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#11
G
C
THE NEW
ILLUSTRATED
GEOGRAPHY / ATLAS
BY
W. C. CAMPBELL,
Author of " Modern School GiiooRAPHY and Atlas."
WITH
THIRTY-SIX FULL-PAGE COLORED MAPS
PKEI-AKIU) nV
J. BARTHOLOMi:\V, F.K.G.S.
TORONTO:
C. BLACKETT ROBINSON. 5 JORDAN STREET.
Entered acconlinR to Act of Parliament of Cana.l.i, in llie year 1S85. by William C. CAMri,F.l.i,.
in llie olTue of llie Minister ol Acricniliiie.
'&<
PREFACE.
TlIK best method of tcnchitif^ p^eofjrapliy is a qucstimi
whicli has ciiya^cd the attention of leading educationists
for some time past, the object in view bein^j to secure the
iiest results in the simplest and most practical manner.
To accomplish this — the old method of givin;^ lonj,' lists of
names and fij,nires to be committed to memory has been
discarded ; and that of crcatint,' familiarity with the maps,
physical and political, induced by the necessity of careful
and accurate study, has been adopted. Maps, therefore, now
become the primary, and the letterpress the supplementary
study, to be amplified by the intelligent teacher according
to the time at his disposal.
In this Geography the aim has been to supply in the Maps
and Illustrations thcinsclvcs the greater part of the geo-
graphical knowledge (physical and commercial) that any pupil
might be required to learn. In order, however, to facilitate
the labor of the teacher as well as the .study of the pupil, a
certain amount of letterpress is necessary, wherein are given —
Sliiiistics in tabular form, to be used at the discretion of the
teacher; certain elements of /W///<rrt/ A'«(7ii.'/c(4'''"; 'ind Minor
Details, which are readily acquired when the main features
have been ma^stered. As this is intended to be a Canadian
Te.\t-Book, special attention is given to Canada and its
various provinces, while Great Britain a .d the United States,
■with both of which Canada has such intimate cominercial
relations, are more fully treated than other countries.
Beauty of Typography ^\\<S. its attractive mechanical arrange-
ment ; Usefulness of Illustration, whereby each picture ma)-
be made an object lesson in itself ; and Comprehensive
Teaching of the Maps ; combined with the artistic merits
and accuracy of the whole, are the main features, upon which
is ba.scd the hope that this book may bccoTne a useful and
practical manual for the Dominion of Canada.
The enumeration of names, boundaries, and of similar
tedious details has been avoided, and to meet this omission a
series of questions on each map has been prepared which can
be answered only by reference to the maps ; thus necessitating
a study of each in detail. (Questions on the text are allo^j^ether
omitted, and are left to the teacher to frame aceordiut^ to the
ability of the class.)
Tile plan ui)on which this book has been preiiared may,
therefore, be summarizeil thus : —
1. To furnish clear and distinct Physical Maps, (supjile-
mented by Relief Views^ upon which are shown the heights
and depressions of land ; the various products, vegetable,
animal, and mineral ; the isothermal lines ; the ocean currents
and fisheries ; and all the peculiarities in the physical features
of each part of the globe.
2. In the Political anil Commercial Maps to show clearly
the political divisions of the world and of the various countries,
and to give special prominence to their means of communica-
tion and channels of commerce, internal and external.
V>Y a judicious combination of study on the I'hjsical and
Commercial Maps the causes of the growth and position of
cities as sea-ports, manufacturing-, mining-, anil distributing-
centres ; and the dependence of political and commercial
position and progress upon the phj-sical features of the
countries are made clear to the pupil ; and valuable prac-
tical knowledge will be gained fu- more rapidlj- and with
infinitely better understanding than can be attained by rote-
learning from the text. Particular attention has been given
to the various routes of travel by .sea, rail, or caravan, and to
the submarine telegraph .system, by which commercial com-
munication is carried on .all o\cr the worlil.
X'aluablc lessons ma>- also be frainid from the relation of
the isothermal lines to the climate and products of countries,
as well as to the ocean currents and land winds.
The illustrations will, it is hoped, materially assist the pupil
in forming an idea of the various industries and modes of travel*
in foreign countries. Physical, Industrial and Commercial
Geography thus form a distinctive feature of this book as
compared with those hitherto in use.
PRKFACE.
lOxiKiiciHc tlui> ^'iiincd will enable i)U])iis tn read books ol
histdi)' and travel, as well as the newspapers of the day, with
an intelli^'enl understanding' of the places mentioned, ol the
peoples and their condition, of the physical features of the
countries, and of the general condition of civilization in any
part of the world.
3. To provide in the text, in as concise a form as possible,
a summary of the most imjiortant features of a nation's
position in civilization, its extent, resources, industries, com-
merce, and go\ernment.
]\y miNUis of the numerous illustrations an accurate idea
is yiveii of the various |i( culiarities and charticteristics of the
different parts (jf the earth ; each picture is capable of being
made a study in itself, and is not intended merely as an
ornament to the book.
Great attention has been given to typographical execu-
tion anil arrangement, — ^I. By variety in the size of the
tyi)e used : those paragraphs which are of most importance
being in the largest type ; those next in importance being [
in the second size of type ; and those which may be omitted
in the junior classes in the smallest type. II. Hy printing [
the salient features of each paragrajjh in Clarendon type,
whereby the teacher is assisted in framing question.s, and
llie attention of the pupil is arrested in the preparation
of the lesson. 111. Hy the large, bold, and clear character
of the tyjjc^a very important ilesideratum to the pupil
who has to study at night.
The maps liave also been prejiared to avoid the neces-
sity of the pupil straining the eyes to read small names.
Although a smaller sized book might be considered preferable
for handling, yet this could be .secured only at the cost of
those features which exiierience has shown to be much more
important.
A short sketch of Ancient Geography is appended, together
with a map. These cover all that is required for the Ontario
High School K.xaminations.
To make this Geography as complete as possible, a COUNTY
Map, showing every township and p(JSt-office, is supplied with
each copy of the book. No exercises are supplied for these
County Maps, as it is deemed best to leave these to the
discretion of the teacher. An iNDK.x, giving the pronuncia-
tion of proper names, is also appended.
As map-drawing is now such an important feature in
acquiring an accurate knowledge of geography. Outline Maps
in two series, for drciwing and coloring, arc published, cor-
responding in size to those in this book : the first series gives
the outlines of countries, leaving all the names to be filled in by
the pupil ; the second series gives the geographical lines only.
LIST OF MAPS.
POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL.
1-2.
4 5-
6-7,
8-9.
10.
1 1 12.
'i-
14.
i5'
TiiK WoRi.i) (Mcrcator's Projection).
North America.
Dominion oi" Canada.
Ontario.
Quebec.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward
Island.
United States.
Mic.xico, Central .\merica and West India Islands.
South .\mekica.
El'UOI'E.
16. England and Wales.
17. Scotland. •
18. Ireland.
19. Western Europe (France, Spain, Portugal, etc.).
20. Central and Southern Europe (Austria, Italy, Turkey,
Greece, etc.).
21. German Empire, Holland, and Belgium.
22. Asia.
23. Africa.
24. The World (as known to the Ancients).
PHYSICAL.
1. Western Hemisphere.
2. Eastern Hemisphere.
3. North America.
4-5. Dominion of Canada.
6-7. Ontario.
8. South America.
9. Europe.
10. Asia.
11. Africa.
12. Australasia,
Map d
islothi.'
coiirso w
plcaiiure
The ch
with cor
general t
and with
and villa,
of the va
A.S sooi
drawing,
the map,
first be t
then the
in as the
In the
use the r
portant n
the ruler
To acqi
tions will
absolute s
as prcpei
position.
Let the
the greate:
that in or
board, it
Supposinf
it is not d
by 300 in(
three feet.
^ board by 1
to each o
other. If
assist the
% each foot <
jj3 seating 10
position of
the diagra
Mark th
S
2?
Pupils s
neinch in
MAP DRAWING.
1 clear character
in In the pupil
avoiil the neccs-
ad small names,
iidcrcd preferable
ly at the cost of
:o be much more
ppcndcd, to}jcther
d for the Ontario
^ssiblc, a County
_•, is supplied with
supplied for these
:ave these to the
ig the pronuncia-
ortant feature in
)hy, Outline Maps
re published, cor-
ic first series gives
ps to be filled in by
aphical lines only.
tugal, etc.).
ria, Italy, Turkey,
lUM.
Map drawing ir. .1 nec«ss,iry .net omp.inimrnt to the study
of geography, and is .is iniiiortant to thr latter as composition
is to tht- St 'dy of language. There is no branch of thi; school
course which is more readily .iccpiired, or which gives more
pleasure to the pupil.
The chief object of map<Irawing is to familiarize the pupil
with correct ideas of |>osition, distance and direction; the
general shape and surface of .1 country in whole or in part ;
and with the relative positions of the principal cities, towns
and vill.ages, as well as the mountains, rivers, and co<-ist-lines
of the various countries.
As soon ,is the pupil has mastered the principles of map
drawing, the study of geography ought to be identified with
the map, upon which the lesson is given. The outline should
first be carefully prepared (or copied from the book), and
then the names of the different features and places written
in as the lesson progresses.
In the first lesson on e.ich m.-ip it is best to let the pupil
use the ruler for measuring. In the second and more im-
portant review, the map should be drawn from memory, and
the ruler used only for drawing the straight lines.
To acquire facility in drawing a map, the following sugges-
tions will be found useful ; but it is to be remembered that
absolute accur.icy, especially at first, is not essential, so long
as proper attention is given to direction, proportion, and
position.
FIRST STEP.
Let the teacher, with the assistance of the pupils, measure
the greatest length and breath of the school grounds. Explain
that in order to make a representation of this upon the black-
board, it is necessary to reduce the size proportionately
Supposing the ground to be 300 feet long and 200 feet wide,
it is not difficult to show that 300 feet may be represented
by 300 inches, or by substituting one foot for each 100, by
three feet. The outline can then be placed upon the black-
board by first drawing two, faint, dotted lines at right angles
to e,-ich other, then measuring off three leet on one, and two feet on the
other. If the ground is rectangular, the outline can now be formed. To
assist the eye in determining position, other dotted lines may be drawn at
each foot of length, thus subdividing the drawing into six spaces, each reprc
senting 100 feet square. The size and situations of the buildings, and the
position of trees and out-houses should next be ascertained and marked within
the diagram.
Mark thecardinal points, and explain that the topof the map as a rule is north
DIAGRAM t.
Pupils should now copy the diagram on their slates, making the squares
ne inch instead of a foot, and using the ruler. All that has been represented
DIAGRAM 2. «
on the blackboard should be placed in the same respective squares on tho
slate.
As it frequently happens that sides of the school-ground do not corres|iond
with the cardinal points, draw the plan first as though they did, as in dia-
gram I, and secondly, within a rectangle the sides of which arc north, south,
east and west, as in dLigram 2,
Much can- and frequent repetition an necessary at this j/<i/j<r I'li onler to
secure habits of careful observation, accuracy, and neatness, which are the neces-
sary principles of map drawing.
Every school should be furnished with a small hand-compass, by which to
determine the cardinal points.
SECOND STEP.
In country districts the school section should next be drawn, and in towns
a plan of the whole or part may be made, showing the principal streets
and the relative positions of the most important buildings. Pupils should
be requested tn ascertain distances and other particulars, so as to increase
their interest in the work. Two dotted lines drawn at right angles repre-
senting the correct points of the compass should first be drawn, and the jxiint
of intersection should be the starting point or position of the school-house.
One yard, or even one foot, may now be made to represent a mile, while on the
slate two or three inches will answer the same purpose. This exercise may
t>e followed by a map of the Township, reducing the relative proportions or
scale. Roads should be shown by means
of two parallel lines, and care must be
taken not to let these lines cross each
other where the roads intersect.
By this time the pupils will understand
the principle of drawing to a scale, al-
though that term has not hitherto been used, biackam 3.
)kl A r 1) it AV\' 1 \G—Co»tinufJ.
\y/
,n
TIIII(1> STKI'.
Thoilrawinjicif (ounly ni.i|« forms tlio
nrxl sl.im', Iu't:iiis<! most cjf itu- itiimtiis
.'iIiIioiikIi wiiiiiwli.il irriKiil.ir in fi)rin, ar('
Miiuirally l«iiin(li(l by slraijjtit lines
ilaviJi); first as< crtainrd llif jn atrsl
cxti'iil, cast anil wist, anil nnrtli anil
loulli,* protL'til as in tlii' first Ussun by
ilrawinj! Iwn iIuIIcmI lini-s piTpcniliiular
tiMMLli iithir, lliin with tin; riilrr niL-asurr
off on uatli, distances eipial li> ten inilrs
These may he representoil by ai'. or
twelve inches on the blackboard, oi by
one or two inches on the slate or paper.
Turm a reclanijle, and divide into sjiaces
ten miles siinare. These spates may be
again subdivided, if necessary, by draw-
ing parallel lines in each direction through
the centre of the squares.
In the accompanying diagram the map,
which is five by five inches, will show
wh.it isreijuired, and if drawn on a larger
scale may be subdivided into one hun-
dred instead of twcnty-fivo spaces.
In drawing a map, always liegin at the
iijiper left hand side, and work as much
as possible from left to right. Note care-
fully the direction of the lines forming
the boundaries, f.nd the iwsition they
occupy in e.ich square.
Next draw the rivers, also from left to
right, by nuansofirregularly waved lines.
Mark and name .all the cities, towns, and
villages, then arrange the letters forming
the names of the county and of the vari-
ous townships in such a way as not to
interfere with those names already writ-
ten.
This exercise should be repeated until
the pupils are thoroughly familiar with
the map, and are able to draw it rapidly, with reasonable correctness, and
without the assistance of the squares. Those counties which are most easily
drawn, as Halton, Grenville, Dundas, Stormont, Glengarry, and Russell,
should be taken first. Groups of two or more counties may now be taken
until the pupils understand the relative bearing of all the counties in the
Province, and more especially the position of their own and the adjoining
counties.
FOURTH STEP.
By this time pupils may be fairly supposed to take a lively and intelligent
interest in the exercise, and be prepared to enter upon the next stage, that of
drawing countries and continents.
Having formed the outline, the details should be filled in only as the lesson
proceeds, and no attempt should be made to complete a map at one sitting.
For school tests, f.acility and rapidity in sketching proportionate outlines,
without mechanical assistance, is more desirable than very fine work, and
scholars should be practised in drawing on the blackboard, subject to the
criticism of the class.
Copy-book Part i contains blanks for the first exercise, and Part 2 blanks
for the finished copy. Further copies may be made on different scales as an
exercise in proportion.
The order in which^the maps should 1)0 taken, after completing the province,
is:— Tho Dominion, North America, South America, Europe, the British
Islands, Africa, Asia, and Australasia,
PERTH
SCALl
10 Mills to I Inch.
d;.\gr m 4.
To secure true corners to the map and to the squares, a piece of cardboard
not mere than sis inches long may be cut as in the annexed figure.
DIAGRAM 5.
A good pencil and a piece ol India rubber are necessary, and India Ink is
preferable to the common ink. When colors are used only three are required :
red, blue, and yellow, and from these various combinations can be made. The
colors or India ink should be rubbed down with clear water, and a flat brush
is preferable, except for outlines.
Until the maps can be drawn neatly, and the letters be well formed, no j
color should be employed, and even then only in home exercises.
A well-drawn map in black and white is much preferable to one with
tawdry display of color.
* Campbell's County Maps are all drawn on a uniform scale of ten miles to the iacb.
';*
\\(J
of 111
&^'>
.-"ri-\>T'f>'^'
S9.0'
Inch.
res, a piece of cardboard
nnexed figure.
■ ■rl
i
scessary, and India Ink is
;d only three are required :
nations can be m.idc. The
;ar water, and a flat brush
letters be well formed, no 4
jme exercises.
;h preferable to one with
s
Jl
aitteiifife
ij
Geography is a description of the Earth, or World
we live in; its surface, its countries, and its inhabitants.
Geography also treats of tlie ICarth in its relation to the
Sun; of the air or atmosphere that .surroimds it; of the plants,
animals, and minerals that are fomid upon it ; and of the divisions
made by man, with their different governments, institutions,
industries, and commercial relations.
Geography is divided into three parts, and is classified
as follows: —
1. Mathematical Geography, which treats of the shape,
size, and motions of the Earth; the methods of determining the
position of places, and of representing on globes and maps the
surface of the Earth in whole or in part; together with those
particulars which relate to it as a Planet, or member of the
Solar System. This branch of Geography is connected with
Astronomy and of Mathematics.
2. Physical Geography, which treats of the natural features
of the Earth, the divisions of land and water and the particu-
lars which refer to tiiem, the atmosphere, the climate, and the
distribution of plants, animals and minerals upon the earth's
surface. This branch of Geography is connected with Natural
History and Natural I'hilosophy.
3. Political Geography, which treats of tli<: ICarth as the
abode of mankind, of its division into countries, of all jiar-
ticulars that relate to these countries and their inhabitants, in
regard to cities, commerce, mainifacUues, religion, ])()pulati()n,
and government, and of all ni.itters ]Hrtaining to man as a politi-
cal or social l)eing. This branch of Geography is coiuiected
with History an<l Political Economy.
MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY.
I. ThK EaKTII, its SIIAI'K AND SIZE.
The Shape of the Earth is round, like that of a ball
or globe, but slightly tlatlened at tht; poles.
We know that the Earth is round from tht; following
facts : —
(d). Men have travelleil round it. I5y continuing their course
in one direction, to the east or west, they have arrived at the
place from which they set out.
(b). When a ship sails away from land, the hull or body dis-
appears first, tl'.en the sails, and Anally the tops of the masts.
(t). When the shadow of the Earth is cast upon the Moon by
the Sun, that is, when an Eclipse of the Moon occurs, the
shadow is alwavs found to be round.
MATHr.MATICAL r.F.onRAPHY.
i
'1
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iit;lil 111! Ins til iMiy rmlf, m> us li> ki'ijf lUv watiT i»ii an
ii|i|>.il( III level. •
'I'lie j^.irlli ineaMiies lu .illy S.odo miles in diameli v, ;mil lie.itly
aS.iXK) miles ill (iri'lililferenee. 'I'lie elllire Sllllaiu of the I'-.irtli
comprises ne.irly 2o(',o(mi,ik)i) si|ii.iri; miles.
Till- IC.irlli is tml ;i |Krfrit Hpliiri', lnil is slitjliliy fl.illriucl at thii polfs, cir.
ill jiliai"' siinil.ir to .iii cpi.uinc It is tlicrrftirii ralliil ,.i\ (iiii.Mi-; si'iiKmiin ;
sphiroiil. ini'.iiiinK ///i- .i '.pliiri;, and tihliiU , tlattuntil at t«ci ci|i|Misilc siilus
^o„. ^-i
-?"/
"', -
In wliatev. I direction llu^ eye is liirneil, tlu'n; is a limit
beyond wliii li olijects on llic surface are hidden from view, on
account of the roundness of the ICarth. The lioundary of our
vision seems to form a line, which can he most plainly ol)served
at sea. This line, called the Horizon, forms the circmiifer-
ence of a circle, of which the ohscrver is the centre.
It is Dwin^' 111 llic Krf.'t sizi- nf the Kartli that thi; small part wo can taki>
in al I'lic view api" irs |i> lu- Hal; nm\ it is (uvinK Id what is callcil tin-
Attraction of Gravitation, liy wliiih oviry dlijict on tlu; siirfaro is ilrawn
towards iho iriitri', that nun can retain thiir foothold on opiHisitu sides of
the (MoIm:.
DllINiriON ol- Tl-KMS.
A Sphere or Cilohe is a liody
bounded b) a cm vixl surface, ever)-
point of which ise(nially distant from
a ])oint within, called the Ckntrk.
The Diameter of a Spluri' is a
strai^lit line passiiif; throii(,'li the
("entre, and teiminatiiiK at oi)i)ositc
points of the surface.
The Circumference of a Si)liere
is a line jiassiiij; round the surface,
and dividing.; il into two eiiiial parts. (See illustration, p. j.|
II.- Till-. Sol.AK SVSTKM.
The I'Jirtli is one of a luiinhcr ol hoilics similar in
shajH', 1)111 varying in si/.c, thai nvolv(; roiiiul the Sun
at ihtfrrciu ilislanci;s. Tht^sc IkkHcs arc called Planets,
and they re(|uir(: a greater or less time to make the
revolution, accortling to their distance from the Sun.
These Planets, which we see at ni|,'hl as Stars, h;!ve no heat
or litjht oT their own, bnl, like the I'"arth, derive both from the
Sun.
The rianets form onlv a small proportion of the Stars we see;
the others ,tre c. tiled Fixed Stars. They shine with their own
lif^ht and are siipjwsed to be centres of .systems similar to ours.
The Sun is the centre of what is termed the Soiar System :
it shines with ils own linht.
The Moon revolves round the ICarth, anil has a double nio-
Hon, as il follows the i;.irth while the latter moves round the
.Sun. The li«hl wi- net from the Moon is not its own, but is the
relict lion of the Sun's light upon its surface.
III. DiKKCTIoN.
In order In indliile in what direction one pl.tce is
from another, certain words are tiseil: North, South,
l':ast, ,ind West. These are called the Cardinal
(chief) Points.
The Sun apparently rises in
the East, and sets in the West.
In this ( (lutitry at noon it is in
the South, and the direction
in which the shadow of an)'
object is cast is North. To
any one facing the North, thi'
ICast is on the right hand, and
the West on the hft.
.\t night the North may be
found b)- means of the North
or Pole Star, towards which
the Axis of the Earth always
points.
When neither Sun nor Stars
arc visible, the c.irdinal points
may be fouiul by means of the
Mariner's Compass. The the north sT*n.
(aril attached to the magnetic needle shows these points, and
this needle being delicately balanced on a pivot so as to swing
freely, has the property of always pointing to the North or
nearly so, and carries the cartl
with it. When North is found,
all the other points can be read
from the canl.
Till Intermediate Points are :
North-East, half-way between
East and North; North- West,
h.'ilf way between West and
North; South -East, half way
between l'";ist and South ; and
South-West, half way between
West and South. These jxiints are again subdivideil, as may
be seen in the accompanying illustration.
1\^ — Motions oi.- thk Eaktii.
The l'",;irih is commonly said to havn- two motions:
the Daily, or Diurnal; and the Yearly, or Annual
Motion.
The Daily Motion of the Earth is the rotation or
turning round upon its Axis, so that each part of it is
I alternately turned towards the Sun, and then away
I from it.
Owin
al the f.
MAI IIKMA 1 U Al. Clor.KAlMIV
las it (liiulilt^ nto-
inovcs niiiiiil till'
;s iiw n, l>iit IS till-
n a\n: placi' is
Xortli, Smith,
the Cardinal
ORTH STAR.
tliL'sc points, ami
,'ot so as to swiiif,'
to the North or
1 carries the card
Ml North is foiinil,
loiiits can he read
ediate Points are :
iialf-wav hit ween
th; North-West,
ween West and
1-East, lialf way
and South; and
half way hetwceii
iuhchvided, as may
vit two motions:
rly, or Annual
s the rotation or
each part of it is
and then away
I lie Axis 111 I he ICaith is its sliorlest diaini'ter, the e\lreinilie>.
Ill' wliiih are called respectively the North and Soilth PoIeS-
OwinK til ilH r.ipiil mution tlii' Karlli lia» iHCdinu mIIkIiIIv Lvpanilt'cl at llui
l'.<|ii.4t>ir anil iiirrrsiNiiiilinHly llallt'iiiil at lliu imlis, thu (lifUriiuu in iliainutL-r
al tliu I'lili'H as compared with thai at (hu Kipiator IwiiiK alxnit 27 mlleif.
This daily rotation (aiiscs llii' succession of Day ami
Night.
'i"he (llrcrtion of the motion is from West to Kast.
and this makes the Sun appear to risit in the I'.asi ami
set in the West, allhoiiL;h it is the ICarlh ih.il movt-s
ami not the Sun.
The Yearly Motion of the hlarth is its rexolution
in its Orbit, or, path round the Sim. I'laeh revolution
ri'<|iiires aljoiit 365^4 days, which we call a year.
The h'.irth's )'early ri.'vohition is inadi' with its axis inclined
to the Plane, or level siirfaci,' included within the Orliit, and
always |)ointii.^,' in tlu! same direction, towards the North Star.
Thisca'ises the change of seasons, as the ilirection in which
till' Sun's rays strike; any part of the Ivarlh is constantly cli,inj;inf;.
I Sec p. 2.) The inclination is 23J degrees. (See Def., p. 4.)
According as these rays are more nearly perpendicular, the
more heat they impart.
liMUKlit willim thiM irili'.)( illiiniinalion !■> Iti.- I itlh 1 roi.ilH'n. .iml iirnri'
liavu a ni^ht .') li'Mirt liuii^
In tliriiJinontln tlio l:,irlli i.mc1i.< /. (s,|.i .•jn^li Tlii- Sim Hr.i> •< iiimi.iw
pi'rpt.'ndkiil.ir U> tlin tM|u.ii.ir, ami day-t and niKhts am fverywhero e<\u.\\ . iIih
I4 llie ixriiid of tliu nnrtluTn anninin and Miullicrn nprinK
Three montliH nioru lirinn the ICartli In •• (l><v .list). Tlio comlllionH ol
Iho pnsitiiin at n .iru now nviTsi-d Tin.- South I'oli- is tiirnrd tow.ird llin Siin,
whose rays are! p.r|Miflitiil.ir to piacus cm aline Jjj' South of thi- eipiator
The Sun .ipp<' irs to lurn N iili aili r rr i. Ilin^' ihis liuf. an<l this Inrninn liiu
is di-.linKui~.lM ,1 as llif Tropic of Capricorn. Tin' South has it-, suniinr,,
III .' .N'nith its » inter 'riii; nn li! ol illioniii ilion iMinds / '5' "''■ ih'' ' p|"isnr
sc li; of lliu Soiilh I'olu, and li\i s llur |),i-.iiion of wli.it i- known as lli.' Antarctic
Circle. Souih n! iliu Ant.irLlio Cinlr the il ly iv .•) hours |on^, wlnl,- N.irtli
of tlio .\ritic ("in I.' ihu nitjlit is .•) hours lonij.
Still incniiij,' I', isl, till! I'.irlh on M ir< h joth rr.n Ins </, whi n llie li«lu om r
iiioro spreads from (silu to poll-, and d.iy .iiul ninl.t are evi-rywliirr cpial. or
IWL-lvi! hours lon^ rin: sol.ir riys .iru mnv .iK.iin |K-r|« nln iil.u lo tin-
niuitor, and sl.mt t-i|iially at the two tropics Spring prev.iils in the North
iiiluiiin in till! S inlh -Observe that //n- suiillurn sriisun il iiliiiiyt Ihi- /'/'/"nilf
I'f lilt' iturthiTii
The Tropics, tlien, are small circles 2jJ' from the eipialor,
lieing the hunts heyond which th'.' Sun's rays lu-vcr fall piTpen-
diciilarly on tlie Ivirth's surface. The .\rctic and .\nlarctic
(Circles, called tiie Polar Circles, -irt.' jjT from the .'siirlh and
South Poles respectut 1)-. The length of the longest d.iy at the
I'ol.ir Circles is 24 hours, and from these circles towanl the
eiiit.itor it graihiall)' diminishes to 12 hours. .\t Toronto, the
actual length of the longest day is 16 hours and 20 minutes, and
of the shortest H hours and 56 minutes.
■ V Plane is a surface upon any part of which a straight line
may he drawn.
A Circle is a plane hounded hy a curved lini-, all points of
which are eipially distant from .1 poiiil within, called the (-eiitre.
V. — (JKOGK.Al'IIICAl ('|KC'L1-:S.
geographical Circles are lini's imagined to he drawn on the
surface of the Earth. They consist of Great Circles and Small
Circles.
A Great Circle is one that divides the Earth into two eipial
imaginary parts. Lacli part is called a Htmisplun\ or half-
sphere. The great circles are usually the liquntvr and the
Meridians.
A Small Circle is one that divides the Eartii into two tin
eejual jiarts. Tiie small circles are usually the Paralhls.
The Equator is the great circle midway hetween the I'oles.
It divides the Earth into a Northern and a Southern Hemis-
phere.
NURTM FOLK.
NOIITH rOLI.
The above diagram shows the Earth at four points of its orbit. In e.'ich,
the axis N S is inclined to the plane of the orbit (deviatinj; from the perpen-
dicular about 2jJ°), and points in the same direction
At n, the Earth's position on June 2isl, the North I^ole is turned tow.ard
the Sun. The inclination of the axis being 23}°, the Suns rays are now yter-
(lendicular at places on a line 23.}° North of the oiiuator; the Sun at noon is
here directly overhead. This line, from the fact of the Sun's appearinf; to
turn South after reaching it, is called a Tropic (lurmitg-Iliu), and it is distin
Kuished as the Tropic of Cancer, Summer now reigns in the North, w inter in
the South. The circlt- of ilhimin.ation (rcfir coiistioitly to tin- diiif;riim) extends
23^° on the opposite side of the North Pole, and there fixes the position of
what is called the Arctic Circle. Regions north of the Arctic Circle remain :
within the circle of illumination notwithstanding the rotation of the J-".irth, |
and hence have a day 24 hours long. Regions near the South I'ole are not j
SOUTH IK3LK.
\i
!
MATHEMATICAL CKOGRAPHY.
Meridian Circles arc ^rcat circles crossing tlif I'-quator at
right angles, ,in<l passing lliri)Ugli tile I'oles. Each divitles the
l':arth iiilii an Ivasti rn and a Western Hemisphere.
A Meridian is iialf a Meridian Circle, and extends from one
Pole to the other.
Parallels are small circles parallel to the Eqnator. They
are drawn in the same direction as the latter, and each part is
always equidistant from it. The
princijial Parallel are the two
Tropics and the two Pular
Cinlts.
The Direction of the Equa-
tor and Parallels on maps, whe-
ther they be rei>r(sinted by
straight or curved lines, always
indicates diu; East and West
and that of the Meridians, due
Nyrtli and South.
Njjj.
They are named according to the dilTerence in tlicir tem-
perature. As the Ileal diminishes according to the distance from
the Equator, the Zones are distinguished as Torrid (parched),
nearest the e(iuator ; Temperate, midway between the Ecjuator
and Poles; and Frigid (frozen)
away from the Eqnator.
round the Poles and farthest
S. FRIGID
Definitions.
'%
,.*^'
K**'
Degrees. — Every circle, wiii -
tlier great or small, is divided
into 360 equal parts called De-
grees, and marked thus, 3G0
degrees — 360 . Each Degree is
sub-divided into
Go equal jiarts, ^^
called Minutes, '
marked thus,
one minute — i'.
Each minute is
divided into 60 equal parts, called Seconds.
marked thus, one second — i ".
Kkiht Angle. A Right .\ngle is formed by two lines perpcn-
<ii iilar to each other. Pour Right Angles exactly fill the space
round any point.
\'l. — Zones.
T'ne Tropics and Polar Circles divide the surface of
the Karth into five parts. These divisions are called
Zones (belts), as they are belts round the Earth
parallel to the Equator.
Map of the Zones.
(OUTH rOLS.
SOUTH FUUL
The Torrid Zone lies lie-
tween the Tropic of Cancer and
the Trojiic of {"aiiricorn, and is
47° in wi<llh, representing the
dilTerence in the inclination of
the axis of the Earth to the Sun,
23^° north and 23^° south. It
thus forms a cintral belt about
3,200 miles in width.
The sun is always directly
overhead in some part of the
Torrid Zone.
There are two Temperate Zones, North and South, which
are each 43°, or, nearly 3,000 miles wide.
The North Temperate Zone lies between the Tropic of
Cancer and the .\rctic Circle.
Th(^ South Temperate Zone lies between the Tropic of
Cajiricorn and the Antarctic Circle.
.\ccording to the inclination of the axis ot the Earth to the
Sim, it is winter in one Temperate Zone when it is summer in
the other. Thus, at Christinas time, it is winter in Canada, but
summer in Anstrali.i, as the sun's rays fall more obliquel)' on the
northern hemisphere than on the southern.
There are also two Frigid Zones, which are eacli 23^°, or,
nearly 3,000 miles wide, representing the variation of the in-
clination of the axis of the Earth to the Sun.
The North Frigid Zone lies to the north of the Arctic Circle,
and the South Frigid Zone to the south of the Antarctic
Circle.
The Zones have certain general characteristics, though in
passing from one to .mother the difference is not immediately
marked.
The Frigid Zones, receiving the suns rays most obliqurly, ai extremely
cold, and have but a scanty vegetation — in parts none at .all. They are
characterized by the longest and the shortest d.ays and nights; fur-bciring
animals; and a very sp.arse population, dwarfish in stature and intellect. So
far as known, the South Frigid Zone is uninhabited by man.
The Temperate Zones are characterized by a moderate clim.ate ; flourishing
vegetation, including important staple products, the grains, potatoes, cotton,
tobacco, tea, and the hardier fruits and vegetables; the four seasons; the
domestic, and the smaller and less fierce wild animals. These zones are the
princip.il seats of industry, and are peopled by the most cultivated nations.
The Torrid Zone, receiving the sun's rays most directly, is ch.iracterized by
great heat and luxuriant vegetatitm; dense forests; and tropical fruits, in-
cluding oranges, lemons, figs, dates, pineapples, and bananas. Among its
important products are sugar, cofl'ee, rice, cotton, and spices. It may be
s,iid to have only two seasons, a wet and a dry. It contains innumerable
insects, (loisonous reptiles, and the largest and fiercest wild animals. Its
inhabitants generally lack energy and enterprise.
1
MATHEMATICAL GKOGRAPIIY
ICC in their tern
3 the (listancc from
Torrid (parcliwl),
iwctn till- E(iiiator
Poles and farthest
•rrciicCiKsii
S.FRlOlO
. and South, which
een the Tropic of
eon tlie Tropic of
t tlie Earth to the
len it is summer in
iter in Canada, but
)rc oblitiuely on the
I are cacli 23^°, or,
ariation of tlie in-
)f the Arctic Circle,
h of the Antarctic
teristics, though in
is not immediately
jbliqiK 1y, ai extremely
none at all. They are
111(1 nights ; fur-bearinR
itiire and intellect. So
y man.
all' climate; llouiisliinK
grains, potatoes, cotton,
; the four seasons; the
Is. These zones are the
i)st cultivated nations.
ctly, is characterized by
and tropical fruits, in-
il bananas. .\monK its
md spices. It may be
t contains innumerable
:est wild animals. Its
PARALLELS OF LATITUDE.
\'II Latitidi-; — Longitude.
In order to (kh imiiir the ix.icl position of any pl.iee upon
the 'Carlh, Latitude and Longitude are reipiired.
'i'liese re|)ri.'sint lines drawn at right angles to each other,
and the point of intersLiction is the position sougiu for.
Latitude is distance North or
South of tile E(piator.
This distance is marked by the
Small Circles, or Parallels, which
may be at any distance from the
Eijuatfir, but are always paralkl
to it.
As distance north and south of
the Eipiator can only extend to
the Poles, so the highest latitude
of any given place cannot exceed
the distance of either Pole from
the Eijuator, which is go' N. or S.
The length of a degree of latitude is 69^ miles, but owing to
the flattening of the Poles the degree is there a little longer. It
is equal to the j,i„ part of the circumference of the Earth.
Longitude is distance East or
West from a Prime or First Meri-
dian, and is also measured by
degrees, minutes, and seconds.
Any given Meridi.iii may be
called the Prime Meridian, but
that of the Obser vator\' at
Greenwich, near London, Eng-
land, is usually taken for that
purpose.
Other countries sometimes use
a Prime or First Meridian of meridians of longitude.
their own. France uses the Meridian of Paris, and the United
States that of Washington.
The divisions of Longitude are marked by Meridians, and
are reckoned both East and West from the Prime Meridian.
As the circumferenc) "f the earth is 360', the greatest Longitude
east or west is half luat distance, 180' E. or W.
The length of a degree of Loni,'itude varies according to the
distance from the E(piator. At the Ecjuator these (kgrees
measure 69^ miles, and gradually diminish towards the Poles,
where all the Meridians meet.
The leiiRth ot a depree of lont-'itude at every ten decrees of latitude is shown
on the outside circles of the maps of the Hemispheres (Physical)
\'in. — Glouks and Maps.
The -surface of the Earth may be represented by
Globes and Maps.
A Globe is a sphere representinjr the form of the
Earth, upon which the circles and the principal features
of the land and water are shown.
A Map is a repri'scntatioii in whole or in part of the
ICarth's siirlace on a pi;iiu-.
As a plane i^. ,1 tlat surface, any portion of a spheri' cannot
be acciir.Uily drawn upon it. Small portions of the Earths sm •
face can be more correctly represented upon maps tli.m laigt-
ones.
Maps are usually so drawn that tin: North is towards tile toj),
and the South tow.irds llir bottom; the East is llierefori! to the
right hand side, and tiie West to the left.
MAI' OK THE woui.n.
• o c^A fr
IS J) TAX
-^-Xt
'^■
c'i'Xir
A NTA KC TTC XlCSA H
'—M-
Mercator's Mai> (see Illustration), constructed for the use of
mariners and named after its ilistmguished inventor, shows all
parts of the Earth's surface at one view and in their true bear-
ings, but as the Meridians arc drawn parallel to each other, and
the Parallels of latitude are placed slightly further aiiart. as
they recede from the Equator to the Poles, the form of the
continents and oceans is distorted by tlieir expansion towards
the Poles.
Figures showing the latitude are placed at the sides of the
map; those showing the longi tide at the top and bottom. The
exception to this is in the maps of the Eastern and Western
Hemispheres, where the longitude is marked on the Equator.
ANALYTICAL REVIEW.
1 1. fine
Geography.
(
1 IIVISIONS
\
Matheniatical.
Physical
I'oiiiical.
Matiikmath m, (
ihlKiR.M'HV.
Shape
(I.
I'Koors 111- Sii.vi'i;.
b.
c.
I. The Earth.
,
(1.
Hiametor
Kxlenl of Surface.
nl>la;,' Spli.T.iid,
lliiriziin,
Appari'iit tl.iliii'ss rif
^ Attraction of Cir.ivit;
the liarth.
tion.
I To THE Tkachkr.— Lfl the |iu|ii:s t.ich Ire.it .-l Inpic, usiliB their own l.inuuaKn, qikI ikiI
lullowinu luo closely ihe words of Ihc lexl. This .iriil similar fulurc reviews may also form
noo(l cotiipositioti exercises.
I'llVSK Al. r.i-.or.RAPiiY
a
I'lCTiKi: OF Tni! Pkincii'ai. Natural Divisions of Land
AM) \Va'ii:k.
Thi- 1.111(1 nil till- liulil is part of .i ("ontinent.
I Inland.
-'. rtiiiiisula.
S. Hill.
<j. Shore.
3 Istliiniis.
4. CaiK-.
5. I'romimtory.
''. Mnuiil;iin.
7 \'iili'ani).
10. I'art of the Ocean, lO
or Sea. 17
11. Harbor.
12. Hay.
ij. Strait.
Sound.
Channel.
Lake.
River.
I'lain.
Plateau.
Delta.
ANALYTICAL REVIEW -cunllmuJ.
DliFINITIONS.
( Sphere.
Diameter.
I ("ircumferencc.
V. Geographical
Circles unit.
I The Earth as a Planet
' Planets.
II. Solar System. Ii\ed Stars
I Sun.
\ Miion.
Small Circles.
K(]uator.
Meridian Circles.
Meridians.
Parallels.
Direction,
III. Direction.
I Cardinal Points
' llii« distint;iiished
Pole Star.
I Mariner's Compass
\ Interinetli.'ite I'oinls
Numl)er.
IV. Motions.
Dam V
Ttefinc.
.\\is.
\'.'iri.'ilions nf ilie
l^arth :, liinniei. ,
D.iy ami Ni)ilit
Direction.
r>etine.
II >irection.
Ch.'inye of Seasons
^.., . , ,. 1 Tropics; \\h\ nam. il ?
Pol.,r < ircUs ; vliy
I nam. i •
I lAinxest .mil short 1 -.t
^ da\s.
V. Geographical 1 Dcline
Circles. I Cireal Circles.
Ill FINITIONS
VI. Zones.
' Degree.
I Kight .\nKle.
J How diviiled.
I How named
Position.
; ClIVKAiTKR-
I ISTUs.
; Use.
j Deline.
l.\ I rirni:,.
Pri^id.
Temperate.
Torrid.
VI. Latitude and
Longitude.
VIII. Globes and
Maps.
I.ONGITI'Ili:.
ITsiv
(O.ol;i:
Mm .
j Define
I low marked.
, Hif^hisl l.alitiide.
( I.eiiKth of De^rei's.
I Define.
Prime Meridians.
How marked ?
[ l-eiiHlh of Denrees.
Describe.
I I lescribe.
I .\fciirac\ .
I'orm.
j Mercalor's
\ riyures.
PHYSICAL GEO-
GRAPHY.
SUKF.\CK OF Till':
K.\RTH.
Ihe surface of ' the
earth consists of Land
and Water. About
one-fourth is land and
nearly threi'-fourths wa-
ter.
Tlic cntiri; area of Land
oil llic i^VAin is estimated at
53,000,000 square miles, and
that of Water at 144,000,000.
The masses of Land are
so situated that in repre-
senting tlie'm in maps they
are usually shown in two
groups, which are called re-
spectively the Eastern and
Western Hemispheres.
The larger group lies in
the Eastern Hemisphere,
and is often called the Old
World. Tiie smaller lies
in the Western Hemisphere,
and is called the New
World.
If the Earth's surface be
divided into Northern and
Southern Hemisjiheres,
about three times as much
land will be found north of
the Equator as there is
south of it. (See maps of
Hemispheres.)
1. — Divisions oftiik L.\Nn.
The Land is distribu-
ted upon the earth's sur-
face in irregular ma.s.ses,
which, according to their
size and formation, are
known as Continents
or Islands.
A Continent is a large
mass of land divided into
countries.
There are six Continents,
viz.: North America,
South America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, and Australia.
4
I
PHYSICAL (;K()C,R.>- IV
SICAL GEO-
}RAPHY.
M'K OF
i:arth.
THK
surface of ' the
jnsists of Land
^ater. AIkhii
rth is land and
.hrc(.:-fourths wa-
ntire area of Lanii
lobe is estimated at
x> square miles, aiul
/aterat 144,000,000.
lasses of Land are
ted that in repre-
them ill maps they
dly shown in two
whicli are called re-
ly the Eastern and
n Hemispheres.
arger group lies in
stern Hemisphere,
ften called the Old
The smaller lies
'estern Hemisphere,
called the New
Earth's surface be
into Northern and
;rn Hemispheres,
irce times as much
1 be found north of
uator as there is
f it. (See maps of
lieres.)
isioNs OF THK Lanii.
Land isdistrilni-
)n the; earth's siir-
irregiilar masses,
according to their
id formation, are
as Continents
inds.
jntinent is a large
f land divided into
c are six Continents,
^lorth America,
America, Europe,
frica, and Australia.
Soni! Rpogr.iphers consider North .ind South Amcrici .ns one coiilincnt,
anil Aiistrali.i as an island, thus reducing the numlxT to four.
The Coiitincnls mav he grouped in three pairs, n.inuly:
North and .South America in tlu- West; Lur()p<- and .\frita
in the Centre; with .Asia and .Vuslralia in tlie E.ist. Each
pair stretches from the .\ritic Regions to the miildle iati
tildes of the Southern Hemisphere, and terminates in a com-
paratively narrow point.
An Island is a portion of land
entirely surrounded by water, as
Newfoundland, I'rince Edward
IslaiKl, or \'auconver Island.
Islands are of two classes: Con-
tinental, or those wliicli are situated
near one of tiie continents, of whicii
they ajjpear to be detached portions,
as the Hritish Islands; Oceanic, or
those l\ing far off in the oceans,
and ;ipp;ireiitly having no connection
with ;iny continent, as the Bermuda
Islands or St. Helena.
An Archipelago is a group of
islands situated near to one another,
as the West India Islands.
Both continents and islands have
a Coast-line, the different parts of
whicli are classified according to
their shajie into Peninsulas, Capes,
and Isthmuses.
A Peninsula is a portion of land
■: almost surrounded by water, as Nova .Scotia, and
■^^ the south-western part of Ontario.
A Cape is a portion of land whi( h juts out intc
the sea or into great lakes, as Cape Sable, Cape Gaspe', or
Cape Ilurd.
A mountainous or rocky cape is called a Promontory.
An Isthmus is a narrow neck of l.inil coniu'cting two
j larger portions, as tlie Isthmus of Chignecto, or the Isthmus 1
of Panama. l
II. — Elevations of the Land.
ttountafnr
A Plain is a tract of land, which is level, or liroken only
by slif^iu elev.itions. Tlmse portions of a pi. nil .iiljoinmg
moiinlaiiis .nc generallv more I'iev.ited ,iiid liill\ tli.tii ollu 1
[arts, as the rialns of the C.ina<lian North-West.
A Plateau "i t ible-l,ind is an elevatiij pl.iin g(iui,ill\ tioin
3.000 to 8,000 flit .ibove the level of the se,i, though soinetiines
highiT, as the Plateaus of Thibet and of Bolivia.
Some ])lateaus are comparatively
level, olliers are broken bv iiiouiit.iin
ranges of greater or less eli\.uion
and extent.
Broail, grassy plains destitute of
trees are called ]'r<iirits in North
America, Llniii's and Pdiiipiis in
South .\merica,or Stfppis in .\siatic
Russia. Steppes have a verv siaiit\
vegetation. Sil^ds are tin; forest
pi. tins of tile Aina/on in Smilli
America. S<^'iii)if^s and Murshin are
wet lands, as the Dismal Sw.imp in
Virginia. A Desert is a large barren
plain, as the Sah;;ra in .\frica. An
Uasis IS a fertile sjjot in a desert.
A Mountain is a mass of land
which rises to a considerable height
above the surrounding country, as
Mount Hooker in British Columbia.
A Hill is a lesser elevation th.in .1
Mountain, as the Laurentide Hills.
^'Tahlf-ltnrt y f
YOSKMITK VaLI-KV.
'-<>. -''
I
The. land of both continents and islands is divided,
according to its elevation, into Mountains, Hills,
Table-lands or Plateaus, Valleys, and Lowland
Plains.
rile height of these elevations is measured from the surface
or level of the sea. Those parts of the earth's surface in the
great continents whicli are not more than 1,000 feet above the
sea level are called Lowlands; those above that height, High-
lands.
A Mountain Range <>r Chain
is a connei'tid sines of inoiiiitiiins,
which usu.illy rise abrii|)tly from the
surrounding (ouiitr). .is the Rocky
Mountains. The Ti<p or Cmsl is
often very irregular, the higher parts
being c.illed I'lnks. Maiiiils, or Mnuii-
taiiis, and the di ]iressioiis I'assis.
The beginning of the asi-eiit of a
moiint.iiii or inount.iin range is c ailed
its Hiisi, tlu- highest part it:i Siiininit, and the inclined sides its
Slope.
\ Volcano is a burning mouiitain, usually coiie-shajM'd, from
which issue at tiines Ihimes and smoke, streams ef melted roc k
(la\,il, cinders, powdered rock (ashes), and ot'ur substances,
(lirough a wide opening in the top or sides called a CruUr.
A volcano may remain inactive for many years, emitting only
steam and g.ises from the crater: when showers of ashi's ami
streams of lav.i .ire thrown out, the volcano is said to Ik^ in criiplinu.
A Valley is a hollow tract of land between hills or niouii
tains. The deep vallejs ainoiit^ the Rocky ami the Cascade
Mount.iins are called Ciiiimis (lan-yons).
\',ille\s furnish the p.ithwas of streams or rivers, although
in countrii s where lillle rail; f.ilU ni.iiiv dry valleys are foiu'd.
A 'Watershed, SDinetiuies callid a Divide, is a ridge of hind
seii.ir.iling the strr.ims on its slopes from e.i< h other.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
^:w^^'-*^-^^ .-.t
' f
:>*i
4:
III. I )i\ isiciNs 'IV rill \\'ati:k. •
'I'hc \val(M-s on the surface of llic carlh an; dividec
into Ocean Waters, whicli arc sail, ami Drainage
Waters, which art; Irish.
Tht; continents an; sun-oiin(l(;il by a vast hody of
salt \vat(;r, which covers nearly threc;-fourths of the
ICarth's surface. This is called tin; Sea, or the Ocean.
This hody of water is divided into ri\-e principal
parts, called th(; Atlantic, tin; Pacific, the Indian,
th(; Arctic, and the Antarctic Oceans.
Tile .\rctic ami .\iit;ircti(; Oceans dilTcr from the iniurs in
not licinj,' f,a<';it Ocean I'.asins; the fornur is projjerly a con-
tinnation of the Atlantic Ocean, and the latter is the central
lio(l>- from which the great oceans diverf,H; northward.
The Ocran is tr.ivcrsed bv ciirronts, or vast striMiiis, wliicli keep tlic waters
in constant circulatinn. Tho boil of tlio Occm, \\\n- iIk: siirf.icc of tin; land,
lias its lieit;lit3 ami hollows, tho (.TLatist doplli hitherto souniloil boinj,' about
5 '4 miles
l\'.— Co.vsT Watfus.
The irreojiilarities of the coast cause \arioii^- smaller
divisions of the Sea. Larof arms of tin; Ocean e.\-
teiidino; into tin; land are called Seas, Gulfs, or Bays.
.V Sea Ml. IN' he t nclosed within the f;<'neral form of a conti-
nent, .IS the Mediterr.un .lit or the lilack Sea; or it may he
part of the Sim on the borders of a continent and separated from
till- Ocean bv a bell of isl.mds. as the Caribbean or tlie North
Sea.
IS ,1 ]i;irt
of t li ,,^
.sea, whicli
is almost
siirrotinded by lantl, as the
Oulfof St. Lawrence or the
Ciiilf of Mexico.
.\ Bay is a p.irt of
Se.i, ()(;ean, or Lake, iisii-
ally less enclfised than a
Cinlf, as the Bay of Naples, Bay of Biscay, Bay of Fundy,
or Georgian Bay.
The terms Gulf, Bay, and Sea are frequently applied to arms
of the Sea indiscriminately, ;ts in the case of Hudson Bay, the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the Caribbean Sea.
.\ small, deep bay. so sheltered by land as to be safe for
\essels in time of storm, is called a Harbor, as H.ilifax Harbor,
or St. John's (Newfoundland) Harbor. .\ Roadstead is a larger
area of water ftirnishing sheltered anchorage for vessels. A
Bight is an open ba)-. Some Jinall, shallow bays are called
Inlets and Coves.
River months, wlien broad and deep, are called Estuaries,
and form excellent harbors, as the St. Lawrence, the St. John
(New Brtinswick), or the Hudson (New York).
A water passage, usnally narrow, connecting two bodies of
water is called a Strait, Channel, Sound, or sometimes Gut,
as the Strait of Belle isle, the English Channel, Long Island
Sound, and Gut of Canso.
1^
^: &V
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
,*^a»^'»^-
^^
;iy, liay of Fundy,
itly applied to arms
if Hudson Bay, the
a.
1 as to he safe for
as Halifax Harbor,
Dadstead is a larg< r
age for vessels. A
low bays are called
called Estuaries,
iTiiice, tile St. John
k).
rting two bodies of
, or sometimes Gut,
anncl, Long Island
>:V
M-i
The cnpravinR pictures water in its thne fnrms: as a
Liquid, in the river ami cataract ; as Vapor, in the cloiuls;
and as a Solid, in the p<i'ar itc-fields The waters of the
earth are constantly changing their form, and makinfj an im-
ceasinjT round From all parts of the earth's surface water
is takin up by the air in the form of invisible vajvir This
moisture is condensed into clouds. FalliuR as rain, it is
absorbed by the earth, feeds countless sprinps, supplies
brcxiks, which combine to form rivers, and throUKh these
finds its way ajain to the ocean, to under^'o once more the
same transitions. Part of the vajxir, comlensed in colder
tefjions, di-scends as snow. This, arcumiilitinti and repeat-
edly melting and freezinc, forms the ruK'i;ed pl.acier, from
I which vast masses become det.achc<l, and drift off as iceberKs.
^ ■•^'
V. — Inl.wu Waters.
Iicsides the Ocean which con.si.st.s of salt water, tht're
arc on the surface of the Earth inland waters which
drain — that is, flow — into the ocean ; hence they are
called DrainaL^e Waters. These are fresh, and are
called Springs, Streams, Rivers, and Lakes.
Water, in the form of Spriiin^s, Stniinis, Rivers, and Lakis, is
foimd in greater or less abimdance on tin? surface of both con-
tinents and islands. Rising originally from the Sea in the form
of Vapor, it is carried by the winds to the land, upon which it
falls in the form of Dew, Rain, or Snow ; then working its
way down the slopes of the land in the form of streams, it gradu-
ally returns to the Sea.
Springs are formed from rain or molted snow lying upon
the surface of the higher grotmd, which enter the Earth through
loose, porous soil, or through seams in the rocks. The water :
gradually descends imtil it meets a bed of rock or clay which
it cannot penetrate; after flowing along this bed, or through
crevices, the water finally comes to the surface in the shape J
of a Spring,
Springs are most numerous in the slopes of mountains or hills. In level
l.mds the water which enters the ^ruunil does nut readily find its way to the
surface again. \
Geysers are boiling springs, which, at intervals of time, and
from some internal commotion, throw \\\> g'.at columns uf boil-
ing water, sometimes to the height of 140 feet. |
I
A River is a large stream of fresh water, flowing down the ofiish
slope of tin 1,111(1 to :i L.'ikc or to the Sea, as the Grand River
(Ontario), ami the Si. E.iwrence River.
Rivers arc formed bv the imion of smallir streams |iroducfd li\-
sjirings, rains, and ilie melting of snow ami ice upon high uinuii
t.iins during summer, or by the overflowing of lakes, whose
superalnuidant w,itrr they carry to the Sci.
Small Rivers are called A'(V/,s, Riviiliis, Ilronks, and Creeks.
The beginning of a Rivtr is called its .So/ori' or Ileml : the
termination is called its Mniitli. Some rivers h.ive two or iiion-
mouths. The land between the mouths is called a Delta, owing
to its triangular shape and n xinblanco to the Greek letter A, as
in the case of the River Xili . The meeting of two rivers is called
their Conjliieiue.
The bottom of a rivet is called its ISed. ami the land on e.ich
side is ciUed its Ihiiiks. The liauks an distinguished as liiglil
and Left, acconling as they are situateil to an observer looking
ddicH the stream.
A Rapid is the descent of the w.iter over ;i steep slo])!- in the
bed (if a stream. .\ Fall, Cataract, 01 Cascade is the descent
over a precipice, as llie I'.ills of Niagar.i.
.V Tributary, or Affluent, is a sm.iller stn-.nn which flows
into a larger one.
The Basin of a river is the land which is watered and drained
by it and by its tributaries.
The Basin of ,1 river is always bounded on three sides by the
Watersheds, which separate it from the adjacent b.isins.
Rivers are useful for navigation, f(jr water-power to turn in.achinery, for
the irrigation of land in the absence of rain, and for affording us certain kinds
!;:
ii
I
HI
( :
ID
PHYSICAL GF.OGRAPHV.
Glaciers ;irc vast river-like acciiinulMtions of ice. They are
formed in liit;li inouiitaiii \aliiys by tlie snow, wliicli, from allcr-
naU' melting' and fr(•(•/ini,^ liicoincs a solid mass of ice. This
mass, hy its own wii^jhl, slowlv ^ninds its way down to lower
and warmer re},'ions, when it liiially <lisa]i))ears.
Ghiciers are most nnnu rous in the Frif^id Zones, where their
lower edf^es project into the Sea. Here the Tides and Wavis
wash away their li.ises, and the oviThanj^in;,' |)ortions at last
hreak off hy their own wei},dit and fall into the Ocean as Ice-
bergs.
Icebergs arc sometimes of enormous size, and arc formed in
the .\rclic and Antarctic rej,'ions. They are carried hy the
wiiuls and currents of the ocean often far away from the place
of their orij,'inal formation.
Crccnland is fariiniis for its niimiTinis icclicri^s, which drift ihnvn Inwards
thu ciiast of Ncwfoundl.iiul ; Init those of ihr Antarctic Oco.in, forinod in
thu unknown lands of the South I'olc, are tin- larKcst and most numerous.
They sometimes rise as hi^h .is 300 feet .ibove the water, while seven-eights
of their mass is under it. As they reach the warm currents of the occ.in, the
mass under water k^ i'lU'''lly melts until the upper part becomes the heavier,
when they capsize ami show various fantastic forms,
A Lake is a body cf water, either fresh or salt, accumulated
in a basin or di'pression of the laud. The water enters the
basin generally by Several streams, but usually llows out by a
single one, as the St. Lawrence from Lake Ontario.
Some Lakes have no outlet, and these art' usuallv salt, as the
Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea, and Caspian Sea.
The heat of the Sun causes evaixiration from the lakes as well .as from the
ocea.i, and .is only pure water is thus carrii'<l ofT, the salt and other mineral
matter lirounht into these lakes by their tributary streams remain tliere .and
accumulate. The saltness of the ocean is in this way accounted for, and ex-
pi'rimeuts m.ule in the Mediterr.ineaii Sea are said to prove '.hat the sea is
becoming gradually more s.alt.
That part of the Lake at which the w.iter flows out is called
the Foul; ;md the opposite extriinity, the Ilcdd. The land
liotdering on a lake is called its Sliofc. Along the shore of a
great Like, such as Lake Superior, there are Ihiys, Jlarliors,
Cdpis, and I'tiiiiisiiliis, ,is there are on the sea-coast ; and Islands
occur, as in Lake ]Iurt)n.
\1. ()Ci;.\NlC MoVliMI.NTS.
Tliti water ol" llu; Sua is constantly in inotion ; its
moviMiicnls an; irroiiiuHl iiiuU'r three geni:ral cla.s.ses : —
Waves, Tides, and Currents.
Waves are the alternate rising and falling of successive
ridges of w.iter, c.iused maiidy !))■ the wind, and do not aflect
the Sea to an\ great depth.
Tlu' adv.inciMif tile wave is the coinmuiiication of the w.ive movement to
successive portions of the sea, aiul not, to .my consideral)le extent, except in
shallows, .-in onward movement of the w.iter itself. Thus, a body floating'
upon the surf.ice of the .sea in.iy be seen rising' .lud falling with the waves,
with but a sli};ht change of position i" the diriction towards which the waves
seem to be moviny.
When waves meet the shallows along the co.ist, their motion is retarded by
the friction on the bottom, hence the top, moving on without support, curls
over and breaks in fo.im upon the be.ich.
Tides are wave movements, occurring on a vast scale and
at regular intervals. They are caused bj- the action of the Sun
and Moon upon successive parts of the ocean, and affecting it to
its greatest depths.
low W,\TER.
MOON.
IXHV W.\TEU
The Tidal \Vave, rising simultaneously on opposite sides of
the Larlh (iSo' apart), and advancing westward with the (tp/^arciit
motion of the Sun and Moon, recurs at intervals of about twelve
iioiirs and'twenty-si.\ minutes.
The Moon, being nearest to the li.arth, has the greatest influence in the
production of the tides. When the liarth, Sun, and Moon are in a line, so
that the attr.action of liotli the latter is combined, the highest tides, called
Sfriii); Tiilcs, occur. This happens twice a month, at new and full moon.
When the Sun and Moiui attr.act the water in different directions, and
their inlUience is at right angles to each other, the lowest tides, or Niiip
Tidis, occur. These h.appen during the first and third quarter of the moon.
The period of rising water is called Flood-tide, that of receding
water. Ebb-tide. These periods are each about si.\ hours in
duration.
Ocean Currents are the onward flow of vast portions of
the water of the ocean, while the adjacent waters remain com-
paratively at rest. They are like immense rivers flowing through
the great ocean basins, and are caused mainly by differences of
temperature in I'-quatorial and Polar regions, and by the action
of constant winds.
41
I. Di'
M T(l TF
'^' pupil tr-(
■''■ tions.
,S w.all-in.i
%, tlib la
I
f
I'HYSICAl. C.l'.OC.KArilV
II
ows out is called
llenil. Tlic lanil
f{ tliu shori; of a
c liars, Hiirhiirs,
oast; and Islaiida
in motion ; its
ncral chisscs : —
iti},' of successive
an<l do not aflect
liu w.ivu moviMiu'iit to
LT.lblu (■Ntcnt, CXCL'pt ill
Thus, ,1 Ixxly (loatin^
"iiUiiiK witli tli<' w.'ivi's,
wards which the waves
r iiiniimi is ri-lanliil l>y
wilhcmt support, curls
1 a vast scale and
e action of the Sun
i.andaflectin},' it to
MOON.
on opposite sides of
irdwitli ihiMipl'iirciU
vals of about twelve
,'rcalcst influence in the
1 Moon are in a line, so
the hiKhest titles, called
at new and full moon,
lifferent directions, and
le lowt'st tides, or Neap
ird quarter of the moon.
tide, that of receding
about six hours in
of vast portions of
waters remain coni-
ivers flowing through
nly by difiercnces of
IS, and by the action
These currents are of tlirce classes — namely: the Polar Cur-
rents, which are invariably cold, flowinf,' from the I'olar ie^,'i(ins
towards the Eipiator; the Equatorial Currents, flowing; from
liast to West between the Trojiics; and the Return Currents,
which are warm, flowini; from the M(|uaturial regions low.uds
the Poles. (Set' Maps of Hemispheres.)
Th(' Polar Currents of the Northern Ilomisphere jjcnerally
flow towards the south wisl, along the mslifii sht)res of tin-
continents. Those of the Southern Hemisphere usually flow
towartls till' north-west, along the vcslvni shores of the (dii
tinents.
The Pohir Ciimiil of the Atlantic is much more oxtensivi^ than tli.it of the
I'acific. hcL.'iUst: of tht; tleep, brt)a(J p.'issa^es from the .\rctic ( )cean to the
Atlantic; while the Arctic Ocean is only connected with the I'acilic hy .i
shallow strait, about lifty miles wiile.
The Return Currents flow towards the norlh-easl in the
Northern Hemisphere, anil towards the south-east in the Sotith-
i!rn Hemisithere. When the Pular anil liiliirii Ciirriiils meet in
midtllc latitiidt's, the former, being colder and con.se(iU(Mill\-
heavier than the latter, sinks and becomes an ii'ider-ciirrent.
The best known are the Currents of the Gulf Stream in the All.intic, and
the Japanese Current in the Tacific. Tint (irst (lows in a norih-e.isterly
direction from the C.ulf of Mexico to Newfonndl.md, the l.itti'r t.ikts the same
directiim from Jap.m towards .Vl.iska; then, both continue towards the ICast
until they reach the land, where they diverge southwards and rejoin the
Kijuatorial furrents. The centre spaces are called the S.irttasso or (Ir.'issy
Seas, as they are coveretl with a dtMise mass of tloatin;^ seaweed.
In the northern part of the Indian Ocean the course of the lupiatorial Cur-
rent is interrupted by winds, and b) the great peninsiil.i which projects into
that part of the Ocean. I'roin March to September the Current flows lowanls
the north-east, while from September to March it flows towards the south-
west.
ANALYTICAL REVIEW.
I
Surface of the
Earth.
How divided.
.•\rk.\
I. Divisions of La:id.
( Land.
\ Water.
liow shown on Maps.
Eastern Memisphere.
Western Hemisphere.
Northern Hemisphere.
Southern Hemisphere.
How distributed.
II. Elevations of the
Land.
4
CoNTINKNTS . .
Island
.Vrchipelago.
COAST-LINI-: .. .
I'eninsula.
C;ipe.
l*romontt>ry.
Isthmus.
Name.
How distinguished.
Plain.
I'lateau.
Varieties of I'lains.
( Define.
Name.
I How grouped.
( Define.
I Clas.ses.
I Define.
I N.inu' parts.
II.
Elevations of the
Land .•■nt
I
To THE Teachrr.- -This cxcrci'^o shoulil hv. nmde the biisis of ii thorough review, l.el c.ich
pupil lre.1t .1 topic orally in liis own lanfjn-iue, and write otu tlie synopsis of ilie (iilferent ^^ec-
lions. As a further exercise, an iiu<l^;inary ('ontilient may l>e drawn on l!le lil.ack-boani, or a
wall-map may lie used, on wliich tbu pupil sliuuld poiot out aud namu the natural divisions of
ttie laud and water.
Mountain.
Hill
I'll MS ofM.U \ 1 VlSs
V-I.' \So
\M.i i:v
W.ltrrshrd.
Ilou divided
Top name parts
Slo|H' .Hid H.is<-
D. line
reriili.irity
Iielinc
I ithrr names.
III. Divisions of the
Water.
Describe the Sea.
N.ime 1 >i\ isioiis
I Ice. Ill H.isins
.\rctic and Aul.irctic Oceans
tiirrents.
Hi'd of the Ocean
Divisions.
IV. Coast Waters.
Sea.
(Milf.
li.iy.
Harlmr
Koadsiead
Hinhl.
Illlrt.
Cove.
ICstuary.
Strait. Channel or Si
Define and name
How formed
How applied.
iind.
V. Inland Waters.
Si'KISOs
Cievser
RlVEK.s
fll-ACIKKs. .
IcKliliROS ,
Lake.
I Dilinr
How luruied.
( Where iiiiist luimerous
Define
How formed
N.ime sill. ill rivers.
Source
.Mouth.
Delta.
Bed.
Hanks.
Kapid.
I'.ill. Cataract or Cascade.
Tributary.
Hasin.
H,isin - how bounded.
Vnlue of Kivers.
I Descrilx;,
I Wher'! most numerous.
/ How formed.
' What becomes of them.
-, Icebergs of (ireeiil.ind
I Icebergs of the Antarctic
\ Ocean.
Define.
Salt Lakes.
Foot.
He.'ld.
Shure-line.
VI. Oceanic Move-
ments.
Define.
Waves.
Wave motion.
Tides.
Tid.al Wave.
Neap Tidi-
l-lood Tid.;.
"•;bb Till.-.
Spring Tide.
OCEA.V CtlKRENTS .
Describe.
Cl.assify.
I'olar.
All.inlieand I'.acific com)i.ire.
Kiturii (,'urrents.
fiulf Stream.
Japanese Current.
Indian Ocean Current
12
I'llYSICAL C.KOGRAl'HY.
\l
If
i?
PHYSICAL WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
I I. — Questions on hip; Mat.
Continents. Wli.il Iwo rnntirienls .iri' in the Weslcrii Ilomisplicrc? Ily
what isiliiifii' nrv. lliiy coniiciliil ? Wliat three oii'ans wash lh(^ shores nf
North AiiHTica ? Which ocean is on the north ? On the east ? On the west '
What ocian hnumls Sniilh Vineriija oi\ the north and east? On the west ?
What ocean on tlie south ?
Islands. — Wh.it latno Isl.ind lies northe.ist of North Americ.i ? What isl.inil
is east of it ? What archipel.i),'o between (;re<.nlan(l and the continent ? What
island is lear the eastern point of North America? What Krotip southeast ?
What archipelago li<'S lietwein North anil South America ? Which ari' its two
largest islands? What large island is west of North America? What Kroup
north of ('ul)a? What group northeast? What island ,-it the southern end
of South America? What group east? What group in thi^ I'lcilic Ocean
near the parallel of twenty north ? Of fifty north ? Of forty south '
Peninsulas. -What peninsula is in the nnrthw(^stern part of North
Ainenca ' In the eastern part? In the ••vestcrn part? What two near the
Island of Cuba ?
Capea. -What cape is at the southern point of Greenland ? At the eastern
point of .Newfounillaii.i ' At the southern point of California? What cape
of North America is near Asia? What capo is opposite? What Ciipe is the
northern point of South America? The eastern point? The southern
point ? The western ,.^int ?
Mountains, —What chain of mountains is in the western part of North
America? In the eastern part ? In the western part of South \merica? In
the eastern part ? On which side of South America are there many vol-
canos? (Sou red dots on the map.) On which side of North .\merica ?
Plains and Plateaus, -What plateau is in the northern part of North
America? What low plain in the central part? What high plains west of
the central plain? What pl.iteau west of the Kocky Mountains? Wh.it is
tho name of its southern part ? What plateau is in the eastern part of South
America? In the northern? In tho western? What plqins .are in the
southern pan ? North of the plateau of Guiana? South?
Seas, Gulfs, and Bays.— What Kay is west of Greenland' What bay in
the Arctic Plain' What gulf west of Newfoundland? South of North
America? What island and two peuinsuhis nearly close that gulf? What
sea liiw south of tho West Indies ? Uetween .Vlaska and .Vsia?
Straits.— What strait connects Uehring Sea with the Arctic Ocean? At
lh(t entrance of Baffin liay ? Of Hudson Uay ? I'.etweun Cuba and I'lorida ?
lietween Tierra del Kuego and the continent?
Rivers,— Wh.at river flows through tho northwestern part of the Arctic
I'lain? Into what ocean does it fall? What river flows into the Gulf of
St, Lawrence? Trom what lakes? What river flows through the central
plain? Into what gulf? Wh.it branch has it? What rivers of North
America flow into the P.acific Ocean? I>oin wh.at plateaus? Into what
ocean do the rivers of South America flow? Which is the greatest river
of South America ? Through what plain does it flow? What river is north
of the Amazon ? What river is in the southern part of South America ?
Ocean Currents,— W'l'^t current flows from the Gulf of Mexico? Across
what ocean? In what direction? What current flows from Baflin Bay?
What current flows northeast of South America ? Southeast ? West ? What
current crosses the I'.acific near tho Equator? Near the par.allel of fifty
north ?
Zones, — What circle crosses the northern part of North America? In
what zone is Cuba? The Sandwich Islands? The Mississippi River? In
what zones is North America ? South America' What continent is crossed
by the ecpiator?
Through what waters and past what capos and islands would you sail in
going from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico? From the Gulf of
Mexico to the Rio de la I'lato? From the Rio de la Plata to the G.alapagos
Islands' From tho Galapagos Islands to Vancouver Island ?
II. — Riivii;w Exercises,
Continents, —//u I.' Imiiiulnl?
Moiii:i. iciK sTATiM. noiNiiAHiKS. -South America is liounded on the
north by thi' Caribbean Se.i, on the east by the .\tlantie Ocean, on the
south by the Southern Ocean, and on the west by the I'acifle t)ce.in.
North America? South America?
Islands. — 1» urlmt liirnlion from llu- lunrisl liiiiil .' liy wliat wntcrs mr
rmiiflitl }
Model. — Newfoundland is east of North America, and is surrounded by
the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the .\tlantic Ocean.
Arctic Archipel.ago ? Greenland? Iceland? Newfoundland? Azores?
Bermuda Islands? Bahama Islands? West liulies? Cuba? Hayti?
Jamaica? F.alkland 'sliinds? Tierra del I'uego? Graham Land? South
Victoria? New Zealand Islands' Sand viih Islands? Vancouver Island?
.\leutian Islands? (Veanica?
Peninsulas. — Vrmn vlnit part nf iUc continent thni it project? Into what
UHlter, or between what tenters .'
MooKi..— California projects from the western part of North America,
between the Gulf of California on the east and the Pacific Ocean on the
west.
I^brador? Florida? Yucatan? Califcrnii? Al.aska ?
Capes, —From what laml dues it project ? From lulint purl of it .' Into what
liody of uuiler?
MoDicL — Cape R.ace projects from the eastern part of Newfoundland into
the Atlantic Ocean.
Farewell? Race? St. Lucas? Prince of Wales? Gallinas? Horn?
St. Roque? Blanco? East Cape ?
Mountains,— /m what part of the continent are they ? In what direction do
they extend?
Model.— Appalachian, in the eastern part of North America, extend
northeast and southwest.
Appalachian? Rocky? Brazilian? Andes?
Plains and Plateaus,— I F/nrc situated?
MouiiL. — The Arctic Plain is in the northern part of North America?
Arctic Plain ? The Great Plains? Central Plain? Plains of the f)rin(x:o?
Plains of the Amazon? Plains of La Plata? Arctic Plateau? Western
Plateau? Me.xigan Plateau ? Plateau of Guiana? Plateau of Brazil? Pla-
te.iu of Bolivia?
Oceans. — Of what continents does it wash the shores? Or, around what pole
is it?
MoDF.i., — The P.acific Ocean washes the western shores of North and
South America; the Antarctic or Southern Ocean is around the South
Pole.
Arctic or Northern ? Antarctic or Southern ? Atlantic? Pacific?
Seas, Gulfs, and Bajs.—lVhat coast does it indent or wash ? Of what
ocean or other body of water is it an arm ?
Model —Hudson Bay indents the northeastern co.ast of North America,
and is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean.
Baflin B.ay? Hudson B,iy? Gulf of St. L.awrence? Gulf of Mexico?
Caribbean Sea ? Gulf of California ? Behring Sea ?
Straits.— Bettoccn what lands? What waters does it connect?
Model.— Behring Strait, between Asia and North America, connects the
Arctic Ocean with Behring Sea.
Behring? Davis? Hudson? Florida? M,agellan?
Rivers,— /« K'hat continent does it rise? In what part of it? In what
mountains? In what direction does it flow? Into what water?
Model.— The Missouri River rises in the Rocky Mountains, in the western
part of North America, and flows southeast into tho Mississippi River.
M,ackenzie? St. Lawrence? Mississippi? Missouri? Columbia? Fnaser ?
Orinoco? Amazon? La Plata?
Ocean Currents.-/)/ what ocean? In what part of it? In what direction
does itjluw ?
Model.— The Brazilian Current, in the northwestern part of the South
Atlantic Ocean, flows towards the southwest.
Polar? Gulf Stream? Equatorial? Brazilian? Peruvian? Japan
Stream ?
I BO
i
PHYSICAL MAP Of
^,.j,^rfi^LSl£^'.?^
en is Imundeil im lln'
Atlantic. Ocuaii, on llii'
y the Tacilic Ocean.
flv li'liiii wnlen siir-
and is surrounded by
I.
vfoiindland ? Azores?
es? (■ul)a? Hayti?
Iraliam l-and? South
i' Vancouver Island ?
// project ? Into what
art of North America,
he Pacific Ocean on the
sl<a?
( piirt of it? Into what
■t of Newfoundland into
js? Gallinas? Horn?
■ ; III what tlinction do
North America, extend
t of North America ?
Plains of the Orinoco?
otic Plateau? Western
'lateau of Brazil ? Pla-
.' Or, around what f ok
rn shores of North and
:ean is around the South
lantic ? Pacific ?
Wilt or mtsh ? Of what
coast of North America,
encc? r.ulf of Mexico?
?
it connect?
th America, connects the
m?
lat flirt of it? In what
I water?
Mountains, in the western
to the Mississippi Kiver.
iri? Columbia? Traser ?
()/ it? In what direction
■estern part of the South
in? Peruvian? Japan
Lou-l.iii,i» liiiiicr OHI Kt-i
Cold (;.iii..iilS;,i55ij;j|j,
1 i 1:1
H
4
•ri
tV
PHYSICAL MAP o;
plain i
plain
Hinial
part ci:
pirnins
pi-iliaii
is lilt,' ^;i
dcsrrt i
Seas.
Islands
pela^o?
liasl (,f
ran can !
Arabia ?
Straits
A and Au:
i the M,
between
Rivers
[tlirci' riv
The li;,y
I'lnlf of
JVVhat riv
Lakes
Western
Ocean
What cui
PIIYSICAK r.KOr.RAI'lIV
IS
R« <■'■*" '
' '•«ijjit«r rurx«ftt 1
PHYSICAL EASTERN HEMISPHERE.
I. — yi'KSTHiNs lis nil Map.
Continents, Uli.n fnur luniim nis .irc iii the I'.a^irrn llcmiHphrri' *
Willi li is till' Iari4i'si > Tlic niM in si/r ' •|lir sni.illrst ' Wliu li llirrr aru
iiiiiti'il inlii iitiL' unal liitul mass' Whal isilimiis is In Iwi-imi Asia ami AInta }
What (Kian Ixiiimls KiinHK' ami Asia on the nurlh' What iicran lii-H
I'.isl (if Asia' What Ihrrc iioians lioriliT im Australia' What ihrco mn-
tincnls liordLT im llir Indian Ocean' Whal ocean lies west ipf Kiiru|«> and
Africa ?
Iflandl. — What twn groups of islands arr I'ast of Asia ' What archip. Iani>
<oiithrasi ' Wh.it fiiiir ureal islands in the Mala\sian ArchijH'l.iKo > Wh.it
island iiorlli of Australia ? South' Soutlu'ast of Afrii a ' Southwest' Whal
j;roup west of ICunipe ' Whal island northwest ' What Islamls in the Arctic
Ocean' What islands west of Africa ' Northwusl ' Whal island soulh of
Hindustan } What lands in thi; Antarctic Ocean ?
Peninsulas. What peninsula is in the northeastern part of Asia? In the
easlerii part ' Soutlieasti'rn ' Southern' In llie soiilhein part of Indo
China' What peninsula is in the southwestern part of ICurojM'' In the
noi >hern part ?
Capes, — What cape is at the northern point of ICnropi' At the norilurn
point of Asia ' At the southern [xiint of the Malay I'eninsiila ' At the southern
JHiinl of lliiulostan ? At the eastern point of Africa ' At the southern point '
The western point ? The northern (loint ?
Mou.itains. —What mountains are in the southern part of Kuro|ie ' He-
twien lOiirope anil Asia? In the southern part of Asia? l"or what are the
Himalaya Mountains remarkable ? {Tluy un tlii liinlint in Ihv Jivr/i/.) How
hi^;h is the highest |)eal< ? {.tliatil 5,J miUs) What mountains are near the
centre of Asia ? In the eastern part of Africa ? In the western l>art ' In the
northwestern ? What archipelago contains many volcanoes ?
Plains, Pli-teaus, and Deserts. -What is the chief jilain in Ruropc' What
plain Is in the north of Asia' What plain south of the Arclic I'lain? What
plain in liastern Asia? In Southern Asia' What plateau north of the
Himalaya Mountains' South of the Altai? What pl.iteau in the western
part of Asia? What plateau soutliuest of the I'lateau of Iran? What other
peninsula of Asia contains a plateau ? Which contint^nt is nearly covered by
pliileaiis? Wli.il desert is in the plateau of Mongolia? In what part of Africa
is the Kreat di.'siTl of Sahara ? I'or what is it remarkable' (It it ///.■ liir^ist
dcsirl ill tlu- -iinirhl ) In what other part of Africa is there a desert ?
Seas, Gulfs, and Bays. —What sea is west of Kamtchatka? Of the Japan
Islands? Oft^orea? Of the I'hilippine Islands ? In the Malaysian Archi-
pela;,'o? West of Hindostan? Of Arabia? Between Africa and ICiirope '
Kast of the ilritish Islands? What inland sea is northeast of the Mediter-
ranean? Kast of the North Sea? What f;ulf west of Africa? IC.ast of
Arabia? What bay east of Hindostan ? West of Euroixj ?
Straits. --What strait between Java and Sumatra? lietween Tasmania
anil Australia? lietween Australia and New Ouinea? At the entrance of
the Mediterranean Sea? At the entrance of the Red Sea? What channel
between Mada|,'ascar and .Africa? Between Engl.ind and France?
Rivers. -What throe rivers of Asia How into the .Arctic Ocean ' What
three rivers rise in IC.islern .Asia? What river flows into the China Sea?
The Hay of Bengal ' The Arabian Sea ? What river of .Africa flows into the
C'liilf of Ciuinea? The Mediterranean Sea? From what lakes in Africa?
What river of Europe flows into the Caspian Sea?
Lakes.— What lakes in Africa aie near the equator? What two lakes in
AVestern Asia are called seas ? Wh: t lake is in Australia ?
Ocean Currents. — What current f.ows westward through the Indian Ocean ?
■"^ What current southwest of Africa ? Northwest of Europe ?
Zomt, NXTial circle rrnnMii ihfl northern part of A»in ' What circle
( rossis the desiTl of Sahara' What (unlinenlH iIcks it crn-w ? Wh.it xriMl
I in le I rosws Horniii ? Whal contiiuMit iKmh it cru<i ' Whal cirdu rrii»»<s
Aiisirali.i? What oihiT continent do<"i it emu? Wh.it cin lo l»innil« the
South r"ri«id/one? Whit lands di»'H it cross ' In whal j.mu U Siim.itra '
Nova/enibli? The Mritish Inlands > Ca|ie of (mkhI H.
The MuUitur-
ranean Sea ' In wli.ii zone • in Africa > A»u> Kurupt: ' .KuMruliit?
Throiiuh what waters, and past wh.il rajus and iil.imli would von mil in
Koinx from l'ji»(l.inil to the Ca|»' of (mhi.1 Ho|>f ' Ironi the Cajie of timxl
Ib.p.' lo Siiej ' I'mm Suei to Ceylon ' I'rom Ceylon lo Tisiiiaiiia? from
r.isniania to Japan '
II. Ki-viiw r>:i;Kf ISKS.
Continents. Hku- l'„nH,l,,l >
l.urnpi ' Asia? Afrii.i' Australia'
Islands, In wlnil iliriiliun /rum Ike Htiirnt liinti > liy ivhiil witttrt S'.tr-
ruiimliil .'
Japan Islands' Malaysian Archipcl.i|{n > I'hilippinn Islands' Java'
Celebes' Sumatra' IlorncH) ' New Ciuinea ' T.isinania ' MadaK-vtcar ?
t'eylon? British Islands' Icel.ind ' Spit/N'riien ' .Nova ZembU ? Ma-
deira Islands ' Canary Islands ? St Helena ?
Peninsulas, I'mm what p^irl of Ihi- lonlintiil iluti il prujul' Into whal
Wttti r , ur hi t h-it n wfuit cii/iTi .'
Kamtchatka? Corea ? Indo-China ' MaUiysian ? Scandinavian^ Hin-
dostan ? Spanish ?
Capes. 'I'mm lohiil hiHil if.i.j il pmj,il .' Fmm wlinl fiiirl nf il > litlo tehul
h„ily ,'/ u.ll.r >
North? Northeast? Romania? Comorin ' Bon' Ciiio<l llopi;'
fluardafui? Verde'
Mountains, — tn whal fml iif tht coiltiiUMt lire Ihcy ? In whal liirnlinn iln
Ihey ijttiiiil.'
Alps' Ural' .Vtlai' Himalaya' Moon' Atlas' Koni;'
Plains, Plateaus, and Deserts. Wh,rf iiiiuilnl?
Great plain of Kiiron > The Step|K.s ' .\rctic Plains? SiUTian Plains'
I'lain of China ' I'l nn of the 'Lm^es? Aiistr.alian Plains? Plateau of Mon
Kolio' Plateau of Thilx-t ? Plateau of Iran ' Plateau of Arabia ? Desert ul
Gobi ? Arabian Desert ? Sahara Desert ?
Oceans, — Of whul iontimnls iluis it wash thr ihurii? Or, iirnHni/ whnl pulr
is it ?
Arctic' Pacific' .Antarctic? Atlantic' Indian?
Seas, Gulfs, and Bays, — U'Aii< romfs ifixs il indtnt ur uunh' l)f uhul
uiian ur utht r huJy c/ wtitir is il tin arm ?
Okhotsk? Japan? Yellow? China? Java? Bengal? Arabian? Red'
Persian? Guinea? Mediterranean? Bl.ack ' Biscay? North' Baltic?
Straits. — lliluui-n what lanih? What wntin iloii it conmcl ?
Sunda? B.ass' Torres? Gibraltar? Babel Mandeb' Mozambic|ue?
Rivers. — /'! ie/i<i/ conlimnt does it rise.' In what fart uf il > In what
muuntaim ? In what direction does il flow? Into what water ?
Obi? Yenisei? Lena? Amoor? Hoang Ho ' Yang tse Kiang ' Ganges'
'".ambodia? Indus? Niger? Nile? Volga? Danube?
Lakes, — Il'/i<« situated? Whal oullel has it?
Allien Nyanza ? Victoria Nyanza? Caspian Sea ? Aral Sea ' Eyre?
Ocean Currents. — In what ocean? In what part of it > In what direction
does it jiow ?
Equatorial Current ' South Atlantic Current ? Gulf Stream ?
I
"4
I'lIYSICAL GKOGRArilY.
11 1 1; ATMOSI'IIEKE.
It-:
TIk; Atmosphere is iIk; vast ocean of air surnniiul-
injf lh<: I'Larlh, and in llv lower sirauini of whicii we live.
'I'll'- Height < if tlif Atiniisplicrc is supposuil to cxkiul about
fifty iiiil< -, aliovc tli(- surface of tlir Ivartli, so tliat in coinparisoi)
till' atinosplicrf is only like a tluii covirint,' not iiMir than
()iic-liiiii(littli part till' radius (half tlic iliaiiutcrl of tile ICartli.
Till' Air is a lii^;lily ilastir body, tlii' lower layers of wliieli
become more dense, accordinj,' to the anioiiiit of pressure upon
tlleiu floiu the upp( I Atmosphere.
The wcIkIii "I tlic .\iinns|iliirc is mcisiiri'il liy tlu? Barometer, ;in insiru-
mi-nt willi .T sliiiil. I ,4!.i-,s lulu,' iiintaininj; .i colnmti nl imrciiry thirty iiKlics
in tiii»;lil. rising frutii a rl.isi'd Iwiwl at thu linttom. Acronlinj; to tlio height
of till- Atiniispliitc ril-Dvi' till' si'.T level, its weight ilecrL'.isus and tlir mercury
(alls in iimiKirtion. until ,-it the lu'ifjlu of lUly inilis the iiierciiry is supposed
to sink entiri'ly into the howl.
Then' is also anoih<r kind of I'.arnmotor whicli may Ik' m.ide small cnnuKh
lorarrv in the |»Hkii, calh'd thr Aneroid. This consists of an .lir-tiKht l«ix
formed of thin metallic iilales, the compression of which is resisted by a
metallic spring, liy a system of levers connected with ihi' l>ox and the sprint;,
motion is (;iven to an index wliicli ret;isturs the variation of the atmospheric
pr''s-Mri'.
The Greatest Height .ilt.iined by anyobscrver was that re.nchcd in rdaislicr's
lialloon, nearly seven miles above the Karth. In the ^^luntains of Tl.'lut a
hiitjht was re.iched of ov<'r four mih s In both cases the suffering u.is v^ry
■;real. as the extreme rarity or lit;htni'ss of tin- air p;oduced intense cold and
great difTiculty in breathing.
The Atliiospluirc derives but little heat (hrecliy from the Sun's
rays. It absorbs the heat .ind vapors caused by the action of
the Sun upon both laud and water; and tlirouj,'h the medium of
the winds carries moisture and fertilizing ruins from the sea to
the parched l.mds.
Air is necessary to the existence of all forms of organic life,
and it is in tlu- lower Atmosphere that the highest forms of
Vegetable and Animal Life, including in.in liimself, find the
proportions of oxygen, heat and moisture re<iiiisite for their
vitality and development.
Nearly .all the moisture and all animal and vcget.ible life are found within
tlirire and a half miles alwvo the level of the .sea. Beyond this elevation the
thinness and dryness of the Atmosphere, and the inten^o cold, even in
tropical countries, render plant life, and consciiuently animal life, impossible.
CLIMATE,
The Climate of a
country is the gen-
eral condition of the
atmo.sphere at the
different seasons hi
regard to heat, mois-
ture, and health.
Climate depends upon
Latitude or distance
from the Kcjuator; upon
the Elevation of the
land above the seadevel ;
upon the Distance from
CLIMATE BLLTS,
the sea, upon the prevailing Winds and Ocean Currents, and
upon the amount of Moisture in the air.
The zones marked on maps and t,'lol)es ^ive only a general ide.i of the climate
or temSH'ratiire. The actual belts of climate are more accurately shown on the
.accom: anyinn di.ij,'ram. The linei crossing the map indicate that the places
crossi liy e.nh have the same aver.ige amount of heat in the course of a year.
They are called Isothermal Lines, or iqmilluat //h.i. If the degree of heal
iKpvniled only on llie l.ilitude of the pl.irc, the tropics and polar circles would
correctly m.irk the bound iri.s of dim Ue ; b.it since other conditions have to
be taken into account, the lines marking lh(^ .actual belts of clim.ite vary in
direction.
I. — Hl-AT.
The heat throughout the year is greatest at or near
the Etiuator, and diniinishes grailually towards the
poles. Climate is therefore to a great e.xtent depend-
ent ui)on the latitude of the place.
The Frigid Zones have an intensely cold climate, while
th.tt of the Torrid Zone is intensely hot.
Tiie Height of the land affects the temperature, as some high
plateaus even in the Torrid Zone have a cool temperature;
and in every zone there are high momitains, the tojis of wh'ich
are always coven ' with snow.
The lower limit of jierpetital snow is called the SnOW-line,
and tills becomes gradually lower in i)roportion to the distance
from the Equator.
On an average, an increase of 330 feet in altitude diminishes the tempera-
lure 1 (Fahrenheit), or 3 for every 1000 feet: hence, even at the K(iuator,
by ascending to thi' height of lO.ooo feet .above the level of the sea, the snow-
line is reached.
Tb.e Nearness or Remoteness of a place from the sea, or
from any large boiiy of water, alFects the tempeiature both in
regard to heat and moisture.
The heat absorbed by the land does not descend to any great depth
below the surface, and is given off rapiiUy ; w hile that absorbed by the water
intluences it to a great depth, and is given off slowly. In summer the air
over the sea is cooler than that over the land, because the water gives off its
heat more slowly than the land. In winter, the reverse is the case, the air
over the ocean being warmer than that over the land, because the latter has
given out its heat, while the ocean has still retained a large portion of it.
The atmosphere of the land near to the sea partakes of the temi^erature of
that of the latter, whether affected by wdrm or by cold currents. Thus the
temperature of Winnipeg is warmer in summer .ind colder in winter than that
of ilalifa.x, although the former is nearly 400 miles further north.
The Length of the Day alTects the temperature, inasmuch as
more heat is communicated in a long day than is carried oil in
the short succeeding night.
In the Polar Regions, notwithstanding the obliquity of the Sun's rays, the
heat during the short summer may equal or even exceed tli.it of the Tropics,
so ihat a summer day in Labrador may be as warm .as one under the Equator.
In the latter the temperature is nearly uniform throughout the year, while in
the former there are only a few days of extreme heat.
II.— WlNUS.
The Prevailing Winds at a given place afiect the
temperature, those blowing from the Htjuator being
warm, and those from the polar regions cold.
WilK
To the
second
occurrir
tempora
Whei
chain, i
losing I
ascends
The w
Western
rnVSICAL GKOGRAI'IIY.
«5
Currents, and
lea of the climate
lily shown on the
te that the places
! course of a year,
le denreo of heal
liar circli's would
onditions have to
f climate vary in
;st at or near
tt)\vartls the
;lent depend-
cliinatc, while
c, as some liiKli
)1 tciiiperatiire;
u tops of which
the Snow-line,
to the ilistance
lishes the tempera-
en at the Kiiiiator,
f the sea, the snow-
from the sea, or
perature both in
any great depth
Drbed by the water
In summer the air
le water gives off its
is the case, the air
ecause the latter has
^e portion of it.
if the temix:rature of
currents. Thus the
;r in winter than that
;r north.
ture, inasmuch as
1 is carried oil in
f the Suns rays, the
that of the Tropics.
le under the Eijuator.
out the year, while in
place aftect the
Kciiiator being
cold.
-'■•>,
Winds are Currents of Air, and bear the same relation to the ! in the same latitude the shores of rirernland and I-abrador are swept by tht-
Atinospliere as a cnrrrnl (Iocs to tlie Ocean. They are m.linly j did winds from the iHiLirreKions, ,ind are washed by the icy waters of the. irctic
oc.:asioned by dilTerenccs in temperature, and by the .iinonnt of '^'"''-'"'^ "•■"^•■' W.st.m i:uro,K- h.is a mild climate, moist on the sea shore,
, ,, ■ • 1 .1 • ' while (Ireenl.ind and Labrador are frozen wastes scarcely iiihabllid.
vapor helil ni suspension by the air. i
The Hritish Islcsarr nearly in tlu: s.ime I. tlilude .is Labrador, and owe (heir
In the vicinity of the Equator, where the aver.i},'e annu.il t. in- ,„ii,i , ii„uie to the inthieiice of the warm Return Trade Winds and the (iulf
perature is liighest, the .\tuiosiihere is at its least density; and [ Stream
tills density gradually increases, witii the diminishing temjiera-
ture, from this region to the polar latitiules.
Heat causes the air to expand and thereby become lighter. By
this expansion the light air rises, and that which is colder and
denser rushes in to supply its place. Tills motion produces two
currents of air, wliich blow from the i^olar regions towards llie
E(iuator. These currents become what is called the Trade
Winds. Owing
to the velocity of
the revolution of
the Earth on its
axis, these winds
take a westerly
direction as they
approach the
Eqn.itor.
The Trade Winds
exttMid between the
p.irallelsof 30" North
.ind jo''South. They
carry immense quan-
tities of vapor from
the .\tlantic, racitic,
and Indian Oceans,
and are inv.aluable to
the mariner, as their
direction and force
can always be de-
pended upon.
The cold currents
of air, as they become
heated in the Torrid
Zone, rise and form
counter currents
flowing towards each
Pole, to fill the spaces
left vacant by the polar currents. They gradually cool and settle beyond the
latitude of 30" N. or S., where they form the Return Trade Winds, blowing
towards the North-east in the Northern Hemisphere, and towards the South-
east in the Southern Hemisphere.
The Trade Winds and the Return Trade Winds are similar to the Ocean
Currents both in cause and general direction.
Winds may be grouped as Constant, Periodical, or Variable.
To the first belong the Trade Winds of tropical latitudes; to liie
second belong the daily sea and land breezes, and the monsoons,
occurring chiefly in tropical regions; and to the last belong the
temporary or local winds occurring in temperate or high latitudes.
When a warm ocean wind strikes the side of a high mountain
chain, it passes up the slope, growing coUIer, anil gradually
losing most of its moisture In the form of rain or snow as it
ascends; it then passes over the range as a dry, cold wind.
The warm and moist Return Trade Winds of the .\tlantic blow upon
Western Kurupe, and the warm waters of the Gulf Slre.im wash its shores.
III. — MoisTrKi;.
The air always contains more or less Vapor, whiiii
we call inoisuin;. The warmer the air is, the more
moisture it contains.
If, when fully ch.irged with moisture, the air is suddenly acted
n|iiin by cold
wr Is, pail of the
\,i(M)r Is lluown
off. Tile /'/•(I //'I
tiilioii, as it is
calKil, may be in
minute |)arllcles
(lo.illnglnlhe air,
for 111 ing fof^ or
mist, or in drops
forming rain.
The v.ipor, before
condensing into
drops, may be
frozen ill the ii|)-
per.iir Inlo.wioii' ,•
or tliedrops, after
being formed,
may be frozen in-
to liail.
The Rainfall of
a country Is the
quantll)- f)f w.iler
that fills upon It
as rain or snow.
The quantity of water that falls annually at any given pl.ice
v.irles little in a succession of years ; but the amount of ralnfill
varies greatly according to the jiositioii of tiie place, bi'lng
greatest In tiie tropics and diminishing towards the poles. The
greater the distance from the sea, tlie less the rainfall.
In the Torrid /Zone the aver.ago annual rainfall is about kxj inches, but in
some pl.aces it is much greater. In the TemiH^rate Zones it is from 35 to .(o
inches. In the Krigid Zones it is much less. In Ont.irio, theavi.Tage rainfall,
including melted snow, is about 3.! inches: at Toronto it is about 35 inchi.'s.
Tile Tropical Rain-belt is a b. /ad, movai)le bell of dally rains
extending round liie world. It is about 1,000 miles wide from
north to south.
This zone of daily rains moves with the sun, and as the pl.ices where the sun's
rays fall vertically have the greatest heat, the evajior.ilion there is conse-
quently greatest, and the rains most freciuent. In those regions which are
open to the Trade Winds a heavy thunderstorm begins early in the after-
noon, and continues till near sunset; the sky then becomes cloudless till the
next day about the s.ime hmir. After some weeks, the sun Ix'ing no longer
verlicd, the rains become less frequent, and at last ce.i.se for months. ueUiI the
sun again becomes vertical.
I6
rilVSlCAl. GEOGK.M'HV.
In till; Tiirnil Zoin; ilur tcinfHTatiiru varies but lillle all tin- yi-.ir roiind, and tlie only chanf,"^ df SLason
is frnm llii; wil pi riinl while iii ilic zon<; cf daily rains, t" (lif dry [K-riocl wliin the Snn has passed
llii' ziiiilh. riaci's near lln; eipiator liaM; llierefore two rainy and twii dry Reasons; while sonii' pans
of the Torrid Zone have only one rainy, and one dry season, the latter of which is niucli longer than
the fornic r. When the Sun is north of the Kqii.itor -
it is tliu r liny siason in the northern half of the Torrnl
/.one, and the dry season in the soiilhern half and
the reverse when the Sun is south of the liqu.itor.
A Krc.it Belt of Deserts strctclifs across the
Old World Ikuii liic Atl.iiitic to t!ie Pacific
( )cc.iiis. 'l"li<; L'.\istfiicc of tllesi; distrts is
owiiij,' to the ahsciici' of raiiidicariiit; winds.
Tin; rains of the Torrid Zone are called /•iriinlical .
Iieciiise they oceur al regular [x^riods : those of the
Temperate Zones, which are more irre;;iilar. are called
viiriiililf.
The study of the weather has now K'en reduced to
a scienci', called Meteorology. (Jhservations of the
teniiieratiiri'. the moisture ami density of the air. the
velocity ami dinction of the wind, and soino minor
particulars, are taken simultaneously at many p 'ints in this
country, in the United States, ami in Eurojx'. The reixjris of
these oh.ervations are telegraphed to certain centres in different
countries. In Canada they are sent to Toronto, and from theai
weather ch.irts are constructed. From thest; ch.irts the weather
probabiliiies for the ensuing twenty-four hours are forecast
and telegraphed daily over the country. These Probabililus
are useful to the farmer as guides in his operations; while
the cautionary signals of appro.aching -»orms. displaycl at the
various ports on the l.ikes and on ti se.al)o.ard, are of still
gre;iter service to the sailor. Notice oi advancin;; storms
has frequently lieen telegrapheil from .Vmerica to Europe, and
h.as saved much disaster to shipping.
II -Winds
i'lit.
III.— M(j ture. -,
ANALYTICAL REVIEW.
The Atmosphere.
Di-line.
Height.
Density.
Harometer
( Mcrcuri.al
Climate.
I-Heat.
1 1. -Winds.
( .\neroid
Height attained
Meat and vapor : how useful ?
Why necessary ?
. Organic life: where found.
f Define.
-, ("auses of variation.
[ Isothermal lines.
' How dependent on latitude.
Krigid Zones.
Torrid Zone.
How de|x.'ndent on the height of
the land.
Snow -line.
rro|v)rtion of heat to altitude
i:ifect of the proximity of the sea.
DiflTerence littwecn s»?a - d land
heat.
.\tinosplierc of sea and land
Inlluence of the sea on the tem-
[XTature of the land.
Kdect of the length of the day
Summer heat in I'olar Ki-gions.
f Kflfect on temperature.
I Describe.
I )ensity of atmosphere.
Ktlect of heat
Tk.ade Winhs
( How produced.
Directiim.
llMent.
( L'scfulness.
KiiTURN I How produced.
Tk,\uk ■ Where occurring
Winds — ( Direction
Compare Trade Winds and Ocean
("urrents.
\'ariety of winds.
Cuiisttiiil : gi\t.' example.
I'lriiitliiiil : give example.
Viirinlil, : where occurring
Kffect of a mountain chain
ICflect on climutu; compare.
f Describe.
Precipitation
K.MMM.I.
Describe.
.\nnual quantity.
V.iriationofquan-
tity.
K.MN-IIEM... I •t"'^^"'/
I Describe.
Seasons in Torrid Zone.
Belt of Deserts
Periodical Rains.
Variable Kains.
Wl-ATMKI!
Oll.sEKV.MlONS
PLANTS.
/ Meteorology
1 1 o w observa-
tions are m.ade.
How reported.
Use.
Plants (flora) include the trees,
shrubs, and vegetables of different
countries. Plants have life maintained
by organs — roots, stems, leaves — and
thus differ from inorganic matter such
as rocks and metals.
Plants arc necessary to man's existence,
Besicies stipportinj,' the lower animals, many
species furnish mankind with footl ; as, wheat,
rice, corn, barley, and other cereals, the po-
tato, the manioc, the breadfruit tree and
sago palm, and the various fruits. From
others, beverages are made; such as tea,
coffee, and cocoa, from the latter of which
chocolate is prepared.
A third class supplies
fibres, from which va-
rious fabrics for clothing
and other useful pur-
poses are made; as cot-
ton, flax hemp, and jute.
Others, furnish drugs,
gums, oils, dyes, spices,
and wood for building
and manufacturing pur-
poses.
Of more than 200,000 species
of plants supposed to exist
about .( -00 are cultivated for
their product?.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAi'HV.
'7
.Vindsand Ocean
MetcornloKy.
The wool of tlie shcip ami nlpara is wovon inin clnih Silk is m.uli- of
the tliriMil of the silkworii: Thi- furs of soiiil- animaU arc worn as iloihini;
the hiilcs of othiTs are tanncil. a nl lonviTtoil into liMlhir licsidcs ttusf.
aTiiTiial U(i) siipphos a K'r<'at varii-lv of other proiliicts, such as milk, and lliii
biKKT and cheese made from it. oil. ivory, tMine. feallur-, .ind h,iir
.\niinals, like plants, arc >p •ii.tlly a.l.ipte.l to certain ron.Ii
tions ol I liiiiatc and food, winch u;,'ulatc their ihstnbiition over
the earth's surface.
As we reach the sever.il flrand Ilivisions of the K.arth. thir ch.ar.icteristic
animals will he shown. .\s a riiU-. the hoi regions .are thcalwdeof the larKfsi,
siroiiKest, and fiercest animals, the most venomous serjienis and the liri«htrsi.
lined birds , mil insects. The largest water-anim ds — the whale, w,ilriis, and
seal -frecinent the colder seas. The domestic animals thrive best in the tom-
perate zones.
Heat aiid moisture are essential to plant life, and as the
Torrid Zone has most heat and moisture, it has also the most
luxuriant vegetation.
The vei,'etation of different re;,'ions depends to some extent on
the soil and other conditions, Imt mainly on the climate.
Tropical rcKlons are characterized by enormous creeping plants, palms,
spice-trees, the bamboo, the India-rnl>l>er tree, the breadfrnit of Oceania,
the banyan of the Kast Indies, the orchitis (vi^kiils). and tree-ferns with their
lonK branchless trunks crowned with immense tufts of leaves.
The cactus, indigo, cotton, coffee, su^ar-cane. rice, millet, and tropical
fruits, flourish in the Torrid Zone and in the regions adjacent to it.
As wo leave the tropics, the rich distinctive forest vegetation of the Torrid
Zone, green throu',;hout the year, gr.idually gives pl.ace to ,i less luxuriant
growth. Soon, deciduous trees (those that shed their leaves in autumn)
prevail.
f'assing from the Torrid to the Temp<Tate Zones we find tropical fruits at
first growing side by side with the grape and olive, but as we re.ach coi>ler
regions the apple, ])lum, pe.ach,
and cherry take the place of the
former. Cotton and sugar-cane
are cultivated, but gradually give
place to tea, tobacco, hemp, and
flax.
Rice, maize, wheat, buckwheat,
rye, o,its, barley, is the gener.il
order i i which grains can be cul-
tivated, .as we proceed towards
higher latitudes. The potato has
a wide range in which it is culti-
vated, extending into the colder
parts of the temperate zones. Here
the oak, beech, maple, ash, and
elm, mingle with the pine, hem-
lock, cedar (arbor vita'), and
spruce. .\t last, few forest-trees
.are found save the hardier pines,
the trailing cedar, the birch, fir,
and willow.
Mosses and lichens mark the
exlrenie regions tif veget.ible life.
As elevation above the sea-level ^iiERiCAji.
modifies heat, so it affects vegeta-
tion. If we .ascend a luountaiii in the tropics to a h('ight of ifi.ooo feet, we
meet with a succession of climates ,.nd pl.ant-beltssimil,ar to those met with in | ^,^,„j. originally from the Cati'castis, Let ween the lilack and the
going frcmi the I-.iiualor to the .\rctic Kigions. The engraving op|)osite
illustrates the variety of vegetation in different Latitudes.
CAU|,.\S1AN.
MO.NGOLIAN.
M.\N.
Man stands at the lirad of the pniin.d kniRdom. ^!rin^; .ible
to ad.il>t Inmself to extremes
of climate, he is not, like the
lower animals, hmiteil to
p.irticiilar rc^jions. }Ie is
more or less affected, how-
ever, bv liis siinoimdint,'s,
and .attains the higliest de-
velopment in temperate cli-
mates. Within the tropics,
his wants are so easily sup-
plied that he lacks stimulus
to exertion; while, in tin-
polar rej^ions, his lifi' is
s(X'nt in a constant strn!.;^,'le
for food .uid clothing;.
The htmi.iii f.iimly is sup-
posed to mimber about i,4<3<j
millions. ' has been
divided into .ive or some-
times six races, distinf,'uished
by color, the shape of the
skull, and other peculiarities.
I. The Cauca'sian. —So called from the suppositic^i '.h.it they
ALSTRALUN.
A.NIM.VLS.
Animals (fnniut) have orfjans, such as heart, stomach, lunf,'s
or gills, upon which life depends; but it is a higher kind of
life th.in that of plants, as it is accompanied with sensation
and the power of voluntary motion. Some animals feed directly
on plants; others prey on weaker animals which feed on plants
or their products: all depend ultimately on the vcl table king-
dom for their supjiort. In tropical regions, where vegetation is
most luxuriant, animal life is most abundant.
Many animals are usefid in s.aving lalnir by carrying or drawing loads, .and
by doing a variety of work. The flesh of others is uscfl for fiK)d, and as such
is particularly v.aluable in cold regions, w here animal food is more necessary
to man's existence tlKin in wariiijer cliuiULco,
Caspian Seas. This race is noteil for physical be.tiitv and mental
development. The characteristics are: fair comijlexion, in hot
regions, swarthy; foieliead, full; hair, soft; l)eard, heavy.
This r.ice is distributed through south-western Asia, ne.irly all
of l-iirope, a great part of .\merica, the coasts of .\ustr,ilia, antl
in various parts of northern and southern Africa. Number;
about 600 millions.
The Caucasian is the most intellectual antl civilized r.ace, and embr.ices
the leading nations of the earth.
2. The Mongolian. -The ch.iracteristics are: complexion,
yellowish; face, llat ; cheek-bones, prominent; eyes, narrow and
obliquely set; hair, coarse, straight, and black. This r.n e is
foimd in most parts of .\si.i, in Arctic .\merica, ami in north-
eastern Europe. Number; about 550 millions. The Chinese
and Japanese are tyj-)ee of this race.
3. The Ethiopian, or Negro. -The characteristics are: black
18
PHYSICAL GKOGKAl'ilY.
(ir vcis' (hirk ('(iiiiplcxiiin ; fnrchr.nl, iritilint;; nosr, fl.il; lip^,
llii(k; j,iwl)i)iics, pioiiimriit ; li.iir, hl.ick and wnoli)'; lu'aid,
lliiii. AImhIc; t'"- wliolc of Afri( a txn pi the parts previously
montioncd. Nuniher; about i.So millions.
4. Tile Malay. -ThcchararUristicsare: coniplrxion, dilfcrcnt
shadis ot lirown ; lirad, narrow ; forehead, low and broad ; inoutli,
iaffje; hair and beard, abundant, bi.'ick and eurly. The raee is
distriiiulwl tliroiifjhout the Malay Peninsula in .\sia, and the
islands of Oceania. Ninnber; about 60 millions.
5. The American. riic cliaraeteristies are: coniplexicm,
copper-colored; face, broad with stronj;b marked features; fore-
iicad, low; cheek bones, hit,'h ; hair, strai;,'iit, coarse, and bl.ick ;
beard, scanty. To this race belonj,' the native tribes of North and
South America, e.xctpt tiiose of the .\rctic coasts. Nimiber;
aboiK 10 millions.
6. The Australian.— The characteristics are; color, livid,
grayish black; h.iir, thii k and wavin;;, or bushy; beard, abmi-
danf ; and eyes, verj' deep set, bla(k and piercintr. This race
inhabits .Vustralia. and has a remote connection with the
Malays, from proxuniiy to New (iumea and the islands of the
l-'acilic.
MINERALS.
Minerals consist of inor^'anic matter; such as rocks, earths,
and metals. As thev have no life, their distribution is inde-
pendent of climate. The most valuable nunerals are the fol-
lowing; :--
Metals, forty-nine in mnnber, marked by ])eciiliar lustre.
Tlu' I'n.ioiii MiUils .ire -.ilil ;ini| ^ihir. They are nftc'ii nssiici.uiul willi
caili oilier, .iiul occur cliic'lly in lliu r.icks of iiioiiiil.iiii-slo|)is. Cold is also
fomul ill the s.inily lifds of rivers, to which it li.is lieeii waslicil down from tliu
rocks on hiKher levels, which have crumbled away, as in liritish Columbia.
Of the metals, irnii is the most widely distribiilc^d. Other important metals
an- l.,,i,t. C(f/<er, Tin. /inc. I'l<il'iiiiiiii, and Qiiiiksilnr or M.niiry (the only
lii|uid iiielal). With the exception of platinum, they are usually found in
union with other substances, in which condition they are called Ons.
Precious Stones: the diamond, ruby, emerald, sapphire,
ojial, and m.iiiy others. The diamond is the most valuable of
Kcms and the hardest of known substances. It is ^'enerally
found in gravelly or s.indy deposits, from which it is obtained
liy w.ishini,', as in IJra/il, India, ,ind (ape of (iood Hope.
Coal; mineral fuel forme(l from the vej,'etable matter of a by-
Kone age. Aiitlini.iU-, or hard coal, is dense and he.ivy; liitii-
will. HIS, or soft co.il, is lii,'hter and burns with a flame. Coal is
veiy widely distributed, the beds of Great Britain and the I'nited
States bein^; esiiecially |,ir;,'e and rich ; in Canada, the coal-beds
of Nova Scotia iu the east, N'ancouver Island in the west, and
the Districts of Saskatchew.m and .\ssiniboia in the north-west,
are also valuable. It is .ill-important iu the useful arts- for the
smeltiii},' of iron, the ^^enir.uion of steam to move machinery,
and for other pmjioses.
Petroleum, or lock-oil; generally obtained bv borin;,' into the
earth, .is in south-west Ontario, but someliiu'es f,,uiid issuin;,'
from the siirlace in sj.rin^s. Kn-os. ,u; used for burnnif,' in lamps
and for oiling machinery, is made from petroleum.
Building-Stones; such as limestone, granite, and sand-stone.
Clay, used for making bricks, diainpipes, crockery, vases,
and other useful or ornamental articles. Kaolin, from wliiiii
C'hina-ware is manufactured, is a line kind of white clay.
ANALYTICAL REVIEW.
What lliey include.
Organs.
Ilow they dilkr from inorn.inic m.itter.
fse.
h'ooil ; ex.iinples
lieveranes ; ex.ini)iles.
I'abrics; examples.
( Ither varieties.
Number of species.
How many cultivatiHl.
