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Lorsque le document est trop grar>d pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gaucho d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^! THE Catholic Church at COLONIAL DAYS: THE THIRTEEN COLONIES-THE OTTAWA AND ILLINOIS COUNTRY-LOUISIANA-FLORIDA-TEXAS-NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA. 1521-1763. tt'/rf/ PORTRAITS, VIFAVS, MAPS, AND FACSIMILES. BY JOHN GILMARY SHEA. NEW YORK: JOHN G. SHEA. 1886. .i. COPYRIGHT, 1886, BT JOHN GILMARY SHEA. Th, Ulmtratiomt in thh work are cofyrigkuj, and reproduction ij forbidden. BDWARD o. JENKINS* SONS, Print trt and Electrotyferf, ao North William St., New York. !,. TO THE PATRONS His Eminence, John Cardinal McCloskey; His Eminence, James Cardinal Gibbons; their Graces, the Most Rev M a' CoRRiGAN, D.D. ; John J. Wiluams, D.D. ; Patrick J Ryan D.D.; William H. Elder, D.D.; The Rt. Revs. John Louoh- LIN, D.D. ; WINAND M. WiGGER, D.D. ; B. J. McQuAID D D • John Conroy, D.D.; John Ireland, D.D.; John L. SpIlding' D.D.; James Augustine Healy, D.D.; P. T. O'Reilly DD • Richard Giljiour, D.D.; Stephen V. Ryan, D.D.; Henry CosGROVE, D.D.; T. F. Hendricken, D.D.; M. J. O'Farrell D.D.; John J. Keane, D.D.; Denis M. Bradley DD- Boniface Wimmer, D.D.; Rt. Rev. Mors. Wm. Quinn- T s' Preston; John M. Farley; James A. Corcoran; Very Revs. I. T. Hecker; Michael D. Lilly, O.P. ; Robert Fulton, S J.- Taos. Stefanini, C.P.; Revs. A. J. Donnelly; P. McSw'eeny,' D.D.; R. L. Burtsell, D.D. ; John Edwards; C. McCready'; James H. McGean; J. J. Dougherty; "W. Everett; Thomas S. Lee; J. B. Salter; J. F. Kearney; J. J. Hughes; Thomas Taaffe; Charles P. O'Connor, D.D.; P. Corrigan; William McDonald; Patrick Hennessey; Laurence Morris; John McKenna; M. J. Brophy; St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy; St, John's College, Fordham; The Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, New York; St. Louis University; St. Xavier's College, Cincinnati; Messrs. Patrick Farrelly; Bryan Laurence ; David Ledwitii ; Jose F. Navarro • Anthony Kelly; Henry L. Hoouet ; Eugene Kelly' Edward C. Donnelly; John Johnson; William R. Grace' Charles Donahoe; W. H. Onahan; Pustet&Co.; Benzioer Bros.; Lawrence Kehoe; Burns, Gates & Co.; Hardy & Mahony, BY WHOSE REQUEST AND AID THIS WORK HAS BEEN UNDERTAKEN, THE PRESENT VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. PREFACE. The History of the Catholic Church in the United States from the earliest period is a topic which was planned and laid out by abler hands than his who, yielding to the wishes of friends throughout the country, now presents the first of a series of volumes. The earliest project, that of the Rt. Rev, Simon Brute, the great Bishop of Vincennes, " Catholic America," a work in- tended to consist of 400 pages octavo, was to give an outline of tlie history of the Church in South America, Mexico, Central America, and Canada, before taking up the annals of religion in the Thirteen Colonies, and under the Republic. The sketch would have been necessarily very brief, and from the heads of chapters, as given by him, would have been mainly contemporary. Unfortunately Bishop Bi-ute seems never to have begun the work. The Rev. Dr. Charles I. White, author of the elegantly written Life of Mrs. Eliza A. Seton, had also proposed to write a History of the Church in this country, and with Colonel Bernard U. Campbell collected much relating to the early history of religion in Maryland, and drew a rich fnnd of material from the archives of the Society of Jesus and of the See of Baltimore. His library contained many vohmies to aid him in his work, especially for the French missions at the North, but not for the Spanish territory at the South. It would seem, however, that ho never actually wrote any (0 11 PREFACE. part of his projected work, nothing having been found among his papers, except a sketch of his plan. While the labors of the learned bishop and priest never appeared for the instruction and encouragement of the Cath- olic body in this country, a contribution to the Ecclesiastical History of the United States was made by a French gentle- man sojourning in our land. Henri de Courcy de la Hoche Ilt'ron, one of the collaborators under Louis Yeuillot in the Paris " Univers," an excellent Catholic, noble, talented, and gifted with keen appreciation and judgment, became en- gaged in mercantile affairs in New York. He continued his contributions to the " Univers," and finding that the ideas he had imbibed in Franco as to the history of the Church in this country were very incorrect, he set to work in his leisure momenti^ lo obtain from the best sources accessible a clearer and more accurate view. He was encouraged by many high in position in the Church. Bishop Brute's papers were opened to him ; he received important aid from Archbishop Kcnrick and from bishops and priests in all parts of the country. T placed at his disposal the books and collections I had made. In time he began a series of articles in the *' Uni\ ers." They attracted attention, and I translated them for some of our Catholic papers. When his articles had treated of the history of the Church in Maryland, Pennsyl- vania, and Kew York in part, declining healtli compelled him to return to Europe, where ho soon after died. His articles were never collected in book form in French, but the English translation was issued here, and has been for BOme thirty years the most com])rehensive account accessible of the history of the Church in this country. He treated the eubject from his point of view as a French llrCgitimist, and M'hile I respected him, in many cases I could not share bis ideas; I simply translated his words. It is a stigma ou PREFACE. Ill UB that the memory of this gallant Christian gentleman has been more than once cruelly assailed. He had not assumed to instruct American Catholics in the history of their Church, and did not write for them, or seek to press his work on their notice. He wrote honestly, and in good faith, after greater research than any of our own writers had given to the subject. That his work, abruptly closed by death, has done service, is evident from the constant references to it by all who have since written on the history of the Church in this republic, although it treated only of a very limited part of the subject. No other general work has appeared on the history of the Catholic Church in the United States, but local hist, ries and biographies have gathered and preserved much to interest and edify. These works bear especially on New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Kentucky, Oregon, and California, the members of the Hierarchy in general, and especially Lives of Archbishop Carroll, Archbishoi^s Hughes, Spalding, Bishops Cheverus, Flaget, England, Neumann, Prince Galitzin, Father Jogues, Rev. Mr. Nerinckx, Mother Seton, etc. As a rule they treat of a period more recent than that embraced in this volume. In preparing the work I have used a collection of printed books and unpublished manuscripts, made patiently and laboriously by many years of search and enquiry ; and em- bracing much gathered by my deceased friends, Buckingham Smith, Esq., Col. B. U. Campbell, Rev. diaries I. White, D.D., Rev. ,T. A. Feriand. and by Father Felix Martin, S.J. I have been aided in an especial manner by access to the archives of the diocese of Baltimore!, afforded me by His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons ; to those of the diocese and Seminary of Quebec by His Eminence Cardinal Taschereau, who has enabled me also to profit by his own researches ; to those of the Maryland and New York Province of the Soci- IV PREFACE. ety of Jesus, afforded by tlie Very llev. Robert Fulton, and for documents obtained from Rome by the kindness of the Most Rev. Michael A. Corrigan, ]^.D., Archbishop of New York, and Very Rev. H. Van den Sanden ; from the Rt. Rev. Bishop of liavjma through Bishop Moore, of St. Augustine, and Mr. William C. Preston. Great assistance was afforded by the early registers of St. Augustine, ISfobile, Pensacola, Detroit, Kaskaskia, Vincennes, San Antonio, and other Tex- an missions, for which I was indebted to Rt. Rev. Bishops Moore, O'SuUivan, Borgess, Chatard, Neraz, and the Very Rev. Administrator of Alton. Besides the material thua obtained, the colonial newspapers down to 1703 were ex- amined as far as possible, with very scanty result indeed, to obtain what scattered notices of Catholic life might be found in the columns of those early journals. I am also indebted to the Royal Academy of History, Madrid, for im- portant papers, and to Mr. Sainsbury and Rev. J. H. Pollen, S.J., for documents from the British archives. To Sefior Bachiller y Morales, the Lenox Library, the New York, Mary- land, and Wisconsin Historical Societies, I owe much. The work which I have endeavored to do carefully and conscientiously, has cost me more labor and anxiety than any book I ever wrote ; it has caused me not seldom to regret that I had undertaken a task of such magnitude. To my fellow- students of American History, from whom I have for so many long years received encouragement, sympatliy, and aid, 1 sub- mit my work with some confidence, trusting to their past courtesy and kindness. New light is to some extent thro\ni on the voyages of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Captain Weymouth, on Ayllon's voyage, and the general history of Virginia, Georgia, and Florida, on the Capuchins in Maine, the New Mexico missions, and the development of the Catholic Churcli in the Mississippi Valley and Texas. PREPACK V From those of my own faith I ask forbearance, hoping that the vohune may prove of some service till a writer with a clearer head for research, more patience in acquiring the uecessary books and documents, and greater knowledge and skill in presenting the results affords the Catholics of the United States a book adequate to the subject. The worthies of the early American Church and its monu- ments are, as a rule, overlooked in the general and local his- tories of the country. For this reason no expense has been spared to obtain and present fittingly portraits of the most distinguished personages, views of the oldest chapels, institu- tions, and sites connected with the Church, relics of the last centuries, fac-siniiles of Registers, aiid of the signatures of bishops, priests, and religious, whose labors are recorded in these pages. At the solicitation of a venerated friend, I have given the authorities in my notes, although scholars generally have been compelled to abandon the plan by the dishonesty of those who copy the references and pretend to have consulted books and documents they never saw, and frequently could not read. For aid in obtaining illustrations I am indebted to Rev. Fatlier Macias, of Zacatecas, the venerable Father Felix Martin, tiie Jesuit J'athers in Maryland, George Alfred Townsend, Esq., Professor Butler, Justin Winsor, Esq., and others, to all of whom I express my sincere thanks, as I do to Gen. John S. Clark for his invaluable topographical guid- ance, and the clear and accurate mission map of New York. John Gilmary Shea. EuzABETH, N. J., October, 1888. Tl CONTENTS. _ FAaH Introduction 9 BOOK I. THE CATHOUC CHURCH IN TIIK ENGLISH COLONIES. CHAPTER I. EARLY PROJECTS OF SETTLEMENT. Position of (Jiitholics in England— Sir George Pcckbam and Sir Tliomas Gerard plan a Cafliolic Settlement in Norunibega under Sir Hiiniiitirey Gilbert— Queen Elizabeth sanctions it— Winaladc's Project— Lord Armidell of Wardour- Opposed by Father Persons— Sir George Calvert proposes a Settlenitnt in Newfoundland— Visits Virginia— Hepu! .il -Obtains a Charter for Maryland 17 CHAPTER II, CATnOUCITY PLANTED IN MARYLAND, 1034-1046. The Ark and Dove— The Roriety of .fesus undertakes the Mission- Fathers Andrew While; and Allhani- First Ma.ss on St. Cjc- ment's Isle— City of St. Mary's founded— .\ Cliaiiel— Inch'an Missions liogiin— Lands taken up liy Father Copley— Catholic PrejMmderanee— Questions raised l)y Missionaries- (^)nversion of Indian Chief Chilonineon— I,al)ors of Missionaries— Death of Father Hroek— Lord Halliniore solicits Moctdar Priests from Rome— Is reconciled to the .lesuits— Puritans lake possession —Missionaries arrested and sent to England— Father Anilrew White- Fathers Rigbie and f:(M)per die in Virginia (vil) 37 VUl CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. THE MARYLAND MISSION RESTOIIED, 1648-1668. The Act of Toleration — The Puritans overthrow the Government — Missionaries escape to Virginia— liOrd Baltimore's Authority restored — Father Fitzherbert's Case — Bretton's Chapel 68 CHAPTER IV. THE JESUITS AND FRANCISCANS IN MARYLAND, 1669-1690. Mgr. Agretti's Report to the Propaganda— A Franciscan Mission — Father Massajus Massey — Catholic Classical School — First Protestant Ministers — Sir Edmund Plowdcn and New Albion — Catholics in New Jersey — Doiigan, Catholic Governor of New York — Jesuit Mission and School — Catholics in other Colonies— The Vicars-Apostolic in England— Fall of James II. —State of Catholicity in 1690 79 BOOK II. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE SPANISH COLONIES. CHAPTER I. THE CHDRCH IN rLOHIDA, 1513-1561. Ponce de Leon discovers Florida— Attempted Bcttlomcnt in 1521 with PriesUt and Religious — Ayllon's disrovery— Settlement at San Miguel de UuandaiK! on James River, Virginia — The Dominican Father Anthony de Montesinos at San Miguel- Death of Ayllon— Expe4Cinl.ly— Anglican Church cs- t^iblished by Law— Tax for Ministers-Catholics disfram^hised —Zeal of Catholic Prionts — Fathers Hunter and Hr(K)kc arraigned— Covernor Seymour's outrageous conduct— thupel at St, Mary's taken from Cilholics— Penal Laws in New York and Massachusilis-ln Maryland— Queen Anne saves the Cuth- olics-Mass iwrmitled in private Housch-How Religion was maintjiined Coi 844 CONTENTS. . 280 1690. CHAPTER II. CATHOLICITY IN PENNSYLVANIA AND MARYLAND, 1708-1741. Catholicity in Philadelphia and Pennsylvania-Converts-Jesuifa at Bohemia Manor, Md.-Apostasy of Lord Baltimore-Ad- ditional Penal Laws-Catholics appeal to the King of England -Chapel near Nicetown, Pa. -Sir John James-First Penn- sylvania Priest^St. Joseph's, Philadelphia-Fathers Wapeler and Schneider-Mission Work in New Jersey-A Protestant Clergyman in New York hanged on suspicion of being a Pnest— Public Service of Father Molyneux 810 CHAPTER III. THE CHDRCH IN THE COLONIES, 1745-1755. Rev. Hugh Jones' Protest against Popeiy-Gov. Bladen's Procla- mation-Gov. Gooch's Proclamation-Virginia Penal Laws- Attempts in Maryhmd to pass still more cruel Laws-St Joseph s Chapel. Deer Creek-Petition of Roman Catholics to the King-Fathers Greaton and Harding iu Philadelphia. ... 408 !8- kc )el rk Ih- as 844 CHAPTER IV. THE ACADIAN CATHOLICS IN THE COLONIKB, 1755-17C8. The Acadian Catholics-neprive.1 of Pnest and Sacrament-Seven tZ:; tTn' M "•" /'"'"■^' '<~,s-A pretended Law- Treatment in Ma.^sachusett.H-In New Vork-In Po.msylvania -In Maryland-First Chapel in BaUimore-In South Caro ina Mainlv""""''"" """ Louisiana-A few in Madaw^a CHAPTER V. CATHOLICITY IN THE BRITISH COLONIES, 1755-1768. ''""rui;;!';;"'';)'; '" 'I'r'r' "«"■""' ^•"•"•"■•—Arrest of Father 431 440 fili CONTENTS. Vii i BOOK V. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE SPANISH COLONIES. CHAPTER I. THE CHURCH IN FLOUrDA, 1690-1763. St. Augustine— Tlie learned Florida Jesuit Fatlier Florencia— Pen- saeola and Father Sigucnza—Xew Mis.sious under Father Lopez— Missions iw portrayed by Dickenson— C'atholic Mis- sions ravaged from Carolina— St. Augustine burnt by Gov. Moore — Ayubale destroyed and Missionaries slain by Gov. Moore— Bisliop Composlehi— Au.xiliary Bishop.s for Floriila— Bisliop Hezino -Siirine of Nuestra Scnora de la LecUe pro- faned—St. -Mark- Penaacola taken, retaken, and destroyed— Church on SanUi Rosa Ishuul— Bisliop Tejada—1 1 is labors in Florida— Mi.Hsions in Soutliern Florida -Siege of St. Augus- tine— Bisliop Morcll de Santa Cruz sent to Florida by the Knglish 454 CHAPTER II. THE CnUIlCH IN TEXAS, 1690-1768. Missions founded by Father Dainian Mazaiict— Missions near the Rio Grande— The Vcn. Father .Vntliony .Margil smd his Mis- sions—Friar Joseph Pita killed— City of San Fernando (San Antonio) founded— Holidays of Obligation -Fathers Oanzabal and Terreros and others killed— Visitation by Bishop Tejada —Apache Missions -Father Garcia and his work 479 CHAPTER III. THE cnrncii in nicw mexico, 1692-1768. Catiiolicity restored- Revolt at Santa F<'' — Remains of Father Joiiii of Jesus -Vargas doubts the Indian plot- Missionaries niassacrwi -Zufii— Albuniuenjue— Bis!io|)s Crespo and Eliza- cochea. 610 CHAPTER IV. THE CHtnCH IN AniZONA, 1690-1763, Missions founded by Fatlier Knhn— San Xavier del Bac—MiNsions revived by Bishop Crespt>— ^■'alhers Keler and Sedelnmyr - Jtsuits carried off by order of the King of Sijain 526 CONTENTS. XIII BOOK VI. THE CHimCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. CHAPTER I. THE CirURCn IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, 1690-1763. Bishop St. Vallier— Synods— Founds Mission of the Seminary of Qtiobec in tlie Mis.sisaippi Valley— Jesuits at the Mouth of the liivcr— Questions raised— Rev. M. Foucault killed— Mobile, a Parish— Rev. 11. Roulleaux de la Vente— The Register— Rev. Mr. Gervaise's Project— Indian Missions— Death of Rev. Mr! do Saint Cosme— The Seminary Priests at Tamarois— Apala- ches-Very Rev. Dominic M. Varlet, V.G.— Father Charle- voi.K's visit— Fort Chartres— Bi.shop St. Vallier's Pastoral— The Company of the West— The Capuchins in Louisiana— New Orleans founded— A Carmelite-Tlie Jesuits— The Ursulines— Indian Slission— Priests massacred by Natchez and Y.-'.oos— Cahokia-Rev. Mr. Gaston killed — Ouiatenon— Vincennes- The Re;vi9ter— Bishop's right to appoint a Vicar-General con- tested-Irreligious spirit— The Jesuits suppressed in France- Unchristian conductor Superior Council of Louisiana— Jesuits from Vincennes to New Orleans seized-Churches profaned and destroyed— The Seminary Mission closed 533 CHAPTER II. THE CHURCH IN MAINE, 1690-1763. False Position of Missionaries - Jesuits and Quebec Seminary Priests-Father Rale-Churches destroyed by New England- ers-Father Rale's Dictionary- 1 lis Death-The Peuobscots. . . 092 CHAPTER III. THE FRENCH CLERQT IN NEW YORK, 1690-1768. Father Milet at Oneida- Iroquois Marlyrs-Mipsions restored- Their dose-Chaplains at French Ports-Rev. Francis Pi,,uet and the Mission of the Presentation-Visitation by Bishop dc Pontbriand— St. Regis G06 XIV CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. THE CHURCH IN MICHIGAN, INDIANA, WISCONSIN, AND MINNESOTA, 1690-1763. Detroit — A Church erected— Recollect Father Delhalle— Michili- mackiiuic— Green Bay— St. Joseph's River— Ouiateuoii— Fa- ther Delhalle killed— A Priest on Lake Pepin— Father Mesaiger nears the Rooky Mountains— The Ilurons at Detroit and San- dusky — Bishop de Poutbriand at Detroit — Relics at Michili- muckiuac 619 conclcbion 688 Index 648 Pt'i ILLUSTRATIONS. 16 Map of the United States show- ing Episcopal Jurisdiction, 1531-1763 Ancient Pewter Chalice and Altar Stone go View of St. Clement's Island . . 42 Site of St. Mary's, Md 44 Map of Maryland 45 Raptism of Kiii<( (^hilomacon. . 53 Signatures of Fathers Rigbie and Cooper Bretton's House, Newtown Manor, Md Signature of Father Penning- ton Fort at Nei?.' York where Mass was said Portrait of Father Juan Xua- rez ... Seal of Father Mark of Nice. . Signature of Father Mark of Nice Signatures of Fathers Louis Cancer and Gregory de Be- tetiv Signatures of Fathers Diego de ToUwi and Juan Garcia 124 Signature of Father Pedro de ^'^Tiii 128 Signature of Hev. Francisco de Mendoza, first Parish Priest of St. Augustine 186 PAOB 137 66 77 96 90 109 116 116 128 St. Augustine and its Environs, Death of Father Peter Marti- nez, facing Signature of Father John Ro- gel Death of Father Segura, fac- i'lff Signatures of Fathers Segura and Quiros 148 Signature of Father Francis Pareja Signature of Father Alonzo de Peflaranda Signature of Bishop Calderon. Fort and Church at St. Augus- tine Signatures of Ciitholic Chiefs of Apalachc and TinuKjua. . Portrait of Vcii. Maria de Jesus de Agreda igg Signature 01 Ven. Maria de Agreda 197 Island of the Holy Cross, ^Ic. . 217 Signatures of Fathers Isaac Jogues and Charles Rayni- baut Signature of Father Bres.sani. . Portrait of Father Isaac Jogues, to face 288 Chapel near Auriesville, N. Y., to conunemorate Death of Father .logues 235 (XV) 141 142 145 156 159 168 169 180 228 233 xn ILLUSTRATIONS. Copperplate from ('Impel of Our Lady of Holy Hope, PenUigoet 237 Signature of Father Druillettes. 239 Signature of Father Joseph Hoiieet 244 Signatures of Fathers LeMoyne, Hagueneau, Ic Mcrcicr, and Garreau 245 Fallier Chaumonot's Wampum Ik'lt 250 Ancient Missionary Belt 250 The Jesuit Well, Gancutaa ... 254 Portrait of Hishop Laval, fac- ing 257 Signature of Father Hene Me- nard 262 Signature of Father Claude Al- louez 260 Signature of Father Marquette. 271 Signature of Father Claude DaMon 273 Signature of Father Ant. Silvy 279 Map of tiie Sites of the Jesuit and Sulpitian Missions among the Inxiuois, facing 281: Signature of Fallier Fremin. . . 284 Signature of Father Julian ! (Jarnier 202 Signature of Father RafTeix. . . 294 Signature of Father John de Lanilierville 297 Portrait of Catharine Tega- kouita 301 Signature of Father Cbauuio- not 302 Site of Father Manpiette's Chapel and Grave 819 Signature of Father John En- jalran 326 Signatures of Fathers Albanel, Haillo(|Uet, Gravi(T, and Ma- rest 828 337 343 870 Perrot's Monstrance and Base showing Inscription 329 Inscription on Father Milet's Cross at Niagara 334 Signature of Father James Bigot Signature of Bishop Laval Signatures of Fathers Peter Atlwood and George Thor- old Portrait of Bishop Bonaventura Giffanl, facing 375 Signature of Father James Had- dock 877 Title of Father Schneider's Register 898 Geiger's House, Salem Co., N. J 395 First entry in Father Schnci- tler's Register 402 St. Joseph's Chapel House, Deer Creek, Md 414 Fotteral's House, Baltimore, where Mass was first said Signature of Father John Ash- ton Signatures of Fathers George Hunter and James Beadnall. Signatures of Fathers Schnei- der and Ferdinand Farmer. . Church at Goshenhopen 447 Map of Spanish Florida, facing. 455 Portrait of Bishop Tejada, to face .465 View of Pensaeola on Santa Rosa I'^land in 1743. From the Drawing by I)om. Serres. 467 Ancient Silver Crucili.x in the Church at Pen.saeola Maj) of St Augustine in 1763. . Signature of Father Francis Hidalgo Signature of Father Olivarcs. . . 435 435 444 446 468 478 4H1 482 ILLUSTRATIONS. xvii Signature of the Ven. Anthony Alariril 484 Portrait of Ven. Anthony Mar- gil, (o facp 489 Signature of Hev. Joseph dc la tS'i'za 498 Signature of Fatlier Gauzabal. 501 Signature of Fatlier Terreros . 503 Signature of Bishop Tejada. . . 505 Signature of Father Diego Xinienez 508 Signature of Father Garcia. . . . 509 Reeord of Bishop Elizacoeliea'a Visitation on Inscription Rock Signat(u-e of Bishop St. Val- lier Portrait of Bishop St. Vallier, to face 533 537 Signature of Rev. Henry Roul- leau.x de la Vente 540 Fac-simile of the first entry in the Parish Register of Mobile 547 Signature of Rev. F. Le .Alaire. 549 Signature of Rev. Alexander Iluve rj^o Portrait and Signature of Very Rev. Dominic ^^lary Varlct, Viear - General, afterwards Bishop of Babylon 555 Title of (lie Kaskaskia Register. 558 j Portrait of Father P. F. X. Charlevoix ggi Signature of Father John Mat- thew Signature of Father Matthew as Viear Apostolic Signature of the Carmelite Fa- ther Charles Signature of F. de Reaubois . . Signature of Mother de Tran- "I't'Pain 569 504 504 506 568 Ursuline Convent, New Or- leans, begun in 1727, now residence of the Archbishop. 571 Signatures of the Jesuit Father Mathurin Le Petit, and the Recollect Father Vietorin. . . 573 Signature of Rev. Ur. Forget Duverger ,f)77 First entry in the Parish Regis- ter of Vincennes . .'. 579 Signature of Father Vivier 579 Signature of Father John Fran- ^^^ 580 Signatures of Fathers Bau- douin and Vitry 5^3 Signatures of Fathers le Boul- lenger, Guymonneau, and Tartarin 554 Signature of Father Vincent Riffot 596 Fac-.simile of opening words of Father Rale's Dictionary and of his Signature 602 Portrait and Signature of Rev. Francis Piquet 615 Fort Presentation, Ogdensburg, ivith Abbu I'i(piet's Chapel. . 616 Corner-stone of Abbe Piquet's f'l'ipel 618 First entry in the Detroit Reg- ister (J24 Signatures of Priests 6',>0, 637 Signature of Father Simplicius Bocquet 632 Portrait of Rt. Rev. Ilcury Mary Du Brcuil de Pont- briand, 6th Bishop of Que- bec Signature of Father Julian De- vernai Bread-Iron |)reserved at Mich- ilimackinac 030 Signature of Father du Jaunay 687 638 035 INTRODUCTION. The Catholic Church is the oldest organization in the United States, and tlie only one that has retained the same life and polity au'J forms throngh each succeeding age. Her history is intenvoven in the whole fabric of the country's annals. Guiding the explorers, she left her stamp in the names gi'i;.i to the natural features of the land. She an- nounced Christ to almost every native tribe from one ocean- washed shore to the other, and first to raise altars to worship the living God, her ministry edified in a remarkable degree by blameless lives and often by heroic deaths, alike the early settlers, the converted Indians, and those who refused to enter her fold. At this day she is the moral guide, the spirit- ual mother of ten millions of the inhabitants of the republic, people of all races and kindreds, all tongues and all countries, blended in one vast brotherhood of faith. In this she has no parallel. No other ijistitution in the land can trace back an origin in all the nationalities that once controlled the portions of North America now subject to the laws of the rejmblic. All others are recent, local, and variable. She alone can everywhere claim to rank as the oldest. The Church is a great fact and a great factor in the life of the country. Every man of thought will concede that the study of the history of that Church in its past growth and vicissitudes, and of her present position, is absolutely neces- sary in o I'e to solve the problems of the present and the (9) 10 future iu the ronuhl fixed and uii INTRODUCTION. for the iutluence of an orsjjaniaition waver 1 ng in doctrine, polity, and worship, must be a potent element, and eannot be ij^nored or slighted. lUit while from the student and the statesman^the history :)f the (Jhin-ch elaiins ser lous eonsidcration, to the Catliol ic Cllll- tluit history is a record fnll of the deepest interest and v,. eolation, a volume to which he can appeal with pride. The pages teem with examples of the n..blest ane a church grew up in that northern island with bishops, churches, convents. Ad- vancing still onward in the unknown seas the Northmen laiuled in Greenland, and Catholicity was planted on the American continent by priests frouj Iceland, and in 1112 the See of Gardar was erected by Pope Paschal 11., and Eric was appointed the first bishop. Full of nn"ssi(ynary zeal, this prel- ate accompanied the ships of his seafarinjif Hock, and reached the land known in the Sagas of the North by the name of Yinland, as an Irish bishop, John of Skalholt in Iceland, had already done. How far soutliward the navigators of the north and their spiritual teachers carried the cross and the worship of the Catholic Church, it is not our province to decide. AViien Columbus revealed to Europe the existence of rich and fertile islands accessible fron) Spain, the ministers of the Church came. Priests accompanied the vessels with faculties from the bishop in whose diocese the port of departure lay, and where they remained in the new land the bishop's juris- diction continued till a local ecdesiiistical govermnent was formed. Tims the See of S(;ville accpiired a jurisdiction in the New World where the standard of Spain was planteil, aiul she became the mother uf the earliest churches in .\merica. Not inaptly, the Cathedral of Seville preserves in her treasury a moiistrince made of the first gold taki'u to Europe by Co- lumi)us, for the first-fruits (»f the precious metals of the New World were dedicated to the w>rvice (»f Almighty God in the Catholic Church. The Sec of Santo Domingo was iM-ected by the Sovereign PontitT in i:)l2, that of Santiago de Cul»a in 1522, that of Carolensis in Yucatan in 1.')!!), and of Mcxicct in l.l;it>. These followed up the work of Seville, the bishops ot the new Sees sending jjriests conmiissioned by them to 12 INTRODUCTION. l)ear tlie faith northward till tlie territory over which our flag now floats was reached and the cross planted. The Ohurch of Spain with her array (»f doctors and saints from an Isidore and a Ix^ander, a Ilosius, a Thomas of Villa- iK.va, wiu^ thus extended to our soil, and her priests ofl-ered the first worship of Almiglity God on the shores of Fl„rida, of the Chesi.peake, in the vaUeys of tlie Mississippi and the Kio Grande. The work was followed up, and though the sod was reddened with the blood of manv a priest who won the martyr's crow.., there was no faltering, the work went on tdl in time hishops came and every sacrament of the Ohurch was duly administered in that ])ortion of <.ur territory.' Our alliance with the (^ithojic (^hurch in Spain is not a mere ("pisode. The first bishops of Louisiana and ALohilo were sulfragafis of Sant.. Domingo and of Santiago de (^.ba ; the first bishop of California a suffragan of Mexico, while Texas, New Mi-xico, and Arizona were in our time detached from dioceses which trace their origin to the glorious Chun-h in Spain. Souu after the vessels of Columbus bore back the startling new^ of great discovery, a ship from llristol, un.ler Cabot, in 14;»7, bore to the iK.rtherii shores of our continent the first band of English-speaking Catholics, and within fiv.' y,-ars. n priest, we know, crossed the Atlantic to adminish-r the rites of religion to his countryuKMi in America, offer the holy siicrifice and announce (he gospel in our tongue.' Thus Catholicity came from the land of a St. Aiiselm. a St. Thomas of Cantcriniry. a St. John of Mcvcrly. whose ( Innvh in the next century, while crushed like the primitive church by the State p..wer of unbelieving rulers, extende.I her limits ' «!.mw. SiTui. Kpiw()|x,niiii. lijitiMlH ,., |M7;t. j.p :t;tl, !{;(«; Torfiuiis HiM|(triu Viiilaiiilin', p. 7i. ' irttrrUjM'. •Mcanrt Sclwwilttn CiiJiot," Psri.*, 1HH2. p 570 INriiODUCTION. 13 to the sliorea of the Chcsiipeake, the Church of Catholic England reviving the work of the earlier Spanish pioneers of tiie faitli. Close on Cyabot came French explorers. Cartier sailed with the blessing of the Bishop of St. Malo, and with priests to whom he gave faculties, and in after years Champlain founded Quel)C(', where altars were raised, and priests began their ministry, acknowledging as their ecclesiastical Supori(»r the Arch])i8hop of liouen, who for years governed Canada as part of his diocese, through Vicars-General ajv pointed by him, and even towards the close of the century gave powers to priests under which they offered the sacrilice of the mass and ministered to colonists in Texas. The (Jhurch knew uo limits to lier conquests. Her juris- diction was extended as by a natural instinct over the whole land. It was never bounded by the mere limits of white settlements. Father Padilla, dying alono near the banks of the Missouri, to which he had penetrated, was still in the diocese (»f Mexico; Hennepin at the Falls of St. Anthony, Manpiette at the Arkansas, Douay at the mouth of the Mis- sissippi, were in the diocese of QuelniC. The first Catholic settlers in Oregon were from Canada, and the priest sent to minister to them went as Vicar-General of Quebec, to become in time Bishop and Archbishop of the distant Hock he crossed the co'itiiieiit to serve. The (^hurch has thus a continuous existence in this coun- try, eontiimous in episcopal jurisdiction, in priestly work, in the faithful who clung to her altars. In the earlier period, where three great European nations laid claim to different portioiiK of our territorv, the history of the Church is to be traced in three different channels, descending from Etigland, France, and Spain. Xo greater contrast could bo found than that of the colonial spirit of 14 INTRODUCTION. ]) the three nations. Spain, by lier government under tlic vast system inaugurated by Phih'p II.. planned, directed, contn.Iled every department of colonial administration. Every new colonization was settled in detail in Spain. The bulls of the Sovereign Pontiffs made the King of Spain their Vicar in America, the tithes were assigned to him. the nomination of bishops was in his hands, the support of the ministry mid the missions was devolved upon him. Portions of the'roval revenue were then assigned by him to great religious works, and cliurches, convents, universities and schools arose with- out direct contribution by the people. France was Catholic, but the Church and the missions in the territory she controlled in America were not supported by any govermnental plan. The zeal and piety of individu- als contributed far more than the monarch to maintain and carry on the work, and the colon i.sts si lared the feeling of the mother country and willingly paid their tithes, and aided to support the religious bodies which had been active agents in bringing in settlers and clearing the land for cultivation. In the English colonies, except for two brief seasons, Cath- olics were oj)pressed by laws copied from the ai)palling penal code of England. The Chunh was i)r<.scribed, Iict worship forbidden, her adherents vi.sited with every form of degradation, insult, and extortion. Thus strangely different were tlie circumstances under which the Church grew in Flori.la, in Michigan, in Mary- land. Yet in the designs of (iod it was that which deni- ed least fav<.red that was to develop m<.st wonderfullv, till the episcopate starting from a threefold source ami l>lendiiig into the hierarchy of the United States with the faith- ful sprung from those lands, and from Ireland, (Jermany, Swif/crland. Polan.l. Italy. Portugal, atul from the native tribes, presents at the close of the nineteenth centurv a INTRODUCTION. j^ spectacle full of consolation and hope, exercising the highest moral influence, stimulating education, upholding the sanctity of nmrriages, inculcating charity to the rich, and courageous endurance to the poor, detachment to all. This is the history which it is the purpose of this work to trace. In the volume here i)resented the narrative is brought down to that eventful year, 17G3, when England became un- disputed mistress of all the territory east of the Mississippi, and when to mere human eyes the cause of the Cathohc Church throughout the laud seemed hopeless. i; t ii t\ tl rt BOOK I. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE ENGLISH COLONIES. CHAPTER I. EARLY PROJECTS OF SETTLEMENT. The revolt of Henry VIH. against tl,o authority of the Holy See and ns suppression of the religious houses had greatly im- pajred the spirit of faith in the people of England, but still the new ideas, set up by Luther and Calvin on the Conti- nent, found few proselytes, even after his death ; the establish- ment of a Calvinistic chureh by those who assumed the regency for L.lward VL failed to win the n.ass of the English people fron. the faith of their forefathers. It was restored f,.r a brief terni by Mary, but Elizabeth, on her aeeession, revived the aets of the reigns of Henry and Edward. The mass was abolished an act of supremacy passed, the images of our i^ord and II.s Saints were ordered to be broken or burned The churches were tilled with a new set of clergy who were to j)ertorm a new religionH service. The Cathohcs could not join in" this. The mass was and 18 the on yw-I rites, they had no alternative but to hear n... "1 secret said by some lawful priest. Protestantism is es.e„- ■a ly mtc,k.rant. Nowhere, on obtaining power, ,li.l it permit rcl.g.on, even m private. Elizabeth began a series uf law. (17) 18 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Iff II ! to crush the Catliolics, to deprive them of all opportunity of enjoying the services of religion and forcing thein to enter the Church her Parliament had set up. The penal laws of this \vt)man, one of the most savagely bloody in the annals of history, though enforced during her long reign, failed to secure even half the pojuilation of England to the Church of which she was the head. To defend the jurisdiction of the Pope was punished by a hcavv tine ; the universities, the professions, the public offices were closed to all ivho would not take an oath of supremacy ; a second offence or a refusal of the oath was puin'shable with detitli.' Priests who adhered faithfully to God were kept hid- den, for the consolation of the faithful, but as their ranks thimied by death, some means was needed to maintain asucces- simi of clergymen. A seminary was established at Douay for the education of priests. To prevent the success of this plau Elizabeth, by a new series of laws, made it high treason to declare her a heretic, to bring from lioine any instrument whatever emanating from the Pope, to us'j any such docu- ment, to give or receive absolution. Pi'rpetual imprisonment wa> the penalty for possessing an Agnus Dei. a rosiiry, cross or picture blessed by the Pope ur any of his missionaries. Anv Catliolic who lied from England to evade the laws was required to retm-ii within six months, under jienalty of con- ilscation of all property belonging to him.' These laws were soon enforced. In l.")TT Poland Jenks. an Oxford bookseller, for having Catholic books, was sentenced to bo nailetl to the pillory, his sentence being attended by the sud- den death of many of the officials. Then the Rev. Ciitlibcrt Maine, the protomartyr of Douay College, was convicted of high treason, in having a bull of the J*ope granting a jubilee ' 5 Eliz , p. 1. ' 11! Kliz., c. I, 2. a '5 PROPOSED SETTLEMENT IN MAINE. \Q and in having brought an Agnus Dei into tlie kingdom. For this he was lianged on the 29th of November, 1577. Then the gallows was kept busy with its bloody work. Two other priests were hanged the next year, four in 1581, eleven in 1582. While the government thus thought to keep priests from ministering to the English Catholics by fear of death, the laity were oppressed with lines and imijrisonment for not attendhig Protestant worship, for hearing mass, for keeping Catholic books or objects of devotion. Flight to the Continent had been made a crime, and was always a pretext for a charge of treason. Under these cir- cumstances it occurred to leading men among the (\itholic body, who had still friends at court, to seek a refuge for their oppressed countrymen out of England, but yet within her Majesty's dominions. The foremost in this j.roject was Sir George Peckliam, of Dinand, in Buckinghamshire ; but, of course, care and pru- dence were recpiired. The apjilication made by Sir IIumi)hrey Gilbert to Queen Elizabeth for a patent to authorize him to explore and colonize the northern parts of America would seen, to have been inspired by Sir George. As early as March i>2, 1574, we find them both with m. Carlile, Sir Richard (ireenville and others ])etitioning her to allow of an enterprise for discovery of sundry rich and unknown lands " fatefully reserved for England and for the honor of v.a.r Majestic." ' Although Sir George's name does not aj.pear in the patent actually issued June 11. 1578, it seems fram,.] to "icet the case of the (^atholics, and an interest under it was very soon transferreim. " My iurJjfl'mpnt ii>M)m trmmfcriiiK KnglUhi- ('utholiquug to tlin niirlliiTn piirlcn of .ViiKTicu." KKiri PROPOSED SETTLEMENT IN MAINE. 25 For some years no further steps were taken in regard to a Catholic colony, but in 1605 one Winslade, who had served in the Spanish Armada, formed a project for gathering the scattered English Catholic exiles on the continent, and with them establishing a settlement in America. The scheme evi- dently found men to approve and men to condemn it. The expedition sent out in the Archangel, Capt. Wey- mouth, March 5, 1005, by the gallant Sir Thomas Lord Arundoll of Wardour, and Henry Wriothesley, second Earl of Southamptou, his relative, who had conformed to the State Church, was probably connected with this project. An air of mystery was preserved with regard to this expedi- tion, and the only ])ubllshed account of it loaves everything vague, yet the religious tone of the writer, James Rosier, imlicates a higher motive than trade or discovery. "We," he says, ''supjwsing not a little present private profit, but a jiublicjue good and true zeale of promulgating God's holy church, by planting Christianity to be the sole intent of the Honourable setters forth of this discovery." ' ' "A True Relation of nioRt prosperous voyapp nindolliis present yeere, lOO.'i, IJy ('aplaiiie Oeorfre Wcymoutli in the discovery of the land of Vir- giniii: Where he dlseouered 00 miles vp, a most excellent Hiiier, to- gether with n most fertile land. Written by lames Hosier, a (Jentleman emi)loye(l on the voya^'e." L(mdini, Impensis Oeo. Hisliop, 1(105, p. iU. The pious tone of Hosier's narrative would lead one to sup|)ose him a clergyman : jioliey would reipiire ndaptinj; the tone of his remarks to Protestant ears. If he were the I'roteslunt minister sent by Southamplon, he would have no motive for cvneealing his charaeler and not speakinjf openly, and he would not iL'nore the Karl of Southampton and refy Iho Catholic nobleman, it would be natural He beglnH his Prefaee : "IJeiiij; employed in this voyage by the Hi^'ht Honorable Thomas Anmdell, Haron of Warder, to take due notice and make true report of the discovery therein performed." He collected an Indian vocabulary of 400 or 500 words, of which a part is ^dvon in I'urchas' rilfirims, iv. pp. 1039-1007. He concludes the Prefact! : " So with my prayers to (Jod for i I ! I K :i 26 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. He notes that tli iled on Easter /, reached the coast on Whitsunday, from which circumstance they named the place Pentecost Harbour; Jie tells us too that they set up crosses at various points.' The Archangel made the coast near Cape Cod in May, a!ul running northward reached Monhegan, to which' Weytnouth gave the name of St. Cxeorge's, planting a cross which remained there for years. He erected another at Booth Bay, which ho named Pentecost Harbour, and ascended the Kennebec River. Mgr. Url)an (\'rri, in a report of the Propaganda to Pope Ijmocent XL, seems to refer to this exi>edition where he writes : " Soon after V'ir- ginia was discovered, the King of England sent thither a (^itholic Earl,' and another nobleman who was a Heretick. Tliosetwo Lords were attended by I'rotestants and Catholicks, and two priests; so that the Catholicks and Hereticks per- forme.1 for a long time tlic exercise of religion under the same roof." ' fric.ml"r »'•■'" "^ '*" '"'>''''"'^"« ""'l w«» disposed people. I rest your ' pp. 13. 81, (.fc muml. in his " George Wovmouth luul the Konne- KH-. rnaintuiKs ,|„. K,...n..lH.,- to bo the river. Prince, in Im r.prinl of Hosier (Hath, IMOO) the (Jcorjje'H. • Lonl Arunil..|| was u c.nnt or Earl of the Holy Roman Knpire and of eourse wasspok.ii of at Home by that title. ' " Inslru.lions f„ro..r Holy Father Inn..rent \\ eoneerninff the Pres- ent State of Heli^ri..!! in the Several I'.-.rts of .he \V..rl.l. Hv MonsiKnor I riKiMo (Vrri, Se,T..|ary to the Con^'re^miion ,le Pro|m)ran,la Ki.le '• in M'.l... 'An .\ee.,„nt of the Slate of the Hnn.an Catholieii HellKion llirouKh.M.t the Worl.l •• Lon.l.m. 1715. See pair,. IflS I-"M Arun.l.n „f War.j.M.r kindly informs me that u^^■iu^ to the de^tni.tmn of papers ,!„hnir th- si..^.e ..f W'Mr.lour Ca.Ur in KMit noih- !>-' r. n, ,ms in ih.- an hivs of that aneient CHtholie honm- to ^ive full liKl.t ..n thiH early Caiholie . x,M.,liiion to „nr shore*. The Karl of S..nth ...npton enp,p.,l with Lonl Thoma. Annul. 11 wan, In- think., the H,....,nd Karl, bn.lher inlaw to Lonl Arun.lell an:ement about transferring Englishe Catholiques to the northern parts of America for inhabiting those partes and converting those barbarous people to (/hrlstianitie," was so adverse that it apparently led Lord Arundell to abandon the project. The reasons alleged by Father Persons were that the king and his council would never favor the plan, as it made them out persecutors, and without the consent of government men could not sell estates, and leave the kingdom. The wealthy Catholics would sooner risk losing part of their property by tines in England than venture it all on such an enterprise, and the poor could not go without the rich. In the next place "it would be verie ill taken by the Catholicks generally, as a matter sounding to their discredite and eon- tempte, to have as it were theire exportatione to W\r- harouse peojile treated with Princes m theire name without theire knowledge or coiisente." He also feared thiit the dimin- ishing of the number of Catholics in England might lead to laws to prevent Catholics from leaving the countrv. In the next place, the plan pn^jiosed assembling 1,0()(» in some part of the continent froju which they were to sail. Persons objected that they eould not be maintained while waiting the assemblage of the whole, and no foreign state wouKl pcrnnt it. Spain, always jealous of European colonization, would surely ol)struct their projwt not only in Sjiaiu, but in Flan- ders and elsewhere. " Finally what theire successe would be amongst tliose wilde people, wilde beastes. unexperienced ayre, unprovicU^d lande (Jod only knoweth, yet as I sayd, the inteiitioiie of coii- vertinge those j>erudence sailed in wiliter to land on the bleak New England coast, not to fail in their projects settlement, but to (»pcn the way for others who filled the l'""i. and established enduring institutions. The next to take up the project of Catholic colonizati.m was a convert, one who ha.l held high an.l important offices n. the English g<.vern.nent, was thoroughly conversant with its spirit and ways, and who, as a member of the \'ir.Hniu Com,,a..y, must have been fully conversant with all that'had been done to create colonies in America. Sir (ieorge Calvert, .le.s<.en.led from a noble Flemish f„„- ily, was born at Kipling, in Yorkshire, in 1.-.,S2. He took hiH degrees at Oxford as ba.-lulor and master of arts .,nd showed ability as a i)oet. After making a tour of Europe I.e obtained an app<,intment in Ireland, an.l was promoted to <.ther oni,.es. being often employed on publi,. atlairs at homo iHl'un.r'"' "'""^'' "''""'"" «*•'"'''""" '>' »'• «'>"V"r o„ Mo„t D.s.rt CALVERT IN NEWFOUNDLAND. 29 and abroad, where a clear bead, prompt action, and bonest })urpose were required. Sir Robert Cecil, tbe trusted miuister of Elizabeth, made the young man bis chief clerk, and when h(j himself became lord high treasurer named Calvert clerk of the Privy Council. Knighted in 1617, he became one of the secretaries of state the next year. Favors flowed upon him, among others a large grant of land in Ireland. At a very early period he became interested in American colonization. In 1609 he was one of the Virginia Company of Planters, and flfteen years later one of the provincial council in England fc»r the government of that province. In 1620, too, he pur- chased the southeast peninsula of Newfoundland, and sent out Captain Edward Wynne with a small colony, who formed a settlement at Ferryland. Meanwhile, this public man, brought up amid the wily and unprincipled statesmen of the courts of Elizabeth and James, able but faithless, grasping and insincere, to whom religion was but a tool for controlling the people, began to study re- ligious affairs seriously. The Pnritans and ISei)aratists and Presbyterians were working among the lower and iriore ig- norant classes, building up a large body of dissenters ; the Church of England was inert, many of the abler and purer men seeking to recover what they had lost at the reforma- tion, rather than reject more. Calvert liad not been indiirerent to the salvation of his own soul, ann'd all the engrossing cares of office, and the allure- ments of the court. He felt the importance of religion and gJive it his serious thought and intpiiry. In the Puritan school he saw only a menace to all government civil and eccle^^iastical. In the Anglican Church oidy a feeble effort to r.'tiieve a wrong step. T.) his decisive niiild the only coiuvc for any man was to return to the ancient Church. This be- came clearer and clearer to his mind, and he prepared to ar- 30 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. range hisivlfairs to meet the consequences attendant on a pro- fession of a faith proscribed by the laws of the state. In 1«)24 he rolind by a marria"-e. The charter of Avalon nume him "true anrd Baltimore, in practically ])lHcing both religions on an e(pial footing, making both tacitly sanc- tioned, giving religious freedom to all, rose ])re-eniiiiently ' The Charter is given at leugth in Bchiirf, " History of Maryland, " i..pp. 33-40. ! I f i! f 32 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. above his time. lie nobly endeavored in Avalon to enable each c aas of settle.-8 to worship God according to the dic- tates of their conscience, and it was brought up against him asaenme. Taught by this rude experience, we shall see that m lus next exjK'rin.ent, he left each class to provide n.nnstorsof .-eligion for themselves, or neglect to do so, as they preferred. ' Lord Baltimore found the climate very severe, and was 80on discourage,! by the depredations of the French, with victory '""' '^'"'^' ^"^''""'^' ^''"■""'^' '''^"•^'^•^"■' t^'« I^Hly Baltimore, sailing down to Virginia to obtain su,)- l^I.cs, was charme""eforc leaving jS'ewfouiidland, he had Avritten on the I'Jth of August, 1029, to King Charles I., soliciting the grant of a precinct of laud in Virginia to which he wished to remove with forty persons, and there enjoy the same privileges that had been granted to him at Avalon.' He evidently aimed at employing his means and ability to build up Virginia in which he had so long been interested. The conduct of the Virginia officials showed Lord Balti- more clearly, however, that Catholics could not li\e in peace in that colony ; and that to secure them a refuge he nmst obtain a charter for a new province. Leaving his family in Virginia, he sailed to England to employ his influence in obtaining a new grant. Li February, lOoO, Lord Baltimore, with Sir Thonuxs Arundell of "VVardour, applied for a grant of land, south of the James llivcr, "to be peopled and planted by them," '' the bravest Englishman of his time again renewing his attemj^t at colonization within our limits. Clayborne, who had been one of those who prevented Lord Baltimore from settling in Virginia, prom])ted, as their action shows, by hostility to his religion, was now secretaiy of that province. When the king, at the petiti . of Lords Baltimore and Arundell, signed a charter for territory south of Virginia, in February, 1631, Clayborne and other repre- sentatives of that colony who were then in England, were appalled at the result. To their prejudiced minds it was (langi'rous for Virginia to have Catholic subjects, but that danger was little compared to having a colony controlled by Catholics at their very border. The charter just granted was, on their vehement remonstrance, revoked. Baron Arun- -f ' Colonial Papers, v. 27. Kirke," Conqucat of Canada," i., p. 158. Scliiirf, "Maryland," i., p. 44. - Sainsbnry, " Calendar of State Papers." Johnson, " Foundation of Maryland," p. 18. 8 f 111! i I I t 84 Ti/^ CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. .lell (lied, but Lord Baltimore, persisting in his dcsip,, solie- ite.l, in lieu of the territory south of Virginia, a district to the northward. Virginia had gained nothing, and further ojiposition uii her part was ti-eated as vexatious.' Charles L ordered a ])atent to he issued to Lord Baltiinorf, granting to him the territory north of the I'otomae to the fortieth degree, with the portion of the eastern shore of the Chesapeake, lying opposite, and extending to the ocean. This province the king named Terra Mariiu, or Maryland, in honor of his (pieen, Ilenri(>tte Marie, daugliter of Henri IV., and doubtless, too. in memory of the old Spanish name of the Chesapeake, retained on many charts, " Baia de Santa Maria." Tin; charter for :\raryland, in which the long experience and political wisdom of Lord JJaltimore are manifest, has generally been regarded as one of his best titles to the respect of posterity. Sir (ieorge Calvert " was a man of sagacity and an observing statesman. Uc had beheld the arbitrary admin- istration of the colonies, and against any danger of future oppression, he provided the strongest defence which the; promis,> of a monarch could afford." " The charter secured to the emigrants themselves an independent share in the legislation (.f the province, of which the statutes were to be oshd)lished with the advice and approbation of the majoritv of tli(! freemen or their deputies. Kopresentative givern- ment wa.s indissolubly connected with the fundamental charter." The king oven renounced for himself and his siic<-(ssors the right to lay any tax or impost on the people of Maryland. " Calvert deserves," says l?aneroft, " to be ranked among ' Ayspmiirh MSS. in Urilisli Museum, cited by Scharf, Hist, ilary- iiiud, i., p. 50. THE MARYLAND CHARTER. 85 the most wise and benevolent lawgivers of all ages. He was the first in the history of the Cln-istian world to seek for religious security and peace by the practice of justice and not by the exercise of power; to plan the establishment of popular institutions with the enjoyment of liberty of con- science ; to advance the career of civilization by recogm'zino- the rightful equality of all Christian sects. The asylum of Catholics was the spot where, in a remote corner of the world, on the banks of rivers, which, as yet, had hardly been explored, the mild forbearance of a proprietary, adopted religious freedom as the basis of the state." J^efore the chaj-tcr passed the Great Seal of England. Lord Baltimore died ; but his son obtained the promised grant under the same liberal conditions and proceeded at once to carry out his father's plans, chief among which was " to convert, not extirpate the natives, and to send the sober, not the lewd, as settler,-, looking not to present profit, but future expectation." ' ' Soino rcrcnt writers, notably S. P. Strccter and E. I). Ncill, havu endeavored to detract from the first Lord Haltiinore's claim to our respect as an exponent of religious liberty. The older writers uniformly recog- nized it. Gen. B. T. .Johnson, reviewing' the wliole (piestion, says : '•Calvert adopted the prineijile of religious liberty as covered by, and included in, the guarantees of the Great Charter, not that there could be liberty of conscience without security of personal properly, but that there cotdd be no security of personal [iroperly wiliiout lilierty of eon- science." " Foundation of Maryland," p. Vi. h;eharf, " History of .Mary- land," i., p. r>-l, says; "Calumny has not shrunk from attackimr his honored name. Detraction has been busy, and as the facts couM not be denied, Calvert's motives have been assailed, but empty assertion, con- jecture, surmises, however ingeniously malevolent, have happily exer- cised very little influence over the minds of intelligent and candid men " See the (luestion of the credit to be given to the charter and to f.oi'd Baltimore discussed in "American Catholic Quarterly," .\., p (|.w Cil vert's giving 0(iualily to Catholic and Protestant worship in Avalon is the practical proof of his motive. That no charters but his allowed toleration or colonial legislation, shows that the ideas did not emanate from the crown. I I 1^ t^\ 36 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. A Catholic nobleman, at a time when his faith was pro- scribed in England, and its nunisters constantly butchered by law,' was thus made ])ropnetary of a colony in America, where the colonists were to make their own laws ; where no roliijion was established, M'here the laws required no royal assent. It was a colony where Catholicity might be planted and llourish. ' Within twenty years ten Catholic priests and several laymen had been han,i,a'd, drawn, and quartered in England for their religion, one of them as recently as 1028. ANCIKNT TEWTEH CirAl.irE ANI1 PATKN, OP THK KAHI.V DAY.S OF MAUYI.AND, WITH Al.TAK STONK I'UKBEUVKD AT WOODSTOCK COLLEOK. CHAPTER II. CATnOLICITY PLANTED IN MARYLAND. 1634-1646. The project of a Lome beyond t!ie Atlantic for the perse- cuted Catholics of England was at last on the point of being successfully carried out. The attempts of Peckham and (ierard, of Winslade, of Lord Baltimore at Avalon, all show the same object, and leave no room for doubt that Calvert's design in founding Maryland was to give his fellow-believers a place of refuge. The object was, of course, not distinctly avowed. The temper of the times required great care and caution in all official documents, as well as in the manage- Trient of the new province. Cecil, Lord Baltimore, after receiving his charter for Marj- land, in June, 1632, prepared to carry out his father's plans. 1'erms of settlement were issued to attract colonists, and a body of emigrants was soon collected to begin the foimdation of the new province. The leading gentlemen who were induced to take part in the project were Catholics ; those whom they took out to till the soil, or ply various trades, were not all or, indeed, mainly Catholics, but they could not have been very strongly Protestant to embark in a venture so abso- lutely under Catholic control. At Avalon Sir George Cal- vert, anxious for the religious life of his colonists, had taken over both Catholic and Protestant clergymen, and was ill- repaid for his liberal conduct. To avoid a similar ground of reproach, Baron Cecil left each part of his colonists free to take their own clergymen. It is a significant fact that the (37) 38 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Protcstaut portion were so indifFerent that they neither took over any minister of religion, nor for several years after Maryland selilouients began, made any attempt to procure one. On 1)ehalf of the (Catholic settlers, Lord Baltimore applied to Father JJiehard IJlount, at that time ])r()vineial of the Jesuits in England, and wrote to the (uMieral of the Society, at Rome, to excite their zeal in behalf of the English Catholics who were about to proceed to Maryland. He could offer the clergy no suj)port. " The Baron himself is unable to find support for the Fathers, nor can they expect sustenance from heretics hostile to the faith, nor from Catholics for the most part poor, nor from the savages who live after the man- ner of wild beasts." The prospect was not encouraging, and the proximity of the ('(.Ionics of Virginia and New England, both hostile in feeling to Catholicity, made the jx.sition of a Catholic mi,'*, sinnary one of no little danger. The Jesuits did not shrink fn.m a mission Held where they were to look for no sujjport from the proprietary or their rt(K-k. and were to live amid dangers. It was decided that two Fathers were to go as gen- tlemen adventurers, taking artisans with them, and acrpiiring lands like others, from which they were to draw their sup- port. Tliis re(piired means, and we are not told by whom tliey were furnished, but circumstances strongly indi('ate that Father Thomas (\)pk.y, of ail (.Id English family, but born in Spain, sup])lied the means by which fho first missionaricH were sent out and maintained.' The Maryland pilgrims under I^onard Calvert, Im.ther of the lord prt^prietury. ' MrmoriBi of Fiitlicr Henry .Mi.r.', Vico- Provincial. Foley, " Ke(?onl« of the Kn^ii^i I'rovincc," iii,, pp. m\\-\ Thoiniis Copley, known on the ininsion iw Father IMiilip FiHtur, look uj. lun.l^ elaiiniii!: thai Falhers White. .Mthain, and their eoMi|mnionH had Itt-fu nt-nt over liy him. Kilty, Lttiidholder'n AuMiKtanS, pp. «1«-H. I I MARYLAND SETTLED. 39 consisted of his brother George, some twenty other gentle- men, and two hundred laboring men, well provided. To con- vey these to the land of Mary, Lord Baltimore had his own pin- nace, the Dove, of fifty tons, commanded' by Robert Winter, and the Ark, a chartered vessel of 350 tons burthen, Eichard Lowe being ca]itain. Leonard Calvert was appointed gover- nor, Jerome llawley and Thomas Comwaleys being joined in the commission. Among the gentlemen who came forward to take part in the good work was Richard Gerard, sou of the baronet Sir Thomas, one of the first, as we have seen, to pro- pose Catholic colonization in America, and active with Peck- ham in Sir Humphrey Gilbert's expedition. Lord Baltimore met with many vexations and delays. He ob- tained from tJie Lords of the Admiralty a warrant exempting his men from impressment ; but as by his very charter the object of his colony was religious, the i)roprietary being praised for his pious zeal and desire to propagate the Christian faith, every cJigine was employed to defeat the expedition. On hostile representations, the attorney-general at last made an information in the Star Chaml)er tiiat Lord Raltimore's ships had de])arted without proper papero from the custom-house, and in contempt of all authority. It was, moreover, alleged that the emigrants had abused the king's officers and refused to take the oath of allegiance. On these malicic.us charges ships were sent in pursuit of the Maryland vessels, and the Ark and Dove were brought back to London. The charges were soon disproved, but Lord Baltimore had been put to great i'xpensc, and his expedition jeoparded. His enemies, how- evi-r, could not force hijii to abandon his undertaking.' The Ark and Dovi', when released, bore away again, ai. 1 putting in at (^owes, in the Isle of Wight, took aboard othor Lord Bultimoro to tho Earl of fitrafTonl- Hir,iff(.r.l'« Lettcm. |i: ) 40 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. members of the expedition. From this period we have a« our giude the narrative of the voyage, written, in all proba- b.hty, by FatJier Andrew White. This learned man, who after serving on the English mission as a seminary priest, had fallen into the hands of the enemies of the tnie faith and spent years in prison, had been banished from England in 1606. On the Continent lie entered the Society of Jesiw iand filled professors' chairs in several colleges.' He had l)een selected by the provincial as chief missioner to Mary- land, and was accompanied by Father John Altham,or Grave- nor, and by Thomas Gervase, a lay brother." They sailed from Cowes on the 22d of Noveml)er 1 (];{;{ the feast of Saint Cecilia. In the stormy weather which they soon encountered, the Dove was driven from her consort, anil the two priests in the Ark expecting for their party the fate which seemed to have overtaken her, unite.l all tlie'rathoiics in prayers and devotions to cnr Lord, to the blessed Vir.Wii Saint Ignatius, and the Angel (Guardians of Maryland, ."m- werating that province as a new votive offering to\)ur F/uly of the Inmiacnlatc Conception. Sweeping around by R.rba- does, by Mont^.rrat, whe nce the fugitive Irish Catholics bad and 1.1 I u.m.T. Socictas .Fr.mi," p. so3. Pniffuc, l(tl»4. ■ Tlio •■ UHatio Iiinoris '• ,„,,„i,„„ no, .thor priest .-x.vpt F. Altlm.n in,! W lino wouM. „f rnunH.. not mniti.,,, hirnnHf by „„ (in, ', |, " " " '\ ^' '*•""" " "'">• '••^•l-'irr explanation wliy Altluui, ,.„.l oUi.t .•^M■ y n..^JU.>narl.. ..,..1 .no,-.. „.,.n o„.. „„„„.. This was a rosul, of . ««« i„ hn^Un,,, „.,„vMh,.ir rHativvs an.l llios,. who hurhon.l h >^uu. Af...rhi. puti..n, r.w«r.l, I ,nak.. no nuT. coujcc.ur. in any V I r THE JESUITS /A" MARYLAND. 41 not yet been driven by English hate, by Nevis and other West India Islands, the two vessels, which had again joined company, glided peacefully at Jast between the capes into the bay which Spanish navigators named in honor of the Mother of God, but vphich was to bear its Indian name of Chesapeake. The avowed hostility of Virginia made Leonard Calvert anxious to learn what reception awaited him. lie anchored for a time at Point Comfort and forwarded to the governor letters ho bore from the king and the auth(»rities in England. Encouraged by a courteous welcome, Calvert then proceeded up the bay to the territory embraced within the charter of Maryland. The Catholic character of the colony is at once apparent. For each natural landmark a title is drawn from tiie calendar of the Church. The Potomac is consecrated to St. Gregory; Snuth's Point and Point Lookout become Ca])e St. Gregory and Cape St. Michael. AVhen the Pilgrims of IMaryland reached the Heron Islands they named them after St. Clement, St. Catharine, and St. Cecilia, whose festivals re- called the early days of their voyage. Near the island named St. Clement they came to anchor. "On the day of the An- nunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the year l«ia4," writes the author of the " Relatio Itineris," " we celel)rate(l the first mass on that island ; never before had it been offered in that region. After the holy sacrifice, bearing on our slioulders a huge cross, which v.-e had hewn from a tree, we moved in procession to a spot selected, the governor, com- missioners and other Catholics," putting their hands first unto if, "and erected it as a trophy to Christ our Saviour ; then himd)ly kneeling, wo recited with deej) emotion, the Litany of the Holy Cross." ' ' " Ilcliilio IlincriH iid Miirvliiiiilliiin," Hiiltiriiurf, 1874, p. !J3. The miuniHcript of the Hcliilio willi uii Iiuliiin ciilccliisni wiis fotuid in ISifJ in Mio Art'liivt's of tlio I'roft'SHfil I louse at Uoiiii-, liy an Aintriiiiii .k'.suil. 42 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Ml M! 8T. CLKMENT'8 ISLAND. EASTERN KXn, WIIEHE THE FIRST MASS WAS SAID IN MARYLAND, MARCH 25. UU. FROM A DRA^mo „V K ^ MAYER. * ''■ "• Catliulifity tlms planted her cross and her altar in the heart <.f the English colonies in America, March 25 1034 The laud was consecrated, and then preparations were n.a.ie to select a sj.ot for the settlement. Leaving Father White at St. Clement's, the governor, with Father Altiiam, ran ui) the nver .n a pinnace, and at Potomac on the southern slu.re met Archd.an. regent of the powerful tribe that held swav <.ver that part of the lan.l. The priest, through an interpre- ter n.ade kn..wn his desire to instruct the chief in the tru(. faith. Arduhau g-avo every mark of frimdlv assi.nt The emperor of Piscataway, who controlled a considerable extent of territory on the Maryland side of the river, wa. also won <.ver by the Catholic pilgriu.s, although on their first a,>- l»n.ach the Pisc-ataways came llo,.king to the shore to oppol ti.em in arms. Having thus prepussesse.l the most powerful native rulers of the neigld^riug Indiiu.s to regard the new Falhor William M.-.^horry. A tranHJatio,, bv~Nrr"¥roiik7TT"ir" ^n. , ,,,..n..al S.i..„ ,.Hn,., „... I....;,. .i„. a ul^^,. ^i... ' i;!^" Iv A I„.,ry„.plc i„ ,ST4, A r..r.vr,...i v..r.i.,„ i, ,iv..„ ,, „... W. ,. .^ r";'rv;;' !^- •"-••■ ah...! r";:^!:;;;;.,^,^:::;^;: Lor.1 i.al,wnor..H I.|,u„a.i.,„ i„ MurylaM..." I..,n.l.,„, um , N w V , k 1H«.. p. 1 . n .h,« «hi..h follows ,1... U..lu.i., ,.l,.H..lv l,u. pru.lc. . y . ^" el.rat,M| ,1... tirst ,na-« " tK.co.u.M ■ • ndlcl ..rtaiM pray.n ' ^ FIRST CHAPEL AT ST. MABY'S. 43 settlers favorably, Leonard Calvert sailed back to Saint (Jlenient's. Then the pilgrims entered the Saint Mary's, a bold broad stream, emptying into the Potomac about twehe nules from its mouth. For the first settlement of the new ])rovince, Leonard Calvert, who had landed, selected a spot a i^liort distance above, about a mile from the eastern shore of the river. Here stood an Indian town, whose inhabitants, harassed by the Su8., wm-.RE tttk Frn«T r.TnoTic OHAPEI, WAS EKECTED. FKOM A HK..Trit uv '-^THOIJC TOW.VHENI). HKLTdt HV OKOIiOE ALFRED The settlers were H,H)n at work. ir„„ses for their use were erect.,,, crops were planted, activity and in.lu.try prevailed. St. Mary s chapel w.-u. .-tn^W l^Hler the Conditions of P,.n;ation issued bv Lord Jaltimore, August S, l.l;],J, every one of the ..mtlemen advenmrers of U,;3. was entitle thonsan.r acres Iw every hve men brought ov.^r, and the «une quantitv of land for every ten men brought over in the two succecling vears '..''■l"i^ :;;•::;;;;::';'?„■;. ' ^^ ■-"» "- »■■'.- ' Notes for Iti;(5-i(5:w • ri. n \a ■r\ 'Ni THE JESUITS IN MARYLAND. 47 Under these provisions Father Fisher, using his real name of Thomas Copley, entered a claim for Mr. Andrew White, Mr. John Altham, and others to the number of thirty brought over by him iu the year 1G33 ; as well as for him- self and Mr. John Knolles, and others to the number of nine- teen brought over in 1037.' The position taken by Lord Baltimore that the Catholic priests who went to Maryland were not ro look to him or to the settlers for support, left them no alternative but to maintain themselves, as there was no hope of any one establishing a riind for their use. The lan. Neither recognizes the existence of the other. ('oi)!ey took up lands for all the Jesuit Fathers, but no lands for Fisher! and Fisher as superior alludes in his account of the mission to no Fatlier ('oi»ley. .\ very interesting sketch of Father Copley by .Mis. K. C. Dor- sey is in Woodstock Letters, xiii. p. !>r)0, cf. .\iv. p."34f) ; .\v. p. 44. ■ It has been charged that the Catholic missionaries in adojiting the course tiny did, beeame farmers and merchants ; but the taunt i")ines with a very ill grace from ndnisters. whether Episcopalian or Calvinist whose predecessors in this country lived on money wrung bv process of law from many who did not belong to their tloek and who rejected their teaching. 48 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. tim .0 ,1,0 climato, .„„1 li,,,tl,.r Gervase, one of tho origmal baud of settlors, also ,lio,l.' "nguul TI.0 hostility, oxcitod by Clajlwrno prevented .he estal.lisl,. nentof any „.,ssi„„ .n.oug .,.„ I,„,ia„ .ri^, „., the t ernor deeu.cd ,t rash for an,- n.lssio y to tak „„ his S dence „, an Indian villa,,„; ,„„ ,J t,„lZ^^- fo,,nd en,ph,vn,ent for their .eal, severar iw' fh^ .nstrnetod and received into the Chnreh. ()„e of tie I 1? or. v.s.,ed a neighhorin, province, Virginia ,« ^ , ^ , ''; o„„dt>vo Frc,,clnncn lon« strangers to the sac „„: ►Ll>cs Of h,., provnlcntial presence of a J.ricst to make their ,.;aee „-,th CM. The Father., fo.nj iveral Ca ,„ i " .r,nna hel for service whose terms they purchased .. e , ;;;;^:..;;..«.Mo Ma,v,and and live where .hey could p.ci e' We „m picure to onrsclvcs the h'ttle colonv the onlv 1 a- under the ,1a. of E„,|and whc. (-..holi, vc^.C^ e on con,par.a„ve frecdou,, A public chapel whc-c '2" was rcsularly s:>i,l, where sennon, were „ cached ' T ;.-".^ holidays, where the child,., IJi'sX';: « - .ccl„s,„ and ad„l,s were «ro„„de,l in the-faith I v inst, ,ct,ons .s.nted to their capaci.y-„„d„„l„c,l|,. the it N,„day.seho<, in the co„„„,._whc,.c ,v.rca,s wet ^J^^ those who w,sl,„l ,„ perfonn ,|,e spi,.i,„al cxc,-ci.*s After a „,„„ l-athcr White took up his residence with .r ,uaco,nc„, cincf or kin,, of IVuxe,,., a ,„a„ „f ^ fen t„ the ,n,«a„„ary and they were l,„p,i,„,| „f,„ (,„,„„ -efnlly „,str„cted and their persevcani .cs,ed; I.u.m': ■ Au«o,u Uuor of ,61». •■ R.|„,|„ ,„„„|, ,. ,,., ,^ ^ EQUALITY OF RELIGIOUS RIGHTS. 49 quacomeii, tlioiigli he followed the instructions and seemed convinced, hesitated and procrastinated. He had shown his good-will by bestowing on the nn'ssion a tract known as Meta- pawnien, a spot so fertile that its produce was the main reli- ance of the Marjhmd missionaries. Yet with the unstable- ness so frequent among Indians he soon changed, all design of embracing the faith vanished, and his hostility to the mis- sionaries and to the JVIaryland settlers became so marked that Leonard Calvert recalled Father V/hite to St. Mary's. The first permanent Indian mission was thus defeated, great as the hopes were that had been based on the influence which the Patuxent chief exercised over the surroundina' tribes.' The prevailing influence in Maryland was Catholic ; the leading gentlemen who had given their means and personal services to the project, like Cajitain Thomas Cornwaleys, Cuthbert Fenwick, Thomas Green, were Catholics, but several of those whom they brought over under the conditions of plantation were Protestants. For many years these had no clergymen, l)ut a chaiiel was soon reared for their use. They were protected in its exclusive use, and interference with tlieir religious views by taunts or opprobrious words was pun- ished.^ Care was taken by the lord proprietary to maintain this equality of religious rights. The oath of office taken by the governors from the outset evinces this. "And 1 do further swear that I will not by myself or any other person, directly or indirectly, trouble, jnolest, or discountenance any person ' " Rcliitio Itincris," p. 63. ' ■ Lt. William Lewis was fined in 1088 for ubusinff Protestants who were readin.!,' aloud a book that ofTended hini. See iiroeeedinirs analyzed in Bcliarf, i. pp. 100-7. Dr. Thomas Gerrard was lined in UW2 for"taldii- away the keys and books of the I'rotestant chapel. Maryland Archives^ i, |). 119 ; Johnson, " Old Maryland Manors," p. 29 ; Bo/.nmn, " History of Maryland," ii. pp. 199-200; Davis, " Day SUir," p. 33. ff) i- ill ti I ( 60 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. whatsoever, professing to believe in Jesus Clirist, and in par- ticular no Ilonian Catholic, for or in respect of religion, nor his or her free exercise thereof within the said province, . . nor will I make any diiferenco of persons in conferring of- tices, rewards or favors, for or in respect to their said religion, hut meerly as I shall find them, faithful and well deserving of his said Lordship and to the best of my understanding endowed with niorall vertues and abilities , , . and if any other officer or persons whatsoever shall . . . molest or dis- turb any person . . . professing to l)elieve in Jesus Christ, meerly for or in respect of his or her religion or the free exercise hereof upon notice or com])laint thereof made to him, I will apply my power and authority to relieve any per- son so molested or troubled, whereby he may have right done him." ' Lord Baltimore's scheme end)raced not only religious but legislative freedom, and his charter provided for a colonial assembly. Maryland begins her history in March, 1034, and in less than three years an assembly of the freemen of the little colony was convened and opened its sessions on the 2r)-2r>th of Jamiary, 1037. All who had taken up lands were summoned to attend in person. The Catholic priests, smn- moned like the rest, had no wish to take part as legislators. Through Ilobert Gierke they asked to be excused from serv- ing.' When the Assembly met, John Lewgar, secretary ' Chalmers, p. 235; McMuhon. "Hist. Maryliind," 22G. Lnnirford. " Hofutation of Babylon's Fall "; " Viririniaand Maryland," pp. 22, 23, 26'. The terms of the oath are taken from the Parliament Navy C'ommittoe 31st Dec, 10,52, where they are iriven in a treneral way, and not as those of an oath introduced recently. Streeter, ' ' Maryland Two Hundred Years Ajj;f)," p. 20, and some .subsequent writers endeavored to show that this oath (lid not date back to 1630 ; tlie whole question can be studied iu 8eharf, i., p. 171. ' " Maryland Archives," i., p. 5. NEW QUESTIONS. 61 to Lord Baltimore, wiis tlie leading spirit. A recently con- verted Protestant minister, he was little versed in the canons luid rules of the Catliolic Church. Some of the laws intro- duced hy him excited grave doubts in the minds of Catholic gentlemen in the Assembly, who submitted the matter to the missionaries. To their minds the projiosed acts so contiicted with the laws of the Church that no Catholic could conscientiously vote for them. Their opinion gave great umbrage to Leonard Calvert, the governor, and still greater to Lord Baltimore when the affair was reported to him.' The variance of opinion was most unfortunate in its results to the colony, as impairing the harmony which had hitherto prevailed, and threatened to prevent the growth of the (-'hurch in its usefulness and the spreading of missions among the Indians. A chapel had by this time been erected at St. Mary's, and a cemetery was duly blessed to receive the remains of those wiio died in the faith." Secretary Lewgar, though sincerely a Catholic, and subse- quently a priest,' was at this time too unacquainted with t!ie canons of the Church to act dispassionately. His letters to Lord Baltimore seem to have excited that nobleman so much that he resolved to force the Jesuit Fathers to aban- don rlio mission. lie declared the grant of land by the Patuxent king null and void, and objected to a further ' r,aws were introduced regarding marriage and proving wills, then regarded as within the province of ecclesiastical courts, establishing courts, and one curious enactment deprived a woman of lands descending to her unless she married before an age fixed by law. " Maryland Archives," i., ]). 15. ■' " Y« ordinary burying place in St. Mary's Chapel yard " is alluded to in John TJoyd's will, 1658. Davis, p. 83. •' He died at London in lo55, while attending the plague-stricken. As to his writings, see Dodd, iii., p 264. : / f I i I f J'sf ^ 1. ■'• i i ■ Hi II « i 1 ■ w 1 1 E ■ ' K 52 rilE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES acqxiisition of land by the missionaries. At the same time he toc»k mciusiires to request the Congregation tie Projia- giuida Fide at Rome to establish a mission in his province of Maryland. In carrying out his plan he acted disingenuously, evidently withholding all information as to the actual exist- ence of a mission in his colony, founded by the English |)rovince of the Society of Jesus. A more dire(;t and straightforward coursi; would have been to submit the case to the authorities in Rome and solicit such a modilication of ordinary rules as the exceptional state of affairs in Maryland seemed to reijuire. It was apparently to support his application to Rome that the Maryland Assembly, on the liUli of March, KJ.'JS ((). S.), passed an act entitled "An Act for Church Liberties," the first Miction of which provided that "Holy CMiurch within this province shall have all her rights, liberties and immu- nities, safe, whole ami inviolable in all things." ' ' " Mnryland Archives," i., pp. .^5, 40, 82. It was to he in forces (ill \\w next AsscMilily and then be inmie perpetual. Tliat ii law of j^eneral reliir ions freedom wa.s then passed has been a.s8ertcd, but no such aet ean now l)e found. ■• After the Charter was thu.s granted to Lord Rallimore, who waHihen « Honian Cathulie, his Lordship emitted his pn.elaniation to eneourajre the settlement of his province. i>romisin,tr tiierein aniont; Hher lhinj,'s. lilH'ify of eonsejeiiee and an . .|ual exereise of relitrion to every denom- ination of Cliristi.ins who wouhl transiw.rt Ihemseives and reside in hf.^ provinee, and that he would proenre it law to be passed for that purnose afterwards. The llrst or seeond .\sseml.ly that met after the eolonism arrivid here, some lime in the year IWtS, a perpetual law was pa.s.sul in pursuance of his Lordship's promi.se, and indeed sueh n law wa« encily obtained from lliose who were the (Irsl settlers. This aet was eonllnneil ill HMO and airnin in 1U.V>." Heply of fpiMT to Lower House of .\ssem- Illy in I7."H, eii a- [)r<)viiico of it'tnal oxist- lie Engl is; 1 direct and lit the case liticatioii of 1 Maryland IJome that !;58 (O. S.), LTties," tiie I'C'li within uid inium- forr^ till tlio :i'ncral rclii; act rail now III) waHilicii !) ciicoiirajio lliiT lliiiitrs, very (Icnoin- rcsiili" in ||i.s liat |iiirj)(>s(> III' CIllllllhlH MM |m.s.std in r woM fnpjly s ooiiliiiiu'il V of Ash III- n' most jiart tolcratcij, a on." Oiiv. I^ Andreas VitirX SJAiigijAn 7\udia cH-^anlau' LU.GiAinerica^ BraviiicU^AyoCtohci/ldhorihirx clarus, BAPTISM OF KINO CHIIOMAOON BY FATHKR ANDRHW WHITa nioM TAMNiii "aoctrrAS ivea. ■«»« MARYLAND MISSIONS. nlati' Meanwhile tlie missionaries were continuing their labors, 'atlier John Brock, who liad become Superior of the Mis- lion, residing with a lay brother at the plantation, apparently ;hat known as St. Inigoes ; Father Altham, who had become ell acquainted with the country, being stationed at Kent sland on the eastern shore, then a great centre of the Indian '"tra(l(>, and Father Philip Fisher at the chapel in St. Mary's, the capital of the colony. I'ather White had penetrated to a new field, a hundred and twenty miles from St. Mary's, having, in June, 1039, planted his mission cross at Kittamaquindi, capital of Pisca- tftM-av, the realm of the Tayac or Chief, Chitomaclicn or Childmacon. This was i:>robably at or near the present town of that name, fifteen miles south of the city of Washington. Tlic chief, predisposed by dreams, on which Indians depend 80 much, received the missionary warmly, lie listened to file instructions and, touched by grace, reso'''ed not only to encourage the missionary's labors among his people, but, iritli his wife and children, to end)raco the faith jireached to them. lie put awiiy his concubines, learned how to pray, «ii(I observed the fasts and abstinences of the Church. lie Ijfpi'uly avowed his remniciation of all his former supersti- iloiis and idolarry, and declared that religion was far more liim than any other advantage he could derive from the hites. Visiting St. Mary's, this catechumen was received til every mark of friendship, and when h(> was sufficiently stnicted. and his dispositions deemed certain, he was It'iiiidy baptized at Kittamaipiindi, his capital, on the Htli July, 1(140, receiving at the sacred font the name of 'liarles. ilis wife, the devoted friend of tli(> mission, rts ived in baptism the name of Mary, and her infant child at of Anne. The king's chief councillor, Aresorcoipies, ith his son, enjoyed the same blessing. This interesting In \ i : i u ,.. I 1 'I J » 54 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. ceremony, the administration of the holy sacrament of regen- eration to a chief of such influence and his family, took place in a new bark chapel, erected for the occasion. Ix^mard Calvert, the governor, came with Lewgar, the sec- retary of the colony, and Father Altham, to show hy theii- presence the importance of the event. In the afternoon the king and queen were united in miitri- niony according to Christian usage ; then a large holy cross Wius erected, the Indian chief, the English governor and secretary, with natives and settlers lending their shoulders and hands to hear it to its destined place, the two Jesuit Fathers chanting, as they went, the Litany of our Lady of Loretto, the niurnnir of the river as it flowed down past the site of the future capital of the country, aiul the voices of the hoary forests echoing the response.' The two missionaries were soon after prostrated by fever, and they were conveyed to St. Mary's. Father Altham did not rally from its efl'ects; he sank under the disease and died on the Ath of November, 1(540. Father White bc-ran to mend, an • V ,s Cntholic M,.>ra7.in,., tH4H, p. r,34. Foley. " Uecunls.'' iii.', pp. i,«H, iwa ; liclutio ItineriH," p. 78. > n . . I, L m THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. from the fear of want. May God grant me grace to render liini some service and all the rest I leave to divine Provi- dence. The King of Piscatavvay lately died most piously ; but (lod will for his sake raise up seed for us in his neigh- bor, the King of Aiiacostan, who has invited us to come to liiin, and has decided to become a Christian. ]\Iany likewise in other localities desire the same. Hopes of a rich harvest shine forth, unless frustrated by the want of laborers who can sjioak the language and are in sound health." This energetic Su])erior was cut off amid i)]ans approved liy the Provincial for establishing new stations, and he had proposed a scheme for conmiencing a seat of learning for the province of ^laryland.' In 1642 Father Philip Fisher, again Superior, contin- ued his labors at Saint Mary's, among the settlers and neighboring Indians. Here the young empress of Piscata- way was solemidy baptizetl, and remained to be educated in (Christian and civilized life. Father Andrew White attended I'iscataway and the scattered missions. He suffered greatly from a Puritan captain on whose vessel he end)arked to shorten his voyages, and he even feared that he might be carried off to New England ; but the vessel was frozen in the ice of the Potomac opposite the Indian town of that name to which Father White proceeded over the ice on foot, the inhf»8pital)le craft soon after sinking crushed by the ice of the river. The missionary was weather-itound at this point nearly two months, but thoy were a s<>asoii of grace to the Indians. " The ruler of the little village with the principal men among the inhabitants wjis during that time added to the C'hurch, ' " Tho liopp of pstablisliinp n Collepo wliicli yo\i hold fortli. I pinbrace with plciiHurc ; and sliall not dchiy iny Haiiclion to tho plan, when it shall have renchi'd maturity." Letter to Father Brock, U. S.'Cath. Mug., vli., p. (WO. iB i I' 1^-^' MARYLAND MISSIONS. 67 and received the faith of Clirist through baptism. Besides these persons, one was converted along with many of his friends ; a third brought his wife, his son, and a friend ; and a fourth in lilce manner came, together with another of no ignoble standing among his people. Strengthened by their example, the people are prepared to receive the faith when- ever we shall have leisure to instruct them." ' About this time the Fathers seem to have converted also some Virginia settlers so as to arouse animosity, for the acts of the colony show that the Catholics were deemed nu- merous and active enough to crush. In 1G41 it was en.icted timt no popish recusant should attempt to hold any office in that colony under the penalty of a thousand pounds of to- bacco." Father Roger Rigby was soon after stricken down with illness amid his apostolic labors at Patuxent. The efforts of the missionary at Port Tobacco resulted in the conversion of almost all the tribe, so that Father White resolved to malve their town his residence, Piscataway hav- ing become exposed to the ravages of the Susquehannas, who had already attacked a mission station and killed all the whites who were there cultivating the soil. The report that the missionary himself had been slain spread far and wide, and reached the ears of the lioly Jesuit Father Isaac Jogues, • " Annual Lcltcr," 1642. Foley, " Records," ill., p. 381. ' An nnsrnipiilous enemy of the missiouMries at this time attests the constant eonversions of Trolestiints as (lislinelly as the Jesuits and their friends. " His country," writes theauliior of " Viriiiniu and Maryland," " till he einplo^-ed Captain Stone, never had but papist povernors, and counsellors, dedicated to St. Ipiatius, as they call him, and bia ('happ<'l and Holy day kept solemnly. The Protestants, for the nio,st part, miseralily disturbed in the cxereL^ie of their HeliRion, by niariy waves jilainly enforced, or by subtil practises, or hope of jireferment to turn Papists, of which a very sail account nuiy from time to time bo given, even froni their first arrivall to this very day." P. 18. R** I I m i m THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. wlio, rescued by the Dutch from the inhuman cruelties of the Mohawks, was then at Manhattan.' Tlie danger of the inroads of this fierce tribe compelled the missionaries to confine themselves to visits to the Indian towns instead of taking up their residence in them. " Where- fore," says Father Fisher, "we have to content ourselves with excursions, many of Avhicli we have made this year (1(540), ascending the river called the Patuxen. Hence this fruit has arisen, the conversion of young Queen of Pa- tuxen and her mother, also of the young Queen of Por- tobacco, of the wife and two sons of Tayac the great, so- called, that is the emperor, who died last year, and of one hundred and thirty others. The following is our manner of making an excursion: We are carried in a pinnace or gal- ley (the father, the interpreter, and a servant), two rowing when the wind fails or is contrary, tlie other steering. We take with us a little chest of bread, butter, cheese, corn cut and dried before ripening, beans and a little flour ; another chest with a bottle of wine for mass, a bottle of holy water for baptism, an altar stone, chalice, vestments ; while a third box contiiined trifles for presents to the Indians, bells, combs, " In this raid the Suacnichannas sent a spear at an Anarostan In- dian, piercing liiin througli tiie body below the armpits, lie was oar- ried in a dying state to I'iseataway, wliere Father White prepared him for death, and touclied liis wounds with a rclicpiary containing a i)article of the True Cross. As he was .summoned to atten-l an nircd dsing Indian at some dist^uice. he directed the Anaeostan's friends to take his body when he died to the chai>el for burial. Tlie ne.xt day as the missionary wa.s returning in Ids canoe, he was met by this very man, perfectly n'- stored to heallli, a red spot on each side showing where the wound' had iK'cn. He declared " that from the hour at which the Father had left him he had not ceased to invoke the most holv name of Jesus, to whom he a,scrd)ed his recovery. The nnssionary urge others go out to hunt. If they take any game it is prepared ; if not we lie down by the fire and take our rest. If fear of rain threatens we erect our hut and cover it with a larger mat spread over, and, thank God, we enjoy this humble fare and hard couch with as joyful a mind as we did more lux- urious provisions in Europe ; with this present comfort that God imparts to us now a foretaste of what He will be- stow on those who labor faithfully in this life, and He miti- gates all hardships with a sense of pleasure, so that his divine majesty appears to be present with us in an extraordinary manner." ' Meanwhile Lord Baltimore had applied to the Propaganda to establish a mission in Maryland, and give faculties to a Pre- fect and secular priests ; the Sacred Congregation accordingly, in August, IG-lrl, issued faculties, which were transmitted to Dom Kosse^ti, afterwards Archbishop of Tarsus. The Jes- uits remonstrated in an appeal to the Holy See, saying, " The Fathers do not refuse to make way for other laborers, but they humbly submit for consideration whether it is expedient to remove those who first entered into that vineyard at their own expense, who for seven years have endured want antl sufTerings, who have lost four of their numl)cr, laboring faithfully unto death, who have defended sound doctrine and the liberty of the Church, incurring odium and temporal " Rtlatio Itlneris," Annual Letter, 1643, pp. 80-3. m THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. I088 to themselves, vvlio have acquired the languages of tlio Indians." ' This memorial arrived too late. The Propaganda had already acted on tlie petition of Lon' BnUiniotv. and in 1(142 two sei-ular j)rie8ts arrived in Marvlitxi (■> !-i'j,:hi tiie mission estahlisiied hy the Sacred Congregation. The names of these l)ioneers of tiie secular clergy in this country are not re- corded, and we have no details of their labors. On iindinsr that they were expected to take a dilfcrent theological view of questions for Avliich they had not been ])re])arc(!. .I. , declined to condenni the course pursued by the missionaries already in the country, leaving it to superior authority to decide the question after duo examination.' iMeanwhilc attempts had been made in England, through the intervention of ?,(rs. Peasley,' to effect a reconcih'ation between the lord proj)rietor and the missionarii's. I.,ord Baltimore long resisted all advances, but finally yielded, ex- acting severe conditions,* wliich the provincial was to sign. ' " Memoriiil " of F. Henry More. Foley, " Records," iii., p. mi. » Throu^'li tlie kiiidiies.s of His Kiiiinonce ('ii>-(liiial .lai-ohiiii search \yus made in tlie archives of tlie Propaganda for any record of the facul- ties firanted, but, unfortunately, none could be traced. Neill, in his '• Founders of Maryland," p. UK!, chartres these priests with not keejiinj,' faith with Lord Haltiniore ; but this is most unjust, the Froi)a,!,'anda hav- ing sen! them out to act as mi.ssionarie.^, not ■. judges on a ])oint of canon law. which could have lieen decided at Home had Lord Baltimore sought u deci.sion. ' Letters of W. Feiwley. Oct. 1 and 7, 1042, of Ann Fea.sley, Oct. 5. •They resigned all claim to the lands ceded by the Indian king, and agreed to taki- no others ; they accepted the English statutes against pious uses, as in force in .Maryland, and agreed to take up no lands except by sju'cial ])erniission of Lord Baltimore ; the missionaries were to claim no (xemplions or privileges in Maryland not legally allowed them in Kiig- land, except that corporal punishment was not to be inllieted on any missionary unless for a capital offense. N'o missionary was to 1h' sent to Maryland without special permi.ssiou of Lord Baltimori! ; luiy missionary MARYLAND MISSIONS. 61 and every missionary sent out was to obtain direct permission froin the lord proprietor and take an oath of allegiance to him.' Under these stringent conditions two Jesuit Fathers were proposed to Lord Baltimore, and, receiving his sanction, sailed for Marylimd in 1042.' But, though harmony was restored, the missionaries must have felt discouraged and ham]iercd, and the now Conditions of Settlement issued by Lord Balti- more M»car the impress of groat jealousy of the Church, reviving the English ideas of mortmain, and inadvertently paving the way to direct persecution of the whole Catholic body. The Puritan party in England, while the Anglican church was dominant, sought the support of the CathoHcs who suf- fered like themselves from the rule of the State churcli, althougli the scidlolds did not run red with Puritan as they did with Catholic blood. then ill the colony, or subsequently sent, was to be recalled within a yeiir at the request of Lor] U;il(iinore. No missionary was to be allowcul in the colony who did not take an oatli of allegiance to liini as lord ]iro- 1 trie tor. ' The Conditions in Ifi48 excepted specially all coriioralions, etc., as well spiriluid as tcinponil, and i)r(i|iibited their acquirinj;or holdinu; land without special license, either in lluur own name or in the name of any person to their use. Kilty, p. 41. Those in 1(;49 forbade any ad- venturer or planter to transfer lands to any such cori)oration or in trust for it, wiliiout license, lb., p. 50. '"Helatio Itineris," p. S9, is incorrectly translated " two others"; it sliould read "two new Fathers." Who they were even the minute ro- searciies of Hr. Foley and Father Treacy fail (o enalile us to say posi- tiv;'ly. There are three letters extant of \V. Peasley and his wife .\ini, addressed evidenily to the i»rovinciaI in September and October, l(i42. " I have prevailed for the present einiiloyment of two of yours." They wore to sail in Ingle's ves.sel, but may not have come?. ' "I'limla ab lllust. Doni. fiarone Baltimore concepta qutc subscribi c.xigita H. I'rov. Soe. ,Iesu in Angli.i." MSS. Stonyhursi, vol. iv., No. t08. "Onmibus has pracseutes lecturis." lb. hi 02 TITE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. In Virginia, Purita.i settlers from JVew England were reated UMth great l.arshness by the authorities, zealous „,. |ol.K".-s of the Anglican church ; ('layborne, who had tendered the oath ot s„p,enKK.y to Lord J>>alti,nore, being then an a^heren of the donunant party. To the«e harassed Puritans Lord Ha unore offered an asyhnn, and n.any settled in Mary- '"■Hi AVhen the civil war was enkindled in England these .nei. began to evince great hostility to Lord Baltimore and the Cahohcs After the n,al power fell Clayborue joined the 1 untan side, and, taking as his lieutenant a reckless sea captan. nan.ed Ingle, once, as generally believed, a pirate, ^^l '" u1'"' '^"'■''"' ^^"""-^^-^ ^^ ^'"P which ho luiwKB, I . ij. { hurcli 111 Maryland, p. 30. ES. England wero is, zoaloua u^y 3 liatl tendci'od wing then an issed Puritans ttleii in Miirj- EnglaTid tlit'so iniore and tliu ne joined tlie reckless soa ■ed, a pirate, lip wln'cli he atteni])t an ;Vided by the loniy against 'hind against it, but with the governor in Virginia, le let luirle le authority oupcs of the cMiwick, and niaintained gilt some of 1 of vessels as familiar ' the Puritans few Kn.irlaiui, )incrs proved •(>r.sway those if'k iitiarrcls, lachel," cited MISSIONARIES DEPORTED. 63 with their residences and their persons. The Catholic gentry and the missionaries wero the chief objects of his malice. Invading their estates with a lawless baud, he drove out or seized the people, carried off and destroyed property, leaving the houses mere wrecks. Captain Cornwaleys estimated the damage done his place in February, 1645, at three thousand pounds. The houses of the Jesuit Fathers at Potopaco and St. Inigoes were similarly plundered and wrecked, but this tera- l)oral loss was little compared to the affliction of the hunted and scattered Catholics when they beheld the venerable Father Andrew White, the founder of the Maryland mission, and Father Thomas Co\)\cj, fall into the hands of this man, who, treating thoi.i as criminals, loaded them with heavy irons. After being kept confined for some time, the two missionaries were sent by Ingle to England. There the two Fathers were indicted under the penal laws of 27 Elizabeth, for having been ordained priests abroad and coming into and remaining in England as such, contrary to the statute, a crime punishable with death. When brought to trial, however, they pleaded that they had been brought violently into England, and had not come of their own will, but against it. The judges acknowledged the force of the argument and directed an acquittal. They were not, it would seem, liberated at once, but were detained in prison and finally sent out of England under an order of perpetual banishment. Father White reached Belgium, whence he endeavored in vain to regain the missions of his beloved Maryland ; but his advanced age and his broken constitution would in them- selves have made him no longer fit for such a laborious life as awaited the priests who attempted to revive religion there. I It r 04 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. As wo can no longer record liis labors on our soil, it is well to sketch here the life of this founder of the Maryland mission. Father Andrew White was l)orn in London io 1579, and was etlucatcd at Douay, where he was ordained priest about the year KiOa. Heturning to England as a seminary priest lie fell into the hands of the authorities at the very threshijld of his missionary career, and after spend- ing: some time in prison, was sentenced to perjietual banishment with f(>rty-h\(' otiier priests in lOOO.' Seeking admission to the Society of Jesus, he was one of the lirst to enter the Tiovitiatc opened at St. Jolurs, Louvain, where one of his fellow novices was the celebrated Father Thomas (iarnett, who, returning to England, died on the scalTold in the fol- lowing year. Father White went through his jieriod of pi'iibation with great humility and piety, ])reparing fur the dangercuis mis !'>ii of his native land, to which at the close of his n( viceshi|^ he was at oiu-e sent. There he labored with great zeal and fruit, attending by stealth the oi)pressed Cath- olics, encom-aging them iii trials, sustaining their faith, and wlicn an as Superior of the Maryland mission, seems to have ' Tiiiiiiir. '■.-^n(iciii;-i.T(su.\i)(isfol(irumItnitntrlx."Priiiriii'. 101)4. p. so.l. AmimimI I.ctt.T, Kir.tl, cil.Ml l.y K(.l..y. iii.. p, ;ws. This nuilior t;iviN pp. -inx-r.ii. two IrKiTs of Palhcr Aiidnw Whii... Mis In.liaii raitrlilsni i^cxtiiiii 111 H...11C. It'll of Ills Miinlaiid (iiimiinar and Vociibul.iry i,..ili. iiii: i- (l.'tliiil.ly known. Tlic ivc.vcry of F,iil,cr While's Indian' works ^^olll<| he Ih.' more vallialilc. us Ih> wii- o.'voikI ,iII ,Ioi|lit th,. (l,s| Kncllshniun who allcinpl.Ml to iviliirc an tiidian I.in-im-.. !o j,, miinai iciil firir.!*. Hcf, loo, •■ W oodsiock Lellcrs," .\i\., p. ,'tM4. 60 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. |i I L'luded the persecutors ; while Father Eoger Kigbie and John ("doper escaped to Virginia by the aid of Indian converts or were taken there as prisoners. Both died in that jtrovince iu l(i4(t, htnv or where no record remains to tell, but certainly victims to the hatred of the Catholic faith, even though thcv did not perish by the hand of violence. Both were young and zealous; both were of the nund)er of twenty-three young Jesuits who in July and August, ItUO, wrote to the Provincial, Father Edward Knott, earnestly seeking to be sent to the Maryland mission. These letters full of zeal and devotion, arc preserved as precious treasures in the College of the JSacretl Heart at Woodstock, Maryland, and from them we reverently traced the fae-similes of their signa- ^^%^ a i^Y^ tures. Father Roger Uigliie arrived in Maryland in H>41, and soon won univcrsil esteem. Though prostrated bv M'rious (li>ease at I'atuxent. he jursevered. mastered the language of his Hock, and composed a catechism in it. Father .lolin Cooper, a native; of Hampshire, reaclic(| Marv- la'id 'II It'll 1. and the next year was torn t'ldiii his tlock. Father Ilartwell, the Superior of the mission, did not sur- vive these terriM(> blows, liis death to, wrote to thi' y Fct'kiiig t<» lottorrt full of •ensures in tlii' Marvlaiul. ant! (tf tlii'ir sigua- Amu] in 1041, prostrated hv mastered the ccliisiii in it. •eaclu'<| Mary- liis riiiek. 1. (lid Milt sur- edrded in this iiK'e of Miirv- MARYLAND MISSIONS. 67 been conducted with a wisdom seen iu no otlier colony. The destitution, famine, and Indian wars tliat mark the early days of other settlements were unknown in Maryland. Catholicity was planted Avith the colony, and exercised its beneticent iiiHueiice ; the devoted priests instructed their people assid- uously, teaching the young, and reviving the faith of the adults ; men led away by false doctrines in England, moved by their example, sought light and guidance. Full of apos- tolic zeal these priests extended their care to the Indian tribes along both shores of the Potomac to the Piscataway, and up the Patuxent to Mattai)any, so that nearly all the Indians on those two peninsulas were thoroughly instructed in the fundamental doctrines of Christianity, and many received into the church had learned to lead a Christian life. The success had not been attained without sacritice; live of the devoted priests in the short twelve years had lahl down their lives; two were in chains to stand trial and perhaps face death on the scatfold.' ' The (lui'stion lias been mooted whetlier it is proper to my timt Mary- laiid was 11 (Mtiioli.' .oKmy. It l,„s lufri well replied: ••Tbe eoloily " '"'" '> spiviluul Kwi'les w<'iv tatholies, wliosc- oidy public worsliip was aecordin- to Cailiolic rites, was a failiolic colony" (Seliarf, i. p. 10U); and surely it was so wlien tlie I'ailiolicitv was" active z('al.>u< exemplary, and edifying:. Tl Olij-elions .Vnswered C'oncern'imr Mary' land.' a document of the li f i|,c seithm.'nl, discusses at len>:l"li wlieih.T 111.. Calholic colony of .Maryland wouhl be- daiigeroiis to New IJifiland and N'irjriniu. ssioii. Its I'l'c- I' province had I. H7.'(-i{MT ; vii It., vii.. pp. .V,Mi, rv Fatliers, J(i:tl tH^'- nt] If r?i R[ i I i ' '■ T . i CHAPTER III. THE MARYLAXn MISSION RESTORED. 1(548-1008. "With the triuinph of Clayboriie and Ingle Catliolieity seemed so ntterly overthrown in Marvland that Lurd I'alti- ni(ire lost heart, and thonirht of abandoning the province. lie irave orders to seenre his ])ersonal property and send it over to England. Unt liis brother Leonard was made of sterner stnlf. (iatliering a force in Virgin! '.e suddenly snrpriseil the factinn in Maryland and reeovu'ed possession of the province, where the authority of the lord proprietary was unee more established. The lield was again open to the labors of the priests of the {'atholic Church. It would seem that Lord Baltimore again appMed to the Holy See for secular mis>ionaries. but failed to olitMJn them.' anil the .Ic-uit Fathers were pcrmitte>l to re- ' Foley, " Hwonis," ill., p. !3H7. I.iinl lialliniorc ((unplMiiicd tt. Ajrri'tti in Ifid'.t iIkiI tlic IFoly Si'i> fur four iinil l\v<'iily yc^rs iiad refused to >end iiii-isiouiirics to Marx liiiid, wliieh curries l)iiek lii-i unsureMsful appliciilion to KH.'i. Mjir. I'rltaii Cerri. in liis veiiori to |'n|)e Iiuioeent XI., Mpeakini; of Maryland, s.iys ; "A mission niis.'lil ea.