with steam shovels. In the (iogcbi-' Range the ores are
not classed as "hard," but they are now more exi»ensive to mine than
those on the Mesabi Range. The depressed condition of the iron trade,
with but a limited demand for ore and a hand to-mouth policy among
the blast- furuiuie managers as to supplies of raw material, led to com-
182
MINERAI- RESOUKCKS.
pcHtidii jiinoii^ the iion-oro niinci's tor .such coiitriicts as were let. and tlie
year 1S!(1 saw tin-, lowest ])i'ices for iron \vlii(;li liave yet been reaelied
by Lake Superior on^s. In fact, liigh-grade Hessenier ore sold on the
<lock8 at Cleveland, Ohio, for a less atuount i)er tou than was formerly
paid ill some years for transportation of the ores by vessel from the
sliip))in^ ]iorts on Lakes Uujterior and Miehij;au to receiving docks ou
Lake I'h'ie.
MINNKSOTA.
This State, which has each year sijice it commenced shipping iron ore
shown au increased onti)ut, nniintained its record in iS'.U and assumed
second place, with a product of li,t)<!8,4(i3 long tons, or li4.99 ])er cent of
the country's total. All of this ore was of iho red hematite variety, in
which class it occupied second place, being credited with 31.7(1 per cent
of the total of this kiiul of ore won in tiie United States in 1894. The
increase of 1 jitiSj.WO long tons over the amount produced in 1893, viz,
1,499,927 long tons, represented a gain of 97.91 i)er cent, the most
marked advance, of the year.
The augmented amount of iron ore won in this State came almost
entirely from the Mesabi Range, for notwithstanding that the commi-
nution of the ilesabi tu'cs has subjected them to criticism from blast-
furnace managers, the comparative cheapness which at present charac-
terizes the mining at most of the deposits and the satisfactitry chemical
composition of the ore have caused a rajiid development of the new
range, so that in its third year it has become a strong competitor with
the oldftr ranges.
The title to some of the lands in Minnesota containing or believed to
contain iron ores has been in litigii 'ion, and this restricted operations
to some extent. One case which v .is adjudicated during the past year
is of special interest, as for six years during which the land has been
in dispute the preemptor (whose claim has been declared worthless)
lived ou the disputed property, having several years .v-ro refused a large
r.um of money ottered as conqiensation for relin(|uishment of his sup-
posed rights. At the existing royalties, fully oOO.OOO tons of ore must
be taken from this property l)efore the expense of the litigation to
establish the ownership will have been equated.
Mining by modern methods from deposit* which are easily exploited
and cheaply worked has permitted some remarkable evidences of large
outi)ut. As. one instance of ipiick work, it is state<l that .'5,300 long
tons of ore were dug and raised liOO feet to the surface lu twenty himrs
at one of the mines on the Mesabi Kangc.
The Vermillion Kauge also increased its output nearly li5(t,000 tons
over the 1893 total.
AI.AIIAMA.
This State, although endowed with ion ores located close to coal
basins, has u|> to the ])i'eRent time made no Itessemer pig iron, the ores
(!xploited being too high in phosphorus lor this produitt. As tlio miyor
PRODUCTION OF iRON OKKS.
183
portion of the piji i'oii prodnccd in tlie United Stiites is used in tlie
nmnufiietnri' of IJesseiner stoel, the market lor ttie \>ig iron whieh the
State makes Is restricted to foundry and mill uses. In addition, the
long hauls to points ol' consumption add to the market cost of the iron
produced, and these intluences restrict the ()uti)ut of iron and also of
the Iron ore from which it is manufactured. Ilown'er, Alabama has
shown a remarkable record, aiul notwithstanding the fa(;t that Minne-
sota has stepped between Michigan and Alabama, the importance of the
latter State must not be underrated, and it still claims to bo able to
nnike pig iron at costs below those prevailing in other States.
In 1S04 the total iron-ore i)roduct of Alabama was 1 ,4!t.'i,()80 long tons,
giving it third jilace, with 12..")7 per cent of the total for the United
States. Of this l,4!)3,08(i long tons, 7!t.l!» per cent, or 1,182,302 tons,
was red hennitite, and 310,724 long tons, or 20.81 per cent, was brown
hennitite. This gave the State; third position as a red henuitite pro-
tlucer and second ))ositlon among those mining brown hematite ores,
with 12.<M and 21.10 per cent, respectively, of the totals for the United
States.
VIltdl.NIA AM) WKST \ IHlllNIA.
While the States of Virginia and West Virginia are grouped together,
in onler not to reveal individual operations, but little of the iron ore
came from the latter State, and the output may be practically credited
to Virginia. While these States show a falling oil' of 1(>,403 long tons,
or 2.<!(! per cent, from the 1803 total of 01(i,0(!r> long tons, the amount
produced, (KM),5(!2 long tons, was sulliciently large to claim fourth posi
tion, with ."i.Oli |ier cent of the total foi' the United States, euabling the
Virginias to i)ass Pennsylvanni, which outranked them in 1S03.
Three classes of ore were ))rodnc('d, but the bulk, 5(i2,4!t.'{ tons, or
93.0(» p(!r cent, was of the brown hematite class, in which the State
occupied first plac<>, with 38.10 per cent of the total for the country.
Of red hematite there were .'!r>,843 tons, or 0.07 per cent of the State's
total, which ranked the State ninth, with 0.38 ]ier cent of the total for
the Unite<l States. The remai)ider, 0.37 jier cent, or 2,22(i long tons,
was magnetite, in which class it took seventh i)lace, with 0.23 per centof
the entire output of the country.
Virginia in 181)4 ociMipicd a more important position relatively than
ill any other year for whiidi reliable statistics are obtainable.
ri'.NNSVr.VANIA.
Pennsylvania ])roduced .")32,087 long tons of iron ore in 1804, or 4.48
per cent of the total for the United States, taking fifth rank. Of this
amount 389,681 long tons, or 73.22 per cent, was niagnelite; 117,110
tons, or 22.01 per c<Mit, was brown hematite; 2r),.324 tons, or 4.7(> i)er
cent, was red hematite, and the balance, 0.01 per cent, or 33 tons, was
carbonate ore.
1R4
MINERAL RESOURCKS.
The state's rcspectivo rank as a producer of the dift'erent classes of
ore was lirst ainouf; those supplyiiiff ma}jnetit«, with 40,07 ])i>r cent of
the country's total; lifth aniouf; those from which brown heinalito was
won, with 7.95 per cent; tentli among the red hematite producers, with
0.27 per cent, and sixth in order of States contributing carbonate, with
0.04 i)er cent of the total. Although ranking tirst as a producer of
magnetite, Pennsylvania supidled less of this class of ore in 1894 than
in any year since statistics have been collected of the different classes
of ore. This is mainly owing to the reduced output from the Cornwall
ore hills, which contributeil but .'{71,710 long tons, whereas it has sup-
plied 769,020 long tons in a single year.
The decrease in the amounts of tJie different classes of iron ore mined
in the ])a8t two years is illustrated in the following table:
Comparinon of rarioua cluigCH of iron ore jtrodiiced in /*enii«i//ca»iifl in 1S9S and 1S94,
Cbai-iiclorof ore.
I'rodiu'.tion.
DecroaAo. ^
Purcent-
BKoof
deoreaae.
1893.
1894.
MncwtitK
Long tont.
480. 1U4
15«, ;i76
.17, 0:I3
1,812
Lomj tuna.
380, .in 1
117, 1411
2.1, 324
3;i
Ltmif lout,
00, 583
41,227
32, 3I«)
1,770
IS. 87
26.03
M. m
98.17
Total for tlio State
otr.osii
632,087
105, 808
23.77
If, however, the production of 1894 is compared with that of 1892, a
much greater d "rciise is shown, for while retaining its place as the
greatest iron manufacturing State, Pennsylvania must give place to
others as iron -ore producers.
WISCIINSIN.
Wisconsin stands sixth on the list, witli a product of 347,501 long
tons, or 2.93 jier cent of the country's total, showing a decline from the
1893 total of 439,429 long tons of 20.92 per cent, or 91,928 tons. All of
this ore was of the red hematite variety, in which class the State rankexl
fourth, with 3.72 per cent of the total; but the decreased output of
Wisconsin was less, projiortionately, than in other States, and conse-
quently its rank as a producer is the same as in 1889 and 1892.
TENNBS.SF.K.
This State in 1894 produced 292,8.31 long tons, or 2.46 per cent of the
total for the United States, giving it seventh position. This was a
decline of 80,105 long ton^, or 21.49 per cent, from the amount mined in
1893, viz, 372,090 tons.