Kssentials to plant life.
\'eKetation of 'i'orrid Zone.
On what conditions is vegetation dependent?
Characteristics of tropical regions.
Products of tropical regions.
Deciduous trees.
Products of Temperate Zones.
O.der of (,'rains.
Trees of Temperate Zones.
Limit of vegetable life.
Height of land ; eflect.
Plants.
Animals.
Man.
Minerals.
r Organism.
Means of subsistence.
Where most numerous.
I 'si;;;
How distributed
I'liCl.'l.l.MUTlbS . .
.\tlributes
I)i;vi;loi'mi;.nt.. .
I'opiilation.
Races.
Cll.MJACTERlSl
I'ormation.
Distribution
r^abor.
l-'ood .
Clothing.
OthiT products.
I Tropical l<e;,'ion!i.
.\rctic Regions.
[ Temperate Zones.
( Temperate Zones.
Tropical Countries.
( Arctic Region,s.
Caucasian
Mongolian.
Negro.
Malay.
.\merican
Australian.
MKTAl.li
Number
Peculiarity
I'recioiis metals.
found ?
Other metals.
How found.
w here
( Names of some.
Pkkciocs Stones... - Diamonds.
( Where found ?
Coal..
Anthracite.
Hituminous
Where found ?
Importance.
Pelroloum.
Keroseiu;.
Hiiilding-stones.
Clay.
Fil
I-
I.
Ilieirl
profiJ
POLITICAL GEOGRAIMIY.
»9
I r ■'»"■
POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY.
I. — Occii'ATioNs (u- Man.
The Chief Occupations, or industrial i)ur.suiis. hy
means of which men provide for their wants, are: —
Agriculture, or farming. Connected witli tliis is .St.\k-
raisiiig. or tlie rearing of horses, nuiles, cattle, sheep, and hogs.
Dairyhifr is that brancli of farming wliicli has in view the pro-
duction of milk, hnlter, and ciieese.
Manufacturing, or the making of nsefnl articles from raw-
materials by liaiul or l>y machinery, as the manufactures of wooii,
iron, cotton, wool, and leather.
Commerce, which consists in the exchange, or purchase and
sale, of commodities.
Commerce is called Domestic, if it is carried on between parts of the same
countr)-; Foreign, if carried on between different countries. I'roduce or
goods brought into a country are called Imj^orts; those sent out are £;.r/>«r/s.
Transfurtatiuii is the business of carryins; commodities (called Freight) from
one place to ano.her, by road, by rail, or by water.
Mining, or digging into the earth for coal, metallic ores, or
precious stones. Taking stone from its bed is called Qmirrxhn;.
Lumbering, which consists in cutting down trees in forests
and taking the logs to market.
2, NaticMis less advanceil in these respects, yet having a written
laiigua.ue, some regard for education, and not without skill ni
agriculture and manufact tires, are ilistinguished as Half-civilized.
J. Nations whosi' inhabitants have no settled aboile, .ire with-
out s hools or literature, that pay little attention to agriculture
or manufactures, and live inainlv on the products of their herds
and flocks, are known as Barbarous.
4. Tribes, indolent, degraded, fierce and cruel, ignorant of
laws, and subsisting on forest products, or on what the-y can gel
by hunting and fishing, are classed as Savage.
III. — Rki.igions.
All nations, except perhaps the lowest savat^es, have
some Religion — that is, some belief in a Mi^^her Power,
and a system of worship. 'I'he different religious sys-
tems are embraced iiiuKr ftJiir heads: —
1. The Christian, which tiaches a belief in one God, the liiblc
as Mis revealed word, and Jesus Christ (whence the name Chris-
tian) as the Son of God and the promised Messi.ih. This
faith prevails among civilized nations, and includes about 395,-
000,000 followers.
2. The Jewish, which inculcates a belief in one God, and the
< )ld Testami nt alone as His word, but rejects Christ. Then; are
.diotit 7,000,000 Jews, scattered for the most part among civilized
nations.
3- The Mohammedan, whose followers acknowledge one
(iod, and Moses and Christ as |)rophets, but In lieve in Moham-
med as the last and greatest prophet. For the iiible it substitutes
the Koran, containing the revelations which Mohammed claimed
to have recciveil from I leaven. This f.iith has about 232.ooo.(xx)
their condition in life, provided with educational facilities, and ^ followers, including many lialf-civihzed nations in Asia and
proficient in the arts and sciences, are said to be Civilized. i northern Africa.
Fishing, Hunting, and Trapping.
The chief fisheries are those of the whale, seal, cod, herring, salmon, and
mackerel. The capture of fur-bearing animals is tl). special object of ihe
trapper.
II. — Social Condition.
Four grades of social condition are recognized: —
I. Enterprising and industrious nations, ca])able of improving
20
I'Ol.ll KAl, (il'.OC.UAl'llV.
/J. 'I'll' Pagan. I'Ihs ( l.is. .ipiicai-- in (lirfcKiit fciriii'^, .ill of
wliii h \V(.rslii|) t.ilM' Kods oticii idols of wooil iiiui slonc in
j.larc of tli<- Cod of tlic' I'.iMc. More llian half (lie iiiliahitanls
of liic c.irtli arc Ta^ans. The most nnnicroiis class is the
liii(l<lliist (Jiiiod'nl).
The Clirisli.in faith cmlirans alioiit 203,000,000 Roman Catlmlits, iio,-
000,000 I'rotcsiaiils, anil S2,(x».cxxj folhiwirs of tlii' flrci'k CMnircli— Moham-
med i-slalilislii-.l Ills rcliKion in .Vrahia about (■j,i .\ 1 1 , whence; it spre.iil.
(hierty at (ir>,l liy xvarf.ire over tlie neiijhli.iiinKcoiinlries llniliiiKiiiiuii is lli.il
form of ri liKioii or mylhi>loj;y folloueil by most of the inhal)it.inls of India.
,ind lliiililliiwi. another form of the s,ime, by most of the Mongolian race
'l'hr-,r number about 500,000,000 followers, or more than onethiril of the
uliolr hum.'in race.
IV. — Govi.KNMIlNT.
Government is that .system accordin.fj to which a
coiiiitry is niicd. Savai^c and l)arl)an)us tribes havtt
c-ithcr no oosernment at all, or art; ruled by chiefs whose
will is law. Anionjf civiliz(-d and half-civilized nations
the prcvailin.L,' forms of !,r()vernment are those of a
Monarchy or of a Republic.
A Monarchy is a country in which the supreme ruling power
is held l)y one person for life.
Monarchies are called ILrcliUtry, when the power descends from father to
son ; Eledivi-, when the monarch is chosen by som<' body of electors. There
are .also Ahwliile mon.irchies, or Dn/'dtisms. in which the monarch's power is
unrestrained,— and Limit, il or Cuiiililiitiviitil monarchies, in which his power
is restricted by ,1 constitution or by laws. In the Eastern (Continents, the gov-
ernments an: chiefly monarchies.
Monarchies and their rulers have certain specific names. .\ Kingdom is a
monarchy under a Kin^ (or. if the sovereign be a wom.in, a Oiieen). An Em-
pire is a monarchy (usually large, or composed of different states) under an
llmperor or ICmpress The Kmperor of Russia is called the Czar. A
I'rince is the re.al or ntimin.al lie.itl of a Priniipitlity ; a Duke, of .a Dttcliy ; a
(irand l>\ike, of a Grmul Diijiy: an Elector, of an Eliclonilc.
A Republic is a coimtry in whicli tlie laws are not only
made l)y rejiresentatives of the people as in a limited monarchy,
hut are administered by officers elected by the people. The
chief olTicer of a republic is a President.
Most of the countries of the Western Continent are republics.
V. — Divisions.
The Divisions of countries are variously known as
Provinces, States, Districts, Counties, Shires, Town-
ships, and Departments.
A Village is a small collection of inhabited houses. \ Town
is a larger collection of liousei, and in which a regular market is
usually held.
In Ontario, a village or a town may become incorporated when they con-
tain 730 and 2,ixxj inhabit.'ints respectively, but they do not receive the same
privileges as a city.
A City is a large town which is incorporated; that is, invested
by law with certain rights and privileges. .\ city is usually
governed bv a Mayor and .\ldermen.
.\ Seaport is a place near the sea, h.iving a harbor for the
accommodation of vessels.
The Capital of a comitry is its seat of government, the place
where the laws are madt', and wlure the chief officer of the nation
resides. The Metropolis is the largest city.
I The Growth of villages, towns, and cities results from their
becoming central positions where people collect in small are.is
I to carry on tiieir occupations, whether in commerce or manii
factmcs. Commercial cities are generally thos(> having a good
I harbor on a sea-coast, lakv' or river, at which goods can be
j readily received and distribtited. Manufacturing towns or
cities are generally those where rapids or falls in the course of a
stream siipi)ly eMeiisive water-power, or near which rich mines
of coal, iron, or other minerals ,irc found.
ANALYTICAL REVIEW.
Name.
.\gricnllure.
Stock-raising.
Dairying.
Manufacturing.
I. Occupations of Man.
II. Social Condition.
III. Religions.
Mining,
yuarrying
Lumbering.
I'Mshing, Hunting, and Trap-
ping.
Chief Fisheries.
Civilized; define.
Il.ilf-civilized ; defini'
liarbarons, define.
Sav.agi:, tiefine.
Define.
Domestic.
I'"»jri-ign.
Imports.
ICxports.
I'reight.
Divisions
IV. Government.
Christian ; how dividetl ?
Mohammedan ; origin.
Hr.ihm.anism.
Buddhism.
Define.
Prevailing forms.
Where general ?
Christian.
Jewish.
Mohammedan.
I'agan.
MONARCIIV
Republic .
Define.
Hereditary.
Elective.
Absolute.
Limited.
Where chiefiy ex
isting.
Various names.
Names of Rulers.
Define.
Chief Officer.
Where chieHy ex
V. Divisions.
Nam(;s of l")ivisions.
Village.
Town.
City.
Seaport.
Capital.
Metropolis.
Describe growth.
Commercial Cities.
Manufacturing Towns.
GRAND DIVISIONS OF THE WORLD.— REFERENCE TABLE.
Akka in
Sg, Milks.
Poi'ia.ATION,
1'krsoss to
A Sy. Milk.
North America j
i South America
Asia . . . .
Africa. . .
Oceania .
TOTAL
SizK coMl'AHr.n with
TiiK Dominion of
Canada.
8' fconnects
S.*. it* ■
^ds nearly
' "'*)ut less t
^s only tin
lis from llicir
in small arisis
■icu or mami-
liaving a (,'oo<.l
goods can he
ng towns or
ihu course of a
lich rich mines
noincslic
[■'ori'iKii-
Imports.
l^x|Hirls.
l-'ritiKlU.
rhristian.
Jewish.
Mohainmiulan.
I'anan.
Define.
Hertditary.
l-^lcctive.
,\bsi)hiU'.
Limited.
Where cliietly ex-
isting.
Varions names.
Names of Rulers.
Dotnie
Chief t^fficer.
Where chiefly ex-
,iK.
iENCE TAI5LE.
.Size comparkd with
TiiK Udminion of
Canada.
Aniiiaui of Muktii Aukkica.
In the centre picture wc li.ivc a M-ciie f.prnieilv common in iinfre<|nented
rej.;inns of the rircit West - Indians hiiiitiii^ llic bison : a liisoii lalf and an
antelope arc with tlie li'rd in rroiit In former times the bisons are said to ha
been so mimeroiis .-is sometinn'S to d.im the rivers when they crossed.
( >n the left of the centre pictiin' appears llie Koiky Mountain shi'op, i
biK-l:ini In the vi(,'neltes below may be seen tlie liut;e (;riz/ly Invir
(leMiuriii); its Jirey ; the prairie-d(iK. especially abundant west of thi' Mi-.-
souri Uiver, with the burrowing owl and the rattlesnake, whidi share its sub.
terranean hime; and the bald-headed eafjlu spreading dismay amonn a
y' flock of wild turkeys The turkey is a native of .Vmeric.i.
I On the rij;!it we have in succession the musk-ox, which roams in .Vrctic
.\merica to within ii of the North Pole; the moose (the elk of Kuropi'),
with its enormous horns and lont,' swin^inK trot, an inhabitant chiefly of the
Cana<lian forests; the raccoon, aii'' the ruffed jjrouse or partri<l('e (also
known as the pheasant!. The puma (couKuar or p.fntherl rannes the con-
tinent from tlie (".reat Lakes .ilmost to Cape i lorn ; it is represented as .ilwut
to spring from an overhan),'iii(^ branch on the uns\is|iicioiis deer below The
se.il freipients the .Vrctic waters, l•"nr-be;lrin^' aiiiin.ds. the marten, sable,
etc., abound in tlie north.
PHYSICAL NORTH AMERICA.
I. (il-.Nl-.R.\l. I •l.SCKIl'TKl.v.
North America iornis
the northern part of the
western continent. It
ranks third among the j
Grand Divisions in size,
and fourth in population.
Its extent is about 8,750,-
000 sc[uare miles, and its
population about 72,-
000,000. i
Its greatest Width (about 3,100 miles) is in the north. Thence
I; it narrows down to hfly miles at the Isthmus of Panama, which
connects it with South America. The Lengfth from north to south
Tis n(-arl\- 5,000 miles. It is more than twice as large as Ihirope,
lint less than half the size of .\.sia. The north-western extremil)'
Is only thirty-si.K miles distant from Asia, from which it is separated
Behring Strait. Greenland, and the northernmost islands of the
till' Western 1 liohlaiid ^sii.' );i(//'
OH the /ollnwiii!^ /'Hf^'i J have no
oittl;t to the oce.in. Intt are
eitlur absorbed jiy the sands
or flow into lakes also without
outlet. The Lakes of North
.\nierica are estimated to con-
tain about one-third of all the
fresh water on the globe.
Vi'hen Columbus discovered
the New \\ Orld in 1492 the In-
habitants were of the Ameri-
can race. These were scattered throughout Nortll America, sonic
being savage and others more or less civilizeil. 'J'heir ilescenchtnts
now number about si.x millions, and are t hiefly to be fo.md in the
west and north.
.\bout four -fifths of the present population ari: of the Caucasian r.ici', whose
ancestors originally came from liuroix.-, and first made [H.-rinanent settlement in
the countrv about three Centuries .iK'o. Their numl«,'rs are IjciiiK constantly in-
creased by emigration from the Ohl World, .\bout seven and a-half millions of
■{■'"SWf']^^^
Irctic Archipelago, approach nearer to the North Pole than any the population are negroes, mainly d<'scended from Afri<ans brought .across the
pther known land does.
The Coast-line of North America is indented on the eastci ;ide
\>y many large arms of the ocean. Its length, including that of the
slands, is about 30,000 miles.
The Rivers of the Central and Atlantic Plains are generally navi-
;able for the greater part of their cotirses, and open up the interior
ocean as slaves. The Arctic Regions. are sparsely inhabited by Es<)uimau (/-.'j-
ke-ni(j) IriUs of the Mongolian race.
The Natural Advantages possessed by North .America are: — its
mmierous valuable products (such as sugar, cotton, tobacco, and
wheat); its minerals (gold, silver, coal, iron and cojiper); its posi-
tion, lying in three zones, but chiefly in thi' temp(r,il(; zone; its
vast area of fertile soil; and its numerous navigable lakes and
if the country to commerce. The streams of the Great liasin in I rivert, and fine harbors.
'i
22
Aiaric: Ki'.dioNs oi- Nokiii amI'.kica.
aj'io xMarMam
k-At*
'£l.V(Of„V SKA •
-^^fli^^'
1^
,>\»
Ajtcir/c sx>i.9}(siris ■"'^-^
Si.i:i)i.i;-j<ii!nsi:vs in tlu: Arctic Ke-
(,'ions an: purfi)rmr(l willi i;s(|iiiiiinu
iltiu's, wliicli an- (Irivrn with a Idii^
whip, anil (haw heavy loads hvit llu'
ita; with ^rcat rapidity lichind the
tra\'fllfrs, rciirrscntid aliovt*. a ^^rand
display (if the Anriira Hcircalis, or
Ncjrihirn Lights, is shown. Stream-
ITS of different colors are shooting up
fniTii the liorizon, anil li^*h;in|i th. sk\'
with a l)riUiaiicy rcllucted by thi; glilteriuj,' iciclLS
LINCOLN I "''„.„
^5^
^'=fj^ ''^6s^
Lancaster Sd.
Here is shown one
if the natives that
are scattered in small
eiiinmnnities alonn
the coasts of Arctic
America lie is
walchiii),' for a seal to
appi'ar thronuli a hole
in the ice. Thu Ks
quimaux arc shor'
and thick-set ; their
l^arinents an; made
of seal, hear, or reindeer skins.
In -Alaska the
In f.ii t. it has often
veruil land and the "hum-
THE ARCTIC
The Arctic Regions of Xorih America lit: norili
of llu: Arckic Circle, and iiuhule ihc northern coast ol
the mainland, the adjacent islands, and the fj^realer part
of GreiMiland.
'I'lic Surface i^ .n lnw plaUMii. consistiiif,' iif ;t rocky, li.airiMi.
IrcL'k'SS waste, ciirfcspiiiKiiiit,' to tln' TundraS "f I hi' Old W'tiilil
vcj^tlalioii liciii^' li;iiitu<i to lichc-iis ami iiiossi
soil is jx'at}- anil fri-u from rocks or stones.
The icy rej^ions include the land as much as the w.iter
been dillicult to distiiiKuish between the snc
mocked " ' ice of the frozen sea.
The Climate isextreiiK-ly colil.-inil tlir tlK'nnonulfr in wintrr
has indicati'd as iiiiich as 70' lu'low zero.
OwiiiH to the continuous day in summer and nit;ht in winter (see p. j) the
variation of the temper.itnre is viTy );reat. It is eslim.ited th.it the .\rciic
ice mass diminishes tinder the sunshine of the limj,' sUTumer d.iy to one tliird
of its eM.'nt in the lonj,' winter ninht
of the kind portions of the icy rcKions, by f,ir tin- most extensive is the
gl.icier field of Greenland, 'the whole of the interior of this island, the north-
ern limits of which are still unknown, is lHlie\ed to h,i\e. on the west sitle ,11
least, one almost conlinuous level coverini; of ice ,ind snow. Numerous liords
{fii -iiiih), or deep clefts formed in the rocky basis of the laud, intersect the
coast line and run far into the interior, 'riiese are tilled with ice. formint;
enormous ^kiciers, which niovi; [;radu.illy towards the sea impelled by the
wei);ht of the accu.nidatinn masses of snow and ice on their upper sonrci'S.
The most extensive glacier known is the Humboldt Glacier on ilie coast of
Kane Se.i, presenting a perpcndicnlar f.ace from jou to 300 feci hif;h, and
extending for fifty miles alonn the shore. Icebergs (see p. 10) are thrown oil
in enormous masses from this ;;lacier, .and its hiif^e crevasses and fractures .are
on an unexampled scale.
These icebergs are carried t)y the .\rclic curnnls through liatiin liay and
Davis Strait into the .Vtlantic Ocean, and gradually nult as they approach
the Ciulf Stream,
On the western side of the continent the icebergs do not reach lieyond
' niimiiiiHkf.l ; pilrd ii|> ill irregular masses.
REGIONS.
Itehring Sea, .is the .Mcnti.an Islands form a barrier I" their further pnigress
siiuthw.ird.
The Inhabitants of tlie .Arctic Regions arc the JCsiiiii-
niaii.K (A'.s />'i-»(e.sl, who .ire few in niiinber and rovo along the
i-oast. The \vhak', seal and walrus, which are niinierous, furnish
iheiii with both food and fuel. 'J"he ))riiici])al land animals
are the reindeir, musk-ox, i)olar bear, and the sleigh dog, the
latter being used for drawing the sledges over the frozen snow.
•Sinci' the discovery of America frequent attempts have been
m.idf to find a " North-west passage" for ships through the
.Arctic Ocean from ISaftin P.;iy to Hehriiig Strait, with a vi^w to
shorten the distance to be traversed from Eifope to Asia, but all
ha\e eiuleil disastrously, and many lives have been lost in the
attempts.
The most noted ex])editii)n was that of Sir John Franklin in the .ships linbiis
,ind Tiiror in i,S.(5. Several years having elapsed without any tidings being
he.ird, nnmeiims parties were dispatched in search of them, notably those of
K.ine, Koss, ]!elcher, McClintock, ,ind Mcriuro. In 1S35 McClintock dis
covered proofs that the whole of Sir John Franklin's party had perished
McClnru succeediKl in establishing the fact of a continuous water-passage, but
had to .ib.'indon his vessel in the ice and then make his way overland.
Similar .attempts have also been made to find a "North-east Passage,"
but none wero successful until that undertaken in i.SjS-ij by the Swedish
explorer, I'rof. Norden.skjokl, who sailed from dottenborg in Sweden, in July,
iS7,S, and passing through Hehring Strait reached Yokohama in Japan in
Sejitember, I.S79. The latest expedition was that of I. lent. l>e I-ong in the
7.(i»Hi7/i-, which resulted dis.istrously, most of the party being frozen to
death or having perished from hunger.
.Another aim of .\rclic explorers has been to read, the North Pole, and
various well-eipiipped expeditions have been fitted up for the purpose, the
principal being under the command of Kane, Hayes, Hall, and Xares. Com-
mander Markhani, of Nares' Fxpedition, in 1S7G, reached the most northerly
point yet attained, latitude 8j ' .;o' jo", only 400 miles from the North Pole.
The route usually taken is shown in the above engraving, by way of Baffin
Hay, Smiths Sound, and Kennedy Channel.
Many of the waters and islands are named after their explorers, as Hudsvi.
Jia\', IliiJJiii H.iy, KtiHt Sea.
lluru is sliiiwn imc
jf the natives tli:U
tro seattcrril in small
L:omiiuinitiis alciiii;
Ihu coasts cif Arctic
America. lie is
walcliiiin for .1 seal !■!
appear tliroUKli a liolr
ill llic ice. The Ks-
i|uiniaux are shor'
and thick-set: their
Hannents are made
■ar, or reindeer skins.
heir further progress
; are thi' I'^stitii-
id rove along tin-
mimeroiis, furnish
ipal land animals
he sleit,'h do;,', tlie
the frozen snow,
tempts have been
ships through the
ait, witli a vifw to
ope to Asia, hnt ail
e been lost in the
din in the ships /in'fi/*.':
hont any tidinKs bein;,'
them, notably those of
i,S55 McClintock dis
s party had perislied
lous water-passaKC but
way overland.
Morth-east Passage,"
-S^S-ij by the Sut^dish
i;rt,' in Sweden, in July,
'okohama in Japan in
Jeiit. I)e I-ong in the
party being frozen to
. the North Pole, and
p for the purpose, the
tall, and Nares. Com-
led the most northerl)'
roni tile North Pole,
ving. by way of Baflfin
ir explorers, as Hiuisui.
^'-^J
T
t
f *
\
/ -\
iT^^sffTife'^C^-
i. : -vr::?^-^
5>.
Ms
el ? \V
!joI..,. /
PHYS I CAL M AP OF
bAi.:ri. :.. v} ■
>«i .1 145- 4iB
11 M.l-s
i
HrW'M t.iriritt!.
rv,;i II"
" •::i«'--Sa5
i -
liV.-iui.^,* •
1 --
120
iin
lOO lon^. W nf nrrrnwirk 80
\VI,,lt .K-,
northern
the nortl'
the mom
rivers tir
' 'innectei
1 'lain ?
ilie Kaste
ilrain the
rih >|( ,\l MtKlll AMI Ul( A.
»s
il.— yi'l-.>rit>NS (IN 1II1-. I'llNSliM, M\l',
Outlines. -Wliai ihriH- iki.ih- wish ihc slmrrs nf Nonli Aim lii .1 ' \Vli.ii
^ri.ii l'<liii<l i> iinrili'i .1st of tlui (unlini'iit ' Wli.it an lii|ii l,ik;o li loiwui
llum ' Wtial is itu- (jfiii r.il ilini tKni nf llir An lie. masl' What nrral liav
liriaks this nasi '' What i^laiul is at its iiilraiuc? What ittrail h ails in that
Uiy ' What l>a> at lh<- smilh ' What islaml is m ar the rast. rn (xiiiil of thr
continent - W hat nulf and strait ciu ii oil ? What is llir niiu r.il dirri lion of
idf Atlantic coa>t ? What t«o )h niiisiilas (virily cni lose thi' (inlf of Mi sic ci ■
What strait and «hat chaniul load lo that yiilf ' What I irt'i' island is at ili.-
entrance' In «liat arihi|Mla({o? What ocian tiiiniU p issis throimli iIum-
waters ? What is the (ji lural
direttion of the I'acifir coast ?
What peninsula is near its
northern extremity ? What im-
l>ortant islan<l is near the north-
west shore ' What archiiHlai;o
is on the northwest ? What
peninsula and Rulf break tin'
sonth-west shori- ' What lonn
isthmus connects North and
South America ' Iletween what
smaller isthmuses dixs it ex-
tend? Name all the seas 011
the coast The \iu\(s The
hays. The straits Name all
the peninsulas from I-abrador
to Yucatan. From Yucatan to
Alaska. Name all the cajx's
from Cape Farewell to I'oint
Marialo. Fri'm I'oint Marialo
to Cape Prince of W ales.
Name the principal islands and
nro\n« of islanils near the coast
of Noith .\nurica.
Hiijhlaiids. - What twn
({Teat hii;hlands are in North
America ? Which is the (great-
er ? What is its general di
rection ? At what ocean dm s
it end on the north ? At what
isthmus on the south ? {Tilni-
iinttpii.) What mountain
ranijes form its western l>or-
df.r? What plain forms its
ea-|ern part ' What moun-
tains separate this plain from
the rest of the hi;;lilands '
What plateau lusin is near the
centre? In what direction
does the Kastern Highland
extend ? Where dc»s its north-
ern limit l)ei:in ^ What minor
highland extends across the
continent to l^ibrador ? (Tin
H.ight vf Liiihl I What moun-
tain system dms the Eastern
Highland contain ? Near which coast of North .\merica are there volcanoes '
Where is the greatest group ' Where the nurtheni ? Name one in each
group. What volcano is in Iceland '
Lowlands and Drainage. -What plain lies between the two liighl.uids'
\Yhat ocean lies north of it ? What gulf south ? What name is given to its
northern p> Ttion ? What nam^ os southern portion ? What river drains
the northeastern plain? What lakes does it drain? What isl.uids are at
the mouth of it ? What low plateau liis east of the Norlhern Plain ? What
rivers drain the Northern I'lain ' Where do they flow? What lakes are
connected with them ^ What river drains the gnater part of the Southern
riain ? Name its four chief branches. What lowland plain lies betweiii
ihe K,astern Highland and the .Vtlantic Ocean ? Name the chief rivers which
drain the Western Highland.
I'lli.sll M. VU.W
Ocean-currents. Whit o<ian currents flow along the western loasi i.f
Nor'h \ni. M. 1 Along the eastern coast ' How is lln' princinil i urn nl of
ihi- \il.intic I Icean n.iiiud '
Geographical Circles, etc. W'h.it gi ogr iphu .il circles crosi Norili .\ineri
. I 111 ,1 . ■!.■ IS ill. mi .111 r p.irt of iliisgr.ind divisiiMi > In what /one ii
ihe northi rn p.irt ' I hi' Miulhern p.irt ' Through how many degtn s of
I. ililude dues North .\inerii.i extend (approximate estimate)' Through how
nt.iin 'Il ^n . - .'f I.Mgiiude '
Climate and Products. Whai do ihe nd lims on ilie m.ip show ilHgm
with the most northerly) .' What i-. tin 11 gi lur.il diniiioii. iKginmng from
the lasl ' Wh.il inlluenee do
; I lie iman currents have in
the direction of thesi' lines'
Where does wheal grow f.ir
thest north' Name two i\
tensive forest regionn Wh.it
p.irls of North America are
notiil for the prodnclion ol
whrit • I if m.ii/e ' I'f lob.ic-
CO ' Cotlon' Siig.ir' ColTee'
In wh.il p.irts is gold found'
Silver' ('o)>p<'r' Iron? Coal'
111. SCKIMI AM)
I iKAiN m;i .
North America
is natunilly tlividitl
into fiiur |iiirts: tlif
Western High-
land, till- Eastern
Highland, tin Low
C'liilr.il ri.iiii. .111(1 tlif
.Atliiiitic i'l.tiii.
The Western High-
land, or (ill .ii ri.iti .III
llill, tiiiins a wiilo iiiiil
lofty talilc-i. 111(1 fxtciidin^,'
friiin tlio Aictic Ocean to
the Isthmus of Ti'Iniaiitc-
|)i( . rill Sierra Nevada,
Cascade, ml Coast
ranges an- mi its wcsti 1 II
lionli r, .Mill t lie Kim kv
M omit ,1 1 11 s ill \i(lc it
k'notluvisc iiitotwoiicirly
(■(lual p.irts. 'llic loiiK
narrow strip faciiij^ sonic-
wli.it sli.irplv tow.irils thr
West is called the /'Hiijii.
The Rocky Mountains may be regarded as the bai kbone of the continent.
The inas~iw lIi.ui.s of iliis r.ingo rise from a plateau wliii h graihi.illy incn .i-.<s
in height, from the .\rclic ( icean, wlnre il is comparatively low, to Mexico,
where it is alwut S.ooo fi et liiyh.
The highest |X.-aks are in the north, but the ranges of these mounl.iins
re.ach their greatest elevation, about i.t.ooo to i5,o(X> feet, in the broad niidillc
region of the table-land.
.\t the ends of this highland are many voU anms Of these, Moniit Si.
I'^lir.s in the north ( i7,'>oo feel), ,ind I'oiHKatepetl (17,770 feet), in the soul li, .ire
the highest (X-aks on the continent.
The long and rmiintainou, isthmus of Central .Vmerica may !« regarded
aj a continuation of the pl.iteau belt.
Noli 111 A.MhKlv.
I'llVSICAI. NokTII AMI'.RICA.
The Eastern Highland > Mends frnm the I'l.iti.ni of I.alira
dm IU:,lll\ til ill! Iiilll "I Mi'Ml'o. Its IllulllltillllS ,ll<' till' low
raiiK<* "f tli< Appalachian system, wliidi .uc (died by various
liaiiiL'K, and e\:i ml ...iilli wislu.nd fmiu the (lull of St. Law-
niice; and tlii' Laurentide Mountains aionu tin north shore
ol the St. I.awri ni i K'lvei .
'I'll!' I'.isiirii llii^lil.iii'l Ills M ry lilllc lalilc-l.iiul, The lii«liisi |M',ikHar( frnm
fi.iMiii to 0,700 in lirtL^lit, iintl the average elevation is aheiit ^ooo fet^t.
The Atlantic Plain is the siii|. of low l.md l.eiueen the
.Appal. i< lii.iii .Mount. tins and the oee.in.
It is ^I'licrally lew ami level, ixrepl ill New liriiiiswirU and Neva Scoti.i,
wlii re '.ciiiH' Midi r.iii'^'rs i.f hill-, riso,
The Low Central Plain lifs
lietwi <ii the two hi^dil.inds, .mil
extends from the .Vii tie Ocean
t|) the (iillf of Mexii'o.
Tlieexireinc nertlicrn p.irl formsthe
lew /Inlic riiilitiii, sniiili iif wliiih is
llie ,\iirlli,rii I'liiiii and r.rlili- 11,11.
only srparaled fruni llic seutlierii part
r>f the pl.iin by a lii« swell c.illi'd the
Hii);lit itf Ldiiil. This cMends across
the Continent from the Horky Moun-
tains to l.alirador. and forms the
watorsheil siparatinf! the rivers that
tlow into Iliids<in Hay from those
How inn south or into the; Great l,.ikes
and St. Lawrence Kivir. The south-
ern p.irt may be calhil the U.isin or
Valliy of tile .U/.v.s/sj//'/'/.
The Rivers "f North .\in-
crie.i till in six diirerent systems,
th.it is, 'ilu\ flow into six j,se;il
liodies ol water. 'These are: —
The rivers that How into the
Arctic, ()ce,in and Hudson
r>a\ ; Those that How into the
(ireat '..ikes and ("iiilf of St.
L.iwrence: Into the .\tl.intic;
- Into the (iiilf of Mexico;-
And into the r.icil'i.- Oce.in.
North .\iiiei i( .1 is reni;irk.ili|i
for the nimurons depressions iu
tts surface, more es[ieci.illy in
the northern half of ihe Cire.'it
Central Plain. These depres-
sions (.iiisi' the formation of
Great Lakes, the hottoms of whii h are often far lielow the level
of the se.i. The I, ikes that li.ive no outlet, siich as the Great Salt
Lake, .lie hiieely iinpreKn.iled with salt, and contain no fish,
while the others alionnd in fish of various kinds.
The .Missouri ,iiid ihe Lower Mississippi (li.(;ellier .\.20o miles in length),
form the lonKesi water-course known, and the C.re.it Lakes drained by the
SI, Liiwrence are ihe l.irijest fresh w.-iter lakes on Ihe ^hibe. except possibly
Ihe Nile .-in.! its headwaters, llu' precise lentjth and e.xtent of which are not
yet acciiralely explored,
IIl.--ri,iM\Ti;, \'i;c.rT.vno\, Awm.m.s, Minkk,\i,s.
riic West Indies, Central America, and thtj
lowlands of Mexico, liavc a ti-opical or constantly
warm cliniaK.:,
MolNI l'olMC.,^1 lil'KTl,, SlliXlC
j The se,ison of tropic .d riins lists many weeks (see pn((i! Is), itie ri'st of |li»
year bein^; dry.
The vei^et.ilion is luxnri.uu roKee, snj'.ir, in.iize, cotlon. and tobacco, aie
exti'nsively cultiv.iteil, and Ihe b.mana, pineapple, liinon. or.inne, .-ind othc r
iropic.d fruits, are proiliii' d with little labor spent in their 1 nltiv.ilion ICnru.
, pean Rr,iins are Krown on the plateaus. The forests abound In m.•lho^■■ln^ .
ronewood, and p.ilin trees
Tht; Northern Part of the coiuincnt has a very
colli cliiiiait; in liiu north and t.:ast, Inil is warmer on
the western coast.
The coldness of the east is cnusnd by Ihe Polar Tiirrent, whii h passes aloiv;
the eastern co,ist to Newfoundland, and bs the ice which iie.irly closes tlir
bro.id entrain e to Itallin Bay. Hudson Hay, however, is said to be open l^r
four incmths in the year
The western co.isi in the same l.ili-
inde, from .Maska to the I'olnndiii
River, has a much milder climate and
freiiuent r.iins, the rifecl of the w.iriM
Japan Current and the Kc'turn Tradi'
Winds of the I'.icillc, The influeni e
of this climate is also felt on thecorre.
spondiuK e.istern slope of the Kocky
Mountains,
The moist rejii'ms of the west, in
the Rocky Mountains, on the western
slopes of the Sierra Nev.ula, and from
iho Columbia Kiver to .Maska, are
covered with forists of nif^aiitic pines,
cedars, ,ind othiT everKreeus,
The Central Part of
the coiuincnt has a more
varied climate -warm in
the south, coklt-r in the
north, and very dry in the
Great Western lli<.,diland.
Moist winds from I he Atlantic
Ocean and the Ciulf of >'exico cinse
frequent rains in the l-asiern ItiKli-
land and in the Southern and .\tl.intic
Plains. liast of the Missi- ippi, the
country was orit(inally covered with
one vast forest of oak, chestnut, pini'.
and other trees, of which a lar^e p.art
in the lowlands has been cleared away.
This forest extends into the Northern
I'lain, where the trees are mostly pines
and firs; beyimd that, mosses and
lichens are the only vegetation.
The wild animals are shown
on paf,'e z '- . Besides these, there are the polar bear, the wolver-
ine, the wolf, fox, beaver, and allif,'ator. Great numbers of do-
mesticated animals, such as the horse, ox, sheep, and hog, art'
r.iised by the civilized inhabitants; these were originally intro-
duced from Europe.
Cotton is the chief production of the lowlands near the Gulf
of Mexico; maize of the southern, and wheat of the northern
portions of the low central plain.
Most of the cereals, such as wheat, oats, barley, and rye, are not indigenous
to the New World, but were introduced from Kuropc;, The most char.icieristic
native cereal is maize, or Indian corn, which is extensively cultiv.ited from
Central .\merica and the West Indies to high latitudes in this granil division.
The rainfall upon the western slopes of the lofty mountains bordering the
tireat Wesleru Highland leaves but little moisture to be carried over to thtj
I isl, till- ri'si iif lilt
in. .'inil tiiluictci, ,111'
I, iir.'iM^'i', ;inil c>tli< r
I iilliv.itiiiii. ICiini.
iiiitwl in nialiii^.in\ ,
t has a very
is wanner on
, wliii h pnnitcs alnni;
h nt'.irly closes iln
s.iiil to \n' optin V>v
!■ ycir
Hist in t)\v same lali-
a to the Colnniliii
1 milili'r rlimatf ami
!• c'llccl of till' warm
(1 the K('tiirn Tradr
i(ic, Tlic infliicni r
Iso felt on till! corn .
slope' of the Koiky
[ions of the west, in
ains, on the western
■a Nevada, and from
ivor to Alaska, an'
stsof niH.intic pines,
■ everKrt'cns.
tral Part of
U has a more
;ite -warin in
roklcr in the
•cry tlry in the
jrn I li^'hlaiul.
from the Allanti(
alf of ^'exico cuisc
till! l-astern HiKh-
mthern and Atlantic
the Mississippi, tin-
inally covired with
oak, chestnut, pine,
if which a lar(,'e part
sheen cle.tred aw;iy.
Is into thi! Northern
rees are mostly pines
that, mosses and
ly vegetation,
ini.ils arc shown
)i-'ar, the wolver-
iiumliers of do-
L'p, and liog, arc
originally inlro-
ds near tlic (iiiil
of the iiortiurii
, are not indigenous
'■ most char.icierislic
ely culti\;ite(l front
tiiis grand tlivision.
tains borfiering the
carried o\er to the
1;
DIVISIONS OF TIME.— Owing to the difficulty cxpcrienceil by travellers in regard to the Time-Tables of the different railways in North America, a Railway Time Convention
wj- >eld in Chicago, III. (L'.S.), on Oct. nth, 1883, and a Standvd Tim* was decided upon for the Continent.
I- i<e meridians of time weicadiiiucvl, each regulating the time of its own division of longitude; they are 1 5° of longitude apart, which is equal to an hour in time. Thus, Inter-
ci>lonial Time is taken from the doth meridian W. of Greenwich; Eastern Time Vom the 75th meridian, or one hour slower than Intercolonial Time; Central Time from the 90lh
meridian, or another hour slower; Mountain Time from the 105th meridian; and Pacific Time from the 120th meridian, or 4 hours slower than Intercolonial Time.
Note — Tit red litKS en 'he map shvw the limits of tht difftrtnt lime Jivitiom.
I'OI.I riCAI. NORTH AMKRICA.
25
table-lnnds: tlio l.nt- 1
tcr, incliiiliiiK tliosf j
parts of tlu' plateau
•' of Mi'xico tli.it arc not vis-
itnl liy tlie tropical rain-bi'll,
art! tliorcfnru uxlri'iiu'ly dry.
The whole rcjjion is noarly |
(Institute of \'e^'('tat ion. except 1
in llie northern part, and the saye-busli and cactns are the principal jilants
which the parched soil produces, '
.^1
WHALINu IN UAFFIN UAY/
Rc:iKi.\viK. ^••', • 1^ y-^i Ij , r-'
The Eastern part of i'^huntinu the car'icou' i^
Xortli Ann'rica is cxccc(linf,'ly rid' •!< tlicj .
netful iniiii'rals: — coal, iron, (•o|)pcr, lia<l
In the Western Hij,'lilan(l thv f^ntiotis nutils ,uc •
extensively fomul: — i^'old in the Sieiia Xev.nl.i Mmni
t.iins, silver in the jilatean re;,n(in of Mexi<:() and the
l'nili.'(l States, :uu\ o-old and silver in the Rocky Mi
C'oal is also .almndant in the Xorth-west.
iiintanis.
POLITICAL NORTH AMERICA.
Oi'i-STioNs ON rni;
Mai'.
Countries,- What two countries occupy the (greater pan of North America? |
Wliich is farther north? What country is north-east of Can.ida? Nonli- 1
west? Southwest of the l-nited Sl->'i..? South-cast of Mexico? Name tln'
rmintries of North America.
I
Danish America. — To what country in I-airope does it belon.!,'? i r>,iiii(irli.]
Name its two principal islands. What cape is at the southern point of
Cireenland? What is tlie chief town of Iceland? (Sec map of ruro|H'.|
What towns are in Creenland? What is the most northern town in North
.\menca?
British America. — What f;roi.;- of islands is on the north ol the con- |
tinent? What islands are west ? At the entrance to Hud.son Hay ? In the I
Gulf of St. Lawrence ? What country is on the south? On the north-west? !
What larf;e peninsula is in the eastern part? In the south-eastern? What :
capes on the east coast ? What straits on the east coast ? On the west '
What mountains are in the western part? In the eastern? Wha' ,;r' at
river is in the eastern part ? In the north-west ? Inthewest? In hecentre?
What volcano on the borders between Alaska and Canada.
What large cities are on the St. Lawrence Kiver? On the Ottawa Kiver'
( 111 Lake Ontario ? On the east coast ? In Newfoundland ? What pn.icipal
cities in the interior? On the west coast? On Vancouver Island?
United States. — What country lies north of the United States? South
west? What Kulf south? What islands south-east of Tlorida? Name the
capes on the east coast of the United States. What cape is at thn south-
eastern point of the United States? What capes on the west coast ?
What mountains are west of the Sierra Nevada? What two bays arc on
ilie east coast of the United States? What river flows into the .Vilantic
Ocean lu'.ir I-onR Island? What river flows between Mexico and the United
Slates? Into what does it tlow ? What mountains does the ("olunibia
break through? What lake is siiuated between the Colorado and .he Col-
unilii.i?
What two cities are near the hi'ad of Chesapeake Hay ? What is Washing
ton ? ( Th,- cij'iUil of tin i'tiilcl Slulis.) What city is north-east of Daltimore ?
North-east of I'hil.adelphia ? North-east of Now York ? .\t the mouth of
the Mississippi? Near the mcnith of the Missouri? On Lake Michigan?
On the Pacific .oast "• On the north bank of the Ohio ?
"inic Convention
To uh It country does .\l.isk.i bi l.uiu; ? What i^ ihi- name <•' its chief river ?
Where does it rise' Into wh.il chx's it llow ? What island is in the soulhern
part ? What town is on it ? What peninsula is in the south-west ?
Mexico. -What peninsula and gulf are in the north-west of Mexico?
What ca]H^ at the end of the peninsula? Wli.it niountains in Nortliern
Mexico ? What is the chief town ? What volcano is near it ? Wh.it city lies
east ol Mexico ?
Central America. -What waters w,ish the shores of Central .\merica ?
What lake i, in Ceiur.il .Vmerica ? What city is in 111 north-west? Name
the two largest islamls in the West Inilies. What c ity is in I'ub.i? What
city is in Jamaica ?
'\i;vii-.\v l';xi;ucLsi;s.
I l"or models, see Review of Wistern Hemisphere, page ij.)
Countries. — \Vh,ri- is it > //«,•.• Iminulol ? Wluil is the chi,-/ town or lily .'
M(M>i:i.. — Mexico is the soiilh-wi'stern part of North .\merica. It is
bounded on the north by the United States, on the east by the Ciiilf of
Mexico, on the south by Central .\merica and the I'.iciiic Ocean, on
the west by the I'.acitic. The chief city is Mexico.
Oanish .\merica ' flominion of Canada ' t'niti'd St.iti's' Mexico' Cen-
tral .\nierica
Islands. Whii; sUhhIhI ' .\rciic Archipelago? Cireenland, I ) ? Soiith-
anipton. I! ? Icelind, I).? Cape lireton, H. ? Newtonndl.iiid, H ? Bermuda
Islands, H? Long Island, U.S.? West Indies? Haliama Islamls, H?
Jamaica, li. ? Cuba. S? Hayli, 1 ? Lorlo Rico, S ? Vancouver, H. ?
(.Hieen Charlotti', H. ? Haranov, I' S .'
NoTK. — The countries to which they Ixlong are thus indicated ; Den-
niark, 1),: Great Britain, B. : Spain, S . United States, I'. S , Inde-
Jiendent, I.
Peninsulas. — I'rum u-hal f^nrl
■■lull K-iiltrs ? Labrador? Nov
. alifornia ?
Capes. I'riiiii n'hatamst tloi-s it /•riiji;! .' I'arewell? Race? Sable, .V. .' Cod?
Ilalter.is? Sable, .S? St. Lucas? Prince of Wales ? Mendocino? I'laltery ?
Isthmuses. — Wlml countries Joes it connect !
Trhiiantepec ? P.anama? Isthmus of (Central .Vmeriia ?
Mountains. — ir'icr.- ctrc they} .\ppalachian ? Rocky? Sierra Madre?
Sierra N'evula ? trascade? Coast ranges? Poixjcatepell (v ) ? Hccla (v.) ?
St, Elias (v.) ?
\orth Ainericit ttocs it project ? Bclieeen
.-icotia? I'lorida? Viicat.in ? .\laska ?
36
rOLITICAI. \ORT!I AMERICA.
Seas, Gulfs, and Bays, ll'/i.r, is i/.'— Unffin? Hudson? James? Si
l.auniH..' I ini>l> ' I ). l.iu.irc ? rhi-sape.ik.- ? Mexico? Campeacliy?
Hondiir.i- ? l!i:liriii«? CiritilH-an ? Cilifcrni.-i?
StraiU. liilifiiii ;,li,il liiml^ .' W'IkiI leitltrs iloes il {onntcl ?
Davis? Iluilson? Hillclslc? I'lorid.i ? BehrinK - San Juan dc I"uca"'
Rivers. —11 'A, V, i/.<, ■, it fis,- ? In what ilireclioii ilo.s il flo:,- ? Thnni^h
:,liiil<iiiiiilri,i.' Iiilii iK'Iml h,„ly i//" wd/.r?— Yukon? Mackenzii-? ("hm-chill?
N'iImiii? Severn? Saskatchewan? St. I^wrence? Hudson? Mississippi?
Missiiiiri? Arkansas? Ohio? I<ii>Gran(Ie? Colorado? Columbia? Fraser?
Lakes. -Whir, silimlnl > What oitlUI hm il •
CreatHear? ( irrai Slave? Athabasca? Winnipeg? Superior? Michi-
gan? Iliiron ? ICrie ? Ontario? Great Salt?
Nicaratjua ?
Cities and Towns. -/« wluil cuunlry is it? In
:.luil I'orl ? Oil iir luiir •..:.'! i.i'ttr ?
Keikiavik? IiMrnivik? St. Johns, Ntld. '• Halifax?
St. John? Olliwa? Montreal? Oueln-c ? Toronto?
Winnipeg' \'ic loria ;■ WashiUK'ton? I'hilarlelphia?
Hoston ? N'<w York/ Hal ti more ? New Orleans?
Cintinnati? St. Louis? Chicago? San Trancisco?
Mrxieo? Vera Cruz? (iu.itemal.i ? Havana? King-
ston ?
DIVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICA.
Tin- Political Divisions of North
America arc: —
l).\.\isii .Xmikka. I 'mtki) .States,
.\i.AsK.\, Mi;\ko,
1)(>.MIMC1.\ (II- (aNAHA, (l-.MkAI. .VmI.KICA,
\i;wi'oc\iii„\Mi. \\'i:sr Indu.s.
|).\ X I Sll .\ M
i \
Danish Ann;rica c -iisists of (ircen-
laiul and lh(j Islaiul of Icclaiul. Itiie-
loiiL^s, as the naiiii' sliows, to Denmark,
a kiiindoin of luiro|K:.
Greenland is tiilui- one large island, or a
iiiiiiil)ir (jf isl.inds connected by vast masses
of ice. The iiortlu'rn extrt initv has never vet
lieen reached, and its e.\tent is unknown.
The niterior is an iininense ice-tiekl, and is unexpiorcd. \
iittle liarliy and .i lew garden vcfjetablcs are raised in the
soiilh aloiiL' tlie coast.
A oevsER.
Iceland, an island about ito miles east of Greenland, is about
42,000 S(iiiare miles in e.xtent. It is evidently volcanic in ils
formation, and several volcanoes, of which the principal is
?ilt. Iliria, now exist, and from time to time have violent
ernplions.
The surface i:. inountairions, and is covered with glaciers anil
great lava helds. Tlie Geysers, or boiling sjjrings, of whicli
there are a hinidred within a circuit of two miles, are a great
natural curiosity.
The Climate is milder than that of Greenland, owing to the
warm south-west winds and currents that
bathe its shores.
The Inhabitants (about 72,4001 are de-
scendants of the Norwegians, who setlled
on the island about i .000 years ago. They
still sjieak the old N'orsc language.
The Government is mulcr the control of
Denmark, but the people have the right of
making their own laws and of administering
the affairs of the island.
The chief Commerce is in eider-down, col-
lected from the vast (juantities of eider-ducks
which frequent the island, wool, Iceland
moss and stock-fish. Pasturage is abun-
dant, and sheep and cattle are the chief de-
pendence of the people.
Reikiavik (stcam-Um'n, so called from the
hot springs mar it,) is the capital. It is a
collection of one-storey wooden buildings,
but has a college at'd a public library.
.\ L A S K A .
Alaska, formerly Russian America,
was bought from Russia by the L'nited
States in 1S67. In e,\tent it forms
nearl)- one-sixth of the area of the
•whole I'nited States, but contains only
about 30.000 inhabitants, incJjJing
Indians and Esquimaux.
Mountain chains extend along tin? whole
coast, and through the islands. They con-
tain many volcanoes, of which the greatest is Mount St. Elias
on the border of the Dominion.
The Inhabitants (about 10.000) are chietlv Esquimaux, who
subsist by li^liing and seal luinting, anil aliont 300 Kuropeans ! barren desert with a peaty soi
(Danes), who cany on a small trade in dried, unsaUed codfish
(called stoi! fisli), seal and reindeer skins, and whale and seal
oil.
In the south are forests of large trees, and garden vegetables
can be raised, but tlie north is within the .Arctic Circle, and is a
Their villages are sc.ittered along the west coast northward
fiom Cape I'aiewell, and the ditVerent districts are governed bv
Danish directors.
r,recnla:.d received its name about 900 years ago because the southern part
looked Kncn and fertile to the fir^t comers from Iceland, and when it is
prolwble the climate was less severe tlian at present.
The chief iiniiorlance of .\laska is derived from its fisheries
and furs. Great numbers of fur-.seals and sea-otters arc
captured.
Sitka is the residence of the collector of customs, but th:
territory of Alaska is still uiiorganized.
Tlie Aleutian Islands, which belong to Alaska, arc volcanic
in formaluiii. They are inhabited by the .\leuts, an uncivilized
tribe, similar to the Esquimaux.
ilaiid, is about
olcaiiic in iis
; principal is
have violent
h glaciers and
ngs, of wliicii
s, arc a great
, owing to the
currents that
!,40o) are tie-
, who settled
s ago. They
age.
the control of
e the right of
administering
ilcr-down, col-
of elder-ducks
vool, Iceland
rage is abun-
; the chief de-
illed from the
pital. It is a
en buildings,
ibrary.
in America,
the United
nt it forms
irea of the
)ntains only
i n c I .k1 i n g
ng lh(? whole
. They con-
Lint St. Elias
■n vegetables
rcle, and is a
1 its fisheries
;a-ottcrs arc
3nis, but th;
arc volcanic
n uncivilized
IB •'
"'■ t ^
->J ^' r^ \ ;:(ii-)viUf-v
■ill:
POLITICAL NORTH AMERICA.
a;
DOM IX ION ()!• (• AXAD.N ,
I. - I'OSI riclX AND IC\ ri-.N 1-.
The Dominion of Canada occupies the whole
northern p;irt of Nortli America, with the exce-ptioii ol
Alaska and Greenland, previous!)- mentioned.
It extends from the Atlantic to tiie Pacific Ocean, and from
the Unii-ed States to the .\rctic Ocean. Its Lcrealest extent from
I^abrador to Vancouver Island is about 3,100 miles, and from
Lake Erie to IBaffin Ray about i.goo miles.
The Area of Canada is about 3,470,000 scjuare
miles. This is about the same as that of the United
States, including Alaska, and is almost equal to that
of Europe.
II. QUF.STIONS ON THE PHYSICAL MaP.
Outlines. — Wh.it country is south of Canada? What throe oceans wash
the shores of Canada? How is the western half of Canada separ.ited from
the United States? (By tli<- ^<^th paniU,l of latitutlt.) What lakes form part
of the boundary of the eastern half? What great bay nearly cuts the country
in two? What is its southern extremity calleil ? How is Hudson Hay con-
nected with the .\tlantic ? What great peninsula forms the eastern part of
Canada? What country is on the north-west of Canada? What large
Danish island is north-east? How is it separated from Canada ? What large
island is ofi' the extreme east ? What gulf does it nearly enclose ? How is it
separated from the mainland on the north? \\'hat peninsula is south-west of
it? Name islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence? What island is between
N'ova Scotia and Newfoundland ? What bay is between Nova Scotia and the
mainland ? What important island is off the west coast ? How is it separated
from the mainland? From the United States? What group of islands is
north of Vanriiuvir Island i" How are they separated from the mainland?
To whom do the Islands ,ind strip of coast land north of Ouein Cliarlotlo
Islands belong? (To III, L'liil,,! SlaUs I
Highlands. —Which is the great highland of Canada? In what rlirt( tion
does it extend ? At what ocean does it end in the north ? Into what country
does it extend on the south ? What mountains form the eastern part? The
western? What is the central part called ? What other liighl.md is there in
eastern Canada ? Of what mountain chain is it a continuation ? What is the
general direction ? What are tlie highlands of the dreat Ceni. d Plain called ?
(Hiii;htof I.aml.) What heights of land extend from the Kocky Mountains?
In what direction' How far? What basins do ihev seuarate? What vo'
rano is on the northwestern bonier of Canada ?
Lowlands and Drainage. — Wh.u great plain extends between the two
highlands? What name is given to the north-western portion? What low
plateau is in the extreme north? What is the southern portion called? The
central portion ? What great river drains the eastern part of Canada ? What
lakes are formed in its course? Which are its three principal tributaries on the
north? What one on the south? What lakes does the Kichelieu dram ? What
river flows from the eastern highland into the Day of I'undy ? What is the
principal river of the (Ireat Southern I'lain called? Where does it flow?
What groat river drains the Arctic I'lain? Whii h are its principal tribu-
taries? What lakes does it drain ? Where does it flow? What rivers flow into
Hudson Hay? What lake is drained by the Nelson River? What rivers
flow into Lake Winnipeg? Which are the principal rivers that drain the
Western Highland "' Where do they flow?
Geographical Circles, etc. -What geographical circle crosses Canaila? In
what zone is the greate.' part of the country? What ocean current is <in the
north-east? ( )n tlu' south-east ' On the west?
Climate and Products. -What <lo the red lines on the map show ? In what
part do they rise farthest north ' What are the principal vegetable products
in the south-east? Near the (Ireat I,akes ? In the flreat Southern I'lain,
or Fertile Belt? Name the kinds of trees that are found farthest north
Those farthest south. On the western coast. In the Great Southern I'lain.
: f<
'g.
1
1 111 1"
as
POLITICAL NORTH AMI'. RICA.
l'iivs[CAi. \'ii;w ur Canada.
Kiiiind the drcit Lakes? In tho St. Lawri'iici; Valk'v? What fishorioi? ,-.ro
carriixl on in tin: north-east? ICa.st of Ni'wfounillanil ? Jii the (ailf of St.
Lawrence? In the southeast ? In the west? What metals and minerals are
found in the Western Ilinhlanil ? In the I'astern lliijhland ? In the Atlantic
riain? Near the (Ireat Lakes ? In the valley of the St. Lawrence
II I. — Si'Riwci:.
TIk: Surface of the Dominion, like that of North
AiniTica t;(MK;raIl\', ina\' Ix; ilividt.'il into four principal
parts: tin; Western Highland, thtj Eastern High-
land, tht; small Atlantic Plain, and liu; Great
Central Plain.
Tiiesc fnirii iLiliiral jiDlitical suii-divisious, whicli wt'ic form-
( riv imlfpiiulciit of lacli otliur, allli()ii;,'li all bflongeil to (iroat
liiilain (as tluA- slill ijoi. lint arc imw united inidcr the name
of the Dominion of Canada.
IV. — \\'l-.STKK\ I I li'ilH.AN'n.
The Western Highland iiichi Ics the plateau fnjm
which the Rocky Mountains rise, westward to the
Pacilic ( )cean.
Tin; Rocky Mountains rise from a plateati \vhi< li is much
hij,ditr t)u the west than on the east side, ami form a lofty range
parallel to the Pacilic Ocean. Closo to the coast is another
lower p.irallel ch.iiii called tlu' Cascade Mountains. Between
the latter and the Rocky Mountains the plateau is intersected
by deep, narrow \allcys, tlnouL,'h which scvcr;il large rivers
flow. On the Pacific side of the Cascade Mountains the de-
scent is steep and often ahnost perpendicular, and the rivers
llow through narrow gorges called canons (caii-yoiis). On the
eastern side of the Rocky M'^untains the descent is more gradual
to the Great Central Plain, and the rivers flow through depres-
sions of the plate.iu, which form alluvial valleys two or three
miles in width. These valleys are often 600 to Soo feet below
tile gent'ral level of tin; country.
The Cascade Range is without any very remarkable peaks. It has an
average elevation of 5.000 to O.ooo feet in Uritisli Columbia, and north of
that is supposed to r.aain a great height; but, as in the case of the Hocky
M )nntains, little is known accurately of the mountains in that region. In the
Rocky Mountains rise the maHuificent peaks— Mt. lirown (iG.ooo ft.), Mt.
Hooker, tu irly the same height, and Ml. Murchison. a little less.
The Coast Range of mountains, which extends from .Alaska
to the United States, appears in British Columbia as a series of
islantls along the coast, and attains its highest summit, about
7,501) feet, in Ml. Victoria. '\''ariv,ouvcr Island.
Thesi! rano^(!s enclose the valleys of the Frazer and
Columbia Rivers on the south, and the Skeena, Ste-
kin (S/ckccii), Yukon and Peace Rivers on the north.
The held stream of the Frazer River at the basi' of the Rocky Mountains
is an impetuous torrent; after a northward course of nearly 200 miles, it
turns abruptly and flows due south, where it becomes a broad stream,
occasionally interrupted by rapids ; a largt! portion of it may be made avail-
able for naviy.ition from .\pril till November, when the river is free from ice.
The
POLITICAL NORTH AMIRKA
1
I.owcr clown it is remarkable for tlu- sii'p-liko, or lerracwl formation of in '
li.inks. Thi' valley llicn contracts, and fur 15(1 milts the- rivi-r riishen ibrout;li '
■I narrow canini, anil in passinj; thron(,'h llii' Cascailf r.ini;t: it swtvps f. ir lifly
miles through a sliiptndoiis deft, on lacli siile uf which the muuntains ris<- to
Ihc height uf o.cxx) or 7.cxx) feet. Ivmcrtjln^; on lht> Idwit coast-land it lx.comes
I navigable river fur abonl njcj miles to New Westminster.
The Columbia has its suiirces on thit eastern side of the central plateau.
The head stn.un ><! the river flows from a lake only .'.300 feet alxivt- the sea.
in a deep valley at ihe back of that part of the Kutky Mountains where th.-
hit;hest summils rise. Th.j course of the riviT is first norih-»e^iviar<l throu.;h
parallel ch.iins of the Kockv Mountains; then, on reachin;^ Mount Hrown.iis
flow is suddenly diverted to due .south, and continues in this direction for joj
miles, until it reaches the Kre.ii Plain of the Columbia, in the I."nitetl States.
when it turns westward, and breaking; thruui^h the Cascade ran^e. tluw» into
the r.icilu' Ocean.
The Slteena.in<l Stekin also pass through the mountain region of ihe outer or
western idye of the plateau, and the latter for a distance of ei;,'ht m.'les is shut
in on both sides by liiKh, perpendicular rocks. This part of its :ourse i-,
known as the " dreat Canon," and in one part the walls of it appi-oach so
closely as to hold b.ick the river, when it is in a state i>( rtixnl. and forii a fall
of sixty feet in heifjht. In the lower part of its course, the Stekin it navi-
gable fur abinit 150 miles.
Tli(' Yukon Kiver also rises in the ccMitral plateau, and flows nort award
into Al.ask.i, and then westw,ird into llehrin>; Sea. It is the l.ari!c-st river of
tile Western IIi|{hlaud, but is valueless for commeice, as it is frozen oeer for
the greater part of the year.
The Peace Kiver has its springs in the Peak Mountains, erne of the central
lieights of the plateau, on the opposite side of which the Stekin has its
sources, riowing in ,a north and eastw.ird course, it pa:>-^es thiough a gorije
in the Kocky Mountains, and joins thi Athabasca, which rises near Mts
Hruwn and Hooker, to form the Mackenzie River. Like most of the riverr. uf
the North-west, these flow through a depression of the land ranging in depth
from Ooo to Soo feet.
The sediment of the Frazer, Upper Columbia, an-' Stekin rivers, ami of
their tributaries, is in many parts rich in gold dust, worn out of the rocks in
the mountains where they rise.
V. — E.vsTERN Highland and Atl.xntic 1'i..\in\
The Eastern Highland is small and low in com-
parison with the Western.
It consists of a ridge called the Notre Dame Mou~tr.'.r»a
(which is an extension of the .\ppa achian Chain), and anotlier
lower ch.ain called tlie Lauretltide Hills.
The Notre Dame Mountains, which extend from the Green Mountains of
Vermont to the extremity o( thepeninsulaofGaspe, and across the St. L.awrence
Kiver through Labr.ador, nowhere exceed 3,.Soo feet in hei.i:ht iMt. L^ogan. i.-OS
feet). The low range of the Laureniide Hills extends from w.st of L.ake Su-
|)erior to the St. Lawrence, and then to the plateau of L-abrador, where it
joins the height of land which divides the tributaries of the St. Lawrence from
the rivers that flow into Hudson Ray. Their height does not exceed 2.000 feet.
These two ranges enclose the valley of otir noble River St.
Lawrence, which is the outlet for the Gnat Lukcs and forms
Canada's great water highway to the Atlantic Ocean.
East of the Notre Dame Mountains is the small Atlantic
Plain, sloping gradually toward the Atlantic Ocean. It li.is an
undulating surface, varied by short ranges of low hills round the
Bay of Fundy and on the north shore of Nova Scotia and Cape
Breton.
The Cobequid Mountains (i.ioo feeti in the north of the Nova Scotia Pen-
insula, an<l the North and South Mountains in the west, are the principal
The latter form a line parallel to the Notre Dame Mountains, and may be
considered as a continuation through Cape Breton of the ridges of Newfound-
land.
The St. Lawrence is the great river of the eastern drainage,
just as the b'razer Kiver is of the west, the Mackenzie of the
Central Plain, and the Saskatchewan of the Southern Plain.
It prnvidM uninterrupted n.ivigalion for upward* of j.ooo milM. an the I .dls
of the Ste, Maru- and Ni.ig.ir.i Kivers and the rapids of the St. L.iwniiee are
overcome by c.m.ils
The upper part id till- St. l,.i\vli 111 c' (■ll|l^ists of th( (lie. It
Likes. Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, md Ontario, with
the sill, ill. 1 LiIm- St. Clair belwnu llllinll .llicl l.Wv.
Thrsr l.ikt > in,iy be considered as iminense basins. None of
them have any gie.it trilmt.try rivers, so tli.tl the w.itirslied is
never more than too iiiiles from their siioies. .uul in soiiic p.irls
as on the soiltil-Wesl of L.ike Mirhigali .111(1 oil liie soutli ol l,,d\e
Erie — it a])proa(ius verv close to tlu: eo.isi.
.V canal conmcts Like Miehig.in with the hi.id I'f sle.imbo.it ii.ivig.itiou on
the Illinois Kiv( r. inn: of the tribut,iries uf the Mississippi, ,iiid two cm. lis
connect L.ike I'.rie with the' Ohio Kiver.
Below the i.ikis the dl ,lill,lf,'e oil the south is still from a 11.11-
row siiip id 1,1 111 I. lull on the wist and north it is more extendeil.
Lake Superior is, su fir w i^ known, the largest l>ody of fresh water on the
surface of the globe. It is )'io miles long from east to west, and I'm miles
across at its widist part Its depth is vari.ible but very great, the mixinuim
b.-ing about lui.) to ucki feet. Isl.iiuls are niinirruiis. especi.illy along the
north coast Michipicoten, in the east, and Isle Royal 1 1' S 1, opposite Thun-
der H.iy, are the princip.il. The north shore is high and rocky, while the
si'Uth shore is sandy, intersected with limestone rocks. The lattir hive been
worn by the .action of the weather and the waves into f.int.istic forms. ,ind in
one pl.ice form what are called the Piiliiml Kuch L,ike Sujicrior is (1J7
feet .above the sea-level.
The overflow of Lake Superior is carried off by the Sir Murii Kiiir. u\x)n
which is the Sault tSua) Ste Marie, or Tails of St. Mary, a rapid al)out two
miles long, with abunt .'-' feet fall. This is sur aounted by means of a canal
on the United States side. Helow the rapids the river divides into several
channels enclosing luinierons islands and forming small lakes, .\fter a course
of about too miles it enters L,ike Huron.
Lakes K 'on and Michigan .ire of nearly equal extent, and are connected
bv the St(}il of M:ukiiiii:,\ Tlu y .ire similar in form, each h.iving a number
of island: in the northern part, and e.ich having its shores in the south
remarkal.l) regular and rounded, without any islands. The shores are highest
and most abrui,' on the north, but are nowhere of great heiglii
On the east side of Lake Huron 's a Large arm called the Georgian Bay,
r.ad on the west side of Lake Michigan is a similar arm c.illed Green Bay.
On the opposite side, in Lake Huron is Sdfiinnw liny, and in Lake .Michigan,
Griitul Triivcnc Bay.
The greatest depth of these lakes is from .Soo to 1000 feet, and they are 578
feet above the level of the sea.
MiukliKiw SIniil, which uniies the northern parts of these lakes, is ,S miles
in width and 35 miles long. It encloses the island of M.ackinavv, which li.is
been made one of the public parks of the I'nited States.
The river SI. Clair flows from Lake Huron, and expands into I.uki- SI.
Cliiir. Contracting again, it forms the i.inruit Kiiir and connects with l.nki
Krii . The whole length is about 100 miles.
Lake Erie is the shallowest of the great lakes, having an average depth of
only 73 feet (nowhere exceeding 200 feet), and is 5^13 feet ,il>ove the sea The
coast is generally low, and at the western end there is a number of small
islands, famous for their vineyards.
The Xitii;iirti Kin r connects L Erie with Lake Ont.irio It flows swiftly,
and 14 miles from Lake Ontario , rms, after a series of rapids, the great
I'll! Is of Siii/rara, a cataract about i,)oo y.irds in width. This waterfall is
divided into two parts by Goal Islaml, the larger, on the Canadian side, being
called the Horseshoe from its shape, falling 154 feet . and the smaller, on the
side of the United Statis, falling 103 feet. From this the river rushes through
a rocky chasm, and at a point where it takes a rapid tiend forms the Whirlpool,
flowing afterwards with a smooth but rapid current into I..ake Ontario
To overcome the rapi.ls and fails of the Niagara Kiver, a canal was built,
accomni.Hlating vessels of 500 tons, and in 1SS2 a new and much larger canal
was opened, which is capable of carr\ing vessels of 1,500 tons.
Lake Ontario is the smallest of the (Ireat Lakes but is very deep 1 1 has
a maximum depth of (> 3') feet, so that the deep<;st part of its l«-d is 374 feet
below the level of the sea. The surface is i(ji feet above the sea.
. «l
i'.':'
\m
^o
I'OI ITK \I. Nr)RTII AMl.klCA.
Till' shore is low ,inil unbroken iinllJ th« pn\nt of oniflnw i< riMchi-d in tin-
niirlli iMslirii pin, wlutri' the St Lawrmii' as a rivir lifKUn .■ind wluri'tlir
ii|i|u r |>iri <if ii < 1 1 Mil SI' is liTini'l. frmii ils niinii rmis islands, ilii' Lake of the
Thousand Islands. I'lir larkjisi of ilusian: .Iih'i. n/ /./iki./.iihI M'"/'. />/./"./.
ill.- latur Ihiiiw aliuiil |S mill's lonw
Till' St l.illt'tilUf priipir may In- sliil In liri;in it llir Lakr nf tlir riioii
saiiil Islaiiils, altiT which ihiMhaiinnl brnimi's ii.irniwii- aiiM tlu' sirciiKlh nt
till' iiirrnit Increases A siTics of rapids thin (iniir whii h ari' iiavi^alilr
fur sliaiiirrs Kniiiu ilnwn tin- rivir. ami arc iivinnmi' liy canals fur mssiIs
,1 .1 iinliiiK lliliirr n.K liiiiK thr Inland "f Mnninal Ihi- rivir has srviral lake
i-\paiisiiins, as l.iiki SI /Vii/iwi and /.iit. SI. t.iiiii>. and Iwlnu Muntrial is
l.iik, SI I'il.r
'I'lir livir ii irossi'd at Mniitr'-al In llir nia^nilii iiit \'i( toria Hridyr, marly
Irtii miles ill li'n);lli, Iniilt for tin; ( iraiid Triiiik Kailwa>
llilim' Montreal there is no inlerniplioii to tin- navigation, ,ind ilie l,ir«ist
ocean steamships can i ome to the lity 1 he tiiU'. however, is not seiisilily
tell alioM' Three [<i\er ■
llie Rivers "I tlie .\.tl.iiuir l'l,iin nrc mostly shorl .iiid laiiid.as
till' wall I siii'd is iicMT wrv 'lls|,iiil fniiii tlu' ("o,ist, Tlu" only t'\-
i\i (lUiuii is till-
Iv'iM r St. Jiiliii,
\vlii( li Mows into
llic \\,w of l'"iin
<i\, anil li.is ,1
eo'trsc of aliollt
450 miles.
\l, (ii<i;.\T
('|;N IK.M. l'i..\ir).
The Great
Central
Plain e .\ -
tends from the
Rocky Moun-
tains to the
watershed of
llie St. l.iiw-
ri'iice, and
nortli to the
Arctic ( )ce.in.
The Surface forms a vast iiiidtllating plain, with lumiciotis
low hills and lakes, sloiiiii;^ from the Roiky Mount tins tow.irds
the north .iiid east, and may lii' divided into the Arctic Plain,
the Groat Southern Plain or Fertile Belt, and ih ■ Hudson
Bay Basin.
.At the foot of the Kock,' Mountains the lioiKht of the land is from .',000 to
4,000 feet above the sea.
On the south the w.-'iershed and some low ran^jos of hills separate the Creat
Southern I'laiii from ,he plateau of the -Missouri in the United States.
I'"arther north oni heijjhl of land, from j,ooo to i.^oo feet above the level
of the sea, extend-, eastward, enclosinj; the plain of the Saskatchewan, and
nnotlier north-e.istward, sepa,"atinK the rivers that (low into the .Xrc'.ic Ocean
fro'a those flowing eastward into Hudson Bay.
On the e.'ist is the plateau tif Labratlor and the w.itershiid bi'tween the ,
Hudson Hay Hasin and the St. Lawrence liasin. I'lom these heights the '
rivers flow chielly into Hudson Hay. J
The Arctic Plain I'Xtends from the lieij,dit of land between ;
the .\tliahasca ami Saskatchew.iti Rivers to the .Vrctic Ocean. .
.\ \ii.w IS I hi; I.AKic OF Tin; Tiioes.vsii Isi \ni:
Thi* southern p;irl is 1 continuous forenl nf a<',x:.i. scrub oak. poplar, and
spritci'. but the north is .1 rocky, Uirren desii-i. \ hich. alon^; the .\rctii
shore, forms a low plate. 111 Iklt about joo inili-s wiilu with numerous lixjps e\
tending' southward alviut midway bi.'lu(.t.'n Ih'j rivers.
Till Centre of tiie .Vrctlc Plain m.iy 1h' cotisidered as Great
Sl9ve Lake, which is .llumt Thhi feel .il>o\e the sea level.
The principal Kiver is the Mackeiuie, one of the l.ir«est im the 'oiitiiient
wliii h ilr;iins most of the eastern sI,.]h' of the Ibvky Mountains It is broid
.md rapid, but is not avail.dile f'lr n.'vi',; iiion. i.wimj to numerous rapids ,ind
s,ind li.inks ;iiid to its In im; Ir.i/, 11 the greater |Mri of the year.
The Great Southern Plain forms a vast stntih of Kvil
prairie l.ind. intersected l<y low hills lisiiiji from too to boo feet
• dioM' the siiiroiiiuhno cotiiitrv. It extetids from the K'ockv
Mount. tins to llinlson |t.i\. .iml iHtwtcii the northern watershed
wliii h sep.ir.ites it from the .\ritic I'l.iin .md the soitthi rn
watershed which sepai.ites it from the pl.iteaii of the Missoiiii.
The width is ,il)ont jini tiiiles. This cotiiitry is called the Great
Fertile Belt of the nonhwost.
The Rivers are
n u m ero 11 s , .1 ml
iii.iny sin .ill l.ikes
ind m.irslies or
'Uniiihs occur, the
Kilter In'inj; j^ener-
■illy dr; in siimnier
The Saskatche-
wan is the great
ri\er of this region,
and is navigable for
nearly 700 miles
from bake Winni-
peg, although the
north branch is
soniewliat obstruct-
ed by sand b.'inks.
Its upper course
Consists of two
branches which rise
not far apart on the
west side of Ml. Hal-
four, oneof thesum.
mils of the Rocky
Mount.ains, and flow
north-cnst and
south-cast, till when
JOG miles apart, they gradu.illy drnw together and meet .igain at about 5i>o
miles from their sources These flow through a depression in the level prairie
from 150 to 300 feet deep, and from one to two miles wide.
The Red River, which rises in the height of land in Minne-sota, near the
sources of llie Mississippi, and flows inio l-ake \Vinni]vg, has a course of
nearly 71X) iiiles, and is valuable for navigation The Assiniboine is an im-
portant trilnuary, draining the southern jvirt of the (ireat Southern Plain.
Hudson Bay forms a j,'reat central I>asiii into which the waters
of the central region flow from the height of land which extends
all round at a distance of from 400 to (00 miles. It also receives
the draina.ge of the great plains of tlv Saskatchewan direct from
tile Rockv Monntains.
Tlie Nelson River which drains Lake Winnipeg is the inc.: important river
of the Hudson Hay Basin. The Churchill is the next in importance, rising
north of the height of land separating the -Vthabasca from the north branch
of the Saskatchewan.
On the western side of Hudson Bay the Lakes and Rivers .ire larger and
more numerous th.m on the eastern side. Lake Winniptg King as large as
Like Krie. The rivers flowing into Hudson Bay .are interrupted by numerous
rapids and are not jjeuerallv ^nailable for navigation.
DOMINION OI" CANADA.
}l
\'II.— Climatk, Vkuktation, Animals, Mim kai.s,
Canada omipirs llu- ncirtlum half (if tlif 'I'diiiu ratf Zone in
N'lMili AiKiric.i, and ••xtimis tn tlir Ariti<; Oican. 'I'lic CU-
tn&te, tlurt'forf, v.irits ar>"iiliii;,' lu ilu- poMtinn, or to tlic
j)lij>ical formation of the (lillVriiil jiarls of tin; iDiintiy.
Tlio whole iif Iho Southern Part "f runadii. uvi-n thnimh varyinn lo (InRreen
Inin !■» fiiiimt , iiw* .«i li.in llilln. whiih fxlrml from i.nVr Snjvrior |i»
Itie Si. I..i»ri-nij Ki\rr. ii'TIIi i^f like (liiMrio. anil in lint ('ii|k>.ihii|
Muiiiil lint. io|i|< r on Ihi- »horr< of l..ilo> Siiccrior .mil ll;ir m . hiImt on llir
ncrih sliori- of Uike Siiin'rior, Rolil in llii- I'liiinHnl,! of Noia Sioii.i , coal in
('a|i« llrrt.in Nlan<l, in Ni'va Stolla, ami ciMirrally lliroim'lioiii ilm Ailinlii:
ii1ri|n-; Kyp-'iiMi in N'lvi Scoiia ami in lln- pniinsula of Soiulii'rn Onl.irio.
]ilio>ph.ii<H in Ihi- liiiu'Mono of llif l...»riMili.in llilU; |><-irwliiini .uvl nail in
t,,j5 nul.O in lalii.i.!.-. !,.„ a r.n. arkahl,. av. ,n«.: h.at in sun.mtr, «l,il.r local "'" I-"'"'"';' 1« i»;.-.t, l..k« Huron an,l l.ri.-; WM, . marble. ,.luml«.«o
inlliu'iive* crrale a lonsiili-ralilc ditforcnci! ii'. th ; cold of wint r. Thin is diii'
mainly to the ocean cnrnnni and windn. I •. iln> cast, r wia ; t ■ t'lo jxilar
current from the.Vtlanlic Ocean. On- Kolh.rni.il I.ini', or lini.- f ninal .iveraKO
heat, ia summer is lower than in ihe west, «lule in the (ire.it (\iitr.il I'l.iin it
rises hitjhor than in i ither.
Thi' Pacific Coast liis ,i mucli tniKh r i lim.itc tli.m ihc .\ilan-
tic Coast.
This is owim; to thn int1nen-e nf iln warm J.ipan or Nnrlji rarllir I'lirreni,
and lo the Keiurn Ciirrenl which (lows northerly from V.iiuouvir Isl.iml.
The-<r currents res<'ml>!e the (Inlf Stre..m of the .\il.intic, and with their
.arc.mipanying winds )>r>slu> ■• ihe same rf-nli on tin' western coast of Canada
as ilie ("lulf Stream and the Kclurn Traili^ Winds do on thu western coast
of Europe {)>• f. Ml.
The Western Highland is covticd with dense forests, es-
peciallv cm llo. >iiiiii> lu ..k si the I'.uilic.
The most notalle timlxT is the I ' lujjlas I'ini', which urows to an enormous
size and furnishes the ls.st masts for ships. Thi:i is j.irnely exp' .ted
.Mtliouoh the mountain jvaks rise Ijevond liie Hinil of jur-
petii.d snow, it is rcniarkaiile th.it few ),da'.ieis .ue lo be found
Ml the inunntain .alleys.
This is accounted for by reason of llie moisture from the oce.in lieinn inter-
cepted by the ("oast .and Cascade K.ini;es of Mouni.iins, ilonn the western
slopes of the latter of which the );re.Uest rainfall occurs.
Except in \'ancouver Island and .don^,' the lower valley of the
Fraser River, the laiul is not inii'li cnltivaled, ;ind is not vet
mica, an<l other v.lualili' minerals.
Tin Notable Animals "f ICa.ii m C.m.-.d.i are tiie inoosi; and
the carnhii'i a, i, I'm In .iimn anini.ds ,iio nnineroiis thebe.ir,
iieavcr, otter, mink, and njany others, .ind se.ds on the eoast of
L.dir.idor.
Filh liound in theCiulf of St. l-awrence. off the eastern co.isl . in I lie Oreat
I«ikes .iinl 'I the ruers; c •-'. herrinR, mackerel, h.addock, and lobsters are
l.irnely I iken in th. (iulf of St. I.Twronce and off the eastern coail ; s.dmon in
the risers re.achin^ liilc-waler; while lisli ,ind s.ilmon trout in the (ireal
L.ikes.
Till- Central Part f the Miiiiiinlon in lIu- |ir.iirie n ^;i()ii nr
Fertile H( It ha> a eliin-.te whuh dill'ers jjre.itly liniii ih.it of the
West or I a St.
In summer the he.it i-> equal lo ih.il of ili,. m.i-i s.Miilierlv p.irl .^f ihe
country, but in winter the cold is intense, the ihcrmometrr ofieii filling lo
40' below zero
As the rainfall on the prairies is too small to support tree life. .1 rem.irkable
provision of nature cki urs. bv which, the surf.ace of the l.ind lieiiiK of .i loose',
porous n iiiire. resliuK on a sulistr.ilum of clay, becomes fro/en lo .1 deplh of
sixoreiyht f^il. The summer heat tli.iws Ihe surf.ici' and Kr.iduaily pene-
tr.iies the );round. and thee^cipini4 moiami- risin ■ to the surf.ice supplies the
roots of the growing crops wiih aliund.int iiuiirislimeni.
The (^.asf ade and KiKky Mountain-, absorb ne.irly .ill ihi- inoisiure from Ihe
winds of Ihe racilic. and the climate is thereture very dry, so ihit 1 .itlle cm
Kr.ue out all winter as f.ir north as the I'cace Kiver and west to ihe Uotky
opened w.i for settlement. The Products are cereals.— wiieat. Mountains
barlev, ■*''
I
The valleys of the Fraser and Ujiper Colninhia are rich in
f,'old; coal is abundant in \'aiicoiiver and Queen Charlotte Is-
l.mds, and other valuable Minerals are found b t are not yet
worked.
Tile Fisheries are important; s.dnion .iliouiids in the rivers;
sturjjeon, herriU!.; and lialibm on liie coast; .iiul seals .ire nu-
merous.
The Eastern Part of the Dominion has a more generally
equable climate than the western. AL^nf,' the- .\tlantii: Coast, it is
moist but !;ot subject to e.Mremcr., except in Labr.idor. wliert-
the Polar Current makes the winters Ion;,' and severe, while llu-
summers are short but warm ist'c /■. 14).
From the Lake of the Woods i" ilu- Atlantic Ocean the country is covered
with forests of pine. oak. spruce, cedar, and other woods, except where they
hive been cleared for settlement. In thu peninsula between Lake I-".riu and
I. .ike Huron, b'..ack w.alnut. chestnut, butleniut, and oak are abundant ; and
farther east — pine, hickory, cedar, basswood. beech, maple, and ironwood.
.Vs far as the extreme north of Labrador are to be found the spruce, poplar,
bals;im, birch, and aspen.
The climate and soil are well adapted for Agriculture and
Stock-raising. The best variety of cereals, as well as root
crops, tlourish luxuriantly.
The principal afTicultura! proihicts are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes and
roots.
Minerals are largely distributed, alciiough as yet they have
not lx;en much developed.
Near the Rocky Mountains the country issubii>ct lo Variable Winds -cold
winds from the summits of the mountains which briuK suiniui r frosts, and the
warm Chinnoolc Winds in winier which seem l.i sweep round the northern
extremiiy A ilie mountains from the racilic Ocean, and in a very short lime
melt all the snow fr.mi the );round These chani;es are often sudden, and the
thermometer at l-"orl Udmonton hi- fallen from .);' above zero to ij' below
within twelve hours.
Tiu- Principal Products .ue whe.u and root crops.
The Prairies 111 summer are ^i ner.iily covered with wild roses and other
prairie-tl.iwers. but it is only in the river valleys that limber is found,
chiefly b.il=.ani and jxiplar. North of the prairie re;;ion the spriiie, larch,
canoe-birch, balsam. [>oplar, asixn and lianksian pine fjrow- almost as far
north as the inc uth of ihe M.ackenzie Kiver.
The Coal Region b.-tween tiie .Xthabasc.i and Red Deer
Rivers near the Ivuky Mountains is supposed to cover an area
of not less than 25.000 sipi.ire miles. Co.il is also found in tiie
south near the Souris River and in otiier jiarts.
North of the .\thabasca River is the desolati- Arctic Plain,
extending from the K-icky Mountains to I Iiidson I !,iy on the e,ist,
and to the .\rctic Ocean on the north. Mere the only settle-
ments are the Hudson Bay Forts, establisiied for the collection
of hirs; and tlie onlv inhabitants arc a few Indians, and in the
far north tiie IC-quimaiix.
I Labrador, and the territory east of Iliidsfin l!av. i.s chiefly
I valuable for the seal fishing on tlie .\tlantic coast. The southern
part is wooded and is inliabited by Indians, but tht; northern
part is desert and is almost uninhabited.
4
DOMINION 01* CANADA.
Indian Kn< ampmknt in tmi: NoRTii.\Vi.br.
POLITICAL CANADA.
The Political Divisions of the
Canada arc: —
Dominion of
( >N I AKIO.
nii:i!i;c.
Niiw Uki'nswick.
Nova Scoiia.
Princk IChWAnn Isi.ASii.
Manitoiia.
Dhlriit of K II' ',.■11 1 ill.
DkITISII Coi IMIilA.
Ndklll-WI SI 'riUKlTORIES —
AfliilhiiSiii,
Allhrlii.
Siisk'(il(lic'„.'(iii.
A.ssillihiiid.
Ill .idclitioii tu the 'I'l riitorjcs .ilicich l.iul oin in the Xdrtli-
wcsl. tluro is a v.ist IimcI of land Imth cast and \v( st of Hudson
JJ.iy not yet oif,Mni/i'd.
The Population in iSSi was nearly 4.500,000, .md ( irli year
it is lieiiifi l,ii-;,'ely ineri'ased liy imini,i;ration fioin Kiiioiie. Of
this nmiiher over 4,01x5,000 ,ire in the iMstern part of the eountrv.
In lliu rrovinceof yuebec Ow pinple .nro chiony I'rcncli, (Uso.nil.ints of
111.- larly settlers from I'r.nnce, .iii.l still speak the French lanKu.ijje. In ihe
other provinces, they are mainly of Uritish descent, or immi«rants who have
come from Oeat Hritain, Germany and other countries.
The Indians thronKhout the Dominion are snjipose.l to miinlier about
i.io.KK), .Old the Chine.-,.' (eliielly in liritish Cilumbia) about 5.00.).
Agriculture and Lumbering are the leadin.L,' industries on
hind, and the Fisheries on h.ith the ( ast ;ind west coasts.
Grazing is also an import. uU .nenp.ition in the .i.u'riciillural
distriets.
In tlie Xortli-West, Kie^it atteiui.m is Lriveii lo the raisinj,' of
e.iltle, and hir;,'c ranches or |),isture hniits have heen formed on
the prairies near tin; Rocky Mount. iins.
Th.' Ao^ricultural Products exported ain.mnt to .d)out 35.000,000 dollars
annually: Cattle .md Timber e.ieh t.> about J3.o<j..).ooo d. .liars. The v.due
of the proilucls of the Fisheries .iniouius t.) ab.nu ir.o-w.ooo dollars annually.
Th.' Principal DittricU for auri. nlliiro are: 1 im.iri.i f.)r wheal, oats ami
b.irl. > , M.iiui.li.i l^r v.li.Mt .iml r...i|s, i'rini'i! I''.il«.iril Isl.in.l for ..a's ami
|).il.iloe^ I'.ir iinil..'r ih.' north. rn p;irt of ( inl.iri.), yui'Ur, N.iv lining
will*, an. I Hrllish ('.iluinbla. l'.>r th.' (iiln'ries N.na Scotia, New Uruns-
wieli, Trill.. I.luir.l Ishin.l, (.lu.U. , .iii.l llrilish (".ilumbia
The Fisheries are inv.iinaiile as a Irainint,' scjiool for seamen
,is \V( 11 as f..r the limduet llley r.'llirii.
In th.' \V."-I s.dmon-r. inning' is ;in in. ..rl.int imliiHlry, and seal-skins ari^
.lai">;.'!y .•xp.irli.l.
In ill.- I'.asi, the ciirinK nf cod-fish nnd .IwtiTcanninK form lar^e inilns.
tri. . in Trinre I';dw.ir.l lsl;inil and on the s iilliern shore of Ihe C'lulf of St
l..i»r.ne.-. These, with the salmon from ih rivers, form imjiorlant articles
of .-spurt.
Mining is ,ils.i ,111 impiirt,iiii in.justry, Imi h.is imt \i-i receivi.l
till- .ill. iiti..ii il ili'^.ii \ IS.
■j'hi Manufacturing Industry has (,'ro\\n iinmensely within
till' i.isi lew \e.irs. It, prim ip.ii se,it is in ihi' hir^;er cities, and
on till- li.inks of rivers or cau.ils, where w.iter power is .iliuiiilant.
Thi' iiriiirip.il inanufactiires arc cottons, woollens, ajjricultiiral
nii|ilemenls, iLuir ,iiiil liiinher.
ihe Commerce of Cin.ul.i is of two kinds — domestic and
fi.n i;,'!!. I'ln- Domestic Commerce is tlie distriluuion within
ils own limits of dimiestic manufactures and iiiiporte.j .trticles in
e.\cliaiit,'e for ,iL;riculiurai, gr.i/inj,', mining;, forest and W':tcr
products.
To c.irry ilie frei^'ht, passenj,'ers and mails for the inknd,
co.isiinj,', and forei;,'ii tnide, an immense lleet of steamers and
s.iiiinK vessels is emplojed, an.l Ciu.ula ranks amonj,' the first
n.itions of the world for tin: extent of her shippiiif;.
The principal Interior Water Route f.'t Canadian cmmerce is by the
Ore.it Lakes and the St Lawrence Uiver to the .Vllantic Ocean.
This, .-dlhoUKh passing mainly thr.iii);h Canadian territory, is allowed also
lo bo used by the vessels belonKinK to th.' I'liili-d Slai..-s.
The diliieullii-s of this rinito are ..vere.nne by can.ils— at Saiilt Sie. Mario
l.i-twe<-n l-.ikes Superi..r and Huron; tho W.'ll.inil Cinal betw.-'T. Lakes Erie
anil Ontari.i, p.ist Ni.iKara Tails; and several smaller canals on the St. Law-
rence River between Laki- Ontario and Montreal.
.\s Ihe St. Lawrence River is closed by ice for five months in Ihe winter,
this route can only be use.l in tho summer season, when Montreal and yiiebec
,ir<- the sh'ppiiiR p.irts. In winter, IIalifa.\ in Nova Scotia, con lecleil by the
lntere.>l.mi.il R.illw.iy with Montreal, and Tortland in Maine (t'.S ) connected
by tho Grand Trunk Railway, then liecome tho sea-ports.
^,
Cattle Ranchbs on the Praipib.
wIitMt, lints anil
nil fcir lints anil
III-, Ni vv Hriin-.
ia, Nuw Unins
"1 fur seamen
1(1 sralskins art;
rin lart!r iniliis-
tlin fiiilf of St.
i|inrtnnt articles
t yet nrciM'il
I'lisily within
fer citii'S, and
' is almnilant.
i, agricultural
loniostic and
iiilion wilinn
ted articles in
^t and w'-.tcr
r the inland,
steamers and
long the first
incTce is by tlie
111.
, is allowed also
Saiilt Sic. Mario
vi'iT. [,al<cs Krie
on tlio St. Law-
3 in the winter,
real andyuebec
oniectcil by tho
L'.S.) connected
f 1
^1
Uf.
no
lor.
i(«)
OS
30
S'l
no if <i^
I«H'
. J "»* ■'
^,
V-
'•■•—-' ■^■'- ■ ' -^ ^^i I
•J>laii
-?•
V
r^£
'^M^^ /Ml
mrr
DOMINION OK CAXAnA.
33
Other Routes of less importnnce an-: Hy th<; Ottaw.i Ki' T from Ottawa
til ^!>^i. trial ; tin: kiiliau Canal lx;t»jen Ottawa and Kin^sinn on Lake
iint.irii>; tlv^ Kiiliiiicu Kivir with the Chanihly <'aii,il, c nimctinK the St.
I..iur<nci' .>ith Lake Champlain in thi> I'nitcd Staii-s. tin; Si Jnhn Kivir
in Ntw :.rnns\vick; the Saskatchewan Kivcr in the Njnh-wesl, and tlir
Fraser River in British ("ohiinbia.
Tlie principal inturclianHi; of commorlitics lx;twri-n the provinces an-
" iniifaciarcd articles— cuttons, wiiiillens, IkkUs nid shiies. and aK'riinltiiral
implements fr.ini Ontario and (._>nel>ec to the olh.r provinci-s: flour from
Ontario to New liriinswick and Nova Scotia; coal, fisn. anil West India pro
diice from Nova Scotia and Ni-w Hrnnswick to (Jiieli-e and Ontario. In
addition to this trade, all the imjxjrtant cities are centres for the (li-.tril)niioi:
iif ini]iorted goods.
\t the entrance of harbors, on cajx-s and on daii(;.T)Us shoals of the lakes
,uul on the "cean, the Dominion (lovernment maintains lignthouses to guiile
and warn mariners at nit;lii
• The Railway Routes arc imi.li moru nuiiiLruiis and com-
)ilic.itt'(l.
Tin: i-riiuipal tnmk lines ninniiit,' tliroiif,'li Canail.t arc: —
The CsJiadian Pacit'iC (only partially constructed! Ix.tween Montreal ,ind
Victoria, Vancouver Island, with various branches.
The Grand Trunk, between Portland on the .\tlanlic coast in the Utmed
States, and Chicago on Lake Michigan, with its numerous connections.
The Intercolonial between Halifax and <,)uelx'c
SSOV. -SlIKl) ON TIIK In 1
The Canada Southern between Huffalo and Detroit.
The Ontario & Quebec, including the Credit Valley Road, from Otta.\a to
St Thonias, ( iinnec '.ing with lines to Montreal and OucIk:!-.
I'he Northern & North-Westem, from T >ronto and Hamilton (with
br.uichesi, to be coiitinia I to L,ike Nipissi.ig.
Besides these ar3 many minor lines tvh-ndiig from Halifax, St John
Quebec, Mon'real, Toronto, and ot!;er places
The number of miles of railway n. w In ojK-i-ition Is 7,5)0, and of those in
course of construction, i.jjS, so that before long liiere will Iv; over 11,000
miles of railway iii the Dominion
A complete net-work if telegraph lines covers the country and connects
\.ith the l'iiile(l Statis and with the .\ilantic submarine cabi' s to (ircat
Uritain lia Newfoundland and Irel.iml, an'l to rr.ince t/it Massachus»lts
Old the Isl.ind of St I'ierre, near Newfoundland. The nunilicr of miles now
in use is npu.irds of ^ j.ooo, exclusive of the railway telegraphic lines.
Foreign Commerce is the cxchaiifjo of commodities between
difVerent comitriis.
Thi; foreign c.minerce of Canada is chiefly «ilh (Jnnt Hrrtain and the
I'nited Slates; anri to a \erv miK h smaller extent with .Newfoundland, the
West Indies, France, and South .Vmerica.
The principal Exports an' wheat, barley. i*-as, cattle, limlirr (loRs and
sawn lumber), and li-.h 'I'lii' Imports arc chieliy manufacturol gixnls from
Circat Britain and the Cniteil State-., colonial prod ico (coffee, sug.ir. moUi.si's.
rice, tea, etc), and raw m.Uerials (iron, cotton, etc.) for manufactures
The greater part of the foreign commerce centres in the cist, in the st-a-
ports of Halifax, St. John, (.JueNr. aU'l Montreal; sea-going vessels cannot
asiend the St Lawrence Kiver bi^voml Montreal, in ih'. wes(. in Victori.i,
Vancouver lsl,ind.
Numerou- lines of l.irgi; steamships run l>etw«n Montieal, Halifax and Si.
John to Li .crpool, (ilasgoH, .\utwerp, Havre, Bermuda, the Mediterranean,
and South .Vmerica,
A largo proportion n( the railway traffic from Ontario, ami of
llie lake traffic in siiiiinur, is helween Ontario ami the I'nited
States.
Grain is received in bulk and is lifterl into elcvato.-s by buckets running cm
an endless chain, and mieraied by powerful steam 1 machinery. It is after-
wards emptied into the hoIrN of vesseb; by means of si«iiits. When grain is
shipped in ocean-going vessels it is usually packed in b.ags.
Timber is loaded on ships through ports in the stern , thcs«; are afterw.-«rds
lightly closed before the vessel goes ,)n her voyage.
Cattle are carried by the railways, chiefly to Montreal, and are there
shipped on the ocean ste,inu'rs to Kuroiie.
Timber is usually rafted to (,)uebec by the St. I-awrence Kiver, and car d
to Lurope in sailing ships, sawn lumber is shippeil by sailing vessels and
b.irges, chiefly to the L'liitid State., and from the .\tlantic Provinces to the
West Indies and South ,\merica,
Ciovi KNMP.NT.
The Dominion of Canada consists of a Confctlcr-
atioii of virions I'roviiiccs and Districts, iinilcd under
ont; (ienenil Gov(;riinit;nt ami siil)jc-ct t<. the British
Monarch).
Tin General Government is m principle similar to that of
Cjreat Hritain, a Limited or Constitutional Monarchy, that is,
the power of the Monarcli, or in tlie case of Canada, of the
(lovernor-General, is limited or defined liy the ronstitiition.
Tin- Constitution ol the Dominion is the agreement l)etween the ppopin of
("anada and the Sovereign of Cireat Britain, emUidie<l in an im|><.ri,'il act
called thi! " British North .\merica .\ct of iS*",-/.' This forms it-; oasis of all
legi'ilation, but may be varied with .hu consent of all parties concernel.
The General Government is composei' of the representa-
tive of the british Crown — the Governor-Cieneral, ami a Far-
liamcnt in which the people are represented.
K.ach Province has its own separate Ix>cal Government based on the same
I'rinciple as the Cieneral Government.
The Governor-Geneir' of Canada is appointed l)y the Im-
|)<rial (iovernmcnt, and hohls office during pleasure.
He performs similar duties as by the Constitution of England devolve upon
the Sovereign. He summons or dissolves the Commons, rh>K«e» new .Minis-
ters, appoints Senators, gives or refuses hisasscnt to any .\ct. appoinlsjudge.
and l.ieutenant-CJovcrnors to the Provinces disallows Provincial Acts, liesides
performing other dutic , All his .acts, although in the name of the Sovereign,
are done by advice of his Ministers, who are virtually responsible to the
Parliament of the country.
The Parliament is composed of the Governor-General,
t ■presenting the Crown; tiie Senate, coinjKisefl of Memhers
appointed for life hy the (!rown, and not exceeding seventy-
eight in number; and the Commons, numl>ering, according to
the (xiisiis of .S81, Jii men. Iters, elected jiy the |>eoplc for otic
Parliament, wliicii c ,niiul lubt for more than li\e years.
;*i
e
34
DOMINION OF CANADA.
• i'
A Senator must be M Irast thirty years k! nKr, hi; a Hnlish snlijrct, l>o
worlli *) ).«! or upwarils. and n-siili- in lln' I'rovimc fur wliic li li<' isapjiointcd,
iinl''ss \n: is a Minister of the Crown. Mo in.ny forttit hissi.it fur nnt pos-
si'ssiii({ any i.f ihisi; rcfpiirLnicnis. nr upon l«ini{ convictLil of irinic. cjr for
abscnci! from I'arliatmnt during two consecutive sessions
TIk- House of Commons is tliu rliief power in I'.iili.imcnt,
and tin: Minisli s nl tin- ("tduM ;in; hsiimII)- cIkiscii ftdiii il^
lucmlicrs, altlu)Ut;li up niIkts of tin- Siii.ile arc ciiually ilii;il)l<'.
N(i (|ii.ili(i<ation is rt.Mji.i'-ttd L-.\ccpl that a muiiibLr should In; a
British s(d)jcct.
The niiniliiT of menil« rs of the Housi: of Commnns is based ii()on tlie
population, as shown by thi- cctisiis taken <'iery ten ye.irs. The iiuniber from
(.jui'lwc is always binitcd to sixty live, ami the other I'ruvnues are allowed a
proimrtionale lepresent.ttiun,
F.very persoii in Can.id.i twenty-one years of .atje h.is a vote, provided hi- is
entered on the voters' list as tin: owner of real estati- of speeilied value, or if
he is assessed on an income of at le.ist S.)oo The oidy ixcepliuns are ollicers
of the t'rowu, who h.-ve no vote
As ill l'2ii>,'laiid, I'ariiaiiicn' nuiiisls the (io\t_riiimnt of the
coiintrs' to a select U\\ . win) ,iri- known as tlu' Ministry, or the
Queen's Privy Council for Canada. Tlu' Premier or Prime
Minister is the chief of the Mniistry.
The Ministry base the real power over the country in their hands, but .all the
members mi. si also be members of I'arliamiMit. ind they are responsible to
Parliament for their .acts. If tlu'V f.iil to satisfv the members i.i the manane
nient of aft.iirs, so that a ui.ijoritv of the House of Commons dissents, the
^ inistry are reipiired to resign, .ind the (lovernor-Ciener.il appoints another
I '"ime Minister who forms a new Ministry, or he ni.av di^^sohe the House and
ordiT a new election.
No Act ''an lieconie l.iw wilhotn the eonseiu of I'ai liaiileiil.
BO tiiat while in lluoiy the i cuintrv is ruled by ihe Crown, in
pracficc it is ruled by the peopU' ihioii','li their representatives.
w'u) have af,:'iii delejjated their powers to the Minislr\-, subject
to .iiiiirov.il.
Cert.aiu Acts which may bi: considered iloubtfnl. but which an' passed b\
the local Kovernr ents, may Iw restu'ved for ihe dei ision of llie ( ieneral ( lo^ -
erument, and t'los, of tln' latter m.iy be .dsr> n-.. .ved for the: ili'cision of the
Kritish (iovernmeul, aim if considered contr.irv to the Constitution they may
be disallowed.
The Parliainent of lln' i)oiniiiion provides f •' the pe.ici',
order, and pi./d governnieiit of C.m.tda in all niatleis not spe-
cially assij,Mied to the Lef,'islatiil(S of the Provinces
The Lenisl.itures of tin: I'rov'nces pnvide for .ill loc.il ni.itteis.
As the Ministers are tiie representatives of P.ii liaineiit, the\
are responsibli' for all .\cts p.isseil. This is calli'd the Legisla-
tive Function of the (iove-.niiuilt.
The Ministry are also responsible tot the carr\in^; cuil of sik li
laws as are p.issed b\ the i'.irli.iineiit. This is called the
Executive Function, and is of two kinds, tin Judicial and
the Administrative.
The Judicial consists in the establishment of Courts .and the .i|ipoii:lmeut of
Judges, who .ire the iutiTpreters of the l.iw
The Administrative is to sie th.it the l.evs m.nle by I'arliamcni ire properl\
carried out This is ilone by the ollicers of ihi' Courts or by llw ollicers of
the various departments of State.
In the l)omini<m (iovernmeul Ihen- .ire tlurleiu ili-parlments, each pri'sided
over by .1 Minister of the Crow n.
fhere are tliere'-jre three Duties 10 be performed by the (iovernmeul
the l.e^i-sLiliv or task of luakiuK the laws, ihejudici.il. or duty of expl.iin
iuR them; ,ind the .\diuinistr.iiive or dii'y of carry iuf" them into e\ei niion
Till- (ielier.il P.irliaineiil meets annii.ilK' at Oltaw.i by order
of the (loveriior-tiener.il (tliroiii,di Ins ministers).
Each House has its own .SpiMker, and he presides over its deliberations.
.\uv member ran introduce a measure, but a Hill must ]«• passed by boih
Mouse s and receive the (iuvernor-Geueral s assent before it can become l.iw
The C.imuious ret.iiu the; ri;,'ht to control the finances of the country, nnri
should the (lovernor-dener.d refuse his consent to any liill passed by the
House, they can refuse to vote the supplies to carry on the (iovernment.
Each of the Provinces has its own Local Legislature, with
power to deal with certain subjects s]iecilied in the British
North .\merica .\ct.
These subjects may be said to consist (;encrally of all matters of a purely
local or private nature. Within these limits, the Local (iovernmeuls are
supreme ; with .all other matters the Cenlr.il (iovernment at Ottawa de.als.
The I'rovincial I.ejjislatures in (Juebec. New I'.runswick, Nova Scotia an'l
rrinie I'.dward Island .ire composed of tw.i Mouses .1 Leg^islative Assembly
and a Legislative Council; in Ontario, Manitoba and Uritisli Culiinibi.i, of ,1
Legislative Assembly <uily.
The I.eKislative .\ssembly corresponds to the Ilomiuiou Mouse of Cimi
mons. and the Lejjislative Corncil to the Senate
The members of the Legislative .\ssemblies are elected every four ye.irs by
the votes of the people
IC.ich Province is presided over by a Lieutenant-Governor,
• iiid h,is a Ministry, in all respects reseinbliiif,' th.il of the (ieii
1 ral (io\ irnineiit but on a smaller scale. The powers and duties
of the Lieutenant-Ciovernor, Ministry and Parliament are the
same as those of the Dominion ("iovernment.
The Ministry of Ontario consists of si.v members, the .Attor-
ney-General, the Minister of I'^dtication, the Commissioner of
Crown Lands, the Commissioner of Public Works, the Provin-
ci.il Tre.-isurer and Commissioner of .\j.;rictiltiire, and the Pro-
vincial SecretarN' ami Kej^istrar.
The Legislative Assembly of Ontario consists of cinhiy-eiRht members,
representiuj; the rliHeri'Ut electoral districts into which the I'lovinco is
divided.
The North-West Territories have their allairs administered
by a Lieuteiiaiu-Cioxeinor and a Council of ri\c, under the direc-
tion of the Dominion (iovernnu nt, .As soon as districts of i.rxHD
stjiiare miles contain a ])opiilation of i.iwo persons, they are to
he constituted elector.il districts and can return a member.
The District of Keewatin is under the control of tin Lieti-
ten,;nt-(iovernor of M,iiiitob,i.
The General Government collects the Customs and Excise
Duties, >ind. KeiK f-dlN speaking, has the control of the (in.inces
of iIk^ Dominion.
To each of the Provinces a Subsidy is p.iid accordiUH to the number of the
popul.itiou. The annual subsidies now amount to i^.(<lf<.f>y2, divided as
follows; —
Ont.irio >i.io".S7..'.N,
(.hlebec <iie).ji.!.si
New liriiuswii-k 4S''.'>7l.2j
Nov. I Scotia .VM.r.i.t ni
1' !■; Island "''I.'';! 'v
M.anitob.i --7. 1 5(.itt
llritish Columbi.i jo^.ijepi a,
lOTAl Sj.(Kj<i.(i7.' 01
111 no coiiiiU) ill the world is more atlention ^i^cn to Educa-
tion than 111 Canad, . In each of the Provinces there are
iiiinurous Piiblie Schools f /nr In nil 1. Ilij:h Schools and Colleges,
under the control of the local (,'overiiineiils; besides maii\ de-
nomin.itional collej,'es and schools.
In Ontario the ediii ational system is presided over b\ .1 Minister of (he
Crown, and iu the other provinces b\ ;i Chief Superintendent.
Till re is no established Religion in Canada, all denominations
h.tvinj,' eipi.il privile^jes.
ONTARIO.
Ori;sTio\s o\ Till-; Physical M\i' m- ()sr\Kii
Outlines. Wliai river for in-, the eastern Ixiunilary of • Ini.iriii' The nurth-
f.'ist.rii ? What meridian forms the eastern l>onniIary in the northern part
of the I'rDvinci'? Hctwet ii what waters docs it estend ? What fireat I^aki-.
are south of Ontario' What is the ontlet of I. ike Ontario calleiP What
ivninsiila extends into the east of Lake Ontario' What bay nearly separ-
ates it from tile mainland? How is l^ake Ontarii> conmHTted s»ith I-ake
Krie' I.aki^ l->ii; with Lake Huron? What large bay is in the e.ist of I^ake
Huron? In the west? To what country tliKss the latter belonj: "' What
islands are in the north of 1. ike Huron ? How is Lake Huron connected with
Lake MichiK'an ? Does any part of Lake Mii higan Ixirder on Ontario ' How
is Lake Huron connected witli Lake Sujierior? What falls occur on the Ste.
Marie Kiver? On the Niagara Kiver? What islamls are in I^ke Superior?
To what country does Isle Royale Ijelong? What rivers and lakes form the
boundary between Ontario and the United States from I-ake Superior west-
ward ? What meridian nearly forms the western bi>undary between Ontario
and Manitoba? Trom what point on the Lake if the W.vkIs does it extend '•
What rivir forms the north-western bouuflary of Ontario? What lakes does
it form in its course? Into what water does it flow?
Highlands, Lowlands, ani U.ainage.— Where are the greatest heights of
'and in Ontario situated? What direction does the north-western height of
land take? Into what river do its northern waters flow? What lake is near
Ihe highest point ~ What large lake is east of I„-ic des Mille Laci and north
of Lake Superior' Wli it river drains Lake Nipigon ? What river Hows into
Thunder Ha) ' What rivers into James Hay? What river into the north-
eastern part of L.ike Superior ? Into llie north-eastern part of Lake Huron '
What l.ikes does the !-'rench Kiver ilrain ? What mount. iins are on the north
coast of Lake Huron ? What hills arcon the south shore of the (leorgian Hay?
Hetwfen the Georgian Hay and Lake Krie ? What lake is between the (icor-
gian May and Lake Onl.irio? In what direction and by what outlet do its
waters flow ' What river flows from the height of land south of the Ceorgian
Bay into Lake Krie ? Into Lake St. (lair ' Into Lake Huron ' What rivers
flow from the eastern height of land into the Hay of (.Hiinte? Into the
Georgian Hay? Into the Ottawa Uiver? What tributary flows into the
Ottau a Kiver near < )ttawa ' Of whit river is the Ottawa a tribiit iry ?
Where are the two lowland districts' What height is Lake Ontari ) above
the sea? Lake Erie ? Lake Huron? Lake Superior ? Lake .Nipigon ? Lake
Nipissing"' LakeSinicoe? Lac dis Mille Lacs ?
Climate and Products. -What do the red lines show? What line shows
the greatest variation? What mean annu.il tempi-rature has Lake (Ontario?
l-ake Superior? Lake Nipissing? What do the blue lines show? What trees
grow farthest south in Ontario? Name the trees of Ontario in their order
from the chestnut northward? Which are the principal districts for wheat '
H.arley "' Maize? Fruit? Cattle? Dairy products? Petroleum' Salt'
Gypsum' Iron? Mica? Phosphates? Plumbago' (oppj-r? Silver? Lead '
Zinc? Nickel? What flsh are caught in Lake Ontario? Lakelirie? I.akr
Huron? Lake Superior ?
GrNKKAl, I)i:scuiPTio\.
Ontario occiipit's the most southerly part ol the
Dominion of Canada, and from its position, honlerinj,'
on th<! (iri-at Lakes, St. LawriMicit aiul Ottawa Rivers.
is the c ntre of the inlaiul commerce of the Dominion.
In wealth, products, in 'mifartiiii's, ami >;e.cTal business.
Ontario is the most important Province of tin- Dominion.
In Extent, Ontario ranks fourth among the ProvincLs. not taking the ur.or
ganized I'.ovinces of the North-West into consideration, but in Population
it is first.
T'l.e Surface is generally flat, or imiiiilating. sloping eastward
towards tlif St. Lawrinrr ivivcr, ,tn<l northward towards Hud-
son l!,i\.
In no part of the Province is thrrr an elr\-.ition more than i,yj<i feel abo\e
the level of the se.i. Some small Heights of Land oc cur, which form water
sheds for the niimi-rous small rn.rs and lakes, wliich abound in the lountry
The range of the Laurentian Hills evtends from the west along the north
shore of Lake Superior into the I'rovim i- of Ouibec, and, at a lower elevation,
a spur extends towards the eastern end of Lake Ontario. These form the
principal highlands of the country.