-ily he setllid in that eounlry, tlie said lord liavint' freciuenlly desired it of the CoUirreiiatioii " Steele, ' .Vii Aeeoui;! of the Slate of llie IJoinan CalUolidi Uelitrion," ji. l(i». It wa.s apparently well known that Lord Baliiniore wished, .ilioui this linie, to substitute oilier ndssionaries. In " VirLrinia and Maryliind ; or the Lord Halliniore's jiriiiled (Use uni'ased anil answered," l.iindoii, lil,Vi, we read : ' The liel tcr to jircl friemK lirst made it a n eptacle for I'apisix and Priests and .le miles, in some extraordinary and zealous manner, lint hath since di'- ( tented Ihem iiiaiiy limes and many ways , thoiiirh IntellJL'enee wilh HuIIm, Letter*. iVc. from the Pope and Home, lie ordinary for his own In tersts." (Force's edition, p. I'J > y\'^4- MISSION RESTORED. 69 ;48-lG08. igle Catholicity Imt Lord Balti- ^ the province. .Tty iiiul Hcnil it il \va;s iiiiule of i' '.e sudilciily L-red possession ord proprietary lie priests oi the liidtinmre afjaiii ies, l)ut faile(l to IHTUlitted to !•('- t till' Holy Sec fur irii-^ to M:iivlaiicl, Ull.'i. Mjrr. Irlmii >f Miirvlaiid, siiys : If siiiil lord hiiviiiLr All Aifouni of the as iipparciitly well to NubNtiliilo ()tli)>r l.ord Hulliiiion-'s !■ read : " 'I'lii' Ixt i« mid Prii'HiM ami liiit liatli siii('(> di'^ Il InicllL'i'ncc Willi irv fur lii'< own In % visit the land -.vhere their heroic little band had labored amid eutfering and death. Father Thomas Copley was sent over as he had been eleven years before. Writing to the General of the Society on the 1st of March, 1048, he reports his arrival with his companion in Virginia in Jannary. From that ]n-ovince he penetrated to St. Mary's, where he found his tiock collected after having been scattered foi- three years. Once moi-e was the holy sacrifice offered in the land, confes- sions heard, baptism conferred ; but caution was still rerpiircd, and the i)riests performed their sacred duties almost secretly.' Leaving his companion. Father Lawrence Starkcx-, concealJd apparently in Virginia, Father Copley then proc^'eded to his Indian neophytes from among whom he had been torn by Ingle's men. Though the authority of Lord Baltimore was restored, the state of affairs, and especially of the Catholic Church in Maryland, became very precarious. Puritans expelled from Virginia had been allowed by Lord Baltimore to settle in Anne Arundel County, but from the first they disavowed his authority as supporting antichrist. As their numliers in- creased they made common cause with Clayborne, and began to ontnumber the Catholics, who, for a tinie, had formed 'the 'nai<.rity, especially of tl:e landholders, as the contemporane- ous records of wills sliow. The illustrious governor, Leonard Calvert, did not long survive his trimnph. This devoted Catholic dieth of June, 1<;47, leaving the gov- ernment of the colony to Thomas (Jreene. In tlie following yi'ar L.rd Baltimore appointe.l William Stone as governor, and. in view of a future pre|)on«lerance of Protestants' endeavored to establish, as by a charter of libertv. that free- dnm of conscience which his father and himself "had so loug advocated and practiced. ill II ' il , P! ;j. '^N 1 * , ' i j • ^ 70 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. In pnmiauce of hh instructions Governor Stone convened an assembly at St. INIary's, on the 2(1 day of April, 1049. This body consisted of the lieutenant-governor, Stone represent- ing the Catholic proprietary ; the council, Thomas Greene and Robert Clarke, Catholics ; John Price and Kobert Vaughn, Protestants; and nine burgesses, Cuthbert Fenwick, William Uretton, George ^Manners, John Maunsell, Thomas Thorn- i>.M-ongh and Walter Peake, Catlx.lics, and Philip Conner, liichanl lianks, and liichard Urowne, Protestants. The as- send)ly is a famous one in history, as it passed an "Act con- cerinng religion " which, after intlicting penalties on any one who should call another by a sectarian name of reproach, 1 roceeds in these noble words : "And whereas the enforc- ing of ('(.nscionce in matters of religion hath freipiently talleii out to be of dangerous conse(iuence in those connnon- wealths where it has been practiced, and for the more (piiet and peaceable government of this province, and the better to preserve nnitual love and unity amongst the inhabitants, no ])ers(iu or persons whatsoever within this province or the islands, ports, harbors, creeks, .ir havens thereunto belonging, ])rot'essiiig to belie V(Mn Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be anv ways troubled or molested, or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion, nor in the free exercise thereof within this province . ia «€ ES. THE TOLERATION ACT. 71 (tone convened H, 16i9. This ;oue represent- iKis Greene and obert Vanglin, iwic'k, William lioiuus Tlioni- ?liilip Conner, tants. The as- l an " Act con- ties on any one le of reproach, eas the enforc- ath iVeipicntly those conmion- thc more (piiet and the better the inhabitants, ])r<)vince or the unto belonjrinjj, •om henceforth tcTianced for or le free exercise ercnnto bclonir- exorcise of any " is one of the ntion nntil the drawn up by Lord iMSi'd only n part in held lit St. Mary's, dcclaratidti, dated ; Sninslmry, " Cal ."vol. M. pp. 4-20, ,* government was overthrown by the Puritans, and from its restoration till the Protestant revolution, forms one of her greatest glories."' Efforts have been made to deprive Catholics of the credit of this act. Gladstone's endorsement of the efforts gave rise to a triumphant Catholic vindication.' It was no novelty : it was the last Catholic act contirming the policy which had olttaiiied from the founding of the colony, and wliich was maintained so long as Catholic proprietors were in power, ceasing only with Catholic inHuence. " The religious tolera- tion which historians have so much extolled in the Catholic colonists and founders of INfaryland did not originate with, or derive its existence from that law of 1040, but, on the contrary, it exi.sted long anterior to and independent of it. This great feature in the Catholic go/erimieiit of Maryland had been established by the Catholic lord proj)rietary, his lieutenant-governor, agents and colonists, and faithfully prac- ticed for fifteen years prior to the Toleration Act of 1649. Prom 10114 to 1049 it had been enforced with nnwaverincr firmness, and protected with exalted benevolence." The act of 1 040, with its broad views of religious freedom, is one of the grounds of pride in Catholic Maryland. Natu- rally those who are haunted by a perpetual jealousy of every Catholic claim have sought, l)y specious arguments and cunningly arrayed facts, to make it appear that the Catholic body in Maryland could lay no claim to the honor. The history of the act and of otliers closely connected with it is now known. Lord Baltimore, mIio saw the necessity of adopting some plan for the future government of the prov- ince that would save his own rights and the liberty of the Catholic settlers from being overthrown, drew up a body of ' U. II. Clarke. Catholic World, Dirfinlicr. 1h:.\ :m 72 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. sixteen laws during the suuinier of 164:8, and transmitted them frum Bath, in England, to be passed and made per- petual hy the Assembly, and with them the oaths to be taken by the governor and the members of the council. These acts were to be passed without any alteration, addition, <.r dinn'nution. Tlie Assembly of lOiO passed nine of these acts in April, and in the Assembly held in the following year, the other seven were passed. Lord Jialtimore having complained of their neglect. In their action in April, 1«;.50, the whole sixteen laws were read and considered, and they were assented to by the ])roprietary in one instrument, dated August "20, 1(150. The first of these laws was the act conccruimr rclitrion. It emanated from the Catholic proprietary, and was passed by u legislature in which the majority were Catholics.' The next year the Asseml)ly re<[uired an oath fi'oni nu'm- bers, which was in itself a harbinger to Catholics of coming (litticnltics. One Catholic mcndicr, Thomas Matthews, of 'Johnson, "Foundation of Maryland," pp. 111-123. Mr. Oladstono prctendi'dthat this act was based on an order of the Kn.irlish House of Com- mons, irivint: freedom of eonseienee in the Sunnner Islands, mikI also on (I Hnllsh (irdinanee of l»i47. Tlie assertion, eoniinir from a Hrilish I'rinie Miin'sier, attracted attention. Exundnation shows that tlie order merely jrave freedom of worship to an independent eongreiration, under Uev. Patriek Copland, in the Herrnudas ; that it passed only one hou.se, and never took e(T<'(t, The ordinance of 1017, refern'd to liy Mr. (Jladstone, never passed, aial so far as toleration was j'oncerned, the House of Coni- moius resolved that it wiw not to extend to Catholics, or take away any penal laws apunst them. ".lournals of the Commons," l(141-rt. Hush- worth. "Collection," vii., p. H49. .I,'of the nine passed in 1(J4U. ^ !! I PURITAN RULE. 73 transmitted d made por- s to l)e taken ncil. Tlieso addition, (ir ine of tlRve :ie followini;: more liaviiij^^ April, Itl.'iO, ed. and they uuient, dated It as j)a!olicy of tl.j Catholic rulers. Gov- ernor Stone endeavored to restore the pro])rietai'y's power. He took the field, with the support of the Catholics and the I'rotcstants who adhered to Lord J'altimore, but was defeated in a hard-fought engagement, after which the I'uritans evinced their ferocious cruelty by shooting four ])risoners in cold blood. As three of these were Catholics, it shows that hatrcil of Catliolicity guided them in this as in their legisla- tion.' Then we find the anti-Catholic power gaining. Thus, in in54, Luke (iardner was charged with enticing Eleanor Hatton to his house, "to train her up in the llonian Catholic religion." This was deemed "a great affront to the govern- ment, and of very dangerous and destructive consecpiences in relation to the peace and welfare of the province." ' Schiirf, " History of ^larylimd," i., ]>. 215. •■ Maryland Archives," i., lip. :U(t-l. Hawks, " Marylanil," p\). 4:.'-:i. ■' Tlio Puriian account, " Virginia niid Baltimore," ]). 10, .supprcs.sps all nu'iition of the (■.xccutimi in cold blood (,( Kltonhcitd, Lewis. Legate. Pedro. The character of the tract must he horiie in mind in weijrliiiifr its value elsewhere. For another account sec Hainnioiid, "Leah and lijiehel," |). 25. The petition of Kdward Lloyd and seventy-seven iiihah- itaiitw of Severne .//(■ the gdverii- coiisecinences uce." land Archives," 8, supprcssps all Lewis, Li'LTatc, 11(1 ill wcigliini; 11(1, " Leah and itj'scvcn iriliiih- iiraiiist tile Diiih as tolerated is inly had no part Wliile Maryland was thus convulsed, and difHculties in- creased for Catholics, Father Thomas Copley died in 105;3, leaving Father Lawrence Starkey alone on the nn'ssion, but he was joined the next year by Father Francis F'itzherbert, who made St. Inigoes his residence, the veteran Starkey at- tending the scattered missions from Portobacco. The Puritans, after their victory on the Severn, and their savage triumph, hastened to St. Mary's County. There they rushed into the houses of the priests, clamoring for the lives of the hypocrites, as they styled them, and certainly intending for any they might secure, the fate of the Catholics slaughtered on the Held. Such had been their course in England, and it would lind greater ])retext here. But the two Fatherb managed to escape, ascibing it to the Pro^^dence of God that they were carried away before the very eyes of their vindictive pursuers ; l)ut their books, furniture, and everything else in the houses fell a prey to the spoilers. The missionaries were carried into Virginia amid constant ])eril, and in the utmost want of all things. There they lived in a mean hut, sunk in the ground like a cistern or a tond), so that they com- pared themselves to Saint Athanasius, who lay concealed for se\eral years in a similar refuge. Their supplies from Eng- land were intercepted ; they could obtain no wine to say mass, and their ministry was reduced to stealthy visits, by boats, to Catholics who could be reached from Virginia.' The missionaries, unable to return to their congregations in Maryland, remained in Virginia, where Father Stai-key died in the midst of his trials, F'ebruary 19, 1657." Lord Baltimore, however, at last recovered his authority, liberty of conscience was restored, and F^ither Fitzherbert ' Foley, "Records," iii., p. 389. ' nis real name seems to have been Laurence Sankey. lie was born io Lanca:;hire in 1006, and entered the Society in 1636. Foley, vii., p. 685. ' 1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^mS . m^ ^ < p , lltt, and xiv , p (U, etc. ' Hanson. " History of Old Kent," pp. 197->^. Virginia about this time (10(11 (showed the old iiitoler.iiiccby passing an act imposing a line of i'20 oil ttuy one who neglected to attend the service of the Protestant church IS. liking of his 3 the greater Iininaculate said Roman •e and a lialf tere rose the He church of s fall of the ithority, and 8, John and :tled on tlie ants retained )ears date Nov. lieee tit the head Id bricks, with lapel, and near The tliurch miles around. II Hretton, and tile house and id.sand streumB .■nee, St. I'eter, e. The house it8 v)riginiil one on, beautifully bored iti Mary- ted with Xew- i Letters, xiii., about this tliiu; K a tine of 4.-J0 eMtaut ehnnli CHAPTER IV. THE JESUITS AND FRANCISCANS IN MARYLAND, 1GG9-1000. From the diiSculty in which the Society was involved in England, and a great loss of means for maintaining the mission, few of the Jesuit Fathers scut to Maryland during the admin- istration of Charles Calvert, who was governor of the prov- ince from lOOl to 1675, remained for any considerable period. When the Abbate Claudius Agretti, a canon of Bruges, was sent by the Holy See on a special mission to England in 1(509, he visited Cecil, Lord Baltimore, at his villa, and that aged nobleman complained that t'l' re were otdy two priests in Maryland to minister to the Isvo thousand Catholics in that province, and that the Holy See, although solicited for twenty-four yea-s to send missionaries there, had taken no action in the matter.' Of the three priests of the Society on the mission in Mary- land in lOOO, one. Father Peter Pelcon or A[anners, a young ' Hrady, " Annalaof tbeCntholie Hierarchy in England and Scotland," I?oinc, 1HT7, p. 1 It?. So far as can be traced the Jesuit Fatiiers enii)loyed on the Maryland mission from ItitJO to 1074, were Fathers Henry Pel- biiin. Edward Tidder, John Fitzwilliam, Francis Fit/hcrlH'rt, IVler Pel- con, I'eter Riddell, George Pole. William Warren, Michael Forstcr (Ou- lick* ; but the only two actually there at the close of 1060 were William Pelham and Michael Forster (Gulick). Father Treacy (Woodstock F-et- ters. XV., p. 01), omits ^'ifzwilliam and Riddell, and places Forater later. Foley, " Records," vii. . gives the niunber on the Maryland mission in 10(10 as I ; 10)11,2 ; IOOil-7. 3; 1072-4. 2, vol. vii., xc-r;cvi. The .Vnnua'. Let- ters, 1671^ (" Rcl. Itin.," pp. 08-90), gives two as the number for those years. (79) 80 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. and zealous missioner full of the apostolic spirit, met death in the discharge of his duty. He had bound himself by a special vow to consecrate his whole life and labors to the Maryland mission, if his superiors permitted it. A saintly man who had vowed to love no creature except in God and for God, his influence was extraordinary. Catholics were brought by him to a loving and exact discharge of all Chris- tian duties, and to firmness of faith amid trials and seductions ; even Protestants, won by his piu'e and devoted character, sought guidance and instruction from him, so that nearly a hundred conversions were ascribed to his iufiuence, althougli he did not live to receive them all into the Church. On Wednesday, in Easter week, Ai>ril 2-i, 10(59, he was sum- moned to a distant call, and at once set out. The spring rains had swollen the streams into torrents, and in atteiii])tiiig to cross one, the missionary and his horse wore swept down the current and engulfed in the waters.' •The report of the Abbate Agrettiwas considered in a Par- ticular Congregation of the Proi)aganda, held September 9, 1()T(», and the last decree tlicn passed directed "that letters shoidd 1)0 written to tlie Internuncio reganliiig the n;issiun to the island of Maryland in America, in order that at the in- stance of the temporal lord of the aforesaid island, he should dej)Ute missionaries of approved merit, and send in their names to the Cardinal Protector for the issue of the necessary faculties.' I He liiid Ixcii twclvp yc'ttni in the Society aud died at the age of 8S. Xolicc of iiim liy Viry Rev. F. Simeon, provincial of Kntrliuid, Foley, iii., 1). i)lM) ; Anmiiil i.ctlcr, in " Uelatio Itincris," p. ICi ; his real name Wiis 'apparently Felcon. Foley, vii, p. «79. The Annual Letters report .'.I e-Kiv.THions in 1071 ; TO in lOTS ; 28 in Ht7!l. The haptisnis for threw years were 1(K), 70, 75. ' Hrady, "Annals of the ("atholie Hierarchy," pi>. 118-9. The Inter- niineio was the Alihate .Mroldi at Hrns.Hcls. If If THE FRANCISCANS IN MARYLAND. 81 (I at till' iigf of 88. 18-0. The Inter- A mission fc anded about this time in Maryland by the Franciscan Fathers of the English province was evidently a result of this decree of the Propaganda. The Jesuits had an illustrious founder of their mission in the person of Father Andrew White ; the Franciscan mission claims as its founder a truly apostolic man, Father Massseus Massey a Sancta Bar- bara. In a congregation of the province held October 12, 1672, in Somerset House, one of the royal palaces in London, then apparently the residence of the Portuguese ambassador, the establishment of a mission of the order in Maryland was decided upon, and Father Massey was appointed to found it, with another Father to be selected by the provincial.' Father Massey with his associate reached Maryland apparently in 1673, and entered into a portion of the labors and harvest of the missionaries already there; perfect harmony being maintained between them for the common prosperity of the Catholic cause.' In 1674, the French Jesuit Father John Pierron, who had been employed on the Mohawk mission, and had thus become familiar with the English colonial ways, was transferred for a time to the Acadian tnission. AVhile attached to this station, he made a tour through the English colonies as far as Virginia. On the way he was shocked to see baptism so generally neg- lected, and endeavored to do what good he could, but he found few to benefit by his ministry. He had interviews with some of the ministers at Boston, and the Labbadists a few years after found his visit there still a topic of conversa- tion. He was at last cited before the General Court, but he proceeded on his journey. " He found," says the Relation of 1674, "in Maryland two of our English Fathers and one ' " Ex-Registro, FP.M., Prov. Anglte," p. 86— Oliver, 'Collections," p. 541. » Annual Letter of 1678, in " Relatio Itincris," pp. 9H-0. 6 1 m i 1 ■f.r H t flj m |g "{ B jt ^n i ■fl M IHB Sli , ^' . I Ir ■'i 82 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. brother ; the Fathers dressed like gentlemen, and the brother like a farmer ; in fact, he has charge of the farm which gives the two missionaries their support. They labor with success in converting the Protestants of the country, where there are in fact many Catholics, among others, the governor. As these two Fathers are not enough alone, Father Pierron offers vol- untarily to go and help them, and at the same time found a mission among the neighboring Indians, wliose language he understands. But this scheme presents many difficulties and seems to me impossible." ' The want of all records of this period makes it impossible to tell in what iield each of the Jesuit and Franciscan mis- sionaries labored at this time. New York, in which New Jersey was then included, was open to Catholics and some may have settled there, to whom these Fathers occasionally made visits. There seems to have l)een a wider iield than that of the two thousand Catholics in Maryland, who were nearly all in the same district, for in 1G74 the F'ranciscans in a congrega- tion held in ^lay, appointed Fathers Polycarp Wicksted and Basil ITobart to the INfarylaiid mission, and the next year the Jesuit Father Nicholas (irulick came to America with Father Francis Pennington and two lay brothers." In the following year the Franciscan Father Henry a Sancto Fran- cisco a])pears in Maryland, and in October, Father Edward Golding was sent out ; Father ilassey remaining superior till 1077, when Father Henry Carew replaced him, his ])redecessor becoming guardian of the convent in London. The same year the Jesuit Superior Thomas (lawen arrived.' ' " Reliifion do lii NouvcUc Francr," 1674, in " Rchitions Inwlitos," ii., pp. 8, 10; Diinkcrs and Sliiyter, ".lourivil," p. 388. •' Ex Roffi.stro, FF.M., Prov. Anglia", p. 88. Jesuit Annuol LcUer, 1675, ill " Hi'l. Itineris," p. 99. »Ex Itegistro, pp. 07, 104, 108 ; Aunuul Letter, 1677. "Rel. Ilin.,"p. 100 CATHOLIC EDUCATION. 83 Two Labbadists vlio visited Maryland about this time (1679-80) write: "Those persons who profess the Roman Catholic religion have great, indeed all freedom in Maryland, because the goveraor makes i)rofession of that faith, and con- sequently there are priests and other ecclesiastics who travel and disperse themselves everywhere, and neglect nothing which serves for their profit and purpose." ' One result of this increase of the clergy was the opening in 1677 of a Catholic school in Maryland, with a course of study which included the humanities. It was directed by Father Forster and Mr. Thomas Hothersall, an approved scholastic of the Society, prevented by constant headaches from Ijeiug ordained. The sons of the planters won applause by their application and progress. In 1681 two scholars who had i)assed through the course at this academy crossed the Atlantic to complete their university studies at St. Omer's, and witli true American energy, at once made a bold effort to l>e the lenders in the various classes. This system was kept up by the Jesuit Fathers in Maryland till the American Eevolution, their school being occasionally suspended by the hostility of the provincial government. Trained in preparatory schools, the sous and even the daughters of the more wealthy ^Maryland Catholics were sent ai)roa(l; some returned to America to mix in the world; not a few young Marylanders became religious laboring in the vineyard in England or America, or leading holy lives in convent cloisters.' ' Diuikers and Sluytcr, " Journnl of a Voyage to New York," Brooklyu, 1H()7, p. 221. Of the Protestant ministers of Maryland and Virginia, they say, p. 218 ; " You liear often that these hiinisters are woi-se tlian anybody else, yea, are an abomination." ' Foley, "Records of tlie English Provluoe," vii., p. 275 ; Woodstock Letters, xiii., p. 269. ' II U i i Iff 1 ^ •■•iit ^ '■ 84 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Among the early pupils of this aciideiiiy, we sliould prob- ably find on the roll the name of Robert Brooke, a memlier of a pious Catholic family, who was born in Maryland in 10(i3» and entering the Society of Jesus at Watten in 1(>84, wius ap- parently the first priest of the order ordained from Lord Baltimore's province, and he is the first of five priests his family gave to the Society of Jesus.' The Protestants in Maryland, whether of the Established Church or the Puritan bodies, had been free to establish their own churches, l)ut they were to all appearance profoundly in- diirerent. Tiiis wtis perhaps but the general rule, the French Calvinists in Florida, the Dutch in New York, the Swedish Lutherans on the Delaware, the Pilgrims of Plymouth, all coming over and remaining for some time without a minister of religion. It was not till 1(')50 that a Protestant clergyman, Rev. Mr. AVilkinson, appeared in the province, and he re- flected no credit on his profession. The historians of the Episcopal Church in Maryland admit and deplore the un- worthy character of the early ministers of their faith. In- stead of Ijuilding up Protestant congregations they induced many to seek the guidance of the Catholic priests, whose zeal and edifying life spoke louder than words. There could, under such circumstances, be little life in the Protestant body, and in 107(5 we find the Rev. Mr. Yeo, one of the three Episco- pal clergymen in Maryland, appealing to the Arclil)ishop of Canterbury, drawing a sad picture of Protestantism in the col- ony, and urging him to solicit from Lord Baltimore some sup- ' Foley, " Rpconls." vii., p. 01. Matthew Brooke, l)orn in Mnrylnnd in 1(572. is the first seeular priest of the provinec. He sul)se(nienlly entereil tlie Society. II).. p. 90. There is at Woodstocli ('oile;re, ii very toiieli in i: ill count by Fiilher Peter I'eleom ( Manners), of the death of HoIkt! Hniipke, Esq., " Narrafio Mortis .Vdmoduni Pia; Uoni Koberti Brooke in Marylandia, Anno Doni lOftT. Octobris S." )l 5:5. MARYLAND MISSIONS. 85 Bhould prob- »ke, a iiieinljer yland in 1003, 1084, Wiis ap- id from Lord ve prie8t8 liis le Established establisli their profoimdly in- le, tlie French :, the Swedish Plymouth, all out a minister mt clergyman, e, and he re- torians of the ?plore the un- eir faith. In- I they induced sts, whose zeal There could, •otestant body, e three Epl«?o- Archbishop uf ism in the col- noresome t^up- ■n in Miiryliinil in s('l)er; {oberti Brooke in port for a Protestant ministry. The lord proprietary replied that he supported no clergy, that all denominations were free in Maryland, and that each had maintained its own ministers and churches voluntarily.' During the period of Catholic influence in Maryland, the Indian converts in many cases lived side by side with the white settlers. The chiefs adopted the usages of civilized life ; their daughters were educated and frequently married into families of the colonists. Descendants of the aborigi- nal rulers of the soil exist in the neighborhood of the Pisca- taway and on the eastern shore. It is constantly asserted by Maryland writers tha<- the blood of the native chiefs is now represented by the Brents, Fenwicks, Goldsboroughs, and other distinguished families of the State. The original chapel at St. Mary's, although the first city of Maryland remained a kind of scattered village, had by this time grown too small or otherwise uusuited to the wants of the Catholics of white and Indian origin who attended it. In 1683 steps were taken in the council of the colony to lay out a site for a new church, and cemetery. Unfortunately no plan of St. Mary's exists and apparently no data by which to form one now to show the site of the original chapel and the ground where the early settlers and Governor Leonard Calvert were laid.' ' Chalmers, "Annals," p. 375; Soliarf, i., p. 282-3. Yet the Privy Coundl thought some provision should be made, and in a few years this was most iniquitously carried out. '' Kilty, " Land-Holders' Assistant," p. 123. Lord Baltimore in council ordered land to be laid out there for " the chappel. state house, and bury- ing place." The Annual Letter, 1696, says of St. Mary's, that " with the residence of the illustrious Lord Baltimore surrounded by six other ho\ises, it boresomesemblance tea village." Foley," Records," vii., p. clix. " But it can hardly be called a town, it being in length by the water about five miles, and in breadth upwards, toward the land, not above a ! ^jdi»^ ^^)i:-.^j&::iiA*iM:iA-SSim3aM 80 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. The grant by (Miarled II. of territory in America under which his brother James, Duke of York, put an end to the Dutch rule in New Netherlaiid, brought the whole coast from the borders of Connecticut to the Potomac, under the control of Catholic ])roprietors, who would naturally favor the immigration and freedom of their fellow-believers. The district acquired by James was one, however, in which Catho- lics had always been few and rarely permanent residents. Two Portuguese soldiers at Fort Orange in 1(!2(5 ; a Portu- guese woman, and a transient Irishman met by Father Isaac Jogues, in 1043, are the earliest on record.' Yet soon after Lord Baltimore applied foi- his Maryland charter, another Catholic gentleman, Sir Edmund Plowden, a descendant of the famous lawyer of that name, solicited for himself and some associates a patent for lands on the Hudson and Delaware, including what is now known as Kew Jersey and Long Island. A charter was granted by writ of Priv;y Seal, witnessed by the Deputy General of Ireland, at Dublin, June 21, 1034, by which a county palatine was erected under the name of New Albion. Captain Thomas Yong, a corre- spondent of the famous priest Sir Toby Mathews, utider this erected a fort or trading house at Eriwomeck on the Jersey side of the Delaware about 1034 and resided there some years. Plowden himself came over in 1042 and nearly lost his life by a umtiny of his crew, who set him ashore on a desert island two years afterwards. Some of the English settlers recog- nized his authority, but the Swedes stubbornly refused to al- niilc, in all which spiur, excepting only my own home and htiildiiics wiicrcin llic said t'uurts and ])iil)li(' odiccs arc kept, thiTi' ari' not alu)\ c tliirty lioiiscs, and those at considerable distunee from eacji oilier, and the l)uildings .... very mean and little." Lord Baltimore, in Sciiarf, i.. p. •.MI4. ' Hrodhead, '^ History of New York," i., p. 109; Martin, "Life of Father Isiuic; Jojrues," p. 1.54. :s. FIRST SERVICE IN NEW YORK. 87 iiierica under n end to the whole coast ac, under thi' aturally favdr ihevers. Tlic which Cathd- ent residents. )20 ; a Portn- Father Isaac his Marvhiiul 1(1 Plowden, a , solicited for ti tlio Ilndsdii ■s Mew Jei'scy vrit of l'n\y nd, at Duhliii, erected under 'ong, a corre- ivs, under this Dn the Jersey re some years, ost his life by desert island «ottlers recog- refused to al- (' 1111(1 liuildiiips •TV illc Ildt llllllVC ('{K'li Oilier, mill irc, In Scliarf, i., [arliu, " Life nf low him even to trade tin the Delaware. Ilis plans of settlement proposed a recognition of Christianity and beyond that the most complete toleration for all. That his object may have l)een to secure a refuge for oppressed Catholics is very pi-ol)able, but nothing that can be deemed a Catholic settle- ment was founded by him, nor is there any trace of any visit til New Albion by any Catholic priest, or the erection of a chapel.' The grant to James, Duke of York, was -followed by the establishment of English authority and the opening of the coimtry to Enghsli colonization. James subsequently ceded part of his territory under the name of New Jersey to a num- ber of persons, prominent amon^ whom was James, the Cath- olic Earl of Perth. There was no attempt to form any largely Catholic settlement at any point, though Catholics obtained positions under the new colonial governments and some came over to better their fortunes, and make homes for themselves in the New World. In 1074, James sent out as second in authority to Governor Andros, and his successor in case of death. Lieutenant An- thony Brockholls. This gentleman was of a Catholic family in Lancashire, England, and would have been excluded from holding oHice in England by the Test Act recently passed in tiiat country. " But as that statute did not extend to the British American Plantations, the Duke of York himself," says a New York historian, '■ a victim of Protestant intoler- ance, was able to illustrate his own idea of ' Freedom to worship God,' by appointing a member of the Church of Rome to be his second colom'al officer in New York." ' In rejtanl to New Albion iind Plowden, see Rev. Dr. U. L. Burtsell, "A Missing Piige of Catholic History," Catholic World, xxxii., p. 204 ; Gregory B. Keen, "Note on New Albion" in Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History of America," iii.. p. 457. 88 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. i| Brockliolls took an active part in the affairs of the colony, as conunaiuler-in-chief (1677-8, 1680-8) and member of the council till the power of William III. Mas established, lie married in the colony and many of his descendants exist to this day. Lieutenant Jervia Baxter, another Catholic, was a promi- nent, active, and able otficer of the colony, in administrative posts and in the council chamber. There is some ground for believing that there were several Catholics from the Netherlands at Albany in 1677, for whose s])iritual consolation the Franciscan Father Hennepin was invited to settle at that place.' There were Catholics also in other parts, and there are indications that priests reached New York, either secular priests from England or Franciscans from Iklaryland.* Two Labbadists who v'sited New York and the neighboring provinces in 1679 with the view of selecting a spot for a colony of their sect, state that the Catholics believed them to be really i)riests, and were so persistent that they could not get rid of them or disal)use them. The pour Catholics, long deprived of masM and the sacraments, and evi- dently looking for promised priests, took these French sec- taries to be really ministers of their faith, and \\nshed them to 8ay mass, hear their confessions, and baptize their childion. Uankers and Sluyter mention expressly a family of French I Ilpntippin, " Nouvclle Dccouvertf," Utrecht, 1697, p. 39; Brodhead, " IliHtory of New York," ii., p. 807. Rev. Peter Smitli, iiCntholic priest, who Ih snid lohavebeen chapkin to Donpan. »tnter. 20. 1700. the bapliKtii in .lunp, Um. of Holicrl du I'oili.-rs, Lorn on Htaloii Inland, "at IIoiliridKC 8 litii^ucH from Menatc, by a .IcHuit couu' from Mary-F.aml anil nam.'.l .MftHt.r .luillot." Thr only num.' at all amonK tlio Fathon. at till- lime oppn)a pish young courtier had become a zealous member of the Society of Friends, and though he had written a most impas- sioned book against the Catholic religion, enjoyed the friend- ship of the Duke of York, and was fidly in accord with the principles of religious liberty which James had so much at heart. These views Penn carried out in the province granted to him. Dutch Calvinists and Swedish Lutherans were al- ready there, and Catholics had made an attempt at coloniza- ^ tion.' Now it was to receive a large body of emigrants, cliiefly followers, like Penn, of George Fox. In the thirty- tifth clause of the laws agreed upon in England by AVilliam Penn, it was provided: "That all persons living in the province who confess and acknowledge the one Almighty and Eternal God to be the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of tlie World, and that hold themselves obliged in conscience to live peaceably and justly in civil society, shall in no way be molested or prejudiced for their religious persuasion or prac- tise in matters of faith and worship, nor shall they be com- pelled at any time to frequent or maintain any religious worship, place or ministry whatever." ' Penn exerted himself to obtain emigrants fro.ii Germany, and among the settlers who came out there may have been Catholics wlio sought hf)mes in this and other colonies now thrown open to them. As there was constant intercoui-se between New York and Maryland, official and persojial, the Maryland missiduaries juight easily visit the rising city of Philadelphia. The northern visit of Father Gulick was not. ' The Fnimu of Government," 1682. rfpM" MMIIi NHm 94 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. apparently, the only one ; and there are indications that Pennsylvania was visited at an early day by some of the Franciscan Fathers. After sending out Markhani as his deputy, who bore let- ters from King Charles and from Penn to Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of Pennsylvania himself landed at Newcastle in the latter part of October, 1082. That some Jesuit Father or other priest called upon him soon after is not un- likely, as such a visit would explain tlie report of his death, which war; soon carried to England, with the assertion that he had died a Jesuit.' In Virginia and the New England colonies there were at this time few, if any, resident Catholics, occasional transient cases comprising nearly all,' Ur. Le Baron, a shipwrecked pjiysician, being, perhai)s, one of the few who professed the true faith amid that spiritual darkness. Such was the position of the Catholic Church in the Eng- lish colonies when the weak Charles II. died, reconciled to ' " I fiiilishers to Mr. Westcotl's work, and euahled him to avoid rejM'atinfr Watson. ' See "Report of a French Protestant Refugee In Boston," 1087; Brooklyn, 1808, pp. 10, 80. • VICARS-APOSTOLIC IN ENGLAND. 95 iications that some of the who bore let- rd Baltimore, i at Newcastle some Jesuit ter is not uu- of his death, assertion that there were at Glial transient shij)wre('ked professed the ;h in the Enp;- , reconciled to 1 so much ratilice esuit too ugiist ioh;5, p. a. f Pcniisilvaiiin," ■inj; a Papist and I'li prii'st to Poiin l»o justilU'd hiin- Ilistory of IViiii- 1 to an old iiricst, y ; Inil Wcstcolt. crciKT was to tli<' Iviinialiavc failed ipy \S'cstrott now )n of HfV. A. A. )k'd lilni to uvoid 1 Uoston." ItWTi the Church, and his brother James, an avowed Catholic, as- cended the throne in HJ85. One of the lirst beneficial results was the appointment of a Vicar-Apostolic for England. Dr. John Leyburn, a divine of great zeal and learning, President of Douay College and Yicar-General of Bishop Smith, was appointed by Pope In- nocent XL Bishop of Adrumetum and Vicar-Apostolic of all England. lie was consecrated in Kome on September 9, 1G85, and on reaching England was provided with apartments in Saint James' Palace. Three years subsequently his jurisdic- tion was restricted to the London district, three other bishops being appointed as Vicars-Apostolic of the Western, IMid- land,.and Xorthern districts.' From the date of his appoint- ment to the close of the American Kevolution, the Catholics in the British colonies in America and their clergy were subject to Doctor Leyburn and his successors. Bishops Gif- fard, Petre, and the illustrious Doctor Challoner, with his co- adjutor, Talbot. It was nearly sixty years since a Catholic bishop had appeared in England, and 7iishop Leyburn was the first who for a hundred and thirty yf^. irs had traveled un- molested through the island in the dif -arge of his episcopal functions. The Holy See in the time of Innocent XII. made the secular clergy, and all regulars, even Jesuits and Benedictines, subject to the Vicar-Apostolic in whose dis- trict they were, for approbation with regard to hearing con- fessions, for the cure of souls, and for all parochial offices. During the closing years of the reign of Charles II., Father Itlichael Foster, the Jesuit Superior in Maryland, contiimed the old mission work. Yet he had only two, or at most three. Fathers with him, one being Father Francis Pennington, who ' Brady, " Annals of the Catholic llit'rarchy in England and Scotland," Rome, 1877, p. 140, etc. 96 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. m ^ I FAC-8IMILE OP SIGNATURE OF FA TIIEH FUANCI8 PENNINGTON. became superior on the death of Father Forster, and con- tinned so for a considerable period, being for nearly five years the only priest of his or- '^C f^'^J /^ tier in Maryland.' Father Henry Carew was ap- pointed President of the Fran- ciscan Mission in 1677, and served in Maryland for six years, dying at sea on the voyage back to England. From 1680 to 1684 Father Massey was again superior, and then disappears from Mar:yland, filling the position of Guard- ian at Gronow, and Douay, then of Vicar, Minister, and Connnissary-General of the Province. As Father Hobart died subsequently in Maryland, he ap- parently remained in the colony during this period, but some of the others may have returned. There were not more than six Franciscans at any time on the mission, and apparently generally only three or four priests of that order.' It is not eafly to comprehend why the Church did not at this time show more vitality in the old Catholic province ; but the clergy were few in number, and the Society of Jesus thought of making New York the centre. That religion was not more prosperous under a Catholic king and with a Catholic lord proprietor, residing for a time in the province of Maryland, seems strange indeed. Among the interesting points connected with the history of Catholicity in this country during the reign of James, was I Fatlipr Fmncis Ppnnincton oxpiml nt the houRP of Mr. Hill, New- town, M(l., February 22, 1000. F. Trfucy's List, Woodstock Lettefs, xv., r. 03, ' " Ex-IU-giBtro FF.M., Prov. Anj;liiP." pp. M. 88, 97, 108, 115, 1!M; Oliver, 'CollpctionH," p. 541. Fiitlu-r Hobiirt's death was reported at the ("luipttT held July 10, l«»8. «. { 11 i CLOSE OF THE NEW YORK MISSION. 97 of James, was the attempt of Captain George Brent to establish a Catholic settlement in Virgniia. With Richard Foote, Eobert Bar- stow, and Nicholas Hayward, of London, he purchased of Thomas Lord Culpeper thirty thousand acres of land between the Potomac and Eappahannock, and prepared to bring over settlers. They applied to the king for a guarantee of relig- ious freedom, and James, by patent, dated February 10, 1687, granted "■ unto the petitioners, and all and every the inhabitants which now are or hereafter shall be settled in the said towne and the tract of land belonging to them, the free exercise of their religion, without being prosecuted or molested upon any penal 1 laws or other account of the same." The reign of James IL was too brief to produce any other permanent result for the Church in whose cause he had labored and suffered. The scheme of a grand uTiion of all the American colonies into one government, with the brjad chai-ter df equal religious rights for 'ill, which emanated from the able mind of James, was not to be carried out for a cen- tm-y, when the united colonies shook off the yoke of the Prot- estant sovereigns of England. Plots were formed to overthrow James and call over the Prince of Orange. All was ready in the colonies to forward the movement. No sooner did tidings arrive of the landing of William than a rising took place in New England. In New York, the fanatical Leisler, full of declamation against Popery, seized the government. In Maryland, Coode, a min- ister, associated men as infamous as himself for the defence of the Protestant religion, and overthrew the proprietary government. In New York, Colonel Tiiomas Dongan had recently ceased to be governor, but a Catholic priest still resided in the fort, nnder Nicholson, and probably fled with that officer, hunted like a wolf. The Jesuits Harvey 7 Uongan was fi j ! ! i t 'V i It 98 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. and Harrison narrowly escapod Leisler's hands. The hitter managed to secnre a passage to Europe, was captured and robbed by Dutch pirates, l)ut linally reached Irehuid by way of France. Father Harvey, though forced to abandon his New York mission for a season, did not renounce all hope of continuing his labors there. He made his way on foot to Maryland, but succeede.1 in reaching New York again the next year in company with another Father, who did not, however, remain lon-g to share his labors and perils. Father Harvoy continued on the New York mission for some years, till health and strength gave way, when he sought Maryland, to die among his bretiiren.' The fall of James, planned long before in a scheme for the establishment of the Church of England on a firmer basis than ever, was effected by inflaming the fanaticism of the old dissenting element which had overthrow!. Charles I., as it wii8 now exerted to expel James. It was by no fortuitous acci- dent that men like Leisler in New York, and Coode in ^Nfaryland, were allowed to rave like maniacs ag-ainst Popery and seize the government of those provinces. Seeing nothing but visions of Papists around him, Leisler stimulated the In- dians against the French, and congratulated them openly on the fearful scenes of massacre they perpetrated at Lachiiie. (N,ode urged William HI. to redeem the pcple of Maryland " from the arbitrary will and pleasure of a tyrannical Popish government, under which they had so long groaned." AVill- iam ma.le b.)th royal provinces, profiting by dis<.rders that were doubtles,s planned in Englan.l. Lord Haltimore was d,>prived of all his rights as pr.)i.riotary without any form -.f law. or even a formal accusation that he had forfeited his charter. - Annual Letters, Foky, iii.. pp. 894-5 ; vii., i>. dix, p. 355, p. 343. CLOSE OF THE NEW YORK MISSION. 99 In both colonies steps were taken to establish the Church of England formally. In New York the bill of rights was abolished, all toleration or religious freedom was scouted, and Catholics were excluded from office and franchise and the career of })enal laws began. Penn, shrewd and cautious, avoided any outward show of his kindly feelings in the affairs of his province, although he boldly, in a tract pul)lished in England, urged the repeal of all penal laws against Catholics. The year 1690 was an era when all hopes of the true faith on this coast seemed blasted, and the prospects of the Church in the English colonies gloomy beyond description. FORT AT NEW YORK WHERE A CATnOMC CHAPEL EXISTED tTNDEK JAMES II. FIIOM THE VIEW BY ALLAHD, 1G73. BOOK II. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE SPANISH COLONIES. Tf I I CHAPTER I. THE CnUECH IN FLORIDA, 1513-101)1). ALTHoroH Columbushhnselfinhi. first landfall had nearly C ,l"r l™t it w» not .Ml 1513 tl.al Jol.n Ponoo dc Leon, ™ "f Ac oarlv .■ou.panion, of Colaml,u», lo,l by the In.lun "IrtVo prWr Land of lii.uini, «>ugl,t of tl.c Sp,... 1. Xrrcl, a ,lnt autUomms Wm to discovc- and «.- tic . . Zdoe .not bore date February 23.1512, bnt . ou«^, . • 1 hv the BMioi. of I'alencia, no clause in tbe r Z feX . "o -^^^ of ""-'«» '" '■" s^LZnlln^fortbe ™nver«o„ <,f tl,c lud.au, R^ Tuntiug to Porto Kico. where he had been etnploycd ,, t e rilvice, Poueo de Leou obtained a vessel to n,ake the ^^vtr e» aithori^ed by hi, patent within the year pre«rd,ed b T tlnor. The authoritie. in Porto ^^".^^^^ hU ves«l under the pretext that it was needed >n the royal Zy-Z and it ^^ n"t till March. 1513, that he bore away rromLportof San German witu ..r.e --'"• ""X rienced Anton de Ala,nino», of P. l.«. bcHff '=.. pdot. Aft.r (100) DISCOVERY OF FLORIDA. 101 threading the Bahamas he steered northwest, and on Easter Sunday, called in Spanish Piiscua Florida, came in sight of. the continent. Then running north till the 2d of April he landed, ajid prompted alike by its beauty, and by the re- membrance of the day of its discovery, bestowed on the coim- try the name Florida, which it retains to this day. Hav- ing taken possession in the name of the King of Spain, he followed the coast southerly till he reached the Martyrs and Tortugas, and, doubling the cape, entered a fine bay that long bore his name. Satisfied with his discovery he returned to Porto Kico, leaving to one of his vessels the search for Bimiui. For the land which he had thus discovered for Spain, he solicited a new patent, which was issued on the 27th of Sep- tember, 1514. The former asiento for an island, whose existence was not ascertained, had authorized the usual en- slavement of Indians. This unjust and cruel system had been introduced by Christopher Columbus, and was followed by all. In a letter to Ferdinand and Isabella the discoverer of the new world proposed sending slaves and Brazilwood to Sjjain. He actually dispatched five shiploads of unfortunate Indians to be sold there, but Isabella, shocked and indig- nant, caused the natives of America to be set free.' Las Casas declares that between 1491 and 1496 one third of the population of Hispaniola was swept off by this system. The Benedictine, Buil, delegate of the Holy See, the Fran- ciscan, Francis Ruiz, afterward Bishop of Avila, and his companions, in vain endeavored to arrest the iniquity. But in the month of September, 1510, three Dominican ' Letter of Columbus to the sovereigns in Duro, " Colony la Ilistoriii Postuma," pp. 49-51. Columbus even ordered the cars and noses of In- dian sliivos to be cut off for slight faults. Navarret«, ii., p. 110; Las Casas, " Ilistoria de Indias," Lib. 1, cap xciii., cvi. fl M 1 1 ' ' lii! Ill • 'it ' lui. 102' THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. FathorB, from the convent of San Est6van in Salamanca landed in lli.paniola. With the supenor, 1-ather 1 eter de Cordoba, catne Father Anthony de Monte.inos, a great lover .f Btrict observance, a great religious and great preacher. When they had taken time to study the condition of affairs, Father Montesinos, in 1511, ascended the pulpit of the (^ahedral of Santo Domingo, and in a .ermon f.il of elo- quence, denounced the enslavement .nd cruel treatment o the Imlians .s sinful and wicked, sure to draw down Cod anger on them all. The bol 1 denunciation of the great r)..niiiican fell like a thunder-clap on the Auiniral, I. ego (V>lumb,is, on the officials and the Spaniards at arge^ 1 h y called upon his superior to censure him, but lather 1 etcr uk !^U.. ch I.. (• aniin..! llrMr • UU- of Canii.ml Xiu^vu..," pp. 50»-.. * '• roleccioii tic l)<«uiiunt.w Inediuw." xxii . PP- »»-«• THE CHURCH IN FLORIDA. 103 >alamanca, r Petor de ^reat lover ; preacher. , of affairs, pit of the full of elo- •eatinent of own God's f the great linil, Diego rge. They ler Peter de was sound, Doiniuieans wiideinning sured on the iperior were the eaiiee of •eturned the iug the king iioB, the first li seen in the re(|nireB that the Catholic ,iid they were tted.' Years Hoiiif, lOHl.PP •lip ctxlv. Il«r iiii|u««t ill AniiT- flair , aNo IkjoW (. " pp. 50»-4. i. rolled by, however, before Ponce de Leon, employed by the l:i!)ad of the arrow defying all the skill of a sm-geon to extract it. Then the projected settlement was abandoned ; priests and people re-emharked ; the temjuirary homes and chapel were abandoned. One vessel, with the stricken com- maiKler, reached tiie neighboring island of Cuba ; the other was driven to the coast of Mexico, where Cortes, in his need, ."!: I ■ 1 1 104 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. appropriated the stores.' The first offering of the Holy Sacritice in this country, the initial point in the history of the Church, is thus unfortunately very vague, for we know not yet the time or place and have no clue to the name of any of the secular or regular priests. Ik'fore this disa.strous effort at colonization by John Ponce, another i)oint on the coast north of the limits of his explora- tion had been reached by two vessels from Santo Domingo. Lucas Vasquez de Ay lion, one of the judges of that island, though in the enjoyment of an honorable office, great wealtli, and a happy home,' aspired to the glory of discovering and colonizing some land hitherto unknown. Having solicited the necessary i)ermis,sion, he des])atched a caravel com- man.lcd by Francisc'o Gonlill.., in l.VJO, to explore north of the limits of Ponce de Leon. While this vessel was run- ning amid the Bahamas it came in sight of another caravel, wlii'i'h itroved to have been sent out by Matienzo, also a judije in Santo I)(.mingo. Its object was not exploration, but to <':irry back a cargo of Indian slaves. The cai)tains of the two vessels agreed to sail in company, and holding on thi'ir com-se, in eight or nine days reached the coast near the mouth <.f a great river, on the L>:.th of June. 1521, and, adopting a custom c.mstantly followed by the Catholic navi- gjitors of th..se days, name.l river and land St. John the Paptist, the day being the feast of the precursor nf our l.or.l. Ayllon had instructed the captain («f his caravel to culti- vate a friendly intercourse with the natives, and to avoid all li..stilities; but (Jordillo. inHueiiced by Qiiex<.s. n.mmandcr .,f Matieiizo's vessel, joined him in seizing a muMber of In- dians, uud Sidled off with them. Ayllon, on the arrival of 1 ()vi.'(i() " HiHt..rin Oi'iuTiil v Naiunil .I.' his Indliis." 111., p. fl02. Hrr rora " D.rudu." iii. ; l-il'- i' • ^ ■*=' V..lmlurre north I was run- r caruvol, izo, also a ;i)I(irati(in, aptaiiirt of oliling on ;t near the r)21, and, hdlic. navi- Jolin the uiir i.tird. el tti cuUi- o avoid all iiiiiinander her (if In- arrival of \\ (122. IlT- Ik (Ic Puerto " i., p. r.(H. the vessels, condemned Cxordillo; he brought the matter before the Admiral Diego Columbus ; the Indians were de- clared free ; but, though Ayllon released those bi'ought on his vessel, Matienzo evaded the decision of the council and subsequent orders of the king. It is a strange fact that the history of this country, as written hitherto, represents the upright Ayllon, whose whole Indian policy was Christian and humane, as a man guilty of the greatest cruelty to the natives, while Matienzo, the real culprit, is ignored. Taking one of these Indians from our shores, whom he had ph'ced under instruction, and who received in baptism the name of Francisco, Ayllon sailed to Spain to present to the king a report of the discovered territory, and olitain a cedula or patent for its occupation and settlement. Fran- cisco gave wonderful accounts of the land, and Ayllon, on the 12th of June, 152;?, received a patent, reipiiring him to explore the coast for eight hundred leagues, and form a settlement within three years. The patent shows the Christian obligation imposed on the adelantado. lie was "to attract the natives to receive preachers who would inform and instruct thcTu in the affairs of our holy Catholic faith, that they might become (Chris- tians." Tlie document also says: "And whereas our prin- cipal intent in the discovery of new lands is that the iidiabit- ants and natives thereof, who are without the light or knowledge of faith, may be brought to understand the truths of our holy Catholic faith, that they may come tt) a knowl- edge thereof and become Christians and 1h' saved, and this is the chief motive that you are to bear and hold in this affair, and to this end it is pr»)per that religious persons should accompany you, by thePe presents I empower you to carry to the said land the religious whom you may judge necessary, and the vestments and other things ni5 he sent Pedro de Quex.)s with two caravels to explore. That navigator ran along the coast for seven hun- l was soon lost. Ayllon at om-e Hc-t to work to replace it, and tin.ling the coa^t unsuite.l for Hc-ttlen.ent, sailed northward till he reached the Chesapeake. Entering the capes he ascende.l a river, and began the estab- lishment of his colony at (Juandapc, giving it tbe name of 8t. Michael, the siK>t being, by tlie testimony of Kcija, Uie a.. Avllon" in Nalarr...... •(oleccion Uo Vmg.« y DcHcul.r.nucn.o.. Mmlria. 1829, II.. pp. l-'^«. !•'»«• SAN MIGUEL DE GU AND APE. 107 pilot-in-chief of Florida, that where the English subse- quently founded Jamestown. Houses were erected, and the holy sacrifice was offered in a temporary chapel by the zeal- ous priests. Sickness soon showed itself, and Ayllon, sinking under a pestilential fever, died in the arms of the Dominican priests on St. Luke's day, October 18, 152t;. Winter set in early, and the cold was intense. Francis Gomez, who suc- ceeded to the command, could not control the people. His authority was usurped by mutineers, who provoked the negro slavys to revolt and the Indians to hostility. It was at last resolved to abandon the country, and in the spring Gomez, taking the body of Ayllon, set sail for Santo Uoniiiigo, but the vessel containing the remains foundered, and only one hundred and fifty of the whole party reached Ilispaniola/ ~^'or Ayllon tlie authentic documents arc the Cedula of 1523 and tlie proceedings in the lawsuit brought by Matien/.o. where the testimony of Quexos, Alduna, and others who were on the first voyage, is given, and the Act' of tiiking possession. Father Cervantes survived Father Mon- tesinos, and in 1561 gave testimony in regard to the settlement on the James.' Many facts relating to Father Montesinos are given in Fer- nandez, " Ilistoria Eclesiastica de Nuestros Tiempos," Toledo, 1011, p !24> 'Melendez. " Tcsoros Verdadcros de Itus Yndias en la Ilistoria de la gra'n provincia de San Ivan Bavtista del Pcrv." Rome, 1(581, pi). 10- n • Charlevoix, " llistoire de Saint Domingue," i., p. 233 ; Touron, "Histoire de I'Amerique," i., pp. 213,240-8. 258-5, 321; Valladares. " Ilistoria (le Puerto Rico." Madrid, 1788, p. 102. According to Helps, "Spanish Contiuest of America," he went subsecpiently to Venezuela, and opposite his name on the list preserved in his convent at Salamanca are the words " ()l)iit martyr." Navarrete, iii., pp. 72-3, correctly slates that Ayllon sailed north : and the Relacion of Ecija, Piloto mayor of Florida, who was sent, in 1(W», to discover what the English were doing, gives iilaces and distances along the coast with great accuracy, and states that the Kiiglish had settled at Ouandape, the distance to which he gives. Writing only eighty-three years after Ayllon's voyage, and by liis olllce being in possession of Spanish charts and derrolcros of the coast, his statement is conclusive. The Father General of the Order of St. Dom- inic, Very Hcv. F. Larroca, had search made for documents as to the great priest Montesinos, but none were traced. The stone found at Pom- pcy, N. Y., may Ih! a relic of Ayllon. See II. A. Homes' paper on it. X08 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. The second altjir of Catholic worship on our soil was thus abandoned like the first ; but its memory is linked with that of the illustrious missionary Montesinos, whose evangelical labors in Puerto Rico had won him the title of apostle of tliat island. Meanwhile the gulf shore had been visited and explored by expeditions sent out from Jamaica by Francis de Garay, governor of tluit island. By one of these the Mississippi was discovered, and received the name of Espiritu Santo ; but the only settlements attempted by Garay were south of the Rio Grande. In 1527, Paniilo de Narvaez, wishing to rival Cortes, obtained a patent for the territory e\i)lored by Garay, and ])rojectcd a settlement at Rio de Palmas. He sailed from Spain on the 17th of June with live vessels, carrying six hundred persons, to settle and reduce the country. Sev- eral secular priests' accompanied the expedition, and five Franciscan friars, the superior or commissary being Father John Xuarez, who, with one of his companions, Brother John de Palos, bdonged to the original band of twelve who founded the mission of their order in Mexico. While en- deavoring to enter the harbor of Havana, Narvaez's fleet was driven on the coast of Florida, near Apalacho Bay. Sup posing that he was near his destination, Rio do Palmas, he landed most of his pt>ople, directing the ships to keep along the coast; but so unwise were all his arrangements that his ships and his [K'ople never were able to find each other again. ;\iti,'r undergoing many sufferings and finding the country sterile and destitute of wealth or resources. Narvaez returned to the gulf, and built five large V)oats, in which he hopetl to coast along till he found some Spanish Kcttlement. Kacli lH)at carried nearly fifty men, and in one of them the coin- ' El AHturiano is the only oiu' named. was thus with that ,aiigelical iipostle of explored le Garay, ssippi was ) ; hut the f the Rio to rival l)y Garay, [le sailed , carry iuj;; try. 8ev- , and live iig Father S iJnithor vclve wlto While eii- s fleet was lay. Su]v Pahnas, he <('('p alorif? ts tliat hit* ther ajrain. 11' country 7, retiirtu'd ! hoped to 'Ut. Kach I the com- [FEiA¥ JJWAK! EOlAElGlS j7i-.72 pii Ori^oulB^fiv.U in the Himmt cfjjkchkj . 110 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. missary, Father Xuarcz, Jind his companions embarked in Sep- tember, 1528. The whole party followed the shore, in great suffering for food and water, rarely able to obtain either from the LuUans. About the first of November they reached a point where the Mississippi sent out its strong current, fresh- ening the sea-water so that they could drink it ; but their clunrsy boats, managed by unskilful men, could not cross the mouth of the great river safely. The boat with Narvaez perished ; that in which the missionaries were was found afterwards on the shore, bottom upward. Ko trace of the Fathers was ever discovered. Some of the boats were driven on the land, and a number of Spaniards reached land safely, among them the priest Asturiano. But he must have died before these wretched survivors endeavored, by rafts and otherwise, to work their way along the coast. Of the whole arrav of Panfilo de Narvaez, only four persons, C^abeza do Vaca. Dorantes, Castillo, and Stephen, a negro, after years of suffering and wandering, reached Petatlan, in Siualoa, April I, 153G.' This expedition aimed at a point beyond the limits of our Kepublic, and was only by accident on our shores. In the vague narrative of Cabeza de Vaca, there is no inenti..n of the celebration of the holy sacrifice by the priests after they landed, nor of any labors such its we may infer they undertook to solace their comrades in life and death. It is rather from their sufferings that this little band of clergymen find a place in the history of the Church in this country, wiiile the merit (.f Father Xuarez and his humble comiianion, Ih-othcr John de I'alos, have entitled them to an lu.norable place in the annals of their order. 'For this ..xpcaitioii tlif l.-iidinir iiuthority is "La rolncion quo .lio Alui.r nun.-/. chImv,, .le vaca," /an.ora. 1542 ; rcpri"tcoius to tics and edition, of none ugs, ex- nday or was ai> terrible lur, and ion, Oc- A Vega, mass prayers were said before a temporary altar by a priest in vestments of dressed skins. Mcjst of the priests and religions perished in the long and straggling march of the force from TamjmBayto Peiisacola, then to the Savannah and tlie land of the Cherokees, thence to Mobile, whence Soto struck to the northwest, crossing the Mississippi at the lower Cliickasaw Bluffs, and penetrating to the bison range t^outli of the Missouri ; then pushing down the western valley of the Mississippi, till death ended all his projects and disappointments. May 21, 1542. When his suc- cessor, Muscoso, reached the settled parts of Mexico with the few survivors of the brilliant array that had left Spain so full of dehisive hopes, three friars and one French priest alone survived of the clergymen. Once only in the narratives do the clergy appear in any scene of interest. This was in the town of Casqui, on the western bank of the Mississippi, soon after Soto crossed it. The Indians came to the Spaniards as superior beings, worshipping a more powerful God, and be- sought their medintion to avert the long drought and cure their blind. The Spanish commander said they were but siTifui men, yet they would pray to the Almighty for them, and he ordered a huge ])ine tree to be felled and a cross made and reared. Then the whole force, except a sniall band left as a guard, formed a procession, and, led by the priests and religious, moved on toward the cross, chanting litanies, to which the soldiers responded. On reaching the cross all knelt, prayers were recited, and each kissed the symbol of man's redemption. Many of the Indians joined in the pro- cession, and imitated the actions of the Spaniards. When the devotions at the cross wore concluded, the jirocession rt^ turned to the camp in the same order, chanting the To Deum.' ' No relijrions chronicle frivcs dctiiils as to any of tlio priests or friars who ncconiivinicd Soto, and the pages of the "Gentleman of Elvas " 8 114 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Less brilliant in its inception, more fortunate in its close, was anotl.er expedition, also inspired by the accounts of Caheza de Vaca. Its course was not marked by wanton crn- el'ty or by retributive sutTering. It was judiciously managed ; the troops were well han.Ued ; it laid open provinces Nvhe.e set- tlements in tune were formed. Above all, it claims our notice iu tills work because there was a religious intluence through- out Zeal for the salvation of the native tribes was manifest, and it resulted in a noble effort of Franciscan Fathers to plant a mission in the very heart of the American coutinent, a thousand miles from either ocean, the Mexican Gulf or Hudson Bav. This was the expedition directed by the wise and upright viceroy, Don Antonio de Mendoza. Purchasmg the negro slave Stephen from Dorantes, a companion of C abeza de Vaca, and setting free all Indians who had followed the four 8ur^^vor8, he sent Viusquez de Coronado as governor to Sinaloa, directing Father Mark, an illustrious Franciscan from Kice, in Italy, to penetrate into the interior, with Stephen aB his guide, assuring all the native tribes he encountered that the viceroy had put an effectual stop to the enslavement of the Indians and sougbt only their good. " If (iod our Lord is pleased,'' says the viceroy in bis instructions to lather Mark, -that you find any large town where it seems to you that tbere is a good opportunity for establishing a convent and sending religious to be employed in the conversion, you are to advise me by Indians or return in person to Cub.acan. With all secrecy, you are to give notice that prov.s.on be ,nade without delay, because the service of our LordaiuUlic by IkTiumdo de Soto," New York, 1851. » ■ ♦ FATHER MARK OF NICE. 116 good of the people of tlie Land is the aim of the pacification of whatever is discovered." The instructions were handed to the Franciscan Father in November, 1538, by Governor Coronado, and after an inef- fectual attempt by way of the province of Topiza, as directed by the viceroy, he set out, March 7, 1539, from San Miguel de Culuacan with Father Honoratus,' Stephen and liberated Indians ; but on reaching Petatlan his religious companion fell sick and was left to recruit. Then Father Mark jour- neyed on, keeping near the coast, meeting friendly tribes, who hailed him as a " Sayota," man from heaven. He heard of California and its people on tlie west, and of tribes at the north, dwelling in many large towns, who were clothed in cotton dres-es and had vessels of gold. He spent Holy "Week at Vacapa " and sent Stephen northward, with instructions that if he found any important place he was to send back a cross by the Indians, its size to be in proportion to the great- ness of the town he might discover. In a few days messen- gers came from Stephen, announcing that thirty days' march beyond the point he had reached was a province, called Ci-. bola, in which were seven great cities under one lord. The houses were of stone, three and four stories in height ; that the peojile were well clothed and rich in turquoises. After waiting for the return of his Indian messengers and receiving confirmation of the story of the seven cities, he left Vacapa on Easter Tuesday, urged by fresh messengers from Stephen to come on with all speed. On the way he met Indians who had visited Cibola, the first of the seven cities, and had ob- ' Castancda de Najcrn, whoever he was, writing twenty years after Coronado's expedition, gives Father ]\Iark two other friars, in direct con- tradiction of F, Jlurlc's contemporaneous account. Ternaux Compans' edition, p. 10. '' Now Sun Luis de Bacapa, in Sonora. !. 116 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. taiued bixiJalo hides and turquoises there. These tuniuoises were greatly prized in Mexico, where the Aztecs, who called them chalchihuitl, used then both .us jewelry and as n.oney. xVs Father IMark proceeded, lie re- ceived continnation of the intelligence from the Indians, who assured him that in Tott)nteac, u province near Cibola, the men wore woollen goods like his habit, lie told them that they must mean cotton, but they as- sured him that they knew the ditler- cnce; that it was woven from the wool of an animal. They explained to him, also, how the i)eople in the towns reached the top of their houses by means of ladders. Passing another desert, he traversed a delightful val- ley ' still encouraged by tidings from Stephen, and can.e to 'a .loert which was tifteen da^ .njch from Cibola. Accompanied by many Ind.aus, he 8EAI, OF FATTIER MARK OK NICK. FAC-MM MH.F OK THF. SIONATVnf, OF FATin-H MAUK OF NKTK. l.,,,0. tn. TOSS this des^.rt on .he ini, of Mav an.l travelled <„, till the -Jlst, when a mesw-ngcr .-aine. in t.-rror and spent I Whlpi'lo n-ganlH It as the vulU-y of H"' City of Me.vieo. Toriiuemadii, iii., pi>. IW, iir:t, 4l)l>. (ilO. li has been usual to assail this Franciscan in terms of coarse vituperation, but the early translations of his narrative contained exajr^reratlons and in- terpolations not found in his Spanish text. This is admitted. Haynea, in " Winsor's Narrative and Critical History," ii., p. 4W» ; Coronado, Let'- terto Emperor, Aujf. i$, 1540; Hanuizio, iii., p. i«iO ; Oct. 50, l,-)41,'Ter- naux, "Cnstaileda," p. mi. Castai^eda, " l{elation," p. 4H. oriKinated the charpes apiinst him. Haynes follows his real narrative and does not note a sincle statement as false or brini; any evidence to show any assertion untrue. That the Navajoes wove woollen j,'oods and other tribes cotton ; that tuniuoises were mined in New .Mexico ; that the Pueblo Indians en- m '■Ml m •i 118 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Father Mark thus stands in history as the earhest of tlie priestly explorers who, unanned and afoot, penetrated into the heart of the country, in advance of all Europoa«s-a barefooted friar efiecting more, as Viceroy Mondnza wrote, than well-armed parties of Spaniards had been able to ac- complish. The point reached by Father Mark was certamly one of the towns of the Fueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona, whose remarkable dwellings and progress m civil- ization he was the first to make known. Encourai-ed bv the report of the Franciscan explorer, the vicerov ordered^ Francis Vasquez de Con.nado to a.lvance into the country with a considerable force. The army of oc- cupation fornuMl at Culiacan, and Coronado, on the -2d of \prll i:.4o. to.>k the advance with a detachment, accon.- inincd l>vthe missionaries, Fathers Mark of Nice, John de >a,lilla. i)anicl and Louis, with the lay brothers Lu^ de Fs- calona and -lohn of the Cross.' Father Antln.ny \ ictona another misMonary, broke his leg a few days afterwards, and was sent back to the main army Taking the route by ^^ay of Chichilticale, known later as the ( ^..is ( Wandes ni Arizona, Coronado, crossing a desert and the (Jila, reached (.).ola^ twenty miles from its banks. It was a town, w.th houses three or four stories high, huiU on a rock, and n.ntamed t.o ln.ndre.1 warriors, some of whom sallied forth to check the invaders. Coronado sent forward (iarci Loi>ez. w.th l< athc.-s Daniel and b.uis, to explain his friendly intent, but the ..- dians rei,lied with a .hower of arrows, one piercing the haut of Father Daniel. Th..ugh they tied from a charge, the In- dians defended the town bravely, but it was taken by storm, and the rest of the seven towns siibmitted. ^ tenHTthd; l^nuneH bj^^lloorin tbJroof . rradu.! by li^Wr^ .niRht a,,,H.ar ut tlu. .inu- (ulHc HtaU.nu.ntM. but art- nil now a.inu.....J to \. . u. . 8„me make Ihese tbc m-ular au.l n-lipous n,m..-s of on. brother FATHER PADILLA AT QUIVIRA. 119 Coroiitido dispatched an officer to Mexico to give an ac- count of his operations, and Father Mark returned with him, C'oronado and many of liis followers liolding him responsible for the exaggerations of the Indian accounts. While one detachment, attended by the fearless Fatiier I'adilla, visited Tusayan,' a district of seven towns like Cibola, and another subsequently reached the wonderful canon of the Cijlorado, the main body of the expedition came uj) from Sonora and the whole force united at Cibola. Co- ronado then, in person or by his officers, reduced Acuco or Acoma, Tiguex, Ciciiye or Old Pecos, the central town of the district, Yuciuayunque and Jemez. None of these towns gave indication of any rich mines, and the country did not encourage the Spaniards to attempt a ])ermanent settlement. The tr()((]is were scattered and lived on the natives, whom their oppression forced into hostilities. No record remains of the services of the Franciscan Fathers during this period, but when, in April, 1541, Coronado set out for the Province of (^)iiivira, of whose wealth a treacherous Indian guide told the gre-itest marvels, we find Father John de Padilla in the detachment. The missionary thus crossed the bison ])lains, meeting oidy Querecho Indians, who lived in tents of biw)n skins and moved from ])lace to place, with their trains of dogs. Marching to tiie northeast, Coronado, sending back part of his force, at the end of sixty-seven days arrived on the baid. «10. HHudclicr. •' Ilist..ri.al Introdu.'. lion," I), ina. DEATH OF PADILLA. 121 about to leave New Mexico in April, 1542, gav^e the mission- ary afi guides the Quivira Indians, who had accompanied him from their country ; Andrew del Campo, a Portuguese, a negro, and two Zapoteca Indians of Michoacan, Luke and Sebastian, also joined him. The little missionary party, for the negro and the last named Indians had received the habit of the order,' had a horse, some mules, and a little flock of sheep. The missionary took his vestments and chapel outfit and some trifles to give the Indians.' He set forth his design in a Lenten sermon preached to the Spanish force at Tiguex, and tleparted soon after for the scene of his projected mission. Brother Luis, who is represented by writers on the expedition as a very holy man, determined to take up his residence at Cicuye, hoping to set up the cross in all the neighboring villages, instruct the people in the faith, and baptize dying children. Father Padilla seems to have reached Quivira, but wishing to visit a neighboring tribe he set out for them, and was attacked by the wild savages of the plains. Seeing that escajie was all but impossible, he thought only of his com- panions. He bid del Campo, who was mounted, gallop for life, and the young Indians to fly, as escape was possible for them. Then he knelt down, and in prayer awaited the will of the Indians, commending his soul to God. A shower of arrows pierced him through, and the lirst martyr that the Church can claim on our soil fell in the very heart of the northern continent. Campo did not wait to see what fate ' Apparently as incinljcrs of the Tliird OrdiT, for Toniucnuula states ex- pressly that they were not lay brothers, hut men who (Icvoted themselves to the mission. (Donados ; in Freneh, donnes.) " Monanjuiii Ind.," iii., p. Oil. 'Jaramillo, " Relncion," in Smith's Coleccion, p. 154; in Ternaux Compans. pp. 880-1, 214. 194. H '/ 122 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. befel the missionary ; urging his horse to its utmost he dis- tanced his pursuers, and in time wns safe among the S})anish residents of Panuco. Kot so Luke and Sebastian ; hu'kiug amid the tali grass they waited till the murderous Indians had departed ; then they retraced their steps, and raising the mangled remains connnitted them to the earth, amid their tears and prayers. Oidy then did they in earnest endeavor to reach the Spanish settlements. Traversing New Mexico they bore to Culuacan the tidings of the glorious death of Father John de Pad ilia. Nothing definite was ever learned of the fate of Brother John of the Cross (Luis de Escalona). When Coronado was setting out he sent the ])ious Brother a little flock of sheep. The messengers found him near Cicuye, starting for some villages fifteen or twenty leagues distant. lie was full of hope, but avowed that the old Indians regarded him with no favor, and would ultimately kill him. Father Padilla Is properly the protomartyr of the mis- sions in this country. Other priests had died by diseas«,\ hardship, or savage cruelty, but they were attached to Spanish expeditions, and had not begun any special labors for the conversion of the native tribes, as this worthy Father and his companions had done.' The ministers of the Catholic faith had thus, before the ' ("astiincdii do Najcra (TprnaMXM, pp. 21t-5 ; " [{clar.im de! Siiccso " (Siuilli's Colcrcion, p. l")-!): Jarainilli), " HeliU'ion " (III., (). 1(»'J) ; Tor- <|iK!inii(ln, " .Monaniuiii Indiana, "i., p. 009 ; iii.. pp. 610-1 ; Hapinc, " llis- toin- Gi'iu'rali' de I'Oripinc ct Projrri'z dcs Recolct.s," Paris, ItCil. p|i. XU-4. Father .John de Pa1>- wdiiiaii iiaiiu'(l •1 ran aeross to DEATH OF FATHER CANCER. 125 t,h peninsula, and on Ascension-day anchored on the west- ern shore, near Tampa Bay. The scheme of the Domini- can Fathers was one that required an examination of the coast to tind a trihe whose friendly attitude would justify remaining amoTig them. But this the captain of the Santa i\Iaria, John de Arana, who seems to have been utterly re- gardless of the intentions or fate of the missionaries, reso- lutely oi)posed. He ran a short distance up the coast, then returned to his anchorage, and insisted that the Dominican Fathera must land there or sail back with him. The mission- aries held a consultation ; to most of them it seemed rash to attempt any mission under such circumstances, when they were not at liberty to select a favorable spot or a friendly tribe; but Father Cancer felt bound by his instructions, and did not regard himself at liberty to abandon an attempt, pro- posed by himself to the king, without making some endeavor to carry it out. A few Indians who were fishing near the vessel, and whose cabins were in sight, seemed well disposed, and the missionaries landed to open intercourse with them. Father Diego de Tolosa disembarked with Fuentes, a pious man who had given his services to the mission, a sailor, and Magdalena. They proceeded to the Indian cabins; but while those on hoard were awaiting their return, a Spaniard reached the vessel who had been for many years a prisoner in the hands of the Indians. He assured the missionaries that Father Diego and Fuentes had been already murdered ; but as ^lagdalena was seen on the shore, anom.lop,-o." pp. 2,->-B. Davila I'a.lilla, " Ilistoria do ia I'rovn.r.a dc Santiago dL.M<-xiro."d.. liv.-lvii.; Touron. " Ilistoiro d.-l Anunquc vi. . p. 81 . Fernandez, ' ' Historia EdesiaHtiea de Nucstroa Tiempos, K.ll . eh. 43. p. 150. DE LUNA'S ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENT. 127 afraid to iped into 18 seen to liiui ; his • knelt in d, in ol)e- jarhastro, er, whose •ica justi- iience tlie .TR of ar- •en, sailed of l\Iex- dod by all [irincrs of lid, where n escaped ath at the z to Spain 1 the coast I returned 's reached id perMiiiR on s])ar8, H-av to the :)2 ; " RM|ni- Unrria. " Kii- 111 Proviiiciu rAiiRTiciuc." iiipos," toil. Rio Grande, but nearly all perished before reaching Panuco, including several religious of the order of St. Doiniuic' It had become vitally important to Spain either to con- vert and conciliate the natives on the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico and the southern Atlantic, or to plant settle- ments on the coast. The storms that sweep those seas had wrecked so many treasure shijis that the French were begin- ning to trade with the natives for the silver that they secured, and the Indians seldom spared the shipwrecked Spaniards who fell into their hands. In 1555 the Archbishop of Mexico, and in the following year, on the accession of Philip II., the Viceroy of Mexico, Joan de Urango, Piidiop of Santiago de Cuba, whose diocese embraced Florida, and others, urged upon the king the ne- cessity of planting colonies in Florida.' Philip approved the project, and confided its execution to the viceroy Yelasco ; the Provincial of the Dominicans in Mexico, Father Domi- nic of St. Mary, being commanded to send religious of his order with the colonizing expedition. A fleet of thirteen vessels was fitted out at Vera Cniz and placed under the command of Don Tristan de Lnna y <\.re- llano, son of the Marshal Carlos de Luna, Governor of Yucatan. It comprised a force of 1,500 soldiers, many of whom had ' Diivila Padilla, " Ilistoria de la funilacion de la Provinria de San- tiago de Mexico," Madrid, 1596, pp. 231-268. Burcia, " Eiisayo Crono- logico," pp. 28-31. ■' " Ponnie a nuestro oficio pastoral y al oflcio npostolico quo tenemos pertenece procurar por todas las vias y modos que pudiereiuos conio la Fee de C'liristo Nuestro Redentor sea ainpliada, y todas la.s geiites veiigan en coiioeimiento do Dies y salvar sus animas, suplieamos a V. M. sea servido jiroveer y inandar jwr las vias que mas justas pareeieren que la Florida y gcnte della veiigan eii connsciiniciito de su Criador, pues la tenemos tan cerca y sabenios la innumerable gente (pie en ella se condena por no haber quicn les prediquc ol Santo pjvangello." Archbishop of Mexico to the emperor, Nov. 1, 1555. " Col. de Doc. Ined.," 3, p. 526. I m If 128 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. ArTOGRAPn nv FATItEU PEDRO DE FKRIA. already been iu Florida, with a iiuniber of settlers, and all necessary inii)lenients for tilling the earth, clearing the for- ests, and building houses and defences. At the head of the spiritual direction of the intended colony was the Dominican Father Peter de Feria, afterwards Bishop of Chiapa. The plan was to form one settlement on the Gulf coast, one at Coosa, inland, and a third on the Atlantic at Santa Kleiia: not reduciiiir the Indians by conque<;t, but as Father Feria states in a letter announcing his tle])arture, "by good exami)le, with good works, and with presents, to bring the Indians to a knowledge of our holy Faith and Catholic truth." The viceroy acted with great ])rudence and forecast, lie- fore sending out the expedition he dispatched Guido de La- bazares, an experienced pilot, to examine the coast and select a port for the vessels to enter. The pilot selected Pensacola J}ay, which he named Fernandina, a safe and good harl)or, with a well-wooded country abounding in game and iish, and a soil that richly repaid the rude Indian cultivation. Then the I'xpedition prepared to sail, the viceroy coming in jierson to Vera Cruz to address and encourage Tristan de Luna and those placed under his command. Father Peter de Feria went as vice-jirovincial of Florida, accompanied by Father Dominic of the Annunciation, Father Dominie de Saliizar, Father Joli?) Mazuelas, Father Dominic of St. Dominic, and a lay brother. They saiknl June 1 1, IT).")!*, but though they entered Pensa- cola Bay, Ti-istan de Luna, instead of settling there as was intended, yielded to the advice of his pilots, and lost time in :s. DOMINICANS IN FLORIDA. 129 ttlers, aiul all ariiij^ the for- Kliiig houses At the head il direction of olon V was the ther Peter de rds Bisliop of fvas to form ; on the Gulf ])oosa, inland, not reducing itcs in a letter ;, with good a knowledge orecast. J5e- Ciuido de La- ast and select ed Peiisacola good harbor, and lish, and itioii. Then ng in jierson de Luna and le Feria went her Dominic Father .lolin I lay brother, tered ]*ensa- thcre as was I lost time in looking for Ichuse or Santa Eosa Bay, Here the disembark- ation began, but was carried on with little energy, the vessels riding at anchor for weeks, while an exploring party, accom- panied by one of the miasionaries, penetrated inland,, On the 19th day of September a terrible hurricane came upon them ; five ships, a galleon, and a bark perished ; many of the people, and nearly all the year's provision, were destroyed. After this terrible blow, Tristan de Luna obtained relief from Mexico; and another exploring party, attended by Feathers Dominic of the Annunciation and F'ather Salazar, reached Nanipacna on the Escambia, an Indian town, which seemed so attractive that Tristan de Luna, leaving a detach- ment on the coast, proceeded to it, and naming it Santa Cruz, resolved to settle there. The commander showed in every- thing dilatoriness and inefficiency. At Santa Cruz he prob- ably erected some dwellings, and perhaps a chapel; though he wintered there, he cleared and planted no land in the spring; but Jaramillo was sent on an expedition to Cosa, on the Coosa, attended by the same missionaries, to obtain provisions from the Indians. Forming a friendly alliance with the Cosa tribe, the Spaniards accompanied their war parties against the Napochies, a tributary tribe on the Missis- sippi, who sought to throw off their yoke. Father Dominie of the Annunciation, and Father Salazar, shared all the hard- ships and dangers of the party, saying mass in rustic chai)el8 made of boughs, as the camp moved from jilace to place. On one of these occasions, as Father Dominic was saying mass, he saw a huge caterpillar on the very rim of the chalice, just after the consecration. He was afraid to attempt to remove it for fear it should fall into the chalice ; he uttered a fervent prayer, and to his relief saw it fall from the chalice dead on the altar. Regarded as a divine interposition this incident filled the h ;li: J -I 4 n 130 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. party with new confidoiico. Before the return of this party, Tristan de Luna abandoned Santa Cruz and retired to Pensa- cohi, where linally the wliole force was gathered. lie wished to proceed to Cosa and form a settlement there, hut Ids men n^fused. Three vessels sent to examine 8t. Helena Sound were scattered by a storm. The tine expedition iitted out from Mexico, and nuiintained at enormous expense, after nearly two years' occupation of Florida had eiVectcd abso- lutely nothing; not a sign of settleinent, no houses, chapels, or anything but mere temporary structures existed. I'alher Feria, linding that there was no hope of a successful coloni- zation, end)arl enable them to say mass.' The other Fathers lalx.red among the Spaniards, but among the Indians fomid their miiustry so fruitless that only one conversion is attril)utcd to their zeal. The dissension that arose between Tristan de Luna, whose mind was nnsettled by delirious fevers, and the next in command, George Ceron, gave the missionaries a field for their Christian charity, as it divided the camp int.. two hostile factions. Tristan issued an onler menacing any dcR^ter with Thi^' lilllo proviHion U roportcd to Imvc tn«to«l till tlin wttlrnirnl l.rok.- up. liiHl iU iuc'xhuiwliblu uuturu reiulUd lli.> luinu^ltiof the widow's ITUW!. ^^mm THEIR INFLUENCE. 131 t this party, (d to Pcnsa- Ile wifilied mt his men jlt'iia Souml n iittod out penso, after I'ectcd al)Bo- 808, chapels, ed. Fatlier ssful ctthuii- 1 and Fatlicr le coast ; he some wheat Lhers hd)ored found their attrihuted to 1 Tristan do vers, and the lissionaries a lie camp into iicnacinj; any ) escape from in did Father rdon ; hnt as [) jireparc the ite the rosary h(>arkened to •tion with the In the niorn- 1 tlin M'tllrnirnl Icof the widow's ing Tristan de Luna remitted the punishment of the client of Mary, and the other paid the penalty of the law. Ah the ditisenaion increased, the governor linally con- demned fJeron and his adherents to death as rebels. After Father Salazar had in vain endeavored to appease the com- mander. Father Dominic of the Annunciation resolved to ni:del for mass, which Father Dominic was to olfer. The holy sacrifice went on till the moment of connmmion approached, when he sKldeidy called Tristan de Luna by name. The general, amazed, ntse and approached the altar. Turning towards him with the sacred host in his hands, Father Dominic said : " Von believe that it is the true Body of our Lord .lesus Christ, Son of the living God, who came from heaven to ein-tli to redeem us from the power of sin and the devil, this Sacred Host, which I hold in iny unworthy hands T' " Yes, I believe it," replied the governor, not knowing what all this meant. " Do you believe that this same Lord is to come to judge the living and the dead, to reward the good and pun- ish the wicked r' "Yes, I believe," again replied Tristan; and Father Dominic, believing that he had touched his heart, proceeded: "If then yon believe, aw a true and faithful (liristian, in the real presence of the Supreme Judge of all, in this Holy Host, how, without fear of Him wlio la to judge us, can you ]H'rmit so many evils, so many sins agains* Him, as for the lust five months w have deplored and wept ovcr^ It behooves you, as superior, to remedy it ; and to read in your own heart whether hatred, cloaked with zeal for justice, has room in your heart, when to distinguish them the least ■ i : II ;V 1 1 fl ^^ ' I '1 m 'HHi^H wH .^B'^l . ■< i\ si^H ;ti Wk -A ■H f'lfM^^H l<«f^^^H «U ^^^H ijj ^^^^H f| ■ 1 'ii i fl 1 ii 1 182 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. ray of the Divine Liglit, wliieli you have before you, suffices. You beheld the innocent suffer as well as those you judge guilty, and you would confound the punishment of some with the unjustice you wreak on others. What account can you give of yourself on the tremendous day of judg- ment, if against yourself you hate peace, and deprive us all of it, when God became man to give peace to men i Do you wish to deprive us of this happiness, fanning the flames of Satan, the father of discord?" lie continued for a time in this strain, and when he turned to the altar, the governor returned to his place deeply moved. No sooner wan the mass ended than Tristan arose, declaring that he had never intended to wrong any naan. If led by a sense of duty he had done so, he asked panhyi. They did not allow him to proceed ; Ceron and his officers were kneeling around him, iifiking pardon at his hands. A general reconciliation followed, and all prei>ared to remedy tl.e distr-ss caused by the unfortunate discord. But in a few days vessels arrived un.lcr Angel de VillafaHe, bearing Father John de Contreras, with Father (irtgory de Beteta, wh.. had renounced a bishopric, to spend his remaining days in Florida. But when a general council was held, it was de- tertninetl to abandon the country ; all except a small i)arty i>f Boldiers, left a« a garrison, embarked, and Villafafie sailed with them to Saint Helena on the Atlantic coast, but deem- ing it unsuited for settlement, returned to Mexico in 15(51.' The only fruit of the voyage to the Atlantic; coast was a young Indian, brother of the CacLjue of Ax acan, on the ~ The dory of TriHtun do Luna'R colony Is ffivpn In Dnvllii Pndilln. ••H.-li«-ion (if 1.1 F.inam-iou d.- In Proviiu-mast, hut deem- xico in I'ltU.' I tic ('(mst \viv8 a ixacan, on the n nnvihv PiKiiUn. ro." 1507, pp. 247- ; " Hcliuirtn " unit )riiil of Trinliui di' regard to the col- MENENDEZ SENT TO FLORIDA. 183 Chesapeake, who was taken at this time by the Dominicans to Mexico. Florida seemed so utterly unsuited to colonization, so de- void of wealth to be drawn from mines or soil, that all fur- ther attempts were regarded as visionary ; and a board ap- pointed by the Spanish monarch decided that no project of the kind was to be entertained, since no other European na- tion would attempt or could hope to form a prosperous set- tlement there to the detriment of Spain. But the elements still strewed the shores with the wrecks of vessels, and the waves bore to the beach the bodies of white men or wretched survivors with fragments of the rich car- goes. . Heart-broken at the loss of a son, wrecked on Florida, Peter Menendez, a famous naval commander, arrived in Spain possessed with only one thought, that of iisking the royal permii^sicm to sail to the rescue cf the hist scion of his ancient house. Enemies created by the brave but arbitrary com- maiidor. caused his arrest on charges of misconduct, and he lingered for months in prison. On obtaining his release he sought the presence of Philip II., to obtain the gratification of his earnest desire. Notwithstanding the recent decision of his otHcials, the Spanish monarch proposed to Menendez the occupation and settlement of Florida. Menendez did not re- fuse the unsought honor, attended, as it was, with toil and little prospect of success. He formed his plans, summoning arounrl him kinsmen and vassals. While he was collecting sliip.s men, arms, and provisions of every kind, there came the startling intelligence that the Calvinists of France, whose corsairs were the unsparing foes of Spain on the ocean, had actually sent out an expedition and occupied Saint Helena Sound in less than a year after Villafafle had pronounced it entirely unfit for settlement. The expedition of Menendeji, from being the affair of an i 134 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. individual proprietor, assumed a national importance. Philip giivc bim royal vessels and royal aid, to root out utterly a settlement which would be a constant menace to the com- merce of Spain, and which from the days of Cartier's voyage to the St. Lawrence, it had been the resolution of the Spanish government to prevent. Cbarlesfort, established by Eibault on Port Royal Sound in 1562, did not subsist long. After indolence, nmtiny, and Bt^jrvation, a few survivore rescued by an English vessel, landed at last in England. Admiral Coligny, undismayed by this failure, sent out another expedition in 1504 under Rene de Laudonniere. In June that commander entered the St. Jolm's River, whicli the French had named the River of May. Gaining the good-will of Saturiova and other chiefs, the Frencir commander threw up Fort Caroline on the main river of Florida. This new settlement was no better man- aged than tlie former. Mutiny ensued there also, and the rebellious party extorting a Ucense from Laudonniere, t(K>k the vessels and proceeded on a piratical cruise against the Spanish ships and seaside settlements. Those who remained would have jwrished but for aid furnished by Sir John Hawkins, who, himself cruising against the Spaniards, hap- penetl to enter the river on the M of August. Even after this aid Laudonniere was on the point of abandoning Florida when Ilibault arrived witli a large force in seven vessels. The activity of Menendez's preparations for the occupation of Florida had l)ecome known in France, and Admiral Co- ligny determined to maintain his settlement and resist the SpanianlH. For this purpose he had eciuipped tlu- expedition under Ribault, who sailed from I)iepi)e, in France, on the 2Mi of May, as Menendez did from Spain on the ii9tli of .lune. 1505. Each commander used all the resciirccB of floamanship to PEIESTS WITH MENENDEZ. 185 ince. Philip ut utterly a to the corn- tier's voyage the Spanish yal Sound in mutiny, and iglish vessel, dismayed by mider Rene tered the St. liver of May. r chiefs, the jn the main better man- also, and the onniere, took e against the \'\\o remained by Sir John laniards, hap- Even after oiling Florida in vessels, the occupation Admiral ( 'o- iind resist the the expedition ?e.on the2(ith i'.)th of .hme. Bcamansliip to outstrip his antagonist, Menendez to stnke a decisive blow- before Ribault could arrive, the French captain to reinforce Caroline so as to meet any Spanish attack. Menendez sailed from Cadiz with the San Pelayo, a royal vessel, and nineteen others carrying more than fifteen hundred persons, including mechani.-e of all kinds. Four secular priests with proper faculties sailed on the San Pe- layo. Other vessels followed, one from Cadiz, and three from Aviles and Gijon under Stephen de las Alas, who sidled May 25th with 257 more persons, including eleven Francis- can Fathers, and cue lay brother, a Father of the Merceda- rian order, one cleric, and eight Jesuit Fathers.' Including smallpr vessels with supplies, the whole number that era- barked for Florida was 2,646, Menendez having expended a million ducats in fourteen months. This great armament was scattered by storms, and Menendez reached Porto Rico with less than one-third his force in men and vessels. Learning there that Ribault had outsailed him, and captured a Spanish vessel in the West Indies, thus opening hostilities, Menen- dez held a council of war, in which it was decided to proceed and attack the French at once. He reached the coast of Florida on the 28th of August, the feast of St. Augustine, and the Te Deum was chanted vnWx great solemnity. Giving the name of the Bishop of Hippo to a harbor which he discovered, Menendez sailed on to di«c, ver the French fort. Coming upon Ribault's vessels at tiie month of the St. John's, he an- nounced his determination to put them all to death. No quarter at that time was shown to the Spaniards on sea or land by the French and Englinh cnn'sers; the Spanish sol- diers in the army of the league in France; those who es- caped from the wreck of the Armada on the coast of Ireland, %\ I'l 'Bnrda, p. 691. !i t! 136 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. all were put to death without mercy by the English, unless they were rich enough to ransom their lives. Only a few years before Jacques Sorie, a French commander, had burned Havana and hung his prisoners amid the smoking ruins. The terms announced by Menendez to the French were pre- cisely those given to the Spaniards by Frencli and English." After an ineffectual pursuit of the French vessels, Me- nendez sailed down the coast to the harbor of Saint Augus- tine, where he had determined to plant his settlement. His resolution was to fortify his position there and hold out till the rest of his fleet arrived. Entering the harbor on the Gth of September, he sent three companies of soldiers ashore under two captains, who were to select a site and begin a fort. A cacique gave the new- comers a large cabin near the seashore, and around it the Spanish officers traced the outline of a fort ; the soldiers, with their hands and anything they could fashion into an imple- ment, digsring the ditches and throwing up the ramparts. The next day, September 8, 15G5, Menendez landed auiid the thunder of artillery and the blast of trumpets, the ban- ners of Castile and Arragon unfurled. The priest, ^len- doza (irajales, who had landed the pre- vious day, took a cross and pro- ceeded to meet hiin, followed by the soldiers, chanting the Te AOTOailAPn OF RKV. MAUTIN FnANCTSCO DE MENDOZA (IUA.IAI.E!*, FIRST rAIllSH PIIIEST OF 8T. AlOI'STINK. ' No Hpanltird was found amon^ Hibaulfs men, so that we must infer tlmt tlu)!<« Ukcn on the vessel he captured In the West Indies were put to death. FIRST MASS AT ST. AUGUSTINE. 137 tHsIi, unless Only a few had burned king ruins, ill were pre- d English.' vessels, Me- Saint Augus- iincnt. His hold out till he sent three 8, who were ve the new- 'ound it the soldiers, with to an iniple- ic ramparts, ded amid the er of artillery the blast of >ets. the ban- if Castile and ;on unfurled, priest, ^len- irajales, who inded the pre- dav, took a 9 and pro- aiitjjig the Te It we must infer Indies were p\it SAINT AUGUSTINE AND ITS ENYIRON8. FROM A SPANISH PLAN, JOUN JOSEPH ELIXIO DE LA PUENTE, FEBHUAUY 16, 1771. BY (12) "Spot called Nombre de Dins, and is the same where the first mass was said, September 8, 1565, when the Spaniards went with the Adelan- tado Pedro Menendez do Aviles to conquer these provinces, and since then an Indian town has licen formed there, with a chapel, in which was placed the statue of Nuostra SeHora de la Leche. The town and chapel subsisted till March 20, 17;?8, when, in consequence of the British forces then obtaining possession of it (they were then endeavoring to take the said fortress by surprise), the Spanish governor ordered it to be demol- ished." (15) "Tlie chapel of Nuestra Seftora de la Leche, and lands occupied by the Indians, who subsequently established their town there." (19) "Chapel of Our Lady of Guadalupe, with the territory occupied by the Indians of their town called Tolomato." (84) " Spot where there was a fort and Indian town, which was called ' Nombre de Dios Chiquito,' from the second mass having been said there, at the time of the conquest by the said Pedro Menendez de Avilea." (86) " Spot called Casapullas, where there was another Indian town." (17) Fort. (22) City Wall. (28) City of St. Augustine. (24) Indian Church of La Punta. (26) San Sebastian River. (27) Potolaca. Fort and Indian Church. (28) Palica. Fort and Indian Church. M 138 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Deum. Menendez advanced to the cross, which he kissed on bended knee, as did all who followed hiui.' The solemn mass of Our Lady was then offered at a spot, the memory of which has been preserved on Spanish maps. It received the name of Nombre de Dios, as there the name of God was first invoked by the awful sacrifice of the New Law. There in time the piety of the faithful erected the primitive hermitage or shriue of Nuestra Seflora de la Leche.' Thus began the city of St. Augustine, and thus began the permanent service of the Catholic Church in that oldest city of the United States, maintained now with but brief interruption for more than three hundred years. Tlic nauje of the celebrant is not stated, and we know that besides Grajales there was present Doctor Soils de Meras, brother-in-law of Menendez. The work of landing the supplies for the settlers, and arms and munitions for the soldiers went steadily on, directed by Menendez himself. Ilis ves.sels could not cross tlie bar to enter the harbor, and were exposed to attack. In fact his boats while landing the supplies were nearly captured by the French, who suddenly appeared. The Spaniards ascribed their escape to Our Lady of Consolation at Utrera, whom they invoked in their sore strait. As soon as all needed by liis settlement was disembarked, Menendez sent off his ves- sels and prepared to act on the defensive. His force con- sisted of six hundred men at arms ; the French were superior in numlxjrs, and had their ships. But while the French vessels hovered around the entrance to the harbor of St. Augustine, wasting their opportunity to strike a decisive 'Francisco Lopez de Mcndoza Grajales, "Memoria," Sept. 29, 1505, MS. ' It was north of the present Fort Marion, and further from it than the wrond ahrinc of N. B. de lii I^ e. The offering of the mass is not men- tioned by Mendoza, but is given by Barcia, p. 76. f CHAPEL AT SAN MATHEO. 189 ," Sept. 29, 1505, blow, the practiced eye of Menendez, trained by long experi- ence to know the changes of tropical weather, discerned a coming norther. The French fleet must be driven south- ward before it, far from their fort. In an instant he resolved to assume the offensive, to march on Fort Caroline, which he believed to be but fifteen miles distant, capture it, and leave the French without a foothold on the coast. A mass of the Holy Ghost was offered, and a council convened. Most of the officers opposed his plan as rash ; the two priests begged him not to leave his fort with helpless women and children exposed to the French or Indian foes. Selecting nearly all his soldiers able to march, Menendez set out on the ICth after hearing mass with his troops, leav- ing the settlers and the feeble garrison of the fort in deep anxiety and fear. Gathering around their altar as days went on, they sought the protection of heaven against dangers that menaced them from the sea and from the land. Faint-hearted deserters from the expedition came back announcing that Menendez was marching to certain destruction. Every hour increased the possibility of a return of the French ships, con- scious, perhaps, of their defenceless state. Meanwhile Menendez had pushed on amid the storm, through swamps and flooded lands, his march impeded by the tropic vegetation. At daybreak on the 21st he dashed into Fort Caroline, putting all to the sword, sparing only the women, and boys under fifteen. It was not a battle ; it was a mere slaughter ; for Laudonniere seems to have made no preparation for defence. The next day mass was celebrated in the captured fort, which received the name of San Matheo-its capture having taken place on the feast of the apostle St. Matthew. Then two crosses were set up on eminences, and a site marked out !• 140 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. for a chapel to be built of wood prepared by the French for a vessel.' 