Two kinds of iron ore were mined, 164,236 long tons, or 56.09 per
cent being red hematite, and the balance, 128,595 long tons, or 43.91
jier cent, brown hematite. The State ranked fifth as a red hematite jiro-
ducer, with 1.76 per cent of the total, and third as a miner of brown
hematite, with 8.73 per cent of the total output of this kind of ore.
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES.
i8r.
Tennessee has gained in niiik, notwitlistiinding the reduced prodiu-
tiou of iron, and the conditioim which favored Aiabiinia in niai;ing jtig
iron at low cost are also applicable to the aetive lilast liirnaces of Ten
uessee; in fact, the position occupied by this State in l^'Jl is iu advance
of any preceding rei^rts.
NEW .IKRSBV.
New Jersey stands eighth as a producer of iron ore, with a total to
its credit of 277,483 long tons, all of the magnetic variety, in which
class it riinked second, with 28.34 per cent. Its ont|>ut of iron ore
declined 78,()«7 tons, or 22.0!» per cent, from the 18»3 Utta] of .im,ir>0
tons, but it advanced in relative rank to the position it held in ISKOand
1802. It produced 2.34 per cent of the total for the United States.
COLORADO.
This State increased its 1803 output of 171,070 long tons of iron ore
by 78,529 tons, or 45.74 per cent, making for 18!»4 a total of 250,l!»!l long
tons, or 2.11 per cent of the product of the United States, and giving
the State ninth position. This was due entirely to the increa.sed pro-
duction of pig iron, as the smelters, owing to the depreciation iu the
value of silver, did not require so much ore as a Hux as in previous
years.
Of the amount produced in 18!»4, 111,000 long tons, or 44.30 |)er cent,
was red hematite; 02,240 tons, or 30.87 per cent, brown hematite; 40,250
tons, or 18.40 per cent, magnetite, and 700 tons, or 0.28 per cent, was
carbonate ore. As a producer of red hematite ore the State ranked
sixth, with 1.10 per cent of the total, and it held the same rank in
regartl to brown hematite, with (!.2C i)er (icnt of the total. Among
those mining magnetite ores it occupied fourth place, contributing
4,76 per cent of the total, and among those mining carbonate ore, fifth
plivce, with 0.80 i)er cent of the total. Since the statistics of iron ore
have been collected by the Geological Survey, Colorado has been gain-
ing in relative ini))ortance, and with a return of general prosperity it
will probably advance materially in this particular.
NKW VIIRK.
New York, formerly one of the most important of the iron-prodncing
States, has, in the depressed state of the iron ore market, fallen to the
lowest relative rank of which there is record, viz, tenth, contributing
but 242,750 long tons, or 2.04 per cent of the total for the United
States, being a decline of 201,J(!3 long tons, or .54.55 per (lent, from the
1803 total of .5;U,122 long tons. Of the 242,7.50 long tons won in 1804,
10(i,4.'J0, or 80.92 jier cent, v us of the magnetite variety; 27,400 tons,
or 11.29 per cent, brown hematite; 16,108 tons, or 0.03 per cent, car-
bonate, and the balance, 2,!(15 tons, or 1.10 per cent, was red hematite.
Tlvese amounts gave the State third position as a magnetite i)rodncer,
with 20.20 per cent of the tcfal; ninth rank as a miner of brown hematite
with 1.80 per cent of t'io total ; tuxfond rank in the production of carbon-
180
MINERAL REMOIIRCES.
ate ore, with 18.40 per cent of tlio totiil, and twelfth place amoiip; the red
lieiiiatile producci-s, witli 2,81.") loiifj tons, or (MW |)er cent of the total.
The amounts of the various classes of ore produced in 1H!).'$ and I8i(4,
together with the deitrcikse and the percentages of sticli decrease, are
shown in the following table:
ProdttotioH of iron ore in New York i» tSOS and tS94, ft;/ classes.
(.'loMHeH fif ore.
I'r<Mli
I'tliill.
l>P<TtMUtfl.
rnrceiit-
ilgp of
lUu-reiiHu.
189:1.
1804.
Ltiug lout.
44U,lltt3
:i.->, 5112
41,1147
15,800
Long tout,
106, 4:1a
27,4110
16, 108
2.815
Lolljf ttltlM.
244, 257
8, 1»2
2,5,8;i0
W. 075
,55. 4.1
211.02
81.00 j
82.28
Toliil
,');i4. 122
242,759
291,38.1
54.55
The above detailed statement of the production of New York, and
al.so a similar table for PeniKsylvania, given on page 184, are presented
to indicate how these States, which have for many years been promi-
nent jirmlucers, are allccted by the changed conditions of the present.
Ill 18!>4 New York produced less iron ore than has been re])orted in
any year since statisti<^s have been collected by the United States
(ieological Survey.
The abundanee of magnetite ricli in iron in the Adirondack district
will continue to exert an important iiitlnence on the industrial devel-
opment of ilic State of New York. The ores heretofore won may be
divided into tiiree generiil das.ses, (1) those approaching the theoretical
limit of iron contents with phosphorus well within the requirements
of the Ucssemer steel trade, (2) those e(|ually rich in iron but carrying
a large percent of i>hospiioru8, and (3) lean ores from which methods
of concentration can eliminate much of the gangue, iiroducing an ore of
desirable (luality.
In late years the demand for Lake Ohamplain ores has been (lonftned
to those carrying high percentages of iron, and su(;li as were low in
phosphorus fonnd a ready market for the production of Bessemer pig
iron. The possibilities of the basic steel process have not as yet been
forced upon tiiis country, as they have been upon such European nations
as (ieriiiany, where the supply of piiosphoretic ores is abundant, but it
is prob.ible that there will be greater interest in this Bi>ecial manufacture
in the near future, and the rich magnetites carrying considerable jter-
ceutages of phosphorus will be sought for. Fortunately the supjily is
not limited, and late ex])loratioiis iiavci demonstrated that there are
large bodies of ore available, in addition to the great reserves already
miule known by exploitation and investigation in the Lake Champlain
district.
OKOROIA ANI> NOUTll CAIIOI.INA.
Like Virginia and West Virginia, these two States were grouped
together to avoid disclosing individual operations, but the amount
mined in North Carolina was small. These two States had a united
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES.
187
output of 174,(>iU long toim, or 1.J7 per cent of tlie total for the United
Stiites, giving tlieni conjoined, eleventh jMisition, and showing a decline
from the 1.S93 prodnct of 180,01.') long tonH of ll,.'i2l long tons, or (i.O!)
percent. Of this amount, 110,111 long tons, or OS. IS percent, was brown
hematite, and .">.") j.'iS,'! long tons, or ;il.82 i)er cent, was red hematite.
The relative ranks of botli (ieorgia and North Carolina as iron ore
producers are below those of any year since 1889.
OTlIKli .STATUS. :
None of the remaining States produced over 100,000 tons of iron ore
in 1804. Mis.souri slightly increased theoutiiutof l.HO.'i without <-hang-
ing the rank which it has held for four years, the bulk of the ore mined
in this State being red hematite, the balance brown h(!matite. All of
Ohio's iron ore is of the carbomite variety, and the State ranks first as
a producer of this class of ore, with 67.02 per cent of the relatively
small total.
Most of the iron ore mined in the Western States was used as flux in
smelting the precious metals, Montana, New Mexico, Ttah, and Nevada
contributing ore for this purpose, although Nevada, which this year
made her initial shipment, forwarded the ore tr) the Pacific coast for
use as a tiux in the puddling and heating furnaces there, and New Mex-
ico shipped oi'e to the blast furnaces at South Pueblo, C'olo.
Kentucky produced three varieties of ore, the greater portion being
brown hematite, although some red hematite and carbonate were mined.
(Jonneeticut and Massachusetts, as well as Texas, contributed only
brown hematite ore, while Maryland's product was all carbonate ore.
Oregon produced a small amount of pig iron in 1804, but reported no
iron ore mined. It is probable that the stock of ore on Land at the
blast furnace was used.
Wyoming also is said to have produced some iron ore, but no report
has been made of the shipment.
VALUATION OF IRON ORES.
The total reported valuation of the 11,870,079 long tons of iron ore
jirodueed in the year 1804 was $13,.'i77,.'i-'.';, or an average of $1.14 per
long t«m, showing a decrease of 52 cents from the low price of 180.'}
($1.06 per ton), or 31..'j;{ per cent.
Taking up iiidividual States, the greatest falling oflf in i)rice was
apparently in those States embraced in the Lake Superior region, the
iron ore mined in Michigan being stated to be worth on an average $1.32,
that in Minnesota 73 cents, and that in Wisconsin 02 cents per ton in
1894, as against $1.84, $1.'),'), and $1.33 in 1803, a decrease of 28.20 per
cent, 52.90 per cent, and 30.83 per cent, re8i)ectively.