Ni.uly all the Mineral Wealth of Ontario is found in the
Laurentian Hills.
In the west silver, cop|)er. zinc, nickel, and lead, in the east — iron, phos
phates (used for fertilizing the laml), mica, and pliimliago.
In the Southern Peninsula, salt, (jetroleum and gypsum are found.
36
DOMINION' OK CANADA
Thr Rivers :uc tiiiincrnns, luit. wiili the cxrcption of llu'
Otliiw.i and St. l-iwrfiicc, arr slidit .mil not availalili- Inr ii.i\ i-
|{ati<in,(jwiiiK to tlii; physical fdrm.ilinii uf the (oiinli v (vn /■• nt*-
Ttiiy arc v.iluaMc lo tlic liiiiili<riiitn iii lloatiii;,' tiiiilxr and li)i;s
lo a sliip])iM),' poiiil, and alsci for tliii w.ilci powir llu y alli;rd.
I,(p({s an: flii.iliil dipwn llu; rivirs anil an? kh'"''''^'! li'jjitliir wiiliin luiiniii
(I'lu losiins fiiriiuil hy l.iiiK (licus of tiliilur ihaiiitil imf tn |lii> mini ) , liny arc
then li)\K<I in lliise iMimns l>y HliMnu-rs acro>.s Itio lakes li> lliu sawmills.
Sqiiaru tinilMT, «lun liniiiuhl by rail cir walir In a naviyaMi' ixiiiil. ii (••nniil
iiilo drams, <ir small r.ifls iij;litly lioiinil liiHitliir ; a niiiiiliir of tlu-.r drains an-
jdintd iDKi'tlur ami f.irni rails uliich aru liiwi-d ihrougli llic (Irrat I.akis
and linn llmlrd dinvn llic Si. I.iwrunce Id yucbec : in HciinK llirungli t!"'
rapids of the Si. Lawrcncu fath dram is takia down sip.ir.iiily.
No coiiiitry (wssi'ssi's more mimiTous Lakes ni propoitiDH
to its I'Xtiiit than ( )nlani), lint they arc Kciicrall) sin. ill, altluiu;;h
many of thcni arc navij,Mlcd li\ stciincis.
Tliu principal an- -Lake of the Woods, Nipigon, Nipissing, Simcoei
Scugog, and tin: Muskoka Lakes.
The Soil is firtilc and well ad.iptcd Inr ihc ciiltivaliDn of tlu-
])rincipal cereals and fruits of the rcinper.itc Kc;,'ions, as well .i -
for the raisin;; of cattle.
In tlie soiilli fruilsarcabnnil.ini. bill in the norili and wesi the country is still
COvi'rc'd toaKriMl i xtciit with vast forests of |iim', hemlock, cedar, birch, beech,
niiiple, b.'isswiiod, and other woods. In the extreme south .'ire ftirests of black
walnut, < hesliuit, oak, and other hard-wood trees, vahiablc for i ibinet work.
The. Climate is health\, and althoti^di snbjccl lo extremes
between winter and slimmer, is modified hy the inllin lu (• of the
f,'reat bodies of water in the Gri'at Lakes (sn- />. 14.;
The chief Industries of tiie cotiiitr\- are .iKricitlture. slock-
raisini,'. and liiinlierinv;.
Lumbering is chiully c.irtied on in the districts adjoining the CicorKi.in
Ha; . and Ihencu west to the Ottawa Hiver.
The principal Exports are wheal and barley, mainly to the fniieil States
(1 r lo the Maritime Provinces; sawn lumber and cattle lo the t.'nited
Stales; stpiare timber, cattle, .and uhe.al lo (ire.at llritain.
The total annu.d value of the direct exports amounts to about jj, 000, 000
dollars: conslstin^; of: ■ (jrain, 13,500,000: lumber. .S, 000. 00,1, cattle, ().5oo,ooo,
manufactures and othei articles, 5,000,000 dollars: but as a lartje amount is
shipped tlirout,! ihepor, sof Montreal, (,_)uebec. Halifax and I'oaiicook ffor
Porllitiul, Ml- Sii p. jjy, these fiKures should be larjjely increaseil.
Manufactures are carried on to a considerable extern, chietU
of articles for domestic consumption cottons, woollens, boots
and shoes, agricultural iin|)lements, inachiner)', and wool-work.
Ontario is divided into Forty-four Counties and Five Dis-
tricts, which may be divided into seven sections -nine counties
and districts borderin;,' on Lakes Superior and Huron; six
bordering on Lake Erie; seven Central Counties in the South-
western Peninsula; eleven bordering oil Lake Ontario; si.x on the
St. Lawrence; six on the Ottawa; and four Central Counties
between tlie (Ottawa and Lake Ontario.
lCa< h I'ounly is subdivided into Townships for local purposes oidy, and
is j;overned by .a bounty ('ouucil. bJach Township elects a Reeve. ;iiul
a'.corilinn to ]H>pulation one or more Ileputy Keeves. These form the County
Council, .and from the members Ihev elect .a Warden or I'resideiit
Ql'F.STIONS ON Till--. PoLITIC.M. M Al" Ol- 0\T.\KIO.
What province of ("auuja ailjoins llnlario on the north-e.ist? How is it
separated from Ont.irio? What country is south of Ontario.' How is it
separated from Ontario? Whit stale is south-east of Ontario? West of
I.ake Huron? What states south of l.:ike i:rie? (.S,Y Muf: e/" llu- Viiilnl
Sliiiis) South of l.aki' Suixrior? South of tlie l.aki' of the W<Kids? What
province of Canad,! adjoius Ontario on tin' north-west?
I'rom some (Kirts of thc«' ronniie-t Partlamentary Ridings ' 1 Electoral
Divisioni h.ive iHcn formeil. ihes.- .ire l 1 tin .le. h.im ,.t iiieiiiUi-, to iL
lloii^e of Coininons, i>r |.> the I'rovinci.il V>s.iiibly, but the; township, -I
which they are ciim(>us4d >till form (url of the original counties for munici|i,il
and other pur|v>. ~. Bothwell, Monck and Cardwell are I'arliamcnt.iry
l<idini;s, Haltburton ■■■ -^ . .u:'.t> f r iiiunn ip.d piirp' .c^ o;il>,
Toronto, ihe i.ipit.il.on L.ike Ont.irio. is tin l.irgest city ;iinl
the pinn ip.il >e.il of ni.iiiiif.iclures, coniinirce and eihic.itio'i in
the Province; it coiilains the Parliament P.nilding:;, I'roviiiciu
rniversity, N'orni.il School. OsL;<H.de H.ill (the L.iw Courtsi.
and niajiv other important public biiildiiios.
Ottawa, the capital of the Dom nion, is beautibill\ sittiati d
on the Ott.iaa Uiver. just IkIow the Chauiliere l"alls(.s<i Uhntrn-
liou, />. 351. It contains the Dominion P.irliament I!iiildiiii;s
itid Dej)artincutal Offices, and, from its position aiul wiltt.tbli
water-power, is an iinj»ort,iiit centre of the sawnlumher tradi'.
It is coniiicied by tile Kide.iu Can.il with Kingston. The Go\
t riior-Cieiiertil resides there at Hideait 11. ill.
Hamilton, on Fturhn-^aon Bay, at tlie head of navigation on
L.ike Ont.trio, is tiie second cit\ in si/.e; it is an imporlaiu
ni.iiiiil.u tiuing city .itid cominerci.d ceiiiri'.
Kingston, near the outlet of L.tke ( )ntario, is the imini where
grain is lranshi|>iM'il from the lake \essels to barges, which an
towed ilown the St. Lawrence and through the canals to Mon-
treal. It is one of the oldest cities in ("aiiada and was formerly
known ,is Cataraipii {Kiili-l<i-r<ik-kii\.
London, in the South-western Peninsula, is tlie centre of a
v.ihi.iMe a'^rictiltur.il country, and is the chief city in the west.
St. Catharines is a consideralile city and the centre for the
iiuniif.u tiirrs c.iriu' 1 on doiv,; the Well. mil C.inal.
Guelph, Gait, Dunda.s, Brantford md Chatham ire inanu
l.icturing towns. Belleville export-- limiiier .mil barley, chiellv
lo Oswego in the liiiud Si. He-. Brockville, on the St. Law
lence, has a large loc.il trade: Peterborough .md Lindsay ate
ceiif'S for the lumlxr ir.ide.
Port Hope anil Cobourg .ire ports on Lake Ontario; Owen-
Sound and CollingWOod .oe ports on the (ieorgian IJ.iv; Port
Dalhousie .oid Port Colborne are ihe termini of the Wellail
c.m.il; Sarnia, Windsor, .md Amherstburg :iie the termini i
the Canadian r.ii',vav>. where tliev connect with the lines ir
Micliio;;in to the xVestern Lnited States.
Paris is the centre of the gypsum country : Woodstock .mil
Ingersoll are centres for dairy jiroducts; Goderich l"i salt:
Petrolia for petroleum.
Port Arthur, on Thunder Bay. I;; tlu' most westerly port of
Ontario, and is tlie connectinu' point betwieii the Canaili.in
Paciho Railway and the steamer liius to (■oUingwood, Owen-
Sound and Sarnia.
Niagara, at the mouth of the Niagar.i kivef. was one of the
first settlements and the ancient capit.il of I pper C:iiiada
iOiituric). It is now iiiiim|>ortant.
What district Imrders on Lake Superior? What is the chief town ? What
district is north of L.ak» Hur.m? What is the chief town? What district
borders on the ("leorjiian Hay? What is the chief town? What six counties
border on the (ns>r>;ian Hay ami l.;ike Huron ' What .are their chief iow ns .-
What six counties bor'' — on I-ike Krie ' What are their chief tow ns ? What
seven central count : are in the south-western [xninsula? What are their
chief towns? What eleven counties Kirdir on 1-ake Ontario? What are
' Ridings < r Electoral
lo:! ..I iiu'inlx I -. Ill Ml
, liiil till! (i>wnship-> III
cnuntirs fur nuinici|';il
rell .11, ■ I'arliamciu.ir)
iMinly.
till- l.ir;,'i'st city ainl
I- ,111(1 ciliic.iliip'i III
lildinu's. I'liiviiii'i II
(the I..IU ("olill^i.
ii'Miitiftillv sitiLitiil
I' l-'alls (,<((• IViistrn-
iliaiiunt liiiiklini^s
lilioii and \ .ilii.'ililc
'.IWII-llUnlRT tr.lllr.
nf,'ston. The Go\
il of navii^iition on
it is an in)])ortaiii
I, is tlic point wiuTc
) half,''!*, wlmli an
lie canals to Moii-
1 anil was fonnfilv
is the centri' of a
cf city ill the wist.
I till' centre for the
".in.il.
hatham .ne m.-mn
and barley, cliietly
;, on the St. Law-
li and Lindsay are
e Ontario; Owen-
L'orfiian li.iy ; Port
ini of the Wellan '
^ are the termini i
with the lines ii'
a t
i '■ U
w
: Woodstock and
Joderich tor sah;
)st westerly iiort of
cell tile ("an.idi.m
)lliiij,'woo(l, Oweii-
"cr, was one of the
)f I'pper C'anada
iL' chiof tmvii ? What
town ? What district
1? What six counties
are their chief Cowns ?
r chief towns? What
<ula? What are their
Ontario? What are
^ !
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IN
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iii
D'lMlMON (tl- CANADA
37
lh«f chirf ln«ns? What six on ihi- St. Ijiwrcncr? What arc iluir ihir!
■•>vin<? \Vh.il fivf count its nil the < Htawa > What arr ihrirrhiff towns? What
ilt>irH t i> "11 thf r|i(«r Ottawa? What fciiir tcntral cimniirs art- Im'Ihitii
|jk<- < intario ami the < tttawa Kiiir? What aro their chief limns • Wh.il is
iIm' capital of Ontario? of the Duininion uf Canada fun tli< (>llit:,;i Hivtr)-
Kf.VIKW ICxi-RCISKS.
IslajldSb — /" %hal dir«{ioH /rum thi miirnt tittui '
TuUHiit li ?
|s!f koyale- Michipicnten? Si loseph- Maiiitniilin ^ ('
\ii:ti.r-l? Wolfe?
PeninsalAS* -h'fom \chot part of Ontnrnt liuti it prujiit .' Inltt
Oiunty lirucc? l^mKl'oint? '.'rinci- IMwaril?
Capes and Points. -Frum uhnt purt uf th, liunl iln, i il pro/nl' hiln •..•lull
-..■•tl- ' -
M.iimanse' tVircantua? Hiinl? I'elei ? I.cmi; I'oini i /.n*. (»V'i/iirii"/ '
li\ u'liiit :t'(i/( T stir
iKkluirii? IVlet"
'.// ;,,il,i
I'liutt V iiri till r '
,liill
llooatains and Hills.- ■/» :'liiii part
cjnmt 1 1 vr Jittrii l> '
l-iiifentian? I., '"lothe? Blue? (aleilon?
Bays. ' ll'ftat n'tist ttots it iitttttit .' What oiiiiitiis nr iliitriits lims it u-iisli .'
<)/ -hat buiiy iif ualtr ij it tin iirin ?
J.im<.->? Thunder? Nipiuon? Miihijiicoten? Wlilietisli? (iiiiruir.n?
Nuta«iasa(,a? Matchetlash ' I'iKcon? lAin^ I'oini \l.iiki I'.ri,)} Kiirhiik'
tt-n? yuinte?
Rivers Wlnr, iIkh it risi ? Thrnhgh nr fiatl ukal inunliit ur ihilriilt Jofi
I ;'//":.• ' Into .. hill i.iilii >
Alljany' Mi«ise> \l)liitit>lie ' Ualnv? l'i(;i'on? Shobandim in ? Kamin-
i-xi'iuia? Nipiifoii ' m . Miiir> Mn .iipieoten ' I'rem h ? Maiianeti uaii '
^•I'lrii? SaiiKee:!? Miitl.inil.' S( Clair? l>i'troit? Thames? Mailawaska '
I Kiileau? (iranil ' Niatjara? Trent? \loira? Ottawa? I'etewawa St
I l.iwreiHi--
Lakes. - ir//,r, m/hii/,,/' 1I';„iN.i(//W A.u 1/ ^
I Lake of I III- Wc, Is > Kaiin l-ake? Ihinter s Uike? St'iil' St J.w«-jih •
I lies M'lle l,aes' Ni|iii;ii:i.' I am iKaiiiinK? TeiniitaminK? Alibitililn- '
Nipissint;? SinuiH ? Miiskoka.' Silicon; Thous;inil Ulcs ' St. Clair.'
I Cities and Towns. In uhut ,oiint_i .' tin or n,,ir ■..■hut uatir i
I Oit.iu.i? r.'ionio? ilaiiiilion? I.ondo;i ' KinKston ' St Catharini-*?
! (;iielpli> Sir.uloril? SI Marys> llalt? (ioileri.h? St Thomas? < hat-
I ham? I'oit llojM'? Colxiuri;? PeierlKirouKh? Lindsay? I'ort Arthur'
I Sault Ste. Marie? Tarry Sound? Jiraicliridi;e? Itarrie? Newmarkit'
ilwen Sound? CnlVuiKWi""!' Orilli.i ' Walkerton? Sarni.i? I'etrolia'
I S.iniKvich? Windsor? .\niherstliurK? Holhwell - I'ort Stanley ' Siincoe '
! I'ort llover? Cayii»;.i ' Welland ? Tort Ci-lliorne - l>unn\ille' Port
I).ilhoiisie ' Niaijara - liiiiidasf Milton? Hr.inipton ' Holion ' Whitli> "'
I Tie ton ' N.ipanee' Jl.iih ' ilrockville? I'resioit • MiirrislmrK ' Corn
I wall? .\le\.iinlria ' LOrijinal.' Kusscll ' Terth - Pembroke* Mat-
tawan' .Minden - Hi'lleville' ( Ir.mKeville • Klora ' Herlin ? Preston'
WmjJstotk - InnersolP Hrantford .' Paris' Sirathroy?
,«
( ) I
yCESTIOSS (IN Till-; M.\l'.
^Si.- iiliii Miip of thi- Diimiiiiiin. I
Whai proxince of Camda is southwest of OiielMt ' What riier forms ilie
lir>un>lary ' What territory is north-west ? Wh.il l.iiid is north east ' Wli.ii
l>ro\ince adjoins yuelicc on the east ? What couiitr) ' Wliirh of the Cniteil
Suti-s' What mountains art- on the northern boundary' On th ■ northern
bank iif the St. Lawrence? On the southern ' Which is the >;reat central
riier of (Jurliec ' Which are the three principal tributaries of the St. Lav. -
reiKc on the north? Through what lake on the boriler of Ontario diH-s
the Ottawa flow "' Nam- •.!..- of the principal tributarii's of the Ottaw.;.
From what lake does the S.-i(juen,\y flow ' What is the ;;eni r.il direction if
the northshorc rivers' What is t.ie principal irilmtary of ilie St. Lawreme
on the south? From what lake dit-s it How? Where is this lake situateiL'
What two rivc-Ts flow into Lake St. "eter ' What one into the Si Lawp nee
a little alxjvc yuebtc ' What thre • lakes arc formed in the St Lawrence'
What lhr«- in the tittawa Hiver ' Whit two likes are in the southeast
..f (._>wl»T ' What one in the ("• .mty i;f Temiscoii.ii.i ■
What lariie Uiy is in the east lietweeii the Counts of Hcm.ivi-ntur<' ind the
Prmincc of New lirunswick ' What iwi> bays at thi- easii rn jxiint of (;as|H •
Name two islands in the Ottawa Kiver ICi^ht isl.inds in llii; Kiver St. Law-
rence ' One largi- island in the (lulf of St Lawrence? ' >ne small .daiid ofl
the eastern coast of (iaspc? A group of islands east of the Hay of Ch..!eur -
What strait is l»etwtx-n the north-eastern part of (.Mieliec and Newfoumllaiid
What |»>int is on th:; north shore where the Kiver St. I^-iwrence widens into
the (iulf? What cape on the op|X)sile shore' Wli.-it caiie at the eastirii
• uremity of the south shore ' .\t the northern extremity ' What (icninsul.i
Ii<-fns the eastern extremity of the south shore ?
What nine counties of Oueliec are on the Ottawa Kiver' I'mlnil,- Smi
lamgii amJ the lil.iHili vf .MuHlr.nl. liisiim, unil ft ins ) What a c llii-ir i hief
I fwns? What (ourtcin .ire on the north bank of the St Lawrence' What
iri their chief towns? What einhleeii are on the boii'li bank of ilic St L.i»
r>T.:e? What are their chief towns' What nineteen are i-.isi of tlusi- •
Which twelve counties form what is
What countv is on the Hav of Chaleur '
call.-d
What
Wh-il — s their thief towns
The ern Townships '
i» iis> ;o«n '
What two lariie cities are on the Kiver St l-iwrcnce ' What city is at the
mouth of the Kichelieu ' .\t the mouth of the St. Maiiriie' Wh.it town is
-;i|iifsite Ottaw 1 on the Ottawa Kiver? What town ill SherbriM)ke Count) is
■ nthe St. Francis Kiver? Wbat city is on the Y.im.iska Kiver in St. Hya-
I mtbe C<Mnl)-? In S(. John s County on the Kichelieii Ki\er?
Hi-:vii;\v l-;\i.Kcisi-:s.
Islands. -In uhnt iliintion front thi ititirist mnntiis? In what uuttrrs r
Montreal? Ji-sus' lli/arrc- Oilcans? .\ux ^iiM'oiidres' Man-' Verle'
Hie? .\ntico!iti' Maiiilalen? HiaiaMiiture ' .Mlumetle ' C.iliiii^M
Peninsula, i'rom .vhut fnrt of th, .oHtini-nl iluis it prnjn! ' li,l:,..n uhnt
I (laspe?
1 Capes.-- I'riim what port of the i-oiintrv ilm-s it proieit ^ Vrnrn what toUHlr '
I lies ^/;,n , Mi.nis ■• Chat' Madelaim? ( .aspe '
I Mountains and Hills. /" iihut part of th, protin.r ar, thu ' In uhat
I .lii:,tion ilo th.\ .xt.ltil.'
I Wonliish? Lanrentide' Notre- Uaiuc?
I Bays. What . oatt ito, s it inJ, nt or ;t-ash .' t)f u-hat hotly of u-attr I'l it an
arm .'
Ch.deiir - ( i.is(n' ' Mai '
I Strait. Hi '•■■"'I I, hat lonils I What i.,i(iri ,/.., i il ,onn,,l '
I Itclle Ml-
I Rivera, ll'/nn ifuu i/ rii< .-' Through or past what tuuntits tloti It ilotf '
St l.awr -nci ? Ottaw.i? Si Macrin' Sanuenay ' Kichelieu ■ ••atiiieau
Uu l.ievre ' Coulonge' Cliaudiere' Si l-'r.iiiiis- Vain.tska-
I Lakes. Whin- sittmttil? What onll.t ha^ it '
I Teiniscain'iii;? St. John? 'hamplain' St Francis' St Ijmis' St
I'clcr' Two Mo.inlains ' Den Chats (/).ii' .S/m/ii • Chauditire ' Memiihre
t
maj!o((' Meyanli ' Tcniiscouata '
Cities and Towns. In ohal ,uiinl\ ' On what itattr?
Montreal' (MielH-c ■ Sorel ? Thrift K, ers - Hull? St. ily.'uinlhe'
I Sherbrooke? Si Johns? Hryson ' .\ylnier' Uichiite' Vandreuil ' Co
< iiau Landing! ' I't. Claire' L.ichine' Ste Kos<; ' Terrebonne' Iniliistr> '
Hirthier? Kiviere du Loiip' Hatiscan ' Cap Same* Chateau Kiiher?
Murray Hay' Tadoiissjic ' Huntingdon? ChateauKuay ' Heauharimis'
L.iprairie> l.onKUeil ' Verchi-rts ' lli-<ancour' Point Ix^vis' 1. Islet'
K.imouraska? Cacoiina ' Kiinouski ' Ciasfie' Perce' New Carlisle.'
I'ri'liKhsburtt ' Knowlton' WuterliKi' l.eedii' Kicbinoiul ' Coukkhirt.'
I Coalicuuk ?
38
DOMINION Ol' CANADA.
!!ii
M
ft
if!
: il M U .1. I )| -iKIITh'N.
The- Province of Quebec oiruiiics ih<; lower pari
of the \'all(-y of tli<- Si. I^awnMici;, ami c;.\U!ii(is iVom
tin; Ottawa l^i\<r lo Labr.nior, hciiifr honU.'rcil on iIk;
north \>y the ilci^'ht of Land, separalini^ it from the
North-i'iast 'I'crritory, and on llu; south i)\ the lleiLjIu
of Land .separalin;..,^ jt from the Uniteil States and tile
l'ro\ inc(,' of New Hriinswici;.
rill- Area i^ r.illiiT li's<, than that nf Ontario (iiulmliiit; tli, Dhful^'l T,i-
riliiryj. iiii.l ih. Population onu thinl U-.s,
yiifl>t(; is ((iMir.'' rii.illy im|i()ii.inl. .is it roniruK tlio f,'rc,it
iiortlitrii w.iti Ttoiilf it N'liitli AiiiirK ,1 r//r ,S7. /.,r..'iiiUi A';.'r;;.
ami (xiaii \i -.scls t.iniicil |i,i^s llic |i(iii ot Monlnal.
Tilt.' Surface, anliko thai of Ontario. i.s;;tii( r.illv iiuiiiiUainoii-.
altli(Hi;,'li ill till- siiuilii-ast tlicru arc .sonic I m] tr.n is.
Thr Lanrentide Hilts im thu north li.ink <il iii.j St. I..i\\rcnci^ have .-m
.nvi-rai^r height of alioiit i,.(oo fi<-i. liiit smnr Mimiiiits aru from j.uuu to ).lkhi
fei-t lii«li. l-'arthi^r north am ihi; Wotchish Hills, which rannc .ilimit thi-
s;iinu hi'i);ht, ami form part of the w.in r^hrl In lui-ni thi- St l.awrcnic .irid
lluilsiin Hay li.uins. Thnuijih the I-iiirLiiiidi; Hills ^nx-ral rivers break,
pas^.iiiK liy il<-i-p Kor^rs into the St. I.;ivvrt-iue
( >n till- Nontli liank of the St l..i« rence tin- mountains arc hiijhcr .-inil more
pri-tipitons 'i'hey form a contiiuiaiion of the .\ppalai lii.in (h.iin, which
eMrniK thronKJi tin- r.i^lrni p.o : of ihe I'l-.inil Sl.itis, iinil .-ire known in
('.inaila .is tin- Notre Dame Moun^air.s. llu > t-\t<-ii(l to iln-i-Mi-i-inliv of tlii-
I'rninsul.i of (iah|H: (ii. /■. j.ji. tin- hi:.:hi;^i siimriiit i-. Mt. Logan ( (.7(j.S
f.-i-t)
{Jti(-l)i-c- i-, not ii( li in Minerals, I m lii.tfinclic iron-on- is '
fninul tlniiti;;lioiit tin- I..inii iiti.iii Hills noitli of tin Ott.iwa '
Ui\rr ami near tin- Si. l-.iwniKc; plio .i)li,ii(-s in llu- Lk-mi-
IiliM-r liistrii t ; pliiinliaKo in tin- Count)- of Otiaw.i ; j^olil in tln-
Cli.miiiJrc \'all<-\ ; (ii|)|icr ,iii<l .isUcstos in the H.istcrn Town-
ships.
Tin Rivers of (hidicc an- all trilxitari. s of the St, Lawrciirc
or of the ()it.iwa. Only a few o( th, ni ,in- iia\ i^;al>lc — tln-
Richelieu to l.,ik.- ( li.nnphiin; iln Sa^^uenay to il.i ha liay
|(io/;/(/<M, .iiiil otlicis for a short ilisl.iin <.• fioni tin ir months. <
Many arc, howivii, iiu.iln.ililc to the Iniiilicrmi-ii lor llo.itiiiK j
li)(;s and tiinlur ilowii to ,i i oim nn-nl ^hippiii;; poii, and mi.uu
;irc leased for the salnion-fishinf;, wiiich is one of tilt- {,'reatcst
attractions of the lower St. Lawrence.
.\s the rivers h.ive to briak thron;;h tin- hilly b.irrier to the St Lawrenci-
tluy form maj^nilicent .scenic eflects. passing betw-ei-n lofty cliffs and forminn
)iic tnn-sc|ni' ...ili i f..!'.;. '.'2\"^ Trinity on the SaKUenay (.wc c/U'riK'/Hn-,/!. jy).
tin- l".dls of the Montmorency liolow- Quetji-r the Fills of Sh.iwaiu'K.in on the
St Manrice (130/1./ Iiif;li). nrc .imonK the m table features, but m.any other
-.cenes of beauty inii^ht be named.
Quebec, like Ontario, contains nnnieroib Lakes, the principal
of which ;ire lake St. John, tin; source of ti e Sioiu-nay liiver;
l.iki-s Megantic and Memphremagog in tl.<: sonth-cast; hike
Temiscouata. Irom wliic h tin- Ki\ei Madawaska flows into the
Si. John Ki\(-r; and lake Temiscaming on the Ottawa, horder
iiif,' on the Province of Ontario.
The Soil of Quebec is not nenprall\- so prod ictive as that of
Ontario, althoU!,'h in the eastern and southern j);.rts of the Prov-
ince the hardii-r cereals are grown, and bcet-ro )t .and flax are
<-Mi nsivelv cultivated.
The Climate of Qiu-bec is healthy, but is siibji-ct to greater
(-xln-mes than in Onl.irio; the winti-rs are long ai d si-veri-, and
the summers short but warm, causing ■.egetatioli to progress
\i-ry r.ipidly as sooi. as the snow di.sappears.
I-"very part of th<i Province cap.-ible of eultivalion is induslriously worked
On the north shore of the St. Lawrence b<-yond the Sa^tni-n; y tin- soil is not
fit for ctilti\ation, but is covered with lieiise woods, the snith shore, how-
ever, has nuinerons fi-rtile valleys.
The chit-f Industry of Quebec is Inmberin^'. S'altiable timber
lands <-\t(-nd from the valley of the Otl.iwa north-eastward,
and inclinle pine, oak, ash, elm and other woods; on the '•■'Uith
side ol the Si. L.iwri-nce tlu^ forcsls are also e.N.elisive.
Fiohinjf is an iiiip<irlaiil industry, and i: .aij^ely cr.rried on
.d( 111,' the sli iri-s of llu- St. Lawrence and aioniid the is'ands in
the Ciulf (Mj'gdalen Islands, Anticosti, a id others).
The ■•inmial v.iliii- of ilic (i^h t.iken in IKu-bi-c -ihielly cod, herring, and
lobsters -is about j. 00.1, ihjo doll. ir-^.
The principal Manufactures an- of goods for domestic use,
and are carrii-d on mainly in 01 near 'In- largest cities, Quebec
and Montreal; they cinisist t I'.icHy of cottons, woollens, boots
and shoes, iron mantilactures, sugar refining, |>aper'niaking,
and wood woi kill),'.
o of the {,'real(jst
III till- Si I.:
fly clills .Mul furin
{s,r III
f Sli,
,<;<ii;(M.
IIIK
■ t-^y).
nv.iiicHan mi the
Ill's, 1)111 many utlur
ces, tlieprinri[i;il
S,i>,'ii(iiay River;
s()iii!>-east ; lake
;ka flows into tile
' Ottawa, border
I ictive as tliat of
>. rtsof the Prov
o )t and flax are
iiliji'et to f,'reatcr
; ai (1 s<vere. ami
lion to prof^rcss
cluslrioiisly w<irkecl
lien,- y tin- soil is nut
.' s( iitli allure, timv-
V'aliialile timber
nortli-eastwani,
Is ; oil the i^'iuth
;'iisive.
rj,'ely ci.rrii'd on
id tile is^tiiils ill
I hers).
y tcxi, hurrjiig, ami
jr domestic use,
I cities, yiiobec
woollens, boots
paper-making,
I
Il
DOMINION OF CANADA.
.W
ri'.< Exports, "Winy ti> (Jiulw— |, inj,' tin- rH-eansliippini;
I'roviiuj' fni Mini h cif tlif products of ()nt;irio ami tin- North-
wist, . ire laruf, ;li. iiosc of any of tin- Provinces.
Thi-y .imoiinttMl in iH.S) ii> niM'ly n.ooo.txw ilolLirt, inrliijink'. .imoni:sf
iiti' r arlicli ■ -Animals i ml iln ii prodnc.., ii,uu,}iioi> . th.- Produce of the
Forest, ..• ckioikhi. Agfricultural Produce, i^.ooo.umi Som.- i!..i miv thu-
hi t .mud i>( till! vnst tr.itlic im llu; St. l-attri'iiciv < if the whole ainuunt no
lt~. ill. in n.ixKi.iHio (loll.irs in v.iliir w.is srni t^ (In'. it llrit.iin
ouiiicc is iliviiicil into Sixty-one Counties, which may Ix
• ; 1 1 111) nil into; — nine on thi' Dtt.iw.i Kiwr: fointici) on the north
iMiiknl tiic St. Lawreiuc; ii^litfcn on tht- south bank; ninctctn
i.ist of the latttT (of which twelve in the south-east arc known
a ilu Eastern Townships t; and otu- on tlie Hay of ChaUnr.
Montreal, on the isi.nul of tlie same name. iKtween the Ottaw.i
ami St. Lawrence Rivers, is the lartjest .ind we.iithiest citv of thi'
dominion. lieinif at the head of oi-i',iii t, ivt;,Mtion bv the St.
i.iureiice, it is the point of transhipment front the oce.--ii to ihj
iiili rior. It contains mimerotis line l>iiiidin};s and h.is extensivf
iii.iniifactnres.
Ihi- St. L.twrt^nci.' is hero crossed li) the f.iinons Vutoria Umlm . .in iron
OiKsrioNs ON TiiK Mm-.
New Brunswick. Wlint provinci- of Cin.nl.i ail;oin-i New Hrunswick on
llie iiorlli ' Willi «liat proviiue is it lonneeiid on th.; e.ist ' What waters
are lietween New Urunsw ii k .mil Niiva Scoii.i - Whit isthmus- Wh.it
coiiiitry is west of New Hiiinswjek' What siati- Whit l.arjjt- l.iv forms
part of the north-eastern lioiiiulary ' Name two bays in the Hay of l"h.ileiir
Three liays on the lastern enist. Name two inlands on the e.istt-rn coast
Two .It the month of Mir.uiiiehi Hay Koiir capis* on the eastern coast.
What hay is in the soiith-west ' What two isl.imls? N.ame two cajx-s on the
U.ay of I'linily coast. What nioiiiitains .iru in the northern jvirl of New
Urunswirk? What river forms part of the northern Ixmndary • What two
rivers form part of the western Imiiiid.iry ? What river flows into Nepisimiit
H.iy? Name three rivers flow ill'.! into the (iiilf of St (.awrence. One into
slie|i<Mly Hay. N.ime fonr triliut.iries on the e.istern Kink of the St Jihii
KImt One on the western. {Sii- .Wn/i n/ {)ii,h,, I In what state i. the
l.itli r f What triliiitary flows from Lake Temisconaia in i._)uelic-t ' Through
"li.il lake does Salinoii Kiver flow?
Wli.it four ' oiimiis are on tlie east eoast ' Wh.it .ire their chief towns"'
Willi three tin the south coast' What an- tlnir i hief towns" What thn-<-
ill the interior' What are their chief towns- What four in the west ' What
.in iluir rhiif towns' Wli.it on< in ilie north ' What is its i hief town "'
Nova Scotia. What is the physical form of Nova Scoii.i '• Hy what waters
is it nearly snrroiindeil ? With what other province of Canada is it con-
iiei ted ? How ? What larue island in the north-east lieloni;s to Nova Scotia ?
I low is('a|X! Hretim separated from Nova Scotia.' N.inie two l«ys on the
north coast. Seven on the .\tlantic coast. I'ouron the Hay of Fumlv. Four
ill Cnyic Hretoii ? What two cajx-s are on the north of (api- Hretoo "' What
three on the east? What cajxi is at the southern exlreniilv of Nova Scotia '
N.inie six cajx's on the .Xtlanlic coast, l-'our on the H.ay of Fundy Two on
Northiinilierland Strait? Wli.it strait connects the Hay of Fundy with Anna-
(Kilis Hasiii ' With Minas Hasin ' What lake is in <'ape Breton' Hy what
two channels is it connected with the ocean- How is it connected on t*"?
sonih with ti" .\tlantic ' Name two islands off the southern point of Nova
Scotia. Two at the entrinie to St Mary's Hay Two in N'orthumlx-rland
Strait. One south of CaiH.' Hreton. One east of l"ap«' Hreton < )ne in Hras
d'Or l-ake. What island is east of Nova Scotia, ne.irly in latitude 44 -
What mountains are in the north-west of Nova Scotia' What 1 'ranges
near the Hay of I'undy ' What is their general directiim ' Whu ; i- the
lir^est laki- in thi- south e.isl ?
What i.ix counties .ire on 'lie .Xtl.iiitic 1 oast ' What are their < hief towns
Wli.ii four on the Hay of ' dy ? What are their chief towns - What four
"11 NorthiiinU-rlaiid So 11 What are their chief towns? What four in
Cape Breton? What ir IV 'i' hief towns?
tuhular liridtje nearly j.ono leet loin; 11 is s.ii<l to U- the longest in the wotld
.Hi'I \>,isl.iii|| for thelir.ind riniik Kiilw.iy.
Quebec, also on the St. l,.iwreiice, is the iMpit.il of the Prov-
ince, and is one of the oMi st 1 ilus in (■.111. id. 1. It is noted lot
its pii'tnri'si|ni' sitn.ition on a lui^'ht ("onnn. Hiding .1 ni.i^iiitn'i lit
\li\v, .md 1ms Imiii the scene (if sever il li.iltles Ixtweelt the
l"rench .iiiil linuhsh. It is a fortified ri!\-, ,ind the cit.idel
which crowns tin- In i^ht is < niisjili red the strongest fortified
position ill North .\tiii 1 ic.i. Levis, 1 'pposite (.hielx-c is one of
the icMinni
Hull, on
lumber a 1
■ >• ( irand Tri'iik Kailw.iy.
le ■ IW.I Uiver opposilr Ott.lW.l. Ii.is extensive
wi I iii.inufntnn s; Three Rivers h.is iron
mamifactit s- ;'n .ports hiniliei ; Sherbrooke h-is \.ihi.ilile
water-!>^ ■I'l "I l,iri,'e f.utories ; St. Hyacinthe is ,111 important
city w..'. CM- lii.ilile 111 inni.iitiires; Rimouski is the port of
c.ill fill the I, I' m.iil sie. liners, and h.is , I l.u'^i lmnl)er trade;
Sore' 'I t'l..' month of the Uiiheheii Kiver. liar, important m.iim-
fai ti. r.iughnawaga ind St. Regis 'ire Indi.m Mll.e.;i s.
Anticosti in.l ih Magdalen Islands, m th,- >;iilf of .si I oMince, belom;
to yuelxc They ,Me rm Ky and li.irreii. Imt .ire valu.ilile for tho lisherii-s,
they are almost uninhahited except in the lishiiiK se.aso,'.
Prince Edward Island. — In wli.ii w.iters is rrime I'dwird Isl.md ' Mow
IS It si'p.ir.ilid from Niw Hriiiiswu k and Nov.i Scnti;. ' Wh it two i nx-s are
It the northern extremities of the island - What two at the southern ' Wh.iJ
lue ti.iys .mil harliors are on th'' north shore' Wh.it three on the i-.iit?
Wh.it three on the south ' What i.slaiids lielonnin^ 10 the |'ro\ im e of Oiii l.i-c
are north e.ist "f I'rilue I'.dw.ird Islaml ' Name the lluee louutii . "f Trince
F.dward Island What are their ( hief towns '
1<I-:VI1.\V l-;XKKCISKS.
Islands. -In ithtit itirntiini from tht tut\rt-\t Umttf liv r. Aii/ u-itti-r% mi--
Miscoii' ShipiH'wan ' I'ortaKi' I'm- I'.iiniioliello t.r.iinl M.iiiai '
taix.' Hreton' (".ipe S.ilile' Seal? Hrier? Lonn' i.irihou ' I'iitoii'
M 111. nil. ' |!.'iil.ii'l. I il • Se.itari ' S.ilile' MaKihilen '
Capes and Points, irmn ■„liiil firavin,,- ilun il f'rt'jit.' I'toiii whiil (••irt i/
It • tntii lihat -.Milir?
Xlisciiu? Ksciiminai Kit liilnulo I li id ' Tornienline- Lipr-.tii' S|x-ii
ccr? St Lawrence' Norlli .' l-jifume ' MiirKiin? Hieton' S.ilili-' Ciiiso'
I'hilip' Sambro? Spry? I. a Have? Ne^ro' St Mary' Hrier? Split'
Hlonii.loii' Si (,.ori;e' John' North (/'./■." /.I ' Il.ist? W. st ' Hear'
Bays and Harbors. — U'An/ niint ifocs it imliiit? What coiintiis ilms il
;,-'is/i .' ()/■ ,-i'/.il/ /i«(/v «/ l.ir/> r 11 it nil iinii >
I"unily? t"liieKnecto' (■iimberl.ind H.isin ' Chaleiir? Nepisinnit ? (ara-
Unette ' Miramielii ' Slndi.ic ' ilayVerti? I'ass.iinaipioddy ? St. (ieorKe s.'
I'ictnu H.irbor - ( Indabncto- Tor? Jeddore? Halifax Harlior? Mar
(•arets? Mahoiie - Liver]xiol ' StMary's? .\nnapolis Hasin ? Mini-.
Hasin' Cobeqiiid- St. .\nn's' Mire? fiabarus? St. Peters? Hr.i .
d'Or' ('asciim|Hi - Kichmond? (irenville? Kustico? St. I'eters (/'/•;/ 1.'
Souris? Uollo ' CardiKan? Hillsboroiiijh? Hedeipie? EKmont ?
Straits, liilifi I M lilitil liiiiils or itiniiliis ' What inittrs ilois it comircl I
NorthiimlH-rl.ind ' Canso' Hijjby' Minas ("hannel ? (Jreat Hras d'Or '
l.itth- Hras d'Or?
Isthmuses. — ir/iiT,- J/V/m/i'i/.' Hilu.tii uhnl ;.ii/,rs.'
l"llle,i;iiiito? St Peters'
Mountains and Hills.- /n u/m' f-.irt 1/ </ii n.i(ii(rr nn- lhr\ f In w/i.ji
..'/ojr'. -I ;'
Uald ■ nine? Moose? ('ol)ei(niir' North' South?
Rivers. —Il'/iin iluis it rin- ' Thnmgh ,ir fail whiil muiitiii doit tl iltiu f
Into u'liiil Willi rf
UestiKouche' Si. John? St ("roi\.> Nepisinnit ' Miramiihi? Kichi
buito' Huctonchi? I'etilcodi.ii ' Tobiipn' W.ished' nio.ik ' Saltiion ?
Kennelx-casis' .\roosti)ok? M.idawaska'
Lakes. U7i,i-, .ii/mii^-(/..' What imllct k.n it!
Grand? Kossignol ?
<l
r
;
4o
DOMINION ol' ( ANADA
iJ^^fM^-*
Cities and Towns. In ;,-liiil pnr.iu,
IC.l/l ( .'
In uhtil ,i,iiiih ' (III ur ihiir 7i'hiil I plieii ' Sli.'diac? Koitriioiuh.'? IVilhousic - lla'n'^ix ' I.iincnbiirK ' I.ivcrpodl
I (iiiyslMiriiUKli ' Shelburnc- Yarmmiih? I>ii,ln ' .\m),i|i.)l:i? Kintvllli
I rclrrictiMi' Si Jnlm- Carl.-ton ' lialliiirHl N.w.mmI, ' l<i<hilmcto? [ Win.lsor' Amh.Tst ? Truro' I'ki.mi' Amit;..nish ? i'i>rt ir.K..I' Ha,j
h.nlicsiir' ll..|«.»rll.' Si \n(lrr«\; KiiiKMnn • (iaK.iimn' ( komocto? | (link = Syilnr)? Arichat? N.->v <-.lasKi.w ' CharlotU-iown > rjuorKetown
WuiMlstuik' C.iMM.I lalls' i;,lmiinilsi,.n? Chiihini? Moncion' St Stu- ! I'riiKil.nvn' Si. Eleanor" Sumim-rsi.lc > Tiunish ' Sohr!-.'
Ni:w |;K1
New Brunswick <)ciii|)ics tin- western \>,in of tin-
Atlaiuic slope, exteiulinL; Iniin the Notre I ).uiie Moun-
tains to tile Hay of l-'iindy, and is connected witli Nova
Scotia li\ the Istliinus of Cliicj,MU'cto, uliicli is aljoiil j
sixteen miles in widtli.
Till' Area i^ .iIhuu one se\( nth ..f tlnixttiii nf Oniario, .iti.I tin Population
about onu'sixih.
New Mninswu k has mii extensive Coast-line lal.ntu joo ,
miles); the niotitliN of the rivers aiitl the iiiiiin iiiii> iiidentations I
of the coast fiiinish many liaibors, and are invaluable to the
fishermen.
Tlic Bay of Fundy is rcm.irk.ihli- for its lii(;li lidis uhicli rise at spring
tidi's lliirn li.t .11 111,- miiiiih nf the Hay. ami increase tn sixty fti-t at tin-
hi'ad, whili: ill llie Oiilf ef Si [..iwrt'iu i- llicy do nnt ixcwd livi' feet. This is
caiisiil |.\ the |i|i ssiiri' nf tin: (lulf Sin ain (s,, /• mi
Till Surface is somewhat simil.ir to th.il ul ( )iu,irio. lionif.;
uently i.iiilul.itinK and slopinj,' grailiially tVom the niomitains in
the west and north towards tilt; ("uilf of St. l.awreiue in the east
ami the May of Fundy in the so.uh.
A slight clfvatioTi riinnm« from north-wosi in si)uth-c.ist forms a water-
shod se|i,ir.ilinK the riv.rs tlnviii^ iiiio the (iiilf of Si [..iwreiuf fnmi those
llowiiiK into the I lay of Kiindv. the latter of whirh. xvith tin; exception of the
I'eliteodi.u . are .ill Irilmt iries of the St John Ki\,r. I'ar.illel with the shore
of the Hav of l-iiiuly are also some slight el<-\atioris, whieli forms the w.iter
shells of the river- . the coast rid^e is Keiier ally rocky and precipitous on the
«. Iter side, ,ind is broken only |i\ llie Si. John Kiver.
Ill the north ,iie tin- Blue and the Bald Mounl.iins, .niil in the ui ^t Moose
Mountain, but these do not exci-ed .-,000 fwt in lieinlil.
Thei)riini|>.il Minerals aieeoal and tjvpsiim; iron, m.moanese
(iisiil lo iliinjy f;/iiii ,ii.<l to pn^liici; the l/l,uk- gluzc on curthtn-
\ S W I ( • K .
;. (U-i I. pliimliajjo. and otlitrs are also found, hut in small
i|iiantities.
Thi- AllKTtilf coal, found in Albert County, is peculiar to New Hriinsaick,
and is valuable for the maniif.icture of oil md foi admixturt: v.iili other coal
for the preparation of illuminatini; gas. Its value may Ik- estimated from the
price at which it is sold ifrom $15 lo $.m per ton 1
Owin},' to the formation of tlie country, the Rivers, with iIk
exception of the .St. John, arc short and rapid, am! are onl\
n,ivij,'al)le a few iiules from their inoiiths.
The river* rtowini; into the Gulf of St. Uiwrence are notable for their
salmon lisheries. The St. John is navigable lo Kriilericton. S5 miles, and lor
\esscls of liKht draught in Grand Kails, jjj miles. The Si, John with its
irilmtaries, as wi-ll as ihe northern rivers, are valuable to ihe liimt>ermen in
lloatinR their tiinlnr to St John, C'haiham. and other sea-ports. All l!ie
rivers of New Hrunsuiik possess picturesque scenery
The Lakes "f New Hrnnswick are niiinerotis hut small, the
only one of .in\ size bcin>j (iraiul Lake in Otieen s ("oiiiuy.
The Soil is fertile, and esix-cially in the river-valleys is verv
productive, \ieldin-,' most of the grains, fruits and veKClahles of
the North Temi>erate Zone.
A largo part of tho country is covered wiih dense- forests of pine, spruce,
hemlock, 1h-,h h, birch and other woo<ls, and thes.- form a material source of
wealth to the I'nwince.
The Climate is healthy, hut in the north is suhject to e\
tietnes; aloiif,' the coast of the M.iy of Fmidv. owiii« to tin
intlueiice of the Ciulf Stream, it is milder ,ind mote moist;
slimmer fogs are prevalent.
The < hit f Industries are luinlxrinj,'. ship-huilding, agricul-
ture, .tnd li'-hiii;,'.
The prill ipal Exports are lumber and lisli. I he total value of e\()orls
amounts to about 7,500.000 dollars annually, of which ^ ^ooooo are of liimlw^r.
nOMIXION OF CANADA.
4'
int 111 srnal
ill., prcatc- part of which consists of ilcMs {fin.-lmnnli) sent to Crrat llrit.iin. Fredericton. on t'lo St. John Kivcr, is thr < Mpit.il. St. Johtl,
Th.v.iluc-..fthotishcru..in,ountt,..nrr 3,000,000 dollars annn.-.ll) ..^ ,,„. „„,,„,, „f ,,,,, ^,^.,.^ ,^ ,,„. , ,r,^„,^, _„„, ,„„^, „„,,„ri,„„
Tlif j.riiicip.il Manufactures r.irri..! on mf; -slii|)bliilcliiiu. c.nini.Tci.il nty. It li.is a tin.- li.irl.oi, op. n at all Masi)ns, aii.l
chiifiyat St. John an.l Chatham; ant', doim'stic inanuf.i. tints, js conncctfil witli Carleton, 1 -uImiiI., In a siisptiiMuti l.ritlKf.
siuli as woolk-ns, cottons, iron, flour anil Icatli. r. Poi^land a.Ijoiiw Si, |. Im.
Ntw I'.ninswick is tlividtd i.iin Fifteen Counties, which may Chatham and Newcastle on liu- Muamu hi Iv'iv.i. Moncton
hf f,'roi'i»t;il into — four on the fast coast; thrcf on tlie south 1 on tht- I'ttitcodi.ic, .in- niij>oit uil sinp hmldni^ louiis ; .nul Res-
to.'st; three in the interior; four in tlie west; and one in thi- i tigouche, Shediac, St. Stephen ^'inl St. Andrews art- the
uortli. ! principal tuwn^ t"t the (islii til s.
N'()\'.\ SCOTIA.
Nova Scotia I'orms tin- most tiisii-rly prov Inct; dI'
tlif i loin in ion. ;iiul with it is iiicliitUMl ilu- Islinul of
Cape Breton on tlu- north-fast. It is ilu; sin.illfsi
[irovinct; cxccpi I'rincu lulwartl Ishiiul.
The Area .imounts to ,-ihotit oni--fifth o! ih.u nf Ontario, ami r,ithi'r l.-ss
ih 111 Nvw Hrun.swiik: the Population i-. liovMA.r. Kre.iter than that uf .New
Hrimswick, anJ is nearly one-fourth of that uf Out irio
In form. Nova Scotia is a peninsula connected witii the main-
latiil liy the Isthmus of Chie^jnecto. It has, tlurifore, in pro-
portion to its si/e. the greatest e.xtcnt of Coast-line ^allollt 1. 5110
iiiilis) of any of the provinces; and the niimcroiis indentations,
t--[x-cially on the .\tlantic coast, f.irm valuable harbors, whicl.
are j;enerally o|H-n throu^'hoiil the year.
The co.r->t is penerally rocky .-inil precipitous; on the .Vtl.intic siile, reefs
I'Mtnil. parallel with the shore, at a distamu of from two to si\ miles; .m ih.-
liu <if I'lindy side, Pigby Out. forming the entrance to .^nnaixjlis liasiii. is
a ri:mark.alile I'r. ik in the rocky coast barrier.
The Surface of Nova Scotia is generally level or iiiidiilating,
cxci-pt alunt; the nortli shore where several small ranges of
Miniintains extend alon;; the coast from the north of Cape Mreton
to the western extremity of the ptiiinsula {sic />. 29). The ^en-
i ral sloj>e is towards tlie .\tlantic Ocean.
Th,' prin-ipal ranges ,-ire the Cobequid Mountains noiili of Minas Hasiu,
■mil the parallel chains of the North .ui.l South Mountains aluii),' tin- slion- of
the l{.iy of Fundy. The height of the former is about i . joo feet, of the latter
.dioiil Tioo fec-t : tlie highest summits .ir.' in i'.iim- llri-ioii, lUpiit .••««! f.i-t.
I'aiH- Knfumc is .vioofi-et
Nova Scoti.t is very rich in Minerals.
In proportion to its extent it is unriv.dled in the pro<liiclive capabilitivs of
its cu.tl-ii.lils. which are chiefly in r,i|i<- Mreton and in the nortlu-rn couiiiics
of lh.-p«ninsiila: gi.ld is largely found along the whole .\tlantic coast; gypsum
along the liay of Kunily co.ist an.l in ra|H- Mret.m, Ih-siiU-s these, are iron,
g.ilena, manganese, and other miner.ds. granite of a very fit.e .piality is also
found
Owinj; to the formation of the counlrx- there .ire n.> large
Rivets 111 Nova Scotia, the longest not exceeding' (ifly mih-s.
No part of N.na Scotia is m.ire than thirty mil.s from th.- s.-,i Th.-
mouths uf the rivers form excellent harlwirs
The Lakes <'f Nova Scotia are inimcrou iiid generally occur
in groups; tlu- largest is Lake Rossignol m Oueen's ('.)unty.
Bras d'Or Lake in ra|ie nr.-ton, en. -losing tin- Islin.l of Boularderie, i-
more an inlet .>f the ocean than a lake, and n.-arly divi.l.-, tli.- I .l.iii.l uf Caix.-
Hret.m into tw.i pirts. A c.m.al now c.mnects Hras dt )r I.,ik.- with St I'lter s
Hay on the .Vtlantic Ocean, a distance of less than li.ilf a mil.-, ■... ili.it mi 111-
ally Cape Hreton Island forms two isl.amls.
The Soil of Nova Scotia in the northern )>,irt ami in tin- v.il-
leys between the mountains is fertile, but along the .Atlantic
coast it is rocky and sterile.
The principal Products are th.- hardl.r < .-r.als ...its, li.irley ,111. 1 ry.- an.l
hay along the river l>anks The most prmbutivir p.irt ..f lli.- ..ninlry is the
valley l)etwe<;n the North and South Mountains, when- appl.v-, iiid maize are
cultivated.
I
iV
DOMINION OF CANADA.
I
Till- Climate "f Ndv.i Sioiia is luultliy and tcmpcratr; al-
ihoiiK'li siili|i<t h' Mpliliii ( li.iiiKcs (if ti'ni|M ratiiii', tin; cxtrcnifs
itre not sd ^'nat .!-< in Ontario.
TIh' chief Industry of No\a Smtla is flsliniK. Ixit luiniin;,
nKrii'iiltnri' ami luml" iiinj are also cvtcnsivi'ly r.irrird on.
Thr prirulpil Exports ^irr fisli rhictlv mil, lirrrillK, IdlisUT-.. .mil ti.iil
iliKk- s;i«ii liiinlii r inii k^ litiliri, |»i|;iIih s ami a|i|<l<'s
Till' iiiiiiii.il I ^|l<lrl^ iif Niiva Si iii.i amniiiil In nr.irli, lo.mo.ixm ilullars in
vahir, Iniliiiliiiu - (isli, •y.oim.tiuo; itiinrrals, Hj5,fx»> liirnlnT. i.f«»).ii<»i axrl
niltnr.il piiiiliiiis, hvi.oiyi. niiil manuf.icliim, 4i(i.a<iu ilullars
Manufactures firi' rarrii-d fin In a liniititl cxicni, .unl arc
rliiitlv ofaiiii li s for (ionn'stii- consiiniption — cotton, woollen ami
li'atlicr koihIs, ami woodin «,iic.
Nciva Scotia i.s divided into Eighteen Counties, »Iih1i may
li<' (fff'ip'''' '"•'> "i" "" *'"' .\tlantic roast, four on thr Hav <<f
l''iind\ . four on Nortliiinilierland Sir. tit, and lour in Cape llreton.
Halifax, ilie eapit.d and lar^'est city, is the terminus of iln
liiliiioloiii.il Kailway and the winter seapoil for cistern Cm.
,id.i. It possesses a inaKniliceiit liarUir and an lin|H-rial doi k-
v.ird, aii.l IS the Uritish North .\nieru.iii niilit.ir\ .iiul n.i\,il
station, with a citadel ^''Ti^'med liy Ihitisli troops.
Yarmouth and Lunenburgf liave considerable tr.uh' in ship
liiiildinn .Hid lishiiiK.liesiilt s^'i iier.il i oininer'e. PJCtOU .md New
Glasgow an jiiipcirtant lor their i o.il mines and ship liinldiii;;.
Annapolis, Windsor ami Locke Port are shippin); ports.
Ill (ape liiiiiiii, Sydney is ilie centre for the coal-minmi,'
rejjion, ;iinl Arichat "n Isle Madame for the lisheries.
I'KiNt i; i;i)\\
Prince Edward Island is sitiiatrd in tlir (liilf <>( \
.St. !,.i\\ niK I-. .111(1 is the siiiallfsi |in)\iiicc (it llie Do- I
ininioii. It is rrcsc('iii-sli;i|n'(I, and is separated Innii
Nova Si( I.I and N'ew Mniiiswick liy Northiiniiierland
St-.iit.
rill' Area i-; .1 liiile nvrr j nim sipiarr iiiilrs, anil its Population uxjstixi
The Coast h.is iiiinieroiis imiciit.itioiis, wlmh form >;ood
harliors. Three of tliiiii i'.^'nionl l!.i\, Ki( limoiid I'l.n, .ind
llillslioroiif,'h I'l.iy m ,iil\ di\ide llii- isl.iiul into three ji.iils.
Till Surface of I'rince ICdw.ird Isl.iml is t;eiilly UMdul.itiii),',
except 111 llie 1 riitre, where soliir low hills forill a w.itersheil
lietwei II till- sill. ill streams llowiiij,' ( ,ist .iml thosi! Ilowillfj west.
Lakes .ire iiiimeroiis. The isl.md coiu.iiiis 110 Minerals.
The Soil IS remarkalily fertile and well adapted for a;,'riciiltlire.
(,_)i'KSTl(iNs OS nil: M.\r.
^.S,, Ciiiiiiiii riiiil Miip I'f t'liiiiidii.)
Manitoba and Keewatin. What pnninrr of ('an.ul.i ailjnins Manili>l).i un
till 111 .' Willi luii s |,.r Ml p.irl i.f ilii- tiiiimil.ii V of tlir Iiispiiti'il Trrritiiry.'
W li.il .Miriili.m nearly' (.13 \V 1 Wli.it Disiriit is m.rili uf Mmitnlia?
Wlial Dislriils west' What Trrritory north r.isl? Wliiili of lliit fnitril
Stall's ailjuin Manitoba on tin- soiilli - What iiioiintains .nn; in ihr south of
Manitoli.ii' In thr wist' Wh.il ri\rr risrs in thr fnitril St.itis anil Hows
north tliroii)jli Manitolia.' Wli.il tiilmtary does it riirivc from the west?
What two triliiitaries ilois the .\ssiniboine receive? What three larne lakes
.Tre in Manitoba? What lar^e river Hows into Lake Winnipet; from the west?
W'li.it river ilr.iins Lake Winnipit; ' Wh.it lar^e river is north of the Nelson
Kivcr? What l.irtje river enters the .Srctie (leean in the north of Keewatin?
What two l.tr^e inlets .ire on thi west shore iif tlmlsoii H.iy? N.inio three
lanils north of Keewatin in the .\rctic Oee.in? What peninsula forms the
northeastern pari of Keewatin? How is it separ.ilnl from Halhn I. anil'
What K'llf is lutween Hallin Land ami Hi>iitliia ' What strait betwei'U DiHithia
ami I'rinee of Wales l.anil ' Hetween I'nncc of Wales l,an(l ami I'rinte
.Mlx'rt l.aml? Wh.il fimr sonnils ami straits iMMween H.iHin Hay ami the
western part of the .\rctic ( leean? What is the eapil.il of Manitoba ? What
two towns are on the Assiniboine? What one on he Keil Kiver?
North-west, Northern, and North-East Territories. Which t«o Districts
adjoin M.inilolM ' Willi h i«o |!rili-h ('.'lunibi.i ' What two Rre.it ri\ers
flow north westw.ird into the Arctic ( Icean ? Wh.it two l.ir^je rivers join and
form the Slave Kiver? Name four large lakes drained by the Mackenzie
River' What b.iy is .it the southern extremity of Hudson 15ay ? How is
Hudson Hay connected with the ocean? What is the eastern part of the
lonntry called ' What large island similar in shape to Newfoundland is at
.\ k I) ISi..\ N I).
and the Climate In .illhy. not subject to so f,'re;it extremes as
(in the maiiil.iml.
The chief Industries are af,'riculture, li-sliiiig, and ship
building.
The principal Exports are pmitoes, oats, ships, cattle, and canned Inli-
sters: the .1111111 il \.ilin- of the .ik'ririiltnral prodi. lsi\|)oried is .ib. mt <No.ih».
of Hsh, ^.So.ooo. of cattle ami c.iitle products, .>.|o,i«io, and of ' ips. iHo.ooo
dollars.
.\ railway has Ix.eii built ihronghniit the leiigtli of the island from Tiv!ni-.li
to Sonris, with branches to ('h.irloltetow'ii and (ieorgitown ; and a snbni.'iriiii'
li'legr.iph table connects Capi' Traverse with CiiH^ 'I'ormentine in New
Uriinswick III winter the ni.iils are carried lietween these points in ice Inials.
riiiiii- ICilw.ird Island is divided into Three Counties.
Charlottetown is the cajiital and principal centre of coin
ineri e. Summerside is tlur second town in importance, and
e\|iorts f.iiiil pimliiie and o\ sters; Georgetown exiioits farm
priiduc.e; Tignish and Souris are the centres tor the fisheries.
the entrance to llmlson Itav? What country is northeastward of ('aiiad.i
How is Cirn nlaml sip.ir.iled from Can.ida ' What is the capital of the North
West Territories (iii Assiiiiboiit) ?
British Columbia.— Hetween what parallels does Hritish Columbi.T e.xlend '
Which of the fnited States adjoins it on the south' Huw is Vancouver
Island separ.ited from the mainland ' From the tiniled States? What
mountains are in the eastern part of Hritish f'ohimbia ? In the western'
Name three principal rivers .\)winK into the Pacific Ocean. One passing
into the t'nited States. One towing northward into Alaska What islands
are north of Vancouver Island ? How are (Jueen Charlotte Islands separated
from the I'nited States Territory ? Name three chief inlets on the coast ol
the m.iinlanil. Two on the west coast of V.ini ouver Island? What is thi
c.ipit.d of Jiritish C'olumbii (in I'miKiinir hliiiid)' Wh.it other town of
importance is in Vancouver Island? Wh.it town is near the mouth of the
I'raser Kiur '
Newfoundland. How is .Newfoundland .separated from I.abr.ador' What
giilf is west of it ' What is the northern point called? The south-eastern '
The soiith-wislern ' What ocean formation i> sonlh-e.ist of Newfoundland'
What peninsnl.i forms the south-eastern part of New foiindland ? What is the
i.ipital? What islands are south of Newfoundland? To what country do
they belong'
Kl:Vll-.\\ IvXKRCISKS.
Countries. Districts, and Territories, //ii.v /miiii./,-,/ •' Wlieri- is it >
Norlliern- North-eastern' Keewatin' .-Vthabasca ' Saskatchewan'
Alberta? Assiuiboia? Hoothia ' King William? I'rince of Wales ? I^b-
r.ailor - Cireenland' Haflftn' I'rince .Mlicrt?
nOMIMON .>|- ( AS \|),\
43
cxtrciius ,iN
E'.X ^. S!.*aL^,
Islands. l» ulnil ilirnlinii Inmi III' iiiiir,)/ Imnl ' llv i.'linl wiihrtiiit
,.„n.lul>
Suiiiliiiiipl'iii ' (.)ii( 111 ('liarlottf ■' Si. I'icrri' • \lii|iii-liin ■
Peninsulas. /•>«<" :<IhiI /<iirl "f lln- itunilry iln, . ,l /iinj,,! > liilimr lulumi
..lull -..■ilt.rs?
MuUilli' l..il!r:i(lor:- Av.ilon?
Capes and Points. -/'Vnm whul friniiin- nr nlniiJ iA/.> il (•mjut' l-'mm
:,luil f>,irl .' Inlii U'hiil uiilir?
HauliP K.ici'^ Hay?
Inlets, Gulfs, Sounds, and Harbors. — IIVki/.hiuN/dii )///i,/i»/' ()/ ulml
Iniily of iiiilif ii it iin iinii '
('hi'slcrtifld ? WaKcr UniT? llii.iilii.T' llalliii ' Jamrs' Dixun Kn-
11.URI ■? lUirrariP llilti' llnwu? Ii.irrlay' Si l.a«rrncc?
Straits, Channels, and Sounds, -liitunn wlial liiiuli ur isliinil>.' U'lml
U'ulirs tliui it iimiiiil .'
Lanciislcr? Harrow? Mclvillf.' Uank^? llccla and rur> ? Tranklin?
I McClinirHk' Davi*' Hudion • <_>ii.fn fharUittr (it-ormi' |uan ■)<•
I l"ll..l' lllllr M.>
I Mountains and Hills. In .'1.1/ fiiri nf >Ai .unntry ,it, M. 1 ' In i.h.ii
/ifiij iih I ^
I IVmliiii.i ^ Tunlr"' Kiilirn;' Win k> ' Ca-nMiU' WixnI ■
Rivers. — llViin i/m /f m< ' ThruH^k uhm I'r'inuii ur Ihilritli i/iwi it
jinu- ^ Into liluti t.iitir?
.Mliany? Fnnlir-h' KnP AHsinilHiini-? (._>ii a|>|»lli' ' Scnirii' Saikal
chewan ? Churchill.' (ircit lish? Yiikmi.' M.ukriuii'i' I'eaci? Aiha
liasca? Slavi? I'rasi'r? Siikin? Sktrn.r' «">)lninliia?
Lakes. WInr. uliull.,! ' Wh.il .•lill.l h.K it'
\Viiiiii|i.-;; ■ WiiiniiHxosi',? M.iiiilnln? AiImUim .1 - (Jrral Sl.ui- • < irral
ItiMr - I,. ■.>! r Sl:i\i'
( Cities and Towns.— /« .-. /m/ />ri>iiii..- a it' In uh<il f.irt ; Oh ..r iimr
i.A.i/ ,•.■.l^r.'
\Vinni|>in' Urandon^ roriatir l.i I'ralrit- ' Eiiutvmi - Viitnria' Nr»
WiMminstir ' KtKiiia ' Hallltfunl? I'rincu AlbcrU l"<irt Calgary' S».
' Jolins?
M.Wn t)l!.\ AND NOKT
Manitoba is 'u; Central Province ol" the Dominion
of Canada, and occupies a vakiahic part (/t" tin; I-crtik-
Belt of the North West. I'lidiT the jiirisihclion of
Manitoba is inchided the District of Keewatin v.\-
tciuling northward from the boundary of Manitoba (the
53rd Parallel X.) to the .Arctic Ocean.
Ill Area Manitoba ranks foiirih aiiionj; the I'rDvinccs of Can.ida ; tin-
Population as yi't is coniparativLly small, but is Ixiint; rapidly increased by
iiniiilHration, fostered by the buildint; of the Canadian I'.icirtc Railway, which
passes throHHh the I'rovince, a.iu by the liberal terms on which prairie lands
can be purchased fur farming purposes.
\ portion of the territory claimed by M.initob.i is .Mso claimed by Ontario
This Disputed Territory extends from I'ort Arthur on Lake Superior west
u.ird to the iiorth-wost angle of the I., ike of the Woods ; thencr north to the
Knglish River, a tributary of the WinnipiK River, which flows into Lake
Winniiie};; and from that eastward to the 7<jth Meridian W'., Iwunded on the
north by the Albany River and James liay.
The Surface is cliicfly level prairie land, with detached
rarifjcs of hills, risiii^C from 6cx3 to 800 feet al)o\ (■ llie prairie, Init
seldom exceedillt; 2,500 feet ahuvc the icvl of the sea. The
Disputed Territory is, however, well timbered.
In the south are the Pembina and Tui.tle Mountains, and in the west the
Riding Mountains.
Manitoba contains no Minerals, although just outside its
ll-WKST TMUKIl OKIHS.
liorders coal is founil in the Sotiris district, antl iron on the Nelson
and Cluirciiill iVivers in Keewatin.
Manitoba possesses numcrotis Rivers and Lakes, which an-
valtiable fur (he water communication tiny alliid.
The principal Rivers are :-sIj.' Red River, navigable ^cjo mills to MiMir-
head (in the I'nil'd Sliesi. wher :. is cros^ d by the Norlliern I'acilir Rail-
w.iy , thi; Assiniboinr, a.i ■T.,,ienl of the Ke 1 River na\i^.il>I,' for i-o miles,
the Albany Rivei ' i' minx part of the bo' nd.iry Utwnu M.initcpl/.i and
Ontirio . the Wiiuiueg; River, ilr.iitiin^ lii Lake of the Woods, Rainy
Lake, LiiC Seu!, .-n. .I'liirs, the Nelson R. '.t (in Ke< .i.iiini drunui^ lake
Winnipeg; am! 'ae Churchill -and S«v>:rn Civers, also in Keewatin. The
last four are not ;•' jircsent avasSaM' lur 11. igaliun, uwini; lo the rapids in
their courses.
The principai Lakf-sof Manitoba are — Witmipeg, Manitoba, ami Winni-
pegosis, the first of which is iSo miles . -m;. and ihr iilurs about ii»j ,\
person cm tr.ivel, 1..1 the Saskatchewan River, frciii. \Vinni|M>; 111 Mani-
toba to lulmonton. near the base of the Rocky Mountains, by steamer, a
ilistance of i,soomile>.
The Soil of Manitoba is remarkably fertile. sieMinn l.ii^v
returns of wheat, oats, barley, and rcxiis. Tin Climate, although
severe in winter is remarkably dry and hi.ilthy.
The jMiiicipal Industries an- af. culture and stoc:k-raisin;(,
and the Exports, which at present are small, consist chiefly of
cattle and their products.
I .\lmost all the grain is consumed in the cottnlry, allhoUKh thi- prospects
i are that in course of time, a large iptantilv will ha available for exportation
i
44
D(^MF\ION OI CANADA
it
II
It
Manitoba is .Iivi I. 1 ini.i Four Counties, .ui.l ilicse are siiti-
iliMiJi.l ml.. 25 Electoral Divisions, > " li <>f wlmli elects a
m< iiihi I 111 til" liM .il 1 |(.ii-i (if AsMinliK .
Til. District of Keewatin i^ at pKMiit uMiiniMntaiit, liiit m
till ( \i III lit .1 i.iilw.a limit: limit 'kuii \Viimi|><t,' to I'ort Nilscm
i'hxi imlt s). aiiil a sliatii--lii|> rui.tc isialilisln-.l from lint piiit t"
(ill at Itritaiii ^wi C'i"'/»"i n ci/ Miip '/ "'■ I)''iiiiiiloii ), the sdiitli-
I'lii Jiarl. wlii'li liMiiililis Maiiitulia m lis |ili\si( al ftaluns. may
111 nia<lc availalilr fur < uloni/.itmn.
Milling' ,iii<l limilnrin^' will prulialily In- the < liiif Industries
of Keewatin.
Winnipeg- at the rontlninre of the Assiiiihoine and K<il
I\*i\ii . Is th. I apilal ami larf,'e-t town of Maiiitulia. It is the
centre of traile fur th<! wlioir <if tin Nunli- West, anil is remark-
alile fur ''s rapiil K'owth. St. Boniface is on the Keil River
opposili .. iiiiii|x lT.
Emerson, Portage la Prairie, ml Brandon an luwns
W hn li .111 ! .ipiilly Msiii;; 111 'liipol I.iih i .
X'KMI W'l -.1' Ti KKiruuii-.s.
'I'lic North-West Territories rniii|irisc the im-
iiK.-nst; p-'^ion cMcinIinu; west Iroin M.iniioha and i\cc-
watiii to Mriiish ColiiniM.i ami .\l.isk i, ami iiortli from
ihr Ii()iiM(i.iry ot till- I'liiiiil .St.iics (the .\i)l\\ Panillcl.
,'. ) ti> tin- .\riiic < )('-.iii.
!"rum this liiiiluiy Four Districts h.i\e heen fornuil ainl
or(;ani/t(l fur st iiliiiit iii .u.il f,'u\c rnmcni. Tlu sf .-uc Saskat-
chewan, Assiniboia, Alberta anl Athabasca. Tlu n ni.iimit r
1 .1 llir ti 1 1 ii' 11 \' 1^ -111! uiiui ^.iiii/nl. .iiiil as \i I is onlv ucc iipieil
|iy .1 fiw liiili.ins. lluilsun H.iy <"uni]).iliy traders, ai .1 iiiissiuii-
aries liiloii;,'in;; lu dilkreiit relij;ioiis ileiioiniiiaiioiis.
Till- Area <>f «icli o tliu urK.ini/ud Oisiricts is .iNnit half ili 11 .if Onlarii>.
bill till' iMipul.ilioh is small, nhhoiiKli ■.\Ua\h llit.' Iin<! of llic C'anili.iii I'acilK'
I<.i''«,iy immiK'r.itiiiii i i cMrnsiM', 'ml iriiiuruus ('nloaizaiiDi CDinpanits
hav<' linn ( • . 1. \Mili a vim uf ilnil.jpini; tlir resoiirci'S (if tlii' cinimry.
Till Surface uf the coimtry is similar to that of Manitoba
(sii' iilso I . jiiy. 1 hu llv 1(\(1 pi. uric- l,iii(i, with sliuit r.iiifjes of
hills, whi h fuini thi- w.itershe.ls fur the immeruus rivers which
flow from the Kocky nioiint.iins, eastw.iril ,iiul iiorthw.iiil.
I'll.- I'Mii. ipil Hills ire in ilic Muih ilii- Cypress Hills, au.l Wood
Mountains; ilu-i- f.rni tho «.itt rslu-ii hctwuii tln' S.i^k.iiLln u.ui .iml Mi>.
-'uii il'i::!,,! St,'l,>) jitivirs. In Ailialiasci arc the Cariboo ami Birch
Mountains, «liiili furm tint v\ airsln Is fur the IV.aic Kivtr. Nurtli of the
S.iska'' lu'«.an tlu'rc is a lici^^lit ef latul Imt tlicrt.' arc iiu hills uf any cun-
bvtiuinc...
A rLMn.irkalilc fcatiirc <if thu surface uf the Niirlh-Wtst Terri'.iirics is its
division in'o thrt(! disiincl pl.iir.ms. cMrndinv; from mirthwi'sl to southeast
— tho first, includinj; the Kc.l H'.vtr and Lake Winnipt'H rn;ion, from 800 to
'.(xwfcfl alxiM- the sea; tho secoml. inrluilinK the Sonris. A-isiniboine and
ijii app»'llo disirii t. alniut idiX) feel aliove the sea, and the third extendinj;
from the ui^l'i meridian, risiiiK from jooo feet to ^u<x> al the . <se of the
K(xky Mountain.
The priiu!p,il Mineral of the North-West Territories is coal
f.v.v />. ji j, aliliui^h ii.icis of (;')1(1, iron, and f,'ypsuni are found,
chielly on the North Sask.i''hev an, near l-^ldinoni ..
Cual i-. of s|<<vial economic \ ...e he.ilinK' purposes, .11 .account of the
scarcity of; \r .mi tho ; r.iiries ind the inieii>ity of the winlcr cold
• lit Rivers in- nunuruus, Imt with the exception of the
S.isk.Ui lu u.ia. .Ill- of nu coiiimen. i.il \ .iliu . There ari' also many
extensive Lakes, espcci.illy in the nnur;,Miii/i'il li rrilory, wlii'-li
are dr.iiiii d li\ l.ir(,'c rivers lluwiii;; into the .Vnlu- Ocean, n
iiiM lludsun li.iy. Of tlicsi; Great Bear Lake and Great
Slave Lake .m l.ir;,'i r than L,ik< ' ini.ii 1 1. ,md Lake Atha
basca is m-.irly .is l.iroe.
Till' Climate of the North-West Territories, .althouoh si \i ii
in winter is ( \ceedin^'lv hcillhy on ,i •count of its exln im di ,
ncssfsw />. 31;. and .ilthoii>,di the :'!er!iionieter may fall to pi
below zero the cold does not seem more intense th.iii it wuiil.i
be ill Ont.irio at zero.
Blizzards or cold liene westerly «iniK, occur in «intiT, ,'nd ,ire desliii'
me t ■ 1 iit'i' .md proptrtv.
The Musk-ox (i't niiiilriitii'ii, /I. JI) is iieciili.ir to the Cinadian Nnrlh-
West, .ri'l IS f.jiind nowhere else in tlut world; it inhabits the b,irren pl.iins
,iriiiiM 1 IJiidson 111), .and r.irely c<imes south of the fiolh I'arallil N Tlii'
Bllifalo, which formerly roained over Ihe k'reat pkiiiii in immense herds, is
now almost extinct. Bears, >;ri?/ly and bl,ick, iie luiiiierous, ,is are also othi r
wild ;iiiiin,ds
The Canadian Pacific Railway now traverses Manitoba and the Norih-
West Ti rnl.'iii s from 1. ii Anhrr on Lake Suinrior to the Kinky Moiunaiiis,
and when completed will f.irm a continuous line from the .\tlantic to the
racilic Deem lhroir,;h (anadim territory.
The chief Industry uf the Nurth-West is .iirricultnre and
stock raising (sti: p. 32;. In eutirse of time v lu 11 the vahi.ilili-
co;il mines are opened up these will form one of the ureatesl
resources (if the country.
Regina, in the district of .\ssiiiiboia, is the priiuip.il luwii,
;iiid rcsideiuo of the Lieuteii.iiii-Ciuvernui . Prince Albert,
near the confluence of the two br.iiiclu s uf tin S,isk.it( In w.iii, is
;i cumpar;itivi ly old settlement. Battleford, Fort Calgary.
Edmonton, ami other jilaces un '.III' hill ut tlu' r.uiiii K;iiKv.i\
m.iy in euurse of time develop into towns of im])orl.iiice, as
iiiiinif,'rat ion increases.
NoKTii- 11 \s r TiKuiruKV.
TIic Nofth-East Territory is sittiaiid on the
eastern shores of 1 hulson iinl JaniL's Ma\ s, and iaclndes
all the land north of the I'rovincc of Oufhcc to FUidson
Strait, t-xcfpt the t-astcrn part ( l.alirador) wnich is
under the jiirisiiiction of N<'\\toiindl.iiul.
It is of no value for agriiiihir. .il purposes, but idiitains man\
val iblc minerals — coal, iron. iii.i!it,'aiK se, j,' deii.i. and others, bin
as yet they are Hut worked. The princip.il n-oion where these
a,'e fuiiiid is in the vicinity of the Cireat .ind Little Whale Kivers.
The Inhabitants are few, consistini,' only of ser\.ims of till-
Hudson li.iv (\\. and Indians. The only trade is in furs, which
are barlired bv the liu'i.ms. at the Iludsuii li.iy CompaiiN's
forts, for provisions, ammunition and cloiliin;;.
NoUrillKN TlKKITUKV.
The Northern Territory includes the small I'e-
tached portion of land e.Mendint,^ from the Alban •
River (the hound. iry of ( )n; trio) no. diwards to 1 1 udson
Bay, ;ind is separated on the west from Manit.'lia In
the (SQth Meridian W., and from Keewatin by tlu; 91st
Meridian \V.
This term >tj is as yet almost uninhabile.l, ami, like the rest of the land
surronndint^ lludsun and J.imes Hays, is of liitlu v.duc ni^riculiurally ur
commerci.ally.
ii
DOMINMitX Ol- (WAD A
4":
111 arc clc8iru
iiKirisii (
British Columbia comprises {he. frn-aicr p.iri of
the \\'csl( ; Hit^lilaiul (A C;iii;ula, cxlcndin^r fniin tlic
jiiih Parall<i N. (//n- houndary of the Suited Slater)
to ihr 6oih Parallel N. ; togcilur wiili Vancouver
Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, and numerous
other islaiuls along the coast.
Ill Area, Hrilish (■•iluiiil)ia is tliu largest rrmiiici! of tliu nnmiiiioii, lim
only contains .i Population of aliout 50.000
Ncirlli of Oiii liarlotto Islamls. tliu coast ami ailjoiiiiiiK islamls f.>rni
part of tlir Trrrit .if Alaska, bflonniriK to the I'liitcd States,
Tlir Coast-line of tlic inaiiil.uul aiul of tlio western shore of
Willi <.ii\ir I>i.iiiil is deeply iiidciitL'il by numerous narrow iiilris,
with piriipiloiis rocky liaiiks. Into tlicsethc rivers wliirh make
thi if way throii},'li the Cascade Ran^jo on the nuiiiiland ami thi
("oast Ranj;e on the Island flow to the orran.
Till! priticijial inlets are Burrard Inlet, Bute Inlet, :inil Howe Sound on
tile Tiiainlantl; ami Barclay ami Nootka Sounds on Vancomer liilaml.
Tliese all form safe ami valuaMi; harUirs
Till' Surface of the mainland and of tlir islamls is, nionii-
'ainoii (,si(' />. 2.S). The outer slopes of the mountains nf the
inaiiila id ale covered with tunlier— Douglas pine, Menziis (ir,
111 Miloi k, tialsam. cedar, and other woods, while the interior
lilattaii 'ontains vast tracts of land siiitahU: for {,'razing,
rile K< ky Mountains on the eastern horiler are crossed by several Passes
\iliich are fri. 'I J.ikk) to fi.ooo feet in hei^;lit alhive the level of the se.u The
• 'uiailian I'aeiho Kiilway will cross through the Kicking Horse Pass, then
ilirounh the Selkirk Range ami along the Thompson and I'raser Rivers
i I New Westminster ami Hnirard Inlet.
The Rivers t>f Hritish Colmnhia are r.ipid. and atTord .ihim-
daiit water |)Ower ..s Well as a plentiful supply ol w.itil in those
rif^ions "vhen irrigation is required.
The principal commercial rivers are the Fraser, on which steamers run
from Nuiv Westminster to Yale; the Skeena, navigated by steaiiu rs from
N.tnaimo (VI.) on the route to the gold mines of Ominic.i: thi' Nasse, on
llie upiK-T p.irt of «hiih gold is found. These are .ill .ilso vain dile lor tlieir
fisheries. The Stekin, Peace, Thompson and Columbia Ri' ers, althongli
! irger. have at present b'.it litile commercial value.
The Lakes, i>uth on the luaiiilaiid and islu.'ids, uru mmietous.
liut 1,'enerally small.
The Climate of N'ancouver Island is imsiirpassed by tli.it of
any p.iil of the Diimiiiion, and ailhouj^h the isl.ind is sitii.ited
much farther to the north tli.m ()nl.trio, m wiiili r snow r.uely
lists more than two or three d.ivs t.stt- />. 31 1. The mainland is
subject to greater ixtremes; on the coast lie.i\v i.iins occur in
spring and aiitmnn, but between the ("asr.ide K.uige and the
Roi kv Mmnit.inis the i.iins are light and the rlim.ite dry; the
ceiili .il regiiiii. owing to ii , elevation, is colli ill \\ inti 1.
The chii I Industries of liritish ("olumbi.i are mining and
fishing.
Gold is found thronghmt the whole extent of the Province, cihtl, bitumin-
ous and antlir.icite, in Vancojver Island, in 'Jueeii ("harlotte Island, and on
the inainl.iml; silver and iron in variou.s parts The guld is obtained chiefly
by washing (si-i illiislriiticii nhiivi 1.
The co.il mines of liritish Colninlii.-. are probably even imire valuable tli.in
the gold mines. The coal from the Nanaimo mines now leads the market in
S.m I'rancisco and on the I'atitic coast; niul the supply is of inc.ili iil.ible
alvaniage, not only f. r the in' bit.ints of the country but also for the Im-
peri.al Navy and the mercantile marine
Salmon-c.inning is an import.oit industry on the Krasej- River, and yields
the most valuable item of British Columbian e\|)orl. Agriculture is confined
chiefly to the lower v.illey of the Fr.iser and to parts of V.incouver iHlainl.
the produce consists altogellur of articles for home consumption.
Tin- Exports are larger in proportion to tin; poimlation than those of any
other province. Tliey amounted, in i.S.Sj, to ne.irly 3,.(ooi)oo dollars; includ-
ing gold and coal, 1.300,000; lish, I.jo<>,orxj; and timber, .|.»»i«xx
British Cnlumbi.i is divided into Eleven Districts for elec-
toral and municipal ptirj viSes.
Victoria, the capital, is the princi)ial centre of trade in V«n-
comer Island, and jxtssesscs an excellent h.irbnr. NanaimO
is the Centre of the cual-miniii;; ngioik Esquimalt is tlj
British n.iv.d st.ition fut the North racific.
New Westminster, on the Traser River, is the priiicip.il
town on the mainlaniL Lytton, Yale .iml other places on the
l-"r;i.sor River are as yet onl) sin, ill \ ill.ige.'>.
Burrard Inlet, on the Oiilf of Georgia, a lew miles from Xrw
Westminster, forms a safe and i 'inmuKlions h.nboi, and is the
Jiort fr.m wliirh the lu:ilber tr.idi. is chiif'y ( irriejl on. Port
Moody on Burr. ird. Inlet is inteiidi.'d to be the Icriiiitiiis ,J tiie
Canadian Pacilic Kailw.iy.
46
I'oi.niCAi. M>krn amkrila.
NliWl-OLNULAN |).
I
Newfoundland is the only British North Aim-rican
l'i<)\iiicc which is not iiuiiuh:il in the i 'omiiiioii of
Canada.
It is sitii.itf.l ;it tin iiKniili (,!' ilii- (iulf iif St. F-.i\vr» lire, aiicl
is sc|)af.it(<l finiii L.iin.nlor on tin- iicjrth by a iiarruw strait
aliout six tniirs wiilc, and from C;i|h; Jlrctosi on thu s<jiitli Ity a
passat,'<' (if ahoiit sixty niili s u. wiiltli.
Xfwfoiniilland lias cuiitrol nviT tlif i-asti-rn part uf Labrador
fmni tlu' Strait of Uello-Islf to Cajx- (!liiull<'i^'li.
Till' Area <'f iIk- islaml is nearly liuublr ih.il of Nova Scotia, but iii>r Popu-
lation i< s'' iii.iti "IK' h.iir.
Tin- Surface is liilly, with niiininiiis lakes ami ri\iTs. The
liit,'ti(st ticvatluii Is ill tin- western p.irt. wlR-n tlnj Long^ Range
Mountains fxtind a'oiif,' the coast, foriniii;; part of a low ranye
par.illi I tu thf .\|)palacliiaii Chain, and extciidinj; through Ca|V'
IJreloii til Ni)\.i Siotia txn' f<. 2<j\.
Till' Coastline is d i pl> indented with numerous bays, is
f xially on tlic noilli aiiil cast, and is ;;epi.Tallv rorky and
I' i( ipi'oiis.
Cape Rice f'siv lUitilniliun) iv.is formerly the calling [wint ul the Atlantic
stt.iiii:.!ii|'^ l.ir the Iraiisiiiiisiou of nc«» uni.! the subm rint leK-^aph cables
wi-p; l.iiil (liiwii. Now the coast is av lideil on account if the numerous cur-
rents iMusid by the nieetiii); of ihi' Ami- Cirnnl ami tile tluU Stream.
Xewfouiidlaiid is rich in Minerals copjKT. Sliver, lead, and
others, Imt they arc not as yet much developed.
The Rivers are small, nut e.\cei-din;{ loo miles in length, and
are of no value for iiavig.ition.
Thi: iwo |<i'iiu lp,.l I ivers are tln' ExplaitK anJ Humber.
The Soil is not adapted for agriciiltiiri- excipt in some parts
on the southern coast. In the interior tin- lowlands are largely
covered v.itli lakes and marshes, and the liigher lamls are rocky
and liarien.
The Climate is hv althy. Imt the Antic riirnnt on the north
coast biiiiging iiiiiiu rmis iceU-rgs lium Halliii Hay iiiukes the
winters long and ret.irds vegc!atiuii.
I ■'i;^ .III- iirrvalfiu ml the enasl owiiiK to the meeting of ihe Ar< lie
< iirrinl Jinl liiilf Stnatii. vvliereby the inuistute of llie air overli.ii (j
ing thu Salter is loiuleiiseil (m/'. IS)
The chief Industry of Newfoiuu'land consists in tin-
lislieries.
ThcciKlfishery on the I tanks of Newfoundland is the most exlensive
In lliu world, and is carrieil on, noi only by the inhabitants of Ni w-
foiindland, but by lisherinen from the I nited States, France, and
other countries.
In the e.irly spring;, seals are very numerous on the north roast and
on the Coast of Labrador, Iwfore the ice begins to move; these form
a valuable source of wealth to the hardy sudors of Nevvfoundlanl
Till y are hunted on the iie for their skins which are made imn
liMlher, and for the oil which Is made from their fat There are no
fur-seals on these coasts.
The chief Exports are dries] co<l-lish, cod and seal oil; and Im-
ports provisions fnni Canada and the United States, and manul u
tured ^ihhIs Irom lliilain.
The Inhabitants being chiefly (isherinen or connected
with the (ishciies, live near the coast, and thu greater
number are on the I'eninsula of .Avalon in the south-east.
St. John's, the cajntal, and iirincipal seat of trade. j)nssessi •,
.01 excellent harbor, and is the most easterly sea-port td North
.Vmerici. Harbor Grace is the mxt town in iinportani i .
Carbonear, Brigus, Trinity and other towns are lishing cm
In s, but do nut Contain iiioie tli.in a.inx) inhabitants. Heart's
Content. ■- village on Trinity 15ay, is the landing ))lace v)f the
.Vtl.iiit'j Calile from X'alentia (Irchnid).
The Islands of £t. Pierre and Miquelon, off the south coast,
belong to rrance. They are valuable as lishing s;.itions. Tiie
I'rench submarine cable to America extends from Jirest to St.
I'ierre, and thence to Massachusetts (I'.S.).
The Banks of Newfoundland, elevations at the bottom of
the Atlantic Oct, in, are sitiiati d to the southeast of the islaml-
They li,i\e been formed by the meitiiigof the .Arctic Current ami
(iulf Stream, whereby the iceberg- of the north have bci n
melted and the earthy matter contained in them deposited in the
ocean. These Banks are from 150 to 500 feet below the surface
of the oce.m, and arc the favorite leeding-ground of the cotl-lisli ;
they extend eastward about (kjo miles.
FiKiiiNa-SruooMEiis.
il.
•tin^ of tliu An III-
f tliu air DvtTli.ii.j^-
coiisists ill iho
llif most cxlcn^ivi!
Ii.iliitants of Nc v
ales, rraiuf, .uul
lie north coast .mil
inu\-c; thrsu fui in
of Ncwfouiullaii'l
cli are made iiiio
at. Tliero are ikj
st'.il oil; and Im-
ites, and inanuf.u .
■n or coniu'ciid
nd the greatLT
I tlio south-uast.
trade, i>osscss( s
i-j)ort ot Xoitli
ill iinjiurtaiK I .
:irc lishiiit; crn-
ants. Heart's
ij{ place of the
lliL' south coast,
stations. 'J'hi,'
jiu lircst to Si.
t the hottoni of
.1 of the island'
tic ("iirreiit and
rth have lutii
dcjiosited in the
:lo\v the surf.K r
of thecoii-tisli ;
II
l.'O
ir
^ i
•'"-« *-fJ''^'\^']\ f Jilt IT I s u ( () 1. 1 ■ i n I A
mmmifX
5^"-
2%:^^'^
Ik. . ^v \imm* 'f-'-; t \ /r .smi''::^*' — tL^"*"-
„.^' -■-•■A fer.;^.;M*tv. j^„ > ^-
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POLITICAL NORTH AMKRICA.
47
rmr.F citii-s and Touxs m- r.vwDv wd NfF,\VFot?Ni)i.\Ni> i<i;i i;i<i;Nt (•; i muk
Crrv UK Town,
COUNTV
Ontario
I'Ti'iii.! I York
llimilliiii ' Wciifwnrlh
I m.iwa C.irlrtori ..
l..inilori MidilUv \
Kiii»;i|iiii I'riinlriMi .
(iiiilph WoUinKion
St (';itliarincs i Lincoln , ..
Hruilford Hr.iiit
Hi lliiillr llastinKs
Si Tlmiii.is i;li,'in . . . ,
Str-itfiird I'crth
Cliilhriiii Kent
Hiiii kvilli' Lircls
r(lirli(iri>iij!li rciirhiiiiiiiuli .. .,
Winilsor INscx
I'orl lln|«: I''rh.iiii
U ixidsKick ( )\f(iril
(iait Waterloo
LiniKiy \iclnn.i
<'<>lxiiirK j NdrlliiiiiilMrlrinil
ll.irric 1 Simciiu
(ipilrricli ' lliiriiii
fiTiiwall Stormimt
ColliiiKwodd Sincou
(iwrn Suiiiid (Iriy
I imirsoll ( )xfcird
Hrrlin WatrrliMi
Sir Ilia 1 l..iini>luii
l>iMidas I \Viiil«iirili
IMroliM I l.ainhlnii
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l^^vis I ivis. . .
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lliichclaKa ..
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SI John
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Si Th.iriias
St. Henri
Si Ji'an li.intisli!
Sor.-l
St llvai inllif
St J.. tin s
New Brunswick -
Si. Jnlin
Portl.ind
Fredericlon
M"Mcton '■ Wrstmnrcland
N va S...j!im
ri.a'f..x ' It.alifax
V;;ii~'ni.ih M.ilif.ix
rirtnii I'll tun
Piince Edw_rd Island |
I h ir'.'ii iiiuii t.i'iiTn's ......
Manitoba and N -W. Territories
W inni|.i I,' Srikirk
British Columbia {
\'ii I'll 1,1 M' / /
Newfoundland |
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.IMNI
yUKSTIO.NS 1)\ llll. M.\r
(Coiiiiiiirtiiil .l/ii/. .;/' C'li'hii/.i )
What prmini-c is sitiinti'H altoj;cihi'r on or near the Great Lakes? What
pniviiHi. on the St. I.awrenre? VVIi.it t«o pruvincis .m thi! .Vllaniic coast ?
What small pnniiue in tin (lulf of St. Liwrence? Wli.it proviiui! and dis-
tricts are lietweeii Ontario and tin.. H<x:ky .Mounl.iln-^? V\ li.it ,)ruviiicu is on
thu Pacific coast ? Wh.it iniiwrl.iiit islands docs it r.mipri.se '
What are the princip.il proiliuts of Ontario? Ily what rnt)l«n aru they
pX|i.irted, in snniniir? In winter? To wli.it lonntriis .in: lliej hielly sunt?
VVh.it arc the principal products of niiuliec' (if the Marititi. • I'rovinccs
(.ViK' liriina^ick, .Veni ,S,<ili,i, ,iiiil I'riiui- lulifuril tsliimlM WX^: isexiwrlcd
from Hritish Columbia.' What an; llio two principal shipfn.iK |Kirls in
Sc'>ii.r- What one in New Mrunswii k VVh.it
One! <•<- ' Wh.ii on<! in No\
one in VanconM-r Island?
Hy what roiiies ran n [lerson travel frmn .Sarin. 1 t.i OlasK"^' (.Sn/^/mx/l "'
I'roiii Turomo to l.iveriHKpj ' Wlut pro|Km«l sn-ainship roiiti- i>ns-<.s ihroiiuh
Hudson Hav ' Through tth.il «, iters dix-s it j>iu.s ? Mo..v < an a (irTson tra\el
from I'ori Hoix! Ill Winnipti,' ' How can j;o»<l'> I"' ship|xd from VViiini|Hn
l.y sleaim'r to Tort Edmontoi: ■
VV'li.it snhmarine c. lilies eonneit r.mada with I iirnp<.' Onwiiii isl.inds
are they l.mded ? Why does their toiir!>u dutlcct so much to the wjc'.ll c.jst of
Ni wloundlniid '
yUKSTIONS ii'M THK M.\P (UlltUil SlilltS ^
New England States, vvii.n states He farth<'st .i-st " (.Sn sttiiistinil
Tiihl. , /.. 51 ) VVi'.ich IS tfu; lar^ost ' Which liord-rs on New Hriinswick?
On yiiclxic? On the .Xtliritic Ocean ? VVhicii one h is no ^ il>oaril ' What
river rises in Maine ami flows through New Urunswick' What two rivers
form part of Ih.vlioundary Iwiween Maine and New Hnmswick' W'h.it
river flows throUKh the New l.:nKlan<l States into Lon^ Islanil Sound ' What
mountains traverse ihese states? What lake is in Vermont? Hy what I'ver
IS it drained? Wh.it parallel forms the northern lioimdary of V.rmont?
(45" N ) Name the capit.als of each stale' What city in Maine 1^ the ter-
minus of the Tirand Trunk Kailway of ( .inada ' Which of the states is
an isl.ind ' What cape is the mionI easterly point .if Mass.ichu.scits? What
islands are ofl the soiitli e.ist eo.ist '
Middle Atlantic States. What states form this >!rniip (s,, Slutistioil
Tiilih.f ijii' W hat St. Ill' Uirders 0.1 Canada? 13y what lakes and rivers is
New Yo.k separated from Ontario? What slates border on I.ake lirio? On
the Atlantic Ocean ' On tliB 1 ihio RWer ' W'hat three lar^e hays are on the
loast? What river flows into Now York n.iv ' Into nelawave Bay ? What
four rivers into rhesapi-ake li.i> ' What larKe isl.md is at iheenlr.iiice to New-
York Hay? Mow is I.'in;; Isl.ind »epar:ited frmn the New KnKland Males?
What cap«« is at the entrance lo New York lki\ ' What two at the entr.iiiie
to Drlaware B.ay? Wh.it two at the eiilrame to t'hevi|it;.ike ll.iv ' What
niountains traverse lluse state.-. '
Name the c.ipit.ils of <.a. h Bt.ite What l.iii;e tiiv is ;ii the nioiiih of the
Hudson KiM-r? Whatciiv is at the he.id of l><.|au.iri> Bay? .\| the head o(
('hesa|ie.ike H.iy ' What city on the I'olomac Kiver' What two 1 iiies are
oil or ne.ir I.ake Ontario' What city at the enlr.ime of llie Niacai i Kiver '
What cit) in Pennsylvania is on I.ake I'm. ' Wli.it feder.il .lislrii t 1.. mi the
roloinac Kiver ?
Southern Atlantic States. What st.ite-. f.inn this iiroiip' ^s.r Sluliilunl
Tiihli.l' ii y ll' uh 11 dirivlion dothe mersiit these states flow ' I'mm vth.ii
hi»;hlaiid ? Wh.il mountains form the Imiindary liclwi.>.u North ('arnlinaan 1
I'ennnsee? Which is the most southern stale? What c.i|>o is the mo-it
easterly point ' The most southerly ' What islands are south e.tst of l'°lnrid.i •
What lar^e irianil is south >if I'lorida? What K<^"up of nm.ill islands is \x-
Iwecn I'lorida and t'liba? (^ft Map vf MrtUu.rlt ) Whit town is >>n nun of
them' Wh.it siiaii sipni.iles I'l irid.i fiuin the Hahanias' Wh.it current
I'd! UK AI. NdKIII AMl'KICA.
I
J
flnwH ihriiiiKli it Wli.il miUii.Is .irr iiii llii- i ir.ist uf N^.rlli < .irdliii.i.' Wli.il
Kri-.il sw.iiii|.i an- in llii' hoiiiIiitii pari "f I'luriil.i' What luy Miiilh nf
i'liiri'l.i in tin' (>ul( cif Mi xioi' Wliat i ilirs arr tin: tapilalHiif ihr Suiitlivrn
Allnnlii Miitrs' What si-a|«irt is in Nurtli t'.iriplina im (,■((><• I'rar KixcT'
(In till' mast of Siiulli Cariilina ' In I'lnriila, nn rmsamla lla> .' I >n tlir
SI |i>lin KiviT? Wlial river furinit Ihu fantrrn iKiunilary nf (iuorKi.i?
U'll.ll < il', I . IX II ll . Illollltl '
Southern Gulf Sutet. Wli n sin. •, f.inn ilii. »,'i"ii|'' ' I"'" ^'''''' K'l" ''"
tin V Imiil.i ' What larj^c rivi r dims ilirnuijli Luuiii ma ' Of what Malis
il<Hs ll fiiriii |i.trt iif tint li<iiinilar\ ' What < ily it Tn-.ir ili nnnilh ' What
rixir Miiw> intu Mnhilr lta> ? Wli.it < ily is mar Its nnnilli' What rivir
forms 111!' Iiiiiiiiilary Ixlwiin Truas and Mixicn? Into «liii siatr (In tin'
Vpl'alai III III M.MiDi.iins ixii-nil.' Where is the Llano Estacado istukul
I'liiiiii ' What river furnis tin- iHiiinilnry Iklvveeii e\ is ml lln Imli iii I'ri
rili>r> ' What sea |xirt is in Texas? What purl at the inuiitli I'f the Kin
'iraiiile' What jmrl in Mexin> <ip|Misiie in llr<i»ns\i!le' What i iiiis are
the I ipital' III the Sinilherii I liilf stalls? \\ li.ii i nn s in Mississippi are mi
the Mississi|..-i Kiver?
S'vUther.i t!i iJ.isvi SUtei. W li ii si n. s (onn tins i;roiip - Wlm h nf ilnin
Uinler on ihe Mississippi Kmr ' riinnitjh hIi it stales ilix's the Arkansas
l<i\i r ()o« .' The Missnuri? "' ■ t i ily is near llie jiiintiiMi nf the Missouri
ami Mississip(ii.' What river i. lUs tin: iinrtheni iHiiimlary nf Kentucky.'
Wliai iii\ in Ki nliii ky is situaleil nn the Ohin Uiver ' What riiy in Ten-
iieswc- nil the Mississippi^ What niniintains are in Missmni? Vainulhe
capilals nf en h nf ilie Sniilliem Central stales. What territory is west nf 1
AtK.ins.is.'
Northern Central States. Which si.iies fnrin tl I i r«np> Which nf tlnni
IwriItT nil the (ire.it l..ikis.> Which nf them lim n ilireclly on CamnLi >
ily wh.it riMT.iinl I. ikes is Minnesut.i separ.ileil fn. <l Cannila? What tine
fiirnis the iHPiinil.iry iKtween D.iknta iiml Caiiaila' V'l.it slates Imnler on
the Ohin Uiser.' ( In the Mississippi? On the Missouri ? Wli.n li.iy is in the
west ol l..ike Michigan ' In the uesi of Uike lliirnri ? What island in 1.,-ike
Su|H'rinr ne.ir the Cin.nli.in slinre lielon){s to the I'nileil Stales? of what
lines MichiKin 1 hielly cnnsist ' (()/ /.•,'(i i<riiil f'l r:iniiliii ) Wli.it is the most
niiithiTh' |Hiiii| i.illeil? Ilnw is Uike Superior minieileii with l..ike iliirnii'
Lake lliimn with l..ike Michinaii? What river fnrins p.irt of the Imun.lary
KlvMin Minnesnt.i anil ll.ikola? Into what lake iln.s ilie Ke.l KiMrl1n>v''
Wh.il i;ri Ml river Ills iis Sonne in Minm soi.i ? Wh.it hills .ne in llie sinith
«i-.| nt I i.ik.il 1 Si mil llie , ipii ll, ,.| e nil of the NorlhiTn Ccinr.il stales
Rocky Mountain State and Territories. Wli.n sine ami territories form
this Kronp' In ulial diredion do tin. Kocky .Moiminins eMi-iid t'lrouKh
lliem ? Wli.n territories linnlir on ("an.id.i ? Wli it Kre.it river h.is iis sources
in .Monlnn.i? Wh.it im|K>rl.int Irilnitary of the Missmni flnws llnoiiKli Mon
I. Ilia? Wh.il river flows ihrmiKh New Mivico? Wh.it river forms part of
Ihe western honndary of Ari/nn.i? Wh.il Iriliiil.iry of the Missouri has its
source in Wyoinim;? What railway crosses Wyi)inin« and Utah?
Wh.it four naiiir.il Parlu are in Color.ido? What mount.iin ranfjo in in
ri.ih? Wli.it I. ike in the iinrlh-west?
N.iiiie the c.Tpii.ds of Colorado and of each of the !• rritorios.
Pacific States. What states and wliai ti rritnrv form ihisgrnnp? Which
St. lie does imt |i..rder on the I'.ieilic Ocean? Wli. it two r.inj;es of nioiinlains
eMi ml through ilnso mates? What Miiwes are luir the coast ? Wh.it liiuli
(H-.ik is near the Imimilary of liritlsli Cnliimbia? What nre the two chlif
rivers of I'aliforni.i? Tlironnh what f.inmiis valley dues a hrancli of llio San
JiLKinin (..ii/i'ii.ii) Ilnw ' What river forms part nf the northern Ixiundary
ofOri'.!nn? Will re dm s It rise ■' Willi like is in I ■.iliforni.i ' What cipu is
al the nnrili western eMriiniiv of WisliiiiKlon I'lrritory ' Mow is WashiuK-
tnn (/.I.) sep.iraled frnm N'.incoiivi r Islmd • Wli.il sound penelralis the
nnrllierii p.irl ' Wh.il islands are sniiili nf Cilifornia ' What sir.iit is at the
eiiir.inieof S.iii fr.nii isco ll.iv? N.iiiie the i.ipitalsof e.ich sl.ile. What
lar^e sea [Kirt is in Cilifornia? What town sniith nf S.acranieiitn ? What
cil\ is n.irth of ("arsnn in Nevad.i ? Wh.it iwn towns are in Ihe south of
I 'ilil.'ini I ' Whit tnwii is nnrth of S.ilem in OreKmi ' On wh.it river ?
Travels Whit prim ip.il cities would iniip.iss in iravellinn liy rail from
Toronio III New York li\ vv.iy of Niat;ar.i I'.dlsaiid Alhany ' Throiich what
si.tlis .iiid past wh.il lilies from Toronto to San I'rancisco. hy w.ivnf Chicago'
Troiii SI l^iuis to ll.illimore? I'roiii ChicaKo In I'hiladi Iplii.i by w.iy of
ritlsliiirnh ' I'rom Montreal In I'orllamI liy tirand Trunk Railway ?
riimiinh wh.it waters and past wlial stales v mild you s.ij| from rhlr.ie.i |.i
lluflalo? From CIcvel.nnI to Osweun ' Troin 1 Mllulli In InlliiiKwuoil (ii i ,
I'rom St. Paul ti. New Orleans' Irom Sin I'r.imisi.i in Viilnri.i |l ;,.
I'rom S.m I r.iMcimoln I'.inama? l-'rom New V.nk in St Jnhn (,V /I i I i.,ni
New Vnrk to Savannah > I'rom Charlfsiou to New Urlcan-s?
Kl.vil w MSIKCISIS.
States and Territories. Ilu:.' hoiniiliil.' What i^ iln iliii/ lnun or nt. >
M.niir ' Ni u ll.imp.liire? Vermont? Ma»».nchuseiis? Khnde Islni.T'
Cnnnectii 111 ? New Vnrk > New Jir»»-y ' Pennsylvania? Del.iware? M,r».
l.ind > Virninia^ West V'irninia ? Hisirici nl Cnluinliia ' .North Car.' i?
Souih Carolina? (itornia' I'lorida ' .Mah.im.i ' .Mississippi? Loiiisi .n , •
Texas' \rkans.is? Tuuuessen ' Keiiliicky ' Missouri' Kausnit ? Ulin.'
Indiana' Illinois? MichiK-an' Wisconsin' Iowa? MinncMita' Nr.
Iir.iska' liakola? Colorado' .Montana? Wyoniini!? NewMexico? Iilili..'
I i.ih ' .\ri/ona ' Oregon? Californi.i ' Nevad.i' W.ishiiiKlnn ? Indiiiii'
Islands. llVirrc >ilmil<il.'
Khixle- I oni;? .Nantucket' M.irih.rs \'iiie>,iril' llah.imas? Cnl.a'
riorid.i Keys ' IsieKiy.de' Sania ll.irli.ira '
Peniniulas. /•'mm whol fiin nf Iht (nuolty ilms il frujitli liilifiiii u-lml
Willi rs .'
I'lorid 1 ' MichiKail'
Capes. I'ri'iii U'h'il iiiml iliiis it finijiil .'
(11.1 ' Sandy Hook' M.iy? llinln|Mii? Ch.irles ■ Henry? Il.iller.ns?
Sil.l, ' Ki weeiiaw ? I'lallery '
Mountains. 11''.. r..ir< /A. i .' ihriiiit;h ti'hul ilnlu, iln lli,v i \l,ii,l>
Cireen' While? Adimnd.irk ? C.iiskill - .MIiKliany ' CumlH'rlainl '
Itliie? 0«ark ' Hl.n k Hills' \\.ili,.iii li? Cisi.ide.' Sierra Nevad.i.'
('.Mist U.niKe' Mt Maker?
Valleys. -Wlur, iilmit,.! •
Nnrlli ' Middle' Sniilli? S.inl.uis? Vnseiiiile ^ Vei<«ii-c-/<iv^ ?
Gulfs, Bays and Sounds. Winn is il ?
NiuY'ik- I'el.iwiii? ( liesajiiMke' l.nii>; Island ' I'.iinliro' AILe-
ni.irle • I'ensacola' .\ppalachie? Mesico? (Ireeii? Siinin.iw ' Piitjel '
Straits. Ililwiiii wlnit liiinh > W'hul t.nlin ilmi il u'liiii,!.'
11 111. 1.1' M.ickinaw ? Juan de I'lica ? (iolden C.ale?
Rivers. Wlirrr itois il riti / In wlnil ilir,\liiiti i/.., i /(//..;,•.' Thii'iigh ,>r
f',i\l i.liiil iliili \/ liilii If hill u-iilir /
SI John' St Cpiix' Connci lii in? Kiihelieti ' Niajfara? Si Lawrence
Ohio? llmlsnn? Delaware? Siisi|nehanii.i ? I'otniii.ic? K.ipp.ihannnck
James? Savannah? Mississippi? .Uabania ? Kioliraiide? .\rkans;is' K'l.l
(i.)ii/A|? Missouri? Ohio? Uaiiiy ? Pinenn ? Sle Marie? Kid (iiurlln
Yellowstone? Colorado? Platte? Sacramento? San Joacjuin? Culunibii.'
Wrii..::'.ll. ?
Lakes. \\!,.ri.iliiiil,,l.> Wlml miltil h,n ,l ?
Cli.iiiipl.iin? l\rie? Ont.irio? ICverKlades? Iliiron? Superior? Michi
■.;,in? Kiiny? I.ik.' of (he Wnn.ls? Cre.itSall? Tulare?
Cities and Towns. I» uhol sUil. i.\ il.' In :,li,il /;irl .' On or iinir IiImI
Will, I :
.\ii(!iisl.i? C.iinord? Moi.ipilier? Hoslmi? I ro\ ideine? Ilirlford.'
I'.nll. 111.1? .\lliany? Trenton? llarrisbnrH? Iinver? Anii.iisilis? Kicliiniuid
WInsliiiK? New Ynik? riiih;de!phl.i? Il.dtiinnre? W.ishiiinlnn? Km his
ler.' Oswenn? lliillalo? I'.rie? Kiy West ? K.ilei);h? Cnliindiis; All.iina?
Wilininnlon (.VC'I? T.dl.ihassee? Charleston? Peiis.n ol.i ? Jacksonville?
Sav.inn.ili? MonlKniner) ? J.nksnn? H.iton KoliKe? Austin? New Orleans?
Ci.dvesinn ? Hrownsville? M.ilainnr.is? NaKhe/? Yiikslmrn? Mobile?
Little Kink? N.ishville? Iraiikfort? Jeflersnn City ? T.i|ieka? Si. I.nuis?
Louisville? Memphis? Colmnbiis? Indi.iiia|x>lis? Sprinnlield (III.)} Lan-
sing? Madison? I'esM lines? Si. Paul? Lincoln? Yankton' Cincinnati?
T.iledo? Ch'vel.ind? Sandusky? I'etroit? Chicago? Milwaukee? Min-
neaixilis? Doiiver? Helena? Cheyenne? S.iin.i I'l;? IJ.iisuCiiy? Salt
Lake City? Prescolt f.^rll.> > Salem? S.icramentn? CarsnnCity? Olvm-
pi.i? San p'rnncisco? l^ja AuKeles? S.ir Diono? Stockton' Virginia
('ily? Portland?
VOl.mCAl. NORTH AMI.KICA.
49
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
rinr? Miclii
I "<■ II,, ir i,li,il
Ciis'i- K\t. Dkscrii'tiox.
The United States of America, cvclusive of
Aliisk.i, already dcst rilnd, occupies the central part of
tli<' N'orih American Coiitineiu, ami is the most ixipu-
Iniis aiul important country of the Western Hemisphen:.