0.4.1 i The anxiety at St. Augustine was relieved on the 24th by the approach of a soldier announcing the victory. Mendoza, arrayed in his best cassock and surplice, went to meet the general with four ecclesiastics chanting the Te Deum in which Menendez and the soldiers who accompanied him ioiued after kneeUng to kiss the cross. When some days afterwards the shipwrecked Frenchmen of Kibault's force approached St. Augustine, Mendoza ac- companied Menendez by his command. The Spanish general resolved to put all the unfortunate men to death; but Men- doza writes: -As I was a priest, and had the bowels of a ,„an, I asked him to grant me a favor, and it was that those who should prove to be Christian should not die, and so lie granted. Examination made, we found ten or twelve, and these we brought with us." ' , , j Menendez, thus left in full possession of Florida, planned the occupation of Port Royal, the Chesapeake, and Tampa Bav Besides strengthening St. Augustine and San Matheo, he'visited Port Royal in April, 1566, and erected a stockade fort which he named San Felipe, and assigned the command to s'tep^ien de las Alas.' Menendez^Jiisj^^ "Ti~;:;';;i;;^lowed the m^scnpt of Don Soils de Moras, mentions the mass and projected chapel, so that probably that pncst accompumed Menendez on his march. • The terrible slauRhter of shipwrecked men by Menendez aroused great indignation in France, and appeals were ""^e to Uiekmg to avenge k Only by perverting historical truth, however, can it be made a so 1- ry or unusual ease. The French never gave quarter to the Spaniard, and only a few vears before. Menendez had seen the burning nuns <.f Havana' trewn with the corpses of its »'"*<^''"'' J '"*';^'^"';- i^J"'" " every reason to believe that the cruisers from Caroline and Ribault put to death the Spaniards whom they captured. « Barcia, " Ensayo Cronologico." p. 108. I B French for the 24th by . Meiidoza, to meet the 'e Deum, in ipanied him I Frenchmen Mciuloza ac- anish general h; but Men- bowels of a •as that thoKC lie, and so he r twelve, and arida, planned ;e, and Tampa ] San Matheo, ted a stockade the command iento with the ; Mcras, mentions ■iest accompanied [enendez arouned he king to avenge it be made a soli- to the Spaniards, burning niins of itants, and there is J and Ribault put 1 ■ 1 H ■t!«l » III 1 III 1 Hi C.Scrtiilcl. " ' ' DEATH OF FATHER PETER MARTINEZ. SJ »ROM TANNER, ••80CIKTA8 MIUTAN3." 1678. FIRST VICAR AT ST. AUGUSTINE. 141 king, March 20, 1565, bound himself to bring out ten or twelve religious of some order, men of exemplary life, and four Jesuits. He was himself zealous, and alive to the ne- cessity of converting the Indians to Christianity, and at vari- ous points erected crosses, and left Spaniards, men of probity, who were daily at the foot of the cross, to recite a short abridgment of Christian doctrine, to familiarize the natives with the devotions of Catholics. He earnestly appealed to the Society of Jesus for missionaries to labor for their con- version. Of the first church at St. A-Ugustine and the cliapels at San Matheo and San Felipe we have no distinct accounts ; but in the mutinies and troubles incident to a new settlement, we find the Vicar Lopez de Mendoza interceding for mutineers and saving their lives. He was an active and zealous priest and seems to have labored from Cannaveral to the St. John's Eiver. He was a native of Xerez de la Frontera, and was named by Menendez, with the consent of the Bishop of San- tiago de Cuba, under the Epyal Patronage, granted to the Spanish monarchs by Pope Julius II.,' "Vicar and Superior at St. Augustine and San Matheo, having four clergymen under him, one of whom soon proved to be most unworthy.' In the vessels that arrived in 1506 there came some Do- minican Fathers, and Menendez sent two of them with Don Luis Velasco, the brother of the chieftain of Axacan, to the Chesapeake, with a captain and thirty soldiers for their pro- tection. Menendez deemed it necessary to occupy the bay ' Barcia, " Ensayo Cronologico," p. 173. See Bull, " Universalis Ec- clesia) Regimini," July 28, 1538, in Ribadaneyra, " Manual, 5 Clompcndio del Regio Patronato," pp. 408-15. Heraaez, " Coleccion de Bulas," Brus- sels, 1879, !., pp. 24-25. 'Barcia, "Ensayo Cronologico," p. 116; Letter of Vicar Mendoza, December 19, 1569. IPI I I 142 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. as the northern bulwark of the Spanish power. His inten- tion was, liowever, baffled, for the captain, pretending to have been prevented l)y storms, made his way to Seville.' The Spanish commander, as we have seen, had labored to give the Indians some ideas of Christianity. Philip II. had already recpiested St. Francis Borgia, General of the Society of Jesus, to send twenty-four of his religious to found a mis- sion in Florida. Unable to assign so many at once, the Saint selected for the purpose Father Peter Martinez, a native of Celda, in the diocese of Saragosa ; Father John Kogel, of Pamplona, and Brother Francis de Villareal. These pioneers sjiilod from San Lncar in a Flemish vessel, but near the Flor- ida coast it separated froni the tleet to which it belonged. FAC-SIMIl.K OK SIONATCRE OF FATOKll JOHN nOQEL. Ignorant of his i)osition the captain sent a boat asliore, in which Father Martinez euil)arked to reassure the sailors. While they were on land a storm drove the vessel off, and it evcntually'i>ut in at Havana ; meanwhile the missionary aiie 1:» I'liente. No. !J4. ' Tinnier, " Borictiw.Iesu ii-iquoad Siinguliiisel Vilffl Profiwloncm Mill tunii." Pmgue, 1675. pp. 44»-5 ; Uarcla, " Ensayo Croiiologlco," p. 120. I JESUIT MISSIONS. 143 His inten- etending to Seville." I labored to lilip II. had the Society 'ouiid a mis- ce, the Saint , a native of n Ilogel, of icsc pioneers ear the Flor- it belonged. r OGEL. at asliore, in I the sailors, •icl off, and it issionarv and K)rt, were as- lez from the atac'uni, now ohn's iiivor.' ?r of Mi-ni'iidez re (le Dios (hi 1 iM'fort' inTO to la Cmla (Ic lu ri)fuslonom Mill .loglco." p. 120. With this good missionary were lost Bulls and Faculties of St. Pius V. regarding the nussion.' Father Eogel and his companion, at the request of Menendez, remained in Havana to study the language of the Indians of Southern Florida. In March, 1567, they proceeded with Menendez to the prov- ince of Carlos, where the Spaniards had erected a block- house. The governor ordered another house to be put uj) for Doila Antonia, the converted sister of the chief, and a chapel in which Father Rogel might offer the holy sacvilice. This third Catholic chapel in Florida was on Charlotte Har- bor, on tlio western shore of the peninsula. Father Rogel immediately began a series of instructions to the soldiers, who had long been deprived of the sacraments. He re- mained as chaplain of the post and missionary to the Indians till Menendez arrived from Spain in 1568, bringing ten mis- sionaries chosen by St. Francis Borgia. They were Father John Baptist Segnra, a native of Toledo, who had been ap- pointed Vice- Provincial of Florida ; Fathers Gonzalo del Alamo, Antonio Sedefio, and Juan de la Carrera, with several brothers, Dominic Augustine Baez, John Baptist Mendcz, Gal)riel Solis, Peter Ruiz, John Salcedo, Christoplier Re- dondo, and Peter de Linares. An Indian school was estab- ' Barcia, p. 131 ; Letter of Don Pedro Meneiide/,, Oetober 10, 150fi, in Alenzar, " Clirono-llistoria de la Provincia de Toledo"; triinnlated by D. O. Hrinloii, in Hi.sl(k soon scattered. Father SedeOo retained his nuditors only while the store of Indian corn lasted, which the Bishop of Santiago de Cuba, Don Juan del Castillo, had given him to win the good-will of the peo pie. Brother Baez died of malarial fever amid his labors, and Father Sodefio returned to Santa Helena; but at the close of a year the labors of Fathers Segura, Sedefio, and Alamo, and Barcia, p. 188 ; Turner, " SocieUu Militani," p. 447. 4*? ■V ES. )tlier Villareal, 08. iig the J ubilee began missions sides attending er Baez tinally Island, and he rgia. Brother lage of the la- nd prepared a th some of his on Port Royal in tlie present to the Spanish )\vn of Orista, great hopes, as ; than those of se for him and At the end of langnage snlli- ental doctrinert immortality of Hnt though ered. Father tore of Indian nha, Don Juan ill of the ]w<>- ]m labors, and at tlie close of nd Alamo, an.B !^ ' ! i ;i it ! Ill Ml ■ , 1 1 1 ! i 1 J ■ 146 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. you Governor of Florida, creating you adelantado thereof; for we hear such an account of your person, and so full and satisfactory a report of your virtue and nobiUty, that we be- lieve, without hesitation, that you will not only faithfully, diligently, and carefully perforin the orders and instructions given you by so Catholic a king, but trust also that you, by your discretion and habit, will do all to effect the increase of our holy Catholic faith, and gain more souls to God. I am well aware, as you know, that it is necessary to govern these Indians with good sense and discretion ; that those who are weak in the faith, from being newly converted, be con- firmed and stvengtheiied ; and idolaters be converted, and re- ceive the faith of Christ, that the former may praise God, knowing the benefit of hia divine mercy, and the latter, still infidels, may, by the example and model of those now out of blindness, be brought to a knowledge of the truth : but noth- ing is more important, in the conversion of these Indians and idolaters, than to endeavor by all means to prevent scandal being given by the vices and immoralities of such as go to those western parts. This is the key of this holy work, in which is included the whole essence of your charge. » You see, noble sir, without my alluding to it, how great an opi)ortunlty is offered yon, in furthering and aiding tliis cause, from which result— 1st, Serving the Almighty; 2d, Increasing the name of your king, who will bo esteemed by men, loved and rewardeil by (tod. " Giving you, then, our paternal and apostolical blessing, we beg and charge you to give full faith and credit to our brother, the Archliislioj) of Kt.ssano, who, in our name, will explain our dchire more at length. "liiven at Home, with the fisherman's ring, on the ISth day of August, in the veur of our Uedemptioii, 1 .">«»'.), the third of our pontificate." 'S. tado thereof; 1(1 so full and y, that we be- lly faithfully, d instructions ) that you, by ; the increase lis to God. I iry to govern that those who 'crted, be con- verted, and re- y praise God, the latter, still )se now out of uth : but noth- !so Indians and >revent scandal F such as go to holy work, in large. it, how great and aiding this Almighty; 2d, be esteemed by tohcal blessing, 1 credit to our our name, will ng, on the ISth [)ti()n, ir)»)l), the THE MISSION IN VIRGINIA. 147 Letters from St. Francis Borgia urged the missionaries to persevere in the barren fields, and Sedefio embarked with a party of soldiers going tc Santa Helena. Sickness broke out, and the missionary with his comrade, Brother Villareal, were both stricken down. The disease ])roved so obstinate that they were put on a vessel for Havana, but it was wrecked on the coast, and only after great privations and suffering did the invalids reach St. Augustine. Menendez still clung to the idea of occupying the Chesa- peake, and coming from Spain brought the Indian Don Luis de Velasco, and some additional Jesuit missionaries, Father Louis de Quiros and Brothers Gabriel Gomez and Sancho de Zevallos: After he reached Santa Helena in November, 1570, Father Segura, the Vice-Provincial, resolved to go in person to found the new mission, relying on the promise of protection of the Indian Velasco. He selected as his com- panion Father Louis de Quiros, and Brothers Solis, Mendez, Kedondo, Linares, Gabriel Gomez, and Sanclio Zevallos.' Every ])reparation was made for a permanent mission ; the priests carried vestments, books, and chapel furniture, neces- sary imj.lements, provisions for the winter. Four Indian boys, who had for some time been under instruction, accom- pamed the nn'ssionarics. Don Luis Velasco gave every as- Burance as to the personal safety of the inissioners, declaring that they should want nothing, as he would aid them in everythmg. They sailed from Santa Helena, August 5 1570 and crept slowly up the coast to the entrance of St. Mary's l^ay. Passing through the capos they ascended the Poton.ac, and on the 10th of September reached their destination -.1 Tanner give two pH.sts un^L::.';;; L "" "'"'" '" """'" i iJ I 1 III 148 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Father Quiros, in a letter written from this spot two days after, says : " We found the country of Don Louis in a very different condition from what we anticipated, not because he misrepresented in his account of it, but because our Lord has chastised it with six years steriHty and death, which has left it very thinly inhabited compared to what it used to be, many of the people having died and others removed to other lands to appear their hunger." The Indians had no corn ; the berries and roots they usually gathered had failed, and the winters had been severe. They manifested, however, great joy at the return of Don Louis, and earnestly besought the missionaries to .tay ; the chief, who lived seven or eight leagues off, begging them to go to his child who was at the point of death. Father Segura sent one of the party to baptize it, and then held coun- cil as to their course. The Potomac was PAC-BImTl^. of BIONATUnES OF FATHERS QUIROB AND gUppOSCdtO BKun.A. FUOM TUF..U I.ETTEU WlilTTEN U) ^.^^ .^^ ^^^^^^^ V.U01.NI.V SEPT. 12. 1570. ^^.^^ ^^^,^^^j which lav the Pacific, and it was important to learn the real topograi^liy of the country. The field for preaching the Jspel seemed a favorable one, and they resolved to face all hardships, depending cm pro.npt relief from their country- ,„en. Yet so pooriy had the vessel be*, fitted ^^.th s ores that on the vov=4;e the crew used two of four barrels of ship's biscuit intended for the winter supply of the mission- aries. Father Segura joined Fnther (Juiros in his letter, urging m the strongest terms the imi...rtatice and necessity of sending them further supplies with all possible expedition. 1-or tlu- 'cufjeji^ 55. ipot two days ,oui8 in a very lot because lie 3 our Lord has hicli has left it d to be, many to other lands no corn ; the failed, and the however, great y besought the seven or eight who was at the f the party to baptize it, and then held coun- cil as to their course. The Potomac was supposed to rise in niouu- tains beyoud :o learn the real r preaching the solved to face all n their country- ittod with stores iowr barrels of y of the niission- s letter, urging in ■I'tisity of sending edition. For the MISSIONARIES PUT TO DEATH. 149 spring too they asked seed com to induce the Indians to plant crops for the year. The vessel left them on the 12th, the captain liaving agreed to come on his return to the mouth of a river they had passed on the way, which ran near the one they ascended, and on which really the tribe of Don Luis lived. This was evidently the Rappahannock. At the mouth a fire by night or smoke by day was to be answered by a letter from the vessel. After the departure of the vessel the Jesuit mission party set out for their place of settlement, they and the Indians carrying their baggage a distance of two leagues to the other river, where they embarked in wretched canoes." Don Louis does not seem to have guided them to his brother's village, but to have advised them to fix their residence at some dis- tance. They erected a hut of logs and branches, and pre- pared to winter there, making it their chapel and home. Louis remained with them for a time as their interpreter and teachei-, Iiut as weeks wore on the hope of relief from Santa Helena faded. Their countrymen had abandoned them, and as their provisions failed they sought to sustain life by roots and hei-bs. Louis left them and retired to the \nllage of his brother, a league and a half distant. In February the supe- rior sent Father Quiros with Soils and Mendez to urge Ve- lasco to return, but he put them off with frivolous excuses, and finally, on the 14th, treacherously attacked them with a party of Indians, slaying them by a shower of arrows. Four days after the chief with Louis and the warriors invested the mission chapel, and demanded all the axes and knives of the party. Father Segura saw the cassock of Father Quiros and ' Letter of Fattier Quiros, September 18, 1570, witli addition by Fattier Segura, and .supplcineut by Quiros. If " 150 ri/B CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. knew that the end had come. He prepared his companions for death, and all soon fell beneath the blows of the Indians dealt with the implements they had surrendered. One «mly of the party, Alonso, an Indian boy, escaped, having bccni concealed by a friendly native.' Wlicn late in the spring Brother Vincent Gonzalez induced a Spanish pilot to sail to Axacan, no tidings oi the Fathers could be obtained, but the conduct of the Indians inspired the worst fears. Menendez, who had gone to Spain after hear- ing of Segura's landin-' i.- A >:>.can, received on his return the report of Gonzalez. He sailed to the Chesapeake, and seized several of the Indians, demanding the surrender of Don Luis. Alonso succeeded in reaching the Spaniards, and gave a full account of the death of the missionaries. Louis escai>ed, but eight of those who were proved to have l)een active in murdering the missionaries were hung by Menendez. They were, ho^^n•er, prepared for death and baptized by Father Rogol, who had come on the vessel, and who bore away as a relic of his martyred brethren a crucifix to which a miracle was ascribed.' Father Segura had directed Fathers Eogel nnd Sedeflo to remain at the Spanish posts, but they were in such distress and the Indians so hostile that they retired to Havana. St. Francis Borgia, on learning the death of Father Segura and the apjiarent hopelessness of any permanent Spanish set. tlement in Florida, recalled the meml)ers of the Society, who thereupon proceeded to Mexico and founded a fiourishmg province. In fact the Spanish settlements, in si)ite of all Menendez's exertions and outlay, were on the brink of ruin. ' Barcia. " Ensnyo Cronologico," pp. 142-Ut5 ; Tanner, " Societas Military." pp. 447-451. » liogel, Letter of DeccmlKT 9, 1570. ST. AUGUSTINE DESTROYED. 161 companions : the Indians t ^oy, escaped, zalez induced : the Fathers s inspired the iu after hear- lis return the een active in endez. They c;(l by Father )()re away as a hich a miracle iind Sedeno to II such distress Havana. Father Segura at Spanish set- e Society, who 1 a ilourisliing in sjiito of all brink of ruin. unucr, " Sociftas A report on their condition soon after says the few people tliere were losing their faith and piety, as for a considerable time there was no priest or friar at St. Augustine to say mass and administer the sacraments, and althougli friars had arrived, some were going and others had gone elsewhere.' The f riai-8 referred to were apparently those sent over by Meuendez in 1676, and whom the Governor of Florida found on his return to Santa Helena, after a voyage of exploration to the Chesapeake. Wretched as the condition of Florida was, it declined after the death of Don Pedro Menendez in 1574, till the Spanish Government, recognizing the importance to the kingdom and its ccmimerce of retaining Florida, provided for its mainte- nance.' In 1586 St. Augustine had made some progress. The city had its public buildings, a parish church, and well- cultivated gardens, when Francis Drake, in one of his pirat- ical cruises, attacked it, and in revenge for the death of one of his men set fire to the place and destroyed it, the garrison and its inhabitants having retired to San Matlieo. The Indian missions, which the sons of St. Dominic and St. Ignatius had failed to render successful, devolved at last on the sons of John Bernardon, St. Francis of Assisi. Father Alonzo de Reynoso arrived with a number of Fathers toward the close of the year 1 577. They began their labors among the Indians at Nombre de Dies and San Sebastian, and with such success that Indian converts were soon regular attendants at the Sunday mass in the parish church.' ' " Discurso sobre la poblacion de la costa de la Florida," MS. * Barcia, p. 149. Mbid.. p. 163. Testimony of .lunn Menendez Marques, 1588, MS. F. .\lonzo Reynoso's arrival is >riven in fliis document a.s 37. but as he is mentioned as bearer of a letter from Florida in 1583. we inter that 1577 is meant. m I » I; 'I 1 1 152 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. The FranciBcan mission aboiit 1592 consisted of Father Francis Marron, the Gustos, the zealous Fathers Balthazar Lopez and Peter de Corpa, with another priest and two lay brothers. As they were especially designed for the Indian missions, they took up their residence in the towns of the natives from the island of St. Peter, now called Cumberland, to San Sebastian.' r^i • i • The only secular priest whose name appears in Florida m 1593 was the Rev. Rodrigo Garcia de Truxillo, parish priest of St. Augustine, then very old, broken by his twenty-eight years' labor there and his previous service as navy chaplain.' In this state of spiritual destitution an appeal was made to Father Bernardino do San Cebrian, Commissary General of the Indies, to increase the number of his Franciscan Fathers in Florida. The Council of the Indies gave free passage to twelve, who were sent with Father John de Silva as superior, a missionary who had already labored fruitfully in Mexico. These missionaries, who reached Havana in 1593, were la- thers Michael de Aunon, Peter de Aunon, Peter Fernandez de Chozas, preachers ; Fathers Bias de Montes, Francis Pa- reja, Peter de San Gregorio, Francis de NTelascola, Francis de Avila, Francis Bonilla, and Peter Ruiz, priests and confess- ors, and Brother Peter Viniegra, a lay brother. The next year these religious began their labors in Florida, Father Marron sending Fathers Peter de Corpa, Michael de Aunon, Francis de Velascola, and Bias Rodriguez with Bro- ther Anthony Badajoz to the island of Guale, the present Amelia Island, where the Indians had become so bold and violent that the Spanish soldiers durst not venture outside ' Stevens, " History of Georgift," i., p. 135. ' Barcitt pp 166-7. Relacion hecha a 8. M. aflo de 1593, MS. priest must have been there from the time of the settlement. Thin FRANCISCAN MISSIONS. 163 i of Father rs Balthazar and two lay • the Indian owns of the Cumberland, in Florida in parish priest twenty-eight ,vy chaplain." was made to ■y General of iscan Fathers •ee passage to a as superior, ly in Mexico. 593, were Fa- ;er Fernandez s, Francis Pa- da, Francis de i and confess- ors in Florida, )a, Michael de ;uez with Bro- e, the present e 80 bold and enture ontside 1593, MS. Thin lent. their palisades.' The missionaries by their instructions and kind ways soon changed the face of the provmce. For two years they labored with apparent success, baptizing many, especially in the older missions, as at Nombre de Dios, where Father Balthazar Lopez baptized eighty in 1595. Father Pedro de Chozas had meanwhile, fearless of danger, pene- trated to Ocute, 150 miles from the coast.' The city of St. Augustine had by this time received a par- ish priest, Don Diego Scobar de Sambrana, whose register is still extant in Havana. It extends from January to July, 1594, from which date Father Francis Marron discharged the parochial functions till the feast of the Annunciation in 1597, when Don Eicardo Artur appears on the register as parish priest.' In September, 1597, the son of the Cacique of the Island of Guale, wearying of the restraints on his passions required by the Christian law, fell into great excesses, and at last went off to a pagan band. Finding kindred spirits there he re- solved to silence the priest who had reproved him, and re- turned by night to Fatlier Corpa's village of Tolemato. Taking up his post near the church he waited for the dawn of day. When Father Corpa opened the door of his little cabin to proceed to the church, the conspirators tomahawked him, and cutting off his head set it on a pole. Having ' Barcia, an. 1594, p. 167 ; Torquemada. " Monarquia Indiana," iii., p. 350. s Testimony of Alonso de las Alas, 1603. ' " Noticias relativas a la Parroquial mayor dc la ciudad de San Agus- tin de la Florida," kindly extracted for me from the Registers in his archives, by the Right Rev. Bishop of St. Christopher of Havana. The Registers of the Church of St. Augustine from January 1, 1594, are ex- tant in Havana and St. Augustine, and form the oldest and most com- plete set of records in the country, antedating every English, Dutch, or Swedish settlement. r ! In m-^ ■ 1 ■!■ . = I V t i f ■ i ^ .' I, 154 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. brought his comrades to imbrue their hands in blood, tlie young chief easily persuaded them that they must kill all the religious and Spaniards.' Proceeding then to the town of Topoqui, they burst into the house of Father Bias Rodriguez. The missionary en- deavored to show them the wickeehiess and folly of tluir conduct, which would entail punishment here and hereafter, but finding his words of no avail, he asked the Indians to allow him to say mass. They granted his rc(piest, moved by a respect which they could not understand ; and the good priest, with his expectant murderers for his congregation, oirerod the holy sacrifice for the hu^t time, and then knelt down beff>re his altar to receive the death-blow which enabled him to make his thanksgiving in heaven. His body was piously interred by an old Christian Indian after the mur- derers had departed. lAvirning of the approach of a band bent on massacre, Father j^Ii;.'hael Aufion, at Asopo," said mass and gave com- munion to Brother Anthony Badajoz, his companion. They knelt in prayer till the apostate came, who first dispatching the brother, then with two blows of one of their war-clubs crowned ' Tho site of the present cemetery of St. Auirustine wns culled Tole- iiiatii, liiit it iit to death in the prov- ince of (Juiile, which in the same report he ileeliires to lie forty leafiues fnini St. Ai'irusline. Stev.Ms, " llisi. Oef Alonso de los Alas," HMCv' ; Kcija in his " I>errol(r<>," HIOO. niiikes it ten and r. half. It WHS north of it! ;tO , and is < videiilly O.ssiliaw Island. The Imdirs <<<: V. Aiifion and Hr. Hadajo/. were taken up in I'Htr) and interred, appar ently, at St. Aufjustine. Harcia, an. ltK»5. ES. FATHERS IN GEORGIA SLAIN. 155 i in blood, the lust kill all the thoy burst into missionary en- folly of tluir and hereafter, the Indians to lest, moved by and the good contjrcfjjation, u\(\ then knelt which enal>led Ilis body was ifter the inur- t on massacre, ind gave com- panion. They lispatching the ■-clubs crowned ' was culled Tole- ■atli, us lie was on liif (if tliiit Hiuiie rmiro. April 24, Iralli ill tlic jirov- ) 1h' forty leagues I. l:!."i, n'l'ognizi'd I. )iiiati(i[ir>f Aldiiso H it It'll anil i> liiiir. 1. Till' liodiis ii! [I inlirrt-d, uiipur Father Michael with martyrdom. The weeping Christians interred the bodies at the foot of the tall mission cross. On reaching Asao' the insurgents found that Father Fran- cis de Velascola had gone to St. Augustine, but they lurked amid the vegetation on the shore till they saw his canoe ap- proaching. When the Franciscan landed they accosted him as friends, and fearing his great strength, seized him suddenly and slew him. Father Francis Davila, at Ospo,' endeavored to escape at night ; but the moon revealed him, and he fell into their hands pierced by two arrows. An old Indian prevented their finishing the cruel work, and the mission- ary, stripped and suUering, was sent as a slave to a pagan village. The revolted Indians, then in forty canoes, invested Saint Peter's (now Cumberland) Island," but a small Spanish vessel lay at anchor there. This gave courage to the chief of the island, who, with a flotilla of canoes, met the invaders and completely routed them. Few escaped in their canoes; many driven ashore were killed, perished of hunger or by their own hands. After this fearful outburst of pagan hatred of Christianity, none of the Guale missionaries survived except Father Avila; and his owners, liring of his presence, were about to burn him at the stake, when a woman, whose son was held prisoner in Saint Augustine, obtained him to effect an exchange, which the Spaniards readily nuide. ' Asao wn» ole\pn or eleven and n half leagues from San Pedro. Las Alas and Ecija. This makes it, in all iimlialiility. St. SiiiHin's Iriland. 'H)s]io I do not find in the " I)erroti'ros,' liiit it must have "en be- tween Ht. Hiinon and riimherland. 'San I'edro was seven or eiijlit leaijuea 'rnm Sun ^Iiileo (Las ^ Erija), 1111(1 must he ('iiniherlaiiil Island ; Stevens' " (Jeor^'ia," !., p. i "A Kilatioii of the Martyrs of Florida," hy V. Lnis Ocroiiimo de On', n native of Peru, appeare(i in 1004, in iiuarto. hut I have never heen ahie to traee a eopy of It. I follow Toniueniuda, " Monaniiiia Indiana," iii., pp. mo-'i ■ Barcia. pp. 170-173. : h .t ■:'il . it ■ J ''fi • ■ 1 ^ 1 1 -'• II ' ^ ifj i. 8 1 '' \ i I '! k m ! j 'i V y K' 1 f ! I Ml; loO THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. On the 14th of March, 1599, the Convent of San Fran- cisco, at Saint Augustine, was destroyed by fire, and till the building could be restored the Fathers occupied the llerniit- age of Nuestra Senora de la Soledad, which had previously been used as an hospital. The soldiers, Indians, and negroes soon felt the want of a place where they could be treated in sickness; and Governor Mendez de Canyo, at his own ex- pense, put up the Hospital of Santa Barbara, with six good beds. A curious (piestion tlien arose; the king had granted the Hospital of Soledad five hundred ducats from the treixs- ury, but the officials refused to pay it to the new hospital, and tiie governor was forced to appeal to the king.' The earliest missions mentioned near Saint Augustine were those of Nombre de Dios, San Juan, and San Pedro, where missionaries were permanently stationed. The Indians were poor, but they cultivated corn, beans, and pumpkins; they depended less on hunting, and \k'ere instructed in religion, not only hearing mass and approaching tbe sacraments, but having confraternities, and zealous in seeking to have mass(>s said for their de- ceased kindred.' The missionary at San Juan was the learneil Fa- ther Francis Pareja, whose labors were su])ported liy Dn'ia Maria, the woman chief of tlie province, and the chiefs of the towns.* This great missionary was lH)rn ' (lovpnior Mtiidi'/ ilr Cutii,!' I" llw kill),', .\pril '-24, 1001. ' 'I'l-HtiiiKiny of liurloliimr ilf Ar^MKllix. 1(K):2, ami of .luiiii Munundc/. Maniuco. •Letter of Oovrnior Iliarrn, 1001 4/^ KA(-SIMII.K OF BinNATtrUK OF FATIIEU FKANCIH PAKKJA s. FATHER PAREJA'S WORKS. 157 di San Fran- !, and till the the llerniit- id previously I and negroes be treated in his own ex- ith six good ' had granted 0111 the treas- hospitul, and igiistinc were Pedro, where Indians were ipkiiis; they 1 in religion, 'raiiieiits. hut ernitioB, and iiiig to have )r their di"- lary at San learned Ka- *areja, whose ipported Ity tlip woman iroviiice. and TV was horn I. Juuu Mvnvudc/, at Annon, in the diocese of Toledo in Spain, and spent six- teen years in the study of the language of the Timuquan Indians. He was Guardian of the Convent of the Immacu- late Conception of Our Lady in St. Augustine, in 1G12, when two Catechisms by him, in the Timuquan language, were printed at Mexico. A Confesonario was printed the same year and the next; a Grammar in 1014, and another Catechism in 1027. Besides these works he is said to have written treatises on Purgatory, Hell, and Heaven, one on the Eosary, and a book of Prayers. Three of these rare works are pre- served in the New York Historical Society. He died in Mexico, January 25, 102S.' In 1002 Governor Can^o estimated the Christian Indians at about twelve hundred, the venerable Father Balthazar Lopez being stationed at the tosvn of San Pedro, Father Francis Pareja in San Juan, and Father Peter Bermejo in Nombre do Dlos, and Brother Viniegra at San Antonio, each of these places being resorted to by numbers of Indians in the neighborhood ; Tocoy, Antonico, and Mayaca, with con- siderable Indian i.opulation, were regularly visited by the missionaries to say mass and enable the Indians to aiiproach the sacraments, and by instructions keep up a knowledge of their religion. In St. Augustine the church and convent of St. Francis had not been rebuilt, and the house used as a chapel was unfit for the purpose. The King of Spain had contributed eight huiidird ducats towanls rcliuilding the church and convent; but beyond the c(.llectioii of some material, nothing had been done to meet the wants ..f the people and the wishes of the if J Ik? HP > Titles i.f Ills workx nrr irivcn in Pillinfr, " Nortli Amcriciui T-in^'iiis- (U'M," pp. 500-8. Ilix liirlhiilufi' is irivcn in (ho CiitluTisniu of U\27. much l"lt(T mitliority lliim the imlcx to Toniucmndn, whirli sayn Castro Unliaics ; or Barciii, p. Ktr., wlio s;iys Mfxiro. . m ili M I M : 11 I I I'! I'i 168 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. king.' Tlie Spanish nionarcli had also ordered the tithes to be devoted to the parish churcli. Everything was in a state of neglect ; and the settlers, as well as the soldiers in the garrison, would at this time have been deprived of the consolations of religion but for the Franciscan Fathers ; so that Governor Can§o proposed that the Guardian of the Convent, on whom and his conmmnity the whole spiritual care of the place had devolved, should be made parish priest and chaplain of the fort.* The vacancy in the parish church was tilled, however, on the 20th of October, 1602, when Don Manuel Godifio ap- pears as incumbent, remaini'ig till 1007, assisted for a time by Don Vicente Freire Dandrade. Meanwhile the '' nciscans were joined by new mission- aries of their order, and in the General Congregation held at Toledo, in lOO.']. the cloven convents in Florida, Havana, and Hayamo wore erected into a cnstodia by Father Bernard de Salva, ConnuisHary General of the Indies l)y patent of No- vember 18, 1«)01); confirmed by royal order, June 5, 1010.' Father Peter lluiz was the first custos. The Franciscans re-entered Guale, and in November, 1000, established missions in the provin<'e of Potano, where, besides infants, more than a tlionsand adults re- ceived the Kicrament of regeneration before the end of October, I007, the missionaries travelling for *, lOtM. • S'uale Import. Manli 'Jl. 1H4H Tlie eonvenm in Florida were SI Callmriiie, in the |)rovinee of Chmie . that on St. Pelcr's Island, San .Juan del I'tierfo; St. Honaventurc . of OinKhilipiini ; St. Dominic, of Asao ; 81. .\nthony, of Uuudulce ; St. Ann, of Potniio THE BISHOP OF SANTIAGO DE CUBA. 159 le tithes to settlers, as I time have •ut for tlie iposed tliat community , should be owever, on Todino aj)- for a time !w mission- ion held at [avann, and Bernard de •nt of No- e 5, l(;i().' Novoinhor, >f Potano, adults ro- ho t'nd of ys through poviiicc of trn'at Ji('lal ' Letter from the Convent of the Inunaculale Conception, St. Augus- tiue, November ao, 1G07. FAC-BIMILE OF SIGNATURE OF FATHER ALONSO DE FESARANDA. Jfl J. fill ■J l! Ji i II i 11 100 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. city with its catluxlral destroyed by Krcncli pirates, and while making a visitation of liis diocese the next year, U>04, he was surprised by one of these marauders, (Till)ert (xiron, who lield him as a prisoner and gave him Hberty only when he had advanced an enormous ransom. The Siianiards, after thus obtaining the release of their bishop, rallied, attacked the corsairs, and utterly defeated them, killing their leader and most of his party. There is extant a curious contemporary poem on this whole episode. According to a document of 1007, the bisho]) embarked in that year from Bayamo " for the provinces of Florida as annexed to his diocese ; he visited them and consoled that new Christianity, which owes its ])lanting to the Franciscan religious, some of whom have had the incomparable haj)i)iness of witnessing in their blood to the truth oi the gospel, which they preached with truly apos- tolical zeal. In fact the bishop fultilled exactly his pastoral otHce, and was the first who discharged this obligation, and he came near being the only one, because, with the exception of Don (iabriel Diaz Vara (^dderon, no other prelate has had the courage to undertake it." ' Fortunately we have some definite details of his visitation. On Holy Saturday, March 25, 100(1, Hishop C'abezas de Alta- mirano administered the sacrament of confirmation to several candidates for holy orders. ( )n subsetinent days he confirmed many Spaniards and Indians. So far as any documents attest. ' This Jicnloiis bishop, who was jMThHps tlu- first to cxprriso cpisroiml fuii-l<)ria (le la ort'l, MS. this was the first administration of the sacrament of Confirm- ation in any part of this country. The good bishop visited several provinces of Florida witli great hardship and peril of life, the condition of the natives exciting his deepest compas- sion and zeal.' In the Lent of IGOD the great Cacique of Timucua, who had been instructed by the Franciscans, came to St. Augus- tine to solicit baptism for himself, his heir and ten of liis chiefs, as well as to beg for missionaries to reside among liis people and bring them all to the faith. They were all bap- tized on Palm Sunday, Governor Ybarra being sponsor for the cacique and his son, Spanish officers assuming the same charge for the chiefs. The whole ceremony was attended with all the solemnity the little town could impart to it. The Timu(|nans were entertained till after Easter, when they returned with a guard of honor.' Poor as the country was the missionaries continued to come, thirty-one setting out from Spain for the Florida mis- sion in 1G12 and the following year. The custodia was then erected into the province of Santa Helena, the convent of Havana being the chief one, and Father John Capillas was elected the first provincial of this organization of regular clergy, mainly within our actual territory.' For a time Saint Augustine also enjoyed the services of ' " Nolicias relativas it la Yplesia Parr()((uial de San Apnstin rle la Flor- ida, trabajo heelio por disposicion del Excino e Ulino Sr I). Hanion Fer- nandez de Pierola y Lopez de Luz\iriiiga, Obispo de Sun Cristobal de Iti Habana." IJarcia says that Don Frai Antonio Diaz de Snlcedo, Hisliop of Santia;j;o deCuba, made a visitation of Florida in 1595 ; but no writer on I lie Hisliops of Cuba mentions the fact, and the Register of St. Augus- tine is evidence apiiinst its probability. ' r.etterof CJovernor Ybarra, A[)ril, 1009. ' Bareia, " Ensayo Cronnlopico." pp. 175, 181 ; Torquemada, " Mo- naniuiu Indiana." iii., pp. :!.50, !t54. 11 .' I ',-; fi I I. II I I- ait IQ2 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. several secular priests at tlie parish church and fort, Simon de Ayllon being parish priest, assisted by Don Pedro de la Ciunarda, chaplain of the fort, followed by Don Luis Perez as parish priest, and Alonso Ortiz, whose names appear till Frai Alonso Henriquez Ahnendarez de Toledo of the Mercedarian Order for the Redemption of Captives had been appointed to the See of Santiago de Cuba in 1610. He was an active and energetic bishop, and found so nmch to engage his attention in the island of Cuba, where he was involvecl m disputes with the civil authorities, that he found it impossible to make a visitation of Florida, as he desired. He accord- i„.rlv deputed in his stead Father Louis Jerome de Ore, lec- turer in theoloirv and commissary of the Franciscan Order, to make a visitation of Florida. This religious was a native <,f Peru and highly esteemed. He visited Saint Augustm." November 13, Kiltl He found the parish church well sup- plied with cliurch plute, silver chalices, patens, cross, censer, boat and spoon of silver, and with suitable vestments, which, with the stocks for the holy oils, were well kept. The mi.s- sals, .tianuals, bells, and choir books are also attested as being mutal>le, and the registers well kept by the actual pansl, priest, Juan de Lerdo. In 1<1-»1. .luring tl.e a.lministrati..n of Bishop Almendaiv/., the tirst provincial Council of St. Domingo was held, and it> decrees extinded to Florida.' In 1«;30 the kinir. bv a decree of December 4th, made os- IH^cial provisi.u. for the maintenance of the FraiuMScan mis- .i.,ns in Flori.la, ordering money t., be drawn anmu.lly troiu . ..HHom .1,. bislTj^ ("atedml de Cul.u par d II Po.lro Ap.stin M.,n.l .1. S;u... Cru/,"; " NotiW.s r-lativus a lu I.l.sia parr...,».a . -• Su, Aiustin par. -1 H " ^ »>. Ham.u. l-cmaudc. de I'icrula y Lopc-z de Lu..^ riaua, Oliispo de la llulwna." lis. MISSION LIFE. 163 d fort, Simon n Pedro de la m Luis Perez es appear till 'olcdo of the tives bad been GIO. lie was lucb to engage :as involved in d it impossible 1. He aeeord- ne de Ore, lec- neiscau Order, lis was a native aiut Augnstiiie lureb well sup- ^, eross, censer, stmenta, wbieli, ept. Tbe uii.- ttested as being e aetual parish ap Abnendarez. v\X6 held, and ir> >r 4th, made es- Franciscan niis- n annually froiu II Podro Apustii. a iiiirroiiuiul di'Sun liiy Lopez Uu Lwzii Mexico to purchase clothing and supplies.' More mission- aries had been petitioned for by Father Francisco Alonzo of Jesus, Provincial of Florida, but he obtained only twelve ; and of these one died on the voyage from Spain, and two were left sick at Havana. The missionaries sank rapidly under their labors, five of them dyin^ .n Florida in the next five years. The Franciscans in 1631 numbered thirty-five, maintaining forty-four doctrinas or missions, in which they reckoned thirty thousand converted Indians. The Ilev. Alonso de Vargas and Rev. Toribio de Pozada kept lip the succession of parish priests till 1031, with Bartoiome Garcia as chaplain, but much parochial work was done by the Guardians of the Franciscan Convent, Melchor Ferraz and Juan Gomez de Pahna ; a teniente de cura, or temporary substitute, acting in 1032 and 1033, and Don Antonio Calvo, chaplain of the fort, supplying the place of Rev. Mr. de Pozada till April, 1040." The missionaries were far apart, unable to relieve each . other ; and when any one wished himself to approach the saci-ed tribunal he had a weary journey afoot, through ever- glade arid streams, to reach a brother priest. Several broke down under the severe labors, so that the Apalaches, who earnestly sought clergy to instruct them, were deferred till the Guardian of the Convent at Saint Augustine set out in person, in 1033, with a single assistant. The custos of Florida, writing in February, 1035, states that the zealous missionary was still there, and had baptized five thousand of the trii)e. In the south of Florida the Indians of Carlos and Mata('Uiiii)e were again soliciting missionaries with every mark of sincerity." The king, in reply to the appeal for more ' Barciii, p. 197. ' "Notuiua." ' LcUcr of F. Francisco Alouso de Jesus to the king. 'H Ui: t i - ; t' 1 1 •" H 1 . k' . if if i 111 I ^ f' 1(5^ THS CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. evanj^elical laborers, ordered eight to be sent.' The Apa- lachcs, harassed by the Choctaws, Apalachicolas, and other tribes, looked for protection to the Spaniards and their aUies. In 1«;:V.> the Apalache Chief of Cupajca came to Saint Angns- tine to he instructed and baptized. At the sacred font he received the name of I'.althazar, (lo\'ernor Damian de Vega Castro being his godfather. When he left the town he took with him a^ Franciscan Fatlier, who was to found amission in his tribe.' To open intercourse with these new stations the Spaniards, for tlie tirst time, sent vessels to coast around the peninsula from St. Augustine. Yet there were occasional difficulties between whites and Indians, and we tind soon after a Governor of Florida compelling the Indians near the town to work on the fortifications, in punishment for some outbreak.' In 1040 St. Augiistine had about three hundred people, and a flourishing comnmnity of fifty Franciscan religions scattered through Florida, who not oidy labored among the Indians, but did much t(. maintain piety among the Span- iards. Besides them there were in St. Augustine the Cura Vicario, or parisli priest, Don Pedro Verdugo de la Silveyra (April, 1040-47),* the Sacristan Mayor, and Antonio Calvo. the chaplain of the fort, who in 1047 became temporary par- ish priest. There were not enough secular clergy to attend to all the whites. The parish church was still of wood, b-.th walls and roof, and Bishop de la Torre was unable to replace it by a better one— his whole income from Florida being !i;4(l(t, more than which he expended on the province. There was, also, the Hospital of Nuestra Sefiora de la Soledad, and . M,.,noru.ulum on letter just eited. Letter of Siilinas aiul Siinche/ Barcia, p. 20:<. ' U-tU-r of Governor Castro, .\ugust 22. 1039. ' Baroia. p. 204. • " Xoticias" kindly fumiahcd by the Bishop of Havana. «s A BISHOP ASKED FOR FLORIDA. 105 ' The Apa- 18, aJid other (1 their allies. Saint Augns- acrod font he lian (If Vega town he took lud a mission new stations 1 coast around ere oceasional we tind soon Hans near the neut for some ndred people, scan religious ed among the ing the Span- stine the Cura de la Silveyra Vntonio Calvo. emporarv par- lerirv to attenii of wood, hotli ahle to replace Florida being ovince. There la Soledad, and iiiiis iind Siinchc/ > Biircirt, p. 204. ranu. one for the poor, and the Hermitage or Chapel of Santa Bar- bara. Piety was kept alive among the people by the confra- ternity of the Blessed Sacrament, and one for the Faithful Departed. The people naturally gathered around the chai)el of the Franciscans, finding encouragement there for their (ii'votion. In that year Father Francis Perez, the custos, obtained several additional Fathers for the Indian missions.' All felt the want of a bishop— the visits of the one who occupied the See of Santiago de Cuba being rare, owing to the danger of the passage on account of storms, and of the pirates who infested the coast. Don Diego de Eebolledo, Governor of Florida in 1055, strongly urged the King of Spain to ask the Sovereign Pontiff to erect Saint Augustine into an Episcopal See, or at least to make F'lorida a Vicariate Apostolic (Abadia), so that there might be a local Superior, and that the faithfnl there might receive the sacrament of confirmation, of which many died deprived. The King and the Coniuil of the Indies asked the opinion of the Arch- hisho]) of Santo Domingo, the Bishop of Cuba, the Governor of Havana, and others, but there the matter ended. Of the Indian missions and their extent at that time we can glean some idea. The centre was the Convent of the Immaculate Conce])tion in Saint Augustine, where the guar- dian resided with two lay brothers. This was the refuge of missionaries overcome by sickness at their posts. The nearest missionary was at Kombre de Dios, about a mile from the city. Our Lady of Guadalupe was about ten miles distant, and San Juan del Puerto was on the sea. Thence along the coast northward were San Pedro del ^focarno, San Buenaven- tura de Goadahpiibi, Santo Dtnningo de Talege, San Jose de ' Junn Diaz de la Calle, "Noticlas Sacras y Reales"; Barcia, " Eusayo Cronologico," p. 212. V ' if 1 ;:;■■. 'I I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / O J^.% 7^ /^A^ 1.0 I.I |50 "^" i- U4 25 2.2 !2.0 III I. L25 i U III 1.6 7 a o^s ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRfIT WnSTIR.NV )4SI0 (716) 177-4 J03 4^* I i ill ' i|s • 166 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Zapala, Santa Catalina de Guale, and San Felipe, the last fifty-four leagues from St. Augustine. The most northerly on the coast was Chatuache, six leagues further." In another direction were Santiago de Ocone, Santa Cruz de Tarica, San Agustin de Urica, Santa Maria de los An- geles de Arapaja, Santa Cruz de Cachipile, San Yklefonso de Chamini, San Francisco de Chuaqun, San Pedro y San Pablo de Potuturiba, Santa Elena de Machaba, San Miguel de Asile, ranging from thirty to sixty leagues from the capital. In the Apalache country were the missions of San Lo- renzo, Concepcion, San Jose, San Juan, San Pedro y San Pablo, San Cosme y San Damian, San Luis, San Martin ; and between Apalache and Saint Augustine were San Martin de Ayaocuto, Santa Fe de Toloco, San Francisco de Potano. Southward lay Santa Lueia de Acuera, San Antonio de Nacape, San Salvador de Mayaca, San Diego de Laea. At each one of these there was a missionary stationed, and the Chris- tian Indians of Florida were then reckoned at 2(),(»00.' But the missions were to receive the first blow from the civil authorities. The Governor of Florida sent orders to the Cacitjue of Tarigica, an Apalache, that the chiefs of that ' Of the missions on the coast here mentioned, severnl were visited by Dickenson and liis party after their shipwreelc. Banta C'ru'. was two or three leagues from Ht. Augustine. It had a friar and a huge chapel with five bells, and the Indians were as regidar and attentive at their devotions as the Spaniards. There was besides a large eouneil-house. San .Tuan, thirteen leagues further, on an island, was a large, pop\ilous town, with friar and chapel, the people industrious, with abundance of hogs, poultry, and corn. 8t. MaryV had a friar, church, and the Indian boys were kept at school. Santa Catalina was ruined ; but he mentions it October 10, IflOO. "where had been a great settlement of Indians, for the land was cleareil for planting some miles distant." ""Mcmoria de las Poblaciones Prineipales. Ygleshs y Dolrinas (|uc ay en las Combersiones de las Provinciaa du lu Florida a cargo de los lieHglosoH de 8an Francisco," MB. 'ES. APALACHE MISSION BROKEN UP. 167 Felipe, the laBt most northerly 3r.' me, Santa Crnz iria de los An- San Yldefonso. n Pedro y San , San Miguel de •m the capital, ons of San Lo- rj Pedro y San Ian Martin ; and i San Martin de ) de Potano. 5an Antonio de e Laca. At each I, and the Chris- t 2f!,()()0.' ,t blow from the I Bent orders to lie chiefs of that ?r.\\ wore visited by ita ('ru7, was two or a liirjrc chiipi'l with nt their devotions lis '. Han.Tnan.tliirteen own. Willi friar and liof-'s, poultry, and n boys were kept at nioVtoiurio, inn(», he land was cleared >slnR y Dotrinns (|iic oridu u cargo de los tribe should repair to Saint Augustine, and that each one must carry in person a certain load of corn. The chiefs re- fused, saying that there were vassals whom the govenior might order. They were not slaves because they obeyed the Holy Gospel and Law of God ; they had become Christians of their own accord ; they had been conquered only by the Word of God and what the missionaries had taught them. When the Spaniards attempted to force the chiefs to submit to the degradation, an insurrection broke out, in which some Spaniards were slain. The governor took the field against the great chief of Apalache, and several engagements were fought. The governor finally captured and hung six or seven chiefs. This war, provoked by Spanish oppression, com- pletely broke up the missions among the Indians of that nation. The Franciscan Fathers, unable to exercise any ben- eficial inflnence over the Apalaches, whose minds were bitter- ly excited, embarked for Havana to await better times ; but they were all drowned on the passage, completing their own sacrifice, but depriving Florida of all religious teachers skilled in the Apalache tongue.' The parish of Saint Augustine, about this time, was placed on another footing. After Don Lorenzo de Solis, who, be- sides styling himself Cura and Vicario, adds the title of Eccle- siastical Judge, the Church was made a benefice to be ac- quired as property, according to a custom unfortunately prevailing. In 1650 Don Pedro Juan de la OHva began as beneficed proprietor and vioar, and held the ponitioti till Ififil, replaced dnritig an apparent absence in 1(553, and the year following, by Don Pedro Bernaldez as vicar. He was succeeded, for five years, by Christopher Boniface dc Ilivera, not as proprietor, but as beneficed parish ])riest. ' Letter of Father John Gomez do Enfrrabn, who had been forty-six yenra on the Florida mltwion, dated March 18 and April 4, 1657. 168 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. When Don Gabriel Diaz Vara Calderon became Bishop of Santiago de Cuba on the 14th of December, 1G71, lie wished to examine the affairs of the Church iu Florida, and deputed Don Francisco de Sotolongo' as visitor ; but as the Francis- cans raised objections to his authority, the bishop commis- sioned Father Juan Moreno Pizarro, and Father Joseph Var- redo as secretary, to make a visitation in his name." The re- sult seems to have convinced Bishop Calderon of the neces- sity of a personal visitotion. Having made his arrangements in the early part of the year to leave Cuba, he embarked at ^^(^^oU-^^ FACSIMILE OF BIGNATUHE OF BP. GABRIEI, DIAZ VARA CALDERON. Havana on the 18th of August, 1(?7-1:, convoyed by a fleet, and on the 23d entered the harbor of Saint Augustine. The next day he began the visitation. Unfortunately we have but a part of the record of his episcopal labors, yet enough to show that the visitation was not a mere form. He cel- ' Sotolongo wiu (nira propietnrio of Son ATiistin, lflflft-1674, his duties being (lischargod from 1071-4 by Antonio r.orcnzo de Pudilla, tho cliaijliun of the fort. •* Xr.ticiiLo." Wi- reprodurc part of a view of St. AugUHline, published at Amsterdam in 1(171, " De Niciiwe en OnlHkende Weereldof Hesehryving van Amerira," by Arnold Montaniis. If it is bused on any authentic sketch, the church shown is apparently the parish church, not the chaf)cl of Nuestra Seflora de la Leche, north of the fort. ' " Memorial eu Uerccho" of Don Juan Ferro Machndo. as. ime Bishop of 171, he wished , and deputed 8 the Francis- shop coiumis- '.r Joseph Var- me." The re- i of the neces- arrangements e emhai'lied at lRA caldehon. yed hy a Heet, ii• i II ] r . '■ { III I 170 rf/^E CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. ebrated a pontificial high mass on the 24th of August in the ancient city, which had already celebrated its first centenary ; gave minor orders to seven }oung men, sons of respected citizens — and this is the first recorded instance of the con- ferring of the sacrament of Holy Orders within the present limits of the United States ; gave a thousand dollars in alms to poor widows, who were reluctant to make known their necessities, created or increased by a hurricane that inundated most of the city on the 17th. After making a formal visitation of the parish church on the feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin, where he was received by the parish priest. Bachelor Sebastian Perez de la Cerda, the bishop visited on the 39th the parish church, " Doctrine " of the Native Indians in the city and suburbs, which was attached to the Convent of Saint Francis. Hero he was received by Father Antonio de Urchia, Commissary Visitor ; Father Francis Perete, Provincial ; Father Alonso del Moral, Custos and ex-Provincial. He then issued an edict recpHring all who had Indians in their emplcv to send them within twenty-four hours to k^ examined as to their knowledge of Christian doctrine. The zealous bishop found such ignorance prevailing that on the Tth of October lie promulgated at the high mass an edict re- (pilriug, under the penalty of exconnnunication, tlie Francis- can Fathers versed in the Timuquan, Apalache, and Guale languages, to hold a catechism class for Indians every Sunday and holiday, to which all masters were to send their Indian servants, under penalty of excommunicaticm and a fine of twenty ducats. The nuisters were forbidden to force their Indian servants to work on Sundays and holidays, and this edict was to be read every Sunday in the parish church at higli mass.' ,w 1 ES. BISHOP CALDERON'S VISITATION. Ill August in the rst centenary ; i of respected B of the con- in the present lollars in alms known their ;hat inundated ish church on , where he was m Perez de la >arish church, f and suburbs, 'rancis. Hero I, Connnissary b'ather Alonso aad Indians in r hours to be; loctrine. The ig that on the iss an edict re- 1, the FraiK'is- lie, and Guale every Sunday I their Indian and a fine of to force their days, and this rish church at All the coasting vessels in the port of St. Augustine had been destroyed or shattered by the great hurricane, so that the bishop was unable at first to visit the missions in the province of Guale, but he confirmed the Indians of Guale and Mocana whom he could reach. There were nine confraternities in the city — those of the Blessed Sacrament, True Cross, Our Lady of the Kosary, Our Lady of Soledad, San Telmo, the Faithful Departed, St. Patrick, the Conception, and Our Lady of the Milk at Norabre de Dios, a suburb of the city. These he visited, as well as the hospital, the resources and expenditures of which he examined carefully. About the middle of October, undeterred by the rains, crossing rivers in canoes lashed together, the bishop reached Santa Fe, the chief mission and centre of the Timuquan na- tion, and gave confirmation to all who had been prepared for that sacrament. Thence we can trace his visitation as far as Taragica, in the Apalache country.' The zealous bishop spent eight months in his laborious and thorough visitation, correcting many abuses and suppressing irregularities that had grown up. His desire to restore the discipline of the church excited opposition, for an attempt was made to take his life by poison. He founded churches in Florida, providing for their maintenance, supplied others with vestments, and gave liberal alms to the Indian chiefs ' " Relacion de viage por Don Pedro Palacio.s, sccretario de visitn." Se- bastian Perez de la C'erda, proprietary pnrisli priest from 1074 to iiis deatli at tlic end of 1682, received Bishop Calderon. He was replaced by Mark Gonzales as pastor ad interim and vicar in 1081-2. lie was succeeded as parish priest and vicar ad interim by Joseph de la Mota, the chaplain of the troops, who was also Commissary of the Crusade, and Minister of the Holy Office. 1684-5. Btinc. \ 4 I 173 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. and their people. He expended no less than eleven thousand dollars among the faithful of this part of his diocese.' As a fruit of this visit, we lind the missions of St. Nicholas of Tolentino, and another among the Choctaws, that of the Assumption among the Caparaz, Amacauos, and Chines, founded in 1074, and those of Candelaria among the Tamas, and the Nativity of Our Lady in the following year. Father Pedro de Luna was then at Guadahpini on the Georgia coast ; Pedro de la Lastra at San Felipe ; Diego Bravo at San Juan del Puerto ; Bernabe de los Angeles at Santa Cathalina, now St. Catharine's ; John Baptist Campana at St. Joseph de Sapala, now Sapelo ; Juan de Useda at Asao,' from which it is evident that the missions were still maintained nearly to the new English settlements in Carolina ; and that the good bishop must have actually reached South Carolina in his visitation. The number confirmed by him, which, of course, included many adults, is stated by the Bishop to have been 13,152. This agrees with the Catholic population given by the missionaries about that time.' The next year Father Alonso Moral, in spite of great opposition, reached Florida witli twenty-four Franciscans for the Indian missions.' One missionary went to the province oi Carlos, but the governor, Don Pablo de Ilita, was so earnest to have greater effort made there, that the Licentiate Sebastian Perez de la Cerda, then parish priest and Yicar of Saint Augustine, induced some secular priests in Havana to offer their services.' The ' Letter of Bishop Ciilileron to Don .Tuati de Mendo/.a Escalaute, J\ine 8, 1676. He confirmed 680 whites, 1,510 Indians. ' Apparently St. Simon's Island. See ante, p. 155. ' The bishop's entry of his visitation at St. Aupustine is Septeml)er 8, 1074. •Distances of the Missions, MS., 1675. Letter of Bishop Calderon, June 8, 1675. • Barcia, 1C76, p. 281. INDIAN COMPLAINTS. 173 I Escalante, Juno king gave directions for the selection of worthy priests, mak- ing appropriation for their expenses to Florida, and a yearly salary of one hundred and fifteen ducats, but the officials in Cuba raised so many difficulties that the whole project failed,' though the learned Doctor Don Juan de Cisneros, the oldest canon of the Cathedral, a learned, virtuous, and charitable priest, offered to go.' In 1(580 the Indians of the mission of Mascarasi, just under the walls of St. Augustine, complained to the newly-arrived governor, Don Juan Marquez Cabrera, of their treatment by their missionary. The affair, trifling in itself, led to conten- tions which for years troubled the peace of the Church in Florida. The Provincial making no reply to the Governor's request to examine into the matter, the case was carried to the Commissary of the Indies and to the King. A royal decree of September 27, 1681, required the Commissary to enjoin on his subjects to correct the Indians with gentle and mild means, without exasperating them, the better to win souls to the service of God, and to perseverance in their in- structions. It moreover declared that the Indians must be paid for all work ; and all must obey the ordinances of the Commissary-General of the Indies.' The King of Spain, finding that no Synod had been held in the diocese of Cuba from the time of its erection, although one had been convoked by Bishop Almendarez, had, by a decree of March 13, 1673, directed Bishop Calderon to con- ' Burciu, 1679, p. 234. •' Biircia, 1080, pp. 239, 240, 245. 3 Barcia— 1081, p. 243 ; 1082, p. 245,— speaks of the roperty held by churches are dedi- cated to the divine worship, and to rob them is sacrilege ; and that no occasion may be given to commit it, and at tlie same time to attest the goods held by churches, and which fv DIOCESAN SYNOD. 176 camiot be usurped or alienated," the dean and chapter of the cathedral and all parish prieste were required to have an au- thentic book, in which all houses, farms, and other property belonging to churches should be recorded, and also a record of all vestments, plate, and other articles, and in the divine service or the adornment of the altar (Title iv., Const, i.-iv.). The right of sanctuary enjoyed by churches was also main- tained (Title xiv.. Const, i.-vii.). Other constitutions related to wills, funerals, the sacraments of penance and matrimony. The holidays of obligation established were the Circum- cision, Epiphany, Purification, St. Mathias, St. Joseph, the Annunciation, St. Philip and St. James, "he Finding of the Holy Cross, St. Ferdinand, St. John the Baptist, St. Peter and St. Paul, St. James, St. Christopher, St. Ann, St. Lau- rence, the Assumption, St. Bartholomew, St. Augustine, St. Kose, the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin, St. Matthew, St. Michael, St. Simon and St. Jude, All Saints, St. Andrew, the Conception of the Blessed Virgin, St. Thomas, Christmas, St. Stephen, St. John, Holy Innocents and St. Sylvester, Easter Monday and Tuesday, Ascension, Whitmonday and Tuesday, Coi-pus Christi. Those who lived more than three miles from a church or chapel, and not more than three leagues, were to hear mass once a fortnight ; those within ten leagues, every month, and so on ; those who lived sixty or seventy leagues distant being required to hear mass -at least once a year (Lib. ii.. Tit. i., Const, i.-vi.). After Easter Sunday the parish priest was required to visit every house, and see all who lived there to be sure that they had approached the sacraments. A certificate was given to each communicant, and a list had to be taken to the bishop within a specified time. The parish priests in Florida were to come by the first vessel saiUng to Cuba (Lib. i., Tit. vii.. Const, iv.). I 176 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. The fasting days were the Ember days, all days of Lent except Sundays, the vigils of Whitsunday, St. Mathias, St. John the Baptist, St. Peter and St. Paul, St. James, St. Lau- rence, the Assumption, St. Bartholomew, St. Matthew, St. Simon and St. Jude, All Saints, St. Andrew, St. Thomas, and Christmas (Lib. iii.. Tit. xiii.. Const, i.). Fridays and Saturdays were days of abstinence. A special title was devoted to Florida, the provinces of which the Synod declared had been intrusted to the bishop by the Apostolic See and by the Spanish monarch, and which belonged to that bishopric. The game of ball among the Lidians as connected with superstitious usages was forbidden ; married Lidian men were not to be kept in St. Augustine away from their wives ; it appearing that many were in the habit of living there as hunters, carpenters, etc., the parish priest and his vicar were to see that they returned to their own villages ; Indians employed in or near the city were to have every opportunity to hear mass on Sundays and holi- days, and were to be sent to the Franciscan Convent to liear mass and receive instruction in Christian doctrine. The Indian Catholics were not obliged to observe the same holidays as the whites, the obligation extending only to the Sundays, Circumcision, Epiphany, Purification, Annuncia- tion, Ascension, Corpus Christi, St. Peter and St. Paid, As- sumption, All Saints, and Christmas, as they were relieved from the others by Bulls of the Sovereign Pontiffs.' They were obliged to fast only on Fridays in Lent, Holy Saturday, and Christmas Eve. Religious were not to hear confessions or administer the sacraments till they received faculties from the bishop, and were not to leave their mission s for mor e •Bull "Altitudo Divini Con8ilii"of Pope Paul III.. June 1. 15S7. ncrnaez, " Coleccion."!.. pp. 6^7; "Bullarium de Propaganda Fide. App. i., p. 25. This docs not include All Saints. s. clays of Lent , Mathias, St. mes, St. Lau- Matthew, St. St. Thomas, Fridays and provinces of to the bishop ch, and which 11 among the as forbidden ; St. Augiistine y were in the tc., the parish urned to their e city were to lays and holi- nvent to liear ine. serve the same g only to the )n, Annuncia- St. Paul, As- were relieved )ntiffs.' They loly Saturday, ear confessions faculties from lions for more I.. .Tunc 1. ISST. ropaganda Fide," REGULATIONS FOR FLORIDA. 177 than two ni(.)nths at a time ; were to be assiduous in cate- chising, teaching the boys every day, and, where possible, in Spanish. Indian converts instructed in the Christian doc- trine were to receive communion at Easter and other con- venient seasons, and certiticates of having fulfilled their Paschal duty were to be given to them. Kegisters were to be kept of Indian baptisms, marriages, and funerals, and the Franciscan Fathers were not to serve the whites except in special cases. Kor were whites to endeavor to collect money due from Indians who came to church. This and other abuses were pi'ohibited by royal orders of June 1, 1672, and August 2, 1078. The Florida title ends thus : " And obeying another royal order of May 21, 1678, in which his majesty, with his Catholic piety, charges us that we should, on our part, watch with all attention and vigilance for the relief and good treatment of the Indians, we most affectionately ad- monish the said missionaries to treat them well and charita- bly, and not to consent that any person, ecclesiastical or secu- lar, shoidd maltreat them in word or deed, using due effort in all cases, in a matter so important to the service of God ami his majesty, wherewith we charge them in conscience" (Lib. iv.. Tit. v.).' Spain, although she found that Florida could not be self- subsisting, not being fitted for raising wheat or cattle, neg- lected to plant settlements on the Chesapeake, where shell- fish and wild-fowl would have proved a resource. She allowed the English to plant that district and at last extend their settlements to the country immediately north of Saint Helena Sound. As the new English colony of Carolina ' "Synodo Diocesnna, que de orden de S. M. celebro el ilustrisimo Senor Doctor Don Juan Garcia de Palacios, Obispo de Cuba, en Junio de mil seiscientos ochenta y cuatro." There are three editions, the first about 1688 ; tiie second at Havana, 1816 ; the third, Havana, 1844. 12 : H 'Mr ml Kl r.ii\ i i • 9 li i '|i i i i 1 1 i !' s 1 1 :ii « ;,73 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. grew, it became a meuace to Florida, and the result was not long delayed. Tlic Bishop of Cuba used every exertion to have tlio royal orders in regard to the mission of secular priests in Florida o'lrried out ; hut all elforts failed. The Ciovernor .luan Mar- tinez Cabrera was by no means fitted for the difficult crisis in the affairs of the peninsula. On the Atlantic coast, seeing the missions menaced, tlie governor endeavored to persuade the converted l.ulians of the towns of San Felipe, San Sinmn, Santa Catalina, Sapala, Tupichi, Asao, Obalda.juini, and other missions, to remove to the islands of Santa Maria, San Juan, and Santa Vvm. llis plan may have been xvise, but it was n..t carried out with iud.'ment. The Indians refused t.. g.., and revolting, aban- (h.ned their missions Some fled to the woods, others to Fng- INh territ..rv. The missionaries in U',^4 used every means of persu^uMon and promises to induce the Jama^os. <.r ^ am- .jssees of the (iuale province to remain ; but they went over to the English, followed by other tribes. Aidcl by their new friends with arms, an^---^x\^z i:. t^ „L':ri.. Kl.M," MS. •* IS. esnlt was not ii\ve tlio royiil sts ill Florida lor .luun Miii'- (liliii'ult crisis menaced, the :od Indians of tulina, Sapala, , to remove to til Cruz. His rriod out witli I'voltiu^, alian- (itliersto Eulc- 1 every means T'.a^op. or ^ ani- thoy went over Aided by their I'ir iustitratioii, iH'xpecti'diy iii- K'ked the niis- L'stnientw, plate, eiseaii convent, 1 the town, and hell as hluves to !»," fol 2i:?. Olml Sail Kclii"' was si\ iiasHpcH, was tlircf 7r.. ("Iialtiaclic or vns tlie iTioft north DESTRUCTION OF SANTA CATALINA. 179 This mission of St. Catharine, the most important one in the province of Guale, was evidently on the island that still bears that name, on the coast of Georgia. In 1675, with the dependent town of Satuache, it was attended by Father Ber- nabe de los Angeles ; St, Joseph's mission being at Sapala, now Sapelo island, and St. Dominic's at Asao, or St. Simon's island. The aggressive fanaticism of English colonists was tlnis ar- rayed against Catholicity in Florida. The destruction of St. Catharine's church and convent opens a new era. Don Juan IVIarques Cabrera when governor treated the Apalaches with great severity, and his adjutant, Antonio Matheo, burnt several of their towns, the Indians flying to the woods or seeking refuge with other nations. When Don Diego de Quiroga y Lossada was appointed he adopted a more conciliatory policy. The great Cacique of the Carlos Keys sent his son, the heathen Indians of Vasisa River asked for missionaries, and Franciscans were sent to several of the Christian towns. A better feeling soon pre- vailed throughout the peninsula, and there are extant let- ters to the King of Spain, one written by the Apalache chiefs,' and the other by those of the Timuquan nation,' expressing their satisfaction with the missionaries and the governor. The documents are curious as evidence that the chiefs in Spanish Florida, at that time, were able to write their names. ' Don Mntlico Cliuba ; Chipf Juan Mendoza ; Don nrntura, Chief of Ibitacluico ; Don Alonso Pastrana, Chief of Pattali ; Don Patricio, Chief of Santa Cruz ; Don Ignaeio, Chief of Tulpat(iui. '' Don Franrisro, Cliief of San Matlieo ; Don Pedro, Chief of San Pe- dro ; Don Hcntuni, Chief of Asile; Don Die>r<>, Cliief of Macliaua ; Gn'Korio, Chief of San ,Tunn de Ciuacara ; Francisco Martinez. Facsimiles of the siirnatures are given at page 180. The word " hulahla" uieuiis " Chief." r'l • {ft' f 1 1 1 1 ' ^^ J •v ^ 4 -^ V ^"N. , I ! i i i i _ . 1 1. i i j , - ,i a c^ ^^ 1^ QSi (^ c^' 1-1 V vV ^ '^v4^ VISITATION BY DON JUAN FERRO MACHADO. 181 Reports of Indian discontent, and appeals for better eccle- siastical government in Florida, induced the King of Spain, in 1087, to direct the newly appointed Bishop of Cuba, Don Diego Evelino de Compostcla, to dispatch all urgent business as soon as possible after reaching his diocese, and then pro- ceed to the provinces of Florida and make a complete visi- • tation. Finding, however, that the affairs of Cuba would re- quire his attention for a considerable time, the bithop (Jan- uary 7, 1G88) appointed a learned Cuban priest, the Bachelor Don Juan Ferro Machado, his visitor-general of the provinces of Florida. Br. Ferro Machado proceeded to Florida at his own expense, with his secretary, Bachelor Joseph Manuel Aleman y Ilurtado, and was received at St. Augustine, as the l)ishop's representative, by Rev. Joseph Perez de la Mota, the ])arish priest and vicar; but the Franciscan Fathers would not permit him to make a visitation of their houses and mis- sions, as he was not the bishop or a religious of their order empowered for the purpose, citing in justification a royal order of December 21, 1595. The parish cliurch in St. Au- gustine was visited by him February 20, 10S8. It was still only a wooden structure, poorly fitted up, and the clergy with but scanty means to give dignity to tlio worship of God.' Tne report of Don Juan Ferro Machado drew forth a work Ity Father Francis Ayeta in which he denied that Florida was part of the diocese of Cuba, and questioned the bi8ho])'8 authority to send a delegate to make a visitatitm of their houses. He reviewed the whole (juestion at great length, with a vast array of authorities, and controverted some state- ments of the visitor-general, especially in relation to the mis- ' Mmiindo, "Momoriiil pn dprccho iil Kei," 22 leaves, fol. 1688. Bar- cin, )ip. 204, !t(K). Kntry in tlie Register of St. Aupuatine. Tlie clmpel iu llie fort at Siiiiit Augustine, begun about tliis time, is one of tlie oldest Cutliolic cliupeln in the country. 1.,...^ i i \ \\\ I ll- 182 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. 8ion of Sau Salvador de Mayaca, wliich had been removed Iw the Frauciscaas. Father Ayeta asserted that its location was so unhealthy that the people and their missionary Father Bartholomew de Quinoues, were constantly sick ; that the provincial, in consequence, sent his secretary, Father Salvador Bueno, who selected a healthy site, which pleaded the Indi- ans, so that he attracted others ^nd made many converts ^ i V. wn, .. nroliflc writer, whose pen was employed by Ins Orair i ' ralXuhr CO uroverlies He wrote also the " Crisol de la Verdad. Francescana," pp. 29-30. ill een removed .t its location )uary, Father ck; that the ther Salvador ficd the Indi- con verts.' of 227 leaves, by liis Order in 1 (le la Verdad," "Itimo TJccurso " I Verdad "(1689) ;ain8t the Bishop ;a, "Bibliografla CHAPTER II. THE CHURCH IN NEW MEXICO, 1581-1680. We have traced the history of the Church in the English colonies to K590, and seen what she had accomplished in Florida till the same time. In another part of our present domain the Church had also labored, and not in vain. The year 1()9() beheld there, indeed, naught but ruined churches and slaughtered priests ; but there is a century of evangelical labor to chronicle, and the check sustained by the Church in her holy work was but a temporary one. After the inartyrdom of Father Padilla and his compan- ion, no further effort was made in the direction of New Mex- ico till the year 1581. A fervent Franciscan lay brother, Augustine Rodriguez, full of mortification, prayer, and zeal, had been sent at his own request to Zacatecas. From that point he penetrated northward, and found tribes who received liim with every mark of good-will. lie returned, expecting to induce his superiors to found a mission there. But the laborers were few, and the good lay brother retired to a con- vent in the valley of San Bartolome, where he prayed, mor- tified himself, and waited for the Lord. Three Indians came to tell him of civilized tribes to the north who lived in houses. He journeyed far enough to be convinced of the fact, and then made his way to Mexico to implore his supe- riors to do something for these starving souls. His jileading was not in vain ; two young priests of the order — Father Francis I^»pez, who had come from the Franciscan province (188) ■f^ 184 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. m of Andalusia, and Father John of St. Mary, a Catalan— were assigned to the work. They set out from the mines of Sant^i Barbara, June 6, 1581, escorted by eight soldiers, who with their leader, Francisco Sanch.oi^ Chamuscado, volunteered to protect the missionaries. Passing through wild tribes the l)rave religious came to the country of the Pueblo Indians. They gave the province the name of New Mexico, which it has borne for three centuries. The Tiguas, iirst to receive these Christian teachers, showed a disposition to listen to their words, so that J^rother Augustine and his companions re- solved to begin their mission there. Chamuscado and his men, after making some exploration, left the missii.iuiries in apparent security in December, and journeytHl back. For a time the mission prospered, and the field seemed so wide that Father John set out ft»r Mexico to obtain other religious, with re(|uisites for a permanent mission. Skilled in astrun- omv, and trusting to the guidance of the stars, he took a new route, crossing the Salinas and bearing straight for the Rio Grande. "While sleeping one day by the wayside he was dis- covered by some Tigua Indians, of a town subseciuently called San Pablo, who crushed his head with a huge stone, and then burned his body. Father Lopez and Prother Augustine had remained at a Puebk. town, with three Indian boys and a half-breed, earnestly endeavoring to acquire the language, st) as to be a1)le to instruct the people in the doctrines of the g(.spel. One day a band from an unfriendly tribe entered the town and began (|uarreMng with the i)eoitle. Father Lopez reproved them, but they became furious at his cen- sure, and turning upon him made his body a target for their arrows. The second of the priests tlius laid down his life. Prother Augustine buried the body of Father Lo])ez in the town, and courageously resumed his laliors ; liut hi> Indian comrades took alarm and tied. One was slain, but the other THE FIRST MARTYRS. 185 italan — were iucs of Siintii rs, who with )hinteered to 1(1 tribes the ?l)lo IiidiauB. ico, which it rwt to receive listen to their mpaiiions re- !.cadu ami his lissionaries in hack. For a 1 (*o wide that her ri'ligioiis, Ik'd in astrun- le took a new it for the llio Je he was din- iiuently called tone, and then Vuirustine had n hoys and a e lansruage, so [•trines of the • trilie entered ()l)le. Father ns at hirt cen- arget for their down his lifi-. Lo])e/ in the »nt ills Indian , but the other reached a Spanish post to tell of the death of Father Lopez, and his fears that the good Brother had perished also, becaiise he heard shouts and yells behind him when he escaped. It is said that some of the chiefs endeavored to save Brother Augustine, but others wished to rid themselves of an impor- tunate monitor, and he was ere long dispatched. Father Zarate Salmeron, writing in 1626, says that he was killed by two blows of a macana or wooden war-club, as his skull showed, and as the Indians of the town of Poala confessed ; for there were many still alive who witnessed his death, and revealed where his body was buried beside the grave he had dug for Father Lopez.' The report of the soldiers filled the Franciscan Fathers on the frontier witii alarm. Father Bernardine Beltran in vain sought men brave enough to accompany him in search of his valiant brethren, till at last a rich, brave, and pious gentle- man, Don Antonio Espejo, resolved to go, and gathered a party of fourteen stout men for the purpose. He set out from the valley of San Bartolome, November 10, 1582, with ' Brother Augustine Rodriguez was a native of the county of Niebla, in Spain, and entered the Franciscan Order in Mexico. The piace where Fatlier John Mary pcrislied cannot be identified ; but Poala, or Puaray, where Brotlier Rodriguez and Fatlier Lopez were killed, nuist have been near, if not between, the present pueblos of Sandia and Islota, as is evi- deni from the itinerary of Espejo. The earliest account of these mis- sionaries is in an " Itinerario del Nuevo Mundo," appended to the " Ilis- toria de las Cosas mas Notables, Ritos y Costumbres del gran Reyuo de la China," by Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza, published at Madrid in 15M0. See also Zarate Salmeron, " Relacion de laa Cosaa qtie en el Nuevo Mex- ico," Mexico, 1856, pp. 9-10 ; Villagrit, " Ilistoria de la Nueva Mexico," pp. 35, 126, 137; Torquemada, " Monarquia Indiana," iii., pp. 359, 620-8; Arlcgui, "Cronica de la Proviucia de Zacafecas," Mexico, 1737- 1R51, pp. 212-217; Femau'lez, "Ilistoria Ecclesiastica de Nuestroa Ti- empos," 1611, pp. 57-8; " Tcstimonio dado in Mejico aobre el descubri- miento de doscientos leguas adelante de las niinas de S» Barbara"; " Colec. de Doc. Ineditos," xv., p. 80; "Testimony of Pedro Busta- mcnte," p. 81. %^ii . -. t'.' Hi I 186 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Father Beltran. Passing through the Indian tribes of the Conchos, Passaguates, Tobosos, Jumanas, or Patarabueyes, he finally reached Poala only to be assured of the assassina- tion of the missionaries. The guilty Indians fled at his approach. Finding himself baffled in the pious object of his expedi- tion, Espejo resolved to explore the country before he re- turned. He visited the Maguas, where Father John de Santa Maria was killed, the Queres,, the Curiames, whose chief town was Zia, and the Amejes, Acoma, and Zuili. At the last-named town he found three Christian Indians who had been left by Coronado. Father Beltran set out from Zuiii for Mexico, but Espejo visited Moqui before his re- turn. Permission to occupy New Mexico was solicited by Espejo, but he lacked influence to support his well-earned claim. More fortunate than he. Captain Castaiion obtained the con- sent of the Viceroy. Following the attempt of Lomas, he entered New Mexico with a small force, some families to settle, and droves of cattle, sheep, and goats, but when after advancing a considerable distance into the country he sent back for reinforcements, the Viceroy recalled him and confided the conquest of the country to Juan de Ofiate.' An attempt was made, however, in defiance of the Viceroy, by Captain Leiva Bonilla. Though Onate, who was allied to the families of Cortes and Montezuma, had obtained a royal patent as early as 1588, it was not till August 24, 1595, that the Viceroy of New Spain issued the oflicial authority for his expedition. The Franciscans had purchased the right to evangelize the terri- ' " Ytinerario del Nuevo Mundo," fol. 287.2-801.2 ; Montoya, " Rela- clon del DcHCobrimiento del Nvovo Mexico," pp. 4. 9 ; Espejo in " Co- leccion de Uocumentos Ineditos," xv., pp. 101, etc. FRANCISCANS WITH O^ATE. 187 tory by the life-blood of five of their order. Father Roderic Duran was seut as commissary or superior with Fathers Diego Marquez, Balthazar, Christopher cle Salazar, and others, and • these priests were promptly at the emigrant camp formed at Nombre de Dios ; but intrigues at the capital prepossessed the government against Oiiate. He was at last forbidden to advance, and Father Duran, with some of the Franciscans, returned to Mexico, leaving Father Diego Marquez as the only priest with Onate's company. This religious had been captured at sea and taken before Queen Ehzabeth, who or- dered him to be tortured to extort information regarding the Spanish provinces in America. That he yielded probably made him at this time unpopular, and the feeling was so strong that when the expedition at last set out, he was com- pelled to return to Mexico soon after they reached the Eio Conchas.' Another body of Franciscans were, however, already on their way to take charge of the settlers in New Mexico and of the Indian missions. At their head was Fatli^ Alonso Martinez, " a rehgious of singular virtue and noble gifts," says the poet of the expedition. His companions were Father Francis de Zamora, Fathers Rozas, San Miguel, Claros, Lugo, Andres Corchado, and two lay brothers. The expedition with heavy wagons, droves of cattle and sheep, and settlers to the number of four hundred, including one hundred and thirty married men with families, moved slowly, escorted by Spanish soldiers, and the flower of the Chichimeca Indian auxiliaries. The Rio del Norte was finally reached at the close of April, and on Ascension Day, 1598, after a solemn mass and sermon, possession was for- ' VniaKTii " Ilistoria de la Nueva Mexico," 1610. pp. 68, 86; Andres Cavo. " Trc8 Siglos de Mexico," i.. p. 228 ; Barcia, " Eusayo Cronolog- ico,"'p. 164. I ! ' ' . 188 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. mally taken of New Mexico, in the name of the Spanish King.' The religious services were followed by a representation in the style of the old mysteries, a " Comedia," composed by Captain Farfan, in which New Mexico welcomed the Church, beseeching her, on bended knee, to wash away its sins in the waters of baptism. Captain Villagrd, in his poetical account of the conquest of New Mexico, inserts this prayer, pronounced aloud at this time by Ouate : " O holy Cross, who art the divine gate of heaven, altar of the only and essential sacrifice of the Body and Blood of the Son of God, path of the Saints, and possession of His glory, open the gate of heaven to these unbelievers, found the Church and Altars on which the Body and Blood of the Son of God may be ofiered ; open to us the way of security and peace, for their conversion and our own conversion, and gua our king and me, in his royal name, peaceful possession of these kingdoms and provinces for His holy glory. Amen." '' This is a gratifying monument of the religious and peace- ful character of Ofiate's entrance into New Mexico. As they went on, mass was said by some of the Fathers bef(.re each day's march began. Ofiate, finally, with Fathers Mar- tinez and Christopher de Salazar, accompanied by sixty men, pushed on, and entering New Mexico took possession in the usual form, justifying the conquest by the murder of the missionaries.' On the 27th of June they entered Puaray. Here they 1 1 1 i i i i j 1 ;' \ ,1 1 ■ -All ^ • Villaprii, p. 118; Zarate 8almeron, p. 23. » Villagril, p. 130, gives this in prose. s " Treslado de la posesion que on nombrc de sti Magestad tomo Don Joan de Ofiate de los reynos y provincias de la Nucva Mexico aflod.' 1598." "Coleccion de Documontos," xvi., p. 88; xvui., pp. 108-127; Villagra, pp. 11»-133 ; Duro, " Pefiulosa," p. 155. CHURCH OF SAN JUAN BAUTISTA. 189 found a liouse, with the walls within so carefully whitened as to excite their suspicion. On removing this coat the Spaniards found beneath a painting, representing with some skill the martyrdom of Fathers Santa Maria and Lopez and Brother Kuiz, dei^icting the scene where they perished be- neath the weapons of the Indians.' By the 25th of J uly Onate reached the Indian pueblo of Pecos, but retracing his course to the valley of Santo Do- mingo, he began on the 11th of August to lay out the city of Siin Francisco. This first seat of Spanish occupation in New Mexico was about two miles west of the former pueblo of Ojke, to which the Spaniards gave the name of San Juan de los Caballeros, and the proposed city, instead of its intended name of San Francisco, is referred to as the Real de San Juan. Here, on the 23d of August, the erection of the first church in New Mexico was begun, and on the 7th of Sep- tember a building liirge enough to accommodate the settlers and garrison was completed. The next day, feast of the Nativity of our Lady, this church was dedicated under the name of Saint John the Baptist, the Father Commissary, Alonso Martinez, blessing it and consecrating the altars and chalices. Father Christopher de Salazar preached the sermon, and the day woimd up with a general rejoicing and a mock battle between mounted Moors with lance and shield and Christians on foot with firearms. Thus was the first Cath- olic settlement in New Mexico begun, just thirty-three years after the settlement of Saint Augustine.' ' Villagni, p. 137 ; " Coleccion de Documentos," xvi., p. 256. ^ " Discurso de las Jornadas," Coleccion de Documentos, xvi., pp. 847- 264. Oflate, in his letter of March 2, 1599, says that the first church was founded in the beginning of October. Montoya, " Kelacion," p. 16. " Y conio el real Alferez Peflalosa Llcgo con todo el campo sin disgusto Al pueblo de San .luan, los Religiosos Hizieron luego Yglesia, y la ben- dij6 El Padre Comisario." Villagra, pp. 144-2, 171. While endeavoring if' m ;' I I !nn leo THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Tlio sacristy of this first church was soon enriched with a reHc which tilled the missionaries with pious consolation. It was the paten used hy Father Lopez, who had heen put to death at Tuarny, and which they had recovered from a chief at Jemez, whom they found wearing it as a gorget.' Having thus establit^hed a religious centre, the Commissary Apostolic assig!ied his priests to fields of labor in the great vineyard opened before him. Father Francis de San Miguel was sent to Pecos ; Father I'rancisco de Zamora to Picuries and Taos; Father John de Roxas to Cheres; Father Alphon- sua de Lugo to Jemez; Father Andrew Corchado to Zia; Father John Claros to the Tiguas; Father Christoiiher de Saliizar was not yet ordained, hut he took up his abode at the newly erected church of St. John with Brother John de San Buenaventura, and here the Commissary remained when not visiting the mission stiitions. Each missionary had a dit^- trict, with several pueblos, dependent on him. All through the summer the chiefs of the pueblos made their submission and acknowledged the Spanish authority, so that Onate and his officers thought the country completely reduced. Each ]ineblo received the name of the saint or n)vstery to which the church or convent was to be dedicated. Thus Puaray was placed under the patronage of St. Anthony of Padua; the rising convent of Santo Domingo was dedi- cated to our Lady of the Assumption ; Picuries to Saint Bon- to fl.v the location of this first church, the experienced nntiquiiry, Adoliih F. Biindclier, wrote me. "Tlic first ehurcli was not built nt Sun .Tunn Baptista, as the ' Discurso de las .lornadas ' of Oflnte would seem to imply, but about two miles west of the former pueblo of Ojke, then called by the Spaniards San Juan. The site of Ojke is partly covered by thi- actual pueblo of San Juan." The pueblo of Sun Juan is on the h\r.\n of the Rio Grande, just above the junction of the Rio Chama, the »k ■ pueblo being somewhat west of the fonner one. ' " Discurso dc las Jomadas," p. 259. '1 SPANIARDS AT SAN GABRIEL. 191 lied with a jiation. It )ceii put to •oiii a chief t.' ViiuiniBfinry II the ^reat San Miguel to PiourieH ler Alphon- (lo to Zia; iBtojiher (le lis aluxlo at ler John do ained when y had a dit- aehlos made luthority, bo completely the Niint or »e dedicated. St. Anthony i^o was dedi- o Saint Bon- quiiry, Adolph I nt Sun .luiin seem lo implj', then ciilk'il l)y X)vcrc(l by tlic 1 on the 1' .■ « ;hama, the iu aventure; Galisteo to Saint Anne. But in Decemhcr the Spaniards were Htartlcd in tiieir fancied security by tidings from Aconia that the men of that puehlo, under Zutacupan, had 8U<]denly attacked and killed Oflate's lieutenant and several of his men. Oflato sent a detachment which Btormed the height, captured the town after a stubborn resistance, and gave it to the flames; soon after the commander suc- cessfully repelled an Indian attack on his camp at San Juan.' When spring opened, Onate sent to Mexico Captain Villa- grd, with Fathers Martinez and Salazar, to give an account ..f his conrpiest. Father Sahizar died on the way ; and though the Commissary reached the City of Mexico, liis health was greatly enfeebled by all that he had undergone ; he fell sick, and being unable to return, a venerable priest of great sanc- tity. Father John de Escalona, was sent as Commissary, with six or eight additional Fathers, escorted by about two hun- dred soldiers.' Jtlcanwhile Ofiate had abandoned the site selected east of the llio Grande, and crossing that river founded San Gabriel, on the Chama, six leagues north of the junction, and near the Ojo Caliente." In October, 1599, the new Commissary, Father Escalona, reached San Gabriel, where the Spaniards were living peace- fully, surrounded by Indians, many of whom had already re- ceived the grace of baptism. Oflate then set out, with eighty ' " Documentos Ineditos," 16, p. 89. ' Oflate, Letter March 2, 1599, from San .Tuan. Montoya, p. 24 ; " Co- leccion de Doc. Im'ditoa," xvi., p. 97, etc.; xviii., p. 265; Zaratc Salme- ron, p. 23 ; Villagra, pp. 195-277. '■' "Coleccion de Documentos," xvi., p. 39 ; Zaratc Salmcron, 1620, p. 24 ; "Doc li'.ncntos para la Ilistoria de Mexico," iii., 1, p. 158. Tlie post jt San Gabriel was maintained certainly till 1604 (Zarate Salmoron, p. 30) and probably till 1607. y? k 1 lh^'Y h 1 ; ■ i) W" '. 192 THJ? CHURCH IX THE COLONIES. soldiers, to make discoveries in the direction followed by Coronado, and reacb Quivira. Father Fraucisco Velasco and Brother Vergara accon.panied the force to tread the path which led PadiUa to nuirtyrdoni. His course lay first to the east-northeast, and then turned directly to the east. After a march of two hundred leagues Onate reached the town of Quivira, whose occupants were attacked, as the 8paniards were, by a roving prairie tribe, called by the Spaniards the Escanja(iues.' The settlers and sol.liers left at San (iabriel, w-thout any one to direct the necessary works to tit it for defence as a phice of refuge, oppressed the Indians, and soon fell into mvh want that they were all perishing. The natives, whom the Spaniards had r..bbed of their stores of corn, tied from their towns. The crops planted by the settlers seemed to have failed, and there was a gcnc-al feeling that their com- mander miirht never return.' It was the almost unanimous wish ..f the settlers to abandon the country and make their way to Santa Barbara, thence to report to the viceroy and await his answer. Even the missionaries favored the 8tei>. Fathers Francis de San Miguel and Francis de Zamora.with two lav brothers, asked also to go and act as chaplains to the disconraiied emigrants. Father Escalona remained at San Ga- briel, with the King s Ensign and a few Spaniards, awaiting instructions either from Oilate or from the viceroy.' When Ofiate returne.1 to San Gabriel he was roused to fury <.n fin.lincr hi^ .ottlenuMit aban.hmed : he proceeded against those who liiid left in form, ])roclaimed them traitors, and sen- > "Mcinoniil do Vicoi.t.- .Ic ZaMlvur." Poc Jmil.. xviii.. p. m; Tor- quciuiida, " Monnnmiii Indiiinu." i., pp. 673,078. « Ziimtc RnlnuTon. p 20. » T ctlor (latcl Han Oubri.-l. OctoU-r 1 , 1 W)J ; Torq.ienm.la, i, . |> 07:?. llowed by elii8eo unci 1 the path tirst to the . After a je town of Spaniards miards the 'ithout any efonce as a n fell into ives, whom I, fled from secnu'd to their eom- unanimous make their ,'iceroy lUid d the step, amora. with )lains to the d at San Ga- ds, awaitinjr r»y.' When to fury on igainst those rs. and sen- i.. p. 188; Tor- la, i.. p. «7;J. FATHER JOHN DE ESCALONA. 19S tenced them to death.' His highest officer, with the san- guinary warrants, readied Santa Barbara twelve days after the slow-going carnvau of dishaartened settlers entered it." The missionaries justified the action of the people, and Ofiate was evidently compelled to conciliate his colonists, and seems to have induced them to return. Six Franciscan Fathers- Francis de Escobar, one of them, being appointed Commis- ^ai-Y — were sent to maintain the missions ; but the religious eomplained of Ofiate's arbitrary conduct hi causing the Com- missary to remove them from place to place, and forcing them to act as chaplains to the whites— a duty rather for secular priests, when their object was the conversion of the li;(lians. Father John de Escalona, retiring from his office as Com- missary, remained in the province, laboring as a missionary among the Indians, edifying all by his zeal, as he had done for years by his holy life, lie had seen the first effort made for the conversion of New Mexico, and is said to have be- iield in ecstasy the death of Brother Ilodriguez and his com- panions. His own mission work began among the Querea, in the pueblo of Santo Domingo on the banks of the Rio (Trande, and there he piously ended his days.* In October, 1004, Ofiate, having restored his town of San Oabriel, set out from it to extend his explorations to the shores of the Pacific. Accompanied by Father Escobar he visited Zufii and the Moqui towns, then reached the Col- orado ami (iila, and followed the former to its month, taking I Torqupiniuln, 1., p. 075. ' I.('tt.T of 1'. Framis i\v San Mi^ruol, Santa Rarbarn. February 30, 1«02 ; Toniupmada, i., pp. (170-7. "Tiiniiiomn. 078. * •• Mi-ny arc Ww prodijrions Ihinfis which bcM this holy man umong thosp Inilians," writes F. Zaratc Salnuron, p. 58. 13 M! %P 'I' il If 1 » -1> 'f Mi ;j ^94 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. possession in the name of the king on the 25th of January, 1(;05, assigning, as far as he coukl, the whole extent of the province he had explored to the Franciscans, who, ni n.em- ',ry of the day, made the Conversion of Saint Paul the pa- tronal feast of the mission of New Mexico.' Soon after this Santa Fe was founded and became the seat of the Spanish power ; but as the religious devoted their ener- Uies more especially to the Indian puebh.s, and there was perhaps a feeling that the n.w settlement might not be per- manent, no church was erected, the services being conducted in a wretched hut.' For twelve years the labors of the Sons of St. Irancis in Kew Mexico bore little fruit to encourage them,'^ but they were at last able to bcgi.i more systematic labors m the In- dian pueblos, and with such success that, by the year 1008, they reported eight thousand baptisms. The Teoas nation was the first to embrace the faith, their church at San Ilde- fonso being apparently the first erected lor the Indians in New Mexico.' Father Escobar having resigned his office. Father Alonso Feinado was sent to New Mexico as Comm.s- s;iry, with eight or nine additional priests to carry <.n the ^'''Father Jeron.edeZarateSalmeron became missi..nary to the Jemes about the year I.'.IS, a.ul during his eight years labor in their pueblo composed in their language a catcchis^n and other w..rks that would be needed by any piest who succeeded him. He baptized 0,5(i0 in the Jeme nation and ,n,iny others at the Queres towns of Cia ="^'^'"'»'' '^•"'• ' Zunilf SiilnuToii. pp. iM)-»7. . , . f ^ n,..u,vi.l.'M. p. 27. A. K. Han.l.'li.'r. who Uoh writt.-n .... tl... dnW o. ihc f...i...hition of SaiiKi F.\ llxps it I.I ItUlT. ' B,-navi.l..., " McM..orial,' p. 2. ' H'"!- I'- "*'• * Toriiiirn.ii'l;.. ' ■ P ^''* TRANSLATION OF BROTHER RODRIGUEZ. 196 Acoma, which on its embattled height had defied the Span- iards, yielded to his zeal. In all these missions he erected churches and residences.' When Father Stephen de Perea was Connnissary a most cousolin.s? ceremony took place. Thirty-three years after the death of Father John Lopez, an Indian of Puaray, who had witnessed his death and burial, guided Father Perea to the spot where Brother Kodriguez had interred him. The grave was opened, and the bones reverently encased were borne by the religious in procession, followed by their converts to the Church of Sandia, undeterred by the inclement weather of February. Miracles were ascribed to his intercession, for wliich Father Zarate Salmeron refers to the work of another missionary, apparently Father Perea himself.' The ancient chapel of the pueblo of Sandia in all probability holds to this day the remains of this protomartyr of the New Mexico mission. About the year 1022, in the Provincial Chapter of the Franciscan Order held in Mexico, the missions which had hitherto been under the care of a Commissary were formed into a (^istodia, of which Father Alonzo de Benavides was appointed the first custos. The Viceroy of New Spain tliere- up„n authorized him to take twenty-six missionaries to New Mexico, their expenses on the way and their maintenance being paid by the king. But though the new custos entered his district with that number, death, sickness, and hardship soon thinned their ranks, and at the close of the year lt;27 the king ordiTcd the viceroy to send thirty Franciscan Fa- thers to New Mexic(».° On the 4th of September, 1('.2S, nineteen priests and two • Toniiiointulii, " DiHlicution." ' (Viliilii cif Novcmlicr \'t, 1027. » Zuratc Hiilmcron. p. 11. •'. fi i 196 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. lay brothers of the Order of Saint Francis left the City of Mero with the newly appointed Custos, Father Stephen de Perea these were maintained by the king and mne others, TIO.N, AiUlEDA UOUN AI'IUI. 2. 1602. UIKD 100.). at the exiM^nse of the province of the II<.ly Gospel, all ready to meet t..il and > wl f''" Bl ''■[k ^fl i *■ ^H 1^1 mM .'i In ~x^ ^^1 i« S^s 1 H B i ! 1 ;■ tis 198 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. site of a Xumana town, the nation ha^'ing been wasted away by wars and absorbed in some one of the Kew Mexican tnbes. h, 1632 Father John de Sala. again visited the tnbe accoin- mnied by F. Diego de Ortego, and tinding the people friendly r disposed to receive the faith, he left Father Ortego there for six montlis.' The Tompiras by 1629 had six com^^d Life of M.in.i at Agr 1 ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^ y^^^^^^^ „f T- r n'le^^it n^^i^y .nontioncd by later write. .. an ac- Mexico tn 6«~; ""^'^ „^.^ j/f, ,i,e underwent a rigorous exannna- knowleilged fact. During ^^ ' , ^.,^.,^, ^u,^,,.rs are pre- tion before the In.iu.s.t.on, of ^^l";l \'. '^ J; ^ ^^^j^^j ,. „„j ^h, „oly sellers seemed to lack. , Fnneis Coronel and Catlie- The Yen. Maria de Agreda, ^^^"^JJZ^'J,^,,,,, , ehiUlhood nne do Arana, was born at ^^;^:f^^^-^::^ „, veil in the Onler „f great piety an.l reserve, a eg <^^^'^ „„^,,,„,i , , ,,„.. „ l^.or(1aresw.,hher.n.^ r. - ^,^^.^ ^^^^^^^.^^ .,, ,.„ vent, her father with her t%vo Drouu ........riticH were .xtraordi- convent of San A"-'''-'- J^ t!I;,i;V:;:;nM>^.y and virtue, nury. but they were sui-r- te.l bj a '^ ' ^ .,, ,^ „,,,. „„„. H-ingbeeon.eabi.ssa. heage -nt> n . ^.^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^. ^_^^,^ vent near the e,ty, which " " !;„,,^,,,. ,,, ,,,„ ;„ ,„.r ,i„u.-the „,. „„,, See to .h.tine ''''■ ^^ ! 'Vi ,i„ and M.e Infallibility of .he I,„„uu.ilate Concep.u.n .. ^ J,^,,,!; . ,,„,, ,.„., „., ,.oeess of Sovereign PontilT M.. .lu( .. . ^^^^^ ^^^.^,^,j .^^ ^,^^ her canonization, begun soon after U.r duiin, '^"•^'' . . „ ,„.v.. T fln.l .hat .\. F. Handelier. in a series of arti- Since writing the abov 1 Ibu. mxi ^ Ouivira" as n Xu.nana ,,. „„ .. Cibola and Q'-j-' V' '^ l^;;,, ; .^^ : „d one in ruins. ,..vvn. I. h««one h.rge church '« ' '''^ .^,,, „„ „,„k.., i„ ,.171. .0 The Xunianas. harassed by .he •M>." ''^^ ••' " . „,, ,heir sepa- Socorro and o.her towns , bu. as w '- J ^ ; ^'J^J^ p,„„„J rale tribal exigence, and w.t.- frundly after Ih. r. volt 01 « F. Alonso de Posadas, in Uuro. " Peflalosa. p. 57- FIRST CHURCH AT SANTA FE. 199 as many good churches. The Teoa^, the first tribe to receive the faith, had three convents and churclies, with five chapels in the smaller pueblos. The Tioas had convents and costly churches dedicated to St. Francis and St. Anthony at Sandia and Isleta, with chapels in tlie rest of the fifteen or sixteen pueblos The Queres had three costly and elaborate churches, one at San Felipe, with chapels on four other pueblos.' The Tanos had a convent and very good church in their cluet pueblo, and chapels in the four others. The Pecos, a branch of the Jemos, had a church of remarkable beauty in design and execution, reared by the talented and skilful missionary in that tribe." . One of the first cares of Father Benavides on reaching Santa Fe as custos was to undertake the erection of a suita- ble cmvent and church in that city, then peopled by about two hundred and fifty Spaniards, and seven hundrecl udf- breeds brought in as servants and laborers, with some Indians fn.m the neighboring tribes in the territory. In his work m 1(;:50 this Father speaks of the church he had erected, as being one that would be -reditable anywhere.' A carNcc group of the Death of the lilcsscd Virgin which he brought from Mexico attracted Indians from allparts, even the Apa- ches of the bison ranges omuig to admire it.' Before he presenteieuries, among -J^f;^ the Tioas nation, who at first showed grvaUu)^^ TBi^avidcs, " Memorial." pp. 23, 28. 21. 22. * BiMmvitk's. pp. 24, 25. . . i . I, po'-i. vc. thcrcforo, ,h,i. .U- «rs. church in Sun,. Fc was erccU « i;;22 a„;n««.; and that prior to 1622 there was no chuu h u. Santa Fe. Benavides. j). 