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ADDRESS

DBLIVBRBD BBrOBB TBI

ALUMNI OF THE UNIVERSITY

fiituriu €flhp,

-^/LATSr 2Snd, 1801,

BY PROFESSOR WILSON, A. M.

Published by request of the Alumni.

PRINTED AT THE ''GUARDIAN" STEAM PRESS.

1861.

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ADDRESS

DELIVERED BEFORE THE ALUMNI OF

C|e Inifrersitg of Wukxk College,

BY PROFESSOR WILSON, A.M.

, ,y^.-(;:'^ii.o.-\T..

Gentlemen,^ — The architect and the engineer must have a pecu-
liar satisfaction in the result c f their respective skill, labour, and enter-
prise. There it is, tangible and visible, patent to the world, commending
itself to every intelligent passer-by. Not so with those who deal with
mind ; that subtle, invisible, yet most potent mystery ; that present
yet inipalpable something, which defies analysis, whilst itself analyzes
all things. What has he to show for his labour who has wrought, or
attempted to work, on such material ? What result is there to attest
the toil and power of the educator I If there is none, then his oflSce
is on a par with the tread-mill — labour for its own sake, than which it
is hard to conceive anything more irksome. If result there is, and
that of a satisfactory kind, then^ though it may be invisible, impalpa-
ble, yet being exhibited in that which is most efficient and masterly, it
must be of prime importance. Such indeed seems to be the prevalent
opinion. The most enlightened nations are those which attach the
most importance to the work of education. Never were so many
minds undergoing the process as at the present time. The following
quotation from an address delivered by a leading statesman of the
17tb century, I found in T. B. at Oxford. ** The very truth is, that
all wise princes respect the welfare of their estates, and consider that
schools and universities are (as in the body) the noble and vital parts
which, being vigorous and sound, send good blood and active spirits
into the veins and arteries, which cause health and strength, or if fee-
ble or ill affected, corrupt all the vital parts, whereupon grow diseases,
and in the end death itself." ,. .. ,.. «

ti/.fuf

• *■

I make these preliminary remarks because I am called upon to ad-
dress the Alumni of this University ; gentlemen who, as such, are re>
garded as having claims to the title of educated men. You never can
be, and if you could, you would not be such as j ou were before you
had become the subjects of that mental training, that intellectual cul-
tivation, which has now, or at some former period, received the final
seal and stamp of ojQScial approval. Unaffectedly I beg to express the
wish which rises unbidden, that some fitter representative of your Alma
Mater were appointed to address you on the present occasion ; but
the responsibility has been devolved upon me, and I must discharge it
to the best of my ability.

The following remarks have been suggested, more or less, by one
word wh'ch often occurs in the conversation of Socrates, namely —
KaXoxay A blessing be on the memory of the old Greek for

that one i. It contains a volume of meaning, which, with an little

dilution as possible, I shall endeavour to translate into modern English.

It presents goodness in two aspects, the one moral, the other
aesthetic. Now the peculiar value of the word was this, that it recog-
nized a unity as subsisting between two things which are often mista-
ken as aliens to each other, and reciprocally hostile, namely, good
taste and good principle. It embodied a grand idea which may be
thus stated : — The highest style of goodness is beautiful, or, the high-
est kind of beauty is moral goodness. But, says an objector, what has
beauty to do with morality ? The province of beauty is under the
direction of taste, whilst morality is under the cognizance of conscience.
Be it so ; but what if these two powers, the conscience and the taste,
have at all times considerable influence upon each other, and can be
shown to have intimate relations, unless when some violence is done to
either, or, it may be, to both.

Now, what we claim for the propounder of this word is simply the
discovery of a truth which has seemed for a long time to elude the
notice of many otherwise distinguished men. That truth, as already
stated, may be expressed thus, — The highest style of goodness is beau-
tiful, or, the highest kind of beauty is moral goodness. Men have
acted and spoken as if there was a contrariety, an irreconcilable hos-
tility, or at least an utter incompatibility between the two things, as if
indeed the farther an act receded from the one, the more closely it
approximated to the othei-.

Observe the two great parties into which England was divided
during the struggles between the Koyalists and the Commonwealth
men of the 17th century. There were men of worth on each side —
heroic, admirable men — men who ought to have been friends, but who

by their very »incerity and heroism were but impelled to the more
violent antagonism. We shall dismiss from consideration the knaves
or hypocrites of either si Je, and look at the more reputable and more
truly representative men on either side. Doubtless there were sche-
mers, unprincipled adventurers, who assigned themselves to the ranks
ot whichever party seemed the more likely to recompense them ; but
the two parties consisted in the main of men who were thoroughly in
earnest, and who identified all that was good and desirable with the
success of their own views, the triumphs of their own principles. What
was the leading distinction between these two great parties which
threatened at one time to dissolve the very bonds of rational unity in
England ? There were good men in both camps, but there was a
marked difference in the style of the goodness of their respective wor-
thies. On the one side there was elegance, sprightliriess, gentlemanly
bearing, abhorrence of meanness, fastidious disdain of all coarseness.
On the other what was there 1 Steeple hats covering hard heads ;
buff jerkins casing upright, truth-loving hearts ; conscientious detesta-
tion of usurped and tyrannical power ; an unblenching resolve to reform
abuises or die. The Cavaliers almost adored their King. Submission
to his will was law. Extension of his prerogative was personal ag-
grandizement. Though at the same time they were sufficiently sensi-
tive on the subject of their personal rights, and resected the slightest
infringement on the privileges of their order, yet if the king called for
their service, no enterprize was too hazardous, no toil too arduous, no
sacrifice too painful. Life, fortune, and fame were risked without a
murmur when the safety or honour of the throne demanded the costly
offering. The same party revered the church established by law, with
her choice diction, and carefully-graduated ministry. She was to
every true Cavalier the embodiment of everything graceful ; the pa-
troness of learning, the bulwark of the nation, the pattern of things
heavenly. There was a certain beauty in their idea ; there was a
something charming in the thought of a centre of unity, which should
attract all parts of the social circle to itself, which should remain ever
distinct, and yet be always diffusive of its own dignity, geniality, and
power: there was beauty in the loyalty of the courtly knight who, see-
ing the lion-hearted Queen Bess about to step on a muddy place, ffung
down his cloak before her feet, and after it had afforded her Majesty
a clean pathway, put it on his own shoulder^again in its bedrabbled
Ci.nditioD, as if every particle of soil were an t^itional blazonry of his
escutcheon. ; ; \*>" .