I.iki' Caiiail.i, il rxlriuls friim ilii: Atlantic tn the r.uitic Ocean; from
Caiiail.i (111 lilt: nurlli it rxIcmU tii .Mcxicii ami thu (>tilf uf Mcvicu un thu !>uuth.
Huin},' wliolly witliiii tlio No.''i TLinjxTati; Zone ^.\la!>k.t
(xccptfdi. tlic Unitcil States jjosscsscs the mtni valii.ilile pro-
iliiclivi' ]>ait cpf tiic contiiU'tit, ami has a chiiiatc most favor-
alili! for ili'Vi'lopiiiii tlic fertility of liic soil and the industry of thtt
|)(<ii>lc.
AllliDii^li in Extent it is aliuiit tin; same as the Dominioil of Canada, yit
il ( (iiitaiiis a Population twelve- tinu's as ^rcat, and lakes rank among thu must
|Hipiilous, |K)ui ilul, ui-altliy and progressive nations of the world.
Tile Surface prisouts two nearly iijual parts of w:dcl\
ilillfrtiit ( haractcr -tile liij,'h W'lstciti IIi;{hlan(l. itirltKlin-.^ tl.i-
iii(,'li W'fstcrii I'laiii cast of the Koi;ky MountairiN; and tht-
lowir ICastnii Highland — including tiic j^cat Central and At-
l.iiilic I'laiiis.
Tlirse Highlands amf Plains are a continuation aoathward of ih>; ICiKli-
I. mils and I'lains <d I'aiiada.
In tilt Western Highland the eUvat< •! tract within the lofty
liiuiirii.iiii 1.111^,'es (sic />. jj) contains three principal plateaii'^.
h is ril)l>t'(l with niiinerous short parallel chains of iiioiinluins,
and lias been likened to a sea filled witli waves many thousand
f 1 1 1 liij^h. Tin- Wahsatcn Moiintainii m I'taii fotm tiie loftiest
interior ran(;e.
Tliir Great Basin. <<r IX'prcHsion fsiirroiinded l>y inoiinl.iin chain-i, oCLiipieii
the central p.iit ,,( tlii: I'late.iil Ilelt. hhI the Colorado Plateau the south-
eastern |>art; in the north is th<: Plain of the Columbia.
The r.r. at It isin encloses tln^ Great Salt Lake, and other s.ilt lakes whii h
art! fed l>y llx.- luuiint.iin stre.iiits, but havt: no outlet to the (He.in. It is sepa-
raloil from Ihi: Tolor.ido I'lateail by the lofty rannu of the \Valis.iteh Moun-
tains, .mil is from j.ooo to .|.i«>o feet hi(;h. Tlie Color.ido I'laleaii is from
r>,oao to 7,ooi> feet hif;h, while llie I'l.un of thu Columlii.i is ludy aUiut .>,uao
ff-et aKix «■ the se.i.
The High Western Plain slojies ^jentiy e.islw.inl Irom the
foot of the. Rocky Mountains, where it is from 5,<k)<) to (i.ikki (■ ct
in hei^jhl towards the valley of the .Mississippi. W. ^l of iIk;
Sierr.i Nevada .ind Cascadi' Motnttains is the Pacific Slope,
and enclosed between these ran^jes and tin? lower coast i.ii!;;ts
are the fertile valleys of Californi.i and ()re({on.
Tin- Rivers of the Western Hi|.,'hlaiiil, with tin- exception of
the Missouri and Yellowstone, arc too swift and too shallow to Ih;
navi(,'ated. The Red and Arkansas Kivers are iiavii;ali|e only
ill the lower p.iit of their coiir-i .
1 lie Columbia, Colorado and Rio Grande are the princi|inl rivers draining
the ^rcat Wustern I'laleau Itelt, and thes<t I|o%n throut;h a series of niuuni lin
gorges called Cunoiit. 1'liu heils of nc-arly all thu rivers of tlii r ntiru highland
region ire- f.ir U.loa tie general level of the imintry thr<iu);h wim h ihey lluw.
I he Missouri uiih ii • tributaries is thu great river of thu lliiih Wvbtern Plain
east of the Kocky Mountains.
The plateaus of the Western Highland are diy and barren,
Il
5'>
ITHITKM, NolMII AMKKIfA.
owirifjto thr wnni of rain, wliili the coast r«(,'ionHliavcnhun»lant
rain, anil parlii iilarly towards tin- nnrlli atr cuvi nil with ilinst;
forfsls,
A l.irtjr |>.iil iif llii- llit;li Wcslcrn I'l.iin al l!.<; fuoi u{ tlm Kotky Mi nn
lain* i» oiii! of llir riKj^l iliwilati- niul arnl rejjIonHnf \\\v, cutitinent. Wlicrtvrr
I III! sIreaiiiH fnun llu; imlliiiK Mumsof llir iii.iurU.iinscan Imi iimjiI for irrigation,
.iliiinil.iiil I rops I'.iii l>i.' raJM'il, Imt iiiiirctlian ftiur-fifllltuf tliu vntiru liifililainl
IM ho|ii li.-^K I..1IT1 M
Till' Eastern Highland is small ami Uiw in coinjiarison wilii
till! Wrslirii.
It riiiisisi-. iif till' "ivi r.il |>arallt'l ran^'is nf tin Appalachian Syttent, ami
I'xt'iiilH (null till' I>i)iiiiiiii>ii of Tanail.t nlinusi to tin' (iiilf ct M>\icii Thr
lilKhesI (Maks arr alxnil as IukIi a-, thi^ plains al thr foot of tin Ku ky Moim-
tains. Il contains many drtilr < Irv.itcil villrys, Imt no iMimim' platiaii'..
Till ilillrnnt ranniMi ar^ kn..\\n in Ni « ll.inip'.hiri' as thr White Mountains;
ill Virnujiit, ns tin' Green Mountains; in Ni » York, as ih. Catskill .>'i'l
Adirondack Mountains; ni I vnii^> U.ini.i, as thr Alleghany Mountains; in
Vir);iiu.i, .1 . Ill' Blue Mountains; ami in Kttilmk) .iml Tiiuu .n- n-i llu.-
Cumberland Mountains.
liiiiii this in;;hlanil _,^___
111. Atlantic Slope <in ^'^'^^^
llic I'.tsl Idiliis a loll),'
liilt of luwl.inil. It is
wiliest in tin: soiitli
l.'ibuiit 3U0 miles) liiit
narrows rapiilly to-
wariK tlic iiiiiiitli of tile
jliulsoii Kivir, wlitri-
it almost ilissappears,
l'"artlu •• iiurtli il .loair.
( xii.inils til a wiillii of
aliotit fifty miles.
The .\tlantic plain
is (Iraiiu'il l.v niiiin r
oiis, short and almost
parallel Rivers. TIk \
l^'i'iierally cross thi
plain al ri;;hl an^ili.s In
the line of the hif,'hlaiic|
in which they Iiavi
their soiiriH's.
Most of them nrv n.u i
Hal)l(! for a con.snljralilu
ilislttiici' (rom thr iiiil till inlcrruptcil liy i;,lls or rapi.ls. TIkm: falls furnisii
valualilu walcr-ixjwL-r.
\l tin; iicarosi appro.u h of tho l^asU'rn llij^hla, ' to llu: .\ilantic it is iiitir-
scctc'l liy a ri'ni.iik.ihli' (U-prcs-! in, which contains tin; valliys of tin; Hudson
ami Mohawk Rivers, o .1 (,>rnis an important hinhw.iy of comnurcc.
The Great Central Plain or Missiosippi V.ilic'y, lies liitwetn
the two hij,'hl.in(ls, and extends from the Gulf of Mexico to tin.
Great Lakes, where it unites with the Iwisin of llu; St. I.awrnicc
in Canada.
Asllu;avirat;<'fall of llu; Mississippi, tin- Missouri ami lii. ir chief l.r.inclios.
as well as of the St. I.awrcncc, is only .ilwiit four inches to tin; mile, the wholo
of this part of the country is ojieiuil to sie.im n.u ij^alion. from the lliilf of St,
Lawrence to tin' dnlf of Mexico. A short c.inal coiiiucts the Illinois River, a
trilnitary of tin' Mississijipi, with Lake Micliij;an, ami other canals connect
llu; < )hio Uivir with Lake Krie. Tho general level (ace of the country facilitates
tin; con>Hrnclion of railw.iys, canals and roads.
The Eastern Half of the United States may be I ivided into
two ref;ions, dilVirinf; ii'iiiark.ilily in veKct.ition.
Dense forouls cover the Atlantic I'lain, the liaslorn Hi^h, ad and the
ni'lKhlxirin); jvirtt of tin- lirral I'mirjl Plain, i-xcrpt where Ihey have l-.-n
cle.irLiI fur the pur|>iMe »f I ullivalink! the i^ound.
tmmensi" pr.iiries ivcupv iht- n <i of ihr <iri-.it Central I'lain, anil th ,•
protluci' rnoriilous i)iuntilU'H of wheal, corn and other Kr.iins in the in'iili.
hiiip ami ii»l>acri> farther suuih, .ind furnish |»a«turo Mroumls for vast In 1 I,
od.iltle, shi'i'p mil swine.
The fertile soil, warm summers, ahunil.inl r.iins. and Rre.it ran^i; of l.m.
nule, lU.iki; the e.istern h.il. ;,f th«! Unitisl St. lies one of ihi- richest siHtions i,(
oiinlry in the world for variety, <|uanliiy .ind v.alua uf its nKticulturd
proili' ;tions.
The Climate of the low cistern half of the Uniteil States i^t
in j;eiii'r.il much cooler than that of the Western Iliuhland m
llu: same l.ilittlde.
I II the east, fris]uent rains are lironsht at .ill :xMsi->ns liy the moist winds 1 ,f
the (jiilf of Mexico, the Allantic and thefireat l.ikes. In the west, the hoiiiIi
west and northwest winds of the I'.uitic dischar'.;i- most of their moisture ..11
thehiuh siininiitsiif the Sierr.i Nevail.i ami (r.-utrade KanKes. The rainfall ihi
the .\llanlic ciust incre:ue;i low.irds the siuih: on the I'acific coast towards
lliii north.
The prairie nijion is
'.nl'jisl lo frequent summer
droughts, as the wimls lose
till ir nioisluie Infore |s ne-
tratini; so far inland.
The le.idiii),' Indus-
try of the Uniteil
Si.ilis is a^jricultiiti'.
Its chief seats .ire
in tliu .\tlantic and
Great Central I'l.iins,
and in the small, rich
lnwl.inds of Ciliforiiia
and Orcfjon.
It employs nearly one-
half of the whole nuniKrof
those who are en(,'aj;ed in
industrial occupations
throuf;hout the country.
.\inonj! the principal
Apicultural Products are
rice, in li/e or Indian
corn, wheat and other cer-
eals, the other chief pro-
ducts arc — suj;,ar, cotton,
andtob.acco. Of the former,
wheat and maize, and of
the l.iiur. cotton, are commercially the most important. The corn (i«<i/r< )
crop f.ir exceeds th t of all the other ceru.als in amount.
Grazing is an important occupation in the affricnltural
ri ;,'ions, and vast qu.iiititics of maize are grown to feed hogs,
r.ittle, and horses.
The prairie and maize districts of the Tircit Centr.al Plain furnish the
priiicip.il supplies of cattle, hogs, tx-ef, pork .ind wool. The northern part of
the Lastern Highland, the d.iiry produce— butter and cheese.
Mining is an important indu.'^try, and the vast coal-fields,
widely liistributevi iron-mines, and rich deposits of gold and
silver, make the United States a treasury of mineral wealth.
The )irincipal mines of co.al.iron .and petroleum are in the K.istern High-
land; those of gold and silver in the mountains of thi; Western Highland;
those of lead in Nevada. Utah, and the valley of the Upper Mississippi; nnd
those of copper on the shores of Lake Superior.
The Manufactures o he Unitc-d States arc varied and
import.iiit. Tluy are chieily carried on in the States north of
the Ohio and Potomac Rivers.
I ros I'i,.t;ikg.
poll IKAI. \nKlli AMi'.KICA.
J»
Thii l»on «cr<>om •■(the .ihiimlini ■> •<! « hit [niwir di. I .iikI I ilmr. Tlir
l<r >| .>l iii.iniir» iiir< -> .ir<- inii in. uuulliii, .iii'l iron K'I'I'K, If iiliir, iimU .iti<l
01.1, h,nrr>. (lour, lumlar an>l ».ili.
Auriruliurf. mininK anil Kr-t'ini: MippK iti",i ..f ihr r.i» iiiiliTJ iN fir
Fishing I- I l<-.i<ltiii; iiittri si m mhih uttlir I'.istiMi St.ni s.
Tlir Foreign Commerce "f ili> rmtcil Si.nis isixti nsiv. ,
ami f'lr .iiii<>tiiit r.iiiks iliinl iii tin \\<iil<| (iii.it liilt.iiii In in;;
tlt^t .m«l I'r.inio mtdihI.
It ill hicrty « «rrH->l -m with (irni llriiain. I'r.incc.irKl (icrm.inv in i;iir()|if;
witli t".in.ul.i, Ihc \Vc»l lmlif«an>l Hr.uil in Aiiuriia, ami willi <'lijn:i iiinl
J.ilKin in Asia.
The numrr.Mi, in-lfnialion^ cm iht^ Atlantic m.ist .ill.ir.l ^!.Hl,I ji.irlN.r,
wlhrc th<> .irc m t^l m-<.l<il fiir f«irii;;n iiiinnu'ri.f.
Tlio I'.icific ciMsl l.«ks tin- .ii|\.ini.i«i"« |misi-isiil liy tin' All.riilii . .i-. it I) i .
n<>>;riit iniUnialnint vvLipt S.ui l"r.in(.i»cii II •^ ami rii>;c l Sniiii.l.
Th'- HP- Hit |ort ••( the furfijjn tra<l<! runiris in Ihi^ wi i«irl'« in tin- nnrlli
t-rn li ilf iif lh<- .\tt.inlic cn.iM. Al lia-.t l«i> thirils uf all ihr. iin|«irls, aiiM
II. .Ill) lint- half I •fall the i\]«irts, jmsh thrmiuli ilic: i«irt nf Niw York I hv
ri nMiO'lir i« chit'tly <li\iilcil bttwctn JJuMuii. Niw ( irlr.iiit, riiil,iili.l|ihi.t
lt.itiim»rL- ami San Francisco.
Thii (oriicn ir.ulu i< c.irritil on mostly liy nuaiis of I.uki' siraTMiliip-.
uhuh. huwi-xvr. aru owntsl almost cnlirrly liy (lrr.it llrlt.iin .iiul oili. r
U4li.jn<.
The princip.ll ExpOftSamiiiton. Iin iiNliiMs. provisinns, i .iitlc. |h ir.'l. iitn,
p.lil an. I mIucc.i. the (jrcalcr part K""* '" (iri'.il llril.iin. 'I'lii' prim ipil
imports arc manufaituriil K'xkU from (iri'.il llrilain, I'raiici: .mil (it'rrj.ir,.
aiul f..rii);n |>ru<luce for connumption.
Till- E>omestic Commerce fai (xncds the fiiitit,'ii.
Kailu iw I .r.-'it .ill tl;i' priiHip.il towns ami lilirs, ami tlions.imls of
vt'sstU ply lntttiTa the pnn>.ipal |>orts on tin: l.ikcs or on tlu! co.isl. Tin-
ii.it. n, !>u;:ar and toliaccu of the soiiili. tlu' ^jr.iin, Hour, citlle ami p.i< ki .1
p.rk of the »i-st. the lumKr of tlu- f.irist rf^'ions ami tin; prodiuts of iln-
minei are supp'.iol to the more thickly scttKil maniif.icturint; ilisiritls. Tlir
latttr scml Uurk Ihcir viri.ius m inuf.icinrrs; ami the commercial cities ill-,.
Iriliiite |.) the interior the imiwri-- rrnivc I from .iliroa.l.
Tlure arc tlircc- j;ri-at Water Highways iiimi ilir iiitiiim
t.) tlic »x:L-an — 1 1 1 l>v tl»c Great L.ikcs ami tlic St. L.iwiiiici
Kivtr throti'^h Canada; (2) liy tin- (irc.it l.ikis, the ICric ('.mil
ami the iiti<lxiii Kivc-r to New N'^rk ; i ji by liic Mississippi .iml
its branches to New Orle.iiis.
.\11 lhe5«s wattr-ruutes radiate from the low plains uf the Ipjier Mississippi
ami its branches
The Railways of the I'liiteil Sl.itcs are more extensive tli.ili
those III .ui\ other loiiiitrv. The low cistern half of the (•oiiiitr\'
is covered as with a network of iion, (sjnii.illy in the iionln rn
l>art.
There are about 114.1x0 miles now in oper.ition, ami oni. ureal r.iilway
.across the Wi-stem Ili^hlan.l to San IVanciseo connects tin.' commercial sys-
tem of the east with th.it .if tile west.
The main railway ront<-s .across the .\ppalaclii.iii ret,'ioii are the Grand
Trunk "f <"ani.!a fr.'in <"hica^o to Il.ililiv, I'orilaiid and Il.isi.ui. ili.' New
York Central .el Erie, K.ih termin.i.ri); u New York; ili.- Pennsylvania
Central, t>rmin.iii;ii: -u I'liil.idelplii.t; ih.- Baltimore and Ohio, ii 1 iniii.itin.,'
It Il.altlmorc. Of the southern r.iutis. oni' ir.i\crses Somhiin Tennessee and
Virginia, tcrminatin); at Xcrf.ilk. and another is Ixlwun Memphis an.!
("harleston.
Thcst all connect by \arious lines wilh the Central Pacinc, the only c.im-
pleietl line to the Pacific <".>.isi. Tw.i mil. r roiiii , 1.. ili.- I'.u iiii- .ire in pro
o-is of construction the Northern, from liiilmli on l.ike Shim n.ir . .and tli.-
Southem, from St. t^uis.icro^s 1 1 \,is.
Telegfraph lines extend all over tl.i- idiintr\, .nnl siili ni.it me
cables connect the I'nited St.iti s with (irciil lliltain, I'l.imi,
.iml the West Indies, civini; every fai-ilily for i.ipid 1 oiniininira-
tiiin to every part of the wot Id.
Till People -ire chiefly lite deHcend.ints of eiiiti;r.ints lioiii
(ire It llia.iiii, Irel.ind .Hid ( lerni.iin .
llesi.lis ihev* .irn 111-' NcffOC* nil Mulattoei, .1. si. nil.mis ..f sluen
l'roiii;lil lr..m .\frua, now niimU'rimj ii< irly <• v*''**' (he IndiMW. or .Mm)-
ri.;ims. »h.i are chiefly in the \Vi >tirn llinlil.iiid. or in th.- lull 111 I'ertitory
Ml ,ip.irl f.ir Iheiii, an. I niiinUr aU.iit ii.i..iiii. an. I the CbincM, wli'> aiu
III iinly on the t'acilic *°oasl. .in. I nuiiiUr almul iix>,oix>.
Hill of lh» whole popntiiion of iipwar.U of ymuu.rxiu, lesit ih.in ^.uuu.ini
.ire in the \Ve-t< rn Highland or west of the Kinky Moiint.iins. the rem.iin.ltr
lain^ in the l.iw ami fertile 1 .isiern h.ilf of the tounlry.
IIk I 'nitcil St. His I uiisisis 111 Thirty-eight States,
Ten Territories, .nnl One District, uiuii il uikIi r .i
|i iliril (ir • iLiu r.il ( io\i rimniil.
\ Territory i-- a (lortion of the country not %. t .i.linitie.l .is i Si.iie. Ihi .ins«!
It his not MiMuiiMt popiiliti.in . il is s.iid to 1.' Organized wli'ii a Ko%ernor
in. I jii.Jijes an- ap|siint<.l bv the I'ri .idiiit. .111. 1 .1 I i>:i'.l.>liire elicited by thu
|...p|..
The General Government -"id the si\cr.il St.iti (iovern-
mints .iri .ill Ki puMi< .111 in loi m.
The ('■iiier.il (ioMrmiient ronsjsis of .1 President, Vice-
President, .I'ld .1 Congress I. iiiiprisint,' two ihsHm l ImmIics, the
Si n. ill .111.1 the Moll., lit K. pnsent.lti\es.
Till- President is the ihuf i xi i utive oHiccr, and both he and
the \'liel'residi lit .He elcitcd to hojil oHii e for .1 tellll of four
M.irs. Tliev are elioseii by l\liili>rs fioiii e.n h State, who are
.i|)|Miinted by the vote of the {M'ople, and arc the s.inie in iinmbir
.IS the nil iiib. rs of Con^^ress fniin the dilTcreiit States,
The Senate consists of twi nienibers from each State.
The memU'rs are chosen by the Sl.ite lajjisl.ilnres, and h.>ld odii e f.ir six
years Their presint niinilH r is seventy six. The Vice.l'nsideiit of tliu
I'nited States is the presiding; oihier of the House.
Till House of Representatives consists of mem!» i s i host n
direi tlv b\ tin |Kopie of tile dllleli lit States.
Thi- inemlHTs hold otiice for two years. They nnmln r .11 th>. presint time
(-•i. e.ich st.ile |iein>; entitled to one for every 1 51,1,11 j of its inli.ibitanls.
The represintatives elei I one of their own number as presidiiix olli .r or
s|ie.iker. K.ich Druaniz .l T.rritory li.is a dele|,Mte in ih.' house, he m.iy like
p.irt in the discus>ion of .ill matters rel.>tinn to his Territory, but he has nu
Mit.'
The ExecutiTe Power is in the hands of li.e President, who is Com.
minder ill I fm f .f the .\rmy and N.ivy. My ami with the consent of the
Senile he api>.>inls the Judges of the Siipri'mi- Court, and lert.iin other < i\il
.ind !nilit.i''y officers, c. includes p.Mce ,ind m ikes treaties with other nations.
Tin- Leg^islative Power is jointly in the hands of Contjress and the I'resi
.lent. .\ l.i« i> ni.i I.J by tlii! cinvnt of Ik .til lloiisi'i and with the approval of
ihe President of the United Stales. If the latter returns a bill without his
.ipproval. he is said to •••Ij it: it may afterwards liecoinu law if two-lhirds of
the memliers if e.ach House approve it.
The Supreme Court, the judicial department of the (lovernineni, consists
of a Clui I Ja-l!i . ,1:1.1 i:ii;hl .\s>oti.ile Jiidi^es.
The complete stat»!ineiit of this plan of government is called
till- Constitution, which was adopted ill 17.S8, and divides tlu;
(ioveti'.miiit into three branches: the Le(,'islalive, which makes
the l.iws; thejiidici.il, which interprets the laws; and thu ICxe-
ciitive, v;liich executes the laws. Neither the (ieiier.il (lovern-
nieiit nor any State Cn)veriiiiient can make a law which isi
1 iinir.irv to the Colistitutiull of the United States,
^%.
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IMAGE EVALUATION
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Photographic
Sdences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. USBO
(716) 872-4503
'•' \
52
POLITICAL NORTH AMERICA.
Eacli State is a republic in itsrlf, and rcKulatos its own local affalrs—makos
and rxc'CUli'S its own laws, leviis taxes, controls its militia except when tliey
are in the service (.f the (icmer.'d CiovernnuMit, and h.is a cornpleti-' political
or(;aniz,ition or constitution, similar in most resincts to tli.it of the (leneral
ffovermnent.
It h.is .1 r.overnor elected direcllv by the people, a I.e^^islature in two ile-
p.irtments. and a Supreme Court. An ( )r);anizc'd Territipry h.is a (government
similar to that of a State, except that th(' Clovern^r and Judges ;ire appointed
by the I'rfrsiflent.
T.ilicr.il jirovisinii is iii.idi.' liy almost every Slate for tlic
Education of tlie ijcojilc.
Common Schools are maintained at the public expense, and in some cases
llinh Schools, besides Normal Schools for ]ireparinK teachers. 'I'hv.n: are
in the country about five hundred and fifty ColIcKi's; two liundre<l of which
are exclusively for women, but their standard, except in a very few caset,, is
much below the CoUeKe standard of rnn.ida.
Then; is no cstablLslicd Church, and all denominations have
etjnal liberty.
.Ml bnt seven of the States are in the low eastern half of the country, nnil
all the Terrilories are in the liiKh western half. I'^or convenience, they may
be groupicl as shown in the St.itistical Heference Table below.
U.NITKD ST.\Ti:S ,>T.\TIST1('.\I. KIU'ICKICNCIC T.Mil.K
Stati-s.
New England States
M.iine
New I lanipshire
Vtrmont
Massachusetts
Hhode Island
Connecticut
Middle Atlantic States -
New Vork
New Jersey
I'ennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
VirKinia
West Virf;inia
District of Columbia
Southern Atlantic Statns-
.N'ortli I'arolina
South Carolina
C.eor(,'ia
I'huida
Southern Gulf States —
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
Southern Central States-
Arkans.as (siiii'J
Tennessee
Kentucky
Missouri
Kansas
Northern Central States-
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
Iowa
Minnesota
Nebraska
Ihtkofit (Ter )
Rc 'ky Mountain States-
Colorado
Montana (Ter )
Wyominf; ( Ter )
Next) Mc.xuo (Ter.)
Idaho (Ter.)
Utah (Ter)
Arhtma (Ter.)
Pacific Slates -
Oregon
California
Nevada
WasUinf;lon (Ter |
Unorganized Territories-
Iniliiiii (Ter ) .
Al.iikii (Ter I
riU'fl.ATlOX.
n.i.s.o.jO
34''.'!') I
332..!.S5
i,7«3.o«5
5,082,871
1,131,116
4.2.S2,8iJI
I4f),f)oS
934.943
018.457
177,024
1.399.750
99.i..577
1,542,180
-ti9,4<J3
1,202.505
1. 13'. 597
y39.94<i
1.591.749
802,525
1.542.359
1.648.690
2,168,380
906,096
3,198,062
1,978,301
3.077. '''71
1 .636.937
1. 315.497
1,624,615
7S0.773
452.402
135.177
197.3.;7
19.1.59
20,7.89
I19.5'''5
32,(110
143.963
40.44^
174.768
S64.6()4
62.266
76,895
.30.15'>
C.MTr.M.s .\Nii CiiiKF Towns.
CiiiKF M.\nif.\cti;ki;s or Prodi'cts.
AuKUsIa, Portland ' Shipdiuildint;, lumber, fishing.
Concord, Manchester..
Montpelier, Kutl.ind. . ,
liostiui, Springl'ield... .
I'rovidi'uce, Newport . .
Hartford, New Haven
.\lbany. New York
Trenton, Newark
Ilarrisburg, I'hiladelphia
Dover, Wilmington
Annapolis, Haltimore ....
Richmond
Wheeling
WASHINGTON
Cottons, woollens, carriages.
Dairy products.
Cottons, woollens, paper, shoes, fisheries.
Cottons, woollens, iron manufactures.
Rubber-goods, hardware, clocks.
Grain, salt; cotton, woollen, iron, and Other manufacture;
Garden products.
Coal, iron, petroleum.
Fruit, garden products.
Grain, fruit, oysters, co.al.
Tobacco.
Coal, iron, salt, petroleum.
R.alcigh, Wilmington : Turpentine, tar. pitch, tobacco.
Columbia, Ch.irli-ston j Cotton, rice.
.\tlanta, Savannah 1 Cotton, rice, sweet potatoes.
Tallah.issee, Key West j Cotton, oranges and other fruits.
Montgomerv. Mobile Cotton, corn, lumber.
Jack.son, Vicksburg Cotton, corn.
liaton Rouge, New Orleans Sugar, cotton, rice.
Austin, Galveston | Cattle, cotton, corn, wool, cattle products.
Little Rock
Nashville
I'rankfort, Louisville . . .
leflerson Citv, St. Louis
Topeka, Lesvcnworth. .
Cotton, corn.
Cotton, corn, tobacco.
Horses, hemp, tobacco.
Coal, lead, iron, grain, hemp.
Cattle, corn, wheat.
Columbus, Cincinn.ili Coal, wool, iron, fl.ax, grapes, pork, tobacco.
Indianapolis ' Grain, cattle, hogs.
Springfield, Chicago ! Wheat, corn, oats, hogs, coal.
Lansing, Detroit.
.Madison, Milwaukee.
Des (liny) Moines . . .
St. Paul, MinuFiipolis
Lincoln, C>maha
Yankton
Luinber, copper, iron, salt.
Grain, lumber.
Live-stock, grain, co.al, lead.
Lumber, grain, flour.
Cattle, grain.
Wheat, gold, cattle.
Denver Silver, cattle.
1 lelena Cattle, gold.
(Cheyenne Coal, cattle.
Santa Fe Cattle, wool.
Poise City Cattle, gold, silver.
Salt Lake City Clrain, cattle, silver.
Prescott, Tucson Gold, silver, wool.
S.a'cm, Portland Wheat, wool, timber, cattle.
.Sacramento, San Francisco Gobi, wheat, quicksilver, wine, wool.
Carson City, Virginia City Silver, lead.
Olympia, Walla Walla Timber, co.al.
Tahlequah
Sitka Seal fishing, furs.
TOTAL .
50,442,066
POLITICAL NORTH AMERICA.
53
in some rasc3
rs. TluTct .ire
ilrcil of wliii h
•y few cast-,, is
lations li
c country, rmd
nee, they may
manufacturer
Kaii.wav l!' Morxr WAsiiiNi/roN.
Ihc New England S^'ates an; jrcmcrally rocky and
iiimiiitainous ; th<;y are better aclai)ted lor ]).istiire than
for tillage.
'\'\\v Sea-coast is marktii by nunnroiis indcntntioiis, wliicii
form cxcclkiit liarbors. These, with tlic various railways from
tlie interior, afford unsurpassed facilities for ronimerco.
New England is preeminently the Manufacturing Region
of the United States.
Its riviTs afforil abundant watorpoucr. and have busy manufacturini,' cities
on their banks. The quarries of slate, lime-stnne and marble are valuable,
and the forests of the north furnish lar^'e supplies of himber. The fisheries
are the most important in the United States.
Portland, in Maine, is tlie terminus of the Grand Truid<
Railway of Canada. Boston, the capital of Massachusetts, is
iliC metropolis of New En;,'lan(I. It is the seat of many noted
literary institutions, and is tlie great eastern railwaj- centre and
roinmcrcial emporium. Providence, the capital of Rhode Is-
land, is the second city in population, and lias a large tradt^.
The chief manufacturing towns are: — In New Hampshire, -
Manchester and Nashua ( ■.^■<'Vfi} /nbrics), Concord ( c-nn-ingcx i .•
in Massachusetts. — Lowell (collons <tnd ■„'i>clh-iis). Fall River
tp"iiit.';), Lawrence [c-oltons, vnollcns ami pdpci), Lynn [shoes).
Holyoke [cotlnns and pnpcrw in Connecticut, New Haven,
Bridgeport, Waterbury, Norwich and Meriden [nihhcr-
goods,firc-arins,vatchcs, clocks, jointed -'.^'arc and scciiii^ machines. )
New Bedford and Gloucester are fishing ixnis; Spring-
field is the seat of a United Stat( s arsenal ; Cambridge is the
s( ,it of Harvard College, and New Haven of Vale College;
Newport is a favorite waterng pi. ice.
The Middle Atlantic States lie on or near tlu:
."Vllantic Ocean, Ix'tween New England ancllhe Southern
States.
They consist partly ot the lowLinds belonRing to the .Atl.intic I'lain and
partly of the mountain ridges belonginK to the .\pp.alachian Highlands.
The coast is deeply indented with bays, whicli receive important rivers and
ftirnish comnKxIious liarlxirs, as the Ilutlsnn, Ilelaware, Susipiehanna, I'oto-
iiiac and James, flowing into New York, Delaware ami Chesapeake I'ays.
The princip.il Industries are Agriculture and Mining.
\ l.irk'e part of the ciiuntry receives sixvial attention for gardi'ii produce
and fruits for the supply I'f the treat city marki'ts. The hilly regions aflord
escellent gr.i/ing fur »hifr. and w.vl is an important product of thesi- States
The chi( f Mineral Products <d this ngion are coal and iron,
which ahoiiiid in the Aj'p.il.n liiaii Highi.inds in I'l nns\ Ivani.i,
Maryland, anil West Virgini.t. Cire.it qu.intitirs of petroleum
• ire .iNo I'litained in IVnnsvlvania ami \\ est \'irgiiii,i, .md s.ilt
X.
V..ik.
Manufactures arc extensively carritil on, partii ul.irly in Nes\
\\iik and Pennsylvania.
In Commerce, foreign as well as domestic, the Middle .\t-
i.intir St,it( > t.ikr the ieail uf all the others.
The gre.it commercLil cities of New York. I'hil.idelpliia and liallimore ship
to foreign markets vast amounts of grain an 1 provisions constantly coming in
from the west Iiy the various railways or other channels; and distribute to all
parts of the country imp<irts from .jbroad. The coasting-trade ami lake-tralhc
<.)f tliis section .are both extensive.
The Huiison Kivcr. navigable to Troy, is one of the great natural arteries
of commerce. connccte^I by the Krie Canal through the Mohawk V.illey with
Buffalo on Lake Urie; In- the Erie and Oswego canals with Lake Ont.irio at
Oswego; by the Champlain Canal with Lake Champlain and the Kichelieu
Kivcr, at Whiteh.all. and l)y the Delaware and Iluilson and the Morris ("anal
with the Delaware River.
New York is the metrojwlis of America. It is situated at
the iiioutli of the Hudson River, on Manhattan Island. In
manufactures as well as in commerce it is the leading city of the
Union, and is noted f"r its noMe h.irhor, .ind its iniineroiis fine
hiiililings. Brooklyn, "11 Lung Island, and Jersey City in New
Jersev, separated from New York h\tlie East and Iludsini Rivers
respectively mav l>e considered as forming part ol the city,
lirooklyn is the third citv for population in the Union, and is con-
nected with New York by the f;rcatest suspension bridgi" in the
world ; under thi>. large ocean ships can pass.
Buffalo, at the outlet of Lake Erie, is a leading l.iki'-port, and
is the western tei minus of the Erie Canal. It is important as
one of the centres of commerce between the east and west, and
carries on an immense trade in grain, live-stock, lumber and coal.
Oswego, on Lake Ontario, receives gre;it (lu.intities of grain and
luinl)er from Canada and the west, and in return exports co.il.
Albany is the capital of New York State, and is ;ui iiii|5ortant
junibi r-in,irkrt.
Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, situated at the junction of tlu^
Schuylkill (Skool'-kill / River with the Delaware, is the second
citv of the I'nion in jKjpulation and extent of manufactures; it
is the greatest coal dejx)t in .America. In Independi :i((\ Hall,
still preserved, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration
of Independence in 177O. Pittsburg h.is the most extensive
iron and glass works in the country, .iiul is a great market for
bituniinous coal and {K'trolcum. Paterson, in Xuw Jersey, has
iinport.int silk manufactures.
Baltimore, in ^L^^yland, is an important sea-port, and is a
great market for tlour. tobacco, and canned fruit and oysters. It
is a port of call for the .Mian (Canadian) line of steamships to
Liverpool. Richmond, the capital of N'irginia, h.is an exteiusive
trade in iron ni.inufactures and toiiacco. Norfolk is a leading
cotton-port, and has the l>cst harbor south of the I'otonuic.
The District of Columbia is a tract of si.xiy-four
stjiiare miles on the left side of the Potomac River,
54
I'or.' riCM. XORTH AMI'.RICA.
ccdc-il 1)\ llu: Si.iK; (if Mar\ 1.111(1 to tlKi Gciicnil v.j(jvcrn-
niciit as a site for the n.illonal cajtual.
The l.iu-mrikinH )«nv.. r for On: district i-. mMvA in C"onf;ress. Tin- executive
]xjwcr is inlriistuil Ui Ihrec; ('niiimissiuncrs ;i|i|«>iiuc-I l>y the I'rcsidcnt. Tin;
rcsidunis of the Dibtrict are iieillier reiirebeiitetl in Congress nor are tlie_\
enlilli il I.I \nV .
Washington, in the District of Coluniliia, is tlie capital of the
I'liittd States. It contains— the C^ajiitul, wiicic Congress meets ;
the While House, tlie resilience of tlie President ; and other
, - ., fnii; liuilcliii;,'-s. C'cjinnurcialK'. it is
of small iniportanrc.
The Southern Atlantic
States occupy a part of th(j
low Atlantic Plain hctwccn the
A|)|)al.u-|iian Momitains a.u!
the ocean.
,Su.Tm|is aliuiincl on ihe coast — tlie Dis-
mal Swamp, extendinK from Southern
\iri;ini,i into North Cnrolina, and thcEver-
glades of I'lorida, aro tlio most noted.
They arc infested with alligators, rattle-
snakes, and other noxious reptiles, and are
co\ered with a dense vegetation of cedar,
cy)iress, and creeping plants.
Agiiciilture is the leading In-
dustry.
The pine forests of North Carolina yield
large .supplies of turpentine, pitch, tar, and
nisiu. The islands and CDnsts from South
Ci'.rolina southward yield the most valuable
cotton (sca-islaiid vr loiii;-sl,iphd), Kice is
Largely cultivate*! in the lowlands, which
,arc suliject to tidal ovcrllow. Indian corn,
w heat and tobacco aro grown in the higher
l.mds; and fruits — oranges, lemons, and
bananas are grown in I'lorida.
Most of the labor on the plantations is
l>erformed by colored people, who consti-
tute a large proportion of the iwpulation.
Manufactures are imimportant,
and Minerals are still undeveloped.
The Climate on the coast is hot
• ind il.iinp, Inn in the higher regions
is Iieallhy ami deliglilfiil.
Long summers and mild winters distin-
guish these states, anil every winter many
invalids from the north seek the balmy air
of the ("arolinas and I'lorida.
Charleston, in Smith Caiolin
is the lirst rice-market in thi- I'nited
States, and ships large quantities of cotton. Savannah, in (ii cr-
gia, is the second rutton-port in the United States. Pensacola
in I'lorida, on the Ciulf coast, is an important sea-port. Aiken
ill Soutli Carolina, St. Augustine and the towns on tin; St.
John's Ki\ir in l'"loriila are favorite winter resorts for in\aliils.
The Southern Gulf States occupy the low plain
skirtini,' the Ciulf of Me.xico.
I'rom this plain the surface in Texas rises to a table-land diversified in ilie
west with mountains; in the northern part of .Alabama the .Vpiialailii.in
Chain of Mount.iins terminates.
'I'lie Rivers are generally sluggish and are navigalile to the
ridge through which they force their way from the uplands,
where navigation is obstructed by falls or rapids.
The gre.it river of this section is the Mississippi, navigable itself for j,.:uo
miles, and having not less than .i hundred navigable tributaries, traversed by
hundreds of river steamers. The Missouri, its principal tributary, is longer
than the Mississippi, and like it is navigable almost to its sources. 'Ihe
waters of the lower Mississippi are heavily charged with earthy matter,
mainly received from the Missouri. These deposits have, in the course of
years, formed a vas! delta, extending .along the Gulf for a distance of 150 miles.
The elevation of the delta is so slight that embankments, or hv'cis, have been
built along the Mississippi, Ked and other rivers, to prevent them from om r-
llouing the country during the annual Hoods, when the water is several feet
higher than the surrounding country. There are 1,500 miles of such embank-
ments in Louisiana. .\ injnssi', or break in a levee, sometimes causes gri at
dam.age.
In the rice lands pl.anters are allowed to cut, through the levees, openings
callid //hhiiS, carefully gnardcxl with gates, for the purpose of obtaining water,
W hen the rice is ready for harvesting the water is draw n oft'.
In the lower cour.se of the Mississippi and Ked Kivers many br.inclus
separate from the m.iin stre.im and pass to the sea through (lat kinds in inde-
I)endent channels. These are named Buyuiis (lii'uos).
The chief Products of the Gulf States are cotton, corn, sugar,
rice, cattle and sweet pot; toes.
Southern Louisian.i is the prino'nal sugar region. Texas is the most im-
portant State \n the Union for its cattle, horses and sheep; of cattle, more
than four millions r.mge on its fine- p.astures. Mississippi is the principal
cotton state. The plauis of Texas are called the "Llano Estatado ' or
"Staked I'lain," from the t.ike-like stems of a plant which still grows there
in abundance. A large part 1 if the people of I^ouisiana are of Trench descent,
and still te some extent speak the I'rench langu.ige. In Texas many places
retain their original Sp.mish names.
Texas is separated from Mexico by the
Kio Cirande River.
New Orleans, situated on the
Mississippi 115 miles from its
mouth, is the business metropolis
of the South, aiul the eniporiuni
for the vast trade of the Missis-
'pi. It is the third commercial
city of the fnion and the prin-
cipal cotton and sug.ir m.irket.
iah,in(",.(,r.
Pensacola
I'll- Aiken,
S (111 111!,' Si.
fur iii\,il;,ls.
t low ])!,un
ivcrsifud in Oiu
10 ApiiaUiLhian
,'alilc U> the
the li]il,i]i.ls,
itsi'lf fur j.juo
s, inivi-rsiil liv
iit.iry, is longer
wiiirccs. Till!
L'artliy ninttir,
1 the course (if
icecif 150 mills.
■\'t's, h.ive lurn
hcin from om r-
is several fiit
<{ siicli embniik-
es causes gn at
uvees, openings
btaining water.
iiany liraiichrs
t lands in imle-
, corn, sugar,
is the most im-
uf cattle, more
s the principal
listacado" or
till ((rows there
■'rench descent,
as many places
1 •■<
I'OI.l'l'UAI, \()k 1 II .\MI,kl(. .\,
;.«.
^'
tfr ^
^^m-
>^,-.*«firi--^'
*.'««■ -r -y-
MlssissiiTi STi:AMi:ii.
Mobile (Mi>-!hi!' ) in .Mabania is a Kadiiif,' gulf" port, and lias .111
;i(li\i: export trade in cotton and lumber. Galveston ia the
chief port in Texas.
The Southern Central States, with the exception
of Kansas, border on the; Mis,si.s.sii)pi River. They all
form part of the Great Central Plain.
I'arts of Missouri and of eastern Kentucky and Tennessee are traversed by
low mountain ranges—the Ozark Mountains in Missouri, and the Cumber-
laud Mountains belongin;,' to the Appalachian Chain in the east.
'riie leailing Industry of this section is agriculture and cattle-
raising.
Ill the most southerly states— .\rkansas and Tennessee — cotton and corn
are the staitles; farther north — hemp and tobacco; and in K.insas — corn,
wheat an ' Jlttle.
Kent ky is celebrated for its horses, mttlcs and cattle. The "blue grass "
region, traversed by the Licking and Kentucky Kivers, affords the best of
pasturage. It also produces more hemp and tobacco than any other state in
the Union.
Missouri has v.aluable iron and lead mines in the Ozark Mountains.
Louisville, in Kentucky, on the Ohio, is the most important
tobacco market in the States. St. Louis, in i\Iissouri, is the
iiii'tropolis of the whole Mississippi valley. Situated near the
junction of the ^lissouri with the Mississippi, it is a leading
centre of internal commerce by water and also by rail. Mem-
phis, in Tennessee, is one of the largest cities on the Mississippi.
The Northern Central States He wholly in the
Great Central Plain; five jjorder on the Great Lakes.
The Surface is generally level or gently undulating, and for
the most part is prairie land.
Michigan, Wisconsin, Indi.ana and Minnesota, in the region adjoining the
Great Lakes, contain large tracts of valuable timber-kinds, .ind Michigan ranks
first among the States in the production of sawed lumber.
The Prairie-lands are unsurp.assed in fertility. They are generally destitute
of timber, except in the bottom-lands of the streams by which they are watered.
^linnesota, Wisconsin r nd Michigan, like Ontario, contain many small
lakes.
Agriculture is the chief Industry.
The natural .advantages of a rich soil, ample f.icilities for internal commerce
\n- railways and navigable streams, and valuable water-power, make his
section one of the most valuable in the Union.
It f'tnis ,1 pin iif 111,' i:ri.ii wluit belt win. b i M, ii.ls
into t'.m.iila. tin- iii.tnufa. lure "f Hour is an iiiipKrlaiit
industry.
('■■rn is raistil in enormous ipiaiitiliis, but uv'st of
the imp is Used I, .r fieding livi-st..i k, \'asi iiiiinbirs of
e.uili' and hni;s ,irr raised .-uid seiU to tlic I-.astirn St. lies
or to I'.urcipe.
Ohio produces a l.irge quantity of ci'd and uonl. .and
is the leading stale west of the .Vpp.d.iehian MiMint.iins
for luanufai liiu s. Two systems of canals lunmit Lake
l.rie Willi the Ohio Kiver. and a e.inal lonnivts Chicago
o'l Lake Michigan wilh I'rru at the lii'.id of sleaniboat
ii.uigalion oil the Uliiuns Kuar, .a trilnil.ir\ I'f (he
Mi si-siiipi.
Ill tlir iiurili iif MirliiL,'.in mi the sli.ins i.f
L.iki' l-^Upiihit .lie N.illl.iblr Mines of mpprv
,111(1 iinii; ill llir r.l.K k Hills 111 ]>.iUi>l.i. oiild
isiuuiul; ill Iciu.i, Imliaii.i and W'iscoiisin —
ro.il, inui and Icid.
Xiarly all the l,irL,'rsl rlnVs in the riiitial
St.ltrS west of .\ll.Ullir t ide-U.lttr .llr In be
found in this srction uv clusib- ;idii)iiiing.
Miiiiu'soia occupies the crest of the Croat Central I'laiii or Height of Land,
from which the waters How by the Keil Kiver of ihi' north Ihroii-h ( '.inad.a into
Hudson ]iay; by L.ike Superior and the St. Lawrence into the Atlantic
Ocean, and by the Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico. Tin: highest elevation
is about 1,700 feet above the sea.
The boundary separating this section from the Oomiiiion of Cau.T la is
formed by the .19th parallel of l.aitude, the Lake of the Woods, K.aiiiy l\iver,
Rainy Lake, Ciaiokid Lake and I'igeon Kiver.
In Ohio, Cincinnati, one of the largest cities of the west, has
extensive manufactures, immense ixirk-packing establishments,
and large domestic commerce. Cleveland and Toledo are im-
portant ports on Lake Erie, and have a l.irge tr.ide with ("aiiad.t.
Indianapolis, the capital of Indiana, is tlie largest city of the
Union not on navigable waters, and is a great railwaj' centre.
Chicago, in Illinois, tlie metropolis of the wist, situ.alial at the
liead of Lake Micliigan, issiirpassid oiil\- b\- Xiw Vnrk for
commerce. It is the greatest grain in.akit, and the chiif ])ork
packing city and emporium for live-stock in the United States.
SCGAH I'l.ANTATION
5<5
l'(^I.['|-UAI. XORTII AMl'.RKW.
Detroit, in Mi' lii^;:ui, on tlu- river of tlu; same name, is tlio
ciiilic III the laiiuiiy s\sUin ((Hiiicctiii},' ("aiiada with the western
stales. It carries on a larj,'c sliii)piii^' and nianufactiirin;,' trade.
Milwaukee, Hk; principal city of Wisconsin, receives and siiiiis
vast (luantities of f,'rain.
St. Paul and Minneapolis arc the principal cities of Minne-
sota, and < arr\- on an extensive trade wilii tiie North-West.
The I'alls of St. .Xnlliony on the Mississippi furnisii Minneajwlis
with unsnrjiassed water-power.
Omaha, oil thc> Missonri River, is the largest city in Nebraska,
and is the lerniinns of the
Union Pacific Railway.
Saginaw, in Michigan,
ships large quantities of saU.
Colorado and the Rocky
Mountain Territories cn\-
l)rac(! i)art of tiie lligli West-
ern Plain and ixtend across
the Rocky Mountains to the
plateau between thcni and
the Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains.
This is tlic most elevated part iif
tlie lliiiteil States, ami the iiiuiin-
laiii rei^iims are remarkalile for
their canons, loii^ narrow gorges
worn by the rivers to a^'reat cleptli
in the tal)le-Ian(l, anil forming al-
most perpendicnlar walls, between
which the river riislies tliron^;h the
dark abyss. The Grand Canon of
the Colorado, in Arizona, is .ny
miles ill leiif^th; its w.iUs rise per-
j>endiciil.irly to a heij^'ht of J,CX)0
feet or nioru above the river.
As the mountains near tlio coast
deprive the winds of the Pacific of
their moisture. Agriculture can
only lie carried on by irrifjation;
and in settled districts this is done
by channels cii. ■lirouKh the ad-
jacent country to streams, often
m;iny miles distant. In some
sections where "bunch f;r:iss " is
found, stock-raising is an important
inliTest. In New Mexico it is the
principal pursuit.
The extensfe fertile valleys of
Colorado are called " Parks."
Mining is the principal
Industry, and in the Rocky
Mountain region gold and
silver are wiilel)' distributed
and arc chiefly sought after.
Color.ido produces more silver than any other State, and Montana is next to
California tho most productive in Rold.
Utah is inhabited princijialh- by a peculiar sect, called Mor-
mons, or Latter Da\- Saints; New Mexico, b\' a mi.xed race
descended from civilized Indians and the orignial Spanish
settlers, speaking the Spanish language.
Denver in Color.idtj, at the junction of sc- Tal railways, is the
principal city. Leadville, situated nearly 11,000 feet above
sea-level, derives importance from its rich mines.
Gk.\M) Canon 01- CoLOR.\i)y.
Salt Lake City, near theGreat Salt Lake, is the capit.il of
the Murnidii Territory of Utah.
The other touns ,ire small ,ind imimport.int.
The Pacific States imrder on tile Pacific Ocean. exre| t .X,-.
\ad;i, which is in the interior.
Thrsi; :\iv ir.iversed by lofty mount.iins -the Cascade, Sierra Nevada, ind
Coast Ranges.
This sei tioii is iiHU'h inori' productivi' lli.in the Rocky Monnt.iin sccii -ii.,is
the r.iinf.dl is i;riier.dly more abnnil.iiil. Th(^ valleys. especi.iUy ih^ ■ ..f
Pi'get Sound in W.ishinyton, uf the Willamette in Oregon. ,ind the Lowiand
of (".difornia, are fertile; on the
mountains are forests of nKii^iiili-
cent timber, chiefly cypress, jiiiic,
and ri'dwood.
Wheat is grown alnindaiulv. ind
sheep and cattle are raised in 1 ui;e
numbers. C.diforni.i is the priiui-
pal Slate for whe.it and wool, c he-
gon for catUe and wool, and Wa.^h-
in.glon Territory for limber.
There ,ir<' but two seasons, tho
wet in winter and the dry in
summer.
The scenery is remar k.ibli'.
Natural curiosities, among wliic li
ari' the Yosemite Valley (.<. . /. 71,
walled in by iierpendicnl.ir dills
4,oiKj feet high, from which numer-
ous w,iterfalls descend, and wliich
is surrounded by lofty mount.iins;
the groves of Giant Trees (thirty
feet in diameter), the Geysers and
the Mud Volcanoes.
The Yosemite Valley in C.ili-
forniu, and the Yellowstone Park
in Wyoming, with its ten thousand
boiling springs and geysers, its
many great waterfalls, deep can-
ons, beautful bakes, and rugged
mountain pe.-iks, have been set
apart as national p.arks.
Nevada has the most prolitable
silver mines in the world, and Cali-
fornia produces more gold and
quicksilver than any other State.
There .are many Chinese in Cali-
fornia, and scattered throughout
the I'.icific States.
San Francisco, the largest
city on the whole Pacific
coast, has a magnificent har-
bor. Connected by rail with
the Eastern States and by
steamships with Australia,
China, Japan, South America,
and other places, it is the commercial metropolis of the Pacific
coast.
Sacramento is the capital of California.
Virginia City in Nevada is famous for its rich silver-mines.
Indian Territory is a country set apart by the Government
as a home for certain Indian tribes, most of whom once resided
east of the Mississippi. It has no organized government.
Tahlequah, the capital of the Cherokee Nation, is the chief
town.
is the c.ipit.il of
•fan. cXLi'i 1 \c.
Sierra Nevada, a:u\
.roimtain si'ciinn, as
fspL-cially ih.,..- ,,f
11, and ilu: Lowland
ai-L' fcrtili'; (mi ilu:
fcirists iif iii,iL;nili-
liutly typri'ss, |iiiu',
wn aluiiul.iiuly, rind
I.' are raised in 1 u};e
ifiiriu.i is llii' prinii-
lu'.it and wdol. i nc-
nd woiil, ami Wii^li-
y fur tiniliiT.
lit two seasons, the
r and tlic dry in
is remarl<al>li'.
iities, anioiif,' wliicli
ite Valley (.(.<■/'. 7),
perpcndicnlar dills
from uliicli nninrr-
(U'sccnd, .and whirii
hy lofty iiioiiiu.'iins;
Giant Trees (ihiriy
r), tile Geysers and
inoes.
ite Valley in Cili-
i Yellowstone Park
,illi its ten thousand
s and (,'eysers, its
aterfalls, deep can-
lakes, and rufjKed
;aks, have been set
ial parks.
the most prolitalile
the world, and C'aji-
js more (,'old and
n any other State,
any Chinese in Cali-
:attered thronghonl
tes.
Cisco, the largest
whole Pacific
magnificent liar-
;ctetl by rail witii
States and by
witii Australia,
i.Soiitli America,
is of the Pacific
h silver-mines,
the Government
lom once resided
;ed government.
;ion, is the chief
m
I s
^/t
ssl ! I.
■d i, 13
ii
I'OI.ITICAI. NORril AMKRICA.
57
scsjre ^.v ci'jfT./f^i ^a/£/i/ca.
.'- -'.-i
MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND THE WEST INDIES.
(_)ri-sii() ns on rill-; Mai'.
Mexico. What country is north nf Mexico' What riviT forms part nf
llm liciMiulary ? What cniintry is south-cast? What prniiisiila is in tlir
norlh-wcst? Wliat Kiilf separates it fnini tlie mainland? What K"lf i'^ '■•'i-'l
nf Mexico ? What bay ' What peninsula is in thu sontli-east ? What cape
forms the most northerly pcjint? What isthmus is in l!u' southeast? Wh it
gulf What mountain chain extends throuf;li Mexic.i • Of what chain is it
a continuation? What city is th(! capital' Name; three sea-ports on the
eastern coast. One sea-port on the I'.aciric. Which city is near the mouth
of the Kio (^■rande ? What city is south-i'ast of Mexico ? What city is on the
Santiago Kiver? What city is north-east of (luadal.ajara? l'"ast ' What
city is in the north on tlu' Kio C"ir.ande? What city is south of i;l I'aso?
Central America. — Name the Divisions of Central America? Which is
farthest south? What country of South .\merica does it adjoin' Which is
farthest north? What Hritish Colony is north-east of (Inatemala? What is
llu! capital? What state is wholly on the I'acilie coast? What bay is north
of Honduras? What cape forms tlu; most easterly point ? What name is
given to the eastern coast of Nicaragua? What two lakes are in Nicaragua ?
Name the capitals of each state.
The West Indies. What are the three principal divisions of the West
Indies? (linhiiiiitis, Oriiilcr .liilitUs, Lissrr Aiililli's.J Name the four islands
of the Greater .\ntilles. Into what two groups are the I.esser .\ntilles
divided ? Which is the most easterly ? What group is near the South Ameri-
can coast ? What small group east of I'orto Rico? What group of islands is
north of Cuba? W'hat town is the capital ? On what island? What city is
the capital of Cuba? What city is east of Hav.anna in Cuba? On the south-
eastern coast? How is Cuba separated from Florida? Krom Yucatan'
From San Domingo? How is San Domingo divided? What is the chief
town of Hayti? Of Dominica? How is San Dimiingo separated from I'orto
Kico ? What is the chief town of Porto Rico ? What island is nearly west of
llayti? What is the capital? What other city is in Jamaica ? What moun-
tains are in Jamaica? What large island is the most southerly of the West
Indies? What is the capital of Trinidad? Which is the principal island of
the Leeward Islands ? Its chief tow n ? What three large islands are between
Antigua and barbados? Which is the principal of the Windward Islands'
Its chief town ?
Travels. — What is the principal port of call for steamers coming to the West
Indies? What lines run from the West Indies to the mainland ? What are thi!
ports of call betwcH'U Panama and San Diego? What telegraph cables connect
-\spinwall with the United States? Through what islands do they pass?
K t.\ ll-.w l".\l K( im:s.
Countries. — ir//iT.- is il f llnw himmlal .' Il'/iil/ (\ III, .il/'l/il/'
Mexico' Hritish Honduras C/),/i;, )> ( "■ualeinala? Il.induras? San Sal-
\ador? Nicaragua? Costa Ki<i? Mris.|uito Coast ? I loiiilnici ' Il.i\ii'
Islands. W'lurc sllimlitl.'
Bahamas? dreater Antillis' Cuba? S.in Domingo? junaiia? I'orto
Kico? The I.esser Antilles' The \irgin Islands' The Windn.ird Isl.mds'
The I.eeward Islands' Ne . Providence ' Trii.'dad ? Vinezui-l.in Islands'
Antigua? Harbados? ( luadalouiw' Dominiia' Martini^pie '
i Peninsulas. — I'nnii 7,IhiI cuimtry iluis it /'nijiit .' liilii uhiit uiiti rs, ur be-
l:.-,in H'liilt li'illirs ?
Lower California? Yuc.iian?
Capes. — rrmti ;.7((i^ I'mist tttus it prt>hit *
San Diego? San Lucas' Caloche? Crac ias a Di^is?
I Isthmuses. Wluit lountrirs ilois it umiinl .'
I rrhiiantepec "" Panama'
1
Mountains. /" ic/m/ l-iirl of tin- tuiiiilry 'ir, lh,\ .' In r. /m/ tlirntiim do
Ithy lvIiiuI.'
Sierra Madre ' P.liU' Mountains'
Gulfs and Bays. — W'luri- is it .'
California? Mexico? Cain|)eachy ' Ilomlura.? Ti huaiiliix-c ?
Straits. I!,l;,;in :,'liiit Imuls > Wluil -u-iiUn ,liw^ it ,unii,,t ;
Yucatan' I'lorida ? Windward? Mona '
Rivers. -11 VicTi (/cj<'.! i7 nir / In -„hiit ili'icliun Jvis iljtou- .' ihroiij^h uliiit
iiiiiiitriii.' Into ■,<hiit wiitir.'
RioCirande? San Juan?
Lakes. -117/, n- .w'/ii.i/.i/.' What ,iiitl,t /
Nicaragua? Managua'
Cities and Towns.- I" -'lint /-urt nf th,- muxtry ? Ili'-,,- siiinit,,!.'
Mexico? Ciuadal.ajara? Guanajnata' Zacaleias' Id Paso ' Chihuahua?
I'uebla? Vera Cruz? Tampico? Malamoras? Acapulco? Guatemala?
San Salv.ador? Managua? Tegucigalpa? San Jose' lielize? Havanna?
Matanzas? Santiago de Cuba? San Juan' Kingston' Spanish Ttiwn ?
Port of Spain [Trinidiul]} Si. John (.•I«//ji,m(ii) ' Itridgetown [lUirlhului]}
N.issau (Biihiim,is)t Hamiltiui (licninitlu)} San Domingo? Port au
Prince?
58
POl.ITICAT, NORTH AMKRICA.
II
l!
II
MEX
(il:M.l<AI. DhSCKll'TION.
Mexico occiipitfs tlu; southern portion of North
,\Mu;ric;i l^i^twcen the (uilf of Mexico and the I'acific
Ocean; it also includes the Peninsula of Lower Cali-
fornia and part of the i'eninsula of Yucatan.
Ill Extent It is rntlur TiKiro than cmi- liftli tin: si/.oof Canada, but contains
iiiiirr tli.iii duiiMu t)i« ii'iinlvr uf inli.ililt.ints.
Tliu Surface of Mexico consists principally of lofty table-
l.tiids, ;i continuation of the North Ai'icrican i'lateaii Belt, which
Ik'ic reaches its highest elevation (S.odd feet).
This is l>oril(.Ti'cl on thu I'.ist and wust by niinnitain chains havinj,' the same
triMid as thi; I'.n die ri.,ist. Jinth coasts are skirted l)y narrow hiwland plains.
I'lii; Peninsula of California is travursud by a ridgu sloping abruptly to the
water on either side.
Across the highest (the southern) part of the Mexican riateaii
there extends from east to west a series of Volcanoes, three
of which rise above the snow-line.
The loftiest of these volcanoes, Popocatepetl (sre llliislralioii, />. 24^, or
Smoking Mountain, is the second mountain in North America in height;
it emits smoke, but has had no eruption for ,i.|0 years. Within its crater,
which is a mile across and 1,000 feet dei'p, are enormous beds of ])nre sulphur.
l'"()r the piirixjso of obt.iininn this mineral, several persons make their .abode
in the crater, ascending and descending its w.Uls with thu aid of ropes.
Jorullo (Yo-rool-riiJ, another volcano of this chain, is remarkable for
having bei;n thrown up in a single night (in 1731J) from fertile fields of sug.ir
.ind indigo to a height of i.Gix) feet alxive the level of the plateau. Jorullo is
further from the sea than volcanoes usu.illy are; it is now nearly extinct.
Tiic Climate and Productions of Mexico present f,'reat
variety accorduij^ to the difference in tiic elevation of the land.
The Lowlands of the coast are hot, damp and unhealthy, yellow fever
Ix'ing a frequent visitant; here, the productions are tropical, and the banana
and plantain are largely used for food.
Next in elevation are the Temperate Regions, " the Paradise of Mexico,"
to which most of the interior plateau belongs. The climate is here free from
extremes, he.dthy, and delightful. At different heights, sugar-cane, cotton,
coffee, indigo, maize (the most important grain of Mexico), tobacco, wheat,
and luscieus fruits flourish abundantly.
The Cold Regions embrace the loftiest table-lands and the mountainous
districts, where the climate is severe and the soil less productive. The
country is almost covered with a dense growth of hard and thorny bushes,
called mesquit, chapparal and chemis.d.
The plateaus north of the Tropic of Cancer are dry and Imrren; south of
it, the year is divided into a dry and a rainy season, the latter beginning in
May, and lasting from four to five months. During the dry season violent
Northers, or gales from the north, frequently sweep across the Gulf of Mexico.
.\inon}j; the Special Products of Mexico are i'dniUa, the fruit
or pod of a climbing plant; the beans of the cacao-tree, from
which chocolate is made; the agave, from the juice of which a
wine called pulque (puU'-kay) is made, and sisal, similar to
hemp, from the fibres of which cortlage and bagging are made.
The cat- 1 IIS abounds in Mexico; and one variety is cultivated in large
plantations for the .sake of the cochineal insect which lives upon the leaves.
ICO.
and which, when dried, yields the most brilliant crimson dye. The nn ,i, ,,(
g.ithering the insects is shown in the engr.iviiig, p. 57.
^Vine, olive-oil, and tob.acco are important products; and the forests ; i,|i|
rosewixKl, mahogany and dye-wixHls.
The Minerals of Mexico arc inexliaustible. The siKir
mines of tiu^ Sierra Maiire have been the most producti\r m
the world, and still yield a large part of the world's siippK;
gold, tin, (luicksilver and iron are also abundant.
The leading Industries are agriculture, stock-raising, hkI
silver-mining.
Large fnHf/iis or f.irms with 20,000 to 30,000 head of cattle are common.
Mules are numerinis. Miisliiiif;s, sprung from the horses introduced by thu
Spaniards, rove in wild droves over the northern highlands.
Manufactures arc unimportant, and arc chiefly confined tc
sugar, tobacco, saddlery, earthen-ware, and other articles fur
home use.
Foreign Commerce, carried on mainly with Great Britain
the United States, and France, is limited.
This is due in p.art to the difficulty of transportation ; for, except between
the principal cities, goods are carried by pack-mules or in ox-carts. The
rivers are only n.ivigable a short distance from the sea. No navigable
streams penetrate the interior, and the routes from the interior plateau to
either coast across the mountains present many obstacles to traffic.
An extended system of railways is now, however, in course of construction,
and through the interior pl.iteau about 2,000 miles are in operation.
The chief Exports are silver, dye-woods, cochineal, and vaniila.
The Inhabitants are chiefly in the southern part of the
country, and consist of; —Creoles, or white natives, descentkd
from the early Sjianish colonists, forming nearly one-tenth of
the population; Indians, comprising two-thirds; and Mestizos,
half-breeds, derived from the union of whites and Indians.
The Spanish language prevails, but among the Indians fifty distinct
tongues are still spoken. The people are generally indolent, and education
is neglected except in some of the larger towns.
All Religions are tol >rated, but most of the inhabitants are
Roman Catholics. Among the Indians arc some Pagan tribes.
Mexico is a Republic, composed of twenty-seven States, the
Territory of Lower California, and the Federal District contain-
ing the capital. The Constitution resembles that of the United
States, but the Government is unstable in its character, and revo-
lutions have been frequent. It was for three centuries the most
important colony of Spain, but gained its independence in 1821.
Mexico, the capital and metropolis, is a handsome city, situ-
ated in t)ie midst of the most sublime mountain scenery; it is
nearly a mile and a half above sea-level.
Guadalajara, Puebla and Guanajuato are the most im-
portant cities of the table-land.
Vera Cruz, a sea-port on the Gulf of Mexico, is connected
with the capital by a railway, and is the chief seat of foreign
commerce. Acapulco is the principal port on the Pacific.
5ii
1^.
CENTRAL AMERICA
Central America is a long isthmus, occupying the
southern extremity of North America, between the
Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.
In Extent, it is alxjut the same as the Province of Quebec, but contains
about double the number of inhabitants.
Central America includes five independent republics, which
are really military despotisms, and the British Colony of Belize
or British Honduras.
The Surface consists mainly of table- latid of moderate height,
bordered on the Pacific Coast by a mountain range, which con-
I'tM.n ICAI. NORllI AMI-.klCA
59
)ck-raising, mj
I Great Britain
tains many active volcanoes. From the niountaiiis on the west
the surface clescunds i>y succtssivc tcrracis I'astwanl to the
s|i(>ri' of tiie Caribbean Sea, which is low. like ilial ol the Gulf
oi Mexico.
ViiliMnic eruptions occur fnim time id time, anil I'.irtli.iiiakis .in- fniiucnt
ami ili'struclive.
The Rivers, like those of Mexico, are iiavi>{ahle bin a very
shdit distance. The San Juan River .uul Lake Nicaragua
are ihc: most iniporlant iiavi^alile wains.
The Climate, Soil ami Vegetation aro very sinniar to those
of Mi'xico. but the groat natural atlvaiil iges of the countries of
Genual America are almost wholly nni'iiprovid.
The chief Products are valuable cabinet and dve-woods;
coffee, cocoa, indif,'o, and cochineal. Maize is the princijial
^;r.iin. The precious metals —gold and silver — are abimdant,
but the mines are little worked.
Tiie Foreign Commerce is chiefly with Great Britain and
the I'nitetl States.
Tlir Exports nrr r.iffoc. inrllRo, cnrhini-.il, shrrp skins, Incli.i-rilMn'r, ^nil
The Inhabitants are mostly Indians and Mestizos, except in
Cost.i Uica .md IJeli/e. The while race is chletlv of Spanisll
descent. The Koiiiaii Citholn- Religion prevails.
Imeri'Htinn rriiiiiins, consUtiiiK of ruincil ti'tiipU-i, srulpturcil nlols, talilrls
ciivtrt'il «illi c.irM'il li«uns, t-ti-., the work of llir alxiri^inal inli.iliit.iiU^, aru
fouml in (litlurcnt parts of Conlral Anu'ric.i (si-i- in^rnriiij;, f 57/
i'he capitals of the dilfereiit n publics .ire the princip.il towns
r<ii KifiriUit' Tiihli.p. («!/. Iiut are of small import, mce.
Belize, or British Honduras, is a small British I'olony situ
ati d between Mexico, (iliatemala, and the Ciiibbean Si.i. It
derives its chief import. iiuc from the export ol lci),'wood and
111 diog.iny. The interior is little known.
Belize i-. the pniuipal town A Mibinariiu- cilile cnnniHls it wiiti ('vih.i,
.m.l lim's of slcamirs run betwi'fii Hulizi: and Ijjnilou, New Orleans, .iml
New Vork.
e the most im-
T 1 1 v. \\ V. S
The West Indies consist of al)oiit a thoiisaiul is-
lands; they vary greatly in size, and extend in a curve
from the Peninsula of Florida to the South American
coast, enclosing the Caribbean .Sea.
These islands are the summits of mountain ranges which ar
partly under the sea, and are parallel to the great chains of the
western continent.
Tliu Extent of the land surface is nearly equal to that of Ontario, but the
Population exceeds that of the whole Dominion.
The ,\rchipelago is divided into three principal groups — the
Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and the Lesser Antilles.
The Bahamas, the most northerly group, consist of about
twenty inhabited islands and an immense number of islets and
rocks. They are low, coral islands, hardly more than six to ten
f(;et above high water, and rest upon an extensive bank of coral,
whicii rises, with nearly perpendicular walls, from a great depth.
One of them, San Salvador, is said to be Iho first land discovered by Col-
umbus in 149^.
One of the chief branches of Industry is the sponge-fishery Turk's Island
yields s.alt, formed by the' evaporation of se.i-waler collected in l.ii^oons.
The Greater Antilles have forest-clad mountains and a fertile
soil.
Each of the Greater Antilles is crossed, in the direction of its
length, by mountain ranges, which vary in elevation from 2,000
to 5,000 feet, rising in Jamaica to 7,300 feet, and in Ilayti to
over 8,000 feet. Each also contains plains, considerable portions
of which are table-land.
They comprise the l.arKost islands — Cuba, Porto Rico, Jamaica, and
Dominica. Their products are suj^ar, molasses, rum, tobacco, eoeoa, coffee,
indigo, and tropical fruits— oranges, bananas, tamarinds, pine-apples, etc.
Cuba and Porto Kico are noted for sugar and tobacco; and Jamaica for
rum, ginger, and allspice.
The Lesser Antilles include all the islands between Porto
Rico and South America, and are known also as the Windward
and Leeward Islands.
The Caribbee or Windward Islands, excepting .\nguilla, Barbuda and Bar-
bados, are almost wholly of volcanic origin. Gnadaloupe and St. Vincent
T INDIES.
contain active volcanoes, while the others contain many cr.iters nearly or
<piite extinct. Trinidad contain'; 1 remarkable .ispli,dle Like. Barbados is
the most densely populated region in tin: world, having an average of 1 ,oj5
(Persons to the square mile.
The West India islands, except the Baham.is, are well su|)-
jilied with Springs, .and witli Streams and Lakes of sm.ill si/.e,
but even the Greater Antilles have 110 Rivers which are navi-
gable farther than a few miles from the sea. In the li.ihamas,
water is obtained by digging wells.
All these islands, except a ])ortion of tlie Bahamas, are within
the Torrid Zone; the Climate is therefore tropical, but the
intense heat is modified by the surrouiuling ocean and by the
traile- winds.
Being north of the Equator, the summer is the season of rain. In Cuba
and the more northern isl.mds the gri',itesl .imouiit of r.iin falls in May. June,
and July: in the mure southerly islands the heaviest rains are in .\ugust and
September .
The Soil is generally rich and productive, and agriculture is
the Leading Occupation throughout tin: .\rchipelago.
Cuba, Jamaica and I'orto Kieo gre.itly surpass the other islands in the
amount and variety of their agricultural productions.
The principal Products are sugar, molasses, rum, coffee, tob.icco. cotton,
and tropical fruits, which are .also the chief Exports This is the great
sugar-producing region of the world.
Commerce is chiefly with Great Britain and the United
States.
Lines of steamers connect Havanna with New York and New Orleans;
others connect Jamaica and other islands with Liver|x)ol. St. Thomas is the
principal port of c.ill for the Huro]wan as w('ll ,as the North and South Ameri-
can steamship lines. Submarine cables connect Jamaica with many of the
other islands and with North and South America.
The greater part of the Population is contpose<l of negroes,
formerly slaves brought from Africa, or their descendants, but
who are now free. The white inhabitants are generally of the
same race as the nation to whom the island belongs, and their
language is there spoken.
The West Indies are chiefly owned by European powers (u-(
Reference Table, p. bo).
Cuba and Porto Rico are colonics of Spain ; the government
i is administered by a Captain-General appointed by Spain.
Oo
I'UI.ITU \1- NDKl II AMl'.UHA.
1 ■ I
[ 1
f^
Jamaica, lin Bahamas, .hkI mnst (>( th Lesser Antilles
litloiii,' 111 (Irc.il liril.iiii; sniin' stii.ill islands iii ili( l.r--'.ir An-
tilli's Im'Ioii^' III I'lMiii >', Ui'inii.iik and IInllMnd.
Till' Itrili li I-.I.1II.I-1 fiirin sipirili' Kilniiii-^, rut) iMnli-r a Cinirndr :i|i
INiliilril liy di' u llMi lin Jamaica, l\w inn,t iiiiporlanl. iiiLliKlinu Turk's aii>l
( aiciis Nl.iniK Trinidad, ilir rii'.i soiitlnrlv i^liiul. ilir Leeward Islandfi !
(iirrniiiK pari nf lln^ l.issiT AiUillii, niiil ituhhliun Aiilinua, It.irliU'l.i. MoiU-
wrral, Si Clirl'.luphir, Nrvis, I i.iminii a, ami lln' Virgin l-.lanils, I lir Wind-
ward Islands, .iImi fmininK pari <•( llii^ LcsmT Aniillr^, i i^nipriMiii^ ilarliailus.
M \'jiiiriii, Ori'ii.hli. Tuliapi, anil St l.iii la ; aii>l iIm' Bahamas.
Hayti "l ll"niiiiira w.ls cjlici' iluidi.l inlwiiu li.iiui' and
S])aMi.
It niiw consists n( tun inilc|KMiiliiii nci^r.i npiiMi' ■ Hayti ami San Do-
mingo, Hi Pill (■iiviTiiini'rHsari' iiii-.rillril, anil, numj; In llic ili^mrluil puhliial
runilitliin. tliu Kriat natural wi allli of tliu islaml is almost wliolly unilrvilii|Hil.
Havanna, llu' iMpital of (."tllia, is the lar^fcst ( ity ill till' Wisi
Indus and llu; K"at(st sn;,M|-|ll.il kc t ui the wmld ; Matanzas
ami Santiago de Cuba an- ini|)uiiani I itio. San Juan is tin
liriiicip.al ( ii\ I.I I'liilii Kii •<. Kingston, llu' caiulal ut Jam. ma,
IS the I liii t ( lunnu n lal pull ol tin: I Iritisll Wist llldits. Itix-
pints l.iiK'' niiiiiiii IS III tnilli s fiiiMi the iniKlihiiriiiK (-oasi^ aiiil
i>iaiids. Port of Spain, lln: capital nf i'linidad, is oiii; ul ihr
linist towns ill tlif Wist liidii's, willi a niajinilncnt liaili.r.
Nassau, the capital of lliu Halianias. is ;i faNuiilc winlir n mt,
on aciiMinl of its salnl'i ions i linialc Port au Prince, in il.iiii,
ixporls (iill'i I', tolMi'co, inalio;,'any, and canipcai liy wood.
Till' Bermudas arr a cluster of alionl Olio liiindri'd small is-
lands ^of wliii'li oiil\' liltiiii or sixti'cn arc inhalutrd. tin i.si
1m III;; nil re rocks), situated in llic .\tlaiUic Ocean, ahont djo
miles e.ist of C.i|)e llalteras in North Carolin.i. Ilennnda pos-
sesses a stroii;,dy fortified dock-yard, and is ;i ilritisli ii.ual
station. The novernnunt is vested in a (ioveriior and l^xecnlivi'
( '(linn il .i|)poiiiteil liy the Crown, .iiid a Le(,'islative Asseliilil),
Hamilton is tin- ehiif town and seat of ( iuveinnient.
Nuinii AMi.KiiA sTATisricAi. ki:ii;ki:ni"i-: rAUii'.
("lirNTKV
Arka is
Sy. Miles.
Vow-
l..\TlyN.
r.M'ii \i..
I'opr-
L.\rios.
I'kini n .M. r..\i'oKi>
Danish America
l.rl.in.l
(irri.'ul.iuil
(fr.Y Jnmi i., /
Dominion of Canada ( i ss 1 1 •
um.uKi I
(Pi^l'iil,,! r,r ) J
yiulx'c
New Hrunswick
Nuva Scotia
I'rincc lalward Island.
Manitoba
N. \V , N., anil N. i:. I'lrriion.-.
Uriiisli Colunilil.i
Newfoundland
Si, rirrre ami .Miipu'lon (i'i,-iuh i
United States -
Stales ami Tcrrilnrii'S
liulian Tcrrilorv
Alaska .'
Mexico
Central America -
(Miali'Ui.ila
San Salvador
N ic,ira),'ua
Ilomluras
Cosla Rica
IliitiJi I londuras
West Indies—
Hrilisli Colonii'S-
JlVIUlicil
Turk's iviit Ctiit<>^
Triniittltl
L,, :.;n:l I..l,vi,h
ir/»./.v.i),/ IJ.iihh
Ihthiuniis
liirinit'tiis
Spanish —
Cuba
I'.nl.i K/.i)
D.inisli (siv/i. dill
l-"rencli (sit' />. 7 t)
„ . . I Ilnvli I
Doininica
.Sail I)
oniitnn> )
4 '■'.»> -I
Coo.uoo I
.Vi.-'l" I
i"i. 7.1.1 '
loo.otxj I
iS.S.dSS
•!7.'74
.;o.ijo7
i.:j.joo
-■..Vi5-!5.;
.H'..i"5
.(O.JOO
IJ5
-.'J54.4.SU
5.74"
577 ..VJO
7^1. Sjo
40.777
7..H5
3S, 000
47,1x1-:
•:i.495
7.5IJ-!
4.1W
--.^
'.7,=i4
70J
S.iO
4'
47.5.1-'
3,7211
140
1,14-:
9.570
21.340
7-1.43^
lo.txxi
4,3J4,Sio
I,9.:3.--.;.S
I..159.0J7
3.11. -!3J
440.57-'
loS.S.ji
fis.i|=ll
511.4 1"
4').45'l
r
■11,500
5.-:-:4
li
50
4.'.'
^5
Kuikiavik .. .
UpcTuavik .
Ottawa
Toronlii . . . .
ynuboc
I'roiluricton .
Halifax
("harloiletown.
Winnipi'U
Ki'Kina
N'icloria
SI John's , . . .
Si. ricrrc
5". 1.55.7*^3
17'J.-!3-!
30.15''
ij,7S7,6j.j
i.25.:.4')7
554.7^5
300,000
350,000
1.S5.000
-745-:
5S0.S04
4.77S
i35.i.:S
Uil.S.ld
3ij,(>S6
43.5-:' !
'4.434 1
i,4-:4,ri4.j ;
754.313
33.7"3 ,
3.5S.::33
550,000
300.000 I
W.ishinj^ton
'3
30
0.:
Ml-
S
3.'-
140
.177
,s
35.!
30
J04
241
314
57
>4
Ciuatrni.ila ...
S.in Salvailor.
ManaKU.i ...
'IV'KiiriKalpa..
San Josc-
Ik'lize
KinRston
I'ort iif Sp.iin
St. Jnlm (.lll//l,'H(l) , ..
Hritlj;iliiwn {Hnrhiulos) .
N.'issau (.Vi';,' Prnr'uittut)
Hamilton
I'.iikT-down, wool, Icfl.mil iiinss, .^lock-lish.
Seal, riinik'LTskins, whali: ami seal oil.
laimbcr, (;rain, cattle.
Grain, cattle, lumber, tiinbiT.
Timber, fish.
I. umber, (ish.
I'isli, lumber, coal, potatoes, ships.
I I'otaioes, o.its, ships, cattle, anil canneil
( lobsiirs.
faille, Rr,iin.
("mill, coal, fish, limber.
Dried coil-lish, coil anil seal oil, seal-skins.
I47,jii3 ('ir,'iin, cillle, cotton, tobacco, sugar, rice,
241,110 Silver, il\e-woods, cochineal, wniill.a.
55.7^S
ij,ouu ('abinct and dve-wood.s, cofl't't*. indif^o, cnch-
i^.oou incal, sheep skins, India-rubber, silver.
12.000 I
5.7f>7
J-
412
,S(.
.4 '5
(1-!
44^,
(
.21.S
3"
.054
1 1
.485
Ai
OlX)
500
5
'J -'5
Ji
,000
35.0001
31
S58
IS
700
20
947
I Havanna 230,000!
San plan j 18,132 i
Si. Thomas {St. Thomiis)' \
Hasselerre (Giiiiifii/eH/i).,
I'orl ail I'rince ' 27,000
San Ilominmi 16,000 j
Rom, pinRcr, .allspice, supar. coffee, lobareo.
cotton, tropical fruits, lurtU's.
Sugar, tob.acco, tropical fruits.
Rum, sugar, molasses, coffee, iniliiio. tropical
fruits.
TOTAL
S.74G,o,sr> 72,065,361
I
•The [lopulation of Can.ada in iSSt comprised 1.21
oilur nationaliti
i.'S.ij2i) of French descent. 057.403 Irish, 8X1,301 ICnglish, 69g..S63 Scottish, 254,319 German, and 254,319 of
es. Of these, 2,422,285 were Protestants, and 1,71)1.982 Roman Catholics.
At lliu top (if till"
tiilumn,(in tli^lfft,
is slidwn tlu' jay'-
nnr, thu lnrt;cst cf
Anu-rican carnivn-
rolls nniinals. I If
is crumlud on the
braiuhipfatririria
lro|Mc,ill(iri-sl, try-
•\^? /'/t''* iiiKtniirnvidrliim-
si'lf with Ills favor-
ilt^ ri'past : the niimkrvs
lMii>jiist out (if reach. Siitli
is the strength of thu ja).;uar
that hu can even (Irag away a
liorst; with comparative ease.
I'assinK (h)»n thu cohinin,
we have first, breaking tlie
circl<\ two pec'caries. Uir
midablc antagonists, small
as they are, with their
fierce tempers and laneet-
liku tusks. Next comes th('
llama, a native of th(i shijies
of the Andes, doinesticaled
and used as a lieast of bur-
den by the Peruvians; it is
adapted lo mountain-travel-
injj, and can carry a lum-
dred pounds fifteen
miles a day. Below is
.1 group of chinchillas,
from which we procure
the delicate gray fur so
called. They inhabit the
higher districts of Chili
and the adj.icent coun-
tries. At the bottom of
the column, the savages
of Patagonia are hunt-
ing the rhe'a, or American os-
trich, with the bu'las (IxUh),
in the use of which they are
remarkably expert.
On the right of the jaguar
are the fl.amingo and the
a'pir, widely distributed
Anivai* ov Soctu Ahsrica,
through the uuusi tropical forests (.i>i ol the .\iides The tt- rnble l«i.i-C(in,
Htrictor of the Itr.izilian woods is preparing to sw.ilhiw .i frighleiied i.ipib'.ir.i.
or wiler-hog; the boa is from twi^nty to thirty feet long, .ind kills its vi. tiiiis
by winding around them and crushing them in its folds
t)n the extreme right we have the .irmadillo. with its suit of plate .iriuor
composed of horny scales, the ant-e.iter. which feeds on iusei ts ( (Pincved to
ils moulh by its long, Mexible tongue, reseinblini; .1 grc.d ri d e.irlh-woriu a'ld
the chattering toucan of the .\m,izoii forests, admired tor Us brdli.int plum.ige
PHYSICAL SOUTH AMERICA.
I. — GiM;|< \I. I )| SCKIITKiN.
Soiitli .XniLTica tunns the .souilurii |mii ol' ilic West-
ern C( niiUMit. It litjs soutli-c.ist (il the m.iinlaiid of
Nortli .\incn\a, with whicli it is i oiiiicLtcd l»v the
Isthnui.s of P.maina. Tlircf rmirtlis i>\' the fontiiiciit
lit; within the tropics. In si/c it ranks Imirth ainonjjf
the (iraiul Divisitjiis; in jiupiilatioii. si.sth.
The area is about 'i.7(X),ucxj .s(|u.ire miles, .lud pupal, itioii about J7,.ioo,ooo
lis greatest width, which is attained a few degrees south of the Ivpiator, is
3.a.iomiles; and its greatest length is i.7(J(j miles. It is about twice the si/e
of the Dominion of r,in,ida.
In Outline, Sotitli AnuTica is very compact, is))e(-iiilly "U the
I'.'i'.:irK: side, liaviiij,' iiowluic any j,'iiat indcntatidiis i;i the ((last.
Th(! Coast-line is ,ibout 10,300 miles in length, or (ji,ly a little more than
hilf th.it of North .\merica, .ilthough the litter is but little greater in cMeiit.
Tlie great Rivers of Sunt li .Airurica — the .\Mi:ix(>n. tlic Ori-
noco, the Rio (le la Plata, ,ui(l their trilmtarii ^. - loriii an iiiijjor-
tant feature of tlie coiintiy, anil .ilford (xcclleiit facilities for
comiiuTCe.
The .\mazon and its branches are said to furnish 5o,ixw miles of n.ivig.ible
waters, on some of which ste.iincrs now make regular trips.
The Natural Advantages possessed by South Anieric. are: —
its valuyblc vegct.ildc products, such as coffee, cocoa and sugar;
its dense forests of v.iluahle timber, such as rosewood, ni,iiiog-
any, India-rubber, atid cinchona trees; its immense |)astitre
plains, affording subsistence to vast herds of cattle ; ;iiid its rich
mines of gold, silver, and precious stones.
.\lthough possessing these advantages, the people, like all inh.ib't.inis of
tropical countries, are generally indolent and slow in m.ikinu progress The
roads are poor, and there are only about 7,000 miles of railway in the wbuia
of this grand division.
[W]
(,2
I'liNsicAi. SOUTH ami:rica.
r
II. — QuKSTioss (.)\ Tifr-: Map.
Outlines. -W'li.it occins w.ish tlic shnrus of Soiilli Amtric.i? llou is it
ronnrcl('(l with North Ainurici? Wh.it sea is oa tho ni)rlh-west? What
islands arc to the north ? To th(! south ? To the west? How does the r.hapc
of the continent comp.iru with North America ' What strait is in the south ?
I'rom what does it separate the continent ? Name the most northerly capes.
I he most easterly. The most southerly The most westerly. What ocean
( urrents w.ish the shores of South .\tuerii .a on the north ? On the east? The
south ? The west ?
Highlands. — Wh.it are the three ureat highlands? To what may they be
cotiip.an-d in North Ainei-ic;! ?
;\lon(,' whii h co.asl is the licit of
highest mountains and ii.arrow
pl.atc.aus? Wh.at n.anie is ^ivcn
to the broadest jiart of the pl.a-
Icau of the Andes > Wh.it lake s
are in it? What niounl.iins ,iic
in till' riateau of (Iniana? Of
Urazil? In what part of South
America are the volcanoes '
LowlanH"! and Drainage.—
What n.iinc is),'iveu lot lie north-
ern p.art of the (Irc.at Central
TMain ? What rivers drain the
Llanos? What n.anie is (iiven
to the middle part of the (In.at
Main ? With wh.at are th<y
covered? What river dr.iins the
Sclv.as? Name its branches.
What island is at its mouth ?
Where do its hc.id streams rise ?
What river is east of Joannes
I .l.iud ? Wh.at n.inie is (jiven to
the southern part of the Great
riain? What river drain, .ilarfje
p.irt of the I'amp.-is? W' i are
its princip.al br.inches? What
rivers in North America nearly
correspond w ith the MaKd.ilen.i,
f :-'noco. Amazon and I.a I'lata ?
W!' '. 'v.ai.ch of the Amazon is
•;i r.acM -d with the Orinoco?
■Viia. hr.anches drain the Pla-
teau of Jira/.il ? What br.iiu lies
<■; Ir I'ara? What rivers dr.iin
;!.>) fc.i.;i;_rii part? Wh.it two
the southern part? Which of
these is the m.iin river? Wiiat
name is given to the forest re-
gion between the I'.ar.igiiav and
tlie M.idtira? To the plain be-
tween the Matto I'liosso and the
r.impas ? Where is the rainless
coast ? 1 low far iloes it extend ?
Geogiaphical Circles, i ic—
Through wh.it pari of South
America does the ICipiator pass? 'Ihroiigh the mouth of what river'
Over what islands in the I'.acific? " '
I'livsicM. V:kw of Son II Amkiu
* 3
'it
— . In what zone is the greater part of
the continent? What tropic crosses it .' Tliroiigli how many degrees of
latitude does South America extend? Through how many degrees of
longituilc'
Products.— What valiiabh- woods are obtained from the forests of the
\mazon and its branches? What anim.il products are rlerived from tlie
l.lanos, I'ampas ami soiiihcrn Hr.izil ' What v.ilu.al.le manure from the rain-
less coast ? l-rom wiiat islands is it ol.'aiued ? In what p.irtsof South Am.Tica
IS gold found ? Silver? Copper? ni,ii,:onds? Other ,.recious stones? In
what p.irts is coffir produced? Cotton? Siig.ir? Tobacco? Pepper?
Cocoa? Rice? Cinchona? C.aoutchouc ( India-rubber) ?
III. — SuKF.\CK AND DuAlNA(;i;.
South America is miturally divided into four j; real
rc-fions: -the Western Highland of the Andes ; the
Northern Highland of Guiana, the Eastern High-
land of \\r.\/.\\ ; and the Great Central Plain, com-
prisinsr the //aiios of the Orinoco, the sehurs of the
Amazon, and the />a>/t/>irs of La IMata and Paraguas.
Tliu Western High-
land consists of the Andes
Moiiiilaiiis, which e.Mciid
along the whole of llie
western coast in one, two
or tliree gigantic parallel
ranges rising from a broad
table-land, and enclosing
elevated plateaus.
The Andes form the longest
unbroken mountain-system on
the surface of the earth, and,
with the exception of the Hima-
layas in .\sia, contain the |-.i';liest
peaks. They have a breadth of
from 200 to 300 miles, in the
wider parts of the range, aiul
reach their greatest altitude near
the centre of the system in Ho-
livia, where several summits are
nearly 25,000 feet high. Mount
Sorata or Illampu is 24,812.
Tlie outer ranges are
called the Eastern and
Western Cordilleras, and
they enclose lofty vallevs
or plateaus from 8,000 to
13,000 feet above the level
of the sea. They are usual-
ly narrow, but in the Pla-
teau of Bolivia, extend to
a width of 200 miles.
The Andes contain sev-
eral groups of Volcanoes,
the most noted of which
are Chimborazo, Cotopaxi,
and Aconcagua (22,45j
feet), and the whole region
is subject to terrific earth-
(juakes, which sometimes
destroy entire cities.
The Passes of the Andes are steep and dangerous ; some of them are ahoni
three miles .above the sea-level, and can only be traversed with llamas or
mules. Over some of the yawning chasms, travellers and even beasts of
burden have to be slung upon rope-bridges.
Like the Rocky Mountains, of which they may be said to be a continuation,
the Andes are rich in mineral wealth.
The Northern Highland of Guiana is a rugged region tra-
versed by the moimlains that form the watershed between the
basins of the Orinoco and the Amazon.
From this plateau rise the Parime Mountains, attaining an extreme height
of 10,000 feet. Thi! Sierra Acaray is ,1 lower range, on the borders between
Guiana and Urazil.
into. four >;rc;at
k; Ancl(;s ; the
stern High-
Plain, coni-
sc/vtrs of the
'anigua\.
Western High-
ists of the Ai}(ics
, which exleiul
whole of the
3ast in one, two
jigantic parallel
ng from a hniad
, and enclosinL'
ilateaus.
•s form the longest
lountain-systom on
of the earth, .-uul,
eption of the llima-
, contain the i ■•■liust
y have a breadtli of
300 miles, in the
of the range, and
realest altitude nuar
fthe system in Jio-
several summits are
b feet high. Mount
lampu is 24,812.
ter ranges are
le Eastern and
Cordilleras, am!
ise lofty valle\s
s from 8,000 to
above the level
They are ustial-
l)ut in the Pla-
livia, extend to
200 miles.
Ics contain sca-
i of Volcanoes,
loted of which
irazo, Cotopaxi.
caj^iia (22,45 J
le whole region
terrific earth
''ch sometimes
ire cities,
of them are about
!d with llamas or
d even beasts of
be a continuation,
;ed region tra-
d between the
m extreme height
borders between
< Mft.l/btf'im^w. /.Win'
'!.;
m
PHYSICAL SOUTH AMKRK^A.
6i
Tlif Eastern Highland "fUra/il is a lirD.ulbut lowt.ihlt-l.ind,
travirsL-d by ridges of mountains not ovtr 5.()(>() to fi.mio fcti hiu'li.
I'll' -<■ riilRcs seem to spring from a ceiilral puiin, Mt. ll.u.nliimi, in the
Sierra Espinhazo near the coast, ami ilivertjint;, form the watersheds fur the
e.'i^it I n ri\cr>. of lirazil-
Tli' Sierra Espinhazo is ctlcliratiil for its ilianion.l mines.
Tilt Great Central Plain is tlic- vast k\i 1 lowland cxtiiidin';
cast friiMi the- Andes, and imliKlinf,' tin- tlircu inuncnsc basins of
tlic Orinoco, Amazon and La I'iala rivers.
The plains of the Orinoco are called Ltanos, and are treeless. In the dry
season they become parched, and all vej,'etatiim is destroyed ; hut as soon .is
tile r.iins set in (May. June. Julyl. the whole country heconies covencl with
luMJriant (jrass. which attracts multitudes of wild cattle and horses Those
of llie .\mazon are called Selvas, an<l ari' covered with an almost inipene-
tnible firowth of itiak'nificent trees. cliinbinR-plants, and dtnse underbrush.
lU'.ists, birds, insects, and uncivilized native tribes, are the sole inhabitants.
Those of La I'lala. cdled Pampas, are covered with tall Kr.iss, and are inter-
spirsed with
desert saline
patches; they
also support
enormous num-
bersof wild cattle
anil horses.
.\11 tlie ini-
jKutant Riv-
ers of South
America be-
long to tlu;
Atlantic S\s-
lein.
There is a re-
ma rkable con-
nection between
the basins of the
three K^eat riv-
ers. The upper
Orinoco is con-
nected by a navi-
Kable stream
with the Kio Ne-
Uro, the lonRcst
northern tribu-
tary of the Ama-
zon. Between
one of the
branches of the
Madeira (also a tributary of the .Amazon) and the I'aramiay, the watershed is
so low that the intervening tract is converted into a lake during the rainy
season. There is then a continuous water-passage through the central ))lains
from the mouth of the Orinoco to that of La Plata.
South America has few lakes. Lake Maracaybo is connected with the
Caribbean Sea. Lake Titicaca, next in >ize. is ilio highest large lake in the
world, and like Great Salt Lake in North .\merica. h.is no outlet.
IV. — CLiMAri;, \'egi:t.\tio\, .\mm.\i.s .\nd Mini-k.\lr.
The Greater Part of South .Vmcrici lies within the tropics,
where its broad low plains have a hot and moist and therefore
unhealthy, climate.
This great moisture is caused partly by tlie tropical rains, (See page 13.)
md by the Trade Winds which blow steadily from the east, but is greatly
increased by the large amount of river surface and the iminynse are.i covered
with dense vegetation.
The high and cool Table-lands of the Andes .ire noted for
their healthful climate.
It is mainly for this reason that a large part of the civilized iniiabitaiits of
TiinlU Al. \'i.(jLIA1Ii.
South .\merica have made their .lUnle in this regicm, where large and nii-
mer .s cities ,irc t' 1 U.- !• ind from .'ne to two miles atiove the hwel of the se.i.
Tile Extreme Southern Part of the continent, west of the
.\ndes, is ( ontinu.iiiv -lirouded in clouds and drenched witli rains.
These r.iins arecauscl by the return tr.ide winds of the Sonlh I'acihc. whic h
lo^e their moisture on the »e«.tcrn slo}<e of the .\ndes
The desert plains ea--.t of the I'atagonian .\ndes are swept by violiMit, cold,
ilry uiiicls frcjm the icy summitsof the mountains I'arther north these pl.iiiis
are warmer, but mi>st of their ~treims dry up or end in s.dt lakes.
.\i)oiit one half of the Wcstcm Coast is a dry, r.iinless desert.
The tr.ade winds from the e.i-t in crossing the .\ndes s.-utli .if the ICipiator,
lose their moisture, an. I |>as^ing down to the I'.acitic, c.iuse a rainless co.ist
nearly .'.(Xkj miles hing .\ l.trge district of the high plateau of llolivia is
called the ■ UespobUdo, ' or. the ■ Ininhabited," from the dryness and
severity of its climte
The richniss an.I variety of Tropical Vegetation ire indescribable. The
dense forests of thi' plairrs and r; "iTiriin^ .ib.iund in lr<.. ferns, India rubber
anil palm trees,
■ind in rose-
wood, mahogany,
and dye-woods.
Other products,
such .'IS coMee,
I .ico.i . i nil igo,
tapioca, otton
ind sugar, are
limited only by
the amount of l,i-
bor and cultiva-
tion bestowed on
them. T"he cin-
chona, yielding
" I'eriivi.inb.irk "
from which ipii
nine is prepared,
is one of tlu' most
\Mlll.-lble trees
Tlu Inhabi-
tantS'>fSouth
.\merica com-
Jirise Whites,
Indians, Ne-
groes and
Mixed Races
Cleated iiy the
blendingoftlie
other races.
The Whites are principally descendants of the early Spanish and Portu-
guese colonists. They are the ruling class, but in most of the States h,ivc
hardly kept pace with other civilized nations The general language used is
Spanish, and in Brazil, I'onuguest- The Indians are descendantsof the abo-
riginal tribes of S.juth America They are numerous, but are ignorant, indo-
lent, and uncivilized. The N^Toes form a large part of the population,
es]iecially in Brazil and fiuima. They are descendants of slav.s imfHirted
from .Vfrica. The Mixed Races form the largest part of the population.
Among the remarkable animals of South .\merica are the Llama, i beast of
burden, and the Alpaca; they resemble small camels. The Condor of the
.\ndes is the Largest known bird of prey. Insects are more numerous anrl
brilliant than in any other continent. Horses, cattle and sheei) were first
introduced from Europe, and millions of these animals r.jam over the vast
plains. They form the chief wealth of the inhabitants of these districts, and
provide their princip-il occupations and exports.
South America is rich in its mines of the precious metals and
stones, as gold, silver, copper, and diamonds. The silver,
co.pper and diamond mines are among the most extensive in the
world.
64
I'OI.rnCAI. .S(H'T1I AMKRICA,
I
■^
,|OGf.
I«
THtA'
►tDES
.^','*'
'''-.! I
^:^
^5
'^
k
,^
jjifi'
'^ra
./;
1*^*^
h^
'«>>
B^T^^ .--»-
■m
m
KS'tii
S^^
^•N:
gg^
'5PND WnsiiJj^
POLITICAL SOUTH AMERICA.
(H'hSTKlNs ciN i III, Map.
Countries. -Wli.it ( ipuiitriis of Smiil! Aiiniic.i inirdcr mi tlir Carililiu.-m Sr.i ' ( )n
llii- \tlamir ( Iil:iii - l)ii llic I Vic i lie ' I'lirouxli wli.it cuiintrius do thi; Aiiilcs
iM.ihl - Wli.it Liiiimric?, .iro drained liy tlu^ Orinoco and its branches? By tliu
Aiiiaziin - Hy iliu l.a I'lat.i ? What countries arc crossed liy the Idinator ? l?y tile
Iropic of Cipricorn ' Which of the South American countries are not within the
frciiiii ■■ - Which is thi' largest ?
Colombia. -What (cmntries border on Colombia ' What cape is at its norihern
i\ii(init\ - What isthmus is ill the north-west ? Between what waUTs is it ? What
is ilii' relative position of the (owns of I'anama and Colon {Aspiiih'dll) ? Which is
ihi chief river? What city Is near its mouth.' What city is the capital ? Wh.it
I it\ is in ihr south-west '
Venezuela. Wli.ii lountries border on \'encz'i<'la ? What sea is on the north '
\\ h.it mountains in the south ? Wh.it lake anil gulf in tile north-west ? What l.irf,'e
river flows through \'enezuel.i ? Wli.it larf^e isl.ind is ne.ir its mouth ? Wli.it city
1^ the capital' Wli.it town is its se.i-port ? What city is west of Caracas? Its
MM-porl ? What town on Lake Maracaybo ' Wli.u town is on the Orinoco ?
Guiana.— llnu many divisions .ire in (iiii.ina - To whom do they belong ? Wh.at
Miiiniries bolder nil C.ui.ina ' Wl;.it mountains are on the south i" What is the
e.ipii.il of llritish (lui.m.i ? Of I Iuk li Oui.in.i ' Of l-'rench Ouiana ?
Brazil. -Wh.it countries border on Urazil on the north ? On the west ? On the
-ouih r Wh.it country of South America does not border on it ? What capes form
tile (Mstirn points - The south-eastern ? What great river dr.iins the northern part
ot Hr.izil ? Which is its chief northern branch ? What principal rivers drain the
..isterii part of Brazil? What island is near the mouth of the .\mazon ? What
mountain ch.iins are near the northern boundary of lirazil ? Near the eastern
1 .MSt ? What branches of the La Plata rise in Brazil ? What city is the capital ?
Uh.it city is south of Cape Branco ? On the I'ar.i ? Between t'ara and I'ernam-
buco ? Between I'ernambuco and Hio ile Janeiro? On what bay ?
Ecuador.— What countries border on Ixu.idor ' What ocean is on the west'
What isl.inds? What gulf is on tlie coast' What volcanoes are in ICcuador '
Wh.it cily i., the capital ? How situ.ited ? What city is the principal seaport ?
Peru. —Wh. It ccuntries border on I'eru "' Wh.it lake is on the south-east border ?
\Vhat Kie.it river has its sources in I'eru? Wh.it cape is on the north-west ? What
city is the capital' What city is its se.i-port ? What sni.ill islands are south of
Call.io- What city is in the south-east ? What city is north of Arequipa ? What
is the most southern town '
Bolivia.— What countries border on Bolivia ? What desert is in the south-west '
Into what . ither country does it extend ? What is the capital of Bolivi.i ? What high
r.ioiiniains are near La I'az ? What cities south-east of it ? Which is theonly sea-port ?
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A
" ! / POLITICAL MAP OF
_. / S©OT1 AMIEMUA
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M.
rOLlTICAL SOUTH AMKKICA.
'■'S
Chili, — What coiimrirs lidrdor on
Chili ? What is rcmarkalili! in thi'
posiliiiii and sh.ipt! of ("hili ? How is
Chili si'parated from the other conn-
iiiis of Somli Anicrica? What is
till' pindiaiily of the coast of the
southern part of Chili? What sni, ill
island is west in the I'acitic Ocean?
I"or w hat is it celebrated ? (For
/.-(iT'/j/;'* bt'tii till- solittirv ri-siili'Ht'i' of
AliMiniUr Silkirk, ;e/i<).»c story 7,uis
of'lt r;,'iinh n'rittttt iia tliiit of Hnhitisoii
CrusoiJ What strait is in the south "'
What !,'roup of islands is south of it '
What capo forms the southernmost point of South America ' What city is
die capital of Chili ? What city is its sea-port ? What hif,'h mountain is near
it 1)11 the north-east ? W'hat port is south of X'alparaisoi' What city east of
Ciiiurpcion ?
Argentine Republic. — What countries border on the ArRentiue Kepublic '
What ocean washes its shores ? What rivers form part of its lioundary ?
What country is partly inclmled in the Argentine Republic ? iPatciguiiin.) To
what other country does part belong ? (Chili.) What large islands lie to the
south-east? To whom do they belong? (liritaiii.) What island forms the
extreme south-east point ? What strait separates it from Tierra del Fuego ?
What city is the capital ? What city is near the centre ? What city north
of ('urdova ? What city at the head of the Parana ? Near the Andes, east of
Valparaiso ?
Uruguay. —What countries border on I'ruguay ' By what rivers is sepa-
r.iled from thein ? What city is the capital ?
Paraguay. — What countries border on Paraguay ? What rivers form parts
of its boundaries ^ What is tiw. capital ?
KhVIKW I'^XliKCISKS.
Countries. -W'hcrf is it ? Ho;o homulid .' W'liot is tin- lIiI,/ tnu-n nr litr .'
Columbia? Venezuela? Uritish Criiiana ? Dutch Guian.i ? IVench (luiana ?
iirazil ? Ecuador? Peru? Bolivia? Chili? Argentine Republic? Uru-
guay ? Paraguay ?
Islands. — Whin sitiuitid?
Trinidad? Joannes (or Marajo) ? Galapagos? Chincha ? Juan Fernandez?
Ti.rra del Fuego? Falkland? Stnten ?
Capes. — From what coast docs it f'rojcct?
lv>int (lallinas? Saint Rociue? Branco?
Isthmus. — What countries docs it connect?
I'anama ?
Mountains. -Where arc they ?
Andes? Parime ? Acaray ? Kspinhazo ? Antisana (; ) ■
Cayambe (i') ? Pichincha (;') ? Sorata (or Illampiil ' lllimani
Li Plata? Iruguay?
I'arieii ? Panama :
Venezuela' All Saints ? (luayaiiuii
Straits. — /i'/?.i." :,hat lands
What icalcrs does it connect?
Magellan' I.eMaire'
Rivers. — ir/irn- iloes it rise?
-.chat direction does it jlo;e ? Into
l.ody of water?
Magdaleua ? Orinoco? Amazon?
Negro? Madeira Para? Parana
liyba? San Francisco? Parana? I'.iragnay?
Pilcomayo?
Lakes. -II7i,)-,' situated ? What onll, t has it
Maracav bo? Tilicaca ?
Cities and Towns. -In -.chat eonntry is i' ? In :ehot fart ? On or neiir what
water?
Bogota? Cartagena? Popayan "' Panama' i'lAim fAsf<i)iwall) / Caracas?
PaCiuayra? Valencia? Maracaybo? \UAW,iv fAni;iistuni) i" Puerto Calielh/?
Cieorgetown? Paramaribo? Cayenne? Rio de Janeiro ? Pern.imliuco ?
i':\r:i flielcm) ? Maranhao ? Pallia? (,)uito ? Ciuay.iquil ? Pima? Call.ao ?
Areijuipa? Cuzco? Tiiuique? I.a Paz ? Coehabamba' Chuquisaca ^.Sinrr'jc
Potosi ? Cobija ? Santiago? Valparaiso' CcmcepcioM ? Chilian? Buenos
Avres ? Cordova ' Corrientes ' Tucuniaii ' Mendo/a ' Montevideo •
.Vsuncion ?
Frio ? Blanco ? Horn •
Cotopaxi (I')?
' Aconcagua ?
Th.
DIVISIONS OF SOUTH AMERICA,
rolitical Divisions of South America arc
rMii-.ii Si'Aii:s oi-'
('ol.i)MIIIA,
GriAXA,
Uka/ii,,
EcL'Ai:)OR,
I'lKC,
Bolivia
Cnii.i,
.\i«;i:ntink Rf.puulic.
I'kiccav,
Pakaciav,
Tlu-si- are all iiiiiepeii(ioiU Kt'imlilii s, ixccpl liiazil ami
(itiiana. Tlic- executive head of each is a I'ri siilint, anil tin;
law-makiiij,' power is vested in a Legislature in most cases
composed of two Houses. Hrazil is a constitutional iiKjiiarctiy
^the only monarchy in the. Western Hemisphere — and (niiana
is a European colony.
66
rOI.lTICAT, SOUTH AMERICA.
i ■
I;
South America was disrovinrl by ('nliiml)us in 140S on his third voyaRP,
when hi! l.mdcd at thr ninuth uf thi- OriniKo Uiver. I'izzaro. a Spanish
adventurer, in 153) acroMiplishcd thi.' C(ini|uist of the empire (it rem. then
mm h more i^xtensive than now, and inh.ihited by (woplu who h.id .itLiiniul a
rimsidirable decree of civilization Hrazil, discovered anil lirst onnpied by
Ihi- I'nrtUK.iise in Ij.y). fell successively under the dominion nf Spain and
Holland, but was finally recovered by I'ortUKal in I5''i4. In thc^ meanwhde,
ne.irly the wlmle of the norlliirn anil western parts of South America had
been overrun by the Sp.ini.irds, and ultimately tlut wholi; of So\ith America,
except Hr.izil, caini' undir their rule In iSio the Spanish coliuiies of South
Americ.i threw off the yoke of alleKianre to the moiher country, .ind m.iinly
under the leadership of Holivar, ■ ihi^ threat Deliverir. ' became indeptMident
republiis, lir.i/il became one of the kin^'doms of I'ortuK.al, and in iS^j was
procl.aimed an .ndepenileiit empire.
In 151 1 Halboa discovered the I'.icilic Ocean, till tln-n unknown, by crnssinR
the Isthmus of ranama; an<l in 15J0 Magellan discovered the Strait which
bears his name
Almost ,ill the Civilized Inhabitants arc found in a broad
hand wliirli surrmuids llic coiitiiiciil .iiid crosses its narrow
sotitlifrn part fi(jin Hiienos Ayros In Sai)tiai,'o. The \aT(ic cities
of the nortiicrn anil we.iterti cotinlrit's are in the hii;h and cool
tabledands ; those of the eastern are sea-ports of the .\tlantic.
The houses are generally 1 lilt of sun-dried bricks, and owin^' to the prev.i
lence of e.irthquakes ,iru usii, illy only out' storey hitih. On the Orinoco the
natives often build their houses on piles (see eunravint;, p. ^i).
Education is (,'enei...ly ne^jleited cNcept in ("hill and the
Aroeiitine Kepiihlic. The prevailiii!,' rclitfion is the Roman
Catholic.
The Commerce of Sontli .Vmerici has been comparativeh-
limited, owin;; to the frii|n(nt <i\il wars and the enervation
prodtued by the tropical (Innate. It is now r.ipidiv inrieasinf,',
espe(-i;illy in Ura/il, IViti, Chili ,iiul tiic Ari,'entine Rejinbiic.
Manufactures llnon^jhont the whole of Smith America ate
Still in tiieir inf.mcy. and nearly all inaniifartnred ;,'oods require
to be ini|)orted, rhictly from b'lirope.
In all the republics of Spanish .\nieric.i. the Spanish Crenles are nieatlv
outnumbireil by the inilians and mixed r.ices, who are either savages, or onlv
h.ilf civili/ed This fact has an important inlluence upon thtr enterprise,
commerce, social and political condition of these countries.
The r(),ads are generally bad .inil the means of communication limited, ilicr.-
being but few lines of railway or telegraph ; an 1 the grandest system of na\ i-
gable waters on the globe is as yet but little used.
Most of the railways ,ire short, and extend from Kio ile Janeiro. I.ini,i,
Santi.ago and Ihienos .\yres.
UMTi:i) STATKS Ol" Cd LO M 1! I A.
Th(j United States of Colombia lomprisc nine
states with a prcsidtMit or lijox cnior at tin; iicaci of each,
jjiil iiiulcr one o[('iu:raI o;o\crnment.
It IS the most iniixirtanl of tiie norlheni repnlilics, .is it pos-
sesses tjie Isthmus of Panam.i. the most direct route for the
rapitily increasiiif; commerce between the countries bor(lerinf,con
the two threat oceans.