The decline in values of Minnesota ores is especially remarkable, the
price at the mines being less than one half of what was reported in
1893. This is due to the cheap mining on the Mesabi Itange, and to
the fact that in order to obtain a foothold in the market it was thongUt
188
MINERAL RESOURCES.
wist! to Hdl ihonf <!nmpari)tively litllu known ores at lower prices tliiiii
tlic staiuliinl ores. While the reiM)rte(l value of the Vermilion Kan^'e
iron ore of Minnesota is h>wer than in 181)3, it is considerably lii{;her
than that won on the Mesal)i Range in the sann; State.
In Alabama tiio avera$;e value of the iron ore in 1H1I4 was slightly
less than in 1S!);|, bein}; h;( cents per ton, aKitinst H(i cent8 in the pre-
vious year, a loss of but .'{ cents, or 3.4!) |)er cent. There is, however,
more attention bein<; paid to the gradinj,' of oi'e which is iiscd in the
furnaces, and it is )>robal>le that the ores smelted in 18!)4 were better
]>r(>])ared than in previous years.
In the iMiddle States — \ew Y^ork, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey —
tliere is also reported a j,'reat decrease in value. In the former State
the or<' which in ISD.'t commanded an average value of $2.'_M) |)er ton, in
1H!)4 was i|Uoted at Ml.ti.'J |)er ton, a decline of (Hi cents ])er ton, or 28.8;i
per cent. In fiwt, tlie price was so h)w that nuMiy of the minen were
compelled to cease operations, as at prevailing rates the ore could
be mined only at a loss.
The low price of Lake Superior iron ore in Pennsylvania, as well as
of imported foreign iron rues, and the greater average lichnessin iron,
retpiiring less fuel to smelt in the blast furmu-e and admitting of a
greater ont put, reduced the dcnnuid for native I'ennsylvania inines,and
in conse(nience thevalueof the iron ore produced in 18!)4 averaged but
$1.21 Iter ton at the mines, as against $1.!)7 in ISD.'i, a decline of 7G
cents, or 'M.M per cent.
New.Iersey iron ores also showed theefl'ect of the competition of ores
from the Lake Sujierior region and foreign countries, the average value
per to.i of the State's l.Sit4 output being $2.0."), as against «2..')r» in 18!)3,
a decline of 50 cents i)er ton or lO.til per cent.
In Virginia some furnaces went out of blast, owing to the low prices
of i>ig iron, and the average value of the iron ore i)ro<luced in that
State and in West Virginia declined from i5<1.70 p(!r ton in 18!).'{ to but
♦ 1.45 per ton in 18i)4, being 2."> cents per ton, or 14.71 per cent.
All of the remaining States, with the exception of Maryland, show a
decline in the value of the ore proiluced, and in Maryland but a small
amount of carbonate ore was mined.
In order to illustrate the persistent decline in the value of iron ore
the following table has been prepared, showing the total valuation and
the (calculated average value ])er ton of iron ore i)roduced by the vari-
ous States in the years for which these data were collected, vi/, 188!),
1802, 189;$, and 1894. It is hardly probable that the average rate of
i|!1.14 per ton for the iron ore produced in the I'nited States will be
maintained during the present year, the prices of iron ore at lower Lake
jiorts having early in 1895 indicated a slight advance.
It will be interesting to note the constant rate of the decline in
value per ton of iron ore. Thus the fall from 1889 to ]8!)2 was but 2il>
cents per ton; from 1892 to 189.'J, .'18 cents per ton; while from 1893 to
1894 it was still greater, being 52 cents.
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES,
189
Totttl rnluntifm and avtrtojv vttluv pvr tuii uf hint ore jnutlureit in Ihr I nilvd Shift » in
/SS!f, /.s'.'/.', iso.'i, and 1SU4.
BIaUih ami Terrl-
t»r)ea.
Mfrhljtan
Alnhfttiiti
iVniinylvnnin
N.'w t'l.rk
MliineHiitii
WjHcotiNin
Vlr^iniu iitiil Wt-nt
Virginia
IViini'Hm'e
New.lerm<y
MlHHOiiri..*
()i>(irffiii anil Nurtli
('nroliint
•^Iiio
('(ilorailii
Connfctlntl n n il
MuHMai-hiiHi'MH . .
Munlana. New Mex-
U'o, ftnd I'tali
Kentucky
&lAr,vliin<l
TuXUH
1880
IWM
A vcr
auHHir
Ti.tal nil-
nation.
A\er-
(IKCIM'l
tan.
Tnliil ml.
niilion
»1.'..H()0,.')21
l..'.! 1,(111
:i.M.'l.,VII
;i, llH), 2111
2, 4711. (Ml
1.84(1.008
l»2.7(P
0.00
I.Ofl
2. 40
2. 87
2. 20
♦10. .587, 521
2. 442. 575
% 107. 028
2, 370, 207
3,0«0,m2
1.428,021
«.20
1.(81
2.(13
2.07
2.40
1.81
1135. 200
(Uin. 4711
I,;i4l..'i4.1
501.(141
1.83
1.28
3. 23
2.11
1, 428. 801
,'.(15, 350
1.388,875
237. 827
1.01
1.24
2.08
2.01
.■134. (125
512. 72.'.
487. 433
1.20
2.00
4.47
262.617
148.288
587.003
1.25
2.01
4. 15
II 20,'.. 1101
3.01
240, 108
3.27
f<20ll. 104
I35..'..'.0
/ 08. 24(1
111. 750
3.12
1.75
2. 32
1.52
c 07. 121
o;i, 172
88. 1101
20.800
2.10
1.25
2.21
0.01
33. :16 1,1178
2. 30
33, 204. 806
2.01
ri.tiii vj()'
nation.
4W. 011.102 I
1.4181,250
1.374.313
1. 222. 034
2.321,204
584.004 :
1,050.077
302.771
000. 458
160.532
20.1.082 '
104,807 I
514,312
Av.r
atfclMT
ton.
11.84
(I. 80
1.07
2. 20
1.55
1.33
1.70 I
1.05
2.65 1
2. 07
1.09
3.00
Tolill vhI
(Kitioii.
ntfi' pur
tun.
t
(5,844.005 (l.tS
1.240.805 . O.KI
043. 450
300. 4.'8I
2. 10.5.8(12
320. 518
873. 305
288. 005
.508. (I'lO
105. 235
I. 21
I o:i
0.73
0.02
1.45
11. 08
122.475 3.01
Total .
a IlidndiiiK Maliiu.
liIiiiiln(linK<)n'i;on. WanhluKtoii, siiil Idaliii
< liK'Indiu); Oregon.
11103. .545
47. 740 I
25..'>85 I
25,007 I
2.07
1.30
1.85
1.01
10.206.073 ; 1.00
too, 228 ' 0. 0.5
05,702 , 1.12
076.141 ' 2.70
71.101
e 67. 5.38
64,370
17. 800
11. .521
1.52
1.28
13. 677, 325 i 1. 14
d IiM!lu(1iii|( Oregon and Iduho.
e ln(;l(tdiii)( Nevada,
/lueludin); D(3lawarfi.
BESSEMER AND NON-BESSEMER ORES.
The iiicreasing prodiRtion of .steel Ims demaudeil of the bliist fur-
iiiicos liberal (iimntitieH of iron of Hiiitivble qmility, suul the fuiimces
have ill turn ealled uiiim the niiiie,s to siiiiply ore of composition adapta-
ble to the itioduction of such metal. The generally accepted limit of
ores cla8.sed as lies-senicr is that they contain less than one part of phos-
phorus in one thousand parts of iron, but this limit isatt'ected by local
conditions, and also by other cleineiits in the composition of the ore.
As a consetiuence, mines from which what is termed " Bessemer ore"
is obtained have been exploited liberally, while tho.se which furnished
ore with too much phosphorus to be accepted iu the Bessemer class
have been less in tlemand.
Bessemer ore lias tlicreforo commanded jtrices in advance of what ores
outside of the Bessemer limit bring, and mines w hitli jirodnce the for
iner, especially if rich in iron, find niiirkcts at a distance, while nniny
mines near at hand which |iroiluce lean or iioii I'.essemerores have been
idle. Where iioii liessemer ore is rich in iron, however, or exists clo,se
to the blast furnaces, or where it can be cheaply mined, there is found
a liberal tlemaml for it.
While the development of the steel industry in the ITnited States
has been remarkable, other brantihes of iron metallurgy have also
progressed, and increased (luantities of pig iron for use in foundries
and rolling mills have been reiiuired, to produce which non Bessemer
ores and tlie other materials used as ore, as above specified, are utilized.
190
MINKIfAI. KEHlUliClCH.