There was beauty in the devotion of the University of Oxford, when
it melted down its plate to replenish the rQyal exchequer, — aye, and

.' *

f..

there was something tidmirahle in the fidelity of many a poor High-
lander, who knew the hiding-place of his Prince, when a price was
set upon that Prince's head, and when a visit to a neighbouring
magistrate and a few words of information would have raised him for
the rest of his days above all need for labour ; and who, knowing all
this, kept his secret as a sacred deposit, which no human power could
wrest from his keeping. Again, there was a sort of fascination in the
union of secular power and ecclesiastical authority, of ritualistic obser-
vances with courtly usages.

The most rigid Republican will, we think, admit that there was an
element of beauty, of attractiveness, in the general bearing of that
party, and, still more, in the idea which actuated and vivified their
conduct. : £

Now let us \<s6k at the other side. There were men in the ranks of
the Commonwealth who were not of a rebellious spirit, and who
arrived slowly and unwillingly at the conclusion which, having once
arrived at it, they held resolutely and at all hazards, until the consum-
mation of the struggle. That conclusion was, that conscience demanded
a non-recognition of the man Charles, (as some of them irreverently
termed him whom their Royalist antagonists d :)lighted to call their
'' most religious and gracious Sovereign Lord King Charles,*') a pro-
test against usurpation of power in church and in state, and an expo-
sure of shames and impostures. Humpden cared nothing for the few
shillings which were exacted from him as ship-money ; but both
Hampden and, with him, half the nation, cared everything for the
principle involved in the question of that exaction.

Now there is nothing beautiful ia rebellion, or in revolution. It is
indicative of evils to be removed, of wrongs to be redressed, and of
rights to be vindicated. It is perhaps necessary at times, but certainly
not desirable for its own sake — not the normal condition of human
society. Yet if there was little beauty in the action of that party
which organized itself for the purpose of staying tyranny, and of so
lopping its branches that it could never thenceforth overshadow the
land ; if there was little veneration for time-honoured usages and insti-
tutions, certainly there was goodness, soundness of principle, and
purity of life, sufficient to show, that, if they could not strongly enlist
the sympathies of the heart, they were at least entitled to respect au.^
gratitude.

. Both sides had, we think, something of right. Each of thciie two
great parties had a defect which might be considered as the neg&tiif of
that which abounded, or comparatively superabounded on the side of
its antagonist If the one, • instead of being antagonistic^ had con-

Bented to become supplementary to the other, then this KaX«ay«dia,
of which we speak, would have been exemplified in the national his-
tory. S'lch indeed has, to a large extent, been the case, since expe-
rience hab led to mutual respect and co-operation in many a domestic
and foreign enterprize.

Would it be presumptuous to hazard t>< : opinion that neither was
permitted to gain a complete victory, bocause neither was entirely
in the right 1 Each was in turn in the ascendant to such a
degree as sufficed to exhibit its tendencies, and to demonstrate the
necessity of some countervailing check — some balancing force to
prevent the pernicious effects of one-sided predilections and principles
of action. ••' * < ' •

Had the Royalists gained the day at Marston Moor and Naseby,
England had bidden farewell to liberty ; and not England only, but
Europe, and the world, unless, indeed, some now unknown agency had
been developed by the unseen hand or an All- Wise Ruler. A few
men, highly polished in manners, magnificent in style of living, gallant
soldiers (and gallant civilians), would have constructed, in the King')
name, a despotism not less rigid, but inconceivably more intelligent,
more living, more formidable than that of any Eastern monarchy.
Every post of honour and every office of authority would have been
occupied by themselves, or their nominees ; every avenue to promotion
blocked up to all except their own favourites; every outlet of liberty
watched and guarded ; and all who were out of the pale of one small
circle of exquisites would have been doomed, so far as men could doom
them, to ignoranbe, brutality and degradation. r , > , .r.

On the other hand, if the Protectorate had survived Oliver Crom-
well, and if the principles of the party which had placed that great
' Tv^ami on th«j first seat in the Commonwealth had been left to
flourish in unrestricted luxuriance, what would have become of refine^
ment, of the fine arts, of the thousand decencies which give a charm
to social life ? I imagine a people drilled to the endurance of twenty-
headed lectures, and a rising generation looking forward to the inevi-
table wearing^f steeple-hats. Think of children answering to such
names as are ascribed by historians to two youths of the Barebones
family i The first was called Praise God ; the second had a praeno-
men which embraced a body of divinity.

In the latter mstance a great truth was put in a wroae place. Just
this is what would have resulted : Great truths would nave been
thrust into places intended for little truths ; and thus two bad effects
had followed — the crowding out of the little truths, and the mis-
shaping of the great ones. Good principles were so wrenched from

good taste as to acquire abomliness that was at best iroattractiTey
and frequently repulsive.