.\ railway from ranani,i to Colon (.•(.(/'/h:,ii//) now crosses the isthmus, and
is the most important railway in S(uitli .\merica, being the shortest route from
the .\tlanlic to the I'acilic Oceans .\ great shii>c,inal for the lar.gest vessels
is in course of construction between the same towns, and will make most
im|virtant changes in the course of the commerce of the world. The cost of
this enorm(ms undertaking is estim.ited at about ijo.ckx) two of dollars
The chief means of communication between the interior of Colombi.i and
the sea is by the Magilalena River, which is navigated by steamers.
The Products of 'lie lowl.inds are coffee, reniviaii li.irk,
tobacco and coioa. The moniitains .tboimd in valiiaiih niin
erals^^old. siU'cr, ])latiiium, iiiieralds, s.iit and co.-il. Tin r.uil,
of tin; pl.iins snjiply jerked beef and hides.
The ( hiif Exports are : — I'eruvi.in bark, coffee, tobacco and hides
Bogota, nr.irlv i),()oo feet .-ibove the sea, is the c.t])il.il ami
lar;,'esl ( ily ; Medellin is the second laroest city. Popayan
is fi.uoo f(( t above the sea. Panama, Cartagena .mil Colon
are the chief seaports.
vi:Ni:zni:i,A.
Venezuela is a country rich in tropical products,
the most valuable trees, and inmeral wealth as yet
undeveloped.
\'ast herds of cattle find pasturage on the llanos, and hirnisli
hid'-'s ami tallow for exportation. ColTee and cocoa arc the
chief objects of cultivation, and that onlj' lu-ar the ctjast.
There ari^ only about eighty miles of railway in the country, including ihe
line from Caracas to l.a Ciuayra, ten miles, and scarcely any telegraph lints
exist.
The chief Exports ,'irc coffee, coco.i, hiiles and gold.
Caracas is iju- cipital. La Guayra, Cumana, Puerto
Cabello ii.d Maracaybo export coffee and tropical products.
Angostura (IJolivari on the Orinoco exports hides aiul tallow.
(H'lAXA.
Guiana is a fertile rountry, with a hoi and moist
l)Ut healthy climate. The cultivattid [jarts are confuicd
to the sea-coast and to a short distance from the rivers.
It prodtices the finest suo^ar, aiul is rich in tropical jiro-
ducts and valuable woods.
Tiuiana is rem.irkable for its phospbori'scent insects and birds of brilliant
plumage.
The m.ajority of the Inhabitants are freed negroes.
The princip.il Exports are sugar, coffee, rice, indigo, Cayenne jiepper and
other sjiices.
Guiana is dixided into tiiree colonies belonoin^,' to Gieat
lirit.iin, Holland and I'rance resjiectivelN'.
Georgetown, the capital of liritish (iiiiana (/)i;;/(n'f/r((l, ex-
ports sugar, coffee and other tropical prodiuts. Paramaribo,
the capital of Dutch Ciuiana {SiiriiKiiii), is a pl.ice of considerable
Ir.tde. Cayenne, the caimal of French (iuian.i, on an island
near the coast, is ;i peii.il settlement. It is very unhealthy.
KMI'lRb: OF 1!RA/. 1 L.
Brazil staiuls first amonsj^ the countries of South
America in size and importance, and is nearly as large
as the whole Dominion of Canada.
It has vast resources, at present btit very little developed: .1
fertile soil that yields colTee, sugar-cane, tobacco, rice and mai/e
in great abundance: forests of valuable timber, dye-woods and
caoutchouc trees; immense pastures, covered with cattle and
horses; rivers that are navig.ible far into the heart of the
cotintry; and stores of mineral wealth — tliamonds, gold, iron,
copper and coal.
roi.i iKAi. scn'Tii .\Mi-,Rir.\.
<"'/-
the capil.il ami
ul birds of brilliant
A LiiHrc-plantntinn is luro rfprusuntcd Tliu buslurs are partially pri>titLliil
friim tluMiupical sun by palms and otliiT trius. There are two, ami soniu-
linics three, coffee-harvests in a year. The berries, gathered by hand, or
shaken from the bnshi s (jn sheets spread beneath, are gr,iilually dried, and
the seeds ari^ then separated frc/ni the shells.
The Population is chiefly on or near tlie south-eastern coast,
where the climate is tlie most pleasant and healthy. The jico-
jile are of three races — whitts, Iinlians anil negroes, a l.irtje
majority helon^jing to mixed races.
In 1S71 there were nearly 1.500.000 slave.-: in Hrazil ; but by law, every
child born of slave parents since that date is free. Most of the negroes of
South .\mericaare in Hrazil and fnii.ina
Agriculture is the chief pursuit, and coffee is the staple
product. Hrazil furnishes the j,'reater part of tlie coffee used in
the world.
Wheat is not cultivated, and all the llour used is imported from Canada or
the United States. The great dependence of the people is on manioc-flour,
the making of which is one of the leading industries. The banana, pine-
apple, mango and other fruits abound.
The manioc is a shrub with large roots. These are scraped to a pulp,
which is prepared for use by being pressed, baked on a hot iron plate, and
(hied in the sun. When well washed with cold water and dried, it becomes
the tapioca of commerce.
The Forest-products of lirazil are rosewood, mahogany and
tortoise-shell wood (the most beautiful cabinet wood in the
world), log-wood and other djewoods ; Hrazil-ntits, cocoa-nuts,
wax from a variety of the j)alm, and caoutchouc frotn which
India-rubber is derived. The latter is obtained in tlie same
manner as maple-sap in Ontario, by making incisions in the
trees, and the niilky juice which oozes out is hardened in the
sun or over a fire.
The Exports are : — Coffee, sugar, tob.acco, cotton, caoutchouc, mahogany,
rosewood. Brazil-wood, dyewoods, hides and tallow; also gold, silver, dia-
monds and other precious stones.
About 2,000 miles of Railway are now opened in Brazil. One ocean tele-
graph cable connects Brazil with Portugal, and another with the West Indies.
Rio de Janeiro, the capital, sometimes called Rio, is the most
important port and the largest city in the Southern Hemis-
phere. It is the great mart for coffee. Other important ports
are Bahia, the centre of the tobacco trade, and the second city
in l!i.i/il. Pernambuco, the mitre nf the sugar region,
and Maranhao. Para, u tin mnuih id the gie.ii n\( i
s\>leni, is tile shipping pi'Hil hn 1 .niuli Imui', cuio.i, rice
and coco.i-iuits.
i:C r \ l>()K.
Ecuador is iiMtid Icr its minicrDHs vnlcmocs,
but is ol" little ( oinnicrii.il iinptirt.mef.
Theiliiif Exports .lie iiun.i. M'grt.ijili- uurv. I'liuvi.in b.i-k .uiil
C.liiiilchuiic
Kci.id-, are aliii'i.i unknown. ,iiid only one short line of r.iil«.iy exists
Quito, the ••City of the t'luuds," 'hS^i let! .iluive the
sea, is tlif cipit.il, and Guayaquil the 1 lucf purl.
'I'lie Calapag;os Islands b(■ll'^^; to i.cu.ulor
|'i;k r.
Peru h,is hitlufto liccn ihiclK mitcd tor its
Icriilizcrs — j^iiaiio .md iiitr.tlf (itMnl.i w liiih li.ixc
l)(.(jii LXporliil ill iinini'iist: (|ii,mtitiis. i hit'lK to
( irt'at Hriliiin ami other I'liifopiMii einiiitries: aiul
lor it.s faiiKjiis silver and (|Lmksil\ t.-r mines.
More attention has latterly been given to at,'riiiilturc and tn
llie de\eliipiiient of the coiiiitrv.
Railways have beiii built, and I'eru has now j.ooo niiUs in oiieration.
( )ne line when cumpli tid will connect the co.ast with steamers on the .\mazon,
and afford direct communication .across the continent This great railway
running east from Callao, the principal I'eruvian port, crosses the summit of
the Andes through a tunnel, at an elevation of nearly three miles alxjve the
sea-level. It passes over a deep mountain gorge, on the highest bridge ' ' the
world, as shown on the engraving. The construction of the road was a work
of unparalleled difficulty.
Travellinc; in iiit .V.ndes— 1'ack-Mule Tkajn and Railway
68
I'OI.ITICAI. SOUTH AMKkKA.
1
Till' Export* iri' (lii.iiin, nilralc <<( •.uil.i. suRar. rnitnn. rirr, wonl ni
Ihii iilp.ii.i ■iiv\ ll.ini.i. .iii'l 1 hiiiLliill.i fiir Silvir ;iii(. (|iiii ksiUir .-iri! aN"
l'Xl»il I. (I.
Manufactures .m -till "I mimII iiii|)nii,iii(c. .umI Education
is M(■^;ll•( led, iillli(iii(,'li Liin.i ((iiii.iiii-, ilif iilclot I'lilvi'isily i"
AlllilK.i. \'.ilu.ilili' inillcl.ils alujliliil. lull lutli' liiillillf,' is ilolli'
»ii('«|)t ill silver .'iiiii (|iii( ksilvrr.
Guano i'^ nlpiMiiu'fl fnun ili.' CliiiK li.i Isl.iiids, and otIiiT islands aloMK tl»'
cn,i I , ind nilr.ili' nf sinl.i frc.ni llii; MPiillicrii part nf ilic laiidr^s ciiasl.
Lima, lln' '■,i|iii,ii, i^ tlic laij^'csl cliy, ami (allies on an ex-
l(n ive Iraile ihi.m^li lis scapiiil, Callao, seven miles ilislant,
Arequipa .hhI CuZCO .ne lar;,'e ciln s, llie latter celelirated as
the site of the Teiniile (iT tile Siiii, the most si)lenilicl slnictnre
ipfllieniw wcji III, w hen I'erii was eiiiKinered liv I'izarro. PasCO,
ij,(i(ii> leel aliii\c the s"a, is siirroniKJed hv siKi r mines.
Lake Titicaca, "H iIh ndirs cif |li)livia. and surroundid liy a mas-, nl
»ii(j«ilad v.iltan.jr^, i, iin; lii)^lii-,t \iir)ii' niuntilain lakr in Ihe worlil
1 1(1 I.I \ I A.
Bolivia, 11. 11)11(1 .iltcr IJoliwir, "ihcorc.ii Deliverer,"
has hilt little ((unmcnc, .is the productive ilistricts are
(litruillt (it .Uicss. Iieilii^r se|),UMte(l tVoill the coast 1))' a
desert.
A railu.iy. now I" -iin, rtnind llic iM|>i(K ipf llic Madilr.i, will provide the
Cdnnhy uilli .in i>nlli i liy way nl the Ania/nn. and thus drvulop its rL'so'irc':.,.
The Silver Mines "I I'oiosi have lieen aiiKnif,' the me...i pro-
fitahle ill the world, and silver forms the chief article of export.
oilier Exports .'iru saltpelre, renivian hark, ■ offuu and cucua
Sucre ( Soii-cniy ), oi'( Imiiuisaco. the capital, Potosi, Cocha-
bamba, .md La Paz, the lai},'est riiy, .ire all on the J5ulivi;iii
I'l.ileau, .ind are liuiii cj.ooo to ij.ooo feet above tiic sea.
(Ill 1.1.
Chili is the inosl enterprisino; ni' the .South .American
countries, and has a lan^e proportiun of European in-
habitants.
rormiiif,' .1 narrow strij) about iod miles wide between the
Andes and the I'.icific Ucean. it has a Coast-Line of over 2,000
miles. Minerals arc abundant, especially copper, saltpetre and
silver, which are larj,'ely exported — tiic mountains contain pre-
cious stones. Agriculture is extensively carried on, and great
qu.intitics of wheat, as well as hides, tallow and wool, are ex-
porteel. The trade is cliiefly with Great Britain,
Atiout 1 .000 iniUs of railway are in operation.
Education is supported by f,fovernment, and a flourisiiinjf
l.^ni\ersily is isl.iblished in Sanliago.
Santiago, the capital, is the lart,'cst city. Valparaiso, the
second chy. is the lar^jest sc'a-jiort on the Pacific coast of South
America. Chilian . and Concepcion are inijiortant towns. Co-
piapo is tlie centre of the mining,' district.
Soutli of Concepcion, the c<mntry, although nominally helonging to Chili,
is occupied by a confederation of indeper.dent Indian tribes, called Arau-
canians. They have an organized government, and a comparatively high
degree of civilization.
Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego form the southern part of South America.
The western portion of this eMeiisivc^ region belongs to Chili, llie eastern to
the Argentine Kepulilie. The native inh.ibitants are savage tribes of Indians.
Those of Tierra del I'uego ,ire the most wretched and degraded of the na-
tives of .\merica.
ro avoid the region ol 1 iinliiiii.d siornis round Tierr.i del 1 lU'go an. I I'apt
1 1. .111. HliMinefit iistiallv piss throiijh tlur Strait of Magellan.
Punta Arenas, or "S.mdy roinl." on IhcStr.iit of Magi'll.in, i^ ,1 ji.irtiif
<.ill I. a slii;.'.
.\k(i i:niim: k i;i'i iu.k ,
'i'ht; Argentine Republic ranks iu:\t to Chili in
enterprise. It receives l;y far the larfrest immii,nMtion
from i'.urope, and commerce is iiureasinjr.
Twelve lines of Hte.imcrs roniui l it with lairope. .Mionl .',000 miles of
railway are in operaliim ; and the lines in course of construction will 1 onnect
Unenos Ayres with Chili and Holivi.i.
Education is fostered by llie (/overnmeiit, and is .idvancint;
mf)re r.ipidiv th m in .my other cfiuntry of South .Vmerica.
The Great Industry of the country is the raisin;,' of c .iitle
and shei'p, .iiid in proportion to its si/.i', the .Vr^fcutine Ki |mhlic
cont.iins more of these th.iii any other coiiiitry in tlie world.
Manufactures are iinimporlaiit, and the princip.d ir.iile is
cairied on willi Cireal lirilain and other ICuropi'an nations.
'I'lie chief Exports .ire wool, hides, talluw. sheepskins, live cattle ami drki
beet
Buenos Ayres, the cipit.il, is the second city ill si/r in
S.iiiih .Vineiic.i, Other important iuhs. Rosario, Mendoza,
Cordova, Tucuman md Corrientes are on the ^;re.ii n.i.l-
routes to (!hili, liolivi.i .111.' l'arai,Mi,i_v,
'\')h- Pampas are inli.ibiled by ide half breeds called Canchos (/,'«;.'',7i.... I.
who iinplov themselves in catchin ,' wild horses, and in lassoing and sI.iii;;1iKt-
ing c.iltle.
Violent south-west winds c.ille.. Pamperos sweip over the p.imp.is in the
dry season, carrying with llicni g.i'at clouds ol dust.
(Rrci v.w,
Uruguay resemMes the .\ro(;iuine Republic in
its cxtt;nsi\e pasture lands ami grciat herds ot horses
and cattle.
Its Exports are also tin; same, .and the greater p.irt of the tr.lde is with
l-liirope.
Montevideo, the capital, h.is a large trade in cattle l)rodil(ts.
anil is the centre of commerce.
PAR AC. FAY.
Paraguay, the smallest and weakest of the South
.American republics, is the only one wliich has no sea-
I coast. It lies in the ri:oion of transition between the
i selvas and the treeless jilains.
It lias sulTered much from war and from unwise Kovcnmeiit.
The Exports are unim]iorlaiit. consistinij of iinitr or Para;,ai,iv
tea (the leaves of a slniib, a species of liolh), tobacco and
oran;(es.
Asuncion is the capit.il and laij,'est town.
FALKLAND ISLANDS.
Tiic Falkland Islands, situated about 300 miles east of the
Strait of Magellan, consist of a Kfoiip of about 100 small islands,
some of which are mountainous (Mt. .Vdani, rising 2,315 feet
above the sea). The British Government took possession oi
them in 1S33 for the protection of the whale fishery. The
Exports consist of oil, iiides, tallow, sealskins and wool.
South Georgia, about 800 miles to the soutli-cast, belongs to
the Falkland Island Colony, but is uninhabited.
I'OI.ITICAI. SOl'TII WllkK \
rx)
III
.it;rll;in. i, ,, ,„,rt |,f
^;t to Chili ii,
it imini^L,MMtii)ii
iiMll j.ixy} iiiil.s ,,f
riuiiun will i.,imi;ci
111 is adv.ncinf;
Aiiu'tici.
■li^iii^' '>r . ,ittio
■miiui K(|Mililic
1 till' WOllll.
in(i|),il tr.hic is
ail nations.
iv(' ratlii- .111(1 (IrifJ
rit)- ill si/i- in
trio, Mendoza,
lllr f,'l(Ml hail-
.Ulclios (/;».•,'', 7/.I,', I.
ioin>{and slaii^lncr-
lliL' pampas in the
Rc|)iil)lir in
Ji'ds of liorscs
>l llic tr.'ide is wiih
cattle lirodiicts,
of thci South
:li lia.s no .sca-
bctvvccn tlie
ise govc-nnicni.
tc- or raraf,'ii.iv
I, tobacco and
ilcs east of the
o small islanils.
sin;,' 2,315 feci
: possession 01
fishorj'. The
1(1 wool,
■ast, belongs to
s>)i; 111 wii Kh \ ->i'\risii(M Kill K' I Ml. r\iii I
Cdiivtky
U. S. of Colombia.
Venezuela
Guiana -
lintnh
/>«/.//
In III /l
Brazil
Ecuador
Peru
Bolivia
Chili
Argentine Republic
llrupuay
Paraguay
Falkland Islands . .
e ^i
n ^ J
\h\ \ IN
S.,! Mll.Ks
I'ol'I'I.MhiS-
1^
.M7:U7
3.000.000
- ■/.
M>.
^■'i^■^ol
-."".i.-l-i
..'..
7Ci,oi)o
J.|S.IIc)
1
. •t.v.i;'*i'
fii).17''
I'l
1 .|'i, )Si)
:J7.uSj
'j
(,lN.|,Hi7
IO.IijS.'UI
1
■IJ.-J"
iJ4t',oj.i
■1
,,-7,8.7
1.050,000
;
■|||5..S.iI
j..).'5.ooo
I'j
JuS.jo.i
■!."'<.(.4.1l
lii'j
l.'>'<(..l."l
-•,5.10,000
- '2
71 -(I M
•l.l^.-it.i
f.
'It.u.'d
-'.U.«-H
.t
''..VXJ
1.. 1)5.1
< M'l I \l..
Ill 1.1
11H\
I'KIN. ll'M IXI'IIIIIH.
It.ik'ota 40.S.H(
r.ir.ic.is .S5.'>l''<
Cii.iri'ctcnMi. .,,, 47,175
l'.ir:iin.trilii>. . . -'-'.ooo
t'.iyi mil' 10,000
Km ill' j.ini'irn.. , J7.(.i)7J
Oiiitii . , jj.ooo
l.ini.i lot.^SS
Siiire ' I J.ODO
Santi.ii;.! 131). |ii7
Hili'mw ,\\rL'i .,.| .'"<.). ii.'i
Miinliviilro I 7.(. t.i I
.\sunciipn | ni. |Im
I'miviiin liark, mtlfi', liil)ai'i'i>. Imlrs.
I'lilli'i', (iinia. I'ottiin. liiiUs ami i;i>lil
iilil lllil siKiT
SuKar aii'l 1 .'(Inv
■ In i|,i
Civrniii' |H |i|M r .mil spins
I'lilli'i'. siin.ir. 1 .11 mil III nil i oiinn. toli.u en, liiilrs. wixnls.
t'liina, I'rriui.iii h.irk. m ^;l■l.lhll' Uiir\
K'liianii, nilralf iif sml.i, siImi. sii^;.ii. mUcni. .ilp.u 1
I wiiiil anil furs
SilviT. I'rriui.in liaik. roffii' .mil I IK iia •
Ciipiwr. silvrr. s.illpitri'. hIiimI ami lli.iir
Wool. lli(lis.l.illn« .illil'il liirl.i llllr.lluli lllli' proi I 111 Is
C.llllr. ilniil It. I, lll.lis .inil w.ii.l
l',ir.ii;ii.iv tra. Iiili.irin ami iir.in,;i's
I III. t.llluU. Iliilis. sl-.llsklMs .iml M.1.1I.
rillKI" CITIl^S .wo TOWNS Ol' SOUTH \Mi:K1C\ -KlMMCKIS'il IVlil.i;
( I IV III
r.iwN.
Buenos Ayres.
Rio de Janeiro
Santiago
Bahia
Permambuco
Lima
(■.IINTKV.
TOIT-
I..M'1'IN.
l-i:.
Ci I s' 111
Town
Ni'i Mil I I'l M I UK-
Valparaiso . .
Montevideo .
Caracas
Georgetown.
Bogota
Valencia
Para
Callao
Maranhao
Arequipa . .
Cordova.
La Paz . . .
Quito
.XrK'i'nlini' Ki'p..' -'Sij,o>5
Brazil -71.II7-!
I'hili j 1.50. jfi/
Hra/^il I i!:.S.i"i.'.|
ilii ! 1 i().li7i
I'lTll I 101.4SS
<"liili ; 'J7.7.t7
UniKi'ay ' 7,)., (5.)
Vfiu'zni'la , 55.0jS
liritisli (luian,!..! 47,175
Coli.'nilii.i 40.SS j
W'UL'ziiL'la J^'.i-t.T
lirazil .i.T.ooo
I'i;ru 3.^.1°-
Brazil 31. '104 ,
IVru iy.-37
.Xr^'entine Rep.i ^8.5.13
i'.otivia j 26.000 I
Kcuador 23,0001
Taiiital. -rnttli- traiU-
Capital. -Cuiitru of cutli 1- truUv
Cipilal.
Criitrt' (if tob.icci) trailfiif llr.i/'il
I'rnlro iif siit;.ir tr.iili' nf ISr.izil
iCapit.il -siMt iif till' iililrst liii
1 vrrsily in .VnuTii'.i.
I Sra-piirt for S.inti.inn I.i-.iil-
1 iiiK' port nf llu' li.iciru: co.i.,!
C.ipit.il - Cattlo Irailt'.
'Capital —ICartlnpiake. in i"<i.'.
I killcil I.;, 000 pcopli'.
Capital.
(Capital — ij.ooo fi'rt abuvc sca-
( level.
Second larjjest city.
I Exports of cioiitchunc. cocoa
I and cocoanuts.
( Sea-|iort fur Liin.i. — l^xports
I Kuano.
Important sea-port.
I Connected l>y rail and by steain-
( erson I.Titicacawith Bolivi.i.
On overl.ind route to Chili.
Largest city.
(Capital. — 1J.543 feet alxne soa-
I level.
Maracaybo
Paramaribo
Guayaquil . .
Medellin
Asuncion . . .
Chilian Clnli
Panama....' r,ili„„l.ia.
Colon
Cuzco I'l rii
Venezllel.l, . . .
Iiiileli (iiliana
1 ,1 uailnr ... .
Colombia .. . .
I'.ir.iKii.iv . . . .
Concepcion . . . Cliili
Tucuman .... .Vrnentine K'ep.
Cochabamba. Holivi.i
Cumana N'eiuxiiel.i
Sucre Holivia
Copiapo
Corrientes.
Chili
.\rt;entinu Kep.
Potosi liolivia . . .
Angostura ... \'eiuziiela
Puerto Cabello do
Cayenne IVeiicli Oiiiana.
Popayan ... Colombia
Cartagena . . . ilo
La Guayra . . . Venezuela
J J. -•-■4
J J.mxj
■JO. otto
■jo.otio
10.044
I«,37S
1«.370
1S...77
■ 7-4.t«
'4 705
I -'■.507
I.'. 000
11.43-'
II.JI.S
1 1. 000
IO,>l'il
10. 1.(5
10.000
S.4H3
7. Hoc
7.4-:«
Impiirl.iiit SIM port.
Capital
I'riiu ip.il sea port.
Second lar,;est city.
Cipit.d !■ \|Hirts iiiii/,''te.i
I iiitre of ilie ,i;;rii iilliir.il distrii t
I Terinini nf I'.ui.iiii.i U.iiluay
1 and C.in.il.
.\ncient ( apit.il.
I Sua-|>iM t cDimeeteil by r.iil with
( Chilian .and S.(ntiai;o.
On overland route to liolivia.
.\n iinpon.iiit t>i« n in the interior.
I'riiu ipal shipping port.
C.ipit.il -.Msiiialleil Cliiiipiisaca.
Centri! of co[>i«'r mines.
On route to I'.iraKiiay.
Celebr.ited slher mines.
I rntre of tri le on the Orinoco.
I'm t nf \',lle!i< i.i.
' I .ipit.il Trench (len.il settle-
I mi'nt
(1.000 feel almve sea level.
Seaport nf < DInmbia
I Se.i-port of Caracas. Ciiffeu
( tr.iile
r.KNKUM. (iri:sTi()NS
Commercial. — ^Whicli is the most populous country in Smith .Vmerica?
Which two rank next ' What four countries exceed OiiLirio sli^'hily in
p ipulation ? Which of the republics has the smallest popul.iiion ? Which
country contains the largest city ? What are its exports? How is it situ-
ated ? Which country contains the next largest city ? What are its exports ?
How is it situated? Which country has no sea-port? What countries
1 Ajxirt cocoa? Coffee? Sugar? Cotton? Hides? Cattle? Tob.icco ?
Cinchona (Piriivhin hark}? Guano? Copper? Wool? Wheat? Caout-
1 liouc ? Silver? Diamonds? Vegetable Ivory? Timber.' Furs? What
.ire the principal ports for shipping coffee ? Copper ? Guano ? Cocoa ?
Caoutchouc? Sugar? Tobacco? Hides and tallow? Cattle? Which is
the only monarchy in South America ? \\'hat three Kuropean countries have
colonies in South .\merica ? What are they ? What nine countries of South
.\merica are republics? In what parts of the continent are most of the
civilized inhabitants?
Voyages. —If a vessel sails from Mnntrial to Kio de Jaiuiro. what cargo
would she carry ? What cargo would she bring bai k ' I'asl what ( ountrics
would she sail ? If a vessel sails from Mariiili.io to ran.ima what countri(;s
would she pass? Through wli.it waters' Wli.il cargo would a vessel from
Ixindon, England, bring to Montevideo ? To C.dl.ao ? To V.alparaiso ? fCoiil
iiiul iiiiiniifacturiS.) What cargo would she carrv b.ick from Monlevidrn?
1-rom Callao? I'rom Valparaiso? What cargn wiaild be sent from ll.ilif.tx
to Kio de Janeiro ? (Fish, J What cargo would be sliippeil from Cieorgetnwn
( Dimiirani) to .Montreal ? What cargo would be shipped from St Joiin. N.H.,
to Montevideo? (Lumber.) What cargo would l)e carried back to the West
Indies' n^ritil nual.) From the West Indies to Halifax?
Rail and Telegraph. — How can a person telegraph to another, — from Kio
de Janeiro to New York? To Montreal ? To Lisbon ? Tol^ndon? Between
what towns is the f'anama Kailway? What railways are in Ftjru? In Chili?
In the .\rgentine Kepublic ?
i
I
i
Nttar tlic rriiuU'cr arc two k'iiitiiiii);s ; iliuso little
animals at tiiiits iiuive through Nurllu:ni ICiinipu
ill coiintU'sstliousaiuls. (K'stroyiiit; wliati'ViTliis in
llii'ir p.illi. llirds of prt'y, in (jro.it tldcks. accom-
jiany tlii-i.
On 111. ■ it, wi' liavi' iliL' spoitL-J lynx with Ills favor-
ite hare .ml tlieernuiu. prized for its white fur. llcjow
tlieiircle is represented tlij brown lie.ir. loininon in ,ill
th<^ niouiil.iinous regions Thi. anini.d with the |Kiinted
muzzle, looking; round ..t liruin, is the fo\, wliich. ,is
well as tile badger sho\ n near it, is widely distriliutei
In the .\lpine sceMi Ixlow, the laninnr^jeyer [l,iiiih-
vnlliin) is ilriviny the frij^litened chamois over the prtv
cipiee, th.it lie iii.iy feed on its eareass. The wary
ch.imois (whose skin is made into soft " ili<iiiinv"), .md
the ibex, in the foreground, inhabit the summits of the
Alps, the I'yrenees, and the Cauc.isus Mountains.
Oil the right of the circle at the bottom, we have
the sweet-vuiced nighting.ile, which winti.rs in north-
ern Africa, but is found diiriiiK tlit^ summer in .lil
parts of Europe except the far north,
is the bl.ickbird, and on the br.mch
beside it the pngn.'icions shrike, some-
times traineil in Russia to catch rats
and mice. The skylark is on the
ground, and the Kobin red-breast on
an adj.acent twig.
The great bustard, st.mding on one
foot in the picture, inli.ibits dry. grassy
plains. In thebackgrouiul is the long-
legged crane; in the foreground, the
pelican with its l.irge bill. The other
birds are difl'erent species of grouse.
On the grouiul is the ptarmigan;
above it, tlii^ilack-eock; and jxTched
on a branch, the cajiereailzie.
. ( il SI.K M I )|sri(ll'riii\.
rope (ic('ii|)i(s tlic iiorth-
"11 |).irt (it the MasttTii C'dii-
. ;iiul may \>r coiisiilcrcd its a
lifiiinsiila, |)rojt'Ctiiij^ wist-
roiii Asia, the main coiitin-
li(ul\, lictwccn tlic Arctic
Ocfaii and the Mcdilfrraiicaii Sea.
It is the smallest of the sis lirand Ilivisions,
but is second in population, being the most
densely popnl.ited in eomp.irison to its size. The
area comprises .ibont (.780. ckh) sipi.ire miles, or
a litllt^ greater than the Dominion of Can.ida, but iIk^
pojiulation numbers about jjij, 300,000.
The Coast-line of I-;urope is about jo.ooo miles in
length, which, in proportion to the area, is much
,j greater 'lan that of any of tne other grand divisions.
The Rivers of Europe .ire most valuable for com-
merce, and the Lakes, though small, are unsurpassed
for t'.ieir picturcMiue beauty, .and form .1 favorite
resort for the traveller .iiid tourist.
Tin; Natural Advantages possessed hy
Eiinipe are: — its central jiositioii, ami the
excellent harbors ai'lbrded bv the islands ;in(l
by the niinierot's indentations of the coast;
the fertility of the soil; the variety of climate ;
the warm Gulf Stream and moist winds
of the Atlantic on the west; and its vain-
] able mines of
metals and miner-
als, more especially
11 of co.il and iron. In
adtlition to these.
j Europe is the cen-
"^1 tre of civilization
in reli^,'ion. arts,
science, political
influence, wealth
and manufactures
l70J
JROPE.
Kiri'iiiN.
the north-
'lastcrn C'dii-
nsidcri'd as a
ccliiiij; west-
main coiitin-
1 the Arctic
•rraiican Sea.
(Irand liivisions,
, l)t:inH the most
cm to itssizo. Thu
1) siiiiaru mill's, cir
f Canad.i, Imt llic
JO.
lit JO, coo mill's ill
lie area, is iiiiiih
-T yr.iml tli\-isions.
valuable for coiii-
1, are unsur])assed
form a favorite
5 possessed by
iition, ami the
ihe islands and
s of the coast ;
ict)- of climati- ;
1 moist winds
; anil its valu-
Ic mines of
als and minur-
more especially
oal and iron. In
lition to thesi'.
rope is the ceii-
of civilization
religion, arts,
ence, political
iience, wealth
I manufactures
M
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PHYSICAL EUROPE.
The Southern Highlands comprise two series of inoiiniaiii
ranges diverging from the great central range, the Alps. Tliese
are partially separated from each otlier by the valh-ys of the
Rhine, the Rhone, the Po, and the Danube, antl may be termed
the Ceitl nil :ind Son III cm Highlands,
Tho Central Hig^hland com- 'u SItt.^Ek
prises lli(' iii.iiii chiiin (if tlii' Alps
uiih till: Cevennes, Jura, and ' ■•
Vosges (vuhzh) Mdum.iiiison the
west, .ind tliu Carpathians i Mi the
I'asl, cnnnL'Cted with llio Alps liy
tli(! lower ranges of the Black For-
est (Stiucariz WiililJ anil the: Bo-
hemian Mountains (Hohnier-walil,
ICrz and Kiesen-gel)ir);i') curviii),'
round the upper Daniilie.
The Southern Highland extends from
the Cantabrian and Pyrenees Mountains
on tile west, to th(! Balkan and Caucasus
Mountains on the east. Offshoots from this
sides at the rate of about two feet a day. These gradnally dissolve as tliey reach
tlie limit of the snow-line and form the sources of numerous moniiiain.
streams. The .\lps are a favorite resort of summer tourists, and ari' crossed
by r.irriaj;e roads and railways, through several passes and long tunnels
In tin: C.iucasus Mountains is Mount Elburz, the highest summit in Rnrope
(18,526 feet).
The Scandinavian Peninsula comprises a series of hkiuh.
tain ranges rising from a long, narrow plateau more abrupt on
the west than on the east.
It extends about 1,200 miles in length, and on the
west is indented by numerous narrow arms of the .sea,
c illi il Fiords, which stretch a considerable distance
inland between high, precipitous, rocky banks.
The Rivers of the eastern part
of tlie Great Lowland Plain are
tile largest in liurope, thuuLrh
most of them are commerci.illv
of less importance than tiiosc of
western Europe.
The largest are : — the Volga, which forms
the chief natural channel of commerce in the
east, and the Dwina in the north. A canal con-
necting branches of these rivers completes the
system of navigation between the Cas-
pian and \Vhite Seas. The Dnieper ami
the Don have extensive fertile
basins, and are important
,) Commercially.
, ^-^ ■ In the north-
western part
of thelCast-
v em riain
is the
Lake
system traverse the- three southern peninsulas, of which the Appennines in
Italy, and the Pindus Mountains in Turkey, are the most noted.
Mount Mlanc, the Irftiest peak of the Alps, has an elevation of nearly three
mill's (13,7.^7 feetl. I'lie highest summits of the Alps are covered vvith per-
petual snow, and in the intervening valleys are numerous great glaciers,
luokiu); iike enormous frozen torrents, and moving slowly down the mountain
Kegion,
including
Lakes Ladoga and Onega,
the largest in Europe.
The Central Highlandscontain the sources of the most important commercial
rivers of Europe : — the Danube, the Rhine, the Rhone, the Po, and other large
rivers, with numerous commercial and manufacturing cities on their banks.
The Danube (1,800 miles long), the second in size of the European rivers,
is the ch.i.mel of internal trade of Southern Germany, Austria, and Turkey.
The Rhine (S80 miles long), is navigable for steamers to Basle, and is cele-
brated for i's picturesque scenery, and for the many large cities on its banks.
The Rhine drains south-eastern France, and is important commercially.
The Po, the largest river of Italy, waters the fertile plains ol Lombardy.
olvo as llicjy reach
iierous mouiiuin-
^, and arc cnissed
long tunnels
summit in Europe
uries of luniui-
lore ahrupi on
;ngtli, and on the
w arms of tlit; sea,
sicieralilc distance
31IS, rocky banks.
;he eastern jiart
I'land Plain arc
Uirope, tlioiit;]!
e commercially
:e than those of
'olga, which forms
of commerce in the
rth. A canal ccm-
ers completes the
between the C'as-
The Dnieper ami
ve extensive fertile
d are important
ally.
:^.» In the north-
>, western part
\ ofthelCast-
r \ ern Plain
"^j is the
'"'^''la Lake
C Keg^on,
including
Ladog;a and Onega,
gest in Europe,
iportant commercial
Po, and other large
es on their banks,
he European rivers,
Lustria, and Turkey.
Basle, and is cele-
citicK on its banks.
■tant commercially.
s ot Lombardy.
Western Europe, especially near the .Vtlantic Oce.m, has a
niiiJer climate tlian is found in North America or otlier parts of
tin: work! in tiie same latitude.
The mildness of the climate is owing -rhietly to the influence of the r.ulf
Stream which washes the western coast, and to the warm south-west or Return
Trade Winds, which bring with them a p.irt of the heat they have acijiiired
in the Torrid /one (see p. 15). Thus, Ireland, "the ever-green isle," with its
iniM climate, is in the same latitude as cold and barren Labrador.
r,r,iins, fruits, and vines are extensively cultivated in the western lowland plain
ami in the valleys of the highlands. The beet-root is also largely grown for
making sug.ar. The cod, herring, salmon and oyster fisheries on the coast are
valuable.
Central Europe shows some remarkal)le j)ectiliarities in climate.
Ill winter it is coldest in the south, and becomes colder also with
tile increasintj distance eastwanl from the r :oan.
The variation of tem[x;rature is caused by the grc. elevation of the southern
part, so that some cities in Highland Eurojie have much colder winters than
ethers far north of them near the shores of the ocean. The power of the (lulf
Stream and of the warm south-west winds also becomes gradu.'illy less as the
distance from the .\tlantic f )cuan increases, so that while the Rhine is frozen
over on the aver.age for twenty-six days during the year, the Elbe is frozen for
sixty-two and the Vistula for alxiut eighty.
Central Eurofie is rich in minerals — coal, iron, salt and others. It also pro-
duces grain, hemp, flax and cattle in abundance.
Southern Europe has an almost tropical climate.
This is the effect of the general southern slope of the country, the warm winds
from .\frica, the mild waters of the Mediterranean, and the high mountain r.inges
which form a barrier to the cold polar winds.
Figs, oranges, the mullxirry, almonds, rice and olives grow in the same latitude
as the south-western part of Ontario, and the vine is generally cultivatiHl.
Tile Spanish Plateau, owing to its elevation, has a cold winter
and a hot, dry summer.
The chestnut and cork-oak trees grow abundantly, and the vineyards are famous.
The Great Eastern Plain has a varied climate; the wintei ire
intensely cold, but in the south the summers are hot.
The w inter climate is caused by the distance from the warm western coast, and
by the prevalence of the polar winds, which sweep unchecked from the .\rctic
Ocean to the Bl.ack and Caspian Seas.
The northern regions are mossy, treeless swamps called Tiiiijras. with but few
human inhabitants and onlv reindeer and other arctic animals.
1713
74
POLITICAL EUROPE
CONSTANTINOPLE
Another wiile trccli'ss rcRion strL'tclus across the southern part uf the plain
liarren, salt plains, called Slip/<ts, occupy the eastern portion, but in the west
are bro.'.d prairie-lands, which sustain large numbers of sheep, horses and
cattle, and produce inai/o and large cpiantities of wheat.
The Centri' is occupied by a v.ist forest, where animals of the north
t.ike ri'fug<' during the long wintir. In the colder regions tlii' hardy grains —
rye. oats, and barley — are cultivate!' : further south — llax. hemp, and wheal.
Extensive and valuable Fisheries are carried on, the prin-
cipal being the cod, herring, salmon and oj-ster, along the
north-western coasts, and the sardine, tiiiinj- and anchovy in
llie Mediterranean. luirope possesses the ]>recioiis Metals
— gold, silver and ])latinuni besides an ahimdance of the most
nsefid Minerals, such as coal, iron, lead, tin, zinc, and copper.
POLITICAL EUROPE.
Oti'.sTioNS ON TMH Map.
Countries. — Wh.it country forms the eastern part of luirope? What
cfiuntries are north-west of Kussi.-i? What countries ;ire washed by the
Mediterranean Sea? Hy the Jil.ick Sea ? Hy the Adriatic ? Wh.it countries
are l«.rdere<l by the .Atlantic Ocean? Hy the North Sea' Hy the Baltic ?
Mv the .\rctic Ocean? What two countries have no sea-coast? Name the
countries of Kurope
Norway and Sweden. -What mountains extend between Norway and
Sweden ' What mount.'iins .are in the south o( Norway ? What country is
north-east of Swedin and Norwa)- ? What gulf is between Sweden and
Russia ? What islanils are in the Haltic Se.i ? What town is on the shore of
the .\rctic Ocean ? What cities are on the western coast ? In the south ?
What lakes are in Sweden ? Wh.it large cities arc on the li.altic ? North
of SlcH-kholm ? On tlii' C.itlegat ?
Russia. — Wh.it countries border Kussia on the north-west ? On the smith-
west? What mountains form the north-eastern boundary? The south-
eastern? What sea is on the scnith-e.ast ? On the south? What sea is
between Kussia and Sweden ? What lakes flow into the Gulf of Finland ?
What river flows fnmi Lake I.,adoga? What city is on it? .\t its mouth?
What is the south-western Province of Russia called ? W" ich is the chief city
of Poland ? What large city is near the centre of Russia ? (Mosion' ) What
city is at the mouth of the Pwina? Of the Duna ? Of the Volga ? On the
Volga east of Moscow' On the Sea of .\zov ? On the nnie|ier? On the
Hkick Sea? Neaf the mouth of the Dnieper ? On the tlral River? What
Lirgecily is lutucen W.irsaw and St. Petersburg'
Ri;vii;\v E.xi;kcisi:s.
Countries. 11 'A. r.' /» // .' //ore houiulcd ? What is Ihc chief town vr lily ?
Norway:" Sweden? Russia? luigland ? Scotland? Ireland' Prance?
Spain' Portugal? Switzerland? Italy? Turkey? OrecHru ? Montenegro?
Servia? Roumania? Denmark? Holland' Uelgium ? Germany? Austria?
Islands. — Where siliuiteil ?
I.ofoden Islands ? Iceland? Faroe Islands ? Gothland? .\l.vnd Islands?
Zealand? NovaZembla?
Peninsulas. — /•>»»/ what part of liiiruf'e lines it project ?
Scandinavian? Jutland? frimea?
Capes. — From :i'hiit const iloes it project ?
North ? The Naze ?
Mountains. — ir/ur.- arc they ?
Kiolcn ? Dovrefield ? Hardangerfield ? Ural? Caucasus '-
Seas and Gulfs. - Where is it?
White' Caspian? .\zov ? Black? Baltic? Finland? Bothnia? Riga'
Straits. Bi'/ii'i I H u^hnt hnuls } What waters does it connect?
Skager R.ack ? Tattegat? Sound? Kertch ? Bosphorus? Diirdanelles ?
Gibraltar ?
Rivers. -I r//i<r does it rise? In -chat direction does it jlo-w ? Through
what coitutries? Into what body of water ?
Dwina ? Ural? Volga? Don? Dnieper? Vistula? Duna?
Lakes. — IP/i.ii situated ? What outlet has it?
Onega? Ladoga? Peipus ? Umen ? Wener ? Wetter? Malar?
Cities and Towns. In what country is it ? In -chat port ? On or near what
wafer ?
fhristiania? B<rgen ? Trondheim ? H.ammerfest ? Stockholm? Got-
tenlnirg ' Norrkiiping ? I'psal.i? St. Petersburg? ("ronst.adt ? Moscow?
Warsaw? Oilessa ? Kiev? Riga? Vilna? .\rchangel ? Nijni-Novgorod ?
Orenburg' .\slrakhan ? T.iganrog? London? Liverpool? Newcastle?
IMinburgh ' C'd.asgow ? .\berdeen ? Dublin? Cork? Belfa.st ? Paris?
Lyons? Marseilles? Bordeaux? Madrid? Barcelona? Valencia? Seville?
Malaga? Lisbon? Oporto? Berne? Rome? Naples? Milan? Con-
stantinople? Athens? Cetigne ? Belgrade? Bukharest ? Coiwnhagea ?
.Vmsterdam ? Brussels ? Berlin ? Hamburg ? Buda-Pesth ?
c
to
c
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■'A^
t>-J^
'i-v-
'^
- 1 _
2 ,.__^1
. L^^_
= K
-' ;^
-,>|
J ^V'
Y
te; r
<s
f.
A'
it -- •
m
(Sl^
on, the priii-
}r, along tlic
i anrliovv in
ions Metals
c of the mosl
md copper.
Alind Islands?
Bothnia ? Riga ?
>? Dardanelles?
Jloti' ? Through
")una ?
? Malar ?
Ou or tit'ar what
tockholm ? Gol-
>taclt ? Moscow ?
Xijni-Xovgoro<l ?
lol ? Newcastle ?
Helfast ? Paris ?
alencia ? Seville ?
' Milan ? Con-
? Coiienhagen ?
th?
Th.' P
Four Emi
KrssiA (
Cil KMAN
ArsruiA
TruKicY
('rKi;.\r I
I, AN I),
NdUWAY
Si'AIN.
I'liKTlH;
IrAi.Y,
[ncliultM
tlie Xctliu
pality of r
tlu' Gram
Liechten
Turki'v ; :
Free Tow
Cireat ]
all' leniic
The Pc
10 extent
p. 20), ef
tliree-foui
Tlie pcoi
Aryan fam
C'aspian Sc
The Lapl
ami the Tu
The chie
of western
northern N
in the On
southern l'^
The CI
The peo
Church ; t
nearly all
Catholics.
antl, scatte
The G
rliies, am
I'^rancc a
All th
Armies :
in Great
countriei
time.
The am
Germany
In time of
army of C
great dep<
powerful i
I'OLITICAL I'TROI'i:.
75
DIVISIONS OF EUROPE.
'Hie Political Divisions of luiropc an; : —
Four Empires - Two Republics—
KissiA (alisolutci, Fkami:.
Ciini.WY (limitcil), Swnvi- kiwi..
.\rsTKiA-IIim;,Miv(liinit((l), One Independent Principality-
TrKKi:v (alisoliitc). Mun ii:ni,i,kii.
Twelve Kingdoms (Inniitd iium.ircliics).
('iKi;a r JSkitain ,ui(l lui;- (iui:i-,ii:,
I'lCirMAMA,
Si;kvia.
|)|.NMAKK,
! IlH.l.AM),
I. AMIS,
lil-.I.CirM.
in'.
the N 1, 111 I. K
I AND,
SU'I-.DI'.N,
XciUWAV,
Si'AIN,
roRTl'tlAI.,
Italy,
Included in thi'se are : -Tlu' (iranddiic In of Luxemburg iu
tin: Netherlands; the Kepiihhc of San Marino ami die I'iiik i-
pality (if Monaco in Ital\- ; the Repulilie of Andorra in Spain ;
the (irand-chiehy of Finland in Russia; the l'iineipaiil\- <if
Liechtenstein in Austria; the I'riiuipahty of Bulgaria in
Tiirkt'V ; and the various Kin;-Cdoins, Ducliies, I'rincipahties and
Free Towns in (ierniany (see p. ).
(ireat Britain, Russia, I'rance, (ierniany, Austria, and Ital\-
are terineil the Six Great Powers of Furoiie.
The Population of Europe is inneii more deiisi> in proportion
to extent than that of any other ef the (ir.ind Divisions (see
p. 20), especially in the western part, which contains about
three-fourths of the whole (see Statistical Talile, ]). ).
Tliu people are nearly all of the Caucasian race — off-shoius of the great
Aryan family, who originally settled in Western Asia, south-e.ist of the
Caspian Sea, and afterwards migrated into ICiirope.
The L.iplandurs in the extreme north: the M.igyars (.l/d/j/ncs) in Iliiim'.\r\
and the Turks are of the Mon^<ilian race.
The chief branches of the Caucasian race are :— The Celtic, settUil in pan^
of western luirope ; the Teutonic, occnpyinK the country from the Alps lo
northern Norway, including the eastern part of Ciieat ISrit.iin; the Slavonic,
in the Cireat Lowland Plain ; and the Romanic, to which the people of
southern Knrope mostly beloiiK.
Tiic Christian Religion prevails in Iiiuo])e.
The people of the eastern h.ilf of Europe belouK chiefly to the Greek
Church ; those of the north-western rcKicns are principally Protestants ;
marly all the rest, including more than half the population, are Roman
Catholics. In Turkey there are about eiKlit millions of Mohammedans,
and, scattered among the various nations, are about -•.ooo.ochi Jews.
The Governments of Kiuoiie are ciiietly heredit.iry monar-
chies, and, with the exception of Russia and rinke\-, are limited.
I'rance and Switzerland are the only Republics of note.
All the countries (jf Europe keep up enormous Standing
Armies and Fleets, so ,is to be prepared in case of w.ir. Except
in Great L5ritain, service is compulsory, ,ind in some of the
countries fvciy man is oblii,'ed to serve for a certain lenj^th of
time.
The army of Russia on a war footing amounts to :>,4,!o,ooo mon ; th.it of
C.erinany to 1,400,000; France, 1,500,000; Austria, 1,000.000; Italv, 7,)4,o<x).
In time of peace they ■•'re reduced to about one-third of these numbers. The
.army of Great Britain, including that of India, amounts to -ti.ooo, but the
great dependence of Great Britain is upon the fleet which is by far the most
powerful in the world (see p. fiy).
K rssi A.
riic Russian Empire, next to ( ircu Urii.iiii. is tlic
in.ist cxtciisixc iloininioii in the wuilil, iiuliiiliii;^ inure
lli;iii i)iu:-li,ilt' of i'liiropc, .IS well ;is iiiorf th.m diic-tliiril
ot" .\si,i.
Till- I'.inpiri' is said to (ciinp. i-^.' one-si'vcntli of tin- hrrilori.d ^nrf.in'of I hi'
Gliibc .dioui til.' .si/i'iif the whole of North .Vmerii .1 -,ind h.is .1 |)opiil.itiim of
i'\rr IiM),.HI,),(«hl
rile Government is .m absnlnli' mnn.in In- under the (.'/.ir,
or emperor, who is he. id both of i Iniicli .iiiil st.ile,
Russia in Europe im uprises the wholr of the e.istern p,ilt ot
the (ire. It Lowl.ind I'i.llll. It ilicllldi"^ ,ilso the ( ii.ilid I )iu hy of
■ ''inland.
Ihe Inhabitants ue mostU Si l.ues la Sl.ivonic tribe of tin:
C.iuc.isi.in race I, ,ind bilonj,' to the (ireek ClHinh. The pe.is-
. lilts are ),'eii(/.ill\- ij,'niir.iiit, .ind till i.Sd^ wi're lor the most p.irt
.si'c/.'v, or sl.ives, owned bv the ('lown. the nobles, or l.ir;;e land-
holders; in I sf) j the serfs were eni,iiicip,iled.
St. I'ETLRSUeRIi : StaTCK ok rETKK THE Gke.\t.
.\ j,'reat ]iortion of the siirf.ice of Russia is tot.illy unlit for
cultivation ; in the north are the barren Tundras, ,ind I'"inland
covered with lakes interspersed with rocks .ind sand hills; in
the south are the desert Slef'pts round the he. id of the (',ispian
Se.i. ISetween the li.dtie and I'llack Se.is tlu' country is fertile,
prodiicin^f abnnd.ince of f^'rain, espei ially wheat .and rye. In the
south are extensive plains, where immense her<ls ;iiid Hocks (ind
p.isture. ileiiip and flax are extensively culli\ate<l mar the
lialtic, and the inunense forests of the (Central I'lain furnish
valuable supplies of timber, tar, pitch, and lart,'e ipiantities of
furs and skins from tlu; wild animals they sIk Iti r. The Ural
Mountains contain ne.irly all the niiiier.il we.ilth ol the country,
proilucintj (.(old, platinum, cojiper, iron, salt, .ind k.iolin.
The foreifin Commerce of Russia is chielly with (ireat
lit.iin and (iermaiu ; and bv caravans with .\si,i, as far east as
(liin.i, from which tea is broii},dit.
The great rivers of the lowland I'lain, navigable almost to their sources,
wilh tlnir connecting canals, give .access to the very heart of the country and
furnish abundant me.ins of internal communic.ition.
7f>
rOT.TTICAI. El'ROPK.
If
I'l.ix ami liiiiip Mi|i|)l\- ilic in.iicrials for tlii' prim iji.il Manu-
factures, IS ciiiv.is, ^,iil(|i)tli, aiiil r(i|)c. Tlif <^\i.-A\ m.ijDiity
ol the piiipli- .uf ciij^aj^icl in af^'iiciiliiiral pursuits; rye is tlu'
stapl'' fond.
Mm li of ill., iiilan.l ir.uli' nf Niissia is carrird on by tivans of yearly fairs,
wliirli ari' friiiiiiMitiMl by immense numbers nf trailers from all pans of I'.iirope
anil Asia . that lielil at Nijni-NovKorucl is tlie fjreatisl in the worlil.
Tile Exports of Kussia arc wheat, tlax-seed. hiiles. tlax, heinp, tallow, anil
wool. TImm' ,ire rn.iinly shippeil from the H.illie ports ; wheat is extensively
expoiteil flora llie lilaek Se.i ports.
St. Petersburg, tln' lajiilai, n.-micd after IVter tin- Gri-at, the
tniimlrr 111 tlir I'.mplir, is tlir l,iri,'rst citv ami t,'rfatfst com-
iiicri iai iintir. MOSCOW is tlie aiii'iclit (',i|>ilal ami ciiiporiiim
of the inland tr.idc of tlif Ivnijiirc ; licsides hcin^,' the '^xvwX
railw.iN' ccntn- of tlir ((innlrv, it is connected \i\ water with
the ISlack, Caspian, and llaltic Seas. Warsaw is the chi»'f city
of the rrovime of Poland. Riga .md Cronstadt (the sea-port
of St. I'eti I shnij,'. and tlie chief n,i\,il station), on the Haltic,
e.spoit i.;T.iiri. hemp, and lla.x ; Odcssa, on the IJl.tik Sea, and
Taganrog, mi the Sea of .\/ii\, ,ire iitijMirt.int ^'raiii jjorts.
Astrakhan, mi the ( 'aspi.m Sea, is noted for its car.iv.in trade
with .\sia and for its lisheries ; it is also the i eiitrt,' of the mari-
time commerce on the C.tspian Se.t. Archangel, on the W'hiti'
Sea, exports linseed, i ye, ll.i.x, .iml forest products; in winter
the h.irbor is fiozeii. Kiev, Kasan, ami Tula are important
cities.
^()K\^■.\^■ .\x d s\\ i;ni:x.
Norway and Sweden occiiiiy tin- .Sc;imlin;ivian
Peiiinstihi; Norwiiy liiivintr tlic wcstuni, ;iii(.l Sweden,
the (MsltTM piirt.
Tile tjener.il boundaries between thiMii are successive ranjfes
of mountains, which extend under various names throughout the
the whole len^'th of the peninsula.
Norw.iy is the sni.iller .mil more mountainous, ami contains less than one-
half as many inli.ibitants .-is SweiliMi. Tii«ethir they ,ire alHiut eipial to the
Trovinres of Ontario ,iuil (.Juebuc in size, but contain nearly double the n'lm-
Ix-T of inl ,ibil,ints.
Norway ,tnd Sweden form two separate kinf,'doms, and each
is governed by its own laws, but they are united under one kinf;.
The Climate is nmch miliU'r than in tlu' same latitude in
North America (see i'hysical Mai>l. The soil is poor, except in
the valleys and in the .south, and but a sm.ill part of the country
is capable of cultivation. \'aluable forests of jiine and tir com-
pensate to a f;ie.it extent for the sterility of the soil.
These countries an; so far north tl'-.U there is a f;reat diflfcrence in the
len.mh of the day at different seasons. At North ("ape the sun does not set
from May 15th to July .'iitli.
The princiiLil Industries of the people are mininf,', lumbering,
and fishing,'.
'I'he rocky isl.inds, coasts, and deep fiords (Iohr, narrow inlets, with
precipitous b.inks),of Xorw.iy ,ire inhabited by numerous birds, which furnish
the eider dowu of comnurce: .ind the cod-fislury on the coast of Norway is
only e.pi.dled by th.u of North America. The iron mines of Dannemora, and
the copiXT mines of l-"ahlun in Sweden, are famous.
Manufactures .uc limited, in consequence of the want of
loal, but Swedish iron, smelted with charcoal, the product of the
forests, is of superior quality and is in tlcinand for the manufac-
ture of rutler\ .
The People, no.irly all of whom are Prntestants, are a simple,
but bra\c, h.irdy, iiidiistrioiis race. ICdiication is in a backv, .ird
state, but elTorts are bein;,' ni.ide to jiromote it. The Niiwe.
tti.ins are a se.i-farin;,' ))eopli', and their maritinit; coniineri o js
considcr.ible. Ill Sweden, railways and a system of canals rrnin
the I'-altic to the Catte^at unite the internal with the inaiiliine
commercu. The lakes of Sweden cover about one-twelfth nl its
surface.
The Exports of Norway .are chielly lisli .uid limber: those of Sweden,
gr.ain, iron, and cojiper.
Christiania, the cipit.d of .Norway, .tnil Bergen, the lai-i m
Atlantic port, have .1 lat•^,'e trade in timber and lisli. Trond-
heim, or Diontheim, the ancient capital, is a place of consiili r-
able comnuTce, Hammerfest is the most northerly town in
liiirope, and has a considerable trade in stock-iish, whale-, ami
seal-oil.
Stockholm, the c.ipital of Sweden, is built on several siii,ill
islands and peiiinsul.is, ,it the junction of Lake M.ielar with the
r.,iltic. Its arseii.il is faiumis. Gottenburg ranks next in
iniiiortance for commerce. Norrkoping is ,1 grain port. Up-
sala is celebrated for its university.
L.vi'L.wn.
Lapland occupies the northern extremity of Kurope within the .Nniic
Circle. .Vlthoui;h divided between Kussia, Sweden and Norway, it ni,i\ In;
considered as one country, on .iccouiU of the peculiar habits and diameter of
tho people. The whole population .''.mounts to about jo.ooo, but of these only
about 7,000 an; l.,i]ilanders. The chief wealth of the Laplanders is the rein-
deer. They lead .a wanderiuK and barli.irous life, and allliouKh professiiii^
Christianity, retain many I'.iKan superstitions. They are dwarfish in sl.iuuu,
selduiu e.xceediu),' four .and .i-h.ilf feet in heit;lit.
I)i;nmark.
Denmark is the smalli'sl of ihc; Scandinavian Kino;-
doms, and consists of tin; islantis ot Zealand, 1' tmeii,
and others, ami of the northern part of the peninsula of
Jutland.
In Extent, Denmark is smaller than Nova Scotia, but contains about as
many inhabitants as Ontario.
The Surface is low .and the climate moist but healthy. The
chief Industries of the people are raising' cattle, .imi lishiiifr.
The Exports, chiefly to Cre.it Hritain, consist of cattle, (,'rain, and dairy
products.
Manufactures are unimportant, owiuj; to the want of minerals and water
power.
The Government is ,i limited monarchy. The people are of
the Teutonic race.
The Foreign Possessions of Kenmark are Greenland and Iceland, .md
the Faroe Islands, in the North .\tlantie; and in the West Indies, tlii' islands
.if Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John.
Copenhagen, on the Island of Zealaiul. is the capital, and
the residence of the King. It is the chief nav.il station. Oden-
see and Aarhuus, on the Island of I'unen, have considerable
trade.
The Faroe Islands are iz in number, but only 17 are inhaliited, and the
total population is little over i i,ooo.
-■— « ,
rOLITICAT. FfROPK.
77
IIkisc of Swi dun.
contains about ns
iliabited, and the
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
Ilu: British Empire consists of the United Kin^r-
doni of Great Britain and Ireland, and of *;\tensive
jK)sscssi(jns and colonies in e\ery (juarter of the globe.
It is till! nri«ti:st empiri; that thi' world lias cvir known, lioth in tin- ux-
ti'ni (if country it comprises and in the numlier of people nnder its fjovi^rn-
niint. It is greater than the whole of North America in extent, and has a
jKipiilation of upwards of joo, 000,000.
The Centre of Government is in Great Hriiain, which thus rnles over an
empire s^..' i'*.y times lar;,;er than itself. .V Viceroy or (lovernor is appointed
liy the Cr .wn to the various coltmics or possessions. The latter are, however,
pnicticiliy independent, inasmuch as they make and administer their own
laws and control their own revenues.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire-
lanil includes the islands of Great Britain (in which are
comprised England, Scotland and Wales), the island of
Ireland and numerous small adjacent islands.
In Extent the British Islands are one-third less in size than Ontario, but
contain a population of a^- "t j6. 000, 000.
The cliief Industrii. " f Grcit ISritaiii are its agriculture,
ininiiig, iii.imifactiires, and 'Xtensive maritime commerce.
Agriculture is carried to the liif;lu'st state of perfection, and
in Irel.'tnd it is the leading oc(nii);ition.
The Minerals of Great liritain form a most important source
of tile wealth of the country — the principal are: — coal, iron,
copper, lead .md tin.
The Annual Value of the mineral products is about $400,000,000, and the
mines of (Jreat Britain supply one half of all the coal, iron and tin used in the
world. It is hardly possible to overrate the advantjiges Clreat Britain derives
from its vast, and to all practical purposes, inexhaustible supply of coal and iron.
In Manufactures, Great Britain s'.-rpasses every other coini-
iry. The most important are those of cotton, wool and iron.
l-'ive-sevenths of all the cotton imported intodreat Britain comes from the
United States to be manufactured, and the export of manufactured cottons
amounts to the enormous sum of over 30o,ooo,o(X) dollars ,'innu,'Uly. Great
Britaiit builds iron ste.imships for the whole worhl
The Maritime Commerce "f (ire.it I'.ritain is the grc.itest in
the world, and tlie siiprem;><\' of Great llritain I'.iniiut liittcr he
re.ilized than by knowing tli.it the British tl,ig tin. its in every
sea-port.
The Mercantile Navy IxlouKint,' to the IJniteil Kingdom and British |mis-
sessions in iSSi consiste<l of over 31,500 sailing vfs.sels and 7,^50 steamships,
employing upwards of jds.ooo seamen.
Great Britain sends its manufactures to every country on the kIoIh-. anil its
ships briuK b.ack food supplies and raw material for nianuf,icturi'. Owinj; to
the small extent of territory and the density of the jiopulation. Great Britain
has to import a very larjje proportion of its food supplies. In i.s.Si the Im-
ports of cereals amounted to over joo,ooo.ooo dollars, ,ind those of cattle and
meat to over 200,000,000.
These, together with tea, sugar, coffee, tobacco. a:.d other foreign articli'sof
consumption, form the chief imiiorts; except raw materials for n .mufacture,
which amount to 650.000,000 dollars .'innu;illy.
Great Britain is covered witli a network of Railways, whir 1 h.ive cost
upwards of 3.700,000,000 dollars, and provide unetpi.illed facilitii'^ 'or jntern.'il
communication.
This commerce is protected by the l.irgest Navy th, it has ever
existed, comprising 74 armor-plated ste. unships, alioiit j()o steam-
ships (not iron-clad (, and lio sailing ships; out of these 253 are
actually in commission.
Fortified Naval Depots for coal and provisions have been established on
.all the great routes of maritime tr.ade. .Vmongthi^se ile|)ots are : -Gibraltar, at
the entrance, Malta in the middle, and Cyprus in the e.isiern p.irt of the
Mediterranean Sr.i ; St. Helena, Cape Town .and Mauritius on the south
.\frican coast; Aden at the mouth of the Ked Sea; Hong-Kong at one <'ml
of the China Sea and Singapore at the other ; Jamaica and .ihi r islamls of
the West Indies; Halifax, in Nova Scoti.i. the Bermudas, and tin Bahamas
off the coast of North .VuKriea ; Vancouver Island in the' I'.uilic, with ni.iny
others in India and .\ustralia, besides home de[Hits.
The Government of Great Britain is a limited nKHi.inhy,
consisting of a Sovereign and ;i Eegisl.itun , or Parliament,
— the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
I
!
P(H.rric.\i. r.uKoi'K
Thr mcmhrrs ..f itir House of Lords ^.rr ihu |u.rrsi,r n..lili-,nr l.nKliirnl .ind
of 111,- I '1111111 KinKil„in.«lioli..l(l ili.ir siiis liy virtm: of hyrnlitary riKlit, «ilh
rrpr.sriii,iii\csi.fihrn.)l,l,s,,f Vntl.inil.iiul Ir.-lanil,, 111,1 till- An liln-^h.jps an,|
Hislii.|is,if i;nnl.i'i,l .111,1 Wall's Thfi mcinlicrs of ili,! House of Commons
arr cli'it,.'! Iiy tin' pioplr. No l,.«i^l.uivi! nic.miri! is c,.tii,il,ii^ wliliuut lli,^
joint assint ,if tli<! SoviriiKr ami tlir Iwo lloiiscsof I'arlla.K-nt.
'I'll,. II II,. |i,iw,.r all,! Ill,; |.|ilir« r,.s|«,iisiliilily of ill"; (iovcr imi'iil arc in llir
li.iii,ls,.f a small boily of 111,11, c.ill,.,! tlit; Ministry; tliry .re appoint,.,! !iy
111,. Sov,■r,■i^n, lliroiiuli til,' iiitiiun, ,■ of tlic Coiiiiiions, T\,v. I'riin,! Minisiir.
or cliiif of 111,, minisiry, i> prai lically tli,' ri.il riilrr of I'l,' iinpin; ; if opp<is,.,!
Iiy a m.ijority of tin; Mouse; of C"()mnii>ns, liu ri'sinns Ins |«isitioii, an,! llw
SoviTi.i»;n appoints his siiixi.ssor. 'I'll,; (;,n,.rnmint 1 f ill,. Ilrilisli iMiipir,.
pri.SLnts 111,. n,..iri.st .ipproa, li t,> .1 tni,. Coininoiniu.altli lli at Ilisi'vit t-xisi,.,.,
TliL- annual rcvcniu; of (irtat Urilain ilurivcl cliii'l'v ,roiii tliu customs ami
rxcisd ilutics is aliout .jjo.ooo.ooo ,|.ill.irs, lii.si,!,', llial of Ilrilisli Imii.i •a|ij,)|
.miounts to .ilniiit jjo.,*),),,*"! riiu Nati,iii.il !>ilil, iiu iirnil in tiinrs ,.f H,ir,
wlun ill,. ,.\pi.mliliiri.,xiii-ilril tln' rc\,nuf, is iio.v alioiit .),.><uo,ooo,ooo.l..ll.irs
Till' People i>( (iir.il liiit.iin lM■l(>ll^,' diifrty to tlu; Tiiiloiiir
race, Imt m llu' Iuj^IiI.uhIn oI Sinll.iiid ami Wales the CIti.-
racr iirciloiiiiii.ilis. Ill Irclaiiil tin' iiiain i)(>|)iilali()ii is Chi,.
TluTc art' two Slate Cliiinlies in I'.rit.iin - the Episcopal, 01
Cliun li of Ijinl.inil, in ICiik'I.'ikI -'H'I W.iles, and tlie Presby-
terian 111 Sioti. 111,1. Tlie Protestant l';|iiseo])al, wllK I, u.is
foniieriy the State Church in Ireland, was in 1.S71 sep,ii,ii,,|
from the State. .Ml ilenoniinations llirouf,'hoiit the empire li,i\c
eijiial liberty.
I
coi.cNiis \Nii i'()ssi;ssi()\s oi-- (;i<i:\T i;kii\in sr\ iistic \i. ki.iiki;nck taiii.k.
("Ain.M..
I Akka in
,S,.. Milks,
roi'fi.A-
TION.
I), 111! in ion of (anaila. .^ Otl.iu.i
Ni.«f,)iimll.iml SI. Johns
H,.|niii,las llaiiiiUon
|aiii.iiL-.i KiiiKslon
Ciyinaii Isl.imls
I.ifw.inl l.sl.imls Si, Jolni (Aniinna). . ..
I HriilKi'lown ( H.ir- I
I l)il,los) 1
HomUiras ' Iklizc
Bahamas ■ Nassau
Turk's and C'aicos Is- 1 !
lamis
Triniil.iil I I'ort of '■", ..m ......
lirilish liiii.in.'i (W-orKt'town
I'alklaiul Islamls
Winiln.ird Islands. . .
.■(7"..)'i.;
.|0,JUO
70J
830
5i<JO
2^3
1.751
76,000
6,500
3
0i3.yyi
.|,.)j.|.Sio
I7'j..i'"i
M.'Jt'''
5,So,So.|
-',.|oo
1 l(J.5.l6
JIJ.0S6
•-•7.45i
43.5.!1
6,610
1 55. ' -•"*
24^,110
1.553
6,016,077
f Ili.|i..;oland.
g jC.il.r.illar..
0-; Malta
H'J
1.013
lS,.i8i'
154,k,j.i'
126
175,180
^
iS6n,S.i
Calcutta
('t)l(}iiib(>
Straits St'ttlL-mcnts.. . .
IIoiif^-KtuiK
NorthtTii liiiriuM)
\'ictoria
30
3"
11)0.402
150,000
3.-'jf*
20,000
-22,707
Sarawak
Niciibar ami .\i»iia-i
man Island^i i
\,l<-n
910,10s
202,113,178
ln,lian SLili's umli.
tish protuttion . . .
Hri
.W4.4'4
54.1,51.757
* Tlu.s,. tiij,ircs ,In not incliiile tlie K.irrisoli.
I
New South Walls.. ..
Norf.ilk Island
Vicloiia , ,
(,)iu;(.nsl,iii,l
s'oiith .\u sir alia, I
Nor, hern 'rem-
lory I
W<.st 'vustrali.i
AI)ori,;iiiLS
iasmaiMa
Nl'w Zuai.inil
MaoriLsofN. Z
l-'ufjcc Isl.inds
Sydney.
Milliourni;,
Hrisli.ini! . ,
Adi'Iaid,,'..,
IVrth
Iloliart....
Wi.|linKlon.
Capo Col, my, incUnl- 1
in^' B,isuti> land,
Transkii, C"irii|ua-
land I
Nat.il
Sierra l,i;ont; an, 1 1
Ciamliia ;
Ciolil Ciast Colony . . . . j .\ccra
I-.1K0S !
Mauritius i'orl l.oiiis ..
St. Helena James-loun .
.\scension & TrisLiii i
ila Cuiihu
CiiiX!lown
I'ieterm.irit/liur^;
l''ri',:t,iwn
.\ki'.a in
S,j. Mii.Ks
3'"."»3S
'3
8.S,l,j,S
00<j,52o
,joj,6ijo
1 ,000,00(1
■'26,215
io5,,j7o
I'o|.|l \
Hon.
8.034
3.I12.578
270.^49
75i,|i'<
,S6j ,|„
21, i ,J5
JI,,««I
55 '""J
115 7"5
44,o.«)
J24.**5'''
2,g68.iijo
-■44.7.5'^
'.3'''! 15'
18,750
413 K'7
537
- . f.. ,-,
/I J ■
6,txxi
40S.070
73
75 270
713
377. JTt
47
5"5'J
7<J
1 \^
■'7'J-'i
TOTAL I
America 1 3,613,991
Europe 1 26
Asia ' I ij I o, 1 08
Australasia 1 .t, 1 1 2,57s
Africa ; 27o,,j4ij
Indian States under
British protection 1
5'Jl.4l'4
6.01O.077
175.1.S11
202,11 5,17s
2,<j6S,iijo
2.717.921
54.151.757
8,502,216 268,142,309
The British Possession^! .i'. ICurope arc : — Gibraltar, an important fortress
at the south, Til ,.\treinity of Sp.ain, commanding tlu' (Mitrancc to the Mediter-
r.inian Sea; Malta, an important island in tlie Mediterranean; and Heligo-
land, .1 small island in the Cierinan Ocean opposite the mouths of the Kibe
ami Vv'eser
The Isle of Man, .1 small island of Cireat liritain, i'l the Irish Sea, has an
lepeudent Leijislalure e.dliil llie Tyn-.cixlA. It is rich in minerals, and
e:-. .irts aKricnltnral proilmls. Castletown is the e.ipital.
Thi Channel Islands eompris,. th,: bailiuieks of Jersey and Ciuernsey (in
the latter of which .ire included the sni.ill islands of Alderney, Sark and Herm).
Though situated ne.ir the coast of h'rance, they are dependencies of the British
Crown, and are the only portions of the Dukedom of Normandy now belongin;;
I to Kngland, to which they have been attached ever since th'3 conquest. The
Legislatures, called the " States," have a somewhat independent status under
a l.ieutenant-Governor, and a chief civil oflicir called a. Bailiff, who art-
! .ippointeil liy !iie Crown. French is the tjeneral language. The exjiorts ar,.
, chii.fly agricultural produce, anil tlie islands are celebrated for their breeds of
■ cattle and for their genial climate.
Iritidh Incii.i •.•.hkYi
■<.'cl ill tinii-> I I uir
.Huo.imo.ooo il'ill.irs
to tlie Tiul'iiiic
V.ilis tlif CItic
llioll is Ci llir.
'• Episcopal, ni
ml till' Presby-
pal, w liH ii \\,is
l«7l se|),M,iti(l
the ciiipiri' ii.ive
\ IN
I'di'i'i \.
lI.ES
rioN.
.'J.iN
751.11 ><
'.)
■fi
.f)S
SO.v (.,0
,5 JO
■i'J i-3
,0(jo
■i7'J>"3
,000
JI.OIMl
55 ""<'
.•i'5
Iii7"i
.\)7o
4Sij.,)(
44,0.-)
.034
i.'4>5.s
.578
2,g68,i.jo
75'-'
i.jfi^ 15...
750
413 K.y
537
7-, ^■•/>
CXXI
408.070
73
75 ^70
713
377. i7(
•17
505'J
7'J
I!-;
'M'J
2,717yJI
901
6.016.077
IJ()
175. iSl)
loS
-•oj.ii J.17S
57s
J,c/..s.nj<j
'M'J
J.7'7.y-'
464
54.151.757
216
268,142,309
y, Sark .ind Herni).
nciusof tin; liritisli
nily now bilonging
ho coiiqufst. Tlu!
ndcnt status untkr
a Bailiff, who ari'
■■■ The exports arr
for their lireeds of
The i.itiuyi "
J tUimuJimi^ Win'
f
I
t
- 1 —I ft«
i I
1 I
I
\
TToMe
Kl gimdt
>#«/
I'OLITICAI. I rkOI'IC.
ro
nitRsrioNS ON nil- Mai',
Vv'li.it iiiiiiilry is nnrili-wiml of KnKla'i'l ? ll\ uli.it liill-. ainl riviT-t :irc' tins
fciiirii' il ? Whrri' it Wali'M >iiiii;ii"il > Wli.ii i niiiiir> i* •.milli nf I'iikI.iihI ,'
|1y «liit Hirail anil iliannrl arr lliiy m ji.irali.l ? What sra Is in the r.\-.t}
Kriiiii "I'-il ii'iiiilrirs Mms It srparair I'lmliii'l? What 1 irp' M iii'l i<«i'ii?
lliiu i' il sr|iaratril fruin I'liHlaml? What MMiintaiiii ar<' in thr P'lrth? In
the \M I ? What IiMIh in thr smith' What prim ip il riMrs llnvv into tin
S.iiili Sia? Into the Irinh Sra ? Intn tin llri-i"! Chanml? What is tin
jjini'iil ilirntiiin of ihi' rivrrs? What lakr-. arr in lln' nortli«i'-it ?
\\ III. li ari' llir si\ nnrlhi rn i oiiniiis of I- mjlaml ' Tin six soiiihcrn? Thr
liTi 1 iifili iniillainl ? Thr ti-n sonlliiniillainl ? Thr four ailjoininw Wilr,,'
Thr I. iir rastrrn ? Wliiili arc thr six coiintirs of North Wales? Thr six of
Sriiili Wairs? Wliii h nninlics liorilrr on Srotlaml .' (In tin' North Sra?
(Ill ilir I'.nnlish Channi'l? t)n thi: Atlantir OciMii? On thi> Irish Sim?
\\ hat hays anil cstuarirs arr mi llir rnst mast ? ( In thr south coast ^ < m
till urst coast? What islanil is smith of llanipsJiirr? Mow is it siparatnl from
llu iiiainlanil? What islanil is in thr Irish Sra? What islanil northvust of
Wiirs? I low is it srparatril from the niaiiil.iml ' What islamls .irc off llin
iraM of NnrthnniliiTlanil? What islanil wrst of AnKlrsoy? What islands
suulh west of Torn wall ? {SivMiif'i'/l.tiri'f'i .)
Which arr thr principal rapes on thi' rast
cai^i ? On thr south? On thr wrst? What
saiiils arr .it thr riilrancr to ilir
Straitof llovrr? What andioraKi!
hrlurrii thr Ciiioilwin Samls ami
til. 1 oast of Knit ? What
is Ihr rxtrrim; smith-
wistrrn point of Mi'g-
lanilcalluil?
What larf;r city is on
thr Thanirs? What
lari^r city at the nioiilh
of ihr Mrrsry ? On tliu
Am Ml? On till.' Hum-
lirr? On the Tynu?
What larf;r city cast of
I.ivrrpool, in Lanca-
sliirr ? What lar^r city
in Vorksl-irr on .!ir Oiisc? On tho
Airr? (_)nthcI)on? What im-
portant city in ('amliriilKrshirr?
In I lanipshirr, oppositr thr Isir of Wi|,'ht?
In thr smith of Orvonsliirr ? In thr norlll-
rast of Warwickshire ? What larwe cilirs
on the Trrnt Kivrr? What llirre larKU
I ilirs in Cllamornanshirr ?
What islamls off thr northern coast of h'rance lielonR to flrrat Uritain?
What islamls in thr Mr.liirrranran ? Wh.it possrssimi at the rntr.ince to the
Meiliterranr.ui ' Wh.it isl.iml mar the mouth of thr I'.lbr ? (See ICiirop,.)
Ki vii.w ICm ki isKH.
Countriet. Il'/nrr \iliiiit,>t' llniD liKHHilnl .'
Ini^lMil Scotlanil? Irrl.ui.l? W.ihs '
IllMldl. ^l r.'ii;/ .fi>../i.i>i /rum thi- iinir. i/ /.iii./.' Ity whiil unlin tnr-
u;,„.l..l >
Wulii Man? Annlrsia ? Holy? I'arnr ' S lly?
Capet. />r»i ■■A,it (■.irl nt' lilt .•iiiiilry ,1,'n it frojot > Inl'' iil'-il ic.W.r '
I lainliormmh llr.nl? North I orrt.iml ? Smith Tor. lan.l lli.i. h\ llri.P
Si r.ithrrini. Point ' St.itt I'mnt ' Thr l.i/.iril ' I'orll.iml Hill ' I .iml s
I n.| ' SI. I'ui.l - II, rl l|..Mlrl.l' SI llrr^llr.l.l
MounUini and Hilll. In s.'luil f.irl „/ Ih,- ,„i,iitr<' .m th,\ > In ..lull
,lir, . li.'ii ./.I lliiy I il,n.l ' In -..lull runnXi ■ .'
(Ti.si.ii' rinibrim' I'.iininr' Chiltrrn ' C.tswoM ■ Mm. lip?
Seas, Bays and Estuariea. UVmf .,.,i>( ,iii./ .•./m/ irmi^i. i ./r. i i( in'-"' i"
wii\li I Of' U'liiil olliir Ihuly II/ i.iid r II i( iiii tirm .>
Solwav Tirlh ' North > Irish? Tns > lliiiiiLrr? W.i-h? Tliainrs '
Soul himptoii Water ? I'lymmith SmimI ' Mounts' Severn > Millonl llavin ?
Carmarihun ? Cirilinan ? Dee? Mrr>r\ ' Morn.imlir' Carn.irM.n '
Straits and Channels. Il.li.i.n ulml
lilil.h > W'li.ll ;• .!(. r ,(.., V ll ii'HHtil ■'
D.ivrr? ICnKlish? St. fnorne's? North?
liristoP Solent? SpithtMil ?
Mriiai ' l>. iwiw ?
Rivers. Il'/i. ri' ilmt it riu?
7'/iri.u/,'/i ii7iii/ iiiiinliis
iliHiil lli:.? lilt" ■■'■li'il
u:it<r.'
Twreil ? Tyne ? Tees?
lliirnlHr' oiise'Treni?
Th, lines' Meilw.iy'
M i-r sey ? Sr \ r r n '
.\Mai?
Lakes. 11 A, n- i;/«-
III..I -
Drrwentwitrr ' I 'lis.
water ' Wimlrrniere ?
<'miision '
4.TT~ ■
li'-W
!'*Hii
^^9!9Sl^...
WlNUSOK ('.\sri.i.
Cities. In uluil ii'iinly ' On
or n. ttr U'ltiil Willi r ?
l-omloii ' I.iver|sKil ' Itristol ?
Hull? Niwrastle ? Manchester? HirminK-
ham' York? Leeils ? Hr.iilfor.l > fam-
liriilKe ? I'ortsmmilh' I'lyinoiilh ' Stokt!
liinTrintI? Nutlinnliam ' Oxf.ir.l' Mer-
lIurTv'lvil? Suansr.i? Canliff' Wimlsor?
British Possessions in Europe. W'lur,- iiiimlnl ?
Channrl I ,l.ii.ils .' (libralt.ir ' M.ilti ' IIrli;;..laml ?
J ItnrthJ.mfw fMn'
F,N(-. T..\\n .\XI) W.M-ES.
England and Wales occupy ilic .southern ]i.tri ot
the island of Gn-al Hritain. Kii,i(lan(l may lie said to
Ih; dividt'd from .Scotland liy the .Soiway I'irth, tlie
Cheviot Hills and the River 'rwt/cd.
It is till! l.'iroi.sl, must iio|)ulous, and wcaltliicst roiiiilry of
liritain, hcino marly as laroc as tliL- whole of Scotland and Irt-
land toi,'Lthcr, and containing' three times their population. It is.
however, but little more than half the size of the Province ol
Ontario.
Tlie Surface of England, except in the west and north, is
level or undulatinL'. It is virtually a continuation of the plain
of I'raiue, the iiiotinlaiiis in the west and north forming,' as it
wile a harrier to the ocean. Wales is moniitaiiious and has
great mineral we.ilth.
In the north are the Cheviot Hills an.l thr Pennine, or <'iiinl>ri.iii ran^r;
ill the west are the Cambrian Mountains ; thrse selilom exceed j.ooo feet
in height. The hinhest siiiiiniils are iii W.il.s whrrr Snowilon rises 1171
feet. Other minor ranges occur— as 'he Chiltern Hills, tin Cotswold Hills,
.iml ihi' Mendip Hills.
The Rivers of I'-iiol.ind .in- mimirini^ hut small. M.my .arc
navigable for vessels, .mil tlnir mouths fnrm t \iillcnt h.irliurs,
IS the Thames, Medway, Mersey, Severn, Tyne, and
Humber.
The Lakes, though insignifnant in si/.i-, are justiv 1 ilcbr.ited
for their beauty, being situated anion{{ the highest mountanib in
i'
80
POLITICAL KUROPK.
ill KiikIiikI ; Derwentwater, Ullswater, Windermere, and
Coniston Water .ih' ilir pniK i|i.il.
'I'lic Climate i>f ICnj,'laiul, llii)ii','li variable, and somcwiiat
inoisl, particiil.nls in llu- wtstcrn pails of the isl.md, is, f^'ciieraily
speaking;, mild and liraltliful.
'The Soil, <'sp((ially in tbc midland, eastern and sontliern
coiinlies is distint,'iiislied for its fertility and for the liij,di stale
of cultivation in wliii li it is kept. In lIu' north there are some
barren trai'ts, ami ni tin east .ire extensiv(' fens or marshes.
Tile chief Minerals of lui^land are co.il, iron, tin, lead, copper
an<l salt; of Wales, coal, iron and copper.
Tlu' Manufactures of l'2nj,dand arc^ niosl extensive, especially
in cotton, woollen ,uid silk floods, iron and earllieinv.ire.
'i !■ r 1 hli'f ..L'.'it iif tile ciitlmi ni.ip.iif.ictiirfs is in l.ancisliirf : (if llic wociUcn,
in '; i.r',;,liirt:; .uul uf iron .nnd cirlliiMiwarc, in St.iffordsliirL'.
.'ii^jland is <livided into Forty Counties or shires, and Wales
into Twelve. These may lie grouped into six northern and six
soiilhern, ten no h midland and ten south midland, four eastern
and four adjoinii ,' Wales; and in Wales, six in north and six
ill south Wales.
London, the capital and metropolis of the British Epipire. is
the lart,'est, most populous, and wealthitst city in the worlil. It
is the fjreat centre for conunerce, and stands pre-eniiin ut in
inagnihcence, literature and science. It covers 122 sipiare iiules,
and contains many celebrated l)uildin},'s Westminster Abhey,
the Tower, St. Paul's Cathedral, the Parliament UmMiii^js.
Buckingham I'alace, and ollu'rs. Liverpool is next to Loiidon
ill commerce, ]io])ulation and wealth; it is tin; centre tor llic
American trade, and i: ramons for its magnificent docks. Man-
chester is the principal city for manufactures, and is the ^'k al
centre of the cotton trade. Birmingham is cekbrated lor its
metallic manufactures; Sheffield, for its ciitkry and hardwire;
Leeds and Bradford, for woollen goods; Stoke ('"/'I'" Til til I
for potter)-; Nottingham, for hosiery and laces. Bristol iml
Hull are import.int shipping ports; Newcastle and Sunder-
land are the centres of the coal trade ; Portsmouth and Fly-
mouth are the principal naval stations; Oxford and Cam-
bridge are the seats of celebrated universities; Windsor, ah
its niagnilicent Castle, is the ancient and favorite resideii. r of
the Sovereigns of England. Merthyr-Tydvil and Swansea are-
important cities in Wales, with an extensive coal, iron, and
copper trade.
Questions on the Map.
Wlml coiinlry is south-e.-ist of Scotland ? How is Scotland separated from
I-'aiKland ? What larKe island is to the south-west ? What separates Ireland
from Scotland. What ocean is on the west ? What sea on the east ? What
nicMintains cross Scotland near the centre? What hills are in tli(^ south?
What principal rivers How into the North Sea? What river into the Firth
of Clyde? What is the general direction of the Scottish rivers? What con-
nection is there between l.och l.innhe on the west and the Moray Firth on
the east? In what part of Scotland are the HiKlilands? What 'lake is iix
Diiinbartonshiru? In Arg) ..■shire? In Perthshire?
Which au ihe eleven northern counties of Scotland (including (Jrkney and
Shetl.uul ,1;. one county)? Which are the nine middle? Which are the
thirteen southern? Wiiich bonier on Kngland ? On the North Sea? On
the Irish Sea and North Channel ? On the -Atlantic Ocean ?
What firths are on the e.ist coast? What principal firths and lochs are on
the west coast? Wliat bay in the snmli of Wigtown ? What two groups of
i.ilands are west of Scotland ? Which are the largest islands of the Outer
Hebrides? How are the Oi'tir Hebrides separated from Skye and the main-
land ? What two gr(mps of inlands lie to the north of Scotland? liow are
thoOilaiey Islands separated i...ni the mainland? Which are the principal
islands in the south-west ? What large island is between the Outer Hebrides
and the mainland ? What island at the mouth of Loch Linnhe ? What
sor.ad ': between Arran and liute? Between Jura and Cai.'ire?- Between
Islay and Jura? Bitween Mull and the mainland? Between Skye and the
ni.iinl.ind ? Which are the principal capes on the e.asi: coast? On the north?
( )n tlu: west ? On the south ? What is the extreme north-east point of Scot-
land called ?
Wliat largo city is near Leith on tlie F'irtli of Forth ? What large cities on
the Clyde? On the River Dee? On the l^irth of Tay ? At the northern
eiul of the Caledonian Canal ?
Review Exercises.
Islands. — In i^'hal iliiwlimi from the iicurvst laiul ? By whut -cattr ^nr-
ruitntUil ?
Inner Hebrides? Outer Hebrides? Orkney? Shetland' Bute? .Vrran"'
Islay? Jura? Mull? Skye? lewis? Harris? Xorthl'ist? South Fist?
Capes. — From wluil part of the country does it (irojict? Into ji'hiit ^caltr ?
St. .Vbb's Head? Fife.N'ss? Kinnaird He.ad? T.arbet Ness? Duncansby
Head ? Dunnet Head ? W rath ? Butt of Lewis ? Mull of Oe ? Mull of
Cantire ? Corsill I'oint ? Mull of (Jalloway ? Burronllead?
Moutltains and Hills. ^//i what part of the country are they? In :eliat
direction do they extend ? In rehat counties?
Grampians? Cheviot? Lowther? I'entl.and? Ocliill ? Lammermuir ?
Seas, Bays, Lochs and Firths. — What coast and tehut counties does it in-
dent or -iCash ? Of what other body of water is it an arn' ?
North Se.i? Forth? Tay? Moray? Uornoch ? Lorn? Linnhe? Fyne?
Clyde ? Solway ? Luce ?
Straits, Firths and Sounds.— /ic/K'i-i/i what lands? What waters does it
connect ?
Caledonian Canal? I'entland ? Bute? Jura? Islay? Mull? Sloat ?
Minch ? Little Minch ?
Rivers. — Where does it rise? Through what counties does it flow ? Into what
water ?
Clyde ? Tay ? Forth ? Dee ?
Lakes or Lochs. — Where situated ? What outlet has it ?
Ness ? Katrine ? Lomond ? Awe ?
Cities, ^/ii what county? On or near what water?
Edinburgh? Leith? Glasgow? Grt'enock? Aberdeen? Dundee? Inver
ness ? I'aisley ?
SCOTLAND.
Scotland occupies th(j northern part of the Island of
Great liritain, aiul is much snia.Il('r in extent and popu-
lation than I'-nofland. It inclmle; also the Hebrides,
Orkney, .Shetland and other islands.
In Ex.tent Scotland i3 a little larger than the Province of New Brunswick,
but has a population of nearly 4,000,000.
The Surface, like that of England, is divided into the High-
lands of the west and north and the Lowlands of the south
and south-cast ; but it is in general much more mountainous
than that of England.
1,4
Hritish Einjiiic, js
in the world, it
Is ])rc-fmiii( lit ill
i 122 s(]uarc iiiiK's,
■stmiiistcr AMnv,
inuMit l!iilhliiij,'s,
s next to l.(,ii(l(in
!<• (■(■litre i(]i ill,.
lit (locks. Man-
, aiul is the i^n-.a
cclfliratud Im its
ry and lianlwaif ;
oke (upon Tr.iitj
t-L's. Bristol .iiiil
tie and Sunder-
mouth and Ply.
xford and Cam-
; Windsor, th
orito ri'sideiii c of
and Swansea are
l; coal, iron, and
lly 7rluit -i'tilrr ■mr-
mil? Hiite? Arr.in'
li l.'ist? Somli t:isi?
I ? I nil) icliat Kiitii- ?
I'l Xuss? Diincaiisliy
lull of (Jo? Mull of
Ilca.l ?
iiri- tluy ? Ill wImI
ill? I.amnicrinuir '
lit lounliis (lues it iii-
i
11? Linulii;? Fyiu.'
117/11/ .-.•(//ics ilois it
lay? Mull? Sleat?
<s itjlu:.' ? Into U'hdt
'If
n ? Duiulee? Imcr-
:; of New Brunswick,
(1 into the High-
nds of IIr: south
lure mountainous
r-
i
If
'Ai.-tf»..;.viir» .'At/'-
! J
Fa
unnrk
I s u
E A
VaHi^S^
'd-
'fl...A.J,w..» .».!„
POLITICAL Kl'ROl'K
81
Till Inhabitants f>f tin sc two ?n'at ilivislons of Scntl.iinl ,iro.
^'cnfr.ill\ spi akini;-, of diUrn iit race--; those uf ih, I |il;Ii1,iiii1^
beiny ot ("(.'Itic ori^'in and spe.ikin;,' tlicir iiiotlici ton,L;iic. ilu
];,M or (jaclic; and thosu of tlir Lowlands of Ti lUonir onu;iii,
,111(1 s|H.ikin.i,' a diali.Tt of tlic iCii-li-ili or An-|o.Sa\oii. 'i'lii'
iiilialiit. lilts of tlir norlluiii islainL air rim ll\ (.f \or-.c. dc Scaii-
dina\i:iii ori;,'iii.
Tlu- principal in.nintaiii rani,'i' is lin- Grampian Mountains, «lii. Ii lunii
(he ii.iliii'al ramp.irt LctwciMi the lli;lilaiil. .iii.l l...«l.iiiil-. . tlii. lii^lic a
summit is limi M uilluii (4,.ijS fwt.) Oilier sinalliT raiv^rs ..f hills, oinIm, ,ts
d'lli' Cheviot Hills, \Wiii-li diviilr S,.iilaii.l iVmn l'.iij;lan.l. .in- in ili.- -.oiiili
niiii- inhaliitocl, ami of the Shetland Islands, nuinlvrini; \'^. iluTf are ihiriv
fmir iiihibili'il Thf chiif imlnsirv is li--luiii;
Stornoway is ih.- i hi, f t..uti r.f thr ilrliri.lis Kirkwall ■■(' ih.' mkin'v
Islui'l.. ml Lerwick I'l' ilir >hi'tlanil Islaiuls
rill' Climate of Sroil.md is s,,iii,wliat coldir and moic moist
than thai of Ln-laiid. 'rin- Soil in the Lowlands is frrtlU-. .iiid
av;iii iillinr is larrird to the i^'k atist |iiifrrtion; tlic 1 Ii^liiaiids,
with till ,\,i [ition of a f> \\ liitili- \allr\ -, .no unlit for lailtlXM-
tion. and air onU- a\ailalilr tor |Mstma;;c and foi hinilm.L,' lands.
riif rliic f Minerals of Siotland an i-o.il, iion, lead and stone.
Tin Manufactures of Srotl.md an- iiii|>ort.iiit, ispiri.dl\- in
iron slniidmildiii!;. inarlnni r\ . and , niton, limn and woollen
■,hr Laraniernii'ir, ib.e Pentland ni'l Ochill Hills.
'rile Rivers of Snitland arc sin. ill, iikr those of i;nj,'l.i:id. hm 1 ■,'oods.
main' li:i'"i' ini'.'id estn.iries. fonniii',' ini|iorlaiil h.uliois or Firths, ! Scotland is duided nit" Thirty-three Countries, oi siini
.is I lie Forth, Tay, Moray, Dornoch, Solway, Clyde .ind Lorn iI'm n noriluin. nme imddl, . .md thiiii< n suniliein.
Firths.
Tile L,ik<.'s, or Lochs, o|
Si.'otl.iiid, tiioni;h small, :iie
ulelir.itid fi'r till ir pictiir-
t'S'iUe sc. new ,iiid liistoric.il
introst, .is Lomond, Ka-
trine, Awe, Leven .md
ethers.
The Coast "f Srotl.'ind is
(ltrl>l\ iiidented li\ lia\s. or
Loi'hs, md on the \m st ,iml
norili is sinronnded 1>\ nn-
jiurniis islands.
1 'n the west cn.ast ale I.nchs
Linnhe .ui'l Fyne, tin- Inner .iml
Outer Hebrides Islands ; aiul on
ill. ii^iiih. the Orkney nml the
Shetland Islai. '.s, separated frem
ihi in.iinlanil by the IVmland
Firih
The Hebrides consist ef al out
i"u isl.inds, of which ■ nl\ are iii
111 ll,IMN<, nl l,JoN Slllls ON 1111: ("l.Vl'l
Edinburgh, ilu i .ipit.il
of Scdtl.llld. Il.ls lieell IoIil;
know n .IS .1 se.il ol si u nee
.Hid htei.itiiie. It 1 .lines on
.111 e\telisi\e tl.ide throU^;h
Leltll. its Se.l-port,, wllil ll IS
.dioiit two miles _dist.int.
Glasgow is the 1, truest litv.
and with its snhnrbs ranks
seeond in si/e ill dreat lirit-
.lin. It IS the li ,idiii;j in, inn-
f.ii'tinim,' <il\. the ( liici si'at
of forei}^n cominerci', and is
t.imoiis for iron ■ Imildin^;.
Greenock is the se.i port
for (d.isi,'ow. Dundee, .m
important se.i-|U)it, h.is e\
tensive 111, iniit, II tines ol sail
cloth .md other eo.irse i.ije
Ill's. Paisley i-- noted fm
iliabiieil 'I'he inner ,t;ruup lompriscs jts 111, milfai'tmes of cotton .ind shawls. Aberdeen i^ the prni
Sl.lla and olher island., .el, brateil for their basaltic foundaiinn. ' ..jp^,] ,,,^^.„ j,, (1,,. i,,,,.;), ,,f S.'oll.ind. InVCmeSS Is the cajiit.ll
cf the Orkney Islands, niimborinc about sixty-seven, there .ire iweniy- of the 1 lii,dilands.
Qi'i;sTioNs ON Tin. M.\i'.
How is Ireland separ.ited from I-aij;l;ind "' I'rom Sculand ' What ocean
is oil the west? What inonntains ar,' in the soiilh-wi'st ? West' N,irlh ^
SiMith-rast ? What prineip.d rivir ll.'ws uest ? Throimh what lakes ' What
lirincipal river Hows south' Wh.ii two rivers How north ? Whit lake do,'s
ill,' lianii dr.iin ? The Erne - Wli.u lakes are in the south-west ' InCon-
n;iui;ht '
Which is the northern I*ro\iiie,' of Ireland ' The western ' Th,- southern -
The eastern 'i Wli.it nin,' roniities are in (Tstcr ? What live in Conn.iin.dit -
What six in Miinsier • What twelve in I.einster "'
Which arc the |iriiicipal b.iys .iml lonnhs in the west eoast ? "On the
north ? On the east ? On the smith ' What .small islands .in- ,>ff ill,' norlli
shore ? (Tory Islatiti is iisniilly llii' Jirsl Ititul siffhtnl hv ///<■ Ctitnuiiiitt sti'ijwsltips
nilliiig lit Loiit;li Foylf.j Wh.il island is at the moiilli of PinKle Hay I' Tor
what is it noted ? Which are the primipal capes on the w,st coast ' On th,'
north? On ilie east? On llie south'- What is the most sontherlv point
. nlled '
What large cit> is ne.nr Piihlin Hay - What is iis sea-port ? Wh.it lari;,-
I ity is on the Shannon ' What important h irbor in Cork ronnty ' What
, ity ? What city on I-ocli l'o> le ' Wh.it larjio city on Belfast Lough ? What
city in Cialway? What cin on the Suir ? •
KiA'ii.w i'l\i;i<cisi:s.
Islands. /" .■,'//'// ,//>., //cn fmm tlu intiinltiiut ? liv whiit 7Ctitirs stir
r:mu.!..l '
Toi \ K.iihlin ' \'.di nti.i '
Capes. I'niiii h'hill /'lilt I'/ IhtKiiiiilry <lii, s it f'nii'it .' lulu uluit uillir?
.Malin Hi'ad ? HI ly lo.reland I'.rris II, a,l ' Slui,- II. id- l.,.,>p
Head? fle.ir? Cirnsore Point' ll,)Wth II. -.id- St John's I'oinI' fair
11, -ad -
Mountains. /" :<hiil f<ilit u/'lln n'lmlry m, thi y ? In :<hilt i niiilit s '
Kerrv - M.i>;illirudilys Keeks "' I'onnem.ir.i ' I)oni".;ar' \\ ieklow '
Seas, Bays and Loughs. M'/m/ cmtsl n'n! liluit cuiniii^ itms it iiultiit or
jnisli ? Of :.'li(il '■liur hotly of ;,iil,r is it on iirni .'
Doiu'Kal? Sli^o' Kill.da "' I'liw'' (i.ilw.o- Shannon- I >inKle ? K.Mi
mar,'' H.mtry - ( ork '- Wat,'rf.i'|- \\:\f<rt\ '■ Dublin' Dnndalk-
(".irlinKforil - r.,ll',ist ' I'oyl,' Swillv-
Rivers. -11'/^, r, ./.^ s ;/ rist .^ Tttntiii:'' ;rhot timntiiis ilois it jlou- ^ Into
:rliiil ^.■ll^T,'
Shannon? H.irrow ' Suir' I'oyI,' ' Hann '- l-'.rne '
Lakes n'li.r. silnnti;! > Wliol oiitUt lins il >
\ll.n? Kee? I )ert; ? NeaRh ' Krne ' Killarney ' Conn ' Mask? (.'orrib'
Cities. —/'I :. 'ill' lotiiilry ? On or luiir •••linl icnlir .'
I^nblin ? Knik'stown? Cork' Limerick? yiieenslown ' Ijjndonderrj '
Belfast? O.iiwav? Waterford '
83
rOT.ITICAL EUROPE.
I i
iKi:i..\\i).
Ireland is ;m island in liic Allantic ( )ccaii, siliialccl
to tlic west ofOnal Britain, iVoni wliiih it is separated
hy llic Irish Sea and St. ( leor^c's and North Cliannels.
Ill Extent it i-- .iliiiia ihc smuu- ,ts Sidlliml, Iml is nmri: (Icii'.cly pcipul.itcil
'I'lic Surface "f Ireland is, ill j,'eii(r,il, flat or midulatiii),', with
Miniiiiiius liilK. lisini,' in iletaclii'il ^,'r<)ii|)s ni'ar tlu' coast, as tlie
Wicltlow Mountains iMi- Lii};nai|iiill,i, ^.i^cj iret liif^'ln; the
Kerry Mountains iMi. r.r.cnildii. .5,1 2n fc(t liiKln; with Ma-
gillicuddy's Reeks i(',irn TiliI, Mm lr( ; 1 ; tlic Connemara
Mountains. .hhI iIk Donegal, Antrim ami Mourne Mduh
tains. Till- iniildli' )i.iit of the ( (iinilr\- is ,1 li\( 1 pLnii extending,'
fr<Mn sea to sea; an<l !iit\\i(n I)iiMin and ('i,il\va\' lla\s, tlic
greatest clc\aliim docs not exceed 120 feci.
^—^_^ »"— — «»i»'» .. . .-*-<gQ^ ■ •
■■-A,' -v" ■
Kci\scii- Kdss r\sri.i:, I.\kic Kii.r.AiiNin , Ikkcaxd.
Ireland is iick'il liu' its extensile Bogs, which cover rihcmt une-seveiith of I
its surface. The peat-bogs afTord fuel to the inhabitants cf tlie inland pan nf j
the country. '
The I.akcs, or Lon;.,dis, are iinmcroiis, and, liki' those of Kn"-
land and Scotland, are celcliratcd for the piclnresqiie Ix aiitvof
their scenery. The Lakes of KiUarney in Kerry are f.iiiums.
The Coast-line of Ireland, like that of Scotland, is deeply
indented liy lia\s, especially on the west, north and soiuh, where
it is exposed to the full force of the .Atlantic Ocean. These; form
miineroiis excellent harbors where the larf,'est ships can ride in
safety.
The Climate of Ireland is mild and f^enial, but ver\ wet,
1 owinj,' to till' prevalence of westerly winds. Tho Soil is very
I fertile, hut is not so well cultivated as that of Great Ihitain.
Irelanil is noted for its excellent pasturage and beantlfiij verdure, whlci
I aw. due prineip.illy to the inoistnre it ri'ceives from the .\tlantic, and tii it,
pusiiion in regard to the (Inlf Stre.im and the warm Return south-west winds.
Till principal Industries of Ireland are aKriculture, stork-
raisiiif,', .ind in the north the linen manufacture.
Minerals -copper, lead and iron — are found, Imt arc not
wiirked to any e.xti'nt. owinf; chiefly to tho inadequate siipph- of
co.il.
Inland has comparatively little Commerce, althou^di 11 pos-
sesses such admirable natural adv,inta,i<es.
The Exports are c hiefly agricultural products, linen, copper and Irad-cin:
which ,ire Kenerally shipped to KnKland.
The Irish National system of Education is very complete,
and the hij,dier education is also well siii)plied, Three-foiirtlis
of the iHojile are Roman Catholics.
Ireland is divided into Four Provinces, which are at,Miii
sub-divided into Thirty-two Counties; Ulster, nine counties;
Leinster, twelve; Minister, six; and ("oniiaiif;ht, five counties,
Dublin is the capital and the residence of the \'icerov or Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland. Kingstown, its hariior, is distant seven
miles. Belfast is the centre of the linen-tr.tde. Cork, Limer-
ick and Galway are important cities. QueenstOwn (Cork
Harbor) and Londonderry are ports of call for the o'aaii
steamers.
i;.
•-' !-•■•"-■ ' ■ . ........ ,i...» .-. ..|-i<iii . im.-x ■>>< 11I\.^ .IV I'll 1 im.vt t
Wh.il country lo the west ? What ccnuineiit to the soiilh? How are they
sep.iraied ? What inoiint.un ranges are in .Spain ? What four rivers flow
ni-|:S]'lciNS (IN THI, MaI'.
France. - Wlial eounlries are east of I'muce ? Wh.it eonutrv soutli-wi'st ?
What l.irne isl.ind in the Micliti'rrane.in belongs to I'rance ? How is it sepa-
rated from Sardinia? What mountains are on tlie borders of I'rance? In I
tho interior ? W'hM two rivers flow into the Hay of mse.iv ? What one
into tlu; l.iiKlish Channel? Into file Ciulf of Lions? Wh.it is the Keneral !
direction of the rivers? What c •■ s are (Ui the north co.ist ? What water is
Oil the north ? On the west? W li.it Kiilf on the south ? Wh.it cities are on
the Seine Kiver ? Which is the c.ipital ? What city is its sea-port ? What
lart;e city is in the north iie.ir Hel^:iiiin ' On the Rhone? South-west of
Lyons? On the (lulf of Lions ? Near Mars<alles ? On the Loire ? Wh.it
two cities on the tlaroniie ? What two ports in the north-west ? What
isl.iinls belon.uiiiK to ("ire.it Hritain are off the north eo.isl ' Wh.it island is I
ttit the exlrenie norlh-west ? i
Switzerland. U h.ii countrii's border (ui Switzerl.iml? What inonntains
are in tlu; south and e.ist ? On thi; western border? What lake is on the |
north-e.isiern border ? Wh.it river Hows through it? What laki' is on the
.siuith-weslern border? What river Hows through it? Wli.it eisy is ;it its
outlet ? Wh.it other lakes are in Switzerl.ind ? Wli.it citv is on the Rhini' i"
What city is on a lake e.ist of H.isle ? What city is tin capil.il ? Which is
till' highest pe.ik of the .Vlps? {Muiitit Illiiih-.)
Spain. What country is north-east of Spain? 1 low , ire they separated ?
into the .\tlantic Oce.in ? What one inio the Mediterranean? Wli.it Iwu
capes are on the north-west coast ? What cape on the north-east ? WIkiI
fortified pnnnimtory belonging to Cire.it Hritain is at the smithern point of
Spain? What city is the capital? Wli.it port is in thi? north-e.ist ? Wli.it
two ports in the east? In the south ? Wli.it city is on the Ciuadaliiuivir
Kiver? b^ast of Seville? North-east of Ciranada ? Wh.it islands are to the
east? Which is the largest? What is the capital? What islands off tliu
coast of .\frica lielong to Spain ? What is the capital ?
Portugal. -What positimi does Portugal occupy ? What mountain r.iugi;
crosses I'ortng.il ? What three rivers ? What port is near the mouth of tin;
Douro ? What city is the capital ? On what river ? What cape is at tin;
south-western extremity ? What islands in the .-Vtlanlic belong to I'ortugal '
What is the capital ? What islamls olT the coast of .\frica ? Wh.it is the
capital ?
Rl-;VIKW IvXICKClSES.
In 'ti'htit itin'ttii'it from tlw luiinst Uiiiii ?
Islands.
Corsic.i?
Halearic :
(■h.innel Isl.inds? I'shant
M.ideir.i ? Cape Verde ?
Capes. -Frutii kIuiI purl of llw country ilocs it />roJ,it .'
I)e la Hague? I'oint du Sillon ? Cris-Nez ? Raz ?
teg.il ? l-inislerre ' Creux ' Ciibraltar ? St. Vincent
Seas and Bays. W'liol const docs it iiuiciit or icosh !
is it iiii iirm /
Hnylish Chaiinel ? Biscay ? Lions ?
liv ;cli(it wiitcrs sni-
.Majorca ? Caiiar\ ?
Into ;c!iiil u-iitcr'
St. Matthieu ? i ii
(>f:fli,itho,h'of:i;il.r
i.
ike those (if KfiL'-
iircsqiic Ik .lutvof
■rry arc f.iiiuiiis.
■otlanil, is deeply
111(1 south, wliero
I'aii. Till sc form
ships can ride in
li, hilt very wet,
lo Soil is very
irt'at Ihitaiii.
tifiil verdure, whici
e All.inlic, ;iiiil te ll^
rn .somli-west winds.
riculture, stock-
ml, iiiit arc not
lc(]uatc sui)|iiv (if
, althou^th il |)iis-
copper and Icid-nrc,
s very complete,
. Thrcc-fourtlis
whicli are a,i,'aiii
r, niiio rounlies ;
lit, five counties.
\'iccrov or Lord
:, is distant seven
Cork, Limer-
:enstown (Cork
11 for the oeeaii
anean ? What Iwo
nortli-east ? \\ lial
le southern point ef
north-east ? What
n the ('luadahiuivir
at islands are to the
.'hat islands olf the
hat nionnlain ran>;i:
r the nionth of the
i'hat cape is at the
lieloiiK to PortiiKal 1
rica ? What is the
r .\7/(i/ u'liltrs inr-
lajorca ? Canary '
lutlt U'.'lttf li'lUiT ?
■t. Matthieii ? (h
' wliiit hotly of ii'iit< r
I
POLITICAL KUROPK.
«3
Mountains. - /" i^hnt f'arl <if tin timnlry ar, th,y I In r. /m/ ilir,\licn Jo they
I'vrciHi -. ' Alps' V'osms ? ("ivcnni's - Aiurri;m' Jnr.i? Colo (1 'or '
Canl.ilni.iii? Siirr.i Nevada ? Siurra Morcna ? Sierra illNlnlla ? Tolcilo '
Straits. — liitu'Kii u'IkiI limits I Wlml .-..id n ilm s it luniuil t
ItiMiil.niii? Ciibraltar ?
Rivers, -ll'/nci' i/m s // n'si ' /« Khat lUrnliitii ilm > ii /In
cvioiliii > .■' /"'" 1^'liiit buily iif iiHiltr I
l.oiic ? riaronnu ? Seine' Klmne !' Kliine ' Doiiri
iliana ? Ou.adalciuivir? Ebru '
Lalces. — U'/nn' sitiintcil 1
( ,. isi.Liice? Geneva? Zurich? Lucerne?
Cit es. — In U'lmt furt of tin' luiiiitry ? tlfw siltnil.il )
Pais? Rouen? Mavri' ? Lille? Lynns' St. I';ilenn('?
Thnnii^k wlml
TaKUs > Ciiia-
Marseilles?
(ienev.i !'
Valencia '
Toulun? N.intes? Bonleanx? Toulouse? Cli.rhourj,' ? lirest /
Basle? Znrieli? Heme? Madrid? liarceluna ? CartaKena ?
Malawi' Cadiz? Seville? Murcia?
Granada? I'alni.i? S.inta ("ruz?
O"orto ? Lisbon ? I'unchal ? Anjjru ?
FRANCE.
France, one of the six
grciit powers of Europe,
occupies the western part of
central Europe. The P\ n,;-
nees Mountains separate it
from the Iberian Peninsula
(Spain and Portusral), which
extends to the south-west.
In Extent it is abmit twice the area
of Ontario, and contains a larj,'er popu-
lation than the Hritish Islands.
Tliu Surface comprises the
Great Plain of Fianci' with tlie
mountains of the Soiitliern
Highlands on the east and south.
Tlie soil is remarkably fertile
and carefully cultivated. A{,'ri-
culture is the chief Industry of
the people.
The Products of the north-west part
of the plain are the usual ^'rains, routs
and fruits of the North Temperate
Zone, inclndinf; the beet, which is
largely grown for the manufacture of
sugar. In the central and southern
parts, under a warmer sky, tobacco and
maize are cultivated ; the vines pro-
duce their abundant clusters, from which the celebrated wines of Trance are
made (Champagne, Hurgundy, llordeaux anil others) ; the orange, the olive
and the almond thrive, and tlie mulberry is largely cultivated for the food it
furnishes the silk-worm.