The i|Uiiiitity of ildiiii'stic nics niiiicd wliicli ai.^ of Itussciiit'r ki'uiIu
can not lit' lU^liiiilt'ly (Icli'ijiiiiit'il, but an a|)|>nM'iatioM of tlj<' rcliitivc.
(|n»Mtiti('M of IScssciiicr and non Itcsscincr ort'H ri'ijuiicil nniy ii'siilt
from an cxiuniiiation of tlic amounts of (litVercnt ^ladcHof jiit; iron and
tin- i|nantitie.s of lolli'd iron and hIi-c) inadf.
The American lion and Sti't'l Association lias ri'iiortcd tlic )n'o<lnc-
tion of \>in iron ami of various mannfacturcd forms of iron and steel
for forty years, Imt tlie (luantity of Jiessemer j)!}; iron lias lieen sejjro-
li^,lt^'^\ only since IHHT. Tlio accitmpanyinK diagram, I'l. XllI, f,'rai)li-
ically illnstrates the rapid {iidwtli and vicissitudes of tlie jii^ Iron indus-
try for tlai iiast (ll'teen years, and also the relation which thu amount of
rolled iron and steel boro to the. pi^-iron product, the proportion of the
latter which was of liessemer (piality and particularly ada])te(l for the
production of steel, and also the relation whi<'h the amount of rolled
iron hoi'c to the total of rolled iron and steel. For a short time the
amounts of rolled iron and steel were reported separately, hut it was
found dilticult to secure correct <lata, as mills were constantly chaiifjin}!
from iicni to steel; therefore it is possible to show only the relative
amounts of rolled iron and rolled steel and oi liessemer jiig iron, with
other {grades of i)ij,' metal for a portion of tim time under consideration.
Attention is invited to the following datii which the diagram exhibits.
The amount of litsseiher ])iK iron followed generally the aninnil pro-
duction of total pig iron from 1887 until 18!I4, but it did not reach one
Indf of the output of the latter in any one year until 18!»3. It also
shows a close correspondence in variations with the outputs of rolled
iron and steel up to last year. MHiilo the ([uantity of rolleil iron and
steel produced represents the consumption of a liberal proportion of
the total iiig irou output of the country, it also demonstrates that large
amounts of pig iron are absorbed for foundries and other purposes
The amount of rolled iron may be r'oir-.idcr'd as having been on the
incrc^ase, notwithstanding the more rapi<l ?!x tension of steel manufac-
ture, but as this rolled iron was not reported separately its relative
position with the amount of rolled steel can not be shown.
The output of Bessemer jiig iron representeil, in the last eight years
for which it has been sejiarately reported, the following i)ercentages of
all kinds of pig iron made in the United States:
rirt'viituiiv of liitiHt'mi'r }tiij iron to total jtitj iron vunU Jruitt fSS7 to lS!t4.
Tean.
lg«7
IKHfl
18«U
18110
Prix-cntngf
of UttaX
pig intn.
' 1801
Yeiirs.
Verrniita«t'
of total
lilg irou.
«8
41.0
48.5
41 4
1893
.'•0. g
44.5
1804
57.2
As much of the foreign iron orv. brought to this country is of liesse
nier grade, and as the employmtnt of mill cinder and other substitutes
U G. QEOL
10,000,000
OUCAL 1
URVIY
—
MVTIINTH ANhUAL NIKMT
PAitr lit
»L. Hit)
9 000,000
8 000 000
—
/
\
i
/
/
\
\
/
/
\
/
/
/
# \
#■
5 000.000
i
/
\
i/
^
V
/
\
fT^'
^v
/
S
i
/
'
/
\
J
- /
/
\
A
it.
/
\
/
^f
\
/
\
^^/
\
/
\
y'
1
,/
<i
3 000,000
s
''
f
^
y
"~■^-
-^^
.t5»
^f-
--.,
^^'
/
DIAGRAM OF PIQ-IRON PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. ISflO TO 1894: SHOWING ALSO RELATIVE
QUANTITIES or BESSEMER PIQ IRON AND ROLLED IRON AND STEEL.
In gross tons.
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORKS.
191
for iron ore is i)rii(!tically confined to furniices i)rodii<!inf; non-Hesseiner
pi{{ iron, tliese would inllnenee iiny deterniinsitions of (|uantitie.s.
Altliough ttonio ores very low in pliospliorus but coinparativt'Iy lean in
iron are liberally used, tlie majority of the ores of Bessemer j^rside suj)-
plied to American blast furnaces are above tlie average ricliness. it is
probable, therefore, that the proportion which Bessemer oresbcn-e to tlie
total iron-ore produ<;t in various years was somewhat below the flKnrPs
in the above table, which represent the proportion which Bessemer piff
iron bore to the total make of the United States.
The exact relation between the amounts of rolled iron and steel man-
..tmttnred and the production of pig iron can not be determined, for
there is a loss in the conversion of pig metal to rolled iron and steel,
varying in difl'erent i)roeo8ses, and on the other hand r. considerable
(juantity of old material is cut up and used as sera]) in the mills.
Assuming for this discussion that the losses in conversion and manu-
facture ott'set the (piantities of scrap used, the diagram will show the
approximate consumption of pig iron which is transformed into rolled
iron and steel, the balance being consumed principally in foundries.
On this assumption the pig iron produced in nine years was utilized
in the following proportions:
Pruportiom of total pig iron used for rolled iron and ftetl a»d fnwidriet.
! Vim\ fur
^""*- iron and
«t«'l.
lT»wl fur
fuiuid'
ries, etc.
Years.
tr«oil fcir
rolled
irou and
steel.
I'flell for
foiind-
rieH, etc.
Per cent.
1880 70.2
1887 81.0
Per emi.
■j;i. 8
18.4
28.9
31.1
34.0
1891
Per mil.
0.V1
07 n
09.8
71.9
Per cent
M. B
32.7
30. 2
28.1
1891;
183B 08.0
ISUO 06.4
The projiortion of pig iron used in foundries as given above will
include the metal of Bessemer grade utilized in producing steel tiastings.
IMPORTANT PRODUCING MINES.
Although the restricted operations of the year 1894 att'ected the more
prominent iron-ore mines or mining operations, these were as a rule
e(|uii)ped with more improved machinery and labor-saving devices, and
some of them commanded greater (tapital than the smaller mines ; hence,
milling was continued, although in some instances considerable ore was
stocked. The statistics show that in J8!(-t forty-four mines produced
!>,177,0(M> htiig tons, or 77.L'(> per cent of the total iron-ore outjmt of the
entire country in 18!»4. This is a higher percentage than in any year
since 18!I2, as will be seen by glancing at the following table showing
the number of mines ])rodnciiig over .'»0,(MK» long tons of iron ore, the
total amount which they mined, together with the total output for the
United States and the percentage of such output contributed by the
more important mines in 188!), 18!)2, 18!)3, and 1894:
192
MINKRAL BESOURCK8.
To(al amount of iron ore jirotiiioed bij Ihe more important mines compared with the total
for the United Slnles.
Yuira.
Niimlier of
niiiiufl ]in>-
iliiclng
nvLT 50,0(KI
loDK tons.
ren'oltlafft'
i.f KiUll.
71.68
77.08
7l.0.'i
77. •.'6
1880
OS
71
54
44
Long tont. ' Long (oh*.
10,391.490 14.518.041
i2.5«i.8a:i m.'.iw.eee
8,30'J.OOD ll.587.«20
9,177.900 11,8711.070
18«a
Itl94
Of the more iiromiiient operations, two contributed over 600,000 long
tons, two between 500,000 iiiid (!00,000 tons, one over 400,0(K) tons, si.x
between 300,000 aiid 400,000 tons, tl ve between 200,0(K) and 300,000 tons,
fourteen between 100,000 and i!00,(K)0 tons, and fourteen between 50,000
and 1()0,0(M) tons. Of these o))erations, twenty-one are found in Miidi-
i{;an, eif^ht in Minnesota, seven in Alabama, two in Wisconsin, and one
eiwh in Colorado, New Jersey, New York, I'ennaylvania, Tennessee,
and Virf^inia. If those mines were divided according to classes it
would be found that thirty-six jiroduced ore of the red hematite variety,
four brown hematite, three magnetite, and one magnetite and red hema-
tite.
The following table gives productionandnamesof those of the larger
milling iperatious whose managers expressed no objection to such
publicatMii :
Production of the more prominent iron ore minsn dnring JS94.
^aniM ur minM.
Melro]HiHtaii Iron aud LanilCum-
pauv. Mii-liiuiiti :
EilHl Norrlr 84,277
Norrio 434,470
North Norrip 130. 740
('li)in<lli-r Mine. MlniioHota [
MiMllitatii Iron Mine, Minni'NOta. .;
Mi>HNalii Moonlain Kline. Minno- |
sola
Mintii-Hola Iron Ciiii]]iany. Minnc-
HOlU I
It«)ikoiHlaHnil .Stialilina. .Viaiiainn. .