It is, to my own mind, interesting to find that the ancestors of the
Rev. John Wesley seem to have diverged from side to side, according
as either party began to exhibit its natural proclivities to excess.
Originally a High-churchman, his grandfather left the Established
Church — so far at least as its emoluments were concerned — on Bar-
tholomew's Day, for conscience' sake. In the next generation, when
nou-conformity assumed a more pretentious aspect, and proceeded to
lay aside its meek and self-defensive attitude, when calves'-head clubs
(unless their enemies have misrepresented them) were organized in
systematic derision of royalty, his father and mother avowed hearty
repugnance to such aberrations, and became again members of a
Church which they considered to have been chastened and purified by
its sufferings. In both instances these men, bis father and his grand-
father, pursued a course exactly opposite to that which would have
been selected by time-servers ; and even their enemies could not deny
that their intentions were unswayed by considerations of worldly
emolument.

• But a proneness to divergence has shown itself not only in political
parties, but also in nations ; and often those adjacent to each other.
In the parent countries from which Upper Canada and Lower Canada
respectively have been colonized, what a difference ! what an apparent
discord I and yet I cannot but think that there is a grand capacity
for concord — a something naturally supplementary ,which will yet pro-
duce a magnificent harmony. What can compete with French
politesse ? — What but British sincerity ? What can compare with
French ardor 1 — What but Biitish firmness ? What can equal French
tastefiilness % — What but British good sense and well-prmcipled
moderation ? In French history the KaAoy or its semblance, in one
form or another, has always swayed more or less the public mind,
often, it is to be regretted, with a tremendous renunciation of the
ay»6of. A Briton who prides himself on his bluntness does himself a
wrong; a Frenchman in aiming at the same quality, (or that frank-
ness, rather, of which the other is the counterfeit), might approximate
to the happy medium. I trust it is not by accident that fragments of
the two nations are placed in contiguity on the shores of this Canada
of theirs and ours, Ce> «Ainly if both sin against God they will be
thorns in each ethers sides ; but if both unite in allegiance to ibe same
wise and gracious Lord, they will be friends more helpful and closer
than brothers.

This KuXoxaya&ta is a power all but boundless in elevating, in unit-

A
t

ing, in stre>igtliening> in perpetuating nations, churches, families, — in a
word, all conceivable human organizations. 'Jhere were two German
peasants who had a disagreement about a piece of ground which
adjoined their farms. Each one thought his own claim tlie stronger,
yet neither charged the other with injustice. They saw the danger,
however, of gradual corrosion of good feeling, and to prevent this
they agreed to refer the matter to the magistrates of the nearest
town. On the appointed day one of these honest men called for his
neighbour to accompany him to the scene of trial. The other accosted
him thus : — ^"My spring work is backward, and every day is valuable.
You know both sides of the question ; state tbem both to the judges,
and whatever may be the decision, I will abide by it." The man thus
retained on both sides went to the court, and did as hi^ neighbour h id
desired. In the evening he returned, and found his friend ready to
hear the result. "The judges," said he, "lisened to me speaking fir t
in my own behalf, and then in yours; and they thought your case the
stronger, and accordingly decided in your favour. Now, I wish you
joy." They were good neighbours ever after. Neither of thcm^ I
venture to say, was poorer in allthat constitutes true wealth, for that
diy's trust on the one hand and fidelity on the other.

Again, this property cements political parlies. Sallost in comparing
the relative strength of the patricians and the popular party, though
he evidently sympathizes with the Litter, makes one significant admis-
sion. The strength of the Commons was, according to that astute
writer, di-^organized — more liable to disruption ; that of the optimates
was compact, they undei stood one another better — co-operated more
faithfully ; and thus, by their closer union, often proved an over-match
for their more numerous adversaries.

In Churches this )ix\oK»yxQiat is even more requisite and more
effective than in political parties. Two things are absolutely indis-
pensable. Truth is the material — truth embodied in living recipients —
and this material must be employed from the foundation to the top-
stone. Ecclesiastical stiuctures may be constructed partly of truth
and pirtly of falsehood — like the baroniil castle the fall of which was
chronicled a few months ago by the peri >dical press, ( its walls were
found to be merely coated on either side with hewn stone, whilst an
artificial appearance of strengtti was ctfected by filling in with clay),
or they may sj disproportionately incline to one side as to resemble the
once celebrated tower of Pisa, which seemed for generations to bid
defiance to the laws of architecture, leaning as it did to one side, yet
apparently immoveable. After all, its downfall was a mere question of
time. Sooner or later it was certain tu fall, and fall it did. But

A-1

whilst truth is essentially necessary as the material, another element is
also requisite. The model of the Church is not the pyramid^ which
by its shape and the hugeness of its parts might without any cement
be considered exempt from liability to collapse or overthrow. Yet
after all, what is the pyramid ? A monster tomb — an impc'sing de-
formity — an enduring monument of human power and of human imbe-
cility. Not such the building which is to be the shrine of the Living
One ; the home in which he will delight to dwell and to walk ; the
building which is to be the embodiment not of death but of life. Capaci-
ous it must be, but comely in its proportions, faultless in its parts, beauti-
ful as a whole. Its foundations are costly, its superstructure is
gorgeous, its design was grand, its execution will be found to be per-
fect. Its parts are muliifaiious, and may bewilder an ignorant eye,
but it is one — an unit — to the Master-mind which saw the end from
the begmning ; to Him who will yet honour the whole work with Hi^
approval, and dignifiy it with His presence and blessing for evermore.
How shall the parts, great and small, of this wonderous pile coalesce 1
How cohere ? What cement shall bind its various materials in one
homogeneous whole ? That uniting principle is charity, — the very
effluence of the Divine nature itself. A strong Church is that which
rests on truth, and whose members are one in the charity which comes
from God, ani which gives to each an interest in the well-being of all.
Even truth, if maliciously spoken, is disuniting and weakening ; whilst
untruthful chatity, or that esprit de corps which sometimes simulates
it) is but as hay or stubble, or any crumbling material. '— '