The engraving shows a silk-worm on loaves of the mulberry-tree. About
five weeks after it is hatched, the worm begins to weave around itself its
cocoon, which is formed of a fine continuous thre.id about i.ooo yards long,
and is designed to protect it while in the chrys,alis state, before it emerges
as a moth. The chrysalis having lieen killed, the threads from several
cocoons are joined and carefully reeled off, forming "raw silk.' .\fter going
through other processes, the raw silk is dyed and woven by different kinds of
looms into various fabrics.
South of the Claronne are extensive plains called Litiiilis, which, though
unfit for cultivation, afford pasture grounds for immense niiinbers of sheep.
France possesses a larjje supply of valuable Minerals— coal,
iron and lead — which {.jreatly assist in proniotin;,' its manufactures.
Tlii'coalmini". ne.ir Ilelgiuin and in the Civennes furnish an al'undance
of fuel for stiam power
'riic Manufactures "l I't.u.cf are extensivf .unl import. int.
Fur >lil%> 11 1. iiiuu.ilh d. Ii i^i ;ils<> i-cUbr.itid foi ii«ui m.uiii
fatlun s, liir hno wooiliiis, inu^lins, hues and otlu r l,il>rh s ; .iiul
for porcil.iln, ;;l,issw,irr, jcwilUry, cloiks, bion/.ts, .md other
ariiclis of taste and f.i.sliion. Fr.inci,' produfts nion- wnic th.m
.in\ (piiur lounits .
The Commerce of I'rance is very extensive with all pirls of
the world, ind i.iiiUs seioinl only to th,il of ('m.it !!iit.iin in
\aiiie and in the nunibrr of vesseU iinplosi d.
Tlieintern.nl cinninirie is facilit.ited by the w.ivig.ibl.- ri\«Ts, iiumirou- r.iil-
wavs, ■■itliir till' propertv of tin- State or lo biromu so aft. i a slated conn ded
time; aiidc.in.ils, of whii h S,cy«j miles art: in ojieration. Thepniu \\<.i\ Exports
.ire silks, woollen... ami oiIut wiv, u i.ih
rii s, wines, h-ilu rd.ishrr\ .oid .irtules
of f.ishion , and the chn I Imports .ire
raw m.iteri.ds for m.uiiif atiire, gr.iin
and fnreiL:n produce for consuniption.
TIh Government is .1 Kepub-
lir. and iiiiisi^is of ,1 I'lisident,
( h.iinlier of Deputies and Senate.
Tlie IVesident is electeil for seven
years by the majority of votis of tho
iiuinbirs of the Cliamlier of Oeputies
and Senate uuitnl in a N.ilion.il As-
sembly. The Chaml)er of Deputies
is elected by univers.d sulTr.ige, and the
Senate is p.irtly .lected by the jn'ople
and p.irily by the N.ition.il .\^-.embly.
Tin Educational System is
fjovernnunl.il, and is presided
over by a Minister of l^dncation.
The expenses are paitly de-
frayed by the St.ite.
The est.iblislud Religion is
the Kom.in tJ.iiholic, but all
others have full toleration, ami
Protestant clergymen are paid
by the Stitr.
The People of I'rance belon-,'
ihierty to the Grit'co-Latin or
Roman race; the Celtic family
occupy Brittany and the north-
west; :"ld the Teutonic the
north-cast. They are nearly all
Roman Catholics.
The country is divided into eii,dity-si.x Ueiiartnieiits, iiuluding
the island of Ct)rsir.i.
The Foreign Possessions of Tran 'e e.xtensivt - In .\fric.i Algeria,
Senegal and its dependencies, sittlemeni-. on the Gold Coast and Gaboon,
Reunion or Bourbon, Ste. Marie, Mayotta and Nossi-Be off the coast of
Madagascar; in .\merica— the islands St. Pierre ,111 1 Miquelon, French
Guiana or Cayenne, and the islands of Martinique, Guadaloupe an.l its ile-
pendencies, in the West Indies . in .\si,i Pondicherry. and .some r.m.ill set-
tlements in India, and French Cochin-China ; m tin: I'acilic Ocean- New
Caledonia and its dependencies, Tahiti and its de|H'nileiu ies
The l'"rencli also cl.iini a protectorate oviT Cambodia and Tong-King, iu
Asia ; and over Tunis .and the Island of Madagascar, in .\frica.
Corsica is a large mountainous island olf the west coast of It.aly, celebrated
a,s the birthplace of N.ipoleon. The soil is sterile, and the 01 cup.itions of the
people are agriculture .and pasturage, it forms a Dep.irtment of I'rance.
Ajaccio is the chief town.
Sii.k: Tin; Wokm, Muth, and M.x.NUi-AciUKii
roi.nicAi. la'RopK.
i
Paris, ill" c.ipital, is tln' sccoiiil city in Kiiro|H: in size, wealth
anil 1 iininiin r, l>nt llif (irst in splinilor. it is ilic most JHMnii-
fill and attr.irlivi; of < ilns, ami is tlii' worlil's (•eiitri- of nioiiiin
art, fashion and pli asnn'. It is distinguished for its inaKniliccnt
jiahicfs, ))uiilii' biiildint;;., i.roiiu'iiadcs and |)ia(:('s of ainiiSLiui!'!,
as well as for tlur luiinhcr and liif;li char.Hlcr (jf its literary and
scifiitilii" institutions. It is also noted for the inannf iiture aixl
sale of articles of .lit, oi II. iiniiit and fasliinn. Verr.aiUes ^■'<''-
savls ), lo miles frulii I'.iris is iiuled fur lis ni.';,'iiiliieiit [laiaee .mil
gardens.
Lyons is the second rit\' in l''raiii'e .uid !■> notid as '.he ceiilre
of the silk trade; Lille is the se.it ot the linen, rulton and
woollen niamifaetiiK s. St. Etienne IS ,111 iiiiiiorlaiit inaniifai-
tiirini,' I il\- .iiul the i cnlie of the eo.il lieMs ol I'rance. The laces
of Valenciennes and the i .tmlirics of Cambrai are f.iinous.
Marseilles ""'"• .'■".I /. ns the most imiioriait shipiiin;,' port
;ind the iciitre for export ol .ill the |)loiliii'e .iml iiiaiiill.ictures
of southern I'r.iiice ; iie.ir it is Toulon, the most iin])ortaiil
naval port of I'r.iiue. Bordeaux is the I nt^est eity ill the west
and the great emporiuin ol the wine kiiuwii in this euiintry as
"claret." Havre, the port of Paris, at the nioiith of the Seine,
is the most iiii|)oi t.mt sea-jiort in the north, and has a lar^je trade
witii .Xnie.rica. Rouen, Toulouse, and Nantes on the Loire,
are imjiurtiii't Cdninereial cities. Brest am! Cherbourg an-
stroiiKly fortihed naval stations.
s\\irzi;KL.\>;i).
Switzerland is iIk: only cmiiury of iin|>ortanct; in
EuropL' liiiving no .sua-jjort.
It is the most mor.ntainoiis ref4ion of li^iirojie, haviiij; the Alps
with their snowy jn'.iks and numerous ghic'iers, covering the
(,'reater part of the country, and a liif,'h plain with the Jura
Mountains on tlie north-west. Tor scenery it is iinsiirpassed,
with its picturesque and fertile valleys, its mountain torrents, its
cascades and its crystal lakes, contrastiiif,' v.ith the ru,(f,'ed
grandeur of its mountain peaks and seas of ice.
Ill Extent it is li.'ss in size lli.Tii N'nvri Scotia, Imt cuiit.iiiis .1 pupiilHtinii milv
oiiu-tliiril less tli.Tii llif l)iiiniiiii)ii.
The chief Industries of the people are, .iLtriciiltiue in the
valleys, and pasturint; in the momitaiiis. Manufactures of
cl(.''ks, watches, jewellery, carved-wood. and woven f.ihrics —
silk, .'ace and cotton — are carried on.
Tlu' miniLToiis r;i))nl inuiim.iiii striams .iflord clicip and abiiiulant w.itcr-
powcr.
Heing an inl-.iul country. Switzerland has little Commerce,
except with th ■ neighboring coiintries, France aid ("lerinanv.
The Export.' consist of tlic niaimfactiirc'. namcil al)ove, and d.iiry pro-
duce and the I.iiports. of liread-stuffs .and provisions
The Government is a I-Y'deral Republic, composed of twenty-
two cantons, or small states.
The Legislative power is vested in a Parliament, consisting of two Cham-
l)ers, the Council of States (or Senate), and the National Council, both
elective. These two combined form the Federal .\ssembly, which elects a
Federal Council of seven members, in whose hands the executive power is
voBted,
The Population is formnl of ihrer diflcrrnt n.ntion.iliijc.
distinit \i\ till II l.ingu.ige (iern;,iii, l'"reiicli .iiid llah.iii; tin
first coiistitiiting the gre.it majority. Three-lifths are Tr.!,.
taiits, and I he re-
iiiainder Uoniaii
Catholiis.
Berne i^ the cap-
ital. Basle, the
largest city, has e.\-
lensive ribbon and
o t li e r ma 11 iifac-
tiires. Geneva is
the |iriiieip,il centre
oftrade.aml isiioted
Inr its watches and
jew( llery, and for its
liicturesqiie si 1 11, i-
tion at the outlet ol
I^,ike (leneva, Zu-
rich has ni,imilac-
liires ol cotton and
silk gorxls, and is an
educational centre, -j-iih Mahi.kiiukn
SI'AIN.
Spain, with I'ortiio'.il, (Hciijiics the wcsn-rn iicniii-
siiiii ol I'LiiropL', or lliirian l*','ninstila as it is callcil.
The people art: of the saint! race, the Roniaiiic, and
speak kindretl lant^tiages.
Ill Extent, Sp.iin is ;i little l.irijer t!i,in the Province of (.Hnbec. but contains
,'i populiilion of np\^,'irds of 10.000,000. It h.■t-^ ,1 co,'ist-line of over I,joomilis.
Tlu! Surface is tin elevated table land nearly 2,000 feet above
the sea, traversed anil surrounded by nionntain ranges riiiing to
a height of from 7,000 to iiiarlv 12,000 feet, Mulhai;en in the
Sierra Nevada is 11, '157 feel. Mount I'erdii in the Pyrenees is
10,994 feet, and the siimmits of main cilhers are above the snow-
line (here S.ooo teet ). The soil is jioinlv ciilti\;ited but is gener-
ally fertile, wlH ada]Hed to agriculture and to the growth of
semi-tropical fruits — oli\es. oranges, lemons, almomls, hgs and
pomegranates,
Tlu; vine is giown in ever) pan : in tlu; south-west. Xrres, tlu; well-known
sherry, ami in the south-east M.ilatja and Alic;int(; wines are made. The
chestnut is cultivated to a large extent, and from the nuts Hour is made, which
is u.sed lor food by the poorer classes. The cork-oak (.-in evergreen, the ouli r
bark of whicli forms the cork of commerce), ,ind esparto grass (from which
paper is made), are important products ; heni]) and Hax of the best iiu,ality an
grown. The niiiies of Spain, the .\ndaiiisi,in hor.ses and the Merino sheep
great flocks of which are pastured on the t,'ible-lands, ,ire famous,
Spain is rich in Minerals, ^speci.illv iron, copper, quick-
silver .iiiil lead, but the mines .ire not v.orked lO ,iny great exti'iil.
The Manufactures of Spain are niiiniportant. the principal
being silk.
The Commerce of Spain is chiefly with Great Pritain and
France. ("oiupareil with the extent of the country, and the
position it occupies, Spain is far behind the other nations of
Europe in maritime enterprise for whicli, in former times, it was
greatly noted.
'rent nation iliiifs
I and Itali.iii; tin
■filths arc I'r.tiv
wcsn-ni lu'iiin
as ii is ca
Koiiiaiiic, anil
(.Hiibrc, but cont^iiiis
le of over i.joo inili s,
y 2,000 feet al)(i\ f
II faii<,fcs ri^iif,' to
Miilliareii in tin
n the I'vrenec.- is
L' al)()\c the siiow-
ated l)iit is goner-
to tlie i;ro\vth of
hnonds, tij^'s anil
cros, tlio wcll-kiioHii
nes are made. Thu
flour is made, which
everKrecn, the outt r
1 grass (from which
f the best quality ari
1 thi' Merino sheep
famous.
. copper, quick-
any great exttiit.
nt, tile principal
reat Britain and
:ounlry, and tl;e
otiier nations of
:iier times, it was
Inst III UI-,
Killnllsl.
rni 11 IC.M. ITKOI'K.
«S
Thf «.inl iif K<M<<I rn.iils In (.ii'llilnli' inirriiil i .ininini r. mil ilir im-.i iili .1
Mali' 111 111'' ti'ivfriiinrni Imvc inmrilniiiil lo tliU nsiili. Tin' riviTH iin- mil
letiir.illv ii.iviK.ililf III any ilisl.mif, but Ihu inusi lin|K)rlani < iiiri an- con
netinl Iv railvMiyt,
Till Exports am rhictly wiiirn, fruit, inrlaln, wmil ami i iirk ; ilir lin|i<irn.
m.imiiii lunil nm ids ami fiiriinn iirmliuls.
Till Government "f Sp.un i-. a limited iiionarcliv, .iml ilu'
k'^ihl.iliM' |iin\ri I-, 111 till' li, II Ills lit llir Kin;; ami llir Cortii \ior-
liiyi), tlif lattir coiisistilij,' of twn iiDilics, tlir Snialr aiiij tlw
(;iianil'<r of Dtptiiics. Tin- State Religion i^ tlie Kmiiui
Catliiilii-.
'llir People are j,'enerally of the Knliiaiili- laie, liiil in tin
niiilli ur'-l, I" iwi'i'ii the Cantaliiiaii Muiiiit.iiiis ami the jJixay
cimnI .iH' tlie Jidsijiiis, ami in the suiiili ihu .Uo/'ivini s ilexcmlaiits
,.| ihr MiiiHs iif CiralLKJa ; tliese Imtli helon;,' tii llie ('cllie raee.
Madrid IS the capilal ami lar>,'est cily, iml is imted fur its
111, luiiilu lilt palaiH! (the ICseliri.il), and I' ils art collei tmn.
Barcelona, llie si'cond city in importam i l.ir popiilatimi, i> tin-
liisi III \waltli, ciiimiKrce and ni.inulac lures ^silks, woollens and
iiiiiiiii>i. Valencia is imied for its fruit ami fur its silk ni.inii-
failures; Seville for iis extensive' tohaeiD ni.iiiufaetiires and
IniiN; Xeres lor its wine -sherry; and Malaga for its wine .ind
;;i.ilirs. Cadiz .Hid Cartagena are nav.il loriiried ports. Gran-
ada ^'■as the r,ipii,il III till- Moorish Kin^,'s, and coiii.uns llie
1 1 li hr.iied jLiliiei- the Alliaiiihi ,i. Murcia, Saragossa and
Toledo ne anions,' the most celehraud .incieiit <iiie>. Sala-
manca is noted for its university.
Gibraltar, ai ihc enlr.ince to the Miiliturraneaii Sea. one of llic struiiHesi
foili'^M'.- in till, wiirlil, li.is liiliiiini-il iiiOreat Drilaiii sliu e 170.).
Till. Insular Provinces nf Sp.iiii arc tlie Balearic Islands, 1 .iiii|irisiii^
M:ijiin.i, Miiinria. Ivii;,!, I'Drinentera ami ailjai nil is], mil-., ami ilu- Canary
Islands in lliu All.iiilic, oil' the west i'ii,i.st of Africa, of wiiith 'reiierilli., (irami
('.uiiry .iiul I'aliua arc the prilu ipal
Palma in M.ijorci is thu chief Inwn nf tliu Ualc.iric lsl..s ami Santa Cruz
ill 1 riurifl'i' the chief tinvii I if the Caii.iry Islands,
I'hr Foreign Possessions of Spain are -ii. tlie West Indies— the ;...andi
"I Cuba ind Porto Rico hi < i, . .uu i ihfm.iioritvef ih< PMH|ipiM Ulandt,
PaUcs, Caroline 111 11, Ladron* |.-l.ind>. m Mm 1 Ceuta m < ii~ di inn
ill 11 II'... opl ii (iiiiriliii ilii. i..laiids lit Ftmando Po m 1 Annobon nut
Ihe Tt'rriliiry nl San Jutn m the <iiill "( t'niini .1
The Republic nf Andorra is liiu.iicil in iln rM.mi-. Mnnniiins .md is
iiTidir ihi' j'Uii >; iM riiim lit ..f l-'r.im e .md llin Klshnp ef I'rtlel It i-'tir)
III. ill .ind III II. I iiniiurt.incu.
I-OKTIC, \I..
Portugal iiiillliics (111 sniltll Wfstcril Ii.irt nl' till'
Hurl. in I'l iiiiisiil.i, .iiiil in |ilusi(.il {('.ilnri's, clinuttc
>iiil .mil |ii'(i|il'' rr-si'iulili'^ S|).iiii.
I 111- Extent if 111!' Liiiiiiii) Is line I. iiirtli Kri'.iter than lh.it nf N''« jtriins
whU. lull till' pnpiil iti.iTi is III .irlv lipid I'l ih.il nf ihi linminmn
The ( hief Industry of the loiintiy is the I iiltiv.ition ot the
crape, olive .iml >i iintiopii .d friiiis. The iAteiisi\e Imest , nl
I hestnut and cork 0,1k furnish v.ihi,dile prodiu is, ,iiid tin Min-
erals, of wlm li in.in;,'.inese, aiiliiuonv, h .id. eoppir. iion .md
s,ilt are the pi iiuiiial, are \,ilii.ilile.
Till' Exports are chietfy purl \sini'. fruits, niiin r.ils .iml rnrk , .iml ihe
Inipurt^, I ' I'll . .iii'l ntliiT iirlieli's nf iniuiiiinplimi
ITie Government i« a Constitution. d Miin.ireh) .md is snnil.u
to th.il id Sp.iin. Till' relinion is Kmn.in '' •'•■lie.
Lisbon, llie (.ijiilil. h.is a lim; h.irbor. ami is the piimip.d
eoininerrial city. Oporto is the elmf se.it of the It. nil 111 I'nrl
ll'n;! , to wliicli it ^;i\es its 11,11 in-. The other towns .in id iniiiur
iiiiportanee.
The Insular Possessions il rnrtn>;.il .ire tin Azores, m Uesiirn Islands,
in the .\t! iiitii ill' Madeiras. eeli.lir.Uid fnr tlu 11 wwr, nil the west I nasi nf
Africa, Angra 1 - ilu t.ipii d nf the ,\/ ires, .ml Funchat nf tin' Mi h ii 1-
The Foreign Possessions nf riirtii>;,il ,ire : In .\irii 1 tin- Cape Verde
Islands, ulT the ue,tirii en,i-t, seitliim ills in iniiiu.i 1 Senegambia, Bissao,
I li .) . the islands nf St. Thomas ami Princes in the liiili nl dinne.i ; Angola
(districts nf l.oandn, lienK'nela and Mnsn.iinedes) nn ihe west cnasi ; Mozam-
bique, Sofala, etc , nn the east cii,i»t. In .\sia— Goa and nlliir sni.ill si tile
ments nn tlncn.ist nf India, Macao, imir Ciiilnn. .and Timor in (lie.mi.i
(,}i'i;sri()Ns o\ Till-. M.vp.
German Empire. - Wh.it two seas are on the north of Cienn.iny - Wh.it
kinmlnin ? What iwn empires in the e.ist ? What empire and republic in the
suuth ? What three cmintriis in the west ? Which is the lar^esi state of the
furman Empire ? What stales are in the south ? What stale is north of the
r.ussian I'rovince of Urandenhurj; ? Wh.it state is hetwoen Prussia .and
Bohemia ? What province borders on I'ranee ,'
What live rivers, llowin),' northwards, cross Cierinany ? Which are the
Iwn chief tributaries nf the Rhine ? Wh.it river flows e.ist through southern
(iermany ? What iiiniintains sep.irate (lerinany from Hohenii.i ? Wh.it
mountains are in the interior? What innuniains south nf Havari.i ? What
mountains in liaden ' In Alsace? In ThiirinKia ?
What cily is Ihe c.ipit.d of I'russia ? Of Ii;ivaria ? Of Saxony' (if
Wiirteinberi,' ? Ofliailen? What cities are on the Rhine? What cily nn Ihe
M.iin, near the Rhine? On the Danube' Ne.ir the month of the Weser !■
Near the mouth of the l-Ube ' Northeast of HambiirK ? Near the ir oiith of
Ihe Oder? Near the month of the Vistula? North-east of Danlzic ? North
nf Koenigsbert! ? In Silesia nn Ihe Oden ? What cities in Uavaria on Ihe
.M.iin ? What city south of bambert; ? What cily in the north-west of
Saxony ? In Rhenish I'russia, west of Cologne' In H.imiver, on the river
Leine'?
Wh.at islands are opposite the mouth nf the Odor ? What Inni; bays (Hafl')
are on the IJaltIc coast ' Wh.it islands off Ihe west coast nf SchleswiK-Hnl-
slein ? What bay nff ( lldenbnrK'. nn the North Sea ?
Holland. — What cminirv is east of Holland? Snnth ? What water on
Ihe nnrlh .and west ? Wh.it sea is ir. Holland ? What island.^ .ire nlf the nnrlh
coast? What river crosses the eneniry ? What tribnt.iry does it receive ?
What city is on the Zuyder Zee "' Wh.it cily south of .Vmsterilam ' What
c itv is the capit.il ? What cily is near The II,iKne to the nnrihe,isl ? What
city is ,it the mmith of the Rhine ?
Belgium, Wli.it enunlry is east nf llil(,'iiim< North- Smith' What
w,iler nn the west ? What Iwn rivers lln« thrniiuh Heluinni ' Wh.it mnun-
lains are in the south-e.ast ? What city is the c.ipilal ' Whit city is .it the
mouth nf Ihe Siheldt ? Wh.it two cities are nn the Ma. is ' Wh.il tun cities
are in the western part of the country ?
Kl'.Vll.W l'lxi;i'.CIS|..S.
States. — Will re ii it I lli>\' lioiiihliil / W'luil is III,- iliiif lutiii or tily f
Prussia? H.ivaria ? S.ixony ? Wurteinlx.rK? Hadeu ? Meekli nlmrg '
.Vlsii I ■ Lnrriine ?
Islands, —In wlmt dirt\iiun fruin tlw luitrt-st liiitit .' liv u-litit ivntir siir-
riniiutt'ii i
Riijjen ' I'sedom ? W'nllen ? Nnrlh l-risian ? I'risian ?
Seas and Bays. — IlVn// ie.'i)//rv lA'is il iiulnil ur \iish / l)f ulint hvily vf
watir ii it tin iinu /
Ualtic ? North? Dantzic ' Knrische Half? Irische Hill' Melliner
Haff J.ide (r,j//'-,/,n)? Zuyder Zee ?
Mountains. -In ■.^■IhiI purl uf the cmiiilry ,irt- llu\.' In t.'liiil ilirntivn Ju
i lltiy CAlcnd f
' Riesen-Clebir^e? Mrz-r,ebirue? Hiihnier-Wald ? Il.iri/? Thnrin^lan
I I-'orest? .Vlps? Black l'"orest ? Vosges ? .Vrdennes?
Rivers. —I I'/'iri Jois il rise' I'l .■i'/iii( ,lir,\liun tlon il jlmc / Tliruiif;li
j what coiinlrits I liilt> wliiil huilv vf witlfr I
I Rhine? I-:ibe? Oder? Westr? Vistula? Danube? Main? Mnstllt?
1 Ma.is? Scheldt?
I' If
86
POLITICAL EUROPE.
Cities. Ill ii'lidl fiarl «/ t <• counlry ? How iil:uitiil ?
IIitIhi' Miiniili' |)rus(ii:n? StiittK.'irt ? Cirlsnilif "' ^llr.•lsl)llr).''' M.iim-
liiiin' Mayirid' Ciililin/.? Himn ? ColnKiii'? I liissclilorf ' I'niiikf.irt '
K'^itishim? i:iin? Hrr-,..c-n' ll.unlmrK? I.iiliick? Sirtlin? D.intzir?
Kiiiiii^jslicrK? Minid' li-isl.-iii ? H;inilHr«> Wnrl/biirK ' NiircmbcTt; ?
I.iipzii > .\ix-l.-iCMi.iixllc ■ II,ini)V.r' .\m-.l.-nlain ' Ilireclit' Tlif H.iRiui?
I 1 yclcii ' KuttiTil.im ' Itirsi'ls: Anluiip' Nainiir' l.iuKu' Ghent?
llruHcs?
c; i:im.\\ iimimri:.
'I'lic German Empire is :i Confcilrraiion composcil
cf Iwciity-six .Slatt'S (sec. Stalistic.il I'.iMc) iiiidcr iIk;
Prcsiili'iitship of ilic Kiiij,' of I'riissia, wiio hears tlu:
hiTcdilary title of "("icnnan l^nipcror."
TIk; l.irtji'st of llust' Sliitcs is \\\v. Kiiiu''li>iii of rrussiii; the
next ill iiiiporUincc mv. the Kiiit,'(loiiis of Saxonj-, I5;ivaii;i, and
W'iirtcmlicij,',
In Extent till' iinpirr is .iIhui! tlii' s.iini; size .is I'ranci', l)Ul contains onc-
fifiii niDii' iiili.'ibilants.
Tlu; Surface of Cn rmany is f,'encr.->.lly flat, foimin;,' par"^ of the
Grtat iCastiii! I'laiii, and is
boiiicR'd on the s aitli liy tlic
motintains of the Cemral liigh-
lantl. The only iiioinitainK in
tile interior arc the low ran^'es
of tlu' Hartz Mountains near
the centre, and the Black
Forest (S'-hwartz walil) in tli ■
south -wist. The rivers are nii-
inerous and valnalilr for navi{,'.'i-
tion. Till' Soil in tlie south and
west is fertile, Ivit .i larf^e part of
llie north-ea:;t coi^'sts of sandy
stepiK's and liajrLH 1 eaths. The
Climate is mild ii. tlie western
or Khenisli districts; iiinist on
the coast of the 1 alti'-; and culil
ill the east. The I'iiicipal Pro-
ducts are <^t;iu , ila; lenip,
anil heetroot tor the niai.nfac-
iJliKLIN: I'LACU DBS Gii.NS u'Ar.mhs.
This Imperial power is resiricteil, in the exercisp of certain fiinnidns.lnihe
ni^CL'Ssity of sccurint; the assent of the I'arli.inicnt (Kiichstag) coniiicised of
npresent.itivi'S elected by the people. This Parliament has, in . irt.iin
matters, the right of control, liach State is also a limited monarch), i xccpt.
ing the three I"ni^ Citii's, which are republics, and i-.k h has its own iiiiirnil
government. Alsace-Lorraine is an Im|x,'rial Territory, and is umler tlu>
direct control of the Imperi.il Ciovernment.
The jjrevailinj,' Religion is the Protestant, hut rathci more
thanone-thiid of the popnlatioii are Roman Catholics. (K iniaiiy
is noted for its complete and coinpreliensive educational system.
The Universitier. are also famous.
The People of the Gerniiiii Empire are of one nationaliiw The
nuinher of (iennans in the surroundiiif( countries (Austria, Switz-
erland, etc.), may he estimated at ahoiit 13,000,000, so that lliere
is ill luirope a total of 58,000,000 of Cierman-spe.ikinj; iieMplc,
Berlin, the capit.il of Prussia and of the German Empire, is a
i)e,iutihil cit\', with exti'nsivi: manufactures ;md coinnierce.
Hamburg, the second city in importance, is the leadir.;,' centre
of comni' rce and shipj)int(. Breslau is iiotdl for its large tr.ulu
and great wool fair.
Munich, the capital of lia-
varia, is rinowneil for its splen-
did art-gallery and for its liti r-
ary institutions; Dresden, tlie
capital of Saxony, is celeiirated
for its art-gallery and for its
chiii.i; Leipzig for its i^'ieat
fairs, attended by merchants
from jillpartsof the world; Col-
ogne, as the principal seal of
conimerceon tiie Rhine, and for
its cathedral; Frankfort, as a
great financial centre; Koe-
nigsberg, Dantzic, Bremen
and Stettin, as large and im-
portant shipping ports; Mag-
deburg and Mayence as two
of the strongest fortresses in
Europe; Strasburg for . s
tine of sugar; in the w, inner southern valleys, tlie vine, maize I cathedral; Nuremberg and Chemnitz for their manufactures,
aiul tobacco are cultivated. Cattle .inil sliei j. are also raised. ^ Besides the above, Germany possesses many large cities ini-
The valley of tlu Rhine is famous for its wiiii s.
The Minerals of Germany, though not extensively distributed,
are valuable - iio", coal, copjier and zinc. Amber is found on
the coast of the ]...iltic.
The chief Industry of Germany is agriculture and raising
ca'tle. L.irge qiiaiitiiiiS of ;igriciiltural jirodi'cts are exjiorted.
Manufactures are extensi\e and v.iried ; they consist largely
of linen, cotton .iiid woollin fabric, ;iiid of leather, earthenware,
glass, paper an 1 tobacco niamifactiires.
l"or Commerce, Genn.inv r.mks third in the European States,
Gre.it liiilain being (irst ;ind I'raiue second.
The Exports .ire chielly textile anil felt fabrics, clothing, gr.iin. cattle, jiro-
visions. leallier, wiiU', beer, nutal- and wnod-work; and the Imports, foreign
produce fur Consumption and raw materials .'or manuf.icture
I'he Government of the German Empire is a limited mon-
archy and is in the h.-uids of the iMiiperor ;iiid of the Ecderal
Council (Huiidesrath) composed of representatives from each of
the States.
portant for their universities, their trade, or their manufactures.
ST.VTES OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE— ST.VTISTICAL TABLE.
4 Kingfdoms—
Prussia
linviiria
Stixiitty
Wiirti inhtfif
6 Grand- Duchies . . . .
5 Duchies
7 Principalities
3 Free Cities—
I.iih.rk
Ur,mcn ........
Hdiiihurts
I Imperial Territory
Alsiui-Lurruiiu.. ,
28,(j;S
7-1 5"
:S,7.i
4..VJ7
2.150
Jf«
5..''ti
206,^76
J7<J,Iii I lierlin.
3,2.S4,778 1 Munich
j,cj7i,So3 ' Oresden.
i,tj7i,i I.S : Stnttgari.
i,ij.S,7Hf)
5'5.(J57
f>.V57i
i3''7-!3
45J.SO9
45,234,001
Strasburg.
tain fiinctiiMis, bvthe
clistat-) <'.mii„,sfd of
K'lit lias,
iiTtain
■il nidnarchy, except-
lias its own iiui-rnij
■y, and is imhUt the
but rather mon.
holies, (iclln.llly
iicational 'iVsiciii.
nationality. The
:s(.\ii.stri,i, Switz.
ooo, so that tliiTi'
leaking,' inciplc,
111,111 litiipiic, is ,1
;ui(i coiiiiiK tie.
lie leadiiifj ccntru
for its large ti.nle
jI fair.
le capital of lia-
vned for its siiiiii-
: and for its hti r-
is; Dresden, the
ony, is celeliraled
Ucrj' and for its
zig for its ^,'reat
d hy mcrehants
aft lie world; Col-
])riiicipal seat of
;hc Khiiie.and for
Frankfort, as a
il centre; Koe-
mtzic, Bremen
as large and iiii-
ing ports ; Mag-
Mayence as two
est ■ fortresses in
asburg for ■ s
■ir manufactures.
>' large cities iiii-
ir nianufactun s.
iTIC.VL T.\BLi:.
Q.I 11
Herlin.
4.77«
Municli-
2,Su5
Oresdeii.
I.iiS
StultKarl.
o.<J73
•
'^.rSfi
5.(>57
.1.571
l^7^i
J.SOg
6,670
StrasbiirR.
4,061
i »
i 14i,
M
;r^
!
^
POLITICAL KUROl'E.
i^7
5> I '^
I 1
>v'C
HOLLAND.
The Kingdom of Holland or The Netherlands
occupies the i.jwest part of the (ireat Lowland Plain.
1: includes .dso tb;^ Grand-Duchy of Luxemburg.
Tn Extt.it it is lesF th.in h.-ilf the size of New Hrur.' wick, bin has a popu-
lation t' ■,!• iy Lii'.iai to that of the whole Dominion.
Tic Surface is intersected hy rivers ami by numerous canals,
.— iii f.ict, a net-work of water-cour.ses. Most of ii is below the
level of the sea, ^nd was formerly overflowed by the sea at hiKh»
tide, but it is now protected by immense embankiients called
Tile Soil is '■jrtile and is cultivated with great care, jroducin),'
hcnip. fla.x, madder (<i dw-stuff) and root-c ojis in abundance.
Holl.iTid is nc'.ed for its horses and cattle, and dairy produce
forms a large part of its exports. The Climate is generally cold
ami moist, but healthy. There are no Minerals, and peat is
use>I instead of coal.
The streams have no water-power, but the Dutch make winil-miirsiierforrn
,ill kinds of work. 1 he canals which are frozen over in « inter sirve as hi(,'h-
.v.iys for the people on their skates.
The principal Industries of the Dutch are agriculture and
dairying, but some of their Manufactures have a high reputa-
tion — tlie fine linens of the nonh and the earthenware ( <h-lf) of the
south are celebrated. Besides these are damasks, cotton, wool-
len and silk fabrics. The Dutch are also a maritirne people.
The Commerce of Holland is extensive, from its ])osition at
die mouth of the Rhine, its harlwrs on the North Sea, its for-
ei};n ]iossessions, and its faiilities for internal communication by
means of canals and rivers. Trade is chief! carried on with
Great Britain and Germany.
The Exports are chiefly retine<l >unar. flax, madder, cattle, and dairy
products; thi- Imports, colonial produce, metals, and raw materials for
m.inufacturi-
The Govern.'nent is a limited monarchy under a King, and
a Parliament cjnsistiiig of two Houses. The people belong
principally to tlie Reformed Duich (Protestant) Church, but
aboiit one-tl .rd are Ro!nan Catholics. Tliev arc of the Teutonic
The Foreign Poaac ssi cn s f M.OIan.l ,ire cuisiilerable— I the l^.ist
Indii'^, Java, Celebes, ir..t {. rii r- .f Borneo, Sumatra md New Guinea,
j ilii' Moluccas .iriA vvtrtt >3i»;Vr iJnd- \n >. .uih .\iiuTic.i, Surinam, "r
I Duiih (liiiin.^: and in the We^i Ir'ies Curasao and fi>eother small isl,inds
I The Hague is the s*-.n of the Court. Amsterdam is the
I c.ipital and rlucf comm«.-rrj.-i! rijy: it is noted fin .'s i aii.ils and
for its diamond cuttins:. Rotterdam, the second city in ;<i/e,
has extensive rornruerce, .tiid i-> imti-d fur its distilled lii;ui>rs.
Utrecht and Leyden are in)j»< .riant cities.
i
iJELdHM.
Belgium is the smallest of the I'uropcan States
(e.\ce[)t .Montenegro), and is the most (.li;nsely popii
lated.
The Extent '•( Relgiam U little more than one-half that of Nova Scotia,
but till population is one-fourth more than that of the whole Dominion.
The Surface of the north is flat. Like Holl. iid, it is tra-
versed by canals, and the coast is protected by Diiius, Imig hills
of sand thrown up l>y the waves. In tin- s.Mith it is nuiic hilly
and is rich in minerals.
There is no country in the i«iorld in which ai;ricnlt»re I'.as atlaineil to a
higher pitch of perftntion Iittie more than one-eighth bein),; uncultivated.
The chief Minerals are r<<pj)er. zinc, lead, iron anil coal, the
two latter exceeding iii richness those of ans- ICmopean country
except Great Britain.
The chief Industries are agriculture, mining,', and nianuf.ic-
t tires.
The principal Manufactures, which an al^o the chief Ex-
ports, are flax, wrought iron, hnens, woollens, cottuns, laces,
cutlerv and firearms. liesides these, agriculttiral and dairy
produce are largelv eriported to (ireat Britain.
The Government is a limited mon.irchy under a King,
Senate and Hcju.-.e.oI Ktpresintatives. The people belong Jiarlly
to the Teutonic race, ami partly to the Imcih h m Komaiiii race.
Brussels, the capital, is a ureal ceiitic of inaiiufacturing
industry, and is celebrate*! for its lace. Antwerp, with a line
harbor, is the princi|>al centre of for(ij,'n <-oniiiier( <■. Ghent is
an important manufacturing city, noted for its ojuvrs; Liege,
for its extensive ro.il mines and iron-works; Bruges for manu-
factures; and Mechlin for lace.
•*
QfKSTIO.VS ON TIIK M.\l'.
Italy. — What two r-tuntries are on the nonh of Italy? What mountains
si'parate them from Italy.' What country is o;, the north-west? What
mountains separate France from Italy ? Wha'. w.iter i < on the east ? On the
uest? What islands to the south "" Mow is Sicily separated from the niain-
l.uid? What str..it separates Italy fr<m Turk'v? What larKe isl.mds are
v\(Sl of Italy? To whom do they beloif-? Wh.^t ."niii'ler islanil is Ix'tween
Corsica and the mainland" What cape .i at the .soiiih-easlirn extri'inily of
Italy? At the s<iuth-wfslern? .\t the south of Sicily ? Wli.it (Jiilf is on the
south-east? .\t the head of the .\driaiic Sea? On the north-west coast?
What mountains extend throughout Italy' What volcant) is on the main-
land? On Sicily ? On the Lip.ari Islamlsr What lakes are in the northern
part of Italy ? What large river flows through northern Italy?
What city is the capit.al ? On what river? What lar^e city in the west is
on the I'o? What lar^e city is b^iwi-en the .\lps and .\|H'nniiio moun-
tains? What city is si the head of the .\driatic Sea? What city is south of
Holo^na? What three s«Mports are im the west coast? What three lar^e
dies are In Sicily ? What port on the Adriatic Sea is east of Naples?
Austria- Hling^arf. — What two empires border un .Vustria-Hungary on the
north' What countries <>n the «^M ' What States on the southfast ? What
water is on the south-west' What Kingdom iKcupiis the centre of the
country? What mountains are in the mirth east' In the northwest? In
the south-west' Near the eastern shore of the .\driatic Si'a ? What lake
is in Hungary ' What two lai, - cities are on the Danul)e ? Whic h is the
capital of .Vustria- Which of Hungary? What city is in the aorlhwest
(in Hohemia)? What city is suuth-east of I'ra^jue? What city is in the
iiorthea.st (in r,,alicia. ' What city in Oalicia is on the Vistula? What
.'.ustrian sea. port is at the head of the ,\driatic Sea '
What two protected states are south of .Austria? Wli.it is the i .ipil.d of
Bosnia ^
Roumania, Serria and Mooteneg^o. -What two proviuiis ((institute
Kouni.ini.i.' H'A i- it silajte 1 - .Whit ri\er partly separates il from Hul-
Karia? What river firms the north-eastern iMiundary ' Wh.it se.i is on the
east' Wh.at city is the capital' What ciiies are on the D.inulic? What
city in the north ?
How is Servia silnatcul ' What is the capital ' What name is nivcn to the
pass where the fVanuln.- l>ri-ai.s ihrmiKh th. ('arpalhi,iTi ininintains ?
How is Muntene^.u situate*!? • >r' what sea ? Wh.it is the capital ?
xs
roi.iiicAi. i:uRO?E.
1
Turkey. Wli.it j^i niiu-c is inirtlir.i,t of Tinkry? nSnl^iirln i What
si.nes ar. <i:i the niirtli of TuiK.'v? What iimiitry im ihu ^ iiitli? Wli.it
w.ilers Sfp.irat<t Tmkiy i)i l'.uiii|)i' from Turkey in ,\~ii? Wliat unttrs .nrc
on the w<".l? On ihr south? What mountains ,iri' in llu' north? In the wi'st •
What Turkisli islanrl i ■. south of (irccro? Wliat city i-; thorapital of Turkey?
What |K)rt is on the I )anlani'llis? Wliat port is in the soutli? What city i-.
n(i-<h-«i,'st of Constanlinopli? What is the capital of Hul>;.iria? What port
:ias ItukMri,! . th.- Hlack Sea?
Greece. -Wli.it country is north of ( Inner? \\ h at u.itcrs on the west ami
south? On the east? Wh.it isl.iiul is north-east of the niainlanil? What
peninsula is in t. e south? Wli.it k'nlf is north of the Morea ? What t;r<'iip "f
islanils is south ea ' of it ? Wh.it K'roiip of islae Is is west of Cireece? What
cajx* forms the southernmost point of Cireece? What <"it\" is the capital?
What town is on the ilulf of l.ep.uito? What two ports arc i:i the Ionian
Islands.' What one in the lycl.ules?
I\!-.\ll-.w I']\l.Krisi:s.
Islands. — /m whnf tlirntimi t'niiit tlii luiifif.t Itiiiil / Hy . ttitt rcntt'rs sur-
r'luinlt ti .'
Sicily? I.ipari? Malta? Sardinia? Corsica? l-^lba? Cinilia? Ne-
f:ropMit? <"\'cl;i»les? loiii.in?
Capes, —i'rnm :,'li,tl f-itil of tli, niiiillry i/ee.s il f^rnj,, I : liitii ;,'liiil r.'.i/, c'
[j-ur.if Siiartivento? I'.issaro? M.it.ipin?
Seas and Gulfs Wlml ,;i<f.l J, us it iml, nt m- :,-,i.-.li : Of :ihiil Itdilv iif ;,;ll,r
ti it ilti arm ;
.\ilriitic? Tyrrlienian? Taraiito? \'enice? Trieste? (lenoa? lil.uk?
Marmora? Saloniki ' .T",;;ean? I.eiianto' .V!^,'ina ?
Straits. --«./.-c,v» what Imuls/ Wluil wnt.rs i!u,s if ,oiiiu,-l ?
Messin.i? Oiranto? l'>os]ihorus? Dardanelles?
Peninsula. — l-^nnn Ji'luil coiiutyy dot's it prujiCt i^- Into u-luit u'tit<r?
Morea? tt.ily ?
Mountains.—/" .-c/ki/ /^int of ihi- toiiiifry <iir they? In wtuit diri-ction tin
tht-y , xitiltl/
.Vlps? Maritime Alps? Apennines? \'esuvius (;■.)? Ktna (;-.)? Stroin-
lioli (;'.)? r.arp.itliiau? I'lohemiaii Forest? Krz-(iel)ir};e ? Noric Al)'-.?
Dinaric .Alps? Iron Gates of Danube? Kiesen-(icl>iit,'e? lialkan? Kimliis?
Rivers. — Whcrt- titits it riit'? In wlial tlirt-ftivii iltit-s It flow .' Through whttt
ttiiiittrits ' Iillii 7,'htit Ittttly tif Welti r '
I'o? Tiber? Danube? Save? Drave? Theiss? Prnth?
Lakes. — ItVn re situtilttl .'
MaHgioro ^.Uii/i-yorvJ .' Como? (larda? Halaton (or I'latten See)?
Cities. -Ill what piii-t of Iht- country .' How sitmittil .'
Komt:? Turin? Mil.iu? lioloi^n.i? \'eiiice? I-"lorence? Naples? I.ei;-
horn ? (lenoa? Palermo? Messina? t'.itania? Hrindisi? Vienna? Huil.i
I'esih? rraRUe? JJriinn? Lembert,*? Cracow? Trieste? Hosna-Serai
( Strtijtvo) ? Cettetije? Hukharesi? (ialatz? Jassy? Belcrade? «'on
stantinople? (lalliiioli? Saloniki ? .Adrianople? Sophia? Varua? .Athene?
I'atras? forfn? Z.inte? Svr.i?
ITALY.
Italy lornis tlic inidtllc Mcninsiil.i of .Sdiitlurn I''ii-
n>|)<'. .iinl inrliidt's tlif isl.iiuis uf Sicily, Sardinia,
Elba, aiul alxtiil si.\i\- small islands.
Italy is i.itlie"- l.ir^er til, III I inlario in Extent, but contains fourteen iinn-s
the population. The coast line, incliidiiiK' that of the islands, is ,\.'t^Jt miles in
Ien>;lh, far gre" . in proporlimi to its si^e than that of anv other country
The roll, 'vv- is iiintiiitaiiunis Inil In .iiitiliil .i;ic| feiiili iintcil
for its picliircsi]!!!' scfiuTV. Tlir Climat'" is drlii^'lufnl, .md
Italy is a am^a wiiilor resort Im iiivaliils Irom iiiurt; norllierii
countries.
The heat of summer is in some places oppressive, and renders large tracts
iininh.ibilible on .account of Miiltiriti, as ill the f'anipa.i;na di Konia. the I'on
line M.irshes, .and the Tuscan Mareitime.
in the iiiirlh is the fertile valley of the I'n, or I'lain of Loin
liartK, lietween llie ..Ips and .\jierinines, and sotitli of that tlie
Surface is a taliiel.nid, traversed liy the ,\pennines throu;;hoia
till' lenRtli of the |ieninsiila. Fhe islands are generally luoiin
tainotis.
The average elev.ition of the Northern and Southerr Apennines varies
from \.ooo In 3,000 feet . in the central part of the range several summits rise
to the lieit,'ht of 7,cKjo to S.ooo feet, and Ml Corno is 1), 521 feet. Italy contains
the only volcanoes in Europe, and is subjcc* to earthquakes. Mt. Vesuvius
^\
(lunoa? l;;.iik?
■/.•'
U'litil ilirtitinn (III
na (;•.)? Stmni-
■'■ Noric Alps?
ialkan? Kiii'liN?
/ Tbroiigli uluil
1?
ilttii See) ?
' Naples? LoK-
\'ionna? I!u(i.i
I? Hnsnri-Serai
?i'l),'ra(lc? ('(in-
Varna? Atlien-?
idtrs large trail.
Kuma. the I'liii
'laiii of 1,011)
til of that 111.
•s tliiuufthom
iiorallv iiiouii
.|iemiMies varies
ral siimniits ri^,'
Italy ciintains
Mt. Vesuvius
roi.i iicAi. i-.rRoi'K.
89
inNapli^. Mt. Etna in Sicily, ami Stromboli (Upari Islands), are volcanoes.
InlSSi an eirtli'inake destroyed tile towns on the island of Istdlia, near
N'apl'-. and many lives were lost.
Thr Products of Italy oomliiiu tropical fruits with tin; vcgu-
laiioii of the warm temperate re;,Moiis.
The I'lain of the I'o contains the chief rice-lields of Knrope. and Sicily
proiliii I's abniulance of wheat ; the olive attains its ()erfeetion in It.ily. More
raw silk is prodiiceil than in any other country of ICnrope, most of it hri.i^;
exported to IVance.
Italy is not rich in Minerals, I'ut iron, copper, le.nl, sulpluir,
stoiK', salt, coal ami others are fouiul; the marbles foi statuary
are famous.
The most famous inirblu quarries are those of t'arrara. north -west o|
Lucca.
The principal Industry of the ])eoplc is ai,aiculiure. Manu-
factures are chietly conlined to articles for liome consumption.
althlMl,^'h the silks, artificial flowers, straw hats ami music. il
instniinents of Italy are much esteemed ami are exported.
The Fisheries, not.dily of the sardine (so-called from Sanlinia) and anc'- -vv,
are of considerable importance. Spont;e and coral abound along the shores
of the Mediterranean.
The Commerce of Italy is smaller than that of any of the
other ),'reat powers of Europe, and is princi[)ally with I'rance.
Gil It liritain and Austria.
Till- Exports consist chielly of silk, olive-oil, wine, fruits, iish, cattle, straw-
hats, sulphur and marlile; the Imports, of cotton, wool and other raw
mnlrrials. KT'iin, machinery, and manufactures of iron .and cotton.
The Government is a limited mon,uch\, and the established
Religion, Roman ("atholic. The People are of the Romanic
race, and are distinguished for their love of art^music. sculji-
tiire and ])ainting.
Italy was formerly composed of independent .Uates, but in
iNjo became one itnitetl kin;,'dom. The small reptiiilii; of San
M.irino alone retains its iiule])endtnce.
Rome, the capital of Italy and formerly the capital of the
world, is still a maj^'iiificeiit city. Tlie splendor of its l)uildin<,'s
and architectural ruir,'; attest its former glory as the most noted
city of anti(]uity. Rome is the art-centre of tlii' world. It con-
tains the palace of the Vatican, the residence of the Poi)e, tin
luad of the Roman Catholic Church. St. Peter's Cathedral {sci
ciii^niviiii;) is the grandest ecclesiastical structure in the world.
Naples, the largest city of Italy, surpassis every city in
luirope for the beauty of its situation and apiiearance. .Vmong
its varied manufactures are macaroni and vermicelli, which are
in.nle from flour and form the principal fo(jd of the people.
Turin is famous for its silk maiiufact'ires ; Milan is a large and
important city, with a famous cathedral; Florence, called the
'• Magnificent," is ilistinguished as a seat of science and art, and
for its collection of paintings and statues. Genoa ami Leghorn
are the most important sea-ports. Venice, built on a hundred
small islands, is famous for its canals, which form the streets of
ilie city. Palermo, Messina and Catania in Sicily have an
( xlensive commerce. Cagliari is tl:e principal town in Sar-
dinia. Brindisi is the port of call for the mail steamships on
till' route between Great Britain and India. Besides these, tlu re
art; many large and celebr.ited cities in Italy, as Bologna,
Padua, Ferrara and otlu rs.
The Republic of San Marino, situated east of ITorence, is a very small
I'ut ancient republic, and still m.iintains its independence. The whole extent
is less than thirty-ono sijuaro miles, and the population only amounts to
7,Sj6.
The Principality of Monaco is situated near the frontier of l"r,iiu e It
comprises ..111) . '.i.iut vi^lit s.juare miles in extent, with .1 jK>pulatioii of 7,04.)
inhabit. lilts.
.\rSTR!.\ lirXC, .\RV.
The Austria-Hungarian Empire is, next to Rus-
si.t, thr I. truest I'.iiriipf.iii si. lie, iiiul (■(iinprisfs tlic
Aiistri.m .Si.itc i-i(I ihf I fiins^.iri.m ".Si.itc, c.uli li.iviiiL,'
its own l';irli,Linciu. ininisiry .iiul ailiniiiisir.itioii inuii'r
llu; siimc So\c'rLMo;n, wlio is ICinpcror of .\iistri;i ami
Kinj.^ of lliini,rary ami Bohemia.
The Turkish I'roviiui s of Bosnia and Herzegovina are also
under the control of .Viistria.
In Extent, it is not so l.irge as the united I rovinei'sof Ont.iri.i .mil (.Ulelu'C,
but coiitai' s more than eleven times their {Hipulation, or about the s.iuie as
i'rance.
The Surface is in general mountainous, except in the Hun-
garian I'hiin (j.c- Pliysual Map of Jiiiropi), and the Climate is
mild ;iiid healthy.
Ulu.V I'liSl 11 ; C.M'IT.M. OK IIUNOAKV.
The Soil is fertile, producing gr.iin of all kinds, beet-root, flax,
and wines, but is for the most i)art poorly cultivated. .\s a
wine-producing country, Austria-Hungary is second only to
France.
.Austria is especially rich in Minerals — gold and silver in
Transylvania and Hungary; iron in (^arintliia and Styria;
cojiper, iron and lead in Galicia ; (luicksilver in Cariiiola ; ami
the celebrated s.dt mines near Cracow.
The principal Industries .ire agriculture and mining. Manu-
factures are conlined almost entirely to the western part of the
country, and coi.sist chiefly in beer-brewing, cottonspiiming
ami weaving; glass-ware (in Bohemia); metal and leather-work.
Commerce, owing to the small extent of sea-coast, is neces-
sarily liiniteil, anil is chiefly carried on through German) .
The Danube, navigable for Sou miles within the limits of the uiunarchy,
is an important highway for trade.
't1
90
POLITICAL KL'ROPE.
i
Tin: cliii'f Exports [iri; wine, wlirat. fruits, and mnnufnclnn^s of U'atlur,
metal, (,'lass, w(hi<I and fartlienwarr ; and tlic chief Imports arc culuiiial pro-
duct', tobacco, clieniicils and textile faliric.i.
The Inhabitants consist of i)L'oi)le of different descent, lan-
Kiiaf,';; and syiiipatliies; in the west, the Teutonic ehunent pre-
vails; in tlie east and south, the Slavonic ; while tlie Hungarians
or Maf,'yars (Mttdjurs) belong to the Mongolian race. The
prevailing Religion i,s the Roman ("atholic. No less than tei.
distinct langtiages ate spoken by the various nationalities, be-
sides many ililferent dialei ts.
Vienna, the capital of the entire monarcliy and the residence
of tlie lunperor, is the fourth city in Europe for poj)ulation, and
is the chief seat of commerce and maimfactiires in Atistria; it is
connected by railways w'ith every part of the empire. Buda-
Pesth, the capital of Hungary, ranks next in imi)ortnnce; these
form two cities, but are merely separated by the Danube.
Prague is the chief citj- in Holiemia; Brunn has extensive wool-
len and other manufactures.
Trieste is the chief sea-port.
Lemberg in Galicia is an
imixirt.mt city. CracOW was
formerly the ecclesiastical
capital of Poland and is cele-
brated for its salt mines.
Bosniaand Herzegovina are Tur-
kish provinces, but by the treaty
of 187S arc ^iccupied by Austrian
troops and are under the adminis-
tration of .Vustria.
The country is mountainous and
contains valu.alile minerals -iron,
coal, copper, silver, ipiicksilver, lead
and sulphur, (irain, fruit and cattle-
are raised and exported. The In-
dustries are unimportant. Bosna-
Serai {Simjivo) is the capital.
The small rriiicipality of Liech-
tenstein, situated between Switzer-
land and the Tyrol, is independent,
but belongs to the Customs-Union.
It is only .about Co sipiare miles in
extent, and has .a population of <J,IJ4.
Vaduz is the capital.
GRlil'XE.
Greece coinpri.scs most of the <;;istcrii |jcninsula of
soLitlvjrit Eiiroijc, togetht-r with thv. Ionian Islands ' The Turkish or Ottoman Empire, as it is also
on the west, and Negropont, the Cyclades, and called, includes Turkey in Europe, Turkey in Asia, and
numerous other islands in the Archipel<!o;o on the east, tributary countries (Egypt and Tripoli), occupying part
The Coast is deeply indented by the Gulf of Cori;nh or Lepanto of north-eastern Africa.
Turkey in Europe, formerly very extensive, is now greatly
reduceil, and, including the Principality of Pulgaria, is only
! equal to the Province of Ontario in Extent, but has four times
' the population. Turkey in Asia greatly exceeds it in area and
population.
.\ great part of the Surface is mountainous, but diversified
rich and beautiful valleys and fertile plains. The rivers, oi
which the Danube and its tributaries are the principal, arc
numerous, but are not available for navigation.
The Soil is for the most part fertile, but agriculture is greatly
neglected. The Cultivated Products arc cotton, maize, rice
and other grains; the Natural Products, valuable timber-
CoNsr.\NTi.\o.'i.ii: MosQCic ok St. Soi'IIh.
Manufactures are few and unimportant. Tlie Commerce
of Greece itself is comparatively small, and is chiefly wiili Great
Britain; but Greek merchants and seamen conduct the ;:r(attr
part of the commerce of the Black Sea, and of the Levant or
eastern part of the .'.[editerranean. The numerous isl.mds ol
Greece form an excellent training-school for seamen.
The Exports are chiefly currants, olive-oil, lead, figs, and skins of sliuepand
h'oats; the Imports, cereals and manufactured goods.
The Government i*^ a limited monarchy, and the legislative
power is vested iii a single Chamber of Deputies. The national
Religion is the Greek Church. The people belong to the
Gra'co-Koman or Romanic race.
Greece was formerly under Turkish rule, but gained its independence in
1832. Centuries of servitude and bad government have reduced Greii ;: from
its ancient supremacy, as the leading country in civilization, literature and
art, to the lowest rank among the states of Europe. There are only seven
miles of railway (from .\thens to the I'ir.rus) in the whole kingdom, and the
internal development of the country is entirely neglected.
Athens, the capil.il and
largest city, is noted chiefly
for its ancient splendor and
preeminence in art and litera-
ture. It still contains many
relics of its foriiier magnifi-
cence; its sea-])ort is The
Piraeus. Patras is the jjrin-
cipal shipi)ing jwrt on the
maiidand; Syra (Hiriiinpii-
lis), on an island of the same
name, is the principal com-
mercial town and the chief
station for the lines of steam-
ships navigating the Lev-
ant. Corfu, the capital, and
Zante, in the Ionian Islands,
are places of considerable
trade.
The Ionian Islands, formerly a
republic under the liritish Crown,
were voluntarily relinquished to
Greece in 1SG4.
TURKEY.
on the west and the Gulf of .ICgina on the east, making almost an
island of southern Greece — the Morea (ancient Pdopunitesiis).
In Extent, Greece is nearly as large as New lirunswick, and contains about
the same population as (Ontario.
The Surface is mountainous, and the coast is elevated, iiregu-
lar and ileeply indented. \'egetation is varied, but agriculture
is generally in a very b.ickward state. The most important
Products are fruits — the olive, vine, orange, lemon, fig and
currant-gr .;)e (from which dried currants are prepared). A large
part of the j)opulation is engaged in raising sheep and goats in
the mountain dist:;vts.
1 iie country is rich in Minerals, but they are generally unde-
veloped; the principal, which is worked, is lead.
POT.ITICAI- F.l'ROPE.
91
ts iiKlc'peiKl.iiiLe in
iliiccd r,ric,,-frum
iuii, litLTatiiri; and
icTo ;iro only st-vcn
c kingdom, anil ihe
t.' cai)it;il and
is notud (liictiy
t splendor and
11 art and liicra-
contains many
former ma;;nifi-
a-i)ort is The
tras is the prin-
J)ort oil tliu
yra (Hniiinpo-
nil of tliu sanif
principal com-
and the chief
^ lines of steain-
iting the Lev-
the capital, and
Ionian Islands,
of considerable
stands, formerly a
he Jiritibh Crown,
i relinquished to
as it is also
)■ in Asia, and
ccupying part
is now greatly
dgaria, is only
1 has four times
s it in area and
ilture is greatly
an, maize, rice
luable timber-
B-oods; and in the south, semi-tropical fruits. Cattle and shoep
are laii;ely reared in the mount.iiiums districts.
Tin Minerals are -iron in abiindnnoo, lead, copper, sulphur,
salt and coal, hut they are not worked to adv,iiitaj,'e. The
Manufactures are small and almost eiuirely domestic.
TliicMily Exports arc silks, car|V'ts, tubacci), frnils. and tin- custly ,itiar
or nil "f roses from the famous rose-K'ardens in the valley of tile Maritza.
Manuf." Hires and commerce are cliielly in the hands uf dreeks. Armenians,
anil Ji«s.
The Government of Turkey is a despotism under a moii.ircli.
who is called the .Sultan.
In 1S77 the Siillan issued ,1 decree with the view of formint; •"> I^'k'islalive
Assinihly composed of two Houses, hut the l.iw is at present in alieyanee.
The provinces are ruled liy p.ach.is, and the whole country has suffered
severely from had KoviTnment and finm the rapacity of the rulers.
The Province of Eastern Roumelia, altlioU',;h under the ilirecl sovereinntv
of the Sultan, has its own ^'nvernnient and administration. The I'rincipalitv
I'f Bulgaria is .also under the sovereiKUly of the Sultan, Imi has its own
);iiviriHnent, and the legislative (wwcr is in the hands of a (hamtier of Depu
lies .iiid a hereditary I'rince.
The Inhabitants belong to three r.tces the Si.uonic in iiiil
i;aria and the north-west; the Mongolian (Turks) in the centre;
and the Romanic (Greeks) in tlie south. The Turks are the
ruling class and are Mohammedans. The others belong chiefly
to tile (ireek Church.
Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire and resi-
dence of the Sultan is beaiitifulls- situated on the Bosphorufl,
and has one of tli • I'lnest h.irbors in the world. It contains
many s|)leiidid and gr.iceful-lookiiig luosqiic!: (or churches) and
other buildings, whu h give it ,1 m.igniticent appearance from
without, but til ' streets are n.trrow .md ilirty. and the houses
low and ii.idly built. Adri.inople is tin; chief seat of the silk,
cotton .ind woollen m.iiirf n tuns, and is noteil for its .itt.ir ol
roses. Saloniki is the second cit\' in size, and is the principal
seaport.
The island of Candia, the .ircient Crete, in the Meditvranean, south of the
Archiixilago, lielon«s to Tnrkiy.
Kor'MANIA, SI'K\1.\ AND M o NT i: N' f.C. Ud.
Roumania, Servia ami Montenegro, iornu-rly
tributary to Turkey, hccanii: independent in 1S7S, after
the Russo-Tiirkish war.
In Extent, they are to>;ether one-third less iliin Ontario, but contain more
llian Ihrer times the population.
I'he Surface in the west Montencgrr) ,ind part of Servia — is
mountainous ami is covered with forests, bill the e.ist comprises
the fertile Wallachian Plain, where wheat, tob.tico, wine ,ind
fruits art! produced in great abundance. In the mouiitainotis
pai". of tin- country, cattle, horses, sheej), goats and swine are
raised in large numbers.
i ( I'or Continuation — s<<- nt.xl ptii^e.)
KlKOl'H -STATISTICAI. KICIHRENCH TAIU.K.
State.
Russia
l-inliin<t
Norway
Sweden
Denmark >
I'ariits luiil hcliiud . . . . i
Great Britain—
roi'ci.A-
TION,
Iiiif;liin<l and WaliS .
Siutliinil
IreUuul
2,058,838 S.i,r)50..!3i
i,So*>.tjoo
^ ■' j.oiJ.OijS
40.5J7 '
5S. (JO ' 25.968,286
C.M'ITAI.,
I'OI'II.A-
TION.
I'RINril'AI. l-^xroRTS
■t'
'1
140
445
St. relerslinrK
Christiania
Stoi khi>liii
CopenhaHen ]
87'^'. 575 : 'irain, flax-seed, hides, hemp. flax, '.allow and wool.
7fi,,S(if) 1-ish and timber.
'7'''74.i C,rain. iron and copper.
London.
Ettroptum Pttsst'ssiuiis. . . .
France
Switzerland
Spain I
Andorra and Conorit's. . i
Portugal I
Aznrrs and Mudeira .... \
Germany
Holland 1
Luxemburg
Belgium
Italy 1
.SiiH Miirino and Monmo \
Austria- Hungary 1
I.it'i'hti-nsti'in i
Greece
Turkey •
Bulgaria i
Roumania
Servia
Montenegro
30.4'''.l
ijfi
201.015
15,81 1
■ 'M-75
35.4<''0
206,476
•■3594
11.251
1 1 3.-! .(7
238,874
24,711
124.676
49.640
18.561
.(■45°
3735.573
5.73'''-!'4
175. "86
176 !
1
37,672,048
186 1
1
2,846,102
I. So
16,629.084
,S6 ,
4.550.609
12S
45,234,061
219
4.323.647
3.H
5.5'9.844
4'^
l>linburf;h
Kulilin
I'.aris.
Berne . .
Madrid .
Lisbon I
lierlin |
I .\msterdam (Com'l).
(The tLaKue(l'olifl).
Brussels
28,474,316
(.',7.''f'g.9.54t
'( 9. '24
1.979.423
8,631,400
5.376,000
1.700,211
236,000
25'
158
80
69
108
91
68
Romt.
; Vienna
i Athens
; Constantinople
I Bukharest . . . .
I HclRrade
I Cettenje
TOTAL.
3.783.,So8 , 328,751,789
87
234,850
3.SM.571
289.338
338.579
2.269,023
44.087
397,690
246.343
1,222,330
328,047 )
I23,4<)9I
162,498
272,010
1.103,857
6f>.374
700,000
221.000
26.651
2,000
Cattle, Krain, and dair\- products,
(Coal. iron, tin, salt . inanuf.iclures of iron, wool, cotton,
( earthenware, etc
(M.achineiy, iron ships, maniif.ictures of iron, cotton
I and wool.
Agricultural products, linen, copper and le.id ore.
(Silks, woollens, and other wovc'n fabrics; wines and
I articles of fashion
(Clocks, watches, jewellery. I.ice and other woven fa-
I lirics, dairy products.
Wines, fruit, metals, wool and cork.
Port wine and fruits.
(Textiles, felt, grain, cittli-. provisions, leather; metal
( ar,d wood-wi)rk.
Refincc sugar, tlax. madder, cattle and dairv products.
I Flax, wrought iron, linen, woollen and cotton goods;
( l.ace, cutlery and hre-arms
Silks, olive-oil, frnit, cattle, sulphur and m.Trble.
I Wine, grain, fruits, manuf.acturesof leather, metal, glatis
1 and earthenwari'.
Currants, oliveoil. (igs, lead, and skins of sheep and goats.
Silks, carpets, attar of roses, tobacco.
Grain, cattle and skins.
S !
92
POLITIC. \I, F.rPOi'K.
Till- Commerce r)( thn country is chiefly by way of tlic
Damibi;. Till- Exports arL- (,'raiii, rattle ami skin>, most of
wliich ','0 to Austria and Great Britain.
Till' Go\''enimentS r>f Rouinania and Scrvia are iiniitcd heredi-
tary KM';,'d()ins, and the liTjislativc (xiwi-r is vi^tid in eieftivc
p.irliai ;. .is; ihat of MontcnL^ro, ilic smallest stale, is an abso-
lute hereditary monarchy under a Prince. The People belonj;
chiefly to the Slavonic race, and the Greek is the national ( hiirrii.
Bukharest, the capital of i'loumania, carries on a consulcr.ihlt
trade m ^.'raiii, timber and wool. Galatz anil Jassy are import-
I ant cities. Belgrade, a strontjly furtilied rily, is llie r,ij)ii,,| ,,f
I Sen-i.i. Cettenje {Clut-fcn'-vny) is tin,' caiiital of Mim'.i ni ^jrn.
Clllhl rn II. s AM> TiiUNS i)l-- l.rUOI'i: -KKIKKICNCI'; T.VIil.K.
I r\ OR Town.
London . . .
Paris
Berlin
(TolINTKY.
laiKlaiiil .
France . .
I (k'rm.inv
Vienna . . . .
. .1 .\iistri 1
St. Petersburg ... 1 Knssi.i . .
Cop"tantinopIe .... Turkey . .
Moscow I Russi.T ..
Liverpool . .
Manchester
Glasgow . . .
. . I IvuKlaml .
..' do .
Scotland
Naples .
Birmingham
Madrid
Brussels ....
Lyons
Buda-Pesth
Marseilles .
Warsaw
Dublin . ■
I
Amsterdam .
Leeds . .
Hamburg
Edinburgh i
/-.■'"' I I
Sheffield
Breslau
Rome .
It.ily
KnKl.ind .
Sp.iiii ..
HL'lKium .
I'raiici! . .
IFuiiHary
I'rance . .
Ku.ssia ..
Ireland . .
Holland .
Kngland .
Crennany
Scotland .
iingland .
Germany .
Italy
Barcelona Spain
Lisbon
Copenhagen .
Portugal .
Denmark .
Pope-
I.ATION.
.if*!-!..!?!
I.I.'J.tJO
i.Iof.Ss;
700.000
''ii.'J7»
.i5-'.t-'5
5'7vl'
5'i.5J-;
»0.5.'7--
4"".7.i7
i')~.fx)0
39-1.040
.t7''.,l'.l
360,099
.H9..?4i
3^S.047
NOTAI.I.K rK.KTCRKS.
309,1211
■-•89.859
289.35S
284,410
2yi,gii
272,010
243. lo'
-'46. .»H
234.850
( ('aini.il l.ar«<st. niosi in|iii-
lous, .-.nd »c;ilihi>'st city in
I till- win 1(1
( Most iHMUtifiil cii\ of I'.iir ipe
Notfd for in.inufacl'.ri's of
I artii Ics of ai ; .;iifi fashion.
jCipit.ll of the Ilmpirr -Man-
uf.ictiirin),' anil conimcrcial
( crnlrr
i Capital I'f tlir Ilinpirf Chief
.si-at of in.'iniifartun-s and
ci-minrrce -Noted for the
m.ignitiience of its pnblii
l>iiililint;s
I Capital, and greatest ronimer
I cial centre -Or the .Neva.
I -Founded liv I'eter th ■
I Great
Capital of theOttoman Kinpire
I .\ncient capital. — Centre of'
1 inland trade.
' Ini|Kirtant .sea-jiorl. — Famous
I for its docks.
Centre of cntlon manufactures.
I Important sea -port — Centre
i of iron ship Imilding.
1' Largest city, and commercial
I centre. — CcKlirated for ils
picture.-iipie situation and
manufactures of ni.acaroni
and vermicelli
1 Celilirale.l for metallic manu-
( factnres,
fC'apital — Noteil f ir its pal.ace
"the Fscurial." .and its a*"I
( collection.
'Capital. — Noteil for l.u.c
i m.aniif.acinres
Centre of the silk maniifactur
Capital of Hungary.
I Iwirgest s<'a-|Hirt. — Centre for
( proiluceofsi>iithern l->ance
' Chiet' city 01 the Kussiai.
( Province of Poland.
' C.ipit.al and rsulenc- of the
I Vi'jerov.
(Commercial metropolis, wit!'
large Fast Indian trade Fa-
I mous for diamon; (U.ting.
f Centre of woollen manufac-
( tures.
(Centre of commerce and
shipping for the German
I limpire
• Capital -Seat of science and
I literature.
^.oted for cutlery and hardware.
' Import.int wikiI market and
I manu' .cturim, ciiy
I Ca[Mtal — Residence of the
I Pope.
(Most important city for
"eal'l con^merce and
I m.anu^aclures.
'Capital and principal seat of
I commerce.
Capital and chief naval station.
City
MiiP'ch,
"^OWN.
Country,
Germany .
I
Turin Ilaly
Bordeaux I'rance. . .
Dresden Germany
Bukharest
Milan
Newcastle . .
inllcsh,.,-!.
Bristol. . .
Palermo.
Odessa .
Bradford
Lille
Stockholm . . .
Belfast
Antwerp
Riga
Prague
Rotterd m
Hull
Stoke-upon-Trent.
Leipzig
Trieste
Cologne
Valencia
Hanover
Dundee
Koenij^sberg
Toulouse
Genoa
Frankfort ^eii)
///.• Miiiii) )"
Seville
Ghent
koumania.
It.aly
ICngland . .
do . .
Sicily ....
Russia .. .
I'ngland ..
France . . .
Sweden . . .
Irel.md , . .
Belgium . .
Russia . . .
,\iistri.'i . . .
Holland ,
l^nj;land . .
do . .
Germany .
.\iistria . . .
Germany .
Spain . . ..
Germany .
Scotland . .
Germany .
France ...
Italy
Germany .
Spain ....
Helgium . .
Pope-
I..ATUIN.
Venice Italy
Kherson ....
Portsmouth
Kiev
Nantes
St. Etienne.
Russia . . .
England . .
Russia . . .
Fri..,. . . . .
do ,,
230,023
22f.,jJ7
-'-!i..io.i
j2o,,SoH
221,000
214 004
211,101
206,503
205,712
'93.5'3
183,032
■78.144
I7''>.74.'>
'74.394
lf>9,II2
168,844
162,323
'57-:70
iM.^50
' .5-:.4.S7
149,0s 1
144.844
■41.772
143,8511
142,664
■4--454
140.909
I40,!.S9
138.081
136,819
■33.938
'3'.43'
■ 29,276
12' ,079
■ ^7.953
127,^51
124.319
I.!3.8t3
NoTAHI.IC F'KATeRHs,
(Capital of Havaria Nnieil
for its art-gallery .iml Hiir-
( ,'iry instiliitions.
Silk manuf,iclures.
l•^\ports '■ Claret ' wine
(C.ipitalof Saxony .Noii.l f.ir
1 its,irt-g.illeryand maniil.ic-
( ture of china.
(Capital I'.xporls grain, tini-
( ber and wool.
(Centre of silk-trade Ctlc-
( brated for ils catheili,il.
Centre of coal trade.
( Important sea-(iort. — Tr.uli;
I with .\merica.
imiKirtant shipping port
(Principal sea-porl on ihe
Ulack Se,i .and most inip(.rt-
( ant wheat market.
Manufactures of wnollens.
(Centre of linen, cotton and
( wooUt'ii manuf.icHires.
Capital — I'a minis arsenal.
Centre of linen mannfaclnn s
( Imiiortant se,i-|x)rl.— Centrt-
\ of foreign commerce
I Sea-|iort - (.Lxporls gr.iin,
( hemp, and flax.
Chief city of liohumia.
ICommer- il city.- Noted f.ir
, (iisiil!e(l liiiuoi:
lSe.-|H)rt Triule .vith norih-
I em I-Jiropean ports.
Centre of potteries.
Noted for its great fairs.
The only imporiant sea-p.irl
( Famcnis cathedral. — I'rinci-
1 pal scat of commerce on the
' K':ine.
Noted for silk manufactur.s
I and fruit.
( Former capita' of the King-
( dom of Hanover.
(Manufactun s of sail-cloll;
( Sea-iiort.
(im|)ortant shipping port f"r
i grain, flax, etc.
Commerci.il city.
I Most important shipping-pori
( of northern Italy.
(Great financial centre of Ger
( many.
(Toh.acco manufactures an I
( fruits.
(Manufacturing city. — Noted
I for gloves.
(.\nc'ent city. — I'amous for in
- canals and former wealth
( and splendor.
' \n important city on th.'
i Dnieper.
Naval depot and arsenal.
(One of the oldest cities in t'le
i Fmoire.
Conimeicial city
Centre of coal and iron t. ade.
Liege . . . .
Leicester.
Florence .
Lemberg .
Danzig . . .
Brighton .
Rouen . , .
Havre —
Oporto . •
Bolton . .
Jassy
\Vine r
^SV'
POLITICAL EUROPE.
93
People lu'loin;
|ii"n.il ( liiircli,
■ 1 <<insi,|,.rnh|(,
sy .ire import.
■^ ''"• '■■•il'il.ildf
f ^^(Jn!(■l|,.,,ro
Cllllil- riTlKS AND TOWNS ()!■ KUROPE— REFF.RENrR r\ni.V..^ComliHtud.
1"i;atikks.
Il.ivaria, \,,|,.,|
Kallcry and |j(tr.
iiliiin.s.
tlMCS.
ir< I ■ wine
axciny, .\ni, ,| f,,r
lirvajiil iiiajiiifac:-
iii.'i.
xpnrts fir.-iin, tini.
.1.
■ illi-lrarlc Cl^..
ils lallicilr.il.
I tradr
s<'a-|K>rt. I'raili;
rira.
i|ipinK pnri
"■a-pnrt .III 111,'
and inci^l iin|Mrl-
inarkfl.
of woollon.s.
linen, cotlcm and
laniifacKins.
ncins arsenal,
n niamifai Inns
.sci.ixirt.— C.niro
comincrce.
I^xporls (,'rain.
1 lla.\.
Siiliiniia.
city.- Noli-il f.ir
ipiiM. ,
"radc >vilh niirtli.
'ran ports.
Icrii-s.
[ruat fairs,
inant sca-i'nri
liedral. — I'rinti-
commerce on the
tlk maniifarlnn s
ta' of the Kins,'.
novcr.
s of sail-cloth
tiipping port for
etc.
)■•
nt shippinR-jiori
Italv.
il centre of (".ir
infactnrcs and
K city. — \otcd
-I'amons for ii^
former wealth
tr.
; city on th.-
1 arsenal.
lest cities in the
nd iron fade.
Cn\- ciH Town.
The Hague.
Liege
Leicester
Florence . . . ,
Stuttgart , . . ,
Sunderland . .
Malaga
Bremen
Kichine7
Nottingham .
Oldham
Lemberg —
Danzig
Brighton ...
Rouen
Havre
Oporto
Bolton
Aberdeen . . . ,
Strasburg . . .
Blackburn . . .
Bologna
Kharkov . . .
Nuremberg .
Catania
Chemnitz. . .
Murcia
COIINTRV.
Jassy
Popu-
lation.
NoT,\ni.E I'eaturei.
Hollanil ...
Itel^inni , . .
England , .
Italy
Germany . .
Kngl.ind . . .
Spain
Germany . .
Russia , , . .
EiiKland . . .
(h) ...
.Viistria . . . .
Germany . .
ICn^dand .. .
I'rance . . . .
do ....
Portugal. . .
England . . .
Scotland . .
Germany . ,
England . . ,
Italy
[Seat of the Court, — Oistin-
Kuishfil for its art-Kallcries
("iTv OR Town.
Country.
Popi'-
I.ATION
NoTABt.K KtATI'llKS.
I-'.V.|OT I
Russia
Germany ..
Sicily
(lermany . .
Spain
Roumania. .
i-i.t.'.ti
i'7.103
I ir.,.;f,j
I i3,s;<j
ii-.i. (
HL.tl.t
10S.351
loy.sj.s
los.cjoT)
lOj.SCiy
I05.S,S
1 03, .1^2
103.034
104.171
lO^.OIJ
io.),.jgS
101.173
905")
97.f.i.i
9.S.i-!.t
'.li.'^os
tJO.OiX)
I and museums
( Coal mines and iron. works. —
Manuf.icturis of fire-arms
I and machinery.
Manufactures of hosiery.
I Seat of science and art. — Col-
., lection of p.iintiuKS and
( statues.
1 Capital of \VurteP''-er(;. —
Contains valuaMe art col-
lections and liliraries.
Centre of co.il tradi-.
I Wineaud Kra|)es. — Inm foun-
I dries.
lm|iortant shipping (lort
' l-ar^e Ir.ide in wheat. Iir\seed,
I and l.illow.
I Mannf.ic turi'S of hosiery and
I l.ices.
I'olton inanufartures,
(The c.ipit.'d of (i.ilici.i and
centre of trade in .\ustria.
I Poland.
I Ini|M)rtant shipping port.—
I Grain, and f.irni produce
i'ashiiinaltle watering place,
( ,\n important commerci-al citv
on the Seme, with cotton
I manufactures.
I The seaport of Paris, with
I larjje .American trade,
rentreofthe" Port " wine trade.
lui]iortant cotton inanuf.ictures.
I Princijial city in the north of
( Scotland.
(Capital of .Msace-ljirraine. —
One of th(; stroEinest for-
, tresses in Europe. — Noted
I for its cathedral,
t'otton manufactures.
( Import.int commercial city. —
Contains the oldest univer-
( sity in Italy.
Centre of whi'.it region.
.Manulacturin^' city.
Important shippinK-lMrt.
M.-inufacturiuH city.
.\n ancient city of Spain.
(Centre' of tradt' in Moldavia,
between Turkey, .\ustria
I and Russia.
Aix-ta-Chapelle
Brunn
Cardiff
Saloniki .
Galatz . .
Cork
Gottenburg .
(icrmany .
Austria
Wales ....
Turkey . . .
Roumani.i
Ireland , .
Sweden. . .
\ Christiania ' Norway
Messina , Sicily ..
Zurich
Switzerland
Utrecht Iloll.iml ...
Geneva
Switzerland
Cracow
.\ustria. . . .
Cadiz
Swansea
Spain
Wales
Athens
Greece ....
Adrianople
Turkey
Basle
Switzerland
Russia
Astrakhan
Merthyr-Tydvil . . .
Wales
Cronstadt
Russia ....
Taganrog
Berne
Nijni-Novgorod . .
do ....
Swii/erlam!
Russia . . . .
Belgrade
Servia
Funchal
M.adeira . . .
Angra.. .
Cettenje .
.\zores ....
Montenegro
8^r>6o
8i.57J
80.000
80,000
7S.64J
7X.t'i
7fi,S<ifi
7.'>.97''>
7i.3.<7
f>«.J20
r>(),o<)5
r.5,o;s
'■•.V7J0
63.374
Cj.ooo
6'. 390
57.7tt4
4«.S57
4S,i7'''
4S,iof>
.44,o.S7
4.!.44'
26,970
I9.7.')2
1 1 .070
2,oao
I Noli-il for its Kilh« .intl for
two im|«>rtanl trcities of
( p<..\ce concluiled there.
WiH'llen m.inuf.uturi's
I Sea-port of Merthvr fveKil.
'( — Coal .ind iron exixirts
i I'rincip.d sea port Mjnii-
\ fac lures leather
Centre of >;r lin trade,
( .\n im|<orl..nt sea |iort — The
harb-ir is called "(Jueens.
( town "
I Terminus of an inlaml water-
! route, liy I-ike Wener to
j StiK-kholin Important
I commercially.
I Capit.al —Exports timber and
1 rish
llxports fruit and (train.
I M.inuf,ictures of coltim and
( silk Edutatioii.il centre
< \n im|<(irt.int interior coiii-
( mercial centre
( Picturesipie situ.ition - Man-
uf.ictures of watches and
I jewellery.
I Former ecclesiastic, il capital
of Poland Celebratui for
( its salt mines
I'orlilit^! naval |K>rl
Smt'ltiuK copi^.r ores.
(Capital -Noted for its an-
( cient splendor
(Centre of silk, rarjiet. and
other tnanuf.ictures —Noted
( for the attar of rosi's,
(Ribbon and silk iiianiifac-
( lures.
(Caravan trade — Centre of
maritime commerce of the
{ Caspian Sea.
C*oal and iron works.
(Sea-port of St Petersburg. —
) Naval station
F'xports wheat
Cipilal
Celebrated annual fairs
(Capital.— A stronglv fortified
I c't.v
Capital.
cio
do
Commercial. — Which is the most populous country of luirope? Which
live rank nt v. ? Which four are ni'.irly ecpial in extent, ni'xt to Russia?
Which countries contain a population about equ.al to the I )ominion of Can.ada ?
Which less? What country contains the largest city? What three other
cities contain over i,cxx),ooo inhabitants? What are most of the countries of
Europe noted for? (Tli,ir ixliiisivc cnast-Unc.) Which has the greatest ex-
tent of coast-line ? What republic has no co.ast-line ? What small kingdom ?
What large empire has a very small coastline? What country is noted for
its fisheries? What countries for fairs? For the production of raw silk? For
silk manufactures? For (lax and hemp? I'or wheat ? I'rom what countries
do He import cotton and woollen goods? Eace? Silks and riblxjns?
I. in IS? Statuary marble? Cork? I'or' wine? Sherry wine? Claret
Wire? Olive-oil? Currants and dried fruits? Att.ir of Roses? What
(luntrics produce coal? \\.a7 Tin? Salt? Copper? l^ad ? Earthenware?
What country builds iron-ships ? Which are the chief ports of Great
Britain on the east ? Onthewest? In Ireland? Which are the chief ports im
the Baltic Sea? On the Mediterranean? On the Adriatic? On the Black
Sea? I'or what is London famous? (As the centre uj the icorld's commerce.}
Voyages and Travels. —What cargoes are usually carried from Montreal
GENERAL yUESTIONS.
to LiverixKil ? (Wheat and cattle.) From Qucliec to GlasROw ? (Timber.)
Throv.gl; "hat w.iters and past what countries would a vessel sail in going
from St. Petersburg to Genoa? From I-j-ghorn to Trieste' I'rom Venice to
Constantinople? What cargo would Ix; c.irried from Grewi to Montreal?
I'rom Marseilles? From Bordeaux ? From Hamburg' Wh.-t cargo Aould
a vessel carry fr"m Oi1e='-n to ! iverp<M)l? I'rom P.itra;.? I'roir M-i'aga?
From Oporto ? I'rom Christiania to Mull ? On what river would a steamer g<i
from Basle to Rotterdam? From Lyons to Marst'illes ' I'rom Warsr.w to
Danzig? From Nijni-Novgorod to .-Vstrakhan? I'rom Vienna to the Bl.ack Sea?
I'rom P.aris to Havre? What cities would a steamer pass <m the Rhine ? On
the Rhone' The Vistula ' The Volga ' The nanulx- ? The Seine?
Rail and Telegraph. — How can a telegraphic message Ix.' s»..nt from London
to Toronto? Through what countries and cities would it pass? I'rom Paris to
(Jnebec? From Lislxm to Rio de Janeiro? I'rom I^mdon to India fui
Alexandria? From I-ondon to Berlin ? In travelling by rail from Paris to
Constantinople through what countries and citi"s would you pass? How
would you travel from Paris to Brimlisi (eiii Mt. C<»ii), and past what
cities? From London to Aberdeen (via York)? I'rom Cork to '.<mdon {via
Publin and Holyhead)/ From Glasgow to Manchester ?
I'
li
'. : - -■,'>. '"\ On 111.' nxlit 1-. till! iw..liiiin|«cl !!.» lii.in .aiiid, (iftwi call..| "ih.- rhip
riiiii.T.nsa Ix-'ast of btinlni, as wrll as fur its milk ami li.iir. Tlic ape- siatuil .m llu^ trie Is tin-.. r .11 ■
_ oiilaiiK; it is nearly as lar^c as a man, ami iM-limt;- tu smiili-rastirn Asia, and to the islands uf ILtti."!)
ami Sumatra. On tin- l.ft is tln' Imllan cli |iliai\t, lasily trained to \arioiis kinds of I ilmr. Ni.ir lil,
fei't lies the zelm. or iloniestiiated saered Imll of India, marked liy a larK'e, fatly Inmp on thi' shonl.j. r'
tin: Hindoos harness zelms and ride on them, l.nt consider it a sin to kill thera. Tliert conies tin'
[■aroek, with his (^orKi'ons tail; he is also a native of India,
The lu'U se.^ne repr.'sents a hiilfalo k.cpiiiK' at l>av a royal H.'nKal ti^cr. A sinxle -iKer is sometimes
thel.rn.r of a iieiKhLorliood, pn.wliiiK aronnd the vllhiKes and earryiiiK off nnwarv natives, nil 1„.
earns th,' title of " man-eater." Next is pr.'sented a nr.Mip of de,r; many species of deer, several of
thi'in ecmrineil to this (Irand Oivision, .ire distrllMiled lhidiit;h .\si.i.
finally, ue have a native of Tibet 111,1, ;ited 011 a yak, a p,viill,u- .miiiial of hlKh (iMitr.il Asia. Tiiu
;-ak K.'ts its II. line from the (iriiiil it is wont t.i utter, It li.,s .Aininely |,,n^. h.ilr, ,iiul /i thick, bu-liv
nil, which is often cut off and sold while the aniiu.il is yet .iIIm'. Y.iks' tails are carried" Infer,'
olfieersof slate, and their r.iiik is indicated liv the nuuihcr of Mils. The Cliiiuse dye these- tails r.-,l.
and we.ir tliein .is 1 .ip urn/iinents
PHYSICAL ASIA.
I . ( ilM K M I 1|M HI I' I Ici.N.
Asia tonus itic iiorth-fiisu m
mass ot' iIk; l'],ist(.rn L'oiiliiiciu, of
wliicli l^iiropc ami .Mrlca nia\- lie
coiisiiliTcil as \asi peninsulas.
it is till' iar^jcsl cif tlu' (iiaiul l)iv.-
iiuis in size .itid tlic j^TiMttst in ])()|)til;i-
liiin. It is tirsi in the iiimiliif .iiiil liciojil
of ils iiKHinl.iiii s\slciiis; in llw txttnt
.111(1 L'icvalioii of its iil.iti-.itis ; in tlu; .size
of its pciiitisiilas, its s.tlt lakes or iiil.tnd
.seas, ;iiui ils .■uciiipi'laj;oc's ; .ind- is rc-
niarkahii- for the diversity of laci', laii-
f,'u;ij,'e, reiioion ,ind civilization of it.s
inliaiiit.ints.
The Area of Asia is about 111,300,000 scpiari!
miles, and its Population Is estimated ;it .ilxjiit
Soo,ooo,ooa. ll comprise, about one-third of the
land surface of the Klobe, .and mori' than one-h.ilf
of the popnlatioii.
The Outline of .\s-.i is very iik ^;nl,ir,
hilt not so iiiucli as tli.it ol ICiirope. 'J'he
eastern coast is indented hv iiuineroiis
anus of the Pacific, and the souther
urn
coast ii\ dee)) litanclles of tile Indi.in
< )e( .111. .\ reiii.irkalile feattiie is the ch.uii
id isl.inds aloii^j the e.tstern coast. Tin
Coast-linee.\(eeds35.iH)oniiles in leiif,'th.
i'he j.iroe Rivers of .\sia are navi-
^;.ii:ie f,ir into the interior and afl'ord
l.icilities lor roniiiierri.il iiaereonrse.
I i'e Natural Advantages I'osses.sed
liy -\si,i ate: its vahialile n.iliir.d ve^,', -
t.tlile products, such as tea, rolTee, rice,
iiuli};!), ,iiid spices; ,ind its e.xtensivi
mines of the precivitis metals and stones.
Asia is in ni.iny n'sp.vis the most interesting-
of the Co.ind 1 1|\ Islons It u,is here ».!iat Ih.
luim.in race was lirst pl.imcd. ami here that oc
iiirrud mo.st of the interestinK events recorded in
the Hibh-. It was the seat of early civilization
.111(1 of the two great einpin-s of antiquity, the
Assyrliiu and Persian. Here, too, orlj;inated the
tribes that peopled Kuro;-.. and .spread the eh
ments of society, civilization and learnlnR over
the world. The descendant.-, of the tribes that
remained in .\sia, however, instiMil of niakinj;
pronrisb, haviMnther remained ftatioiriry or have
sunk into the half-civlli7..(l or barljarous slate.
N'i}.irly the whole population of -Asia is Pagan.
called " the ^hip
I Asi.i, TiU 1 ,„„)
I! tri'i' is iliti.tu',^
isl.lluls lit 1;. TI'..,
f I.itmr. Ni .ir In,
poll thi'.sli.MiM, r;
Then ciinu > ih.
!iKor issometlnus
ry natives, nil h,.
iif clcer, sevir.il i.{
entral Asia. Tliu
lul a thick, hu^hy
re carried Kfi.r.>
vu these tails re.l.
of till' Inilian
uic is tlic<li.ini
111 coast. 'J"li(
mill's in lfn;,'th.
Asia arc iia\ i-
<>r and aflonl
Iciioursc.
ges ixissfssd
ilalilial V<j,'( ■
a, rotTie, riii ,
its cxtcnsiM
lis and stont;s.
niiist interestinj
as here that tli.
nd here that ci.
■eiits recorded in
•arly civi!i?atiiin
if antiquity, thi-
«, c)ri;;inated the
spreail the ele
id learning over
f the tribes that
-lead of making
atiiMiiry or have
'>irbarous state.
l^:a is Pagan.
(Ill «l»t?
PMYSICAI, ASIA.
■t'
i
/
/. ^
J
n
S .
• ^
9S
II. (_>l I SIIONS OS Till':
I'lnsKAi. Map.
Outlines Wh.itihri.iiLiMiiM
»,i li ilii^ sliiirr^ (if Aii.i } Til
hIi.iI I nllllnrllls is it JKiiitil i>ll
ihc ui'si i Wlial iithiniis inn
III. 1-. Asia vvitli African Wli.it
ittiul »ii|i.iratrs Alia frmii
Nc'iili AriuTita? Natiif llii
»i\sias prni'tratiiiKtiii'iaNlirii
cii.i'l What islaiiiU anil [h n
iiiMil.i lUMrly iiulcisc HiliriiiK
Sri' (.S'.i' Miip i,f M'u/lMI
//, /i(/>/|/iiCi ) Okliiitsk Sea -
J.ij.an Si'a.' t'liiiia Sim ■> Wlial
|ii iiin.Hiila is JH'lHii'ii Japan Sia
ami Vrllow Sia ? What is-
lamls aro cast uf ihr ICastirn
Sia.' IIii« iHOkhulskSiai mi.
miliil with J.ip.in Sra ' J.ip.in
Si.i with the ICaslir n Sr.i '
Tin; IvasiiTii Sra with China
Sia? Wh.it niilf is at ihi'
111 ail iif V.lliiw Sim? Whit is-
1 mil is liilwirn the l^.istirn
Si.i anil China Sia' What
iblanil is ill ihi; iHiriliLrn pan
nl llir China Sta? What t«ii
Kulfs an- iiinniTlril with tin;
I hina Sim? What Kfal P'"'
insiila is ai thr sl■nth■l■a^ll■rn
ixtrrniity c.f \<\.\.'' \\ h.it
sniallrr pinirisiila rxtmils Irnin
it.' What isl.inils arr tu Ihr
Nilllll of tlU'Si;? N'.inir ihr
prinripal straits fniin tin- M.il-
aysian I'lninsnla in ilic Knl
Sim? What Krrat li.iy anil
Mas are conniclnl with tin
Inilian ( Icran ? Wli.it (^iilf i>
mirth of thu .Vrahian Sia '
What gnlf wet? What fuin
border seas are on the west of
.Vsia ? W'h.it interior sea is in
the west? Name ihe must
nurtlierly cape. The three
most southerly ca|x;s. What
islands are in the Hay of Hin-
Kal? In the Arabian Sea?
What lari-e island is south of
IIinilosi.,j. '
Highlands. What belief
forms preiluminate in .\sia ' In
what portion are the innstele-
v.ited l.inds ? Name the pla-
teaus of the Cireat Cenir.il I'latean Hell (besinninK frnin the west) ? Name the
southern plateaus. Wh.it mountain r.inne is on the pl.iteaii of .Vsia Minor?
Between .\sia Minor and KuroiH.-? What [K'ak is nu.ir the Taurus .Moun-
tains? Ne.ir the lie.i.l of the Ked Sea? What ranges are north of the
I'lateau of Iran ? Horder on the Plateau of Tibet ? On the I'lateau of Tur-
kestan > The I'lateau of Monjjoli.i ? What two ranges are in the north-east
of Highland .\sia ? In thesoutheast ? What is the loftiest mountain system
of Asia? (Thi- Hinnilnya Moiinttiiiis ) Name the deserts in the I'lateau of
.\rabia. In the I'lateau of Iran ? W'h.it great desert is near the centre of
Asia? In wh.it part of .\si.a are the volcanoes?
Lowlands and Drainage. — Where is the principal lowland of .\si.i ? What
is it called ? With what ICuropean pl.iin is it connected ' What mountain
system partly separates them ? In wh.it part are the tundras or mossy
marshes ? What belt lies south of the tundras ? What plains south-west of
I'm Ml Al. VlhW ill .\slA.
the forest-lielt ? What three gnat rivers drain the Cireat Sibrririn Plain?
Wh.it great river Hows into the Okhotsk Sia ? Wh.it ihrei- large lakes or s<as
are in the south-western part of the SilKri.iii Plain ' Wli.it like is in the
suuthern part of northern .\si.i ? Wli.it pl.iins are between the I'l.iti .ill of Iran
and the I'late.m of .\rabi.i ' Uy what rivers , ire thiy ilr.iinrd I Where do thisi-
How ? What plain is wist of the Yellnw Sea ' Where are the Plains iil India
situated? Between what mountain ranges' Hy wh.it rivers are they drained?
Where do tl.eso flow? What is the gener.il direction of the mountains,
rivers and v.illeys of Indo-China' ^". hich are its chief rivers? What two
great rivers flow eastward into the Yellow Sra "'
Ocean Currents. -What great ocean curnn's flow on the east of .\sia?
Wh.it is the direction of the Kipi.itiiri.il (."urn nt ■ < >f the lij.u k ijufuiii
("urreiit ? What currents are in the Indian ( )ce.in - What variatiiju have the
currents in the bay of Ijengal and .\rabian Sea ?
' i
J
^
rin'sicAi, ASIA.
I. i
! I
I
Geographical Circles. — Wlint ^riMt circle cr(iss<s tin; map of .\sia ? Wliat
tslaiiilsiliii-, It 1 los-, .' Wlial t«ci Zmiu Circkscrd^s llicciuitiiieiil ? In whic li
ziino is till- >;riati r p.ift iif Asia? In wliii li zuiic is tlu; iH)rtli<rn part ? Tin:
iiitlnTii pininsul.as? Tlirijuyli liow i.iaiiy ili:}<r<fs of l.ititinli' dois .Vsia
I Atciiil Morlli ijf tin: I'jpiator? TliruiiKli hnw ni.iiiy ili;;n<s of loiit;itiiili: ? Is
tin; lui,t;iluili- r.isl cir wist of tin: Prime Miriilian *
Climate and Products. -With what p.iralkl ilous tlic liiii; markiiij; tin:
northern limit of Irrcs in:.irly ciiintiiU?
How dors this comparu witli lCurui»;?
What an: the viKftatilc proiliictions of
the Central ri:ninsnl,t (/«(//</).' OfCey- r — — ■- — \ ^ '
Ion? Of the Aiala;,sian Archipilatjo? F .
Of Indo-China? v'ftliina? U( the Ja- ''
pan Islands? Of Arabia? What arc
the must iingiortant anim.ds of .\raliia?
Ofliwli.i? Of Im'.o-Chin.i? Jf the >la-
la\si.in Archipcl.iHo? Of hi(,'hland Asia?
What fisheries are carried on in the north
.iiul northe.ist ? Where are the pe.irl
lishuries? Where is the prii ip.d min-
er.d re^jion of Asia? Name the chief
niiin*rals. ^\'hat precious stones are
found ? Where are they found ?
III. — SuKi-AC , .\Ni) Dkain.\ge.
Tht; Continent of Asia
may Ih; divided into thrcci
priiicijjal parts: - the Great
Central Highland, the
Great Siberian Plain, and
tht; Southern Peninsulas.
Ht;.sidcs these there is In-
sular Asia, or the Japanese
Islands, in the east.
The Great Central Highland
oxtiiuls from the Caucasus Moun-
tains oil tlic west to the I'a'.-ilic
Ocean on the east, f^radually
expanding in breadtli until it
embraces most of tlie eastern part
of the continent. It consists of
vast elevated plateaus traversed
by lofty mountain chains.
A belt of immense dry, sandy, or saline
deserts extends tlironnh these plateaus
from the Ked and Mediterranea'i Seas
almost to the I'acilic Ocean. This belt
is also continued westward through
Africa to the .Vllantic Ocean.
The high Plateau of Pamir
may be considered as the cen-
tral jioint, whence the mountain
ranges diverge eastward and west-
ward.
Three great mountain ch;iins extend eastward. In the .south the stupen-
dous Himalayas, separating the Plateau of Tibet from the Plains of Indi i.
are continued in inferior chains to the Pacific; in the c"nlre, the Kuen-Lun,
enclosing the Plateau of Tibet on the north, are continued in the Khingan
and Peling Mount.iins; in the north Le Thian-Shan, and the triple chain of
the Altai Mountains, prolonged in the Yt jnoi and other lower ranges,
extend to the north-eastern angle of the continent and form the iiorllicrn
slope to the tiiberi ■ . I'liiin,
v-.-sSj^
Scene in tiih Him.\i..\va Mts
The vast Plateau of Mongolia and Eastern Turkestan form, ,, Great
Central Depression, surroumle.l l>y moimt.iins, estemling from th. I lii.n,.
Shan Mountains on the west to the Khingin M.>iintains on the north r i i and
encloses tlie great Desert of Gobi, j.cmxj mill's in length. I'roni the nipun-
tain chains surrounding it, tin: slope is towards tin: four points of th,' , : ';mss
.IS shown by the courses of the great rivirs. The Obi, Ycneseiai:,! Lena
llow northward, through the \,isl jilains oi Siberi.i, into the .\ntie o, , -m.
The Amoor, Hoang-ho and Yan^-.
tse-kiang dcsc. nd the eastern sluix;
through higii mountains, vallevs, aii.l
alluvial plains to the I'.icilic On the
south-east the Mekong .iml Irawady
How between long parallel ch.iin, of
mountains into the tnilf of Si.im ;ind
Jiay of liengal. The "sacred stre.iins"
of the Himalayas, the Brahmaputra,
Ganges and Indus lUiw south imi die
Indian Ocean, ,ind the Euphrates i;.i ■
the Persian tlulf. The Amoo ami Sir
Daria flow westward into the Aral Se.i.
In the great central lU'pression and pl.iin,
the Tarim, .ifier .-. course of i,7ix) miles,
disappears amid the sands of the desert
of i:,istern Tiirkest.an. in Lake Lob Nor,
the only outlet of which is by ev,ipurali..n.
The Plateau of Tibet is the m,,st
elevated region inhabited by in.in, being
higher in most parts than the top of
Mount lilanc. It in.iy be consid.red tin-
nucleus of the mount.iin system of .Vsia,
and is called by the orient, lis "ihe roef
of the world ' it contains several lak.'s.
the most remark.ible of which is Lake
Palte, which forms ,i ring ol w,iter live
miles wide round .i circular islaml. on
which is a Tibetan temple. This lake
is held sacred.
The gre.it central de[)ression--the low
Plateau of Easterri Turkestan and Mon-
golia-is from j.ooo to ^,ooo feel abcue
tin: sea, or from 6,000 to io,ooo feet lower
than the neighboring Plateau of Tibet.
The Himalayas contain the highest
mountains known--Mt. Everest Inia^
over jcj.ooo feet in heiglit and many
pe.iks in them and in the adjoining
ranges are above ^5,000 feet. The sum
mits of these ei.orinous mountains are
covered with eternal snow; and to the
Hindoo, viewing them from the burnim;
plains below, they have always Ixjcn ob
jecis of wonder ,ind religious venerition
- "the S.icred Mountains."
The Passes, of w hich there are several,
are of an amazing elevation, and are e\
ceedingly difticult of ascent. Th.it of
Ksrakorum is iS,ooo feet above the se.;.
The Kuen-Lun and Thian-Shan
Mountains are nji so lofty as the Hima-
lay.as, alllip.igh some peaks are supposed
to be from 15,000 to jo.ooo feet high
The A'tai Mountains extend ,ilKiut 5,000 miks .across the continent, but do
not ,iverage more than 5,000 feet in height
From the Plateau of I'amir, the converging point of the great
eastern ranges, t'le highlands arc continued westward in the
Plateau of Iran, with its lofty and mountainous borders, ex-
tending from the low plains of the Indus to the western extremity
of the continent.
The two mari
converge tow.in
and 1» ing prole
the T.ible-land
On the north
and futher wi
Itl.ick .iinl fast
bftwr.ii lairop
frt.t,,|„.ve thi
Mt. Ararat,
is |(.,.fO feet a
aliipiit 15,000 fi
alKne ihe se
The Altitude
or ^ •«>.> feet at
10,000 feel liigl
Ol casional '.
practical rout
The principal
near the norlh
In the caste
j,oo"» to 5,oi>j I
to Mongolia, ,1
■j'he great
Turkestan
Muimtaiiis I
liic (ireat 1-
tlie (Caspian
It consis!
those of the
In the Nort
dependant up'
South and So
neiii,'idic T.art
Region is a v
animals. Sot
The Eastei
Western Pai
only about J-;
The Sou
division of
tain the de
They consi
tan, south of
Malay Penir
miiderate ele
Arabia for
extends throi
the fertile J/
comprises th
it from the I
t.iins extendi
The River
as they rise
lively limitei
rivers of An
iivful for CO
alile for nav
tlio.se of the
are not avai
The Casp
with each o
they are rea
is also salt.
The Casp
(.Insula
niVSICAI. ASIA.
9f
fnrni, ,, Great
olll III, ll,i,|„.
n..rili ,., I, and
■■"in l!n' iiiutin-
llhr,, ;.;,,„,
lesei.Hbl Lena
Arc tic ( I, ,,,n.
ami Yanj,-.
tM-'tlTll slupe
, v,illc\s, aii.l
'tilic I):, ilic
111(1 Irawady
^llil rliaiii.-i of
f cf Siaiii ,inil
icii.l .stn.ini,'
Brahmaputra,
»>iilli iiit,> [he
Euphrates i.i .
Amoo a 11.1 Sir
y the Aral >, ,i.
isicMi aiul pi, nil,
I'f 1,700 liii!, s,
s of thu ik's. rt
-ake Lob Nor,
)> L-vapor.iii,,!!,
t is thu most
liy man, l.ciiij;
ail tliu top (,f
considiTril 111,,
iystiiii of Asi.i,
U.ils "ill.' r,..-f
s srvcT.-il lalifs,
kliich is Lake
K of w.itLT live
iilar islaml, on
lie. This lak.;
•ssion-^thu low
Stan and Mon-
000 fi'it .lb,,.,
J,ooofcct lower
L'au of Tibi-i.
n the hi.i;lu'st
Everest iKii-
'it aiul iii.iiu
the adjoining;
let. The sum
iiountaiiis ar,,
v: and to tln'
m the hiirniii:;
nays Ixjcn ol,
JUS veneritloM
T'jaresever.il,
n, and are i\
-•nt. That of
nbove the se.:.
hian-Shan
as the Him.i
are siipjioseil
100 feet hi(,'li
lintiit. hut do
jf till' KfL-at
ard ill thu
orders, c.v-
» extremity
The l«o marginal ssvells wliicli .are from vx) to 700 miles ;ipart in tin- i-.isl.
converi;e towanls the west iiiilil tin y nirel south of tin- (".iniasus Mount. lins.
and 1" "'li prolonged betuetn tin: MecKiurrane.iii and Ltl.ai k Seas, ihey form
the Tableland of Asia Minor.
On ilie northern side are tin- Hindoo-Koosh .ind ili.' Plburz Mountains;
,ind firlliir west the lower ramjis of ih, Taurup Mountains; hin,.ii the
Hl.iik ,111(1 Caspian Seas are tin- Caucasus Mountains, forming the bound.iry
bflHi, 11 Ihirope and .\sia. Occasional suiiiinits rise to the hel>;ht of 15,000
feel ,il„i\i.' llif se.'i.
Mt. Ararat, a solitary mountain rising from tin- liinh I'late-.iu ,if .\rnu-ni.i.
is ii'.'Aio felt above the se.i Mt. Demavend, in the I'.lbnr/ Mountains, is
almiit 13,000 feet, and Mt. Elburz, in the I'.nic.isus .Mountain. i'<,5oo feet
abovi- ihe sea.
Till- Altitude of the pl.iteau increasi's from -',500 feel in Asi.i Minor toi, ixxj
or > ■«*.! feet at its eastern extremity, whire the SuUman Mountains (s.ooo to
10,000 feet h\v.h) separate it from the low plains of the Indus.
Oicasion.il Passes in this hi),'h e.astern mountainous Ijorder form the only
praclie.il routes of tr.ivel between the interior of .Vesleru .\si.i uid Indi.i
The principal are:— the Bolan Pass, near 'he centre, and the Khyber Pass
nc.ir tile northern extremity.
Ill ilie eastern part of the plateau a remarkable Depression occurs, fron
j,t»Ki to 5.000 feet below the yener.al level. This rej^ion is similar in characti r
to .M,'Ug(jli.i. and consists m.iinly of salt stepjies ann 'i.:;.,'rts.
Till' gnat Siberian Plain, inchidinf,' the Plain of WPiitern
Turkestan in the soulli-wcsl, extends fruiii the ICIlmr/ ai.d .\!tai
Moimlaiiis northward to the Arctic Ocean, and is separateil from
tlie (jreat Lowhiiid Phiin of luirope liy the Ural Mountains and
the ("aspian Sea.
It consists of Three Belts of country somewhat similar to
those of the great j)laiiis of European Russia.
In the North .are mossy swamps, called Tiiiulnis, inhabited by noin.ad tribes
di|« ndaiit upon the reindeer and upon thu fish of the (jreat rivers. In the
South and South-west are immens,, grassy regions, the home of barbarous
nuMiadic T.irtars, who subsist chiefly on shee,> and horses. In the Middle
Region is a vast evergreen forest, abounding in fur-be.iring and other wild
animals. Some cleared portions are inhabited by Kuropeans.
The Eastern Part is elevated and the surface is ruggeil or hilly , but the
Western Part, including thu Slt/</<,s of the Obi liasin, is more level, and is
uiil> about J50 feel in <aver;ige elewuion.
The Southern Peninsulas of Asia form the most important
division of tlie continent, and witli the adjacent countries con-
tain the densest population.
They consist of the three great peninsulas of Arabia in the west. Hindos-
tan, south of the I lim.ilaya Mount.iins , and Indo-China in the east, with the
Malay Peninsula at its southern extremity. These are mainly table-lands of
iiiuilerate elevation.
Arabia forms the western part of the great plateau and desert l>elt, which
cMinds through Central .Vsia, and is sej ,irated from thi: I'lateaii of Iran by
the fertile Mesopotamian Plains 01 Valley of the Euphrates. Hindostan
comprises the Plateau of the Deccan, ar ' the Plains of India which separ.it,
it from the llimal.iyas. Indo-China is .1 plateau tr.iversed by i.ingeaof nioun
tains extending from the eastern end of the Himalayas southuard.
The Rivers of .\sia are large and are distinguished by their (,rcat length, but
as they rise chiefly in the great central highland, their basins are compara
lively limited and their tributaries are not so numerous as those of the gre.il
rivers of .\merica. Those that flow into Ihe I'.icific Ocean are the most
ii-iful for commercial piiriuises. The flanges and luiphrates are .also valu-
,ililefor navigation. Most of the other southern rivers are too rapid, and
those of the north are frozen over for a great p.irt of the ye.ir, so that tiny
ire not available for navigation
The Caspian Sea and the Sea of Aral .seem once to havi' communicated
«illi each other and with the oceanic waters; now, cut oft from the ocean
ihey are really S.1I1 Lakes H>ith contain sturgeon anil .seals. Lake Balkash
I , .also salt. Lake Baikal is the largest fresh w.^ter lake.
The Caspian Sea is about four times as l.irgc as I..tke Superior.
(Insular Asia will l>u treated under the head of "Japan ".)
i\'. — Ci.iM V n., \'i.<ii- rvriDN, .\nim\i.s anp Mini-.k,\is.
Asia, extending nciriy to the npi.itor 011 llie south, and he-
yoiid the .Vrclic. ( ircle on the north, h.is every v.triety of chm.itc
as well as everv variety ol products.
Thi- Himalayas and the ranges that j,iiii them on the e,ist and wist m.ike ,1
marked separ.iliim bitwieii the tropical c,)untries of the soiilh and ihe leni
l)er,iti' and mid regions of the north In .\st.i the dim.ite is not nnulilieil bv
the inlluence of the oce.m currents and winds to the sinie extent .is ii is in
lairope
Tile Great Central Highland is notahle for its extremes of
heat ai'd cold. h is also to .1 gre.it i Me'it rainleSS, Inilig cut
olT from tile Mio.st rain-bearing wiiuIm by the high siii loiiiidiiig
mountain ranges.
In the vast regions of the Himalayas there is found every v.irieiy ,f sur-
face, climate .and vegetation. Kugged mountains, .arid plains, fertile valleys,
dense jungles an I immense forests, produce the most sinking diversities of
scenery, dim. lie and vegetation, often in close proximity. Thus, in the cele-
brated Valleys of Cashmere and Nepaul the tlmvers and friuis of the tropics
are foil. 1,1 almost si.le by side wilh the productions of the temiierate /ones;
while the snows of thu .\rctic Regions aru seen in the distance on the suhimits
of the lofty Himalayas.