27. Ml)id..p. HI. i= s f 200 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. faith, ill-treating the missionary, and several times attempting to take his life ; but his zeal and patience triumphed, so that they became docile and peaceful. The mission of San Ge- ronimo at Taos, a pueblo of the same nation, had its convent and church and was attended by two missionaries. The Queres on the rocky height at Acoma submitted in 1()29 and received a missionary. Among the Zunis, who had then eleven or twelve pueblos, the religious met great difficulties, and underwent great hardships, being strenuously opposed by the medicine men ; ' one of the apostolic missionaries. Father Francis Letrado, after laboring among this tribe, was killed by the Cipias, to whom he attempted to unfold the truths of the gospel." Father Francis de Porras, leaving Father Roque at Zufii, proceeded with Father Andrew Gutierrez and the lay brother, Christopher of the Conception, with their crosses on their necks and staves in their hands, to announce the gospel in the towns of the Moquis. Reaching the first town on St. Bernard's day they giive his name to the town and mission.' Among the fourteen pueblos of the Piras, Father Bena- vides founded a mission in 1020, dedicating Pilabo, the prin- cipal pueblo, to Our Lady of Help (Nuestra Sefiora del Socorro), that at Senecu to St. Anthony of Padua, and that at Sevilleta to San Luis 0!)ispo.' Besides these labors among the New Mexican tri])es, and the attempt made to instruct the Moquis, Father Benavides, while laboring at Senecu, ' Benavides, pp, 31-.'). 'Barciii, " Ensiiyo C'ronolopico " (1032), p. 199. Vetancurt, " Teatro Mexieano," Li.st of Authorities. Riiiulelicr makes him a missionary to tlie Xumanas. ^ Perea, " Segunda Relacion de la Grandiosa Couversion," Seville, * Benavides, p. 14. THE PUEBLO INDIANS. 201 converted Sanaba, an Apacbe chief of the Gila, and op&ned the way for missions in that wild race. On the 17th of Sep- tember, 1C29, he founded a convent and church in Santa Clara de Capoo, a pueblo of the Teoas nation on the Apache frontier, as a centre for instructing and converting the pow- erful and warlike Apaches of Navajo.' In these missions Father Benavides assures us 80,000 had been baptized as the registers would show. In the territory of New Mexico there were forty-three churches. For these the missionaries had been architects and directors of the work, which was accomplished by the women, boys, and girls. These Pueblo Indians all Hved in houses several stories high, built of sun-dried bricks or adobes, or occasionally of stone, where it was a more convenient material. These houses were set compactly together fronting on a square, with a dead-wall outside, the upper stories receding slightly, leaving a ledge which could be reached by a ladder, and from which by drawing the same ladder up the next story could be reached and finally the roof, in which the door was. This system of towns made them fortresses defying the efforts of the wilder tribes who surrounded New Mexico on all sides. Ingenious as these buildings were, they were ex- clusively the work of the women and children. The men would go to war, hunt, fish, spin, and weave, but disdained to till the soil or build a house— that was woman's work. The New Jilexican Adam did not delve or the Eve spin— they reversed it. When the Franciscan missionaries wished to erect a church, they found the women and the children ready to make and lay the adobes, but could not induce the men to take part in the work. In vain did they endeavor to induce the men to undertake it and allow the women to withdraw. N "1 'I" • ill ml f Benavides, pp. 85, 55, 59. fj m\ 202 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Occasionally a man would take a hand, but ere long, unable to stand the ridicule of his comrades, he threw down the feminine implements. The missionaries found that there was no alternative ; the material as well as the spiritual church must depend mainly on the devout female sex. These old ruined churches are monuments of the faith and zeal of the early women converts. The missionaries did not attain the consoling results they reported without severe hardships, great suffering from cold, and journeying on foot over rocks and heights, as well as from the indifference and hostility of the Indians ; but they triumphed ultin)ately, and wherever they succeeded in establishing a house or convent in a pueblo, they began to develop the industry of the Indians, using the mechanical progress the Indians had made as the basis of iniproviMiicnt — a much wiser course than that of the English, who induced the Indians to abandon altogether their former industries. The Spanish missionaries in New Mexico introduced horses, cattle, and sheep, and induced the Indians to keep domestic animals ; they im])roved their machinery for spinning and weaving, established schools where they taught the young to read, write, chant, play on musical instruments, and after a time to handle tools as carpenters, masons, carvers, stone- cutters. The missionaries aided cultivation by introducing aceijuias or irrigating trenches. The results obtained were effected in the last eight years ; but so general was the conversion that the Fathers went througli the towns freely, welcomed on all sides, and greeted with the pious salutations: "Praised be .lesus Christ," or " Praised be the Most Holy Sacrament." ' Meanwhile Spanish settlements increased in New Mexico, Benavides, "Memorials," pp. l.'>-44. or THE CLERGY IN NEW MEXICO. 203 new towns were founded, mines were opened and worked. When a town was founded a certain number of families were transferred from some part of Mexico or one of the settle- ments already formed in New Mexico. In this way a num- ber of Tlascalans were brought in to form part of the tirst population of Santa Fe, and the church erected in their quar- ter of the town and destined for their especial use, was known as San Miguel de los Tlascaltecas.' These Mexican Indians brought in their legends of the riches, power, and glory of Montezuma, till his name became in all the pueblos the hero of a great myth, easily engrafted on their old traditions, and remaining to this day. _ The Indian converts cbmg to their " estufas"; the rites ot Sabii3anisin practiced in the lowest story of their houses, ori-inallv built for vapor baths, the favorite remedy of the Indians,''but which became also under the medicine men the centre of their religious rites. From time to time the Spanish authorities and the clergy endeavored to effect the suppression of these superstitions, but in a few years when search re- laxe.l the estufus would be reopened to the known adherents of the old idolatry. The Bishop of Guadalajara, whose jurisdiction extended over New Mexico, found it impossible to send secular priests to atten.l to the Spanish settlers, and maintain any super- vision over them ; the Conchos and other nomadic and hostile tribes who lay between his See and New Mexico, making the iournev dangerous, except with a considerable military force. Hence he committed not only the Indian missions, but all the parish churches and chapels of the Spaniards, to the 1 athers I.f the Order oi St. Francis, who were the only priests of ^ ew Mexico down to the present centu^y,^h^H)p of Durango, Ucuavides. t! hi 't-i' 204 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. to whose diocese on its erection the province was assigned, adopting the same course. The habit of the Serapliic Order was there for more than two centuries, to the eyes of people, the only recognized garb of the Catholic priesthood.' In 1645 there were in New Mexico churches in the Spanish settlements attended by the Franciscans and twenty-five Indian missions, the whole employing sixty members of the order. New Mexico suffered constantly from the inroads of the Apaches, and toward the close of the century from the Yutes. One Zuni town and six in the valley of the Salinas, east of the Sandia range, were destroyed by the Apaches.' The Church continued its work in New Mexico in peace for several years, though in 1640 and 1650 revolts incited by the medicine men took place. About the middle of the seven- teenth century, the civil power seems to have fallen into variance with the ecclesiastical. Governor Peualosa in 1664 arrested and imprisoned the Superior of the mission, ap- parently Father Alonso de Posadas, and his conduct was re- garded as so illegal that on his return to Mexico he was brought before the court of the Inquisition and compelled to make reparation by a public penance.* This unfortunate conflict between the civil and religious authorities could not fail to lessen the respect of the Indians for the missionaries, and as a natural consequence made them regard with hostility the Spanish officials and settlers whom no sanctity of pro- fession had ever exalted in their eyes. The sullen spirit of revolt was nurtured for years in the ' Pino, " Exposicion del Nuevo Mexico," Cadiz, 1812, p. 26 ; " Mexico," 1849, p. 32. * Letter of F. Sylvester Velez Escftlantc, April 2, 1778. ' Shea, " Pefialosa," p. 11 ; Margry, iii., p. 39 ; Duro, " Peflalosa," pp. 82. 58. THE GREAT REBELLION. 205 minds of the Indians, and in 1680 the whole country was permeated by a network of conspiracy, awaiting the signal to rise against the Spaniards. At this time New Mexico con- tained forty-six pueblo3 or towns of converted Indians, and the Spanish city of Sante Fe, with a number of smaller Spanish stations, chiefly on or near the banks of the Kio Grande.' The plot was conceived and carried out by a Tejua Indian named El Pope, who had been pursued for committing mur- ders, and instigating the Indians to re\ave their old heathen rites. Flying from pueblo to pueblo this man labored for fourteen years to efiect a general insurrection against the Spaniards. He claimed power to injure any one he chose by his alliance with the Evil One, and was so implicitly believed that all the pueblos except those of the Piros and Pecos en- tered into the plot. The 13th of August, 1680, was fixed upon for the general massacre of the Spaniards, but John Ye, Governor of the Pecos, warned the authorities of the danger, and finding his advice unheeded, as the fatal day drew near, told the missionary in his pueblo. Father Ferdi- nand de Velasco : " Father, the people are going to rise and kill all the Spaniards and missionaries. Decide then whither you wish to go, and I will send warriors with you to protect ■you" The Tanos of San Cristobal and San Lazaro also warned the Gustos of the Mission, Father John Bemal, who wrote to Governor Otermin. On the 9th that officer was at last convinced of the danger, and Pope seeing his plot dis- covered, gave the order to the confederates to rise at once. At daybreak on the 10th the Taos, Picuries, and Tejuas at- tacked the convents of the missionaries and the houses of the Spaniards, slaughtering and destroying. Then the other pp. Letter of F. Sylvester Velez de Escalante, April 2. 1778. i ^^S3!^-":-^4^a 206 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. tribes rose and the massacre and destruction became general. The Spaniards at Isleta and San Felipe on the south fled to El Paso ; those in La Canada retreated to the strong house of the Alcalde and kept the Indians at bay till Oteruiin ena- bled them to reach Santa Fe. In a few days not a Spaniard, except a few women held as slaves, was to be found in all New Mexico outside the walls of the capital. On the I'Jth tliat city was invested by nine hundred Tanos, Queres, and Pecos. They captured the Analco quarter occupied by the Tlascalans and set fire to their chapel of San Miguel. The Spaniards charged them, and after a desperate tight were gaining the advantage, when another Indian force, including more of the Taos, with the Picuries and Tejuas, attacked the city on the north. For five days the fight raged in the city night and day, till the Indians, capturing house after house and firing it, gave the parish church and convent to the tlanios, and helii the Spaniards and Tlascalans in tlio royal buildings and the plaza. There one hundred and fifty sur- vivors beheld themselves surrounded by three thousand furi- ous Indians, under Pope and Alonso Catitis, who liad gone so far that they panted to complete their work. Encouraged l)y the three religious. Father Francis Gomez de la Cadina, Father Andrew Duran, and F. Francis Farfan, one hundred Spaniards, drawn uj) by the govern(jr, invoked the name of Mary, and < barged the insurgents with such fury that they killed .'500 and captured 43, putting the rest to flight. Gov- ernor Otermin, wounded in the breast and forehead, profited at once by the cdnfusioii of the enemy, and marched towards El Paso. After meeting aiiotlu r band of refugees with seven religious at Fray fVistoval, the scanty remnant of the pojiu- lation of New Mexico took uj) a fortified position at La Sali- ueta and San Lorenzo, where Father Francis Ayeta, procura- THE MARTYRED MISSIONARIES. 207 tor of the kingdom, soon arrived with sorely iveeded euppUcB sent in the name of the king.' All signs of Christianity and civihzation were thus swept from New Mexico. Eighteen priests of the lranc>scan Order, including the custos, who made no attempt to % though he warL others, and three lay brothers, penshed with three hundred and eighty men, women, and chUdien. The churches were profaned, the sacred elements tramp ed under foot, the vestments and plate destroyed, and, hnall) , The churches and houses of the clergy razed to the ground. The Indians even vented their rage on the catt e, orchards an.l fields of European grain, as if seeking to destroy all ace of the hated whites.' To root out all Chnstmn ideas, 1 ope bade the women and children wear no crosses or rosaries but break them up and burn them; Christ and Mary and To Saints were nJt to be named or invoked ; married men were required to put away their wives and take others. Of the Franciscan missionaries whoso hves were thus offered, we have the names ot the Superior of the M.ss.on tther Custos John Bernal ; Father John of Jesus (Morador) at Jemes ; Fathers Figueroa, Maldonado, and Mora a1^ A^^^^^^^^^^ Fathers Analisa, Espinosa, and Calsada at Ziuu ; f;^^ '-^^^ llarde and Lombarde in the towns of the Moqui , Fa tier Simon of Jesus in a pueblo of the Tanos, and the lather . Utter of F. Sy.vcter Vole. a« ^^f^^^^^^J:^:^^! cinn(k'liisnn)vmciii.s(lolN'iev(> Mexico. 10«a i. sTvudor de San Antonio to Gov. Var,... December 1 m. •■ I,etter of F. Sylve.ter do Vele^ Esculantc ; AyeU, Ciisol dc la \ dud." pp. 32. 2. „ - Sipienza y Gonixora, - Mercuno Volante. • Letter of F. Sylvester Vcle/, de Escolante. ' 1 ' 208 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Procurator of the province on liis way from Acoma to Zuni.' Fatlier John of Jesus, a venerable old priest at the pueblo of San Diego de los Jenies, was seized by the Indians, whom he had instructed with patience and love for nine years. They burst into his room, stripped and tied him upon a hog. In this state he was driven around the church and througli tlie pueblo amid the curses and blows of the rabble. AVHicii weary of this mode of torture, they got upon him and made him carry them around on all-fours, till he sank lifeless, when he was evidently dispatched by an arrow or javelin which jnerced his spine, as was seen when his venerated rcMuains were recovered.' The priests at Aconia were stripped and tied together with a hair rope, then driven through the streets of the pueblo amid the blows aiid insults of the apos- tates. Their words were imheeded till Father Figneroa an- nounced to them that in three years they would nearly exter- minate each other in wars between the trilKJS. The Indians or. hearing this killed the three Fathers with stones and clubs, and flung their bodies into a deep cave north of the pneblo. Fathers Laurence Analisa, John of Jesus Espinosa ' Of tlic rest of tlip Fnflirrs I do not find even the nnmcs. No full nc- count of tlic lives and deatiis of these priests hiis rewiirded uiy scareb. Davis, in his "('on(im'st of New Mexieo," pives an aecoiinl hased on what he ealls aneient rtrords, bnt not naming any dislineily. He sym- pathizes Willi the Indian leaders in their hatred of CJiristianity. ' Kspinosa, " C'roiiira Apostolica y Heraflca," i., p. 85 ; " Docnnientos para la Ilistoria , who refers ti Velanciirt, to the Cronica dc Snn Dicfro tic Mexico, and to the Sermon preachcjected to his tril»e as a kind of helots. MISSIONARIES NOT DISHEARTENED. 211 i :i. Frasquillo reigned here absolutely for tbn-ty years, a t uu b .bowing a wish to return to Cbristianity, but to tbeendbok^ Ig tbe^Spaniards at bay, for though some of h,s towns e- hide.1 the authorities by mock submission, they never m his dav entered his capital, Oraybi.' Mo,u,wl,ik. tb,« .1,0 rc,„ai„cd in New Mc.co, unte e K,,„rKO of wild In.li..n. -m tl,e fn.nticr,. v»r and fann c TiZ and tl,e Sl«u,iard. »oon attacking fron, .l,c «n.tl,, llindni^cd rapidly! Tl,e Pi,» and Ton„.i,, ..»'-» j-P; ,,e„«d; fow of the Tigna. and ^'-^ /'■'■^•"■"\; °'J ^ •IWnas, Taos, and Pe«o> tl.cn. wore nidcod n>o™ Tl,. Quere» ..Lod l«.t, fo,. in tl,e genend .Idftin, »' l-™., f f, „„*,! tl.eir adote ,,ncl.lo .ilUin tl,e wa 1. of Santa «... ,1,0 ruin, of the Spaniel, town, securing tl.uB a donl.le hue of 'tier Francis Ayeta. tl,e P.-rat"r.«c'K.™l of tl.e 1^- ..iscans of the province of the Holy Gospel on !■=»" | '* „. ,,„titu,e condition of the Spaniards and «-J;''«*'^ ' the fugitives to the.r hon.es. A Mual torce Presidio of El Paso, and in N<.vena>er, 1(.81 ^^ -"' v.,„ced, accompanied by Father Ayeta and othc r K ^-^-,^rc:irrrt::r.:-^ ^»-""K,::r:d'^ri::ri:ttSi The missionaries tlien nntw I «i UR T..,u,q -md ■1 ftlu.ir lives In ir.SJMbe Pmw, l'i""S'*>"'^ l^rri".:!;' "Xa^o.d ,o ,.1> .h^r nds.^ ...Doc. IIW.Mox." 111., i, pp. 108-106. ;r'" ■I 212 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Father Antonio Guerra. Gradually most of the New Mexi- cans abandoned these new pueblos for their old homes. I'ut the zeal of the missionaries was unabated, and when in Deoember, 1083, a Xumana Indian came to solicit mission- aries,' Father Nichohis Lt)j)ez had been a])i)ointed Procurator and Gustos of the missions of New Mexico, which the Francis- cans were too devoted to abandon. The next year he set out from Mexico with st)me means supplied by the zeal of the charitable, to restore reliifion. At the convent of El Paso he found thirty -three Xumana chiefs come to seek instruction and ba})tism. He set out with Fathers .John do Zaboleta and Anthony de Acevedo, accompanied by the Indians. They made their way barefoot to La .luuta de los Kios, the con- tinence of the Rio Grande and (\)iichos. Here the Indians had erected a house and two rustic chapels for the mis- sionaries. Leaving Father Acevedo to minister to these well-disposed natives, Fathers Lopez and Zaboleta kept on," and following the Puerco River, reached the Xumanas and began a mission. Father Lopt'Z drew up an extensive vocabu- lary of the Xumana laiiguiige, and accpn'rcd such a knowledge (if it that ho ., as able to preach to the natives in their own tongue, extending his intluence to the Texas Indians on the Nueces. Soon after his return to I a Junta, the Indians, excited by some rumor, rose against the missionaries, drove them out naked and without any provisions, profaning every- thing connected with the service of (rod. The Franciscan Fathers, with great sntFering, reached Kl I'aso after long and painful wandering. iStill more cruelly Father Manuel Hel- tiuu was slain, at a mission of the Yumas and Tanos, his cl fii i< a a 11 c ( ( ' LctUir of F. Velcz de KscalnnU'. » " Mi'iiuiriiil do F. NicolaH Lopez" in Duro's " rcfliilosii," pp fl8-ft; Burcia, " Knsuyo ('ronolojrico," p. 200; F. Hj I venter Velez de Kscaluute. POWERS OF THE CUSTOS. 213 cliurch destroyed, and the sacred plate and vestments pro- faned.' Several expeditions were made into New Mexico, but no decisive advantage was gained. In the year 1(590 the once ilourisliing church of New Mex- ico had for the time disappeared; a few fugitive Spaniards and Indians on the frontier alone represented the people who a few years before haay, being maasacred by the Indians. The Spaniards visited the scene of desolation, and the > Morfl, " Mcmoriii-s paru In liistoria do In provincia dc Texas," p. 54 ; EHpinosa.' "Crmiicu ApoHtolicii," i., p. 408; Burcia, " Ensayo Crouo logica." p. 294 ; (^arta in B Smith, " Colcccion," p. 26. » Hmitli, " (Jolcccion," p. 20. il CLOSE OF THE FIRST MISSION IN TEXAS. 215 priests ou the expedition performed the last rites for the uu- '-^Z opening of the ,ear 1000 .w no Cat^ church or priest in Texas, it marks the actwe prepaiations for the spiritual conquest of that provmce. The Church in Spain had already, too, prepared the way for the spiritual conquest of California. Seb,.tL Vizcaiuo, after visittag Lower OaMornia w tl Father PerJomo aud other Franciscans in 1596 ran np, n a second vojaBc, a. far as Santa Barl^ra, ^^^^^J'^^JZ IKv of San Francisco. He was aeeompanicd on tins cxpe ,";i: hy .Uree discalced CanneUtcs, Fatl.ers And^w of ". Assnninlon, Anthony of the Ascension, and Thomas of Cr the uvo former of whom offered «- holy s«r,flce o^ the mass beneath a spreading oak tree at Monterey, .n De cember, 1601.' ____——— — . Torqucmada. "Monar.uia Indiana." ii.. P- 682; Venegas. "Hi^tona de la California," i., P- l^^- lie i I .1' BOOK III. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. CHAPTER I. FIRST WORK OF THE CHURCH IN MAINE, mCHIGAN, AND NEW YORK. 1611-1052. The Church was planted in Maryland atnid a hostile Protestant population growing u}) and strengthening around it, so that it held its own with difficulty in that province and expanded hut feebly in Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York. It was planted under the protecting power of Spain, beginning at the Chesapeake, then in Florida and the Georgia coast, in Texas, New Mexico, and setting up a pioneer cross on the coast of California. It had also been planted at the north and west under the protecting banner of France. Where the cross was first reared by Frenchnien on our soil is not certain. If we are to credit the famous Franciscan Father, Atulrew Thevet, cosinographcr to the King of France, who claims to have visited the coast known as Nonimbega, and which was certaiiily some part of New England, tlio French had, previous to 1575, erected a little fort ten or twelve miles up the Nornmbega River, on a spot surrounded by fresh water.' Rut history is silent as to the colonists wlio settled here. The earliest English settlers on the New Eng- ' Thevet, "La Cosmoj^mpliie UriivorscUe," Paris, 1575, p. 1008. The river is most probably th(; Kennebec. (216) CHAPEL AT SAINTE CROIX ISLAND. 217 land coast found traces of Frencluuen who had made eflorts to check the vices of the natives and instruct them m the truths of rehgion. These are supposed to have been Fi-ench- ,nen who had recently escaped the_ wreck of their vessel, but their visits may date further back.' Leaving, however, the period of the voyages prompted by Cartier's exploration of the St. Lawrence, few of winch are definitely recrded, we come to the conm.encemei.t of the seventeenth century, when Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts ohtained of the French king a commission to colomze the American coast and to conduct the trade to the exclusion of all others. He sailed from Havre de Grace in France on the Yth of March, imU, and after reaching what is now called ^ ova Scotia, coasted along to an island in Scoodic Eiver to winch he gave the name of Sainte Croix, or Holy Cross. On this island, now called De Monts or ^^eutral Island j-t on the bo - ders of New Brunswick and within the jurisdiction of Maine de Monts began a settlement. Of the little fort which ho erected, Champlain, who was one of the V^rtyM^^eU^. sketch, in which appears " The house of our Cure a da map showing a chapel and cemetery. Lescarbot speaks of 1 e chapel as built \ndian fashion, but he was not there at t . tini an04. The position of the chapel where the ■ t known niLss was said in New England can be seen on the ,„ap of the inland.' The priest referred to by Cham plan was the Rev. Nicholas Aubry, a young ecclesiastic of a good 090 Lescarbot, (lOU), p. 470. h I 1 3f I c w til ei tl W \ o {I m ''A ts c E- O c c H THE SETTLEMENT AT FORT ROYAL. 219 y,hoBe name has not come down to us I .e> the little colony till the spot was -'^^'f -^^^^^^^^ ^ar te pre" year and the settlers transferred to Port Royal, near P ent Annai)ohb, Nova Scotia. ,.,_,„?„ therefore, The Utile chapel ^l-wn in ChamplainWap^^oref^^^^. the earliest strnctnre of which we have ^^^^^-^^ J^ raised in our northern parts for the celebration invstories of religion. . ^ ^No further details are given as to ^^^7 ^ /^^^^^^^^^ Holy Cross Island, save an adventure ^\^^^.f^^^^^^^ who landing on the coast before they -;^-^ " lost in the woods, and^had nearly perished of hunger he was finally rescued.' The settlement at Port Royal did no thme and^ _ ,,.ed by de Monts to ^^-^f-;::Jl^^Z2.n.^on of r't^!£t:g;"wv.exp-eda^ Ins grant. Tins wa gj ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ the that some Jesuit lathers sliouu ^^^^ ^^^_^^_ conversion of the Indians ^'f^.^j'^^.^^.to found the „.,,ed in 1C.08 from a professor's ^^^^ ,, „, n.ission. It was evident, at once, that « ^^ ^ ,^,, ^,,,,.,toPou.incourt,^m^ ^F^rBiardand passage of the missionary. Wh m n i ^^^ lis .rmpanion. Father Enomond M-e -de^ ^^ ,^^^. ,o by the only vessel then fit^ ou j ^^^ ^ ^^^ ingbeen raised to mamt.un the '"^''^'"" J? , . ,„ i,,terest otlier difficulti.. arose^Twonngue^ots ^vhohad an_i , Chan;^:^yoya.e." 161. P. 1^ f^^i^^^Z '^^■ plain." ii.. p. 35; T.escarlx.t Lib J'- ^;^ '• ,,;,,, j^„a America,. . When the island w.s v.sited '" '^fj^'^^^^;^^^^ fortificalion could be ,,,„.,,ry conm>is.ioncr.. tl'^-— tec" olmcs' " Anuals.- i- P- traced thou.b <.ver,rmvn wUh large tra^B^ 140, note; Williamson's " Maine, i.. PP- U" '• ; i* ! t ' " . «•' W) 220 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY in tlio vessel refused to allow Jesuits to embark, Antoinette de Pons, Marchionesa de Guercheville, wlio liad been an active friend of the proposed mission, at once raised means to purchase the rights of these men, and made the share in the vessel and trade thus acle to land at Port Royal; Father Masse remained in a cabin reared for him at that place, but Father Biard accom]»anied Poutrincourt and subsequently his son on several excursions along the coast to the St. John's River, Ste. Croix Island, where he spent some time, and even as far west as the Kennebec. While tlie French were tnidiiig with the Indians at tlie mouth of the Kennebec late in October, Father Hiard went to a neighboring island to offer the holy sacriticc, atti-nded liy a l)oy to serve the mass. Here the Indians overran the little vessel and assumed so dangerous and rapacious an attitude, that Hiencourt would have tired on them had he not feared that the missionary would at once be butchered. This island is the second spot on that northeastern coast of our territory where mass is cer- tainly known to have Ihk'U said. Poutrincourt, in France, had induced Madame de fluereho- ville to advance a thousand crowns to fit out a vessel ; thin was confided to a lay brother, who giive i)art of it to Poutrin- court. In the sequel the missioiiari(\H could obtain no part f the supplies pur('liase(l for them with the means furnished by Madame de (tuercheville, on account of the joint pro|>- orty. On the contrary, young liieniiourt, disregarding their SETTLEMENT AT SAINT SAUVEUR. 221 rights under the compact, and their character, treated the Fathers with every indignity, and when they attempted to leave the colony Biencourt prevented them.' In fact their position at Port Royal was rendered so insupportable that Madame GuercheviUe resolved to abandon all relations with I'outrincourt tmd establish a distinct missionary colony. Slie obtained from de Monts a cession of all his rights, and King Louis XITI. made her a grant of all the territory of North America from the St. Lawrence to Florida, lou- trincourt became her Viu^sal as he had been of du Guast. His seignory was subject to her. To take possession of her new domain, and to establish a numon for the conversion of the Indians where Catholic priests could begin the good work unhampered by .my Laims or interference of proprietors or mei^hants, she htt d out a vessel at Ilonfleur under the command of the bieur d. 1. Saiiss^tye. It carried Father Quentm and Brother Gilbert du Thet", with thirty persons wh.> were ^o winter m he ,.,„„trv. The vessel saUed from France, March 2, (.1.5 ,,,, putting in at Port Royal in May, took J^ithers B.ard and Mas e on it.ard, and ran along the co.st. De la Saussaye in- tended to plant the colony at Kades,,uit on t e FenoW ,,„t after encomiterii.g storms and fogs he found '""- ^ " Mount Desert Island. His pilot ran into a hue large harbor ..„,,, ,,.t.rn shore of the island. Ilere the m.sionaru.« landed, a.ul planting a cross, offered the holy sacrihce of ti. n.ass, calling the port Saint Sauvenr-1 oly Saviour^ ,„,ians persuade.1 the French to abaueautiful hillside^oping^l^ -v^^ ,„, ,Mu.ls Of P.mlri.-n.un under tlu- romvavi. a.ul the dcp«.> imrfu'r ...uUl ..ol tmit u..olhc-r purlnor an u .»uU..«r. 232 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. li covered by Mount Desert and several Hinaller iislands. Two streams of water flowed from the hill, and the ground was rieli and productive.' Here the settlement was laid out about the middle of June, but de la Saussaye, instead of fortifying a position, employed the men in planting grain, beans, and other garden vegetables. In September the vessel was still there, and the missionaries and settlers in the tents and temporary houses raised on the shore, when during a temporary abseTU-e of the commander, an English vessel from Virginia under Samuel Argal appeared and opened lire on de Saussaye's vessel, which soon surrendered. Brother du Thet being mortally wounded by a nnisket-ball. Argal then landed, carried of! the French commander's conunission and plundered the little settlement, treating thejiarty as intruders on English territory. An unprovoked attack by men pretending to be (-hristians on a mission station established for the conversion of the heathen, followed by bloodshed and indiscriminate j)lunder, has no parallel in history. Virginia shares the infamy by endorsing .Argal's action, as England does by refusing repa- ration. Argal ])ut Father Masse i>nd fourteen Frenchmen in a Riiiall craft and turned them adrift ; Fathers Hiard and Quen- tin were carried to Virginia, then ruled by a code of blood, where Sir Thomas Dale threatened to hang all the prisoners. Finally, resolving to extirpate the French settlements, he sent .\rgal ba<-k with a considerable force. The English vessels carried the missionaries and many of the French prisoners, who were glad to escape from the soil of Virginia. Aigal completed the destruction at St. Saviour, then demolished the post on Stu. Cruix Island and that at I'ort lioyal, where Hicn- ' I*iirkm:in fullowim: ]'.. \. lljinilin, of IliiniriT. iliiiiks tlir iiositiciii wiw on Mcuiit Desert Island, on llin western Hi(l(! of Soamfs Sound. THE FOUNDING OF QUEBEC, CANADA. 223 court showed liis batred of the nussionaries. On tbe voyage back, the vessel containing the two Jesuits was driven to the Azores, but linally reached England, whence in tnne the survivors of a missionary settlement thus broken up by nien boasting of Christianity, were allowed to reach their native land. , „ 1 It never could have entered into the mind of the mission- aries or their protectors, that war would be made on a mission station, or they never would have attempted to plant one so near the Kennebec, already more than once visited by the English.' , Samuel Champlain had been connected with de Monts m the attempt to colonize Port Itoyal. In 1008 he and Pont- .M-ave were sent out with two vessels to establish a post on The Saint Lawrence. Above Isle Orleans, on a height which formed a natural f.>rtiiication. Champlain founded a cty re- taining the name Quebec, given to the narrows by the neigh- boring Montagnais Indians. So.ne temporary biuld.ngs reared .Inly ;5, KIOS, were the commencement of Canada. De Monts thought only of traw bears their na.ne. To retain the friendship of these tribes, ,t bccan.e necessary to aid tluMu in their wars^-ith a confederacy Frunc..." Lyons. 1«1« ; Chmm.lain. - VoyaK^n," l^.r.s^ WU , A- mm. S . i.f.tis .I,.su "■ Caruyon, - ITcmirn- Mission .Ics .l.'suM.s nu ( umlu. ■m-iM. LrLurlM.!, '• llistoir.. .Ic lu NouvH-' Fnmcv. ,K.l. UUS). ,.,, mi-m, is .ixlrcin.ay hoslil-' l" H"' missioniiricB. ■'I .1. in hU |i|..r I, 224 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. of five nations, kindred in origin to the llurons, who lay Boutb of Ijiike Ontario. The little French settlement prospered, and in IG 14 Cham- plain obtained from PVance four Franciscan Fathers of the Recollect reform to minister to the French settlers and to convert the natives. With Father Denis Jamay, the Com- missiiry or Sui)erior, came Fathers John d'Olheau and Joscjili le Caron, with the lay brother, Pacilicus du Plessis, The religious reached Tadoussac on the feast of the Aununciatioii, March 25, 1(515. They soon began their labors at the trad- ing-posts established by the French, and amdiig the Mon- tagnais Indians on the St. Lawrence, while Father tloseph le ("aron embarking with some canoes of the llurons penetrated to the villages of that nation. The Recollects soon learned the two great languages of Canada, the AlgoiKjuin and Hu- ron, and preached the gospel far and wide ; but though others of their order came to share their labors, they saw that the field was too vast for them to occupy proiitably. Thcreujiou they invited the Fathers of the Society of ilesus to join them, and in lt!'jr» Fathers Charles Lalemant, Enemond Masse, and John de lir61>euf arrived, to be welcomed by the llecol- lects, but to be eyed with distrust by many of the French who were full of the prejudices ins])ire(l by the Huguenots. The mi>sions were then more zealously extended, and in the autumn of 1<)'2<1 Father .loseph de la Uoche I )aillon, a Recol- lect of noble family, set out from the Huron country for the t4)wii8 of the Neut*"" nation, who occupied both banks of the Niagara, and reached their frontier nearest to the Seneca^, but barely escaped with life. This zealous religious was, so far as can now be aseer- tnined, the first Catholic priest from Canada who penetrated into the pres«'nt territory of the United States. He carried back u kiiowletige of the |H'ople, and of the country, noting among the proi- rons," Paris, 10a2 ; " Histoiro du Canada." Paris. 1030 ; Le Clercq, " Etablisscment dc la Fol," a vols,, Paris, 1000— in English, New York, 1881 ; Champlain, " Voyages," 1003, 1C18, 1619, 1032. ' I saw it some years ago in the Bureau des Terres, Montreal, but it has sinre disapiicured. - ft f "■■A •:\ t 22(5 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. a continent to be occupied. Other missionaries soon came ; and throughout France in the gay circles of the Court, in the chateaus of the provincial nobles, in college and con- vent, among merchants and artisans, an interest was excited in the missions of New France. Annually for forty years a little volume appeared in cheap form, giving letters of the missionaries, so that their hopes and struggles, their suffer- ings and triumphs, were familiar to the pious of every rank in France. Quebec was controlled by great commercial com- panies, Acadia by corporations formed for fishery ; the zeal excited in France inspired the Venerable John Olier, founder of the Seminary of Saint Sulpice, to project the establish- ment of a settlement in Canada, to be entirely guided by religious motives. From this great thought arose the city of Montreal, of which the Jesuits were the first pastors. The Catholic life of Canada grew, developing from these two centres, Quebec and Montreal, controlled by the Arch- bishops of Rouen through local vicars-gcjieral, each city es- tal)lishing houses of education for both sexes, convents, hos- pitals, and confraternities among the faithful. The Jesuits resumed the missions begun by the "Recollects on the Saint Lawrence and on the banks of Lake Huron, in which members of their own order had already labored. The Sulpitians, guiding in the paths of Christian virtue the settlers in and around the city of Montreal, never extended their Indian missions far after an attem]>t to explore the West. A temporary effort in Quinte Bay and a great rais- Bion at Oswegatchic, n(»w Ogdenslxirg, mark their limit. The Jesuits, exppi)t in the district attended by the Sulpi- tians, had for many years sole charge of all the French settle- ments and the religious communities that grew up there, to- gether with the Indian missions in Canada. The French settlements were chiefly at Tadoussac, a great THE HURON MISSION. 227 trading post ; Quebec, Isle Orleans, Three Eivers, Montreal, to wbicli the Hurons and their allies further west came down on flotillas of canoes by the way of the Ottawa Eiver. The trading establishment at the Rapids above Montreal was the frontier post of the French. Under the zealous labors of Father Brdbeuf and his asso- ciates, men like Fathers Charles Gamier, Anthony Daniel, Leonard Garreau, Chatelain, Jogues, Raymbaut, many were converted in the great Wyandot or Huron nation, and in the kindred Tionontates. The long route to and from their stations near Lake Huron became annually more difficult and dangerous, as the Iroquois or Five Nations supplied with firearms by the Dutch aj Manhattan waylaid the Indian flotillas descending to trade or returning from Quebec, at a hundred points along the tedious and difficult course. Yet it was only by these flotillas of bark canoes that the mission- aries could reach the mission field, or return to the French colony when the necessities of the Huron church required it. With a few lay brothers, and some devoted men who gave their services to the mission, the Jesuits could raise wheat and make wine for the celebration of mass ; but cloth- ing, books, paper, medicines, i.Tiplements of various kinds, could be had only in the colony ; and sometimes the inter- ruiition of navigation was so prolonged that the missionaries sufl'ored greatly. Yet so far were they from any idea of abandoning the field which Providence had placed under their care, that thoy planned the extension of their missions further west. In the summer of 1(U2, a peculiar institution of the cluster of tribes to which the Hurons belonged, known as the Feast of tlie Dead, gathered in the Huron country delegates from all tri])08 with whom they held friendly relations. Then, amid solemn rites and games, the bones of those buried temporarily -■ I , .'i "* ,•>'■■ '> .1 '. m ...... 228 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. during the last ten years were committed to a common grave, richly lined with furs, and with them articles regarded as of highest value. The Chippewa envoys to this ceremony, who came from the outlet of Lake Superior, invited the black gowns to /f\Jo^^ fl^^u^^ M^ e^ visit their couu- try ; and when fffuHfir^^ ^^'fr^Hfet*^ e/i>- /VJ. the Feast of the ^ - Dead was ended iJ^pXtC J(^,M^ and the Cliip- J^ ' "^^ pewas launch- ^ ^a^ ^ r-^^ '^ their canoes '^^^ / on Lake Huron, FACSIMILE OF THE nANPWRITINO OF FATHER Father CliarlcS ISAAC JOOUK8. Raymbaut and Father Isaac Jogues were selected to accompany them. Set- ting out from the mission-house of St. Mary's, a sail of seventeen days over the lake brought the two priestly i)io- neers to the rapid outlet, which received from them the name it still bears, Sault St. Mary's. Here, in October, 1G41, the Church of Canada, starting from Quebec as a centre, again reached the prexnit territory of the United States. Hero the two Jesuits planted the Q^'V^J' ^^\^*f**-''**^ Cross of Cliristianity, looking ^ .,, , , ^ \ t FAC-8IMILK OF THE SIONATURB OF Still further west, and form- ^^^^^^.^^ chaules raymdaut. ing plans for the conversion of the Dakotas, of whom they heard by their Algonquin name, Nadouessis.' Father Isaac Jogues, who thus stands as one of the two pioneer priests of Michigan, was destined soon to be the ' Relation de la Nouvellc France," 1042, pp. 97-8. ^ - . FATHER JOGUES A CAPTIVE. 229 pioneer priest of .another State. On the 2d of June, 1642, he and Father llayinbaut embarked in the Huron canoes,' descending the great water highways; Father Raymbautj whose health was shattered, was to remain in tlie French colony ; Father Jogues was to return with the Indians after the trade, bringing with him supplies the Huron mission I sorely needed. The journey descending and returning was fraught with danger from lurking parties of the Mohawks. They reached Quebec safely, and Father Jogues enjoyed for a season the pleasure of mingling among his brethren and his countrymen. On the 1st of August the missionary, with two Frenchmen, Rene Goupil, a candidate for entrance into the Society, and William Couture, embarked with the Hurons from Three Rivers, the great Chief Ahasistari being in com- mand. Over-coutident in their numbers and bravery, the Hurons, when suddenly attacked by the Mohawks, landed in confusion and were soon routed. A few only with the two Frenchmen made any stand. Father Jogues might have es- caped, but he would not desert his flock ; Ahasistari and the few brave Hurons who remained with the Frenchmen were soon overpowered. The prisoners then underwent the usual Indian cruelties ; they were beaten to insensibility, mangled, and hacked. Father Jogues had his nails torn out, and his forefingers cnmched till the last bone was completely crushed. Then the Mohawks compelled their prisoners to begin a ter- rible march to the Mohawk. On their way they encoun- tered on an island in Lake Champlain a war party just setting out. This, to ensure courage and success, wreaked its savage cruelty on the prisoners.' Father Jogues finally, on the 14th of August, reached Ossernenon, the first Mohawk town, near ' Smitli's Island, near AVestport. is traditionally believed to be the spot \ hallowed by the snlTorings of these illustrious missionaries and their dis- ciplea. A cross keeps the memory alive. '•■i •■■I M'i ••I- ni i *M\ ., f 230 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. the present station of Auriesville, in Montgomery County. Here, after crossing the river, the prisoners were forced to run the gauntlet, and were placed on a platform for further cruelties. All the prisoners were cut and mutilated. Father Jogues had his left thumb sawed ofE at the root, an Algonquin woman being forced to execute the savage cruelty. Then followed days of torture in each of the towns of the nation, the missionary forgetting his own sufferings to instruct and baptize those of his own party not yet received into the Church, or others brought in by other war parties. AVhen the council of the tribe finally decided the fate of the prisoners, several Hurons were burned at the stake, in- cluding the brave Ahasistari ; but the Hves of the French- men were spared. No care was taken of their terrible wounds, and though the Dutch endeavored to ransom the European captives, the Indians refused to part with them. The next month Reno Goupil was killed while returning to Oseernenon with the missionary and reciting the rosary. The Indians regarded his prayers, and especially the Sign of the Cross, as magical acts for their injury, the making the sign on a child being the immediate cause of his death. Father Jogues endeavored to secure and bury the body of his com- panion, but it was maliciously carried away. The good priest, who has left us an account of his young comrade, attests his deep and earnest piety, his zeal, and his services as a med- ical assistant to the missicnaries, whom he had voluntarily joined from religious motives, and served with no hope of reward.' Then began for Father Jogues a long and terrible captivity, in which his chief consolation was that of attend- ing prisoners at the stake, and the instruction of a few ' Rene Goupil had been a novice of the Society of Jesus in France, but his health failed, and he came to America, hoping to enter in time. Fa- ther Jogues received him before his death. 1 |< II HIS ESCAPE. 231 Mohawks in sickness, whom he taught tp look to God for forgiveness and grace. As the slave of savages he attended hunting and fishing parties, till at last when at Fort Orange, now Albany, he heard that he was to be put to death on his return. The Dutch urged him to escape, promising him pro- tection. During the night he reached a vessel lying in the North River, near the Fort, but the Indians, on discovering their loss, became so menacing, that he was taken ashore, to be given up, if necessary, to save the lives of the Dutch. The Mohawks were, however, finally appeased, and the mis- sionary, who had been confined with great discomfort, was taken down to the fort on Manhattan Island, around which had clustered a few cabins, the commencement of the great city of New York. In New Amsterdam, as the place was then called. Father Jogues found but two Catholics, the Por- tuguese wife of a soldier, and an Irishman, recently from Maryland. His sufferings evoked the sympathy of all the Dutch, from their director, William Kieft, and the minister. Dominie Megapolensis, to the poorest. The Director of the Colony gave him passage in a small vessel he was dispatching to Holland, but tlie missionary had opportunity for addi- tional suffering, and after being driven upon the English coast, reached his native land, just in time to celebrate the feast of Christmas. The future State of New York had thus been traversed from north to south by a great and heroic priest. Another soon followed him in the same path of suffering. At the close of April, 1644, Father Joseph Bressani, a native of Rome, who had been two years on the Canada mis- sion, soon after leaving Three Rivers with a Huron party, also fell into the hands of the Mohawks. This priest was not severely maltreated till his captors met a war party, when he was cruelly beaten with clubs, but on arriving at a large ! FAC-8IMILE OF BIONATURE OF FATHER FRANCIS J. BREB8ANI. 232 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. fishing village, the prisonere were compelled to run the gauntlet. Father Breseani's hand was cloven open ; he was stabbed and burned all over his body, indeed his hands were burned no less than eighteen times ; a stake was driven through his foot, his hair and beartl fs torn out by the roots. On jtr^ovy %Jtai {J^'^^om^' reaching Ossernenon his " tortures were renewed ; his left thumb and two fingers of the right hand were cut off ; but the council of the tribe spared his life, and gave him to an old woman. His terrible wounds and ulcers brought him nearly to the grave ; but he rallied and was taken to the Dutch, who, efiEecting his ransom, sent him also to Europe. He anived in Ilochelle November 15, 1644.' Father Jogues, honored in France as a martyr of Christ, had but one desire, and it was to return to his mission. He solicited from the Sovereign Pontiff permission to say mass with his mutilated hands, and it was given in words that have become historic: "Indiguum esse Christi inartyrem Christi non bibere sanguinem." He sailed from Rochelle in the spring of 1644, and was stationed at Montreal. Sum- moned thence in July, he attended negotiations with the Mohawks at Three Rivers, where peace was concluded, but its ratification was delayed. In May, 1646, Father Jogues and John Bourdon were sent to the Mohawk country to rat- ify it firmly. Passing through Lake George, to which he gave the name of " Lac St. Sacrement," as he reached it on the feast of Corpus Christi, Father Jogues, with his companion, arrived at the Mohawk castles, and peace was ' Father Bressani relates his own sufferings in his " Breve Relazione," Macerata, 1C58 ; in French, Montreal, 1852 ; see also " Relation de la Nouvelle France." 1944, ch. 9. .-ri. : i Mi L-UE, N ' :; G u E '- :.ifa 1 ^^^■l ^^H m 1 H^l ■< ■ Hl^ I HH^Hj « * 1 ^ i 1^ 'i f*- i •• lu DEATH OF FATHER JOOUES. 233 apparently established. One great object was to cement this peace by establishing a mission in the Mohawk country. Father Jogaes had come prepared to do so ; but leaving a small box containing his mission requisites, he returned with his fellow envoy to Canada. There the foundation of the Mohawk mission was decided upon, and Father Jogues set out for his dangerous post, accompanied by a young man named John de la Lande. The Mohawks had, however, already resolved to renew the war, and parties of their braves were then stealthily approaching the unsuspecting French settlements. Father Jogues and his companions fell into the hands of one of these parties. Deaf to his protests and his remonstrance the Mohawks stripped and maltreated the missionary and his companions, and led them as prisoners to Ossernenon, which they entered on the 19th of October, 1046, amid blows and execrations. One clan tried to save the missionary, but while a council was in session an Indian summoned him. Father Jogues rose to follow, but as he entered a cabin he was struck down lifeless by a blow of a tomahawk. His head was cut off and set on one of the pali- sades of Ossernenon, his body was thrown into the Mohawk, which next morning bore down its tide the nmrdered bodies of la Lande and a Huron guide. The Dutch learned, and deploring his fate made it known to the authorities in Can- ada. So ended the first attem])t of the Church of Canada to extend its work of evangelization over any part of the soil of New York. Father Jogues died without the consolation of once offering the Holy Sacrifice on the banks of the Mo- hawk. Father haac Jogues, a native of Orleans, was n man of polished learning, gentle, enduring, firm, and had im- pressed all who knew him in Canada as a priest of singular virtue, perfect forgetfulness of self, and untiring zeal. His death raised him in the minds of all to the rank of a martyr. II- ^ 234 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY, His intercession was invoked in Canada and France, and miraculous favors were ascribed to him. The narrative of his sufferings and death was drawn up under the authority of the Archbishop of Rouen, and attested by oath to serve in any process for his canonization. In the Catliolic t)ody that now permeates the great population of the Republic, devotion to this early priest has become general ; and the third Plenary Council in Baltimore, in November, 1884, for- mally petitioned the Vicar of Christ that the cause of his canonization might be introduced.' Contemporaneous with this effort from Canada to establish the Church on the Mohawk, more consoling results were seen in Maine, The Recollects of the province of Aquitaine, in France, came over in 1019 to attend the establishments begun in Acadia by sedentary fishery and fur companies > " Rehition do la Nouvellc France," 1643 ; 1043. ch. 12, 14 ; 1647, ch. 4-7: Crcuxius, " Historia Caiuulunsis," jip. 338-500; Tanner. " Socictas Militans," Prague, 167.'), p. .510 ; "Concilium Plenarium Baltimorcnse III," Baltimore, If^Sfl, p. Ixiv. This servant of God was born at Orleans, France, of a family still lionored there, .laniiary 10. 1607. Entering a •lesuit college at the age of ten, he solicited entrance into the Society of .lesus and began his novitiate October 24. 1624. As novice and as scholas- tic, student aTid teacher, he "-as regarded as a model. ('onsiatient, succes.sful, uncomplaining mis.sioner. ready for any peril. In the hour of trial he showed the heroic degree to which he had a.scpiided by his life of prayer and union with Owl. His life has been written by Father Felix Martin, 8..I. Paris, 1873; New York, IRS.'"). His writings, including a narrative of hia cap tivity, a notice of Hene Ooii])!!. and an account of New Nethcrland in 1642. Iiave been published in a volume! of the " Collections of the New York Historical Society." The site of Ossernenon has been identitied by the exhaustive topographical studies of Oeneral .John S. Clark, of Auburn, and it has lieen ac(iuire■ H B » O O a K <^ 2 O •{ I 1 . ; -.f .4 M i; r ; It tf'fr 230 rJETE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. founded .at Bordeaux. Their chief station and chapel were on St. John's River, and several Fathers labored in that dis- trict till 1624, one dying of hardship in the woods. They then retired to Quebec, probably crossing part of Maine on the way.' Though they resumed their missions, they were driven out l)y the English in 1028 ; but even before the res- toration of Canada to France, Recollect Fathers from the province of Aquitaine were again sent out in 1030.' Three years afterwai'd, however, Cardinal Richelieu gave orders for their recall, and committed the Acadian mission to the I'V thers of the Capuchin Order.' Of the extent of their labors there is no doubt. The Capu- chins of the province of Paris, accepting the field assigned to them, sent mitsinnaries who attended the French along the coast from Chaleurs Bay to the Kennebec. Tlioir country- men constituted a floating population— of small proportion in winter, but swelling iii summer to thousiuids— as is the case to this day at Saint Pierre and Miquelon.* The conversion of the Indians was one of the main objects of the nn'ssion, and the establishment of a seminary for the instruction of the young natives Wiis especially provided for. Cardinal Richelieu had in 1035 become a partner in a com- pany for settling Acadia, and in 1040 he transferred all his ' Le (lercq, " Establishment of the Fnitli," i., pp. 199, 227. ' I hiiiuphiiii, " Voyages" (Prince edii.t, i., p. 298. ^ Failloii. " Ilistoire de hi Colonie Franvaiso," i., p 280 ; Letter of Bon- tliilliiT, .secretary of stale, March 10, 10B3, cited by Moreau, " Ilistoire de I'Acadie Franvoise," Paris, 1873, p. Ktl ; Faillon, " Ilistoire de hk Colonie Fran(,aisc," i,, p. 280. D'Aulnny received the Capuchins, but Lh Tour retained Recollect Fathers till his open mockery of the Cath- olic relifrion comix'lled them to withdraw in .January, 1645 ; Moreau, pp. 131,211. •'•Helation de la Nouvelle France," 1651. pp. 14-15; ( liiirlevoix, " IIistruil!ettes found the Capu- chins on the KonnelH-c, but the " Helation " of 1647 makes this doubtful. THE CAPUCHINS IN MAINE. 237 rights to the Capuchin Fathers as a fund for the foundation and maintenance of this Indian school, so that the great Car- dinal of France was actively intercoted in the Christian edu- cation of New England Indians long before Plymouth or Massachusetts Bay or the British rulers had paid any atten- tion to it.' The centre of the mission was at Port Eoyal, but there were stations attended by the Capuchins as far east as FAC-SIMILE OF COPPER-PLATK PROM FOUNDATION OF CHAPEL OF OUR LADY OF HOLT HOPE, FOUND IN 1863. the Kennebec* and Penobscot. Among those who were sta- tioned at the French post of Pentagoet on the Penobscot ' F. Piiciflcus de Provins, " Relazione," Marcli 9, 1644, MS. ' Moreau, " Hi.stoirc de I'Acadie FranQaisc," pp. 187, 164, 167. D'Aul- nay was eventually selected to administer the revenues of the portion belonging to the Capuchins. Father Leonard of Chartres for baptizing a child wliich, with its mother, was in danger of death, was mortally wmmded by an Indian. Before they could reach the hospice with the dying Capuchin, the post was captured by the English, and he was taken to a neighboring island, where he expired. See " Bullarium Capuccino- !( " r ;i 'i< ^m ; ; '\ 238 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. may be named Father Leo of Paris, Father Cosmas de Mante, Father Bernardine de Crespy, and the Lay Brother Elzear de St. Florentin. Theu- chapel, which bore the title of Our Lady of Holy Hope, was evidently reared not far from the lower fort at the present town of Castine, for in the autumn of 1863 a copper-plate was found but little below the surface of the soil, which bore an inscription proving that it had once been in the corner-stone of the Catholic chapel. It ran thus :— " 1648 : 8 Jun : F. Leo Parisin Capvc : Miss posvi HOC FVNDTM IN HNREM Nrje DiXM Sanct^ Spei." " On the 8th of June, 1648, I, Friar Leo of Paris, Capuchin mission- ary, laid this corner-stone in honor of Our Lady of Holy Hope." It was apparently one of the last acts of this mis- sionary, for in October of the same year his post was filled by Father Cosmas de Mante. While the Capuchin Fathers were thus engaged at Penta- goet, the Abnaki Indians on the Kennebec, who had through kindred Algonquin tribes visited the French at Quebec, asked for missionaries. As they at a later period told the people of New England, when they went to Canada they were not asked whether they had any furs, but whether they had been taught to worship the true God. The Superior of the Jesuit Mission took the matter into consideration, and on the same day, August 21, 1640, that it was decided to send Father Isaac Jogues to the Mohawk, it was also unanimously agree(). He delivered his credentials, urging the cause of his countrymen and the claims of his 242 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. If i' neophytes, which lie pleaded also at Plymouth. At Roxhury he visited Eliot, who pressed him to remain under his roof till spring, hut winter had no terrors for him. After receiv- ing a reply from the governor and ])resenting his case to the leading men, he sailed early in January for the Kennehec, and iu the following month resumed his missionary lahors. He returned to Canada in June, hut was again accred- ited in a more formal manner as envoy with Mr. Godefroy to the Commissioners of the New England Colonics, who were to meet at New Haven. Thither the missionary and his associate proceeded, and in Septemher, 1651, the Cath- olic priest pleaded in vain for a hrotherhood of nations, and for a eomhined action against a destroying heathen power. The visit of a priest to New England, whose Chris- tian civilization, three years hefoie, had emhodied its claims to the respect of posterity in a law expelling every Jesuit and dooming him to the gallows if he returned, is, in itself, a most curious episode.' After concluding his di])lomatic functions in Boston and New Ilavon, he returned to his little flock on the Ivennehec, and spent the winter instructing and grounding them iu the doctrines of Christianity. After many hardships he reached Quehec in March, 1()52.' PW some years after these missions of Father Druillettes on the Kennehec, no further attempt was made to estahlish the church at Norridgewalk, hut the Ahnakis kept the faith alive hy visits to Sillery and other missions in Canada. ' Druillottcs, " Narre du Voyage," 1650-1, Albany, 1855 ; " Recueil de Pi(!ces 8ur la Negotiation entre la Nouv. France et la Nouv. Angleterre," New York, 1866 ; Charlevoix, "History of New France," ii., pp. 201-18 ; Hazard, "Collections," ii., pp. 183-4; Hutchinson, "Collection," i., p. 269. * " Journal des Jesuites," 80 Mars, 1652. JESUIT MARTYRS. 243 ^or were the Capuchin missions to be much longer con- tinued. Brother Elzear de St. Florenthi spent ten years in St. Pe- ter's fort at Pentagoet, becoming thoroughly versed in the rndian language, and gaining many by his instructions, which his exemplary life corroborated. In 1655 the Very Rev. Father Bernardino de Crespy, the missionary at Pentagoet, was carried olf to England by an expedition sent out by Cromwell,' and the Catholic French on the coast, as well as the Indian converts, were deprived of the services of their religion. The war declared by the Iroquois on the French and their allies, when the Mohawks so treacherously made Father .logues a prisoner and put him to death, was carried on with the greatest vigor ; the MontagTiais of the St. Lawrence, the Algomiuins of the Ottawa, the Attikamegues, were nearly annihilated, and the great Ilurou, Tionontate, and Neuter Nations, though living in palisaded castles, saw town after town captured by their daring enemy. The upper country became a desert ; the surviving Ilurons and Tionontates fled t(. Lake Superior or descended to Quebec to seek a refuge under the canons of the French. The little colony of Canada suffered fearfully. The Huron missions were destroyed. Fathers Anthony Daniel, John de Brebeuf, Gabriel Lalemaut, Charles Gamier, and Noel Chabanel perishing amid their llocks, Brebeuf and Lalemant undergoing at the stake the utmost fury of the savages. Father James Buteux was slain among his faithful Attikamegues ; the secular priests, Rev. ' F. Ignatius of Paris, " Brcuis ac dilucida Missionls AccadifE Dcscrip- tio," MS. ; Moreau, " Hlstoire de I'Acadie," p. 263. In the struggle of d'Aulnay, who endeavored to carry out the orders and decisions of tri- buniils in France, and of the Court, against La Tour, the Capuchins labored in the interest of peace, on one occasion obtaining liberty for lia Tonr and his wife. Moreau, p. 160. .d '41 '• "•'Hi Its FAC-SIMILK Ob' SIGN ATlItl'. OF KATIIKU .lOSKl'U roNlKT. 244 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. Messrs. Leinaitre aiid Vignal, were killed in the neip^libor- lioocl of Montreal; P'atlior Josep'.i Poncet, while engaged in a work of cliarity, was cuptured in August, 1()53, by a l)aud of Mohawks, was hurried through the forest trails to tlu'ir village, undergoing :fe>'^e^JL^ 0>tr>tG44' '^<'^^OeivL, privation, hanlsliip. and great torture, his hands being frightfully lacerated and hurned. At the Ilndson he and his companion were stripped, and forced to run the gauntlet of a pnrty whom they encountered. At the Moliawk village the missionary was ex- jKiscd on a scallold, iind the Indians ma, and gave him to ;in old woman. The Dutch of Fort ( (range, to whom he was taken, dressed his wounds. Here he met liad'sson. afterwards f;imous in Canadian annals, who had iicen taken prisoner also, and a llelgian from l?russels, iiothof whom approached the Kicrament of penance. Meanwhile it had been decided I>y the Mohawk sachems to restore the missionary to the French and propose peace. In October ho set out with a party, and after a laborious march ri'aciied Montreal.' Thus, at a moment when the prospect of the Chin'ch in Canada seemed besi't on all sides by danger and ditlicnity, wlieii any extension tf)warsf seemed imp. II FATHER PONCET. 24.') startling suddenness, but in such a form that the way for the gospel M'as opened into the very heart of the Confederacy ■which had hitherto been the great obstacle. The blood of the martyred missionarich had pleaded, and not in vain, for the couversion of the Iroquois. ''cmoTv Le mo^rtt £ y^ Pa^1u^ .^\rtauenjtcui. ^cine^£:ii^ te Jd^dtrJcc.J^A ^onct^^Y §'^^>'^^<^ ^ FAC-8IMILE8 OK THK HIONATIIIEH »)K KATIIEIIS I,U MOYNE, UAOUENKAC, I.E MEHCIEIi, AND UAUUEAU. I ii ■■•i '1 ; ' 1 ' J 1 ^ I'l .; )'■ i. \J I'M 1 • ' '! Hi hi CHAPTER 11. riir: .irRisnicTioN of tiik. aijciiiiishops of rouen — nii; iiusi ONONDAtJA MISSION — M(iK, I,.\VAI.. VICAR-APOSTOLIC TIIK MISSION ON Tin; ri'l'KK LAKKS. lOSlJ-lOOl. ,i J i II Thk extension of the Catliolie C'liiuvli of Canada to (iiir present territory in a permanent manner, is coeval witli tiie estahlisliiiient and recojriiition of the jurisdiction of tlie Archliisliops of Rouen over tlie jiortion of North America uiiicii tlu' adventurous sons of France were exi)lorincnt Father Vimont to France, and application was mai^ions ill ( aiiaila. hi> Vicar-(ieneral. These powers were renewed hy his ^ucce-.>or. Francis de Ilarlay Champallon, in |tl,"i;{, and in that year a Hull of .luhilee from the I'ope wa> pulilicly proclaimed in Canada hy the authority of the .Vich- hi-liop of IJoueii, and a( mpaiiied hy his pastoial. .\'- the Church f«preail in Maine, .New York, ^ficlligan. Wisconsin, t:|id.li«lifii.iit of (lie Fiiitli," i.. p. :i;!!t; Miirirry. •• Docuuuiits," 1.. p. 15; llic next was that of the Yen. Mr. Olitr. in lliritJ. Faillon, " Vic dc M Olii r." Paris, 1853, ii., p. 50J. \ ■ ill' •i ft h i t • 248 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. Christians, and lieard tlie confession of Lis old Tiontate host. Confc^sinir, baptizing, the missionary envoy came at last in sight of the Onondaga castle, to he greeted with an luuisual welcome. In the solenni council he opened with a prayer in Huron, easily followed by the Iroquois, in which he anathe- matized the evil spirits who should venture to disturb the peace, then he ])rayed the angel guardians of the land to speak to the hearts of the Five Nations, to the clans, tlie faniiHes, the individuals he named ; then he delivered tlie nineteen presents symbolizing ;us many words or propositions. In reply the Ononthiga siichems urged him to select a sj){)t on the banks of the lake for a French settlement, and contirnied the peace. Everything encouraged ^'le envoy jiriest. Tlie ( )nondagas seemed full of good-will .neir Christian captives full of fervor. Father le Moyne returned with two precious relics, a New Testjunent that had belonged to Father Bnibeuf, and a prayer-book of Father Charles (larnier, both put to death by the Inxpiois. His favorable report tilled the French colony \nth exultation.' To plant Christianity and civilization at Onondaga, was the next stej). Fathers .loseph Chauniouot and Clamle Uablon were selected, and leaving Quebec in Septend)er, were received in pom|) by the sachems, about a mile from the Onondaga castles, on the 5th of Noveml>er. A ban([uet was s])read for the priests, who were welcomed by an orator in an eloipient address, to which Father Cliaunionot n piied in (lu'ir own language and style. Then they were conducted, between a welcoming line on either side, to the great cabin ])repare(I for them. As it was Friday, they hud to decline the juicy l»ear-meat ( ookcd for their rei)ast, but it was at once replaced by iHjaver iiud iisli. That very night u council was lield. and U. " Holation dv ia Noiivnllc Francf," 1054, ch. vi., (Qui-bcc etlition, p. FATHER CHAUMONOT. 249 the essential presents were exchanged. The erection of a chapel for Catholic worship was to be one of the first steps. The sachems told Chauniouot that as they had ascertained tliat the most gratifying intelligence they could send that fall to Onontio, that is, the Governor of Canada, would be that Onondaga had a chapel for the believers, they would, to l)lease him, provide for it as soon as possible. The missionary ri'{)lied that they had discovered the secret of winning the governor's heart, and gaining him over completely. For some days there ^vere interviews, discussions, and in- terchange of presents, the missionaries availing themselves of the opportunity to visit the sick. They visited the Salt Spring near Lake Ganentaa, which had been selected as the site of the jjroposed French settlement. On the same hill was another si>ring of pure water. The site was a deliglitful one, easy of access from all directions. On Sunday, Noveiid)er 14th, they consecrated their work by offering the holy sacrifice of the mass at a temporary altar in the cabin of Teotonliarason, an influential woman who had visited Quebec and now openly declared herself in favor of Ciiristianity. The next day the Sachems convened the nation in a])ub]ic place that all might see and liear. Then Father Chaumonot prepared to deliver the wampum belts of which he was the bearer. Father Chaumonot. who had ada])ted his natural eloquence to the Indian mind, gave lu'lt after belt, each with a symboli- cal meaning which he explained. " Tiie ai)])lausc was general and every mind was on the alert to see and Iiear what came next. This was the finest wampum belt of all which Father Chaumonot displayed. lie declared all that he had thus far said was but to assuagt> and soothe their evils; that lie could not prevent their falling sick and dying; yet he had u ;H.l ' 't. . r ,4 , a. 1 ! 1 M^' r ■ '> 1 r f j 'i 1 f ij i ^ i ■ ■ 1! Ki| i^i- I 250 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. sovereign remedy for all kinds of evils ; and that it was this properly which broujjjlit him to their coun- try; and that thoy had displayed |; , their intelligence in coming to lu (Quebec to seek him ; that this great remedy was the Faith, which he came to announce to them, which tliey would undoubtedly re- ceive as favorably as they had done wisely in soliciting it.'' Then walk- ing up and down he ehxjucntly j)ortrayed the truth and beauty of Christianity, and called upon them to accept it. His address, the first eloquent presentation of the Chris- tian faith to the Five Is'ations at their great couiu-il tire, was heard with deep attention, interrupted rfl"! only by the ajiplauding cries of the sachems and chiefs.' How deeply the words of the missionary impressed the sachems, may be seen by the fact that the very wam|>mH lu'lt iield up that da bv FatiiiT Chaunumot. is still )A^-': i-^ preserv'd among the treasures of fnTi^l the Iro(|Uoi> League, at Onondaga. U v^** C ' " I{cliiti0(', left that city with all necessjiries for a settlement, accompanied by Father r)al»Ion, the Sujierior of the mission. '"Rrlntion de \n Xouvelle Franre," lfi50, rli. vii. xiii., (QucIkt cd., pp. 20, :ir,). i OUR LADY OF GANENTAA. 2o3 F. Francis le Morcier, two otlior priests of tlie Society, Rene Monanl and James Freniin, with two lay brothers.' They set out amid the anxious fears of their countrymen, their white banner with filename of Jesus betokening the ob- jet't of their omiujnition. After a tedious journey ' iring which they suffered from hunger, the colonists on the ilth of July reached the spot on Laivc Onondaga which Fathers Chaumonot and Dablon had selected, and Avhere the sachems of the tribe awaited them. The French canoes moved over the waters of tlie lake amid a salvo from their live cannon. A grand reception and banquet followed. The next day a solemn Te Deum was clianted for their safe arrival, and possession was taken of the country in the name of Jesus Christ, dedicating it to Ilim by the holy sacritice of the mass. On Sunday all received holy comnumion, to fulfil a vow made amid the dan- ger;? of their route. After the usual i-onnd of rece))tions and banipiets to conform to the Indian custom, the French set to work in earnest tt) erect the blockhouse of Saint ;^rary of Ga- nentaa, as the headcpiarters of the settlers and of the nn'ssion- ai'ics. It stood on a hill from which flowed a stream of salt water, and one lim[)id, fresh, anpared and planted by the French with wheat, Indian corn, and vegetables, and places arranged for the swine and poultry which they had brought.' ' ' if ' %\ '«, t'l ■1 : i ■w ^ "'ncl;iii()ii (Ir In Xoiivcllc FfMiicc," 1(157, rli. 4, (Qnchor cd., pp. 7-0), Marie dc riiicarii;iii.iii. •■ l.ciircs Hi-toriciui"*." p. ."i;)!, I.clliv Oct. 4. m.-is. '■' ' HcIiUion (Ic 1m Ximvcllc Kniicp," 1(157, cli, 5 i(Jurlicc (mI.. p. \H\. •Kadisson, " Voviiircs," p. lis, St. Mary's of (JuiicMlMM \v;is jwst nortli a ■M r ! 1 ( t 1 1 J ^ i I'l I.! I 1 1 I i I '' '' 1 J 1 m t I! y i THE JESUIT WKM,, GANKNTAA. KHO.M A DKAWINQ BY A. I.. UAWHON. ij ! I CAYUGA AND SENECA MISSION. 255 »^' IIAW80N. As 80011 as the coniinencement of tlio mission had been laid at Onondaga, the missionaries preimred to extend their sphere of action. Fatlier Chaumonot towards the close of August, U')i)G, set out for Cayuga, and leaving Father Rene Menard there, pushed on to the Seneca country. The mis- sionary of the Cayugas was not Avarmly received at Goio- gouen, Huron apostates having created prejudice against the messengers of the faith, but four days after his arrival a bark chapol was erected, draped with finely wrought mats and pictures of our Lord and His Blessed Mother.' Then his work began ; instructions were given daily, the sick and dy- ing visited, calumnies refuted, difficulties exi)lained. Some listened ; one a warrior, who had given wampum belts to rescue Fathers Bi-ebeuf and Lalemant, but which the war chiefs subsequently returned. Father Chaumonot at (xandagan, a Seneca town, disposed the sachems to favor the cause of Christianity and to main- tain the peace; another town. Saint MichaeFs, made up al- most entirely of Ilurons, welcomed the priest, many of the exiles having adhered to the faith though long deprived of a pastor.' The two missionaries also visited Oneida, although warned of the railroad bridge ou lot 100, on the north side of Lake Onondaga, about midway between the two extremities. "The .Jesuit's Well," of which an illustration is given from a drawing by A. L. Rawson, with its accompanying salt .spring, marks the spot. The Onondaga village whexe the chapel was erected, wa.s twelve miles distant, two miles .south of the present village of .Alanlius. Gen. John 8. Clark in llawley's "Early Chapters," p. 33. ' Gen. John 8. Clark, who has so caref\illy studied the sites of Indian town.s, places GoiogoUen three and a half miles south of Union Springs, near Great Gully Brook. Hev. Dr. llawley's " Early Chapters of Ca- yuga Ili.story," p. 21. •' ■ Relation de la Nouvelle France," 1657, ch. 15-16 (Quebec ed nv 42-6). ^ ., HP- f '-m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I t us, m 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► V] % '/ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER NY M}80 (716) S73-4S03 -o^ '^ I fi i I 256 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. that a plot was forming against their lives ; but tliej went on and boldly announced the gospel. Onondaga was, however, the central mission and that which afforded most consoling hope. Here they found more ])er- sons ready to listen to their teaching, more who in sickness placed all their hope in Our Lord when lie was made known to them. The old Christians and converts were so numerous that three Sodalities of the Blessed Virgin were established, one (^nondasra, one Huron, and one of the Neuter Nation. They all assendiled in the chapel on Palm Sunday, 1057, be- fore daybreak, and prepared for mass by reciting the rosary.' Yet the lives of the missionaries hung by a thread. ^Vllile Father Kagueneau was on his way from Canada to Onon- daga with a party from that canton accompanied by some Ilnrons, who had agreed to settle there, an Onondaga chief ttimahawked a Huron woman, and his companions nii'.ssacivd the mcTi of the tril)e, tr(«ating the women and children as slaves, stripping them of all their goods.' The mis'^ionary 1111(1 a lay bntther reached Onondaga alive, but felt that they were prisoners. If this nation had ever really been sin- cere in their advances to the French, the jealousy of tlie Mo- hawks and Oncidas, who wished all trade to pass through their country, soctn by specious reasoning incited the Onon- ilagas to join them in renewing hostilities against the French. While Father le Moyne was on the Mohawk, and the mis- sionaries ami French at Oncmdaga, the Oncidas slrw and w'ali)ed three culdiiists near Montreal, (ioveriiord" \illeltnust acted with a decision that saved the lives of the missionaries. He seized all the Irocpiois to l)e found in the colony and put them in irons. Thcv saw that they were to deal with a man ' " Hfliktlon (l(» 111 Nouvcllc Fritncc," cli. 10. p. 47. » Il< , ell 'ii. pp. .VI-0. HiiilisM.in, " VoyiifriH," p. IIW. tlioy went liat wliit'li more ])cr- 11 sickness de known numerous -tiil)li(-lio(l, 2r Nation. lOST, he- :ie rosary.' 1. While to Oiion- hy some lafja cliiet" nii'ssacriMl ;hil(h"en as nlBsionary ; tliat they heen siii- .f tiie Mo- s tliroiij:;h the Onon- le Freiu'h. I the niis- hlew and Vilk'hiiuht irthioiiaries, »y ami put rith a man It). <}*W1 ; i Cl.OSHJ Oj ■ 1 ll'-' [iiSl ■■ -on II' I-"' ""f" ~s.-3*r ■fT m ' K J r ^'b • E ft |B i^ pI 1 CLOSE OF THE MISSION. 257 with whom they could not trifle. One was allowed to re- turn and assure the Mohawks and Oneidas that the lives of their tribesmen depended on the safe return of Father le Moyne. The position of the party at Onondaga was more serious, but the arrival of some Indians from that tribe irave the <>()v- ernor the hostages he desired ; but he could not send an ex- pedition to save the French. The winter wore away, the mis- sionaries faitlifully discharging their duties, the French settlers looking forward to the o])ening of navigation for an effort to escai)o. Flat-boats and canoes were secretly con- structed, and at last one of the French gave a grand bancpiet which gathered all the men of the Onondaga tribe. It was one that required the guests to eat everytliing set before them, and the French lavished their provisions to glut the guests, while music was kept up to .Irown all noise. At last far in tlie niglit the Oiiondagas returned to their village, and soon sleep held tlie whole tribe. Then the French embarked in haste, breaking a way through the ice, down the Oswego to the lake, and coasting along they finally reached Quebec' So ended the first French settlement and the first Catholic mission in New Vork, which had lasteil from November T), Kinf), to March 20, 1(558, and whicli liad erected chapels in the Onondaga towns, and among tlie Oayugas. No sooner had peace with the Ir.xpiois allowed the Catho- lic Church to extend its influence into the territory of the fierce Indians who had slaughtered i)riest and neoiihyte and catechumen, than it sought also to penetrate to the utmost limit then known to the French, the country of the Ottawas on Lake Superior, of the very existence of which few Eun^ ' '■ Relation (Ic Ja Noiivclle France." 1058. Letter of F. Raguencan, PP 3-0; Riulisson, " VoynircM," pp. iaU-lU4 17 BV i ■ ^^•m , :' li i ' ' It ! f ' 1 \ 1 ■i. 1 .V i , i 1 1 « . 1 1 ; t , ■ 1 ' ! ■ ! 258 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. peans, few even of the English settlers on the Atlantic coast, had the remotest idea. At the first gleain of peace with the Iroquois, flotillas ot canoes from Lake Superior made their way by the devious route of Lake Huron and the Ottawa to IMontreal and Que- bec The Jesuit missionaries heard from these Indians of other tribes, the Winnebagoes, Illinois, Sioux, Crees. They resolved to plant the cross among them. The Ottawas asked for missionaries, and when their flotilla was ready, lather Leonard Garreau and Father (iabriel Druillettes were ai>- pointed to acconipanv them on their h.ng and ditflcult voyage, with I]r..ther Louis le Boesnie, destined to become the earli- est metal-worker in the West. As the flotilla was i)ass.ng the upper end of the islan.l of Montreal it was attacked by a Alohawk war-partv. At the first volley Father (4arreau fell, his spine traversed by a ball. In this state he fell into the lunids of the Mohawks, who dragged him into a little stock- ade thev had made, there to be stripped and left for three davs welterinii in his blood. The Ottawas abandoned the oti.cr missionarv and hast.-ned onward. The intended aprstle of the West was at last carried to Montreal, to expire the same dav, praying for his murderers, fortified with the sacra- nicnts, and ed'ifving all by his patient heroism.' The Church acting through the heroic regidar clergy of France, had made its almost superhuman efforts to gain a foot- hoM i„ Maine, in New York, in Michigan, but in the summer of If.r.S the first signs of h..po seemed blasted ; no permanent a.lvantag.- had been gained ; n..whcre south of the St Law- rence and the great lakes was the holy sacrifice oiVere.l, not a siiude French i)riest resided at any i)oint. But the Church in (^mada was at this time to receive new ^" HduJti.m dc la Nouvellc Fmnou." 1050. ch. xv.-xvl.. pp. n8-43 (Quebec edition). A BISHOP APPOINTED. 209 Jife and vigor by the formation of tlie colony into a Vicariute- Aj)ostolic confided to a bisliop of eminent personal qualities and of illustrious name. The Holy See requested by the King of France to erect a bishopric in Canada, deemed best after some consideration to establish a Vicariate-Apostolic. I'rancis de Laval de Montigny, recommended by the king for the Canadian bishoi)ric, was i)reconi8cd IMio]-) in paiilb us in- fiirc dc la (^olonio (Janiulienno," ii, pp. :H3-n:5» ; " He- lalion (U- la Nouvclle Franco," 1059. p. 1 ; LaiiRCvin, •' Nolic- Uiogra- phujuc," Montreal, 1874, p. 1). ' At a later per ; he could have been recalled to the true path only by one of those severe chastisements which Providence employs to purify nations." ' He entered at once on the exercise of his episcopal functions, Confirmation aiid Holy Orders were soon conferred for the first time in Canada, and the settlers and their dusky allies bowed in reverence before the repnj- sentative of the Episcopate, with whose blessing to animate them they went forth fearlesslv to face all dangers. When a (Jatholic bishop thus reached Canada, he found the colony on the brink of ruin, ravaged by armies of Iro- quois against whom the most heroic bravery of the French settlers seemed ineffectual; but wliile he joined with the civil authorities in aj)pealing to the home government for troops to protect the colony, he courageously undertook to visit his vicariate from Gaspc to La Prairie. With the Su- perior of the Jesuit Fathers he projected new missions in the distant AVest. In the summer of 1C60 a great flotilla reached Montreal from the upper lakes, composed of Ottawas guided by two Frenchmen, (Troseillior and Radisson,' and bearing several years' accmiudation of furs. Undismayed by the fate of leather Garreau, the missionaries were ready to accompany the Ottawas on their return. Bishop Laval, who saw the Uj because they ' " ('ours d'Histoirc du Cuniida," i., p. 449. •' " Heliition dc la Nouvollo Franco." 16C0, cli. 6, Qiiobcc ed., p. 29; ".Journal dca .Icsuites," p. 287 ; Hcc liadisson, " Voyages," pp. 134-17i3, for his explorations and voyage down. (•' ! » I I I lil ii 263 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. flotilla at Montreal, would gladly have gone in i)er.sou. Father Keno Menard, to whom the (^aynga-s had just sent belts to urge him to revisit them, was seleetad for the Ottiir Avas with Father Cliarles Alhanel, John Gui'rin, a devoted servant of the mission, and six other Frenchmen ; but the canoe a^ssigned to Father Alhanel would not receive him, and he was compelled to return.' Father Menard, fully conscious of the hardships l)efore him, writing a parting letter to a fel- l(»w religious, said: "In three or four months you may put me in the Memento of the Dead, considering the life these IKM.ple lead, my age and feeble health. Yet I felt so power- fully impelled, and I saw in this all'air so little of nature s promising that I could iu)t doubt that I should feel an eternal remorse if I allowed the opportunity to pass."' Be- tween Three llivers and Montreal, Father Menard, who had set out in such f{^ntUvu> ^Cru=-nL JocLnAoAvi To^ '"'^'' ^'"* '"' . . could not obtain FAC-SIMII.K OK TIIK SKiNATi:iU-; OF UliNK MK.NAUI). a proper sni)i)ly of dothiuir and other necessaries, met !)isli(ip Laval, whose en- <-oiiraging words tilled him with consolation. " Father," he siiid. "every consideration seems to l)id you remain here, but ( iotl, who is stronger than all, wishes you in those parts." The uii8.sionary was an ohl traveller, and had made nuuiy a jour- ney with Huron and Inupiois ; hut tlii' treatment he tiieu experienced was nothing compared to wliat he had to sutler from the brutal Ottawas. They snatched his breviary from his hand and tlung it into the rapid stream. ( )n another oc- Ciusion thev set him ashore, leaving him t(» chunber over It ! ! ' The " Ucliitiim " states tliat <4r<)sciilicr und liadisaon l)aptizc(l miiiiy In- (liiiii cliildn-n ill danffcrof doath. " Itclivtion," 1000, p. 12, and lladisson's account, p. 100, Hcem U) coiiflrni it. ' Lctu^r ..f All).'. 27, 1000. " Kcl," 1000, p. 30. MISSION OF ST. TERESA. 263 frightful rocks to overtake them. Half his day was spent wading, his niglits stretched on a rock without shelter or cov- ering, hunger at last was relieved only by " tripe de roche," or hits of deer-skin. After they entered Lake Superior, their canoe was crushed by a falling tree, and the missionary and tiiree Indians were left to starve. At last some less brutal ( >ttawas took them up, and on Saint Teresa's day, October ir)th, Father Jlenard reached a large bay on the south shore of Lake Superior; and "here," he says, "I had the consola- tion of saying mass, which repaid me with usury for all my l)ast hardships. Here also I oi)ened amission." The spot of tliis first mass and first mission on Lake Superior was at Old Village Point, or Bikwakwenan on Keweenaw Bay, about seven miles north of the present village of L'Anse.' The nearest altar of the living God to thi't reared by this aged and intrepid priest was that of the Sid[)itians at Mon- treal, yet the altars at Santa Fe and St. Inigoes were but lit- tle more remote. . The aged priest stood alone in the heart of the continent, with no fellow-priest and scarcely a fellow-man of European race within a thousand miles of him. He bfgan his instructions, but few besides the aged and infirm seemed inclined to listen. A good, industrious widow, laboring to maintain her five children ; a noble young brave, whose natural purity revolted against the debaucheries of his -lation, were the first fruits of those in the jn-ime of life. Testing his neophytes long and strictly, Father ^lenard ad- mitted few to baptism, " I would not," he wrote, " admit a greater number, being contented with those whom I deemed certain to persevere firmly in the faith during my absence ; ' This ia the result of V. Rev. Edward Jiicker's enrcf ul study of the life of Father Mi'niird. The tribe, though chissed under the general name Ottawas by the Frcneh, were Chippewaa. ikt I i I * I ft 264 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. for 1 do not know yet what will become of nie, or whither I shall betake myself." His cure was attested by the fact that Fathers Marquette, Allouez, and Nouvel subsequently found converts of Father Menard adhering to the Christian faith and life. Keinouciie, the chief to whose care the missionary had been esjiecially coniided, proved to be a brutal, sensual man, who finally c..mforts,- almost unbe- coming detail,-! feel more content here in one day than I experienced all my lifetime in whatever part of the world I sojourned." Amid all the hardships of a winter in a hovel of branches on Lake Sui)erior, Father Mi'nard was ac.|uiring all i.ossil.le inf(.rmati<.n of the country and tlie triias inhabiting it. lie lieanl of distant nations and proposed setting out to an- nounce the gospel to thtm. " It is my hope to die on the way." I'.ut a call came from a tribe to whom the .lesuitrt had already preached. A band of Ti.m.mtate llunms, ily- ii.g from the Iro-piois, had reached the land of tlie Dakotas, but acted so insolently as to prov(.ke that warlike race. The Tionontatis, thoroughly worsted, retreated up a branch of the .MisHissij.pi, calle<>1. He salt! to his converts and countrymen : " Farewell, my dear children ; 1 bid you the long farewell for this world ; for y(m shall never see me again. Ihit I i)ray that the divine mercy may unite ns all in heav.m." ' The party reached, as Kev. Edward Jaoker thinks. Lake Vieux .K'sert, the source of the Wisconsin. Here the Huron guides left him. promising to push on to the village and bring relief. After waiting two weeks. Father Menard and liir. compMiiion. liiidiiig an old canoe, attempted to descend the river, broken by a succi-ssion of rapitls. It was a terrible undertaking for an aged man whose frame was shattered by years of expoRurc and toil. At one dangerous rapid Father Menard, to lighten the canoe, landed, and witii some of the packages made his way over tin- rocks. Wlu-n the French- man ha( cd.. pp. !20 1 ^1 ■\m ■ c ' i f I m 1 ^ 1 i ' I i 1 1 i i 286 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. lie tirin! his giin that the sound ini-jht f^niilc the rnisMoiiary if lie Iiiul lost his way. A (lili>;oiit search proved iueifectnal. Then he set out in haste for the llurons, meeting? t)ne of the !Sac tribe able to <,Miide him. There he endeavored to induce the llurniis to send out a party to search for him, but a scout who went (.ut discovered a hostile trail. Tiie fate of Father liene Menard is uncertain. That he died by the hand of pnAvl- inr, after a very careful local .study, decides that he Wius lo>t near the rapid on the Wisconsin, known as (Jrand- fathcr l'>ull, or Meanlii'U rapids.' ' It is sii Mt down nil Mil iiiiciciit uii|iiililisli(il limp in Mr. S. I.. M. narlDw's c.ll.-ctii.ii, ,is iiiiiy I'l' s.cii hi Wiii-or, " NMrriilivc ami Critical Hi.tory," iv., p, 'JiHi. Im.i- llic la-^l iiii'^-'iiiiis of this crrcal prii'st, sec " Hthilioii (Ic III N.Miv.lIc Kniiici'." Ki'i:!, (Jiu'Im'*' fd., K-M; imU. pj). 2--(i: KKi.'). p. !». I'irroi, " Md'urs cl fmitiiriii's dcs SauvaKcs," i-ditod by F. Tailliaii, |i. ilJ. I ! 1 ^ ^ lufiwonary m'tfoctiiiil. :)ne of the to iiuha-c )ut a scout of Fiithor lof i)r()\vl re, liis ciiw- nt's, found ;. " Pater o liiid seen and New 1(1 V. Kev. les tliiit he as (irand- Mr. S. r-. M. and Critiful It priest, s<'i> 15 ; imil. pp. »j?i'N," I'ditfii (,'llAl'TKIt III. THK OIT.WVA MISSION. 1 ('tt'»2-l(>75. Till') ti(hiiiis of Menard's death were slow ii< reach i n . reached Sault St. ^^ary's, and after a brief stay at St. Teresa's liay landed, on the 1st of October, at Cheiroiniejroii. Ib're he erected his bark chapel, dc(licatin<; it to the Holy (Jliost, the spot takiiiiif the name of " I,a I'ointe (hi Saint Ksj)rit." The ("hiirch to this day exerts her inthieiice there, and the present cliiirch, identified with the veiieralile ISishop Haraga, claims to be the oldest one in the Stati' of Wisconsin. The |)opiilatIon at Chej^'oimcyon was a motley ^rnt'ierinif of Indians heloiifring to eiffht different tribes. Father Allouez found tlicm ail preitariiifjj to take the Held against the Sioux, and his first triumph was to cause them to abandon the pro- ject. His chapel, adorned with strlkiiiir pictures, such as hell and the last jii(lj;nient, attracted Indians from all parts; some aski'd to be instructed, others cumo to mock and jeer; some (267) 268 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. brought children to be baptized; a few lluroiis sought to re- vive the faith, now ahnost extinct, in their hearts. 'Hie Lord's Prayer and the Angelical Sahitation in the ('hi]>i)ewa huiguage were chanted after every instruction, and were soon generally known. The niedicine-nien were the great eneniies of the missionary, and early in 1 »!('.(; they incited profligate, ill-disposed men at a larger Indian town, where the mission- ai\v had erected a second chapel, to break in the walls and to try and rob him of everything. He was forced to return to ("hegoimegon, where the Hurons gave him more consolation. Tiiev had been de})rived of a nussianary sii:ce the death of Father (iarnier, and Allouez baptized some whose instruc- tion had been begun by that holy missionary. The Potta- watouues, of whom a large band visited La I'ointe, showed k'tter dispositions for the faith than theOttawas; but the priest ctmld not say the sjune (»f the haughty and cruel Sacs and Foxes. The Illinois coming from their great river, which he believed to empty somewhere neai' Virginia, danced the cnlmnet and listened t(» his instructions, carrying to their distant home the first tidings of the gospel. Hishop Laval, in the act by which he created Father Al- louez his Vicar-General in the West, bears testimony to the work of the missionaries of the Society of .Icsus. '* We can- not sutliciently praise (iod on beholding the zeal and charity with which all the Fathers of your Society continue to em- ploy their lives iji this new church to advance the glory (»f (ioil and the kingdom of .lesus Christ, and to secure the sal- vation of tlie souls whom He has confidet the happy success which He gives to tlie lalxirs which you have nmlcrgone for several years past, with ecpial fortitude and courage, to establish the faith in all the countries that lie on the North and West. We cannot but testify to you and all your companions the most signal joy and coiiso- F. ALLOUEZ CREATED VICAR-GENERAL. 269 hitiori that we derive from tliera, and in order to contribute with all our power by marks of our regard in the progress and advancement of these glorious designs, and contiding in your piety, i)urity of life, and ability, it is our will to appoint you our Vicar-General in all the said countries, as we do by these i^resents," etc' Hy this appoiiitnient Father Claude Allouez, or the Su- l)erior f»f the JMission in the West for the time being, was created Vicar-General, and all missionaries to whom the Jiishop had given, or might subseciuently give, faculties for that district were made subject to him. This act, dated July 21, KU;;?, is therefore tlie first ecclesiastical organization of the Church in tlie West. The Bishop of Quei)ec soon after announced that the holidays of obligation in his diocese, and of course in the district assigned to the Vicar-(ieneral, were those which were established by Pope Urban VIII. in 1042, to which he added the feiusts of Saint Francis Xavier, and of the Invention of the Holy Cross." Father Allouez w(!nt to the western extremity of Lake Superior, where he met a band of Sioux, aud entleavorod through an interpreter to tell them of the y^ A Q_ /? ^^ faith. lie learned (^JL CUOlL C^O^ite^ ^ FATIIKU KAC-HIMII,!' OF flIONATUIlK OK CLAUDh: A1,IA)UKZ. thiif beyond their country lay the Kur ezi, after which the land was cut olT. lie met too Kilistinons, whose language resembled that of the Montagnais, of the lower Saint Law- rence. In 1(1(57, he |)enetrated to Lake Alimibegong, where he revived the faith in the hearts of the Nipissings, who ' " Archives of ArclibiHliopric of QticlH'c," A., p. Klfl. • " Onloiiniinoc iiu Hiijct du rctniiiclicmciit I't iiiNtitiitiiin ile (iiii'l(i\u'8 ffHles," 3 Dec, 1007 ; " Archivin (if Qucltfc," A., p. 58. ■■■ vl i 1 M It 1 \ i w 270 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. had formerly boon under the care of the Fathers of tlie Huron mission, lie celebrated Pentecost among them in a chapel made of branches, but with a devout ami attentive flock, whose piety was the great consolation of his iaboi'ious ministry. The Catliolic Church had begun her work on Lal\«» Superior with energy- : and Father AUouez, who, i)y this time, had ac(|uired a thorough knowledge of the whole liclil o|)en to missionary labor, descended v/ith the trading ilotilla in the summer of IdiJT, to lay his plans before his superiors. Two days only did he spend in Quebec, returning to tiie Ottawas, with Father Louis Nicolas, to pass througli the liard- Bhi2)s of the long and dangerous route.' He bore with lum a pastoral of the Venerable Hisho]* Laval, whose authority he liad invoked to aid him in checking the unchristian lives of some of the early French pioneers. The labors of the mis.-.ionarics in the West found other obstacles than the pagan ideas and practici's of the Indian tribes. The bad examjile of some fur traders, who, throwing olT the restraints of civilization, plunged into every vice, pro- duce(l a most unfavorable impressidii on the Indians, who contrasted it with the high morality |)roiiched by the mission- aries. To remove the scandal as far as possible, Father Al- loucz appealetj to liishop Laval. The fi)!lowing is probably liie tirst ofhcial ecclesiastical act. aj»p!ying directly ant ex- clii-ivclv to the Churcli in the West : *' Francis, by the (trace of (ioil and of the Holy See, Hisliop (»f I'etnea, Vicar-Apo>tolIc in "New l''rance, and nominated by the King first liish(t]) of said country : 'i'o our well-beloved I'ather ( "lamh^ Allouez, Superior of ' " Ucliitioii (Ic la Xdiivclli^ Fnuici'," KitiT, :li. ii.-xvi. liuobcu udilioii, pp. 4-30. Li'ttro (lu i>i"rc' Muniuctto, Auj,'. 4, HW7. DISORDERS OF FRENCH TRADERS. 271 Ikk; uiiilioii, the TMission of the Society of Jesus among the Otttiwas, Health. " Oil the report wliieh we have received of the disorder prevailing in jour nn'ssions in regard to the French who go thither to trade, and who do not hesitate to take pait in all the ])rofane feasts held tlicre hy the pagans, sometimes with great scandal to their souls, and to the edilication which tlicy ought to give to the (liristian converts, we enjoin von to take in hand that they shall never be ])resent when tiicse feasts are manifestly idolatroiis, and in case they do the con- trary of what you decide ought to he done or not done on this point, to threaten them with censures if they do not re- turn to their dutv, and in case of contumacy, to ])roceep of IMraa:' ' The next year tliese two priests were reinforced by the arrival of Father James j\Iar- (juette and Brother J.ouis le %^eiruU. ItlO'YCfUAXie lioesmc. KAC-siMii.i; OK Tin; siviN \ iTKi-. OK The mission stations were i atiiku mahijii:iti:. Sault Sainte Marie, ami T.a Pointe ?.' M f 272 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. ail opportunity to aiinouiico t!ie faith to many tribes, to obtain a knowlc'dgo of their laiij:;uagc, and the routes leading totht^ir country. The Iroerior.' Father James Manpiette then went t(. (Miagoimegon in Septwnber, 1 <;»','.», t(. take charge (.f thejno tley gatheri ng ' " Rclution (Ic In NoiivdU' Friiucf," 1(«58, p. 21. » 11)1(1., 1(MH>, |)i>. l«-20. MISSION AT GREEN BAY. 273 there, the newly converted Kiskakons; the Tionontate Ilurons who had finally settled there, most of whom had been baptized, but in their wandering life, had lost nearly all traces of Christianity ; the Ottawa Sinagos and Keinouches, who, with few exceptions, derided the Christian teachers, lie found the Kiskakons docile and attentive to all the in- structions and exercises in the chapel, and could see in tlie modest behavior of the young women, that they were making real progress in virtue, and avoiding the old vices. He was, however, already selected by Father Dablon to found a FAC-SIMILE OP THE SiaNATUBE OP PATHEK CLAUDE UABLON. mission among the Illinois, and in 1070, wrote, that during the winter, he had acquired some elementary knowledge of their language from a young man of the Illinois nation, who had come to Chagoimegon. He found it to differ widely from other Algoncpiin dialects, but he adds, " I hope never- theless, I)y the help of God's grace, to understand and l)e understood, if God in his goodness leads me to that land." " If it pleases God to send some Father, he will take my place, while I, to fulfil Father Superior's orders, will proceed to found the mission of the Illinois." ' Father Allouez had paved the way for this mission, by announcing the Gospel to some who came to La Pointe." In November, that j)ioneer of the Faith on the Upper Lakes, set out in the canoes of the Pottawatomies, accom- ' " Relation dc la Nouvelle Fmnce," 1670, pp. 89-90. ■ A l)0()k is still preserved in Caniulii, containing prayers in Illinois and French, which contains an ancietit note stating that it was prepared by Father AUonez for the use of Father Marquette. 18 I' ii .n ii-i i i' ( 4 1 ' I ^-■'■1 n pH ■ 274 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. panied by two other Freiiclnneu, and, amid storms and snow, toiled on till tlicy reached Lake Michigan, and skirted its shores till they entered (Jreen Bay, on the feast of Saint Francis Xavier. The next day, Father AUouez celebrated the first mass in that part, which was attended by eight Frenchmen. A motley village of six Imndred Indians, Sac^ and Foxes, Pottawatomies and Winnebagoes, had gathered here to winter, and similar groups were scattered at intervals art)und the Bay. The missionary spent the winter announc- ing the (iospel, first to the Sacs, instructing them and toacliing them to pray, having soon adapted the Algoncpxiu Our Father and Ilail Mary to their dialect. In Febniary, he visited the Pottawatomies, convening the chiefs, and then visitijig each cabin. In both villages, all sick children were bajrtized, and adults in danger were instructed and preiwred. The winter wore away before ho had made a thorough visitii- tion of all tliese villages, and to his regret, he saw them begin to scatter. Living on Indian corn and acorns, he had toiled and sulTered, but coidd feel that something had been ac- complished. In April, he ascended Fox River, passing a Sac village with its fish weir, i)assing Kakalin Kapids, threading Winnebago Lake, and keeping on till he reached the crowded town of the Foxes, where he was greeted as a Manitou. The chiefs came to the council he convened, and there he explained the fundamental doctrines of Christianity. the Commandments of God, the rewards and punishments of eternity. He consoled them for their recent losses at the hands of the merciless Irocjuois. They resjwnded at a later council, and urged him to renuxin to instruct them. Thus be.'an the Mission of Saint Mark, so named from the day of its first work. Then he took his canoe again, and returning to I^ke Winnebago, ascended Wolf River to the Mascoutin fort. V. SAULT ST. MARY'S. 275 nd snow, . hui 'hk i.-, a mere exug- frcnition. lit THE OTTAWA MISSION. 277 Father AUouez and Father AndrO planted tlieir little house and chajiel at the Rapide dos Peres, from which the latter attended the tribes on Green Bay, the former those on the riverrt beyond their mission station.' Meanwhile the Church at Sault Ste. Marie had been re- built, and tine vestments sent by charitable friends in more civilized ])art8 tilled the Indians with wonder, as they camped around the chapel — a safer place, in their eyes, than their own fort against any attack of hostile braves, old Iskonakite, !i Chippewa chief, scmned with wounds from Dakota or Iro(jUois, being the catechlst. This new church stimulated a kind of jealousy. At Green Bay the Indians murmured, and to satisfy them a suitable site was selected on P'ox liiver, which had taken the name of ISaint Francis Xavier. Here, before the close of ir»7;>, a large church was erected, to which the neighboring tribes might repair when not away on their distant hunting- grounds. From the Sault Father Druillettes directed the Chippewas and Kiskakons, and visited the Missisagas. There was much faith to encourage the missionaries, but the medicine-men labored to prevent the progress of Christianity and to seduce those who had embraced it. As in other parts, they endeav- ored to jiersuade the people that the missionanes caused the death of the children of unbelievers. Father Henry Kouvel was three times attacked with uplifted hatchet by one of these medicine-men. In the sunnner of 1072 the Ottawa Sinagos and the Tio- nontate Ilurons began to arrive at Michilimakinae, Father Andre having produced some fruit among the former on Lake Superior. A Huron stockade fort rose near the church. Some " Relation de la Nouvcllc France," 1673, part ii., ch. 2-5. I '.'■-t 1 4t '* ! " i i! 278 ri?^ CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. Tlurons from near Quebec, who caino up to trade, aided the missionary by their exhortatii)n8 and the inHuence of their example. But Father Marquette was preparing to resign hie mission to other hands and set out on a dangerous expe- dition.' Fatlier Louis Andre, sent to Green Hay, began his labors iit Saint Fraiu'is Xavier among the Sacs at Chouskouabika, endeavoring to dispel their sui)erstitions, and, above all, their belief in Missii)issi— a deity <>n whom they relied for success in iishing. He found polygamy a great obstacle, and would not admit to his instructions any one who did n(»t renounce it. Visiting every cabin, he instructed the inmates amid the nets and dning'tish. dust three . (1!>-10'3. V .. H,.l„ti..n .1.- la N..uv.li.' Frauer,' IftTU, pp. 157-180. " H.lati....H lnr.lit.s," pp. Wi-Vi'i. •■i'-J»-'J!>8' THE MASKOUTENS. 279 olnunens ; and for them be established two rules — that there was to bo no smoking or talking in the chapel. Then a cross was planted in the Maskouten village, and its meaning ex- iilaincd, with the veneration in which Christians held it. Besides this charge he also labored among the Foxes at Saint !Mark and the Indians at Green Bay, to which the next year came Kiiskaskias and Peorias. In 1675 Father Silvy wps eent to Green Bay to aid Father AUouez in his labors.' FAC-BIMILE OF THE SIONATUKB OF FATDER ANT. SILVY. ' Relation de la Nouvelle France," 1673, pp. 123-147, 211-223, ii., p. 20. rv\ 1- 1 f hi i li CHAPTER IV. THE CHURCH AMONG THE IB0QU0I8, 1660-1680. The services of the Catholic Church were thus begun on the shores of T^ake Superior, near the fugitive Ilurous, who still yearned for a priest. There were Catholics on the Ken- nebec and Penobscot, by the shore of Lake Onondaga and in the castles of the Seueeas. Providence was ])aving the way for their consolation. The Catholics at Onondaga, French prisoners in hourly dread of a fearful death at the stake, Huron-* and AlgoiKpiins groaning under a hopeless captivity, found a potent protector in the elocjuentand wise Garaconthie, whose hospitality the missionaries had often enjoyed, and who now, by liberal presents, siived from a fearful death the French prisoners l)rought into the territory of the Five Na- tions. An admirer of the Christian law, though he had never place.1 hiniself in the ranks of the catechumens, this remarkable nnm gathered the French and Indian (Christians by the sound of a bell for morning and evening prayer at (inondaga, and on Sundays, by giving feasts, enabled the Catholics to s])en(i the day in suitable devotions. Meanwhile he labored steadily to incline the minds of his countrvmen to peace with the French. Ills wisi* policy at l,M,t prevailed. In July, 1661, two Iro.pi..is canoes, l)earing ft white flag, were nm up on the shores at Montreal, and a band <.f warriors advanced, accompanied by four Frenchmen. The (Xvuga Saonchiogwa delivered ids presents, jjroposing ixjacc in the name of the Onon.lagasand Cayug;iM, and asking (280) 4 ! 