Let us suppose a case of religious controversy. It is a source of
strength to be on the right side ; to be conscious of truthfulness ; but
it is also a source of strength to have that magnanimity which scorns
to take any unfair advantage ; that generosity which would spare
an antagonist as much as possible, even whilst it smote his errors with
unsparing vigor. It is well known that some of the first scholars of
the last century entered the lists against Mr. Wesley. In their ardor
they sometimes made hasty quotations, which that accomplished contro-
versalist soon detected to be erroneous! What should he do } Expose
them ? Turn the laugh of the literati of the day upon them ? No
man ever charged Mr. Wesley with anility. No man knew better
than he when and how to answer a fool according to his folly, or to
shake a pretentious impostor to pieces. But no man, we think, ever
understood more thoroughly the laws of Christian controversy. He
saw his advantage, — but he saw another advantage, that of not taking
advantage of an unintentional error ; that of sparing the feelings of
sincere, w^ll-meaning opponents. Instead, then, of exposing their mis-

quotations, and seeking to disparage them as literary men, he used to
write a private letter to those parties, pointing out the mistake, and
requesting them to amend it in the next edition. *^0 ! but," some one
may say, <'he made himself amends by publishing his magnanimity."
Not so. The publication of this fact was not owing to himself, but to
his antagonists, so'-^.e of whom (Bishop Warburton, for example,) were
so charmed by bis forbearance that they, with a sense of honor second
only to his own, published their indebtedness. Who can tell how far
the influence of that catholic charity extended ? how it may have
operated in disarming prejudice, and opening the way for the spread
of a living Christianity ?

Is there not a danger of separating religion from morality ? True
religion includes morality — lives or dies as it lives or dies ; but it is
certain that men have endeavoured to devise a religion which Would
release them from the obligations of morality, — a sort of commutation-
tax for honesty, justice, and good faith. Let us suppose a body of men
to attempt to combine a form of Christianity with a total disregard of
Christian law. They might still meet in churches, retain some or-
ganization, wish to reach heaven, and even be willing to put up with
some inconveniences for the sake of that end ; yet without any moral
life, without integrity, or community of spirit, what would be more
contemptible, more truly horrible, than such an association ? It is
related of Mohammedan dervishes that their moral character is in-
versely as their devotion. Need we say that the spirit of every real
Chri-«tian is a spirit of conformity to law ; the law of truth, of kindness,
and of integrity ?

This is not to be attained by accident, or by a passive surrender of
the mind to the force of circumstances and outward influences. As
well might the mariner set out from the eastern continent and expect
to reach the opposite coast by leaving his vessel to the operation of
every breeze and curient. There must be self-government, — a power
to more than counteract external agencies. Again, no one becomes
truly good without good instruction. No mind was ever healthily and
vigorously developed unaided by external agency. What sun-light is
to physical growth, good instruction is to mental development. What
a spindling, sapless growtl} is that which takes place in a cellar, in the
spring, when there is jy§t vigor enough to grow, but not enough to
grow aright ! Could we suppose a vegetable sprouting under such
circumstances suddenly endowed with power to think and feel, and to
express its thoqghts, it might solilo(juize as follows: — "What a miser-
able life ; how weak are these shoots ; how miserable this yearning
,.iter something — I know not what — to give me strength and enjoy-

ii ,

ment of life I But all around me are the same ; all ghastly life— all
repulsive ! " Such are, I think, the sentiments of many a man who
wants to enj[oy life j whose irind, too, has in it true stamina, but who
wills to Htc independently of any Divine light. He avoids it ; courts
darkness, and grows to a certain extent ; but the development of his
nature exhibits only mildew, decay, and corruption. In a Christian
land there is sure to be enough of reflected light to elicit some kind of
mental and moral growth ; but it depends on each individual to say
whether he shall come to the light — the life-giving, life-developing
light of heaven — or despise instruction, and expect to accomplish the
end of his being in moral darkness. Let the man who chooses the
latter course look at himself, and say if the results of his choice are
satisfactory. Let him look around, and, judging of others by himself,
let him say whether human life is such as it was designed to be by a
wise and good Creator. The fault must be somewhere. To hold the
Creator responsible for such abnormal, unhealthy growth, whilst the
provision which He has made for healthy, vigorous life and growth i»
neglected, would be preposterous and unreasonable. ^ t > .

This exceHant endowment is something more than sympathy with
what is good and honourable. Most men when they hear of a heroic
act will admire. Does it follow that in like circumstances they would
pet in a similar way t Not unless there exists in the mind son^ething
more than a mere sentimental approbation. There must be some prin-
ciple ; some fulcrum to sustain the mind ; some prime mover to propel
to action. Some young men have thought that they would excel in
moral goodness if it were not for some particular difficulties which, in
their case, obstruct the way. They are mistaken. If those difficulties
were removed their nature would be the same. Those very ditlicul-
ties are placed before them as a test of sincerity — as an exercise of
Strength — and, if rightly dealt with, facilitate subsequent progress.
Unless they become good in the face of difficulties, they will never be-
cpme good. ' *

The power of life is vast ; it can resist unhealthy influences — assiml-

inything
Son of God — intelligently, aflectionately, and obediently — hath life.
His complaint of men is : *^ Ye will not come unto me that ye may
have life.'*

But progress is stamped on the moral works of the Most High.
Recent explorations reveal the existence of colossal trees, the seeds of
which may have been sown before the deluge. Human institutions

■•it

had grown and decayed ; nations ha^ sprung into existence and re-
turned to nothingness; yet these long-lived princes of the vegetable
world grew and increased in strength, and lowered ahove all competi-
tors, as if to be a type to roan of his allotted part ; as if to say to him : —
"O, tuou chief of th' earthly works of God, wilt thou allow any created
visible thing to outgrow thee? Ours is but a vegetable life — thine is
spiritual. If we, by imbibing the dews and rains of heaven, by open-
ing every pore to the quickening rays of sun-light, have reached such
grandeur — such vitality, such beauty, and such strength — so that we
clap our hands for very joy, what mayst thou not attain to, thou image
of God, thou heir of life eternal ?