Owing 1,1 the iine,|iial anil varying U ini>erature produced by ihe intirposi
ti,in of l.irge tr.icts of land, snow-cl.id 111, Mint, liiis and liciled pl.iins of sand,
Ihe trade winds of the .\tlantic and Pacific are, -n the Imliaii < >i can. diMTIed
from iheir course, ,ind are subject to great and sudden irregularities. In
f.ut, there is no northern trade-wind in the Indian Oce.iri, allhoiigli the
southern tr.nle-wind blows constantly lielwcen Australi i iiid Midig.isi .ir
The irregularities produced in the tr.ule-winds give rise to the .1/,/iiiiicimi,
which blow h.ilf the year from Ihe south-west, when Ihe snn is norlh of the
eipiator, and from the north-east during Ihe rem,iining six months, when the
sun is south of the eipialor. When the changes take pl.ue they are accom-
panied by terrific thunder-storms, torrents of rain, anil furioii-, hurricanes.
Typhoons .ire frii^hlful revolving storms which ixicur every two or Ihrei?
years in the China Sea.
Tile Siberian Plain has tin s.ime i h.iracteristics as tlie north-
ern part of the great Lowland I'laiii of Europe.
Thu winters are long and cold, and the summers are short. In the southern
p.irt there is a scanty vegetation; beyond that aru dense forests, and north of
them the scanty vegetation of the .Vrctic Zone.
The Southern Peninsulas have a tropical climate.
In no part of the world is the Rainfall Inivier than in districts ,.f Indi.i
directly facing thu va|)or-beariiig winds from the Indian Ocean, but Arabia
comes within the rainless desert belt which extends through the great Central
Highi.ind.
Thu plains to thu south of the Himalayas through whiili the (ianges .ind
liralimapootra How, and the valleys of the rivers of the l^aslern I'eninsula.
are to a great extent covered wilh sw.imps, jungles and f, rests
The great desert IhIi is broken by the low and fertile Mesopotamian Plains
or Valley of the Euphrates, where the date p.din llounsln s and win .it is
l.irgcly cultivated
Owing to the gre.il diversity of elevation and to the variety of
surface, the Products of .-Vsi.i vary from tlioso of tin; Tropics to
those of the north Temiierate Zone.
The chief products of the warm tem|K'rate re»,ii>ns of the e.astern part are
tea, rice and thu nuilberrv ; of tin; western, co'iee. gr.iins and spices. The
fig, date and olive flourish, and hemp. flax, wheat, b.irley .ind otlnr grains,
as well as the friiils of the Teniiier.ile /one, are extensively grown in the
fertile valleys and .dluvi.il plains of the higliei litiludes The principal I'ro
ducts of the Southern IVninsulas are rice, cotton, sugar-cane, coffw, indigo,
and tropical fruits; thu [wppy (ci^i'«m) and spices; Ihe palm, bamlxjo, the
widespre.iding b.iny.in, the aloe, ebony and sandalwood.
The Wild Animals of .\sia. as shown on page S.(, are numerous Our Do-
mesticated Animals; -the horse, .iss, go.il. sheep, ox, hog, our loniinoii
fowls, all of onr grains incepting maize, and many if ur must inipurtuiit
fruits and vcgotablai, were oriKinally dsrivud from Asia.
ma
98
POLITICAL ASIA.
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POLITICAL ASIA.
99
Mountains.— WAcrc are ihe\ ?
Suliinaii? Altai? Vahlonoi ? Kiicn-Lun? Thian-Shan? Himalaya?
PeliiiR? Nanling? Hindoo-Koosh ' F.lburz? Caucasus? Taurus?
Seas, Bays and Gulfs. — Where Is it?
Jap.in? Okhotsk? Persian? Red? Siam ? BenRal? Rchring? Yellow?
Pechi'li? Eastern? China? Oman? Aden? Tnnquin?
Straits. — Between what lamls? What wiitert tines it eonnecf?
(".■na? La Perouse? Bab-cl-Mandeb? Palk? Tormosa? M.alacca?
Ormiiz?
Rivers. — Where docs It rise? In u'hut direction does it Jlote ? Throuf^h ichul
tounlrics? Into what body of jroler?
Ojii? Irtish? Amoo? Sir Daria? Yenesei ? Lena? Ar.'-r? Yaiu;-
tse-'kiang? Ho-ang-ho? Ganges? Jumna? Indus? HrahmapcxUra ? Ir.i-
waily? Mekong? Mcnam? Salueu ? Tigris? Euphr.itcs?
Lakes and Seas. — Where situated.' What outlet lias it?
V.ui? Aral? Baikal? Caspian? DcmiI ? Balkash?
Cities aiid Towns. — In what country is it ' In what part f On or near n'hal
red/, r ?
Tuinsk? Barnaul? Tobolsk? Omsk,' Ekaterinburg? Irkutsk? Maimat
chill? Kiakhta? Tiflis? Kars? Khiva? Bokhara? M.rv? Kh.ikan ?
Tashkcnd? Samarcand? Kashgar? Petropaulovski? Okhotsk? L,a.ssa?
Xankin? Shanghac? Pekin? Tien-tsin? Hang-chow? Hankow? Canton?
Hong-Kong? Foo-choo? .\moy? Ningpo? Tokio? Yokohama? Kioto?
Ozaka? Nagasaki? H.akodadi? Matsmai? Hue? Bangkok? Mand.alay ?
Rangoon? Sai^tin? Singajiorc? Kandy? Colombo? Calcutta? I'.itna?
HiMi.ires? Allahabad? Cawnpore? Delhi? Agra? Bombay? Surat ?
M.nlr.is? I'ondichcrry ? Hyde.nbad? Amritsir? Cashmere? Lucknow?
I'eshawur? Yarkand ? Kabul .^ Herat? Kandahar? Kelat? Teheran?
Ispahan? Tabriz? Meshed? Shiraz? Bushire? Bagdad? B.issorah?
Smyrna? Trebizond ? Erzerouni? Diarbekir? Aleppo? Damascus? Jerus.a-
lem? Beyrout? Mecca? Medina? Jidda? EKiad? Muscat? Mocha? Aden?
DIVISIONS OF ASIA.
The Political Divisions of A.si.i an:: —
British Emhirb iv India.
Afgh..\nist.an.
HkI.()OCHIST.\N.
Pi:rsi.\.
Asi.\Tic Rijssi,\.
ClIINESK IvMI'IRK.
Empikr of J.m'am.
Indo-China —
KiNC.DOM OK AmA\i. Tl'KKEY.
KiNcnoM oi' SiAM. .Arahia.
Emi'iri; or Ui'kma.
These countries .ire all /absolute Monarchies, except Bntisii
liidia, which is muler tlie lule of Grc.il Hiitaiii. .Vsialic Russia
forms part of the Ri":Gian Empire under the Csur, ami .Vsiatic
Turkey part of the Turkish limpire under tiie Siill^iii. The
Monarch of Japan is called tiie Mikailn; of Persia, the Shah;
those of Afp;hanistan and Beloochistan, Khans,
The prevailing form of government in .\sia forms a marked cont: ist to the
Republics of .Vmcriea ami to the Limited Monarchies of I'uropo.
The only Native Government of ,\5ia making any advance in civilization
is that of Japan, which, from being the most exclusive, is now the most
progressive.
The Inhabitants helonfj to three of tlie threat races: — the
Caucasian, emhracinf,' tliose of the peninsula of ilindostan and
ilie countries north-west of it; the Malay, those of the M.ilay
Peninsula; and the Mongolian, which includes by far the
greatest niimlier, all the remainder of the continent including
t'- Turks of Asia Minor.
■ extreme northern zone is thinly inhabited, and the gre.nt centr.d pla-
tt. ;an support only a nomadic or semi-civilized population. The fertile
plains of China .mil tropical .\sia are the great seats of population, and are
rich in natur.al resources In this region civilized nations have existed for
thousands of years, but their civilization has long Ix-en sl.ation.ary, and the
swarms of common |KM>p|r are poor, ignorant and degraded.
Tlie leading Religions of tlie world all originated in .\sia —
the Jewish, the Christian, tlie Mohammedan, as well as the
two le.iding Pagan religions, Brahmanism and Buddhism.
Till Christian and Jewish Relipors .are now reprcsentnl in .\si,i by very
few followers, .\lviut one half of all the followers of the Mohammedan f.iiih
are lobe found in .\sia. Indi.i alone containing alxiut soixx>.c«»i The pre-
vailing religions are Brahmanism, wliiih has its seat in llindostan, and
numlxTs alxiut I'xi.ooo.ooo of followers, and Buddhism, which has its centre
in Tibet, with about 340,000,000 of followers.
ASIATIC RUSSIA.
Asiatic Russia comprises nion; than onti-thinl of
Asi.i. It incliulcs Siberia in ihc north, Russian
Turkestan in tht; south-wtjst, ami Trans-Caucasia
or < ji;orgia l)ctwcL'n tht; IMack ami Caspian Seas.
Siberia occupies the whole of the great northern (ihiin, and
extends from the wocnled slopes of the .\ltai Mountains to tiie
tundras or dry wastes of the far north, wliere, although there arc
no glaciers as on the arctic coasts of North .\merica, the- grouiul
is perpetually frozen to a great dqpth, the summer thaw affecting
only the surface.
It consists, except in the south, .almost entirely of steppi's and ni.irshes,
.across which the Obi, Yenesei and I^na rivers pursue thi'ir sluggish course to
the .-irctic (Ici-an.
The chief Products of Siberia arc; its furs from i\w forest-lielt ;
gold, chiefly from IC.ist Siberia; copper, iron aii<l gold from the
Ural Mountains; and fossil ivory from the isl.inds of Ni^w Si-
beria. Except in the upper valleys of tin; ^'eneBei aiul Lena
and the lower valley of the Amoor, the Soil is unfit for culti-
vation.
Fossil ivoiy consists of the tusks of mammoths (large animals now cxtinrt).
which are found i 1 the frozen regions n( the New Silwrian Islands, near the
mouths of the rivers in the Tundr.as.
Silicria is the seat of an immense Overland Trade with
China.
Teas, silks, satins, porcelain .and other articles are obtained from the
rhineso in exchange for furs, lambskins, nut.als, cottons and linens.
The longest inland commercial route in the wcirld ixtends from I'ekin in
China, through Maimatchin, Kiakhta, Irkutsk, Tomsk and Tobolsk to Mos-
cow anil St Petersburg, .t <listance of 4,500 miles.
.\long thi; icebound co.ast of Sit>eria, the Swedish explorer. Prof. Nor-
denskjold, succee<led in m.iking the passag: from tin: Atlantic Ocean to
llehring Strait (see p. zi). It is thought th.it this northern route, as far as
the I..ena River, cm bi; utilized for pur|vises of tr.ide
.\ large part of the Population is composed of exiles from ICuropean Russia
and the r descendants. Criminal and jvilitical offemlers an; si>nt out every
wi'ek fr.im Moscow in convoys of two hundred or more, and the worst of
these pre compelleil to labor in the mini's, which In-long to the (iovernment.
The only inhabitants of Northern Silieri.a are native tribes of the Mon-
golian r.ace -Samoyedes, a |ieoplo similar to tho Ksqnimaux. They are
nomadic, and subsist chiefly on their herds of reindeer and on fishing,
Irkutsk, the capital of Eastern Siberia, is the jirincp.il citv.
Tobolsk i^^ the capital of Western Siheri.i. Omsk and Tomsk
;ire imporL^nt towns. Ekaterinburg has valualile mines, Ki-
akhta is the chief point for tr.ide with China.
Russian Turkestan includes most of the country between
the .Mi.ii Mountains ;iiid the Caspian Sea.
It contains a number of districts called Khanates, that is, petty si.ites
governed by Khans or chiefs, and has several puiulcius cities on the gre.at
caravan routes. Many of these Khanates h.'ive been annexed hy Kussia, but
! some, though under Russian control, are nominally independent.
I
100
POLITICAL ASIA,
, I
I* '
It also incltulRH exlpnsivr stepjics occupied liy wandering tribes— " the
KirKhiz llcirdis," AldiiK the l)anks iif the ri ^ra the country is fertile, but
elsewhere it is ahnost desert.
The Inhabitatits .ire Moh.immed.in Tart.irs (MotiRoh), .nnd they live on the
prodme iif their sheep, Kci,. ,"nd c.imcls, ami by pluni'erinK carav.ins. The
(iovernmeiil of the Khans is iK Motic. The staple articie;i and system of
tradi' .iri^ the same as ihoscr of Siberi.i.
The Kliaiiatis of Khiva and Mokliara and the h'lly tracts in
thi; Miiilli, iiihahilid jiy iiari)ar(iiis 'rurcoin.ms, constiiUti; what is
called Independent Turkestan. Tlic Khanate of Khokan be-
l()n(,'s t(i K iissia.
Tashkend, tlic second largest cilN' of. Asiatic Russia, is the
capital of Uussian Turkestan. Samarcand was oiue the me-
tropolis of a threat Tartar Kinpire. Khokan is a large commercial
town. Khiva and Bokhara are large and important towns on
the carav.iii routes, and the latter is the principal .seat of Mo-
hammedan le.'iruing, and of the caravan trade lietween India
and ('liin.i f>n the one side, and Russia and Persia on the other.
Trans-Caucasia (the country beyond the Caucasus) in-
cludes (jeorgia, noted ft>r the
beauty of its j)eople. The
trade of the country is small,
and the chief Products are: — ■
ilie vine, the niullierry and
cotton. The ;)eo])le belong
chii(1\- to the (ireek Cli nch.
In the southern pan, on thi' borders
of 'I'urkey and Persia is Ml. Ararat,
celebrated as Ihi^ restiuR-place of the
Ark after thi' Deluge.
Tiflis, llle largest city in Asi-
atic Russia, is the capital, and
carries on an e.\tensi>'e caravan
trade with Persia. Kars is
noted for the sit !;e it slood ini-
der General Williams of Nova
Scotia.
Till': ClIINESH
!•: M P I R !•: .
The Chinese Empire
occupies the j,n-(.'aler jjart
of Souih-easterii Asia, ami he.sides China Proper, in-
chicles the clepeiithiil Provinces of Til)et, Eastern
Turkestan, Mongolia, Manchooria, and the tributary
Kino-clom of Corea.
Corea is ruled by a kin),', who p.iys an innual tribute to the F.mperor of
Chir-a Eastern Turkestan K'.iine.l its in lei-endence under Jakoub Khan,
but now attain forms one of the Chinese provinces.
Soongaria (/.imgnrui) is a region of lo-,v mountains and open, fertile val-
leys, lying lielw<<n the' Tliian-Shan and the western extremity of the Altai
Mount,iins. It is the great gateway of caravan trade Ix-tween eastern and
western Asia. It formerly belonged entirely to China, but the greater part
is now held by Kiissia.
In Extent t'iiiiia is about the same as the Dominion of
Canada, btit contains nearly one hundred times the population.
Of this enormous ixipnlation, 350,000,000 are in China Proper, which com-
prises only about c.ne-li,iid of the wh. 1. area, and .'-.ooo,oo<i are in the prov-
inces. These latter, consisting chiefly of high plateaus and barren deserts,
I'ka — THE l,i:,\i AND Ulossom: Pu kinu, I'irino, Siiippin(,.
are thinly Inhabited. Alxmt .^.ooo.ooo of the people live in Injai, ,ind in
floating gardens and rafts on the rivers and canals.
The Surface o( "'una Proper is very varied, but gr iirr.illy
speaking it consist A the broad plains or l)asins of tin ;,'rcat
rivers, with .in ext isive highland in tlu: west and south. iCvery
part is most indiisuiously cultivated, and the fertile soil |)ro.
duces enough to sustain the vast population and to provide large
supplies for export.
China contains valualile Mines oC iron, copper and coal.
The chief Occupation of the people is agriculture, winch is
regarded as the noblest of emplv)yinents.
The Implements used are very rude and simple, but every acre is rnliiv.iitd
in th(! best advant.age. The people of the Provinces are mainly pasinr.il. and
raise vast herds of sheep and camels and goats in the grassy step|n;s of the
lower valleys.
The jirincipal Products are rice, the national food; tea. the
national beverage; cotton and silk. One-tenth of the i)eo|ili' live
on fish which abound in the rivers.
The Chinese fishermen train (lelicans to catch their fish.
All the Manufactures are
the jirodtict of hand labor: and
the Chinese are especially fa-
mous for their silks, satins,
porcelain, and ivory carvings.
The te.a-plant, shown in the en-
graving, attains a height of almiit
In., feet. The leaves are gathind
threi' 'imes e.ich year. f;r(!en and
bl.ack te.-> are not from differeiit spe-
cies of plai,*s, but are differently pre-
pared. To 1 rodiice the former, ihe
leaves, soon a^ter i^'ing picked, are
exiiosed to heal L;r a f"<^- moments in
iron pans over charco.al- fires, then
rolled, and agair, "fired" l')r two or
three hours, c(doring-mattet 1h ing
added. In Ihe ca io of bhack te.i. the
h-aves are ex|K)se< to the air ior soi::*'
time before they ,ire (ired at all, and
are then fired "nd rolleil seviral
times. Te,i was fir^t introdu'-ed inlo
Kuro|)e from China ibout 200 years
ago.
The art of rearing silk-worms and
unravelling the thrt ids of the co-
coons was first practised by the Chinese, and thence spread o' er the world.
The Internal Commerce of the Chinese Ivmp.re is unpar-
alleled ill extent. Its chief water routes are the hirge canals,
and navigable rivers and lakes. The mountains, steppes, and
deserts of the interior plateaus are crossed oy caravans of
camels. The extensive Maritime Trade is chiefly in the h.inds
of foreigners, to wlioin certain ports only are op:>n. The British
have about three-fourths of the whole.
A i;.eat CiLravan Trade is carried on with Russia an / Persia. T'le first h,is
its (,reat depot 1 1 Maimatchin, near the Russian fronti.T south of IrKutsk; the
latter at Cashgsr, in the west of Kastern Turkestan.
Commerce wilh foreign countries was formerly r !stricted, but within a few
years nineteen iiorts h.ive been opened to foreign trade, the principal of whii h
ari' Shangfhac-, Canton, Tien-tsin, Foo-choo, Ha ig-chow, Ningpo and Amoy.
The trade of Corea in rice, cotton, furs and roi k-salt is cliielly v.iili Japan.
The princlp.al Exports are tea and raw silk . the chief Imports, cotton ,inil
woollen goods, metals and opium, the latter to the extent of 9-tu,uou,ouo
annually.
POLITICAL ASIA.
loi
in 1kj,ii, .ind i„
I'lit Kfnrrally
s of th,. ^,reat
snutli. ilvcry
■rtilc sdil |,ro.
provide large
and rn.il,
itiire, wliicl, is
acroisciiliiv.-iic,!
nly past.ir.il. ;i„,l
'y stepixjs (,f the
food; t(-,i, t)„.
ln'|)C()|ili live
jfactures nx
inijlahor; .iik!
fsperi.dly fa-
silks, s.ilins,
^ory rarxiiigs.
lown in the nn-
lieiKht of ;.l>,Mii
ii's arc Katlicnd
car. (Iri'cii ami
mi diffcroh' spc-
K> differently pre.
• the fdrmcr, iho
-einK picked, are
1 f.-u- snomunlsin
ircoalfires, tliin
'irc<l" i",>r |wi)„r
tiK-niattei licin^;
of hlack tv,'., the
I tlieair for soi:!<'
; fired at all, .irul
rolled several
: inlroddfod into
ibout joo years
silk-worms and
i'h of the CO-
' er the world.
• re is iinpnr-
larf^e canals,
steppes, and
caravans of
in the hands
The British
T'le first has
of Irkutsk; the
lit within a few
'icipal ..f whi. h
fpo.and Amoy.
with J.ipan.
rts, cotton .inil
"f S^u.uuu.uuu
TIk Government <>f China is an absohite monarrliy, and the
Emi" ror is regarded as the representative of the Deity, and as
the supreme master of the live.s and fortinies of his subjects.
Tin Religion most prevalent is Buddhism.
Education is compulsory, and all adult males are able to read
and write and possess a knowledge of the elements of arithmetic,
Tli( I'diication of girls is neglected.
f'icivernment officials of all jjrades Ixlow tho Kmpcror are selected by means
ofpnlilic comix;titive examinations to test their scholarship, .and the hishest
offiurs may l)c of the most humble parentage.
1 lie Inhabitants of the Chinese Empire all i)elong to the
Mongolian race, thoiigli they present great diflfercnces of ajipcar-
anre in the several parts of the I'"m|iiic.
T!u! Chinese are not surpassed by any jwople in the world for frugality,
industry, and skill in their v.irious occupations. They have a written Ian-
Cii^i^e, anil a literature extenilinR back for many hiindrc<l years. Kor centuries
ihiv h,ivo ]«)ssesscd many inventions and pr.actisj.'d jnany arts which have
N( M considered as the outjirowth of modern progress, but, avoiding inter-
course with other nations, th -y have made little or no progress, and have
allowed themselves to be outstrip|x:d. They have [xissessed the mariner's
coinp.a.ss, and practised the arts of printing, silk\veavin({ and paper-m.akinK
from time immemorial They were also very early acipiainted with the
m.mufacture of nun-|x>wder, but did not m.ake use of it in wur. They are not
a w.irlike jieople,
.\monK the more important public works are excellent roads, great canals,
and the famous wall more than I,JOO mili'S Umn, completed H C. ii\, to keep
ilii Mongol Tartars out of China, The Imjxjri.al Canal connecting a branch
lit the I'eihowith llang-chow is fioo miles long.
No other country possesses so many great and walled cities as
China. Their popiil.ition is variously reported, as the Chinese
are very jealous of admitting foreigners into the interior of the
country.
Pekin is the capital and the largest city of .\sia. It is, like
all (Chinese cities, iirty, tinpaved and iindrained. Shanghae,
the chief jwrt, is the principal depot of the great Iiasin of the
\';ingtsi'-kiai)g, and has three-fourths of the foreigti commerce.
Hankow is the great centre of interior trade. King-te-tching
is the chief seat of the porcelain manufacture; Ningpo, of the
silk mainifactures. Canton is the second city for foreign trade.
Foo-choo is the chief place for shipjiing black tea. Nankin,
once the populous capital of China, is now nearly all in ruins.
Macao is a Portuguese settlement at the mouth of the Canton
River. In the Provinces are : — King-ki-tao, the capital of
'.'orea: Lassa, 11,700 feet abovt; the sea, the capital of Tibet,
and the residence .1 the Cirand Llama, or chief priest of the
Huddhists; Maima-chin, the chief dej 01 of the caravan trade
with Uussia, Cashgar and Yarkand, depots of the caravan
trade in (Im- west ; ;iiid Moukden, the capital of Manchooria.
The Island of Hong-kong is ,it the mouth of the Canton Kiver. It iH'lonirs
to Cireat Uritaiii .ind is ;in important n.iv,d station for the I'acif' Victoria
is the chief town.
The Islands of Formosa ami Hainan l)c.<ing to China The former is fertile,
.md exports rice, sugar, camphor .ind jute. The latter is called "The Father of
Storms" from the violent typhoons which seem to have their centre there.
KMPiRh; or J.\P.\N.
The Empire of Japan consists of four larjjt; and
many small islands, .said to comprise in all about 3,600
ill number.
In Extent it is one-half larger than Ontario, but contains a (lopulation of
li'.o<xi.oixj. In position, size and [xjpul.ition the Islands of Japan greatly
resembli' thr Uritish Isles
The Surface is mountainous, aixl the islands are volcanic itt
formatioji, being p;irt of the remarkable volcanic licit, which
borders tlui P tcilic on the west. Some of the summits an' still
eruptive, the chief of these is I'tijiyama (iJ,jri5 fi-el high), one
of the sacred mountains of Japan, about sixty miles from Tokio.
The Soil in the south is proditctive, but not more thati one-
sixth of the whole area is c.ip.tble of cultivation, CoppiT, iron,
coal, and stilph.ir are the chief Minerals, atxl are fouml in
abundance.
.\gri(-nlture is the chief Industry, and the products are similir
to thos(! of China —tea, tob.icco, rice, wheat and other cereals.
I'ish abound on the coasts.
Among the vpget.able productions are:— the camphor-tretv paper mullwrry
and '■;ttable wax-tree, which furnishes the celebr.aled "lacquer" of Japan
The principal Manufactures are those of silk, cottoti, J.ip-
antied ware, porcelain and bronze.
The Internal Commerce is extensive, but for foreign com-
merce only certain ports are open -Yokohama, Hiogo, Nagas-
aki, Hakodaki, Niigat.i, and the cities of Tokio and Osak.i.
The Exports are tea, silk, silk worms' eggs, cop|V;r, and ilried fish the Im-
ports, chiefly cotton and other manufactures, goods fnun (Ireat llritain and
and the United States, sugar and other products from China.
The Government of Japan is a constitutional monarchy,
and the I'lmperor is called the Mikmio.
After centuries of nearly complete exclusion, foreigners havi- recently Ihth
admitted to Japan under treaties with several of the l-'uro|x',in rowers and
with the United States. Since then, Japan has niadi' unparalleled progriss in
civilization and in the adoption of western manners and customs. Tin
feud.al system, under which the country w.is governeil by numerous lords,
which formerly prevailed has been alx)lished. and the Mik.ido is now Itie
sovereign of the State. The naval ami military systems of I''uro|>c have Ix-en
adopted, as well as all the modern inventions in steam, telegraphy and
machinery.
The People belong to the Mongolian rare, ,ind h.ive a similar
belief to the Chinese, but ilifler greatly in l.int,'iiage ,md political
institutions. They surpass the Chinese in intelligence and
equal them in mechanical skill.
The elementary Education of males is universal, systematic,
and coiTipuLsory. Schools (jf science have been est.iblishcd
under the instruction of I-lnglish and .\merican teachers.
Japan is said to possess a written history extending over .1,500 years.
Tokio is till! national c.iiiit.l and the lartjest city; it has an
extensive commerce, and its sea-port, Yokohama, is the chtel
centre of the foreign trade.
Kioto, the second city, was formerly the capital and residence
of till! lilmperor, and is noted for the in.inur.n ture of p(ir< il.iin
and lac(]uered ware. Osaka is the priiK ipal ptirt of the domes-
tic commerce of the empire.
The Kurile and the Loo-choo Islands Ixlon^ to Japan.
IN DO-CII IN A.
Indo-China, the Eastern Peninsula of Southern
I .Asia, extends from the Bay of Uenjral to the China St;a.
It comprises the F.mpirc of Burma; the Kingdoms of Anam
I (Cochin-ChiiKi) and Siam ; British Burma; Lower Cochin-
I China (the most important colony of I'Vance in Asi.O; Cam-
! bodia, a small n.itive kingdom under I'Veiuh protection; .somt
petty states in the M.ila\- Piiiinsula, ruled by native < hiefs; and
the Straits Settlements on the same pt'iiinsula, l)elonging to
Great IJritain
I 1
r
I02
POLITICAL ASIA.
I-
mate;
, • ' I,.
Till' Surface is riduc.l by a serifs of inountain-chaiim rovcrcfl
with forests, <xtt ndiii),' from tlic eastern iikI of the Hiinalayn^
southward. Between these chains lar^e anil inijx ant river<= ow,
the valleys of wlu .ield rdiundant f ro;is.
Indo Cliina li.is a \uA, iiiuist .inrl, in tlu-lowgri •••Jt.nften Mniic
a .'.rd'le siiil, luxiiii.int vrRotation, .mil yrol abund.ince a-'d -i>t;
prodiK tinns.
It is one of IIk' richest re^jions in Asia for Minerals.
Gold is found in the nioiint.iiiis; tin .iliouiids in liii' M.i-
lay Peninsnia, in Hnrni.i, .ind in Yunnan; iron in the
vicinity of the upper Menani: and roppe., lead, silver
and zinc ar<' almndant. None of these are worked to |
advant,i>,'e.
rP<^t V.
Agriculture is the chief Industry, hut is carried on in ^ >^,r:^.
p very rude manner; such, however, is the lichness rf -x --^\n
the soil th.rt rie.irly all articles of sustenance are pri)- ""r^, '/iii:.
t'uced without ^re^it labor. Rice is the duel prwlutt.
but inaize, suj,'ar, tobacco and
s-pices are cultivated.
Manufactures arc few and sim-
ple, altlioiiK'li tl"' Murmcse show
anno skill in bniMini; Imals, lastini;
K'lls, and making K'^ld and sih'cr
orn.amcnis.
The Commerce of ilu
country is chuily with (ire.it
Britani .hhI China.
The chii f Exports an- riic. in
bilcco, snf;ar, spici"; .nid limber.
Most of the People belonj,'
to tlie Mon;;i)li.iii r.ice, and
tin ir lanf,'u;ii,'e resembles the
Chinese. In the M.ilay Pen-
insula, the Malaj'race and the
RTal.iy dialeits predominate.
The native Governments are
despotic, and tiie i>i<v.iilinj.;
Religion is linddhism.
Anam oc< npies the cistern
pari of the peiiinsul.i, ,uid ii
chides Tomiuin, CochinChi-
na an<l C'ambodi.i. Tonquin
and r.imbodi.i ;ire under the
protectorate of France.
The Bamboo, a iri'c like
prass gniwinK in a liciKln of
fifty or sixty feet, has l.,un
called "one of Nature's nuist
valuable Rifts to uncivilized
man " .\ decoction of its
loaves furnishes a valiialilo
medicine; its seeds are a fa-
vorite food ; and its temlor
shoots are eaten like asjiara-
BUS, or made into pickles and
confections. ,\ f>reat variety
of utensils is manufactured
from its stem, and pa|K'r is
made from its pulp. Dwe
inpi are constructed entirely
out of this plant.
SOME OF TIIE I.SDCblKItS OF ASIA.
It was in a bamboo cane
that silk-worms' e^Ks vvi re
sniiiKKled across the Chinese
frontier and brought to lairo|io
by two IVrsian monks in ihe
sixth century.
Indigo is a blue dye ob-
tained from the haves of sc v-
eral species of plants largi ly
cultivated throuKliout the
warm regions of Asia. The
plants are cut in the floweriiiR
■■eason, and steeped, presseil,
and agitated in vats, until the
colorinn-matter is precipitated
The water is nest drawn i>fl,
the precipitate is boiled, and
then pressed and dried
Gutta-Percha is the con^::-
laticl sap of a tree p-culiar In
the i;,ist Indies Tin; natives have been acquainted with thi'
t;iillii, or Kum, from an early period, and tliiy have pursued
the destructive plan of cnllinj; down the trees, in oriler to ob
tain it in the most convenient w.ay. Tappinj,', which is done
without injury to the tree, is now practised to some extern
I'hi^ milky juice which Hows from the incisions made is thick
eneil bv boiling.
in.iiuir.K lured from ihe pilh of the s.afjo {meni)
lerlain axe. the tree is felled and cut into sec
.ire '.plit. and the tissues of the trunk are sub
process of washing and sievinp. hr «hiih llie
Kramiles of stairh ;ire sep.irated. These, when drieil. consti
tute s.iso-mo.d; if cranulated, thin- form the pearl-sago of
Commerce. Three trees furnish a-, mm h food-matter as an
acre of wheat.
rOLIllCAI. ASIA
I
«o3
lov OF Tin?
KAVIV.,,
10, ,1 ircn Ifko
111 a liiiKlii of
ffit, lias Inen
f Nature's iiKist
s to uncivilized
'C(vclion of its
slies a vnlu.ililo
seiils aru a fa-
and its temler
ten like as]i,ira-
inti> pickles .md
A Kfcat v.iriity
s manufactured
1, and pafKT is
pulp. D»el|.
ariicted entirely
nl.
1 hambno cane
ns' etJKS were
1SS the Ctiiiirse
■out;ht to lMirip|ie
n monks in ihc
blue dye ob-
le leaves of s. v-
plants lart;. ly
■oufjlifiut llie
of Asia. Tlie
n llie (loweriiij;
eeped, pressed,
1 vats, until tlie
is precipitated,
icxt drawn oft;
is Imiled, and
d dried.
I is the con;;;:-
rci- p'.i. uliar in
tinted will) tlie
have pursued
in order to ob
wliich is done
o some extent
made is tliick-
e saRo (men I)
I cut into see
runk are sni.
br which tin
dried, const!
pearl-sago <i(
■matter a* an
Hue, till' capital, is one of tin; iv ist stronnly fortiticil ciliijaof
\>\A. Kesho (Hanoi\ is the capital of 'roiKium.
Si in in lu>..s till, interior of Imlo-Cliiiia, to^'cther with the
laiL^c r portion of tile Mala\ I'liiinsiij.i.
Si nn is tin: .Hint proHressivu of the connlries of Imlo ('hln.i. t'onsiilir.d>le
jittciilion h.is Ixtri (,'iven to uduc.iiion. and the arts and sciunces uf ICuroiK:
h,i\. been introduced into thi' Kin^^dom to sonic extent,
Bangkok, the capital, is a lar^'e city ami tin- ( liirf lomincr
ci.il cmi")'!!!"!; it stands in a marshy ref,'ioii. and in. my of the
liou^^c s arc hiiilt on piles or on r.ifts of hainlioo.
Tiie liinpire of Burma oecnpies the nppcr and ini.'illc pot
ticiiis of the basin of the li.iwady, and ((nit.uns some of tin
ino-'t \ .ihiahle mineral deposits of the iieniiisiil.i.
Mandalay, the c.iiMt.il, is snrronnded by a rich. hi;,'hly enl i
tiv.itcd and lieaiitifnl <'oiintry. 1
Lower Cochin-China, inchuhn^; the d-lt.t of the M( koiiL; and
the adjoining coast re.i;ions, |ieloii;,'s to l'"i.incc.
Il.< resources are very iiuperfec ily ilevel.iped. ,dili.Mi«h considerable prn-
(inss has been made since the I'rench .luthority ".is pennanentlv established
in iSf,i. From the country beinn entirely alluvial the clinuile is very un-
hcillhy and fat.d to ICuropeans.
Saigon, a fortilietl port, is the capital. Udong is the cai)it il
of Cimliodia.
Yunnan, for a time inde|)cndenl. but now ,a(;ain a province of China, is our
cil the richest mineral re^jions of .\sia. It <'si>orts ivory, niusk. ll,e> .iiid horses
British Burma, a Province of IJritish India, occupies a
Imif; narrow strip of tt rritory on the western coast of the IVn-
insula. It includes Tenasserim, Arracan and l'e;,'n.
The valley and delta of the Irawady are extremely fertile, but nwint; lo the
« mt of j;ood roads, the province is thinly |)eopled and the conimerce is small
Rangoon is the chief city, and exports petroleum, leak-
tiinlur, rice and cotton; Moulmein, n<ar the moutii <jf the
S.ilweii Kiver, is a city of coiisidii.iiile im|)i)rtance.
The Straits Settlements, helonging to (ireat Ihitain, com-
prise the Islands of I'tnanj; and Sinj,'apoie ofl the coast of the
Malay Peninsula; Prcjvinct; Wellesley, a district on the coast
opposite Penan;,'; and Malacca, on the south- west co,ist of the
Malay Peninsula.
Singapore, a fortified city commanding; the Sir. tit, ol Ma-
lacca, is the princijial British sea-port in Iiulo-Chma; it is a
great mart for sago, tin, rice, sjiices and gntta-pereha.
The i«>ssession of the Straits Settlements gives to r,reat Hritain the com
maud of the Strait of Mal.icca, the direct route of communication between
China, japan and the west.
I \ D I .\ .
India compristjs tht; vast C\;iural Ptniinsiila of
Soiitlicrn Asia, extending southward from the Hima-
laya Mountains.
It includes British India, and a large nnnilxr of Native
States, whose chiefs .ill .icknmvledge the snzei.iinty of (ireat
Ihitaiii. The Island of Ceylon, to the south-east ol the [ in-
siil.i, forms a sep.irate colony.
The yueen of KuKland is Empress of India, .\bout three-fifths of the
country is directly under Uritish rule, and tlu; remaining' two tilths is under
British protection and control, excepting only the Imlepen.!. lit States of
N'epaul and lihotan. It is the richi'st .ind most import.mt ilep. lency ever
(losst^ssed by any nation. In Extent, India is less than half the size of the
Dominion, but contains sixty times the population.
The Surface ci sts of three great divisions — the Hima-
layan Highlar. : ■ north ; the Plateau of ilu Deccan iJi the
south, enclose .\ he Eastern and Western Ghauts which
meet at tin ■>oii(liirn ixtremily of the country, .md th-' \'indh\.i
Mount. ims on the north; .iiid the estunsivi" fertile Northern
Plains l)etw<in the Miinal.i\as and \\\v necc.m. w.iined l'>
ilu< I ,i,'re.it risers, the (l.tnyes, Kr.dim.ipooti.i .unl Indus.
The Coast-line i-^ rcm.tik .hly nnhrokeii, .iinl tlnre .iie vei\
few h.illiois. .\l M.ldr.lS, p.lssrlioels .Illd lllerch.tlldue ll.l\ e to
lie l.mdicl in hoats ,ind i.ifls tliroiiL;h the suri.
The ^ null • i,ii rii couat IS c.illej the Coromandel, in I the south western.
ill ' Malabar Crast.
Tile SoiV ■ -, •'illy in the gnit river h.isins. is rem.irkalily
fertile .llld 1 'mi' V adapted to the (^lowtll of the most N.dll.llile
Veilet.lhli rodr ' ts. V'.ist forests of te.lk. em o.i. ImiiiImhi, li.in
van .11: ■ ^ iois palms grow luxnri.intly m the higher regions.
.\ l.T \ri ' the country is covered with jiini;Ks. inhabileil liy wild
animals -th "i > .. eleph.tnt. Ixia-constrictor ami others.
The V.ille^ i th (i.inues is one of the most fertile .md i«ipiil.in-. regi.ins in
the w M. l)ein>! surp.issed only bv (Kirtions t^f I'hin.i the lower part ol Ihc
I'l.li ■ 'i" ,lus is mostly desiTI
Inii.a ,,ossesses extensive deposits of coal and iron, and is
celelir.ited for Us gold, diamonds, and precious stones,
Tlu! Climate of Indi.i, except in the elevated ilimal.iva re-
trio;-., is tropi'-.il, with two seasons, the wet aiil the dr\ . In tin
.ilhaial pl.iins it is hot and very iinhe.ilthy fur luitope.iiis. hut in
the hill regions it is cool and s.iliihrious.
The chief Industry of the country is agriruittire.
Kice, the chief .irticle of fiH)d of the (leople. is raised in great .lliund.inc't.
and in the proiluction of cotton Indi.i is surpassed only \<\ the fniii.l Stales
Indigo, jute. Mix .and tea are extinsively cultivated, ami I irge <)ii.inlilu 4 ol
• ipiuin, produced in the poppy g.irdens of thi fertile Cfanges V.tllcy, .ire sen(
to Chin I silk is aKo .m univirt.uit arttileof culture.
Ill Manufactures the Hindoos are Very skilful. The line
shawls of Cashmere, woven from long silky goats' hair, as uell
as the silks, mnslins, carvid ivory .iiul niet.il work of Indi.i. h.i\e
,1 world wide n pul.Uioii.
The Commerce of India is very large, and is chicflv with
Great 1 hit. tin through the Suez ('anal.
The products of the interior are brought to the great st.M. ports 1.) i.nlways,
of which there are now 1J.S75 miles in oiier.ition. Ste.iincrs n.iv ig.ile the
principal rivers, but, excepting the (langes, which is n.ivigable to .\I ahabad,
most of the ri\ers .ire too r.ipid to be .iv.iilable for anv dist.ince
The chief Exports are cotton, opium, indigo, rice and silk, and the Im-
ports, iii.iniifu lured goods.
The People, who are calh d Hindoos, have sprung; fn in the
same great .XrNan family, from which successive tribes went
forth to colonize liliirope.
They thus l«long lo the same parent-stock as most of the European nations
• ind ourselves, and .ire similarly related to the Persians and .\fghans, who are
.ilso of .\ry.in descent. The |xipulatiim averages one luiro|H'an to about
t 500 natives. Most of the Kuro]M-.ins Ik long lo the army or to the Civil Ser-
vice of british Iiidii. The army is torr.lJosed chielly of native suhliurs
c.illed "Si'iMiys," with Hritish offv.'-r-.
The Iliniloos of the higher class are learned scholars, anil have a rich litera-
ture, extending b.ack for forty centuries, preserved in one of ilie most |HiIi>heil
and harmonious langu.ages. the ancient Sanskrit. The prev.iiling language sjmi
ken at the present day, the llindostanee, is a corrupted form of the San .kril
The common jieople are pcntr, ignorant and su|ler^>tiliolls t)iily the
wealthier classes are educated, and the women are not edu, .iti d at all.
Brahmanism is the prevailing Religion of the Hindoos, luit
there are many Mohammedans, some Buddhists, and some Par-
sees or Persian fire-worshippers. The sacred hooks of the
Ilrahmanic religion, called the N'edas, are said to have lH;t'il
wTitten 2,500 years l)efore the Christian era.
The Hindoos numlxir about 1 50.000.000. th( Mohammedans about 40,000,000.
..1
. (I
■If;.
;«t
I«*
POMTICAI. ASIA.
Tlu- Supreme Government of Uriusli India is vc^tod in thf
\'li<iuy (.1 (it)vi inoi (it nci.il, .issisltil liy an lixi'cutivi' (^miiril
«)fsix iniinltcrs, iindllio Coniinandcr-in-Cliirf of thu army. TIilsc
arc all ai)|)oiiiti.(l l)y tlic IJritisli (lovcrniiunt.
Tlirrc is .il>c> ;i Lrxislalivi; Cmincil of iwilve iiu'inlK!rs (licsi.li'H ihe seven
iiiiiiiImts (if till; I'.M'ciilivu Coiini il), (if «linrii oir- half iiuisl lie imcuiinccliil
«itll llii- pulilic wrrvicf Hl■n^',ll. .M.i<lr.is, ami lloinliay li.iM' Cuimtlls of lliclr
I. n, .ind the Council of linli.i leKislatis for thosf provinces which am unpro-
viiled uilh l.iKjal Councils (see Slatisiicil Table below), and on matters of
exceptional importance aftecting the Umpire.
Itiilisli hi.lia comprises ei^jlil I'rovinrcs HenKal, Northwest I'rovinccs,
the riiiij.iiil), the CiMitral I'rovinces, Urilish iliirnia, Assam, Madras, and
lioiiili.iy. These (iroviiices are each under the cmitrul of a (ioveriior, a Lieu-
ti 11 lilt (ioverniir. or a Chief Commissioner. They each h.ive their own civil
(jciviriiiiient, indeiMmdciit of the others, but subordinate to the Supreme Gov-
ernment
Nepaul .iiid Bhotan in the llim.il lyan highlands are the only independent
states in Itutia.
The Revenue of India, inde|wndent of that of the native Princes, amounts
to over j3o,oo»,i>xj of dollars. The Arm" umbers about Kjo.ooo ollicersand
ni( n (KurojK'aiis, O5.000; natives. 1.15.000,. I'or [xilice dtuies and frontier
service this force is supplemented by aljont lyo.ooo ..ative Police, officered
mainly by luiropeans.
Calcutta, the cipital uf British India, is situated on tlio
llu(i;;ly (//«;'/() l\i\( 1, the western mouth of the (lan^'(;s, fif,'lity
miles from the li.iy of lietigal. Its cominercu is larger than that
o( any other city in .\sia.
Bombay and Madras an: the next most important cities.
The) ate both coimcctcj with Calcutta by railway, and liumbay
is the prinrip.il port for the EnRlish and French lines of ste mirrs
riinniiiK from Kiirope to Asia by way of the Suez ("an il.
Delhi, on the Jiiinna, was formerly the capital of Indi.i. Ben-
ares, the centre of I!r,ihm.inii-.il liMiniiiK, is held sa.red Is the
natives. Luclcnow is the capit.il of Oiidh, and has ,1 !.ir.:r
river trade; Lahore is the capital of the I'lnij.mb; Allahabad
of the North-West Provinces; and Jubbulpore of the ( . mral
I'rovinccs. Patna has an extensive ti.ide in oiiitim and m e.
There are many other lanje and Important cities: such as C.-twii|Kir. \ir-
ritsir. Cashmere, Sural, Agra, llangaluie, Hyderabad, each containini; a
|K>pulation exceeding 100,000.
Ceylon is a lar).;e, moiinlainoiis, and productive island, foriniiiK
a separate British t'oloii)', with its own (io\ernment. It |>us-
sesses a milder and more healthy clim.ite th.m tlie m.iiiil.^iid.
The natives are called Singalose, and belong to thi' same race as the Hin-
doos. Their religion is lluddhisin. It is the most im|M)rtaiit collee pr.xlin ini;
country belonging to Cireat Urilain, and in .luted foi its precious stoiiis pe.irl-
fisheries and ivory. The forests yield valuable wood — teak, rose-wood, eboiiy.
and sandal-wood.
The princip,-il Exports are cinnamon, coir-slnlf. coircc, and cocoanutoil
Colombo is the capital, and Galle the chief sea-jwrl.
The Maldive and Laccadive Islands, we-t of India, are nnimpurtant. The
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, in the Hay of lieng.il, are mountainous, .md
produce valuable timlier. There is a (jenal settleineni on the Nicobar Islands.
The French |xissess Chandernagore, north of Calculi.-. ; Pondii herry. Van-
aon and K.irikal on the Coroniandel Coast, ami M.ilie 011 the .Mal.ibar C>..i,t
The Portug^uese jxissess Cioa with a small town, Panjiin or New Ooa Set-
tlement, on the western coast of the peninsula.
AKI-.A AND POPll.AIION Op HKri'ISH INDIA .VCCOKUINd TO TIIIC CKNSUS <)P i8,Si— ST.VTISTICAI, KKI IIUI.NCK TAlil.R.
PKOVINCKS AND STATES.
Native States under the Government of India
/ly'iHi »(■
H.nir
Mywrt-
Ciiort;
Cintral htititl
Kilif'lilililil
lly,l,r„h,ul
Hitroiiti
Mioiipur
Aiuliimiin mill A'lVo/mr liUinds.
TOTAL .
Bengal
Assam
North- West Provinces 1
Oudli I
Punjaub
Central Provinces
British Burma
Madras
Bomt>ay
U.N'DEK IlIRBCT HrITISII
Administration.
Area in
Sq. Miles.
2,711
17,711
3.2«5
25,J.>)
TOTAL FOR BRITISH INDIA
156,081
4f>.34'
81,748
24.^13
107,010
84,208
87,jjo
140-tJo
125,418
»77.959
Population.
460.722
2,672,673
178,302
26,198
3.3J7.«<J5
Native States.
.\rra in
Sq. Miles.
^4.7-!3
81J.0.JS
1 30.1J8.J
80.000
a.750
7.58.1
341.144
(16.530,127
J7.'J««
4,1)08,27(1
32,720, IJ.S
5.i-!5
11,387,741
18,794,200
104,958
9,800,000
29,112
3.73<i.77'
. . . >
30,839,181
9,818
16,454,414
66,319
198,508,793 1^594,464
I'opulation.
4,lSf),l88
8,000,000
10.269.3(0
').I67.7.S9
2,185,005
i5o,(Xx>
Total.
Area in
Sij. Miles.
2,711
17.711
1.5."<3
8901)8
1 3"'J''')
80,000
8.75"
7..V'*4
3.-!«5
33."J58.34-i
3'''^'.434
2.^53.49.'
745.&75
4,852,360
1 ,700,000
3.33f>.3C5
O.'JoS.S-iS
54. '5 '.757
i94,o(.9
46.. 14 1
86,873
24,213
2 1 1 .968
113.320
87,2^0
150.248
"J '.737
French Possessions ....
Portuguese Possessions
TOTAL OF ALL INDIA
i,47-'.4.'3
178
1.086
I'opulation.
460.722
2.672,67)
4.I^!6,|.S,S
178.30-!
8.0OD.C00
io.26«^.3(kj
9.i67.7.S<j
J. 185.005
150.OUO
26,ity<
37,20,237
69,183,619
4.1^08,276
33,465,803
n. 387-74'
23,646.620
11,500.000
3.73'''.77'
.34. ■75.54''
■!3.359.937
252,660,550
276,649
444.987
1.473.687
253.382,186
'^
POLITICAL ASIA.
105
s i)f stiitiicrs
anil.
IikIi.i Ben-
.i.ricl I \ tl„
li.lS ,1 I ir.;,.
; Allahabad
tli«' ( ..;lial
n .md ri( 0.
-Iwil|i..r. \ir
li comaiiiuii; .1
111(1, forriiiii;,'
flit. Il |1()S-
U' lliuilll.;ii<l.
.icir as (hr Km
oIlVi; pr.jclii, iiii;
IS stuiu-N ik.irl.
sc-wixxl, t lnj^lv ,
CDco.iniitoil
l)on.
inpiiriaiil. Tlir
iMiril.unniN, .mil
sicob.ir l^lall.ls.
mlit licrry. Van
.\lalal.ar!\.a,i
r New Ou.i >(.t-
lAiii.r:.
Population.
2.r>ji.f>-\
4.I*!f>.|SS
I7«.Jo.:
Si,ooo,c<x>
iO,jf«J.j(>o
150,000
26,liJ>i
J/.J-AiJ?
(J9,I«}.Cnj
4.ijo«,.;76
JJ,4fi5,Hoj
".J«7.74i
2j,046.6.'o
11,500,000
3.73''>.77l
34.175.54''
.23.359.y37
.'5J,OOo,55o
276,049
444.987
253.38.1. 1S6
vrciU.wisT.w \\n iu-.loociiist.w.
Afghanistan and Beloochistan oiiiipy the rast-
crii jLirt of tilt; l)i:.s<;rt of Iran, a higli plateau tr.ivirsc<,l
bv inDiiinain ridgt^s.
.in<l Kirlev .■>ri' eultivaii'.l in ihn nplamN -rirr, i.'lui cv ii'ilun ami imlixn In
Ihilnw |.|.un. Thi' .Liir p.il'U i.< iiniviTs.il in the imm's. in.l lVr.iia j^ (.imuns
U>r 11^ I Mrn^n I fiil.U iif r.iM-..
Tin- People .ire ciinip.ir.itivcly riiltiv.itr.l aii-l prr>)»ri'ssivi«.
Thi-y have; a liter. ituic an imt it;iiiii.int of iiuhUti) impri>vr-
.M^•llallistan is important Ixcaiisf it roinm.iiiils the approachos iiK'Hts and .a. .1 in mm r.il l.r.im li«s of ni.inuf.i. turc. Tliry arr
to Imlia fioin tlio iioitli-wtst, 1 liiill\- M.ili.iinimil.ins. I!\i cpt in tin- town-, itini pursuits ate
The country is Kciuraliy of iittli- value for cultivation, l.iit < lii'tiv p.i>ior.il. Tht; .Iim rts and o.imw h.ivc .t l.ii«.' nomadic
contains some firtiic parts and rii It o.iscs, whi.h are inli.iliit.'d , pop"'-"""!. '""^'Iv liordc. of Turks. .\r.il>s an.l Kiir.ls.
hy .. settled population, and deteriniiie tli'j route of the r.iravans ' Tlx' Manufactures of Persia— silks, siiawls, r.ir|H'ts, arms and
iKtueeii liidi.i iiiid Persia, jewellery ,iie m lnuli repute.
Till, inaj .rily "( llir People of bull rniintrii's Inl.inij in tifrrp. xv.inilerini:. The < hicf Export! arc Kilks, lob.icco, skins, sh.mN 1 .irix'ts, .ut.ir .if r.>«s,
anl warlike trilws, w'lo livo in trnts .^nil ili.|iin(| f.i"- b-.isu.nic m.iinly nn o|iiniii anl «i>.i|,
iht ir h'-rils of horsos, yoals, .issou and
cami'U.
Thi. Pwipli! amliviili'd into a nnm-
txr I'f iril'is (ir Klianairs, rarli iiiulir
its nwn kli.in nr chiif. Semelinn s
thi V iwiittr iinilrr ono cliirf, but thi.si-
unions rarely last viTy lon^
The Khan of Kabul is the
nominal he. id of tin; ,\f^,'lians,
and tile Khan of Ki hit of the
H( l(x>chees. The Religion is
Moliammedaii.
The Trade of the towns is
chiefly ill the hands of the
Hindoos .md Persians.
There a ^ no roads for wheeled
vehicles, and intern.al toinmerre is
carried on exclusively by caravans
The only access to thu country fr nn
India is by passes through the mdiiii-
tains The most lainuiis nf iluse an-
the Khylu'r I'ass and the Hiilan Pass
throuKM the Suliman Mountains.
Kabul 10.400 feet nliovo the
sea) is the capital of .\ff,'hanis-
t.iii, and Herat is an im|)ortaiit
town on the c.iravan route
l.etwecn Persia and India.
Balkh, the ancient Hactria, is
one of the oldest cities in tlie
world. Kandahar is import-
ant as a military station on the i'l
route to India. Kelat is the
capital of Beloochistan.
KlIMitK l'\^S
PERSI.\.
Persia occupies tht; \vi;st<M-ii part of the Desert
Plateau of Iran (see p. 9 b).
In ancient times Persia was one of the most powerful and cele-
brated emi>ires, but lias now sunk to very small iinjwrtanco.
In Extent, it is about twice the size of Ontario and yuebec. and contains
rather more than double the popul.itinn.
The Surface of the country consists mainly of samiy, salt
deserts bordered by mountain ranges. Wherever irrijjation can
Ih; used, the soil is jiroductive.
In the provinces bordering on the Caspian Sea. the inullx.rry and vine are
ijrown ; and along the shore of the Persian Gulf is a fertile lowland. Wheal
The Government is a des-
potism under the Soverei^jn or
Sli.ih. \sllo e\»ri ises the |M)wer
I'l lili' ,ind de.itli o\er his bub-
|i I ts.
Teheran, the capital and
l.il};es| 1 il\ . I nnt..ills the p.ll.ice
111 the Sh.ili. The citv ion
^l>-ls ot low lillld lliillses, .inil
I rookt d. ill p.i\ed streets.
Tabriz, the iie.\i iit\, is an
in:)ioi l.iiit (eiitie on the coin-
iiuiiial route Ixlween India
.uul Russia.
Ispahan, the fornter mo-
tropoh.s, '.111! I uiii,inis many
monuments of its former j;ran-
deiii, hilt is fast f.illint{ into
ilecay.
Bushire i-- the chief se;i-port
nil ilii I'll ..i.i n (1 II I f , and
Reshd on the Caspi.iii.
Meshed i-- tin Holy ( ity of
l'< I >l.l.
ITKKliV IN ASIA.
Turkey in Asia coin-
pris;s the most we.stern
p.irt ofAsia. ami forms the
liri'isl portion of the Ot-
tom.iii JJiipire (see p. 90).
It includes the seat ol m.iny ancient nali" .imong which are PhcvnicU,
the lliily Land, ihe States of .\sia Miiinr, .\ss)ii.i .uul Chaldea.
In Extent, Turkey in .\sia is nearly twice Ihe size of Ontario and Quebec,
but contains nearly four limes the [lopulaliiin.
It embraces the peninstil.t of Asia Minor between the Hlack
ar.d Mediterr.ine.in Se.is; Syria lini IuiImil,' P.ilestiiie. or the
H( ly Laiun on the eastern border of the Meditc riaiiean ; part
of Armenia, in the north-east; a strip of Arabia borderinij on
tile Red St.i; the Valley of the Euphrates; and the district
of El Hasa (/.<i/i.m/) on the western side of the Persi.in Gulf.
Heiii),' bordered by four to'i-it seas, it has a natural an ess to the
remotest countries of the earth.
The Surface consists of extensive, treeless plains, which, dur-
h^
.'/
(
I
i<H«Hi
#
100
mi.lTICAL ASIA.
mti till- ilry smskii, Im-mhik dt vrt; firlilr, niliiviiliU- valleys and
Mil ill |)liiiiis; ami iikhiiiI.iiiin ri< Ii hi pasiiiri'-Uuds, forrsls, .iinl
niim-H of item, < i>|i|iir, iiad and silver.
Ill the f.iiii.- r.KiDiis ih. Soil i-' liik'ldy pnxliictive ; drains and
fniils rail !•<• prolini-d in aluiiid.iiin-, l>iil .11,'rit iilliirf is iir-
Hhctfd, fxcipt near laryc towns, owinj,' l<» tin- iKiiiiiiy 1«mii(,'
iiifistcd with liaiids of roliixrs, and to the misnilL" of r.ipacioiis
pasiias (riirKi-.li tjovcriiorsl. The li-adiii^J .irlicU's niltivatol arr
llic olivi-. iiiiill)irry. white poppy, tobacco, lit,'S and other fruits.
The Population is composed of various races separ.ite<l from
one aiiothi 1 l>v disceiil. l.inKiia(,'e. .iikI religion. Tlie m.ijority
are Moli.iiiiiiied.iiis, inostiv Turks 111 .Asi.i Minor, .iiid .\ial>s
in tile soiitlieni I'roviiiiis: the ( hristians are tireuks on the
wostern coast, and .VrnieiiMiis in the north-east.
W.iiidrrinK irilx's. |»iss<sMn« l.irni- IIikUh .mil luTiN, iiihat>il the cunlr,!!
t.ilili' l.inils (.f ihi' S>riaii disiri
Manufactures of silk, cotton and leather are carried on. Imt,
Heiiiially spc.ikiiii,'. there is a (,'reat stagnation of iiidiistr\ .ind
enterprise.
Maritime Commerce is in a low state, and is chiefly in the
hands of the (Ireeks. I'or interior trade, there are few roads,
and the chief cities are connected with .\raliia and Persia only
liy the cara\.iii tratlic.
Thf ctiii'f Exports .irt' npiiitn. tcilucto oil. attar of roses, dricil Iiks. dates.
silk, If.ilhir ami s|xinK<'S
Asiatic Turkey is divided, for purposes of Government, into a
numlier of provinces, each under the control of a (iovernor or
Pasha, and all subject to the Sultan at Constantinople,
The carlirst Stairs iif wlilcli liistory tjivis .iny .iccniint. oxcrptinK K>!Vpl.
were silii.itiil in tlw basin of the Tigris and Kuphraics Kivcrs. and in tin
plains and mountains of Syri.i. lliTr j;ri'at and rich litii's, organized covirn-
nicnls and si hools of Uarnini; uxistfd centuries lx;fore the dawn of civilization
in KnrolM'
In .\sia Minor:— Smyrna, on the .ligcan Sea, is the chief
sea-port, and has the largest export trade in fifjs, sponRes, and
other products of Turkey. Trebizond is the chief port on the
lil.ick Sea. Brusa is the centre of an important silk trade.
In Syria; — Damascus, the larpest city, is also one of the
most ancient, it is celebrated for its manufactures of damasks,
cotton, iron and jjlass ware, and maintains a profitable caravan
tratle with various points. Beyrout is the chief sea-port.
Jerusalem, the scene of the most important events recorded in
Scripture, .iiid once the most famous cit\ of the East, is now a
place of but 28,000 inhabitants — Mohaniniedans, Jews and Chris-
tians.
In the Valley of the iMiphrates:— Bassorah on the luiphratcs,
Bagdad and Mosul on the ri^ris. .ire the principal cities. : valleys; of extensive sanily deserts in the north and south, wit
In Turkish .\rabia: Mecca and Medina, respectively the ^ small oases; and of a narrow belt of lowland alonf,' the Rreatci
birth-place and burial-place of Mohammed, are held sacred by his
followers; and caravans of pilgrims come from all parts of .\rabia.
I'.Xr.KSTINK.
Palestine, nr the lioly Land, iH-('ii|iii-s the ^ istitrn
C0.1SI of tlif .Mctlilcrraiicaii Sea Irnin llic Mduiu.iiits of
l.<-l>ati()i) soiitlnvartls.
The Surface forms .111 elevated plate.ni, stretchint,', with the
Sin.ii IViiiiisul.i ,iiid the interveiiiii); i<^'ioii of .\r,ilii.i I'ltria,
from north-east to south-west, from the .Mountains of l.< li.iiiijn
to the (iiilf of Sue/.
The plalcaii has a ronip.iralively rcKul.ir siirfair with occasional i,i'.ii|i'. .rr
short riil)!es of inonnt.iins The slop<< are dei |>1\ liirrowcd liy the ■.Imrt and
rapiil streams whiih drsi end to thi> Jordan and to thi' Miditerranc ii\ pre
senlinK from north to miiiiIi ,1 conliniioiis succession of hills and \ ill< vh .\
narrow plain skirts the Jordan, .ind small pl.iins harder on the Meiliicrrane.'in
shore.
Krom this tentral plateau iht^ land ilescends on the west 10 thi- Midiicr.
ranean, and on the ea-.i to ihi' Jordan V.illey. the Dead Sea and (liilf nf \l,.il),i
The entire course of the Jordan, from the S.-.i of MiToni sonilm iil, lirs
U'low the si-alevel. The siirf.icr of thi' De.id Sea is i.jSit fict lou, r than
Ihe Mediterranc.in. and nearly .|.uoo feet IhIow the level of the surroimijini;
I iinntry.
The Sin>i Peninsula has an average elevation of not less than j.ocx) fisM.
Th>' soiitluTn (lortion is a mass of mountains, of which Mt. Sinai is l» lie vnl
to liv Ihe hiiihesl
The Climate is hot, anil ill winter mild. Thei. ,ire two taiiiy
seasons: the "early" from the beoinniiij^ of Noveiiilii 1 to tin
end of December, ami the "latter rain " diiriii),' .Xpril and M.iy.
Agriculture and Manufactures .ne neglected m I'.ikstiiie,
as they .ire in all the countries under Turkish rule.
The elevated tablc-Jands are barren, but the valleys are covered with ur.iin
lields. vineyards, and plantaticms of olivi^. fix. apricot ami |vinu'|{raiiale In i»
The slo|x.'S whiih form the iMstern border <if tin' I lead Sea are di'si'rt .mil
desolate in the extreme On the Mediterranean shore the plains are Kenerally
sandy ami barren
Palestine, the •• Promised l^aiid " of the Isr.ielites, was the
scene of most of the impi;rtaiil events recorded in the Hible.
.\roiind the sonlhern part of thi^ Heail Sea were the '■ Cities of the Plain. '
In the mountain region of Sinai the law was jjiven lo M ises. Jerusalem Ik
came the capital of the mighty empire under D.ivid .and Solomon, and 1 ilir
on. Palestine was the scene of tin- life and lalmrs of Jesus of Nazareth. Still
later it was nolicx-able as the scene of the b.itiles of the Crusiidcs.
.\K.\MI.\.
Arabia forms ttu; Western I'eninsula of Southern
.\sia, e.Ntendiii^ .soiiih-eastwarti from Asia Minor.
In Extent it is nearly as large as the Peninsula .)f Hindustan, but only
contains almut 5,000.000 inhabitants.
The Surface consists of an interior plateau bordered, except
on the north-east, by low mount, liiioiis ranges, with many fertile
.\sia, and Northern .Africa annually to Mecca. Mocha is noted
for exporting,' excellent coffee. Jidda is the port of Mecca.
Thi' Islands of Rhodes. Scio (nearly ilestroyed by an earthquake in i88j).
and all the .Xsiitic Islands of the .Xrchipelago, In-lonR to Turkey.
The Island of Cyprus in the I^-vant. though nominally a portion of the
Turkish Kmpire. now In-longs to (Ireat Uritain In extent and |x)pulation it
is nearly double the size of Prince Edward Island. It exports cotton, wine,
dried fruits, and sponges. Nikosia is the chief town.
part of the coast, mostly arid, but coiitainiiig some productive
districts.
The mountainous regions receive most moisture, and are in general fertile
producing coffee, aromatic gums and spices, dates, figs, gra|x;s and other
fruits
The country is divided into: — Turkish Arabia, inclndinR tin
Provinces of Meiijaz. .\sir and \'i'meii on the shore of the Ked
S»-a, and Lahsa [l\lli(isii) on the Persian (iiilf; and the iiide
|H.'ndenl states of Oman on the south-eastern coast, and Nedjed
in the centre of the country.
Vtmen, Omi
HfdjM ("lidil
mil III' lines "1
Till Arab
ofllir desert.
Til.- inhibit II
ntnil' "t triU's,
lifi. .h,in«iuK'l
ihK iMsiurage I
will, il pursuie
the I aravan .
The Com
on by lUf'iK'
The Ar.ibs
for lotton goo.
The camel is t
i„ ill,, caravan
tor the finest I
St
Asiatic Rusi
.S'ihi rl.l .
Kiiiiiiin I
Train Cii
Western Tu
KAaiiii''' ■
KViioiii'i I
Chinese Em
Japan
Indo-China
Kingiii'iii
Kingiliim
Kmpi'' i>,
h'ri-nch I
India—
Hriliih i
;•>.«. /i /
l'urliiii<ii
Ceylon
Afehanisti
Beloochist
Persia ...
Turkey in
Arabia , .
TO
Comme
Which tw
Which th
minion of
(Its numc
countries
Cotton >
Carpets?
malic am
Kiver'
Strait of
Voyag
^^SHE
I'OI.I I ILAI, ASIA.
•or
Yemen, Oman .m.l Nedjcd :\tu ihf -.i Iniiilnl parti oiTlto ptniiioiil.i.
HfdJM (Miiihr riirki..li riilr) !■• ihr lluly Liii'l "I ilii- M.ili niiini'ilan*, conuin
in|{ III' I. ilii'S >i( Ml 1 ,1 .111(1 Mi'iliii.i
Till Arabs ■>"■ partly dwellers in towns .tml p.irtly iiihithitaiits
ofllu <li's«'rt. TlifV art! all Miili.iimiiiil.ins.
Till' inhibii.inlH c)( ihr ilfscrl, cillivl Bedouini, (imsnuiii- mimiTous iiiilr
pnili III IrilK'H. iMcli iinilir ils own Skuk <ir iliiif Tluv lead ,i w:iiiilfrinK
iif.'. . li.iiiKiiig Itir sill' of tlii'ir rmaiiipiiiini, ,ii mnlinK li> tlir iwci-ntitv of liml
mx I'liiiiriiKC fur tluir llikks, Thir lli'iluiiins liHik with conlcmpl ui>i>n Ihr
M.'iili li pumuita uf Ihosf who live in lownH, and art; muM r.ipaciuiiH rulil>fr» of
the i.iravanH which iravrr'w thu country
Tilt' Commerce <>r the roitntry is coiiiiiilLTulilc, anil is rarritil
on liy incaiis of carav.iiis,
Thi> Araln K'lther iho product* of Africa ami I'LTnia. ami cxchanKe thvin
for I otton kooiIh ami othiT in.inufarlun t olilaincil from Imlia and Kiiro|N'
Till' < anii'l is ihi' priniip.il U'ast of Imrdiii. .ml most of thu laimls nnployisl
III ilii' caravan trade of wi ■.iirii Asia arc raistd in Araliia Nudjud is famous
fur iIh' linusl breed of the lelcbratud Araliian hurstrs
I III' I liK I Exports iri' iiillit'. dill's. KUin araliii , niirih immalii' an.l
iiii'ilh inal 'liiikii. .iiid (aarls. The inml valiMlile )iiMrl h'.lKiv in Ihi' woild
11 al llaliri'in Island, in thr rfr<>iin (miii
Oman \* liividi'il anionic itcvcral nativr iiilcrs, tin must iKiwcr-
fill of wlioin IS till' Sultan of Uiiian ii oiniiionly lalli'il the liiiain
(if Muscat I. Ne4jrd IS ruli'd by a Suit. in.
iloth of these stall's lo.ilain a numrritu* mlllril |iiipulallo. .n i .iri' rnKiK'sl
in aitrit iillurr and mmmiTci- < >m.in i« iini- of the inoa (siwiTtnl naval stairs
in .Vsia, and one of the most loiiimen lal The lin ini < l.iinis novi-rriKnlv ovrr
■ he larifer part of the eastern ami snulhern masts of Araln. i and o\ir the
.Vfriian coast from I'.ipe (iu.inlalni to I'.I|k< llelKadn
Sanr is tin- rlncf nty of Vi'inrii : MuSCat, ill' < ipit.il of
Oiii.iii, I- till' lari{t'st city uf eastern Araln. i, •iii<l E'Riadh is the
capital of Nedjed.
Aden, ne.ir lln- entrance to the Kist Si-a. lii-lnnKs In Cire.it Hm un. and Is
111 ini|>iirtant cualiiiK and iiipplv station for steamers p.issiiiK ihroiiKli the
Sue/ C.inal to Indi.i. Pcrim .md some other miall islands olt ilie lu.isi also
lielonii to (ircal Uritain
ASIA— ST.VTISTK Al. KII'KKKNlK TAIII.I.
Tea. silk, i arveil ivory.
I Tea, silk, silkworms' eKRi. copper, dried fiHh, tac-
1 qucrcd ware.
Asiatic Russia—
.Si/<ir/ii
Hiiiiiiin TurW\titn
TriiinCiiiiiiiiiii
Western Turkestan —
Klumiti' uf Khivd . .
hhtiiiiili iif Hitkhara
Chinese Empire
Japan
Indo-China—
KingiUtm uf Anam
K't»inUmi uf .Sill
Emfirc uf HuriHi.
Frcmh Vusu-aiutti
India—
lirilisli liitlid
I'niiih l't:s3issiuHt . , .
I'urlugueu' PoiUisiom
Ceylon
Afghanistan
BeToochistan
Persia
Turkey in Asia
Arabia
Kice. tobacco, suRar, spices and timber, sago. tin.
Kicc, cotton, opium. imliKo. jule. flax. tea. silks.
Cinnamon, coffee, coirstuff. and cocoanut-oil
No ciiports. — Caravan trade Uriween India and
V't'isia.
.' Sjl) ' :<ii<acc>>. skins, shawls, car|N'ts. attar of roses.
, opiuri .mil »-K)l
I < )pium, tobacc <>il, altar of roses, dried fi^s, dntei
I silk, leather a:<d sponKes.
'Coffee, d; les i,".in-arabic, myrrh, aromatic and
I medicinal tr',1 s, pearls
if !
TOTAL . .
GIvNEKAI. yUESTIONS.
Commercial. — Which is the larKcst country of .\sia? Which is next -
Which two arc the most |)opulous ' Which country contains the larRest cin '
Which three cities r.ink next? Which two countries arc lar«er than the Do-
minion of Canada in extent? What is the eastern coast of Asia noted for"
fits tiiiHirrutis iiliiiuh mill siiii.J ^'li.it country is altogether insular ? What
countries are noted for the proilnction of tea? Silk? Opium? Kice?
Cotton' IndiRo' Cinnamon' Coffee? Ai;Tr of Koses? rigs? Shawls?
Carpets? Lacquered ware' Carved ivory? Sajjo? Tin? SixmR'.'s? Aro-
matic and medicinal druRs ' What sea-ixirt is at the mouth of the Canton
River' At the mouth of thu Yang-tsc-kiang? The Canges? Near the
Strait of Hab.cl-mandeb ? In Ceylon? South of the Malay Peninsula ?
Voyages and Travels. -Past what countries and through what \\. iters
would a steamer gu from the Mediterranean Sea to Hongkong? From HaK-
d.id to Hombay ' l-rom Calcutta M Singapore? from lloinbay In Calcutta '
What cities would Im! p<isseil in sailing from Delhi to Calcutta ' What cargo
would lie carried from Shanghae to iiuro[x.? I'roin Calcutta to Hongkong'
I'rom Patna to Calculta? I'rom Ceylon to Kuropc? from SingajKire'
(Kice ) From Yokohama to San Francisto? What cities would the caravan
route pass iM'tween I'ekin and St Pcter«biirg through Maimatchin and Mos-
cow? Between I'eshawur and Tiflis? l<itween Yarkand and Astrakhan '
Rail and Telegraph. — Past what cities would you travel by rail from Hom-
bay lo Calcutta? From Calcutta to Madr.is? Hy what route would a tele-
graphic message Ik; stmt from Singa|>ore tu London ' From Singapore lo
fiung-kong ? To .\ustralia '
J
Anivm.s 111- Ai , K
The clumsy 111] , |»,u.
mils {riiitlivn, ) is i!., ,,.„
Ii.il lit;uii' ill till- ii|.|, r jMti
c't llic iMij;r.ivin(; \i ,,.,,
tiiiu' ttiminon in ...i ih,.
l.iTKi' rivrrs of Afn. ,, jt k
iiiAv rare cxci'pi in ,^:,f^
rr;;iiins. It is lunu. ! f,,r
Its flesh, which rrsi inl.l,.,
piirk: lor ils skin, anil (..r
its teeth, fnrim riy inu,h
used in the m.iiiul.i, ture of
ai'iilii ial hiini.in teeiii
Thel.inlsalKJiit ah,:liiinK
arc ibises, anrienll'. lul.l
sacred in KKvpt as hirhin-
KITS of pUiity. heeanse a|)(KariiiK just before the ri-.i' in the waters of the Nili-. Kiiually s,-icreil 1:1 the
the crocDilile (shuwii near the ibis); 1 I(>Lodile^: were kept 11. ihi-
t<inples. fed by the priests, venerated by the people, .111. 1 after death emb.ilmed .mil carefuin |.ri-.
served .IS mummies.
riieeamel.vithitsArabdriver, is estiepres,nted bin fur this anim.il. uliidi thrives. m thistl,,.,,,,]
cm travel five or six days without w.iter. the Iohk earavanjounieys across the burning s.md, i.f
Sahara would be impossible A camel can carry a load of fue Imndred pounds thirty miles .1 d.iy
In the centre of the coluimi a lion lias brought down an eland, vshile other antelopes are esc.ipin on
ihe lift; lioi.,art' rarer now than formerly, but still ii.ivea wide r.imje. Southern and Central Ah:i:i
abound ia different varieties of the antelope, llw el.ind luin;; the largest ami most desirable for 1;h\
Houndinj; off on the riKliI is the huh. a |H'cu!iar amm.il with tlie head of a I nil. the body of a liorM-.
and the l,;:s of an antelope In the b.ickKroiin 1, ostriches are coursing over the plain in ime direction.
,ind a troop of stripeil zebras in the other.
M the bottom of the column is the sawai ioiis ehphant. found from
^asi»fei«._ '■ SeiU'^anibia to the Or .n^e Kiver. It is hufjer than its Asiat : kiiH
man, .iiid never, like him. domeslii ated .and tr.iined. but is hunted for
^^^ its tusks and llesh . .1 p.iir of the former «ill furnish 1J5 poumls
of ivory. The loiiK-necked (jiralTe, or camel'opard, the tallest of
(pi.idriipeds, is browsing on the leaves of trees; and the thick-skinni.l
two-horned rhinoceros is dtinkiuK. A yount; gorilla, on Ihe
^Kr, br.inc h of a tree, completes the picture The Korilla is the'lart;eM
'i
n's:
^,;
of apes. It is found on the west coast of Africa ne.ir theeipiator
and is remarkable for ferocity and strength. accoi.IinK to tli<'
I'rench traveller. Du I'haillii, it can crush a miisketbarrel wiili
its jaws, and with its hands twist off the trunk of .1 tr.e f.nr
inches in diameter.
"" ■ ^ >»;"';,
Africa is a larnrf; pcnjiisulii.
()nnins.r tin- soiitlicni part of liitt
I'lasttTii Coiuinciit. It is siir-
rouniK-il oil all sides by tin; Ocean,
c'.xccpt where it is connected with
Asia l)v the isthimis of .Suez.
PHYSICAL AFRICA.
1. ( 'iI:M-.1-; \l I )|-.MMI'rinN.
The Area is .about 1 1.500.000 square miles, and
ilii. Population about .;oo.o<».ooo. .\frica co,,
I liiiina about one-half ,.f .ill the land in tli.
I'orrid Zone. It is more than three times tin
size cf the llominion.
Tiif Outline, like th.ii of South Am
i trica, is vciy ttiibrdkcii. ami in coiise
iliifiu (• Aliica lia;s a siiiulk'r extent ol
A canal liax in,!.,' Invn cut tliroi.ol, tl,is Coastline in pioportion to its size than
isthmus to connect the Mc.litcii.incan , anv other Cian.l Division.
'J'hc Rivers of .Vfrjca are few in nimi
)f little com
visions
and K'l il Sias. .Vfrica has licen thus
artilii i.illv made into an island-contm- I 1,,.,. .,1,1, o ri, , r .11
... Dei. lUiiuuoii some .ire of j,'reat leuL'tli.
.nt It r.inks second m s,/.. and third |,;,,, ,,j n,^, v^-j,,. ,|„.^.
Ill popiilauon amoii},' tju Cr.dul Ui- „iercial value
, Afr ca is rein.-.rkable for its vast sandy deserts;
.\frica is the only continent which , f'"" 'l"' ignorance and liarb.arism of its inhabit-
Ilds across tlu' wliole width of tlle | '""^ (chielly neyroe,); and for the nunibiT, size
and ferocity of its animals The want of facili
ties for rearhinK the interior, such as numerous
navigable rivers would afford, has livm an ob-
st.icle to tlle growth of comnn.Tce and io fhu
oro^Tcss of civilization.
iorrid /<aie, the northern section ex
tcndint; into the Noith Temperati' Zone,
and the sniiliicni section into the South
!( inpirate /one
»081
I.S (iK Al , (
"'ii^y Iiii |,.|>„ta.
rlivn, I i-,|!,, i,.|,
■iiuli,Mi]i|,ri.ari
Kr.iving \t „„,
iiiKin in .ill till'
Ts of Afrii I. it j^
fxcrpt ill ^,.illar^
It is liiinic 1 f,,r
wliiih ri ■■■ ;i,|,i,.,
its sUn. aiul fur
foritiirly much
10 inaniif.uinreoi
lumaii tcilii
ilsalKJiit ali.hiiiiK
i, anrionli;. Ii,.l,|
I-^KVpt as li.irLiin-
lly sacrtd iti ihi'
WLTu ki'pi n. ih,-
1(1 cari;fnll\ |,rc.
esim thihil. , ,ii,,l
mrnitiK saii^U m'
lirty mill's .i ,l.i\
s arc t'sc.ipin nr,
111 Central .\u .• .:
I'sirahlc for I ..il
l""ly of a linrv,
in oni' ilin-i ii.ii,
liam, founil Irum
its Asiat'; km-,
l»U is linntcil fcir
nisli IJ3 |n)iir.i!s
1, till' lalli'st i,f
lliLMliick-skiim.,1
Korilla, on ilic^
■ilia isllii-laiti M
mar the i-ipmi.r
iccoi.lipK to ihr
islalbarri'l u.ih
k of a irci' I, nr
r]uari' miles, ami
oo, Africa con
liu land ill tin
tliree limi's tin
f Siiiitli Am
lid ill const-
ir extent ot
its size tliaii
few in niim
Llie.it len<,'tli.
if little coin
I sanely ilesurts;
of its inhabit-
c number, size
! want of facili
II as niiiiierous
IS bei'n an ob
ce ami lo the
:|
N () \i T il
A I I. A .S r 1 (•
•^^^V-* J.! T
H.iv Ml
hisr<iV
' ,./■
r> V ^S;
o r K A N /I. /v-^^ ?^^^S^^'\^':^
t'.iii-iiv Nl ui(f
^0
/&V « A H.AjR-^A 6R GJiTe A T q X VE R T
I'lIVSU AI. AI-KIiA
109
II.— QrKSTioss .i\ iHj Mm-,
rO""/
V"
F.ipi/ilin
Outlines. -What iicean wash*-* ihi- shurr?. nf Afriu.i mi tin- i-.ist? i >ii ih.'
vicst Wlut se.i on the .-orlh.' l)i> tin- nortli-iMsi ' Wli.it (ir.iml DiMsi.m
IS not ih of Africa ' Which cast' Whit isthmus r.iineits Alrir i with Asi.i •
Whni .trail connect* th'' Mediterranean Sea wi.ii the Atlaiitii ( )( ean ' What
fuif !■ oil the western coast of .\'\r::'- Wh.i l.irne island is to thi' south-
L.ist Mow is it separated from the ci ntinent ? What nulf is in thf north
a^v lluw is it connects.) with th>- KeJ Sea? Which is ihi- m wi iiortherlv
c.ipi- 'if Africa? The m;>st easterly ' The n:.<st southerly '' Whit fiinous
tapi Is near Cape Ajjulhis? Name the principal c ipes on the west . oast "
(In llu- east coast? What <4>Iitary islands are west of Afric a • What (,'roups
of inlands north-west '
Whit Kurop«:an islands
nurili-weat of Madeira
Isl.uid? What island
IS opixjsite the Gulf of
Adiii? What islands
are nor h-»est of Mada-
gascar? (,*ompare the-
coastline with that of
Soiilh America
Highlands. — Where
an the principal hii;h-
l.ui Is of Africa situattsl ?
Willi mountain range is
in the north? In the
west ? In the east? In
the south ' What is the
funeral direction of thc-se
ranjjes ? What plateau
is in the eastern part of
Africa? What two jieats
ure near the Kquator?
What is the i \tent cf the
(ireat Central Plateau .is
slu>kvn by the cours<.-s of
the rivers? What lakes
ari' on this platc.au?
Lov/Iands and Drain-
age. WbaiKri.it d.-. ft
Is in the northern ji.irt .'
1 11 the north-east - What
clisert in the south?
What Rreal river llous
into the Mediterranean?
Ill what lakes does it
like its rise' What
lirtje rivers flow into the
Indian Ocean? Intoth<-
Atlantic ? What lak.^
are couih of the K.jua
lor? What lake is in
Soudan ? Where ilo i!.-
pressions of the land
lielow the level of the
sea cK( iir '
I'm si, M. \'ii.'
Along the west coast? Alonj; the ,ast
Ocean-Currents. —
What c 11 r r <■ n t flow s
alonj! the north-wfst cuast of Africa
coast? What is their direction-
Geographical Circle*.— What geoRraphical circles cross Africa? What
lakes d.»s Uie l.'piaior cross? What circle crosses the Des.Tt of Sahara'
111 what zone is the greater part of Africa' In what zone is the northern
part' The southern part? Through how many degrees of latitude dois
\frica extend ' Through how many degrees of longitude?
Climate and Products. What is tin- (leculiariiy of the Desert of Sahara '
(lli immms, txUnI ) What are the priiicip.il veget.ilile products of the
north of Africa' f»f the Nile Valley? ( »f the wist coast? Of ihj south -
111 what part of .\(rica are the largest wild animals found > When- is the lion
found? The cTucoJilr - Tbrcanrl? Tbeonlricli? The gonll.i • Where are
ill' jiriiicipal minrrals (uand? What aie ihe i hief prodm Is ..I M.idag.iscar '
ill. S'.fF.^C K AMI l>K.VINAlil..
Africa, iinlik*- the o?her ("imiul Divisions, consists
.ilinost tntirfly <>t" v.i>i plateaus ol' nioilir.ilc iltv.ilitm.
I'host.- oi thf intenor arc alniust surroiiii<l< <l l<\ .i lull ul lii^^.ifr
jiLittaiis. fnmi pjrt- of «)ii<h tiiuuiit.iiii r.iii^cs in.!.', cxtciuliiit;
|i.ir.illil ti» the roast. This t-lt-v.iti-il m.iru'iit is in liirii ImnliTiil
oil the outside by a narrow plain, skiitiii;; tlic uci-.n) ami nc.irly
iiiildsiiij; lli; wlu.lf
(ii. 111(1 I)ivision.
The intiiKir (ila-
tc.iii lind iii.iy li"
(liM(l('il iiitd till' Sa-
hara .iiiil the Great
Central Plateau.
Tile ]i<( uli.ir lea-
tiiic (il the plusual
),'( "k'tapliy iif .\fri(.i
is tile luw plateau ol
till- Sahara, or
(ill .it l)i strl. Ill the
iKirlli; it o('( iijiics
alioiit oiif. fourth ol
llu.' whulc siirfai'L',
.111(1. Ill p.itts.is inure
til, in one thoiisaiul
null's III lire. tilth.
'I'lle slirf.iceof the Sa-
hira IS fornii'd mainly
of plains of hardened
clay anil sand, and ridges
of graiiil)! or s,indsloiie
riik TlieseriM ky ri(l;;i's
He hare like Ihe rest of
llie Sahara but tiny en
c I osir siii.il 1 val le\ s,
\\ li e r I sir e :i III s or
springs, derived from
r.'iiiis falling on these
elevations, moisten the
soil I-^MeiiMve areas
.ire loMred with loow
s.ind which is drifted by
the strong winds into
ridges and hillocks.
Isolated trai Is of fer-
tile l.ind, called Oases,
oc I iir in this barren
waste. These are gen
erally lower than the
'. ifi. oTil\ cullnable iMTtions of the S.ihara. In
ha. I. ai'ing the louer Nile, on the northeast coast,
als.1 small lowlands
au and alvi S'luth of the .\lgcrian I'l.ileau, is ?.
.Vmi .
siirroundin.; ! i- ! •.- :
the nei^h!. - •
,ind wist ■
S. . .■
depress.:.! rc^..... ;....-. j^-tlii/ns of »hi( h an- below the sea level
Thf averai;*.- ekvation of th< Great Central Plateau m ilu-
south arul centre is al<f>ul 4.(X)o fiit, slopin;^ Kradii.illy towards
the north whtr»- it is only alvjut 1.500 feel a' ovc the sea.
The Mountains of .\frica form four systems: ihe North-
western, thi WcsJem. thf Eastern, and llie Soiilherti.
V '
lfll>
tto
rUVSICAL AFRICA.
The North-western sysifm < oinpris<s till Atlas Mountains,
mil III .1 \,iiiit)' iif v.iliialilc liiit iMi<loV('l(i]iril iiiiiii i.il'-. 111(1 till-
Algerian Plateau. I'^xlcmlinii wtstwanl, these inoiintainsoii^,'
mall) n-iw till: Atlaiilic Ocean its naiiic.
Till- liinhist kiiiiwn .siiJiiiiiit of li.,' Atlas Mountains i-- ii,.(f» fnt hi>;li. I'm
lln- a\rrat;i- i-livalimi Is 7,iji)i> tn h.i«io In I I In Algerian Plateau avir.iyi-.
at»Mit jcxirj (iri I almvu llii' si' i. anil the small Plateau of Barca may U- cun
si(|i ri-<l as a (ontiniialirai of it,
'rii(- Western s\siiiii lomprisistin Kong Mountains lunili
of tlie (iiilf (if (iiiiiita, liaviii;,' a mean elevation of .ilioiii j.jik)
feel; ai.ii the loftier raiiKi' of the Cameroons, an isoiatiii miI-
caiiic «rou|> faither east, separated li\ the \alli\ of the Ni;,'er.
The hii;ln'sl summit nf tint Camcriiiins is i j.7jm fwt aU.vc' iht- sia.
Tin; Eastern system inchnies the Mountains of Abyssinia
and till- s.Mithetii extension of the- Abyssinian Plateau. It
ronlaiiis the liiol„st smmiiits in Afrie.i -Mt. Kenia (.;2>j<)
feel) ami Kilima-Njaro (.;u,oo<j feet) lie.tr the cijuator.
The Plateau of Abyssinia, which has an elevation of 6,000 to y.ooo feci, is
the lofiicsi III Alrie.i. I'roin this a liroad strip of lnwer tabli-laml cMliiiIs
soiuliwaril aloiiK the coast, ami Is siirmDiiiiii' 1 t.y shorl ran);es ami >;rou|)s of
mountains. It is bruki-n by several deiiressions, lhrou)(h which rivers make
their w.iy to iho Indian (Ke.in.
The Southern system emhraees tin Nieuvald Mountains;
the Snow Mountains; the Drakenberg Mountains, ami other
ranges, rising' from a ))i.ite,ni .iiMnit 5,(>o<) feet hij,'l:.
The loftiest summit. Compass Berg, in the .Xieuvahl Mountains, is io,joo
feet hit;h.
.Mrie.i has fewer vok.iiioes ami is less suliject to eartiuiiiakts
than any of the other (iraml Divisions.
The Rivers ol .Afrit ,1 are not nunieroiis, hut tliree of them
rank anion;; the great rivers of the ut/'lil— the Nile, the Congo,
ami the Niger; the first is the most iini>ort,iiit riaiiinereiailv.
The (irst two di rive their H.itirs from the (re.iL t'l nlial I'lateau. and the
XiKer from ihc I'late.ni north of the Koii),' .Mountains; thence they lind their
way thronnh bn.iks in the bordir s'\ills to the (x;ean.
The Nile is the oiiilit of the nn it eiinaiorial lake« Albert and Victoria
Nyanza. it is almiit 4 (kx> miles hniK. and drains a basin of i.ckxj.ooo s<|ii.ur
miles. I'o. i.7i«) miles from its month it does not receive a triliularv. The
naviiialion of the river is inlerru| led by a series of cataracts {see Mnft.
Liii alio\e them tioats can ascend for many milis
The Nile is remarkable for the (;r,iilu.d rise of its waters, liet-inninK everv
year in June and continnin« till the middle of September. Its hnver valley
Uiomes inundated, and on !' c sulisideiice of the water, is left covered wiiii
a thick layer of fertilizing inii^l, . .iliich Inxuri.int crops ar. raised. The rise
of the river, which, lu.ir t. . ,r , ' is ' all. ii,,i Kss than forty feet, is
aitrilmled to the torrents of wa. : -..'ncn I, II in 1' . upjier country during
the r.iiin se.ison.
The Congo, .:.'.KX) miles in length, discli.>,hes a volume of water f.ir larg.
Ihanlh.it of eilhir the .Nile, r St i..-- •. , i iM-rsi,-,; .he reKion of equa
Kiri.il r.iins. it dr.iinsa la-j: i • >m ai«.,:!:.iii|{ In l.jkei .in.', w-iier course .
Til.! Niger is som.Avhat i.u; e fha • u, r.,,- /i,. l,;,; rai;;*, third in vo.u.ne
oi water, ,ind extent of b,isjn.
The largest river ilmviii ; i-itfH , 'niiiaii •.X-eaii istJieZjtn-
besi, which drains a large e.\tei.' • co loi-y n. the ; ...ttire leoiuii
of Suiitli .\friia.
The Orange, the principal r \r ^ t). ^ueh. is so shallow as
to ii.tve no eomnu'rcial importance.
The Lake Region of Africa is situated on. or just south of,
llie ICilualor. i li le, at allitliiles of J.7(k) to .j.,pou fe; t .iliove the I
s«'a, lie tilt' vast liuihes of fresh w.itci which feed the gre.tl rivers
Nile and Congo.
The lakes of tlii.s region receive rivers from the Great Central
riateau, as dues also Lake Chad m .Soml.iii.
The lakes of the CiriMt ("entrd I'Litiaii, Albert Nyanza, Victona Ny-
anza, Tanganyika, Bangwcola, Nyassa, and . thn . ti\.,l n iii, , ,,,,,
surpass the i;nMt lakes of .North .\nierii.i in siie Lake Chad liiv. (.ii.e
Salt Lake ,iiul Lake Titicaca, has no outlet.
IV. - Cl.IM.VTK, \'|.GI;TAT10.S, .XmMAI.S ami MlNLkAl.s.
Africa is situated almost entirely witlii 1 the Tropn,; il„.
Climate is tlurefoie the hottest of any of tiie Grain! I>i\i>iuiis,
ami in llii! lowl.iml parts of the coast is ver\ mihciiijiw
The Northern Tiojiic (Ciiiiar) jiasses through the centre i.| tin-
Sahara, -iiid the .Southern Ttojiic [Cnpriconi) throii^'li tlu Kala-
hari Desert. Iktween these desert licl's the Great Central
Plateau forms a hroad fertile region, most of it liein;,' i1i1u,m|
with trojiical rains ihniiig several nioiiths of the year.
This central part contains the greater part of the |iopulation and oi tin.
vegetable and anim.il life in .\frica.
\ smaller fertile lielt is fouiiil in the .\tlas region ami .ilong
the coast of the Meiliterraiieaii Sea. ami anotlier in the txii, me
southern jiart of the continent.
The Great Karroo in the south is a low plateau similar in charam i 1.. the
llanos and p.inipas of South .Vmerica.
The continent, therefore, has Five Parallel Physical Belts
three of them broad traOs of fertile land, .iiul two iiiteriiu iliate
ones of desert.
The Region of the Greatest Heat is in the eastern .section of the Sahara
and south .>f it, but does not iMiiid to the eiiuator. there, the den.se growth
of forest vegetation, supixjrtid by the heavy eqnatori.il rair.fall, protnts the
earth from the sun's rays, ,ind the extreme heat is modilied.
The Equatorial Rains are due to the moist winds from the Indi.in ( inan,
but, between the parallels of if>° and 30° N., the prevailing north-i.i^iirlv
winds, after sweeping across the arid wastes af .\sia, are compar.itivilv drv,
and what little \aiK>r tiny retain is at once absorbed bv the healed air ri~in"
from the parched sands; hence the Sahara is rainless. The Kalahari
Desert is also without rain, because the easterly winds, before re,icliiiig ii.
exiHiid their moislnre on the high binder of the plateau which fans the
Indian Ocean. The Scorching Winds which blow acro.ss the Sahara Ii. ^rt
soniitinus prove fatal to car.iv.uis from the sulloc.iting masses of sand tin v
sweip bi fore them. They are known as the Simoom in .\friia, 1^1- Sirocco
(when they cross the Me.lilerrane.in) in Italy, and the Harmattan in (oiim .,
In the eijn.itorial regions no high, continuous momu.iin ranges lie air.i^s
the course of the winds, and there are but two seasons (see p. 16), the wet and
the dry. During the former it rains in torrents for weeks together, and the
country becomes Hooded, owing to the overtlow of the rivers. This is fol-
lowed by the dry season, in which all but the largest rivers t)ccome empty
channels, and vegetation is burnt up by the long-continued heat.
li.xcept on the northern coast and in the Great Central ri.i
teau, Africa is almost c)ni])letely dehcient in Vegetation.
Where rain falls veget.ition is hi.xtirlant, but the tropical f.-re'-irt, tli.iii,li
covering a large part of the central belt, are less dense anil less extensive Ih.in
those of South .Vmerica. Among the most useful trees are the oil-palm of
(ininea, the d.ite p.ilin of the north-west ,ind of li;e oases, and the acacia,
w hich supplies tha f;iiiii-iir(d>ii if commerce.
Characteristic Features of African vegetation are the b.i'obab trees, some
of which are supposed to have attained ^.ooo years of age, and in some cases
measure twenty feet in diameter - huge cotton trees and mimusas, and niajes
tic palms of nearly a thousand different si)ecies. The date palm Hourishes in
dry tracts where no other tree would live ; men. horses and camels li\e on it-.
fruit, and the natives inike a wine out of its sap.
The chief Products of Trojiical Africa are— palm-oil, cotton.
ivory, ostrich feathers, aiul indigo; of Eastern Africa— coffee,
li.ilins, gums, and various aromatics. Xorihern Africa yields
the jiroiiiicts of Southern Europe, together with cotton ami
dates. The dry tahle-l.inds of Soiitlieri' Africa have a scant\
vegetation of hard ,ind thorny pl.iiits similar to tliose of tin
Mexican IM.ite.iti ol North .\iiterica.
Victoria Ny-
It 111, , , ,,,
had, lik> ( ,i,,,i
M.KAI >.
Ii'>l'i' -; ilif
[thy.
ccntn i.f ihf
^•liili, Kala-
eat Central
I'llil,' 'lllu^lll
II.
ion .iiiil III ill,.
>■) and ,il(in^
tllC t-MlMlll'
;liarait<r |.. ihc
tical Belts
iiitLTimdntc
iif the Sahara
1- ilcnse urinMli
ill, protiu-. tlir
In<li.in ( Kcan,
! iiortli-r.i^ii rlv
ipar.itivcl) ilry,
caiid air ri^iiij;
Tliu Kalahari
fiirc ri'acliiiij; it,
ttliich fairs tliu
-' S.iliara I >i mti
IS of sanil 111, V
na, iTi,' Sirocco
ittan in ('■iiiiH .(
iiiyt's liu at r, i>m
If)), thf wet anil
ij^otliir, anil llu'
rs. Tlii> i^ l.:\.
bcconio iiiiinv
It.
Ctntral I'la-
Vegetation.
f'r>M-,, lliMiJ,
sixtinsivf ili.in
tliL- oil-palm I'i
uij till! acaci.i,
liali trees, somo
il in somo ca-i >
sas, ami iiiajt^
lin tlourisht-s in
tucls live on ii-.
H-oil, cottnii.
rict — cofln-.
Utka yiilil-
cotton aiht
VL' a scant \
lIlUSC of till
■;'. TIic Inhabitants <'l ill'' S.ih,, .nd of
, till' i-mintrics until an,l cast . it are
iiu)stl\- (if till' Ciii'-.ii'i.ni i.ic, \! 'i antl
Bcrlii rs or Kahyles— tlioii^'li nis. ' iikor in
rulor liiaii the Europeans. Smitli of the
Sali.ir.i, tlie X(>f,'r(i r.ue orrupies lit irly the
wliolc i-ontineiit, anil forms much tli .'ri-atcr
part of llio popul.itioii of tins (Ir.ii.,! Divis-
ion, ^riie animals arc shown on p. ,)S.)
.\frica possesses Minerals of av .it valm
but they are compar.itnrly nnilcvelopi'ii.
(nil, I iri fouiul ill SiMH'K'ainhia, u:\ the f,;ii-i. \ roa-.!.
and in the rxlri'mi' s,iiilli lr,in, nipix,T,l. . 1 and sill
occur in varions pLici-s. Tin; di,ini,)nd-n,'Ws on th,'
Or.inj;,' and Vaal Kivirs are the principal sources from
which dl.'iiionils are n.r.v obtain. 1.
The Islands of .\frica li.ive a iin're healiliy climate
•nan th.' 1 onlinent, owing I,) the sea brivje-i.
Madagascar, thn Largest, supplies valuable cabinet
and d>., woods, rii ,-. 1,'inKer, jvppcr.anil other tropical
products, Mauritius and Bourbon .ire .,f v .Icani..
ori>;in, and from llieir (vviitioii are subject to terrific
luirri .Ties; they prinluce chiefly su;; ir .vid offee.
Madeira is a f.ivorilu resort for invalids ,ki accnnnt ,.f
in d.linhtful c iniatc. The Canary an 1 Cape Verd
Islands proUuce tropical fruits ia ainindance.
Iif Western .\frica After its
husky cov(Tin({ is lii,isened, the
fruit is thrown into vats full ,if
water, and nejjro women tread .nt the oil.
The natives call the oil-palm their friend. They
use the oil as butter, and inaki- from different parts of
the tree various utensils and articles of dress Tho
palm-oil if commerce is used in the manuf.iciur- of
]wrfumery so.ap, and candle;, and for liiliricating
m.achinc v.
.Xnoilxr valuable tree is the d.ile-palm of Northern
.\frica In l-^ijypt, ih,' harvest of iis delicious Iruit ii
celebrated every year with fe.isliiiK and merry makinfi.
It furnish, s limber, thatch, in uerials for cordite, 'tr
In .^Iada^;.ls^■ar, ih,' Nufia palm is no less useful I-'rom
i!ie inner libri'S of its leaves dollis are woven
l"rom ill- liraiuh"s of the .acacia, whose delicate
liraves anil blossom .'ire shown above, Kum-arabic
e.\udes; .anil senna (cassia-leaves) is used .is mi'di-
-ine. IV.annts are raisi-d in lari;,' ipiantiiies m tho
vi-esterii coast
AmouK the char.tcteristic F-Kvplian plants is Iha
lotus, a liiMUtifnl water-lily, the roots and siH-ds of
which are e,aten. The p ipyViis formerly al>. iindeil
nn the banks of the Xil.v and still urowsiii .Miyssini i.
It is from this plant th.it ^ii/cr gels its nam", i he paper
of antipiity hiving bcvn prepnrel from its innT Kirk.
!r: t '
112
POLITICAL AFRICA.
POLITICAL AFRICA.
Questions on tiik Map.
Wlial Rct.cral nainr is Kivcn Id tho cnuntrii.s ocrnpyinR lh<! nnrth-wcsl border
(if Afiir.-i? WiMt (ivr ((luntrirs fiirni itiis Harliary Sialic' Whiro aru they
siliKilcil/ Wliidi stall! is li.irilircd l>y llu! Atlanlii:? Hmv is Mariicco sopa-
ralicl from Spain? Hmv arc iIk; Harhary Statics t>oriU;rcl on ilie south'
What islli.-c.ipilalof Maro(Co' OfAl^rria? OfTnnis? Of Tripoli? What
c ily is «i>st of I'vi > Snulh-wrst? Whit provincis ar« Ml Tripoh? What is
Ihi' ihicf town of Hare. 1? f )f l"i'zzan ? Wh.it capo i' ii tht; northeast of
Tunis' What >;ulf on the east' What town in Maroico is opposite (lih-
raltar? Whit islamls are wist of Marorro' To whom ih) they belong?
What mountain rhain extends throiiijh Marocco? What k'"'' is on the west
coast of Harca? Sou'.h of Op|Kr (luineai Wliat Highis are \n the Gulf of
(luinea ?
What countries occupy the Nile Vailey? What two seas border F.Rvpt '
What art- the principal divisions of l-'.^vpt? \Vh.:t country is enclosed in tin
south east of T.Kypt ' What is the capital of Knypt ? What port is at the
western mi>ulh of the Nde > What three ports are east of Alexandria ? What
cities are on the Nile in Is^vpt ? In Nubi.i ? What port in Nubia on the Kid
Sea? What town at the confluence of the White and Uliie Nile? What
town is at the head of the Red Sea > What is the capital of Abyssinia ? Near
what lake is Ciondar? What port is on the Hid Sea, northeast of Abyssinia ?
What country is iMirderid by the Gulf of Aden? What is the chief town?
What country is south of Sonmli? What ra|K! forms the eastern point of
Somali? What island is north-east of Cape (iuarUafui? What waters sepa-
rate l'"t;ypt and Arabia ?
What mountains are east of the Great Lake;? What coast country is east of
the equalori il lakes? What is the capital > How situated ' What two coun-
tries are on the eistern coast on the Mozambiciuo ("hanuel ? What are their
capitals? What river divides them? "*''iat lar>;e island is east of the Mozam-
bicpie Chaniiil? What is the capit; i ' Mi<li«ascar? What islands are
north-west of Madagascar? Which of them belong to France? What lar^e
islands are east of M idatjascnr ? To whom do they belouR ? ^.S'lV Commtnittt
Mn/' ) What Uritish (xissessions are in the south of Africa? Wh.'t 's the-
capital of ''ape Colony ? Of Natal :• What is the sea-port of I'ietermaritz
burn? What land is northeast of Natal? What is the capital' What state
is west of Natal? What is the capital of the Orange Uiver St.ite? What
state is north of the Orange Kiver State? What is the capital of the Trans-
vaal Stale? What river is on the north of Cape Colony ? What river forms
the northern iMiundary of the Transvaal State?
Name some of the divisio.is of Upin-r Guinea. Of Kower Guinea. What
district is north-wv-st of Up|K-r Guinea' What is the chief town in Sierra
DIVISIONS OF AFRICA.
■['lie Principal Political Divisions of .Africa arc:
Ixone? Inl.itieria? InAshanter? In Angola? On the SpneRal Riv. • ' Whni
ureal general division is south of the Sahara ? Wliai names an- givi i- lo p.uis
of the coast of the Gulf of Guinea' What mount.iins are in I'ppit i .uinci?
In Lower Guinea ? What great river flows through Lower Gii<n'" ' Thrimxh
Ifpiv-r Guinea ' What lake is in Soudan' Wh.il great lakes are oh it m-jr
the equator.' What solitary islands are west of Lower Guinea ?
Rkview Exrrcises.
Countries, States, or Divisions. — IfAir.- is il t Ho-.r Immuldl '
Itirbiry Slates' Marocco' .\lgeria? Tunis? Tripoli? Harr.i? Fez-
zan? I:gypt' Nubia? Darfur? Abyssinia? Zanzibar? Sofali- M„.
zimbique? <'a|n! Colony? Natal? Transvaal? Orange River Sialc-?
Se-ieg.imbi 1 ? Lilxjria ? Sierra Leone? Ashant»-e? Dahomey' lli.iira?
Loango? Angola? Congo? Henguela? Sahata? Soudan? Grain Coast?
Ivory Coast? Gold Co.ast? Slavo Co.ist ? Somali? Ajan ?
Islands - IlVi.-r,- sitmilnU
Canary? Madeira? Caiiu Verd ' I-"ernando I'o? Madagascar? Mauri-
tin.? Hourbiu? Comoro? Nossi-Ue' Mayotta? Socotra ? .\scensiun?
.\nni)bon ? St. Ilelima ?
Capes. — I''riiiii whn: iiimt dois il firojifl >
Hon- Guard. ifi,? Good lIo|ie? Spartel ? Agulhas? Ulanco ?
Channels or Straits. —Wi-/a'i I'M jflial Imnls.' Wlmt waters i/ocs it umiui,!}
li lb el-M.iiideb' Mozambique? Gibraltar'
Seas and Gulfs. — II'/i.t.- is it .'
Cilus? Sidra? Mediterranean? Red? Aden? Guinea >■
Mountains. —When- nrc they/
Atlas:- Kong? Cameroons' Kenia? Kilima-Njaro? Snow? I'rakenlH-rg'
Rivers. — W'hire ilois it risci' hi nlint liirectiun ilofs it jtow I Iniu ..hni
hotly of iiiilir?
Nile? Congo? Niger? Zamlx-si? Orange? Limpopo?
Lakes. -ir/;,-r,- silnnlnl.' Wluil oiitlil h,i\ il >
Dembea ? Chad? Albert Nyanza ? Victoria Nyanza ' Tanganyika? Han-
gweol.i? Nyassa?
Cities and Towns. — Ai. le/iu? ciiKM/rv IS I/.' In uh,il f,\rl? Horv .lilimltd/
Fez? Mequinez? M.irocco.' Algie s? Constanline? Oran? Tunis'
Tripoli? Ceuta? Sue/.? Benghazi? Mourzonk? Cairo? Alexandria?
Port Said? Zanzibar? Sofal.i? Mozambique? Tananarivo? Cajxriown?
''ietermpritzburg? OTrban? Hloemfontein? fHlmiiii/nn-tiiii) Pretoria?
Herbera? Khartoum? Free' )wn? Monrovia? Coomassie? Port St. Louis?
.\bomey ? St Piul da Loando? Timbuctoo? Thebes? Derr? Massowah?
Gondar ? Magdaia? Suakin ?
The Barbary States
Marocco.
A I.e. 1 1'. RS.
Ti'Ms.
'rmPOI I AM> IV\Kl.\.
The Nile Region
I"i;m'1 .
.\nvssiM \.
The Sahara.
Soudan.
Central Africa.
Countries of the West
Coast.
Southern Africa -
(^\1T, < Ol.ONV.
Natal.
Oranc.k Rivkr Statk.
Transvaal Stai i-:.
Countries of the East
Coast.
Madagascar and other is-
lands.
Ml till- Xdtii'i Governments .'iri- ili-spotisnis, and < xccpt in
Ef,'ypt iiiul tin Harhary States, arc of the rudest and siinplfst
di'scription. The Population of .Africa is cstiniatod at 2cx).(x>o.-
oixi, Imt it is oiilv williiii ni'ciit \rars tliat aiivtiiilit; lias lici-it
U-ariU alwit tin- ]>i'oplc in the interiof of the i-oiuitient.
The Commerce of Afrie.i, compared with the extent anil
resources ol the couiitrv. is exceedingly liniil'-tl. and is in the
iiands of tlie white race. Caravans cross the dreat Desert frniii
the Harbary States by tiie lines of oases, and barter MiiropL-.m
and Asiatic niantifactures for the noU\, f;nnis, ivory, and ostrw li
feathers of (\-nlral .\friea. Similar articles are brouj^ht from
the interior to the eastirn and western coasts.
These caravans somet mes consist of thousands of camels, and take from
thirty to ninety days to cross the Pesert. Railways, roads and tel;-^raphs.iM-
almost unknown except in the British Colonies of the South, in Algeria and in
Kgypt, where some progress in civilization has been made.
The Slave Trade is still carried on in Central Africa, both on the east and
west coasts, although strenuous efforts .ire made l>y Great liritain to prevent u
THI-: BAUnARV STATF.S.
riic Barbary States include Marocco, .'Mgcria-
Tunis, rripoii, ami Harca.
Marocco, Alf^eria and Tunis occupy the ropion of the Atlas
Motmtain System, rich in fon-sts ami cultivable lands Tripoh
and Marca oi-cup\ tin- Mediterranean region from Tunis to l-i^'yjit.
The |!arli,ii\- Sates are so called fiom llieir ancient inhabit-
ants, tile Berbers, a pastoral and agricultural people, occupying;
the Atlas Mountain rejjion.
.■■J.f ;,■':■:■'
tin''
B.th.i-.A'M'
.1
•"•I
'> 'i'l"' inca?
"''V ' ThrouKh
n's arc <ih or ni^r
I./,-,/ >
> H.irc.i? Fez.
' S,.f,-.la- X|„.
K'l! Uivir Stale?
iDmi'v > 111, lira'
' (irain (dasi?
Kascar ' Mauri-
ra ? Ascinsion ?
tlaiu'o ?
s (/ois (( iomiiit.'
«? I'rakiMihiT),''
iiiRnnyika? Han.
■' How sitmttiH
Oraii? TiiniH>
o? Alexandria?
•o? CaiwTiiwn?
liiii- ) I'nidria?
I'Dft St. I.iiiiis>
i-Tr? Massuwah?
It Desert from
tcr lMiro|)i..iii
y. and osin. Ii
brouKht from
», nml take frdin
I'l tcl'vraplis ,ui'
in Algeria and in
on I ho eaM and
ain Id picvcnl il
o, AJgcria,
of the Atlas
mils- -Tripoli
ll!IS to lvn>l"'
lent inhabit
Ic, occupying'
Oiher raccH no
or niir the town
\ I , , an<l the Fr
|i,ii!iim'il.ins.
riu; fertile
r.illM the "1
Sahara, or "
Till! name "£
cm iipying a larj;
lAiiiit, arc pirti
,,(, li;ir(1s, and C"
riie date is thi
riiiil IVin-a, So
r. .;i(iii is frequcn
ciK'cially applii'
Tin- Prodi
;mil otlier (,'ri
wiinl, liides, i
Marocco <
II is A semi lir
by a Sultan, wl:
Marocco h
and tlie west
Central .\fri(
Algeria is
EiuiiiK'ans fi
soa-port towns
tween the lUrl:
Algiers is
some coninu
Tunis, T
depeiuUiuii'
of Tripoli.
Tripoli, tl
Central Afri
hnes o
portant.
f oas
THE N
Egypt
dofan, ill
the narro'
NUtclitcrri!
luiipirt'.
11 u: Go^
till' ruU r, (
the Sultan
Th(^ heavy
Nile lo overfl
belt of lowlai
alternately a
No rain fills
The Delta
to south, anil
OwinK lo the
Hlohe.
This re ma
empire, fami
pyramids ai:
climate, and
Egypt i!
POLITICAL AFRKA
Its
=i»
mhor fjices now prcloniinalc, of which iho princip.il .in- tli,- Moors, in
or iH'.ir the lowni. th • Arabs, who .\r.! chiully nom.ulu , iln- Turks, li m
A i • , and ihr French, "hu hwv culonizcil MKvriA: M but lh<! I.isi ,iiu Mo
h.iiimrd.ins.
The fertile viillcys an<l slojH"* of the Atlas Mountains are
.illcd tlu; "Tell" or xr.iin cimntry. SduiIi of ilu- Tell in liie
Sahara, <>r "Coumry of Oasos" whire the (late-palm al)oiin(ls.
Tin: naini' "Sahara" k nlso kImmi l)y KcuKr.iphiTs to thv. CriMt DrsiTt
Mi.iipyiiiK a lirni- p.iii cif nurthirii Afrii.i SiiiiuMif the oases are of great
iM.nt, are i«rmaneiuly jnhabiled, h.ue their ^'lain fields, ilati' proves and
(>!• Ii irds, and eont lin vill.i^jes and li>wns of several thousand iiihaliiianlt.