1 f «,» ■V V 1 i. \ 1 } ,' * • p t* * , 2 ILL. ui ! ■ ^^Bttj^iiftl 1 1 1 Mf? 1 li ii'lll t i 1 LE MOYNE AT ONONDAGA. 281 the French to return to Ganentaa, but raising his last belt of wampum, he said : " A black gown must come with me or there can be no peace ; on his coming hang the lives of the twenty Frenchmen now at Onondaga.'" The decision was referred to Viscount d'Argenson, the Governor of Canada. The colony had suffered terribly, the Seneschal Lauson and a Sulpitian at Montreal had been slain, every Iroquois town had witnessed the torture and death of French prison- ers. Peace was worth a risk and a sacrifice. A Jesuit was ready. I'^ather Simon le Moyne was selected for the danger- ous embassy. He went up to Montreal with Father Chau- inonot, and after consulting Iroquois delegates he stepped into one of their canoes on tlie 21st of July, uncertain as to the fate before him. Mohawk war parties threatened his life on the way, but he at last approached the Onondiiga cas- tle, to be welcomed before entei-ing by Garaconthie and the sachems. With tact Garaconthie took the priest first to the cabins of infiuential men to win their favor. Then his own cabin became the chapel of Catholicity at Onondaga. A council, convoked by the sound of the old mission-bell, de- cided to send Garaconthie to Montreal with nine of the French prisoners, and he went, meeting on his way an Onondaga, who had butchered the Rev. Mr. Maitre, a Sulpitian." I " Hdrttion lip liv Nouvelle France." 1601, ch. ii., vii., pp. 7-32. ••■ Iliid., "Journal dos .losiiitcs," j). 800. Fiithcr Peter .Joseidi Mary Chaiinionot ceases from this time to appear as an evangelical laborer in this country. lie was one of the most notable of the .Jesuit missionaries in ( Miuula. The son of a poor vliiejrrower, he ran away while a student and made his way to Italy, where, after a series of adventun's, be liecamo tutor in a Jesuit college, and llnally entered the order, to (ilTcr his ser- vices for the missions of New France. After beinp associated with Fatiier BrelM'uf in tlie Huron and Neuter missions, he took an active part in oh- tabli^hitift Catholicity at Oncmdapi. Then he took charjie of tlie fiipitivo llurons at Qtiebec, founding the mission, wiiich, from his ilevotion to the Santa Casn, be called •' Loretfe." Tho same devotion led him to r^-Tfrn* ::r f « I 282 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. During the winter Father le Moyne remained at Onon- daga oflFcring mass daily in his chapel for the French and In- dian Catholics, whom he gathered again at evening to recite the rosary. Sickness prevailed, and he visited the sick assid- uously, giving them all the bodily relief in his power, and instructing for baptism all who showed good-will. His bap- tisms of dying infants and of adults reached two hundred. Wine for mass failed him at last, and he wrote to the Dutch post, from whicli he received a small supply. During his stay he visiteci Cayuga also, and his iutluence as a missionary extended even to the Seneca country. In the summer of 1002 he was sent back with the remaining French prisoners. Father Simon le Moyne, the first to open missions among the Mohawks and Onondagas, was born in 1004, and entered the Society of Jesus at the age of nineteen. lie came to Canada in 1038, laboring from that time zealously among the llurons. His intrepidity and ability were hallowed by his zeal and piety. Broken by years of lalwr, not long after this perilous stay at Onondaga, he died a holy death at Cap de la Magdelcine" Nov. 24, 1005.' After Father Allouez set out to plant Catholicity on Lake take an urtive part in csiiiblishiii'^ tlic Coiifnitornily of tlu> Holy Family, wliicli still exists in ("aimilii. and which in tiio Indian missions in our present limits did inealeiiiahle good. Father Chaunionot was famous for his eloiiuenee, i)reaehinfr in the Italian style, not confined in a pulpit, but moviiii; about, lie became a i)erfect master of the Huron lanj,niaj,'e, his frrainmar beini; the key to all the Iroipiois dialects. In Oiiondaj^a he was iMiually at home. No one ever adapted himself more Ihoroufjhly to the Indian lines of thoujjhl and expression, lie died jn the odor of Bimclity at QucIh-c, February 'ii. lOlCl, aged 82. Through obedience he wrote an account of his life, which has been printed. New York, iHoH ; Paris, 1H(!1». and recently with the introduction of matter merely referred to in the l<"xt. by tin- venerable Father Felix Martin, Paris, \HH',. ' ".lournal des .lesuiK's," pp. ;j3&-340 ; " Uuuuissemeut ilea Jesuites de lu lAmi^iant'," pp. US, 132. FORT ST. ANNE. 283 . Superior, the French government was roused, when too late, to send out a force sufficient to ])ring the Iroquois cantons to teniis, if not to subjection. But it had allowed the oppor- tunity to slip of acquiring New Netherland from the Dutch. In 1()65 Alexander de Prouville, Marquis de Tracy, was sent over as Lieutenant-General of the King, Daniel Remy de Courcelles as Governor of Canada, and the regiment of (Jarigiian-Salieres to operate against the Iroquois, and a num- ber of settlers, nearly doubling the French population of Canada. The Marquis do Tracy established a line of forts along the River Richelieu, the last, Fort Saint Anne, erected in 1665, being on Isle la Mothe, in Lake Champlain, the first white structure in our present State of Vermont, as its chapel was the first edifice dedicated to Almighty God in that State. In January, 1666, de Courcelles, with a small force on snowshoes, traversed the country to attack the Mohawks ; a slight skir- mish was the only result, but he returned to Canada with the startling intelligence that the English were in possession of Xew Nethei land, and that thenceforward the Iroquois would lie backed not by the easy-going Hollander, but by the grasp- ing English, who held with a firm hand the whole coast from the Kennebec to the Roanoke. The boldness of de Cour- h had its effect. The Mohawks and Oneidas ce aies' marcn sought peace as the Onondaga« had already done. It was granted, and the Jesuit missionary Beschefer was sent to rat- ify it. Before he could reach Lake Champlain tidings came that the Mohawks had broken the peace, killed some French (»fficers and captured others. The French force was soon in movcinent, new embassies from the cantons, and messages from the English, cn-atiiig Imt littln delay. It was accompanied by four chaplains, tiie licv. Mr. DuIJois, chaplain of the Carignan regiment, Rev. ■ ; hr i r- ■;-•'' i''t 1 , . -■ ■ 1 ; fi, fl l\ ^^mf' 1 » 1 ■ 1 . il ; ■ 1 284 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. Dollier de Casson, a Sulpitian, and the Jesuit Fathers, Albanel aud Raffeix. The Mohawks, on hearing of the ap- proach of a large force, abandoned three towns and took refuge in the fourth, wliieh was strongly palisaded. Here they resolved to make a stand, kit as Tracy advanced they fled. The French took solemn possession of the Mohawk coimtry, a Te Deuni was chanted and mass said in the great town. Then the country was ravaged, the stores of pro- visions laid up by the Mohawks were destroyed, and their towns given to the flames. The humbled Indians, their old renown lost, returned to starve amid the ruins of their castles. Tliey sought peace, they asked for missionaries. The Jesuits did not hesitate to trust their lives again to a nation which had caused the death of so many of their order. After kneeling to receive the blessing of the Bishop of Petriva. Father James Fremin and Father John Pierron set out in July, 1007, for the 7aro^«y ^rtmln J-l- Mohawk, and Father James FAC-8IMII.E OF THE BioNATuuE OF gpuyas for tlic Oueidas, but ♦•ATIIEK JAMES FllEMIN. t"^ . o • x t « T h, at Fort Samt Anne, on Isle \jx Mothe, they found their way beset by Mohcgans who hopi'd to ambuscade and slay the Moliawk envoys. They re- mained at the fort for a month, giving a mission to the garrison, the first undoul)tedly in the history of the Church in Vermont, then committing themselves to Divine Provi- dence, went on.' They were taken by their guides to Ganda- ouaguc', "the town," says Father Fremin, "which the late Fatlier Jogues ])edewed with hit* blood, and where he was so hurriblv treated during his eighteen months' captivity." A congregation of Huron and Algontpiin captives was already there anxious for their ministry, and Fathe^ Fremin gathered '" Relation delaNouvelle Frunce," 16fl&-7, ch. 18 (Quebec eil., pp. 2»-9). c 1 I i 1 , . i, i . i > 1 , THE MOHAWK MISSION. 285 them in an isolated cabin to instruct them, prepare them for the sacraments, and baptize their children. A Mohawk woman too came forward, and following his instructions, sought baptism. The missionaries then visited the other two to^vns of the Mohawk nation, and three smaller hamlets, so that they soon had an organized Christian flock. On the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, they addressed the sachems, and delivered the wampum belts which they bore from the French governor. A site was selected at Tionuontoguen for their chapel ; it was erected by the Mohawks, and similar chapelo were rearefl in the other towns. Such was the beginning of the Mission of St. Mary of the Mohawks. Here the missionaries labored, mak- ing at first little impression on the Iroc^uois, and exposed to insult and even danger from the braves when infuriated by the liquor which traders freely sold them. After visiting Albany, Father Pierron returned to Quebec, but was soon again on the Mohawk, Fremin leaving the field of his year's labor to found a mission among the Senecas.' Reaching the Oneida castle in September, 1667, Father James Brnyas soon had his chapel dedicated to St. Francis Xavier, in which he said mass for the first time on St. Michael's day. He too found Christians to form a congrega- tion, needing instruction, encouragement, and consolation. They were the nucleus around which some well-disposed Oneidas soon gathered.' During tlie year, he was joined by Father Julian Garnier, who soon after proceeded to Onon- daga. Garaconthie welcomed him cordially, and erected a chapel for his use, which wsis dedicated to St. John tlie Baptist. To place the Church on a solid basis, this chief pro- ' " Relation de la Nouvdle Franco." 16(58, ch. i.-ii., Quebec edition, 3, pp. 2-i;). Ilfiwloy, " Early Chapters of Mohawk History." •' " Relation," 1668, ch. 3, Quebec edition, 3, p. U. I'll '] ; » I*. ,1 ■i .♦ :•'■' I .im&i i] rr^ H 'm 286 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. posed to tlie heads of the great families, an embassy to Quebec, witli \yhich he set out. Then Father Stephen Carheil and Father Peter Milet began at Cayuga to revive the work begun by Father Menard,' in this mission of St. Joseph. One thinir was evident to the missionaries in all the can- tons, that unless some check was given to the traders who sold li(;[uor to the Indians, there was no hope for their civiliz- ation and conversion. Father Pierron, with the Mohawk sachems, appealed to Governor Lovelace, of New York, that his intlucnce might arrest the traffic. His reply acknowl- eis. The worship of Tiiaronhiawagon, the sui)erstitinus observance of drcamr, the open debaucheries, formtwl a great ob.-tack-, and the thirst for spirituous licjuors inllamed ail their bad passions. Desides this, prejudice against the Catholic priests was im- ])arted to the Inxjuois by the Dutch and English of Albany,' and by llurons, who, in their own country, had resisted all the teachings of the missionaries. Father Carheil tried t<» instruct and baptize a dying girl, but her Huron father jtre- veuted him, and t«>ld him that he was like Father Jirebiiif, " RcliUioii," IfiOH, ell. 4, T), Quebec edition, il, i>|). 10-20. "Relation de In Nouvelie Fmnce," lOOU, eh. 1-5. Quebec edition, pp. 1-17. ' See " Relation de lu Nouvelie France," KiTO, p. :V2. DANIEL GAEACONTHIE. 287 and wished only to kill her. The missionary, driven from the cabin, could only weep and pray for the poor girl, who expired amid the wild rites of the medicine-men. The Huron then i-oused the people to slay the missionary, whom he accused of killing his child. The prisoners brought in and burned at the stake, were al- ways attended by the missionaries, who sought to instruct them and prepare them for death by baptism, and there is no page more thrilling than that in which a missionary records his presence near the sufferer, amid the horrible tortures in- flicted on him. The faith seemed to make but little progress in the hearts of the Iroquois themselves, yet many of the better and abler leaders had been careful observers, and in their own hearts recognized the superiority of the gospel law, though their hnmovable faces betrayed nothing of the inward conviction The open avowal of Garaconthie, the able Onondaga chief, at a council convoked at Quebec, in consequence of a re- newal of hostilities between the Senecas and Ottawas, was a stai'tling surprise, as consoling as it w;is unexpected. " As to the faith which Onnontio (the French Governor) wishes to see everywhere diffused, I publicly profess it among my coimtrymen ; I no longer adhere to any superstition, I re- nounce polygamy, the vanity of dreams, and every kind of sin." For sixteen years he had been a constant friend of the French, he had attended instructions, had even solicited baj)- tism, yet the Fathers had hesitated, though his pure life seemed to attest his sincerity. His avowal on this occasion, won Bishop Laval, who, finding him sufficiently instructed, resolved to baptize and confirm him. The ceremony took l)la('e in the Cathedral of Quebec, the Governor being his godfather, and Mile. Bouteroue, daughter of the Intendant, his godmotlier. In the church, crowded with Indians of :4 m .p. IS m f »w 288 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. almost every tribe in the valley of the St. Liuvrence, he received at the font the name of Daniel, that of Governor de Courcelles, and was then entertained with honor at the Castle of Quebec.' The eflfect of this conversion waa incal- culable, not only at Onondaga, but in all the other cantons. Reaching the Mohawk towns at a critical moment, when Father Picrron, in attempting to expose the absurdity of the Indian traditional tales, had been commanded to be silent, but by treating their conduct as an insult, had made it an affair of state, to be discussed by the great council of the tribe, Gara- conthie threw his whole influence adroitly on the side of the missionary, and the result was a public renunciation of Agreskoue or Tharonhiawagon as their divinity, the act being ratified by an exchange of belts between the mission- ary and the nation.' At Oneida, Garaconthie spoke in favor of the faith, and gave a wampum belt to attest the sincerity of his words.' At Onondaga, he urged Father Milet not to confine his instructions to the children, but to explain the Christian law to adults. The missionary gave a feast, and erected a pulpit covered wnth red, unth a Bible and crucifix above, and all the symbols of the superstitions and vices of the country below. A wampum belt hung up conspicuously betokened the unity of God. Kis discourse, carefully pre- l)ared, produced an immense influence, ai\d thenceforward he had among his auditors the best men of the nation. The triumph of Father Picrron on the Mohawk was not a mere transitory one. The old gods of the IIotinonsionTu fell and ff.rever, not only in that canton, but in the others. Dieu, the God preached by the missionaries which sotm on Iroquois lip became as it now is, " Niio," has since been ' "Relation dc la Nouvelle Franco," 1670, ch. 2, Quebec edition, pp. 'Ibid., c. 5. « Ibid., 0.6. AGRESKOUE RENOUNCED. 289 worshipped by the Five Nations, whether they profess Christianity or not. By a providential law, the Iroquois term to express the Lord, or rather He is the Lord, is Hawonniio, which seems to embody the term for God. The open honor to their old gods was gone, but to eradicate superstitions, especially the idea that dreams must be carried out, no matter how absurd or wicked, was not easy ; and to build up in these hearts, ignorant of all control, the self-denying system of the law of grace, was a task of no ordinary magnitude. The missionaries resorted to all devices suited to the ignorant, to wliom a book was a mystery. The symbolical paintings ut when noing (.If to a hunt, told his Krie wife to attend the instructions of the missionary durinjr his absence. She became the earnest and pious (/atholic, Catharine Ganneaktena, the foundress (»f the mission of La I'rairie, 'after haviiiir been the tutor of Father Bruyas in the ( "-eida dialect.' At a later period, the missionary, at these seasons, assembled the old men, and expouuih-d the mysteries of faith to them, refutinj; tiieir sui.erstitious fables. These conferences showed Ity their fruit that they had touched many a heart.* Unable to celebrate the holidays of the (Miurch at Oneida, Father Bruyas frecjuently went on those occasions to Onon- da^ra, where the ciiildren sanjr the truths of Christianity through the town; and wiiere Fatiier Milct. addressing the sachems, attncked the Dream su]H>rstition, the last stronghoM of Ir.Mpiois p;lgalli^m. They yieided to his arguments and f(»rmally renounced it, remintling him that Agreskoue wa» no lonin'r named at their feasts, which indeed, on all great occasions, were opened by the blessing asked by the priest. The failure of some dream prophecies »)f the medicine-men ' " Itoliilion I'aii.T.it.il i > Mniilrciil ill I'l'lT. THE IROQUOIS MISSION. 291 about tins time, aided the missionary cause by discrediting those impostors. Still the Catliolic Churcli at Onondaga was made up mainly of old Huron and other Cliristian Indians, wlioni the misfor- tunes of war had consigned to tliat place, with a few converts made during the existence of Saint Mary's, at Ganentaa.' Father Carheii, at Cayuga, struggled with the same dilKcul- tios, converting a few, chieHy in sickness, which ravaged many of the cantons, but with his auxiliary lienc he built a neat chapel of wood, resembling Indian cabins in nothing but the bark roof. Father F'remin, at the Seneca town of Saint Michael, erected his chapel for the large and distinct body of Huron Christians, many of whom were eminent for piety and fervor. Among these, flames Atondo is recorded as one given to prayer, and constant in exhorting others to observe the commandments of God, and lead a pious life. Francis TehoroidfK)!igo, baptized by Father Hrebeuf, the host of Father le Moyne, v, ho, after edifying his own land, and that of his exile, died at the Mctuntaiii of Montreal, knew all the leading events of Scriptiu-e history as well as the Catechism, and not only trained his own familv to a Christian life, but was so constantly instructing all aroinul him, that Father Ciarnier says: " If the (Jospel had never been pult- lished in this country by missionaries, this man alone would havi' annoimced it sutliciently to justify at the Day of .Judg- ment the conduct of (tod for the salvation of all men."' That missionary had come to Onondaga to aid Fremin, and had reared a chapel :it ( Jandachioragou, as Fremin did in September, 1(!«!), at St. Michael's.' ' " Hclation," 1670, p. 01. 'III., p. 71; " !liMt(iry of the (Mholio Miaslcms among the Iiiiiiiiii Tribt's," p. !WH. ' St. Miclmt'l'a (Cliiiulougurae) wiw probably ubout five miles Bouthiiist ail a 111 . fc, i't P", i ■: i , ^^*-:.iJ Il m III . i .ift< til r: n 1 til! 292 3'i?£^ CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. The 2<')tli of August, 1070, saw a little synod of the clergy of IS'ew York, held at ( )noii(laga. Fathers Freniiu from Sen- eca, and Carheil from Cayuga, had joined Father :Milet, and on that day Fathers Bruyaa from Oneida, and Pierron from the Mohawk, arrived. They spent six days in concerting the stcjis to be taken to ensure success in their missions, and the means .)f overcoming the obstacles which impeded the establishment of the faith.' Yet their lives were in peril when tidings came that several of the tribe had been murdered by the I'rench. The iuilnence of this untoward tidings was soon perceived. Returning to his Seneca mission, Father Julian (Jarnier reach- ^ ^ ed (iandachioragon safely, /u^o^r.^^ JyO^^^^x^:^^ ,,„^ ^^,,,11^, p,i,,i„g through KAc-MMii.ic OF THE 8I0NATUUK OP Giuidagarac, was assaulted by an Indian maddened with !l 294 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. Tlio.e follies were the ruin, not the mainstay of their eoim- trv ilanv who had hesitated before, took conrage and now came forward to end.raee and to practice a faith professed by such superior men. At Albany, (iaraconthic reproached the ,„tl,orities for havinj, sonjrht the furs of his countrymen, cnrruptin- them with li.pior, but never seeking to deliver then, from their spiritual blindness, or teach them the way to (iod. ''You ask me why I wear this crucifix and these beads aromul my neck? y.m ridicule me, you tell mo that it i. jrood for nothing; you blame me, and show contempt tor the true and saving doctrine taught us by the black-gown.. What blessing after that can you expect from God, m your treaties of peace, when you blaspheme against His most ador- able mysteries and constantly olTend Him T" Almost at once by a single elocpient address, he prevented tlu' amnial saturnalia known as Onnonhouaroia. \fter four or live years' toil at Oneida, Father Bruyas was as>igned to the :Mohawk an.l became Superior of thelro.iuu.s n.issions, Father Milct succee.ling him. At Tayuga, leather (\irheil wa^ so atTectcl by a nervous disorder that he was forced to resign his mission for a tune 2U^U / to Father llatTeix. Keturning to Canada '^^^ ,j,„l tinding medical skill une^ 290 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. were small, but they contained more practical Catholics than all the rest of the Iro(iuois castlen. The result was attributed to the intercession of Father Jognes and Keue Goupil. The services of the Church were performed openly and with no little pomp, even the Blessed Bread beinir given as in French churches. The Catiiolic women wore their beads and medals openly, even when visiting the English settlements.' One (.f these faithful women was the wife of Kryn, the principal ' chief, and called by the French, " The Great Mohawk." So incensed was this haughty Indian that he abandoned her ami went away from the village and the cabin. ^Moodily hunting he came at last to La I'rairie. The order and regulai-ity pre- vailing in that little Catholic settlement so impressed his nat- urally upright mind that he remained tliere. In a short time the bravest warrior and leader of the :Mohawks was kneeling in all humility to receive instruction iu the doctrine of Christ. When his rallying-cry resounded again through the \alley of the Mohawk, Kryn entered the castle as a fervent discii)le, to the astonishment of the heathens and to the joy of his for- wdvcn wife. With her and many others he soon set out for the banks of the Saint Lawrence, accompanied, among the rest, by a young warrior, who, as Martin Sltandegonrhaksen, became the model of the mission." The Mohawks of Tioimotoguen did not show this inclina- tion for the true faith, and they reproached F^>Mier IJruyas with trying to dep..pulate the country; and he gave a wam- pum belt to attest that neither he nor his associate had insti- giited the (treat Mohawk.* ^Relation dv la Nouvello Fmiioe," 1073, pp. 88; " Ki'lMtimis Iiu'- dilM,"i . pp. I 19; » " Uchition IM i:L, •■'-ytmm i-r 298 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. <,f his own kindred, maddened by drink, tore the rosixry and orucitix from the nock of the aged chief and threatened to kill him " Kill me," said Assendase ; " I shall be happy to die in so good a cause ; I shall not regret my life if 1 give it in testimony of mv faith." His example exerted a great influ- ence The fervor of those already Christians was revived by the reception of a statue of the Blessed Virgin, received from the shrh.e of Notre Dame de Foye, winch was exposed to the faithful on the feast of the Immaculate Conception with all possible pomp. Catholicity had an open and authorized ex- isti>nce. and scarcely a Sunday passed without the baptism of some child or adult. Father Boniface, prostrated by illness, was compelled to leave the mission, and was succeeded at Oandaouaguc by la- ther James do Lamberville.' F.ut the Mohawk mission^sus- tained a terrible loss bv the death in August, 1075, of I'eter A-en the intcn'ossi.,,, of Fath.T IJr.luM.f, an.l .v ir.,nl.Ml a. a inirad.. Fati.er IJoniface'H rocovcry of his scmiscs, soon aft.r whirl, he expinMl in Rreal piety December 17, 1074. MS. Atte.stafon of the .Miracle. , ' •• delations Inedites," ii.. p. lO'J ; " Relation de la Nouvelle Fruue. lt>7:j-0, pp. 147-151 , •• Uelation," l«7(V-7, vp. 7. etc. CATHARINE TEGAKOUITA. 209 Father James de Lamborville had his consolations at Ganda- ouagxiL;. Going one day through the town when most of the people wore absent in the fields, he was impelled to enter the c^'hin of a great enemy of the faith. There he fomid the niece of that chief, Tegakouita, daughter of a Christian Alt!;onqnin mother, prevented by an injury to her foot from being at work with the rest. She was a lily of purity whom God had preserved unscathed amid all the dangers surround- iiiij her. It had been the great longing of her heart to be a Christian, but her shy modesty prevented lier addressing the missionary. Father Lamlierville saw at once that she was a soul endowed with higher gifts, and he invited her to the in- structions niven at the chapel. These she attended with the strictest iidelity, learning the i)raycrs and the abridgment of Christian doctrine readily in her desire to be united by bap- tism to our Lord. She edified all by her fervor, and was solemnly baptized in the chapel on Easter Sunday, 1075, receiving the name of Catharine. Her uncle had at first done nothing to prevent her attend- ing the chapel or perfonniug her devotions in the cabin ; but persecution soon came when she declared that she would not go to the field to work on Sunday. They endeavored hi vain to starve her into subjection by taking all food away with them, leaving her to fast all day unless she came to them, when they intended to compel iier to work. She cheerfully bore the mortification rather than offend God by neglecting to sanctify the Lord's day. Fatlier Lamberville soon found tliat the usual regulations adopted for the women converts did not ap])ly to Catharine. What they were urgeiritual was the life she was to lead. " The Holy Ghost," says her biogra])lier. Father Chauche- tiere, " wh(» wrought more in her than man, directed her in- ♦i.' ill-' '}\ 'fi ' ' I »•- X -.i -r -f ?"S 300 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. 1*1 1 teriorly in all, so tliat she pleased God and men, for the most wicked admired her, and the good found matter for hnitation in her." Though her example and services were of the utmost hen- efit to him, and the crosses she underwent increased her merit, tlie missionary was in constant fear, and lu-ged her to o-o to La Prairie, ami meanwhile to be incessant in prayer. Her uncle, who, in the system of Iroquois relationship, stands in the stead of a father, Avould, she knew, never consent to her departure.' She feared that the attempt might lead to trouble, and perhaps result in the death of some one at the hands of her furious guardian, wiio once sent a brave into the cabin to kill the " Christian woman," as she had grown to be connnonly called. She did not (piail, and feared not her own death, but that of any one who attempted to aid lii-r. At last, however, the resolute chief, Hot Cinders, came to Gaudaouaguc. Catharine felt that in him she had a tower of strengtli, and told Father Lamberville that she was ready to start for La Prairie with her brother-in-law, who had come with Hot Cinders. During her uncle's absence, she and her companions started by a circuitous route, and though pursued bv her uncle with bloodthirsty design, reached La Prairie, which she was to edify in life and make glorious by her death and the favors ascribed to her intercession after the close of her virginal life.' The year of Catharine's baptism Father de Lamberville lia• t ^ IHI ■ ' . '- "^ ^PPn ' , • : f tj^H .-. ; ■* 1 /f '. pH u '' t * ^^^^1 ; ^H^i ^1 ^B|, .fl ^^K^ ^ ^^B; ll ^^^B< j^l ^^H> ■^^Hr k ^^1 ^^■kj^^llg 1 ^^1 ^^H^^H'^< I'fl , .^^1 ^■iwrnriiiJtnrRf ! tt> ''i^^H ^H :^^l ; ;^H . I - ■ ' ■ i' ■-^-^l^ii ■ . ■ ■■ t( ,-^}- i ^j^l 9 ^^HilKlr' ' ' * ' ' e .nerits of lathe. Isaac JogueH,who shed hi. blood here in God's .juarre Ijavn-g ,been massacred by these savages in hatred ot the faith At Oneida Father Milet made less progress, and it ^ .is c,„ly the higher and abler minds that were impressed. One chief was converted in 1072 ; a few years after another, who withdrew from the village and cabined apai-t to keep aloo from the snperstitions an.l debaucheries of his tnlie. In lt;T5 Milet converted the great chief, Soenrese he nus- 8i<.nary was consoled by the fervor of his flock and the decay of the worship of Agreskoue. In the .evi-ral cantons the missionaries derived great con- solation from the Confraternity of the Holy f-'j^; '^ l^;;;;; ussociation fomidod at Montreal bv Father Chaumonot, Ucv. i/fL'^hJ^tt-ntiynp^ j^,. y^,Hel, and the Ven. Mar- ^ ^ gjiret Eoiirgeoys. It was at- ',r :»:"n;-;wr: l^.^ to ev.r, Ca..,«Hc cl,»,K.| in the Irociuois country and ..stained the faith and Christian life of all.' But the mis- «ions were entering on a period of trial ;Uie death o.^^^^ Christian cliicfs, the removal of otuers to La Praine had em- boldened the heathens, who began to menace the hves of the n^issionaries and treat the Christians with oppress.oii and m- .ult Oaraconthi.'- was far advanced in years, anc m !..(>, foehng'that his life was uncertain, he gave three solemn ban- .nets One was to declare that they were not given m a.- .ordance with any dream, and that he renounced all supc. T^^lktion do lu Nouvdle Fran,..- 1«7.. 1075; 167« ; 1073-9, ,. 1.0 . .. K.l.tionH InMiU-s." ii., PP. !!«. 1<>6. '-'a-lll- r DEATH OF GARACONTHiA 303 utitious rites ; in another lie denounced the banquets where all must be devoured by the gxiests. In the third he sang his Death Song, as he was now so old. lie saluted the Master of Life, whom he acknowledged as sovereign of our fortunes ; on whom, and not on dreams, our life and death (k'pouded. He also saluted the bishop in Canada, and other dignitaries there, telling them, as though they were present, that he wished to die a Christian, and hoped that they would pray to God for him. lie concluded by making a public profession of his faith, and by disavosving all the errors in which he had lived before his baptism. lie attended the midnight mass at Christmas with his whole family, coming a long distance through the snow. Attacked by a pulmonary disease, he repaired to the chapel, and after kneeling there in prayer, told Father Lamberville, " I am a dead man," and made his confession with great compunction. During his illness his prayer was constant ; then giving the farewell banquet, in which two young war- riors announced his wishes, the Rosary was recited, and after the Commendation of a Departing Soul, he peacefully yielded up his soul. The great Catholic chief of Onondaga, Daniel ({araconthio, stands in history as one of the most extraordi- nary men of the Iroquois league.' Father (Jarheil at Cayuga, aided for a time by Father I'ierron, and Fathers Gamier and Rafi'eix in the Seneca towns, had not met the encouragement found in the Eastern cantons. The old Huron element was the nucleus of the Catholic liody, with more converts from the subjugated Neu- ters and Onnontiogas and captive Susquehannas than from the Cayugas and Senecas. ' " Hcliitiona Inodites." ii.. pp. 112-114, li)7-205 ; " Helation de la Nouvfllc Fraucc," 1673-9, pp 185-192 ; " Rcliitioii," 1676-7, pp. 24-29. 1 »ii i THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. About the year l()78 Father Francis Vaillant Ruceeeded Fatlier Hniyas at Tioiinoiitofjiion, and that master of tlie Mohawk huiguagc proceeded to Onondag.-i to continue the work of Father .lolin de Lainberville, and Father John Pii r- rnn. leaving the Mohawks, joined tlie missionaries in the Seneca nation, after being at Cayuga in Kit*!. Bruyas' Labors on the Moliawk had been most fruitful and his influence groat. The language of the nation he spoke with fluency and correctness and he drew up a vocabxdary and a woik called " Kacines Agnieres," or " Mohawk Radicals," in which the primitive words were given and the derivatives from them explained. He also wrote a catechism and prayer- book.' During the j>eriod of the Iro(]Uois missions of which we lave more ample details, the missionaries, in constant peril and hardship, had earnestly labored among the Five Nations ; their great success was with the sick and dying, and the baj)- tisms of adults and infants, which, from KldS to IttTS, amounted to t>,'i*2l. did not in consfiiueiice greatly increase the church militant on earth, though it did the church tri- umphant in heaven. The enngration of Christiana to Can- ada, which the missionaries urged to prevent apostasy, also Itrevcnteil great increase of numbers in the cantons. The missionaries maintained their chapels and instructions maiidy for the little body (»f Christians who were not able to with- draw. The attitude of the English in New York and their claims over the territory of the Five Nations showed the miasion- aries that in a few years tlie land of the Iro<|uois woiild 1h' <'loso(l to them. ' •■ Hdation dc In NdiivcUf Friiiicc." 1073-0, p. 140 ; Hniyus' " Hiicims Ajriiii^rcH" was piililiHlicd in Slini'w " Aiiiiriciin MiijruisticH" in lH«2-!<. It liiul Ikhiu U8iil hy FitihiT Ht-nnrpin. " Nouvcllf Di-coiiviTtc," p. !)7. 11 MISSION VILLAGE AT LA PRAIRIE. BUG The Catholic Indian emigrants from New York settled, some at La Prairie, some at Lorette with the Hurons, and others again at the Mountain at Montreal, where the Suljii- tian.4 of the Seminary had established an Iroquois mission, the fruit of their labors among the portion of the Cayuga tribe which settled on Quintr Bay.' The Jesuits had, too, in 16(19, erected a little house at La I'rairie do la IMagdeleine, as a place where missionaries com- ing from tlie L-o(|Uois or Ottawa missions might recruit; iiut Indians began to stoj) there, and some desired to remain for instruction, so that it soon recpiired the constant service of two experienced priests to minister to people of many different languages. Lidians from the cantons of the Five Nations, who lacked courage to avow their desire to become Cliristians, or who had embraced the faith, but feared to lose it, proposed to Father Fremin that they should settle at La Prairie. Tlie missionary, fully aware of the ditiiculty of a conveitV preserving the faith amid tlie prejudice and seduc- tions of the Iroquois castles, beheld in this, a providential design. Catharine Oanneaktena, an Erie convert, was the f(Mnidress of the new village. Others soon followed her ex- ample, and when the report spread that u new Inupiois town liad been formed at La I'rairie, so many came that a govern- ment was organized, and chiefs to govern the town were elected with the usual Iroipiois forma and ceremonies. IJy the tirst laws promulgated, no one was penuittcd to take u]) his residence unless ho renounced three things. Belief in Dreams, ChaJiging wives, and Drunkemu'ss : and any one admitted who oiVended on t!"se points was to be expelled. The village thus formed, showed the importance of the course. No longer opjxised or persecuted, no longer allured Hhwi, '• ilwl.iry of the Ciitholic Missioiw," pp. SOiWlll. 2U "K f?. ,ri ■■ ■? • ■ i: ■I n .Hi liii 306 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. to resist or abandon the faith, catechumens came assiduously to instructions, and those already Christians, practiced their religion, praying and approadung the sacraments with fer- vor. The better instructed became dogiques or catechists of others, and one of these attended every band that went out from the village for the winter hunt. A catechumen and his wife while out on a hunting expedition, fell in with two leading :N[ohawlvs. one of them Kryn, the Great Mohawk. These listened with interest to what they heard of the new village and its moral code. They felt that it was a rightful course ; they joined the catechumens in their devotions, and going back to their tribe for their wives, came to La I'rairie with forty-two companions.' Every hunting party that went out, acted as apostles, and the men of their tribe whom they met, were so impressed by their probity, their devotions, and their instructions, that a party seldom returned to La Trairie without bringing some candidate to the missionary.' In this way a famous Oneida chief, called by the French, "Hot Cinders," from his liery disposition, who had left his own canton in ■ l; I 308 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. aiul rest, hut she said that God lent her a little more life to do penanee, and that she must ejnploy her time well. A new church was rising under the hands of the carpen- ters, something; grand in the eyes of the Indians. To lier in her humiUty it seemed that she was not worthy to enter, and was lit' only to be driven from it. 8he enrolled herself in the Confraternity of the Holy Family, and adopted a rule of life which she followed exactly. When the family went off to hunt, and she could not hear masses daily, she made a little oratory to wiiich she retired to pray. All soon re- garded her a.^ a Imly virgin dedicated to God ; hut this did not alTect her humilitv or spirit of penance except to increase it, and augnuM.t thJ austerity of her life. The winter spent wiUi tlie huntiiig-party was to her one of such spiritual pri- vation that she ever -ifter preferred bodily privation in the village so long as she could attend the adorable sacrilice, spend hours bi-fore the I'.les^ed Sacnmieut and often re- ceive it. Her health, never s..und, failed gradually. She couhl only drag herself to tlie ehap.'l. and leaning on a bench oonunune with (Jod. In the spring of ItiSit she was unable to leave her mat. and prepared for her di'ath. She had renounced the world in which she had lived, with its pleasures and its vanities; she had practiced the evangelical counsels of chas- titv. poverty, an.l obe.lience. When Father Fremln gave her the la^t sacraim-nts he askeii. The " Kntal (lu Flirt," etc, " ('dllcclicm dc Miimismts," Quubtc, 188-1, i., p. '.'OO, iniikcs the chupel Urto a fnime building, 8 puces by 6. (iUU) LA SALLE AND THE SULFITIANS. 311 more and more definite intelligence of the great river in the West, which the Algonquin tribes called Missi sipi, great river; and which the five Iroquois nations stjled Ohio, great and beautiful river. Though the French Government took no steps, individuals did. Eobert Cavelier, who had assumed the style of de la Salle, brother of a Sulpitian priest at Mon- treal, had heard of this river through the Iroquois ; the Sul- pitians moved by missionary instinct resolved to seek it and will the tribes on its banks to Christianity. On the Gth of July, 1669, a little expedition set out from Montreal, La Salle with five canoes and the Sulpitians, Eev. Francis Dol- lier de Casson, priest, and Keue de Brehaut de Galinee, stili in deacon's orders, with three canoes, guided by «ome Senc- cas who had wintered in Canada. Plodding aloiig slowly they reached the chief Seneca town on the 12th of Auo-ust, and there with Father Fremin's attendant as inteqjreter, they solicited from the Seneca Council an Illinois slave to guide them to his country. The sachems deferred a reply, but meanwhile the French were told on all sides that the route by land was long and dangerous, while the great river could easily be reached by way of Lake Erie. Abandoning the hope of reaching the river through the Seneca country they crossed the Niagara below the falls, and at a little vil- lage near the head of Lake Ontario obtained two western Indians for guides. Soon afterward they met Louis Jolliet descending from the copper district on Lake Superior, who on learning their object recommended the route by way of Green Bay and the Wisconsin. La Salle left the Sulpitians (in the plea of illness and started for Montreal. Kev. Dol- lier de Casson and his companion proceeding westward, win- tered on the northern shore of Lake Erie. Setting out in the spring they lost all their chapel e(inipment, so that Dol- lier de Casson was deprived of the consolation of saying "11 ri4 '! :■ ■ .1 313 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. mass. On the 25th of May, they descried the pahsade around the house and cliapel of the .Icsuit Fathers at Sault Ste. Marie with the cidtivated iields near by. After enjoyiuf? the hospitality of Fatliers Dablon and IMarquette for a time at this mission tlie two Sulpitians returned to Montreal.' La Salle, at some subsecpient period, by way of Lake Erie reached the Illinois or some other affluent of the MississipjH, but made no report and made no claim, having failed to reach the main river. The Jesuit missionaries, however, had not abandoned the subject. Talon, Intendant of Canada, recommended Louis JolHet to Count Frontenac as one who was capable of under- taking an exploration which he deemed important for the interest of France. The French Cfovernment in Canada, at last resolved to send out an expedition of discovery. In November, 1072, Frontenac wrote to (^olbert, the great prime minister of France : " I have deemed it expedient for the service to send the Sieur Jolliet to the country of the Mas- koutens, to discover the South Sea (Pacific Ocean), and the great river called ^lississippi, which is believed to empty into the gulf of California." One single man with a bark canoe was all the Provincial Government could afford ; but Jolliet had evidently planned his course. Like the Sulpitians he proceeded to a Jesuit mission, to that of Father James Mar- quette, who had so long been planning a visit to the country of the Illinois, and who s]>eaking no fewer than six Indian languages was admirably litted for such an exploration. That missionary received permission or direction from his sujK'Hors to join Jolliet on his proposed expedition, and there are indications that the veneral)le liishop Laval, to accredit ' " Voynpc (le MM. Dullicr dt; Cusson iH de Galinee, 1009-70." Mon- treal. 1875. MARQUETTE AND JOLLIET. 313 liiiri to the Spanish autliorities whom he might encounter, iiiiicle him his Vicar-General for the hinds into wliich they were to penetrate.' JolHet reached Michiiiniackinac on tlie Sth of December, 1072, the Feast of the Immacuhite Con- ception, and tlie pious missionary with whom he was to make the exploration, thenceforward made the Immaculate Conception the title of his discovery and mission. They spent the winter studying their projected route by way of (ireen Eay^ ac(juiring from intelligent Indians all possible knowledge of the rivers they should meet, and the tribes they would encounter. All this information they embodied on a sketch-map, both posseasing no little topographical skill. On the 17th of May, 1(373, Father ISfarquette and JoUiet with five men in two canoes set out, taking no ])rovision but some Indian coi-n and some dried meat. Following the western shore of Lake IMichigan, they entered Green Bay, and ascended Fox River, undeterred by the stories of the Indians who warned them of the peril of their undertaking. Guided by two Mianiis whom they obtained at the Maskoutens' town, they made tlie l)ortage to the Wisconsin, and then reciting a new devotion to the Blessed Virgin, they paddled down amid awful soli- tudes, shores untenanted by any hunuui dwellers. Just one month from their setting out their canoes glided into the Mississijipi, and the hearts of all swelled with exultant joy. ' Fiithor Maniuctte, though never Superior of the Ottawa missions, wnt* Virnr-Genenil of the Hisliop of Quebec, luid apparently in liis quality as niissioniiry to the Illinois, as his successors there, Allouez and Gravier also lield this olhce, then the priests of the seminary of Quebec, and last of all, Rev. Peter Gibault. (Letter of Fatlier (Jravier to IJishop Laval.) The appointment may have been given when he set out to found his Illinois mission in 1674, but there is no apiiarent reason for conferrinjr such a dignity on him then, and there was when he set out on his voyage. ' / ;;j*' \\ \ f' I I ■i mM I; m r-^ m \ 1 m '•^T ■ II ■ 11 ■ 9 i^'U ^^^H ( f j^^l ■t d^^^l hi t j|^^B f'1 WM 'fl^H :| 1 314 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. The dream of Father Marquette's Ufe was accomplislied ; he was on the great river of the West, to which he gave the name of the Immaculate Conception. On and on their canoes kept wliile they admired the game and hirds, tlie tisli in the river, the changing character of tlie shores. More than a week passed before they met the least indication of the presence of man. On the 25tli they saw foot-prints on the western shore, and an Indian trail leading inland. The missionary and his fellow-explorer leaving tlie canoes followed it in silence. Three villages at last came in sight. Their hail brought out a motley group, and two old men advanced with calutnets. When near enough to be heard Father Mar- quette asked who they were. The answer was : " We are Illinois." The missionary was at the towns of the nation he had for years yearned to visit. The friendly natives es- corted them to a cabin, where another aged Indian welcomed them : " How beautiful is the sun, O Frenchman, when tliou comest to visit us! All our town awaits thee and thou slialt enter all our cabins in peace." These Illinois urged the missionary to stay and instruct them, warning him against the danger of descending the river, but they gave him a calumet and an Indian boy. He promised these Illinois of the Peoria and Moingona bands to return the next year and abide with them. Having an- nounced the first gospel tidings to the tribe, the missionary with his associate was escorted to their canoes by the war- riors. Past the Piesa, the painted rock which Indian super- stition invested with terror and awe ; past the turl)i(l Mis- souri, pouring its vast tide into the Mississipj)i ; |)ast the unrecognized mouth of the Ohio, coming down from the land of the Senecas, the explorers glided along, impelled by the current and their paddles. At hust the character of the country changed, (•ani'l)r;il:es replaced the forest and priurie, lljllp THE MISSISSIPPI EXPLORED. 315 and swarms of mosquitoes hovered over land and water. After leaving the Illinois, they had encomitered only one single Indian band, apparently stragglers from the East, who recognized '^he ,\cijs of the Catholic priest. To them he spoke of God and eternity. But as the canoes neared the Arkansas River, the Metchigameas on the western bank came (tut in battle array, a band of the Quappa confederation of Dakotas. Hemming in the French above and below, they tilled the air with yells. The missionary held out his calu- met of peace, and addressed them in every Indian language lie knew. At last an old man answered him in Illinois. Then Father Marquette told of their desire to reach the sea and of his mission to teach the red man the ways of God. All hostile demonstrations ceased. The French were regaled and referred to the Arkansjis, the next tribe below. This more friendly nation, then on the eastern shore, was soon reached. The explorers had solved the great question, and made it certain that the Mississippi emptied into the Gulf of Mexico. The Jesuit Father had published the gospel as well as he could to the nations he had met, and opened the way ti» future missions. On the ITth of July they turned the liows of their canoes northward, and paddling sturdily against the current at last descried the mouth of the Illinois. On the way they met the Peorias, and Father Marquette spent throe days with liim, explaining in each cabin the funda- mental trutlis of religio!!. That he made some impression we can see by the fact that as he was about to embark they brought him a dying child which he bajttized, the first re- corded administration of the sacrament on the banks of the great river. The voyage of the priest has become historic. The Gov- ernment, which sent his companion, JoUiet, seems to have coiiqtrehended less the value of the discovery to France than •• ?!■ . < ^ ■ 'II vr** P', 1 316 THE CHUHVtl IN FRENCH TERRITORY. the Cliurch did the groat iiekl of labor whicli Provideuce had laid open to the zeal of her ministers.' ABcending the Illinois lliver the missionary readied the town of the Kaskaskias, who extorted from liini a i)ronii8e to return and instruct them. A chief, with a band of warriors, escorted the party to Lake Michigan, and following its west- ern l)ank they reached Green Bay in the closing days of September. While Father Marquette was thus exploring the territory stretching far away to the south, there had been strange scenes in the Ottawa missions. The Dakotas, who bad so long been at war with the Algonquin tribes around Lake Superior, sent an embassy of ten leading men to Sault Sainte Marie to arrange a peace. The Chippewas, or Indians of the Sault, received them with hearty welcome, but sonii; Crees and Missisakis resolved to kill them, and wheii the council was held a Cree contrived to slip in armed in spite of the precautions adopted, lie struck a Dakota a deadly wound, and then the surviving Dakotas, believing themselves betrayed, turned upon the Indians nearest them, ly Indian law responsible to the Dakotas. Dreading the rosent- ' Marquette's Narrative is in French and in English in Sliea, " Discov- ery and Kxploration of tlie Mississippi Valley," New York, 1852, pp. ii- .52; his Life, pp. xli.-lxxx " Helatioiis Ini' J ;i. f .J 1 * *■ 4m t] iili i :i 320 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. all the early history of the nussioiis, was not a man to be hasty in conclusions. He surrounded the spot once con- secrated to religion with a fence to preserve it from neglect.' The last work of Father Marquette, the mission he founded at Kaskaskia, was zealously taken up by Father Allouez, who set out from Green Bay, in October, HmO, but wiii- Iter set in so suddenly that he could not proceed till February. When he reached Kaskaskia, at the close of April, he found not only that band, but several others of the Illinois nation. Here he planted a cross and begiui his labors, which he re- newed the following year.' The great discovery made by Jollict and Father ^ranpu'tte did not at first promi>t the French (lovernment to any scheme for planting colonies to cultivate the rich laiuls ..f the Mississipi)i Valley, or develop its mineral Avealtli. A l)l!m of settlement proposed by JoUiet was rejected. The attitude of the English in New York began, however, to ex- cite alarm, but their action was regarded as a menace to the French fur trade rather than a step toward the destruction ».f French pnwt-r in America. The ("otmt de Frontcnac, governor of Canada, went up to Lake Ontario, and at a spot near the present Kingston, called by the Iro(piois Cataro- couy, laid in July, UiTf?, the foundation of a fort to bear his name. The engineers traced the fort, and the H»ldicrs somi tlirew up earthworks and stockades. France had planted her Hr.st fort on the lakes. The cunnnand of this outpost was soon given to La Salle. He was full of projects for building up hift fortunes in the West, not by colonization and agriculture, but by controlling the fur trade. Many ' "Ciitliollc World," xxvl., p. 267. 0«r llluHtnition shows \\w sit.' cii Iho old clmpol iinil the Ui'v Mr. .Iiukcr nciir il. • "H.liilioim Im'dllcM," pp ;». I'-il. Ill XhU very (lisi>at(li he iinnoiiiiceil tliiit ii Dii'cli friiiatf, "The Flyinir llorsc," had CMiitiircd Fort I'diinRoct The only «pot williiii oiir pp'stMit limits wlicro tliuru wiim a cliapi;! for French (Jutholics, had ihiis bot'ii li'tniMirarily lost. 21 •i Itl 1 i. ^l i i i i 1 1 KM if m ■ii 822 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. went in canoes to the Mountain Ridge, where a rock still bears Hennepin's name. Climbing the heights of Lewiston, they came in sight of the mighty cataract, where the massed waters of the upper lakes rushing through the narrow channel, plunge down what seemed to tlu-ir astounded eyes as many hundreds of feet. Father Hennepin gave the first published description of this wonder of the Western world. Looking for suitable land to settle on, they reached Chip- pewa Creek, where they slept, and returning the next morn- ing, Father Hennepin offered the first mass on the Niagara, where La ^lotte and his men were gathered to build a f()rt at the mouth of the river,' The Indians showed such hos- tility to the fort that it was abandoned, and La ^lotte be- gan a house and stockade at the Great Rock on the east side, which he called Fort de (\mty. Here Father Hennepin at once began to erect a bark house and chapel.' Returning to Fort Frontenac after blessing the "(irithn," the first vessel on Lake Erie, which La Salle I)ad built aliovo tlie falls. Father Hennepin came up again with the Sui)eri()r of the mission. Father Gabriel de la Ribourde, and Father Zenobius Membre, and MeHthon Watteaux. La Salle made a ''rant of land at Niaerara to the Recollect Fathers for a resi- dence and cemetery, May 'J7, IC70, and this wa.s the tirst Catholic Church property in the present State of New York. When tlie " ( Jriflin " sailed, Father Melithon Watteaux remain- ci\ in the palisiided house at Niagara as chai)lain, and he ranks as the first ('atholie priest appointed to minister to whites in New York.' ' Ili-nncpin, " Relation of Loulsiuim," p. 68. ♦ lliitl.. p 74. "Tonty in MurKry," i., p. 076. The projected fort wms noon destroyed by lire. Ibid., ii., j). 12. " IjO ('lere((, " J>tiiblislimeiit of the Faith," ii., p. 112; nenuepiii. " Nouvelle Decouverlo," p. 108. m> RECOLLECT CHAPELS. 323 La Salle's party ou his barque, the " Griffin," reached Michi- liiuakiiiac, where at Pointe Saint Ignaee, the Jesuit Fathers li.ul their mission church, and minor chapels for the Hurons and Ottawas. After some stay here the expedition entered (ii-een Bay, whence La Salle sent the vessel back to Niagara with a load of furs, but it never reached its port, and the fate of the first vessel which plowed the waters of the iil)|)er lakes is involved in mystery. La Salle then kept on in canoes along the shore of Lake Michigan, his party con- sisting of himself, the three Franciscan Fathers, and ten other persons. Reaching the mouth of St. Joseph's Kiver, La Salle, dur- ing the month of Novendjer, threw up a rude fort, and i" it the Recollect Fathers built a bark cabin, the first Catholic church in the lower peninsula of Michigan. It was appar- ently dedicated to Saint Anthony of Padua, as the coni- niaiider (»ii the voyage had pronnsed to dedicate the first chapel to that saint.' Here the three priests officiated for tlie party, swelled by Tonty's detachment, preaching on Sun- days and holidays. Setting out from this post in December by toilsome travel and portage, La Salle reached the country of the Illinois In- iscriplion of Louisiiinu," pp. 96, 138, 177; Le Clercq, Eslalilisliinnil of tho Fiiith," il., pp. 114. 117, 130. . 'tJ ■Ml "S, in m m ! imM in § m 324 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. from wild grapes gathered on the shores of Lake Micliigaii, having failed them. The services in the chapel consisted only of singing vespers and occasional sermons after morning prayers. La Salle hearing no tidings of his harque, which was to have brought his supplies, set out for Forts Niagara and Fronte- nac, liaving first dispatched Father IIenne])in, with two of his men, in a canoe to ascend the Mississippi River. Leav- ing his two fellow-religious at Fort Crevecosur, this Francis- can descended the Illinois River to its mouth, and after being a month on the Mississippi, fell in Apiil into the hands of a large war j'arty of Sioux, who carried him and his compan- ions up to their country, where he saw and named the Falls of Saint Anthony. Held captive for some months, Father Hennepin and his companions were rescued by Daniel Grey- solou (In Lhut, who, after wintering in the Sioux country, returned for further exploration. With tliis protection Fa- ther TIennepin reached (ircen Ray by way of the Wisconsin River,' having been the first to announce the gospel in the land of the Dakotas. Tlie party left at Fort Crevecccur had meanwhile liad a dangerous and tragic experience. Devoting liimself as aid to his Superior in instruc ting the Illinois, Father Meinhre took up his residence iji the cabin of the chief, Ouma- houha, to whom La Salle had made presents to insure his good treatment of the missionary ; but the slow progress he niadi' in the language and the brutal habits of the Indians elTectually discouraged him. (Jradually, however, he ac- <|uircd somekiKiwleilge of the language and began to ini-truct the peoi)l(>, finding it dillicult to make any impressic^n on the mintls of these Indians. Toiity, who was left in connnaiiil ' ncnii(|iin, " Description of LoulHiunu." pp. 102-25iJ. DEATH OF FATHER RIBOURDE. 325 of the fort, was soon deserted by most of his men, and the afj;ed Father de la Eibourde was adopted by Asapista, an Illi- nois chief. When the cl isters of grapes, carefully watched by the missionaries, began to ripen in the summer sun, they pressed them, and enjoyed the consolation of offering the holy sacrifice iii their chapel, the second Catholic shrine in Illinois. They followed the Indians in their summer hunts and Father Membre visited the Miamis, but the fruit of their labors was not encouraging ; tiiey baptized some dying chil- dren and adults, but conferred the sacrament of regeneration on only two adults in health, in whom they found, as they fiuppcjsed, solidity and a spirit of perseverance, yet were dis- tressed to see one of these die in the hands of the medicine- men. In September the Illinois were attacked by an Iroipiois army and fled. Tonty and the missionaries escaped narrowly, and seeing no alternative, set out to reach Green Bay in a wretched bark canoe, without any provisions. The next day an accident to the canoe com])elled them to land ; while Ti-nty and Father Membre were busy repairing the damage, Father (iabriel de la Ilibourde retired to the shade of a neighboring grove to recite the ofiice of the day in his Fireviary. When toward evening they sought the venerable priest, no trace of him could be found. Three Kickapoos luid come upon him, and although they recognized him as a ['"reiichman and a missionary, they killed him and threw his liody into a hole, carrying off all he had, even his breviary and diurnal. These subsequently fell into the hands of a Jesuit missioner. Father (Tal)riel de la Ribourde was the last of a noble fam- ily in Hnrgundy who gave up all to enter the f)nler of Saint Francis. After being master of novicei) at Bethune, he came to Canada in 1070, and was the first Sujierior of the restored Recollect mission in Canada. He wa-^ in his seventietli year '■': M* 1'- J Up- .H •1 ' ill HI Hi • il ;l I I 326 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. when he fell by the hands of the prowling sivages Septem- ber 9, 1080.' After eiuluring great hardships, want, and illness, Fathti- Menibre reached the Jesuit mission at Green Bay, and he says that he could not sufficiently acknowledge the charity which the Fathers there displayed to him aiid his compiiii- ions. Father En jalraii fZa^tmJU ^'(Mlir^J^ Jf^ then accompanied him / «^ ^ to Michilimnkinac, FAC-SIMn.E OF THE BIGNATIMIE OF FATIIEH .yljjtl.er FatllOr lleU- JOHN EN.IALHAN. nepin had })rece(k'(l them. lie had recovered some of their vestments at (ii-i'cii Bay, where he, too, was able to say mass, after which he win- tered at Michilimakinac with Father I'ierson. When La Salle set out in November, 1C81, to descend tlie Mississippi, Father Zenobius Membre bore him company, and his account of the canoe voyage is preserved. He planted the cross at the Quappa town and at the mouth of the Missis- si])pi. endeavoring to announce, as well as he could, the great truths of religion to the tribes he met on the way. It waa his privilege to intone the Vexilla Regis and the Te Deum when they reached the Gulf of Mexico. This amiable relig- ious returned with La Salle to Europe by the way of Canada,, and the Recollect mission in the Mississippi Valky came to a close. "All we have done," says Father Membre, "has been to see the state of these nations, and to open tin; way to the gospel and to missionaries, having baptized only two iu- ' LcClerc*!. " Establishment of the Faith," ii., pp. l'2S-i:)7 ; I.cllcrnf I.a Sailf in Marf,'ry, " DcVoiivcrtea ct Ktalilisscinciits dcs Fraii(;ii>." Paris, 1H77, ii., p. 124. " Itchitioii dc lU'iiri dc 'I'Diity," il)iii., i., p. "iSS ; lliii nepin, " Description do laLouisiune." Paris, 1G83; New York, IHSO, i)p. 20tJ-9. VIC. IRIA TES-APOSTOLIC ERECTED. 327 fants, whom I saw at the point of death, and who, in fact, (hod in our presence." ' There is reason to beheve, however, that the Eecollects rcjjarded the Mississippi Valley as a field assigned to them, and the whole influence of Count de Frontenac, the Governor of Canada, supported by the French Government, was given to the Recollects and directed against the bishop and his sec- ular clergy, and against the Jesuits who shared the views of the l)ishop. La Salle was in ardent sympathy with Frontenac, and his papers and those of his friends show the most viru- lent hatred of the Jesuits. The venerable Father Allouez, who had labored so long and fruitfully in the northwest, was M special object of La Salle's detestation, and he was ready to lay any crime to the missionary's charge. In this position of siiFairs the French Government was in- (hiced to ask the Holy See to erect one or more Vicariates- Apostolic in the Mississippi Valley, and the hopes of a success- ful mission appeared to the Propaganda so well founded that \icariatcs were actually established. But when information i)F this step reached Bishop Saint Vallicr at Quebec, he for- warded to Paris and Rome a strong protest against the dis- memberment of his diocese, without his knowledge or con- sent. He claimed the valley of the Mississippi as having been (hscovered by Father Marquette, a priest of his dit)cese, and f.ouis Jolliet, a ])upil of his Seminary. He claimed that Fa- ther Manpiette had preached to the nations on that river ai\d baptized Indiano there more than twelve years before. Louis XIV. referred the matter to three connnissioners, the Arch- liisliop of Paris, the King's Confessor, and the Marquis de Seignelay, and on their report he solicited from the Holy See a revocation of the Vicariates which had been established.' • Lc Clcmi, " Estiil)lishm(!ut of the Faith," ii., p. 194. ' " Momoire pour fiiire connaitri' an Roy que tous les missionnuirt 'le *;*, ,f:,3iHi htm If :i in: w wng^m^mstm tmeyifi 'im^-apvjtm.yrr^^mW^J'-W^Pfr 328 TilE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. The Eecollect Fathers had, however, withdrawn from the "West and the whole care of the missions and of tlie only Trench post. Fort Saint Louis, estahlished hy La Salle at Starved ImjcK, <>ij the Illinois River, near the Bi x'^^ who imbibed from La Salle and Mar-ry a rooted prej- udi.T i.L.mi.t the .Tesuifs, we regret to say. has thrown on this noble I 1 ■'l " M > I V 4 1 1 4( , . I 4 H'hi 1 t ! I .. r m .ii 330 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. The missionaries were in early times the only representa- tives of civilized authority on the frontier, and alone exer- cised control over the bushlopers and independent fur-trad- ers. Under the ban of the law, as most of them were, for the French authorities in Canada favored only trading com- panies and monopolists, these irregular traders, many of them born in the country and ki own from boyhood to the mission priests, found in them monitors in their waywardness, con- solers in sickness and affliction, encouragers in all that tended to keep them within the laws of moral and civihzed life. Frequently aided by them in their long journeys, and re- lieved by their aid, the missiotiaricb naturally sympathized with these young men of (^iiiadian birth, and as naturally were, at times, reproached In those who grasped at the mo- noiiolv of the fur trade on the lakes,' I)e la IJarre, when Governor of C^inada, was as favorable to the missionaries as Frontenr^c and his sycophant La Salle had been hostile. In hip instructions to La Durantaye, an olHi-er sent West in 1()LS3, he says : " As the Rev. Jesuit Ya- thcrs are the best informed as to the manner of treatinjr with ! ! "{ J cxiilorer the odium of attciinptinu; to poison La Salle. But Nicolas Pcrrot, who was Captain of the C'otc tie Bw-aiicour in 1070, and wlio had acted as the rcprcscntativf of tin- Fronrh Govonniient in tho West, could not be tlie man who was valet to La Salle. Another person of the name was a hired servant to the Sulpitians in 1007 (Faillon, iii., p. 220), and a workman at Fort Frontenac (.Mar{;ry). He is, in all i)r(jl)at)ility, the valet of La 8alle. ' In tlie constant fliiiirs at them in the dispatches of Frontenae and the writin/^s of La Salle, this should be borne in mind. Any missionary. Catholic or Protestant, isolated on the frontier would be similarly inllu- enecd. Father JIar((Uctte'H unlinislied journal pives us a kind of |>lioio- praph of life on the lakes in those days, and (he punninj; words that close it are a kind of apolojry for the coureurs de bois. " Si les Fram;oiH out des robbes de ce pays icy, ils ue les desrobbeut pas, tant lea fatipuis 8ont grands pour les eu tirer." DEATH OF FATHER ALLOUEZ. 881 the Indians, and tlie most zealous for Christianity, he will place conlldence in tliein, will afford them all satisfaction in liiri power, and treat them as persons for whom I entertain a profound respect and a great esteem." Tonty, while faithful to La Salle, did not share the preju- dices of his commander, and not only availed himself of the services of the Jesuit Fathers at Fort St. Louis, but sought to have them in the territory on the Arkansas granted him by La Salle, where he gave them laud for a chapel and a mission. The enterprises of La Salle, involving a monopoly of trade, had excited great discontent in Canada and the West, and his overbearing manner and violence had created him many ene- mies. The Iroquois saw with no favorable eye his forts at C^atarocouy, Niagara, and on the Illinois. They were a con- stant menace to tlie existence and trade of the Five Nations. In 1083 a Seneca force was sent against Fort Saint Louis in , Illinois, plundering French traders on the way. They ex- pected to take the post by snrprise, but the Chevalier Baugy and Tonty had been warned, and repulsed the Iro(.; !? t III * i HI :■! ^BjS»K-iyTj^^^^sm^i^"j;-WMW^jp'^ia^ 1 1 1 ^^^H ( n 1^ H^^B , ! : I ^l^.'- ' . I I.I 'i 882 THiE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. having been nearly tliirty years on the missions around Lake Superior and Lake Michigan, which he had created.' Tlie Irofjuois had thus openly made war on the French, and do la IJarro ])repared to invade their territory with a force suftioient to punish their perfidy. The other cantons renewed their treaties with the French, so that de la Barre was able to throw his whole army on the Scnecas. The missionaries in that nation were no longer safe ; Fa- thers Freinin an brothers in blood and religion, Fathers John and James de Lambcrville, still maintained tlu'ir clia])el. De la P.arre was induced by the other cantons to acccjtt vague ])r(imis(.'s nuule on behalf of the Scnecas, with whom he niade ])eace and returned to Canada. The Senecas, how- ever, netrlected to carry out the treatv on their side, and after u general eouiu'il at Alltany, a force was sent by the Five Nations against the Ottawiis in Michigan. The Manjuis de Dciionvillc, who had arrived as (lOveriKir of Canada, made all preparations for a vigorou.^ camjiaign. Father John dc Kambervillc went down to Canada to cnuftr with him, leaving his brother alono at (Onondaga. Colonel ' \\c wiiv luirn III Siiiiit Didicr cii Forest, and Rturlicd nt the Collpfrc of Puy en Vcliiy, wliorc he was under the direction of Hiii'.l FrnnoiH Hijris. Fnteriiiir tlic Society of .lesus willi one of ' U l)rotli''r><, lie v.n'< sent to Cntiinlii in Kl.'iH. His lipHt lalion* were near (Jnel , l)ut AuiiusI K, KKiri, lie left Tiiree HiviTf for lii-* j.'real Western mission. To liis merit ilirre \* uniform testimony, and tlie only dissart at once, and led by di'vions paths the missionary, at'ter closing the lii4 Catholic chap, bi the land of the Five Nations, reached his countrymen in s. The missions of the Society of Jesus among tlu' hv( .pinis nati.ms begun with the tortm-es of the saintly Isaac Josues,and maintaimMl amid all di-heartening opposition for f.rty years, closed virtually with the noble retirement of I'ati.er John de Lamln ville. .\fter this the C^^tholica in ■m': 111 if-' r it 11 334 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. the cantons ccuiUl depend only on occasional visits of a priest, and many gradually joined the vilhi-iie at Sault Sauit Louis, or that under the Sulpitians on the island of Montreal. Denonville in his expedition against the Senecas, had a force of western Indians, who came attended by Father Enjalran. In the action with the Senecas at Gannagaro (Boughton's Hill), this missionary laboring among his In- dians received a severe and dangerous wound. After ravaging the Seneca towns, Denonville erected a fort at .Niagara and garrisoned it. The cha])el here was the next shrine of Catholicity. La Salle's block-house and Fa- ther Melithon's chapel within it had been burned by the 8enecas twelve years before. Now within the stockade were some eight caliins, one set apart for the priest, and another with double door ami three small windows was evidently the cha]H'l. Here the Chevalier de la Motthe was left with a garri.-un of a hundred men, but the provisions furnished were so unfit, that they bred disease that swept off most of the French, including the commander.' Father .lohii de Land)erville, who had gone there to minister to the garrison, was stricken down with the disease, and in 1<.' Father Milet accompatiicd the next party sent, and on (lood Friday, K'tHS, lie erected and blessed a large wooden cross in the ccn- \l ! U^illm^ ' " Now York Doc. Mist," I., p. 1«H. ' Clmrlrvolx, " History of N«'W Fmncc," HI, pp 290-1, HOa, and nu- thoritic* riled. FATHER MILET, A CAPTIVE. 335 tre of the square with the inscription, " Christ reigneth, con- t up a ])erpetual recitation of the Rosary from early morn to night to ask (Iod, through the intercession of the Blessed Virgin, to show them His favor and protection during this war.' For a brief term of two years regular and secular jiriests of France estal)lished a chapel and exercised the ministry in a far distant portion of the country, with independent sanc- ti.iii from the C'ongrcgation " de I'ropagande Fide" at Rome and the Archltishop <«f Rouen, who still cbnig to his old jurisdiction beyond the Atlantic. When La Salle had continued the expl(»ration of the Mis- nis-^ippi, begun l)y Jolliet and Maniuette, and established the fact that no impediment to navigation existed, bm, that a vessel might sail from the mouth of the Illinois to Diejjpe or Kochelle, he formed vague plans of trade in bulTalo robes, Imt Hcems to have entertained no definite project of coloniz- ing tlie valley of the great river. When he went to France liis mind was tilled with projects for colle<-ting a vast Indian force with which to cross tiie country from the Mississippi to the Mexican frontier and capture the rich mining districts in Mexic(«, of which Santa Harbara was popularly supposed to be the real centre. In Paris he met Pefialosji, once (Jov- eriior of New Mexico, who had taken refuge in France, ' I.cttrc's (k- M. Tliury. " Collpction dr Miiim«rilH," QiuImc. IHHa. pp 4tl4-:.. 477. FRENCH CHAPEL IN TEXAS. 339 whiTc to curry favor with tlie (iovcriunont lie prepared a iiarnitive of an expedition to the Mis-sisriippi, which he pre teiiik'd (o have made from Santa Ft', lie put La Salle's Hchemes into practical form, and proposed that an cxi)edition should be sent to Texas, whence the mines could be easily reached.' The (Jovernment was deceived. La Salle was taken into fiiv(.r, and was sent out to prepare the way for a larr(|uently down the Mi.ssissippi, ^-! :,;s ' Sticii, " IVniilosa," Now York, 18Sv' ; Diiro, " Pofliilosa," Miidrid, 1SH',\ Joutrl. •McuriiMl llis|..ii(|uc." I'nriM, ITi:!; Cavclicr, " Ui'liition," Now Ytirk, lS.-|Si; Mariiry, " KUibli.sscim'iils el Di'couvcrlcs," li., ]^\ AK,-{'m ; I,f ( lii((i, " Ksiiiliiislimnit of the Failli," New York, ISSl, pp. iOO-'JKt. I 1 ' ^^p i ' : , i:|:-t k^i^ ^^P^^^R ^Kil "^ Hli' ~' ^^^*TiiMMt 340 THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. M-as one. lie was accoiiipuuied by Fathers Anastanius Douay atid ^[axiiiius Le Clercq of the same order. Tliose Fathers had (il)taiiK'd from the Propav. Messiv. C'hefdeville and D'esiiumville of the san)e eoninumity. Thi'v liad obtained facnlties from the Arch[iish(»p of Konen, who, in granting tliem, alleged as a ground for his action that Qnebec was too remote from their destination to justify aj)- piication to the bishd]) (if that see.' Wiien Kev. Mr. DVvnianvilie learned the real object of tiie expedition he declared his intention to return to France. "lie had come,"' he said, "to war against demons, not against Christians,'' and he sailed hack with I'caiijcii, who. having fultillcd the task imposed upon him, luiisted his sail for Europe.' T.a Salle, entering Espiritu Santo J5ay in .lannary, ICiSa, threw up a fort on the spot subsequently oecuitied liy the Hahia mission. From this |)oiiit he nuide excursions to sound the native tribes, and formed an alliance witii the C'enis or Asinais. evidi'iitly awaiting all the while the arrival of the great exjK'dition under I'efialosa, which never came. Fear of capture by the S])aniards must have prevented his vintur- ing into the gulf witii Ins remaining vessel, jiud at Ia^t. ap- parciitly convinced that his goverimii'nt had abandoned him, he set out from his fort, which he had named St. Louis, with a piU'ty. intending to reach the Mississi|)pi overland ami return with such force as he could irathcr. In the fort he left alioiit twenty per-hu'tincz, afterward Sergeant ;^5ajor at Pensacola, who in Texas obtained the chalices and breviaries of the murdered priests from the Indians.^ A Spanish expedition, sent to break np the French settle- ment, found only charred ruins and the unburied bones of the unfortunate remnant of La Salle's great force.' Sainte Croix Island, the Falls of Saint Anthony, and Fort Saint Louis in Texas are the three extreme ])oints in om- land marking the limits of the territory through which the cleriiv of France, under the Bishops of Rouen and Quebec, had. in less than fourscore years and te!i, carried the ministry of tile Catholic Church, offering its solemn sacrifice, an- nounciujr tiie word of (Jod to civilized and unreclainu'd men, s|)inding strength and health aiul life's blood in the cause of ■ -'If ■ !■>'. M .Iiiiiiil, •• .louriial IIistoriy the hulls, hut dela\s ensued, and he linally visited Kurope. There failinj; health and increasini; diiliculties induced liiiii to offer to resi<;n his See. To succeed him as liishop of Quebec, the Ahbe -iuhn I'aptist de la Croix Chevrieres de Saint Vnllier. a luitive of (Jreuoble, a man of ])iety and wm-th, and at the tinu" one of the king's chaplains, was selected. With the authority of Vicar-tieneral conferred upon him by J^ishop Laval, the Al'lie de St. Vallier visited Canada and ex- amined the condition of the Church on the Atlantic shore of Acadia and throughout the valley of the St. Lawrenci', con- sifuiu" the residt of his t)bservatioiis to writinir. and in time giving them ft» the press. lu>solved. then, to undertake the direction of the diocese, he acce|>ted tlH> bulls of appointment, and JTishop Laval hav- inir ratified his virtual resignation by a formal act on tlu' L>fth of January. 1«!SS. the Abbe Saint Vallier was duly con- secrated bishop on the following day. Hisho]) Laval's desire, ardently entertained, was to return to Canada and end bis days tluTC. After sonu' delay this was permitted. Though no longer the bisliop of tbe diocese, his personal inthieiU'c was great, and tluring the absence of Hisliop St. Vallier. ir.ltl-2, lT<>n-171L tlie presence of it^ former bishop was a source of blessing to Canada, in his co- operation with those entrusted with the administration, the exercise of episcopal functions, and tlie intluence which his i I „ BISHOP LAVAL. ;j4;5 zeal evoked for the jrood of rclif,n()u. Surrounded by the loving cliildreii of his clergy, religious, and Hock, Bishop J.aval died on tlic Gtli of May, 1708. He died as a saint and was venerated as one ; many sought his interocssion with (iod, and for nearly two centuries frequent niii-aclcB have l.een ascribed to hiui. The Church of Canada in our ilay has petitioned for the KAe-SIMII.E OF THE SIONATURE OV ItlPnoi' I.AVAI-. canonization of Bishoj) T.aval. As by his authority the (Inirch was established in New York, Micliigan, Illinois, :ind Wisconsin, and the cross borne down the cm-rent of the Mississijipi, the Catholic Clnirch in tlie United States cannot be iiidilTerent to the cause which may exalt to the honor of public sulTragcs at our altars one who exercised epiBcoi)al jurisdiction over bo vast a part of our territory.' > T ii T..ur "Momoircs sur la Vic dc M. df Laval. Premier Kvi^q.w dc Q.u'b,.o " C.lo-iu., ITtil. T.iin-evin, " Notice Hio-ri.phique sur Franrom ,le Laval de Montinoreiicy, 1' Kve-iue # ^ <^'A J^/^ 1.0 :i I.I 50 ^ us, 2.5 |Z2 2.0 1.8 11-25 il.4 ill 1.6 o> vi A /^ />%J> Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WHSTM.N.Y UStO (7t6) •72-4503 BOOK IV. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE ENGLISH COLONIES. CHAPTER I. CATUOUCri'Y IN MARYLAND, 1690-1708, It has been the custom with historians to speak contempt- uously of the two Stuart brothers, Charles 11. and James II., as rulers. Yet James seems to have been the first to ap})ro- hend the future greatness of America, and the necessity vi uniting the colonies in one organized system. Charles, act- ing by the advice of James in dispossessing the Dutch, and taking steps for the speedy settlement of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, as well as by the charters which he granted for the Carolinas, made England sole occupant of the whole coast from the rugged shores of Maine to the borders of Florida. A comjiact series of conmiunities, blended together, ready to afford mutual aid, confronted on the north the ter- ritcries claimed by France, and on the south those occupied for more than a century by Spain. James II. as Duke of York, and as king, had been the first to check the increasing power of France on the north and west, and make the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi the boundaries of England's future empire. The fall of the Stuarts changed the whole political and religious character of events. England became heartily and intensely opposed to Catholicity in her internal relations, and in her intercourse with other nations. She was ])recipi- tated into wars with France and Spain, and these involved her American coloiues in hostilities with ('anada and Florida. The struggle on the part of the colonies was not national (844) COODE'S FALSE CHARGES. 345 merely. It heightened the old antagonism to the Church rring the seat of govermnent from Naint Mary's to Amie Arnndi'll. "The n>asons alleged for the change," says Scharf, " were not withdut weight ; liiit it is probable that the trne motives were to be found in the fact that Saint MaryV was especially a Catholic settlement, was bt'yond other towns (levote proprietary goverii- menf, and was closely connected with all those ti who w.Mild face the danger, and the priest was fre- <|iiciitly summoned to the betlside of a suiTerer. Their care and iitteiition won so many to the faith, that an Kpiscdpnl minister adilressed a letter to Nicholson which he sent to tin- I.ejfislatiire. That body took alarm, and in an address to the ' Sclmrf, i., p. .145. A priest of ihis ntiiuo is iilludiHi to Hoon ufter in a will as now or late •if 'I'.illiiit ('ounly. ^Ij 350 THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. frovernor said :. " Upon reading a certain letter from a rev- erend uiinister of the Cliureli of England wliieli yonr Excel- lency was pleased to coninmiiicate to us, complaining to your Excellency that the Popish pi-iests in Cliarles County do, of their own accord, hi this raging and violent mortality in tli;i! county, inake it their husiness to go up and down the countv. to jjersons' houses when dying and frantic, aud endeavour to seduce and make proselytes of them, and in such condition holdly jircsuine to administer the sacrament to them ; wc have put it to the vote in the House, if a law should he made to restrain such their presumption or not ; and have con- cluded to make no such law at present, hut humhly entreat your Excellency that you would be pleased to issue your proclamation to restrain and prohibit such their extravsigancc and presumptuous behaviour." ' iSuch a proclamation probably issued. Ministers of tlic (lospel were forbidden in time of ])estilence to visit the sic!< who were abandoned by their own pastors or destitute oi' thi'iii I One would think that steps to increase tlie nund)crs or elKciency of the established clergy would have been moiv reasonable. Yet the matter did not drop there. Some time after, the Upper House paid this tribute to the zeal of Father Williiini Hunter.' Addressing the governor, they say: "It bciiin' represented to this board that William Hunter, a Pojiisli priest, ill Charles county, committed divers enormities in ish bishop or priest M'itliin this Province, or should endeavor to persuade any of his majes- ty's liege people to embrace and be reconciled to the Church c»f Rome," should, upon conviction, pay the sum of £.50 and be imprisoned for six months. And if, after such conviction, any popish bishop, priest, or desuit, should say mass or exer- cise any function of a priest within the province, or if anv persons i)rofcssii)g to be of the Churcli of Rome should keep school, or take U])on themselves the education, government, or boarding of youth, at any place in the province, upon con- viction such olfenders should be transported to England to undergo the penalties provided there by Statutes 11 and 12, William III., "for the further preventing the growth of Popery." And the fourth section provided that if am ' "An Act neninst .IfsiiKs and Poplsli Priests." "Acts un,! |,,i\vs parsed |)y tiip (Jrcut !Ui. Another act of this year imposed a fine of twenty pounds on any one who brought in the sturdy arms of an Irish pa- pist to till the soil of Maryland.* It may seem somewhat strange to find the Eiiglisli sov- ereign and government interveno to protect any part of tlie ])eople from the intolerance and sectarian tyranny of a colo nial assembly, hut such was now actually the case. The CommissioiuTs of Trade and Plantations were shocked at the injustice of (Jovernor Seymour and his pliant Assenil)ly. After consulting with the Bishop of London, who was ro- garutd as the Diocesan (»f the Anglican Church in the colo- nies, tliey petitioned Queen Anne to extend her royal j)ro- tection to her menaced Catholic Bubjccts in America. Anne ' Bnron'g " Laws," 1704, rh. 9. ' " LilKTty (ind Propirty ; or, tlic Henuty of Marjiand displayed," etc. " Hy a Lover of bin (."ountry." QUEEN ANNE SAVES CATHOLICITY. 361 favored tlie Church of England, and personally did more fur it in America than any other English sovereign, her name being gratefnlly remembered to this day ; but in Mary- land and Nova Scotia she won as enduring a claim to the irratitude of Catholics, and in both provinces for many a voar the faithful a]ii)ealed to her kindly interposition as their protecting a'gis. The Acts of the Maryland Assembly " being taken into her Majesty's Eoyal Consideration, out of her Gracious Tenderness to all her Subjects, behaving them- selves peaceably and quietly under Her Majesty's Govern- ment she has been Graciously pleased by Iler Order to ills Excellency the Governour of this I'rovince, bearing date at tlie Council Board at Whitehall, the Third Day of January, 1705, to direct that a New Law or Clause of a Law should l)e Enacted in this Province, whereby the said Act of Assem- bly, suspending the Execution of that Part of the said First mentioned Law for preventing the Growth of Popery, viz., as to the Prosecution of any Priests of the Connnunion of the Church of Eome, incurring the Penalties of the said Act, by exercising their Function in a private Family of the lionian Communion, but in tio other Case whatsoever, may bo contimied, without any other Limitation of Time than until I lor. "Majesty's further Pleasure be declared and signi- fied therein." And in obedience to this order of Queen Anno, the Maryland Assembly, March 20— April 15, 1707, passed the required law." The now act stands as a proof that the Catholics of Mary- land had behaved themselves iioaceably and (piiotly under Her :Nrajesty's Government, for had it l)oon possible f(»r Sey- mour and his followers to allege the contrary, as a pretext ' " A Complcat Collection of the Laws of Maryland," Annapolis, 1727, p. 50. ^1 il. 362 THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. for their tyrannical intolerance, they would not have failed to presant charges to that effect. They had, however, already sought to elude the effect of the temporary suspension of the Act by passing a law, for extending to Maryland a certain act in regard to niarriagos. to which was added, in a way to escape notice, a clause tliat all the Penal acts mentioned in a law of I William 111. " shall be and are in full force to all Intents and Purposes wthin this Province." ' But the royal sanction to this law was withheld on the ground that it embraced matters not clearly expressed in the title.' An indication of the feeling prevailing in Maryland at tliis epoch is seen in a little work printed at Boston, in 1707, prob- ably because there was no press in Maryland to issue it. It was entitled, "A Catechism against Popery for Christians in Mar''dand." ' The next year the Sheriffs of the several counties were re- quired to report the number of Catholics within their several counties, and in a population exceeding forty thousand only 2.974 were returned by the officers, nearly one-half, 1,238, being in Saint Mary's County, with 709 in Charles, and 24S in Prince George's Ccunties. In the rest of the province the number was small, 161 in Anne Arundoll, i)3 in Balti- more, 48 in Calvert Counties ; while on the eastern shore it was even less, 40 in Cecil, 40 in Kent, 179 in Queen Anne, 89 in Talbot, 79 in Dorchester, and 81 in Somerset. This 'Laws, p. 48. The Act of 1704 wns formally repealed in 1717 Ibid p. 201. ' Hev. Georpe Hunter, fl.J. "A short Account of y State and Cmi dilion of y Roman Catholicksln y Provinceof Maryland, ((.llcrtcd fn,:ii authentir-k copys of y Provincial Records and otiicr undoubted Icsii monys." ' Thomas, "History of Printine." Second Kditioii, ad ann. 1707. PRIEST CHAPEL-HOUSES. 36S little flock the vanguard of the phalanx of the faith in the English-speaking part of America, were guided by the great leather William Hunter, still Superior ; Father Robert Brooke, of the family from which Charles Carroll of Carrollton was a scion ; George Thorold, who was in time Superior ; Thomas Mansell, and William Wood, who came to the mission in 1 700, Father Mansell in 1704, founding the mission at Bohe- mia, in Cecil County, near the more Christian and less intol- erant province of Pennsylvania,' The exemption granted temporarily, and confirmed per- petually by Queen Anne's directions, allowed the offices of the Church to be performed only in a private family. Henceforward to the end of British rule, no separate Cath- olic church or chapel was allowed. The step taken by the early missionaries in securing lands was now to show its fov- ideiitial character. The houses of the missionaries were adapted or new ones erected in such a form that while to all intents and purposes each was a dwelling-house, a large room within was a chapel for the Catholics of the district. The house of some Catholic planter at a convenient distance would, by the zeal and piety of the owner, have under the general roof a chapel-room where his family and neighbors could gather to join in the awful sacrifice so pleasing in the eyes of Cxod, so terrible to hell. The ancient Carroll mansion at Doiighoregan manor is a type of one of these private chapels which alone for generations enabled the Catholics in that dis- ' Rev. W. P. Treacy, "Catalogue of our Missionary Fatlicrs," 1634- 1805, "Woodstoclc Letters," X., p. 15; xv., pp. 90-1. Sclmrf, " History of Maryland," i., p. 870, and authority cited. Father Robert Brooke, of a pious Maryland family, one of the earliest American members of the Society, was sent back to his native province iilxuit IGOO, and was Superior of the Mission from 1710 to his death at Ncwiown, July 18, 1714. Foley, " Records," vii., p. 01 ; "Woodstock Letters," xv., p. 08. t^64 THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. trict to enjoy the privilege of worshipping God. Of tlie priest chapel-houses the most perfect example now remaining is the Rock Creek or Hickory Mission in Harford County, ut' which a sketch will be given in this work, as well as the ground-plau and elevation of a similar structure reared in the last century on the eastern shore.' " When divine service was performed at a distance from their residence, private and inconvenient houses were used for churches." " Catholics contributed nothing to the siii> port of religion or its ministers ; the whole charge of their maintenance, of furnishing the altars, of all travelling ex- penses, fell on the priests themselves, and no compens;ition was ever offered for any services performed by them, nor did they require any so long as the produce of their lands was sufficient to answer their demand." ' ' Sec " Woodstock Letters," vi., p. 13. ' " Bishop Carroll's Account." CHAPTER II. cATHOucnr in Pennsylvania and maetland, 1708-1741. While religion was thus oppressed in Maryland, Penn, who had recovered his Province of Pennsylvania, practiced, as far as he dared, the principles of religious liberty which he shared with the Calverts and James II.' But with the prudent caution which marked his career, he avoided coming to any issue with the home government, fully aware that any collision on that point would imperil his power to do good and endanger the religious freedom of his own community. In the first clause of the Charter of Liberties and Privi- leges, October 28, 1701, which reafiirmed the toleration al- ready established, it was provided : "And that all persons who also profess to believe in Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the world, shall be capable (notwithstanding their other per- suasions and practices in point of conscience and religion) to serve the government in any capacity, both legislatively and executively, he or they solemnly promising when lawfully ' In New Jersey the Liberty of Conscience proclaimed in 1702 ex- cepted Papists and Quakers. In Carolina, members of Assembly had to receive communion in the Anglican church by Act of 1704. " Through- out the Colonies at the beginning of the eighteenth century the man who did not conform to the established religion of the colony .... if ho were a Roman Catholic was everywhere wholly disfranchised. For him there was not even the legal right of public worship." C. J. Stille, "Penn. Mag. of Hist.," ix., p. 375. All colonial officers were, by a declaration of Queen Anne in 1702, required to take the tc-^t oath, and thus all Catholics were excluded. Ibid., p. 390. See " Woodstock Let- ters," vi.. p. 13. (866) 366 i-"3M II t If ! I THE CHURCH IN PENNSYLVANIA. required, allegiance to the king as sovereign, and fidelity to the Proprietor and Governor." Encouraged by the liberality of Penn's government, many Catholics, unable to settle in Maryland, began to make their homes in Pennsylvania. Who the pioneer Catholics were, and who was the first priest, is a point now involved in ob^ scurity. Evidence from several sources shows that mass was openly offered in Philadelphia at the close of 1707, or early in the ensuing year, and Lionel Brittain, a man of means and position, became a convert to the Catholic faith. The Rev. John Talbot, an Anglican clergyman at Burlington, New Jersey, and a nonjuring bishop, learned these facts in New York, and reported them January 10, 1708, to the Secretary of the Society for Propagating the Gospel, and the next month, in a letter to Keith, mentions tlie conversion of sev- eral persons.' During those days of general persecution, Cathohcs in iiK.sr parts of the British Empire acted with great caution so as not to excite hostility, but in Philadelphia they showed less prudence. The fact that mass was openly said, became known in England, and was made the basis of acousation against Penn, who wrote to Logan : " Here is a complaint against your government that you suffer publick mass in a scandalous manner." There is, however, no Catholic record or tradition as to the ■ "Since Mr. Brooke. Mr.lloore, and Mr. Evans wont away there's an Independaney set up again at Elizabeth Town, Ana baptism at Bur- T^f. ,"; ".", L ' ^}' tlic first settlors wlio catiio tlierc from Englinul. It is iiiado of" wroiiglit-iron iiiid (rrdiinly looks aiu'iciit oiiough to liavo bi'i'ii l)nui<:;lit ovi>r hy tlio I'ilgriiiis wlm caiiu' ovor in the ' Ark ' and ' Dovt'.' " ' Tlioro scoius to have boi'Ji soiiio ground for Iiojhi of Itcttir tinios for tlio CI lurch in 1711, ^ otv of .losus, I'ctor Attwond, KAC'-SIMII.K OV TItK SION ATl'UK OK FAI'inCU rKTlCU ATl'Wiion Francis Hcauniont, ("liai'li-; Hrockliolcs, and Tliumii-i Ilodu^soii, were sent out in tliat year. Tlio zealous Katlieis Hunter and Mrooke, the latter Superior of the Mission, wiili Munsell, Wood, and 'Pliorold, seem to have cttniposed the .lesuit body.' Father (Jeorge Thorold was sent to Maryland in 1700, anti labored there for more than forty years, after having done service in England. lie was, with slight interruption, Superior of the Mission from 172.") to 17.'?4. Ill' was of a Berkshire fanuly, oorn February II, H>70, and died at St. Thomas Manor, November 15, 1742.' KAl-SIMII.K UK Till' HIONATniK til' KATHKIl GKOHIUC TIIOUOU). ' The kitrlicii at noliciniii is liclicvcil tn be FuMior Mfinsell's house ami 4'Iiapi'l. A liirncr cliiipcl house wmh soon ereeleil, " In 1705 llic present house of SI. Ini);(\H was erected, under Kiilhir Aslit)ey, witli the l>riclvs of llie old Churcli of St. Miiry's, whieh hail been t)rounlit from Knuiliind. .Miout the simu- time 11 siuiill church was erected in the chii]Hl field iind it ^'raveviird nlliulu il to it." Hislioj) I'lii wick, " Brief Account of the Settlement of Mar} litntli«h Province of the Society of Jesus," vli., pp. ja, ■»!<, HT, IM. !MU. iisri, 4H7, T7t. The youni; r'alhir llcnry I'oullon died Sepleml)cr »'7, 17l'J, al the ajje of 8!1. Ihid., p. 11;':: . Trcncy, 'Catftlojiue of our MisHionury F^ilhers"; " Wo(Ml8t(K'k Leilers, ' sv.. p. 03; xiv., p. 37(< • Foley, " Hecords," vii., p. 774 ; " \Voo faith, weakly yielded, and on the tliii'd day of January renounced his religion. His father de- plored the step and deprived his son of his inconie, till the (ioveriiment compelled him to make an allowance. The young num's apostasy did not secure the boon that he cov- eted ; he siu'vived his father only a short time, and died without recovering his rights in Maryland. His infant son, Charles Calvert, Lord Maltimore, was brought up a Protest- ant. When he came of ago he was aciknowledged as Lord ' Foley, '• llcconlH," viL. p. iill; " Woodstock Lt'ttcra," xv , p. 94. ' Kilty. " liiiiKl-lloiiliT'H AsKJHtant," p. l','ll. Tlici'ljilitwciim to iiirliidi! only I hose in the lower coiiiities, omilliiiK .Miiiisell, «lio wiw ut Bohoinla. * ^1 1 872 THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. i 1^' Proprietor, and the bouse of Calvert till it ended in dishonor was one of the Protestant powers of the province. The influence of this desertion was naturally great. There were in Maryland weak Catholics wlio had l)een bo"iiu un and strengthened hitherto by the courageous fidelity of tl,e Lords Baltimore and their families. Some of these be juring all allegiance to the son of the exiled king, James IL, and swearing allegiance to George I. This did not atYect Catholics, as such, but the Act of July 17, 1710, efTectually excluded Catholics from any even the humblest office in the province which they had built up by their industry and en- nobled by their liberality. To hold an oflice every man was rt'fjuired to take an oath of allegiance to King George ; an o:it!i of abhorrence of the Pope's right to depose sovereigns; an oath abjuring James IIL, and an oath that he did not be- lieve in Transubstantiation. Even after taking this string of oaths an officer in Mary- land was not yet sure of his position. For if he should at any time thereafter " be present at any Popish Assembly, Conventicle, or Meeting, and joyn with them in their Ser- vice at Mass, or receive the Sacrament in that Communion,'" ' Scharf, " History of Miiryland," I., p. 879. ' '■ A Compleal Collection of the Laws of Maryland," Annapolis, 1727, pp. 74, 101-*. » CATHOLICS DISFRANCHISED. 373 lie forfeited his office, and became disqualified for any other. To prevent an increase of the Catholic body by immigra- tion, a tax of twenty shillings was imposed in 1716, on every "Irish papist" servant introduced into the province, and this tax was doubled the next year.' Tin's was followed by the complete disfranchisement of the CathoHcs. An act regulating the election of delegates begins, " And whereas notwithstanding all the measures that have been hitherto taken for preventing the Growth of I^ipery within this Province, It is very obvious, tliat not only ]u-ofcst Papists still multiply and increase in Number, liiit that there are also too great numbers of others that ad- here to and espouse their Interest in o])position to the Prot- estant Establishment," and after reciting the dangers to be feared from C^atholics electing a candidate the statute enacted, " That all jirofest Papists whatsoever, be (and are hereby de- clared) uncapable of giving their vote in any Election of a Delegate or Delegates," unless they took the' oaths re.juired of office-holders.' Yet the Catholic clergy only nerved themselves to greater zeal, and that their labors were not without fruit is evident fi-om a letter addressed by Governor Hart to Risho]> Kobin- son, of London, where speaking of the Anglican clergy he wrote : " I am sorry to represent to your lordship, that tliero are some whoso education and morals are a scandal to their profession, and I am amazed how such illiterate men came to be in holy orders. The advantage which the Jesuits have from their negligence is but too evident in the many prose- ' " A Compleat Collection of the Laws of Maryland," Annapolis 1T"7 p. t02 I • . * Ibid., p. 197. • ii ' ' ' THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. lytes they make." ' And the same governor addressing the Anghean clergy in 1718, expressed his regret that " Jesuits and otiier Popish emissaries " were gaining proselytes, and - the assembled ministers admitted the fact as they had done 1 two years before.' The transportation to the plantations in America of many Scotchmen who had taken ])art in the rising in favor of the son of James II., must have thrown some Catholics into Iklaryland, and the two Scotch Recollects were apparently still in the country and may have ministered to them.' The ol)servance of the holidays of the Church by Cath- olics in the midst of a Protestant population has always raised difficulties. The Jesuit Fathers in Maryland in 17-*^, through their provincial Father Hill, sought the decision of Bishop (iilTard. Finding that many Catholics took the lil>- erty of working on holidays of obligation in a most discdify- ing manner, because such labor was, under certain contin- gencies, a matter of neiiessity, the missionaries submitted to the Vicar-Apostolic regulations which they had adopted, aiming to earry out the spirit of the church by enforcing the proper observance of all the festivals she prescribed, bnt authorizing servile labor by farm-hands employed in getting in the crops, on any holidays that occurred between the be- ginning of May and the end of September, excepting, how- ever, Ascension, Whitmonday, Corpus Christi, and Assunqv tion, on which no work was allowed. On all holidiiys with- out exception Catholics were retpiired to hear mass, if said at a chapel within their reach, and when there was no muss Kiid at any place which they could conveniently attend, Miiryland M8R. In Roconls at tlio Rpistopai Paluco, Fulhuiu, ( iud by Or. ilnwkH, " ("ontributioiis," ii., \\. i;t9. ' lliiwko, " ContrilmtioiiR," ii., pp. 14l», 161. » Hclmrf, " History of Muryliiiiru! )!'.'i_'U-'Sii (JiUtiol ,. \ i. I -U,; roll n ■ • Giffanl, D.l' I-,' London I ■v.ki ill till' wclfar. V in 1012, iUiu . .' fight.initi; f.ir ■ ■;^ree fro!. ■I ■'.'•> • .- ill ...:■>! I m ' H4 i\ Hr , ' ' ^■ri J 1 in h BISHOP OIFFARD'S REGULATIONS. 375 parents and masters were to have public prayers, catechism, iiud spiritual reading. Bishop Giffard approved the regulations as equally pru- dent and pious, " because," he writes, " there is a due regard to religious duties and corporal necessities. Wherefore I a])prove of the said regulations and order them to be ob- , served. London, December 21, 1722." These regulations remained in force apparently till the number of holidays for the Catholics of England was re- duced by Pope Pius VI. (March 0, 1777). Dr. Bonaventura Giffard, D.D., Bishop of Madaura and Vicar-Apostolic of the London District, who thus showed liis zeal arid interest in the welfare of his transatlantic flock, was a prelate of piety and learning long connected with the church in England. He was born at Wolverhampton of an ancient family in 1G42, and at an early age lost his father, who was killed fighting for the king. After a course at I )()uay College he pursued his ecclesiastical studies at Paris, and took his degree from the Sorbonne, in 1G77. He was apjiointed chaplain to James IL, and on the 12th of January, IfiSS, was elected by the Propaganda Vicar-Apostolic of the ^lidland District, and was consecrated April 22d, apparently by the Pope's Nuncio. James made him also President of Magdalen College, Oxford. He was ejected on the accession of William KL, and was confined for nearly two years in \ewgate Prison, and then in Hertford jail. In 1 708 he was transferred to the London District, over which he presided t(» his death, on the 12th of March, 1734, governing also from 1708 to 1713 the Western District. He was such an object of persecution that he was com- pelled to change his dwelling-place fourteen times in a sin gle year, large rewards tempting the priest- hunters to procure his arrest. mi f 876 THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. In 17'30 Henry Howard, brother of the Duke of Norfolk, was appointed Bishop of Utica, and coadjutor to Jiishop Gif- fard, but lie did not live to receive episcopal consecration, dying of a fever contracted in visiting tlic sick poor oi his Hock, in March, 1721. The Rt. Kev. Benjamin I'etre ai>i)uint- cd coadjutor, succeeded Bisliop Gillard, in the London Vica- riate and the cliarge of the American mission. Bisliop Gif- fard was interred at St. Pancras' Church, London, but his heart was taken to Douay.' About this time Catholics and Catholicity seemed to have invaded the very capital of the Province of Maryland, as the (yarrolls not only had a residence at Annapolis, but actually had a Catholic chaplain, Father .lohn Bennet. The Calvcris, though they had conformed to the State Chiu'cli, showed a kindly interest in those who had sulTered for their ii(li>lity to the house of Baltimore. Though an intolerant legislature could disfranchise Catholics and deprive them of olKce, it could not prevent the Lord Proprietor from employing Cath- olics in his private business. Charles Carroll as agent of Lord Baltimore enjoyed a kind of inmiunity which greatly incensed the foes of the Catholics. In 172.3 there were twelve Jesuit Fathers on the Mary- land mission, and as a Catalogue notes, "scattered through this immense tract of country, they strenuously labor in pro- tecting and propagating the Catholic faith. F^Mir tempoi\il coadjutors attended to the care of their domestic alTairs, and the cultivation of the land, the produce of which is sullicitnt to support all the members. Besides the land, there is no other source of support belonging to the mission." In 1725 we obtain another gleam of the zeal of the Cath- ' Brady, "Annals of the Catholic Hierarchy," Rome. 1883, pp. 