In order to the production of this excellence, there is need of
sentiment and principle. Without the former, man would be like
the regions of ihe fngid-zone in mid-winter. Nothing could grow,
nothing live ; or at least nothing but inferior kinds of life. There
might be no vice, but there could be no virtue. Without the latter- -
namely, good principle — he would be like the jungle of the torid-zone,
oyerwheimed with its own rankness, infested with beasts of prey and
noxious reptiles. Yet this very warmth, when it comes under the con-
trolling master hand of good principle, when the jungle is cleared and
its noxious inmates are exterminated, will yield the richest odors, the
most gorgeous sights', and ring with sounds the most melodious and
exhilarating. Let the youth who dreads bis own warmth of nature as
the chief source of danger be encouraged. That very warmth, properly
regulated, will become his chief accomplishment ; the very power
which, under the Divine blessing, will bring forth all excellent things.
'-^ But no amount of warmth or elevation of soul will supersede the
necessity of cultivation, and cultivation will involve self-denial ; that
pelf-control which will forego my gratification that is pernicious, im-
moral, or likely to be injurious in its influence upon others. Intel-
lectual culture alone will not accomplish this. There must be the
training of the heart, the eradication of vicious principles and implanting
of virtuous ones, the correction of faults, the strengtheninsr of what is
weak, and the elevation of all that is low and grovelling, or else the
man, however well versed he may be in the arts and sciences, is but a
poor, pitiable waif on the sea of iife. No height of deck or amplitude
of canvass would compensate the stately ship for the lack of compasii*,
rudder, or for the absence of captain and helmsman. Without these
she had better been a log. Her very size and complexity make her
the more inevitable prey to the winds and billows ; and whether she
breaks upon a rock or goes down head foremobt into the boiling surge
makas little difference. Perish she must. And so must the unprin-

cipled man of letters — ay, even more madly, more ungovernably, than
the unschooled churl. ^ Tbe swine feeding upon the top of the
mountain were grovelling, it is true ; but the same swine when actuated
by intelligence — and that a demoniac intelligence — became not less
Sfvini.«h, but more abominable. The lives and productions of many
immoral men of genius illustrate the danger of highly develooed senti-
ment without a corresponding development of moral principle. It
was the deliberate opinion of Dr. Arnold that a distinguishing char-
acteristic of the present day was intellectual wickedness ; wickedness
associated with talent and education. For God's sake, who has
given you advantages denied to many, do not add to the amount of
intellectual wickedness existing in the world. Let the diploma of
Victoria College be not only a certificate of mental powei — of patient
and successful toil — but also a prima facil evidence of moralitv ; of
high honourable principle ; of piety towards God ; loyalty to the
throne of the revered monarch whose name it bears ; and charity to-
wards all men. Be assured of the sincerity, the cordiaiitv, the fervor
with which your quondam instructors and guardians will hear of your
well-being, and rejoice in your progress towards that beautiful good-
ness whose glories I have dimly endeavoured to portray this evening.
If I may but hope that one good thought has been implanted, one
virtuous purpose strengthened, one upright aspiration awakened^ I
shall not deem my labour misapplied.

1 shall here take the liberty of applying general truths to special
casts. It may be safelv assumed that graduates of this or any other
Canarliar University will be public men. In the European Universities
(as, for instance, those of Great Britain and Ireland), many men pass
through a certain course, not to prepare themselves for any profession,
but in deference to the will of their guardians, and with the prospect
of a life of ease and retirement. But it is not so in our young and
stirring Province. You, voung gentlemen, who have just completed
the prescribed curriculum of study, in common with those who have
preceded you, have had a definite end in view in undertaking and con-
tinuing to the end a course of steady, laborious discipline. Now, you
enter u})on a new stage. College associations are laid aside ; you face
the realities of life ; you become, in one way or another, the servants,
and at the same time the leaders, of the community. Allow me, then,
to suggest that the three professions, one of which, I shall presume,
each one of you has already selected for his future study and practice,
are in reality called into existence by the witnts, moral and physical, of
your fellow-men. Had not the human mind become darkened, the
ministerial profession would not be necessary ; if the human body were

perfectly exempted from infirmity and suffering, the skill of the
physician might be dispensed with ; and if the estate of every holder
of property were secure from the hand of fraud and violence, the subtle,
keen investigation of the legal adviser, and the glowing appeals of the
advocate, would not be put into requisition. Mind, body, and estate,
the grand essentials of human life, are committed to your care, as
much as they can be committed to the care of any mere mortals.