Lakr Siniurior Irnn Miiiinfi Com- '
pany. nlirliiican
I'ornwail Ori> IlitlH. PrnnRylvania.'
I'itHliitr); aiitl I.itlii> Antfrliiie
Mines. .Mii-liiuaii
Canton Mini'M, MinneNi<ta.
'riii-Smitli Mininuf 'f>ni|iany. Koh-
rill. Wan-'H.aiol All ' '*"
.Multalna .
rill. Wan-'H.aiol nliiacadn Minea.
I't-^aliii- Mini'. Mirhijitin
rliupin Mini-. Mirliitfan
Franklin Mini-. MInneaota
I'alidt MtiH'. MirlitKan
Annira. \iirtli Aurora, aud
Vanillin, Mirliiflan
Cleveland Iron Mining f.'onipany,
Mirliiuun:
Hard 1 1^^ Mine 2L'.8I0
l.aki'Mine nil, 195
IlenialituMine 7:i.41l
Ltmg tonn.
IHO. 487
M2. '280
558,212
449. im:i
370. 409
375.047
371.710
3.^9.913
310,000
304. 867
2'.I7,024
20:i. 170
210. 050
»)0,II83
200.523
I
Natiiea of mluoa.
Penn Iron MtninK Company, Mieli-
llian
Cleveland (Jtitln Cnmjiany, Mii-lii-
jsaii
Colliyand'rtlilen, liimrj.Mii-liiuuii.
Newport ami Itonuie Minea, Mu-lii-
gan
liepuldic Mine, Micliitian
Qiiei-n Iron .Mininte Company, Mlrli
iaan
Orii'nt Mini'. Coloriulo
Aitlmrn Mine. .MinneHiila
Winlhrnp and Mitrlii-11 Miiiea.
KIli'liii:an. ini-lnitiiig Wintlirop
waato pilea
Irondale M ini'. A laliania
Iliwaliik Mine. .Minni-aota
SloHN Mitu', Alabama
Ullie Mine, Miihican
Riclini-d Mine. New .leraey
(..'Iiamiiion Mine. A laliania
Loligdale Minea. Virginia
Weal INiint M iiii'a. TemieaHeo ....
nine Mine. Miililgan
Liiri'tto Mine. Mii-lilgan
Carv alivt We-* '"ary Minea. Wis-
eonain
Seven iitlier mini'K not mentioned
liy name, aggregating
Amount.
Long
l.W,
150.
142.
141,
136,
111
nil.
tnm.
953
2»5
947
70«
203
OIK
IIIIO
KU9
Total tor lurty-four iuluua. .
67,436
828,328
9. 177. 9W1
PRODUCTION OF IKON OKES.
193
Th« sivcragt! output of tho 44 operatioihs wiis L'(>H,rKS'J tons per mine,
wliic), is a larger amount per operation tlian in any of the ]ireviou8
years, tlie average for ].SH!» l)eiMg ir.9,8(!!» long tons; for J8!»2, 17(i,!»28
tons, and for 18!».'{, 153,74.'} long tons. Tiiis, however, is due to the liuit
tliat a large proportion of the total output of the country is distributed
among a few mines, for although tho average nvr mine was greater in
the year 18iM, there was in 1893 four operations, each producing from
«34,7I4 long tons to l,(H»2,9a'{ long tons, and 07 other mines which con-
tributed over 50,(KK» long tons each. In 1893 the largo producers,
although more numerous than in 1894, sui)plicd a smaller i)roportion of
the country's t^)tal, and no single oj)eration reairlied ■'»(K),(K)0 long tons.
By comparing the reports of 189:i and 1893 it will be noticed that
some of the mines which then stood close to the head of the list as jiro-
ducers occupy subordinate positions m 1894, or are entirely absent
from it.
STOCKS OF I JN ORES.
As any statement of pioduction which omits to ccmsuler the scocks
at the mines at the beginning and at the end of the year is incomplete,
the ftdlowing table, covering the Ave years for which such data were
collected, has beeu prepared. This table exhibits the (piantities of iron
oie at the mines in the various States at the clo.se of (!ach of the years
named, which (juantities represent the following percentages of the
total product during the year:
On l)ecend)er 31, 1889, the mine stocks represented 15..".r> per cent of
the iron oie mined during the j'eur 1889.
On December 31, 1891, the mine stocks represented l(i.7!t per cent of
the iron ore mined during the year 1891.
Ou December 31 1892, the mine stocks represented 17.87 per cent of
the iron ore mined during the year 1892.
On December 31, 1893, the mine stocks represented 30.43 per cent of
the iron ore mined during the year 189.3.
On December .31, 1894, the mine stocks represented 27.24 per cent of
the iron oie mined during the year 18!t4.
Theoretically, the stock on hand at tho close of 1893, added to the
production of 1894, represented the available supply. Deducting from
this the stock on hand at the clo.se of 1894, the (piantity would appeal'
to show the consumption of iron ore. Hut the most important pro
duciiig district of the United States is the Lake Superior region, from
which the ore is .sent forwanl by vessels during the seven or eight
months when navigation is possible and is accumulated on great stock
piles at lower Lake ports and at piomineiit blast furnace plants, to be
distributed and used during the portion of the year when shipments
can not be made. Therefore est liinites ol" coimuiiii)tion must be prepared
with a knowledgeof the relative uiniumts of such stock piles at ditt'erct
8024 13
194
MINKRAL KESOURCKS.
periods, iiiid as the «iiliMi(liu- year closes shortly iiftcr the sliippiiiK seiisoii
ends tlicse stocks ure KC'iriilly heavy.
stocks of iron ore on liniid l)c emhvr .?/, JSS9, 1S9I, ISO.;, ISM, mid 1S04.
'ff long.
Mlihiuan .(13,490
Mililli'nutli _ 278,B;
Alahaiiiil 104. 46'J
Vir/;inia anil Wrnt Vir- 1
Kiiiia ' 09,034
Pi'iinHjivania 01.0811
WisrapDHiii 40, 000
ronneHBP(i 1 16, 844
Ni^w Jcirmij- 04,«00
('iilfiriHlo 7, 103
Niiw York I 185,800
Georgia anil North <'aro-
lina I 32.14B
MiHHOiiri i 201,700
Ohio i 71,083
-Montana, New Mexiro,
Novailii, anil rtah ! a~,'.Ktf\
Ki'ntili'ky [ 1 li, 491
(Jonnortiriit anil MaHaa
rhilHOttH clK, 723
Ti'xa« 4. 301)
Maryland 14.470
Total 2, 2.">0,073
Lo7i!/ Uttu. I Long ton*.
1,IU4,370 1,646.012
204, .'103 504.801
00,171 7,700
27.205
85,778
384, 484
26,700
03,317
10, 876
214, 500
a nolnilhig Iilalio. Oregon, anil AVaahington.
Mni-hiilinK Iilaho anil Oregon.
c Inrliiiliiig Oregon.
(ionlv year in whieh Nevada i.i ri'iireHentiMl.
I' Ineluuing Maine.
IMPORTANCE OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR DISTRICT.
Before taking up tlie variations in stocks liehl at lower l;ake ports,
attention luaybedirected to the niafjuitudeot'thf liiike Superior iron-ore
interest and its relation to the total supply of the L'nited States. The
history of this interesting district and statoiiientH concerning its vari-
ous ranges of mines which make up the district have appeared in
former reports, and for the present only the ranges need be recapitu-
lated. They are given below in the chronological order of their devel-
opment: Til Manpiette Range in Michigan, the Men(»miiiee Kange in
Michigan and AV'iscon.sin, the (logebic Range in Mii'higan and Wis-
consin, the N'erinilion Range in Minnesota, and the Meaabi Itange in
Minnesota. In 18!H these ranges, placed in the order of the cpiantity
of iron ore produced, stood thus: Maripiettis, Mesabi, (logebic, Menomi-
nee and Vermilion.
U. S. GEOl OGICAL SIIRVEV
SIXTFFNTH ANNUAL REPORT PART CI Pi. xiV
Legcno
PPOOUC TtON OF THt
lAHcSupimoft Minis
P/900UC TioN or OTMf/i
/ftOAfO^f MtN€S IN if S.
DIAGRAM SHOWmo THE RELATIVE PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE IN THE LAKE SUPERIOR REGION TO THE TOTAL
OUTPUT OF THE UNITED STATES.
PRODUCTION OP IKON OUKS.
196
Tlu, bulk of thooro was shipped by v.'SNel, siii.l this was loaded at
the various ports as follows, similar dat a for 1893 and 18!»;{ beinir inserted
tor the purpose of comparison :
I'Oke Hhipmentiid/ iron on; rsg:;, tf/n.l, anil rs.'H,
Porta.