'iM. 149. Besides the rare portrait here copied there is said to be one 'ny Du Bosc. 3! m\ CLOSE OF THE FRANCISCAN MISSION. 377 olie clergy in ]\Iaryland. " The Jesuits were not idle," writes Dr. Hawks. " Tiieir number had increased, and they not unfrequently challenged the Protestant clergy to public doctrinal disputations, such as have often occurred in the history of the Church ; and of no one of which can it be truly recorded (as we believe) that it has accomplished any good purpose." . . . . " The clergy of the establishment, however, did not decline the challenge." ' Of the time and ])articipantH in these controversies we un- fortunately know nothing from Catholic sources. The little body of missionaries lost Father William Hunter in 1723, jind Father ]\[anBell, the founder of Bohemia, in the year following, but their number was increased in 1721 by the arrival of Fathers John Bennet, James Whitgrave, Francis Floyd, Henry Whctenhall, Peter Davis, and J I James Case. "^dc obuo FAC-SIMILE OF SKiNATURE OF FATUEIl nADDOCK, ON THK FLY-LEAF OK A BOOK AT WOOD STOCK. who ajij^arcntly expired in 1720, among the Jesuit Fathers to one of whoso houses he had retired, closed the Franciscan Mission in ^hu-yland,"* and the whole care of the Catholics in the Prit- ' Hawks, "Contributions," ii., p. 180, citing Maryland Manuscripta, Kulliuni. •' Fatlicr Haddock slpfns himself in one place, "Jacobus Haddock, O. Min. Strict. Ob. Prov. Anglia; in terra Mariana et coeteris parlibus occi- dciitalibus missionarius," which seems to indicate that some of bis work i Kl ••m\ m -It % , 1^ t.i HI 378 THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. isb provinces devolved on the Jesuit Fathers, who had from the outset alone constantly and persistently adhered to this field of mission labor.' In England the missions confided to the Soc> ety were at times in charge of secular priests under their ap- pointment. It is not impossible that secular priests may have been similarly employed by them on the Maryland mis- sion, but no evidence exists to justify a probable suspicion of any actual case. Upon the accession of George II. to the throne of England in 1Y27, the Catholics of Maiyland sent over a congratulatorv address to the king, in testimony of their fidelity and duty. This document is worth inserting, as one of the few docu- ments in which the Catholics of the province, as a body, ad- dressed the throne. There is no reason to dou])t their sincL'-ity, as the Lords Ikltimore and the Maryland Catholics had not been especially fiivored by James II., and had never taken any active part or shown any open sympathy in the attempts made by his son to regain the throne. " To THK Kino's Most Excellent Majesty. " The humble address of the Roman Catholics of the Province of Maryland. " Most Gracious Sovereign : "We your Majesty's most dutiful subjects the Roman Catholic inhabitants of the Province of Maryland, under the government of the Lord Baltimore, Lord and Proprietary thereof, out of our true aud unfeigned sense of Gratitude for the great clemency and goodness of your late Royal Father in the ministry was outside of Maryland. Ho was in that proviuoe in ie09-170O. " Arcliives Prov. Neo-Eb. Murjliind 8.J." ' Treacy, " Catalogue of our Missionary Fatliers," Woodstock Lettcxs, XV , p. 91 ; " Resist. F F. Min. Prov. Angliae," p. 210. -uai THE FIRST CENTENNIAL. 379 toward us, bumbly beg leave to express to your Majesty tbe share we bear witb the rest of your Majesty's subjects in the (roneral grief of the Britisli Empire on tlie death of our late most gracious sovereign, and as we have the same happiness with them to see your Majesty peaceably succeed to the crown of your great Father, v/e humbly beseech your Maj- esty to give us leave to join with them in our hearty con- niiitulations and in all humility we beg your Majesty's gra- cious acceptance of our constant allegiance and duty according to our utmost capacity in this remote part of your Majesty's Dominions and we humbly hope by our Loyalty and a steady ;ind constant adherence to our duty to deserve some share ill that tender concern your Majesty has been so graciously pleased to express for all your subjects. We are " May it Please your Majesty, your Majesty's most dutiful Subjects and Servants." This address was presented by Lord Baltimore, who at the time held a position at Court. The centenary of the settlement of Maryland did not pass imnoticed. A " Carmen Seculare " was addressed to Lord Baltimore by a Mr. Lewis, of which, however, only an extract was printed. The poet thus speaks of Cecilius, the second Lord: " Matiirest wisdom did his act inspire, Which ages iinist with gratitude admire, By whicli the Planters of his land were freed From feuds that made their native country bleed I Religious feuds which in an evil hour, Were sent from hell poor mortals to devour ! Oh ! be that rage eternally abhor'd Which prompts the worshippers of one mild Lord, For whose salvation one Redeemer died. By wars their orthodoxy to decide ! Falsely religious human blood to spill And for God's sake their fellow-creatures kill I Horrid pretence I fi raij ! i^^liiiii MM is" 380 THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. Long had tins impious zeal with boundless sway, Most direful urged o'er half the earth its sway, Tyrannic on tlie souls of men to prey ! 'Til great Cecilius, glorious Hero, broke Iler l)onds, and cast away her yoke I What praise, oh ! Patriot, shall be paid to thee I Within tliy province, Conscience first was free And gained in JIaryland its native Liberty." ' This laudation of the spirit of religious liberty which ani- mated Cecilins, Lord Baltimore, would not have been ad- dressed to his successor had he been in sympathy with the s])irit of persecution then dominant in IMarylaud. When, in 1733, Charles I., Lord Baltimore, came over in person to assume the government of the province and adjust the border disputes which had long existed Avith the neigli- boring colony of Pennsylvania, the Catholics addressed him antl again renewed the expression of their loyalty and tide! ity to the ruling dynasty. Though he had abandoned their communion, Lord Balti- UKire cduld not but bear testimony to their loyalty. " I thaidi yon," he says in his reply, "for your l llic famous Act allowing LilK'rty of Conscience and puni-shing the use of op probrlouR names. * \\i'\. George Ilun'er, " .\ Short Account," cto. IP' THE MINISTERS' TOBACCO TAX. 381 clergj'man of the Established Church from every one in his parish proved most disastrous. They became tobacco iloalers, and incurred the hatred of all classes, while all the ciTorts of their superiors failed to m^ke the Maryland clergy of the Establishment worthy of the respect of their own tlock. A historian of that body says, under date of 1734 ; •' The papists did not fail to take advantage of the trouble in tlie church of which we have spoken. The number of their |)riest8, most of whom were Jesuits, greatly nmltiplied, and they had several places of worship in different parts of the province ; indeed, in some parts, they were more numerous tliaii the protestants. They flattered themselves that they wore about to acquire the ascendancy, as under the adminis- tration of Governor Calvert, many of them had been put into offices of honor and profit which they still retained. Most diligent were the priests also in distributing pamphlets ;nnong the people, the object of which was to maintain the ( 'hurch of Rome ; and in all cases when a female of the lloinish conmmnion intermarried with a protestant, it was customary to make a previous contract that all the daughters (if the marriage should be educated as papists. By thus se- curing the future mothers of the country, the priests felt that they had very (piietly accomplished, what has ever been with them the great end, of directing the early education of the country. Their prospects were certainly never more promising than at this time, for in some counties they were compared with the protestants, in the proportion of three to (Pile : throughout the province, however, the latter were the more numerous body." ' In Pennsylvania there is no notice of any priestly service for the Catholics from 1708 to 1729, at which time, accord- Hawks, " ContribuUons," il.. p. 221. ^;!P '«: • ■ F "''T: it S82 THE CHURCH IN PENNSYLVANIA. ing to a tradition recorded hy Watson, tlierc was a Catholic eliapel near the city of Pliiladelpliia. " At that time Eliza- beth MeGawley, an Irish lady and single, brouglit ove.- a mnnber of tenantry and with them settled on tlie land (now Miss Dickinson's) on the road leading from Nicetown f.. Frankford. Connected with her lionse (now standing oppo- site Ganl's place) she had the said chapel." ' Beniard U. Campbell records in the following words a tradition ascribed to Arclil)ishop Nealc, wlio, while servln-r in Philadelphia, had opportunities of hearing accounts from aged Catholics : " Tlie Superior of the Jesuits in Maryland having heoii informed that there were many Catliolics in the cai)ital of Penus; Ivania, resolved to endeavor to establish a niishi,,ii there. The priest designed for this duty had an acquaint- ance in Lancaster of the name of Doyle, wliom ho visited and rcipiested to furnish liim the name of some respcctablo Catliolic in Philadelphia. Heing referred to a wealthy old lady remarkable for her attachment to the ancient faith, he waiteil on her in the garb of a Quaker, and after making in- «iuiries nbout the various denoniinaticms of Christians in (ln> city, jisked first if there were any Catholics, and finally, if she was one ; to which she answered in the allirmative. IK- informed her that lie also was of the same communiun. Heing informed that the Catholics had no place of worship, lie desired to know, if they would wish to have a chinvli. To which the lady replied, they would mosl certainly, but the great difJiculty would be to Hnd a clergyman ; for al- though there were priests in Alaryland, it was impossible to procure one from theiu'o. He then informed tlie lady that lie was a priest and of the intention of his visit. ()verji.yepearing as a holder of land in that vicinity, and finding that a Catholic gentleman living near the place conveyed lands to Father Greaton in 1747, he says: "If there ever was any Roman Catholic Chapel near Nicetown, it must have been built on this ground bought by Father Greaton and after 1747."' But this is very illogical ; a purchase of land in 1747 is perfectly compatible with the existence of a chapel on other ground in 1729. ' Campbell, Iv.. pp. 2.52-3. liifc and Times of Archbishop Carroll," U. S. C. M., lit- (loPs not tell how or where this was first recorded. It is presumed to ref<>r to Father Greaton and St. .losepli's, hue, seems iiKire properly to refer to the earlier chapel near Nicetown, whii'h a lady is said to Imve had on her own ground. In those days tliere are fre- quent allusions to Catholics passing as Quakers, with how much founda- tion it is not easy to say. Ferry, p. 202. • ' History of Philadelphia." m ?i ■■H ■ III r .- 4 384 THE CHURCH IN PENNSYLVANIA. According to Townsend Ward," the Priests' Cliupel was on Oruiiip's land, north of the property owned by Dr. Brown. Watson cites the authority of Deborah Logan and Thoina< Bradford, v/ho remembered to have seen the ruins of s'leli a ,'chapel, and there is not the slightest documentary evidence ,or tradition to sustain the theory of a Catholic chapel on the ground conveyed to Father Greaton in 1747.' As early as 1744 Father Schneider visited the Catholics near Frankford and Germantown, and was at the house of Doctor Brown, performing a baptism there, recording it in terms that show that his host was regarded as a person of some consequence.' There is evidence, therefore, that there were Catholic services in that vicinity before the deed of 1747. A mystery hangs over another matter connected with tlie early missiou in Pennsylvania. Sir John James, apparently of Ileston, Middlesex, who was knighted September 12, 107<'. established a fund of £4,000, which was held by the Vicar- Apostolic of London, and by his direction forty pounds a ' " Pennsylvania Magazine of History," iv., p. 423. ■' The Htntemont of the tradition aa to tlie chapel given by Watson was iH'cepted by Bishop Kenrick, who wrote to B. U. t'anipl)ell in 18-15 that it was "confommblo to loc*il tradition, although the inscri])tion on the tombstone docs not determine the priestly character of Brown. The Natives were so convinced of the fact that they mutilated the stone in the latt! TioUi." Campbell on this guarantee, and Bishop O'Connor in his Scnunary Report, accepted it. Henry dc Courcy accepted it and so gave It ; and I cannot see that Mr. Westcott has disproved it, though he showed, what Father Schneider's Register shows, that Dr. Brown was a married man. Yet Mr. de Courcy has been assailed in his honored grave with brutal insul*. In'cause he stated what Bishops Kenrick and O'Coinmr and Colonel ( ampbell had endorsed. • " 1744, 80 Apr.— in domo I>ni Dris Brown Bapt. est Christiana nigni adiilta, s- tolic, he was directed by the Projiajranda to send an account of the Church in the United States. He drew up a paiuT. as he himself states, " from very imperfect memoirs," and it, of course, contained many inaccuracies, for as most of his !i|\. had been spent in Europe, he had not enjoyed the ojiportu- nity of conversing with the (dder missionaries who had passed away during the quarter of a century of his absence. J lis statement, diffidently ]iul forward by the illustrious author, is, however, the basis of nearly all that has since been written in regard to the Church in Philadeli)hia : '* About the year 1 ~m or rather later, F^ Greaton, a -lesuit, (for none but Jesuits had yet ventured into the English (-(.lo- nies) went from Maryland to Philadelphia, and laid the foun- dations of that congregation, now so fiourishing : he lived there till about the year ITaO. long before which he had suc- ceeded in building l! old chapel, which is still contigiions to the presbytery of that town. 6c in assembling a numerous congregation, which at his Hrst going thither, did not consist of more than ten or twelve persons. I remember to Inivc seen this venerable man at the head of his fioek in the vc;ir 174S. He was succeeded bv the Rev. F^ llardiiu', wIiom' memory reuiains in great veneration ; under whose patr(»nagc and through his exertions the prest^nt church of St. Mary's was built. " In the year 1741 two German Jesuits were sent to Penii- Bylvania for the iiistruction and conversion of (icrrnan Kiiii grants wljo from many jnirts of (Jermany had come into tli;'t FATHER THEODORE SCHNEIDER. 387 province. Under f>;roat hardships and poverty they began tliL'ir laborious undertaking, which has since been followed by great benedictions. Their nanies were F'. Schneider from I5avaria and P Wapeler, from the lower Rhine. They were both men of much learning & unbounded zeal. Mr. Schnei- der, moreover, was a person of great dexterity in business, consuuiniate prudence and undaunted niagnaniniity. Mr. Wapeler having remained about eight years in America «fe converted or reclaimed many to the faith of Christ, was forced by bad health to return to Europe. He was the per- son who made the first settlement at the place now called (!onewago. IVIr. Schneider formed many congregations in Pfunsylvaiiia, Iniilt by his activity and exerticms a noble church at Coshenhopen & spread the faith of Christ far and near. He was used to visit Philadelj)hia once a month fvince. passed so long since as the fourth year of her late Majesty Queen Anne, which is five years posterior |.i the said statute, stands iinrepealed. And under this ditiiculty of concluding upon anything certain in the present case, it is left to the Governor, if he thinks fit, to represent the matter ST. JOSEPH'S CHURCH. 889 to our superiors at home, for their advice and directions in it." The Catholics, however, do not seem to have been mo- lested, as no law or proclamation issued against them. Apparently on the statement of Archbishop Carroll, it is oeiu'rally assumed that this house was erected by Father ,losoph Greaton, and is said to have been on land purchased by him of John Dixon, south of Walnut Street and east of Fdurth, May 15, 1733, but no deed is known to be in exist- ence. It is certain that prior to 1740 the Jesuit missionaries in ^faryland had learned the condition, numbers, and residence of scattered Catholics in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Fiiuliiig that many were Germans, application was evidently niiule through the Provincial in England to the Provincials of tlie Order in G(M-many for some zealous priests able to minister to their countrymen in the colony founded by Will- iam Penn. Several zealous and worthy priests responded to the call, and came over evidently with faculties from the Vicar- Apostolic of London. The first of these pioneers of the Gorman priests in the United States was Father Theodore 8chneider, who arrived in 1741. lie was followed the next year by Father William Wapeler. In 1740-1 Pennsylvania appears in the records of the Society of Jesus as a distinct mission, under the title of Saint FVaucis Borgia, the saint who sent the first members of the Society of Jesus to Florida and Virginia. Father Joseph Greaton appears as tlie Supe- rior of the new mission. The plan adopted in Maryland was pursued also in Pennsylvania, Lands were acquired by the missionaries with their own means, and held almost always in the name of Father Greaton, as his associates, generally Germans, being aliens, could not take title to land, and as 'rflPI \ik If '^H ^W'if ^ .^H ' m ^'IH f: -'''^1 m Wm% m 1^1 Ifl ■ ,.^^" 1 J-il IB ! • •Ml i isl I *p 4 1 ':»* ) *1 ■ 1 i * : ■ i V 390 THE CHURCH IN PENNSYLVANIA. Catholics were excluded from naturalizatiou as British sub- jects.' Father .Ti)seph Greaton, according to the most probable accounts, was born in London, P'ebruary 12, 1679, and en- tered the Society of Jesus on the 5th of July, 1T08. After making his solemn ]>rofessiou eleven years later, he was as- signed to the Maryland mission' in 1721.' lie was certainly for many years pastor of Saint Joseph's Church, Philadel- phia, and Superior of the Pennsylvania missions. It is to be lamented that we have so little that is authentic 'u\ regnnl to the long labors of this one of the founders of the Penn- sylvania mission. Of ^'le two German Jesuits who were his first auxiliaries. Father William Wapeler was a native of Neuen Sigmariii- gen, Westphalia, and was bom January 22, 1711. lie eii- ' Deeds to Fiitlier Greaton, therefore, do not show his presenee. 1 have nu't a reeeijit diited May 4, 1753, ackno\vledjrin!j payment in full liy Fa* her Greaton on lands at Colebrookdale, Gosslienhopen, and Hanover. If the letters appealing to the German provinees can be found tliey will nndoul)t('dly contain a statement of the condition of the C'ntholits in Pennsylvania. An Act of Parliament passed in 17-(() (liSlh George II.), for naturiiliz inj; foreifrn I'rotestants and others tlierein mentioned, as are sctlUd or shall settle in any of his Majesty's colonies in America, excluded from naturalization all, exccjit Qmikers and .Tews, who did not receive coiir nuinion in some Protestant or Heformed Church within three numllis before taking the oath and making the dc<'laralion. ' Foley, " Records of the P^nglish Province," vii., p. 313. ■ Treacy, " Woodstock Letters, " .\v., pp. 03-4. In Mr. Foley's Tables, vii., p. cxxiii., there is no mention of Pennsylvania till " 174(t-l. .Mis>ion of Saint Francis Borgia, F. .Tosejih Greaton, Sui)erior FF. 4," and iii., p. 390, he says : " We had opened a mission here about this year (1741i, called .Mi.ssio S. Fran. Horgiie, Pennsylvania'." As a sign of ('allmlic progress we may note that complaint was made in 1741 that "a native Irish bigotted Papist was set up lus schoolmaster at Chester" by the Quakers. Perry, pp. 21(1, 220. CONEWAGO AND LANCASTER. 391 tered tlie Society of Jesus at the age of seventeen." Arriv- i!i0, but the Catholics at once began to rebuild.' The au- thorities to their credit offered a reward for the incendiaries.' As to Conewago we have less precise information. Ac- cording to a statement in the history of a neighboring Prot- estant church, a party of German emigrants in 1734-5 passed a log mass-house near Conewago, but the statement seems vague. This district was settled under a j\Iaryland grant of ten thousand acres by John Digges, in 1727, and ' Foley, "Records," vii., p. 813. ' Tlie beginning of the Clmrch in Lancaster is fixed by a letter of the Anglican minister, Rev. Richard Backhonsc, .June 14, 1743. " In Lan- caster Town there is a Priest settled where they have bought some Lotto and arc building a Mass-House, and another Itinerant Priest that goes hack in y country. This is a just and faithful account, which I re- ceived last F'ebruary in Lancaster Town from y" Prothouotary and some of the principal Justices of the Peace for that county." 'The church is said to have been completed in 1763. "Popery has gained considerable ground in Pennsylvania of late years. The profes- .sors of tliat religion here are chiefly Germans, who are constantly sup- plied with missionarys from the Society of .lesus as they are pleased to style themselves. One of that order resides in this place, and had inttu fiicc enough last summer to get a very elegant chapel of hewn stone erected in this Town." Thomas Barton to the Secretary, Lancaster, Nov, 8, 1762. Perry, p. 343. ' 8. M. Sener, "An Ancient Parish," in " \ew Era." i-1. .t! h 802 THE CHURCH IN PENNSYLVANIA. some Catholics may have come in with the earliest coloiu'8t«. The first mass is said to have heen offered in the house of Kobert Owings, on a slight elevation, about a quartor of a mile north of the present church of the Sacred Heart which occupies the site of Father Wapeler's humble chapel. Hero l»v his zeal he converted and reclaimed many from sin and error.' Father Wapeler returned to Europe in 1748, and was apparently succeeded by Father Neale, who did not sur- vive long, and by Father Sittensperger (Manners). IMany of the English and Irish settlers above Pipe Creek, and most of the Germans, were Catholics at this time.' Of the third of the early missioners in Pennsylvania, who is referred to (in an ancient obituary list of the Province, and in a manuscript of Father Farmer) as the founder of the missions in that colony. Father Theodore Schneider, we have more satisfactory knowledge. He was a native of the Uni- versity city, Heidelberg, Germany, where he was born, April 7, 1703. He is said to have been Kector of the University, and professor of philosophy and polemics at Liege. His labors in Pennsylvania Ijegan in 1741, so that he renounced a brilliant future in the learned circles of his native land to devote the beat years of his life to toilsome work among obscure emigrants in America.' His precious Register pro- served at Goshenhopen is entitled, "Book of those Baptized, Married, and Buried, at Philadelphia, in Cushenhopen, Mn\- etani, Maguuschi, Tulpehaken, etc. Begun Anno Doniiui 1741." He was pastor of the German Catholics in Philadelphia ' Reily, " Conewago, A Collection of Catholic Local History," Miir tinsburg, 1885, pp. 44, 45. The oldest Hegister in Conewago begins liiilf a century after the foundation of the mission. » " Affidavit of Henry Cassclls of Frederic County," May 80, 1751. * Foley, " Records," vii,, p. 691. FATHER SCHNEIDER'S REGISTER. 393 for many years, and his flock formed the majority of the faithful in that city ; but besides this he visited the scattered Catholics through many parts of Pennsylvania and New Jer- sey extending apparently into Delaware. The first entry records a baptism at the house of John Utzman in Falkner's -€tA^ FAC-8IM1LE OP THE TITLE OF FATHER SCHNEmEB'S REGISTER. Swamp, now called Pottsgrove, near the famous Ringing Hill, in Berks County.' Then follows a marriage at Phila- delphia " in sacello nostro," being undoubtedly the oldest ofiicial record of any ecclesiastical act in Saint Joseph's • See Schoepf's " Travels through Berks County, 178S." Penn. Mag. of Hist., V. p. 81. I'l'iiiltK 394 THE CHURCH IN PENN8YL VANIA. ri.iireh. Then we trree him to the Swedish settle.uei.tt. to Bethlehem County, (fermantowu, and i„ tlie spring of 1742 to Cedar Creek, and a cheerless district, where some ( atholics had settled, so utterly unproductive as to obtain the title of "Allemangel" or "Lackall."' Toward the clo>e of the year he returned by way of Lebanon and North Wales to Philadelphia and Germantown. He soon, howovc,' was in the Oley Hills, at Cedar Creek, New Furnace, an. I Maxetani, and in February, 174:5, notes his coming to Ciish- enhopen, where he in time reared an humble house, rather a chapel for the Catholics of that district than a home for him- self, though he never gives it the name of church or chapel. The land he pureha^e.l of Reidler, a Mennonist, who lui.l fallen out with the brotherhood, and to mortifv them s..|<| his property to a Catholic priest. At the last "moment hv demanded security, but Father Schneider at once ban. led over the full amount ami took the iV^vi\ ' Here he r^oon ha.l a scho(»l. In May he founded the nn'ssion at Havcock, cele- brating the feast of the Holy Trinity in th," house* of Thomas (iarden. Then we lijid him at I'rankfort and bis regular stations. I^>sses^ing medical skill, he travelled about as a physician, being thus enabled to avoid suspicion and danger. Laboring constantly to extend the l)enefit of his ministry to the poor miners and iron-workers, he cr<»ssed into New JerPev, an in the colony died without any sign of (Christianity, the liis- torian of the Negro Plot, Ilorsnianden himself, tells us that Juan, the Spanish negro, was "neatly dressed," " heliavcd decently, prayed in Spanish, kissed a crucifix, and died in- sisting on his innocence to the last." Of his Catholicity there is no doubt : but Ury was c!vi- dently what he claimed to be, a nonjuror." rennsylvania had receded soiiiewhat from the broad gnmnd of religious freedom assumed by William I'emi. From \W.\ to I7t5 no one could hold even the most petty otlici" in tlif ])rovince without taking an oath denying the Real Presence and declaring n\ass idolatrous. None but Protestants were allowed by the Act of 17;^(» to hold land for the erection ef clinrches, schools, or hospitals, and lus we have seen, mnie Imt Protestants coukl be naturalized. The efforts of the Penn- sylvania governors and a8send)lies to enlarge the religicms freedom were constantly thwarted by the home government. The Pennsylvania authorities, though they snlimitted, seem to have made the laws virtually inoperative in many cases. (Jerman Catholics certainly held lands and had chmvhes. witlinut any attempt to dispossess them. In 174(! Paniel Horsmanden complained that many of Zinzendorfs (Jernmn "countrymen have for several years successively been im- ported into and settled in Pennsilvania, lioinan Catholics as ' Florsmnmlcn, " Tlic New York Conspirnry, or ii History of tin- Nc- pn) Plot," Npw York, 17M ; "The New York N.'>;ro I'lol of 1711," N Y Common Coun.il Miiiiuiil, 1H70, p. 7tt4 ; CliMiiill.r, ' Aiiu'iiiiin Crimiiml Trials," Hostoti. 1«44. i., p. 2'J2. Ury's laii-uuge is un.nislak ably I'rotcstmif in tone. FATHER MOLYNEUX. 401 well as Protestants, without Distinction, where it seems by the Indulgence of the Crown, their Constitution granted by ( 'liarter, all Perswasions, Roman Catholicks as well as other.s, are toUerated the free Exercise of their Religion." The Pennsylvania authorities went further. On their western frontier were Indians, more or less under French influence, who menaced the exposed settlements. They knew that tiie French influence was acquired at first by the zealous labors of Catholic priests, and they prudently resolved to avail themselves of the Jesuit Fathers in the province to win tlie favor of the native tribes, Tlie Senecas and other Western Indians were always well received at Philadelphia and encouraged to visit the Catholic missionaries. "When any of them come to Philadelphia," wrote Count Zinzeiidorf in 1743, " they go to the Popish chapel to Mass." The famous Madame Montour, wife of an Oneida chief, and on many occasions interpreter for the English, came to Philadelphia in her own carriage, and on one of the visits had her granddaughter baptized at Saint Joseph's.' Jesuit Fathers, evidently by the wish and in the interest of the Pennsylvania government, attended conferences with tiie Indians. Tlie Superior of the Maryland mission, Father iiiciiard Molyncux, was with the Indians at Lancaster, just before the treaty made there in June and July, 1744. As the Pcnnsylvanians did not venture to avow their policy, thia visit subjected Father Molyneux to suspicion in ^laryland.' ' Ucielicl, " Aleinoriiils of the Moravian Church," i,, pp. 120, 90. •' " It is (MTtuin that abmit a fortiiiii'iil bcforo our tro;ity with V Six N'alioiisof Indians at Lancaster, Father Molyncux y" principal of our .k'suits was with them and there is |j;ood reason to suspect tliat Iiv wen', as an ai!;ent for y French, and that his husiness was no other than to dissuade y' Indians from making peace w-'' ua." "Maryland Memorial to thu Earl of Halifax." 20 ,'11 402 THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. In that province, notwithstanding the general hostility of the legislature and the dominant church, Catholicity held its own, and succeeded in establishing a seat of learning, the fame of which is still preserved. Father Richard Molyneux wi\a born iu London March 26, 1690, and after miwion services in Enj^land was sent to Maryland in 173i!. llavinic been Superior of tlie Mission in 1786 and again in 1743, lie returned to EnKhuid in 1749. He enjoys the honor of liaviug been arraigned for liis faith before a civil tribunal. He died at Bonhani, England, May IS, 1766. " Woodstock Letters," xv., 94-97 ; Foley, " Uecords," vii., p. rA4. '^^%yf^^n£^j '/ FAC-BIMII.K OF KIIIBT EMTUY IM KAi'UEU HCUNUIUUlt'S UUUltiTUlt. CHAPTER III. THE OnURCn IN THE COLONIKS, 1Y45-1755. The war between Englaiid and France, which began in 1744, however, greatly inflamed the minds of the Protestant colonists againrt the ( ■atholics. The French in Canada men- •icod the English colonies, and Indians in their interest lay on their frontiers from Lake Ontario to the Toml)igl)ee. Catholics were believed by the prejndiced colonists to be ready to join the French against their countrymen, although there were no facts or examples to sustain the prevalent o])inion. When ('harles Edward in 1745 raised his standard in Scotland and endeavored to regain for his father the throne of England, every Catholic in the colonies was believed to be a Jacobite and ready to commit any atrocity on his neighbors. The Catholics ctmld only show by their conduct that the sus- picious of their merciless persecutors were groundless. The mission at P>ohemia prospered, and ollered such ad- vantages of seclusion, and such a ready means of removing beyond the reach of Maryland's persecuting laws, should any necessity arise, that it was decided to remove to it the acad- emy which the Jesuit Fathers had maintained whenever it was j)ossil)le.' ' Youii^' pt'()|)k' wore scnl from Maryluud to Cafholic schools In Eng- ImikI. :is well hm to thoHO on tin; conliiieiit. " Present State of Popery in Kngliiiid," Lonikm, ITiJiJ, p. It). Ifi M 404 THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. II i The classical school at Bohemia was opened in 1745 or tlie following year, under the supervision of Father Tlioiniis Poulton, who joined the Mainland mission in 1738, and from 1742 to the conmiencement of 1749 was in charge at Bohemia. The terms for education at this early aoadeinv were £40 per annum for those who studied the classics and £30 for those who did not. Peter Lopez, Daniel Carroll. Edward Nealo, and others sent their sons to this Catliolic seat of learning. Aiuoiig the earliest known pupils wore Benedict and Edward Ncale, James Heath, Robert Brent, Archibald Richard, and " Jacky Carroll," a future arch- bishop of Baltimore. The highest number of pupils did not apparently exceed forty. "Bohemia seems to have been for a long period in the early history of the American Church tho Tuseulum of the Society of Jesus." Father John Ivlngdon and Father Joseph Greaton wore subsecjuently at Bohemia, and we can see from hostile sources that the academy was accomplishing a good work. It woulil be consoling to state that this early seat of learning had sur- vived to our day ; but every vestige of it has disappcaro'l, although it i.s well known that it stood on the lawn, a few feet south of the manse, and that the bricks that composed its walls were used in 1825 in erecting the dwelling-house." In 1700 a Protestant clergyman in Delaware wrote that " tlicro was a very considerable Popish Seminary in the neighboring Province of Maryland," and that " this Semi- nary is under the direction of the Jesuits."'' The Protestant rector of St. Stephen's parish, near the Jesuit Academy, was a Rev. Hugh Jones, who roganled \\\> neighbors with no favorable eye. In 17.'>9 he wrote to the ' " Bohemia" in " Woodstock Letters," vi,, pp. 4-5, xiv., p. CJl; B. U. Canjpl)ell in " U. S. Ciith. Mag," 1844, p. 34. ' Perry, p. 01 ;{ EEV. HUGH JONES. 4()r) Secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel for books : " Since the Jesuits in luy parish with them they favored and settled in Philadelphia seem to combine our ruin by propagation of schism, popery and apostacy in this neigh- borhood, to prevent the danger of which impending tempest, 'tis hoped you will be so good as to contribute your extensive cliaritable benevolence, by a set of such books of practical and polemical divinity and church history as you shall judge most suitable for the purpose." ' The apparent prosperity of the Jesuits at Bohemia did not render him more charitable. In 1745 he preached a sermon, whiclj he published in the " Maryland Gazette " at Annapolis, as '' A Protest against Popery." The Jesuit Fathers really had circulating libraries at their missions and encouraged the reading of good books. Mem- oranda exist as to loans of volumes, and Father Attwood, in a letter to England, ordered a list of standard books for one of his flock.' Yet bravely as the clergy were straggling to meet the wants of their flock. Catholics were liable at any moment to arrest. Thus in the " Annapolis Gazette " of March 25, 1746, we read : "Last week some persons of the Romish Communion, were apprehended, and upon examination, were obliged to give security for their appearance at the Provincial Court." The temper of the times may be seen in the following proclamation of the Governor of Maryland : ' Letter July 30, 1739. ' " Woodstock Letters," xiii.. p. 73. The order of Father Attwood incUided the " Rhcims Testament," Parson's "Three Conversions," "Catholic Scripturist," "Touchstone of the Reformed Gospell," the Whole " Manual," with Mass iu Latin and English. .■;fc'ii til I • /. . * * *l t» U * mM ■» ilj 'fc»TiWR«> *■■>. h' 406 THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. " A PROCLAMATION. " Whereas I have received certain information, that sev- eral Jesuits and other Popish priests and their emissaries have presumed of hite, especially since the unnatural reliel lion broke out in Scotland, to seduce and pervert several oi his Majesty's Protestant subjects from their religion, ami to alienate their affections from his Majesty's royal i)ers(ni and government, altlio' such practises are high treason, imiI only in the priests or their emissaries who shall seduce and pervert, but also in those who shall be seduced or perverted. I have tliereforo thought fit, with the advice of his Lord- ship's Council of State to issue this my Proclamation, to charge all Jesuits and other Popish priests and their eniif- saries to forbear such traitorous practises, and to assure such f)f them as shall dare hereafter to offend, that they shall be prosecuted according to law. And all magistrates within this province are hereby strictly renacted, the lino for voting in defiance of law was five hundred \nnuvh of tobacco. An act of 1705 made Catholics incompetent as witnesses, and when this fear- 410 THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. .%: 1 ful act was renewed in 1753, it was extended to all cases what- ever.' Not even England herself sought to crush, hunible and degrade the Catholic as Virginia did ; he was degraded below the negro slave, for though the negro, mulatto, or Indian, could not be a witness against a white person, a Catholic could not be put on the stand as a witness against white man or black, the most atrocious crime could with im- punity be conuuitted in the presence of a Catholic on his wife or child, whom ho was made powerless to defend, and his testimony could not be taken against the nmrderer." In the year 1750 a quarrel between two private gentlemen set all Maryland atlanio, and enkindled the most bitter anti- Catholic movement known in the annals of the country. Charles (\'irroll, barrister and fatliov of the future signer. and Dr. Charles Carroll, who had abandoned the Catholic faith, were co-trustees of an estate, the legatees of whinh were priests. The Catholic trustee wished to close up the estate, and was ready to account. He called ujion his co-trns- tee to hand in his acccmnts and pay the amount in his hands. Dr. Carroll offered a small sum to compromise the matter, but the Catholic said that it was a matter of accounting, not of compromise. On this the dishonest trustee intimated that he would resort to the penal laws, and he actually endcavonMl to have the Act of 11-12 William HI. enforced in Maryland, so as to prevent the legatees from compelling him to account. How lionorablo Protestants could have lent their aid to so disgracefid a [)lot is inexplicable, but they took the matter ' Mcninff's "8t(iful<'M nt I-nrpr,"l., p. 268; li.. p. 4H ; iil,, p. 17'.>. •,>;!«. 200 ; vi., p. !WK. In UWi the ('(iiiimissiirifH of the (•(uniiionwcallh onlcidl "Irish women to he Hohl to nicr-883. ATTEMPTED LEGISLATION. 411 np warmly, and an act passed the lower House. By its provisions every priest convicted of exercising his functions was to BufEer perpetual imprisonment ; and all persons edu- cated in or professing the Popish religion, who did not within six months after attaining the age of eighteen take the oath of Bupremacy and make the declaration prescribed, were dis- al)led from taking any property by inheritance.' Though this bill failed to pass the upper House and reach the governor for his sanction, the House of Delegates, ad- dressing Governor Ogle, said : " We see Popery too assidu- ously imrtured and ]iropagated within this Province as well bv the professors thereof as their teachers, preventing and withdrawing many of his Majesty's Protestant subjects both from our holy religion and their faith and allegiance to hiA Majesty's royal person, crown and family. " That y° number of Jesuits or popish priests now within tliis province and yearly coming in togetlier with the estab- lislii'd settlements they have here and several youths sent horn hence to St. Omers and other popish foreign seminaries out of his Majesty's obedience to be trained up in ways de- structive to the Establishment of Church and State in his Majesty's dominions, some of whom return here as Popish priests or Jesuits together with others of like kind who \i\v in societies where they have Publick Mass Houses and with great industry jirojiagate tlieir Doctrines, will if not timely prevented endanger y" Fundamental Constitution of our Church as well as the peace of tliis government." The fanatics, who wished to keep Catholics in ignorance, accordingly introduced a bill, which, in the legal verbiage of ' Father Georjre Hunter, " A filiort A(TO!Uit of y' State and Condition of y' Hoin. ('nth. in y' Prov'. of Maryliind " Tha* Dr. Clmrlew was lirouL'ht up a Catliolic and became a rrotcstuut is sUUed iu the " Mary- land (Jazetle." ()('tol)er 2, 1750. 412 THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. the day, was entitled, " An Explanatory Act to y" act enti- tled an Act to repeal a certain Act of Assembly entitled an Act to prevent the Growth of Popery." It passed the lower House, but was laid on the table in the upper House. The lower House remonstrated, but the upper House declined to act upon the bill on account of the " great penalties and in- capacities " it contained. The Catholics then addressed the upper House to thank them, and in their petition they say ; "That several malicious Lies and Groundless Clamours continuing still to be spread against us, among others, that persons of the Koman Catli- olick persuasion had misbehaved in such a manner in some counties as to give his ^Majesty's loyal subjects just cause to fear an insurrection, and further it was intimated that some Roman Catholick priests of this Province had been lately absent from their tisual Place of Kesidence a considerable time," and they proceed to state that " orders had been soiit out to bind over such turbulent Catholicks and to arrest any such priests, but that not a single definite charge had been made against any Catholic priest or layman." Most of the (.\itholic8 in Maryland at that time resided in St. Clary's and Cliarles Countar, and the magistrates of tlio former, replying to the governor a few years later, not only declared the charges against the Catholics unfounded, hut added : " We are not yet informed who have been the Au- thors of those reports mentioned in your Excellency's letter which have l)een in some places so industriously spread, if we shoidd discover them, we would take proper measures for their lK>ing brought to justice, as enemies to their country'^ peace and friends to a faction who lal)our to foment animosi- ties among us to the endangering our common security." ' ' Petition of Rtindry Rotnnn (^nthoHcs. DEER CREEK MISSION. 413 And the governor expressly said : " The Magistrates assure me that after a careful inquiry and scrutiny into the conduct of the people of the Romish faith^ who reside among us, they liave not found that any of them have misbehaved or given just cause of offence," The attack on the Catholic body was all the more ungen- erous because they responded generously when the legislature failed to provide for the protection of the frontiers against tlie French, and a subscription for that purpose was set on foot. The petition says boldly : " The Roman Catholics were not the men who opposed this subscription, on the contrary thoy countenanced it, they promoted it, they subscribed gen- erously and paid their subscriptions." It was apparently while the future of Catholicity looked 80 dark that about 1747 the mlssioners in Maryland pur- chased a tract of 127 acres on Deer Creek, near a spot still called Priest's Ford, in Harford County. Here they estab- lished the mission of Saint Joseph, and erected a house such as the laws then permitted, embracing a chapel under the roof of the priest's house. The first missionary stationed hero of whom we have any note was the Rev. Benedict Noale in 1747, and he waa probably the one who erected the building which is still st;mdiiig, and which was referred to about the time wo mention as " Priest Neale's Mass House." ' The building has passed out of Catliolic hands, hut remains uiuiltered, and the graveyard where the faithful wore interred h;is been respected by the present owners. The building stands on an eminence and is a long one of stone, giving room for a chapel, which is no^v the kitchen. The walls are of great strength and soliJity, nearly three feet thick, and the roof and woodwork seem to have been made ' Kxiiniination of Williiiin Johnson, 1750. "Woodstock Letters," XV . p. 55. »l H Bf;-l lO n ■ ..h i . . 414 THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. of most durable and well-seasoned wood. A room below at one end was the reception-room, above it the priest slept most of the interior being devoted to the chapel.' Bnt the enemies of the Maryland Catholics had not aban- doned their hostile measures. They passed through the lower House an act laying a double tax on the unfortunate class. So alarmed were the Catholics at the passage by the lower vj&rft-vr-i^-^W?;',,^^,^^ I--:-.-.— v:*: BT. JOSEPHS CHAPEL HOUSE, d:.' »i CHEEK, HAUKOHD CO., M». FROM A SKETCH BY GEO. A. TOWN8END. House of this act, that they resolved to appeal to the king himself, and the following petition was drawn up : "To the King's most excellent Majesty: "The humlde petition of the niorehants trading in I\rarv- land, in tlio name and behalf of their correspondents wlio are Tloman Catholics. *'Hunil)]y sheweth : " That the jiroviiice of Maryland was granted to Cteeiliiis Calvert, liord Baltimore, a IJoman (^athoHck : " That the propagation of the Christian religion was one ' In the parly pnrt of tliis century tlio pliuM- was sold, and 8t. Ignntiii-' {;hurcU at Hickory erected for (lie benetii of the Catholics in those parts. PROPOSED EMIGRATION. 415 of the motives for granting the said province to the said Lord Baltimore. "That all persons professing to believe in Jesus Christ were invited into the said province. " That in order to encourage all persons believing in Jesus Christ to settle in the said Province an Act of Assembly was passed in the said Province in the year 1640, entitled an Act concerning Religion, by which Act amongst other things it was enacted that no person in the said province should be disturbed for or on account of religion. " That an Act of Assembly hath lately passed in the said Province entitled an Act for granting a supply of £40,000 to your Jilajesty, etc., by which the lands of all Roman Cath- olieks are double taxed. " We therefore humbly beg leave to represent to your Majesty our fears that this and other hardships laid on the Roman Catholicks in the said Province may oblige them to remove into the dominions of the French or Spaniards in America, where they will cultivate Tobacco and rival our Tobacco Colonyn in that valuable branch of Trade to the great detriment of the Trade of your Majesty's Kingdoms. " Wherefore your Petitioners humbly pray that taking the IVemisses into considei-ation, your Majesty will be graciously pleased to afford such Relief as to your Majesty shall seem fit." What a strange fact I that a quarter of a century before the Revolution, the Catholics of Maryland were com])elled to ai)peal to the English tlirone for protection against the in- tolerance and tyranny of their Protestant fellow-subjects in tliiit Province. The war on the Catholics in Maryland had become by this tiim- so unrelenting, tliat a general desire prevailed to aban- don the j)rovince whicli tliey had planted. Many of those ♦.4 "i i r •: ■n i ■ IJ3 410 THE CHURCH IN MARYLAND. who owned property, seeing it daily wnmg from tlicni by double taxes, by the money extorted for the support of the state clergy and under other pretexts, determined to emigrate. Charles Carroll, the father of the future signer of the Dec- laration of Independence, actually proceeded to Europe in 1752, as the representative of the oppressed Catholics of Maryland to lay their sad case before the King of France. It was not a time when a sense of faith or chivalry prevailed in tiiat court. Carroll asked the French minister of state to assign to the Maryland Catholics a large tract of land on tin; Arkansas River, as unwise a selection as he could well have made. But when he pointed it out upon the map, the min- ister, startled at the extent of the proposed cession, threw difficulties in the way, and Mr. Carroll left France without being able to effect anything in his project for securing a new home for the victims of Protestant intolerance and op- pression.* The excitement against the followers of the true faith and their devoted clergy did not die out in Maryland. The House of Delegates in 1754 addressed Governor 81iar])o, asking him in view of " the impending dangers from the growth of Popery, and the valuable and extensive possessions of Popish priests and Jesuits," to " put into all places of trust and profit none but tried Protestant subjects." To this the governor replied, " that his concurrence should not be wanting to any measures looking to the safely of his Maj- esty's good Protestant subjects." ' It was even discussed in the papers whether all the prop- erty in the hands of the Jesuits ought not to bo seized and applied to the establishment of a college, and laws ena('tr" happy homes, deprived of all their property, of liberty, and home, without any warrant of law, or form of trial, were flung as paupers upon the shores of Maryland, and the other colonies from New Hampshire to Georgia. Acadia, our modern Nova Scotia, was ceded to England by France at the treaty of Utrecht, May 22, 1713, and its population, industrious, thrifty, and peaceable, passed under a foreign flag ; a Catholic population passed to the rule of a government actuated by the most envenomed hatred of their religion. By the terms of the treaty the settlers were per- mitted to remove from the province within a year, or if they chose to remain and submit to British rule, England guaran- teed them their property, and the free exercise of their relig- ion according to the usage of the Church of Rome, " as far as the laws of England do allow the same." If this clause referred to Great Britain it was a fraud and a treachery, as there the laws did not permit it at all. If England acted in good faith, it must mean as far as England permitted it in the plantations and in Catholic districts falling into her power by force of arms. The capitulation of Port Royal (421) 'i ' 1 & mi 4->i> THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. ooiilirmed by Queca Anne was oven more goneral in its c'hiU'iR'tei*. Duriiijj; the year granted Franco ecnt no vesoelt*, and Eng- land refnsed to pennit tlie Aeadians to leave the province on English vessels. By no fanlt of their own tiiey were forced to stay. Nor could they sell their lauds or stock, for as they were the sole inhabitants there were none to i)urchase frdui them.' In vain did they ask to he removed ; the English authorities, loth to le".ve so line a province a desert before they could plant other settlers there, deemed it had policy to let them depart, and to the very end, as their advocates do now, made it a crime in French ollicers an a priest could reach them who proved acceptable to the ruling gover- nor. No wonder Acadians feared that they would be treated ' Of the twenty priests allowed to attend the Cntlioliis at Anniipolis, MiiiiiM, I'liiKnecto, I'luUvnit, from 1713 to 1755, eljiiit wen- al one time or atinllicr liaiiislu'd from liic province, and llircc carried olT aw priscaierM at tlie ;,'eneral Mciziire. Father Justinian Durand "v.js nearly two yearn a prisoner in Boston, 1711-!t. and i-xix'lled from Nova Scotia in 1720. Father ('harlema.i^nc was arrested and expelled for not warninj,' tho authorities of an In. -HMt-ISl ; .Vkins, " Nova Hcotia .Vrchivcs." U is lamcnlahle •(> tiiul any one in the face of these fiicls write : " I'ricsts and sacraments hud never been denied tiicm." " Montcalm and Wolfe," i , p. iJ'M. fe ( Pi't'i'^i! I' i 424 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. like the Irish, and denied their priests altogether as Governor Phillips wrote in 1720. "NVhen war broke out with France, the Aeadians refused to furnish Frencli officers on the frontiers with supplier: but iu 1749, Governor Cornwallis announced that his ^Inj- esty " is graciously pleased to allow that the said inhabitants shall continue in the free exercise of their religion, as far as the laws of Great Britain doe allow the same, as also the peaceable possession of such lands as are under cultivation, Provided that the sjiid inhabitants do within three months take the oaths of allegiance appointed to be taken by tlio laws of Great Britain, j.nd likewise submit to such rules and orders as may hereafter l)e thought proper to be made." In the face of such vague statements they asked to lie guaranteed the presence of priests, inasmuch as they were freciuently deprived of their clergy in a most arbitrary man- ner, and they begged not to be recpiired to bear arms against the French. They were answered harshly : " From the year 1714, you became subject to the laws of Great Britain, and were placed precisely ujx)!! the same footing as the other Catholic subjects of his ^Majesty." ' They earnestly sought permission and means to emigrate. Then Cornwallis ren- dered this testimony to their wortii : " Vv'e irankly confe.-s that your determination to leave gives us pain. We are well aware of your indu'^try and your temperance, and tliat yon arc not aildicted to any vice or debauchery. This province is your cotmtry, yim and your fathers have cultivated it : Tiaturallv von yourselves ought to enjoy the fruits of your labor," and again he endeavored to beguile them with vagui' promises.* ' " Novft Pcotfa Archivps." p 174. • Cornwallis, .May SO. 1750. IhUi.. p. 189. " N. Y. Col. Doc," x , | p tS6, 104. ! W 'I ! CONFISCATION PLANNED. 42Bt Yet almost at that time the Enghsh authorities were dia- cussing plans for a wholesale spoliation of the entire Acar dian population, determined to strip them of everything, and deport them without process of law. The fact that these Acadians of French origin occupied the host lands, was consitlered as keeping other settlers out. The (|UOHtion of confiscating their land was discussed. "But the mischief of dispossessing them," writes one, "is that it would 1)0 iin unpopular Transaction and against the Faith of Trea- ties." ' The English did not wish any of tlio Acadians under their authority to escape." They compl;iinod that French officers and clergymen were persuading the inhabitants to leave tho province: the English authorities in everyway allured those who went to return, and to this day the Bishop of Quebec and his clergy are censured for having advised those Aca- dians who had emigrated, not to return without a spccitic [)le, annniiiKM'cl lli" in.i'nded removal. The Lords of Tr;i(|r however, nolilled [.iiwrenee that if in the opinion of the Chief .lu-ilin they Imtl forfeiti'd iheir lands, he was to take nienHurcs to carry it into r.\( culum III/ <<;/tif pniritx. Letter. Oct. 2!(, 1754. • Purknian, " Moutcahn and Wolfe." 1., p. 265 PUNISHED AS CATHOLICS. 427 there is no reason for supposing that it wouM have been re- fused at this time.' Moreover, the refusal to take a pledge of Udelity and allegiance would not have constituted them I'opish recusants. When the delegates from the Acadian settloments came, oaths were tendered to them, but no record thereof is preserved in the minutes of the council. From Law- rence's subsequent language it is evident, however, that they were some or all oaths then prescribed by the penal laws aijainst Roman Catholics, and which no Catholic could consci- entiously take. The delegates of the Acadians remonstrated, and asked assurances on their side, but we:-o dismissed, and when they agreed the next day that the oaths should be taken, the reply was that the oiler came too late. The oaths, wliutever they were, were never tendered to the Acadians in- dividually nor refused by them. The delegates were told, " that as there was no reason to hope that their proposed Compliance proceeded from an honest mind, and could be esteemed only the Elloct of Compulsion and Force, and is contrary to a clause in an Act of Parliament of 1 George II., c. 13, whereby Persons who have once refused to take the ( )ath8 cannot be afterwards permitted to take them, but are considered Pojnsh Ilccusant-i;° Therefore they would not be iiidulgced with such. Permission." ' It was thus distinctly avowed that tlio action taken against them was aa Catholics, and under the English penal laws. This is corroborated by the fact that instructions were sent to take special care to seize the priests. ' Akins, "Nova Scotia Archives," i.. pp. 84, 21, 01), 01, KM, 167, 188, 203-7, :!0!), ana- 4. ' These words, which give a clue to the nature of the oath tendered, mid to the penalty incurred, if any, are suppressed in Murdoeli. " His tiiry of Nova Scotia," ii., p. 282; Parkman, "Montcalm and Wolfe," i., "p. 2(14. ' " Nova Scotia Archives," pp. 230, 260, 261. If , 7) , i.ii •;! I I 428 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Haliburton, more lionest thau later writers, admits that the Acadians wore tried by their accusers as judges, without any opportunity to put iu a defence. Seven thousand Brit.'i^h subjects were thus tried in tlieir absence by a governor and four councillors, without any indictment framed, on a cliaiiic of refusing to take oaths never tendered to thorn individually, never refused except by deputy, and of the seven thousand oases not a single record was drawn up from which tlicy could frame an appeal. Every principle of English law was disregarded, but this is not all. Every step of Lawrence was illegal and a crime. Ko such law as that of " 1 Geo. II., c. 13," exists on the Statute Book of Great Britain which can apply to the case of the Acadians. No severe liiws against the Catholics in England wore enacted at that tinio, and in Ireland the existing \m\a\ statutes were actually nutigatoil, The law was a pure invention of Governor Lawrence. Moreover, the penal laws against the Catholics in England did not extend to the colonics, unless specially enacted tliere. AVo have seen how an attempt was made in Maryland to enact them by surprise in a bill which did not betray the design, and how sanction to that law was refused in England. We have seen how at this very time the lower House in ^tarvland, at successive sessions, nnide repeated efforts to ex- tend the penal laws of William II L against the Roman Catho- lics to that province. It can be irrefragably asserted that no law against the Cath- olics, 1 Geo. IL, c. 13/ existed ; that no law existed making ' It may be said tlmt tlio net rpfcrrwl to wns renlly t Oco. I , c. 13 ; liut tliH (Idi's not liclj) the nintlcr. Tlmt net rufi-rs to Cafholioa lioldiiiR (itllcc ; the onlv ponalty for refusinj; the oaths is tlic loss of thr ofluv, uiid so far from its prcvpiitinj; oiif who liiid oikt refused the oath frota suhsefiuently takiii),' it, this stutiito of Oeorfjo I. expressly exempts u Culholie who laid once refused from all the eonseciueiH c.^ of reciiHuiiey on his Hubsecjucntly tiikinj; the oath. ^kP! THE CRIME ACCOMPLISHED. 4Si» forfeiture of real estate aud personal property absolute on re- fusal of any oath ; that no law made a community guilty of refusing oaths tendered merely to a committee ; that no law made married women and infants guilty of refusing ; that under no law was real property confiscated without legal pro- ceedings in each case. And that cruel, heartless, and inhu- man as the English laws against the Catholics were, it was a recognized principle that they had no force in America until they were formally adopted there. The means to execute the long-meditated sentence were ready before the farce of tendering the oaths under a pre- tended English law, which, if real, would have had no force in Nova Scotia. The troops to carry out the sentence were at hand, with a fleet, and provisioned transports. The whole number of these doomed Catholics was seven thousand. From "Minas, Piziquid and Cobequid, and Tlivicire du Canard, five hundred were to be sent to North Carolina ; one thou- sand to Virginia ; two thousand to Maryland. From Annap- olis River three hundred were to be sent to Philadelphia, two hundred to New Yotk, three hundred to Connecticut, and two Imndred to Boston. The nefarious scheme was carried out promptly and se- cretly. The Acadian men at the diilerent points were sum- moned to meet the English oftioials, and were at once sur- rounded and disarmed, only five hundred escaping to the woods. Their cattle were slaughtered or divided among English settlers ; then the women and children were forced to leave their liomca and march to the shore, seeing behind them their houses, barns, and churches blazing in one general coniltigration.' The unfortunate people were then marched ' After burnintr 1S1 liousos and barns thoy proceeded to the Mnas ITouso, which, wilii wliat wiis therein contiiined, " was burnt to ashes." At Pctcoudiack, the Acadians who had escaped and a party of Indians 430 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. on board the ships, uo regard being paid to tics of kindrod and aifcction. The priests in Acadia, though Frcncli sub jects, and there under the faith of a treaty, were seized, ex- cept the Abbe Miniac, who for a time ehidcd capture ; l)i;t the Rev. Messrs. Chauvrculx, Daudin, and Le ]\Iaire wore conveyed to Adniind liusoawen's Heet as prisoners of war. Then after being detained some montlis at llahfax, tluy were taken to Portsmouth, and finally sent to Saint Malo.' A large body of Catholics, nearly one-thirfl as niai'y as there were in the English colonies, were thus suddeidy landed from Massachusetts to Georgia. All the vessels rouehed their destinations exce])t one, on which the Acadians overpowered the crew and escaped. Two thousand apparently of these Catholics were landed in Massachusetts, and that colony, un- able at once to provide comfortably for so large a ntuiibi'i-, appealed on grounds of humanity to Now Hampshire to re- lieve her of a portion, but that province declined on the pre- text that she was on the frontier of Canada.' Though the brutal falsifier, Lawrence, wrote to Boston to urge the people to proselytize the children of the exiles, tlio unhappy Acadians found sympathy in Miissachu.^etts. \av\\- saw their houses fired, but when the English advanced to the ehiiicli lo inehido it in the conllngrnlion, tlicy opened fire, liiilinj^ or wounding i'A. " New York Gazette," October 0-1:5, 1755. ' " Historical Magazine," iv., p. 42 ; " Nova Scotia Archives," p. 2S2 ; Letter of Abbe de I'lsle Dieu, October 2.3, 1755 ; Ferlai:d, " Cours diiis- toire," ii., p. 521. A writer, on tiio authority of Piihon, wiio, tliongh a French ofllcer, carried on a treacherous correspondence with llie Knirlisli, Boishebert and other ofllcers, who had constantly urged priests in French territory to attract Acadians from Knglish territory, accuses the priests seized, who were on English territory, with being the cause of the woes of tlie Acadians. This is confounding two sets of people, and is far lesji candid tiinn Murdoch, who acknowledges that Pichon, Boishehert, etc., were freethinkers, constantly attacking the clergy, * " New Hampshire ProviuciaJ Papers," vi., pp. 445, 452. I iii of kindred rcnch sub- 6eizccl, fx- pturc ; bi:t iluire woro :r8 of war. lifax, tluv It Male' * s nmiiy as m]y laiHled idicd their ci'powei'cd \y of tliosc colony, mi- .1 ntnnber, liirc to re- on the pro- ) Boston to exiles, tlio 'tts. Lieu- :lic cliurrli to louiiiliiig 'i'i. ivcs," p. 282 ; Cours d'llis- iio, th(uii;li a illR'Kii;:lisli, .'sts in Fri'iuli ;-.s till' prit'sts 3 of the W()i'3 iiul is far loss ishebcrt, olc, GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON. 431 tenant-Governor Hutchinson was so affected by their suffer- ings that he prepared a representation proper for them to malo to the British Government, to be signed by the chief men in the name of the rest, praying that they either might have leave to return to their estates or might receive a com- pensation, and ho offered to forward it to England to a per- son who would take up their case. The unhappy Acadians had lost all faith in English honor, and trusting that the French monarch would exert himself for them declined Hutchinson's offer, little dreaming that the war would last seven years and end in the disappearance of French authority in America. Hutchinson says distinctly : " In several instances the hus- bands who happened to be at a distance," when the Acadians were seized, " were put on board vessels bound to one of the English colonies, and tlieir wives and children on board other vessels bound to other colonies remote from the first." " Five or six families were brought to Boston, the wife and children only, without the husbands and fathers, who by ad- vertisements in the newspapers, came from Philadelphia to Boston, being, till then, utterly uncertain what had become of their families." ' The father of Monseigneur Prince, Bishop of Saint Hyacinthe in Canada, was landed alone at Boston, where a kind family took him, and he did not discover his parents till after several years' search," Private persons at Boston provided houses where the aged and infirm who were in danger of perishing were received. Hutchinson himself in vain endeavored to save the life of one poor woman ; but his care came too late. Then a law was pa.s8cd authorizing justices of the peace and other ofl3- i.:i J ' Hutchinson, " History of Massnchusotts Bay," iii., p. 40. ' Ferland, " Cours d'Histoire," ii., p. 520. '■am "M 4Sld THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. cers to employ tlie Acadians at labor, and bind them, in fact treat them as paupers. Those advanced in years, and some who had evidently enjoyed a higlier position in Acadia, were allowed support without labor. Yet if an Acadian attemj^ted to visit his countrymen in another town without leave of the selectmen, he was fined or whipped. Lands were offered to them to settle, but as they would be deprived of the consolations of religion, these sinoere Catholics declined. Hutchinson says : " No exception was taken to their prayers in their families, in their own way, which I believe they practiced in general, and sometimes they assembled several familios together; but the people would upon no terms have consented to the public exercise of religious worship by Roman Catholic priests." " It Avas suspected that some such were among them in disguise, l)iit it is not probable that any ventured." "When at last they despaired of being restored to their own estates, they endeavored to reach parts where they could find priests of their own faith, and if possible of their own language. Many went from New England to Saint Do- mino-o and Canada.' Yet in iTriO there were still more than a thousand in "Massachusetts and the District of Maine. The prejudiced Williamson insults them as " ignorant Catholics." ' conscious that their religion was their only crime. Even in 1702 French Neutrals were shipped from Nova Scotiii. "their "Wives and Children were not permitted with tluin. but were ship'd on board other vessels." ' When the Fromli ' Hutchinson, " History of Massachusetts Bay," ill., pp. 41-2, " N. K. Gen. Kegister," xsx., p. 17. P. H. Smith, ibid., 1880. ^ " History of Maine," ii., p. 811. " Collections, Maine Hist. Soc'y," vi.. p. 379. ^ " N. Y. Mercury," Aug. 30, 1763. Seven hundred arrived at Hostoii, Au3. 2.'5tli. II)., Sept. 0, 1702, but were subsequently .seiil back. lb., Oct. 11, 25. 'X. K. ACADIANS IN NEW YORK. 433 came as our allies some years later no mention is made of these Acadians. They had perished or emigrated, leaving their sufferings as a part of the history of the future Chureh of Massachusetts. The Acadians landed at New York were treated no better than those in New England ; the adults were put to labor, and the children bound out '• in order to make the young people useful, good subjects," that is, Protestants. One liuudred and nine children were thus scattered through Orange and Westchester Counties. In 1757 a party who had been in Westchester County made their escape, and attempted to reach Crown Point, but were captured near Fort Edward.' A considerable number of Acadians were at one time quar- tered in a house at Brooklyn near the ferry ; but no distinc- tion was made in New York in favor of those who had occu- pied a higher position in their own country. On the slightest pretext they were arrested, and at one time by a general order all througliout the colony were committed to the county jails.- Even as late as 17C4, when Fenelon, Governor of Martinique, sent an agent to bring 150 Acadians to the West Indies, Lieutenant-Governor Golden refused to permit them to go.° On the ISth of November, 1755, three vessels ascended the Delaware bearing 454 of those persecuted Catholics, most of them with insufficient clothing, many of them sickly and feeble, some actually at the point of death. The crime of Lawrence had in the eternal counsels been punished by the overthrow of a British army on the Monongahela, and Phila- delphia saw in these wretched Acadians, men who with the • " New York Mercury," July 11, 1757. ' "N. Y. Col. Doc," viL, p. 125; "Calendar N. Y. Hist. MSS.," pp. 058-078. = " Coklen P.ipers," ii., pp. 333, etc. 28 'I m •i M i; sf ;">^','l I •If; ' ^; IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 144 |2| l^ ■^ 1^ 112.2 1!^ 1^ 1^ 2.0 1.8 1-4 IIIIII.6 o m '/] ^1 e. Photographic Sciences Corporation 73 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTER.NY t4SS0 (7)6) •72-4J03 ) Ux 484 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Irish and Germans were to slaughter the Protestants.' But Jieiiezet dispelled the fears and aroused the benevolence nf the people of Pennsylvania. Best of all they saw a priest, the Jesuit Father Harding, come to minister to them. More than half died within a short time after their arrival, Imt they died consoled and fortified by the sacraments of tliv- Church." Many thus charitably received remained and made new homes, and soon lost their identity in the general popu- lation. Others made tlu'ir way to Canada and the West Indies, but the C'atholic body in Pennsylvania certainly re- ceived some additions from this body of Acadian Confessors of the Faith. Of the nine hundred who reached Maryland rnanj wore snffering from sickness and iiisutficnent clothing, and tlieir wants were to some extent relieved. The President of the Council acting as (4overnor retained one vessel at Annapo- lis, sent one to Baltimore and to the Patuxont Biver, one to Oxford, and one to Wicomico. The Council, however, commanded all the justices to prohibit the Koman Catli- olic inhabitants to lodge these poor Acadians, and any wiui were of necessity placed in the houses of Catholics were promjitly removed. One gentleman, l^fr. II. (^allistcr, relying on the honor of government to reimburse him, incurred considerable expense in relieving their wants, but ho was never reimbursed. ITe ' " PcnnR.vlvanin .Archives," il., p. 506. W. 3. Read In "Memoirs IVnn. Hist. Soc," vl., p. 292. ' Wnlnh, " Apprnl from tho .Indfffnonts of Orcnt nrltain,"pp. H7-02, 437. Wettrott. " IIi'*tory "f I'liiliidclphia," rh. 193 ; Smith in • \. F Hist. Ocn. Hoff," IHHfl. WnNh ffivcs the Petition of tho Arniiiiiiia in PcntiHylvania to tlie ICinp of Kn^rland ; Jiiitthe pathetic appeal proy- ment as coasters, fisheruien, etc. ; but their faith which stood tlie ]3ersecutions of Protestantism was much weakened by the horde of freethinking Frenchmen who came during and after our war of Independence. Many then were corru])ted ' 8charf. " History of Miiryliind," i., pp. 474-9. • A rou,i;h \m>\\ and ink skcU'h of Bullimore in 1753, by Mnalr. prosprv- «■(! I)y the Marylanii IliwiDiic.il Society, shows this hou>;p. Cm skctrli is niado runfiilly from it, vkitliout ivltcnition. Tlic liousc where iniiss w!is m\i\ for tlie Ar.'uliiins l)y Fatlier Ashton. is tlip lursp hoiisp nt the left. Itwiis near tliu nortiiwest corner of Fayetlp and f'alvcrt streets. Sep ramplM'lI, •' Desultory Skelclies of tlie Call) ilic Chnrch in Maryland." in Heliijioiis ('al)inet, 184?, p. 310. Itohin. "Nouveaii Voynpe dans rAmeriqvic Peptpntrionalp," Pliila- delpliia. 1782, p. 90. Bponks of the Acadians' nttnchmpnt to tlipir faith, and the lovinjt rpinpnd)rance of their former priests, wentioninir cspeeially a Uev. Mr. le Clerc (? I,p Maire). who when they came nwny p.wo Ihcni a ehaliep and vestments. This seems douhtful, as no priest of that m\w. was in .\cudiu at the time. ACADIAIfS IN VIRGINIA, ETC. 437 and lost the faith they had so nobly witnessed unto.' Yet there was some emigration. Captain Ford, of Leonardtown, Maryland, sailed with a number for Louisiana, and was driven on the coast of Texas, where they were seized by the Spaniards and carried to New Mexico, suffering greatly till a priest learned their history and obtained their release." Many, however, remained at Baltimore, where their de- scendailts are to be found to tliis day. Virginia, considering that the Governor of Nova Scotia had no right to throw the great mass of the inhabitants of his colony on other colonies to be supported as paupers, and knowing that it would be useless to look to England or Nova Scotia for compensation, refused to receive the deported Acar dians. She remonstrated so firmly with the Enghsh Gov- ernment, that 336 were transported to Liverpool, where they were detained for seven years as prisoners of war, and sub- jected to many temptations to abandon their faith. At the peace they were claimed by France, and obtair: <' lands in Poitoii and Berry, still occupied by their descendants.' The 1,500 sent to South Carolina were at first scattered through the parishes, but the comj^assion for tlieir misfor- tune was such that vessels weu obtained at the public charge in which many went to France. A few remained in the colony ; others sought to reach Louisiana, or endeavored to return to their former homes.* Georgia by its charter positively excluded Catholics, not ' Memoire ' Ijrttpf of Archbishop CnrroU. ' Hmyfh, "Tour in the Unilal Btntes," ii., p. 877. •Hrvmnor, "Report on Canadian Archives, 1888," p. 145; ■ur les Acadiens," Niort, 1867. • Cooper, "Statutes," iv., p. 81. Two parties attempted to e.sciipe early in 1750, but were retflken. " N. Y. Mercury," Mar. 1, 1750. Yet ill 1700. 800 Acadians are reported as having had the small-pox, 115 dying of it in South Carolina, " Maryland Gazette," April 17. 11 ■ 'i mi 438 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. one of whom was allowed to settle witliiu its limits. When Governor Itejnolds, who was attending an Indian Council, heard that the Governor of Kova Scotia had thus thrown four hundred Catholics upon his colony he decided that they could nt)t reiniiin. As winter had set in he gave them shel- ter till spring. Then they were permitted to build rude l)oats, and numbers set out to coast along to Nova Scotia, encouraged by the help and approval of the Christian men of the South.' Toiling patiently along, a party of seventy- eight reached Long Island in August, 175(i, but tliougli they l)ore passjjorts from the Governors of South CuroHnu and (Georgia, they were seized by the brutal Sir Charles Hardy, who distributed them in the most remote parts of the colonv. jnitting adults to labor, and binding out children, so that they should be brought up Protestants.' Ninety who reached the southern part of I\Ia.>^sachusetts in July, were similarly treated by Lieut.-(iov. Phi])s. Though the fear was expressed that, exasperated at tiic cruel and inhuman treatment to which they had been su!)- jected, these neople might take some terrible revenge, nctcase of crime is charged to these noble confessors of the faith in any of the colonies. They sufT(>red, but not as evil-doers." Gradually during the war, and after its close in 17m Halifax to the French West Indies, where many sank imder the climate. Most of the survivors removed tlience about 17nt church. The congregation at St. Joseph's Church, Philadel])hia, 'P. IlHrdinir to PclcrM, " NiUioiml Oazctte," Plilliidolphia. June 14. 1820. " WoodHtxKk LctU'rs," xv.. p. W. ' Fiiilicr Enoch Fcnwick, in hia notes on Ooshcuhopen, sa.ys it ww 55 by !tt. t-yVrr^eA/^ OOSHENHOPEN. 447 had increased bO that the original chapel is said to have been enlarged or rebuilt in 1757.' Moreover as ground was re- quired for a cemetery, and also to make provision in time for the erection of a second church, a lot extending from Fourth to Fifth Street, sixty -three feet in front, and three hundred and ninety-six feet deep, was conveyed May I(», CHUnCI! OH" TIIK MOST lU.ESSED SACUAMENT, aOBHENlIOPEN, NOW BAM.Y, PA.. liKINd IN TAUT ST. PAUL'S CHUUCII, EUECTED UY TATHBIt TUEODOUE BCHNEIDEB, 8.J. 1759, to two Konian ('atliolics, James Reynolds and I3ryan O'llaru, evidently in trust for the desired object. It was re- conveyed the next year to Daniel Swan and others, and a declaration of truht was made by the direction and appoint- m > '1 m\ , ■ h (laHiii'H. > ThlH swnis very doubtful. The eulargement more probably prw-cd- cd Knhn's visit. 448 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. nient of the iiieinbiTs or congregation professing the Roman Catliolic religion, and belonging to the Roman Catholic chapel on the south side of Walnut Street, in the city of Philadelphia, designated as St. Joseph's. The purchase money, £328. 10. 0, was contributed by Rev. Robert Harding and eighty-one other subscribers; and the ground was stated to be for the benefit of the chapel, especial reference being made to its use as a burial place, as by law Catholics could hold land for that object. A second subscription was begun in 1702, and was so successful that in the f(»llowing year the erection of a church was begun on this property, the future St. Mary's.' F'athcr Ferdinand Farmer after six years' service at Lan- caster and its dependent missions, doing his j)art in complet- ing the church in that town, was transferred to Phiiadclplii;!. The tir.>-t entry in his register there is on the ITtli of Septem- ber, 1T.")S, and he seems to have entered at once on pai't of the labors |)revionsly borne by Father Schneider, as the next y(;ar we lind him at Concord, and at Geiger's in Salem County, New Jersey. His labors at IMiiladelphia as iissistaiit to Father Harding were evidently onerous, Init down to the close of the period we are considering, his visits to (leigt-r's and tlie (ilass House in Salem County were constant.' Small as this scattered body was, the militia act of ITTiT re(piired that in enrolling the people, their religion ihould be ' So KtMtod in "A I-HtiT to llic Hoiiinn Cntliolics of riiiladcliiliiii," l'liil;ttl<'lplii:i, 18"i2, jip. l!l-(!, n IInLCunilc piiiiiplilcl aiinini; to show tli;it the Horii'ty of Jesus hml not contribiitL'd larj^oly to the erection of St. Mary's. ' Fiitlicr Farmer's Kejtistcr. lie visited OeiRor's .Tunc 27, Aug. 3'J, Oct I), 1750; Jan. 1-2. Mur. 12. Juno 11, Oct. 1. 17tM) ; Mar. M ; Oci- (jit's and Oluss Ilou.sc. May 14; Ocigcr's, June 17. Aui;. 12. Oct. It, 17(11 ; June 34. New Jersey. Aug. 24. Geiger's Nov. 23, 1702. llif oilier visits were to Concord and Chester Co, CATHOLIC POPULATION. 449 taken down to ascertain tlie Papists, who were to be excluded from the militia ; by a special clause every Catholic was re- (juired within a mouth to surrender all arms, accoutrements, gunpowder, or anununition, under the penalty of three uionths' imprisomncnt ; and every Catholic who would have been liable to inilitary duty was compelled to pay a militia tax of twenty shillings — a heavy amount for the times — to the captain of the company in which, no nuitter how willing, he was not allowed to serve." About this same time Father George Hunter, the Supe- rior of the Maryland mission, estimated the total adult Cath- olic population of Maryland and Pennsylvania at 10,00(». "Wo count about 10,000 adult customers sivc comm'% & near as many under age or non comm" . Each master of a residence keeps about 2 Sundays in y' month a home, y" rest abroad at y" distance of more or fewer miles, as far some- times as 20 or oO & y" other Gentlemen all abroad evci-y 6uch day." ' " Pennsilvany has about 3,000 adult customers sive comm" near as many under age or uo"connn". Tiie extent of their excursions is about 130 miles long by ;!5 broad." "Our journeys are very long, our rides constant and ex- tensive. We have many to •Mem] and few to attend Vni. I often ritlo aliout T.OO miles n week, and ne'er a week but I ride 150 or 20i>. arid in our way of living we ride alnutst as nnu'h by night as by day in all weathers, in heats, colds, rain, fro>t, and snow," writes Fatiier Joseph Mo^liy from New- town, Si'i'ti'mlicr I, 1 ~i>'.\ " I tind lu re business enough upon my hands in my way of trade," wrote this siunc Jesuit priest from Newtown, ' Wostcott, "History uf I'hiladt'lphiii," cli. liKJ. » F. d.orjrc Hiiuter, " Heiwrt," July 21$, ITllo. cuuuuuiiicuiitM. 90 ' Cusiomcrs " meant ! "•*'!i!f:^i 'Mi 450 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. September 8, ITHS. "I've care of above fifteen hundred souls." .... "I am daily on liorsohaek, visiliii^^ y' sick, fomfortiug tlio iniirm, titronne missionary resided ; St. Xavier's at IS'ewtowii, three missionaries; St. Itifnatius at I'ort Tobacco, tliree; St. Francis Horfjjia at Whitenuirsh, two; St. Josephs at Dici' Creek, one; St. Stanislaus at Frederiektown, one; St.Mury's at Queenstown, or Tiickaiio, one; St. Xavier's at JJoluiiiia, one; St. Joseph's, IMiiladelphia, two; St. Taul at Cushenim pen, one; St. John Nepomnceno at Lancaster, one; St. Francis lvejj;is at Concwa^o, one. Of mo.st of ihesfc missions we have spoken at some leni;tli. Tiic mission of St. Francis Borgia at Whitemarsh is said to have been fnunded, but was probably revived, in lT<'i(\ Vv'hiteman-h nussion wa.s fourteen miles from Amiapolis, on the toj) of a hiil about one hundred feet hi}i;]i, nearly half n mile from the Patu.xent lliver, a cultivatiHl lield c.\tcndin<^ fnmi the foot of the hill to the stream which was crossed hy *' The Priest's Hridge." The circular ])lateau on top of tlio hiil was neaily five hundred feet in diameter and well sluu)cd. Here rose the mission of Saint Francis ]}orgia, with extensive plantations in tiie plain below. There was also a mission of St. Mary's at Queenstown, or Tuckaho, before ITOM.' Soon after ITaO Charles Carroll, Esq., purchased 12,00i) acres watered by the Potomac and Monocacy, and let it out in small farms. Many of those who beeuiuo tenants oauiu ' Mem. of F. Geo. Hunter. July 2ii, 1765. CHUliCH AT FREDERICK. 451 from St. Mary's, (yluirles, and Priucc (icorgc Counties, as the names of Dariiall, Boone, Abell, Payne, Brooks, Jameson, and .Jarhoo, show. These (Jatholics were at iirst attended from St. Thomas' Manor, near Port Tohacco, but in 17p. 2)t-!tO. The deed to Rev. Qeorgo Hunter was not .xcoiited till Oct. 2. 17(15. ' v. Rev. Henry Corbie, " O'-dinulious uud Regulations for M— y — d." H' j , ,.. « • no ■S^ - 4i)2 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. any moment to have all their property wrested from them, had lost all energy and hope. A writer of the time says : " The yearly repeated Bills of late for putting Penal Laws in execution, have already pro- duced this tlffoct in some measure, one (ientloman of an af- fluent Fortiine having already sold part of his lands witli intention to quit the country, and many others judging they shall he necessitated to follow his Example unless assured of enjoying their |)ossessions in "greater peace and quiet than for these eight years past." ' There is no trace of any mission work about this time in Virginia and New York.' The Catholics in Pennsylvania were com]>arativcIy free. They had churches openly at Philadelphia, Conewago, Lancaster, and Goshenhopeu, and proposed to erect one in Easton. They were, however, com- paratively poor, few of their communion being possessed of any large means, but they contributed money to erect and maintain churches and support the priests who attondid them. New Jersey was a mission field without a churcli. and the pcM-quisites of the priests who penetrated into it must have been scniity indeed. In Maryland the Catholic population was more rural, com- prising the owners of plantations with their slaves, and the ' "The ('a.s(> of tlio Roman Catholics in Maryland, 1759." ' Accounts of visits of prii'sts to New York a! this period, arc, .so far as I can discover, nlisolutdy nnfoiaukd. The Virpnia penal act of IT.Vl was very comprehensive. The usual oaths were to l>e rendered to all I'Mpisls ; no ('Mlhdlie eonld have arms iiinler pemdty of three months' inipri>oninenl, forfeiture of the arni'<. and a line of three times their Vidue. Any Protestant who ditl not rejjort a Catholic nei','hl)or for kei'p- iiifr arms was sulijeet to the same jx-naltics. A Catholic ownimr a horse worth more than £."> was li:d)le to three months' imprisonment and a line of three times the value of the horse, lleninjrs' " Statutes ut Lar^re," vii,, p. ;n. The few Viriiiiua ( aiholies of that day were, it is said, visited at limes by the holy Father George Ituntcr. GENERAL CONDITION. 453 tradesfolk near them. The wealthy Mr. Carroll had a house in Annapolis with a private chapel, but in no town except Frederick was there even a priest's house for a congregation. Private chapels on plantations of Catholic proprietors or owned by the missionaries, were the stations attended frcmi each central point. Beyond the few cases of private chapels, tlie Catholics did nothing to erect or maintain churches or Hupport the clergy, and under the pressure of persecution were becoming inert, and losing the energy of faith that shows itself in self-sacrifice. In both provinces the services of the Church were con- ducted apparently in the plainest manner, wifhout pomp, and in most cases without nmsic. Sermons were read from manuscript in the English style. Cemeteries existed on the priests' farms, but many interments were made in private burial plots in the grounds of Catholics. A funeral sermon was generally delivered. It was not possible for all to hear mass every Sunday and holiday, and the list of holidays then far exceeded those now kept. It included the Circumcision, Epiphany, Purification, the Finding of the Holy Cross, the Assumption, Kativity of the Blessed Virgin, All Saints and Christmas, St. Mathias, St. Joseph, St. Philip and St. James, St. John the Baptist, St. Peter and St. Paul, St. James, St. Anne, St. Lawrence, St. Bartholomew, St. Matthew, St, Michael, St. Simon and St. Jude, St. Andrew, St. Thomas, St. Stephen, St. John the Evangelist, Holy Innocents, St. Sylvester, and St. George. The missionaries wore certainly zealous and devoted, and so far as we can glean, communions were frequent, many who had strayed away from their duties were reclaimed, conversicms were constantly made ; but when the struggle of England and her colonics against France closed, the little band of missiimarics in Maryland and Pennsylvania and their docks, sjiw not a ray of cheering hope in the future. f'^i "m-'V 'ii BOOK IV. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE SPANISH COLONIES. CHAPTER I. THE CnURCn IN FLORIDA, 1690-1763. Florida, after a struggle for existence of a century and a ([uarter, was menaced with ruin. The English colony of Carolina was already an enemy at its very door; the llttk' Kettlement at St. Augustine was menaced by the sea, whicli threatened to wash away its fortifications, and by the Span- ish goverimient, which seeing its slow progress, proposed to abandon it, and transfer the inhabitants to Pensacola, so as to prevent any encroachments by the French on the west.' In its parish church the Rev. Alonzo do Leturiondo, who had been in temporary charge for some years, was made par- ish priest and proprietary rector in July, 1691-, and he dis- charged the duties in person or by deputy till early in 1707." A famous native of Florida, bai)tized in all probal)i!ity in the parish church of Saint Augustine, died in Mexico about 1695. This wa.s the Jesuit Father Francis do Florcncia, born in Florida in 1620, who took the habit of the Society of Je- sus at the age of twenty-three, and who, after being i)rofossor of philosophy and theology in the College of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, and having rendered great services to the Bishops ' Biircia, " Enwjyo Cronologiw)," pp. 209, 801. ' " Noticiaa relrttivos & la Iglesiii PiirrcMiuiul de 3an AguBtin." (4B4) CHURCH AT PENSACOLA. 455 whose confidence he enjoyed, was sent as procurator of the Mexican province to Madrid and then to Rome. He was subsequently appointed procurator at Seville of all the prov- inces of his order in the Indies, but finally returned to Mexi- co, where he died at the age of 75. He acquired a high reputation as an author, having pub- lished a Menology of the illustrious members of the Society in Kew Spain, a work on the Shrine of Our Lady de los Remedies, a still more important work on the Apparition and Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe, a History of the So- ciety of Jesus in New Spain, and other works.' In 1693 Don Andres de Pes proceeded to Pensacola in a frigate, accompanied by a famous priest, Don Carlos de Si- guenza y Gongora, professor of mathematics in the University of Mexico. The frigate and a smaller vessel entered the bay on the 8th of April, and the Spanish commander retaining its ancient title, given in honor of Our Lady, named the har- bor Santa Maria do Galve, after the chaplain had chanted a. Te Deum before a statue of Our Lady. Father Siguenza made a careful survey of the bay, and a site having been de- termined upon for a settlement, he said the first mass on St. Mark's day, April 25th, and the Spaniards marched in pro- cession, chanting the Litany of Loretto, to the spot selected, where a cross was set up. This was the beginning of Pensa- cola, the second Spanish town in Florida. The settlement was actually made in 1G9G by Don Andres de Arriola, who erected Fort San Carlos on the Barrancas of Santo Tome. Quarters for the men and a frame church were immediately erected.' At the instance of the Bishop of Santiago de Cuba, Don ' " Diccionario Universal de Ilistoria y Qeografla." Mexico, 1853, vol. iii. » Barcia, " Ensayo Cronologico," pp. 808-311, 816. 456 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. \m 'lU:,-.' 1 ill Diego Evelino de Compostela, a band of twenty Franciscan missionaries, under Father Felician Lopez, were sent over to found new Cliristian communities in tribes which professed a desire of embracing the Cliristian faith. Eight were sent to tlie new conversions of Majaca, Tororo, Afiacapi, San An- tonio, and St. Joseph ; six were selected for the province of Carlos, a son of the Cacique having visited Saint Augustine to solicit missionaries for his people : the rest were sent to other parts. The Fathers entered on their work with zeal, and at first success seemed to encourage them, but in October, 1G90. the heathen Indians of Tororo and the four other towns of that district rose against the Spaniards, killed one of the religious, with a soldier and five Indian converts, burned the churches and mission settlements, and retired to the woods. The sur- viving missionaries, left without shelter or a flock, returneil to Saint Augustine. The field was not abandoned, however. Five religious, with an experienced Superior versed in the language, were sent to reclaim the Indians, and apparently succeeded.* The conversion of the Carlos Indians was undertaken by Father Felician Lopez himself. He sailed from Havana on the Ilth of September, 1G97, with five other religious and supplies of all kinds for the projected missions, and after touching at Key West, proceeded to the town of Cayucos. The old Cacique, who was very ill, earnestly solicited baj)- tism, and after instriiction the sacrament of regeneration was conferred upon him, as death seemed imminent. Meanwhile a house was erected for the residence and chapel of the Fran- ciscan Fathers. But no attention was paid to their instnic- ' Letter of F. Martin de Alcnno, Provincial, and others to the king, July 18, 1697. Report, August 15, 1698. £ii«()Mte FLORIDA IN EARLY SPANISH DAYS. ti( th an Ci ro (!£ ro til vc an hit II 21 til iia IK ot re tei of FLORIDA MISSIONS. 457 tions ; a hut used for idolatrous coremoiiies was thronged, aiid the Indians even called upon the missionaries to give food and clothing for their gods. When the Franciscans refused, and urged the Indians to abandon their idolatry, the young Cacique told them that his gods were offended at them, and HHiuired them to leave the country. The missionaries en- deavored to hold their ground, but they were seized and robbed of their provisions; vestments, and chapel service, and taken from Key to Key, till at last they were left naked at MatiKtuiabe. There the vessel which had brought these en- voyp of Christianity over, found them on a return voyage, and rescued them. Processions of the religious at night are i-tid to have alarmed the Indians at lirst, and were then made a pretext for their expulsion. The missionaries who left Havana in September, 1697, reached that port again on the 2l8t of February.' We get some glimpses of the Church and her missions in Florida in 1G!)9, from an unexpected source. The barken- tine "Reformation" was wrecked on the coast of Florida in September, 1C9G, and Jonathan Dickenson drew up a jour- nal of their adventures till they were rescued on the coast by a Spanish party, conveyed to Saint Augustine, and then sent northward along the coast, from one Indian mission to an- other. Near where they were wrecked a zealous Franciscan Father had converted a chief, but his tribe demanded that he should renounce it and put the Friar» to death. On liis refusal they ;]J. ' A despondent letter of F. Felician from Florida, Sept. 21, 1697. Let- ters of F. Francis dc Contreras, Oct. 10, 1697; Mar. 5, 1698. Report, August ITi, 1698. "Extractoa de Varias Relaciones." Tlie companions of F. Felician were FF. Ferdinand Snnios, Michael Carrillo, Francis of JesuB, and Francis of San Diego, lay brother. 468 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. ■* -m ts killed hira and oue of the Franciscans, two others who were there escaping. The shipwrecked men received very kind treatment at Saint Augustine, and in September set out with an escort. At Santa Cruz mission, two or three leagues from Saint Augustine, they found a large chapel with three bells, and a Franciscan in charge. The Indians went as constantly t(» their devotions at all times and seasons as any of the Span- iards. The party were lodged in a large house, kept as a warehouse and general place of mooting. San iluai::, on iin island thirteen leagues further, had its cha])ul and priests. St. Mary's was next reached, where they fuuiid a Franciscan with his church, and his school of Indian boys. Near it was another mission, St. Philip's, which was soon reached, and so they made their way to St. Catharine's Island — "a place called St. Catalina, where hath be^n a great settlement of Indians, for the land hath been cleared for j)lantiiig for scpmic miles distant." It was in fact the old mission station where church and convent had been destroyed by the Carolina In- dians.' Yet Dickenson's narritive shows that these mission stations along the coast not only civilized the Itidians and reformed their savage character, but were a life-saving organ- ization on the coast where the shi]>wrecked found Christian welconic and aid ; yet the neighboring English colonics destroyed them. The Apalache Indians had been forced to como and labor f>n the fortifications and sea wall at Saint Augustine, and a letter signed by Patricio, chief of Ybitaciicho, ini])Ior<'s Don .Itnn do Ayala to represent their case to the king. P>nt the fortilications saved Florida, for though the English from ' Dlokonson, "flrwrfl Prntrctinp Providonro, Mim's Stirot Help and Defence." I'liiladfliihiii, 1009. It ran throu;^!! many cilitiouH iu Eiiglanii and Aim-rica. I FLORIDA MISSIONS DESTROYED. 459 Carolina in 1702 took and fired the city, the fort resisted their efforts.' The war of the Spanish succession gave South CaroUna a pretext for hostility against its CathoUc neighbor, Florida, and Governor Moore was eager for the plunder of a Spanish town, and for Indian converts to enslave. He instigated the Apalachicolas to invade the Apalache country, where, after professing friendship, they attacked Santa Fe, one of the chief towns of the province of Tiniuqua, on the 20th of May, 1702, just before dav/n. The Apalachicolas burned the church, but the Indian Catholics succeeded in saving the vest- ments and pictures. A Spanish force pursuing the enemy was defeated and the commander slain. Governor Moore then induced his colony to fit out an expedition. A land force of militia and Indians under Colonel Daniel attacked St. Augustine in the rear by way of Pilatka, while Governor Moore operated against it with vessels. Daniel occupied the town, the inhabitants retiring to the fort. Governor Mooro coming in his vessels by sea, spread devastation along the coast. Tlie Christian Indians on the islands, from Saint Catharine's to AmeHa, had in conse(]uenco of previous hos- tilities, withdrawn to St. Mark's Island, where they formed three towns. These wore now committed to the fiames with their churches and convents, three devoted Franciscan Fa- thers falling as prisoners into the hands of the enemy, while the Indian converts fled from their savage foe to St. Augus- tine." Moore having reached the Spanish city with fourteen or fifteen vessels, and effected a junction with Colonel Daniel, endeavored on the 22d of October, 1702, to capture the fort. Hut the brave Governor, Joseph de Zufiigii, who had !• H . ii^ ■' ^\' received a few soldiers to reinforce his little garrison, held out bravely, the fort resisting all the efforts of the English. Moore sent to tiie West Indies for heavier artillery ; but be- fore it arrived Spanish ships appeared in the harbor with re- inforcements under Captain Stephen de Berroa. Moore raised the siege, wiiich had lasted more than fifty days, and tindiii" escape by sea impossible, set tiro to his vessels and re- tivatod overland.' " Be for withdrawin;^," says a modern writer, " he committed the barbarity of burning the town." The parish church, the church and convent of the Franciscan Fathers, and other shrines perished in the general conflagra- tion ; ' but the plate to the value of a thousand dollars was carried olT. A Protestant clergyman writing at the time records one act of vandalism which we cannot omit to state. " To flliow what friends some of them are to learning and hooks, when they were at Saint Augustine, they burned a library of books worth about £000, wlierein were a collection of the (ireek and Latin Fathers, and the Holy Bible itself did not escape, because it was in Latin. This outrage w:i8 done sis Boon as they arrived, by the (jrder of C(»lonel Daniel." ' This was evidently the tine library in the Franciscan con- vent at Saint Augustine, and it is most creditable that a little place like the capital of Florida, then possessed a liljrary of ecclesiastical works that could win for its extent and vahio such encomium from an enemy ; Father Martin de Aleano, guaniian of the convent, proceeded to Spain to portray to the king the ruin of the ancient place.* ' licltor of Don .loscpli do Zuniga, 8an Marcos, Jan. 6, 1708. ♦Fairbanks, " History of Florida," p. 171. •HfV. Edward Mamton to \U'v. Dr. Bray, Cliarlrstown, Feb. 2, 170]. " Dociimcntary History V. K. Cliunli, i., pp. 11, 12. ' Harria, " Eiiwiyo Croiioloffico," p. If.M. Hoyal Decrees of April SI, 1714, and Nov. 7, 1730. APALACHE MISSIONS DESTROYED. 461 That the wanton destruction of a defenceless town was re- garded by the Spanish monarcli as a mark of English pro- vincial hatred against the Church of God is evidenced by a public act. The antipathy to the true faith with which unprincipled rulers in England had imbued the ignorant settlers of Carolina prompted them to the work of devasta- tion. The Spanish monarch at once ordered the income of vacant bishoprics, the revenues that the episcopate of Spain would have enjoyed had every see been filled, to be api)licd to rebuild the church and convent, the hallowed shrine and the domestic hearth that Carolinian bigotry liad laid in ashes. The greed of Governor Moore prompted another expedi- tion. If ho could not take a Sjianish fort he could carry off the Indian converts of Spanish priests to sell as slaves. He raised a force of English and Indians, and made a sudden inroad into the territory of the Apalaches. Lieutenant John Kuiz Mexia, who cfjuimaiided (he little Sjianish garrison, pre- pared with the Ajialaches to meet the enemy. Father ,Iohn do I'arga, the missionary at Patali, addressed the Indians, urging them to tight bravely, for God's holy law, as no death could 1)0 more glorious than to perish for the faith and truth. Wlieii he had given all absolution, Mexia a(lvan('ertured and burned to death. Father Miranda ap]>eale(l in vain to (iovernor Moore to jirevcnt such horri- ble cruelties on jirisoners before his very eyes ; but to no purpose. Father Parga was burned at the stake, beheaded, 'I i"f HI 432 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. ,'. Jt t ■ * .i and his leg backed off. Another religious, Marcos Dclgado, endeavoring to bave Father Parga, was slain. A party of the enemy then approached Patali, and an apostate Indian called to Fatiier Manuel de Mendoza, who opened a window in the palisade, but was at once sliot through the head. The town was then iired. Consternation prevailed throughout the Apalache towns ; those which had not been taken, to escape the cniclties they Riw i)erpetrated on their countrymen, submitted to the Eng- liph and their allies, and of the eleven towns, Ybitacuclio alone escaped. Moore sent to Perez, who still held the block-house at San Luis,' oficring to give up Mexia, Father Miranda, and four soldiers; but as the Spanish officer could not furnish the ransom demanded, they were all burned at tlie stake. Several of the Indians while undergoing the tor- ture showed in prayer and exhortation the heroism of Chris- tian martyrs, especially Anthony Enixn, of the town of San Luis, and Amador Culpa Feliciano, of the same town. Moore retired at last, carrying off nearly a thousand Apn- lachcs to sell as slaves, besides the numbers he had put to death in and after the battle near 7\yui)ale. When he had retired. Father John de Villalba went with others to the ruined towns. A scene of un])aralleled horror met them on every side, bodies half burned liangijig frou) the stakes or pierced by them, men and women scalped, mutila- ted, and burned. Father Parga's mangled body was foun, p. 18.1 np, Ifczino tiled ill llaviina, Sept. Vi, ITll.and wu8 interred under the !-aii(tii:uy of tlie Clinrcli i)f St. (\itliiirine. ' Haroia, •' Kiijiayo Cronologlco." p. 86.1. places tlie visitation of Uinliop Heziiii) ill I7J1, but the entry of visitution and eonlirniatious iu llic l{eg- \s'iit of Saint Augubiiuc uLow that it was in ITOtf. s. The first one ino, a native amituin, and e was eonse- Itezino pro- latiou in the h of June, On the 10th ition of that '•edo was the he Bisliop's lot yet been sent one of to make a ), censuring agisters had ;vedo. The the pastor, tan i^fayor, y of the vis- ev. John de aetorship of hA\o erected 1! tii.-it niiu-i* WilS Uo'.V to ostilo faitli. Up. UvT.ino tliu !-aii(lii;iiv lion of Bishop us iu the Hc'g- - ?; ii -RANoISde l-AN BUENAVENTURA TEJADA.ibf BISHOP OF TRICALI . YUCATAN. tVJAOALA.JAKA NUESTHA SEJf^OR.> FnlnicT, t' 10 it, bu '%," ''■'\ ■ T '^I^^^BI V V- i- i /ii - i It .1. ''4'b. NUESTRA SERORA DE LA LECHE. 465 According to a statement of a modern historian, Colonel Palmer with a party of Georgians made a raid into Florida, and approached St. Augustine. His men plundered the chapel, carrying off the church plate, votive offerings, and everything of value. One of the soldiers took the tigui'e of tiie Infant Saviour from the arms of the statue of Our Lady, and carried it to Colonel Palmer, then at Fort Mosa, who re- l)uked his men for their sacrilegiinis act, telling them that they would in time atone it, but he took the figure and threw it from him on the ground. The next year as the city was again menaced, the Governor of Florida, to prevent Nombre de Dios from being again oi-- cupied by the Georgians, commanded the town and chapel to be ilemolished on the 20th of March, 1728, and a new <'liai)ol was erected in a safer spot. The account proceeds to state that in 17'55 Colonel Palmer was slain on the very spot where he threw tlio Holy ('hild.' In the war with Carolina the Christian Indians were nearly exterminated, only three hundred survivors gathered under the guns of the fort at Saint Augustine, remaining to repre- sent the once numerous happy towns of native converts. The missionaries turned their attention to tribes which had hitherto shown little disposition for the faith.