What shall we say to the members of that profession which owes its
origin not to Colleges or to any merely human source 1 A profession
to which Colleges can add no authority, however they may endeavour
— and successfully, by the Divine blessing, endeavour— to contribute
to its efficiency. If I venture to offer a few suggestions to the junior
members of that order of which the Head is Divine Wisdom and
Goodness itself, I beg to say that I do so on broad grounds ; as an
elderly man to young men ; and as one who desires to contribute to
the elevation of the ministerial office. You who have entered upon
thnt sacred calling profess to follow One who illustrated huiLian good-
ness as well as Divine mercy and condescension. It is your aim to
lead men to follow you as you follow Christ. A British officer would
feel himself honoured if he were declared to have the very spirit of a
Wellington or a Havelock : you claim to have the Spirit of Chrisi.
"Cut more deeply," said a wounded French soldier to his surgical at-
tendant, who was operating near his heart for the extraction of a ball ;
"probe towards the heart, and you will find the Emperor ! " May it
be your happines to know that if your heart were laid open, there, in
that shrine, would be found the Chief among Ten Thousand. i

Avarice is unlovely and bad in any man. It is not only a sin, but a
mean sin, subordinating every higher impulse to the one consideration
of accumulating property. Strange to say, it becomes more potent
as its victim draws nearer to that world in which the currency of this
world is — not below par — but absolutely nothing, i must say I think
it is one of the leading deformities which threaten to mar our rapidly-
forming national character. I shall be glad, however, if I find my im-
pression to be a mistake. Let me not, however, be misunderstood.
The mere acquisition of properly is not sinful or degrading. It would
be no sign of moral progress if, as a nation, we were retrograding in
material prosperity. But if the possession of lands, or houses, or stock,
is considered the one thing needful ; if, for the sake of a dollar, a man
will do what his conscience tells him is a shabby or dishonest act,
then avarice has its seat in that man. Now, who shall correct this
evil ? Who shall elevate the public taste 1 Who shall echo through
the high places of the community the note of warning : — '*Take heed.

and beware of covetousness ! for a man's life consisteth not in the abun-
dance of the things which he pocsesseth." The Church looks to you ;
the Head of the Church, who for our sakes became poor — He
who has set you as watchmen upon the walls — has His eye on
you ; nay, even the world without looks to you, unwittingly
it may be — unwillingly it may be — yet it does look to see
how you will act ; and both the Church and the world will be
influenced, either for good or for evil, not so much by your pulpit testi-
mony as by your life and conversation. But, methinks, I hear one of
you say, — "Do you imagine that we are likely to bo over-paid % Are
the services of the ministry so highly estimated that we are in danger
ol becoming plethoric from the liberality of our congregations ? " I
say at once, — "Mo ! your profession is under-paid, as compared with
either of the c ther two professions. Even those persons who highly
value your work and yourselves, are not generally disposed to tempt
you unduly with gold and silver." There is danger, nevertheless. I
do not believe the theory of those who recommend a low stipend for
the ministry, as a security against the intrusion of <<men of worldly,
low design," into that sarred work. It is no guarantee whate\er.
Such a theory, if reduced to practice in any Church — to say nothing
of its injustice and inhumanity — would shift the temptation from a
richer class in society to a poorer one ; and, however limited the emolu-
ment might be, there would still be some to whom that limited
emolument would present attractions. The true prevention to such
intrusion, so far as human agency is concerned, must be found else-
where, — in the integrity of the authorities, and in the spirituality of
the officials and other members of the Church. Yet, we repeat, the
danger exists, and tan be avoided only by constant vigilance.
Avarice is bad and odious in any man ; it is intensely ugly in any man
claiming to hold the ministerial office. Consistency demands a free-
dom from its contamination. You profess to have discovered true
riches, and you declare that with you the grand business of this life
is, and shall be, to guide men to those ever-during riches. Shall you,
then, falsify you own testimony be showing that, after all, you sym-
pathize more with the pursuits of the worldling than with those of the
Christian % — that a lot of ground now tangible has more charms for
you than an uncorruptible inheritance, the title to which is not to be
secured by any legal forms of earth ?

But I hoj e better things of you, gentlemen. From what I know of
you I believe your motives are good, your intentions honorable j yet
again I say, good intentions and pure motives do not supersede the
necessity of watchfulness against the beginning of evil, and against all

■

approach to dubious and equivocal acts. On the other hand you will
be admitted to association with the excellent of the earth, with men
who have left all and followed Christ, and who do not repent their
choice ; with men who have been placed in highly confidential posi-
tions, and who have never violated trust Such an organization as
that of an eflfective Christian ministry could cot last for ten years if
there were not a large and widely-diffused amount of solid principh
and honourable feeling. But the good and honourable may be viola-
ted in other ways than in covetousness. Three grand dangers — three
rocks I find laid down in the chart of ministerial life, by infallible au-
thority — avarice, ambition, and intemperance|in eating and drinking.
I just name them, and leave the further consideration to your own
conscientious reflexion. ,• >

It may be that these admonitions will fall coldly on the ear of
some of our young candidates for the ministry. They may think
that the note of warning would come more appropriately from their
official superiors in that work. Be it so, nevertheless the voice of the
laity may sometimes aid in showing impediments to a good influence.
This, together with the relation which has subsisted between you and
the Faculty of this University, must furnish my apology.

But we pass to the members of another profession. If the mind or
soul is paramount, the body is second ojly to it in its influence on hu-
man enjoyment. The profession which makes that shrine of the soul
its special care, demands the respect of every man. I need hardly
exhort you, gentlemen, who are medical men, to the exercise of hu-
manity and mercy. You are accustomed to it already. In times of
epidemic, members of your profession have been known to risk, and
even in many instances to sacrifice, their lives in endeavouring to ar-
rest the march of the destroyer; and their humanity has sometimes
been appreciated and rewarded. I never knew an instance of virtually
united prayer, on the part of Roman Catholics and Protestants, for any
one beneath the rank of Sovereign or Viceroy, but one, and that was
made in behalf of a medical gentlemen. His many acts of disinter-
ested kindness had so endeared him to all sects, that when it became
known that his life was in danger, prayer was made in the established
church, (this took place in the south of Ireland) the Roman Catholic
and the Wesleyan Methodist churches for his recovery. On the
followiug Friday evening his medical attendants sought to prepare bis
friends for the worst, and told his aged mother and his sorrowing
partner that he could not hold out long after midnight. What was to
be done 'i This was done. Some of his friends caBed together to one
place, the official members of the church to which he belonged, and