18«4.
' 1803. ' 1802.
Bscannlio, MIrh
Lotiff long.
1,644,770
I,7.'I8,5IHI
l,4a4.«S0
1,37;), 263
1,3111.043
79, 108
Luttij tuiix. 1,011(1 font
^, 04H, 981 4, 010, OS."!
1, n7,.V.'0 2, 22:1, 683
l,04:t,ll.Sri 1,020,338
002,352 1,105.070
440.202
203.3411. 115.880'
80, 273 j 4.245
AhIiIuim], Wis
Mnnpiotte, Midi
Two niirliiiiB, Mlmi
Uiihitli. Minn
liliicUtiiiie, Midi
Supmiiir, Wis
ToUil BhiiHiienls
7,021,020
6,830,749 8.546.313
The above table, taken from the Cleveland Iron Trade Review, shows
that Ml i.S!»4 Kscaiiaba lost the lead whieh that port had so long held
Ashland taking tirst rank, f. wed by Kscanaba, Maniuettc, Two Har-
bors, Duluth, and (JIadstone, in the order named. There was but a
diHerence of a few earyoes between the season's shipments at Two
Harbors and J )ulnth.
The importance of the Lake Superior region is illustrated on I'l XIV
whi.-h by columns indicates the total quantities of iron ores produ.-ed in'
the linited States in the years If'Hd, 18,S9, ISitO, 1891, l«!»l.' ]89;{ md
189-4, tlie columns beinf.- divid...! to slu.w the relative proportion of 'ore
which .•aii.e from mines in the Lake Sus.erior district and from luiues in
other portions of the D.iite.l States. The ijuantities repre.senled by
the.se columns are also presented below.
froduelio,, „/ ,•,.„„ ort in the lake .Supenor di.trir, ami ,„ the Inited Stale..
rnNliiotlcin iif I.aki' .Sn
pi'i'lor (limrict
VriHluilimn.liilliiT Iniii
<in! iiiiiH'M
'riiUliiriKliii'tloiKif
tli«*t;i)iu,iIstati>M.
Lonir
tt>»g.
1,1177,814
hong
toiit.
7. 510.614
6, 442, 648 6. 90S. 427
7. 120, 362 14. .IIS, 041
Long
font.
Long
tonM.
1892.
hong
t'Hit.
1893.
Long
ton*.
8.1M4,«)1 7,021.4^1 9,504,388 0. ,'•,94. 018
7,092,012 0.9IM. 713
0,732.278 4.003.011
10.030.013 14.691. 178 10. 20(1, (IflO.'ll. 687.020
Lung
tons.
7, 002. .'148
4. 187, 131
11.879.079
Repre,seated by pereontases of the total for the United Stales the
Lake Superior district produced the following proportions:
Percentage of iron ore produced /»/ Ike Lake Superior diiMct.
Yean.
IVroontago
iif toiur
linMliictiiin.
1880
23. 1 1892 .
51. 8 1893 .
55. 8 1894 .
52. 2
1880
I8II0
1891 ;;;;■■
I'urcuuUgo I
iif tiilnl '
pradiictiuii.
68.7 !
50.9 i
04.8 :
190
MINERAl, RES017RCK8.
These iieict'iitiiKPS, liowevor, do not represent the tnw iiniwrtancriof
thisilistriet, t'oiyiwin}; to the ))reviiiliiif;«iiI>ei'iority of tlieoresol)tiiiiie(l,
they enter more hir^'ely into the iiiiinufiiotnre of ]ii(; irou thun the
([uantities show in the alisencre of a knowleil(,'P of (|uality.
DISTRIBUTION OF LAKE SUPERIOR ORES.
The Lake Snperior iron ores can not be followed to the points of eon-
8uni]ition, but omitting the all-rail shipnieiitH and the stocks on hand
at the mines, records ])ermit of showing tiieir distribution. The vessels
leaving the various shipping ports above mentioned convey the iron ore
to blast furnaces on Lake Michigan or to receiving docks on Lake Krie,
and the iron ore brought to these docks is carefully reiiorted. For the
past three years the tpiantities re(!eived at the various lower liuke
IJorts, and the stocks on hand December I, on the receiving dmiks, were
reported by the Cleveland Iron Trade Iteviow as follows:
Iteceiiile of iron ore iti loirir Lake jiorlt in season of 1S9J AV.9,;, anil .'S!)4, and floeks on
hand Iteeemher I.
Porta.
Itc'I'tilllH
18M.
I 18S3.
ARlit.iliuIn . .
Oleveliinil...
Falrpiji't 9711, L'22
Krio .
Hiitralti . . .
('oiiiii^iuit .
Lorain
Tiiledii...
Unroll —
Sandimkv.
Tiitlll
Lnng (on*. Lnnff /oh*. Lnna tnnt.
l,flH7.722 l,K4r.,7:i8 2.!a.-).4IO
I,na4,.'i7:) 1,2(111,71(1
7112.517
409, 21HI
II IIIIH, '>:1K
20:l. 207
i&'i.ein
145, ■<\r<
i:i7, 7(1(1
4.464
C>4,4:iH
a39,'i,:i:i!i
2117,11(1,1
l.'iO. 424
1!>8. :184 '
172,775 I
2:1, (I4U
1,9.10,224
KOIi. (Ill
MR. 2:i(l
11)7, (HX)
l,i:iu
19(1.400
1:19,0117
05, (HXI
49,73(1
toMi;
1,4:19,
1.441,
000,
454.
114,
199,
22.-I,
90.
147.
77
tiinii.
1 19
785
1180
2:13
2:111
:I05
73:1
I. 157
.632
.004
Stm'kH.
I8II3,
ioni7 ton».
,2110.4:11
,10:1,9:10
,5711, o;i:i
;159, 827
119,170
01, :i:i7
201, 0.12
92,011
80, IHHI
78, 4:10
Lonn
l,:ii2.
I,:i47,
0111.
401,
125,
Ni
147,
71,
45.
87,
ton«.
(158
002
009
(I8:i
000
0,;i80.825 I 5.:i:i:l,li6l (1,000.734 4,8:14,247 4, 070, 710 , 4, 149, 45l
1
II llirtilili^H Tiiiuiwitliilil.
The difference between the total of these recei)its and the total ship-
ments from upper Lake ports, l,li40,7!)ri long tons, indicates the (pian-
tity of ore sent to blast furnacies at Ohicago. Milwaukee, and somk^ char-
coal furuiices in Michigan.
The Lake Superior mines supply the bulk of the iron ore used in
lllin<>is, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, West Virginia, and westtM'ii I'enn
sylvania, and are regularly used as ini.xtures with other local ores in
middle and eastern P(>nnsylvania and northern Kentu(!ky.
The general features of the movement of the product of the Lake
Sujierior iron ore mines is shown graphically on I'l. XV. The up|H>r
line indi<;ates the total anumnt of irou ore reported as shipped from the
mines, the data being obtained from the statement which has appeared
annually in the Cleveland Iron Trade Keview from 1886 to 18!t4. The
next line indicates the total Lake shipments, similarly reported, for the
years IS.SO to ISitI, the difterence between the tirst and second lines
representing the amount of iron ore used close to the niiiies and
U. 8 CEOtOGICAL eURVEV
8IXT€£nTH AhhUAl HEPOHT PART |. PL
■ -■■
1
\
\
\
h:\\ '
1
\
^''
\\
1 t
\ \
Av
/ /
\ \
/*/
\ \
/"*'
/ /
/ /
f /
\ \
hi
\ \
!
f
\ \
1
^, \
^'
i\
ji
\
?>
M
jl
I 1
^
/
y \
1
1
\\
1
1
/
\
1
\ A
h
jl
/
\
/
'' /
'
\
/
-y /
\
/
/
7 /
\
/
/
\
/
V
4/ -
\
1
7
/
/
7
/
/
/
^^
/'-
/
i
"^~v^
/
i/
/
1
f
4
J"
r
/ \
X
^ i
/■^
^/
\
X
sr/i-"--
II
\//
/
i/
4
— —
,'
.V
5--^^^
.
^^
/^
5,000,000
3,000,000
1,000,000
1835 188f 1837 1838 1889 1890 1891 1892 ;e93 1894
DIAGRAM SHOWING SHIPMENTS OF LAKE SUPERIOR IRON ORES AND STOCKS AT LOWER LAKE PORTS,
1886 TO 1894.
PRODUCTION OP IRON ORKS.