Phi; ilatu is the uri it sl.ipli! of the plains south nf the Atlas and of Tripoli
nr.d |l;irea So abundant are the date (jroves in the oases that this enliri
1. ion is freipientlv called "The Land of Dates," tliouKh this name is mote
tniKcially applied to the low plains or Sahara of Southern Al>;eria.
I'iie Products of the Atlas Region are ni.iiiily wheat, corn,
and other (,'rains, and fruits especially dates, olives, fi^'s, and
pomegranates. The chief Exports are —grain, olive-oil, ilatcs,
wiinl, hides, esparto grass, an'! skins,
MarocCO derives its name from the Moors.
It is a semi liarbarous country, inh.ibiti- 1 by a numlier of trilies governed
by a Sultan, whose authority is, however, lilth; respecl 'd.
M.irocco has threi; c.ipitals: -Fez, the residence of the Sultan,
and the western dei)ol of the cara\ an tr.ide hclwccn ICnrope .mcl
Central .\frica; Mequinez; and Marocco, the old metroixilis.
Algeria is a Province of I'rance.
KuroiK'ans form but a siuall part of the popnlatinn. and arc mostly in the
sea-port towns. The rest of the i'i!rd)it.uus ;»re about t;<pially dividtrd 1/c-
tween the lierbers of the Ti'll and tin- .\r.di, nf thi- S.iliar.i.
Algiers is the capital. Constantine and Oran are places of
some conmiercial importance.
Tunis, Tripoli ami Barca an; miimporl.ml states, and are
dc])endenciis of the Turkish Minpire. Fezzan is ;i dependency
of Tripoli.
Tripoli, the capital of TriiH)li, has a large caravan trade with
Central .Africa tiirotigh Mourzouk in I'ezzan, and by the other
lines of oases across the Sahara. The other towns are nnim-
portant.
THE NlLh: in;(.l()N ICCYTT .V .MiVSSIN l.\.
Egypt aiul its cki)tjiulcnci(!s, Nubia, Darfur, Kor-
dofan, and the: I^}j[yi)tiai\ liis .lets of Soudan, occupy
the narrow Vallc-y of tlitj Xilt: from the Ivjuator to the
M('(lit(;rrancan Sea. They form a part of the liirkisli
Em|)irc.
The Government is a monarchy, hut is not independent, as
the rnler, c.illed the Kludirc ( Kdy'-dic-vav), pays a tribute to
the Sultan of Turkey.
The heavy tropical rains in Abyssinia and farther south cause the lower
Nile lo overflow its banks annually from Jiim: to Sepliinlur (seep, kkj) .\
belt of lowland from one to ten miles wide alon^ the banks of llie Nile is thus
alternately a continuous lake, and a broad );ri-en ribbon of grain an<l cotton.
No rain f.dls in lower I^t,'!, pt except near the Mediterranean.
The Delta of the Nile i-* almut ninety miles in its greatest extent from north
to south, and .diiiul eighty miles in breaillh along the Medilerrani'au coast.
Owing to thi' .innual inundations, this is one of the most fertile regions on tin:
globe
This remarkable valley was for thnu'-ands of ye.irs the seat of a |Hnvurful
empire, famous for its wiallh. industry, learning, and skill in llie arl-i. The
pyr.imids and »em,)h'S of ancient l^gypt hue iM'eri preserved by the dry
climate, and are the most stupendous and magnilicent ruins in ihi; world
Egypt is by far the most important conntrs of .\frica. It is
the only one. excepting the Ilritish Colonies, which rt'seinbles
I'.iirope in i!:; m.intifactiires, agriculture, eiliic.iiinii, r.iilH.iys,
telegr.iphs, and in the organization of its army and ii.ivy.
Thi; region west of the Ndi! form* part of the Libyan Desert, and is nnin
habitable, excipt in the Il'.icfii or valleys, whuh I- i '.; I, itili.-id b\ vprings.
cont.iin iHMutifnl o.ises, I'tast of tin? Nile is ib,- Nubian Dosert, sp.irMh in>
h.diileil by w.inilering herdsmen In Kordofa'i and i ■« ii.U the v.uih tin"
tropii d run. i. nchr the vul fertde .md the \egel,ilion bnuri.mt
The People . '■e chielly of .\i,ib descent. Soiiu lalong to the
Berbers and other .\frican triU's, and a sin.ill iinmlK r aro
Copts, ilescendaiits of the ancient l'"gypti.ins. The Turks an'
the ruling r.tce, ,iiid Moh.immed.inisii) is the prev.iiliiig i< hgion.
Agriculture is the principal occupation of the |Hople. The
chiif Exports are grain and cotton.
A HmTisii iHoN-n.M) passing
TllKoriill 1IIK Sci:z r.\NAI..
The Suez Canal, U'tweL-n I'orl
Said and Suez, connc-clinK the Mediter-
ranean and Ked Seas, iK-dongs to l-gypl.
althon(.'h controlled by f',reat Mritain it
is the mo<,t Important maritime route m
the world, connecting the commirce of
Kiirn])i? with that of southern .-(nd eastern -.^
.\sia. The total length of the can.d i< aUm! one hundred miles.
.\ railway connects Alexandria. Tairo, .ind Sue/, .iml forms an imp<trl,int
link i 1 the overland route l>etween ("ireat llritain an.l Indi.i.
Cairo, the capital of Egypt, is the largest city in .\fric,i.
Alexandria is the second city and the principal se.i i>orl. Port
Said .Old Suez are towns ai the ends of tli<- Sue/. Canal. Khar-
toom is the capital and centre of tr id-' of Nnbia; El Obeid is
the (liief place ot Kordofan, and Kobbe of D.irfui.
Abyssinia Is th<! most «l«\.ii< li lountry in .\frica.
It is ,tii elevaticl |i|,iteaii, ridded liy rugged moiint.Tins, l>c-
twt'ii which .ire iertile x.illiys with liivnri.int \eget,itioii.
M.iiiy of its mount. tin ix;uks arc covtred with snow during the
greater part of tlu; ye. ir..
J
114
I'OLITICAI. AFRICA.
Tlir rtninlry IS III .1 s.ini l),irl>.iri)iis < oiKliiinn.aml has littli'or I C" I". NT K \ I. \ T 1< I « \. •
no Commerce. It is m ihf posMssloii nf > vii.il in lipiiili nt ■^ |j,„. ,,f European Colonies .uul Trading-posts
ml.. „ wlioso nil.rs air . ..i.Manlly stru-«liM« for siiprrm.icy. ,.xtcll<ls. ;il..ll« lilt: wol i.usl oi" .MVici. iVolM L .i|>-: \ ml
to tin; IJritisii Coloiiii-s at the Ciip«: of C'kmmI IIii|)i . ,. |
iIkmui: iiloDj^ the eastern coast in Mo/aiiiliicpu'.
Nuiili of llic inoiitli ot tile Dr.mt,''' Uimt tlu' west lo.i^i ii,(
s.-viM Imnilnd miles is cntirrly ilisert, .md tlir iiiliiioi ,it tl,,.
(irr.ii ('rntral I'lati-au south ot Soiulan I'l the /.iiiiIhsi Ka.r
IS lint hltlc known.
Till' li' St kiiiivMi purtinii iif ihi' I'liiintry is tlu Zambesi Buin, »lihli h.»
liiTii t\|iliiriil by l.ivinnHliini! ainl mliori
I'hi- lirxi! fri-sli-\v.ilcr l.ikrs iw ir tin: r:\i\ nur I ■rni ,i iiDi.ibli^ fr.ilnr.' ..( ihi,
pirl iif Ihi- 1 iiiniry, .iiul llu' Victoria F«lls'in ilu- /.uiiIksi Kivcr ant \. .-. It.l
lii >;r.in<l(iir imly l>y tlmsu of Ni.iKira In tliu t'xtnMiie south i» thi' Kalahari
Deiert, similar iii clinractvr to ilir Sahara.
Thf People Ml li.irli.iroiis ,inil hvr in small \ illa(,'<s iilitil
Kr<i(ils, This -iilisisl chully on tluir (locks ,in<i liinls, an 1 i iii-
ii\.iti' till' soil lo a very inoili'r.itc cNtciil. 'I'lif mon- pow.iiul
trilxs arc coiislaiilly preying; upon llu'ii wcikci mighliour -.
Kory .mil ciaruli fi itliiTs in \ii<- |iriin'i|>al ailii Irs ot cominiTi v.
Coffee Is imliKiniiiiH im ihi-. n^iuii, ami fnTii luri' it was iniroilm rd inii
Ar.-iliia
Thi! chii-f Export! .if ..illn-, ivory .iml nurriH, wliiili .iri' vilil i>rinci|>.ilU
III the Knypli ins al M,isso»ali on ihi' Knl Sr.i
111 I s ' II \i< \. ni (ii< i: A r |)i:si:k 1".
'I'lic Sahara is tin- inost iMcnsivf dcsirt nii the
«!arlli. it loiins the wrsttTii portion of tht:on;at il<:s(;rl
licit wliicli ixii'iids .11 ros-> tin; ICasti-rii llcinispluin-
Innn tlif .\ii.iiitic ( )ct!aii throiij^ii .Africa ami .Asi.t to
tlic I'.iiific.
Il ritiisists of rm k\ plate. Ills ,ii|i| isi ij.iU I low inouiilaui li<lL,'es.
sep.ir.iteil liy liroail Ir.uts of i,'r,i\'el .iini slnftiii^' saill. Some
r.iiii f.ills iliiiiiit; leil.riii seasons of tlie year in the iiiomit.iiii
regions, and in tlw low .iinl moist spoi-. Oases <oe loiined.
All itir irailr isc .irricil on In ini.insof r.irav.inHot i ainrls \ (rnlr.il Series
of Oases Iroin Triixili ihroiiKli liliail.iinis. lili.ii. ami Moiii/onk in i\/./.M\ t"
llii- plains alioni l.akr ('Ii.hI, form llxt prim ipal caravan roiili".. Olhrrs
Ir.iil from TinilMii liHi to MarcHc-o. ami from Kolibc in Mirlnr to I'^Kvpl An
annual fair is hrlil it (ili.it, «liire soim'timrs a', mam as (O.oou ramcl loads
of ){o<hIs ari! colliM ii'il
These rntral line divides the Sahara inlo iwo p.iri-. I'hi' Wi^stern. railed
the S*hel, or pl.iin, is sandv, ami h is dw oises it fnrnishi's Soudan with
Sttll. The Mastirii is the Libyan Desert, and i-iintains many oasrs I'.asi ol
the Nile is I he Nubian Desert.
The Population of the S.ih.ira is \ et\- sparse. Tin: mli.ilm
ants ,ire wanilcrint; trihes of Aiah^^, Mours, T.iw.ireks ami Til'-
l>iK)s, .111(1 iiru siiiiil.ii in tiieii hahils to the Heilonin Ar.ilis.
I Liberia IS .1 repiililie. with .1 eonstitnlioii niddelled on thai I't
Soudan, or Land of the Mlaci<s, is the ;jfi:ii(Tal name ' 'li^- I'nitcl Si.ues. It is peopled mnnly l.y Vmeric.in n.^ro, s.
applied lo the l.road fertile hell crossinjr the Colllin.Mll ! f"''>tcrly slaves, for whose fieiudil tlR. culoi.y was oriKinalU
,. , 1 ,• 1 / • IV 1 .• • estahlislifd.
miniediatelv soiiih ot tlKtdre.ii I Jeseri, and lonniiiof a
_ . ■ " I The coiiMirv 1^ pnidiu'tive. Melilinn 1. true harvests of Lotion, eoMce, imlit;''
transition hetweeii ihe desert and the hixiiriaiu \eget,i- | ,,ml sntjar .an.
lion of the ('(pi.ttorial latittides. ' Monrovia is the capital.
In its heavy ti-opical tains, evtensiv.. forests, fertile soil and '''"' '"'''' r.-ioiis fr..iii (ape I'alnias t.. (ape I'ri., are kn..uM
ureal heat, Soudan somewhat reseml.les the selv.isof the .Vmazuli. , '''' Upper an.l Lowcr Guinea.
. ' They are r.'n.nvn.'d lor th.ir natnr.i! wimlth in v.'^etalile iml minfr.d pr"
A hirec ciravan tra.le from 111.' ini.rior lo 111. I.'.linir uiean . oasi iscarn.il , . , , i, r , • ■ .r <■ i .
, .Inrtions. an.l ar.^ also nolabl.' for llii' injurions .Ifeets of Ih.ir . Iimal.' up. '^
Oil. th.' prim ipil Exports I. .ni; K'ul.l, ivorv. ..sinrh I. Uliers and enin-arabi. ' , ,
' "^ uhlt.' p.'npli'
Solid 111 ..■nt.iiiis a l.irf,'c iiiimlier of independent, popnioii rh.' eoists of I'pp.T (iiiin.'.i ar.' known as ili.- Grain, Ivory, Gold, .i^
semi li.irharoiis States. Slave Coasts, fro-i their principal exp.iris
In Ceniral anil Wesi.rn S.indan Ihe inhabitants are chiefly m),'r.. irilu's, Upper Guinea i divided into a threat niimlu'r of iH^Vo kmu
who are ih.' highest .'f th.ir race in civilizati.'n. In I'.ast.'rn S.unlan the . I. nils, all ot wliicli are in il very low slate of civilization. Ashan-
nilinj! class is .if Arabic ,t, m ,iii. ^gg ;,,„1 Dahomey .ire the principal.
Most of the Inhabitants ire Mohammeilans; tii.' rest .ire , S.nne ..f the towns .ire lar;;e ;iiid populous, as Coomassie,
Pagans. Abomey .md Abbeokuta. .\ consideralilc caravan trade is
The religion ..f ihe I'anan n.'Kr.ies combim s .. b.li.f in .vil spirits, witch- c.irrii .1 on with 'riliibiu t.io, Sokota, Kailo and Kilka.
crift, .in.l m,it;ic .harms, ami is kn.iwn as "Fotichism." i Lower Guinea, With theeM'eplioil of Lo.lligo, is nominally
The priiicijial St, it. ; are Bambarra, th.' Houssa States, I >^>il'.i''' 'o the Portnu'iese, wId have Iradiiit.' stations on the
or (.".lUlitrv of ill.' I'"ellalalis. Bornu an.l Baghirti ,i loiiii.l Like coast.
( or N IK I I'is ol rill-; w i.sr co.vst.
riu; Countries of the West Coast comprise
SiMiej^Minhia, Liheria. I'pper and Lower (aiine.i. wiili
nunutroiis iCiiropean seiileineius.
Senegambia is tli.- f,'eiier.il nam ' given to the coasl region
lietwcin the wi'stern p.irl of the Kong M.iniitains ,ind the Sa
liai.i, dr.iiii.d l>\' tile Seiieg.il and (i.imlii.i Kivers.
It cinsisis .if low. s.m.ly, c.mstpl.iin-. I.rlilc alliivi.il bottoms, and t.ilil.'-
I mils, ri. h in forests an.l prairies.
Thi- Exports ir.' iv.iry, beeswax, khihs. hi.l.s, ml (;ol 1
Th ' Inhabitants an' ni.ii'ily m'^roi's
Souther
In the iMt
inces, antl (
N.iitll t asl
publics >>l 1 1'
.\djaniit t
inhaliilants
. iiiiiu'iit ol h
.,ie the Bech
Tiie Native 1
-\\v< \\ caltlc! .an
...ll forin.' I an
I'liu nativ.'s I
I -Lacks, of a l')v
form a lari;e pr
(had, an.l Waday, liisi.les Egyptian Soudan; the jirmcipal
towns- Kano, Sokoto, Kuka an.l Timbuctoo.
l-'rom Cape l'"rio to the Or.inge Uiver the .■o".;iiir\ is in th.
possession of iiiuivilized native tribes, and is ainiust unknown
Cape Col«
It 111. hides
,lH'Von<l the
Kx.ept in bi
sinle.l to ai;rii '
Theihicf Indi
An cxi.'nsiv
i;ems are obtai
Iho main Iribii
The chief E
tr.ide is chi.tV
Capetow
.nice, lieiny
Caix; of do
railway wit
l»owcver, i>
Thf soil
Colony, ;is
the Indian
thi-' coast.
The chief
t>accu, an.l
cultivated.
Pieterr
seaport.
The Tr
peopled li
colonists
and after
I'OI.ITIC.M. AFKIl A
IK
in, ulii. h h.ii
1^. and i.ibk--
!!.• Britith Settlements on ihr wnt cniiit of Afrir.i an- Sitrra Leone, <
:,>\ ny |km(>1< il i lin iK liy iii'^riH-., I.ikiii fnun »l ivr IridiTt i iplni. I l.\
IHm^li •iui'«r'», Freetown is llir cipitil Bathiirit, >m ilu- 1-1. m. I ,.| m
M M at ih.r in.. mil i.f ilif (l.iinl.i.i Cold Coant Colony, imlii.liiii; L«fOt, m
Ih. liillf i.f f.iini. 1 Accra in 111.' . ,i|iilil
I he Portugueie Settlcmentli .ii. Biaiao, ..ii ihr Kio (Ir.mili-. .iiul mhrr
MI ill Will. mini-, ill Sriii-;;iinlii,i, .iii. I Angola ihu lihliiiK llii- .li^iri. 1- ..| I"
I I.I. lit'iKiii'l.i ami MiiNsaiiirdi's) in l.ww. i (iiiiiii'.i, nt hIikIi St. Paul dc
Lnanda i^ Itii- < In. f l..«n
France liis ir.i.Iin){ KiHliniiH .m llm Si'ntx.il. tli.- priiu iii.il ..iit- Ikiiik Fort
St. Louii, .11 til.' iii.iiiili ii( ihi- ri\rr, .lU.i .ui iIh- Gold Coast -mil ..n th.
Gaboon Rirer in Liamt (ininta.
Spain |>.>sst'HMv. till' sin. ill tirriinry nf San Juan ..n ihi' ii>.i-i ..I I'liiim-.i
SO I 'Til I'-. UN MKU \.
Southern Africa lulonirs ihicily in lirtr.a IJrii.iin.
In the t-.MrL-mc soiiih is Cape Cc'ony with its |»r«>\
iiiits. aiitl t Msi til tliai is Natal.
Ni.iili ( .I'-i 111 (';i|ii- ( ulniiv .111' till' iiiiji'pi'iiili III Dutch Re-
publics (it till Transvaal Mini tin Orange River States.
.•\(lj;ii:i'iit to N.itiil ;iu' ti 1 1 ituriis .still ii<'.ii|iii(| |iy llifii natl\t'
iiili:iliit;ii)ts till' Kaffirs, Basutos ;in.l Zulus iinii< r tlif ;,'i>v
I riinu'iit <it lull lilt. 11 V iliiil--; .iiid wi si ul llir Tr.insv.i.il St.ilc
.ire tlic Bechuanas, Namaquas, ami otln i n.itivc r.in's.
Till; Native Inhabitants an; j;. mrallv li.'rilsinrii, (iwiun! l''rK<; iiumliers of
shf. p. caul.; an.l linr-t-s, which ciinsiituto their ciii.'f n.'ilth. thi-v are tall.
M-.ll-(.irin.'.l a;i(I intclliKciit, ami nro miking winiu pn.^ri's.s in i ivili/.ilion.
Tliu iiativ.'i iif the I'xtrcino smith, call. .1 Hottentots, art; a stiinl.'il racu uf
|i|.ick.s, of a liiw class in iiitclll^'i'nit'. Tin: i:ur>>|H'aiis an.l thiir ilvscfn.lanis
form .1 larKu |)ru|iurliuii of the iKipiilatiun lliry an- eitlit-r Mritish nr l^utch.
'"m'I': Colony.
Cape Colony is the must important Miitisli Colony in Afrir.i.
It 111. liiilc'S tlic ailjoiiiiiiK trrritm ic'S of llasiitol.iml, Tr.iiiskti
ilK-yoiul the Kti ( l\y I Kiver) or KafVraria, and (irKjiialantl.
Uxn'pl in limlti'il rcj^i.ms m.ir tin; inasts nil. I riv.rs, llio l.in.l is nut will
siiitt'.l t.> a^rii iiltiiri'; but thin; an' l.irni; areas of valuable pastur.: Kroiin.l
Thi; chi.f Industry of tln' . ninitry m tin; raising of shttp. i.itlle. an.l i)-.tr idles.
.\n cxt.nsixe Diamond Reuion, from uliicli lar^e niiniUrs of xaluablc
(Jems are olitaini'il. c'\i-.l>on the iniildle and lower I'.iurs.' of the V.ial I<i\er
the main tributary of the Orange
The chief Exports ;iro wool, wine, ostrieli fi.ithers. .iml ilianii)nd>. Tin-
trade isdiielly with (;r.',it Hritain
Capetown, tin; (.ipit.il, is a pl.u'c of j,'rcat coiiniitr.i.il ini|H^rt'
ancr, lii'iii;,' tlio sti)pi>iii^;iila(:c fur vcssils trailing' round tin-
Cajie of Ciood 11o]H'. It is connected by nearly l.ooo miles of
railway with towns on tlu; coast or in the interior. These are.
however, of small size and importance.
Natal.
The soil of Natal is more f,'enerally fertile than that of Cajie
Colony, as numerous small streams run throu};h the country into
tlie Indian Ocean; a rich coal-field has been discoveretl near
the coast.
The chief Exports an; wool, sugar. ii.(fi;e, cotton, and arrowriKit To-
bacco, and tin; different grains and Irui'.s of the temperate zone, are also
cultivated.
Pietermaritzburg is the < .ipital, .md D'Urban the principal
sea port.
DlTCIl SlATKS.
The Transvaal Republic and tiic Orange River State are
peopled by Dutch f.iniurs {Uocrs), desi iini.uits ai the onuinal
colonists who came from Holland to the Cain; of Cjoo<1 Hoik;.
and aft<;rwards migrated into this region.
Th.' Transvaal Republic «a« fnrmrrlv a part of fapr t'nlony but in iHUi
Its in. 1. 1« 11. 1. 11. . u ., g.. ,1 mtied In I ir.'.il llnl iiii thi' l.itter .mlv ii >crvinKa
suor.iinty in (..nun .ill.iirs,
Theso coiinlrii's .in- ii.>| f i\or.ibl.' (oi iurn iiltiiH', but .il|..ri| uoo'l iMstur-IUf
Thi- r. ariiig .•! -.Ii. . p. . .ml.; ami h.>r-« s i-, ih.- 1 hi. i Industry .-f tin i«sipU-
Ih.- People b lung 1.1 III.' Iiiii. li Ui'lorni. ,| l't..t. -i ml ( hiin li
Pretoria is the c.ipital of tin- Ti.msy.i.d St.ite. ami Bloem-
I foiltein I llU'i>mti<ii-liiit I ol tin- ()|.ili|,:r Knel St.iti .
j ( ocNTUi i;s Ol nil; i: \> n. KN t ti \s r.
I Ihc Eastern Region of .Xlrii.t ;ti.iy In- j;«iniMlly
' iliviili-tl iiuii iliirc iirriiitrit's: ilir Somali .iinl Zanzi-
bar Territories, .mil ilif Portuguese Settlements.
I III' Coast Region iioiii till Sti.iii ..I |:.>liil M.in.li Kt.. t .i|h-
I )i'l);.ido IS >K I upii'il |i\ independent ii.itiM- IiiIhs ■ linlK' p.is-
toral with .1 i'onsidei,i|i|i- Ai.d. pnpiii.itK.ii in llu lowiis .m the
I'o.ist and isl.iiids.
I'hi- Suit. in ol / iii/ibar ikiiiiii i proti'ctnraiu i-wx the c.>.tM toiiiilneH Ironi
( a|K; Ik-lg.i.l.i to M.ig.idox.i North ol ih.il i-. I'l.iinu'tl b\ tin Suit. in ol
Oman, in .\rabi.i.
Till' pi iinip.d towns .irc : Berbera, III S.iiii.ili, .iml Zanzibar,
Mombas .md Quiloa on tin' /.ui/iImi • ..,1st.
The NIands.if ZanzitMkr .iml Pemba .ir.; ,iiii.>iig tin- iiio.t lerlilu r.-giona ot
the glolii-. ,1,1.1 > 1(1.1 I irg.; ipi.iiitiln s of sugar an.l rn.'
The chi. f Exports .if the to.ist are ri. e, silf|ar, molasses .in. I hsh
The Portuguese Possessions e\i. ml from ( ip. Pil^ado
1.1 I)rl,i^o.i l>.i\ .111(1 nil hide till' tiintoins i.l Sofala an.l
Mozambique. The pmmp.il toun is Mozambique.
M'UKAN ISLANDS.
Madagascar is om- of the Lir^esl isLwnls on the ^;lu|l<', .'tiny
more tli,iii tuKi- the si/e of the Province of Onl.iiio.
The Soil is lertile, with nth p.istnr.ine, and m.iKmliceiit
forests, alioundinj; in valuable trees and iiirdicin.il pi, mis. 'Jlie
princip,il Products are rue, sii;,'ari .iiie, tobai t o, m.iiiioc, and
all the fruits of tropn ,il r<'t,'ions. Copper, nieniiiy, noii and
ioal are known to e.vist, and gold .mil siIm r are also found.
The chief Exports are rum, rice, and cattle, an.l the trade is iii,iiiily with
Mauritius .i;i. I uiili the I-"rench islands of Ste Mario and ilourlH.n.
Till- Inhabitants are partly Malays and [wrlly a mixi-d r.ice, closely re-
sembling til.' )Hiiple of the adjacent co,ists (if the ni.iinl.ind. (if l.iti- xears
thev have m id.; considerable pr.igr.ss in civilization and l'liristi,iiiii\
The Government is ,i dispolic monarchy.
Tananarive is the cipn.il .md lar^'i-'s* city, Tamatave, the
< hu'f port, exports cattle and rice.
Mauritius belonf,'s to (jnat Hritain, :inil ex|)oHs siinai. It
is a slojipinf,' pi. ice for vi-ssels crossing; tin' liidi.in Oiean. f'.SV<
Ciiiiiiiuniiil Miif' <■/ tin- W'i'ilil.) Port Louis is the i.iiiital.
The Seychelles Islands. Rodrig;uez, .iml .i number ..f sni.ill islands adja
cent, are d.'iK'n.Uiicies of M.iuritius
Bourbon, or Kiunion, as it is ,ilso called, is ,i I-"reni li i oloiiv.
Xt.ir M.nl igasi.ir an- the Islands of Ste. Marie, Mayotta ml Nossi-Be,
also l)elo;iging t.. f'r.in. c
The Atlantic Islands .ire of small si/c, ,iiid .m pn-i ipitous,
volcanic rocks.
The solitary islands. St. Helena, Ascension ami Tristan da Cunha In-long
to Cir.-at Mrilaiii lb. Cape Verd Islands ami Madeira |.( I .-g t.. I'ortugal
and the Canary Islands to Spun I In; 1. liter .'\|»irt wim- siig ir .iml coffi-e
In the (iulf (f Oiiima, the Isl.inds of Fernando Po, .md Annobon belong
to Spain, .ind the Islands ..I St. Thomas ami Princes i.' I'.irtugal
Socotra, west of Caiie (iu.inl ifiii, is uml. r the c.iilrol of tin- liiiain o(
MUM;al. an.l Zanzibar cuiitains the chief tuwii of l':..- X,iiuibar c.>a->l
It
J
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.!
11.25
;f ilia iiiM
n^ IIIIIU 12.2
1^
— 6"
2.0
1.8
1.4 11.6
VQ
^^
■c^l
'<^.
"% .'it'
^#.^^
v:
V
/A
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
i' «>
i ^J
Il6
POLITICAL AFRICA.
Al- Hie A -STATISTICAL REKKKKNTK TABLE.
Statk.
Area in
Sy MlI.Ks,
I'oplJ-
I.ATKlN.
(Eslimatiil )
•- 7)
fAI'lTAI..
Barbary States
.M,u..,.>,
Almri.i (I'n ihli)
Tunis
Tripoli aiid li.irci
Egypt
Abyssinia
The Sahara
Soudan
Central Africa
Western Africa
Suncj4;irni)i;i
SiMK'K.il (/■>cm7i)
Sierra Loom; and (iain)ii.i {ISritiJi) ..
Lilieria
Aslir'ntcu
iJalioicy
Guinea Coast —
rortu^'ucsi! I Possessions
(it)lil Coa-tt anil (ial»oon (/•"/■.h./O- . . .
(iolil Co.isl and Lagos (llrilish)
Southern Africa -
Capc' Colonv {liriliili)
Nalal {Urilnh)
Orange Kiver Statu
Transva.il Stalo
Eastern Africa -
I'ortiigiiusu I'ossL'Ssions
Zan/.il)ar
Somali, I'tc
African Islands -
Mad.ag.iscar
Mauritius {liritisli)
I'rcnclj I Possessions i
liiiiirhoit {Kiiiiiiaii) !
Mii\Oitti
Nossi-lir ,
SI,-. Maru- I
Uritisli I'ossessions i
.S7. //./, /;ii '
Aui-iisi(in
Tristnn da Cttuha )
I'orlUKuese Possessions i
Caf>,- Vtrd liUimls
HI. Tliumns
Princes J
Spanish I'os.sessions —
Fiiihiiiilii I'll )
Atinuhan
Ttrritory tif Siiii Juan j
iri.|,jrio
•IS.-!.;')
i5S.o<jo
^ , 5o<j.ooo
-1,300,000
2.000.000
135,000
T-S..")""
5.f7
50,000
75,000
14,300
30<j/>4.i
1,072
-447.1°
18,730
4i,o()j
114.3'Jn
37S,r.i.j
j67.5"0
3ijj,ooo
jjfMjo
713
9-0
13.5
loS
04
47
34
45
1.471
3f)0
.5S
X53
TOTAL .
11,568,076
6, 1 40,
2,867,
3,000
1,010
16,400,000
000
6j6
o<io
000
3,000,
100,
70,000,
<jo,ooo,
000
000
000
000
200,000
i'J7.43'
74,61/1
1,300,000
3,(X)o,ooo
200,000
2,034,.Si<j
3,000
4S3.340
1,364,134
4'3.i67
'33. .!'•''
700,000
330,000
800,000
230,000
3,500,0015
377..t73
193..!'''-
I 2,000
10,150
7.135
5.059
-•7
105
99.317
18,372
2O65
35.000
208,482,316
"7
66
15
■=4
45
2>4
140
306
40
■4
66
3
80
5.i9
200
(JO
100
1 II
107
7
51
46
40
( Fez
I Marocco
Algiers
Tunis
Tripoli
((',iiro(C'.'/i/7(i/)..
I Alexandria {S-pl)
(iondar
I'OM--
I.ATIOS.
Fort St. Louis
I'reetown
Monrovia
(\iomassie ....
Abomey
St. PauldeLoanda
Accra
Capetown
I'ietermaritzburg
Hloemfontein . . .
Pretoria
Mozambique..
Zanzibar . . ..
Hei bera
Tananarivo .
Port Louis. .
PkIMM.AI. KxPORTh
100,000 I
50,000
64,714 [
125,000 1
23,000 )
3^7.4^.: )
>f'5.75J )
7,000
Wheat, olive-oil, dates, wool, hides, esp.-
gr,iss, and skins.
Wlieat .and cotton.
Coffee, ivory, gold-dust, musk, and guni.,.
Gold, iv.iry, ostrich feathers, and gnni.,iiMbic
Ivorv and ostrich feathers
I Ivory, bees-wax. gum-copal and other gums,
,1 palm-oil, hides, and gold.
45.260 '
10,144
■!.5&7
30,000
75.000
.T 0,500''
;;:;)
Wool, wine, diamonds, ostrich feathers, sugar,
coffee, and arrowroot.
Sugar, rice, and molasses.
Cattle, rice, sugar, rum, tobacco, manioc.
Sugar, rum, rice, molasse;
Fruit.
Palm-oil, boes-wax, gums.
,1
FEBjei-ISlASt
GENERAL QUESTIONS.
Comme'"'al. — Which is the most populous district of .\frica ? Which
ranks next? >','hich country contains the largest jiopulation? What three
states on the Medite.-anean exceed Ontario in population? What island in
the Indian Ocean? What British colony has .ibout the same population as
the P'' ,ince of Quebec? What island in the Indian Oce. n exceeds New
Prunswick slightlv in ]iopul;ition ? Which country contains the two largest
cities? What couni ies the two next largest?
What are the chief exports of Northern .-Vfrica? Of Southern Africa? Of
••Eastern Africa? Of Soudan ? ()f Central Africa? Where are diamonds
procured? From what islands is sugar exported ? Fruit? Rice? Molasses?
Where are ostrich feathers procured? Ivory? Hates? Coffee? Musk?
Ciold-dust? B(!es-wax? Gum-copal? Wool? Wine? Wheat? Cotton'
Esiiarto-grass? Palm-oil?
What I'Uiropean countries h.ive possessions or colonies in Africa? Where
are the principal li.itish colonies in Southern .-Vfrica? In Western .-Vfrica?
What French colony is on the Mediterranean? What other colonies has
France? V, here are the Portuguese Possessions situated? The Spanisli
Possessions? What islands belong to Great Britain? To France? To
Spain? To Portugal?
Voyages. — What cargo would a vessel carry from Cape Town to London?
From Mauritius to Montreal? From Zanzibar to Aden? From the Cape
Verd Islands to Lisl»n? From Mad.ag.ascar to Mauritius? From Sierra
Leone to Liverpool? From Alexandria to Marseilles? From Algiers
to Quebec? From Bourbon to Havre? From St. Paul de Loanda to
Lisbon?
If a vessel leaves Halifax for Natal, through what waters and past wiiat
islands would she sail? What .Vfrican countries would be passed in sailing
from the Strait of Gibraltar to Alexandria? From Alexandria (through th,-
Suez Cimal) to Madagascar? From Tamatave to Sierra Leone ? From Sierra
Leone to Li-'".'.!o-. ?
;o, manioc.
OCEANIA.
««7
:^aitaL
icrft:=?iai3v?
Coast. o.« New Guinea.
FEUZc-IaiASP^B-' Maobj Villaoe Ksw Zealand.
An Atoll.
Native Austbalian.
SCENES IN OCEANIA.
Hunting the. Kanuakoo. Uyak
VlLLAOt IN liOKNEO. WaBRIOB OF {ioRNEU.
OCEANIA.
Gener.m. \)
Oceania, the sixth Grand Division, is composed of
the numerous islands situated in the Pacific Ocean (sec
ulfa/> of Western Ileinisp/icrc), and between the Pacific
and Indian Oceans south of the Tropic of Cancer. To-
gether, these islands form an Area one-si.\th larger than
the Dominion of Canada and a little larger than Europe.
Oceania ranks fifth both in extent and population among
the Grand Divisions.
Oceania includes the Largest Islands in the world— Australia,
New Guinea, Borneo, ami others — and a vast number of small
islands. Some are of volcanic formation, and contain active vol-
canoes — as Java, Sumatra, and the Philippine Islands. Others
are of coral formation ; and many of the volcanic islands are sur-
rounded by coral reefs, dangerous to navigation.
In 1883, an earthqu.iko in Java destroyed an immense amount of property, and
30,000 lives were lost.
Coral Reefs and the foundations of coral islands are composed
of the skeletons of minute marine animals called Polyps, myriads
of which inhabit the tropical seas. These polyps secrete, from the
sea-water in which they live, a limy substance, which serves them
as a skeleton, and which is called Coral. They multii)ly rapidly,
not only by eggs but by budding like plants; and out of the skele-
tons of successive generations masses of rock grow up by degrees to
the surface of the sea.
Here the reef stops, for tho polyps cannot live out of tne water;
liSCRIl'TION.
but in some cases, under the action of the waves and from other
causes, the upper parts of the structure :irc broken up into smiill
fragments; these are washed u}) on the tup ol the reef and gradu-
ally form a soil.
Seeds are carried thither by tlie ocean currents or by birds;
and inider the inlluence of a warm and moist climate, vegetation
soon crowns tlie newlj-formed island, of which the majestic cocoa-
palm becomes a characteristic ornament.
Tluis are formed Coral Islands, particularly inimernus in the
Pacific and liulian Oceans. They seldcjm li.ive an I'leViition of
more than ten feet above the sea, and are usually circulir in form.
In many cases they consist of a ring encircling a central lagoon,
or portion of the ocean; vessels enter through a passaga in the
ring, and find a secure harbor within. Such islands are called
Atolls. {See eiigftiviiig abure.)
Coral islands often form extended arclii|x^laKocs. Tlie Caroline Islands, for
instance (refer to the M(if> mtd discribv llnir siliiilioii), einliraee no less than
sixty groups o[ Atulls, scattered along a distance of twelve hundred miles.
I^ng cor.il reefs sometimes run par.illel to the coasts of the isl.mds. Tlie
Great Barrier Reef, on the ndrlh-easlirn co.ist nf Australia (see Map), rises
from a very great depth, and is more than a tluius.ind miles in length. Against
this wall of coral the breakers d.isli with tremendous force, with the roar of
thunder, and form a continuous cataract of foam.
The Natives of Oceania belong chiefly to the Malay race, but the Papuans and
native .\ustraliaus have more Negro Ulan Malay characteristics, and are of the
most degraded class, The greater number are Pagans, but some are Moham-
medans and some have been ( hristianized.
1'
i
!#
Jt^
Il8
OCKANIA.
The islanders K(>n(;rally arc fonil of the sea and are gond sailors. Some of
iliriii ari^ ({enlie and iiitillit,'i;nl, and li ivi- made consider.iljli- |iroj;resi in tivil-
izalion, lillinK the soil and displayiiiK skill in varions m.iniifaclnres Others
are tri'achcrons and rcvenjjefnl lannilials. Piracy is not iincominun
Oci:aiii;i consists of Four Divisions:
I. Malaysia, tlu; Indian or Malay .\rcliipelaf,'o, incluties
Sumatra, Ja\ a, Horncn. anil the islands lyiiif^ between Asia on
the north-west, and Australia and New (jiiinea on the southeast.
2. Melanesia inrludes New Guinea and the islands cast and
sriuth-east to New Caledonia.
3. Australasia includes Australia, Tasniaiua, New Zealiiid,
and the adjacent islands.
4. Polynesia comprehends the vast luimher of islands
scattered over the Pacific Ocean, south of the Tropic of (dancer,
which are not included in the above divisions.
Ql'KSriO.VS 0\ THK M.M'.
(Sif iihu I'lirsiinl Maps i>f the Hniiisfhir,s.l
General. — Of what is Oceania composed? In what oceans are the islands
of Oceania? What continent is north-west of the principal islands' What
island-continent is in the sonth? Into what general groups of islands is
Oceania divided? Wliat is the position of Malaysia? Of Melanesia' Of
.\nslral.asia? Of Polynesia? What sea is between .Malaysia and .\sia?
Malaysia.— Which .ire the chief islands of Malaysia? Which is the largest '
What is the southern group called? To what European ]iow.-r docs J.ivaand
part of Sumatra belong? What is the principal city of the Dutch Kast India
possessions? Where is it situated ? Name three seaports in Sumatra. What
two sea ports are in Java besides Patavia? How is J.iva sep,irated froiu Suma-
tra? Trom Borneo? Suniatr.a from the Malay Peninsula? Where is Banca
situated ? For what metal is it celebrated ? What small island in the south of
the Strait of Malacca belongs to Britain ' (.Si-c />. cj.j ) What large city is on
it? What group of islands is nortli-east of Borneo? I low are they separated
from Borneo? Which .are the chief islands? To what European power do
they belong? What is the chief city ? On what island ?
What island is east of Borneo? To what European power does Celebes
belong? What is its chief town? What group of islands is north-east of
Celebes? To what European power do they belong? For what are they
celebrated? Which is the largest island? How are the Moluccas separated
from Celebes? Celebes from Borneo? To what two European powers do
parts of Borneo l)elong? What are the three principal parts?
What se.is are in M.alaysia? What straits? In what zone is Malaysia'
What islands are crossed by the equator? Which islands are mountainous?
On which are volcanoes?
Melanesia.— Which is the largest island? What s-.a and strait separate
New Guinea from Australia? What two large islands are east of New
Guinea? What archipelago southeast? What group is .southeast of New-
Britain? What large island is in the extreme southeast ? To what European
power does New Caledonia belong? What group of islands is north-east
of New Caledonia? What sea is between New Guinea and New Caledonia?
Australasia. — Which are the chief islands of .Vustrnlasia? Which is the
larjrest? What group is in the south-east? What large island lies south of
Australia? To what Euroircan power do the islands of Australasia belong?
What sea is on the north-east of Australia? Betwcn Australia and New
Zealand ? What strait is between Australia and Tasmania ?
What ocean is on the west of Austr.ilia? What gulfs on the north? On
the south? Where is the Great Barrier Reef? Which is the most northerly
cape? North-western? Western? South-western? South-eastern? What
are the i)rincipal mountains ? Where are they situated ? Name the chief river.
Its tributaries. What is the general direction of their course? What lakes
are in .\ustr.alia? Where are they situated ? In what zone is the northern
part of .\ustralia? The southern ? What Tropic cros.ics it near the middle?
How is .\nstralia divided ? What divisions are in the cast? The centre ?
The west? What colonies does Victoria border on ? What river forms part
of its northern boundary? What mountains are in the north-east? What
city is thecapit.il? What sei-port is south-west of Melbourne? What city
is north of Geelong? North of Ballarat?
What colonies does New South Wales border on ? What are its chief rivers?
Into what river do they flow? What mountain range extends from Victoria
into New South Wales? What other mountains are in New South W'ales?
What city is the capital ? What town is near Sydney on the west ? What
sea-port north-east? What town i;i south-west? North-east of Newcastle?
What colonies does Queensland border on ? What is the capital and chief
sea-port? What town is north of Brisbane? What town is north of Mary-
Iwrougli on the Fitzroy River ?
What colonies does South .Vustr.alia border on ? What gulfs are sonth of it?
What territory is north ? W'hat ranges of hills are in the sonth ? What lakes
are in South Australia ? What island is to the south ? What is the capii.il '
What colonies dues Western Australia border on? What ocean is on tin-
the west' What hills are in the south-west? What is the capital of Western
.\ustralia? What port is south-east of Perth on King George's Sound ?
What colony is south of Victoria ■ What islands are between Tasmania and
Victoria? What cape is on the south? What city is the capital? What ciiv
is north of llob.irt? Name the chief isl.mds of New Zealand. What twd
straits separate them? What c.ipe is on the north ? On the east of North
Island? What island is to the south of South Island ? To the west? What
mountains are in South Island? Which island has a number of volcanoin?
What city is the capital of New .'■Zealand ? On what island ? What city is in
the north of North I.sl.iiid? What city is in the south-east of South Island?
In what zone is New Zealand ?
Polynesia. — In what ocean are the islands of Polynesia situated ' In what
zone are most of the islands? Which groups are no.th of the Equator?
What groups south? What principal group is in the no.'th-east? What is
the capital? What volcano is on the Island of Hawaii? To what group
does Tahiti belong? To what European power does it belong? To what
European power do the Fei'jee Islands belong? The Marquesas Islands?
RiiviKw Exercises.
Colonies, etc. — Where is it.' Hoic hoiimUd? What is the chief town ?
Victoria? New South Wales? Queensland? South Australia? Western
Australia? North .-Vustralia? Tasmania? New Zealand ? Hawaii?
Islanv^. — Where sitniited? To -tchat division iloes it belong f
Sumatra' Java? Borneo? Celebes? Sunda Islands? Banca? Singa-
pore? l'hilippi:'.« Islands? Luzon? Mindanao? Molucca or Spice Islands?
Giloio? NewGuinea? New Ireland? I.'ew Britain? Salomon? Louisiadr
\rchipelago? New Caledonia? New Hebrides? Australia? Tasmania
N( .V Zealand? Kangaroo? Furneaux? King? Chatham? Marquesas.'
Low .\rchipelago? Caroline? Sandwich? Feejee (or Fiji)} Friendly?
-Navigators? Society? Tahiti?
Capes. — From suhnt coast does it project?
York? Londonderry? North-west? Steep? Leeuwin? Howe? South?
North ? East ?
Mountains. — Where ure they ?
.\ii^tralian .■Mps? Mt. Hotham? Mt. Kosciusko? Liverpool? Blue?
Gawlur? Darling? Flinders? Southern Alps (.V.Z.) ? Mt.Cook? MaunaLoa?
Seas, Gulfs and ??ays.— Il'/itn- is it?
China? Sulu or Mindanao? Celebes? Java? Flores? Banda? Ara-
fura? Coral? N-w Zealand? Carpentaria? Van Diemen ? Cambridge?
Great .\ustralian Bight ? Spencer ? St. Vincent ?
Straits. — Between what lands? What waters does it connect?
Sunda? Malacca? Molucca Passage ? Macassar? Torre,? Bass? Cook?
Foveaux ?
Rivers. — Where docs it rise? In what direction dues it flow ? Into what
body of water ?
Murray? darling? Lachlan? Murrumbidgee ?
Lakes.— U'/i.rt situated? What outlet has it ?
Eyre? Torrens? Gairdner?
Cities or Towns. — In what colony or island ? How situated?
Batavia? Bencoolen ? Palembang? Padang? Acheen ? Samarang?
Surabaya? Singapore? Manila? Sarawak? Brunei? Bandjermasin?
Macassar? Melbourne? Geelong? Ballarat? Castlemaine? Sydney?
Newcastle? Port M icquarie ? Paramatta? Goulburn? Brisbane? Mary-
borough? Rockhampton? Ipswich? Adelaide? Perth? Albany? Hobart?
Launceston? Wellington? Auckland? Dunedin? Christchurch ? Honolulu?
1
'#
if?-,
V-iTi
slands cast ami
New Zcal.iiiil,
"-•r of islands
oi)ic of Cancer.
llfs art; sdiith (if ii?
'"'i? Wliai lak.-s
at is the c,i|iit,il-
t ocL-.in is (111 111,,
apital of Western
s Sound 'i
in Tasmania and
ital? Wliatciiv
iland. Whattuo
the east of N'oith
I he west' W|,;„
lier of V(ilcano(.s.>
? What city is in
of South Island?
tuated ' In what
of the Kquator?
h-east ? Wliat is
To what Rroiip
lolong? To what
iiesas Islands ?
(K chief town ?
stralia' Western
Hawaii .'
Banca.' Singa-
or Spice Islands?
"on ? Louisiadc
'a ? Tasmani.i
11? Marquesas .••
'(/■') .' Friendly ?
Howe.' South?
■erpool ? Blue '
^ ? Mauna Loa ?
Banda.' Ara-
? Cambridge?
Bass.' Cook?
to? Into -.i-hiil
Samarang ?
Jandjermasin?
le ? Sydney ?
bane .' Mary-
ny? Hobart?
1 ? Honolulu .'
f)
%.
%
OCKANIA.
1 1')
M A r. A Y S I A .
Malaysia consists of tin; \v(,'stt;rii islands .iind groups
of islands situatiid Ix'twcen tin; Pacific and Indian
Oceans, and south-east of th(; Continent of Asia, from
which they are si'parattxl hy the Strait of Malacca
and China Sea. They are entirely within the Tropics.
Tlie Surface of all these isiaiuls i.s inouiit.iitious. Active and
extinct voKaiious are nmnenms, and cartnciuakes are frcciiienl,
(■specially in the Smula Islands. The suiT(junilini,' seas hcinf;
shallow [sec Map), .Vsia and .Australia seem lo he connected hy a
submarine plateau, risiiij,' above the general level of the bottom
of the ocean.
Except in the elevau'd regions, the Climate is hot; and in
the moist lowlands it is unhealthy. Tiie Soil is exticinely fti tile,
and owing t(3 the great lu'at and moisture, the former tempered
by the seadireezes, vegetation is varied and luxuriant.
Malaysia is the greatest Spice Region in the world. The
forest-trees 3'ield a great variety of v.ilu.ible woods, such as
ebony, teak, the fr.igrant sandal-wood, and dye-woods, as well
as useful gums, of wliich gutta-percha and India-rubbvr an; the
most important. Rice is the chief f,'rain cultivated; sugar-
cane, coffee, indigo, yams, and a variety of delicious fruits grow
in profusion. The cocoa and sago palms abound.
'SS The spicesofcommerceari-Iargelycultivatc'il
""*^»i<^" >_^^ V in the islands of Oceania, (loves are thi'
Hower-buds of an evergreen tree; they are gathered when green, and smoked
on hurdles over a slow fire. The nutmeg is incased in a black shell, en-
circled with mace; the fruit is harvested twice a year. The great pepper-
producing country is Acheen, in northern Sumatra: the vines are sometimes
trained on poles, and attain a height of twenty feet.
Among the wild animals are the elephant, tiger, rhinoceros,
buffalo, orang-otitang, monkey, and birds of gorgeous plumage.
The Population of Malaysia ntnnbers about 30,000,000, or
about four times as much as all the rest of Oceani.i. The people
are mostl)' Mohammedans, and in the larger islands are divided
into numerous petty independent states. They are generally
brave and intelligent; some of the races possess written lan-
guages, but they are inferior to the Hindoos or Chinese in civil-
i/.ition. The Py.iks, the l.irgest and mo-t powerfid lrd)e o(
Horneo, are I*,i^;,ins.
The Malays .ire good sailors, and in many caseH inveterate ;')irali's Tlieir
w.irf.iro, like their ordinary pnrsuus, is gener.ally on the w.Uer, .uid their long
/ViiAh!, or warcanoes, filled with arnuil warriors, are th<^ terror of the (mmh'
ful I're.pienters of these seas. Thi'V wear little clothing . live cliierty on me.
fruity .iiirl lish ; and dwell in bamtwio houses (KTched on pillars to r.iisi' lluui
above the waters (iic' t-ttf^rii: ini; , /> 1 1; i,
Malavsia is rich in Minerals. With tln' cxcoption of I,i..i,
the larger isl.uuls contain ^;old, <dpper, it.ui ,ind tni. (._)uuk-
silver is foini 1 in Horneo ami ni the I'hilippuie Isl.mds, .md di.i
monds in Borneo .md ('elebes. li.mc.i is 1 ilebr.itetl for its tiii
mines.
The Commerce of Malaysi.i is •. ,iiet1\ m the h.mds of (ire, it
Hritain. Ilollaiid .md Sji.iin.
Holland p issesses most of tlie M.alaysiaTi .Xrchiiwl igo. the \ihoIe of the
MuUu CIS or Spire Islands. |a\.», Italic. i. and Siiinbaw.-i, with p.irls of Su-
Tuilr.i, Celebes, Horneo. ami Timor Spain possesses ilie Philippine Islands
Britain possesses the sni.dl Isla.id of l.ahuan on the north west coast ol
Horneo, and has a protector, Ur over p.irl of Horneo.
Batavta, on the Islaml of Jav.i, the capital of the Dutch ICast Indirs. is a
Lf^'e and important coinnierci.il city. It e\|H>rts the coMee anil rice of J.iv.i;
the tin of Hinca ami Horneo; t\w pep|ier, caoutchouc, gulta percha and cam-
plior of Suni;itra; the clovis, nutmegs, and other spices of the Moluccas and
Celebes; and other tropical products,
Manila is the capital of the Spinish ICast Indies, and exports sug.ir, to-
bacco, cigars, Manila-hemp, and iiuligo.
Kdible birds'-nesis (tlu^ nests of sea-swallows) are important ,irlicles ol
export from Java. H.irneo, and tli" I'liilippine lslan<ls. The nests arc' about
tlu' size' of a coifee-cup, and ;ire nrich prized bv the Chinese, who use theiu
iu the prep,iratio:i of soup; the liner sorts sell for tuiei' thi'ir weight in silvi r
M i:l.\n i;si .\.
Melanesia, or " Islands of the Hhicks," is ;i Iohl;
group of islands e;ist of M;ilaysia. It includtts New
Guinea, ;ind t;.\tends south-t.-asti^rly to New Caledonia.
New Guinea ranks ne\l to .\ustralia as the largest island on the globe.
The Melanesian isl.inds ;ire in generil highl)' productive,
yielding tropical food-plants ami valuable timber-trees, but have
Very little commercial value. The native inh.ibitants belong to
the Pajiuan race, a degraded cannibal negro-like people, similar
to till! native Australians.
The Dutch claim authority over the western half of New (iuinea. The
French have a penal settlement in New (Caledonia .\ustralia has |>etitioned
the Hritish Crown for leave to annex New Ouinea.
I AUSTRALASIA.
' Australasia comprises Australia, Tasmaniii, New
Zealand, and the adjacent islands. These an: all
British possttssions, and form independent colonics
tinder the liritish Crown.
ACSTRALI,\.
Australia is the largest island in the world, and may lie con-
sidered as an island-continent. It is oidy one-seventh less in
size than the whole Dominion of C.iiiada, but rout.iins littlt;
more than one-half as large a population.
The Area of .-Vustralia is calculated at nearly 3,000.000 s<)uare miles, and
the Population about ,i, 300,000.
I
Animals ov Ai'strama.
Thi: animnls of Aiistrali.i prrsont some ni.irki'il pcciiliarilii's. Tin- swnn, in ottiiT p.irH of the worH
wliiti-, is licri' lil.icli, uilli a lilnuil-rcil liill. Near tliu lilac k swan in tin- (MiKra\ing is thu duckbill, i,r
ornilliiirliyn'cus, wliicli can with ciinal c.isi! run on lan<l and swim in tlie w.ilir, climb tn-t-s and di,' i
burrow in a rivtr-side. In l\w next viK'ni'tle wd liavi; specimens uf tliu fiircu Tasmanian or zebra «..lf
— till- echidna {ikiil'iiii), or porcupine ant-catcr— and the wombat, or Auslrali.in badger.
Many of th(> native ipiadrupeds an- pouched animals, and a doe-kannaroo is next shown, with her little
one looking out of the remarkable pouch in which it is carried. The kannaroo, with the aid of'in lor >
hind Uxn, cati leap fifteen feet or more. It is hunted by both the natives and the Knglish settlers; it<t1i .li
is valued for food, and its skin for leather, which is userl for gloves and shoes. Just l)elow the kanKan.'.
is a ko.da (ko-tih'-lii) or little .\ustralian bear, characterized by long tufts of hair upon its cars; the fo<«i
of this animal consists chietly of tilt- youuK leaves, buds and twi^s of the (jutn-trees.
ronspicuoiis amiint,' tli(! birds of Australia is the lyre-bird of New South Wales, so called from the
shape of its beautiful tail. In the circle near it is a paii* of bower-birds. One is peeping out of it-i
nest, a bower which they have built of twigs and grass, and adornc'd at its entrance with Ixmcs and
shells gatherecl from far and near ; their bowers arc somtimes thrive feet long. The e'mu. shown at the;
bottom of thc^ column, attains a height of six feet. Its flesh is much prized by the natives of th ■■
interior, who reserve it for the councillors and warriors, not permitting women or children to partake
of it. Like the ostrich, it lays its eggs in a hole which it makes in the sand.
' Vr^'3ii<ii :sii/
'\'\\v Outline is vltv compact, liaviii),'
few inckiilaticiiis c^xccpt in tlu' iicirtli. The
Coast-line is about S.ooo miles in Iciii^'th.
It is defended on the north-east by the Great
Barrier Reef, which extends about i..;oo miles
along the shore, at an aver.ige distance of about
thirty miles. Between the shore and the reef
there is a safe passage for ships.
The Surface of AnstraHa is, in the in-
terior as far as explored, a 1<j\v phitcan,
with a depressed region in the south-east.
It consists mosth' of treeless plains, some
of wliich are covered witli tall t,'rass, while
others are sandy and barren. The f,'reatcr
part of the country has not yet been ex-
])lorecl. Tlu! central plains arc bordered
on tlu' east b)- a succession of mountain
ranf,'i's, extendincr from Cape Wilson in
the extreme south to Cape York in the
north. The distance of this raiifje from
the coast varies from 50 to 150 miles.
The loftiest raiif^e is known as the Aus-
tralian Alps in the extreme south-east^ —
p.irlly in \'ictoria and partly in New
South Wales. Mt. Kosciusko has an
elevation of 7,300 feet. Lower ranj.(es
border the f^reat central plains on the
south and west; Gawler and Flinders
Ranges in South Australia, and
Darling Range in Western Aus-
tralia. 'J'hese do not exceed 3,000
feet in height.
The Rivers of Australia are few
in munber, and of little use for navi-
gation ; the most important is the
Murray (about 1,200 miles long)
with its tributaries. The Lakes —
Eyre, Torrens, Gairdner, and
■ others, are shallow, salt, and without
any outlet. The scarcity of fresh
water, whether in the shape of rivers
,or lakes, forms a marked character-
X. istic of the Aiistra'ian Continent.
TheClimate is in general healthy.
In the northern part, being within the
Torrid Zone, it is hot ; in the interior, ilrv.
The south is subject to sudden and gnat
changes of temperature; in New South
Wales long droughts are of frequent oc-
currence, and in the rainy season floods
often do great damage.
.Vs Ausirali.i is situated in the Southern Hemis-
phere, the scisons are the opposite of those in
Tanada; thus, it is hottest at rhristinas, and
coldest in our midsummer. {Si\- /<. 3.)
The Vegetation, like the Animals of
.\ustralia, is peculiar, and presents the
most striking contrast to that of other
]iarts of the world. The native trees are
all evergreens, and do not stand together
so as to form di'iise forests; they consist
chiefly of acacias, gum-trees (iiualyptiis),
and gigantic ferns. Very few of the native
fruits or roots are capable of being used as
food for man ; but wheat, maize, the vine,
the mulberry; and in the noith, cotton,
sugar-cane, and tropical fruits, have lx2en
introduced and cultivated with success.
All the Domestic Animals of Eurojx;
have been introduced into Australia and
thrive wonderfully. Sheep-raising is one
of the leading branches of industry, and
.\ustralia is the chief wool-growing coun-
try in the world. Horses and oxen are
reared in vast numbers; and rabbits and
hares have, in some cases, increased to
such an extent as to become nuisances.
''"'i" number of sheep in Australia in 1880 was
estimated at ri5,ooo,cx>o.
The Natives of Australia are the lowest type of
mankind, and are repulsive in their habits and
appearance {sec p. 18). They .are supposed to num-
ber about 50,cx)0, but are rapidly diminishing.
The Minerals of Australia are rich and
varied. The gold mines are equilled only
by those of California, and there are also
abundant supplies of copper, iron, tin,
lead, silver and coal.
The Maritime Commerce of Australia is nearly
all carried on with Creat Hritain by regular lines
of steamships and sailmg vessels. One line of
Ui»J
OCEANIA.
IJI
■itramcrs plies brtuccn Sydnry nml San Fr.inrivn. r.illinK at Now Zcnl.iml anil
tlio S.irtlwirh Isl.iiiils. K.iihvays ( | ioij mill s) anil tili'Kra|i|i linis ( ju.ixxj
liiilfs) rnnnict tin- twi) larnt-st ciiiis Melbourne, llu; capital uf Viituria, and
Sydney, the capital uf Niw Smith \V.ili s \uili other towns. Aiistr.ili.i ami
New Zf ilanil art- ciinncitcil by a Mibniarini; tiliKraph cahli', .iml aru in ilinct
teliKrajihic cominunicitiiMi with C.riMt Urit.-iin by means of a lim.' j.joo niiUs
in Icntjth across the miiMlo of the Continent of Austr.ilia to the north-west
coast; from there an oce;in cable cxtendu to Java; thence to Singa|X)re, con-
necting with other lints ami cables to London (S>i- Comiiuriiiil Map uf tin-
iViirlil ) The chief Exports aru wool, cotton, wheat, gold, and copper,
and the Imports are chii lly Urilish manufactured goods.
Australia is diviili.il into five colDnii s (a sixth. North Austra-
lia, is ill proi tss of fiinnatiDii): Victoria, New South Wales,
Queensland, South Australia, ami Western Australia.
ICarli Ctiloiiy is iiukpciiili nt of tlii' otiicrs, but all an: siibjuct
to the British Crown. The Government "f eaih colony consists
of a ("lovernor aiipointril liy the frown ; ami a Legislative Cmin-
ril and L(,'i;islative Assi iniily eierted liy tlio j-jople; except in
Western Australia, wliich has only a Lej^'islative Council, soine
of the members of wliieh are appointed iiy the Crown, and tlu'
rest elected by the people.
Victoria, altiioii),'h the smallest colony, is the most important in
popnl.ition and commerce. Its chief Exports aie gold and wool.
Melbourne, thu capital, on the Yarra Kiver, is the gre.it commercial and
monetary centre of Australia. Geelong;, on the west side of I'ort Philip, has
.1 large export trade. Ballarat is tlie centre of a rich mining and agricultural
district Castlemaine is the centre of famous gold fields.
New South Wales is the oldest of tiie Atistralian Colonies,
and on its shores Captain Cook landed in 1770, when he took
formal possession of the country in the name of Great Britain.
Its gold fields cover a vast area, and have been the means of
attracting a large immigration. It contains also vahiahlo coal,
copper, and tin mines. The chief Exports are wool and gold.
Sydney, the capital, on Port J.ackson, is the second city of Australia in
importance. Paramatta, also on Port Jackson, is f.^-nons for its oranges and
vineyards; Newcastle, for its co.-,l mines. Goulbum and other towns are
centres of the mining districts.
Queensland was formerly part of New South Wales, but was
formed into a separate colony in 1X59. It contains valuable
gold, copper and coal mines; cotton and the sugar-cane are
successfully cultivated.
Brisbane, on Moreton Hay, is the capital. Ipswich is the centre of the
cotton-pn)<lucin;» district.
South Australia forms the Central Colony of Australia, but
except in the southern p.irt is unsettled and unexplored. The
northern part {North AusiraHa) is said to contain some rivers of
importance, and is well adapted for the growth of cotton, sugar-
cane and coffee. Soii*h Australia is more agricultural tiian aiiv
of the other colonies of Australia. Its Exports are chiefly
copper, wool, wheat, and flour.
Adelaide is the capital.
Western Australia is the largest of the Australian Colonies
and tlie least populated.
Perth, the capital, is a small town on the Swan River. Albany is a mail
ste .11 ship station and the chief place on the south coast.
Tasmania.
Tasmania, or Van Diemen's Land, as it was formerly called,
lies to the sotith of Austialia, from which it is separated by
Bass Strait. It includes also the Furneaux Islands and King
Lsland. It is about the same size as New Brunswick, and con-
tains about 1 16,000 inhabitants.
The Surface of the island is mountainous, the soil fertile, and
the cjiin.ite healthy. Of Minerals, tin and (o.il .ite most
I abund.int. The chiif ti.eli is with llir m iglibut iiig loluiiv,
1 \ iitori.i. The orii^iiKil iiih.ibit.inl . of tlu' s.iiiie race as the
I .\ustr.ili.ins, are now extiiu I.
I hobart, on the Kiver Perwent is iliei ipii il Launccston, on the northern
co.ast, has a considerable trade with Viclmi.i .md >oiilh \iistrali.i.
NlW Zl Al \N|).
New Zealand consists of tlmi- isl.iinis, two I.iivi!
I
I and (Mil- small, lifsidcs some sm, tiler ;nlj;iccnl isliiids.
; rii(! two larncr iin; ii.imcd Xnrlh ;iiid .South UlaiuK,
i am! the most soiilherly is .Stew.irl Island.
j Tlie Area o.'' the while is r.ithir le;,s tli.ni tli.it ol the Urilish Isles, .mil the
Population, ;hmhhi. The isl.inds are about i.joo miles soul li-iasl of .\ustralia.
I Tlu' Surface is ruggeil, and high ch.iins of moiintiiins extend
through North and South Islands, some of the pi .iks of which
are covered with J«rp( >iial snow. Mt. Cook ( 1 j. Jno feet I, ill
South Ishind. is the higln st.
The Climate is s.iliibriuiis and suitable for the ( iiltiv.ilion of
every fruit, llowi r .iiul grain of Dntario. Thi' Sutivc Inhabit-
ants are calleil Maories {^Miili'-nrlcs), a brave anil iiili Ihgi nt
people <f the M.day race, numbering about .(.j.ihxi.
The Commerce of New Zealand is chielly in ll.ix and wool,
(lolil, iron, coal and coppiT are the principal Minerals.
The Government consists of a CioMmor aiiil a Legislative
Council appointed by the Crown, and a Legislative As.sembly
elected by the people.
Wellington, at the south end of North Island, is the capital. Auckland
and Duncdin are towns (>f some imjKirtance.
Norfolk Island, north of New Zealand and formerly a ccmvict station,
C atham Island and other adjacent islands, are under the control of the
flovernmcnl of New Zealand.
POLYNESIA.
Polynesia, meaning " Many Islands," comprehends
the vast number of islands scattered over the Pacific
Ocean south of the Tropic of Cancer.
It is now geographically sep.iraiid iMio t a ) puts Micronesia, or " Small
Islands," including the islands nuith of the I'.ipiatnr, and Polynesia, those
south of the Equator; and is known also as the South Sea Islands.
The islands are generally very small and low, of coral forma-
tion, except the Sandwich, Society, Marqties.is and Fecjee Is-
lands, which are volcanic in formation and nuiuntainous.
The Climate is all that can be desired. Being situated
within the Tropics, it is hot, but the heat is tempered by the
sea-breezes. The Vegetation is luxuriant, and the soil ex-
tremely fertile, producing a variety of indigenous food plants: —
the bread-fruit (the main <1i/>ciuli:nce 0/ the idnndcrs), the yam,
sweet potatoes, taro-root, arrow-root, banana, and plantain.
Coffee, sugar, cotton, rice, and in fact most of the fruits and
vegetable products of tropical or warm countries havi^ been
introduced into these islands and art; found to flourish.
The South Sea Islanders are of the M.ilay race, and have the
same characteristics as tlie natives of Mal.iysia. They are a sea-
faring people, and display great skill in the management of their
canoes. Their total number tloes not exceed half a million.
The Sandwich Islands form the most important group, and
are situated a little south of the Tropic of Cancer. They are
fifteen in number, but only eight are inhabited, and constitute
the Kingdom of Hawaii.
i
!l
•'.-
122
()Ci:,\NIA.
Thoy cnnlain many vnlcanoi's ( )ni' of those volcanic [icaks. Mauna Loa,
is I !,(«« feet hiKli ; Kilauea, a Idui r l.itirnl rralrr iif Manna I.m.i. is nim-
mill's in cirrumfiTiiic . . ainl is llic l.iru' si in llic' wnrM : its black lava wall
soinrtiincs t.-ncloscs a sra of fire.
Tlic rliicf Exports arr suKar aii<l rice. Tlic Inhabitania,
iiiiinlicriii)^' 5S,()(M), profess ('liristianity, and tlic Government is
a l^iinitcd Monarchy.
Honolulu, till' capi'al and principal seaport, is a resort for tin; whalinK
vi'ssi Is of till' North I'arihr, ami . .e port of ( all for the; Anstralian steamers.
I'lic Society Islands loiuain about io,o<h) inhabitants, tlif
inajorit\ of wlmin have liciii coiivtiti'd to Christianity, .ind iiavi
made sonic prnfjrcss in civihzation. Tlic Islaiiii of Tahin bc-
l()nj,'s to I' r.inic.
The Feejee Islands, over 200 m iuinil)cr, belong,' to Gri'ai
Britain, .ind contain 1 22,000 intiabitaiits. The Fecjoeans ,ire
anion;,' tlic most warbke and skilful of the Polynesians. AH of
tlicin were formerly c.iimibals, but they have now j,'iven up the
liractire of eating human flesh.
OCEANIA— STATISTtrAI, Ki:FF.Kr;N(K TADLE.
ISLANIIS AND CoLONIHS.
Malaysia -
Dull li Possessions —
y.ii'ii
Mnlufctn titnl other Islutuis . .
Spanish I'ossessions -
riiillfi/'inf mil/ ollur Islniuls.
Ilrilish Possessions -
Ltibiiiiu
Akka in
Sy. Miles.
S'urlliirn Tiormo .
Horni'o
Melanesia— I
New < Juinea
.New ("aleilonia and Tahiti (French] . .
Australasia -
Hrilish (Colonies — [
J iViitorui
■A \ A'lre .S,m//i H',i/, s
C . QuitiisUvtil
§ South A iislraliii
<I \\Vestern Ai4stniliti
Tiisiiuitiiii
A, ,v Ziiilaml
Poljmcsia —
ll.iwaii '
I'eejeo Islands
Navigators' and Friendly Islands ... .'i
Other Islands of Africa i
50,980
II5'<J3^
30
22,000
jri8,030
30J..;30
11,254
88,898
3'0.955
669,529
903,090
[ ,000.000
20,215
105,970
7,628
8.034
1,460
17,000
Toi'ii-
LATIOM.
TOTAL
4'5"9.27i
19,298,804
8,400,000
6,344,065
3.-!08
150,000
1,750,000
250,000
109,956
862,346
-51,949
^13.525
279.8O5
31,000
■15.705
533.94.:
7:, 000
124,85s
61,800
250,000
39,353.063
CaI'ITAI..
)8o I
Batavia. .
Popu-
lation.
'3 t
55 Manila ,
102.901
109
7
Sarawak . . .
Urunei
4
5
9
15
4
15
Melbourne
Sydney... .
lirisbane . .1
.•\delaide . . .
Perth
Hobart
Wellington.
Honolulu . .
Samoa ....
282,947
223,554
33,000
47-979
7,000
21,000
20,503
17,200
Principal Exports.
ICofTcc, rice, tin, spices, caoutchouc, KUILa-percha,
I camphor.
Sugar, tob.acco, Manila hemp, cigars, indigo.
Sago, bees-wax, cainphur, rattans, tortoise-shell,
edible birds-nests.
Gold, wool.
Ciold, wool.
Wool, gold, sugar, tin.
Copper, wool, wheat, flour.
Wool, timber, lead, ccpper-ore.
Wool, tin, gold
Wool, flax.
Sugar, coffee, rice, hides.
Cotton, sugar, pearl-shells, cocoanut-oil.
Sugar, pearl-shells, arrowroot.
GENERAL
Coramercial.—Which is the largest island nf Oceania? Which two rank
next? Which is the most populous? What islands contain the two largest
cities? Which are the two next largest? On what islands are they ? What
colony has alimit the same extent as Ontario? As New Hrnnsw ick ? Which nf
the Auslr,ilian colonies contains the largest population? What colonies export
wool? Cold? Flax? Copper? Tin? What islands export spices ? Coffee?
Camphor? Tortoise-shell? Pearl-shells? Sugar? Rice? Caoutchouc'
Bees-wax? Gutta-percha? Sago? Arrow-root? Indigo? Tobacco? Kattan ?
nUESTIONS.
: Voyages. — If a vessel sails from Melbourne to Singapore, what cargo would
she probably carry ? Past what islands would she sail? Through what strait?
If a vessel sails from Wellington to Bat.avia what cargo would she probably
carry? Through what seas would she pass? Through what straits? Past
what islands? What cargo would bo shipped from Batavia to Rotterdam?
I'rom Manila to Cadiz? From Honolulu to San Francisco?
Telegraphs. — How can a telegraph message be sent from New Zealand to
Australia? From .\ustralia to Singapore?
THE ANTARCTIC REGIONS. (Sec Mn^ <\f Hemispheres.)
The Antarctic Regions include some extensive tracts of land
and a number of islands situated within the Antarctic Circle.
These tracts of land are supposed to form part of a Southern
Continent, but very little is known of them.
Various exploring exjxiditions have been sent out for the purpose of Ant.
arctic discovery, most of them in the first half of the present centurv. In
1841, an English expedition under Captain Ross explored the steep and rocky
coast known as Victoria Land. It is covered with perpetual snow, but its
most remark.able feature is an active and enormous volcano, which he named
Mt Erebu', I' is 12.400 feet high, and its flames, rising high abovo its lofty
crater, throw a terrific light over these dreary and desolate regions. To the
east of it is Mt. Terror, another volcano (10,900 feet). Both of these owe their
names to the celebrated exploring ships, f.^cbus and Terror.
The other tracts are Graham, Enderby and V7ilkes Land, the latter dis-
covered by an American expedition under Captain Wilkes in 1842. No
important discoveries have been made since then.
The princip.al islands are the South Shetland, South Orkney and the
Balleny Islands. With these may be iiichukd South Georgia, Kerg^elen,
Prince Edward's, Crozets', Heard, Marion, and Tristan da Cunha, which,
though much farther to the north, partake of the same desolate character
So far as is known, the Antarctic Regions are devoid of human population.
i«tl
11
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MAP DIME
ON MERCATORS PROJECTION
[ SliMiiiiN- lto"t»'!» 1 . ^— • S liliu^AVsseJa
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This Map is d
name of the invei
have to be to coi
of the actual glol
The Meridian:
allel lines, so tha
readily dislingui
minishing in pro
uniform length ;
proportion. Th
north or south,
with that of the
much larger tha
The exact Di
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(In this map o
North Ameri
coast ? On the
on the Pacific
on the Atlantic
Mexico. Two
on the Caribbe;
call for steame;
ports does a stc
sea-routes can i
of Panama? .1^
from China act
San Francisco
routes from Nc
are the princip
tween North A
from Toronto
from Quebec t
York and Aspi
What subm;
West Indies ?
from Toronto
South Ante)
Sea? Name
What steamsh
ports in Soutl
ports would a
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cipal route fr
steamers to m
West Inrl'is i
How can a
What are thi
Europe? He
Europe. — ^
White Sea.
The principa
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where situate
cipal steamer
steamer routi
steamers pasi
India? Wh:
steamers ? I
the mails? 1
Name the pri
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How can a
Paris ? Froi
Singapore?
Kiakhta and
THE COMMf.RCIAL MAP OF THK WORLD.
"3
THE COMMERCIAL MAP OF THE WORLD.
This Map is drawn on what is called "Mercator's Projection," after the
name of the inventor. It represents the Earths surface expanded, as it would
have to be to coincide with the surface of a holluw cylinder or tube, instead
of the actual globular form ?
The Meridians, or lines of longitude, are thus converted into straight, par-
allel lines, so that th-' actual relative position of one place to another can be
readily distinguished by the eye. The Degrees of Longitude, instead of di-
minishing in proportion to their distance from the Eijuator, are increased to a
uniform length; and the Degrees of Latitude arc also increased in the same
proportion. The consequence is, that the size of countries in high l.ititudes,
north or south, is greatly exaggerated, as ran be seen by comparing this map
with that of the Western Hemisphere. In this map. North .\inerica appears
much larger than South America, and in the other they appear nearly ecpi.il.
The exact Direction of one place from another is shown, aud hence .Mer-
cator's charts are used by na\'igators.
(Ill this map only the principal stiamcr unit sailing routes arc shown.)
Questions on the Map.
North America. — What principal sea-port has Canada on the .\tlantic
coast ? On the Bay of Fundy ? What two on the St. Lawrence ? What port
on the Pacific coast? What port is in Newfoundland? Name six sea-ports
on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Three on or near the Gulf of
Mexico. Two in Mexico on the Gulf of Mexico. Three in Central .\merica
on the Caribbean Sea. Four islands in the West Indies which are ports of
call for steamers. What port in the Pacific is opposite Aspinwall? What
ports docs a steamer touch at between San Francisco and Panama ? By what
sea-routes can a person travel from Halifax to Victoria {VI) via the Isthmus
of Panama? At what ports would he call? By what routes is tea brought
from China across the Pacific Ocean? Why does the steamship route between
San Francisco and Japan differ from the sailing route ? Which of the steamer
routes from North .Vmerica to Europe is the shortest? The longest? What
are the principal steamer routes between North America and Europe? Be-
tween North America and the west ? By what two routes can a per.son travel
from Toronto to Bermuda ? From Halifax to Hong-kong ? By what route
from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro? What are the ports of call between New
York and Aspinwall ?
What submarine cables extend from North America to. Europe ' To the
West Indies? To South America? How can a telegraphic message be sent
from Toronto to Melbourne (Australia) ?
South America, — What three South American ports are on the Caribbean
Sea? Name nine Atlantic ports of South America. Five Pacific ports.
What steamship connection has South .\merica with other countries ? What
ports in South America are connected by steamer with Canada ? .\t what
ports would a steamer touch in going from Panama to Valparaiso ? From \'al-
paraiso to Montevideo ? From Montevideo to St. Thomas ? What is the prin-
cipal route from Montevideo to Europe? What strait in llie south enables
steamers to make a shorter passage than sailing vessels? What island in the
West Ind' ;■■. is the chief point of call between North and South America ?
How can a telegraphic message be sent from Toronto to Rio de Janeiro?
What are the termini of the submarine cable between South .\merica and
Europe? How can a message be sent from Havana to Valparaiso?
Europe. — Name the most northerly sea-port of Europe. .\ port on the
White Sea. Six ports on the Baltic, and to what countries they belong.
The principal continental Atlantic sea-ports, and where situated. Ten sea-
ports in the British Isles. The chief ports on the Mediterranean Sea, and
where situated. On the Black Sea. On the Caspian. What are the prin-
cipal steamer routes from Europe across the .\tlantic ? What is the shortest
steamer route between Western Europe and Eastern Asia? What canal do
steamers pass through ? From what port do the French steamers leave for
India? What island in the Mediterranean is a port of call for British
steamers? From what town in Italy do the British steamers to India carry
the mails? Between what towns in Britain and Iceland is trade carried on ?
Name the principal ports in Britain connected by steamer with Canada. The
continental ports. {Havre, Antwerp and Hamburg.)
How can a telegraphic message be sent from London to Toronto ? From
Paris? From Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro? From England to Bombay ? To
Singapore? To Hong-kong? To Melbourne? From St. Petersburg to
Kiakhta and the Russian P.acific ports ?
Asia. — What is the principal sea-|x)rt on the Mediterranean in .\m > Minor?
On the liluk Se.i ' In Southern .-Vr.dii.i ? On the Pir^i.ui Gulf In the
south-east of .\rahia? On the .-Vralii.ui Sea? What three in th.- li.iy of
Beng.d ? What port in Ceylon? Off the southern evtreniity of the Mal.iy
Peninsula? Name three piirts in eisterii Indo-Chiu.i ? Whi> h belongs to
France? What are the chief ports of China? Which l)elongs to Great
Britain? Wh.it are the chief ports of Japan ' Wh -t Russian [xirt is in the
south of K.imchatka? On the Sea of Okhotsk ?
What peninsula of .Asia is crossed by a railway ? Between what three
large cities does it extend ?
What are the principal steamer routes from the Suez Canal to the east '
.\t what places would a steamer call going from Suez to Hong-kong ? From
Bombay to Calcutta? From Hong-kong to San Francisco? From Suez to
Melbourne ?
What are the principal caravan routes of Asia ? What towns are passed
between Pekin and Moscow? Between Pekin and .Astrakhan? Between
Bassorah and Constantinople? Between Damascus and Aden? Between
Delhi and Damascus ?
What submarine telegraph cables connect Europe with India? Between
what cities? How is India connected by telegraph with .-Australia? With
Hong-kong ?
Africa. — Name three f-'ican ports on the Mediterranean Sea. Six on the
Atlantic coast. What sea-port lulonging to Gre.it Britain is at the southern
extremity of Africa ? What six ports are im the eastern coast ' Metween
what towns are the principal caravan routes of .\frica ?
How is Cape Town connected with Britain by steamer route? .\t what
islands do the steamers call? What ports are touched between Cafie Town
and the Suez Can.d ? What islands are passed by a vessel sailing from
Limdon to Melbourne, after rounding the Cape of Good Hope? Why do
sailing ships go so far to the westward to round the Cape of Good Hope?
Oceania. — Name five ports on the east coast of Australia. Three on the
south. One on the west. Wh.at jxjrt is in Java? In the Philippine Islands?
What two ports in Tasmania? What four ports in New Zealand? What
port in the Sandwich Islands? In the Society Islands? At which ports do
steamers touch in going front Melbourne to San Franci.'>co? Why do vessels
sail from .Vustralia to Londcm round Cape Horn, and from London to .\us-
tralia round the Cape of Good IIoi)e? At what ports does a steamer touch
in going from Melbourne to the Suez Canal? What islands does a ste.imer
call at between Sydney and Honolulu? What lines of slc.iiners connect
.\ustralia with Europe.' What telegraph lines connect Melbourne with India'
General. —.\. steamer sails from Londim to Smyrna, with an assorted
cargo, touches at Cadiz, Gibraltar, and the leading ports of the Mediter
rancan: what classes of articles will probably constitute the chief part of her
cargo? The same vessel sails from Smyrna to Montreal, stopping at the
Mediterranean ports; what articles would she probahly bring? She then
sails from Montreal to Liverpool : what will her cargo then be .'
.\ steamer sails from Montreal to Rio de Janeiro, touches at Halifax, St.
Thomas, and other intermediate points; what articles is she likely to carry
out ? To bring back ?
.■\. steamer sails from Baltimore to Liverpool, calling at Halifax and St
John's (Nfld.): what articles would she probably carry? What would she
bring back ?
What cargoes would be carried from Pictou (N.S ) to Montreal? Fron.
St. John (N.B.) to Porto Rico? From Montevideo to South. impton ? F'rorn
Melbourne to London ? From Bombay to Hong-kong? From Shanghae to
Sur. Francisco? From Porto Rico to Halifax? From St. John's (Nlld ) to
Lisbon? From New Orleans to Hamburg? From Savannah to Liverpool?
From Quebec to Glasgow? From Victoria (B C) to San Francisco? {Cval )
Where are the chief whale fisheries? Seal fisheries? Cod fisheries?
Pearl fisheries?
From what countries are the chief supplies of cotton derived ? Of wool?
Ofte.i? Sugar? Coffee? Tobacco' Silk? Jute? Pepper? Spices?
Indigo? CinchonUi {Peruvian Bark ^ Tapioca? Molasses? Wheat? Kicc?
Maize? Flaxseed? Opium? Hides? Cattle? Furs? Gold? Silver?
Copper? Coal? Iron? Tin? Petroleum? Ivory? Ostrich feathers?
Palm-oil? India-rubber? Gutta-percha? Sago? Dates? Dried fruits?
Attar of roses? Cork? Sponges? Guano? Eider-down' Timber? Gyp-
sum ? Wines ? Olive-oil ? Salt ? Fish ?
124
COMMKKCIAI. Cr.NTRKS AND THEIR EXPORT?
(■()MMI;K(1AI, CKNI'IUIS AND THEIK EXPORTS —STATISTICAL KEKEKENCK TAllLE.
City or Town.
PkINCIFAI. EXIMIRTS.
Acapuico
Adelaide
Aden
Alexandria . . . .
Algiers
Amsterdam. . . .
Archangel
Astrakhan
Auckland
Azore Isles. . . .
Bahia
Baltimore
Bangkok
Barcelona
Batavia
Belfast
Bergrn
Birmingham . .
Bombay
Bordeaux
Boston
Bremen
Brussels
Buenos Ayres
Bushire
Calcutta
Callao
Canary Isles .
Canton
Cape Town . .
Caracas
Cartagena (S.A.J..
Cayenne
Charleston .
Charlottetown ....
Chicago
Cincinnati
Constantinople... .
Damascus
Dantzig
Galle
Galveston
Geneva
Genoa
Georgetown
Glasgow.
Guayaquil
Halifax
Hamburg
Havana
Havre
Hon°;-kong
Honolulu
Irkutsk
iamair.T
■a Guayra
Leeds
Leipzig
Lisbon
Silver, copper, skins, cocoa, indifjo, in.ihogany, drugs.
Wool, wllr.lt. CiippiT.
Ciifli'L', indigo, datrs, drugs, j)earls, aromatic gums,
(ir.iin, coilon, d.itcs, drugs.
Cir.iin, \v(jiil, skins, ('sp.irto, cork, copper, dates.
liiittiT, chemise, cittle, Has, in.idder, spues,
f I'l.ix, hemp, linseed, rye, skins, forest-products,
■| tallow.
I'isli, oil, lamb-skins.
Wool, gold, lumber, flax, tallow.
Wine, or.mges, lemons.
Sug.-ir, colfee, cotton, tobacco, diamonds, nuts.
Tobacco, wheat, jietroleum, oysters, coal.
Rice, spices, sng,ar, gamboge.
Wines, cork, iron, copjKT, quicksilver, dried fruits.
I Sugar, colfec}, rice, indigo, tobacco, tin, spices,
] caoutchouc, gutta-percha,
l.inen nianuf.icturos.
I.iiniber, fish, ice.
Met.dlic manufactures.
Cotton, opium, coffee, spices, sugar, indigo.
W ines, brandies, preserved fruits and meats.
V.'iricd manufactures, prepared foods, ice
Linen and woollen goods, glass, wine, beer, grain.
L.iee manufictnres.
Wool, hides, tallow, beef.
Silks, sh.iwls, carpets, wool, drugs, dried fruits.
Cotton, (tpium, rice, jute, indigo, silk,
((luano, s.altpetre, cinclion.i-bark, sdver, wool
i sugar, alpaca wool, furs.
Cocliinc.d, fruits, vegetables, soda.
Te.i, silk, Cbine.si: wares.
I Wool, hides, ostrich plumes, wine, copper, dia-
I momls.
Coffee, cotton, hides, gold.
Cinthona-bark, eollee, cotton, tob.icco, hides.
Sug.ar, coffee, rice, indigo, pepper and other spices.
Cotton, rice.
O.its, potatoes, ships,
drain, ix)rk, lumber.
Cir.iin, pork, tlax, tob.acco.
Cir.iin, tolweco, drugs, fruits, carpets, silks,
n.imask and iron manufactures,
{ir.iin, lumber, beer, woollens, linens.
Coffee, timber, pearls.
Cotton, grain, wool.
Watches, jewellery.
Silks, olive-oil, wine and spirits, fruits.
Sugar, eolTtje, cotton, indigo, .-pices.
Iron aiulrf:otton ni.anufaetures, iron ships, machinery
Coco.i. cinchon.a-bark, ilye-woods.
Dried lish. coal, gypsum, grindstones, lumber.
Linen and woollen goods, gl.iss, wiue, beer, grain.
Sug.ar, colfee, tobacco, cigiirs.
.\rticles of taste and fashion, wine, brandy, oil.
Te.a, r.aw silk, Chinese wares.
Sugar, eocoaniit-oil.
(t'rutn C/ii'hi tit Russia) tea, fruits, porcel.iiii, silk.
.Su,i,Mr, rum, molas.ses, coHee, allsjiice.
Colfee, cocoa, indigo, cattle-products.
Woc'len manufactures.
Annual fairs. — Books, furs, Germ.in manufactures.
Wine, olive-oil, fruits, minerals, cork.
City ok Tow.m.
Liverpool
London
Lyons
Madeira
Malaga
Manila
Marseilles
Mauritius Island.
Melbourne
Mobile
Monrovia
Montevideo
Montreal
Marocco
Maranhao
Manchester
Newcastle
New Orleans . . . .
New York
Niini-Novgorod .
' Odessa
Okhotsk
Oporto
I Ottawa
I Palermo
Panama
I Para
■ Paris
Patna
Pernambuco
Philadelphia
Portland (.W,- )...
: Portland (Or.) .. .
j Quebec
I Rangoon
I Reikiavik
I Riga
Princii'.m- Exports.
Rio de Janeiro
Rome
Rotterdam
San Francisco
Savannah
Shanghae
Sheffield
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Smyrna
: Stettin
St. John (,V./i.)
St. Johns (.V.F.) ....
St. Louis
St. Paul de Loanda .
St. Petersburg
Sydney
i Tamatave
j Trieste
Valparaiso
I Vera Cruz
I Victoria (F./.)
' Vienna
i Yakutsk
I Yokohama
Iron, cutlery, earthenware, cottons, chemicals, coal.
Uritish manufactures, foreign products.
Silk manufactures.
Wines, fruits, nuts.
Oranges, wine, raisins.
Sugar, tobacco, cigars, hemp, indigo, cabinet-woods.
Wine, brandy, sardines, silk, fruits.
Sugar v.anilla.
Ciold wool, wine.
( otton, forest-products.
1 'aim-oil, wax. |iepper, ground-nuts, gold, ivory.
Cattle-products.
Hreadstufifs, forest-products, dairy-products, cattle.
Goat-skins, wool, cork, dates, maize, olive-oil.
Sugar.
Cotton manufactures.
Coal. '
Cotton, sugar, tobacco.
Grain, v.iried manufictnres. petroleum, provisions.
.\nnual fairs. — Eurs and .\siatic products.
Wheat, tallow, salt, timber.
Eurs, fish-oils.
Wine, olive-oil, fruits, cork.
Lumber.
Grain, fruit, oliveoil.
Cotton, cotTee, cinchona-bark, tobacco
Caoutchouc, cocoa, rice, sugar, tapioca, cjco.i-nuis.
Varied Erench manufactures and products.
Kice, opium.
Sugar, cotton, colTee.
Iron, coal, petroleum, machinery.
I-umber, staves, casks, etc
Wheat, flour, salmon, lumber.
Ships, timber, grain, lish.
Kice, teak-wood, ix.'trolenin, bamboo, cotton.
Oil, fish, eider-down, feathers.
Grain, hemp, flax, lumber.
I Coffee, cabinet-woods, diamonds, tobacco, sugar,
( cottim, c.aoutchi>uc.
rictnres, statues, and other objects of art.
Distilled liijuors, sugar, spices, cattle.
Wheat, wool, wines, precious metals.
Cotton, lumber.
Tea, silk, cotton, Chinese wares.
Cutlery, hardware.
ralm-oil, timlier, ginger, pepper, bees-wax, ivory.
Tin, spices, rattans, gntla-perclia.
Figs, sponges, raw silk, carpets, leather, drugs.
Grain, oil-cake, wool, beer.
I-umber, staves, fish, ships.
Cod-fish, seal-skins, cod and -seal oil.
Grain, machinery, manufactures.
Wax, ivory, palm-oil.
Tallow, flax, hemp, leather, furs, skins, grain.
Wool, cattle-products, tin, copper, gold.
C.ioutchonc, cattle, hides, w,ix, ebony-wood.
Grain, flour, lumber, wine, oil.
Grain, copix.r, silver, wool, hides.
Coffee, vanilla, hiiles, tobacco, cochineal, indigo.
Furs, timber, coal, fish, seal-skins.
I^e.ilher goods, glass-ware, inusieal instruments.
Eurs.
Silk, tea, rice, Japanese goods.
QUESTIONS ON THE TABLE.
Whiit are the princip.al grain ports of thb world ? From what cities is whe.it
shipped? Kice? Siig.ir? Tea? Coffee? Cocoa? I'Vuits? Wines? To-
bacco? Molasses? Olive-oil? Spices? Salt? liairy products? Cotton?
Wool? Silk? Saltp^o.? Coal? lr>n? Copper? Clypsum? Sponges?
Fish? Furs? I'earls? l-:ider-do\Mi? Cabinet woods? Caoutchouc?
Gutta-percha? Drugs? Opium? Cochineal? IVlroleum ? Cinchona-bark?
Cork? h'lax? Hemp? Wool? Hides? Jute? Indigo? Guano? Timber?
Where can wo obtain cotton g^ods? Woollens? Silks? Linens? Car-
pets? Shawls? Leather goods? Glass-vvare' Earthenware? Ostrich
plumes? Musical instruments' Porcelain? Chemicals? Where are ii;on
ships built? From what ports do we receive iron manuf.ictures ? Machinery ?
What city is the centre for metallic manufactures? Cutlery ? Hardware?
What cities have annual fairs ? What articles are chiefly sold at tlusi' f lirs ?
What ciiv in Canada exports cattle ? Timber? Lumber? Fish? Grind-
stones? Grain? Dairy products? Staves? Eurs? Ships? From what
British North American port are seal-skins, cod-fish and oil exported?
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I
ANCIENT GKOGRArHY.
^^S
A SHORT SKETCH OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY.
(Fur the IIS,- 11/ C(iniliil:il,s fur III,- Intcriiuilitil,- E.iiimiiuitifns, Ti,i,-li,-rs' C,rtiji,,it,i. ,in,l Uiiivinily Junior Miilri,-iil,itiiin.)
(/i;n'i:i<al Dicscuii' i'ion. i
Ancient Geography is iilinostt^xclusivuly c()iiriiu.Hl
to the anintrics horduriiiLj on the Mediterranean Sea;
during the period of the power of Greece and Rome, the
shores of that sea were the scene of nearly all the life
and actions of classical anti(|uity.
The names of the principal Political Divisions aiul Physical
Features, excepting sm h as are given in detail liereal'ler, were : — j
Countries. — Britannia, (lallia, Hisjiania, Italia, Clrajcia, Macutlonia, Illy- I
ricum, Asia Minor.
Seas. — Maru internum {Mi-ilit,-rriiii,-(iii), Tontus Kuxiniis {I}!,ici S,,i).
..^JgrL-um Mare (-E^'u-nii), liuboicuni Mare (C luniiu I uf Turuiito, /n/.vivii Nei^ru-
pout 'Enb(i;a^ and tlu- iimiiihiii,!), I'rcpontis (.S'ld 11/ Mciniiuni), Ilailriaticnni ;v/
Superum {Ailrliiti,), Tyrrhenum v,-l Infenim ( rvn-//, ii/diil, OcLMnusAtlanticus
(Atiiiiitic Oicin), Oceanus Cantalirins (Ihiy iij Bisciy), Ocuaiuis liritaniiicus
{I-2iii;!iili Cluiiuu-I), Uceanns C.ernianiciis [S'urlli Hm).
Britain, France, anil Spain, bcinn oiiilyint,' countries, will be first men-
tioned, .inil tlii'ir principal fralures .ilUuleil to; but more ininiUe particulars
of Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor will be given, as being of more practical use \
to the student. !
I
BRITANNIA. I
Britain [Britannia, Albion) was little known liefuri' tlu' linic
of (ja'sai's incursions (IS.C. 5S ami 55).
The only names mentioned by Cxsar .are — ("aiitiuni {l\,iil) and T.unrsis i
((/(■• Tluimcs).
The principal Physical and Political Features then known,
were : —
Rivers. —Tamesis {Tli,im,s). Alamus {Twc-d}, Tisa {T,-,-s}.
Promontories. —Ocellum {S/'iini II,(i,l), C.'antium I'romontorium (Xurlli
horchuht), Ocrinuni (Lizuril I'uint), Bolerium -J.aiul's Mini).
Islands. — Mona T,icili (Aiii;h-scy), Mona Cicuiris {IsL- of Mtiii), Cassiterides
{Scilly Isl.iiuh}.
Tribes. — Ciiiitii in Kent; south-west of them, the R,-!;n' ; farther west, the
Bt-l^tit- ; in tlie north, the Triitnlhintt-s ;inrl Hrigiiiit,-s,
Chief Towns. — I.oudinium (Loin/uii), Camulodunum (CuUhcstcr), Kutupia'
(R'uhlhiruiij^li ur Stiiiilii'kh), liboracum (York).
Of Ireland, little is learned from the classics but the names —
Hihernia, jfiivcniu, and Icrnc; and Scotland was known as
CaLdoiiia.
G A L L 1 A .
France, Switzerland, Holland, and Belgium
(Cia//ia, Gaul) were known b\' the Romans as Gallia
Traiisalpiiia; the northern part of Italy, or valley ol
the Po (Padiis) beintr called Gallia Cisalpiiia.
The principal Physical and Political Features of the coiui-
try were: —
Mountains. — Cebenna {Ci-vciiii,-s), .\rverni (Aiivi-r);ii,-), Vogesus (Vcsgt-s),
Jura. •
Rivers. — Khodanus (Rhoiu-). Garumna (Goroiiiu). Liger {Loire), Seguan.i
(S./m. ), Matri'ma (M,iriu-), Mosa (.U.hj, ), Jihenus (Rliiiu).
Lake. — I.emanus (Gcncvn).
Political Divisions. — Before the Romans divided Gaul into
provinces (about 120 B.C.) the country was occujjied by the
Belgx, Celtae and Aquitani.
U was afterwards known as Gallia Braccate (the Konian territory), and
Gallia Comate (.dl the country beyond).
Again (in i-j B.C.) the country was divided into four provinces —
Gallia Narbonensis iu the southeast . Aquitania m tlu- south-west ; Gallia
Celtica <>r Lugdunensis in the north , and Gallia Belgica in the north e.isi.
Chief Towns.— In N.ulxmi'usis -Massili.i (.l/rirs,i7/is), .\<iua; Suxlia;
(.l/.il, (lem-v.i (<;,«, !■!!), .Xvenio (Avii-iioii), 'lolosa [Toi-.loini:).
In ,\'|uiiini.i -Hurdigala (li,ir,l,,ui.\), Mediolanum (SainU-i).
In l-ugdunensis -l.ugdunum (Lyom), i.utetia (/'.ins), (lenabum. or Civil
Aiir.lianorum (Url,,ins), Cxs,arodunum (Tuiin).
In iielgici — Koiioni.i {li()iiloi;ii,), Contluentes (L'u?i/c ii(;). V.'sontM (/)', nm-
juii), Coloni.i Agrippinensis {C<ilo^ni ).
111SI'.\NI.\.
Spain and Portugal ( //is/>a//iii, or //'(/vi^ j oicupietl
the Iberian Peninsula, or south-western e.sircmity of
luirope.
The principal Physical and Political Features of the coun-
try were: —
Mountains. -I'yrenai {I'ynnm).
Rivers. - Durius (Donru), T.igus (/'ii^'ks), .\nas i(iii.ic/iciiiii|, H.eti-^ iCnuitliil-
i/iii-.-ir}, IbOrus (Eliru).
Promontories.— .\rtabruni (I'iniiti-rr,-), Sacrum {SI. r/H.iH/), Juimnis (7Vii-
' falgiir), Calpe (Giliriiltiir).
Islands. - I'iiyus.r Insida' and Maleares Insul.a- {Il,il,arii- lilnmls).
Political Divisions, llisp.mia Citerior (or llitlur), aftir-
wards Tarraconensis; and llisp:iin.i Ulterior (or I'lntiici I,
divided into Lusitania [Pi'rtiioah, in the west, aiul JJ.iIum i .-liiila-
liisia) in the east.
Chief Towns. — In Tarriconensis — C.tsar .Vugusta (StiriiguiMi), Sagnntum
[Muri-iidru, iiurlli of I'liliiiliii), Carthago Nova {Curliigcini), Num.inti.i (u-nl of
Cu-siir Aiigiistii), Calle (Opurlo),
\ In Lusitania — Salmantica (Saliiinioua), Olisipo {Liibon), Kmerila .\ugusta
j [M.,-i,l.i).
In li:ctica — Corduba {Curilovti}, Ilispalis (Si-villii, Clades (C<ii/i;), Muiula
(Ruiulo).
ITALIA.
Italy ( Ifcspcria. (Enolria. .liisonia, .Sa/iiniia) com-
l)risetl tht; whole of the central [)eninsula which w.is
.separated on the north-west by the Alps tnjin the rest
of Etirope, and siirroiiiuleil on all olht-r sides by the
sea; it included (iallia Cisalpina in the north, Italia
Propria in the centri;, and Mai^na (jr.ecia (originally
an important colony of (ireece) in tht; south.
The ]irin(i|)ai Physical and Political Features were: —
Mountains -.\lpes (llu- Alfts), Apenninus Mons (llu- .-Sjitiinina).
Rivers. -I'adus or liridanus (Po), Ticinus (Tic'ino), Kiibicon {l-'iiii>iii,llo.
a sin.dl stream Ili>wing into the .Vdriatic Sea a little south of Kavenna), Arnus
(.-Iriiu), Tiboris (Tiliir), .\nio {Tt-iiroiu).
i Lakes. — Verbanus (Muggior,-) L,irius (Conio), Ben.icus {(iiinln). Tr.isy-
I menus (/Vn(j,'(ri).
Gulfs. —Tergestinus {Triisl,), Tarantinus (7'cir(iii/»), Scyllrticus (,S(;h/7/i/i i ).
Terin^eus (.S. l-.uf,mi,i). Laus (Ptiliemtro), I'iestanus {SuU-rno), Cum. mils
(.Yci/'/rs), Cajetanus (Goiln), l.igusticus {Ginuii).
Straits.— Fretum Siculum {Mi-ssimi).
Islands.--Sicilia or Trin.icria (Siiily), .liolia; (Lipari lAniuli), .Kgusa- In-
bulae {.JUgiiili-s hliiiiits, k;-sI of Sicily).
Capes.— IVlorum iTuro, nurlli-iasl point of Si,ily), rachynum (Piimiro),
Lilybxum [liueu, ucur Manilla).
126
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY.
Political Divisions.— Li«iiri;i ; Gallia Cisalpina ; Vtnetia.
inchulinj,' Cariii and llistria; lururia ; Unibria ; Picenum ;
Latiuin; Sainnium ; Sabimiin ; Campania; Apulia; Liicania;
and I3rutii.
Chief Towns. -In l.ijjiiri.i— (leiuia {G,iw:i). In Gallia Cisalpina— Pla-
CL'nli.i [I'iliatiia), Mutiiia (.Voi/tH.i), l<avi:niia {Katrnmi), .\UKUsta T.iurinorum
(7'/(n«), MLtiiolanuin {Milan), Comum {Cuniu). In Vuncti.i— I'atavium {Fa,lua\
In Ktruria— risa; (fn"), lorL-ntia (inur.na), Hcrculis I'ortus {L,f;lwrn). Veii
(Isuld, near Rime). In L'mljria— .Vrimiimm (Rimini), Spolrtum (Sf'oUlu). In
Picenum— .•\ncona. In Latium— Roma (Rome), Pr.xncstc {PaUstriiw), Cajria
(G<ic/<i). In Samnium— Uunivcntum (licinvcntu). In Sabinum— Kui-itfi (/?/.//),
Cijreo (Currcsi), Sulmo (Siilmuiin). In Campania— Nuapolis (Wi/'lis), Her-
culaneum, Pompeii, Stabiau (Cmlilhimari), Capua. In .\pulia— I.uceria
(I.iucra). Cannae (C.ii/ii.-, <I Ultle south of tin- Gulf of Mimfrniunia), Venusia
(P'cHusri), Tarentum (Taranio). In l.ucania— Metapontum, Her.aclea, Thurii,
Elea. In Hrutii— Croto (Cutronc), Khegium (Reggiu). In Sicilia— Syracuse
{Syriuiiii), Selinus.
C. R . E CIA.
Greece (Graciu, I fellas) comprised the peninsula
east of Italia, between the Adriatic and .-Ega;an .Seas,
and e.Ktending north to Macedonia and Illyricum.
The principal Physical and Political Features were : —
Mountains. — Cambunii and I'ierii Monies, forming the boundary between
GreecuancI .Macedonia. In Tliessalia — Olympus, Ossa, and Pelionon theeast ;
Orllirys in the south ; Pindu.s on the west, and Oeta in the south. Acrocer-
iiunii Monies in the extreme south-west of Epirus. Parnassus in Phocis,
south ofThessalia; Helicon and CllhaTiin in Hceotia, and Parnes, Panlelicon,
Hymettus, Laurium in .\llica (south-citit of Tlitsutlia). In the Peloponnesus —
CyllCne, TaygCtus, Lycx-ns, Krymanthus and Parnon.
Rivers. — PcnCus and Sperchius in Thessalia ; Aracthus, .Acheron and
Cocytusin Epirus; Achelousin .\carnani?. south of Epirus; CSphlssus Major,
flowing through Uoris and Phocis into Lake Copfiis ; .\sripus in Boeotia, flow ing
into the Euboicum Mare ; Cephissus Minor in Attica, (lowing into Saronicus
Sinus (GulfofyEgiuii) ; Peneus and Alpheus in Elis in the northwest of the
Peloponnesus; Crathis in Achaia, flowing into Corinthi.acum Sinus (Gulf of
Corinth or Lcpnnto) ; in Laconia — EurOtas. flowing into Laconicus Sinus ',Gulf
of Marathoniai) ; in Argolis — Inachus, flowing into Argolicus Sinus (Gulf of
Naupliii),
Lakes. — Copiiis in Jiocotia ; .Vcherusia (Fiisaro), in the south-west of
Epirus; Stymphalus in Arcadia,
Gulfs. — Thermaicus Sinus (Hiiloniki), Pagasrcus (Volo), Saronicus (Athens).
Maliacus (Zciioun), Argolicus (Xnupliii), Laconicus (Muralhonisi). Messenicus
(Kalainata), Cyparissius (Arcadia), Corinthiacus (Corinth or Lcpanto), .\mbra-
cius (Arta).
Strait. — Euripus (Ncgrupont).
Capes. — MagnesiiL' (the south-east point of Thessalia) , Sunium (Colonna,
the south-eastern point of Bicotia) ; Malea (Malia) ; Tienorium (Matapan) ;
Actium (I a Punta, on the north-jvest, at the entrance to Ambracius Sinus).
Political Divisions- — Northern Greece — Thessalia in the
east, antl Epirus in the west.
Central Greece — Acarnania on the west coast ; .-Etolia,
adjoining on the east ; Doris and Phocis in the centre ; Locris
on the shore of the Euboicum Mare ; Boeotia and Attica in
the south-east; Megaris, forming part of the isthmus between
Corinthiacus Sinus and Saronicus Sinus.
Southern Gre(,'ce, or, Peloponnesus (Morea) — Acliaria in the
north ; Elis in the west ; JMessenia in the south-west ; Laconia
in the south-east ; Arcadia in the centre ; Corinthia and Argolis
with Sicyonia in the north-east.
Chief Towns. — In Thessalia— Larissa, Pharsalus (Fersala). Cynoscc-
pbasE, Pb«rx (VaUstina). In Epirus— Ambracia {Arta), Nicopolis, Dodona.
In Acarnania — Anactorium, Stratus. In /Etolia — Thermum (Vrachori), Caly-
don. In Doris — Boium. In Locris— Naup.ictus {Lepanto), Opus, Ther-
mopyla: (a famous pass at the eastern extremity of Mt. (Eta). In Phocis —
Deljihi (Castri), Crissa. In Bxotia— Theba;, Plataa, Uelium, Coronea,
Cha.-ronea (Kapurna). In .\ttica — Athenae (Athens). Marathon (Marathona),
Eleu^is (Lepsina). In Elis— CyllEnC, Olympia, Pylos. In Messenia— Pylos
(old Saiarino), IthrimC. In Laconia— Lacedaimon or Sparta. In Argolis —
.\rgos, Tiryns, Nemiia. In Arcadia— MantinCa, TiSgea (Pcali). In Corinthia
— Ccjrinthus (Corinth).
Islands. — On the west — Corcyra {Corfu), Leucadia (.SiihM Maura). Ceph-
allonia, Ithaca; on the south — ("ythera (CVr<,i,'o). Creta (C(/H(/iii) ; on the east —
-Egit.a and S.alamis (i« ///(• Gulf of Athens, or Saronicus Sinus). Eubcea (Negro,
pont). Andros.
In the .Egajum Mare (/Irc/ii/x/i/i'u)— Lemnos (Lemno). Thasus (Thaso),
Lesbos (Mitylene), Chios (Khio), Cos, Rhodus (Rhodes) ; and in the south-
east — the Cyclades, including Delos, Naxos, Paros Mclos (Mile), and many
others.
ASIA MINOR.
Asia Minor included part of what is now Asiatic
Turkey (the Provinces of Anatolia, Rumili, and Kara-
mania), and extended between the Pontus Euxinus and
Mare Internum \ Dm the /Ega;um Mare and Propontis
to the Euphrates River.
The principal Physical and Political Features were : —
Mountains. — Taurus in the south ; Anti-Taurus and .Vmanus in the south-
last ; Mt. Ida, near Troy.
Rivers, — Halys, the eastern boundary of Lydia, and Ma;ander, the south-
ern ; Scomander in Mysia.
Political Divisions. — Bithynia, Paphlagonia and Pontus in the north;
Mysia, Lydia and Caria in the west ; Lycia I'amphilia including {Pisidia) and
Cilieia, in the south ; and Phrygia, Lycaonia, Galatia, and Cappadocia in the
centre, with .\rmenia Mmor, a small province in the cast between Pontus and
Cappadocia.
The Chief Towns were :— In Bithynia— Heraclea Pontica (Erekli), Chry-
sopolis (Scutari,) Nica a (/siiiA). In Paphlagonia — SinOpG. In Pontus — Tra-
pfzfis (Trebizond), Zela (Xilleh). In Mysia — LampsacQs, .\bydos, Troja or
Ilium (Troy), Pergamus (Bcrgamah). In Lydia — PhocaL'a (Phukia), Smyrna,
Teos (Boudrun) Colophon, Ephesus, Magnesia (Mansia), Sardis (Sart). In
Caria— Miletus (Milata), Halicarnassus (Boudrouni ?). Cnldus. In Lycia —
Xanthus, Patara, PhasClis (Fionda). In Pamphylia — Perga, Selgo. Ip Cilieia
— Trajanopolis vel Selinus, Seleucia, Tarsus, Issus (Baias). In Phrygia, with
Lycaonia — Colossa;, Laodicea, Ipsus, Iconium, Lystra, Derbu. In Galatia —
Gordium. In Cappadocia— Cxsarea. In Armenia Minor— Nicopolis.
Six western Islands and States were known as the Dorian States (Hexa-
polis); and the principal towns were — Lyndus, Camirus ; lulysus (Neocastro),
in Rhodes ; Cos, the Island of Cos ; Cnidus, at the south-western extremity of
Caria; and Halicarnassus, north of Cnidus, also in Caria.
Twelve States on the coast of the /Egean Sea, in Lydia and Caria, were
known as the Ionian States, of which the principal towns were — Miletus
iMtlila), Myus, PriPnO (Samsun), Ephesus, Colophon, Lebedos, Teos, Ery-
tiira;, Clazomiina;, PhC'Ca;a (Phokia), Chios (Scio, or Khio Island), Samos
{Island of Samo).
The ^olian League comprised — Cyme, Larissa, Neontichos, Temnus,
Cilia, Notium, iEgirussa, Myrina, Smyrna, towns in Lydia; Pitane, JEgse,
Grynsa.
The Seven Churches of Asia were — Ephesus, Smyrna, Sardis, Thyatira,
Philadelphia, in Lydia ; Pergamus, in Mysia ; and Laodicea, in Phrygia.
In the Island of Cyprus the chief towns were — Paphos (Baffa), Amaithtts
(Limasot), Salamis, Citium (Larnaca), Soli.
OTHER COUNTRIES.
Germania, Dacia, Pannonia, Mocsia, Illyricum, and other States in
Europe, as well as the countries of .^sia and Africa, have not been taken
up, as the geography of them is not necessary for the Examinations.
Vracliuri), Caly-
, Opus, Ther-
. In Pliocis —
ium, Corunea,
n (lUnrrii/ioiia),
[essenia— Pylos
. In Argolis—
In Corinthia
Maura), Ceph-
; on the east —
Euboea (Negro,
'hasus (Thaso),
in the south-
ile), and many
ow Asiatic
and Kara-
uxinus and
I Propontis
i were : —
us in the south-
idcr, the south-
in the north ;
nn iPiiidid) and
ppadocia in the
een Pontus and
(Erckli), Chry-
n Pontus— Tra-
ydos, Troja or
lokia), Smyrna,
dis (Sart). In
s. In Lycia —
■Ige. If Cilicia
II Phrygia, with
In Galatia —
icopolis.
I States (Hexa-
sus (Ncocastro),
;rn extremity of
nd Caria, were
were — Miletus
los, Teos, Ery-
hland), Samos
ichos, Temnus,
Pitane, ^gae,
rdis, Thyatira,
n Phrygia.
iffa), AmaSthas
ther States in
not been taken
ninations.