urged them to pray then and there for his life. They did so with a
will, one after another pleaded with the hearer of prayer. I pledge
my veracity for this statement. That very night he rallied— mended
day after day, and in a few weeks was about his business as before.
Gentlemen, some of the warmest and most intelligent friends of
Christianity have belonged to your noble profession, but in some way
or other an impression has gone abroad that a leaven of scepticism has
contaminated in some degree, the many amiable and estimable qualities
for which the medical profession is distinguished. A late medical man
of note is reported to have said that in all his dissections he never
saw a soul. What then f If he wanted a reply he might have found
it in a heathen moralist of old. But is it so that the constant unremit-
ting study of material things, even of that highest of material things —
the human body-has a tendency to produce an inattention to spiritual
things t The more need is there oi an enlarged liberal education to
suard against this formidable evil. Gentlemen, there was a time when
it appeared to me a something almost too severe to let some men have
influence over the susceptible minds of youth; but the longer I live
the better satisfied I become with the Divine dispensations. Those
that I can at all understand I approve with my whole heart, and those
which are now mysterious, I am sure will yet be exhibited in all their
harmony and ||eautiful proportions. Now, then, let us suppose a great
man drops an ungodly remark. Who will adopt it? The servile—
because he (the great man) uttered it : the careless and indolent, be-
cause it saves them the trouble of thinking for themselves : the sensual,
because it removes a restraint irksome to their appetites. Who reject
it 1 The true student, the atudiostis veriy the sincere, earnest philos-
opher. Thus a test of character, both moral and intellectual, is infor-
mally applied. Gentlemen, the humanity of your profession will require
a new hfe, a lustre, a charm from an incorporation with, and an avowal
of, principles drawn from the word of life.

You, gentlemen, who are, or are about to become, members of the
legal profession, seem to stand at a greater distance from my point of
vision. The wants of the body and of the soul have brougtft me from
time to time into intimate connection with the medical and ministerial
professions ; but my estate has never required the direct interference
of a legal practitioner. Yet a few remarks are suggested by the very
nature of law itself. Its basis is justice ; its superstructure expedi-
ency. A sense of justice is essential to the good and honourable ful-
filment of its functions. As a minister who should employ his official
position for the treacherous purpose of propagating irreligion — like the
notorious Septem contra Christum — or as a physician who-should des-

ecrate his profession by poisoning his confiding patient ; so ft
lawyer, who should employ his legal lore and cultirated keenness and
grasp of mind for the end of making wrong prevail against right, would
be guilty of an act subversive of the principles upon which his profes-
sion is founded. You would scout the irreligious minister as a hy-
pocrite, and loathe the homicide physician as a monster ; by a parity of
reasoning you are bound to regard the unjust lawyer as a living con-
tradiction. He that helps to justify the guilty, or to condemn the in-
nocent, is guilty of an injustice ; and if he does it for the sake of a fee,
the injustice becomes sordid. You may quote high names for the
practice, and so you can do for any wickedness. No number of per-
petrators will lessen the criminality of a bad act ; and I cannot but think
that it is a morally wicked and heinous act in any man to seek to make
falsehood appear truth, to make the guilty appear innocent, or the in-
nocent appear guilty. But, it may be argued, a legal adviser is bound
to do all he can for his client, as a medical practitioner for his patient,
and not to stand on ceremony with obstacles. To this I reply, the
medical adviser has but one claim upon him ; there is nothing morally
conflicting with his efforts to assist nature, to subdue disease, and keep
off death; but in the case of the legal adviser, be he chamber-counsel
or advocate, there may be claims on the other side, which he knows to
be rightful ones ; or, in criminal cases there may be the interests of
society which demand the conviction of the guilty as well as the ac-
quittal of the guiltless. But again it is argued that the counsel on the
other side will take similar liberties, and counteract any possible danger
of evil consequences. There might be some weight in this if you conr
fined yourself to the one-sided statement of truth ; but if you admit
that you say " the thing that is not" on the one side, and the other
counsel says " the thing that is not'' on the other side, then it only
shews that evil influences do less harm when reciprocally opposed than
if they were all on the one side ; but the morality of the act on either
side is not vitally effected. Let us suppose a case,— A man is ar-
raigned and brought to trial for some base, cruel act ; but he is weal-
thy, and he is advised to employ eminent counsel at a stunning fee.
This counsel arrives, is confidentially informed of the facts of the cas^
and reaches a tolerably correct view of its merits in his own mind.
But that view is just the one which he is hired to shut out from the
minds of the jury. Is there no laceration of moral feeling incurred in
the effort to frame some plausible explanation ,of suspicious circum-
stances, and to cast discredit on testimony which he knows to be truth-
ful 1 If he is gifted with the power of captivating the imagination and
enlisting the sympathies of his auditory, he pours out appeals which