197
ahippetl by railnind. Tlio tliiril lino sIkiwh the receipts of iron ore
reported at the cIoho of each oliipping HeaHon hh having arrived diirint;
the Heaxon at the various (torts on Lalte Krie. Tliu intervals l)etween
lines two and three show the reliitivo amount of iron ore which was
sent forward by vessel to furnaces in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michi-
gan. The fourth line represents the stocl of Lake Superior iron ore
reiKjrted on hand at lower Lake ports on lyeeeniber I for eiM-li year
from 1885 to J804, which is practically the end of the shipping season;
while the flftli line represents the stocks at the same ports which
remained on hand on May 1 of the year following, the intervals between
the fourth and fifth lines showing the extent to which these stocks
were drawn upon to supply ore to blast furnaces during the sus|>ensi(in
of navigation. As ore is seldom received before the middle of May,
and as some of the ore held over may have been sold but not delivered,
there would be in pra(!tice somewhat great«!r difference between the
lines showing the stocks of ore December 1 and May 1 of the year
following.
It must be remembered that PI. XV refers to shipments only, and
not to production, statistics collected by the Survey being invariably
the quantities of iron ore )iro<luce<l or in stocks at mines, while those
rejiorte^l in trade journals are for the shipments and the stocks held ut
lower Lake ports.
IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN IRON ORES.
The Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department has, as in pre-
vious years, furnished statistics giving the quantities and values of
iron ores imported into the United States during the year ending
December 31, 18!>4, by countries and also by (uistoms districts, svid to
this similar data for the years 1H8!», 18!K>, 18!»1, 1892, and 1893, have
been added.
198
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Vi
1
I
•t?
i'
1
§?i Ns Ms I
gg i itj i ;*' i
1 M Is
?l
1 1-2 i ;* ; i i
3i:i§
i
>
iii? is
do -ffi
1
m-f^M its
is i is
i
>
is Ms
'si''
i
1
5-
1
3^
i
8
i
1
5
I
i
1
1
1
fli
! 1
•3 i i
: 1 ^ • 1 ! : 1 • • -s • 1 • o •
iiii iii 1 ! ;s : ! :l;
i N i Ni i Ml i n^ ;
HIiNllMltNgi
; i|i i i|.a i idls.;^ :
h
i
^1
■=■3
II
Hi
PUOUUCTION OK IKON ORKH.
189
All cxiimiiiHtioii of tli(i talilo hIikws tlmt in (lie past two yeiifs, wlifiii
liikcn toj,M!llior, the iiiiiiortiitioii of fniciKu iron orn lias liwii allecttMl
rcliitiv<'ly iiioro tliaii tliti |iiiiilnclioii of (loiiicstic oifs, iiotwillislaniliii};
llic icdiictioii of (lutj from I't cimiIs to III cciifs per ton wliicli has Ikmmi
in foire siiue August 1!.S, 18!H, anil tlic iiiipoitatioii of coiiMidnrabh'
loroijin on\ in oxpt'i'tation of tlio leiiioval of all duty. In 18!>4 the
amount of forei(;u iron ore imported was h-ss tiiaii in any year since
IS7S.
Siudi examination also shows a matorial deereiiRO in the quantity of
I'ltiropean oies rcrcived, the only contributors fioiii that <'<mtiiient
w hich sent as much as a c iiifto of iron ore, in 18!I4 hciiiR .Spain and
ICnulaiid. In fact, in that year but little ore came fiom Europe, Cuba
supplying 8;{.7 per cent of the total forcij^n iion ore broiifjht to the
United Htates, this circumstance probably being due more to the own-
ership of Cuban ore deposits by iicrsons interested in iron works which
are reached via the i)orts of Ha'.timore and Philadelphia than to their
convenient location, for, as in otlier jilaces, established trauHiMutation
facilities, with cargoes in both directions, may oflfset shorter hauls.
The value of the iron ore imiiorted does not reiirescnt the true value
of the material at the mines, but merely the selling |trico at the innt of
shipment, to which must be added the ocean transportation, import
duty, dock charges, commissions, etc. Some of these ores, while classed
as iron ore, are nsed for other purposes.
The average value of the ores imported indicates a constant increiise
from 188!t t( 18!)1, when it reached *2.Ci» per ton, then decreasing each
year until in ]8!U the average value was but $l.<!(t per ton. The fol-
lowing tabic shows the average value of the ore imported from 188!) to
18!»4, inclusivt<, as determined by dividing the t«>tal value at port of
shipment by the total tiniouut of ore received:
Avcrnije value of imporitd iron oven.
Yearn.
Avoroge
VlUllll piT
lonK tun.
Yoarfl.
Avorajje
value pvr
luliK t4in.
♦2.17 l«»J
•i.-jtt ma
M.'il 1
1 7'' t
2.(1» INM
II { 1
The relation which loreign iron ores imported in various years bore
to the (iroduction of domestic iron ores is graiihically shown on PI. XI.
If the importations are divided according to customs districts, it will
be seen that, as in former years, IJaltiinoie and Philadeli>hia were the
prominent points of entry, increasing their joint i>ercentage from 9.5 per
cent of the total imports in 1891 and 1892 to »7.r» per cent in 189,'J and
99.1 per cent, in 1891. The two cities have in late years alternated in
position, in one Baltimore being in advance, while iu the next Phila-
200
MINERAL RESOURCES.
(lell)liia iccfived the. jireuter iinioiiiit of ore. In IH'Jt .")».2 iKjr cent of
all the foreign iron ore imported into the United States cauic via tlie
port of Phihidelpliia.
The ore iniporkMl at Puget Sound, WasJiinfjton, viz, 960 tons from
British Columbia, was probably used as a llux iu silver smelting. The
major portion of the iron ores imported are red and brown hematites,
although some magnetite and (ihromic and mangaiiiferous iron ores are
also brought to this country. As would naturally be supposed from
an examination of the points of entry, most of the iron ore is used at
or near tiie Atlantic Seaboard; in ftuit, two iron and steeUonipanies
consumed the major portion of the ores at their furuiuje*.
PRODUCTION OF IRON OUES.
201
1
I"
sasss
s>ss
o
I"
Suss??
^ I- » I.- I-
nn on
cert ewS
I- o ct -H
|ps§
j^OJ OD M ^
§31- — 00
00 rt oc o
53555
3 o 5 I- •*
i \
§
c
rs3
^ 50 1- in r^
2 3! .9 ?: « 5
SSi'S ills'*
S2-'
:S3S
• OC •» (O .-t ,■-
• Oi ir. M 13 3
• oc tn o a -t
3 -s
Sl!s3
:2S
:S-
06 . .0
„-s>; 1-,,
■? E-" J a
ft* ? -^ X
=■3
■=5
65
.3
as.
a >>
,• I
■is
sa
5j j .«.§
Hi
1. 1;
I
•PROVINCE ' 'QRAHfl
VICTORIA. B. C
202
MINEKAL KKSCJUitC'ES.
ACKNOWLKTMJMKNTH.
Ill tbc preparation of the, forcgDiiij; rejjort aHsistAiico has been
obtained from many perHOUH aixl numerous publicatiuuH have been
studied. Acknowleut^uieut to all wlio have rendered aid or reference
to all sources of information can not be made, but the following should
receive si)ecial recognition:
F. L. Bitlcr, Pliila(IcI]ihia. Pa., for I'olIoclinK iliitu, aiiiilym^H. ami ligiiroH of jiro-
diictiiiii from various eouiitrifs, mid for the i>ruparatioii of iiiapH ami grapbic ropre-
Houtatiuns.
K. K. Landis, Philadelphia, Pa., for general revision of aimlyseg aud for traiisla-
tiouB.
Dr. Alfred U. C. Sclwyn, Ottawa, Canada, for u goiifral revision of the article on
Hritish North Aiiiei.ca.
A. nine, director of hurean of niiiicH, Toronto, for table of production and exports
of iron ore in Canada, etc.
.1. Ohalskl, M. K., Quebec, Canada, for tigures of production of iron ore in the
Provincr of (jueboc.
Ur. (ieorge M. IJawson, director Canadian geological survey, Ottawa, Canada, for
various reports on Canadian iron-ore deposits.
II. C. Babbitt, Thnrlow, I'a., for analyses of Cuban, •Spanish, (ircciau, and Algerian
iron ores.
C(d. Thomas II. Nichols, Newark, N. ■!., for description of blast furnace and ircui-
ore deposits of United States of Colombia.
Senor Vicente Pazos y 8ftcio, I'acliuea, Mexico, for description of Peruvian iron-
ore deposits.
James ]{. Maxwell, C. K., Philadelphia, Pa., for revision of Peruvian article.
•S. Nor* n, llokendauciiia, I'a , lor deseription aud analysis of Vene/nelan iron iires.
Orvill.i A. Derby, Connniss'io (ieographieo e (ioologieo, Sao Paolo, Ilrax.il, for
ilescriiition {>f the Itraxilian iron-ore workings and l>laHt furnaces.