° In 1720 they had made such progress that there were three Yamassee mis- sions, two dedicated to St. Anthony, and one to St. Diego, each with a convent and church of palmetto ; three towns of ' This nccount is given by Williaius, "Territory of Florida," New York, 1807, pp. 182-4, citing " Spanisli Historians," but to wlioni lie refers I do not know. lie gives the date of the profanation of the shrine as 17:.'"), but see Stevens' " History of Georgia," New York, 1847, pp. 145, 171!, where it is given as 1727 ; the site of the lirst eiiapcl, place of the firs! mass, uud of the second chapel of Our Lady of the Milk are given on page 137 of this work. ' Letter of F. Anthony Florencla to the King, 1724. 30 4fiO THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. the Yguasa nation, Santa Catalina, Our Lady of Guadalupe, and St. Joseph, chiefly of old converts, Guadalupe havini,' a church of boards, Nonibro do Dioa, a Chiluca town of old Chri.stians, had its clnirch of stone; Santa lY', a TiiiiU(|ii;iii town ; San Luis, an Apalache town ; and San Antonio, a Casapulla town ; another San Antonio anionic the ('()>t;is. and a third in the Ajiahiehe country. Besides, tliere were a mission anionij; the i\Iaea|>iras, and one in the Praya nation, and San Juan mission in the province of Apalache, estah- lished for all wlio joined it from the Apalache nation, and the Yamassees. Tlie cliureh in Florida could Btiil report more than a thousand Christians.' These Indians had no arms to defend themselves, and the heathen Lidians all sided with the Eiijflish. Each of six new towns had its missionarv. A complaint was made at this time that natives of Florida, who were ordained under the title of nussions, went to otiicr places to receive holy orders, and did not return to the penin- sula.' St. Mark was fortified in March, 1718, to protect the .In- dian converts in that district, and stops taken to restore Peii- sacola, wdiere clnireli, houses, and fort were all insecuiv. The Confraternity of Our Lady of Soledad maintainetl thi; services of the church and funeral expenses.' Stejjs were taken to found a new Ai)alache mission of La Soledad, near St. Mark, and two Franciscan Fathers were placed in i-harire of it. On Santa Rosu Island a fortitictition was thrcAvn up, and a elia[)el erected, which Father Manuel de lloaliso attended. AVlien in 171!) Pensacola was invested hy the French under Bienville, and captured. Father Jose] )ii ' Visita, Doc, 1726. • Letlor, May 15, 1729, of Don .luan dc la Balle. • Burcia, " Kiisayo Cronologico," pp. 336-7, 340. ^M ( ^. h: • * t '5 1 '■ ' <■ ^ ^^^1 I . 1 ■H ^^H ^^^1 , , ■ \m •■ 1 jm i '1 ^^^H v{ ^^^^1 t H ^ i 1 I i ' 1 ^1 ■i! ■ 9 WRH 468 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Usadie. and Father Joseph del Castillo, of the order of St. Francis, the chaplains, were taken to Havana.' The Span- iards recovered the place soon after, only to lose it a second time, Sept. 18, 1719, when Pensacola was taken by the Connt de Champnieslin with a powerful squadron. Finding, how- ever, that he could not easily hold the place, ho set fire to the fort and town, laying i\'nsacolu completely in ashes, not even sparing the (ihurch, and carrying otf the sacred vest- ments and plate. When the site was restoi-ed to Spain, Pensacola was re- built in a new position near ■■ '•*< the western extremity of Santa Rosa Island. A snl)- stantial fort with palisades stood near, and the church and government liunse were suitable buildings. A view of the city taken Ity Dom. Scrres in IT+^i, shows that the second Pen- sacola church was a pecul- iarly shaped, octagon struc- ture.' SoiiK! years later tlie city was transferred to its present position, and Santa Rusi Island was abandoned, no trace now remaining of the town or church. AN( rr.XT HII.VKK CIllTIKIX IN TIIK riM UCII AT I'KNSACIII.A. ' Uarri.i, " FnHdyo Oonnlojjicn," p. 8(tl ; Morfl, " Memorias parii In llistoria ilc Texas," p. 84, ' Hiirria, " Kimnyo Oonnloifico," p. J161 ; Holx-rln, "An Arcoinil i)f tlip first DlwoviTy unii Natural llintory of Florida," London, ITOii, jip. It, 91. A' '' BISHOP TEJADA. 469 Of the earlier cburclies of Pensacola, dedicated it would seeiri to Saint Michael, a relic was preserved to our times. It was an elegant silver cruciiix of ancient work, probably the gift of some benefactor of the Church in the last century. A most important event for Florida was the appointment as P>ishop of Tricali, and auxiliar to the Bishop of Santiago de Cuba, of Father Francis of Saint Ponaventure Martinez de Texada Dicz de Velasco, a native of Seville, a member of the Recollect reform of the Franciscan order. He had been professor of philosophy and theology, and guardian of the convent at Seville. After his consecration he crossed over to Florida in 1735, making a visitation of the whole prov- ince, as there are evidences of his having done in 1742 and 1745. He resided for ten years at Saint Augustine, in a house occupying the site which the United States Govern- ment, in disregjird of its being property of the Catholic Church, bestowed on the Protestant Episcopal body. On his arrival he found the population of Saint Augus- tine to be 1,509 souls, attended by the parish priest, Peter Lawrence de Acevedo, then more than eighty year^^ of age —too old to officiate ; the Sacristan Mayor, Francis Gabriel del Pueyo; John Joseph Solana as assistant, and a chaj)- lain in the fort. Before the close of April, 1736, the Hishop had continued (VM) Spaniards and 143 slaves and free negroes. From the time of the Carolinian invasion the Hermitage— the Shrine of La Solcdad, which had too been used as an hos- pital—had served as a parish church. This seemed unl)ec(.m- iiig to the good bishop, and knowing that the English colonists inockei(iuito, 55 ; Suu Niiolasde Casapullas, 71. Letter ot (}()v. Monteuno, Mar. 8, 1788. >i;/| 473 THR CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. eight Ladian families at Tamasle. Tlie Fathers here had a well-built convent.' St. Joseph's, near Point Escoudido, had also a handsome church. The province of the Franciscans, known as " Santa Eioii;i de la Florida," was disturbed from about thiii time by na- tional rivalries, the religious born in Spain and those born in America forming two parties. The elections held at the <'hapters brought out these rivalries. That held in 1745 was declared by the higher authorities to be mill, and a Provincial was named by the Commissary General t)f the Indies.^ In 174;{ the .Jesuit Fathers, Joseph Mary Monaco and Joseph Xavier de Alana, s;iiled frc»m Havana to attenij)t a nn'ssion in Southern Florida, and landed at the mouth of the Rio de Ilatones, near Oa|>e Florida, on the UUh of July. The Indians there, at the Keys and of Carlos, an da sohre el dereeho fundado a lu di'vnlucion (pie decluni di) liw ulecciuneti ilel eupilulu," vie. Mexico, 1747 OGLETHORPE'S SIEGE. 473 missionaries persevered, and a community of Catholic Indiana was formed there in time, and retained the faitli till tiie period of the Seminole War, when they were transported to Indian Territory, although these Spanish Indians had taken uo part in the hostilities against the whites." Fugitive slaves from Georgia and Carolina reached Florida, and Bishop Tejada extended his care to them at Fort Mose, where thoy were placed, assigning a young ecclesiastic to in- struct and prepare thein for baptism. In 1740 General Oglethorpe with 2,000 regulars, provin- cials, and Indians, and a tloet of five ships and two sloops, laid siege to Saint Augnstine, but the stout Governor Mon- teano, who refused to surrender, hekl out bravely till ]my- visioJis came to save the garrison and citizens from starvation, when the founder of Georgia raised the siege.' During these days of trial Bishop Tejada roused the zeal and i)iety of tlie people, and offered constant prayers for the deliverance of tiie city. When the enemy retired, and the citizens could loplace their prayers for Divine aid by a joyous " Te Deum," he wrote a Relation of the Siege which was printed at Seville. It opens with tli" words, " Ave Maria ! " ' After his visitation in 1745, Bishop Tejada, who had done so much for religion in Florida, was presented for the see of Yucatan, and departed from the scene of his first episcopal labors.' ' r.etUT of FF. Joseph Mary Monaco, 8. J., etc., to Oovcrnor-Qeu. of Cuba. •Stevens, " History of Georgia," New Yoric, 1847, i., pp. 170-171). « " Ave Maria ! Ilelacion (lue liace el Hu». Scflor 1). Fray Francisco tie Gan Buena Ventura, Ilecolleeto de la onlen (ie N. 1'. H. Francisco, Obispo, etc." Seville, 1740. M. do (Uvezza, p. 534. Mle t(K)k possession of the see of Yucatan, .lune 15, 174(1, and made tw.> visitations of the diocese, not onnltinc the smallest ranches. He erectod a diocesan sendnary, rebuilt several parish churches from h'B h; lyi , * I. 474 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Saint Augustine wns saved, but the country had been rav- aged on all sides ; the little Indian missions had been a'niiii and again decimated, till in 1753 there were only four, Tolo- mato, PocatalaiJa, Palica, and La Punta, the whole contain- ing only 13G souls.' The parochial charge of the ancient church had devolved in Febrnary, 1743, on Rev, Francis Xavier Arturo, a parish priest who administered for eight years assisted by the lie v. J olm Joseph Solana, and the Deputy J ohn C. Paredes, after whope services in December, 1752, Fathers belonging to the Franciscan mission, llriza, Ortiz, and the Commissary Visitor Francis llabelo and Father John Anthony Hernandez, alone ministered to the Catholic body till June, 1754, when Kov. Mr. Solana resumed his duties and discharged them with oc- casional aid for the next nine years. Reduced as Saint Augustine was, and almost stripped of the great circle of Indian missions, which had been the dia- i, i,r 476 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. still under the flag of Spain.' Feeling that this stay might be but a brief one, the zealous prelate made the teriti of his unexpected residence in Florida a season of revived devotion and discipline in that part of his diocese. He be- gan a formal visitation at Saint Augustine, January 30, 17(53, recording his approval of the regularity of the parochial service and records. Between the 2iHh of December, 1702, and the 11th of April, of the following year, he conferred the sacrament of confirmation on 039 persons.' In fact, his zeal and eloquence rendered his sojourn a mission for the faitiiful. In order to recover the city of Havana, Spain ceded Flor- ida to England, on the lOtli of February, 1763. After a time the clergy in Cuba obtained a vessel which was sent to convey the Bishop back to nis see." pot'm by Don Diego de Cnmpc- , printed at the prcas of the Coniputo Eeiesiastico, Havana, 8vo, 23 pp., with an illustration by Baez. This poem in the dialect of the Cuban peasantry has been reprinted in the " Parnaso Cubano,"by the elegant scholar Don Antonio Lopez Prieto. I am indebted for a copy and information to Senor Hnchiller y IMorales, and Seizor Guiteras of Philadelphia. As an illustration of an event con- nected with the church in this country the poem is extremely curious--. ' He arrived in Fl(,rida the 7th or 8th of December. ' " Noticiiis relativas a la Iglesia Parroquial de San Agustin de la Florida." •' Ht. Rev. Peter Jlorell de Santa Cruz was born in 1694 in Santiago de los Caballeros, in the island of Santo Domingo, of which his aneL-.-,;,>rH were early colonists. He was ordained April 24, 1718, was Canon of the Cathedral of Santo Domingo, Dean of the Chapter of Santiago de Cuba. wa.s nominated in 174r) to the See of Nicaragua, and became Bishop of Santiago de Cuba in 1753, receiving episcopal consecration, SejU. 8, 1755. He founded an hospital at Guanabacoa, and began a similar insliiutiim at Guines. He distributed |800 a month to the poor, and |«0 every Saturday. For the negroes he showed great charity, taking measures to secure their religious instruction. He died at Havana, Dee. 30, 17(!8. his la.st hours being disturbed by a fearful hurricane in which he tluii.glil only of hiB poor, liosain, " Necropolis de la Habaua," Habana, 1875, pp. 15»-7. ENGLISH IN FLORIDA. 477 At the time of the cession most of the Spanish inhabitants remained, but the arbitrary and rapacious conduct of the first Knglish commander led to a general emigration. The un- linished walls ci the parisli church, the church at Tolemato, sole remnant of the Indian towns near the city, the Francis- can convent and the temporary parish church, both in a ruinous state, and a steeple of a church west of the town alone remained to betoken the long Catholic occupation. It was at this time probably that the ornamentation around the entrance to the chapel in the fort, as too Catholic to suit tlie temper of the new occupants, was defaced and mutilated ; reduced to the condition in which it has long been.' The accompanying plan of the city of St. Augustine in 1 763, will enable the reader to see the position of the spots connected with the ecclesiastical history of that ancient place." ' Romans, "Florida," p. 263. ' (M.) The unfinished Parish Clmrch, varas high, 35x40, to replace that (li'stroyed by Gov. Moore. (G.) Temporary stone Parish Churcli fitted up and enlarged by Bisliop Tejada ; 47 x CO varas. (2.) Cluireh of Tolemato, Indian town. (C.) Franciscan Convent and Chapel, wrested from tiic (.'utholic Church by the United States Government, and still re- tained. (II.) Ihwpital, 44x51 varas. (Q.) Gate leading to chapel of Nuestra Seuora do la Leclie. (I.) House of the Auxiliary Bishop, 35 xHl varas, wrested from the Catholic Church by the United States Govern- ment and given to the Episcopalians, House of the Confraternity of the Bles-sed Sacrament. 37 x 31 varas, third block from hospital on 0]>- posite side of street. tf I CHAPTEli II. THE CUUKCII IN TEXAS, 1690-1763. Though the first religious ministrations in Texas, of which we liave any definite historical information, were those of tlie Froncli secular and regular priests, who accompanied the wild and unfortunate expedition of La Salle to conquer the Spanish mining country, the church which grew up in that province, and has left the names drawn from the calendar to town, and headland, and river, was connected with that of Mexico. The pioneer Spanish priest was the Franciscan Father Daniian Mazanct, who accompanied the expedition of Alonso de Leon in 1GS9. So promising a field for the Gospel labor- ers opened there before this son of Saint Francis, that he bent all his energies to effect the establishment of permanent missions beyond the Rio Grande.' He depicted the success of missions among the Asinais in such sanguine colors, that he obtained the needed civil and ecclesiastical authority for his undertaking. The Apostolic College of Querctaro, founded by Father Anthony Linaz, had at this time formed a new corps of missionaries replete with energy, and inspired by all the fervor of the earliest period of the Franciscan order. It was from these exem- plary religious that the little body was selected to evangelize ' Arricivita, " Croiiica Seraflcay Apostolica del Colegio de Santa Cruz de Queretaro," p. 213. (479) rl 480 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. the province of Tcxiis. Father Daiuian Mazauet's auxilia- ries were Fathers Mieliael Fonteubierta, Fraucis Casafias of Jesus ]\Iary, reost or mission amid tlieir own tears and those of their ncdphytes.' Fatlier Hidalgo did not abandon the project of converting the Texas Indians. He drew up a statement of the import- ance of the work, ajid forwarded it to the King of Spain. AVar delayed a reply, l)ut a royal decree, August 18, 17(»S, autliorized him to proceed in its establishment.' Meanwhile the Franciscans of the Apostolic Colleg(> of Zacatecas were at work. Tliey founded a mission of San Juan IJautista on the Sabinas, and pushing on open- ed a new mission on tlie first day of January, ITOO, on the banks «»f the Kio (Jrande, to which that on the Sabinas was transferred, retaining its name. The Franciscan Father who ellected this was anxious to curry tiie mission ' Esplnnsn, "riironUii ,\propose a mission beyond the Rio Grande. The Risho]) extended the visitation of his diocese at this time to tlie mission of Dolores, where he held a meeting of the missionaries and civil officers. By general consent steps were taken to establish four missions on the Itio Grande. These were maintained till 1718, when the chief mission was transferred to the San Antonio.' The royal officers and soldiers, however, in the time of the former mission had not oidy under one pretext and another misappropriated the funds and stores inteiuled for the work of Christianizing the Indians, but had continued to make so many claims against the Fathers, that the missionaries, who had suffered every ])rivation, were reluctant to expose them- selves to a similar experieiu-e. For some years Father Ili- daliro found his elTorts to re-establish the mission fruitless. Still with Father Salazar in 1»»08 lie was instrumental in establishing churches for converting the Indians at I,a Pniita and on the Sabinas, which bore the names of Dolores antli of A]iril all assembled to give the viaticum to the Venerable Anthony Nfargil, who lay at the point of death with fever. His fellow missiona- ries deeming it impossible for him to recover or take part in the new effort to win the Texas Indians to the faith, sorrow- fully b;ide hitn farewell and ])roccedcd on their way. It was not till the 'JSfh of June that tluy reached the Texas Indians, who chanted the calumet of welcotne to thciii. The inission of San IVatu'isco was restored, and a wtx)den ehurclj erected ' Tlie liitU'r institution sent flvn rrllfrlmis. Fiithrrs rrnncls Ilidulffo, Qa- liricl (Ic Vir^riiri, Hcncdirt SimrJic/, Miitmcl rii« be was allowed to make his iirst coiiimimion. From that iiio- ' Esfjlnosn, " Chronica Aiwutolicny Seriiphini," Mcxito, 1740, pp. 410- 413, 44<)-','. VEN. ANTHONY MARGIL. 487 nieiit the Church became a home. He served all the masses he could, and the hours not spent in school or study, or in services required by his parents were passed before the altar. At the age of sixteen, with the approval of his parents, he sought admission into the strict Franciscan convent, known as the " Crown of Christ." As a novice he wished to do the humblest and most laborious duties in the house, was obe- dient, mortified, full of prayer, strict in fulfilling all points of the rule, but always cheerful and aft'able. When sent to Denia to study, he pursued the same course, giving his lei- sure to the service of others, his nights to prayer. Though he appeared to give to study oidy occasional moments, when he might be seen reading by the sanctuary lamp, he never showed any want of knowledge of the studies pursued in his class. AVnile ])ursuing liis tlieological course his life was the same, his gentle piety winning him the nickname of the " Xim " among his fellow-students. When tlie time for his ordination apiiroachcd. lie prepared for it with extreme rec- ollection and the deepest reverence. So high was the esti- mate of his learning, piety, and prudence, that at the next provincial chapter, the young priest was empowered to preach and hear confessions. On receiving his faculties he began his missionary career at Onda aiul Denia, where his elo(]ueiu'e in the pulpit, and his wisdom in the confessional pnx'iuced great fruit. When Father Anthony Linaz appealed for twenty-four Fathers for the American mission, Father Anthony Margil offered his services, and with the consent of his superiors, pre])are s 'Pi i:^ I 488 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. French pirates. lie proceeded on foot, trusting to charity, and reached the Convent of the Holy Cross in Queretaro, in August, 1683. Though young he was at once associated •with older and experienced Fathers in giving missions at Queretaro and Mexico, edifying all by his zeal and mortifi- cation. Having been selected to labor in Yucatan, he jour- neyed on foot to Vera Cruz, where he embarked, and reach- ing his destination, began with Father Mclchior of Jesus, his mission life among the Indians, till the two apostles sank un- der their labors and mortifications near Chiapa, and received extreme unction. Recovering by what seemed a miracle, they traversed Central America, giving constant missions in •what are now the Republics of that part of the Continent. He converted the Talamancas, Terrabas, and other tribes, and was preparing to confirm his labors by establishing solid missions, when he and his associate were summoned back to the college. The two Franciscans, full of obedience at once set out, resigning the Indian missions into the hands of the Bishop of Nicaragua. Their superior, learning tlio import- ant work on which they were engaged, revoked his order, and the Bishop of Nicaragua assigned to them the district of Yera Paz, where they labored among the Choles and Lacan- dones, though their lives were in constant danger. Such was the ability of Father Margil in actpiiring languages, in comprehending the pagan ideas and refuting them, in giving solid instruction, and in guiding neophytes in the path of Christian life, that bishops placed bodies of mission- aries even of other orders under his direction, though the humble religious in vain endeavored to avoid such a position. He crowned his lal)or8 by establishing a Missionary ('<»lloge de Propaganda Fide in the city of (luatemala, of which he was elected Guardian. His labors and his knowledge seemed supernatural: in nuuiy cases he appeared to be laboring in 'J «'■ i ^fl 'iH 'i 1 ^la^H * T^i^n^^i ^ D 1 ifl i,. 1 1 :l<] if ;M i*'; 1^ • ..;i I I I ■ W ■, IW I » . ^-|•:x. A i';h\, .1. . n'nvi''< Isro cf mm (xii. .„ 1 L'oilc I Hgrr lis «'. ■go ' 1 .uurgii - IL as thoillfli hJs ti:: by order of the ki )'U\ !oni;(]i;fip, in noriiint'iitos, i., p. 278. •' Kcitrcsciitacioii hcclia por v\ niuy Hvv. Padre .Viilonio Miirdl, Dolores, Feb. 13, 1718. " Docuineiitos," p. :U10. dxrUx del Padre lli- dulgo. lb., Espinosa, " Clinmica .Viiostoiiea y Sernithiea," p. 413. i MISSIONS ON THE SAN ANTONIO. 491 wiirnily for his CliriBtiaii charity to the French at Natchi- toches,' Tlie missionaries endured great privations. As the corn crop in Texan liad failed, they lived on herbs and nuts which they gathered, eked out by an occasional largess of a bit of nunit from their Indians. Supplies had indeed been sent by the Viceroy of Mexico, and the caravan set out accompanied by a new band of nuBsionaries ; but when the slow moving expedition reached Trinity River in December, 1717, they found it so swollen that they were unable to cross it. The carriers of the supplies made a cache at liio de las Cargas, and the missionaries before returning dispatched letters by Indian hunters to inform the Fathers among the Asinais of what had befallen them, with information as to the place of the cache. It was not, however, till the following July that tidings of the proximity of the needed provisions reached the furnishing missionaries.' Soon after the Viceroy of New Spain ordered the forma- tion of two Spanish settlements in Texas. One of these was to be on the Itio San Antonio: but as usually happened, there were interminable delays. The missionaries at last took the initiative. Father Anthony de San Bucnaveiitura v Olivares transferred his Xarame Indian IMis.-^ion of San Francisco Solano from the banks of the Rio Grande to the San Antonio on the 1st of May, 1718, by order of the :N; cpiis of Valero, then Viceroy. He at once attracted the Payayas, who spoke the same language as the Xarames. Here this mis- sionary remained for a year laboring to gain the neighboring Indians, and preparing the foundation of the future town. Unfortunately, while one day crossing a rude bridge, his horse ' Arrioivitn, " Cronica Seraflca y Apostolica," p. 98 ; La Ilarpc, p. 139. The Vicar-General nuist, have been the AbbC- de la Vente. ■'Morfl, " Memoriiis," p. 108. Ill T ' -.rr, ;|( ■ . -J >' lit 1 ■I ■( 1 M-; ,♦• 'in ^'r T ' «A«^HH I: 1: ; it J' ^m 41)2 THE CHUliCH IN THE COIA)NIKS. .11 ..J broke through aiul threw tho iiiiHsioimry, ciumiiig a fraptuni of liis leg. FiitluT IV'tiT MuAoz hoarin^' of his iiiiHliap, liat4- teiUHl from tlie Kio(Jraii(li' to support his place and f^ivc' him till' luvTssary attoiitioii. WiuMi Katlu-r Olivart-s recoverod he transferred his mission from its original site to one on the op- posite side of the river which it maintained for years.' The multiplicity of small tribes in Texas almost surpasses belief, and to this day ethnologists have made no attempt to dassifv them. At the San Antonio mission alone tliere nere Indians of nearly thirty trihc! erbipiamos, was so numerous cisco Xavier was unt One of these tribes, the lly- thiit the mission of San Kran- lertaken for then> about 1 720. Though no formal settlement was begun, Spaniards begun to gather ar.»iind the presidios. Nacogd.»ches, even at ibi carlv o«ti)1ira .V S(Ti»|>lilc«," pp. ItO-tr.O, 4tl(l T\w missioin-f S:.n Kn.ncU.H Solano was fouiHlr,! in ITOK ; wmm In.n^rmd to San ll.lq.honso. Ih.n lia.'k lo 111.' Uio(}ran.lc ul San Jos,.,,!,, ih.n to IhcSiui .\iitnni(., tnkinjftlml nimic, wliii Ih.- a.i.liiion dc Val.n.. The Hru'l-lcr Htill pnsrrv.Ml, l..-i;in« Oct. ft. lT(t!l, will, u Laplinni l.y I'all.-r KhIcv.v, ; the lli-«l l.aplisni at Sun ,\iit.>nio l"'inK' l».v FiitluT Mu'liml Niii\.'/.. On 111.' nil .'I K''!' . tT'iO. Hi'T- i'* ii liiijUismal i-nlry Mipicd l.y the V*n. F. Anthony Marj;;! •Arridvitn, p. Wl 'I.rtliTsnf Hisliop of San Antonio, formerly piirinh pricHl of Niifoj; ied luid deputed Fatliers EwpinoHa and Sanz to lay the whole litter before the Vieeroy. They net out, bnt ICspinoHa nit^et- ijr at San Antonio Don Martin de Alar(!on on his way to Kwpiritu Santo Bay, let Father Sanz i>ro«'(!ed, and rcitnrned to liiw niiHHion with Alareon; bnt that oilicer's visit gave lit- tlt! relief to tlus miHsionarieH. TIkmi again in 171H Father Mathiart was sent to Mexico to nrg(! the neeeKsity of active steps by the govc ni ni ■rtnnent, as the Indians wiin; constantly ob- tainin"' arms from the French, who wonld soon be mast(!rs of the whole territory. Nothing wasdone, and war having been declared between France and Spain, the mission nt Adayes was invaded by St. Denis from Natchitoches, who rapti i^d a Holdierandalaybn.thcrthere, the Vcneriibh! Fiitlu^r Anthony Margil being absent at the time. The French oiliccr jihinth red the mission, <'arryingotT even tlu; vestments and altar service. Tlu! lay brother managed to escape, and, reaching FatluT Margil, annonnced that the FrerKih intended to break nj) all the other missions. Father Margil accordingly with his re- liirions retired from the stations they contIi to rebuild the mission of Nuestra Sefwtra de los Dolores. As no vesfij-c of the former structure remained, he erected a new cliapel on an emiiuMice by the bank of a stream, and after dedicatiiiL' it oontided the mission to Father .Foseph Abadejo. On the L'tith the expedition crossed tiie Sabine, and cut- ting their way with axes through the woods reached ivm Miguel de los Adayes. The Indians who had retired to a dense forest to escape the French and their Indian allies were recalled, and a fort or |)resi(lio was laid ont. .About II mile fri>m it the mission of San Miguel de Ciiellar was restored. The church in the fort at Adayes was dcdicafcd to Our Lady del Filar, tin' patroness of tlu^ ex])edition, on September I'Jth by the Hev. Dr. .loseph Cadallos, the eha|)- liin, who olTered the holy saeritice, tin- Ven. Father Anthony Margil preaching. To enable the Indians to revive the mis- sion, they were supplied with provisions till they could gather DEATH OF FRIAR JOSEPH PITA. 495 in the next year's crop, and many cattle and sheep were left with them. This was not done at the other missions, and no effectual means wore adoi)ted to keep open coinnmnioation between the old Spanish settlements and the missions, so as to ensure them supplies from time to time, or jiecessary aid in case of invasion. The missionaries, however, began their labors hopefully, many soon to sink imdor the hardsliips of their life, victims to the climate or to the savage Indians of the ])lains, espe- cially the Apaches, who made constant raids. Brother Joseph I'ita thinking that the presence of troops in the country had made travel safe, in the ardor of his zeal overlooked the dan- ger, and undertook without an escort to reach the missions for which he had volunteered. At a place which lias since borne the name of Carniceria, about sixty miles from San Xavier River, and on a site where a mission was subsequently erected, he fell into an andniscade of Lij)an Apaches. He might have escaped, but to deliver a soldier, he begged tlie Indians to turn on him, as they did, kilHng him and all his com|)anious. He was the tirst Spanish religious who died by the hands of Indians in that province,' As the Indians of Texas lived in scattered ranches or ham- lets, often changing their place of abode, their agriculture, hciug without irrigation, was pre<'arious. The great object of the missionaries was to form reductions where large liodies of Indians could be drawn together, and formed to persistent ' Morfl, " ^Icniorius jiiira l.i Histoiiii dc la proviiicia do Toxiis," iii., pp. li!'J-7. r.xpiiiDsa, •' Cliiiiiiica Ajiostolica y Siniphica," pp 41-1- ■\',H. A 111(111!.' lilt' earliest tnr Lady of (iuadalupe at (Jueretaro removed its missions to the San Antonio, those which had been founded by the Venerable Father Anthony ^targil were maintained. These were the mission of Our Lady of (Juadalupe near the pnjsent city of Nacogdoches, the mis- sion among the Ays, not far from the jiresent town of San Augustin, and the miision of San Miguel de los Adayes. Xear this was the Spanish frontier presidio or military post, whicli the missionaries attended ;uh chaplains,' as they did alm> Nacogdoches when it was made a ])ariHli. ' KspiiioKii, " Chrnnicik Apontolicu y HcrapUlcii," pp. 458-9. ' Ibid., pp. 4:»9-400. \i>.A NEW MISSIONS. 497 The venerable founder was not content with these mis- sions ; he selected Father Michael Nuflez to found another in honor of St. Joseph, and that priest proceeding to the San Antonio selected a populous rancheria, and estab- lished the mission of San Josc' with great care and judgment. He erected a church and house, and began to instruct the Indians, inducing them to dig acequias or trenches to irri- gate their fields. The site was subsequently transferred to the other side of the river, but the mission prospered so that it became the finest one belonging to the Zacatecas College. When the Manpiis of Valero in 1722 established a post at Bahia del Espiritu Santo, on the site of La Salle's fort, this same missionary college, by direction of the Venerable Father Margil, who had become Prefect of the missions de Prona- giinda Fide, sent Father Augustine Patron to rear a ch't])C'l and convent there for the service of the Spaniards and In- dians. This mission of Guadalupe remained tliere till 1727, when it was transferred to the llio Guadalupe,' but not be- fore two Fathers, Diego Zapata and Ignatius Hahcna, had 7). His viriues were declared heroic liy Pope (Jri'u'ory XVI., in 1836 ; utid on proof of two miracles he may be Holcmnly beatified. :j2 1 A •: H<; m !*fii & mm '?■ '- ■ m ilt"! - « ' '^'.iS V ' ?!« ■|. ■ 498 rfTJS CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Bahia became second only to San Antonio in importance, liiving a secular parish priest ; Nacogdoches, though a parish, j'cnKiiiiing under tlie care of the Franciscan Fathers,' While the Franciscans were endeavoring to convert the Indian tribes of Texas, thwarted too often by the Spanish otiicials, who were a greater obstacle than the heathenism and inconstancy of the Indians or the raids of enemies like the Apaches, little was done to colonize the territory, important as it was to the Spanisli frontier. On the 14th of February, 1720, the King of Spain ordered four hundred families to be transferred from the Canary Islands to San Antonio. Foui'- teen families arrived the tiext year, and the city of San Fer- nando was founded.' Near it was the presidio or garrison i)f San Antonio, which in time gave its name to the city also. Its ecclesiastical records date almost to its origin, tliough un- fortunately son)o pages are lacking in the venerable parisii register. A chapui was at once raised as a place of worsiiip till a proper parish church could be built. The records of the church now date back to August 31, 1731, when Bach- KAC-SIMILE OF THE SIONATrnr, Or IlEV. .lOSEPII DE I,A OARZA. flor Jose])!! do la Garza was parish priest, and by his leave Father Ignatius Augustine (Cyprian baptized a child of Span- ish parentage. The next year the church itself must have been opened, for for the first time a baptism is recorded as performed within its -walls on the 17th of July, 1732. ' Arispo, " Momoriu," Cmliz. 1^13, pp. 13-n 'AlUniim, "Parcccr" in Yoakum, upp. Morll, " Mcinoria," p. 178. m PARISH CHURCH OF SAN FERNANDO. 499 But the life of the city of San Fernando was feeble. The j)opulation fell away instead of gaining. There were twenty- two baptisms in 1733 ; fifteen the next year ; tlien twelve ; and for 1736 only eleven are recorded. Evidently some of the original settlers moved away, harassed, it is said, by the Apaches, and none came to replace them. The last entry of the lirst known parish priest of the first city of Texas is dated .1 line 7, 1 730 ; and then there is a gap of more than seven years. The few Spaniards who remained were proba- bly attended from the neighboring missions. The new town was strengthened in 1731 by the removal to its vicinity by order of the Viceroy of the Asinais mis- •sions of San Francisco, Purisima Concepcion, and San Josu, • the last often called San Juan Capistrano. Yet so little care had been taken for the subsistence of the Indians that the missionaries maintained the transferred Indians only by pro- visions tlioy solicited in Coaliuila. The mishion of San Antonio was founded on the San IV drfi. but was subsequently transferred to the Alamo, and its imnie has prevailed over that of the city subsequently founded. Under the violent and oppressive rule of Governor Fran- qni the missions suifered. Yet in 1734 the three missions on the liio Grande and four on the San Antonio reported 2,170 Ix.ptisms. They took new life again about 1740, when many of the Tacanes were gained to the missions at San An- tonio.' In 1741 another effort was made to revive the city of the holy king Saint Ferdinand. By this time fifty families of Islanders, as the emigrants from the Canaries were called, ' EspinoHji, " Clironica Apostolica," p. 400. The king nllowcd the par- isli priest $100 u year ; llic tithes won- iippli(>(l to tlic clnireh. Tiip mission of Lu Furisiiim ("oiicT|K'ion was founded JIarch 5, 1731. Father Vergara'a llrst marriage entry is July 0, 1733. ■llii! m\\ .'i, ih k ( 1 M .\ I 600 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. and some Tbscalan Indians had arrived, and we find Bachelor .lolin Francis do E8i)ronzeda beginning the year as parish priest (cura vicario) and ecclesiastical judge of the city of 8aii Fernando and the garrison of San Antonio. His baptisms in that year were twenty -two. On the ;3d of December, 1746, Bachelor Francis Manuel Polanco makes an entry that he began on that day "to ad- minister the holy sacraments in this lioyal Garrison," and with occasional aid from neighboring Franciscan friars, Bar- tholomew and Diogo Martin Garcia, he continued till August 5, 1753. Tlien Rev. Ignatius Martinez seems to have conic in as actin.'j parish jn-iest. On the l;5th of November, 1754, Bachelor John Ignatius de (\irdcnas, Binilla y Ramos, became parish priest "in com- mendam," and replaced for a time by the Licentiate Manuel de Caro y Seixas, co'itinued till tlie visitation of Bishop Te- jada. An Edict of Rt. Rev. Jolm Gomez de Parada, Bishop of Guadalajara, issued on the 24th of March, 1740, lixed the holidays of obligation as follows : All the Sundays of the year, Easter Sunday and Monday, Whitsunday, Ascension, Corpus Christi; Circumcision, Epiphany, Purification, An- nunciation, Nativity of St. Jolm the Baptist, St. Peter and St. Paul, St. James, Assumption, Nativity of the Blessed Virgin, .\11 Saints, Conception, Christmas, and St. Stei)lien.' Meanwhile Father !\raria Ano Francis de los Dolores had penetrated to a valley between the San Xavier and Animus. where he found a large town made up of Bidays and otiier tribes, to whom he announced the Gospel. Tiiey heard it willingly, and sent subsequently to San Antonio to solicit mis.sionaries. The authorities spent a year in discussing the ' no.!,nat(r of the Church of Ht. Fcrnautlo, San Antonio. DEATH OF FATHER GANZABAL. 601 (question of the uew foundation ; but meanwhile Father Maria Ano began his labors. At last, on the 1st of February, 1747, the Viceroy Kevillagigedo ordered the establishment of tlie missions of San Francisco Xavier de Orcasitas, Nuestra Senora de Candelaria, and San Ildefonso. When the legal authorization came, the President of the Mission, Father Ben- edict Fernandez do Santa Aim, went up and founded the mission of San Ildefonso, and laid plans for that of Cande- laria, which was soon begun. These missions prospered for a FACSIMILE OF THE SIGNATURE OF FATHEU OANZABAIi. time and gave great hopes ; but the arbitrary and cruel con- duct of the officer stationed at the neighboring presidio or military ])Ost drove tlie Indians from the missions. That of San Ildefonso was completely deserted by the Cocos in 1749. Fatlier Benedict Fernandez de Santa Ana followed the tribe and induced them to settle at Candelaria. Fatlier Mariano Anda and Joseph Pinella continued their labors at San Xavier amid constant oppression, but they with Fatlier Manuel Mariano wore at last compelled to leave. Father Parrilla re- maining alone at that, mission. In 1752 Father Joseph W i i "ii " '5-1 im i (.1. I 11 ■ vt-syj^^^H • \ . B 502 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. P'rancis Ganzubal, missionary of San Ildcfonso, wont on Aa- c'onsion Day, JSfay 11, to pass tlie festival with his follow re- ligious at (^andolaria. At i\ip;htfall throo Fatliors wero in the littlo room at tlio mis;;io': anisl!()p cniitiiiued then; merely till the next conference of the clergy, wiien he was to appear personally, .'videm'y regarding him as one ignorant or careless of his duties. The liev. Mr. Car- y the Bisliop. but by Vis- itors of tlic Frunciscan order. Tliere wer(> such in Texas in .Funo, 174"i, Juno, 1750, April, nHQ. Rci;istt'ra of the missions of Suu A.ntonio Vu lero and Im I'urisiina Concepeion. 1 b\ .ft:' ' it » 'i «- U' -5 ms THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. liiihiii. Adayes was a place of some iniportimcc with forty liouses, and a cliiuvli attended by tbe Franeiscan Father at- tiiehed to the Indian mission. It was maintained a«ii fronUer post and town, hut deeliiied after Spain a('i|uired Louisiaim, :uid was suppresswl in 1 772.' In ilanuary, 17(11, Fathers Diej^o Ximenez and .loacliim Hafios renewed tiie almost hopeless attempt to eonvert the Apaehes. On the hanks of the liio San .lose they fouiidcd the mission of San Lorenzo, wliieh they maintained for i'iijht years, ha|)tiziii;j; in dan<>;er of death eijjjhty pirsoiis as the residt of ail tlu'ir toil. It was found almost impo>sii)li' to induce these I.ipan Ajiaehes to remain at the mission, iiud settle down to eultivate the soil or learn trades. Tlic missionaries indeed gained their good-will, so that San Lo rcnzo was regarded as their reserve by about three thousand, four hnndri'd re mainin;; aetuallv at " ^"iZi^ j]„, nii(^^i,,ii with some degree of VKV SlMIl.I-; OK TlIK HKlNATrnK OF KATirKU i)i>fi|ijii|,.|j(.i. |{nt nililO XIMl.NKZ. ' . ' . from tune to time they would insist on going to tbe bison plains, or forming war parties against tbe ('0 ; Eflpiritu Sauto, 028. FATHER GARCIA AND HIS WORK. 50» the missioniiry when any adults were sick, and on setting off to hunt, l)rouglit tlieir wives and children to the niis- Bionaries for protection.' Z^^ ::^^^^^^ /'^^ ^ Father Bar- tholomew CJar- ciaand iloscph G u a (1 a 1 u p o Pratlo were veteran niis- FAC-8IM1LE OF TUE SIONATUUE OK FATIIEK OAIUJIA. sionarics in Texas ahout this time. The former puhlished a manual to aid his feUow-missioiiarieH of the college of Queretaro in a(hniiiisterinf>: the sacraments to tlie Indians on tlie San Antonio and Rio (iriiiuk'. It gives some idea of the number of tribes which even then were attended by tiie missionaries.' The mission of San .lose Wiis the centre of the Texas mis- Bions and residence oi" the IVesident or Superior, and in time a fine duuvh was erected here, and nearly as elc-^ant btrue- tures at San Francisw) de hi Espada and La I'urisima ( 'on- ce pcion. Soon after the year 17('.:? the college of Queretaro with- drew from Texas, leaving that held to the colli gis of Zaca- tecas and (hridalajara.* I Letter nf V. Xiineiiez, Sun T,ni-en/,c), .Tiimiiiry 2t, tTf.:!, in Arrieivila, ••(■r..nie;i Sen.liea y Ai-osluli.^u," pi.. :iH(l-',) ; also :!!)();!. The inUsi.ni ami prenidio were H\ippresH(;il in 1707. ' lli'iiuine^ the Paliliitet, ()r<'.|ones I'aeiios. I'^icoas, Telijiiyas, Alasa- pas, I»ausMii(N, I'Meimclies, I'aniin'.ims, TaeanieM, CI.Myoptues, Venadon, l»amu^' 11 i CHAPTER III. THE CnUKCn IX NEW MEXICO, 1(592-1703. I'oit a period in the liitfcr i)art of the scvoiitociith contuvv all evidence of Catholicity had been swept from the soil of New Mexico, and the expeditions undertaken by S^jaiu U) recover that province, had been merely incurftions. To sucii an extent, however, had the revolted tribes by civil war, and the hostility of the Ai)aches, been .need in nniiibers and f^pirit that every one of the pueblo nations snbiiiitted at last without strikinnr a blow to Vargas and a handfnl of Sjxiniards. Diojro do Var-ijas Zapata Lnxan Ponce do Leon was ap- pointed (iovernor of New Mexico in ^^\'^2, mid prepand to take possession of the jirovince. The whole force he had l-cen able to jjather auK.unted to lifty-four Spaniards and one hundred friendly Indians. On the Uith of AniriiKt the van left EI Paso, and Vargas after awaiting in vain for a dc- tachineiit of fifty men promised from Parral joined InV vaii and entercil New Mexico, his little force being attended as «'iaplains by Father Francis {\)rvera, President of the Mi.s- ^ion, Fathers Michael .Mnfiiz and ("hristoplu.r Alplionsus Marroso. Establishing a camp for his sni'.plics, at a mined estate, where he left fourteen Spaniards and llfty Indians, he pushi-d on through an utterly denerted country by way of the ruined tt.wns c.f Cochiti and Santo Domingo to Santa Fe. ram})ing at night by a mined chapel, the little force the next morning (.Mpt. l.'Uh) heard mass, and r ivcl abso- lution bt'fore moving upon the city. There the Tanos of (MO) .*■>*# NEW MEXICO MISSIONS RESTORED. 611 Galisteo bad planted a new town. Vargas cut off the water supply, and prepared to besiege Santa Fe. Trooj^s of In- dians appeared on the hills to relieve the town, but Vargas drove these off, and before night the city surrendered. On the 14th, the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, Vargas with Father Corvera and six soldiers entered. The Indians, who bad been told that the main object of the exi)e dition was to restore them to the Catholic faith, had already erected a largo cross In the plaza. There Vargas announced that King Charles II. had sent him to pardon the Tn(;w Mtixico Indians for their apostasy, the sacrilcgit)us numler of the missionaries, the profanation of the churches and sa- cred things, and the massacre of the Spaniards, if they would return to tlie bosom of holy Mother Clmrch, which like a fond mother implored them to return, and then renew their allegiance to the Spanish crown. T\> this tlie Tanos agreed, the standard of Spain was Hung to tho breeze, amid the vivas of the assembly, and while all knelt around tho cross Father Corvera intoned the Te Deum. The next day mass was solcnuily offered in tho plaza, the President of the mission inadtCthe Indians a touch- in;; exliort ition, and absolved them from llieir apostasv. Then tho children born during the revolt were brought lo the mir^ionaries and baptized, to the munber of 009. Sodu after this the detachment from I'arral arrived, a?ul Luis Tupatn, wlio upon the death of Popi' and Catiti had been recognized as chief by one jnu'^ion of the insurgents, came in and submitted. lie was rca. Before the close of December, N'argas re-ciitc reil El Paso, having restored the Spanish influence in the province, by a singular dis[)!ay of i)rndi'nci', judgment, and courage.' With all this aj)parent success the (Jovernor of New Mexico felt that the moral influence nccpiircd would s(jou be lust iiidcNS the proviiu-e was actually reoccupied. The Vice- roy professed great earnestness in the matter, but the year I»!!);{ was ra[>idly ])assing, and no eflVctual stc|)s were taken. Vargas then collcc ted all the old inhabitants of New Mexico, and other settlers whom he could influence, and set out from El Paso on the l;!th of October, with seventy families, and many single persons, in all S(H» souls. TIkw were accnm- panied by Father Salvad(»r of San Antonio as Custos, who went to restore the nussions with Fathers .John de Zavaleta, Francis ('asanas de Jesus "Maria, .lohii de Alpueute, .lohii Muui"/. de ("astro, John Da/.a, Joseph Diez, .\nthony Car- ' [.cliris iif V'lirfrus to the Viceroy, Oct. in, lW)'i. Niirniiivi' of Kx- Iiidiliim, " Ddcumciitos pnrii la lli^lori.i de Mexico," III., i.. pp. P.M»-l:fT; Si<_' |;i Kccii- pcrMtiiifi (Ic las |)roviiiciiiH dd Niirvo Mexico," Kiltl! ■(. I.elter of F. Sil- veHlrc V'ele/. tic Ivscaliintc lo V. .Morll, Suiila Fe, Apl. 'J, 1778. 'it \; I, ' n MiM • I- » r)i4 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. l)()nel, Francis Corvora, Jei'oine Prioto, Joliii Anthony del Corral. Antliony Valionionde, Antlionv do Obroj^on, Dom- inic of Jcsns ^fary, Iioiiavcnture do C'ontreras, Joseph Nar- vaez JJalvi'nIc, and Diogo Zcirios. Escorted by soldiers from El Pas(( and other posts, Vargas advanced lo the vicinity of Socorro, where leaving his heavier baggage and slower-mov- ing settlers lie pnslied on. The (^iiei'es at San Felipe, Santa Ana, and Cia, renewed their snlimission to him, bnt other tribes at (^)nce began to plot against the S2)aniards, though they professc of Xew i^fexico. As the city and government buildings were still cccu])ied by the Tanos, Vargas i'ncam|)ed on the side of Mount Te- zuijue. He had been warned of a conspiracy of tribes to attack him on the way, or in Santa Fe. Ilis movements hitherto had diMMiiicerted their plans. Tli(> parish church in Santa l'\' had disaj/peared, the walls of thiit of San Miguel de los Tla-^caltecus were still standing, ami the church was ca])a- ble of restoration. After examining it witli .\iithony IJolsas, chief of tlie Taiios in Santa Fe. N'aigas orderiMl the Indians to ])rocee(l to repair ami restore it. to serve as the church for white ami Indian till spring, promising that his people should join ill the Mork. I!<^lsas evaded the order iimU-r the pretext that the snows uere too lieavy in the mountains to cut tim- bers for rooting the church, but he olTered for use a- a ch:i|iel one of the Indian estiifas erected and used for their idola- If- fi DANGERS DISREGARDED. 515 trous rites. This tlio missionaries declined, believing, and not without some ground, tliat the Indians made the offer only in ho[)o of secretly carrying on their heathen worship in the estufa while pi'etendiiip; to take ])art in the Catholic service.' Several of the i)uel)los began to ask for resident mis- sionaries, and Yargas seeing that the towns readily fur- nished Indian corn for his use, was inclined to accede to their request, and Fathers were actually named for Santa Fe, Tezuque, Nambc, San Ildefonso, San .luan, San La;;aro, Ficurlos, Taos, Jemes, Cia, Pecos, and Cochiti. Tli(> mis- sionaries, however, who had all been mingling with the In- dians, and ende.. oiing to win their contideiice. had learned that the object of the Indians was to get the missionaries into their power so as to nuissacre tlKMn when they rose on the Spaniards. Ye, governor of Pecos, whose timely warning had saved mary in I (ISO, had now given them distinct infor- mation of the ])lot. Vargas had ])romi.H'd Bishop Montene- gi'o not to e.\])ose the lives of the missionaries rashlv, and on the ISth of December, the Franciscan Fathers in a formal act laid the matter before him representing the danger of attempt- ing missions at once.' Vargas replied, accusing them of "feigned obedience and envy," and tauntingly offered to ' This secret idiilalry, <'Mllrfi hy Si):iMisli writers Nnu:iiMlisiii, \vi\- cdii- (liicteil with the iitiiiosi (•iiiiiiiiiir. The ili .( A" , 1 < ij ■i." M ,5 .i , nio THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. i: 1 1 1- [ 1 M| M P m i 1 lUk^s^B ^^iT \s BI~-£h i I^Ksi-BW] K 'i '. • i 1 1 1 escort them in safety to the central mission stations assigned to each.' Meanwliile tlie Tanos fallowed no disposition to return to their old puohio at Galisteo, and the settlers in the Spanisli camp were sutferiiig severely, mniiy children dying. On the 28th the Tanos openly declared war, closed the gate of the town, defying the Spaniards from the walls, shouting out that tlie Devil was more powerful than God and Mary, " All our friends are coming, and Ave will kill all the Spaniards and not let one es<'ape. The Fathers shall he our servants for a time. We will make them carry wood, and hring it down from the mountain ; and when they have served us we will kill them all, as wo did when we drove the Spaniards out hefore.'' Vargas saw that his confidence had heen overweening and that prompt action was required, lie prepared to storm the town. Father Zeinos said mass and exhorted the troojts. Then I)earing aloft the hanner of Onr Lady of Refuge, and chanting the Praise of the Hlessed Sacrament, the Spam'sh soldiers rushed to the assault, lender a shower of stones and arrows they carried a tower hy scaling it, and set fire to the great door of the town. An I'titrance to some Iwtuses was gaineredecessor, and carried them reverently to Santa Fr, where they were placed in a box of cedar, covered with damask and fine linen, and on the 11th of August, after a solemn service in presence of all 1 ' 1, ■'iN| K h IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V /. {./ O ^j % ij.^ LO itt 9^ 22 S 1^ 1 2.0 •- I.I 1.8 1.6 1.25 1.4 Lll _ ^ ^- w %;^ (5^ /a A j» /I c? / Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STREfT WIBSTER.NY USBO (7>6) t72-4J03 4is .rf" ^- 618 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. h the people, tliey wore deposited on tlie gospel side of the chapel which served temporarily as the i)ari8h elunrh.' The Jeines at this time asirisoner8, and these, after the tribo had shown \U good-will by co-ojjeration iii the field, were re- leased by the (Governor. Then the Tehnas and Tanos who ha. He undoul)te(lly believed the ])resence of the Franciscan I''athers the best means of n'akiiiir the submission of the Indians sincere and la.-ting. The mis- sionaries were less sanguine; vet tliev remained cheerfullv to exercise the ministry, though conscious that the Indians had not laid aside their hostile feelings, anntux parii In Illotorln do Mexico," III., t., pp. 14U-1«1. PROGRESS OF MISSIONS. 519 mission of Our Lady of Portiuncula lit Pecos, where tlio peo pie had already built him a house, and were roofing a tem- porary chapel. Father Anthony Carbonel was placed at San Felipe and Father .John Alpuente at Cia. The Queres of Santo Domingo submitted, and were absolved by their mis- sionary, Father Francis of Jesus, for whom they had i)re- pared a convenient residence. Having thus restored the missionaries to the most import- ant points in the territory. Father Salvador proceeded to El Paso, wliere he resigned his office and was succeeded as cus- tos of the mission l)y Fatlier Francis A'argas, who had arrived with four other prie>d and reported that a new revolt was brewing. Viugas charged them with pnsil- ,^ H "i 630 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. lauimity, and the Franciscans silently submitted. Yet in March, 1G90, Father Vargas, the custos, represented to the Governor the evident danger of the missionaries, who were alone and unj^roteeted, and who would certainly be the first victims, as the Governor could not in case of outbreak send a force to rescue them all. lie asked a small body of soldiers at each mission, but the Governor professed his inability to send them. When further representations of danger were made to him, Vargas said that any missionary who felt ho was in danger might come to Santa Fe, if he chose. A few did so, but as Vargas in writing to the Governor and Bishoj) accused them of cowardice, and said that their withdrawal and removal of vestments and church plate would excite sus- ])icion and cause the very danger they feared, the missionaries returned to their posts, offering their lives a sacrifice to God. The result was not long delayed. On th 4^th of .Tune, 1*11>0, the Picuries, Taos, Tehuas, Tanos, Queres, and Jemes rose in rebellion. Their first act was to profane the churches and sacred vessels and ol)jects, their next to butcher the mis- sidiiaries. At San Cristobal the Tanos killed Father Joseph de Arliizn and Father Anthony Carbonol, missionaries of Taos. Father Francis Corvera and Father Anthony Moi-eno, missionaries at Nand)e, were shut up in a cell in San Ilde- fonso by the Tehuas, who closed every window and opening, then set fire to the convent and church, leaving the religious to die, suffocated I ty the heat and smoke. The holy Father Casafias was lured out of Jemes, under the ])retext that a dying man wislied a priest to hear his confession. Then the M-ar-chief of the pueblo and the inter])reter killed him with their macaiias or clubs, the holy niissit)nary repeating the names of Jesus and Mary till he expired. IJesides the missionaries, isolated Spaniards were every- where cut down. -ni .! MISSIONARIES PUT TO DEATH. 521 Yargas at last saw that the conspiracy had long been formed, and embraced all but four or live jDueblos. Ouce more he took the field, and a long war was maintained by him and his successor Cubero. During this period all the peaceful efforts of the missionaries were paralyzed.' After the reduction of the revolted pueblos, the missions were restored, and for some years the Franciscans contiimed their laliors undisturbed, the increasing number of Spanish settlers giving them an overpowering strength which held the Indians in check. In 1700 Father John de Garaicoechea won the Zunis, and induced them to leave the rocky fortress and return to their old pueblo in the fertile plain, and the same year Fa- ther Anthcffiy Miranda, a religious of singular virtue and zeal, obtained similar success at Acoma, and established a chapel at Laguna, which he visited regularly. To protect these apostolic men the Governor sent a small detachment of soldiers, but as frequently happened these men were moi-e a detriment than a benefit to the missions, creating ill-will and setting an example of vice. Fiitlier John in vain solic- ited thrir removal, but on Sun iiiy, IVbirch 4, 1703, while he was chanting the versicle in praise of the Blessed Sacrament after mass, the Indians killed one Spaniard in the choir, and two more at *he door of the church in Zuni. The interpre- ter and some others saved the missionary, and an Indian woman hurried him to her house, where she concealed him for three days in a chest. When all had become (|uiet in the pueblo he reap])eared, and was received with joy by his flock, the great part of which were ignorant of the plot wliicli was the work of seven men. (rovernor (^ubero sent troojis to Znni, who conveyed Father Garaicoechea most unwillingly ' "Documentos para la Ilistoria de Mexico," III., i., pp. 101-177. il ' ■ *- ^ ■iti 1 1 1 'i 9. ' Hi ^1 4 m - C)22 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. to Santa Fe', for lie deeiued his proseiice more et^sential than ever at Zuui to niaintaiu the faithful in their religion. He was not able to return till 1705, when he was well received, and resumed his missionary duties ; but Zuni was soon added to the already onerous duties of Father Miranda.' In 1 TOG the city of San Francisco de Albunperque was founded, the name being subsequently changed to San Felipe. It began with thirty-Uve Spanish fanulies, and steps were taken at the outset to meet their religious wants, a chiu'ch being erected, which the king supplied with the re(]uisite vestments, plate, and other articles required in the services of the altar. The temporary chapel erected by Governor Vargas on re- capturing Santa Fc, had served as a parish church till this time, but was in a wretched condition, and far too small for tlie increasing number of the people and the garrison. The Manpiis de la Penuela y Almirante, who was Governor of Xew Mexico in 1708. proposed to the \''iceroy of Xew Spain to erect a suital)le pirish church at his own expense, if he was permitted to employ the Indians of the neighboring towns. This was permitted, but the Viceroy made it a con- dition that the workmen were to be i)aid, and that they should not be re. irn;t. In iro; Fattier Fnineis de Ini/.dmi appears as iiiissinmiry at Alona or Ztini ; and in ITIJt Father Curios Del- gado, a young uiid zealous niissionary, at Acorna and Lajruiia. EPISCOPAL VISITATIONS. 523 lec'ted the Tebuas, wlio were scattered in difSerent pueblos, aud even among the Apaches, and revived their old nn'ssiou at Isleta, obtiining all needed vestments and plate for the chapel, lie also made a careful visitation of all the missions, accompanied by a secular priest. lie supj)ressed many abuses, superstitions, and heathen observances among the converted Indians, especially scalp-dan.ces and the estufas.' The civil authorities took up the matter, and rigorous means were taken to suppress the estufas, which were oi-igin- ally vapor baths, but became the secret scene of heathen rites, and plots against the Christian religion and the whites, fomented by the medicine-men, From tune to time active governors aided by the missionaries would make the attempt to eradicate this secret idolatry, but after a while vigilance would relax, and the old heathenism would revive. Xew Mexico upon its settlement was for a brief term in- cluded in the diocese of Guadalajara, but when the see of Durango, or Guadiana, was erected 1)y Po])e Paul V., on the 11th of October, 1020, it was included in the limits of the new diocese. The Kt, Rev. Benedict Crespo took posses- sion of the see on tlie 22d of ;March. 172.'3. A bislio]) of energy and devotion to dutyjie made three visitations of liis extensive diocese during the eleven years that he filled the fise, and during the second visitation he penetrated to Xew Mexico, and Avas the first bishop who had strength and courage to overcome all the difficulties in his way. llis ]iresencc encouraged the missionaries and strengthened the faith of all, Ilis successor, Rt. "Rev. iVfartin de Elizacochca, who be- came Bishop of Durango in 173('.. followed the example of Bishop Crespo. He made a visitation of Xew Mexico, and "Documcntos pnni In Historia de Mexico," III., i., pp. 102, 196-7. i 524 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. a record of his visit is graven on Inscription Rock near the Rio Zufii. " On the 28th clay of September, 1Y37, the most Illustrious Dr. Don Martin de Elizaeochea, Bishop of Du- rango, arrived here, and the 29th he proceeded to Zuni." ' In 1T33 missions were begun among the Jicarilla Apaches near Taos, by the Father Gustos John Ortes de Velasco, Imt the Governor broke them up, as the mission diminished the fur trade. In 1742 Father John Menchero attempted to re- store religion among the Moquis and Navajos. The next year Fathers Delgado and Pino settled four hundred and forty-one souls from Moqui, in the mission of San Agus- tin de la Isleta, although the Governor refused to encourage the Franciscans. Attempts Avere also made to win the Navajos.' Then the notices of the state of religion in New Mexico became few and vague. In 1748 the churches are reported as in good condition, and comparing favorably with those of Euroi)e. Missionaries officiated in suitable churches at Santa Cruz, Pecos, Galistco, El Paso, San Lorenzo, Socorro, Zia, Caii- deleras, Taos, Santa Ana, San Agustin de Isleta, Tezuque, Nambe, San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, San Juan do los Cahal- leros, Picuries, Cochiti, Jemes, Laguna, Acoma, and Guada- lupe.' ' " Coiicilios Provincialps Primcro y Segmulo ceU-hnulos en la . . . ciiidiKl (le Mexico," Mexico, 17(i9, pp. 873-4. Gains, "Series Eiiiscopo- rum." \\ 149. lU. Hev. T'eter Tiininron, Hisliop of Dnriuifro. 1Tr-T-lT!).'?, Though something was done in 1T0-1-, and some churches were rebuilt in Sonora, the movement does not appear to have reached Arizonn. Undeterred by his reverses. Father Kiihn founded the mission of Santa Maria Soamca, or St. ^lary Immacnlate, and restored those at Guevavi and San Xavier del Bac. He DEATH OF FATHER KUHN. 629 induced the Indians to settle around missions and stations whore he erected adobe chnrchos and houses, lie encoura continue their labors till 1720. Nnie missionaries sent in that year found mu 3h to be done. Churches had fallen to decay ; little trace of former teaching could be discerned in the Indians, who had relapsed into their old pagan ways. In 1727 the Rt. Rev. Benedict Crespo, Bishop of Durango, visited this portion of his dioc"se. He was pained to see that the missions had not been sustained, and that so many In- dians were left without instruction. He resolved to make an appeal to the King of Spain. Philip V. ordered three cen- tral missions to l)e established at the royal expense. In 1731, to the joy of the Bishop, three Jesuit Fathers were sent — Fa- ther Ignatius Xavier Keler, Father John Baptist GrasholTer, who took up his residence at Guevavi, and Father Philip Segesser, who revived the mission at San Xavier del Bac. Of the last two, one soon died, and another was prostrated by sickness, but Father Ignatius Keler became the leader of the new missions in that district, taking possession of Santa Maria Soamca April 20, 1732. The pious Marquis of Villapuente, ' Letter of FF. Bernal, Kino, etc., Dec. 4, 1697. "Documentos para la Historia de Mexico," III., i., pp. 804-7. 34 ;^ h I ri3o THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. wlio died in February, 1739, left funds to found two otliei' missions ' San Xavierdel Bae was the largest mission, surrounded l>y Soliaipuris, Papagos, and Pimas, with tlie ])residio of Tucson not far oil, which the Jesuits also attended, no secular priest accepting the dangerous ministry. (iuevavi had as stations Sonoitac, Calabazas, Tuniacacori, and Aribaca, with a presidio or military station at Tubac. These central missions and many of the stations visited from them had neat adobe churches, supplied with becoming vestments and altar service of silver; several of them had organs, obtained by the missionaries to gratify the Indian love of music. At each of these churches and chapels the children recited an abridgment of the Christian Doctrine every day in their own language and also in Spanish, while oM and vounir did so on Sundavs and holidavs after ma^s. at which an instruction had been given. During Lent there were regular courses of sermons. Vet so dull were the minds of these Indians, that an old Sonora missionary once declared that there were no Christians in the world who recited the Christian Doctrine more con- stantly, or who really knew it less than these Indians. On Saturday the llosary and Litany of the Blessed Virgin were recited. In 1744 Father Keler reported that he had baptized nior(> than two tliinisand. and hail a Christian tlock of one thousand brave, industrious I'inias, who had well-tilled lields with herds and llocks. Father Keler extended his mission labors at the peril of his life to the Ciila and beyoml it. In 1742 the moving camp of San Felipe de Jesus, e,-»tab- .■i^--t ' " Apostolicos Afiiiips," pp. ;U0-3. I'fifTcrkorn. " Hcschnibuiig (1< i Landschiift Soiiora," p. !W7. DEATH OF FF. TELLO AND RUHEN. 531 lished to protect the niissions, was fixed permanently at Te- renate, to be a bulwark against the Apaches, and that presidio or garrison fell under the care of the Jesuit missionaries ; but of so little avail was it, that on the Kith of February, IT-iO, the Apaches attacked Cocospera, one of the dependent mis- sions, and burned the church. Father Keler was succeeded in time by Father Diego Joseph Barrera. In 1750 Father Keler was still at Soamca, Father Joseph Garrucho at (lUevavi, and Father Francisco Paver at San Xavier del IJac. The next year the Pimas rose and destroyed several missions, killing two missionaries. Fathers Tello and Ruben, in Honora. They also destroyed Aribaca, killing many of the Catholic Indians there. Father Iveler opposing the injustice of an official was mis- represented, and for a time was compelled to leave liis mis- sion, but his services were too much needed, and he was soon permitted to return. Soon after this tragedy we find Father Harrera at Santa IVIaria Soamca, Father Ildefonso Fspinusa at San Xavier, atid Father Ignatius Pfefferkorn at Guevavi.' But they be- held the Indians of their missions decreasing, many, from f ur of the Ai)aches or «»ther enemies, leaving their towns to seek refuge in the woods.' About this time Father Sedelmayr, at the instance of the Spanish (Tovernnient, was evangelizing the tribes on the (iila, erecting seven or eight churches in the villages of the I'a|)agos. among whom the (rerman Father iJernanl Middi-n- dort' also labored, and Father Iveler was endeavoring to reach the Mocpiis, who were willing to receive mis.«ionaries of any kind but Franciscans.' ' " Itutlo Ensnyo," pp. 148-152. ••' Doc. parii la Hist, do Mexico," HI., i., pp. «H(t-7. " " Noliciiin (Ic la I'iincriu del uno dc 1 1W." I-cIIit of Sclcliimvr. llJS^il i"i' !:■., V i ij m 682 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. ft While the Fathers were thus employed, the terrible order came from the King of Spain, under which every member of the Society of Jesus was seized at his mission as a criminal, and hurried off to a prison-ship. Father Barrera was the last at Santa Maria Soamca; Custodius Ximeno, an Arra- gonese, at Guevavi ; Father Anthony Castro, an Andalusian, at San Xavier del Bac. Father Pfefferkorn, a native of Manheim in Germany, who has left us a most interesting account of the Sonora mission, had been transferred to Cu- curpe in 1757.' Up to 1703 no considerable Spanish town had grown up in Arizona, and though the fertility of the soil and the rich mineral wealth attracted settlers, the tierce and constant in- roads of the Apaches made life insecure, and caused many places to be abandoned. By the summary act of the Spanish monarch eveiy church in Arizona was closed, and the Christian Indians were de- prived of priests to direct them. In the vast portion of our territory which had been subject to the ('atholic kings, the state of religion about llCtH was not one to inspire any sanguine hopes, Florida had I)eoti ceded to Protestant England, and religion was menaced there with utter extinction — the Indian missions had la'cn almost annihilated ; in Texas progress was slow, the Indian nn'ssions grouped aronn<' a few Spanish settlen>ents ; New Mexi('() seemed to need a hical bishop to reanimate the faith of tlie j>eople ; Arizona was deprived of its clergy. 'Pfefferkorn, i., p. a35. BOOK VI. THE CHURCH IN FRENCH TERRITORY. CHAPTER I. THE CHURCH IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, 1090-1763. Bishop St. Vallier, of Quebec, was of a family that liad seen several members honored with the niitre in France, and was full of the spirit of the episcopate of tliat country. With none of that charm of personal sanctity which enabled Bishop Laval to accomplish so much good, Bishop St. Vallier sought to bring everything in his vast diocese into strict regularity by precise rules and regulations, and suffered no infringement FAC-8IMII.E OF TIIK WKINATUHK OK 1118110? HAINT VAM,IER. on what he regarded as the rights of his see. His administra- tiim was a succession of personal trials and troubles, arising from the protests made by him or against him. Tlie dilhcul- ties became such that the king insisted on his resignation of the Sco of (Quebec, and the Bishop's attempted return to Canada was prevented by his capture at sea and a long cap- tivity in England, wlicre he was detained as a hostage for the surrender of the Provost of Liege. Many of his general and particular acts affected the Church (688) 634 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. in the Mississippi Valley and elsewhere witliin the present limits of the Republic. lie prepared and published a catechism and ritual for his diocese, and in 1690 he held a diocesan synod, in which seven statutes were adopted, the most important prohibiting the celebration of mass or the conferring of baptism in private houses in any place where there Wiis a church, and in places where there was yet no chiu'ch mass was not to be said in any house but one selected for the purpose and approved by the Bishop. The attendance of the faithful at mass on Sun- days and holidays was to be rigorously maintained. In a second synod held at Montreal, March 3, 1094, seven otiier statutes were adopted, chieHy instructions to confessors. The statutes adopted in the third synod held at Quebec, Feb- ruary 23, lOltS, were twenty-nine in number.' Among other points they directed exclusion from conununion of those who refused to pay tithes ; insisted on regular catechetical instruc- tions, the proper registration of l)aptisni8, marriages, and in- terments, and the suitable adornment of churches. They also regulated " Blessed Bread," censured the abuse of many in leaving the church during sermon, urged the establishment of the Sisters of the Congregation in all parishes to direct tiie schools, and exhorted the faithfid to liberality in almsgiving.' We have seen that he protested agfunst the dismemi)er- iiient of his diocese by the erection of Vicariatcs-Aposfolic in tlie Mi.ssissippi Valley, and this was apparently i)rior to his ' " Sliiluts publit's (liiiis If premier Synode tenu Ic 9' Noveinhrc, KilKt. " ArchivL's (ie (iiiclirc, A., p. 'M't. * "Statuls II. Synod." II)., A., p. 522 ; " III. Synod," A., p. ftHH. II.' iAHticd p!i.Mti>nilH in Mlit'J, KilM, mid 1(11).*). iinnounrinu' .Inliii('<'.>( prix'l.'iiiucd by till' Sovcrciicii Ponliir. Hisliop St. VullitT'.'i Slalulcs rcniaini'd in fdfcc in h11 purtH of our territory ciiNl of the Missjs.^tippi, ('iiiliniccd m l!i>' dio('(>«o of Qiiclicc down to the crcrtion of the sen of Hidliniori', ami liic riH'o^tiitiun of the aiUlijrily of the Hishop of Santiago in the WeHt. FATHER QRAVIER, VICAR-GENERAL. 535 consecration as Bishop in 1688. Over the missions in the remote parts of the diocese he seems to have watched with great care. lu the Illinois Father James Gravier succeeded the veteran Allouoz about 1G89, and in December of the following year Eisliop St. Vallier appointed hiin his Vicar-Genoral. The preamble of tliis document says : " Having recognized since we took possession of this see, that the Fathers of the Society of .fesus, who are engaged in the conversion of the Indians of this country, devote themselves thereto with all care, and take all })ain.s that we can desire, without sparing their labors or even their life, and in particular as we know that for the last twenty years they have labored on the mission of the Illinois whom they first discovered, to whom Father Mar- tjuette of the same Society published the faith iti the year K172. atid subsiMjiiently died in this glorious task which had been confided to him by our predecessor, and that after the death of Father ManpKitte, we committed it to Father Al- louez, also a Jesuit, who after laboring there for several years ended his life, exiiausted by the great hardships which he underwent in the instruction and conversion of the Islinois, Miamis, and other nations, ami finally as we have given the care of this mission of the Islinois and other surrounding nations to Father Gravier of the same Society, who has em- ployed himself therein with great benediction bestowed by (iod on his labors, for this cause we confirm and ratify what we have done, and anew confide the missions of the Islinois and surrounding nations, as well as those of the Miamis, Sious, and others in the Ottawa country, and towards the West to the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, and give the Superiors of the said missions all the authority of our Vicars- General," etc' ' " Arcliives do rArchevPclu' do Qiubco." Hegistrc, A., p. 502. 'M m I V T i ;':■ }| H ^"i > 5 II Fit W 686 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. 1 The Miami missiou on St. Joseph's River, also prospered. Governor Denouville had granted to the missionaries of the Society of Jesus a concession of twenty arpents along the river, by twenty arpents in depth, at such spot as they should deem most suitable to erect a chapel and house." Father de Carheil was at the church at Miehihnvackinac, and the aged Father Heary Nouvel at Green Bay. Around these posts French were gathering slowly, and in Illinois several had set- tled down, taking wives among the converted Indians. During Gravier's absence an old convert summoned the Catholic Indians morning and evening to prayers. Toward the end of April the missionary blessed a new chapel which he had erected outside of the French fort " for the greater convenience of the Indians, and erected a tall cross. The Peoria tribe, which he also visited, were less fervent, for the chief, Assapita, who was a medicine-man, used all his influ- ence to thwart the missionary, Gravier planned missions to the Cahokia and Tamarois bands of Illinois, which he sul)8e- qiiently carried out,' as well as to the Osages and Missouris, tribes who kept up a friendly intercourse with the Illinois, and sent ambassadors, whom Father Gravier welcomed. The French at the post, whose lives drew down the reproof of the missionary, prejudiced the Indians against him ; Michael Ako, the ohl comrade of Father Hennepin, who sought to marry Aramipinchicwe, the daughter of the Katkaskia chief, Kouensac, her parents compelling her most unwillingly to become his wife, especially labored to diminish the influence ' Ornvier, " Lcttre en forme do .lournal tie In Mission de I'lnnniiouli'i' Cone(>i)ti()n de N. 1). awx Illinois, 15 Fevricr, 1094 "; Margry, " Ktulilissc- niciiU et IX'coiuerto," v., p. 35. ' This was evidently Fort. Peoria ; see St. Cosme in " Relation de la Mission du .Mississipiii," p. 26. ' " Relation de la Mission du Mississippi," p. 35. JN 3APTIST . .. ■ROIXrr 'tVALIFR. of Father < ■( i . 'irged auioiKl '. tlic' faith, ; iitto«t(:Ht liii ;':>li>!n !,: ,,,,1 t> iii'iiari?'. t;..> th.- n>sif5ts'..iuu'ios u ;. ■• j. • iitto«teu liifi pro'>;re^s in civiH?.:'f:Mn :nu:i f'hristirv (rravii.T iKiapting himself h ■ liip'tigh tin- town, giving li' tlic well-dispost^tl lieiithen t« pi that he iiiight withoiif olTc-'' foiiiKl amiss. I'x ^i■ !»11 ol «• ed regularly, :^i<•knes.s provail(«l, ■ watcii t" instruct adults and bapt hraiis!u> lietween 3I'i''' '' ■'"• i*^''"'' ' i. '- -vd two Imndrtxl and six. ill Ki'.t'i hf t^'a« ioiuf'd by Fatht I 537 !itt»daJI, iloiuiiiitlg tu . ' ii»rac.efl '1' \^- ir<1 !ii>'>arr ■, ,1,1: .' :tt Kaskap.kia d to Movitreui, and ftul>HOff '•■ distant uiifesionH. and i'":?' iiM ■, III i mission of tlu! An wli.Ti' "^'-i r.' u'orn t^ro viliagc- |>, ■ .. oi itMi" oi I. aiuv ; . abaiiauu )n- nu>slon, until th<; .;..■. id.iod him i- ' "fif Tii- C'-pH Iv l!:<-r (rravi: ■liui M:i If ■ ft 5 t ■ ifiit ' U! .Ml- IP! ILLINOIS MISSIONS. 537 of Father Gravier, till, touched by conscience, he recanted all, and urged the chief to become a Christian, proniising to amend his own life.' Rouensac and his family embraced the faith, and the Quebec missionaries a few years afterward attested his progress in civilization and Christianity. Father Gravier adapting himself to Indian usage went regularly through the town, giving his cry to invite the converts and the well-disposed heathen to prayer ; he also gave banquets, that he might without offense censure anything which he found amiss. Besides the Kaskaskia town, there was a Peoria town near, and several smaller villages, all of which Father Gravier visit- ed regularly. Sickness prevailed, and he was ever on the watch to instruct adiilts and baptize dying children. His baptisms between March 80, 1093, and November 21), num- bered two hundred and six. In 1690 he was joined by Father Julian Bimieteau, who apparently remained at Kaskaskia, while Father Gravier descended to Montreal, and subsequently devoted himself to the more distant missions, and Father Peter Pinet founded the Miami mission of the Angel (Juardian at Chicago, where there were two villages containing in all some 300 cabins, and where he converted the Peoria chief who had resisted Father Gravier's exhortations. Yet the Count de Frontenac, Governor of Canada, compi^lled Father Pinet to abandon his mission, until the influence of Bishop Laval en- abled him to resume his Gospel labors. The next year Fa- ther Gravier was confirmed in his powers as Vicar-General by Bishop St. Vallier, and was soon after joined by Father ' The records of tlie baptisms, etc., in his fnmily, bepfinning Mar. 20, 1695, are the first extracts in the ancient Hei^istcr of Father Gravier's mission preserved at Alton. They sliow that tlio descendants of the young convert of Father Gravier were long prominent in Illinois. "! 1^ \4 i * v\ A- j ill r)38 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. (xiibriel Marest, who leariiod the IlHnois huigiuige, and adapted liimself to his new (hities with remarkable facility. The veuenible Jiishop Laval wa.s ho interested in this niission that he gave the last pieces of silver which he had retained for his table, in order to make a chalice for it, and he pre- sented a ciborium to the Church of the Innnaculate Concep- tion at Kaakiuskia.' Prior to ITOO the famous Father Kale arrived in the Illinois missions, where ho spent two years.' The priests of the Setninary of Quebec, which was an out- growth of that of the Foreign Missionsat Paris, felt it incum- bent on them to do something for the conversion of those tribes in the West, among whom no permanent establish- ment had yet been made. Bishop St. Vallier entered into their plans, and on the let of May, 1(598, othcially authorized them to establish missions in the West, investing the Snjie- rior sent out by the Seminary with the powers of Vicar- General. The field they solicited was that inhabited by na- tions on both banks of the Mississippi and its tributaries." They pur|)osed to plant their tirst mission among the Tamarois, but when this was known the Fathers of the Society of Jesus claimed that tribe as one already under theii* care. The Seminary regarded the Tamarois territory as " the key and necessiiry piussage to reach the more distant nations," and therefore highly important to them. Bishop St. Vallier accordingly by letters of .July 14, 101)8, confirmed ' " Lcttrc flu p. .Tnpqucs Qravier A Mgr, do Tinviil, Sept. 17. 1697." " I.ctlrc (hi p. .lulien IJiiiiicteau, l(i9l»." " Hcliilion des Affaimsdu Can- ada," pp. 24, 34, 'u. " K.xtrait des IJciristrcs dc Haptcsino dc la Mission des Iliiiiois," sliow Oravier offlciatiiifr in KI9.1, 1712; Hinnctcau, l(i!)7 ; Qa- bri.i Mai(!st. 1G99, 17(W, 170!) ; Merniet, 1707, 1713. Letter of F. Ga- briii .Marest (Kip, pp. 200-7). ' I;etter of Oct. 12, 1723, in " Lettres Edifiantcs" (Kip, p. 42). ' " .Mandcment dc M^t. de St. Vallier" in " Relation de la Mission dii Mississippi," New York, 1801, pp. 9-12. I y y THE SEMINARY OF QUEBEC. 680 those previously granted, and specially ein])owered the Seminary to send missionaries to the Tamarois and establish a residence there.' To found the new missions on the Mississippi, the Semi- nary selected V. Rev. Francis JoUiet de Montigny, Rev. Anthony Davion, and Rev. John Francis Buisson de Saint Cosine. The outfit for this f Hiristian enterprise amounted to more than ten thousand livres, nearly one-half being furnished by Messrs. Montigny and Davion. The party set out, and reaching Afackinac in September, passed by Father Piuet's Chicago mission, and by Father Marest's near Fort Peoria, where they obtained an Illinois catechism and prayer-book. On the nth of December they entered the Mississippi River, and guided by Tonty, they visited the Tamarois, on the feast of the Immaculate Conception, and then sailed down the great river to the villages of the Arkansas, Tonicas, and Taensas, planting crosses at several points. The Very Rev. Mr, Montigny took up his residence among the Taensius, a tribe allied to the Natchez. These Indians had a temjile in which they worshipped nine gods. In March, 1700, Iberville, who had sailed from France to the mouth of the Mississippi, while ascending it found the mis- sionary erecting a chapel, encouraged by his having been able to baptize eighty-five children in his first year. He sub- sequently went to the Natchez, retaining his care of the Taensas. The Rev. ;Mr. Davion established his residence and chapel on a hill near the Tonica village, at the foot of a cross planted on a rock which for a long time bore his ' " Lcttres Patentcs de Msrr. de St. Vallier "; Archives de Quebec. Fron- tenac, by bis [iCttew Patent, .Inly 17, 1698, authorized Rev. Messra. Montigny, Davion, and St. Cosme, to jro to tlie Mississippi. Archives of the r.'opaganda. America Septentrioiiale, i., 1609-1791. •.f 1 ^^m ' -I' I 1 II' 540 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. name.' He extended his labors also to the Onnspik and Yazoo Indians, who numbered toj^ether about a liundreil cabins; and nearly lost his life by destroying the idols in the Yazoo tempk'.' The Eev. Mr. Saint Cosnie went np rlie river af«;ain to begin a mission at Tamarois. All these priests were at iirst prostrated by fevers, out none thought of abandoning the work which they had un- dertaken. Hearing of the arrival of a French expedition at the mouth of the river, the Very Itcv. Mr. ^[ontigny and Kev. Mr. Davion embarked in bark canoes, and ivadicd liiloxi on the 1st of .luly, but linding tlie little post ill-pro- visioned, they returned to their missions.' AVhile ac(iuiring a knowledge of the Taensa language, the Very Rev. Mr. IMontigny visited the Natchez, and was tliero when the (ireat Sun or head chief of the nation died. Wluii the good priest saw these i^avagcs prej)are to put several per- sons to death, tliat they might attend the Sun in the next world, he made the tribe presents to induce them to abandon so cruel and foolish a custom. The Natchez jjromisfd to consult his wishes, but Ouachil Tamail, the Femak- Sun, persuaded ihe jiriest to li'ave the village for a time, j)reteiid- iii" tliat the noise would be vcrv annoying to him. When he had departed the cruel ceremony was carried out in the usual manner.' The next year the Seminary, to give the Mississippi mis ' Roche ft Dnvlon, iiflcrwnrd ciillnl Loftus lIciirlilM, niiil now Fori Adaiii!*. ("lailiornc, " MisswHippi," .hickson, 1HS(>, p. -Jl. » IViiic:nit ill Murjrry, v., j). •iW. ' Ht'iiard dc la llarpo, ".louriial lIistori(|U('," \i. Ki. Ciinlinal 'Pas- cliiTciui, " .Mission ilu S«'iniimirc dc Qu(''licc chc/. Ics Taiiiarois on llli- noJM siir 1p liord du Mississippi," wntlcii in IStlt. Dc la Pollicric, " llis- lr)irc dc r.Viiit'riiiiic Scptciilrioiialc," Paris, 17',"J, i., p. ilJiH. .Margry, " Dreouvcrfcs tl KliililissiiiiiMils,' v., pp. 4(ll-H. ♦ Oravlcr, " ligation on Jouriml du Voyairc" Ni'W Yoris, 1850, \). ;tJ». A QUESTION RAISED. 641 ^ Hion an effective force, sent out the Rev. Messrs. Bergier Boutcville and Saint Cosine, the hist named a younger l)roth- er of tlie missionary already at Tamarois, but not yf>t in priest's orders. These clergymen were accompanied by three pious men who had devoted themselves to the work, and went to attend to the menial work. On their arrival the elder St. CVjsme descended to Natchez.' The Fathers of the Society of Jesus received the Quebec missionaries with personal cordiality, but notwithstandin-^ the orticial action of Bishop Saint Vallier, they showed much feeling in regard to what they regarded as an intrusion into a district occui)ied by tribes among which their religious had already i)egun to labor. The proximity to the Jesuit nn's- sions in the other bands of the Illinois nation, certainly made the choice injudicious. p]re long the Very Rev. IVfr. Mon- tigny found his position so end)arrassing and unpleasant that he began to foresee oidy loss and failure in the mission on which he had end)arke(l so zealously and given his means so freely. In the hope of being able to ad just all matters in re- gard to it satisfactorily in France, he eiid)arked with Iber- ville, in May, 170(», and returned to France by way of New York.' On his departure, the Rev. Mr. Rergier became Superior of the secular missionaries in the Mississippi Valley, and made Tamarois his residence. Rev. Mr. St. (Josme remaining at Natchez. After reaching the month »;f the Mississi]>pi in I(!!M>, (rii)erville built a little fort at Riloxi, and left Mr. ii ■ V ■'1: i4: ' Hriiiird (Ic III Harpc, ".loiinml ni!- ruary, erected a cross, offered the holy sacrifice, and blessed a cemetery at Fort Mississi])])i, seventeen leagues from the month of the great river. When a post at liiloxi was decided upon, Fatlier Du Ru took up his residence there, and begaTi to visit the neighboring tribes of Indians, but he removed to Mol)ile when that post arose. Hearing of the arrival, Father Gravier Ket out from Chicago on the )Sth of Septem- ber, 1T, and visiting the various posts and missions on the way, readied Fort iMississij)pi (»n the 17th of December. At the Tunica village he found the Rev. Mr. Davion danger- ously ill, and remained with hii;^ till Rev. Mr. Saint Cosine arrived from Natchez to nunister to his jtssociate. The .lesuit Father do Limoges, appointed to found a mis- sion among the Dumas, was descending the Mississi])pi when his canoe (h'ifted at night frcm the shore to which it had l)eeii made fast, and borne along by the current struck a floating tree. He saved nothing but his chalice, and clinging to a floating branch was finally driven ashore near a village of the Arkansas Indiaiis. Having obtained relief he pnrsued his journey, and ])lanting a cross at the Dumiis village, be- ' Sauvolle iu Margry, iv., p. 447 ; Freucb's " Historical Collections," tli., p. 287. ITS SETTLEMENT. 543 gan in March, 1700, to erect a chapel forty feet loiijg^, an- iionncinj? the Gospel to tliat trihe and the BayagoubiH.' Witli missions among the Illinois, and at the mouth of the Mississippi tlie Jesuit Fathers solicited from Bishop Saint Vallier the exclusive direction of the French posts in Louisiana, and asked that the Suj)erior of the mission should always he appointed Vicar-General of the Bishop of Quebec' At the same time they complained to the king of France of the intrusion into their mission district of missionaries who belonged to another body. Bishop Saint Vallier consulted several members of the French hierarchy on the point, among others the Bishop of Cluirtres, and by their advice declined to give any relig'oua order the complete and exclusive direction of Louisiana, deeming it better to assign districts to religious or (H)llegiate bodies, or secular priests, all to be subject to a Vicar-General, named from time to time by the Bishop of Quebec, till such time as the state of the church would warrant the establish- ment of a see at New Orleans.' He also withdrew the ])ow- ers of Vicar-General from Father Gravier, and conferred them on Kev. Messrs. Colond)iere, IMontigny, ami Bergier, requiring all priests, regular and secular, to apply to them. Meanwhile the appeal of the Jesuits with a memoir of Bishop Saint Vallier had been referred by the king to the Archbishop of Audi, but as he declined to decide the rpu's- tion alone, the Hishops of Marseilles and Chartres, with the king's confesssor, were associated with him. On the 4th of ' (Jnivior, " Holation on .Tournal du Voyago," New York, 1859; Mar- pry, iv., pp. 418, 423. '' '• Ministre tie la Murine A Mr l'Ev(>qiie de Quibec," 17 Juin, 1703. Marfj^ry, iv., pp. fl!M-,'). ■' " Memoire dc Mpr. rF,v<>que dc C}in'l)cr siir Ips niisiiions dc Missis- sippi." Archives de l'Arcliev6cho de Quebec. Murgry, iv., p. 431. I '"•■\ 1:J • ;i'i Mi. !'! ■'hi M4 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. II June, 1701, tliia commission decided that the Seminary of Quebec was entitled to the Tamarois mission, and their de- cision was accepted and signed by all parties interested. The Y. Eev. Mr. Montigny had, however, become com- pletely discouraged, his management of the mission not being fully approved. He never returned to America, but went to the East, where he rendered signal services to religion. The Mississippi question having been satisfactoi-ily ad- justed, the Bishoj) of Quebec rea])])ointed the Superittr of the Jesuits in Illinois Vicar-General in his district. In ITUO Rev. Nicholii-s Foucault, sent by the Seminary, took up his residence among the Arkansas Indians, and be- gan to announce the faith to them. The news that the French had settled at tlie mouth of the Mississi])])! ])i-oduced a commotion among the tribes in Illi- nois. The Kaskaskias re:K)lved to go and settle near them. The Peoriiis remained around the church, but Father ]\Iarest accompanied the Kaskaskias, who finally on the advice of Father Gravier, who assembled them in council, abandoned their project, and took up their abode at the place which now bears their name.' Some of the Tainarois also left their old village ground, and Father Piiiet became their missionary, succeeded ere long by Father Binneteau, who attended them and others on their long buffalo hunts beyond the IMississippi. Till- Rev. Mr. Bergier remained at the Tamarois post, with Thaumur de la Source devoting himself more especially to the French, who had by this time become numerous. The expenses of the missions had been so great that V. Rev. Mr. Hergier, the new Superior, was urged to exercise judgment and economy. The Rev. Mr. Saint Cosme had i)rojecte(l ' In llic KxIractM from old Tlt'priRtprs proflxpd to the Kiisknskia rr^jiVtcr is Ihi' entry, " 1708 Apr. 25. Ad ripiiin Mclfliii;mncii dictam venimiis," up|)iirL'iitly giving the date of tlif removul of the KaskuNkiaa. REV. N. FOUCAULT KILLED. 545 a mission to the Pawnees or Missouris, but be was instructed to prrivent bim, as it would be almost impossible to send sup- plies to so remote a station.' The Rev. Nicholas Foucault was an aged priest, in poor health, but he devoted himself to the Mississippi mission in place of Kev. Mr. de la Colombiere, whom the people of Quebec would not allow to go. He had already accomplished much good among the Arkansas, when, in 1702, he set out for Mobile with his servant and two Frenchmen who had just established peace between the Chickasaws and Illinois. They took as guides two Indians of the Coroa tribe, akin to the Arkansas. They killed all the Frenchmen to rob them, and, as they pretended, to punish the priest for leaving the Arkansas. Rev. Mr. Davion at the time was ascending the Mississippi and discovered on the banks of the river the bodies of those victims of Indian ferocity. lie interred them with the rites of the Church, but the memoirs of the time do not fix the last resting-place of this first martyr of the Sem- inary of Quebec in the valley of the Mississippi.' The first attempt by the French to establish any industrial work on the Mississippi was that of the Sieur Juchereau, who undertook to conduct a tannery at the month of the Ohio. Here Father John Mermet erected his altar for the little Catholic settlement, but it did not prosper, and by 1704 i •tf'ii ' The kin.u: of Frnnce gave 3,000 livres toward the Seminary missions, but nisiiop St. Vallier now ceased to pive tlie annual donation of 2,000 livres, on the ground that so few missionaries were maintained there. Cardinal Tnschereau, " Memoirc." 'Cardinal Tasclicreau, "Memoirc"; Benard dc la ITarpc, "Journal Ilistoriquc," pp. 3S, 7^^, 87. Nicliolas Foucault wa,s horn in the diocese of Paris, ordained at Quebec Dec. 3, 1689, and was Our'; of Batiacan in 1000. Tainguay, "Repertoire," p. 65. Penicaut (Margry, v., p. 458) puts his death in 1705, evidently erroneously. It was announced by Davion In October, 1703. B6nard dc la Ilarpc, p. 73. 35 MM M 546 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. i I M ' the founder was dead, and the project abandoned. While Juchereau's estabhshnient histcd Father Merraet ministered to the French, and made earnest efforts to convert the Mas- contin Indians, who had planted their cabins around the post ; but his mission work, though carried out at the risk of Ins life, resul d only in the conversion of a few djing adults and the baptism of some infants.' Bishop Saint Vallier in 1703 proposed to the Seminary at Quebec to erect Mobile into a parish, and to annex it in per- petuity to that institution. The Seminary agreed to supply clergy for the new parisli, which the Bishop formally erected on the 20th of July, 17o;5, uniting it to the Seminary of the foreign Missions at Paris and Quel)ec. The liev. Henry Itoulleaux de la Vente, a priest of the diocese of Bayeux, -"A J SIGNATURE OF REV. HENRY ROtTI,I,EArTX DE LA VENTB. t was then appointed parish priest, and Rev. Alexander Tluve, curate. While awaiting their appearance, the "Rev. Mr. Davion disJiarged the parochial functions till they arrived with other priests on the " Pelican," July 24, 1704. In the Rame vei^sel came two Gray Nuns (Sieurs Grises), but not to remain in the colony ; a number of marriageable giris had been ])Iace /^ J i"ff condition.' (/hLe.KUncCr€ /UltC The Kcv. Mr. 8IQNATURE OP REV. ALEXANDER HUVE. IIuVC, wllO CaUlC OUt as Vicar, besides as- sisting in the parish church, had taken charge of a band of fugitive Apalaches. These flying from English persecution, had settled about ten miles from Mobile.' They were Catholics, and had erected a chapel and liouse for a missionary, but Rev. Mr. Iluve having no ability for acquiring Indian languages, was never able to instruct them in their own tongue. In 1700, La Vigne Voisin began a fort on Isle Dauphine, ' Penicaut (Miirc^y, v., p. 471). » Not only Bifiivillc and Father Gravier, but also de Boisbriant censure the course pursued by Rev. Mr. de la Vente ; but tbat clergyman in a memoir to Pontchartrain (Oayarre, i., pp. 118-121), draws a terrible pic- ture of the ]irevalcnt profligacy, neglect of religious observances, and contempt for the ministers of religion. He solicited permission to maiTy Hcttlers to converted Indian women so as to jjrevent illicit connections, but this was refused. (lb., p. 148.) 'PcnicauKMargry. v., p. 400) says they arrived near Mobile toward the end of 1705. After Rev. Mr. lluvc, the Carmelite Father Charles, and the Recollect F. A'ictorin Dupui were missionaries of the Apalaches, and the latter also of the Mobiliaus. Register of Mobile. THE APALACHES. 658 and more attentive to relij^ion than most colonizers of Louisi- ana, lie erected a fine church near the redoubt. It faced the j)ort where the vessels anchored, so that all on board could in a moment land to hear mass. This church drew many set- tlers to the island.' Here the Rev. Mr. Iluve became chap- lain, but was nearly killed in November, 1710, by the Eng- lish who made a descent on the island, and lost all his effects. lie then retired to the Mississippi with the French, but wearying of tlieir little respect for religion, solicited permis- sion to undertake an Indian mission." The Rev. Mr. Davion maintained his Tonica mission till 1708, when parties of English Indians menaced it, and be withdrew to Mobile, preparing to return to France ; but the destitute condition of the colony induced him to remain for several years." Rev. Mr. Le Maire acted also as chaplain in the fort. The little village of the Apalaches showed that the mis- sions of the Spanish Fathers had not been fruitless. Their old enemies, the Alibamons, pursued them and destroyed their new village, but Mr. de Bienville assigned them another re- serve and grain to plant their fields. "When the French left their first Mobile fort* these Indians followed, and Bienville ' Ponicaut, " Relation " (Marjorry, v., p. 483). ' lie striigjrlcd on for some years, till having become almost blind, he returned to France in 1727. ^ He left Louisiana in 1725, and died of gout amonc: his kindred in France, April 8, 1726. Le Pape du Pratz asked Mr. Davion whetlier his zeal for the salvation of the Indians was rewarded by progress. " He re- plied almost in tears, that notwith.standing the profound respect which these people bore him, he could with great difficulty succeed in baptizing some children at the point of death ; that those who had attained the age of reason e.Kcused themselves from embracing our holy religion by say- ing that they were too old to subject themselves to rules so difficult to ob- serve." " Histoire de la Louisiane," i., p. 123. * The original fort at Mobile was above the present city, with store- ^M ■i' .m Y: '4*. ■■': '•I r^rA THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. asainrtied tliern frrounil on Saint Martin's River, a Icai^ue above the post. I\'nicaut, a Avortliy dironiclur of tlie earFv l''reiicl. days of Louisiana, says they were tlie only Christian nadon who came to tliem from the Spanish territorv. He ^nves iiiter- estino: details: "The Apalaches have puhlic serviee like Cathohcs in Fraiiee. Their ,-reat feast is Saint Louis's dav. On tlie eve they eome to invite the olHcers of the for. to ti'ie festivities in tlieir village, and they oiler good cheer that day to all who come, especially the French. " The priests of our fort go there to say the high mass, which they hear with much devotion, chanting the psalms in Latin as tliey do in France, and after dinner VespiTs and Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament. The men and women are very properly dressed that day. The men wear a kind of cloth coat and the women mantles, petticoats of silk in French style, except that they wear no head-dresses, going bareheaded. Their long, jet-black hair is plaited, and hangs down the back in one or two plaits, such as Spanish girl wear. Those whoso hair is too l,.ng, tun, it up to the mid- dle of the back, and tie it with ribbon. "They have a church where one of our French priests goes on Sundays and holidays to say nias.s. They have a haptismal fcmt to baptize their children, and a cenictcry be- side their church, with a cross erected, and there they burv their dead." ' ' The efforts of the Seminary of the Foreign Missions in the Miasissipp, ha.l produced little result ; the station at Tama- rois, or ( -alK.kia, as it was gen.-rally called, alone showing any wxhcation of permanent good, a French population having gathered^thcre, numbering forty-seven families in 1715. ,'1™. ""o"" '"''"' ""'"'' " '^'' """•""' "'" "•"^J^oM^ouTto M.0 ' Prtiicnut, " F{( , •.•-Hi i M me THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES and missions near and along the river Mississippi, with juris- diction over all priests secular or regular, except priests of the Society of Jesus, who were subject to their own Superior. He gave liiui jxnver to make a visitation, to grant and with- draw faculties, to absolve in reserved cases, and generally exercise in full all powers of Vicar-Gejieral.' As the V. Rev. Uv. Varlet represented to the Bishop that a considerable time might elapse before he could reach the Tamarois mis- sion, and that meantime the Seminary might be unable to *«eiid a successor to the Rev. Mr. Rergier at that place, he therefore solicited a confirmation of the original Letters Patent granted to the Seminary for the Illississippi missions, and especially for that of the Tamarois, for fear that the original inight be treated as obsolete, and possession of the mission^ disputed by clergymen of sumo other organization. The bishop accordingly renewed his Letters of ]\[ay 10 and July 14, 1(!98.' Tlie Very Rev. Mr. Varlet proceeded to his nn'ssion, but of his labors in the Mississippi Vr.lley we find no details, though his name appears in a few entries in the Register of Mobile,' showing that he visited the country from Cahokia to the gulf. He is said to have siwnt six years on the mis- sion, and returning to Europe, was ap]K)inted in 1718 Bishop of Ascalon, and Coadjutor to the Bishop of Babylon, and after receiving episcopal coiisecrafi.)!!, set out for the East. Meanwhile evidence had reached Rome, that ^fgr. Varlet was an active adherent of the doctrines of Jansenius. The Sovereign Pontiff recallcfl Mgr. Varlet, now by succession ' " Arcliivcs of tlic .Vrclihishopricof Quebec," Hc^'iatro f!, p. 112. ' Ibid., Hejrisfre C. p. 113. 'The entrie-. extend from Miireh 2, 1718, to .I,m. VA. 1715, his si^nn- tiires in 1715 lieiiiir us Viciir-Oencr.d, which supposcH m apjwiutment j)rior to thfit of 1717. ILLINOIS MISSIONS. BBT Bishop of Babylon, but be withdrew to Utrecht in Holland, where he took an active part in establishing the schismatical Jansenist Church, consecrating four successive pretended archbishops, ijnd died near that city in 174-2, at the age of sixty-four, after having been excommunicated by several Popes. When the Company of the "West established Fort Char- tres in 1718, a little French settlement soon grew up around it, and near the Indian villages. The missionary of the Kac- kaskias was Father John Le Boullenger, who, studying pro- foundly the language of the Illinois Indians, drew up a Gram- mar and Dictionary, with a very full Catechism and prayers. Tlie manuscript of what I believe to be his work is still ex- tant in a large folio volume, formerly in the possession of Hon. Henry C. Murphy, now in the Carter Brown Library at Providence. This eminent missionary opens the Register TITLE OF TUE PAIlISn REOISTEU OF KASKASKIA. of " the Church of the Mission and Parish of the Concep- tion of Our Lady," on the 17th of June, 1719, styling liim- eelf " chaplain of the troops," of which Pierre de Boisbriant, the king's lieutenant, was commander. The next year Fa- ther Nicholas Ignatius de Beaubois, S.J., signs as parish priest, as though the parish had been then canonically erected and ho installed. Thenceforward the banns of marriage ■ii 1 \ • ■ •I . 1 ' m Ml iliii mS THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. were regularly published, and all the regulations of Canadian parishes observed.' In 1721 Father P. Francis X. de Charlevoix, S.J., the His- torian of New France, made a tour to the Lakes and down the Mississii)pi. At Cahokia and Taniarois he found Kev Dominic Anthony Thaunmr de la Source. and Rev. Mr. Mercier. There were two Kaskaskia missions, one-half a league above Fort Chartres, under the care of Father .John Le Boullenger and Father Joseph Francis de Kereben ; the other two leagues distant under Father John Charles (luymonneau, who was about this time Superior of the missicm. There was a priest at the Yazoo, in 1723, the Abbe Juif, but at Natchez mass had not been said for five years, and people were joined together merely by a civil marriage. Father Charlevoix heard the confessions of all who chose to avail themselves of his presence.' In fact children born at iS ew Orleans and Natchez wore baptized at Kaskaskia.' But the Jesuit Father do Ville seems to have been sent soon after to Natchez.' The French in the Illinois country were so i)rofligj,te at this time, and made so light of the reproofs of the mission- aries, that Father Gabriel Marest appealed in 1711 to Gov- Rt^'istr. ,1.., Bapt<>,„c8 faite dans rEglisc do la Missi„n ct dnn,sl« Pa . sso do a (o„,H.p.icn do N. Damo - I was about to publish Lo Houllon,.orH Dictionary in n.y Library of An.orioun Lin^n.istics, an.l had iH-un tho printing' whon the vohime was recalled. Another Dictionary mip,H.8ed to bo the work of Father CJravier. is in tho poHSoasion of Hoa J. Hain,nond Trumbull, of Hartford. Conn. -' ( harlcvoix, " Ilistoiro de la Nouvelle Franco," iii., pp. 802-4. ' •• Heplstro de la Conception de N. Dame," Mar. 15, Nov. 19 1720 May 18, 1721. ' ' • I Very kind of con'Hi '■ ■ Itavo come to iniiaii ■ hat they will <,lraw f'nlininated n«r:\ins; .'s<.'