might Dooye a heart of stone, if they were only true. He makes an
impression, and hopes that in this instance fiction is more truth-like
than fact But by and by the judge sums up ; he knows the precise
value of the arguments employed ; the beautiful but not good roll of
sophistry that has been directed against the intellects of the jury, and
step by step he goes through the realities of the case, and leaves the
matter to their solemn decision. That decision is soon delivered, in
accordance with truth. Now, then, how does i,. counsel stand be-
fore an impartial tribunal ? If he was right in .d views, then the
judge must have been mistaken ; the twelve men on the jury must
have been either perjured or grossly stupid. But if they were right,
and the secret convictions of a crowded assembly seconded their ver-
dict, then his position is that of a man who, for a consideration, took
a view of the whole case different from the highest legal authority
then present ; directly opposed to the unanimous verdict of tweire
capable men ; a view equally far removed from the honest, unbiassed,
unsalaried opinions of hundreds of his fellow-citizens ; nay, I must add,
a view shocking to the sensibilities of his conscience, unless, indeed, he
has taken refuge in the tenet advocated by a certain eccentric ex-
chancellor, that man is not responsible for his belief Certainly if
Lord B. passed through much of this process of perverted reason, he
would need some tough covering for his conscience. I wonder if he
ever impressed his view on a jury. There is an arousing attempt
sometimes made to distinguish between professional character and
private character. I swear said a certain person in high life, not as
an archbishop, but as a Prince of the Empire. But said a peasant
who heard the distinction, if the Prince goes to the devil, what will
become of the Archbishop t But there are brilliant testimonies to the
compatibility of high standing at the bar with purity of pleading.
•♦If," said Sir T. More, "my father, whom I sicerely respect, stood
on one side, and the devil, whom I sincerely despise, on the other, I
would give the devil his due." "It is a vulgar error," says T. P.
Bunting, an English legal practitioner of considerable eminence, ''to
think that a lawyer is bound to take up any case that may offer itself,
without regard to its character.'* It is well known, we may add, that
some illustrious occupants of the bench, and other men of distinction
at the bar, have lived and died happy in the favour of God, and en-
joying the confidence and esteem of the public.

Gentlemen, I hope if the tone of moral principle is lax, that it will
be braced ; if sophistry is at all fashionable, that it will lose its pres-
tige, and that truth, justice, equity rights and only rights will receive
any support, whether with or without a fee, from the alumni of Vic-

toria College. There is a certain progress in the right direction; help
it on, and may you prosper. Sooner or later, the just will prove to
be also the expedient. / 1 ,

But I muse draw rapidly to a close. One thought presses upon my
mind — with that I conclude. You may ask, is there any one who
possesses that combination of moral beauty and moral goodness of
which we hear ? one at once safe as an example and imitable ? Ye^i
there is, and he had some connexion with each profession that has
passed in review before our mind. He was-a Doctor of laws, a Legis-
lator, and an Advocate. Wherever he found a mind susceptible of
equity, he rejoiced to impart clear views on all matters of equity. His
legislative enactments were not shitting like quicksands, to be repealed
and modified, and amended by intermeddlers, but imperishable in au-
thority, and unfailing in their application to the wants of men. As an
advocate he was thoroughly reliable. There was, however, one pe-
culiarity in his advocacy. If his client was really guilty, he always
advised him to plead guilty and to trust in him for the rest. Some
did not like this advice, but great numbers acted upon it, and in every
instance they had good reason to be satisfied with their election.

But he was a Physician also, and as such he was distinguished for
corapassionateness and skill. There was but one small condition which
he demanded in all cases that would admit of it, and to which he at-
tached much importance. But there was something almost awful in
his skill. It seemed to be as various as the diseases which were sub-
mitted to his notice. Eyes, ears, tongue, the skin, the nerves, the
muscles, the blood-vessels, all came under his cognizance; and either
by touch, or by word, or by the silent outgoing of bis will, he suc-
ceeded in every case. Even death itself, the end of all disease, was
but an imbecile in his grasp. I am personally under the deepest ob-
ligation to him, and am happy to remain under a load as delightful as
it is weighty. x

This Doctor of laws, this Physician, had another profession. He
was a Preacher of the Gospel. Whilst he appreciated the needs of
the body, and gave laws which were to influence and regulate human
society to the end of time, he at the same time saw in the soul a need
even greater than that of the body. He had seen a state of. society
in which law was perfectly observed, and he saw a way by which men
could be led to that joyous state. Legal difficulties were in the way.
He removed them not at the expense of law, b t by submitting to
the pains and penalties of law. He preached truth. He made truth
— the central truth on which hangs our every hope, the truth of the
cross — namely, that *• God is just and the justifier of him that be-

believeth ;'' and when the system of teaching is completed, he organ-
ized and spread abroad an agency which has shed light into darkness,
health into sickness, law into disorder, hope, joy, peace, and charity,
into the heart of every recipient. Yes, there is One who comprises
all that is lovely and good in his humanity, in his wisdom, in his kind-
ness, in the miity and variety of bis offires and operations. Receive
Him. He comes to you^ meek, and having salvation, riding, it may be,
on an ass, yet able to quell all your enemies, to allay all animosities,
t.iiA to put an end to all your miseries. He, and he alone, can pro-
duce in your inmost soul that which the pious heathen craved, that
loveable goodness, that holiness without which no man can see the Lord.

Farewell, ye dreamers of the porch and the academy. Stand aside,
thou grand old seeker of truth, thou true-hearted old reformer. He
Gomes who is tLe Truth. The light of His approach glanced upon
thy lofty front, and the reflexion of that light thou didst seek to trans-
mit to thy unappreciated compatriots. We leave tbee, Socrates, with
sincere respect and tenderness ; but lo ! here is the substance of all
moral teaching ; the Sun of Righteousness has arisen with healing in
his wings. Strength and beauty are in His sanctuary, the strength of
indomitable principle, the beauty of all holy and tender emotions.

No greater good can I wish you, young gentlemen, and all present,
than that He who is to fill all the highest oJQSces of which the human
mind can conceive ; who, from being Advocate, shall ascend the seat
of judgment, and who shall reign as King of kings over a willing, a'
united, a loyal people, may recognize in your heart that moral likeness
to himself which will make you meet to join in the triumph of his
chosen ones, that he may see in your life, services which his bounty
will delight to honour. Eighteen hundred years ago the note of warn-
ing was given, — ** The coming of the Lord draweth nigh." Let the
same note still sound in the recesses of every conscience, — " The com-
ing of the Lord draweth nigh." Even so, Lord Jesus, come quickly !

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