1 >r. William K. Curtis, Washington, 1). ('., for aiialyHis of South American iron ores.
1'. S. Witheri)oe, New York, N. Y., for partial revision of Kuropean and African
descriptions.
Fred Lehman, New York, N. Y., for inl'orniatiou concerning shipments of foreign
ir{ni ores.
11. Hanerman, Londo;:, England, for general revision of article on the iron ores
ri' (ircat liritain.
.1. S. Jeans, secretary Hritish Inui Trade .\ssoriation. for statistics in 'gard to
the production of iron ore and pig iron in (iri'at liritain.
Hennctt II. Ilruugh, secretary Uritish Inm and Steel Institute, London, Kngland,
for reports of English statistics.
I'rof. 8. Jordan, Paris, Fraiiee, fcu' data in relation to iron-ore ileposits of France
,-ii)d statistics in regard to the production of iriui ore in France ami Algeria,
Max Dnchanoy, Paris, France, for a partial revision of the French article.
M. Ad. Carnot, Paris, France, for analyses of French and Algerian iron ores,
Alexandre Pourcol, Paris, France, for llgnres of ]>roductiiMi of iron ore in .Spain,
I'rof, Hichard Akcrinan, Stockholm, Sweilen, for Swedish mineral statistics aud
data in regard to same, and also for Norway,
Iljalniar Lnndb(diin, Stockholm, Sweden, for data and analyses in regard to
Swedish iron ores, and for revision of text,
olaf Wenslrdm, .Sulitclnia copper mine, liodd, Norway, for ri'vision of Swedish
and Norwcgi.'in data,
N. Lilienberg, New York, N. Y,, lor rcvisicni of Swedish article.
PRODUCl'IO ' Ol' IRON ORK8.
203
Ilcniik V. l,i)K8, I'liiliulelptiin, Pii., for Swedish frimslalioiiH.
M. I'iiiii TriiNi'iitor, l.ii'Ko. Kclginin, for i1i8cri|iticiii, tigiiri!H of proiliirtion, and
Htiitistical roportH in ri-giird to tiio iron oro8 of liclgiiuii.
lion. Clark K. Carr, CoptMihagcn, Ditnniark, for rvmarkR in rogani to Denmark.
, Jlr. Ilcmian Wedding, Iterlin, Germany, for rovisiou of report, ilata, auil statisties
In regard to (iernian and Anstrian iron ores.
Prof. E. de Gerard. iCiirieli, Switzerland, for paper on .Swiss iron ores.
I'riif. li. Tetnia.jer, Zurich, .Sivitzorlaiid, for statistics of production of iron ore
and pig iron in Hwit/erland.
a. KireliiilV, New Y'ork, N. Y., for tignres of Italian iron-ore jiroduction.
George Kaniensky, St. IVtiTshnrg. Russia, for llgures of production of iron ore.
■hdin Martin Crawford, St. I'utersbnrg, Russia, for statistics of Russian iron ore
and pig iron.
William Diilf llruce, Loudon, England, for infornmtinn concerning India and stat-
istics in rt^gard *<> the production of iron (U'e in that country.
I'rof. .Iidm A. Church, New York, N. Y., for general description of the iron-oro
industry of China.
G. .). .Snelns, I'rizington, England, for short desrription of Chinese iron works.
Augustine Heard, cou.siU-general of tlieCnited States at .Seoul, Korea, for deserip-
(ion of the. iron industry of tlutt country.
Rei.ji Kanda, Tokio, .lapaii, for a general rovisicni of the .(apanese iron-ore article.
T. Kitsunesaki, .\ni C'o]>per Mine, Japan, for general statement in regard to the
cNti'Ut of the ironiirc <lepoHttH.
.lohn Kiissi, ITnited Slates consular agent ut Satli. M-imceo, for the data in regard
to deposits of iron ore in Morocco.
Prof. Ilaton de la Goupilliere, Paris, Fnuu e. for the description of Tunisian iron-
ore deposits.
William I). Mot!ay, I'nitod States niii< : ii'«ident and consul-general, at Mon-
rovia, Liheria, for general description of dipHmis hi that country.
W. II. Fnrlonge, M. E., .lohanuesburg. South African Kepuhli., for general
descrijitiiMi of iron-ore deposits in the Transvaal.
Charli'S M. Rolker, New York, N. Y., for description of .^outh African ileposito
Daniel Halin, Cape Town, Cape Colony, for short mention iron ore soull f
C!anene and Zambesi.
.lobn C. ]•". Randolph, M. E., New York. \. Y., for general description of Ibe iron
industry of Uorneo and Malaysia.
.hiBeph E. Came, Syilney, N6W South Wales, for descri|ition and analyse- I iron-
ore industry of the Province.
.lohn 1). Councdiy, consul of the I'nited States at Auckland, .New Zealam inr data
and pamphlets in regard to New Zealand's iron-ore deposits.
A number of American ministers and consuls at various pho'es also su])j>lieil iiie;ins
for obtaining data iu ri'gard to the eiiuntries where they are located, and lomiiiis
sioners of the World's Coluinbiau ENposition representing Germany, Eranei'. Russia,
Sweden, Cuba, Ilayti, .\rgentine Re|iui>lic, .la|>an, etc., extended eourtesicK or ini-
iiished iufuruation.
JJIHljUMiKArilY.
AiiioMi; the works oxiiiiiiiu-d in coiiiictrtioii witli tliis inoiingrai))!,
bi'Hidt'M iiuiiitM'oiiN I'cporta upuu individual deposits or spw'ilic location.^,
aru tho following:
Mineral Resiuirces of the United .States for a series of years.
United States Consular Reports.
Tenth Census. Volume XV, Mining Industry.
Eleventh Census. Mineral Industries.
204
MINERAL RKSO KCES.
iMiiiuH, Cniiailian Geolottirt.
TriUisiictiui]-. Ill" Ihc Aimiiiciiii IiiHUtulii of Milling KiijjiiimMN.
.Joninal <if tiiu liiitoil Stiitri AsBociiiliun of Clirtrcoiil Iron Worliers.
Annnal rf|iorts of thu Amorican Iron and Stuel Aunociation.
Tlio Iron Aye.
Ucports of the Division of Mineral Statistics anil
Survey.
Notes on Iron imil Iron Ores. T. Sterry Hunt.
Mineral Wealth of Itritish Coliinibia. Dr. (Jeorf;r N. Dawson.
Minerals of Nova iSeotia. Kihvin Ciiljiin. ■ .
Iron Ores of Nova iSeotia. Kihvin (Jilpin.
Canadian Mining Manual. B. T. A. Bell.
Mineral UesnnreuH of Ontario.
Ucports of Prof, .lunios 1'. Kimball, K. V. d'luvilliers, Battle and Nye, and !•'. F.
C'hisolni, iMi the Cuban irou-ore deposits.
State of Tara. Dr. Lauro Sodre.
Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute.
Special Volume of the lion and Steel Institute.
The Iron Ores of Great Britain and Ireland. .1. I). Kendall.
The Metallurgy of Irim. II. lianernian.
(Jreat Britain's Keiiuiroiuents and Available Supply of Bessemer Ore. .losiali 'I'.
Smith.
Annual Keports of the Mineral Slafistios of the United Kingdum of (ireat Hritniu
and Ireland.
Minerals do For do la France, de I'Algdrie, et ile la Tuuisie. M. Ad. C'arnot.
I'iiilip's Ore Deposits.
La Sidi^rnrgie on Franco ot i\ rP.tranger. M. Cy riaipie Helsoii.
Swedish Catalogue, World's Columbian Exposition, 11. Swedish Statistics. Di.
8. A. I.iifstriWn.
.lern Kontoret's Aniialer.
Keports Sveriges Ofilciala Statistics.
Apatit forekomster i Norbottens Malmberg, Il.jalmar Lnndbohro.
Koyaume de Suede, L' Industrie Minitre de la .Sucdc. G. Nordenrffi-iim
Stalil iind Ei.son.
Der liergban und Hnttoubetrieb lies Siegerl.indH.
Dir Bergbau und Hutten^betriob der Lahn, Dill und Benachbart^'n Keviere.
Nassau.
Industries of Russia. Mining and Mci:illurgy. \. Kepjien.
Annual Keports, Statistique des Mines, Miuiiirch, I iirriers, etc., of Belgium.
Revuo IlniversoUe des Mines.
Die (ieschiidite desEisons in seinen teehnologischon und eullurbistoriseheii Itcy.ie-
Iiiingen. Dr. Ludwig Bock.
Geology of India. V. Ball.
Keports of Government id' India. Ketnrns of minerals and goms produced i
British I'loviuoe and native State.
The M iniiig Industry of Japan during the last twenty-live yi'iirs ^ 1867-1«'J2).
Tsunashiro.
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4-