(i in iJiariy piai.'Cf • •-> :•■■> !"xk to serve God won, N' itli 111! our t^trcngth the p; iriigiit be caleulatod to dr.' \M)erefore to apply most etli. . 'i: ■'■ ■ iithoritv ' ■ ' ' ihoni, tli.it it is onr inleiitlon M'iaula) all who in. oontenipt o " ' r n.= to comsuit scandalou,-; ,,. :'>nH. or by pnbl'e "'.ni'ii^ I limiting and even dvvcUing togethei !ie«? classes of ])erson'!i be adniitte* I r '. i 1' 1 '■ K ' I* : (l^:»l l^^l ' > ^j'i 1^1 ^ JH ^^^1 s'S ^^1 |S'W ^H im ^H t yflK' M^H Hvf 1 ■ k ;i i^H "^i .»*•■ i BP. SAINT VALUER'S PASTORAL. 501 as well as from the upper cimntry, of the disregard of religion and purity, in which the French rectently come from France, of every kind of condition, live in the vast country which they have come to inhabit along that great river, making us fear that they will draw down upon us the maledictions of God, fulminated against those who will not live Christian lives, and according to their state, instead of the blessings j)romiscd in many places of the sacred books to men of good who seek to serve God well. We have resolved to withstand with all our strength the i)ublic vices and disorders, which might be calculated to draw down misfortunes upon us, Wlierefore to apply most efficacious remedies, we order those, who under our authority have the conduct of souls, to declare to them, that it is our intention to regard as giving public scandal all who in contempt of divine and human laws go so far as to commit scandalous in)piety by their word.;, or by their actions, or by public concubinage, persons who iu disre- gard of all prohibitions intimated to them, persist in fre- quenting and even dwelling together. We do not desire that these classes of ]5ersons be admitted to the church or to the sacraments, but that they sliould be sul)jected to public pen- ance, which shall be imposed upon them by our Yicar-Geii- eral, confonnably to the desire of the Holy Council of Trent, which wished public penance imposed on public sinners. Given at Quebec under our hand and that of our Secretary, sealed with the seal of our arms this 19th day of July one thousand seven hundred and twenty-one. "John, Bishop of Qcjebec." ' This was apparently the last official act of Bishop Saint Vallier referring directly to the church in the JMississi])pi ' "Archives de rArchevCcLti de Qu6bec. 86 Kegistre C, p. 119. r^m THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Valley in which he had taken such interest in his long and eventful administration.' The country of the Illinois having been attached by the French govennnent to Louisiana, negro and Indian shuery was introduced, not without detriment to the moral tone of the connnunity. This connection involved that i)art of the country in the Indian wars, and the Register 17'i'> etc. ~' '*' THE COMPANY OF THE WEST. 568 a:lininister the sacraments ; all under the authority of tlio Bishoji of Quebec, the said colony remaining in his diocese, as heretofore ; and the parish priests and otiier ecclesiastics which the said Company shall maintain there, shall be at his nomination and patronage." ' Meanwhile the Report of Father de Charlevoix as to the spiritual destitution of the colony had induced efforts to re- lieve it. The Connnissaries of the Council of the Western Company by an ordinance of May 16, 1722, professed to have been issued by the consent of the Bishop of Quebec, divided Louisiana into three ecclesiastical sections. The part north of the Ohio and corresponding to it on the west of the Mississippi was left mi the care of the Society of Jesus and the Seminaries of the Foreign lyiissions of Quebec and Paris, who had already permanent establishments there. For the new French settlements on and near the mouth of the Mississippi a different arrangement was made. A coad- jutor had been appointed to Bishop Saint Vallier in the per- son of a Capuchin Father of ^^eud(>n, Louis Francis Duples- sis de Mornay, who was consecrated Bishop of Eumenia in Phrvgia and coadjutor of Quebec, in the church of the Ca- puchins at Paris on the 22d of April, 171L This prelate never came to America, although he in time succeeded to the see of Quebec. He remained in France, and as Bishop Saint Val- lier appointed him Yicar-(Teneral for Louisiana, he assumed the direction of the Church in that province. "When the Company of the West applied to him for priests I • ? ' Le Pnire du Pratz, " Ilistoire dc la Louisiane," i.. pp. TT-8. V>y the " TJlac'U <'(h1c" (1724), all worship hut ihc Cuthdlic was f()il)iild(Mi. Slaves were to receive religious instrurtion, hut they were not to he iiianied hy any clergyman without, the permission of the masters ; marriage be- tween whites and Macks was severely prohibited, and clergymen sec- ular or regular forbidden to ofliciate at .such unions. m-i THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. to minister to the settlers in the province, and continue the work among the French and Indians be-nn by the Jesuit Fatliers and the Priests of the Foreign^ .Missions, Jjishop do ]\r..rnay offered the more popu!r,us lield to tlie order of wliich he was a member, and iii 1717 the Capuchin Fatliei-s of the province of Champagne undertook tlie charge, Koyal HKi.SATlIiK (IK FATIIKU ,IOIIN MATTirEW. letters having been obtained m April of that year to authorize their acceptance of the mission. No immediate steps were taken, however; years passed, and it was not til! the commencement of 1721 that any Fa- thers of the Capuchin order api)cared in Louisiana. The last entry of the secular clergy at .Mobile was that of Itev. Alexander IIuv.\ on the i;5th of January, 1721, and StONATUHE OK KATHKH MATTHEW AS VllAU-AI'OSTOI.ir. with him ceased the work of the priests of \\,^ Seminary. Ou the isth the Capuchin Father. John Matthew, signs as ransh Priest of Mobile' As these Fathers came directiv from Franc,, and had no personal relations with the IJishoixif (jtiebec, they foun d aj)plications to him long and te.lious. ' Hi'irlsfpr of Mobil.', ,I,iii. IH, I72l7 t^^ COMMENCEMENT OF NEW ORLEANS. ACT Father John Matthew was evidently the Xornian Caimchin wlio applied to Rome for special powers for fifteen iiiis^sionrt under his charge, representing that the great distance at which he was from the Bishop of Quebec made it impracti- cable to apply when necessary.' A brief was really issued, and Father John Mattliew construed the powers it conferred so liberally as to assume that it exempted him from episcoi)al jurisdiction, and made him a Vicar-Ajjostolic, for he signs himself from January l», 1722, to Match 14, 1728, F. :Mat- thew, Vicar-Apostolic and Parish Priest f)f Mobile. New Orleans was connnenced by JVienville in 1718, and a ]>lan for the new city was laid out by La Tour, the engineer. It was a rectangle, eleven squares along the river, aiul five in ut when Father Charlev(.ix arrived there in January, 1722, the city consisted of about a hundred temporaiT sheds ; tliei'e were only two or three fairly built houses. No chajiel had yet been erected ; half of a wretched wareliouse had at first been assigned for the chapel, but 1k> smvs though " tliey had kindly conse>it(Ml to lend it to the Lord, he had scarcely taken ])os- session, when lii' was retjuested to withdraw, and seek slielter under a tent." Yet sonu' rude structure was soon put up, for the hurricane of Septendier 12. 1722, which ].rostrated thirty log-huts or houses, demolished also the church.'^ This first church is said to have been 1. 1T40-52 ; vii., pi). iVii-'-^. « Clmrlcvoix. " Ilistoirc «lr la Nuuvi'llf Frtiiicf," ii.. pp. 'tiU, 458; ilL, p. 4ao. Bheii'a Triiiisliition, vi., pp. 40, 60. ?! 'I i ';r - I'.f md THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. lu 1724 or '5 a brick church was at last erected, which stood for about sixty years.' The Company by its ordinance of 1722 assigned the dis- trict between tlie Mississippi and the Kio Perdido, with the country northward to the Oliio, to the iJiscalced Carmelite Fathers, who were to have their chief station at Mobile. This order never seems to have entered on the field heartilv, although one member, Father Charles, acted for a time as missionary to the Apalaches." It is asserted that the IJishop of Quebec, dissatisfied with their inaction, assigned their dis- SIGNATlltK OK TIIK CAKMELITE FATIIEU CFIAIILES. trict also to the Capuchins by an ordinance of Decend)er 10 1722. A memoir favorable to the Capuchins says: "But the Ca])uchins had more zeal than subjects to send to tlie mis- sion. The province of Chami>agne, from which those of Louisiana came, is small and sterile in members. The Com- pany accordingly seeing that they did not furnish as many priests as were neecssiiry to fill the ecclesiastical posts(,f their district, anrl( ins,' p. Ifl. I do not ||. » i THE CAPUCHINS. r)07 m the Indians to the Jesuits, during the pleasure of the Bisliop of Quebec, who in his letters highly approved this arnuige- nient." ' Meanwhile the exclusive district of tlie Jesuits and Semi- nary priests had been extended down to Natchez. The Fa- thers of the Society of Jesus were thus left to estibhsh Indian missions in all parts of Louisiana, with a resideiu'c at New Orleans, but were nut to exercise any ecclesiastical func- tions there without the consent of the Capuchins, and to min- ister to the French in their Illinois district with the Priests of the Foreign Missions, where the Superior of each body was Vicar-General, as the (.'apucliiu Superior was at New Orleans. Tiie Comi)any on the 2Tth of June, 1725, issued a formal dii)loma to tlie Capuchins, which was approved by the king at Chantilly, Jnly 15, in the same year.' As tlie colony increased, churches were erected at IMolnle, New Orleans, and other settlements. A fi'W years later the Capuchins in Louisiana hap.'!irs as jiarish iiriest. 'Michael ii Tiiu'lo, " llullarinm Ord. FF. Minor. S.l'. Fraiicisci Ca- piiciMoriini," 1740-52, vii.. pp. !12M-lt. f t ■'!.: . Vi f ■■=f1 V.ll 608 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. 'm and iifty at Natcliitoelios, Ik'sMos tliree other missions wliieli are not iianiod, coinprisod tlio whole' Tlie fouiiclor of the .[esiiit mission in Louisiana was Father Kicliohis Ignatius de IJeaubois, born at Orleans, October 15, insi), who entered the Soeletj just after eomi)letin.ir his sev' ent(H'nth yt-ar. lie was, as we have seen, on the Illinois mis- sion in 17:>0, when he w;us selected to establish the new and (Hllieult work assigned to his order,^ and was a]ii)ointed V^ioar-General. After visiting Louisiana lie returned to France to obtain Fathers of the Society for the missions to be established, and also to obtain Sisters of some order who SIONATrnE OK FATOER DE nEAUBOIS. would be brave enough t,. cross the ocean to assume Wxi, eharg,> of an hospital an,l open an aoademv. lie ap[)Iicd 'V'' '•" "^''"f "f J^i'^l'"P Sau.t Vallier to the (Irsulines of Knuen. Those devout ladies accepted the call to the n f„v..nr .I.n I{..|igi,.,m,.s Crsulincs ,1,. la L.misiane rhcpmn. ■• Hdalinn du V,>yiij;(>," p, (11. 'IVan Af OTHER MARY TRANCHEPAIN. rm were to have the care of the sick, one to be ready to replace eitlier of tlicni in case of necessity ; a fourth was to manage the domestic affairs of the hospital, and one was to conduct a free school for the poor. At last on the I2tli of Jainiary, 1727, :\[oll.er Mary Tran- chepain of Saint Augustine, with seven professed nuns from Ilouen, Ilavres, Van- nes, Ploermcl, Hen- r^ /n (L f^ y^/ . nohon, and Kllxxnif, ^ ' /^^'^^c/ " U^c^.^Ui>i., with a novice and signatuue op motiikh de TUANcnKi'AiN. two seculars, met at the infirmary of the ITrsulincs at ironnelwn, ready to embark for Louisiana. They set siiil on tlic 22(1 of tlio ensuing month, aecomi)anied by Fathers Tartarin and Doutrclcau. After a long and tedious voyage, stopping at .Afadeira for ])rovisions, they reached Louisiana, and in boats slowly made their way to New Orleans, and on tlie Cth of August, ]\Iotlier Traiichepain i-eacbcd that city to begin the first convent of religious women within the ))rcsent limits of the Kepublic. Father do lleaubois received the Sisters, and escorted them to their temporary home, where the Frsnline Convent of New Orleans was founded August 7, 1727, to begin the M'ork of education and charity, which has been continued under five dill'erent national flags in its existence of more than a cen- tury and a half. Tlie iiuilding hired for them was to be occupied till their convent and ln.pital were completed. It was small and in- convenient, and stood in tlie sipiare jiow bounded by iiien- ville, Douane, Decatur, and Chartres Streets, in the south- west of the city. Tlie six months in which the new !)nil(l- ings were ])romise(l, and as many years, ])asfied before the convent was ready to receive them, one of the professed nuns ■' A }'. ;5 1 <1.;! l^-j ,■ 1 ■^1 'f\ 670 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. dyinj; before the wislied-for day.' It is even stated that the mills occupied for a time a second convent on a sliort street opening on tlie levee, and still called " Nun Street," as a neighboring one is " Religious Street." ' At last on tlie ITth of July, 1734, a procession issued from the temporary convent, twenty young girls, attired as angels, one to represent Saint Ursula, eleven to portray her host of martyred discij)les. The scholars and orphans followed, then came the Jesuit Fathers, de IVauhois and Petit, an' Iic- gan to study the language of the Arkansas Indians in oi'dcr to instruct them, and Fatlier Souel, though often prostrated bv disease, was equally diligent among the Yazoos,' the neigh- boring French post having been in 17ii'5 attended by tiic Abbe .luif, who haer, as he returned from a visit to the chief. As the Jesuit Father entered a ravine, he fell dead, riddled by a volley of musket-balls. One of the murderers arrayed himself in the missionary's clothes, and hastened to the Natchez, to show that the Yazoos had fulfilled their pledge. The rest plundered the house of Father Souel, and the next day surprised and murdered the garrison of the French ])ost. Father Doutreleau had set out from Illinois for P'atlier Souel's station, but landed on the river-side on New-Yem-'s Day, 1730, to say mass. He had set up his altar, and was about to begin the mass, when some Yazoos landed near the ])arty. The French boatmen of the missionary were ig.io- rant of the Indian outbreak, and allowed the Yazoos to kneel down behind them. The mass began, and as the priest ut- tered the " Kyrie Eleison," the Indians fired a volley, wound- ing Father Doutreleau, and killing one of his boatmen. The othei"s fied, and Father Doutreleau knelt to receive the final blow; but when the Indians firing wildly missed him again and again, he followed his boatmcM, vested as he was. Tie reached the boat by wading, and though as he climbed in he received a discharge of shot in the mouth, he took the rud- JESUIT MISSIONARIES. mn der, and the boatmen plying their paddles with superhnniau energy, soon left their murderous assailants far behind. Fa- ther Doutreleau reached New Orleans safely, and there his wounds were treated.' A naval officer of this period, wlio must be regarded as impartial, draws this picture of these missionaries of the Mississip])i Valley : " I cannot lielp doing the justice due the Jesuit Fathers in regard to their missions. Nothing is more edifying for i-eligion than their conduct, and the un- wearied zeal with which they labor for the conversion of these nations. Picture to yourself a Jesuit four hujidred leagues away in the woods, with no conveniences, no j^iiovis- ions, and most frequently with no resource but the liberality of peo])le who know not God, com])elled to live like them, to pass whole years without receiving any tidings, with sav- ages who have only the countenance of human beings, among whom, instead of finding society or relief 'n sickness, he is daily exposed to perish and be massacred. This is done daily by these Fathers in Louisiana and Canada." ' The French authorities iTumediately prepared to punish tlie Natchez, and arrayed all the tribes under their influence against that tribe and the Chickasaws, who espoused their cause. The Indian nations on the Mississippi were all in- volved in the war, and mission work for the time was neces- sarily suspended. When the Natchez were finally overthrown, Father de Gnyenne, and subse(iuently Father Carette, continued Father ' Father Ic Petit in " Lottres Edifiantes " (in Kip, pp. 207, etc.). Du- mont, "Menioires Ilisloriques," ii,, pp. 144, W,i. Ja>. Page du Pratz, " llistoire (]<• la Loiiisiane," iii., pp. 257, 263. '' " Helaticm de la Loui.sianc oti Mississippi," Amsterdam, 1734, p. 25; "AFemoire sur la Loui.siaue, ou le Mi.ssissipi)i," in Kecueil B., Lu.xeni- boufff, 1752, p. 144. i Vi i m € H ':] 1 tl ^H f 0^1 ' i lil^i ■-IS IWM 1 > m ■ th of October, 1742.' It is by no means improiiable that it was he who baptized at Fort Ouiatenon, on tlie 22d of July in the preceding year, Anthony, son of John l}ai)tist Foucher, who became in time the first priest ordained from the West.' Vincennes grew slowly on, and its regular parish rci'iirds began. On the 21st of April, 174l», a marriage entry of Julian Trottier de.>i Rivieres and Josette Marie beuchin Fathers seem to have discharged their functions quietly, as we rarely liiid any allusion to tliem in the olhcial dispiitchcH or in the writings of men like I.e Page du I'ratz, Dimiont, IV'uicaut, Henard de la Ha-pe, writers who took an active part 4^ie^cy\/ HIONATCnE OF FATHEIl VIVIEn. !' i: ' " Ucgistrp do lit Paroisse de St. Fnn^oin Xaviernu Posto Viiiocnncs." 1|.3 I*! 580 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. in the affairs of the colony. Keligioii certainly did not gain ; vice increased undiecked ; no public institutions, religious or charitable, were established, that show a community imbued with faith. One of the Ca]iuchin Fathers who labored long- est on the mission was Father John Francis, who was at Pointe Coupee in 1737 and was parish priest of Mobile, with little interruption from 173() to 1755. Father Mathias de Sedan was parish priest from 172«J to 1730, and was Superior and Vicar-General from 1734; Father Ansehn de Langres StONATUUK OF FATHEK JOHN FUANCI8. in 173S erected the oratory of St. Francis at Pointe Coupee, dedicated it on the Kith of March, and blessed the bells on Holy Saturday. The liecollect Father, Victorin, was for some years in Louisiatia, and his name aj>pears at Mobile from 1728 to 1735 ; and a sccnliir priest. Rev. Mr. Didicr, was at Pointe C()U]u'e in 175(!, l)nt they are solitary casi's, the pari.-hes gcin'rally being directetl by the Capuchin Futhers, who numbered from ten to liftcen. The Jesuit Fathers at Xew Orleans had no parochial du- ties,' but directed the Ursulines from the foundation of the ' \ " M.'nii.irc' in nnivlor, " Hdalion itii Voy!if,'c." wiys thai Fullicr (If ItciMilxii-', iiflrr l)( niiii: Vii !ir (Jcncral. ' made liimscif >ii|>(ii. M (10. (inivicr, " Hcliiiioii ilii V()yM!,'c," pp. H.-|, <»7, \'2'i. 'Lctlirsof Up. Mriiitul, .Fiinc, 17(17. April 2(1. 1709. THE VICAR-GENERALSHIP. S83 In the year 1739 the Right Eev. Henry Mary Du Breuil de Pontbriand, Bishop of Quebec, deemed it proper for the interest of religion to appoint Father Peter Vitry of tlio Society of Jesns his Viear-CJeneral for Louisiana, and suc- cessor to Fatlicr Mathias, the Cajjuchin, who had hekl that office, and his Letters to tliat effect were dul^^ registered hy tlie Superior Council of the Province. Even then Father Hilary posted up a document in which he assailed the Coun- cil so violently that they insisted on his returning to France. When all became (juiot Father Vitry acted as Vicar-(Ten- eral till his death in 1750. When the Bishop of Quebec, u^iVe^ e^^. 7 SIGNATURES OF FATIIEUS BACDOUIN AND VITRY. April 29, 1757, appointed the Jesuit Father, Michael Bau- douin, his Vicar-Crcneral, the Capuchin Fathers protested, and again maintained that their Superior by the treaty with the Company of the West was entitled to the appointment' The Fathers of the Society wished to yield the point, but '^^gr. Pontbriand insisted. The matter Avas argued before the Su- perior (•ouncil of Louisiana, which finally registe-ed the ' Hisliopdc Poiilhriiimrs jiowor'^ foFiitluT nMiidouin wore most explicit. They ruciit' tiial he liiul. fi'diii llic coinniciici'iiu'iit of his ii(Iininis)nition, made the Superior (Joikm-iiI of the .lesuits his Vionr-Qeneral in all piirls of Louisiana, and specillcally pivcs Father Uaudouin full powers over all priosls, whelher of the Society of Jesus or Order of St. Francis, to pive or witldiold faculties al his discretion. The Letter of Appointment is in tlie archives of the Arclitiishop of (Jueher, ('. i!24. I ^1 rl :'J i' 684 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Sf ! appointment, and recognized Father Baudouiu as Vicar- General.' Father Baudouin had been for eighteen years on the Choc- taw mission, aided for a time by Father Lefevre. If his labors did not convert the tribe, he, at least, retained their friendship for the French, whom they could annihilate in a day if they had turned against them. Father Will iam Francis ]\Iorand, who arrived in 1735, took charge of the Alibamon mission for several years, but was recalled to New Orleans to e/^ yV^-Ci'^tUi,, /« ^.^-^l_ ^\: 'Txyu^ '7U t^u.^^ sioNATntEs or fatiikrs t.i: norij,ENGKn, ouvmonneau, and TAUT.MUN. succeed Father Doutrelonu as chaplain of the Ursnlines and their hospital." Father Lo Itoy, another inissionary among the Alibamons, when he denounced the sale of liquor to the Indians, which led to drunkenness and crime of every kind, was forced to Icav^' by the French oHicer at Fort T(tulouse, ]\Iontberaut, whom Bossu descriites as " an avowed eneiiiv of ' Fuflicr naudouin liiid tlic mutter hcfon' the Propagundu in I TOT, J)iil no decision \v;.s reiielied. ' " nunniMseniciit des .Tesiiiten de lit LoiiiHiane," pp. 30-1 ; Vivier in "Lettrcs Edifianles." Kip, p. 31(1; Hosau. " Nouveanx Voviijfps," ii p. ).». FATHER SENAT KILLED. fi85 those niissiouaries." ' This mission was probably near the present town of Cahaba, where old French works were visi- ble a few years ago." The missions in Illinois went qnietly on, seldom marked by any event requiring special notice. Tlie older mission- aries had dropped away, Father Gabriel Marest dyinpj in September, 1715, and Father John Merniet in 1718. Their bodies were transferred by Father Le Boulleno-er to the church at Kaskaskia, on the 18th of December, 1727." The Jesuit Fatliers, Dumas and Tartarin, were laboring there in the following years. When the massacre at Natchez in- volved the Valley of the Mississippi in Indian wars an expe- dition of French and Illinois was sent against the Clncka- saws in 173G, and Father Antoninus Senat, S.J., accom])anied the force as chaplain. After some success, the French corjw, which was to co-operate with another from the South, was attacked by the whole Chickasaw army, Vincennes the connnander, d'Artaguiette, Father Senat, and others were taken, though the missionary might readily liave escaped. He would not, however, abandon those who needed his min- istry, and was burned at the stake on Palm Sunday, 1730,' most probably in Lee County, Missis^sippi.' In 1750 Fathers Guyenne, Yivier, Watrin, and IMeurin were on the mission in Illinois," where all but the second re- ' BoRsii, ii., p 16 ; Father Watrin to the Prniiasaiulii. '' Brewer, " Alahania," Montgoinery, 1873, \\ 'Ml I tiiid iiolliiDS to fix the exact ijosition of the C'liaelaw iiiissi;)ii, but it was apparently near the French I'urt Tonibecbe, at Jones' Bluff, in Sumter County, Ala. lb., p. 520. ■' Hei^ister of Kaskaskia. ' " Banni».>ienient des .Tesuitc.s," p. '2i ; Duniont, " Memoires Iliato- ricpies," ii., p. 2'2'.h ' Claiborne, " Mississippi," .Jackson, 1880, p. 03. • F. Vivier in " Lettres Ediflimtes" (Kip, p. iJlC). . t- «r,jj Mi i! It [■ i m /iHo THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. nmined for several years. Two years later the Weas and Raiikcsliaws, two lyiianii tribes, won by tl.e Eiiirh-sh, plotted tiio destniction of tl.e Hve Fre„cl. settlements in Illinois The eons])iracy was discovered before Christmas day, the time tixed for its execution. The French officers of Fort Chartres had their men ready and suddenly attacked the Miamis Some took refuge in the house of the Jesuit Fathers, and held out, but were linally taken. The French in Illinois were thus exposed to the dangers of Inkias, and leorias; the last tribe had obstii.atelv rejecteil their teaching; the f'aliokias reluctantly yiel.le ; and at all events oidy one Father was Vicar-General, and oth- ers could not be punished for his act. That the Jesuits liad made their plantation so productive as to maintain their mis- sionaries Mas creditable, and could not be ])unislied liyanylaw. But the unjust decree was carried out. The Jesuits were arrested, their property sold, their chajiel at New Oi-leans demolished, leaving the vaults of the dead exposed. It was one of the most horrible profanations conmiitted on this soil by men pretending to be ('atholics. Of these enemies of religion, the name of d(> la Freniere alone has come down to us : and to tlu! eye of faith his tragic fate in less than six years seems a divine retribution." Father Carette was sent to Saint Domingo; Fathei- Ic Boy reached Alexico by way of T'ensafola ; the aged Father Bandouin, broken by labors and illness, a man of seveiitv-two, was about to be dragged to a ship, when men of jjosition in- ' I liMvc sr)n-l)t in vain the RcconlH of this Suporior CouikH lo oU-m\ the cxuft text of \]\U a?iti-CMthnlic and lUiti-Cliristian (iccrcc ; 1ml Ihc prorccdinirs have aiiiiiirently ix'rislied. » He was exeriited at New Orleans, pliarcred with cons|)irucy asjainst the very royal power ho pretended to uphold. \'w: WAR ON RELIGION. 589 tt'i-fored and arrested the brutality of sending an American to France, where he had no kindred or friends. A wealthy planter named Bore claimed the right to give the aged priest a home. Father John James le Predour, who had been labor- ing since 1754- in his distant Alibamon mission, did not hear the cruel order for a long time, and tlien it was months be- fore he could reach New Orleans to be sent off as a criminal. On the niglit of September 22d, the courier reached Fort Chartres in Englisli territory, but as the fort had not yet been transferred, the king's attorney proceeded the next day to carry out an order which he knew it was illegal on his jiart to enforce. He read the decree to Father Watrin, a man of sixty-seven, and expelled him and his fellow-mission- aries, Aubert and ^leurin, from the house at Kaskaskia. They sought refuge with the missionary of the Indians. The Kas- kaskias wished to (U-mand that the missionaries should be left among them, but F'ather Watrin dissuaded them. The menacing attitude of the Indians, when it was proposed to demolish the chapel in their village, had its effect. The French at Kaskaskia asked in vain that Father Aubert, their pastor, should be left to them, but the king's attorney seized not oidy the plate and vestments of the Illinois churches, but those brought during the war by Father Salleneuve from Detroit, and Father de la IMorinie from St. Joseph's Tliver. In a few days the vestments used in the august sacrifice were cut up and seen in the hands of negresses, and the altar cruci- fix and (Mudlcsticks in a house that decent people had always shuimed. He sold the property, pretending to give a French title for land in an English province, and requiring the pur- chaser to do what he apjiarently feared to do, demolish the chapel. He even sent to Vincennes. where the property of the Jesuits was seized and sold, and Father Devernai, though an invalid for six months, carried oiT. ^ '•V ^1 i ■ ■ r'< m W 590 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. w The Jesuits, torn from tlieir missions, were then taken down to New Orleans, meeting sjmpatiiy at every French post the Capuchin Father Ireuicis, at Pt.inte Coupee, doin.. for them all that he could have done for the most esteemed of h.s own brethren. The Capuchins at New Orlea,.s came to receive them with everj n.ark of syn.,,athy, and obtained a house adjeming their own to shelter them, and in gratitude the books which had been spared to the Jesuits, and which formed a little library, were given hy them to the Capuchin 1 athers. The Illinois Jesuit Fathers were put on the first ship the " Minerve," which sailed February (Ith. All were sent a'way except Father de la Morinie, who was allowed to remain till ei)ring, and Father Mcurin, whose recpiest to he permitted to return to Illinois was sustained so stron-lv, that the council yiehled.' But he was not suffered to ascend the Mississippi to minister to the Catholics from Vincennes to St. (Jenevicve, destitute of priests and of every requisite for divine service,' till he signed a document that he would recognize no other eccles.-astical superior than the Supericr of the (.^apuchins at New Orleans, and would hold no eomnnnn-cation with Quebec or Rome.' The Illinois territory had lost also the Priests of the For- eign Missions. AVhen the IJev. Francis Forget Duverger saw the country ceded to England, and beheld the French otKcials from New Orleans make open war on religion, seize church vestments and plate, and order the Cathc'lic chapels to be razed to the ground, he seems to have thought that all was lost, and that religion in Illinois was extinct. Without ' " Biiniiisscmcnt dcs Jestiiics ,k' la T.ouisianc," pp. l-fiO fSfrn ttm im m m LOUISIANA IN 1763. 591 m any autliurity lie Kold all the property of the Seniiiiary, in- cluding ii good Htone lioune erected by him, and a lot of about seven acres, with niillK, slaves, and all iniplenients, though of course his deed conveyed no title. His parishion- ers remonstrated, but he persisted, and abandoning his jiarish descended the Mississipi)i with the Jesuit prisoners, whom he accompanied to Fi-antje. After the Jesuit Fathers were carried off from Louisiana the population of New Orleans, estimated at about four thousand, including slaves, and all the Catholics, French and Indian, in the Illinois country, had no priests to attend them exce})t nine or ten Capuchin Fathers, on whom all the pa- rochial work and the Indiitn missions devolved, as well as the care of two hospitals and the Ursuline Convent, with its acad- emy and free schools. Five were employed in New Orleans. It was, of course, utterly impossible for them to meet all the wants of so large a district. They had already withdrawn from the chapel at the fort below the city of New Orleans and from Cluipitoulas. Father Barnabas was stationed at the tine church at the Cote aux Allemands; Father Irenoeus still directed that at Fointe Coupee. Another Father was stationed at Natchitoches, near which the remnant of the Apalachcs had settled. Mobile liad been ceded to England, and F^ither Ferdinand was preparing to withdraw as soon as the F'reneh flag was lowered.' ' Fiitlipr Pliilibprt Francis AVatiin, " Mcmoire Abrojii'e surlcs Missions de lii Colonie nonimfit' riOiii^iMnc.'" tninsniittccl to tiie Proiiiiiiiinda in 1765. On the 14tli of Aiirii. 1706, FaliitT Simon c.\ Parey, Provincial of the C'npudiin province of Chanipajine, wrote from Sedan to the Pro])aganda Rolieitiu!? special powers, the Bishop of Quebec beini; dead and Canada in tlic hands of the Enu:lish. Archives of the Propajranda. The only priest of Louisiana birth I trace in this period, is Father Stephen Bernard Alexander Viel, 8..J., a poet and scholar, born at New Orleans, Oct. 31, 1730, died ia France in 1821. « Vf- ■I II ii 1 i-! CHAPTER IT. TlIK CHL'RCII IN MAINK, I(;9l>-1TG3. The earlier luiissiou work vvitliiu our limits pL'rforiiied by the rojjiiliir and secular clergy connected Avitli the Chnrch in Caiuula was ])urely an outgrowth of Catholic zeal for the conversion of the heathen, a desire to save some of the almost countless tribes of Indians scattered over the country. At the period we have now reached, however, the nii'iuic- inir character of the Knglish colonics led to a change. The government both in France and Canada had for a time shown itsflf less disposed to favor the missionaries, and if from ir.lKi ;m interest is evinced in their work, it was rather to use them as instruments of tlie governmei:t to further its ])olitical, military, or commercial vu'ws than foi' miv real in- terest in the spread of the gos|)cI. As the Knjilish col(»m"es were ( stantly hounded on by their magistrates and ministers against everything Catholic, laws, proclamations, newsj»apers,sermo!i8, and religious tracts, all breathing the most unchristian hatred n( the Ciimvli. its clergv and faithful, the juisition of missionaries in tribes along the frontier <■? the French an Canadian an- thorities. if they looked to tlirni for protection and .-iipport.' ' A Miissiirlni«rlt,-i sluliitc Ir 1«03 f..r'i m1.> iiny French ( Mtlmli,. (,, nsi.lr \vn>< in llie province witiioul license from the p)Venior uml (oiincil. WilliutuMin ii pM (502) A FALSE POSITION. 693 " If the interest of the gos])el did not induce ns to keep missionaries in all tlie Indian villages, Iro(iUois, Abnaki, and others," wrote the IVIurciuis de Denonville in lOOO, " the in- terest of the civil government for the benefit of trade onglit to lead us to contrive always to have some there, for these In- dian tribes can be controlled only by missionaries, who alone are able to keep them in our intei-est, and prevent them any day turning against us. I am convinced by ex])erience that the Jesuits are the only ones capable of controlling the mind of all these Indian nations, being alone masters of the differ- ent languages, to say nothing of tlieu- ability acquired by long experience among them successively by the mission- aries, whom they have had and continue to have in consider- ablf nuudjers among them." This placed the missionaries in a dei)lorable position. From the neighboring English they could expect only hatred and hostility ; from the French, supjwrt only on conditions repugnant to them as ])riests, and made endurable only by national feeling. France had retained a foothold in ]\Iaine at Pentagoet, the jiresent (,'astiiie, but her statesmen neglected to fortify the position or form a strong colony there, as they might easily have done by sending over impoverislied farmers from the overcrowded districts of France. Pentagoet had l)Ut a feeble life, and though the parish of the Holy Family was erected there, popidalion declined ratlier than increased, especially after the deith of the IJaron de Saint Castin. At last, however, the French (Jovernment saw the danger that was born of its neglect. The Iv disli bv possessing the Ktimebec and other rivers had an open , ittack Quebec and wrest Canada fr.un France. The Abiiakis in Maiiu\ from the days <>i the Capuchin missions and the laliors of Father Dniillettes, had been friendly to the Frencii. It in ihe wars that wore now inev- < il a ■ li 694 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. itable Enj^'laud could gain this tribe and use it against Can- ada, tliat province would soon be lost. Acting on this belief, the government in Canada cncoui-agcd the establishment of missions from the Kennebec to the Saint Johns, to which tliey had previously been indiileront.' The Fathers of the Society of Jesus who had gathered Abnakis at Sillery, and subsequently founded for them the mission of Saint Francis on the Chaudiere, revived their mis- sion in Maine in 1(!S8, when Father Bigot erected a chapel at Narantsouac, ni)w Norridgewock on the Kennebec, and about the same time the Recollect Father Simon established a mis- eion at Medoctec on the River St. John, near the present Maine border.' The Jesuit Father, Peter Joseph de la Chasse, was for twenty years coinncted with the Indian missions in IMainc. on which also Fathers .Julian P>inneteau and Joseph AnbcryaJ-o labored earnestly. F.y their exertions the Caniltas, Etechcmins, and Penobscots were all gained, and became Catholic tribes.' The parish at Pentagoet had remained in the hands of the Seminary of (Juebee, but the white population was so trill inif that the Rev. Mr. Thury found most of liis Hock to be In- dians, lie devoted himself to thi^ir service, preparing pravers and hymns in their language, inrl exercising a most bi'iiefii'lal ' Where clci-L'y arc p;ii(l l.y llic Sl:ilc, the Oovcriiincnf iiiid iis (.fliciMls always niriinl llitiii nsusurl of undcrlintjM wliom ilicy <;iii dii all ncca- siciTH n'.|iiirc to art as ihcy sec tit. Kvcry (•oininniKlaiii of a post like Cadillar, VillelMin, etc., oonxidercd inixsionarics lioniid to leave or ilianL'c mission'*, CO or come «t his option, "{oil. dc Maiiuscriis • ii iip 148.15,-,. '•' Collection de Maimserits." (iiiel)ec, IHSI, ii.. p. 2. '" Collect ion dc >Fanuscrils," (^ucIh-c, Ish4. ii., p. |'J7, The y.eal ol I'.iiher .\iihrry so oITiiuUmI the Knixlish liiat a price was olTefd for his head. III., p .V.'. ■■ I'arolksde.s Sauv.iires dc la Mission dc I'enla-o- et," ih,, pp. ill. :1H. AulM. THE MAINE MISSIONS. 695 influence. He was, however, called upon to gather and in- struct the Nova Scotia Indians, and died at Chebucto, June 3, l()t)9, mourned hy the Indians there as a father and a friend.' The Kov. James Alexis de Fleury d'Eschambault, who re- placed the great missionary, died in his labors in 1()98 ;' but his place was taken by Kev. Pliilip Kageot, who continued till 1701, aided for a time by Kev. Mr. (iuay, who retired with him, an Mnmisrriis," ij,, p. !M3 ; "T.rtfn^ fin pArc .Inniiifs I5i- jfot, 1{im»," ill " [{(liition (Ics .ViruircHdu ("iinadii," Niw York, 1SG5, p (t.l " Appurpully in 109iJ or 1(194. FA THER RALE. 597 visits to the cabins to attend the sick or rouse the tepid, these formed his daily round of care, with his duties in the confes- sional, his sermons, and the more pompous celebration of the great festivals. Of the language he was an earnest student, and while at Saint Franyois in 1()91, began a dictionary of the Abuaki, completed as years rolled by, and which is still preserved in Harvard College.' While Father Hale was laboring on the Kennebec in 1700, Father Vincent Bigot was again at his mission near Penta- goet. A letter of that time tells how he was edified by the zeal and piety of the converts. An epidemic scourged their villages, but they showed the depth and solidity of the Chris- tian teaching which they had received, attending mass and the prayers in the chapel when scarcely able to drag their bodies from their cabins." In 1701 the Kew England authorities treating with the Abnakis, again ordered them to send away the three French Jesnit Fathers who were in their villages and receive Protest- ant ministers from New England. The Indians would not listen to the proposed change, and said to the English envoy: "You are too late in undertaking to instruct us in the prayer after all the many years we have been known to you. The Frenchman was wiser than you. As soon as we knew him, he taught us how to pray to God properly, and now we pray better than you." ' The missionaries were not blind to their own danger, and 'It was puMislicd by the Aincriciiii Aciulctny of A'-fs mul Scicnci^s, in flic volmnc of Mfinoirs lor ISIt;!. under llu cililorsiiipof John I'ickcring. -V. ni^ot, 'Hi'liition dc la Mission dcs Aliiiaquis," 1701, New York, 1858. 'Hiirot, " Hclntion dp li» Mission AliMii(|iiise," 1703. New York, 1805, pp. i2!!-4. Fallur HifTot is siiid to Imvc been reciilled in 1701. " Collec- tion do Miuniscrils," ii., p. !Wfl. 698 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. 1^ 4 seeing the false position into which tlie government was forcing them, urged that lands should be assigned in Canada, to which the Abnakis could remove and practice their relio-- ion in jicace. An attemjit was made by Vaudreuil to carry out this idea, but as his course was censured, it was aban- doned.' Massachusetts claimed all Maine as English territory, and the Abnakis as subjects ; but in attempting to settle that dis- trict she paid no regard to the Indian title and made no at- tempt to i)urchase any ])ortion of their lands. The Abnakis resented the intrusion of settlers by killing cattle and at last burning the houses of the unwelcome Xew Englanders. The French Govermncnt encouraged the Indians to prevent English settlement on their lands, and the missionaries used their iiithience under the direction of the Governor-CJeneral of Canada. This could not but lead to disastrous results. In 1704-5 Arassachusetts expeditions were fitted out to destroy the mission stations. One under Major Church rav- aged the villages on the Penoljscot, and another under (!ol. Hilton penetrated to Father Rale's mission, but lindin"- the Indians absent, burnt all tiie wigwams, as well as the church with its vestry and the residence of tli(> missionary, after they had pillaged 'ind jjrofaned all that Catholics revere.' Be- sides the Indians at Norridgewoek (ither bands wxre visited by Father Hale. One of these at Lake I^Iegantic removed to Canada ami founded the mission at Hecancour in I7(»s.' Wlien peace w is restored the Indians i)repared to rebuild ' "Collcclioii (Ic M;muscril«," ii., pp. .)(m!. JIT. ' P(M)liiiH()w, •• History of il.i' Wiirs of \,.w KiihImiuI " (Ciiicininli I'd.t, p)). ','!>, ;tM ; Cliutrli, ■ History of the Ivistcrn Expeditious," p. I'M , WilliMiiisoii, " History of Maine," ii , pp. 47, .)<). 'See ("oiu'essioii in MMuraiill. ' llistoirr «l.s Ali-iiiikis," 8orel, lH(!t5, p. ','H.j. THE BURNT CHURCH RESTORED. nng iment was iu Canada, their relig- lil to carry was abaii- ritorv, and le that dis- lade iu» iit- le Ahnakis and at last lnu;laudcrs. to prevent larios used ur-(ieneral •esults. ed out to kurch rav- midor Col. indiii<>' the he clnnrh after they ere." l?e- LMV visited ' removed 1 ITOS.' to rehiiild iCinciiiii.ili lis," p. |;.'(i , Sort'i, \mc>. tlieir church, and as the English were nearer to them the Abnakis sent a delegation to IJoston to solicit cai-penters, promising to pay them well. The Governor of Massachu- setts olTered to rebuild the church at his own expensci if they would disnuss Father Kale and accept a Protestant minister. The Abnakis declined, and again contrasted the indili'erence of the English to tlieir salvation with the zeal shown by the French. A temjiorary bark chapel was then built, and the Governor-General of Canada, on hearing of their loss, sent mechanics who erected a new church. Oi this editice Father Kale wrote : " It possesses a beauty which would win admi- ration for it even iu Europe, and we have spared no pains to adorn it." ' This church iu the wilderness was sui)plied with sets of vestments, coi)es, and plate for the altar. The nns- siouary had trained forty Indian boys who served as acolytes in cassock and surplice. On the altar were candles made by the missionary from the wax of the Ijayberry. Tlie Indians all attended his daily mass ami met there in the evening for prayers. Duriu"- the huntiui;: season and the fishing season on the coast the missionary moved with his ilock, and a tent became the chapel of the tribe.- On one of his journeys he fell and broke both his legs. To obtain ])roper treatment he was conveyed in his helpless condition to Canada. Kecovering there he returned to the Kennebec, although he knew that a jirice had been set on his head. The church was completed in 171 S, at which time the Frendi king gave also meiuis to complete the church at Me- doctec, on the St. -lolm's.' Father Lauverjat had his chapel "Rale, Litter of Oclolicr 1',', IT'J:?. •' Lot'xT of Oetolicr 15. 1722. ' Tliis spoi was ('list of llic Miiiiu" lioiiiiilary on tlic St. .lolin's, v.-iieru tlic Hcl lUvcr fiil.'fs ; but Ilie MaUiitc Irilic wlio altciuleil it were Miiiiii' Iniliaiis, Willin-iisoii, i.. p. \". '■ Collcilion ile Mamiseiils," lii.. |.p. 2S, 42, 44, 4S. 54. 1^ 600 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. 5, 'S above Pentagoet, so that tJiere were two Catholic cliurches then in Maine, with one just bejoiid tlie present line. Tlie i\ew Englanii feeling against Father Rale was so in- tense that the General C^ourt of Massachusetts resolved to have him brought to Boston a jirisoner or a corpse. A i)roc- laniation was issued requiring the Indians to surrender Kale and every other Jesuit priest.' (Governor Sliute had written to Yaudreull, the Governor- General of Canada, to recall the missionaries, but he replied : "As to Father Kale and the other missionaries whom you wish me to recall, permit me, sir, to tell you that I do not know that any one of them is on territory under the sway of Great Britain ; and as the Abnakis among whom the mission- aries are, at whom you take uml)rage, have never had any but Koman Catholic priests to instruct them, since they have been enlightened with the rays of the gospel, they will ha\e just ground to complain of me, and I believe that God would hnld me accountable for their suuls, and the king would ecu Hire me severely, if I dej)rived these Indians against their will of the sjiiritnal mvnor which they receive from tlii-ir pastors, and whom they need to ])ersevere in the religion in whicli they have been brought up." Shutc in replying April ',\ 1722, says of Father Kale: " All that I have to say to bin), and to say to you in regard to him, is, that Ts''orridgewock, which is his mission, is de- pendent on the territory of King George, and that bv a law of the Parliament of (ircat P,rilain and the laws of this prov- ince all Jesuits or Koman Catholic priests are forbidden to preach or even to remain in any part of the kingr, to ' WilliaiiisDn, ii., p. 107 ' " (.'ollectioii (k' .Maiiuscrit.s," ii,, pp. 0(i, 77. HB FATHER RALE'S DANGER. 601 found an Abnaki mission in 1717, but the envoy was soon disheartened and abandoned the field, after a controversy with Father Rale on doctrinal matters. Again it was determined to strike a blow at the two churches and their priests. In February, 1722, Colonel Westljrook, appointed by Governor Dummer to command in the East, marched to the Penobscot, and ascending to the Indian fort, from which the Indians retired, set fire in INFarch to the church and wigwams. The shrine of Catholicity at th > point, a handsome, well-finislied chapel, sixty feet by thirty, probably on Fort Hill, above tlie mouth of the Kenduskeag, with the neat house of the priest, was again laid in ruins.' P'ather Lauverjat, unde- terred by the danger, still continued his mission among the Indians there, and Father Loyard, of ^ledoctec, proceeded to France in 1723 to plead the (tause of these Indian Cath- olics. In the autumn of 1722, Colonel Wcstbrook led a force of 230 men against Norriilgewock. Fortunately two young Indians saw the party and hastened to the village to give the alarm. Father Rale consumed the consecrated Hosts in the cil)()rium of his chapel and escaped into the woods bearing the sacred vessels. A cripple and l)urthened, he was not al)le to penetrate far into the forest without snow- shoes. Crouching at last behind a tree, he commended him- self to God. The enemy, finding his church and house vacant, pushed on in keen pursuit, but though tlicv jiassed his birking-place, failed to detect him. Abandoning the search, at last they returned to the village and pillaged the church and house, carrying off everything they were able to Mi ' Penhallow, "The History of llie Wars of Now England," p. 04; Williamson, "History of Maine," ii., pp. l'20-l ; "Mass. Ili.st. Coll.," II., viii., p. 'H)4 ; Hutchinson, " History of Ma.ss.," ii., p. 273. ,^l ^M^L^ rt i| 603 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. transport. — liis stroTig box,' papers, letters, his Indian diction- ary, and even liis writing materials. Fatiier Kale underwent great sufferings in the woods, and well-nigh perished before relief reached him from Quebec. His correspondence with the Governor-General of Canada, which was ca])tured, in- flamed the Xew England authorities still more, and his life was in constant danger. His Indians, unable to cultivate their grounds, lived most precariously, and he bore them company in their wanderings, often with no food but acorns. /a CUa^ W 6^ E^ '^, '/x 604 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. I tilated body, interred it at the spot where he had offered the holy sacrifice the day before. The Norridgewock Indians, after burying the slaughtered missionary and their kindred, retired to the Abnaki villages in Canada, and for some years no measures were taken to restore the mission. Church plate and vestments, with fur- niture for a mission-house asked of the King of France the year before, were granted in 1738, but the Indians had already begun to occupy once more their old home, and the Jesuit Fa- ther de Syresme, apparently in 1780, erected a chapel on the Kennebec. When he visited the St, Lawrence the next year, there was a general movement among the Abnakis to return to the Kennebec, and the government, to prevent it, proposed to recall the missionary.' Soon after Father Lauverjat, who had been endeavoring to uphold religion on the Penobscot, which the young St. Castins dishonored by their disregard of all morality, was transferred to Medoctec ; but he was still in charge of the Indians at Panawamske in 1727,' though the French Gov- ernment was endeavoring to induce the Indians there and at Medoctec to remove to Canada. After the retirement of Fathers Syresme and Lauverjat, wo find no evidence of any other resident pastor of the Cath- olic Indians of Maine. Their intercourst; with the missions ut Saint Francis and Bccancour was constant, and Father Charles Germain, who was stationed at St. Anne's mission on the Saint John's liiver, exercised a beneficent control over the Indians on the Kennebec and Penobscot, and ap])ar- cntly visited them from time to time, saying mass for them • "rnllcntion de MnnuscriU," Hi., pp. 186-7, 141, 147, 158, 155. 160; IiC! Hciiu. ' Ibid., p. 185; " N. Y. Colonial Docunu-nts," x., p. 128. CLOSE OF THE MAINE MISSION. 605 by stealth like his fellow-religious in Virginia. He may be regarded as the last of the old missioners to the Indians of Maine, who planted the faith so firmly in the hearts of that Algonquin race that neither privation of priest and altar, nor the allurements of prosperous and pretentious error could lure them from it.' ' Fiitlier Charlea Germuin, born May 1, 1707, entered the Gallo-Belgic Province, Sept. 4, 1728, and came to America in 1738. 'M I! . f CHAPTER in. THE CATHOLIO CHDRCH IN NKW YORK, 1690-1763.— FRENCH CLERGY. When William III. was acknowledged as king bv the Colony of New York, the only Catholics in the territory of the Five Nation, were the still few lingering converts niade by the Jesuit Fathers in the period of the missions, and the French and Indian captives brought in by the war parties of braves, many of them to die in torments at tht ..^.ke, after enduring the most rofined torture at the hands of their oun people nither than gainsay the faith that was in them. The only priest in the Iroquois cantons was the Jesuit Pather Peter Milet, a prisoner himself at Oneida. His very hfe was at first in const^mt peril, but his old converts pro- tected him, and having been adopted as a member of the tr.!>e by a fe.nale Agoyander, he received the hereditary name of one of the sachemships of the tribe. The Iroquois wo.nan who thus gave him a place in the councils of the Kc:.gue was apparently Susan Gouentagrandi. Ilin position was thus a curious one: he was still a prisoner, b;,t as Otas- eete he took lus seat in the councils of the Oncidas. Tlis in- fluence was so great that the English made every effort to put an end to his captivit:, , and the French to pn,lon<. it Whether he was able to obtain vestments and a chali,.e in order to my mass, is not certain ; but ns carlv as 1(101 1... had a l.ttle grotto or chapel in Susam.a's cabin dcdicatcl to Our I)}MMgLord-"Christo Morituro," where he a^^nbled the (606) IROQUOIS MARTYRS. 607 Christians to celebrate the Sundays and holidays. Toward the close of the year 1690, the Mohawks invited him to their canton to hear the confessions of Christians there who desired his spiritual aid. But Susanna would not allow him to de- part, fearing treachery; "the Catholic Mohawks," she said, " could always see Otasseto in her cabin." Father Milct had a mournful duty to discharge in attending the French and Iroquois prisoners brought in by the braves of tlic League. Many of these died at the stake supported and encouraged by the brave missionary amid their excpiisite torments. Eec- ognizod by the Canadian authorities as parish jjriest of Oneida, he received their verbal wills, which he subsequently proved in Canada. His captivity and mission lasted till Oc- tober, 1094, when he reached Montreal, followed by Tarcha and an Oneida delegation to treat of peace. It would be wrong not to give some details of the Chris- tians who died in torments, displaying a holy fortitude worthy of record. Stcjjhen Te'r. 'ui.okoa, captured by a Cayuga party, was taken to Onoatlaga ; he was a fervent Christian, and had long edified the mission at Sault Saint Louis. When reproached on the scaftbld with having left his canton to jo-' n the mission, he replied : " I am a Christian, and I glory in being one. Do with me what you will : I fear neither your outrages nor fires. I willingly give my life for a God who shed all his blood for me." On hearing this courageous answer his countrymen sprang upon him, cutting and mutilating his body in every part. One then cried out tauntingly : " Pray." " Yes," he replied, « I will pray," and as well as his fettered hands permitted, he made the sign of the cross, saying: " In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost." Furious at this, his tormentors hacked off many of his fingers, yelling: " Now pray to your God." Again he made the sign of the ?■ i -vl m' 608 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. * 1 cross, and they cut off all the remaining fingers, and for the ^nrd tune with every opprobrious epithet bade him pray Once more he endeavored to form on his body the symbol of redemption with the stump of his hand, but it was in- stantly severed at the wrist, and every spot he had touched was scored with slashes. This was but the prelude to a Ion., torrib c torture, which he bore without a nmr.nur, till fed- i.ig that Ins end was near, he asked a moment's respite, and oo.uM.endmg his soul to God in fervent prayer, received the uoatli stroke. Two years after the pious Frances Gonannhatenha, who had been baptized at Ononda^^a, was made a prisoner with her husband and some others near the mission of the Sault She was taken to Onondaga and given to her own sister, but fa pagan, deaf to the cry of nature, gave Frances up to death On the scaifold she, too, professed the faith with I'oly fortitude, and again that hatred of the Cross, which caused the death of Rene Goupil fifty years before, was dis- played. One of her kinsmen sprang on the scaflfold, and tormg off the crucifix that hung on her breast, cut a cross deep m her flesh. " There," he cried, " is the cross you love so much, and which kept you from leaving the Sault when I took the trouble to go for you." " Thank you, brother, ' replied the holy sufferer, " the cross you wrenched from me 1 might lose; but you give me one I cannot lose even m death." She urged her clansmen to become Chris- tians, assured them of her forgiveness, and prayed fervently for them ; but they prolonged her torture for three days, and afterburning her from head to foot with red-hot gun-barrels, scidped her, and covering the bleeding head with hot coals, miloose.! her, hoping to enjoy her frantic efforts to escape. But she, witnesfl to the faith, knelt calmlv down to pray. Ihen a shower of gtones ended her hen.ic life. IROQUOIS MISSIONS. 609 The Onoudagas did not even spare young Margaret Garau- gouas, daughter of the TododaJio, hereditary chief of the Iroquois league. Taken prisoner in her field, she was hur- ried away to lier native town. There she was slaslied from head to foot with knives and left for a time to endure the I)ain of her wounds. When she was a few days after con- demned to die, she endured the fearful torments with heroic constancy, the names of " Jesus, Mary, Joseph," alone escap- ing her lips. Once she asked for water, but reflecting a moment ehe told them to refuse her : " My Saviour suifered great thirst when dying for me on the cross ; is it not just that I should suffer the same torment for him '{ " Her tor- ture lasted from noon to sunset ; when scalped and released, she too knelt to pray. They tried to sttdi her and to beat her to death ; but finally threw her still quivering body on a pile of wood and consumed her.' Onondaga with Oneida was ravaged by Count Frontenac at the head of a large force in 169G, and when hostilities ceased the next year after the proclamation of the peace of Kyswick, the cantons were more disposed to respect the French. Negotiations wore begun under the Count de Fron- tenac and concluded by his successor, de Callieres, in 1700. During the negotiations the veteran Father James Druyas was sent with Mr. Maricour to Onondaga. He was received with great cordiality, and after addressing them as envoy of the French Governor, and delivering the appropriate belts, lie begged the Onoudagas to give especial attention to a third belt which he gave them in the name of Asendase, that is, the Superior of the Jesuit missions in Canada. He expatiated on the love which the Superior had always felt for his Iro- ' (niarlevoix, " niatory of New Frnnoo," \v., pp. 290-808 ; " L EdiflantcH," I'aris, 1720. xiii. ; Kip, " .JcMuit Missions," p. in ; " Hcl dfs Airuiri'Hdti Ciiiiiula," New Yorii, IHdri p 17 31) ^(•ttres Halation I -'a ,;f III 1 ir I'! 610 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. qnois cliildren, although the sun had been eclipsed so many years. " ' He wished to revive the knowledge which he first gave you of the Lord (^d of armies, the Master of tlie Uni- verse. You are to be pitied,' says Asendase by my lips. Since the Blackgowns left you, your children die without medicine, and what is more to he lamented without baj)- tism. You sachems, you warriors and women knew how to pray, but you have entirely forgotten, yet you know the :Master of Heaven. Your Father Asendase exhorts you by this belt to deliberate whether you desire a Blackgown. There are some ready to come. Do not refuse the offer which he makes you." ' The Indians avoided a direct reply to this proposition, as Governor Bellomont, of New York, had been exerting his influence to prevent the revival of the missions, and secured the pass--*!, 180, 241 ; Sinitli, •' Himory of Cuimda from its First Discovery " QnclKJc, 1815, i., pp. ]a7-». '' W i I LAST EFFORTS. 611 appeal of the venerable Father Bruyas. They sent to solicit the return of missionaries. To restore the church in the cantons the Superior of the Society of Jesus in Canada selected as missionary to Onon- daga the veteran Father James de Lamberville, who set out with a lay brother. Father Julian Garnier proceeded to the Senecas with Father Vaillant du Gueslis. Early in October, with hearty thanks to God, the Jesuit missionaries reached Onondaga, and the chapels of truth were again opened for sacrifice and prayer.' The missions thus restored were maintained during several years, for though England and France again declared war, the Iroquois had been won to neutrality, and that fierce na- tion remained at peace with civilized men warring around them. Father Garnier, broken by years of labor, was after a time replaced by Father James d'lleu, and Father Peter de Mareuil went to assist Father de Lamberville at Onondaga. The English viewed the presence of Catholic priests with no good-will, and labored to induce the Iroquois to arm against the French ; the young braves longed to go on the war- path, and the existence of the missions became precarious. In 1709 Colonel Schuyler waited on Father de Lamber- ville at Onondaga and won his confidence by a show of friendly interest. Expressing regret that the English Gov- ernor had induced the cantons to join in the war, he advised the missionary to visit Canada in order to confer with the Governor of Canada. No sooner had P'ather de Laml)erville departed, however, than he incited some drunken Indians to plunder the mission church and house and set them on fire. Still professing the greatest friendship for the missionaries, ' "N. Y. Colonial Documents," ix., p. 7!17 ; " Rolntion des Affaires du Canada," p. 35 ; Cimrlevoix, " History of New France," v., p. 156. 613 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. be persuaded Father de Mareiiil tl.at \m life was no longer BJife, and that his only way of escape was to accompany him to Albany. He concealed the fact that the Colonial Govern- nient had, on the 29th of June, issued an order for his arrest Father de Mareuil accompanied Schuyler to Albany, ^sliere provision was made for his maintenance, but he was detained as prisoner till 1710.' The Onondiiga mission was thus finally broken up, the church and residence were in ashes, tlie missionaries had l)een lured away by deceit, and never returned. Father d'lleu alone remained on his Seneca mission, but even the influence of Joncaire could not ensure his safety, though it effected his being escorted to Montreal before the close of the year 1709.' Thus closed the Jesuit missions among the Five Nations in their own territory. Roused at last to the vital importance of securing commu- nication with the West and the valley of the Mississippi, I' ranee in 1720 begati a fort at Niagara, and in 1731 of an- other at Crown Point, on Lake Champhun. Feeble at first, these posts became in time formidable fortresses. At each' <.f these strongholds there was a chapel, and a Recollect Father was maintained as chaplain. The Register of Niag- ara wiis probably carried off by Sir William Johnson ; that of I'ort Saint Frederic survives like the walls of the old out- post of France, and shows a series of Recollect Fathers minis- termg there, from John Baptist Lajus in 1732 to Father Anthony Deperet in 1759. The holy sacrifice was therefore ' '; N«'^ ,y'"-k <"olonial Dorumpnts," ix.. pp. 829, 830, 838 845 • Clnr- S".: : ^':'"T. •;! ,f''^! ^-"-•" -■• •'• 21-^ ; •• Calendar k Y. Sss ang., p. 8b,); ( ollection do Mannsorits." i p 621 CHAPLAINS AT THE FORTS. 013 offered at Crown Point, under the protection of the French flag, for more than a (quarter of a century. As no settlement of any importance formed around either post, the services of the chaplains were evidently confined to the garrison. Of the priests at these two posts, one, Father Emmanuel Cres- pi'l, was three years at Niagara, probably from 1730 to J7;{-?, and from November IT, 1735, till the Slst of Septem- b(>r in the following year at Fort Saint Frederic, lie waa then sent back to France, but the vessel was wrecked on Anticosti, and nearly all perished by drowning or from the hardships they endure I after reaching that desolate island. The Recollect Father was one of the few sm'vivors, and he published an account of his shipwreck and of his missionary career in America.' In 1749 the Jesuit Father, Joseph Peter de Bonnecamp, who had been professor of hydrography at Quebec, accom- panied an ex])edition under de Celoron, who was sent by the Canadian Government to deposit evidences of French pos- session in the valley of the Ohio. The party descended the Ohio as far as the great Miami, and then crossed to Lake Erie. Father Boimecamp was the first ])riest apparently who offered the holy sacrifice in the southern part of Ohio.' In 1753 and the following year the French erected Fort Presquile on the bay opening into Lake Erie that still bears the name ; the Fort de la Riviere anx Boiufs, near the pres- ent Waterford ; Fort Machault, and at the confluence of the ii . ' The otlior niiasionaries at Fort St. Frederic were FF. Peter B. Resclic, 1733; Bernardinc de Gannos, 1734; Peter Ven|uaillie, 173fi; Daniel, 1741 ; Alexis du Biiron, 1743; Bonaventure Carpcnticr, 1747; llypolite Collet, 1747; Didacus (niche, 1754; Anthony Depcret, H.'iS. '' Celoron's .Tonrnal in Tianibinjr, " Catholic Historical Researches,'' ii., pp. 60, etc., to iii., p. 32 ; (). II. Marshall, " De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio," in " Mag. American Hist.," March, 1878. Ii 614 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Allcgliany and Monongaliolu, Fort DuqucHue. Tl.o IleglKter of tlio last fort is still preservucl, and from it we Icai-n that Father Luke Collet, a Kecollect, ua« chaplain at Forts Pres- qmle and Kiviere aux Bci^ufn, and Father Denis Enron at I'ort Duquesne. A small silver chalice, used in all probahil- ity hy Father Luke, was dug up at Waterford, near the ruins of the old fort, in 18U4, and was purchased hy Mrs. Vankirk a pious Catholic lady, to save it from profanation. Besides these i)osts the Jesuit Father, Claude Francis Virot, who had labored on the Ahnaki missions, was sent to the Ohio to found a mission among the Delawares, who had settled near the French. He planted his mission cross at Sakunk, as the Indians styled the mouth of the Big Beaver. Here he per- severed in his good work (ill Pakanke, Chief of the Wolf tribe, drove him off.* With the fall of the French power the service of the (.hurch, maintained at CVown Point, Niagara, Erie, Water- ford, and Pittsburgh, ceased. Another French post was connected with a great Indian nn'ssion and deserves a more extended notice. This was Fort Presentation, on the site of the present Ogdensburg, with the Tiiission founded there by the Sulpitian, Abbe Francis Piquet. This energetic ])riest, while serving in 1745 as chaplain to an exjiedition against Fort Edward, conceived the project of establishing near Lake Ontario a mission like those at Sault Saint Louis and the Lake of the Two Moun- tiiins. From his intercourse with the Iroquois still in their '^% •m Zeisberpcr. .lournal, April 23, 1770. Maurnult, " Histoire di-s Ab6- nakis, p. 400. Father Claude F. Virot was bon. February 1« 1721 en- tered the Society of .lesus in tlie provinee of Toulouse, October 10 17:58 was sent to Canada in 1750. AftcT his Delaware n.is.sion he aele.l a.s elmplau, to Aub^-'s force, and was killed i„ the attempt made to relieve Fort Niagara m July, 1759. Pouelu.t, •• Mcmoire.s," i j,j, 109 no fen;; THE ABB£ PIQUET'S MISSION. 616 old homes, he felt that a deaire for ChriHtiaiiity lingered ainong them, and that many could be won to join a new iniHsion station. His design was encouraged by Governor de la Jonquicre, ■who accompanied him in May, 1748, to select a site. The POKTIIAIT OK IlKV. KIUNOIH PIQUET. harbor at the mouth of the Oswcgatchic, with fertile lands and abundant woodlands, oiTered every advantage. Here a palisaded work soon rose, and near it a chapel, named in honor of the patronal feast of the Sulpitians, La Presenta- tion. He visited the cantons as far as Niagara, inviting the i 616 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. well-disposed to join his mission. In the erection of the necessary buildings and defences at the spot he had selected the Abbe Piquet expended thirty thousand livres, and was about to reap the reward of his zealous exertion when, in October, 1749, a Mohawk war party made a sudden raid and gave the place to the flames. They could not, however drive the stout priest from the work he had undertaken! The Presentation minion rose from the ashes, and began FOKT I'UKKKNT.VIION (rHil.KNmuiK.). WITH CIlAIMa. OF HKV Fn\N(I<^ with six families; but in two yoars there had gathered around the altar of the Pr-scntation three hundred and ninety-six fauiilioH, ntunl«>ring three thousand souls, drawn chiefly from Onondaga and Cayuga, the frm't of Piquet's visits and <'xhortntions. Th.w who had mocked the efforts of the z(.al()UH priest to revive the early mission spirit were silenced. The Alissi.m of the Presentation of ()„r La.iy was a triumph for the Chun-h and a defence to Canada. Jh'Khoi. ^Kt m THE PRESENTATION MISSION. 617 Dn Breuil de Pontbriand visited the mission in May, 1752, and took part in instructing the neophytes. Then he bap- tized one hundred and twenty and continued many. It was undoubtedly the first confirmation within the limits of the State of New York. The ladies of Montreal wished to en- courage the good work, and sent to the mission a beautiful banner, still j^reserved at the Mission of the Lake of the Two Mountains. It bears the totems of the Iroquois clans — the Bear, the AVolf, and the Turtle, their council fires, and the monogram of Christ. The new Iroquois town was governed by twelve chiefs, and became a model. Every visit of the Abb6 Piquet to the cantons drew new accessions to the mis- sion. With a few zealous coadjutors, all that was not utterly degraded in the cantons might have been won. Sir William Johnson called on the Indians to extinguish tlie fire at Oswe- gatchie. " We have no nearer place to learn to pray and have our children baptized," answered the chieftain Redhead. The Abb6 Piquet went to France to obtain needed coad- jutors, but he had scarcely returned when the war began which was to close the chapter of French power. During that strr'jfgle the Indians of all the iriissions were called to the field, and as the tide of hucccks turned agiiinst them, Mr. Piquet and his Indians in 1751) abandoned Fort Presentation and made a new home on Grand Isle aux Galops, sometimes (Milled Isle Picjuet, where he erected a chapel for his flock. When all seemed lost the devoted missionary, after making a final ^'utry in his TJosrister, Mav !<•, 17^0, returned to France by way of Louisiana. His successor, the Sulpitian, Kev. John Peter Besson df> la Garde, acting as chupliiin in Fort I^vis, was taken by the English, but was allowed to resume h's labors as an Iiidian missionary. The site of the mission of The Presentation has become in our day a thriving town, the see of a Catholic His]io|>. The 'i| >.'■ It 01« Tim CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. eoruer-Htone of Abb6 Pi.juot'B chapel wuh found some yoa.. i^fg'of thrcil "'""^""" "" ''""'''"^^" ^''"'' '" '''" '''''^'*' •'»"''- it l,ea.-s the insc-nption : " In nou.inc + Dei on.nlpotentis Innc huntat-oni initia dcdit Krau. Picciuet 1740." ij 1 Ju8t a« this iniBHiou wan about to re.novo fron, the soil ,.f ^fow ^ ork the e«uit Kather. Mark Authon, Gordon, nelct d qua.sa.ne, >uhe place where the partridge drunis," an< ^^""' ""' t""-^ "^ ^'- l-'Pio of the Caughnawaga nu^iou a rOUNKU-BTONIO OP KKV. r„ANC,« VX^VK-V'^ .nArK,,. «T.M, rUKHKHV,. ,, AT OODKNHUL'ltU. Sault St. Louis, founded that of Sah.t Krancis Regm, erecting n l.)g-house for a te.n|)omry chapel. This perislunl l,y fire JUHt before the clo«. of the war, so that the year 1703 saw no chaiH'l At the sjwt. . I..' AM,.. |.,.,,„., was nt C.ru.um in I7«2, a.ul on rom-liinK Lin nntiv,. I ..nt.nr. A ,T «,„.„,linff years i„ tho artiv.- .lisrhar^^. „f „„. „,inis,rv i l-Wln-s K.llft»nt..s." Pourhof, " Momoin.«." ii., p. 284 • Ho«mi • \„ ;i-. H..UU.. -.. „U.ory of ...o .....o. of (...L.,..,,, 'Sjl/^lZ' 0MS^,Hmm I. ^-1 CHAPTER IV. V 1 I TIIK CHlJKOn IN MICinOAN, INDIANA, WISCONSIN, AND MIN- NK80TA, 1690-1703. The inttTcolonial Htnig^le which is coeval with the acces- sion of William III., HcrioiiHly affected Catholicity in the northwest, as the French autliorities in CaiiaW) any French settlement on tlielTppor Lakes; the projected Ilecoilect misHioiiH liaili)ecn abandoned ; the Jcsnit Fathers of whom Father Knjalran was Superior, had their Huron and Ottawa mission at MichiHmackinac, where that Father and the veteran de (Jarheil still labored ; Father Aveneau was at the Miami inissicm on the Saint Jo- seph's; the aged Father Noiivel conducted the Christian In- dians on (Ireen Hay; Father Jose])li .loim M a rest was en - (leav(»ring to found a mission among the Dakotas, near the banks of the St. Croix and St. Peter's. Fathers Albanel and Bailloquet were the only other missionaries in the West. Mission labor was daily becoming more ditRcult, and the danger of the iidssionaries increaHcd. Even at Mi<'hiiimacki- iiac the Jesuit Fathers were regarded as exposed to danger, till Louvigny, in 1001, encompassed their church and resi- dence with u pulisude. (619) < '4 620 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. The govorn.nent grant for land on which to erect a chapel and house near the banks of the Saint Joseph's had been con- iinned, and the chief centre of mission work on the Lakes was likelj to be at that point. The appointment of La Motte Cadillac as oonnnandant at Michdunackmac, in 1094, foreboded ill to the cause of West- ern n„8s.ons. Chimerical, grasping, overbearing, regarding religion only as an elen.ent to be used for purposes of gov- ernment or trade, he displayed qualities that subsequently made h,e admmistration in higher position so stormy and unprofitable.' The missionaries had already learned his char- acter, when in 1700 he was selected to found not a mere trading-post, but a fort and settlement on tho Detroit Rivor where temporary establishments had already been made, and where formal possession had been taken in lfi87 When peace had been made, and the West was again ope.. Hther Lnjalran was dispatched to the West to invite the tribes on the Lakes to send their delegates to a general pouneil.' '^ In the summer of 1701 Cadillac, appointed con.mand- ant at Detroit, and in all the. western parts, and made Seign- eur of the j)rojected settlement, set out from Three Rivers with soldicn-s and settlers. The expedition was accompanied by bather ^lcholas nernardine Constantinc Delhalle a IJee ollect, who was to serve as chaplain to the troops and pastor ^> the people, and tho Jesuit Father Francis Vaillant d„ Guoshs to act as missionary to the Indians. Detroit was founded July 21.1701; Fort Pontchartrain, a soli i 'Charlevoix, "History of New Fnince," v., pp. 185-6; " N. Y. Colonial Dociinients," ix., p. 810 ; Tanguay, " Repertoire General," p. VO. .W if : (I ' /^^^^^^^^, ^^;^<9s-»*»<-d{iL^»£^^ 'Zm^ 5^^/^dJ^ 8tGNATtJRE8 OP PRIESTS AT DETROIT. ST. ANNE'S, DETROIT. 627 Miamis, by unalterable mildness and invincible patience, succeeded in obtaining great influence over tbem.' He did not live, however, long after being restored to his mission, having died in Illinois on the 14th of September, 1711. Father Chardon was then for a time at the old mission sta- tion. The next year Father Marest erected a church on the south shore, at what is now known as Old Mackinac, where de Louvigny in 1Y12 built a fort. The French needed, indeed, to strengthen their position in the West, for the Foxes had drawn the Kickapoos and Mascoutens into a plot to destroy Detroit and the French settled there, and hold the place for the English, who had in- cited them. Du Buisson, the commandant, seeing their in- creasing numbers and insolence, sent to summon the allies of France, and prepared to defend the post with his little gar- rison of fifty men. The church where Father Delhalle re- posed stood outside the fort, with a storehouse and dwell- ing near it. After removing the grain laid up there, the commandant, to prevent the Indians from using the buildings to attack the fort, or endangering it by setting them on fire, ordered the church and adjacent houses to be demolished ; and in a few hours tliis second church was destroyed. The Recollect Father Cherubin Deniau, the missionary of this little flock of whites from 1707, erected within the palisade a new chapel dedicated to Saint Anne. When after a series of desperate engagements the Foxes were nearly extermina- ted by the allies and Detroit was saved. Father Cherubin cele- brated a solemn high mass of thanksgiving, and the Te Deum was chanted in the palisade fort.* . *' ■1.^ i{ ' C?harlevoix, v., p. 202. ' Du Buisson's Report, June 15, 1712, in Smith, " History of Wiscon- sin," iii., pp. 817, 883. I !i 628 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. fe During the troublous days when the turbulent Fox tribe menaced the power of France in the country of the Lakes, the Rev. Father Leonard Vatier, also a Recollect, is sjiid to have been cut off by the Foxes and Sioux, but unfortunately we have no details of his death.' The Recollect Fathers were generally sent to stations for a term of three years, and the isolation of the post at Detroit was such that few apparently sought to prolong their stay. Thus Father Hyacinth Pelfresne served from 1715 to June 3, 1717. Father Anthony Delino, who soon styled himself "Recollect priest discharging parochial functions at the Royal fort of Detroit, Lake Erie, and Lake Huron," began in Nov., 1719, but was recalled in March, 1722.' Detroit meanwhile had declined, and the Hurons and Ottawas who had settled near it, though many had their children baptized, were fast losing all trace of Christianity.' However, the mission among the Miamis had been main- tained under the Jesuit Father John de Saint Pe, who was stationed there in 1721, but the tribe had begun to move eastward, and the French had already two years previous taken steps to establish Fort Ouiatenon on the north bank of the Wabash, a few miles from the present town of Lafay- ette.* The missionaries of Saint Joseph's River probably accompanied their band on its migrations. Father Bonaventure Ldonard arrived in Detroit in June, 1722. He is the first to speak of St. Anne's as a parish. He The date of his death is ' Tanguay, "Repertoire General," p. 71. given as Feb., 1713. 'Parish Register of Detroit. Calvarin. V.O.. Mercier and Thaunnir. ot luinuroLs, wore at Detroit in Augiiat, 1718. ^ Charlevoix. " Ilistoire de la NouvcUe Prance," iii., p. 257. * Vaudrenil to the Council of the Marine, " New Yok Colonial Doc- )",'•'"'■'• It'. P- ^"^' ^'"'^^''^^'' "Historic Notes ol m, ^lortUwest," Chicago, 1879, p. 104. ' SIOUX MISSION. 629 began a new church within tlie paUsades, which occupied, it is said, a site on the present Jefferson Avenue, between Gris- wold and Shelby Streets.* When the cliurch was sufficiently advanced he took steps to translate to it the remains of the first pastor, Father Constantine Delhalle. The Sieiir Delisle who had aided in interring the Kecollect Father, guided the new pastor of Detroit to the spot, and two men set to work. The coffin was soon found, and his skull-cap, portions of his Franciscan habit and cord, and his hair cloth were enough 10 identify the remains, which were removed to the new church on the 14th of May, 1723, and placed under the plat- form of the altar.' Father Chardon seems to have remained at Green Ray till about 1728, the solitary priest on the old mission ground west of Lake Michigan for several years ; but he apparently withdrew when the expedition under de Lignei-y was sent against the Foxes. The forces, consisting of four hundred French and twice as many Indians, were attended by Rev. Mr. Pcset, a secular priest ; Father Emmanuel Crespel, a Kecollect, and Father James Quentin de la Bretonniere, a Jesuit Father. The expedition entered Green Bay, and ascended Fox River to the Indian town, which they found deserted. On the homeward march, de Lignery demolished the French fort at Green Bay, and the mission there was ap- parently then abandoned.' On the 17th of May, 1727, the French under Laperriere began the erection of Fort Beauhamois on Lake Pepin, the first post in our Minnesota. The government made an ap- propriation for the support of two Jesuit priests there, and ■■n ■J ' Farmer, "History of Detroit and Michigan," Detroit, 1884, p. 529. ' Entry in Detroit Register. » Crespel, " Voiagea dans le Canada," Francfort, 1742, pp. 15-29. :lii 630 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. Father Louis Ignatius Guigiuus, who aecouipaniod the expe- dition, founded the mission of Saint Michael tlie Arcluuigol among the Sioux, lie was the iirst priest after Father Mu- rest to attempt to gain souls to Clirist among the Dakotaa. Father Guigmw, after hegiuiiing his mission labors, attempted t() reach the IIHnois country in 1728, but was captured on his way down the Mississippi by the Mascouteus and K'icka- l>oos, allies of the Foxes. He remained a prisoner in their hands for tive months, and was .it one time condemned to die in torture at the stake, but was saved by an old man who adopted him. His captors finally took him to the Illinois, where they left him on parole till November, 1729, when' they removed him to their own town. On recovering his liberty, he seems to have returned to his Dakota mission, where he was still laboring iji 17;{(!.' About 1730 Father Crespel visited Detroit and describe, his fellow-religions. Father Honaventure, as a zealous ])riest, given to study, rendering service as priest and teacher to his people, and conversiint with the language of the Indians with whom he came most frecjuently in contact.' The Indians .iround Detroit had been without a missionary from the time of the foundation of the place. Father (^har- levoix represented strongly the necessity of reviving the early efforts, to (Christianize them. The Huron mission was reviveil ill 172S, and soon after Father Armand do la Richardie ap- pears as their spiritual guide. Father Charles M. Mcsaiger had been succeeded at the Miami mission on the St. Joseph's by Father Peter du ' Ouiffniis in •' Early Voya^fs up and (l„wn the MMsHipi.i," Ml.anv 801, j,p. 167-175; "Now York Colonml DiKuin-nt*." ix.. pp. l)0>,.' 1016-7, 1051 ' Crc8ppl, " Volage," pp. 84-5. THE HURONS. 631 Jaunay,' while Fathers John B. La Morinie and Godfrey Coquart appear at Mackinac. The Jesuits were still in the advance with the French ex- ])lorers of the West. In 1731 Father Charles Mt'saiger set out from the mission at Michilimackinac to accompany Pierre (raulthier, Sieur de la Vcrendrye, on his exploration through Minnesota to Rainy Lake, Lake Wimiipeg, and the country of the Mandans. Father Peter Aulneau, accompanying a son of the Sieur de la Vcrendrye in a suhsecjuent exploration, was killed by the Indians at the Lake of the Woods in 1730.* The leading Huron chiefs at Detroit were hostile or indif- ferent to religion, and though Father Potier established a mission on Pois Blanc Island in 1742, he was forced to leave them five years afterward. Father de la Kichardie, thor- oughly discouraged, had returned to Quebec, hut was recalled in 1747. In their winterings the FInron tribe frcqtiontly en- camped at Sandusky, allured by the [)ure water found there. In 1751 Father de la Richardie induced a portion of the tribe to go and settle there permanently. They were the Indians least able to restrain their appetite for spirituous licputrs. This mission was maintained here for several years. iMvi Nicholas, an ally of the English, at last drove Father Potier from his chapel on the Sandusky, and the mission closed, though the faith was preserved among the Ilurons till the present century. The rest of the tribe gathered at Sandwich, where a churcli ' In 1738. Up wiih nt Mnckitmc in 1742, Dctniit in 1754. lit- died February 17. 1781. Murtin, " ('«tiiloj,'ue"; Tiingutiy, " Itepertoire UenC'- nil." » Murtin, "Catnlopuo par ordre ClironoloKique"; Mallet, 'Origin of tlie Oregon Mission," " Proceedings U. 8. Calh. Hist. 8oc., February 11, 1886," p. 11. 632 THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. had been erected for them in 1748 ; and during tlie latter part of the period we are treating, this Canadian band was under the care of Father J. B. Salleneuve.' Detroit had taken new h'fe. The population was increas- ing, so that the Recollect Father, Sitnplicius Bocquet, who had entered on his duties as ijarish priest on the 18th of Sep- tember, 1754, undertook to build a larger church. It stood, BIGNATCRE OF FATKKR SIMPlJCirs BOCQUET. according to the historiographer of the city, west of the present Griswold Street, on ground now included in Jefferson Avenue. The new Church of Saint Anne was so far com- pleted in the summer after his arrival, that on the 13th of July, 1755, he transiciud to it the remains of the first pastor <»f Detroit, depositing them under the steps of the altar, to remain, however, only till the completion of the church. " Which," says the entry in the Register, " will pennit us t.. give him a i)ermanent and becoming seiMilture conformable to his merit, and to the miracles which many trustworthy IJersons have reported to us to have been wrought througl. his intercession in favor of the whole ])arish." ' ^le mtlo French city of the West was honored, says Far- ' " Colloctio,! ,Io Manusorits." iH., p. 8487^' N. Y. 'coIonJal Dor^. n>.'nt8. X.. p,,. 114-llB; •• History of tho ('atl.olir Missions" p -m TI..T.. »rc still rxtiuil two copies „f a H„ron (Jra.nmar writt<.n by Fath.T I "lUT. a work on Huron Ha.li.als, ani; roM- BUIA.ND, SIXTH HISIIOP OF CJUEBEC. The Rt. Rev. Henry INfary (hi Breuil de Pontbriand, sixth Bishop of Quebec,' deserves esj)ecial mention in a history of I Mgr. Pptcr lIiTinan D(W(nift. a niitivp of Lille, was conapcrntcd Bishop of Hiiinos at Home on Ciiristiiias day, Wir^, by Pope Hciicdict XIII. and appointed (^oiidjutor to Bishop Moniay, whom ho sucpicdcd in 1784. He rcHigncd the next year, having spent less tluin six years in Canada. 634 ™E CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. the Olmreh fa ,I,e United Slate,, a» l,e was tl,e first i„c„„,. ■ent „ tl,„. see wl,„ perf„„„ed any epise„,,ai f„„etio„ wM . ". om- m„l,, l,„vh,f- conferred eo„«r,r,ali„„ at Ogde.rtur. ami Detro,,, „,,2, 73; deprived of Cliapcl at St. Mary's, 3.")6 ; disiraneiiised in all the colonies 305 Catiti, Alonzo 206, 511 Cavelier, Rev. John 340 Caviioa Mission. 255, 286, 297, 303, 007, 616 CEoiLirs, Father 573 (^EDAR Creek, Pa 394 Cen-is 214 Cerov, Georire I'iO-l Cervantes, Father .\nthonyde l(«l CiiALLo.NEH, Rt. Rev. Richard, Vicar- Apostolic of London . 95 INDEX. 647 PAGE CiiAMPLAiN, Samuel de... .223, 225 CiXAi'iiL-iiousE, used in Mary- huul to comply with Queen Anne's permission 363-4 ClfAPITOULAS 591 CiiAUDON, F. John B.C23, 625, 627 C'liAHLEMAGNE, Father 420 CiiAUi-EH, F., Carmelite... 552, 562 CfiAULES V 103, 106 ClIAUI.KHKOUT, a. C 134 CiiAUi.Evoix, Father Francis X. de 559, 564 Chaulotte Harbor 1 13 CuAUTiiES, Bishop of 543 CirAUcmcTiEHE, Fatlier Claude 309 Chaumonot, Father Peter J. M 248, 250, 255 CiiAUVUEULX, Rev. Mr. .... . 430 CiicKDEViLLE, Kev. Mr 340-1 Chehes 190 CuiCAOO 537, 530 C'liic-KAHAWS 573, 575, 585 Cmi.oMACON or Chitoniaclicn, Chief of Pi.'^cataway 53 CniPPEWA Creek 322 CiiirPKWA Mission 268 CIIIPPEWAB 228, 208, 310 Choctawb 572, 584 CnoMAs or .Tumanas 481 CiioPAiiT 573 Ciiozah, Father Peter Fernan- dez de 152-3, 159 Ciu'iicir, Major 598 UiU'ucii of Knjiland established in Maryland 346. 380 Cia 180, 190, 194, 512, 519 Ciiioi.A 115-7, 118. 119 CicuYK or Old Pecos . . .119, 121-2 CtPiAH 200 CisNEHos. Rev. John de 173 Ci-Auow. Father 187, li»0 C-l,AY»ouNE . . .32-3, 44. 4.S, 62. 73 Clerke, Robert 50, 70 (-'ociiiTi 512, 519, 525 Cocoa ,1512 CoLiGNY, Admiral 1:34 Collet, Rev. Luke 561, 614 Colombikre, il.de 543 CoLUMBUB, Christopher . . 11, 100 Company of the West, 558, 563, 569 Compostela, Rt. Rev. Diego Evelino de. Bishop of Santi- ago (10 C^uba, sends Visitors to Florida isi, 463 Cf^CKPcioN, La Purisima 507 CoNCiios IH6, 212 Concord 448 conewago 391, 420 CoNi-nurATioN in Florida, 160, 170, 469, 476 ; in New Jlex- ico, 213 ; in Texas, .500 ; in New York, 617; at La Prairie 307 Conm:r, Philij) 20 CoNTRERAS, Father Biniaven- turede, 514; Father John (h' 133 CooDi:, 97 ; Hev. John 315 Coopi:r, Father John (iO Coosa 128-9 CoPLI.Y, Sir Lioiiil, Royal Governor of Maryland 340 Copley, F. 'Ilios. (i'iiilip Fi.sh- er)..38, 40-7, 5;i, m, 58, 63, 69, 75 CofiUART, Father Godfrey 029 CoRCiiADo, F. Andrew 187, 190 CoRNWALEYH, 'I'honuis.OO, 49, 02, 03 CoKNWALLis, Governor 424 CoROAs 543 CouoNAno, Francis Vasque/. de. 114, 118, 130 CJoRDOHA, Father Peter de ... 102 CoRPA, Fnllier Peter dc, 152 ; killed 153 CoiiUAL, Father Anthony dc. . 514 CoRVERA. Father Francis, 510- 13, 518; killed 520 643 INDEX. PAGE <'<'«v 129-iao CouKRiEK, Rev. Joseph 577 Couture, \Yilliam 229 Coxi 50(5 Cubes 316 (;he8pel, F. Emmanuel 613, 637-8 CuKspo, Rt. Rev. Benedict, Bishop of DuDingo, visits IS'ew Mexico, 523 ; visits So- norii 528 CuowN Point, Fort at 612-3 CuiiEHO, Governor of New Alc.xico 521 ClI,UAC.\N 123 {'iMni-.Ri.AND Island 142 Ci I'AYCA, Apalache town 164 (TIUAMES 186 Cusiieniiopen, Cussahopen, (see Goslienhopen) 445 Cyprian, Rev. Ignatius Au- gustine 497 Dahlon, F. Claude.. .248, 252. 272 I)AKOTA8(see Siou.\)..316, 619, 627-8 Dale, Sir Thomas 222 Da.ndkadi:, Rev. V. F 158 Damim., Colonel 4.'>9, 460 I)'.\ii(ii:\so.\, Viscount, Gov.- ci!AMiiAii,T, Rev .Tames A 595 DE S\iNT Castix, Baron .'136 DE Haint (^osme. Rev. .Lihn Francis. .■ifO-2, 544 ; killed . 5,-)0 DE Saint Vai.i.ier, .ToIim \V\\v tU\ de la Croix de, Spe( nd Bishop (if Qu(l)ec.327, .'!42. .'>31-5. 638, 543. 546. .557, 561, 5(i3, 595 INDEX. 649 PAGE D'esmanville, Rev. Mr 340 DB Syhesme, Father 604 Detkoit 630 Devernai, F. Julian.. 579, 589, 633 d'Heu, Father James 611-13 Diaz, Father Joseph 519 DiCKEN:*ON, John 457 DiDiEii, Rev 580 DiEri'E. 134 DiEZ, Father Joseph 513 DiGGEs, Father 'I'homas 407 D'Olbeau, Father John 224 DoLLiER de Casson,Rev.Mr.284,311 DoMi.Nic of the Annuuciution, Father 128-131 Dominic of Jesus Mary, Father 514 Dominic of St. Dominic, F. . .. 128 Dominic of St. Mary, Father. . 127 DoNGAN, Col. Thomas, Gov- ernor of New York.. . .89, 97, 333 Dokantes 110 Don AY, Father Annstasius... .340-1 DouGnonEOAN Manor. . . .363, 435 Dofoi.As, William 89, 368 DouTREi.EAU, Father. 570, 573, 574 Druili.ettes, F. Gabriel. . ..238-9, 241-2, 258, 275-7, 317 Du Bois, Rev. Mr 283 Dr BnKi:n. de Pontbriand, Bishop 583, 016, 031 Du.iAtiNAi, F. Peter . .579, 029, 633 Du LiU'T, Daniel Greysolon. . . Dt'MAB, Father .Tohn 572, Dii Pi.Kssis de Mornay, Rt. Rev. r,()iils Francis, Coadju- tor of Quebec, and Vicar- General for r-ouisiana Di' PoissoN, Father Paul, 573 ; killed 573 Diiui, F. Victorin. . .553, 573, 5S0 Dii'i-is, Zaehary 252 Di;iiA\, Father Andrew, 206; Father Roderic 187 324 580 564 PAGB DuuAND, Father Justinian, prisoner in Boston 423 DuHANGo 523-4, 538 Du Ru, Father Paul 543 Du TuET, Brother, killed 323 Easton, Pa 4,53 EC1.IA 108 Elizacociiea, Rt. Rev. Mar- tin de. Bishop of Durango, visits New Mexico 523-4 Ei. Paso 211, .519, 524-5 ELZEARde St. Florentin, Bro.. 243 Enjalran, Father John . , 320, 328, 334, 619, 631 Eriwomeck, N. J 86 EscALONA, Father John do, 191, 193 ; Brother Louis (John of the Cross), 118, 120; killed.. 123 Escambia River 129 Escobar, Father Francis 193 EsPE.io, Antonio de 185 EsI'INOSA, F. Ildefonso, 530 ; F. Isidro Felis de, 483-5, 493 ; F. John of Jesus, killed. . 207-8 EsriRiTU Santo, Iliver (.Missis- sippi), 108 ; Bay 340 Ehi'Konzicda, Rev. John Fran- cis 500 Estrada, Brother Peter de. .. 100 Eti:ciiemins, Mission to. . 337, 504 Evi;i,i.no de Couiposicla, Rt. Hev. l)i(';,^o, Bisho]> of San- tiago de Cuba 456 Pai.kner's Swamp(Poltsgrove) 893 Farean, Father Fraiieis, . .206, 517 Farmer, Father Ferdinand. . .387, 420, 446, 448 Farrar, Father .lames 407 FtCNWicK, CuthlK'rt . .49, 03, 70, 72 Ferdinand, Father ,'91 Feria, Father Peter de.. .. 12S, DO Oi")0 INDEX. PAGE Fkhnandez de Santa Ana, Fa- tlior Boiiedict GOl Fkunaxdin.v (IViisiicola Bay). VZH FioiiKKOA, Father, killed. . . .207-8 FisiiKH, Father Philii) (see Copley). FirzuKKUKUT, F. Francis. 75, 70, 79 FiTzwii.i.iAM, Father John... . 79 Fi.oKKNciA, F. Franeis de... 454-5 Flokida, Church in 100, 454 Fi.oYi), Fatiier Franeis 877 FoNTc'iuiiiouTA, Father Michael, SuperiorofTexas Mission, dies 480 FoitoKT l)iiviinai;u, Uev. Franeis 578, 500 Foiisri:ii, F. Michael. 79, 8!}, 90, 95 Four IJcauharnois 027 FoiiT Caroline l;J4, l:!9 FoHT Chartres. . .558, 560, 578, 588 Four ( 'revocdMir iWU Four (le la Kiviereaux Bocufs. Ol;J Four Duquesnc 014 Four Frontcnac 330 FoiiT Hill 001 Foi'.r l/ouis, [,;i 548 Four .Miiehault 013 Four Mose 47;J Four Oniatenon 020 Fou r Peoria 5!!9 Four Presentation 014 Fou r Pres((uilc 013 F«)UT St. Anno 28:5-1 Fdut St. Frederic, Chai>el in.. 012 Four St. Louis, 328; (Texas).. 340 Four Toulouse 581 FoiTcAn.T, Bcv. Nicholas, 544; killed .'545 ForciiKU, Kev. John Baptist.. 578 FoxKH lOulngamis) 274, 025 Fox llivcr 277 Francis of Jesus, FatluT. ... 519 FitVNCisoo Ai,oNso of Jesna, Father, Provincial of Florida 103 PAQR Frankfout ;;o4 FuAstiUiLLO, Chief of Moquis. 209 FuicDiiuicK, Aid., Mission at.. 451 Frkmin, Father James. . .2.53, 284, 280, 305, 308, 311. 332 FuoNTENAC, Count de 320, OO!) FUKNTES 1^,5 Gaiiuiki, de Joinville, Father.. 210 Ga(;i:, Father Charles 91-2 Gaondn, Bev. Jose|)h. . . . 5i'>l, .■)77 GAr.iNiK), lU. Bev. Philip Charles, Bishop of Guadala- jara 483 Gamnee, Bev. Rene Brehautdc 311 Gai.isteo 51 1, ,524 Galleoos, Uev. ,Iohn de Ill Galve, Count of 511 G.\NDAOU.\auE 281, 295, 298 Gan-nao.mk) 29.'), ;!34 Ganneaktena, Catharine. 30,5-',' Ganzahai,, Father Jo.seph Francis, .501 ; killed .502 Gauac-ontiiik, Daniel, 287-8, 293; death, 302-3; the younger 010 GAUAICOKCItEA, F. Jolui (ie. . . ,521 Gauanoouas, Margaret 009 Gauay, Francis 108 Gaucia, Bev. Bartholomew, 103 ; Father Bartholomew, .5(M), .509 ; Father Di.vro Mar- tin, ,500 ; I'^ather John 124 Gaucia de Palaci^ ., Bt. Bev. John, Bishop of S.intiago do Cuba, convenes a Synod .... 174 Gaudau, See of 10 (Saudneu, T.uke 74 Oaumku, Father Charles, kill- ed, 243, 248; Father Julian.. 2.'^5, 297, 303, 332, Oil OABONniAOuft (sec Hot Cin- ders). INDEX. 661 Gaureau, Father Leonard, MS; killed 258 Gahiuiciio, Father (iSO Gauza, He v. Joseph de la 497 Gahpau, Father 573 Gabi'Ksianh, Mission to 3H7 Gaston, Hev. Mr., killed 577 Gai'i.in, Hev. Anthony 505 Gawhn, Father Thomas, Supe- rior in Maryland 83 Geioeu's House, Salem Co., N. J 39.-), 448 Geouoia, Catholieity in. 154-5, 172, 178-9, 437-8, 458 Geuaui), Riehard 39 Geuauu, Sir Thomas 19-20 Gkuhaud, Thomas 70 Gkhmain, Father Charles 004-5 GlOliMANTOWN 394 GiciiVASK, Hev. Mr., 5^9, 550; Tliomas 40, 48 GiKi'AHi), Ht. Rev. Bonaven- tura, Viear-Apostolie of Lon- don, 95, 375 ; death of 370 Gila River 118 Gn.iiEirr, Sir Ilumplircy. .19, 22-3 Glass House, Salem Co., N. J. 449 GoDiNO, Rev. flannel 158 Goi.niNci, Father Edward. . . 82 GoMi:/., Francis, 107 ; Brother Oahriel, 147; killed 140 Gomez dc Pahna, Rev. John.. 103 Go.MEZ de Parada, Ht. Hev. John, Hisliop of Guadalajara 500 GoNANNiiATEMiA, Franees.... 608 GoNZAi.i.s, Brother Vincent. . . 150 Goocu, Gov. of Virginia 408 Oounii.T.o, Francis 104 GouDoN, Father Mark An- thony, 015; Father Peter, 308 ;" Lieut. -Gov. Patrick.. . . 387 G()siiENiroPEN.387, 392, 420, 445-0 fiouENTAdiiANm, Susan 000 PAGE GoupiL, Rene, 229 ; killed 230 GuANDFONTAiNE, Chevalier dc 330 GuASHOEFEU, F. Jolm Baptist. 529 GuAviEU, Father James, 328; Vicar-General 535, 548-9, 552 Gray Nuns 540 Gheaton, Father Joseph. 380, 390, 404, 419 Gueen Bay 274, 270, 329, 019, 022, 027 Green, Thomas, 49 ; Govern- or of Alaryland 00-70 Guadalajara, Bishop of 21)3 gu.\i)alquini 172, 178 Guadalupe, N. M 525 GuALE (Amelia) Island... .144, 158, 171, 178 Quandape, San Miguel de 100 GuAY, Rev 595 Guerciieville, Antoinette dc Pons, Marchioness de. . . 220-222 GuEiiitA, Father Antonio, 212 ; Father Joseph 494 GuEVAVi 520-0 i GuioNAS, F. Louis Ignatius.. . 027 j Gui.KK, Father Nicholas. . .82, 318 Gutierrez, Father Andrew.. 200 GrvMONNEAU, F. John Charles 550 IIackett, Rev. Mr 31 Haddock, Father James . 371, 377 Harding, Father Robert .3Hft, 407, 410, 4-10, 448 Hardy, Sir Charles, Governor of New York.. 488 Harlay, Most Rev. Francis, Arelihishop of Rouen 240 Harrison, F. Henry... .91-2, 07-8 IIartwell, Father Bernard. .05-0 Hakvky, Father Thomas, in New York 90,97-8,849 Hatton, Eleanor 74 Hawkins, Sir John KM 652 INDEX. PAOR IIawley, Jerome iS'J llEBnoN, John and Joseph 78 Hennepin, F. Louis. . .88, 331-324 Henky a Sancto Francisco, F. . 82 Heunandez, Itev. John An- tliony 474 lIicKoHY Mission 413 IIiDAi.oo, F. Francis. .481, 484, 490 lIiTA, Rev. Pablo dc 172 HoALisA, Fatlicr Manuel do. . . 406 IIoBAUT, Father Basil, 82, 96. 848 ; dies 851 IIoiKisoN, Father Thomas 370 Holidays of Obligation . 175-0, 209, 374, 453, 503 Holy Cro-ss Island, first Chapel in New England on 218 Holy Family, confraternit}' of the 302 Holy Orders, first conferre la Leche, Cha!)el of 137-8, 404-5 Nunez, Father Michael 497 OiiKEOON, F. Anthony dc.. 514, 517 OCCTE 1,59 Ooi.ETHOUPE, Qenenil . . . .309, 473 O'Haiia, Bryan 449 Old Village i'oint 208 Oley Hills 394 Oliek, Yen. John 220 Oliva, Kev. Join de la 107 Olivahes, Father Anthony de San Buenaventura y 483, 491 OSate, John de, 180 ; prayer of 188 Oneida 285, 302, 000, 009 Onondaga. . . .247-254, 250-7, 281, 285, 207, 007-11, 010 Opelousas 438 OnAYlil 513 Ore, F. Louis Jerome de. . 155, 102 Orista 144 Ortega, Father Diego de 198 Ortiz, Kev. Alonzo, 1J2; F. . 474 OSAGES 530 Ospo 155 OssEUNENON 229, 282-3, 285 Otehmin, Governor of New .Alexico, 205 ; Cuts his way out of Santa Fe 200 Ottawa River 223 Ottawas. . .202, 207, 200, 272, 318, 019-024, 020 OuACiiiL Tamait, 540 Ot'IATENON 578, 580 Oumaouha, Illinois Chief 324 OtTMAS ,')42 OuNspiK 540 Padilla, Father .Tohn de, 118- 120; death 121 Palmer, Colonel 405 Palos, Brother John de 108 Palou, Father Francis 504 Papagos ,'i30 Paredes, Rev. John de. . .404, 474 Pare.ia, F. Francis 142, 1.50-7, 159 Paroa, Father John de, 401 ; burned 461 I INDEX. 657 PACIB 441) 203 394 226 clii 107 intlioiiy de y ...,483, 491 80 ; prayer 188 5, 302, (iOO, 009 154, 250-7, 281, or, GOT-11, (ilO 438 513 iif do. .155, 102 144 ijode 198 1J2; v.. 474 536 155 i29, 282-3, 285 ■ of IS'ew .s Ills way 206 223 , 209, 272, 318, 019-024, 020 540 578, 586 Chief 324 543 540 in do, 118- 121 405 d(3 108 ;i.s 504 530 de...464, 474 142,156-7,1.59 . de, 401 ; 461 PAOE Parkas, Father Peter 504 Parilla, Father 501 Patricio, Chief of Ybitacucho 458 Patali 461 Patron de Qusman, Father Augustine 484, 490, 497 Patcxents 48, 51, 58, 76 Paver, Father Francis 530 Pawnees 545 Payayas 491 Peake, Walter 70 Peasley, Mrs 60 Peckuam, Sir George 19, 20, 24 Pecos.. 189, 190, 199, 205, 512, 515, 519, 524 Peinado, Father Alonso 194 Pelcon, F. Peter (Manners). . . 79 Pelfresne, Father Hyacinth . 626 Pelham, Father William, 79 ; Father Henry 79 Pen A, Father John de la 522 Penal Laws against Catholics in England, 18 ; in New York, 356-7; Massachusetts, 358 ; Maryland, 351, 359 ; in Virginia 409,452 PeSalosa, Diego de. Govern- or of New Mexico .204, 338, 340 Penaranda, Alonso de 159 Penicaut 554 PeScela y Almirante, Mar- quis de la 522 Peorias 314, 536 Penn, William 93-4, 365 Pennington, Father Francis, 83 ; Superior 95-6, 348-9 Pennsylvania, Catholicity in 365-0, 433, 445 PENonscoTS 594, 601, 604 Pknsacola 128, 130, 460-7 Pensacola Bay 128, 130 Pentaqoet... 237-8, 310, 335, 337, 593, 595, 597 42 Peorias 58ft Perea, Father Stephen de, 195; Custos 19ft Perdomo, Father 215 Perera, Father Anthony 480 Perete, Father Francis 170 Perez, Father Francis 165 Perez de la Cerda, Rev. Sebas- tian 170, 173 Perez de Mesquia, F. Peter. . 484 Perrot, Nicholas 328, 329 Persons, Father Robert 27 Perth, James, Earl of 87 Peset, Rev. Mr 637 Petatlan 110, 115 Pfefferkorn, F. Ignatius. . . 531 Philadelphia 366, 447-S Philibert, Father 573 Philip II 133, 143 Philip III 159 Philip, Father 570, 573 Phillips, Father Vincent 407 PlANKESHAWS 580- PicuKiES 190, 199, 205-6, 519,. 520, 535. PiERRON, Father John. 81-2, 285-6, 303-4, 333 PiERSON, Father 318, 336 PiLABO 300 PiMAS 530 Pineda, Father Joseph 501 PiNELLA, Father Joseph 501 Pinet, Father Peter, 537, 539 ; Rev. Mr 544 Piquet, Rev. Francis OM-IS PiRos 300, 205, 211, 043 PiscATAWAY, Md . . 42, ,53, 55, 57 Pita, Friar Joseph, 494; killed 495 PiZARRO, F. John Moreno 108 ; Plowden, Sir Edmund 80 PoALA, Puaray 185, 180 ! PoiNTE Coupee. . . 508, 580, 590-1 i PoiNTE Saint Ignace 323, 633 i \ C58 INDEX. \:-. }0 PAGE PoLANco, Rev. Francis Manuel 500 Pole, Father George 79 Ponce y Caii,vsco, Rt. Rev. Peter 475 Ponce de Leon, Antonio, 463 ; John 100-3 PoNCET, Fatlier Joseph. ..244, 247 Pope, El 205-6, 511 PoKRA- Father Francis. . 200, 642 PoKT Uoyal, S. 0.. 134, 140, 144 ; (Acadia) 219-221 Port Tobacco 57, 58, 03, 75 Posadas, Father Alonso 204 PoTANo 1.58, 165 PoTiER, Fatlier Nicholas, 328 ; Father 629 POTO.MAC 56 PoTor Aco 03 Pott AW ATOM IE8, Mission to . .268, 274, 278 P0TT8, John ... 32 Poi'LTON, Fadicr Ferdinand, alias Brook, 55 ; F. Tliomas. 407 PouTUiNcouRT, Sieur de 219 PozADA, Rev. Toribio do 103 Prauo, Father Joseph Guada- lupe 509 I'ltAiHiE du Roeher, Parish at. 561 Priests' Ford, Md 413 Phieto, Father Jerome. . .514, 518 Puke, John 70 Prince. Mj^r 431 Puoi-AOANDA Fide, Congrejra- tion de Tt'i, ,59 I'lEYO, Itev. Francis Gabriel •111 464,469 QiAPPAS 81.5, 326 QiEHKC 223,225 Qt ENTIN. F., 221 ; in Virginia 223 QiERETARO, College of Holy <"ros8at 496. 509 (JlERECIIOS . 119 QPERE8..194, 199, 200, 211, 519, ,520 QuExos, Peter de 104, 100 QuiSoNES, F. Bartholomew. . . 183 QtJiNTE Ray. . . 226 QuiRooA Y LozADA, Dicgo de. Governor of Florida 179 QuiRos, Father Louis de, 147 ; Ijilled 149 QuiviRA 119-121 Reading, Pa 445 Rabelo, Rev. Francis 474 Raffei.v, F..284, 294, 295, 297, 303 Ragueneau, Father Paul 250 Rag EOT, Rev. Philip .595 Rai.e, Fatlier Sebastian, ,538, 596, 598, 600, 602 ; killed... . 603 Ramirez, Father John 042 RAPnAEi,, Father 573, 581 Rapide dcs Peres 277 Raymuaut, Father Charles. .. 223 Reuom.kdo, Dicgo de. Govern- or of Florida 105 Recollects . 234, 321, etc. Redonpo, Brother Christoiiher, 143 ; killed 149 Reynolds, .lames 447 Rkynoso, Father Alonzo 151 Rezin;'), Rt. Rev. Dionisio, Au.xiliar Bishop of Cuba 404 RiiiiEi.iEi'. Cardinal 236-7 RiDDELL, Father Peter, 79; Father William 849 {{loniE, Father Roger, 67 ; dies 60 Rio de Palmas 108 Rio DE R.\TONEH 472 Rio Grande Missions 488 Rivera, Rev. Christopher B. . 167 RiviiiRE i)i; Lot'P 887 RoDRioiEZ, Brother Augus- tine, 183, 189; killed. 185 j Father Bias. 152; killed, 154; Father Josepli 494-5 INDEX. 65» PAOB >, 211, 519, 520 . 104, 100 ilomew. . . 18:5 226 Diego de, a 1*9 i de, 147 ; 149 119-121 445 8 474 , 295, 297, 30;J Paul 250 595 ian, 538, killed.... 603 n 642 . . . 573, 581 277 liarles. .. 'i'ZS , Goveru- 105 ,234, 321, etc. :i8toiiher, 149 447 17,0 151 Dionisio, Miba. ... 404 230-7 ■ter, 79; 349 67 ; dies 60 108 472 483 |)hcrn.. 167 387 Augus- e.l, 185; led, 151; 494-5 PAOK RoGEL, Father John 142-4 Ro.vEno Y MontaSez, Rev. John Stephen 464 RoQUE, Father 200 Rosas, Father 187, 190 RosETTi, Mgr. Dom 59 Rosier, James 25 Rouen, Archbishop of.. ..226, 234, 246, 259, 338 ROUENSAC 536 RoYALL, Rev. John 385 RuuEN, F., killed in Sonora . . 530 Ruiz, Brother Peter, 143 ; kill- ed, 149 ; Father Peter, 152, 158 ; Father Francis 101 Sabinal 525 Sachamento 507 Bacs 274, 278 Saint Amand 334 Saint Anne de Fort Chartres. 561 Saint Anthony 405 Saint Augustine, Florida .136-7, 151, 156, 164-5, 169, 458 Saint Auoubtin, Texas 496 Saint Clkment's Island, llrst Mass in Maryland at 41 Saint Francis, Missimi 594 Saint Francis Borgia 142, 147, 150 Saint Francib Regis, Mi.s- sion of 618 Saint P'ran(,oi8 dc Sales, Ab- naqui Mission 337 Saint Oenevieve 586, 633 Saint Helena 128, 132 Saint Iniooes 43, 63 Saint John the Bapti.it, River and Land of 104, 106 Saint John's River 134 Saint JosEni's Chtiroh, Pliiln..380, 888. 393, 401, 419, 447 Saint JosKPn, Fla. . .456, 400. 472 PAflB. Saint Joseph's River. . . .323, 019, 620, 028. Saint Lawrence River 223 Saint Mark 400 Saint Martin's River 5,'i4 Saint Mary's, City of. .43, 51, 53, 848, 356 Saint Mary's, Florida 458 Saint Mary's Church, Phila- delphia 447 Saint Mary of Ganentaa..253, 257 Saint Michael's (Senec'a), Church at, burned 293 Saint Peter's (Cumberland) Island 155 Saint Pius V 143-5 Saint Thomas' Manor 444 Sakunk 614 Salas, Father John de 197-8 Salazar, Father Christopher, 1S7-8; dies. 191 ; Father , 483 ; Father Dominie 128-9 Sai.cedo, Brother John. 143 Salem 394 Salleneuve, Father John B. .586, 589, 030, 683 Salmeron, Father .Teronie de Zarato 194 Salvador do San Antonio, Father 518, 519 San Antonio, Florida, 4."50, 466 ; Texas 483, 407, 607 San Bt'ENAVENTUnA de Goa- dalquibi 105, 172, 178 San Antonio, presidio of 497 8aN ( RISTOIIAL 205 Saniiia .• 195, 199 San Dimoo 465 SANnrsKY 629 Sandwich 029 San Felipe de Jesus ."iol San Felipe,, 140, 197,200,512,519 San Fernando 498-9 iLlii 660 INDEX. PAOE San Francisco de los Texas. . 480 San Gauuikl, second Settle- ment in New Mexico 191 San Greooiuo, F. Peter de. . . 153 San Ildefonso 194 San Josi de Zapala 165, 172, 178, 179 San Juan Bautista, first Set- tlement in New Mexico. . . . 189 San Juan de los C'aballeros. . . 525 San Juan Mission, Florida 150, 458, 466 San Lazaro 305 San Lorenzo 206, 504, 524 San Luis 402, 406 San Luis de Amarillas 502 San Luis Oiiisro (N. Mexico).. 200 San Marcos 513 San Matheo 189 San Miouei., Father Francis, 187: at Pecos 190, 193 San Miguel, Churcli of 516 San MiouEii de Adayo, Mar-